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 <' Part of the ^ 
 
 t ADDISON ALKXANDICR LIBllARY. "> 
 wbic'li was presented by 
 Messks. R. L. and a. Stl'aht 
 
 Not to -be r»'iiioved from tin- Libiiiry. 
 
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 -> No. 
 
 
A NEW AND GENERAL 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 1798, 
 
 VOL. VIII. 
 
 ^"^ 
 
.-\^>Q» - : \ 
 
 > ' » » \ V '"^ X^ 
 
NEW AND GENERAL 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LIVES and WRITINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Moil Eminent Perfons 
 
 IN EVERY NATION; 
 PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH; 
 
 From the Earlieft Accounts of Time to the prefent Period. 
 
 WHEREIN 
 
 Their remarkable Actions and Sufferings, 
 Their Virtues, Parts, and Learning, 
 
 ARE ACCURATELY DISPLAYED. 
 
 With a Catalogue of their Literary Productions. 
 A NEW EDITION, IN FIFTEEN VOLUMES. 
 
 GREATLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 
 
 VOL. VIII. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for G. G. and J. Robinson, J. Johnson, J. Nichols, J. Sfweli. 
 
 H. L. Gardner, F. and C. Rivington, W. Otridge and Son, 
 
 G. NicoL, E. Newbery, Hookham and Carpenter, 
 
 R. Faulder, W. Chapman and Sox, J. Deighton, 
 
 D.Walker, J. Anderson, T.Payne, J. Lowndes, 
 
 P. Macquee^, J. Walker, T. Egerton, T. 
 
 Cadell, jun. and W. Da vies, R.Edwards, 
 
 Vernor and Hood, J. Nunn, Murray 
 
 andHiGHLEY,T. N. LoNr.MAN, Lee 
 
 and Hurst, and J. White. 
 
 1798. 
 
NEW AND GENERAL 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 H. 
 
 HEATH (Benjamin), a lawyer of eminence, and town* 
 clerk of Exeter, was a celebrated fcholar and an author. 
 He wrote, I. "An Eifay towards a demonftrative Proof of the 
 Divine Exigence, Unity, and Attributes ; to which is premifed, 
 a fhort Defence of the Argument commonly called, a priori, 
 1740." This pamphlet was dedicated to Dr. Oliver of Bath, 
 and is to be ranked amongft the ahleft defences of Dr. Clarke's, 
 ,or rather Mr. Howe's, hypothefis ; for it appears to be taken 
 from Howe's " Living Temple." 2. " The Cafe of the 
 County of Devon with refpe6l to the Confequences of the new' 
 Excife Duty on Cyder and Perry. Publiflied by the dire£lion 
 of the Committee appointed at a. General Mee'ing of that 
 County to fuperintend the Application for the Repeal of that 
 Duty, 1763," 4to. To this rcprefentation of the Circum- 
 ftances p-culiar to Devonfhire, the repeal of the a6l is greatly 
 to be af:r:b:'d. The pi';ce indeed was confidered as fo well- 
 timed a fervice to the pi:blic, that Mr. Heath received fome 
 honourable notice on account of it at a general meeting of the 
 county. 3. " Notae five Le6liones ad Traticoru.n Grascorum 
 veterum, ^fchyli, &c. 175^," 4-to;^a work which places the 
 author's le-'rning and critical fkill in a very c.:>nfpicMous light : 
 a principal objcft of which was to reHore the metre of the 
 Grecian tragic poets. It is highly v?.lued by ill found critics 
 of our o-wn and foreign countries. Tne fame folidity of judge- 
 ment apparent in the preceding, difiinguilhed the author's laft 
 produdion ; 4. <' A Revifal (i, Si.„kfpeare's Text, wherein the 
 alterations introduced into it by 'he more modern editors and 
 critics are particularly confidertd, 1765," 8vo. It appears fromi 
 the lift of Oxford graduates, that Mr. Benjamin Heath was 
 Created D. C. L. by diploma, March 31, 1762. The brother of 
 V«L. VIIl. B this 
 
2 H E C QU E T. 
 
 this author, Mr. Thomas Heatji, an alderman of Exeter, putr- 
 liilied ♦* An EfTay towards a n^^ Verfion of Job," &c. in 1755". 
 
 HEBENSTREIT (John Ernest), a celebrated phyfician 
 and philologcrof Leipfic, was born at Neuenhoff in the diocefc 
 of Neulhdt, in the year 1702. In 1719, he went to the uni- 
 verfity of Jena, but, not finding a fubfillence there, removed 
 to Leipfic. He pafled the greater part of his life in the latter 
 univerlity, and finally died there in 1756. Befides his acade- 
 mical and phyfiological tradls, he publilhed, in 1739, I. " Car- 
 men de ufu partium," or Phyfiologia metrica, in 8vo. 2. '* Dc 
 homine fano at a^groto Carmen, fiftens Phyliologiam, Patholo- 
 giam, Hygienen, Therapiam, materiam medicam, cutn praefa- 
 tione de antiqua medicina." Leipfic, 1753, 8vo. 3. " Ora- 
 tio dc Antiquitatibus Romanis per Africam repertis," 1733, 4to. 
 4. " Mufcum Richterianum," &c. Leipf. 1743. And, 5. A 
 poflhumous work, entitled, <* Palrcologia therapiae," Halas, 8vo, 
 1779. This author had alfo an elder brother, John Chriftiaa 
 Hebcnftreit, who was a celebrated divine, and profoundly verfed 
 in the Hebrew language. Ernefti has publiilied an eulogium of 
 each, in his Opufcula Oratoria. 
 
 HECHT (Christian), a native of Hall, and minifter of 
 Eifen in Eaft Friezeland, died in 1748, at the age of 52. His 
 principal works are, i. " Commentatio philogico-critico-exe- 
 getica," &CC. 2, " Antiquitas Haraeorum inter Judaeos in Po- 
 lonia," &c. Befides thefe, he wrote feveral fmaller works in 
 German. He had a brother, Godfrey Hecht, who was the au- 
 thor of feveral very learned diirertations. 
 
 HECQUET (Philip), a French phyfician of fingular merit 
 and fkiil, but a flrong partizan of the ufe of warm water and 
 of bleeding ; for which rcafon he was ridiculed by Le Sage in his 
 Gil Bias, under the name of Dr, Songrado. He w^as born at 
 Abbeville, in 1661, and pradifcd firfi: in that city, then at Port- 
 royal,' and laltly, at Paris. He was not '^xo^tx\y Jan grado, for 
 he took the degree of doctor in 1697 ; and in 1698 had more 
 bufinefs than he could attend. Though attached to the moft 
 fimple mode of life, he was obliged to keep his carriage, in 
 which he Ihidied with as much attention as in his clofet. In 
 1712, he was appointed dean of the faculty of medicine, and 
 fuperintcnded the publication of a fort of difpenfary, called, 
 ** The New Code of Pharmacy," wl^ich was publifiied fome 
 time afterwards. Hccquet was no lefs zealous in religious mat- 
 ters than ihidious in his own profellion, and is faid never to have 
 prefcribe ! in doubtful cafes, without having a previous recourfe 
 to prayer. He lived in the moH abfiemious manner, and in 
 1727 ri-tired to a convent of Carmelites in Paris, where hq 
 continued accellibic only to the poor, to whom he was a friend, 
 a comforter, and a father. He died in 1737, at the age of 764 
 
 This 
 
H E D E L I N. 3 
 
 This able phyfician publifheii feveral works, none of them de- 
 void of merit. They are thus enumerated, i. *' On the in- 
 decency of men-mid wives, and the obligation of women to 
 nurfe their own children," i2mo, 1728. The reafons he ad- 
 duces on thefe fubjedts are both moral and phyfical. 2. *' A 
 Treatife on the difpenfations allowed in Lent," 2 vols. i2mo. 1705 
 and 1 715. His own abftemious fyftem inclined him very little 
 to allow the neceffity of any indulgence. 3. " On Digeftion, 
 and the Diforders of the Stomach," 2 vols. i2mo. 4. " Trea- 
 tife on the Plague," i2mo. 5. " Novus Medicinas confpedus," 
 two vols. i2mo. 6. ** Theological Medicine," two vols. i2mo, 
 7. *' Natural Medicine," ditto. 8. ** De purganda Medicina 
 a curarum fordibus," i2mo, 9. ** Obfervations on Bleeding in 
 the Foot," i2mo. 10. " The Virtues of common Water,'* 
 two vols. i2mo. This is the work in which he chiefly fupports 
 the dodtrines ridiculed by Le Sage. ii. ** The abufe of Purga- 
 tives," i2mo. 12. ** The roguery of Medicine," in three parts, 
 i2mo. 13. *' The Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy of the 
 Poor," 3 vols. i2mo ; the beft edition is in 1742. 14. " The 
 Natural Hiltory of the Convulfions," in which he very faga- 
 cioufly referred the origin of thofe diforders to roguery in fome, 
 a depraved imagination in others, or the confequence of feme 
 fecret malady. The life of this illurtrious phyiiclan has been 
 written at large by M. le Fevre de St. Marc, and is no lefs edi- 
 fying to Chrirtians than inftru6ilve to medical ftudents. 
 
 HEDELIN (Francis), at firft an advocate, afterwards an 
 eccleiiaftic, and abbe of Aubignac and Meimacj was born 
 at Paris in 1604. Cardinal Richelieu, whofe nephew he 
 educated, gave him his two abbeys, and the prote£lion of that 
 minifltr gave him confequence both as a man of the world and 
 as an author. He figured by lurns as a grammarian, a clallical 
 fcholar, a poet, an antiquary, a preacher, and a writer of ro- 
 mances ; but he was molf known by his book entitled, " Pra- 
 tique du Theatre," and by the quarrels in which his haughty 
 and prefumptuous temper engaged him, with fome of the moffc 
 eminent authors of his time. The great Corneille was one of 
 thefe, whofe difguft firft arofe from the entire omiflion of his 
 name in the celebrated book above-mentioned. He was alfo 
 embroiled, on different accounts, with madame Scuderi, Menage, 
 and Richelet. The warmth of his temper exceeded that of iiis 
 imagination, which was confiderable ; and yet he lived at court 
 a good deal in the ftyle of a philofophcr, rifing early to his 
 ftudies, folUciting no favours, and aifociating chiefly with a few 
 friends, as unambitious as himfelf. He dcfcribes himfelf as of 
 a flender conftitution, not capable of taking ir»uch exercife, or 
 even of applying very intenfely to ffudy, without fuffering from 
 it in his he. 1th j yet not attached to any kind of play. " It is," 
 
 B 2 . fays 
 
4 HEIDEGGER. 
 
 fays he, " too fatiguing for the feeblenefs of my body, or too 
 indolent for the adlivity of my mind." The abbe d'Aiibignac 
 lived to the age of 72, and died at Nemours in 1676. His 
 works are, i. " Pratique du Theatre," Ainfterdam, 17 17, two 
 vols. 8vo ; alfo in a 4te edition publifhed at Paris ; a book of 
 confiderable learning, but little calculated to infpire or form a 
 genius. 2. *' Zenobie," a tragedy, in profe, compofed accord- 
 ing to the rules laid down in his ** Pratique," and a complete 
 proof of the-total inefficacy of rules to produce an interefting 
 drama, being the mod dull and fatiguing performance that was 
 ever reprefcnted. The prince of Conde faid, on the fubjeft of 
 this tragedy, " We give great credit to the abbe d'Aubignac for 
 having fo exailly followed the rules of Ariftotle, but owe no 
 thanks to the rules of Ariftotle for having made the abbe produce 
 fo vile a tragedy." He wrote a few other tragedies alfo, which 
 are worfe, if poflible, than Zenobia. 3. " Macaride; or the 
 Queen of the Fortunate Iflands," a novel. Paris, 1666, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 4. " Confeils d'Arilte a Celimene," i2mo. 5. " Hif- 
 toire du terns, on Relation du Royaume de Coqueterie," i2mo. 
 6. " Terence juftifie," inferted in fome editions of his " Pra- 
 tique." 7. ** Apologie de Spe^acles," a work of no value. 
 A curious book on fatyrs, brutes, and monfters, has been attri- 
 buted to him ; but though the author's name was Hedelin, he 
 does not appear to have been the fame. 
 
 HEDERICUS, or HEDERICH (Benjamin), of Hain,or 
 Groffen-hayn, ia Mifnia, was born in 1675. His firft publi- 
 cation was an edition of Empedocles de Sphaera, with his own 
 notes, and the Latin verfion of Septimius Florens, in 1711, 
 Drefden, 4to. He then publifhed, a *' Notitia Audorum," 
 in 8vo, 1 7 14. His celebrated manual lexicon was publifhed, 
 firfl at Leipfic, in 8vo, 1722, and has been republilhed here 
 with many additions, by Young and Patrick ; but it has fmce 
 been much more improved by Ernefti, and republifhed at Leipfic, 
 in 1767. Hederich publifhed other lexicons on different fubjedls, 
 and died in 1748. Ernefti fays of him, that he was a good 
 man, and very laborious, but not a profound fcholar in Greek, 
 nor well qualified for compilfhg a lexicon for the illuftration of 
 Greek authors. 
 
 HEEMSKIRK. See Hemskirk. 
 
 HEIDEGGER (John Henry), a proteftant divine of Swit- 
 zerland, born at Urfevellon, a village near Zurich, in 1633, 
 He was firft a teacher of Hebrew and philofophy at Heidelberg, 
 then of divinity and ecclellaftical hiftory at Steinfurt ; and laftly, 
 of morality and divinity at Zurich, where he died in 1698. 
 He publifhed, i. ** Exercitationes feleda; de Hiftoria facra Pa- 
 triarcharum," in two volumes, 410, the firlt of which appeared 
 at Amfterdam, in 1667, the latter in 1671. 2. *' De ratione 
 3 iludioruiB 
 
HEIDEGGER. 5 
 
 fJudiorum opufcula aurea," &:c. i2mo, Zurich, 1.670. 3. " Tu- 
 mulus Tridentini Concilii," Zurich, i6go, 4to. 4. *' Hifloria 
 Papatus," Amft. 1698, 4to. There is alfo afcribed to him, 
 5. A traft, *' De peregrinationibus religiofis," in 8vo, 1670, 
 And, 6. ** A Syftem of Divinity," folio, 1700. 
 
 HEIDEGGER (John James), was the fon of a clergyman, 
 and a native of Zurich in Switzerland, where he married, but 
 left his country in confequence of an intrigue. Having had an 
 opportunity of vinting the principal cities of Europe, he ac- 
 quired a tafle for elegant and refined pleafures, which, united 
 to a ftrong inclination for voluptuoufnefs, by degrees qualified 
 him for the management of public amufements. In 1708, when 
 he was near 50 years old, he came to England on a negotiation 
 from the Swifs at Zurich ; but, failing in his embafTy, he en- 
 tered as a private foldier in the guards for protedlion. By his 
 fprightly, engaging converfation, and infinuating addrefs, he 
 foon worked himfelf into the good graces of our young people 
 of fafhion ; from whom he obtained the appellation of " the 
 Swifs count [a].'* He had the addrefs to procure a fubfcription, 
 with which in 1709 he was enabled to furnilh out the opera of 
 Thomyris [b]," which was written in Englifh, and performed at 
 the queen's theatre in the Haymarket. The mufic, however, 
 was Italian ; that is to fay, airs felc^led from feveral operas by 
 Bononcini, Scarlatti, Steffani, Gafparjni, and Albinoni. Molt 
 of the fongs in " Thomyris" were excellent, thofe by Bonon- 
 cini efpeclally: Valentini, Margarita, and Mrs. Tofts fung in 
 it ; and Heidegger by this performance alone was a gainer of 
 500 guineas [c]. The judicious remarks he made on feveral 
 defe»5ls in the condr.dl of our operas in general, and the hints 
 he threw out for improving the entertainments of the royal 
 theatre, foon eftablifhed his character as a good critic. Appeals 
 were made to his judgement ; and fome very magnificent ancj 
 elegant decorations, introduced upon the ftage in confequence of 
 his advice, gave fuch fatisfadlion to George II. who was fond 
 of operas, that, upon being informed to whofe genius he was 
 indebted for thefe improvements, his maiefty was pleafed from 
 that time to countenance him, and he foon obtained the chief 
 management of the Opera-houfe in the Haymarket. He then 
 uiKJertook to improve another fpecies of diverfion, not lefs 
 agreeable to the king, which was the mafquerades, and over 
 thefe he always prefjded at the king's theatre. He was likc- 
 
 [a] He is twice noticed under this title Count." 
 in the" Tatler," Nos. 12, and 18; and [b] Theye was another opera of the 
 
 in Mr. Duncombe s " Colledion of Let- fame name, by Peter Motteux, in 1719. 
 teri of feveral eminent Perfoas deceafed," [c] " Thomyris" and " Camilla," 
 
 is a humorous dedication of Mr, Hughes's were both revived 1111726; but peither 
 
 «» Vjfjoft of Chsuger," w « the Swifs then fucceededi 
 
 P 3 vife 
 
6 HEIDEGGER. 
 
 wife appointed mafter of the revels. The nobility now carefled 
 him fo much, and had fuch an opinion of his tafte, that all 
 fplendid and elegant entertainments given by them upon parti- 
 cular occafions, and all private affemblies by fubfcription, were 
 fubmitted to his diredlion [d]. 
 
 From the emoluments of thefe feveral employments, he gained 
 a regular andconfiderable income ; amounting, it is faid, in fome 
 years, to 5000!. which he fpent with much liberality; particu- 
 larly in the maintenance of perhaps fomewhat too luxurious a 
 table ; fo that it may be faid, he raifed an income, but never a for- 
 tune. His foibles, however, if they deferve fo harfh a name, 
 were completely covered by his charity, which was boundlefs. 
 After a fuccefsful mafquerade, he has been known to give away 
 feveral hundred pounds at a time. " You know poor objedls 
 of diftrefs better than I do," he would frequently fay to the 
 father of the gentleman who furnifhed this anecdote, " Be fo 
 kind as to give away this money for me." This weil-known 
 liberality, perhaps, contributed much to his carrying on that 
 diverfion w^ith fo little oppofition as he met with. 
 
 That he was a good judge of mufic, appears from his opera : 
 but this is all that is known of his mental abilities [e] ; unlefs 
 we add, what we have good authority for faying in honour to 
 his memory f that he walked from Charing-crofs to Temple-bar, 
 and back again ; and when he came home, wrote down every 
 fign on each fide the Strand. 
 
 As to his perfon, though he was tall and w^ell made, it was 
 not very plealing, from an unufual hardnefs of features [f]. But 
 he was the firfl: to joke upon his own uglinefs ; and he once laid 
 a wager with the earl of Cheflerfield, that, within a certain given 
 time, his lordlliip would not be able to produce fo hideous a face 
 in all London. After {tri6l fearch, a woman was found, whofe 
 features were at hrlt fight thought ftronger than Heidegger's \ 
 but, upon clapping her hcad-drefs upon himfelf, he was univer- 
 fally allowed to have won the wager. Jolly, a well-known 
 taylor, carrying his bill to a noble duke; his grace, for evafion, 
 
 [d] The wrtcr of this note has been And explains Heidegger to mean *' a ftrange 
 favoured with the fight of an amethyft bird from Sv/itzerland, and not (as fome 
 fnuff-box fet in gold, prefented to Hei- have fuppofed) the name of an eminent 
 degger in 173', by the dul<e of Lorrain, perfon, who was a man of parts, and, as 
 afterwards emperor of Germany, which was faid of Petronius, Arbiter Elegan- 
 Heidegger very highly valued, and be- liarum." 
 
 queatbed to his executor Lewis Way, efq; [f] There is a metzotinto of Heideg- 
 
 of Richmond, and wliich is now (July ger by J. Faber, 1742, (other copies dated 
 
 J784) in the polTelTion of his fon Benja- 1749) from a painting by Vanloo, a ftrik- 
 
 ir/in Way, efq; ing likenefs, now (1784) in the poflefljon 
 
 [e] Pope (Dunciad, I. 289. ) calls the of Peter Crawford, efq. His face is alfo 
 bird which attended on the goddefs, introduced ia mote than one of Hogarth'j 
 
 *• ■ a monfter of a fowl, prints. 
 
 Something betwj::t a Heidegger and ovyl." 
 
 faidj 
 
HEIDEGGER. ^ 
 
 faid, *' Damn your ugly face, I never will pay you till you bring 
 ine an uglier fellow than yourfelf!" Jolly bowed and retired, 
 wrote a letter, and font it by a fervant to Heidegger; faying, 
 *' his grace wilTied to fee him the next morning on particular 
 bufmefs." Heidegger attended, and Jolly was there to meet 
 him; and in confequence, as foon as Heidegger's vifit was over^ 
 Jolly received the cafh. 
 
 The late facetious duke of Montagu (the memorable con- 
 triver of the bottle conjurer at the theatre in the Haymarket) 
 gave an entertainment at the Devil-tavern, Temple-bar, to fe- 
 veral of the nobility and gentry, fele£ting the moft convivial, 
 and a few hard drinkers, who were all in the plot. Heidegger 
 was invited, and a few hours after diimer, was made fo dead 
 drunk that he was carried out of the room, and laid infonfible 
 upon a bed. A profound fleep enfued; when the late Mrs. 
 Salmon's daughter was introduced,, who took a mould from his 
 face in plafter of Paris. From this a malk was made, and a 
 few days before the next mafquerade (at which the king promifed 
 to be prefent, with the countefs of Yarmouth) the duke made 
 application to Heidegger's valet de chambre, to know what fuit 
 of clothes he was likely to wear ; and then procuring a fimilar 
 drefs, and a perfon of the fame flature, he gave him his in- 
 ftrudlions. On the evening of 'he mafquerad., as foon as his 
 majefty was feated (who was always kno^vn by the conductor of 
 the entertainment and the officers of the court, though concealed 
 by his drefs from the company) Heidegger, as ufual, ordered the 
 mufic to play ** God fave the King;" but his back was no 
 fooner turned, than the falfe Heidegger ordered them to iWkc 
 up *' Charly over the Water." The whole company were in- 
 ftantly thunderftruck, and all the courtiers, not in the plot, 
 were thrown into a ftupid confternation. Heidegger flew to the 
 mufic-gallery, fwore, (lamped, and raved, accufed the muficians 
 of drunkennefs, or of being fet on by fome fecret enemy to 
 ruin him. The king and the countefs laughed fo immoderately, 
 that they hazarded a difcovery. While Heidegger ftayed in the 
 gallery, "God fave the King" was the tune ; but when, after 
 letting matters to rights, he retired to one of the dancing-rooms^ 
 to obferve if decorum was kept by the company* the counterfeit 
 iiepping forward, and placing himfelf uoon the floor of the 
 theatre, jufl in font of the mufic gallery, called out in a moft 
 audible voice, imitating Heidegger, damned them for block- 
 heads, had he not jull told them to play '* Charly over the, 
 Water?" A paufe enfued ; the muficiai s, who knew his cha- 
 radler, in their turn thoughi him either drunk or mad; but, as' 
 he continued his vociferation, '* Charly" was played agam. 
 At this repetition of the fuppofed affront, fome of the officers of 
 the guards, who always attended upon thefe cccafions, wore for 
 
 B 4 afcending 
 
5 HEIDEGGER. 
 
 afcending the gallery, and kicking the muflcians out; but ihd 
 late duke of Cumberland, who could hardly contain himfclf, 
 interpofed. "The company were thrown into great confufion. 
 ** Shame! Shame!" refounded from all parts, and Heidegger 
 once more flew in a violent rage to that part of the theatre facing 
 the gallery. Here the duke of Montagu, artfully addreffing 
 himfelf to him, told him, '* the king was in a violent paflion ; 
 that his bed way was to go inftantly and make an apology, for 
 certainly the muficians were mad, and afterwards to difcharge 
 them." Almoft at the fame inftant, he ordered the falfe Hei- 
 degger to do the fame. The fcene now became truly comic in 
 the circle before the king. Heidee;ger had no fooner made a 
 -genteel apology for the infolence of his muficians, but the falfe 
 Heidegger advanced, and, in a plaintive tone, cried out, ** In- 
 deed, Sire, it was not my fault, but that devil's in my likenefs." 
 Poor Heidegger turned round, flared, ftaggered, grew pale, and 
 could not utter a word. The duke then humanely whifpcred 
 in his ear the fum of his plot, and the counterfeit was ordered 
 to take off his mafk. Here ended the frolic ; but Heidegger 
 fwore he -would never attend any public ainufement, if that witch 
 the wax-work woman did not break the mould, and melt down 
 the mafk before his face [g]. 
 
 Being once at flipper with a large company, when a queflion 
 was debated, which nation of Europe had the greatefl ingenuity; 
 to the furprife of all prefent, he claimed that charader for the 
 Swifs, and appealed to himfelf for the truth of it. "I was 
 born a Swifs," faid he, " and came to England without a far- 
 thing, where I have found means to gain 5000I, a year, and to 
 fpend it. Novy I defy the moit able Englilhmar to go to Swit- 
 zerland, and either to gain that income, or to ipend it there." 
 He died Sept. 4, 1749, at the advanced age of 90 years, at his 
 houfe at Richmond in Surrey, where he was buried. He left 
 behind him one natural daughter, mifs Pappet, who M^as mar- 
 ried Sept. 2, 1750, to captain (afterwards fir Petcrj Denis [h]. 
 
 ^ [c] To this occurrence the following Of two hogflieads of Burgundy, Satan 
 imperfeft ftanzas, tranfcribed fiom the drank both. 
 
 hand-writmg of Pope, are fuppofed to re- Then all like a tlie Devil appear'd, 
 
 late. They were found on the back of a And ftrait the whole tabies of diflies ho 
 
 page containing fome part of his ti anfla- dear'd : 
 
 tion, either of the " Iliad," or « Odyffcy," Then a friar, then a nun, 
 
 in Uie Britilh Muftfum. And then he put on 
 
 A face all the company took for his own. 
 
 *"'• Even thine, O fa!fe Heidegger! who wert 
 Then he went to the fide. board, and call'd fo wicked 
 
 for much liquor, To let in the D-vil 
 
 And glafs after glafs he drank quicker and ^h] Who died June 12,1778, being 
 
 quicker; then v'ce-admiral of the red. See mc- 
 
 So that Heidegger quoth, nioirs of him ia Gent. Mag. 1780, p. 
 
 Nay, laiUi on his oaih; 
 
 P^ 
 
H E I N E C K E N. 9 
 
 Part of this lady's fortune was a hoiife at the north-weft; corner 
 of Qi^ieen-fqMare, Ormond-ftieet, which fir Peter afterwards 
 fold to the late Dr. Campbell, and purchafed a feat in Kent, plea- 
 fantly fituated near Weftram, then called Valence, but now (by 
 its prefent proprietor, the earl of Hillfborough) Hill Park. 
 
 HEINECCIUS (John-Gotlibb), a German lawyer, was 
 born at Eifemberg in l68i, and trained in the ftudy of philo- 
 fophy and law. He became pi ofelfor of philofophy at Hall, in 
 1710, and of law in 1721, with the title of counfellor. In 
 1724, he was invited to Franeker; and, three years after, the 
 king of Pruflia influenced him to accept the law-profelTorihip at 
 Francfort upon the Oder. Here he continued till 1733, when 
 the fame prince almnif forced him to refume the chair at Hall, 
 where he remained till his death in 1741, although he had 
 ftrong invitations from Denmark, Holland, &c. His principal 
 works (for they are numerous) are, i. *' Antiquitatum Roman- 
 crum Jurifprudentiam illnftrantium fyntagma." The beft edition 
 of which is the fifth, publidicd at Leward in 1777. 2. "Elementa 
 Juris Civilis fecundum ordinem Inditutionum & Pandedarum,'* 
 2 vols. 8vo. 3. " Elcmenta Philofophize Rationalis & Mo- 
 ralis, quibus pramiila hiftoriaPhilofophica." This is reckoned 
 a good abridgment of logic and morality. 4. " Hiftoria Juris 
 Civilis, Romani ac Germanici." 5. " Elementa Juris Naturas 
 & Gentium." 6. " Fundamenta flyli Cultioris;" a work of 
 his youth, but much approved, and often reprinted, with notes 
 by Gefner and others. Alfo feveral academic differtations upon 
 various fubjecls. His works were publilhed collectively at 
 Geneva in 1744, and form eight volumes in quarto. 
 
 HEINECKEN (Christian Henry), a child, greatly ce- 
 lebrated for the wonderfully premature developement of his ta- 
 lents, was born at Lubeck, Feb. 6, 1721, and died there, 
 June 27, 1725, after having difplayed the moft amazing proofs of 
 intelledtual powers. He could talk at ten months old, and fcarcely 
 had completed his firft year of life, when he already knew and 
 recited the principal facts contained in the five books of Mofes, 
 with a number of verfes on the creation ; at 13 months he knew 
 the hiftory of the Old Teftament, and the New at 14; in his 
 30th month, the hiftory of the nations of antiquity, geography, 
 anatomy, the ufe of maps, and nearly 8000 Latin words. Be- 
 fore the end of his third year, he was well acquainted with the 
 hiftory of Denmark, and the genealogy of the crowned heads of 
 Europe ; in his fourth year, he had learned the doflrines of divinity, 
 with their proofs from the Bible jecclefiaftical hiftory; theinftitutes; 
 200 hymns, with their tunes; 80 pfalms ; entire chapters of the 
 Old and New Teftament ; 1500 verfes and fentences from an- 
 cient Latin claftics ; almoft the whole Orbis Pidus of Come- 
 nius, whence he had derived all his knowledge of the Latin 
 language J arithmetic; the hiftory of the European empires and 
 
 kingdoms j 
 
lo H E I N S I U S. 
 
 kingdoms ; could point out in the maps whatever place he was 
 alked for, or pafled by in his journies, and recite all the ancient 
 and modern hiftorical anecdotes relating to it. His ftupendous 
 memory caught and retained every word he was told : his ever 
 adive imagination ufed,' whatever he faw or heard, inftantly 
 to apply fon>e examples or fentences from the Bible, geography, 
 profane or ecclefiaftical hi ivory, the Orbis Pi£lus, or from ancient 
 claffics. At the court of Denmark, he delivered twelve fpeeches 
 without once faultering ; and underwent public examinations 
 on a variety of fiibjedts, efpecially the hiftory of Denmark. 
 He fpoke German, Latin, French, and Low Dutch, and was 
 exceedingly go(-d-natured and well-behaved, but of a moft ten- 
 der and delicate bodily conftitution ;• never ate any folid food, 
 but cliiefly rubfifted on nurfes milk, not being weaned till 
 within a very few m.onths of his death, at which time he was 
 not quite four years old. There is a dilTertation on this child, 
 publilhed by M. Martini at Lubeck, in 1730, where the author 
 attempts to affign the natural caufes for the aftonifhing capacity 
 of this great man in embryo, who was juft fhewn to the world, 
 and fnatched away. 
 
 HEINSIUS (Daniel), a celebrated fcholar and critic, pro- 
 feflbr of politics and hiftory at Leyden, and alfo librarian of the 
 univerfuy there, was born at Ghent in Flanders, May 1580, of 
 an illuftrious family, who had polfeired the firft places in the ma- 
 giftracy of that town. He was frequently removed in the 
 younger part of his life. He began his ftudies at the Hague, 
 and afterwards went with his parents into Zeland, where he was 
 inftriiiScd in polite literature and philofophy. He compre- 
 hended very well the principles of morality and politics, but 
 (Lid not rclifli logic, and had an unconquerable averlion to 
 grammar. He difcovered early a ftrong propenfity to poetry, 
 and began to make verfes, before he knev/ any thing of profody 
 or the rules of art. He compofed a regular elegy, at ten years 
 of age, upon the death of a play-fellow; and there are feveral 
 epigrams and little poems of his, v/hich were written when he 
 was not above twelve, and fhew a great deal of genius and fa- 
 cility. 
 
 He is reprefented, however, as having been a very idle boy, 
 and not likely to make any progrefs in Greek and Latin learn- 
 ing ; on which account his father fent him, at fourteen years of 
 age, to ftudy the law in the univerfuy of Franeker. But from 
 that time, as if he had been influenced by a fpirit of contradic- 
 tion, nothing would pleafe him but clalTics; and he applied him- 
 felf there to Greek and Latin authors, as obftinately as he had 
 rejefted them in Zeland. He afterwards removed to Leyden, 
 where he became a pupil of Jofeph Scaliger ; and was obliged 
 to the encouragement and care of that great man for the perfec- 
 tion. 
 
HEINSIUS. II 
 
 tion to which he afterwards arrived in literature, and which at 
 the beginning of his life there was fo little reafon to expedt. 
 He publifhed an edition of '* Silius Italicus," in 1600; and he 
 added to it notes of his own, which he called ** Crcpundia Sili- 
 ana," to Ihew that they were written when he was extremely 
 young. He was made Greek profelfor at eighteen, and after- 
 wards fucceeded Scahger in the profelforlhip of politics and hif- 
 tory. When he was made librarian to the univerdty, he pro- 
 nounced a Latin oration, afterwards publifhed, in which he 
 defcribed the duties of a librarian, and the good order and con- 
 dition in which a library fhould be kept. He died Feb. 25, 1655, 
 after having done great honour to himfelf and country by various 
 works of ability and learning. He diilingiiilhcd himfelf as a 
 critic by his labours upon Silius Italicus, Theocritus, Plefiod, 
 Seneca, Homer, Hefychius, Theophraftus, Clemens Alexan- 
 drinus, Ovid, Livy, Terence, Horace, Prudentius, Maximus 
 Tyrius, Sec. He publifhed two treatiles " De Satira Hoiatiana," 
 which Balzac affirms to be mafler-pieces in their way. He 
 wrote poems in various languages, which have been often printed, 
 and always admired. He was the author nf feveral p'-ofe works, 
 fome of which were written in an humorous and fatirical man- 
 ner; as " Laus Afini," " Laus Pediculi," &c. 
 
 The learned have all joined in their praifes of Heinfius. 
 Gerard Volhus fays, that he was a very great man ; and calls 
 him the ornament of the Mufes and the Graces. Caufabon 
 admires him equally for his parts and learning. Parens calls 
 him the Varro of his age. Barrhius ranks him with the firfl 
 waiters. Bochart pronounces him a truly great and learned 
 man ; and Selden fpeaks of him, as " tarn feveriorum quarn 
 ** amoeniorum literarum fol ;"' a light to guide us in our cray as 
 well as fevere purfuits in letters. Some however have thoui^ht, 
 that he was not fo well formed for criticifm ; and Le Cierc, in 
 his account of the Amfterdam edition of Bentley's " Horace," 
 has the following pafTage: " Daniel Heinfius," fays he, *' Was 
 doubtlefs a learned man, and had fpent his life in the fludy of 
 criticifm. Yet, if we may judge by his Horace, he was by no 
 means happy in his conjeclnres, of which our author Bentley 
 has admitted only one, if my memory does not deceive me ; for 
 I cannot recollect the place where he paffes this judgement of 
 Daniel Heinfius. But he fpeaks much more advant^geoufly of 
 his fon Nicolas Heinfius ; who, though not fo learned a man 
 as his father, had yet a better tafte for criticifm [ il."' 
 
 We muft not forget to obferve, that Daniel Heinfius was 
 highly honoured abroad as well as at home ; and received un- 
 common marks of refpe^t from foreign potentates. Guflavus 
 Adolphus, king of Sweden, gave him a place among his coun- 
 
 [i] Blbl. Choif, XXVI. p. z6i. 
 
 fellors 
 
12 H E L E. 
 
 fcllors of ftate : the republic of Venice made him a knight of 
 their order of St. Mark : and pope Urban VIII. was fuch an ad- 
 mirer of his fine talents and confu«nmate learning, that he made 
 him great offers, if he would come to Rome ; ** to refcue that 
 city from barbarifm," as the pontiff is faid to have exprelTed 
 himfclf. 
 
 HEINSIUS (Nicolas), the fon of Daniel, was born at 
 Leyden in 1620, and became as great a Latin poet, and a . 
 greater critic than his father. His poems have been feveral times 
 printed : but the beft edition is that of Amllerdam, 1666. Some 
 have admired them fo much, as to think him worthy to be called 
 ** The Swan of Holland." He wrote notes upon, and gave 
 editions of, Virgil, Ovid, Valerius Flaccus, Claudian, Pruden- 
 tius, &c. Bentley, in a note upon Horace, 2 Sat. vi. 108. 
 calls his edition of Virgil, " editio cafligatiflima." His Clau- 
 dian is dedicated, in a Latin poem, to Chriftina queen of Sweden ; 
 and his Ovid to Thuanus. At his death, which happened at the 
 Hague in 1681, he difowned all his works; and expreffed the 
 utmoft regrq.t at having left behind him fo many " Monuments 
 of his vanity," as he called them. Nicolas Helnfuis was as 
 much diftinguidied by his great employments in the (late, as he 
 was by his parts and learning. All the learned of his time fpeak 
 well of him ; and he is reprefented as having been polfefTed of 
 good qualities as well as great ones. 
 
 HELE (Thomas), by birth an Englifhman, arrived at the 
 lingular didinclion of being admired in France as a writer in 
 the French language. He was born in Gloucefterfhire about 
 the year 1740. He began his career in the army, and ferved in 
 Jamaica till the peace of 1763. A defire of feeing the mofl 
 remarkable parts of Europe, now carried him into Italy, where 
 he was fo captivated with the beauty of the climate, and the 
 innumerable objeds of liberal curiofity which prefented them-» 
 felves, that he continued there feveral years. About the year 
 1770, having fatisfied his curiofity in Italy, he turned his thoughts 
 to France, and went to Paris. There alfo he ftudied the ftate 
 of the arts, and was particularly attentive to the theatre. At 
 length he began to write for the Italian comedy, which had 
 principally attracted his notice, and wrote with confiderable 
 fucccfs. The pieces for that theatre are written chieiiv in 
 French, with French titles, and only one or two charaders in 
 Italian. He wrote, i. <' Le Jugement de Midas," on the con- 
 teft between French and Italian mufic, which was much ap- 
 plauded. But his 2. " Amant jaloux," had ftill more fuccefs. 
 3. His third piece, •* Les Evenemens imprevus," met with fome 
 exceptions, on which he modeftly withdrew it, and after making 
 the corredions fnggefted, brought it forward again, and had the 
 pleafure to find it much approved. The comedies of this writer 
 
HELIODORUS. 13 
 
 are full of plot, the adion lively and interefting : his verfifica- 
 tion is not eftcemed by the French to be of confummate perfec- 
 tion, nor his profe always pure ; yet his dialogue conllantly 
 pleafed, and was allowed to have the merit of nature and found 
 compofition. Mr. Heledied at Paris, of a confumptive difor- 
 der, in December, 1780; and it may poffibly be long before ano- 
 ther Engliftiman will be fo diftinguilhed as a writer in the French 
 language. We take this account from French authors, who 
 write his named'Hele, perhaps it was properly Hale or Dale. 
 
 HELENA, the emprefs, mother of Conftantine, and one 
 of the faints of the Romifh communion, owed her elevation to 
 the charms of her perfon. She was of obfcure origin, born at 
 the little village of Drepanum in Bithynia, where the firfl: fitu- 
 ation in which we hear of her was that of hoftefs of an inn. 
 Conftantius Chlorus became enamoured of her, probably there, 
 and married her ; but, on being alfociated with Dioclefian in the 
 empire, divorced her to marry Theodora, daughter of Maximi- 
 lian Hercules. The acceffion of her fon to the empire drew her 
 again from obfcurity ; Ihe obtained the title of Augufta, and was 
 received at court with all the honours due to the mother of an 
 emperor. Her many virtues rivetted the affedlion of her fon 
 to her, and, when he became a chriftian, (he alfo was con- 
 verted ; yet (he did not fcruple to admonifh him when fhe dif- 
 approved his conduct. When flie was near eighty years old, 
 Ihe planned and executed a journey to the Holy Land, where 
 fhe is faid to have aflifted at the difcovery of the true crofs of 
 Chrift, reported by the Romanifts to have J3een accompanied by 
 many miracles. In the year 328, foon after this difcovery, fhe 
 died at the age of 80. Helena, wherever ihe went, left proofs 
 of a truly Chriftian liberality ; fhe relieved the poor, orphans, 
 and widows; built churches, and in all refpeds (hewed herfelf 
 worthy of the confidence of her fon, who fupported her in thefe 
 pious efforts by an unlimited permifTion to draw upon his trea- 
 fures. At her death, he paid her the higheft honours, had her 
 body fent to Rome to be depofited in the tomb of the emperors, 
 and raifed her native village to the rank of a city, with the nevsr 
 name of Helenopolis. She proved her prudence and political 
 wifdom by the influence fhe always retained over her fon, and 
 by the care fhe took to prevent all interference of the half- 
 brothers of Conftantine, fons of Conftantius Chlorus and The- 
 odora; who, being brought into notice after her death, by the 
 injudicious liberality of the emperor, were malfacred by their 
 nephews as foon as they fucceeded their father in the empire. 
 
 HELIODORUS, a native of Emefa in Phoenicia, and bifhop 
 of Tricca in Theifaly, flourithed in the reigns of Theodofius 
 and Arcadius towards the end of the fourth century. In his 
 youth he wrote a romance, by which he is now better known, 
 
 than 
 
r4 HELIODORUS. 
 
 than by his fubfequent bifliopric of Tricca. It is entitled, 
 «' Ethiopics," and relates the amours of Theagenes and Chari- 
 clea, in ten books. The learned Huetius is of opinion, that 
 Heliodorus was among the romance- writers, what Homer ^as 
 among the poets [k] ; that is, the fource and model of an infinite 
 number of imitations, all inferior to their original. The firft 
 edition oftheEihiopics was printed at Bafil, 1533, with a dedication 
 to the fenate of Nuremberg, prefixed by Vincentius Opfopasus ; 
 who informs us, that a foldier preferved the MS. when the li- 
 brary of Buda was plundered. Bourdelot's notes upon, this ro- 
 mance are very learned ; and were printed at Paris, in 1 6 19, with 
 Heliodorus's Greek original, and a Latin tranflation, which had 
 been publifhed by Stanillaus Warfzewicki, a Polilh knight, (with 
 the Greek) at Bafil, in 155 1. A notion has prevailed, that a 
 provincial fyn.od, being fenfible how dangerous the reading of 
 Heliodorus's Ethiopics was, to which the author's rank was 
 fuppofed to add great authority,, required of the bifhop, that he 
 Ihould either burn the book, or refign his dignity; and that the 
 bifhop chofc the latter. But this ftory is thought to be entirely 
 fabulous; as depending only upon the fmgle teftimony of Ni- 
 cephorus, an ecclefiaftical hiftorian of great credulity and little 
 judgement: not to mention, how difficult it is to fuppofe, that 
 Socrates fhould omit fo memorable a circumftance in the paflage; 
 where he obferves, that Heliodorus ** wrote a love-tale in his 
 youth, which he entitled, Ethiopics." Valefius, in his notes 
 upon this paflage, not only rejeds the account of Nicephorus as 
 a mere fable, but feems inclined to think, that the romance 
 itfelf was not written by Heliodorus bilhop of Tricca; of 
 which, however, Huetius entertained no doubt. Some have fan- 
 cied, as Opfopa.nis and Melandlhon, that this romance was in 
 reality a true hiftory; but Fabricius thinks this as incredible, as 
 that Heliodorus, according to others, wrote it originally in the 
 Ethiopic tongue. Some again have alferted, that Heliodorus 
 was not a Chriftian, from his faying at the end of his book, 
 that he was a Phoenician, born in tht; city of Emefa, and of the 
 race .of the fun ; fince, they fay, it would be madnefs in a Chrif- 
 tian, and much more in a bKhop, to declare, that he was de- 
 fcer.ded from that luminary. This objection Bayle, who 
 quotes it, anfwers in the following manner: " It is certain," 
 fays he, *' that feveral ChrKtians in the fourth centur}' men- 
 tioned tlie ancientnefs of their nobility ; why then fhould not we 
 believe, that Heliodorus mentioned his? He did not believe that 
 his family was really defcended from the fun ; but he might 
 imagine, that he fhould dirtinguilh it by that mark. This was a 
 title, by which his family had been known a long time, and 
 
 [k] De origin. Fabul. Romanens, p. 381. 
 
 5 " which 
 
H E L M O N T. 15 
 
 which was honourable to him: and though the principle was 
 falfe, yet one might infer from it fome confequences favourable 
 to his family with regard to its antiquity. Such a motive might 
 engage a Chriftian thus to diltinguiih the nobility of his extrac- 
 tion. Add to this, that Heliodorus was not yet a bifhop, when 
 he wrote his romance; he w^as ftill in all the fire of his youth; 
 and as he did not put his name to his work, he might with more 
 liberty make his acfcent known by the ancient tradition of his 
 family." Bayle refers us, in the courfe of this folution, to » 
 dilfertation of Balzac at the end of his ** Socrate Chretien:** 
 %vhere it is obferved among other things, that St. Jerom makes 
 St. Paul to be defcended from Agamemnon, and that Synefius 
 boafted his defcent from Hercules. 
 
 Befides the Ethiopics, Cedrenus tells us of another book of 
 Heliodorus, concerning the Philofopher's Stone, or the art of 
 tranfmuting metals into gold, which he prefented to Theodofius 
 the Great; and Fabricius has inferted in his <' Bibliotheczt 
 Graca," a chemical Greek poem written in Iambic verfe, 
 which he had from a MS, in the king of France's library, and 
 which carries the name of Heliodorus, biftiop of Tricca; but 
 leaves it very juftly queftionable, whether it be not a fpurious 
 performance. Socrates relates, in the book and chapter above 
 cited, that this bifhop introduced the cuftom of depofing thofe 
 miniilers who lay with their wives after ordination ; which 
 Bayle thinks a profitable argument in favour of the prelate's 
 chaflity ; and adds, that he appears from his romance to have 
 been a lover of this virtue. 
 
 HELLANICUS of Mitylene, an ancient Greek hiflorian, 
 born in the year A. C. 496, twelve years before the birth of 
 Herodotus. He wrote a hiftory " of the carlieft Kings of va- 
 rious Nations, and the Founders of Cities;" which is mentioned 
 by feveral ancient authors, but is not extant, ^e lived to the 
 age of 85. There was another Hellanicus of much later times, 
 who was a Milefian. 
 
 HELMONT (John Baptist van), commonly called Vart 
 Helmont, from a borough and caftle of that name in Brabant, 
 was a perfon of quality, and a man of great learning, efpecially 
 in phyfic and natural philofophy; and born at Bruflels in 1577. 
 But, inftead of relating the particulars pf his life, we will make 
 him. relate them himfelf, as he does in the two introduflory chap- 
 ters to his works: for nothing can give a jufler notion of the 
 man, or, indeed, be more entertaining to the curious reader. 
 
 «* In the year 1580 [l]," fays he, " a mofl mifcrable one t<J 
 the Low Countries, my father died. I, the youngcft and leafl 
 efteemed of all my brothers and lifters, was bred a fcholar ; and 
 
 [tj Ortus Medlclnae, p. 14. A.iift. 1651. 
 
i6 HE L MO NT. 
 
 in the year i594-> vrhich was to me the 17th, had finifhed the 
 courfe of philofophy. Upon feeing none admitted to examina- 
 tions at Louvain, but in a gown, and mafked with a hood, as 
 though the garment did promife learning, I began to perceive, 
 that the taking degrees in arts was a piece of mere mockery ; 
 and wondered at the hmplicity of young menj in fancying that 
 they had learned any thing from their doting profeflbrs. I en- 
 tered, therefore, into a ferious and honeft examination of my- 
 felf, that 1 might know by my own judgement, how much I 
 was a philofopher, and whether I had really acquired truth and 
 knowledge : but found myfelf altogether deftitute, fave that I 
 had learned to wrangle artificially. Then came I firft to per- 
 ceive, that I knew nothing, or at leaft that which was not worth 
 knowing. Natural philofophy feemed to promife fomething of 
 knowledge, to which therefore I joined the ftudy of aftronomy. 
 I applied myfelf alfo to logic and the mathematics, by way of 
 recreation, when I was wearied with other ftudies; and made 
 myfelf a mafter of Euclid's Elements, as I did alfo of Co- 
 pernicus's Theory De revolutionibus orbium coeleftium : but 
 all thefc things were of no account with me, becaufe they con- 
 tained little truth and certainty, little but a parade of fcience 
 falfely fo called. Finding after all, therefore, that nothing was 
 found, nothing true, 1 refufed the title of mafler of arts, though 
 I had finifhed my courfe; unwilling, that profeflbrs fhould play 
 the fool with me, in declaring me a mafter of the feven arts, 
 when I was confcious to myfelf that I knew nothing. 
 
 " A wealthy canonry was promifed me then, fo that I might, 
 if I pleafed, twrn myfelf to divinity ; but faint Bernard affrighted 
 me from it, fayi-ng, that * I fhould eat the fins of the people.* 
 I begged therefore of the Lord Jefus, that he would vouchfafe 
 to call me to that profefTion, in which I might pleafe him mofl. 
 The Jefuits began at that time to teach philofophy at Louvain, 
 and one of the profeffors expounded the difquifitions and fecrets 
 of magic. Both thefe lectures I greedily received ; but inftead 
 of grain, I reaped only ftnbble, and fantaflic conceits void of 
 fenfe. In the mean time, lell an hour fliould pafs without fome 
 benefit, I run through fome writings of the ftoics, thofe of Se- 
 neca, and efpecially of Epi6tetus, who pleafed me exceedingly. 
 I feemed, in moral philofophy, to have found the quinteffcncc 
 of truth, and did verily believe, that through ftoicifm I advanced 
 in'Chriftiiiii perfeClion; but I difcovered afterwards in a dream, 
 that ftoioifm was nn empty and fwollen bubble, and that by this 
 ftudy, under the appearance of mocleratio;,, I became, indeed, 
 molt fclf-fufiicient and haughty. Laitly, I turned over Mathi- 
 olus anil Diofcorides; thinking with myfelf nothing equally ne- 
 ceflary for mortal man to know and admire, as the wifdom and 
 goodaefs of God in vegetables j to the end that he might not 
 
 only 
 
fi£LMONT. 17 
 
 fenly crop tlie fruit for food, but alfo minlfterof the fame to his 
 other neceilities. My curiofity being how raifed upon this 
 branch of fludy, I enquired^ whether there were any book, 
 tvhich delivered the maxims and rule of medicine? for I then 
 Tuppofed, that medicine was not a'together a mere gift, but 
 might be taught, and delivered by difcipline, like other arts and 
 fciences: at leaft I thought, if medicine was a good gift coming 
 down from the Father of lights, that it might have, as an hu- 
 man fcience, its theorems and authors, into whomj as into Ba- 
 zaleel and AhoJiab, the fpirit of the Lord had infufed the ktiow- 
 ledge of ail difeafes and their caufes, and alfo the knowledo^e of 
 the properties of things. I enquired, I fay, whether no writer 
 had defcribed the qualities, properties, applications, and propor- 
 tions of vegetables^ from the hyffop even to the cedar of Li- 
 banus? A certain profelfor of medicine anfwered me^ that 
 hone of thefe things were to be looked for either in Galen or 
 Avicen. I was very ready to believe this, from the many frait- 
 lefs fearches I had made in books for truth and knowledge before ; 
 however, following my natural bent, which lay to the ftudy bf 
 Jiature, I read the inrtitutions of Fuchfius and Ferheliusj in 
 •whom I knew I had furveyed the whole fcience of medicirle, 
 as it were in an epitome. Is this, faid I, fmiling to myfelfj 
 the knowledge of healing ? Is the v/liole hiftory of natural 
 properties thus fhut up in elementary qualities? Therefore f 
 read the works of Galen twice; of Hippocrates once, who'fe 
 aphorifms I almoft got by heart; all Avicen; as well as the 
 Greeks, Arabians, and moderns, to the tune of 600 author's. 
 I read them ferioufly and attentively through ; and took down, 
 as I went along, whatever feemed curious, and v.'orthy of at- 
 tention 5 when at lengthy reading over my common-place bdjk, 
 i was grieved at the pains I had beftowed, and the years I .had 
 fpent, in throwing together Ojch a mafs of iluff. Therefore I 
 ftraightway left off all books whatever, all formal difcourfes, 
 and empty promifes of the fchools; firmly believing every good 
 and perfed gift to come down from the Father of lights, more 
 particularly that of medicine. 
 
 ** I have attentively furveyed fome foreign nations; but I 
 found the fame fluggiihnefs, in implicitly following the fteps of 
 their forefathers, and ignorance among them all* 1 then became 
 perfuaded, that the art of healitig v/as a mere impofture, Origin- 
 ally fet on foot by the Greeks for filthy lucre's fake; till after- 
 ■ivards the Holy Scriptures informed me better. I confidered* 
 that the plague, which then raged at Louvain^ was a ttioft 
 miferable ^ifeafe, in which every one forfook the fick ^ and 
 faithlefs helpers, diftruftful of their own art, fled more fvy-iftly 
 than the unlearned common people^ and homely preteiidc-rs to 
 cure it. I propofed to myfelf to dedicate one falutation to the 
 Vol. YIII. C xiiirerabie 
 
«8 HE L MONT. 
 
 rniferablc infc£led ; and although then no medicine was made 
 known to me but trivial ones, yet God preferved my innocency 
 from fo cruel an enemy. I was not indeed fent for, but went 
 of my own accord ; and that not fo much to help them, which 
 I defpaired of doing, as for the fake of learning. All that faw 
 me, feemed to be refrefhcd with hope and joy ; and I myfelf, 
 b"eing fraught with hope, was perfuaded, "that, by the mere free 
 gift of GodJ I fliould fometimes obtain a maftery in the fcience. 
 After ten years travel and ftudies from my degree in the art of 
 medicine taken at Louvain, being then married, I withdrew 
 myfelf, in 1609, to Vilvord ; that being the lefs troubled by- 
 applications, I might proceed diligently in viewing the king- 
 doms of vegetables, animals, and minerals. I employed myfelf 
 fome years in chemical operations. I fearched into the works 
 of Pdracelfus ; and at firft admired and honoured the man, but 
 at laft was convinced, that nothing but difficulty, obfcurity, and 
 error, was to be found in him. Thus tired out with fearch 
 after fearch, and concluding the art of medicine to be all deceit 
 and uncertainty, I faid with a forrowful heart, * Good God ! 
 how long wilt thou be angry with mortal man, who hitherto has 
 not difclofed one truth, in healing, to thy fchools ? How long 
 wilt thou deny truth to a people confefllng thee, needful in thefc 
 days, more than in times pafl ? Is the facrifice of Molech pleafing 
 to thee ? wilt thou have the lives of the poor, widows, and fa- 
 therlefs children, confecrated to thyfelf, under the moft: mifer- 
 able torture of incurable difeafes ? How is it, therefore, that 
 thou ceafeft not to deftroy fo many families through the uncer- 
 tainty and ignorance of phyficians ?' Then I fell on my face, 
 and faid. Oh, Lord, pardon me, if favour towards my neigh- 
 bour hath fnatched me away beyond my bounds. Pardon, par- 
 don, O Lord, my indifcreet charity ; for thou art the radical 
 food of goodnefs itfelf. Thou haft known my fighs ; and that 
 confefs myfelf to be, to know, to be worth, to be able to do, 
 to have, nothing ; and that I am poor, naked, empty, vain. 
 Give, O Lord, give knowledge to thy creature, that he ma^ 
 affedionatdy know thy creatures ; himfelf firft, other things 
 befides himfelf^, all things, and more than all things, to be ul- 
 timately in thee.* 
 
 '* After I had thus earneftly prayed, I fell into a dream ; in 
 which, in the fight or view of truth, I faw the whole univerfe, 
 as it were, fome chaos or confufed thing without form, which 
 was almoft a mere nothing. And from thence I drew the con- 
 ceiving of one word, which did fignify to me this following : 
 < Behold thou, and what things thou feeft., are nothing. What« 
 ever thou doft urge, is lefs than nothing itfelf in the Tight of the 
 Moft High. He knoweth all the bounds of things to be done : 
 thou at leaft may apply thyfcif to thy own fafety,' In this con- 
 ception 
 
H E L M O N T. 19 
 
 Ception there was an inward precept, that I fhould be made a 
 phyfician ; and that, fome time or other, Raphael himfelf 
 ihould be given unto me. Forthwith therefore, and for thirty 
 whole years after, and their nights following in order, I la- 
 boured always to my coft, and often in danger of my life, that 
 I might obtain the knowledge of vegetables and minerals, and 
 of their natures and properties alfo. Meanwhile, I exercifed 
 myfelf in prayer, in reading, in a narrow fearch of things, in 
 fifting my errors, and in writing down what I daily experi- 
 enced. At length I knew with Solomon, that I had for the 
 mofi: part hitherto perplexed my fpirit in vain ; and I faid, Vain 
 is the knowledge of all things under the fun, vain are the fearch- 
 ings of the curious. Whom the Lord Jefus (hall call unto wif- 
 dom, he, and no other, fhall come ; yea, he that hath come to 
 the top, fhall as yet be able to do very little, unlefs the boun- 
 tiful favour of the Lord (hall fhine upon him. Lo, thus have 
 I waxed ripe of age, being become a man ; and now alfo an 
 old man, unprofitable, and unacceptable to God, to whom be 
 all honour." 
 
 From the account here given by himfelf, it is eafy to con- 
 ceive, that Van Helmont, at his firft appearance in the world, 
 would pafs for no better than an enthufialt and a madmaA. He 
 certainly had in him a ftrong mixture of both enthufiafm and 
 madnefs : neverthelefs he was very acute and very profound, and 
 difcovered in many cafes a wonderful penetration and infight 
 into nature. By his Ikill in phyfic, he performed fuch unex- 
 pected cures, that he was put into the inquifition, as a man that 
 did things beyond the reach of nature. He cleared himfelf be- 
 fore the inquifitors ; but, to be more at liberty, retired after- 
 wards into Holland. He died Dec. 30, 1644, and the day be- 
 fore wrote a letter to a friend at Paris, in which were thefe 
 words : " Praife and glory be to God for evermore, who is 
 pleafed to call me out of the world ; and, as I conjedlure, my 
 life will not laft above 24 hours. For this day I find myfelf firlt 
 aflaulted by a fever, which, fuch is the weaknefs of my body, 
 mufl, I know, finifh me within that fpace." A few days before 
 that, he faid to his fon Francis Mercurius Van Helmont, " Take 
 all my writings, as well thofe that are crude and uncorredled, 
 as thofe that are thoroughly purged, and join them together. I 
 now commit them to thy care ; finifh and digeft them according 
 thy own judgment. It hath fo pleafed the Lord Almighty, who 
 attempts all things powerfully, and diredls all things fweetly." ^ 
 
 John Caramuel Lobkowiz has given a good account of this 
 phyfician and philofopher in a very few words. " Helmont," 
 fays he, " for.I knew the man, was pious, learned, famous : a 
 fworn enemy of Galen and Ariflotle. The fick never languifhed 
 long under his hands : being always killed or cured in two or 
 
 C a three 
 
cd tt E L 1 S fi. 
 
 three days. Mc was fent for chiefiy to thofe who were g\¥ch 
 iip by other phyficians ; and, to the great grief and indignation 
 of fuch p'^yficians, often reilorcd the patient unexpedledly to 
 Jieahh. His works were publiihed in folio. They are onef 
 continued fatire aga nft the Peripatetics and Galenlfts ; very vo- 
 luminous, but not very profitable for inftrn6lion in phyfic." His 
 fon, Fraixis Mercurc, who had fome fame, was faid in his 
 epitaph to be, *' Nil patre inferior," but faHely* He died in 
 1699 at 81. 
 
 HE.LOIS^E, the concubine, and afterwards the wife, of Peter 
 Abelard ; a nun^ and afterwards priorefs of Argenteuil ; and 
 1«ftly, abbefs df the Paraclete, was born about the beginning of 
 the 1 2th century; The hiftory of her amour with Abelard hav- 
 ing been already related in our account of him, we refer the 
 reader to it ; and Ihall content ourfelves here, with giving fome 
 JDarticulars of Heloife, which we have either not mentioned at 
 all, or but very flighlly, under that article. 
 
 This lady has ufually been celebrated for her great beauty and 
 her great learning. In the age (he lived, a young girl with a 
 very fmall (hare of erudition, might eafily pafs for a mirack. 
 This however is not faid to derogate from Heloife's merit, who 
 tertainly deferves an honourable place among the very learned 
 women : as fhe was flcilled, not only in the Latin language, but 
 alfo in the Greek and Hebrew. This Abelard exprefsly declares 
 in a letter, which he wrote to the nuns of the Paraclete. As 
 to ihofc who afcribe to her a ravifhing beauty, we may upon 
 Very good grounds prefume them to be miftaken. Abelard muft 
 have been as good a judge of it as any one; he mnft have had 
 more rcafon to exaggerate, than to diminiln in his account of 
 it, yet he contents himfelf with faying, that " as file Was not 
 the lafl: of her fex in beauty; {o in letters (he was the firft:" 
 " Cum per facie m non efiet infima, per abundantium literarum 
 erat fuprema :" a very flat elogium, fuppofing her to have been 
 an accompliflied beauty, and by no means confiffent with the 
 paflion which Abelard entertained for her. But Abelard's poetry 
 may account for this fuppofed beauty in Heloife : his verfes were 
 filled with notliing but love for her, which, making the name 
 of this midrefs to fly all over the world, would naturally occa- 
 fion perfons to afcribe charms to her, which nature had not 
 given. Her padion, on the other hand, was as extravagant 
 (or Abelard ; and her encomiums upon him have fet him per^ 
 haps as much too high in the opinion of the woinen, as fhe her- 
 Jelf has (tood in the opinion of the men. Take a little of her 
 language by way of fpecimen : <* What wife, what maid, did 
 not languilh fcr yon when abfent, and was not -all in a flame 
 ivith love, when you was near ? What queen or great lady did 
 
 not 
 
H ELO I SE. 21 
 
 pof envy niy joys and my bed ? Two qualities you had, ffldom 
 to be found among the learned, by which you could not fii' to 
 gain all women's hearts: poetry, I rrean, and mufic. Wiih 
 thefe you unbended your mind after its philofophic labours, and 
 wrote many love verfes, which by their fweetnefs and harmony 
 have can fed them to be Tung in every corner of the world, fo 
 that even the illittrate i'cujyA your pr.ife. And as the greateft 
 "part of your fjngs celebrated our l^ves, thev h.ive fprcad my 
 name to many nations, and kindled th':fre the envy of the wo- 
 men againfl m?." In tht- mean time Abelard was very hand- 
 fome and very accompli Ihed ; though probably neither fo hand- 
 fome nor accomplilhed as, accordihg to H^loif.:, to make eyery 
 woman frantic, who fliould caft her eyes upon him. 
 
 When Abelard confented to marry Heloife, fhe tifed a thou- 
 fand arguments to put him out ot conceit with the conjugal 
 tie, '^ I know my uncle's tem.per," faid ihe to him ; " norr 
 thing will appeafe his rage againit you : and then what glory 
 will it be to me to be your wife, fince I Ihnuld ruin your repu-. 
 tation by it ? What curfes have I not reafon to fear, if I rob 
 the world of fo bright a luminary as you are ? What injury Ihall 
 1 not do the church ? What forrow ihall I not give the philo- 
 fophers ? What a fhame and injury wjU it be to you, whom na- 
 ture has formed for the public good, to give yourfelf up entirely 
 to a woman ? C milder thefe words of St. Paul, f Art thou 
 loofed from a wife, feek not a wife.' And if the counfel of 
 this great apoltle, and the exhortations of the holy fathers, can- 
 not dilfuade you from that heavy burden, confider at leaft what 
 the philofophers have faid of it. Hear Theophraft'JS, who has 
 proved by Co many reufons, that a wife man ought not to marry, 
 }~Iear what Cicero, wiien he hact divorced his wife Terentia, 
 anfwered to Hirtius, who propofed a match to him with his 
 filter: that ♦ he could not'divide his thoughts between philofo* 
 phy and a wife.' Befides, what conformity is there between 
 maid fervants and fcholars, inkhorns and ^radios, books and dif- 
 tafFs, pens aiid fpindles? How will you be able to bear, in the 
 midfl: of phil fophical and theological meditations, the cries of 
 children, the fongs of nurfes, snd the dilturbance of houfc-keep- 
 ing?" Afterwards, in the correfpondence w'^ich fhe kept up 
 wiih him, wiien Ihe had renounced the world many years, and 
 engaged in a monailic life, (he reprglented to hjm the dilinter- 
 eftednefs of her affe£»ion i and how fhe had neither fouijht the 
 honour of inarnage, nor the acji'antages of a dowry, nor lier own 
 pleafure, but the fnigle fatisfaftion of polfefhng her dear Abe- 
 lard. She tells him, that j^lth'Vgh the name of wife f..'ems 
 m*re holy and of greater digiiity, yet fhe was always better 
 ple^fe4 wUh that; of his miftrefsj his concubiucj or even ftrum-^ 
 
 C 3 pet J 
 
"22 H E L O T S E. 
 
 pet ; and declares in the moft folemn manner, that fhe had ra» 
 ther be the whore of Peter Abelard, than the lawful wife of the 
 emperor of the world [nI. " Deum teftem invoco," fays fhe, 
 ** ii me Auguftus univerK) praefidens mundo matrimonii honore 
 dignaretur, totumque mihi orbem confirmaret in perpetuo pras- 
 fidendum, charius mihi & dignius videretur tua dici mere- 
 TRix, quam illiiis imperatrix [o]."- I know not, fays Bayle, 
 how this lady meant ; but we have here one of the moft myfte- 
 rious refinements in love. It has been, continues he, for feve- 
 ral ages believed, that marriage deffroys the principal poignancy 
 of this fort of fait, and that when a man does a thing by engage- 
 ment, duty, and necefTity, as a tafk and drudgery, he no longer 
 £nds the natural charms of it ; fo that, according "to thefe nice 
 judges, a man takes a wife *' ad honores," and not '* ad deli- 
 cias." *' Marriage," as Montaigne obferves, " has on its fide, 
 profit, juftice, honour, and conftancy ; a flat but more univerfal 
 pleafure. Love is founded only upon pleafure, which is more 
 touching, fprightly, and exquifite ; a pleafure inflamed by dif- 
 ficulty. There mufl be in it fting and ardour : 'tis no more 
 love if without darts and fire. The bounty of the ladies is too 
 profufe in marriage : it blunts the edge of afFe£lion and de- 
 jire [p]." And this perhaps made a Roman emperor fay to his 
 wife, ** Patere me per alias execcere cupiditates meas, nam uxor 
 nomen eft dignitatis, non voluptatis [oj :" that is, " fuffer me 
 to fatisfy my defies with other women, for fpoufe is the name of 
 dignity, not of pleafure." 
 
 Heloife died May 17, 1163, about 20 years after her beloved 
 Abelard, and was buried in his grave. A moft furprifing mi- 
 racle happened, if we may believe a MS. chronicle of Tours, 
 when the fepulchre was opened, in order to lay Heloife's body 
 there, viz. ** That Abelard ftretchedout his arms to receive her, 
 and clofely embraced her :" but fome have ventured to fuppofe, 
 that this may be a fidion. The letters of Heloife, together, 
 with their anfwers, may be found in Abelard's works, where 
 more may be ken of this celebrated amour. Love certainly 
 begets much folly and madncfs among the fons of men : yet, 
 upon comparing the loves of Abelard and Heloife with the loves 
 of the reft of mankind, one (hall be apt to apply to the former, 
 what the fervant in the play faid of his mailer's younger fon, 
 when he compared him with his elder: " Hie vero eft, qui ii 
 occeperit amare, ludum jocumque dices fuiffe ilium alterum, 
 pra:ut hujus rabies quae dabit :" that is, ** If this frantic fpark 
 fhall once take it into his head to be a lover, you will fay that; 
 
 [k] *' Not Csefar's emprefs would I deign 
 to prove : 
 No, make me miftreCs to the man I 
 
 love." Pope. Vit. 
 
 o] Abelard. ■ Op. p. 45. 
 p] Eflais, Liv. iii. c. 5. 
 qJ] ^lius Verus apud Spartiajii ua 
 
 all 
 
H E L V E T I U S. fi^ 
 
 {ill that the other has done is but mere fport and jeft, compared 
 with the pranks which he will play [r]." 
 
 HELSHAM (Richard), dodlor of phyfic, profeHbr of that 
 fcience and of natural philofophy, in the univerfity of Dublin, 
 was author of a celebrated courfe of twenty-three ledlures on 
 natural philofophy, publilhed after his death by Dr. Bryan Ro- 
 binfon. Thefe ledlures were long in high eftimation, palfed 
 through feveral editions, and are only fuperfeded now from the 
 necelhty of keeping pace in fuch works with the progrefs of dif- 
 coveries. They are clear and plain, though fcientific. 
 
 HELVETItJS (Adrian), a phyfjcian of Holland, was born 
 in 1656. He journeyed to Paris, without any defign of fixing 
 there, and only to fee that new world and fell fome medicines, 
 but accident detained him very unexpedledly. The dyfentery 
 then prevailed in that city ; and all who applied to him are faid to 
 have been infallibly cured. His fuccefs was celebrated ; and Louis 
 XIV. ordered him to publifh the remedy, which produced fuch 
 certain and furprifing effeds. He declared it to be Ipecacuanhoy 
 and received 1000 louis-d'-ors for the difcovery. He fettled in 
 Paris, became phyfician to the duke of Orleans, and was alfo 
 made infpe£lor general of the military hofpitals. He died in 
 1721, leaving fome works behind him ; the principal of which 
 is, *^ Traite des Maladies de plus frequentes, & des Remedies 
 fpecifiques pour les guerir," 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 HELVETIUS (John-Claude), fon of the above, was born 
 in 1685, and died in 1755. He was firfl phyfician to the queen, 
 counfellor of (late, and greatly efleemed by the town as well as 
 court. He was, like his father, infpedlor-general of the military 
 hofpitals. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences at 
 Paris, of the Royal Society in London, and of the Academies of 
 Pruffia, Florence, and Bologna.. He cured Louis XV. of a 
 dangerous diforder, which attacked him at the age offeven years, 
 and obtained afterwards the entire confidence of the queen alfo. 
 Whenever he attended as a phyfician, he was regarded as a friend, 
 fuch was the goodnefs and benevolence of his charafler. He 
 was particularly attentive to the poor. He was the author of, 
 I. " Idee Generale de I'economie animale, 1722," 8vo. 2. 
 ** PrincipiaPhyfico-Medica, in tyronum Medicinas gratiam con* 
 fcripta," 2 vols. 8vo. This latter work, though drawn up for 
 pupils, may yet be ferviceable to maftcrs. 
 
 HELVETIUS (Claude Adrian), born at Paris in 1515, 
 was fon of the preceding Helvetius. He ftudied under the fa- 
 mous father Poree in the college of Louis the Great, and his 
 tutor, difcovering in his compofitions remarkable proofs of ge- 
 nius, was particularly attentive to his education. An early af~ 
 
 [■] Terent. Eunuch, Aft. iL Sc. iv, 
 
 C 4 fociatioA 
 
24 HELVETIUS. 
 
 fociation with the -wits of his time, gave him the defire to her 
 come an avithor, but his principles unfortunately became tainted 
 •with falfe philofophy. Jrje did not publifh any thing till the year 
 J758, when he produced his celebrated book " de I'Efprit," n hich 
 appeared firft in one vohime 410.5 ai d afterwards in three vohuneSj, 
 I2mo. This work was very jultly condennned by the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, as confining the faculties of man to animal fenfi- 
 ^ihty, and removing at once the reltraints of vice and the en- 
 couragements to virtue. Attacked in various ways at home, on 
 account of thefe principles, he vifited England in 1764, and the 
 next year went into PruiTia, where he was received with ho- 
 nourable attention by the king. When he returned into Fiance, 
 he led a retired and domedic life on his eftate at Vore. At- 
 tached to his wife and family, and ftrongly inclined to b.enevo- 
 lence, he lived there more happily than at Paris, w^here, as he 
 faid, he " was obliged to encounter the rnortifying fpeftacie of 
 m'd^ry that he could not relieve." To Marivaux, and xVI. Saurin, 
 of the French Academy, he allowed penfions ; that, for a private 
 benefador, were confiderable [s], merely on the fcore of merit ; 
 which he was anxious to fearch out and to alTdl. Yet, with all 
 this benevolence of difpofition, he was ftrid in the care of his 
 game, and in the exadion of his feudal rights. He was paaitre- 
 d'hotel to the queen, and, for a time, a farmer-general, but 
 quitted that lucrative poll to enjoy his fludies. Vv^'hen he found 
 that he had beflov/ed his bounty upon unworthy perfons, or was 
 reproached with it, he faid, ^' If I was king, I would corre£l 
 them ; but I am only rich, and they are poor, my bufiners there- 
 fore is to aid them." Nature had been kind to Htlvctius, flie 
 had given him a fine perfon, genius, and a conflitution which pro- 
 mifed long life. This lad, hov^fever, he did not attain, for he 
 was attacked by the gout in his head and ftomach, under which 
 complaint he languifhed fome little time, and died in December 
 1 77 1, His works were, i. The Treatife " De I'Efprit," " on 
 the Mind," already mentioned: of which various opinions have 
 |)een entertained. It certainly is one of thofe \yhich endeavour 
 to degrade the nature of man, too nearly to that of mere animals ; 
 and even Voltaire, who called the author at one time, a true philo- 
 fopher, has faid that it is filled with common place truths, delivered 
 with great parade, but without method, and difgraced by fiories 
 very unworthy of a philofophical production. The ideas of 
 virtue and vice, according to thiis hook, depend chiefly upon 
 elimate, 2. ** Le Bonheur," or " happinefs," a poem in fix can- 
 tos ; publilhcd after his death, in 1772, with fome fragments 
 of epillles. His poetical flyle is ftill more affected than his profc, 
 and though he pfoduces fome fir^e yerfes, he is more frequentl}^ 
 
 £s] To the former aooo, to the latter 3000 livres j near 100 and 150I. fterling. 
 
 {liir 
 
H E L V I C U S. 
 
 25 
 
 niffand forced. His poem on happinefs is a declamation, wherein 
 he makes that great objeiSl depend, not on virtue, but on the 
 Cuhivation of letters and the arts. 3. '^ De I'Homme," 2 vols 
 8vo, another philofophical work, not Icfs bold than the firfl. 
 A favourite paradox, produced in this book, under a variety of 
 different forms, is, *' that all men are born with equal talents, 
 and owe their genius folely to education." This book is even 
 more dangerous than that on the mind, becaufe the flyle is 
 clearer, and the author writes with lefs referve. He fpeaks fome-? 
 times of the enemies of what he called philofophy, with an af» 
 perity that ill accords with the general mildnefsof his character. 
 
 HELVICUS (Christopher), profelfor of the Greek and 
 Eaitern languajjes, and of divinity, in the univerfity of GielTen, 
 was born in 1581, at SprendUngen, a little town near Frank- 
 fort, where his father was miniitcr. He went through his flu., 
 dies in Marpurg, where he took his degree of M. A. in lS99t> 
 having taken his bachelor's in 1595. He was a moft early ge- 
 nius j compoffcd a prodigious number of Greek verfes at 15; 
 and was capable of teaching Greek, Hebrew, and even philo- 
 fophy, before he was 20. The Hebrew he poirelfed fo entirely^ 
 that he fpoke it as fluently as if it had been his native language. 
 He thoroughly read the Greek authors ; and even ftudied phyfic 
 for fome time, though he had devoted himfelf to the miniftry„ 
 In 1605, he was chofen to teach Greek and Hebrew, in the col- 
 lege which the landgrave had lately eftablifhed at GielTen ; 
 and which the year after was converted into an univerfity by the 
 einperor, who endowed it with privileges. Having dlfcharge^ 
 for five years the feveral duties of his employment with great 
 reputation, he was appointed divinity profeilbr in 1610. He 
 married this year ; yet continued as affiduous as ever in the of- 
 fices of his profelTion. A church was offered him in Mqravia iq. 
 161 1, and a profefforfhip at Hamburg with a conhderable fti- 
 pcnd : but he refufed both thofe offers. In 1613, he took tha 
 degree of D. D. at the command of the landgrave ; who fent 
 him to Frankfort, that he might view the library of the Jews, 
 who had been lately driven away by popular tumults. Helvicus^ 
 fond of reading the rabbins, bought feveral of their books on that 
 pccafion. He died in the flowef of his age, in 1617 ; and his lofs 
 was bewailed after a very peculiar manner. All the German poets 
 of the Augfburg confefTion compofed elegies, to deplore his im-:f 
 mature death. A colleclion vv^as made of his poem?, which were 
 printed with his funeral fcrmon and fome other pieces, under 
 the title of '♦' Cippus Mcmorialis," by the care of Wincklemaa 
 colleague to Helvicus. 
 
 He was reputed to have had a mofl fkilful and methodical 
 way of teaching languages. He was a good graiTimarian ; and 
 publifhed feveral gramrnars, as Latin, Greek, HebreWj, Chaidee, 
 
 S) riae i 
 
26 HEMELAR. 
 
 Syriac : but they were only abridgennents. His Hebrew and 
 Latin Lexicons were only, by way of elTay, calculated for youth. 
 He was not only a good grammarian, but alfo an able chrono- 
 joger. His chronological tables have gone through feveral edi- 
 tions, and been greatly efteemed, though they are not, as it is 
 difficult to conceive they fhould be, quite free from errors. He 
 publifhed them in 1609, under the title of " Theatrum Hifto- 
 ricum, five Chronologiae Syftema Novum, &c." and brought 
 them down from the beginning of the world to 161 2 ; but they 
 were afterwards revifed and continued by John Balthafar Schup- 
 pius, fon-in-law to the author, and profeflbr of eloquence and 
 hiftory in the univerfity of Marpurg. Helvicus had projeSe^ 
 writing a great number of books ; and' it is plain by the books 
 he a6tually publifhed, that, had he lived threefcore years, his 
 works might have made feveral volumes in folio. They are not 
 interefting enough to make a particular and minute account of 
 them neceffary : his chronology being the only one, whofe ufe 
 has not been fuperfeded. 
 
 HELYOT (Pierre), perhaps Elliot, properly, as he was of 
 Britilh extradlion. He was a religious of the order of Picpus 
 near Paris, which is a branch of that of St. Francis. His fame 
 is founded on a large work, the toil of twenty-three years, in 
 eight volumes quarto, which is, *< A Hiflory of Monadic Or- 
 ders, religious and military, and of featlar congregations of 
 both fexes," &c. &c. He was born in 1660, and died in 17 16. 
 His work is full of learned refearch, and more correct than any 
 thing on that fubjeft which had then appeared. He was a man 
 of exemplary piety, and a peat, though not elegant, or natural 
 writer. 
 
 HEMELAR (John), a very learned man, born at the Hague,, 
 was a fine poet and orator; and to be compared, fays Grono- 
 vius [tj, with the Roman Atticus for his probity, tranquillity 
 of life, and abfolute difregard of honours and public employ- 
 ments. He went to Rome, and fpent fix years in the palace of 
 cardinal Cefi. He wrote there a panegyric on pope Clement 
 VHL which was fo gracioufly received, that he was offered th« 
 pod of librarian to the Vatican, or a very good benefice. He 
 accepted the latter, and was made a canon in the cathedral at 
 Antwerp. Lipfius had a great efteem for him, as appears from 
 letters he wrote to him. He was Grotius's friend, and publiflied 
 verfes to congratulate him on his deliverance from confinement. 
 He was uncle by the mother's fide to James Golius, the learned 
 profefix)r at Leyden, who gained fo vafi a reputation by his pro- 
 found knowledge in the Oriental languages : but Golius, who 
 was a zealous protcfiant, was greatly difaffeded to him, for 
 
 [t] Joann. Fred. Gronov. in Orat. Funeb. JacobI Golii, p. 7. 
 
 having 
 
H E M S K I R K. 27 
 
 having converted his brother Peter to popery. He applied him- 
 felf tnnch more to the ftudy of polite literature and to the fci- 
 cnce of medaL>, than to theology. ^' He publilhed, fays Gro- 
 novius, extremely ufeful commentaries upon the medals of the 
 Ron^an emperors, from the time of Julius Caifar down to Juf- 
 tinian, taken from the cabinets of Charles Arfchot and Nicholas 
 Rocoxius : wherein he concifely and accurately explains by 
 marks, figures, &c. whatever is exquifite, elegant, and fuitable 
 or agreeable to the hiftory of thofe times, and the genius of the 
 monarchs, whether the medals in qseftion be of gold, filver, or 
 brafs, whether call or ftruck in that immortal city. It is a kind 
 of ftorehoufe of medals; and neverthelefs in this work, from 
 which any other perfon would have expedled prodigious repu- 
 tation, our author has been fo modeft as to conceal his name." 
 This work of Hemelar's, which is in Latin, is not eafily to be 
 met with, yet it has been thrice printed: firft at Antwerp, iu 
 1614, at the end of a work of James Biasus ; fecondly, in 1627, 
 4to ; and thirdly, in 1 654, folio. The other works of this 
 canon are fome Latin poems ancj orations. He died in 1640, 
 He is fometimes called Hamelar. 
 
 HEMMINGFQRD (Walter de}, a regular canon of Gif- 
 bo rough- abbey, near Cleveland in Yorkfhire, flouriflied in the 
 XlVth century in the reign of Edward III, He had a ftrong 
 genius for learning, which by his induflry was improved to a 
 great degree. Hiftory was his particular inclination ; and upon 
 this fubjeft it was that he became an author. He begins from 
 the Norman conqueft, and continues to the reign of king Ed- 
 ward the Hd. from the year of our Lord 1066 to 1308. The 
 work is written with great care and exaftnefs, and in a ftyle 
 good enough confidering the time. Gale enumerates five copies 
 of his hiftory, two at Trinity-college, Cambridge, one at the 
 Herald's- office, one in the Cotton library, and one which he had 
 himfelf. This author died at Gifborough in 1347. 
 
 HEMSKIRK, or HEEMSKIRK (Martin), an eminent 
 painter, was a peafant's fon, and born at a village of that name 
 in Holland, in 1498. In his youth he was extremely dull, and 
 nothing was expected from him ; but afterwards he became a 
 correal painter, eafy and fruitful in his inventions. He went to 
 Rome, and intended to ftay there a long time ; but at the end of 
 three years, returned to his own country. He fettled at Haer- 
 lem, and lived there the remainder of his days. Moft of his 
 works were engraved. Vafari gives a particular account of 
 them, commends them, and fays, Michael Angelo was fo 
 pleafed with one of the prints, that he had a mind to colour it. 
 Neverthelefs it is vifible from the prints, of Hemfkirk's works, 
 that he did not underftand the chlaro ofcuro, and that his manner 
 ' ' • of 
 
^8 HEMSTERHUIS. 
 
 of dcfigning was dry. He died in 1574, at 76 years of age 
 having- lived much longer than has been thought ufual for painters, 
 
 HEMMERLIN or MALLEOLUS (Felix), a canon of 
 Zurich in 1428. He was put in prifon for fome political of- 
 fence. Two works of his in folio, and in black letter, are much 
 fought by fome collectors of curiofities, one is i. " Opufcula 
 varia; fcilicet de Nobilitate et rullicitate dialogus," kc. 2. 
 ^< Variae obledationis opufcula ; nempe contra validos mendi-r 
 cantes contra Beghardos et Beghlnos," ^c. They are written 
 with a coarfe kind of hum^'Ur. 
 
 HEMSTERHUIS (Tjeerius), or Hemfterhufnis, one of 
 the moft famous critics oi his country, the fon of Francis Hem-s 
 fterhuis, a phyfician, was born at Groningtn, Feb. I, 1685, 
 After obtaining the rudiments of literature from proper mafters, 
 and from his lather, he became a member of his native univer^ 
 fity in his fourteenth year, 1598. He there (tudied for fome 
 years, and then removed to Leydep, for the fake of attending 
 the le£tures of the fam.ous James Perizonius, He was here fo 
 much noticed by the governors of the univerfity, that it was ex- 
 pected he would fucceed James Gronovius as profedbr of Greek, 
 Havercamp, however, on the vacancy was appointed, through the 
 intrigues, as Ruhnkenius aflferts, of fome who feared they might 
 be eclipfed by young Hemfterhuis ; who in 1705, at the age of 
 ig, was called to Amfterdam, and appointed profeifor oi ma- 
 thematics and philofophy. In the former of thefe branches he 
 had been a favourite fcholar of the famous John Bernouilli. Iri 
 1 71 7, he removed to Franeker, on being chofeu to fucceed 
 Lambert Bos as profefibr of Greek; to which place, in 1738, 
 ■was added the profelforfhip of hiflory. In 1740 he removed- to 
 Leydcn to accept the fame two profeiforfliips in that univerfity, 
 It appears that he was inarried, becaufe his father-in-law, J. 
 Wild, is mentioned. He died in 1766, having enjoyed to the 
 laft the ufe of all his faculties. He publilhed, i. " The thrcQ 
 laft books of Julius Pollux's Onomafticon," to complete the edi- 
 tion of which, feven books had been finilhed by Lederlin. This 
 appeared at Amfterdam in 1706. On the appearance of this 
 work, he received a letter from Bentley, highly praifing hirn 
 for the fervice he had there rendered to his author. But thi^ 
 very letter was nearly the caufe of driving him entirely from the 
 fludy of Greek criticifm : for in it Bentley tranfmitted his own 
 conje6lures on the true readings of the pailages cited by Pollux 
 frorn comic writers, with particular view to the reftoration of 
 the metre. Hemfterhuis had himfelf attempted the fame, but 
 %vhen he read the criticifms of Bentley^ and faw their aftonifti- 
 ingjuftncfs, and acutenefs, he was fo hurt at the inferiority of 
 his own, that he refolved, for the time, never again to open ^ 
 Greek book. In a iiionth o| two this timidity we^t off, and he 
 
 r?tyri?e(| 
 
H E N A U L T* 29 
 
 teturtlcd to thefe ftiidies with redoubled vigour^ determined to 
 take Bentley for his model, and to qualify himfelf, if poflible, 
 io rival one whom he fo greatly adinired. 2. *' Selecl Colloquies 
 t)t Lucian, and his Timon." Amlh 1708. 3. •< The Plutus 
 of Ariftophanes, with the Scholia," various readings and noieSj 
 Harlingen, 8vo. 1744. 4. " Part of an edition of Lucian," as 
 far as the 521 it page of the firft volume ; it appeared in 1743 in 
 three volumes quarto* The extreme llownefs of his proceeding 
 is much complained of by Gefner and others^ and was the rea- 
 fon why he made no further progrefs. 5. " Notes and emen- 
 dations on Xenophon Epheluis," inferted in the 3 — 6 volumes 
 of the Mifcellanea Critica of Amilevdam, with the lignature 
 T. S. H. S. 6. ** Some obfervations upon Chryfoftom's Ho- 
 mily on the Epiflle to Philemon," fubjoined to Raphelius's An- 
 notations on the New Teitament, 7. *' Inaugural Speeches on 
 Various Occafions." 8. " There are alfo letters from him to 
 J. Matth. Geiner and others," and he gave conliderable aid to 
 J. St. Bernard, in publilhing the " Eclogas Thomce Magiltri/' 
 at Leyden, in 1757 [u], Ruhnkenius holds up Hem.rterhufius 
 as a model of a perfedt critic [x], and indeed, according to his 
 account, the extent and variety of his knowledge, and the acute- 
 nefs of his judgment were very extraordinary. 
 
 HENAULT (John d'}, a French poet, was the fon of a 
 baker at Paris, and at firft a receiver of the taxes at Fores. 
 Then he travelled into Holland and England, and was employed 
 by the fuperintendant Fouquetj who was his patron. After his 
 return to France, he foon became diftinguillied as one of the 
 fineft geniufes of his age ; and gained a prodigious reputation by 
 his poetry. His fonnet on the mifcarriage of Mad. dc Gucrchi 
 is looked upon as a mafter-piece, though it is not written ac- 
 cordmg to the rules of art, and though there happened to be a 
 barbarifm in it. He alfo wrote a fatirlcal poem againd the mi- 
 niller Colbert, which is reckoned by Btiileau among his beft 
 pieces. This was written, by way of re\enging the difgrace 
 and ruin of his patron Fouquet, which Henault afcribed to Col- 
 bert : yet the minifter did not a£t upon this occafion as Riche- 
 iieu would have done, but with more good fenfe and genero- 
 fity |"y]. Being told of this fonnet, which mads a great noife, 
 he afked, " Whether there wire any fatirical flrokes in it againlt 
 the king ?" and being informed there was not, "Then," faid 
 he, " 1 fha1l not mind it, nor ihew the leafl; refcntment againit 
 the author." Hei.aub wis a man who loved to refine on pija- 
 fures, and to debauch wi.h .rt and delicacy : and fo far, confi- 
 dering him as a poet, ('■ me alluw:;i}C£:. iniglit be made, But 
 
 [u] Vriemot Athens Frifia^as. .aukcuu Ei .^var?- Tib, Hemilerlmfii. 
 
 {yJ Se« Art- Giandien ' 
 
 lie 
 
30 H E N A U L T. 
 
 he was ftrangely wrongheaded in one refpe£l ; for he profeflei^ 
 atheifm, and gloried in it with uncommon afFe<9;alion. He went 
 to Holland, on purpofe to vifit Spinoza, who neverthelefs did 
 not much efteem him* Spinoza conlidered him probably as one 
 of thofe falhionable gentry, with which every country aboundsj 
 who are ready to take up fingularities in religion, not from ra- 
 tional convidion, but from a profligate fpirit of vain-glory ; 
 and on this account might be led to defpife the man, whatever 
 he might determine of his opinions. Spinoza did not miftake 
 him, if he confidered him in this light ; for when ficknefs and 
 death came to flare him in the face, things took a very different 
 turn. Henault then became a convert, and was for carrying 
 matters to the other extreme ; for his confeflbr was forced to 
 prevent his receiving the Viaticum or Sacrament, with a halter 
 about his neck, in the middle of his bed-chamber. This is not 
 unfrequently the cafe : men believe or difbelieve, have religion 
 or none, without ever confulting reafon, but juft as conftitution 
 and humour direct ; and fo it is, that they ufually behave ridi- 
 culoufly in whichever ftate we view them. He died in 1682. 
 
 He had printed at Paris, 1670, in i2mo. a fmall colIe<Si:ion 
 of his works, under the title of ** Oeuvres Diverfes," or ** Mif- 
 cellanies:" containing fonnets, and letters in verfe and profe to 
 Sappho, who was probably the celebrated madam des Honlieres, 
 to whom he had the honour to be preceptor. Among tbefe is 
 the following imitation from this paflage in the feeond ad of 
 Seneca's Thyeftes : 
 
 " Illi mors gravis incubat, 
 Qiii notus nimis omnibus, 
 Ignotus moritur fibl." 
 *' Heureux ell I'inconnu, qui s'eft bien fu connoitrc; 
 II ne voit pas de mal a mourir plus qu'a naitre : 
 
 II s*en va comme il eft venu. 
 Mais helas ! que la mort fait tine horreur extreme ; 
 A qui meurt de tous trop connu, 
 Et trop peu connu de foy-meme !" 
 
 That is, *' Happy is the obfcure man, who is well known to 
 himfelf : he fees no more harm in dying, than in being born ; 
 he leaves the world as he came into it. But alas ! how ex- 
 tremely horrible muft death be to that man,' who dies too much 
 known to others, and too little to himfelf!" This fhews the 
 philofopher as well as the poet, and is equally diftant from 
 atheifm and fuperftition : ** O, fi fic omnia." — Henault had 
 tranflated three books of Lucretius : but his eonfeffbr having 
 raifed in him fcruples and fears, he burnt this work, fo that 
 there remains nothing of it, but the firft 100 lines, which had 
 "been copied by his friends, Voltaire fays, that " he would 
 
 have 
 6 
 
liENAULT. . 31 
 
 have gained great reputation, had thefe books that "Were loft been 
 preferved, and been equal to what we have of this work." 
 
 RENAULT (Charles John Francis), was born at 
 Paris, Feb. 8, 1685. His great grandfather, Remi Henault, 
 ufed to be of Lewis XII I's party at tennis, and that prince called 
 him " The Baron," becaufe of a fief which he poireiTcd near 
 Triel. He had three fons, officers of horfe, who were all killed 
 at the fiege of Cafal. John Remi, his father, an efquire, and lord 
 of Mouffy, counfellor to the king, and fecretary to the council, 
 kept up the honour of the family, and becoming farmer-gene- 
 ral, made his fortune. He was honoured with the confidence 
 of the count de Pontchartrain ; and, being of a poetical turn, 
 had fomc Ihare in the criti(*ifms which appeared againft Racine's 
 tragedies. He married the daughter of a rich merchant at Ca- 
 lais, and one of her brothers being prefident of that town, en- 
 tertained the queen of England, on her landing there in 1689, 
 Another brother, counfellor in the parliament of Metz, and fe- 
 cretary to the duke of Berry, was afTociated with Mr. Crozat ia 
 the armaments, and, dying unmarried, left a great fortune to 
 his fifter. 
 
 Young Henault early difcovered a fprightly, benevolent dif- 
 pofition, and his penetration and aptnefs foon diftinguifhed it- 
 ielf by the fuccefs of his ftudies. Claude de Lille, father of the 
 celebrated geographer, gave him the fame lefTons in geography 
 and hiftory which he had before given to the duke of Orleans, 
 afterwards regent. Thefe inftrudions have been printed in (even 
 volumes, under the title of *' Abridgment of Univerfal Hillory." 
 On quitting college, Henault entered the congregation of the 
 oratory, where he foon attached himfelf to the Rudy of eloquence: 
 and, on the death of the Abbe Rene, reformer of La Trappe, he 
 undertook to pronounce his panegyric, which not meeting the 
 approbation of father Maffilon, he quitted the oratory after two 
 years, and hi? father bought for him, of marfhal Villeroi, the lieu- 
 tenancedes chajfes., and the government of Corbeil. At the marfhal'i 
 he formed connections and even intimate friendlhips with many 
 of the nobility,. and paifed the early part of his life in agreeable 
 amufements, and in the livelieft company, v/ithout having his 
 religious fentiments tainted. He afTociated with the wits till the 
 difpute between RoufTeau and De la Alotte foon gave him a dif- 
 guft for thefe trifling focieties. In 1707, he gained the prize 
 of eloquence at the French Academy, and another next year, at 
 the Academy des jeux Floraux. About this time, M. Reau- 
 mur, who was his relation, came to Paris, and took leflbns in 
 geometry under the fame mafter, Guinee. Henault introduced 
 him to the Abbe Bignon, and this was the firil: ftep of his illuf- 
 triou5 courfe. In 1713, he brought a tragedy gn the ftage, 
 
 undejf 
 
3^ H E N A tr L t* 
 
 tinder the difguifed name of Fnfelier. As he was known to the 
 public only by fome {lighter pieces, *' Cornelia the Veftal" met 
 TFvith no better fiiccefs. He therefore locked it up, without print- 
 ing. In his old age his paiTion for thefe fubje6ls revived, and 
 Mr. Horace Walpole being at Paris in 1768, and having formed 
 afriendrtiip with him as one of the amiable men of his nation, 
 obtained this piece^ and had it printed at his prefs at Strawberry- 
 hill, from whence a beatitiful edition of Lucan had before if- 
 fued. In 1751, Mr. Henault, under a borrowed name, brought 
 out a fecond tragedy, entitled " Marius," which was well 
 received and printed. The French biographers, however, 
 doubt whether this was not really by M. Caux, whofe name 
 it bore. 
 
 He had been admitted counfellor in parliament in 1706, with 
 a difpenfation on account of age, and in 17 10, prefidtnt of the 
 firft chamber of inquefts. Thefe important places, which he 
 determined to fill in a becoming manner, engaged him in the 
 moft folid (Indies. The excellent work of Mr. Dornat charmed 
 him, and made him eager to go back to the fountain headi Hd 
 fpent feveral years in making himfelf mafter of the Romart 
 law, the ordonances of the French king, their cnftoms, and pub- 
 lic law. M. de Morville, procu'cur-general of the great council^ 
 being appointed ambaifador to the Hague in 1718^ engaged He- 
 nault to accompany him. His perfonal merit foon introduced 
 him to the acquaintance of the moft eminent perfonages at that 
 time there. The grand penfionary, Heinfius, who, under the: 
 exterior of Lacedemonian fimplicity, kept up all the haughti- 
 nefs of that people, loft with him all that hauteur which France; 
 itfelf had experienced from him in the negociations for the treaty" 
 ©f Utrecht. 
 
 The agitation which all France felt by Law's fyftem, and the 
 confequent fending of the parliament into exile, was a triiil to 
 the wife policy of the prefident Henault. His friendlhip for the 
 firft prefident, De Mefmes, led him to fecond all the views of 
 that great magiftrate : he took part in all the negociations, and 
 ■was animated purely by the public good, without any private 
 advantage. On the death of the cardinal du Bois, in 1723, he 
 fucceeded in his place at the French Academy. Cardinal Fleury 
 recommended him to fucceed himfelf as d'lre^kor, and he pro- 
 nounced the eloge of M. de Malezieux. 
 
 Hiftory was his favourite ftiidy ; not a bare collefllon of dates^ 
 but a knowledge of the laws and manners of nations; to obtain 
 which he drew inftru£tion from private converfations, a method 
 he fo ftrongly recommends in his preface. After having thus 
 difculfed the moft important points of public law, he undertook 
 to GoUedl and publilh the refult of his inq,uiries, and he is de- 
 
 fervedl/ 
 
H E N A U L T. 
 
 S3 
 
 fervedly accounted the firft framer of chronological abridge- 
 ments ; in which, without (topping at detached tads, he attends 
 only to thofe which form a chain of events that pcrfeil or alter 
 the government and chara£ler of a nation, and traces only the; 
 fprings which exalt or humble a nation, extending or contra(St- 
 ing the fpace it occupies in the world. His work has had the 
 fortune of thofe literary pli^nomena, where novelty and merit 
 united excite minds eager after glory, and fire the ardour of 
 young writers to prefs after a guide whom few can overtake. 
 The firft edition of the work, the refult of 40 years reading, 
 appeared in 1744, under the aufpices of the chancellor Daguef- 
 feau, with the modeft title of ** An Eifay." The fuccefs it 
 met with furprifed the author. He made continual improvements 
 in it, and it has gone through nine editions, and b en t.anflated 
 into Italian, Englifli, and German, and evert into Chinefe. As 
 the bell writers are not fccure from criticifm, and are indeed the 
 only ones that deferve it, the author read to the Acadeinv of 
 Belles Lettres a defence of his abridgement. 
 
 All the ages and events of the French monarchy being pre- 
 fent to his mind, and his imagination and memory being a vaft 
 theatre whereon he beheld the different movements and parts of 
 the a(flors in the feveral revolutions, he determined to give a 
 fpecimen of what paft in his own mind, and to reduce into the 
 form of a regular drama, one of the periods of French hiftory, 
 the reign of Francis 11. which, though happy only by being 
 fliort, appeared to him one of the moft important by its confe- 
 quences, and mofl: eafy to be confined within a dramatic com- 
 pafs. His friend the chancellor highly approved the plan, and 
 •wifhed it to be printed.' It accordingly went through five edi- 
 tions ; the harmony of dates and facts is cxa6lly obferved in it, 
 and the paflions interefled without offence to hiftoric trut^i. 
 
 In 1755, Henaull was chofen an honorary member of the Aca- 
 demy of Belles Lettres, having been before elected into the acade- 
 mies of Nanci, Berlin, and Stockholm. The queen alfo appointed 
 him fuperintendant of her hojife. His natural fprightlinefs relieved 
 her from the ferious attendance on his private morning ledures. 
 The company of perfons moit didinguifhed by their wit and 
 birth, a table more celebrated for the choice of the guefts than 
 its delicacies, the little comedies fuggefted by wit, and executed 
 by refledlion, united at his houfe all the pleafures of an agree- 
 able and innocent life. All the members of this ingenious fo- 
 ciety contributed to render it pleafing, and the prefident was 
 not inferior to any. He compofed three delightful comedies : 
 *' La Petite Maifon/' *' Le Jaloux de Soi-meme," and " Le 
 Reveil d'Epiirenide." TIk- fubjedl of the lad was the Cretan 
 philofopher, who is pretended to have flept 27 years. He is in.- 
 tjoduced fancying that he had flept but one night, and aiioziiihed 
 
 Vol. Vni. ' D at 
 
34 RENAULT. 
 
 at the change in the age of all around him : he mlftakes his mil^ 
 trefs for his mother ; but, difcovering his miftake, offers to 
 marrv her, which fhe refufes, though he ftill continues to love 
 her. The queen was particularly pleafed with this piece. She 
 ordered the prefident to rcftore the philofopher's miltrefs to her 
 former youth : he introduced Hebe, and this epifode produced 
 an agreeable entertainment. 
 
 He was now in fuch favour with her majefty, that, on the 
 place of fuperintendant becoming vacant by the death of M. Ber- 
 nard de Conbert, mafter of requefls, and the fum he had paid 
 for it being lofl to his family, irienault folicited it in favour of 
 feveral perfons, till at laft the queen beftowed it on himfelf, and 
 confented that he fhould divide the profits with his predccellbr's 
 widow. — On the queen's death he held the fame place under the 
 dauphinefs. 
 
 A delicate conflitution made him liable to much illnefs, which, 
 however, did not interrupt the fcrenity of his mind. He made 
 feveral journies to the waters of Plombieres : in one of thefe 
 he vifited the depofed king Staniflaus at Luneville ; and in ano- 
 ther accompanied his friend the marquis de Pauliny, ambaflador 
 to Switzerland. 
 
 In i763Henaultdrew near his end. One morning, after a quiet 
 night, he felt an oppreflion, which the faculty pronounced a 
 fufRica^ing cough. His confefTor being fent to him, he formed his 
 refolution without alarm. He mentioned afterwards, that he re- 
 colledled having then faid to himfelf, <* What do I regret r" and 
 called to mind that faying of madame de Sevigne, " I leave 
 here only dying creatures." He received the facraments. It was 
 believed the next night would be his laft ; but by noon the next 
 day he was out of danger. " Now," faid he, " I know what 
 death is. It will not be new to me any more " He never for- 
 got it during the following feven years of his life, which, like 
 all the relt, were gentle and calm. Full of gratitude for the 
 favours of Providence, refigned to its decrees, offering to the 
 auihor of his being a pure and fmcere devotion ; he felt his in- 
 firmities without complaining, and perceived a gradual decay with 
 Unabated firmnefs. He died Dec. 24, 1771, in his 86th year. 
 He married, in 1714, a daughter of M. le Bas de Montargis, 
 keeper of the royal treafure, &c. who died in 1728, without 
 leaving any iifue. He treated as his own children, thofe of his 
 filter, who had married, in 1713, the count de Jonfac, and by him 
 had three fons and two daughters. The two younger fons were 
 killed, one at BruiTels, the other at Lafelt, both at the head of the 
 regiments of which they were colonels; the eldeft long furvived,, 
 and was lieutenant-general and governor of Collioure and Port 
 Yendrc in Rouflilloii. The elder daughter married M. le Vcneur, 
 
 count 
 
HENLEY. 2$ 
 
 count de TiHIeres, arid died in 1757 ; the fecond married the 
 marquis d'Aubeterre, ambafTador to Vienna, Madrid, and Rome. 
 
 HENLEY (Anthony), [a], was the fon of fir Robert 
 Henley, of the Grange in Hamplhire, defcended from the Hen- 
 leys of Henley. in Somerfetlhiie ; of whom fir Andrew Henley 
 was created a baronet in 1660. This fir Andrew had a fon of 
 the fame name, famous for his frolics and profufion. Plis feat, 
 called Bramefley, near Hartley- row, in the county of Southamp- 
 ton, was very large and magnificent. He had a great eftate in 
 that and the other wefi:ern counties, v/hich was reduced by him 
 to a very fmall one, or to nothing. Sir Robert Henley of the 
 Grange, his uncle, was a man of good fenfe and oeconomy. He 
 held the mafier's place of the King's-bench court, on tlie pleas 
 fide, many years ; and by the profits of it, and good manage- 
 ment, left his fon, Anthony Henley, of the Grange, of whom we 
 now trqat, pofiefled of a very fine fortune, above 3000I. a year, 
 part of which arofe from the ground-rents of Lincoln's-inn- 
 fields. 
 
 Anthony Henley was bred at Oxford, where he diftinguifiied 
 himfelf by an early relifli for polit,- learning. He made a great 
 proficiency in the ftudy of the clalfics, and particularly the an- 
 cient poets, by which he formed a good tafle for poetry, and 
 pra6lifed it with fuccefs. Upon his coming to London, he was 
 prefently received into the friendfhip and familiarity of perfons of 
 the firft rank, for quality and vvit, particularly the earls of Dor- 
 fet and Sunderland. The latter had efpecially a great efteem and 
 ■affe6lion for him ; and as every one knew what a fecret influ- 
 ence he had on affairs in king William's court, it was thought 
 flrange that Mr. Henley, who had a genius for any thing great, 
 as well as any thing gay, did not rife in the ftate, where he 
 would have Ihone as a politician, no lefs than he did at Will's 
 and Tom's as a Wit. But the Mufes and pleafure had engaged 
 him. He had fomething of the charadler of Tibullus, and, 
 except his extravagance, was poircfied of all his other qualities ; 
 his indolence, his gallantry, his wit, his humanity, his genero- 
 fity, his learning, his tafte for letters. There was hardly a 
 contemporary author, who did not experience his bounty. They 
 foon found him out, and attacked him with their dedications ; 
 xvhich, though he knew how to value as they defcrved, were 
 always received as well as the addreifers could wifii ; and his re- 
 turns were made fo handfomely, that the manner was as grate- 
 ful as the prefent. 
 
 There was, for a long time, a flri£l friendfliip between Mr. 
 
 • Henley and Richard Norton of Southwick in Hampfiiire, efq. 
 
 who was often chofen to reprefent that county. This gentle- 
 
 [a] Memoirs of Illuftnous PerfQiis, I'jiz, p- 531. 
 
 D 2 man 
 
3« 
 
 HENLEY. 
 
 man had the fame paffion for the Mufes ; 'and the fimilaHtjT 
 there was in their pleafures and ftudies, made that friendfhip 
 the more firm and affedionate. They both lived to a good age 
 before they married, and perhaps the breach that happened be- 
 tween ihcm was one reafon of their entering both into the (late 
 of matrimony much about the fame time, Mr. Henley married 
 Mary youngeft daughter and co-heirefs of the hon. Peregrine 
 Bertie, fifler to the countcfs Pawlet, with whom he had 30,000!. 
 fortune, and by her he left feveral children. Of thefe Anthony, 
 the eldeft, died in 1745 ; and Robert, the fircond fon, was created 
 baron Henley and lord keeper of the great feal in 1760; be- 
 came lord chancellor in 1761 ; and earl 0/ Northington in 
 1764. 
 
 On becoming a hufband and a fiUher, Mr. Henley relin- 
 quifhed his gay mode of life, and confented to be chofen a mem- 
 ber of {parliament for Andover in 1698 ; after which he was 
 conftantly the reprefentative for either Weymouth, or Mel- 
 co:nbe Regis, in the county of Dorfet. He was always a zea- 
 lous alfertor of liberty in the houfe of commons, and on all 
 Other occafions conftant to that courfe which has furnifhed Bri- 
 tain with fo many patriots ; the greatefl: inftance of which was, 
 his moving in the houfc for an addrefs to her majeily, that Ihe 
 would be gracioufly pleafed to give Mr. Benjamin Hoadly fome 
 dignity in the church, for Ihenuoully averting and vindicating the 
 principles of that revolution which is the foundation of our pre- 
 lent eltabliihment in church and flate. This made him odious 
 to all the Jacobites, Nonjurors, and fome others ; and fome im- 
 potent endeavours were ufed to have him laid afide in the queen's 
 lafi: parliament ; but he carried his election both at his corporation, 
 and afterwards in the houfe of commons. 
 
 Mr. Henley wrote feveral compohtions, though he did not put 
 his name to them ; and very frequently affiled the writers of the 
 ** Tatler" and " Medley [vi^-" No man wrote with more wit 
 and more gaiety. He affected a low fimplicity in his writings, 
 and in particular was extremely happy in touching the manners 
 and pafhons of parents and children, mailers and fervants, pea- 
 fants and tradeimen, uling their expreffions fo naturally and 
 aptly, that he has very frequently diiguifed by it both his- merit 
 and character. 
 
 His molt darling diverfion was muHc, of which he was en- 
 tirely mailer ; his opinion was the ftandard of talle ; and after the 
 Italian niufic was introduced, no opera could be fure of ap- 
 plaufe, till it had received his approbation. He was fuch an 
 admirer of Purcell's mufic, and the Englifh manner, liiat he did 
 
 [k] No. XXXI, of <' The Medley," in particular was his; and feveral " Tai- 
 krs," boxix in tin; lour volaaiv's of St«clc, and iu Hamiba's &ith volume. 
 
 cot 
 
HENLEY. 37 
 
 not immediately relifh the Italian ; but his good judgment fooa 
 threw off that partiality, and he was at laft much attached to ir. 
 Whether hecompofed himfelT, we know not ; but he fungwith 
 art, and played on feveral inftrumcnis with judgment. He 
 wrote feveral poems for mufic, and almoft finifhed the opera of 
 " Alexander" fet by Purcell. As ?v'rr. Henley's talte inclined him 
 to mufic, that of his friend Mr. Norton was led to the drama. He 
 had a theatre at Southwick, where F^etterton, Booth, Mills, Wilks, 
 Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Bracegirdle, Mrs. Oldfield, and all the firfl 
 players, were entertained for two or three months in the vaca^ 
 tion, and ailed comedies and tragedies, in which the owner of 
 the houfe had frequently a part. Thefe reprefentations were 
 given with complete decorations, inufic, 5c:c. and were eagerly 
 attended by company, froir. the diftance of many miles. Garth 
 in his preface to the Difpenfary, has highly praifed Henley, 
 who was his friend; and his death, which happened in jyii, 
 was very generally lamented. 
 
 HENLEY ('John), better known bvthe appellation of *' Ora- 
 tor Henley," has furnifhed the world [c] \vh\\ memorials of him- 
 fclf, which are in fome refpefts worth preferving. He was 
 born at Melton ?vIowbray, Leicciierfhire, Aug. 3, 1792. His 
 father, the rev. Simon Henley, and his grand-lather, by his u^.o- 
 ther's fide (John Dowel, M. A.) were both vicars of that pa- 
 rilh. His grand-father by his father's fide, John Henley, M. A. 
 was likewife a clergyman, re6lor of Salmonby and Thetford in 
 Lincolnlhire. He was educated among the Di'Jentcrs, and co'n- 
 formed at the refloration. Henley was bred up firlT; in the 
 free-fchool of Melton, under Mr. Daffy, a diligent and ex- 
 pert grammarian. From this fchool he was removed to that of 
 Okeham in Riuland, under Mr. Wright, eminent for his know- 
 ledge of the Latin, Greek and H-brew languages. 
 
 He was hence removed, about the age of 17, to St. John's-col- 
 lege in Cambridge ; where, on his exanriination by Dr Gnwer then 
 mafler, Dr. Lambert, Dr. Eiii.umdfon, and others, he was, he tells 
 us, particularly approved. While an undergraduate at St. John's, 
 he wrote a letter to the '' Spedrator," dated from that college, 
 Feb. 3, 17 12, ligned Peter de Qtiir, abounding with quaintnefs 
 and local wit. He began here to be uneafy ; he was more-in- 
 clined to difpnte than to aifent to any points of do6lrine, and 
 fancied himfclf able to reform the whole fyftem of academical 
 education. 
 
 After he had commenced bachelor of arts, he vvas fird defired 
 by the truflees of the fchool in jMelton to aihll in, and then to 
 take the direflion of, that fchool; which he increafedand raifcd 
 from a declining to a flouriihing conqiiian. He edablifljed here, 
 
 [c] In the " Oratovy TvanfaiSicns," No. I. under the fidlltious name of WcU^cd?. 
 
 D '4 \19 
 
3^ H E N L E Y. 
 
 he tells us, a pra6tice of improving elocution, by the public 
 fpeaking of pallages in the claifics, morning and afternoon, as 
 well as orations. Sic. Here he was invited by a letter from the 
 rev. Mr. Nev^'come, to be a candidate for a fellow fhip in St. 
 John's ; but as he had long been abfent, and therefore lelTened 
 his perfonal intereft, he declined appearing for it. Here like- 
 wife he began his ** Univerfal Grammar," and finiflied ten lan- 
 guages, with difTertations prefixed, as the moft ready introduc- 
 tion to r:ny tongue whatever. In the beginning of this interval 
 he wrote a poem on " Efther," which was approved by the 
 town, and well received. On the occafion of his " Gram- 
 mars,'"' Dr. Hutchinfon wrote him a complimentary letter. 
 
 He was ordained a deacon by Dr. Wake, then bilhop of 
 Lincoln ; and after having taken his degree of M. A. was ad- 
 mitted to prielt's orders by Dr. Gibfon, his fucceiTor in that fee. 
 He did not long confent to reft in the country, but, impatient 
 to obtain wealth and fame in London, refigned his offices of 
 mafter and curate, and entered upon his new career. 
 
 In town, he produced feveral publications ; as, a tranflation of 
 Pliny's " Epiftles," of feveral works of abbe Vertot, of Ivlontfau- 
 con's *' ItalianTravels" in folio, and many other books. His moft 
 effieient patron was the earl of Macclesfield, who gave him a 
 benefice in the country, the value of which to a refident would 
 have. been abo\e 8ol. a year ; he had likewife a ledlure in the 
 city ; and, according to his own account, preached more charity- 
 fermons about town, was more numeroully followed, and raifed 
 more for the poor children, than any other preacher, however 
 dignified or diftinguifhed. This popularity, with his enterprifing 
 fpirit, and introducing regular ation into the pulfit, were *' the 
 true caufes," he fays, " why fome obftru6led his rifing in town, 
 from envy, jealoufy, and a difrelifii of thofe who are not quali- 
 fied to be complete fpaniels. For there was no objedlion to 
 his being tofied into a country benefice by the way of the fea, 
 as far as Galilee of the Gentiles (like a pendulum fwinging one 
 way as far as the other.)" Not being able to obtain preferment 
 in London, and not choofing to return into the country, he 
 ftruck out the plan of his Ledlures, or Orations, which he puffed 
 in the moft barefaced manner, as may be feen in the following 
 fpecimen. 
 
 <' That he fliould have the afturance to frame a plan, which 
 no mortal ever thought of; that he fhould fingly execute what 
 would fprain a dozen of modern do6lors of the tribe of Ifia- 
 char ; that he fhould have fuccefs againft all oppofition ; chal- 
 len?e his adverfaries to fair difputations, without any offering to 
 difpute with him ; write, re^al, and ftudy I2 hours a day, and 
 yet appear as untouched by the yoke, as if he never wore it ; 
 eorapofe three diiTertaiions each week, on all fubjects, however 
 
 uncom= 
 
HENLEY. 39 
 
 tincommon, treated in all lights and manners by himfelf, with- 
 out alliftance, as feme would detrad from him ; teach in one 
 year, whaf; fchools and univerfities teach in five ; offer to learn 
 —to fpeak and — to read ; not be terrified by cabals, or me- 
 naces, or infults, or the grave nonfenfe of one, or the frothy 
 fatire of another ; that he Ihculd Itill proceed and mature this 
 bold fcheme, and put the church, and all that, in danger ; — 
 This man muft be a — a — a — &c. [d]" 
 
 Henley preached on Sundays upon theological matters, and 
 on Wedneldays upon all other fciences. He declaimed fome 
 years againrt the greateft perfons, and occafionally, fays War- 
 burton, did Pope that honour. The poet in return tiius blazons 
 him to infamy : 
 
 *' But, where each fcience lifts its modern type, 
 Hiftory her pot. Divinity his pipe. 
 While proud Philofophy repines to fhow, 
 Difhoneft fight ! his breeches rent below ; 
 Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo Henley ftands. 
 Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands. 
 How fluent nonfenfe trickles from his tongue ! 
 How fweet the periods, neither faid, nor fung ! 
 Still break the benches, Henley ! with thy (train. 
 While Kennet, Hare, and Gibfon preach in vain, 
 O great reftorer of the good old ftage. 
 Preacher at once, and Zany of thy age ! 
 O worthy thou of ^Egypt's wife abodes, 
 A decent prieft, where monkies were the gods ! 
 But Fate with butchers plac'd thy prieftly Itall, 
 Meek modern faith to murder, hack, and maul : 
 And bade thee live to crown Britannia's praife. 
 In Toland's, Tindal's, and in Woolfton's days." 
 
 This ftrange man (truck medals, which he difperfed as tickets 
 to his fubfcribers : a (tar riling to the meridian, with this motto, 
 *' ad fumma ;" and below, *' Inveniam viam, aut faciam." 
 Each auditor paid is. His audience was generally compofed of 
 the lowelt ranks ; and it is well known, that he once colle6led 
 a va(t number of (hoe-makers, by announcing that he could 
 teach them a fpeedy mode of operation in their bufincfs, which 
 proved only to be, the making of fhoes by cutting off the tops 
 of ready-made boots. He was author of a weekly paper of un- 
 intelligible nonfenfe, called *' The Hyp Do6lor," for which 
 fecret fervice he had lool. a year given him. Henley ufed, every 
 Saturday, to print an advertifement in '< The Daily Adveitifer," 
 containing an account of the fubje6ls on which he intended to 
 
 [d] Oratory Tranfaftions, p. 15. 
 
 D 4 difcourfe 
 
.40 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 difcourfe in the enfuing evening, at his Oratory near Lincoln's- 
 inn-fields. The advertifement had a fort of motto before it, 
 \vhich was generally a fneer at fome public tranfacrion of the 
 preceding; u eek [d]. Henley died Od. 14, 1756. In his account 
 of hiinfelf he afliunesthe credit of conliderable learning, and a 
 ftrong zeal for knov\ ledge; but, if we may judge from the fpe- 
 cimens we have feen of his compofitions, thefe were only the 
 boafts of empiricifm. B ith his ftyle and his thoughts are low ; 
 vanity and cenforioufnefs are the moft confpicuous quali'ies. 
 
 Oalor Henley is a prircipal figure in two very humorous 
 plates ot Hogarth; in one of which he is ** chriftening a 
 child;" in the o'her, called " The Oratory," he is repre- 
 fented on a fcaffold, a monkey (over whom is written Amen) by 
 his fide ; a box of pills, and " The Hyp Doftor," lying be- 
 fide him. Over his head " The Oratory: Inveniam viam, aut 
 faci-im.' Over the door, " Ingredere ut proficias." A par!bn 
 xecciving the money for admifTion. Under him, " The Trea- 
 fury." A hu'chcr Itands as porter. On tl c left hand, Modeity 
 in a cl ud; Folly in a coach ; and a gibber prepared for Merit ; 
 people Innghi,^. One marked " 1 he Sccut," introducing a 
 puritan divine IeJ. 
 
 • HENN.UYER (John), th:- bifhop of Lifieux, fo juftly 
 celebrated trr his hiimanity at the time of the dieadlul maf- 
 facre of St Bartholom.cw, had been confeffor to Henry II. of 
 France, and bilhop of Lodeve. In the reign or Ci'arles IX. 
 when the royal lieutenant of his province conurAmicated to liim 
 the order to malTacre all the proteltants in the diccefe of Lifieux, 
 he did the a6l for which he is lo jurtly immiortaiized. He figned 
 a formal and official oppofition to the order ; for which ftriking 
 a£l of clemency, it is wonderful to fay, he was not cenfuretj 
 or perfecuted by the bigotry of the ccurt. The beauty of viriue 
 exacted refpe(fl. He die.'d in 1*^77, univerfaliy refpecled, having 
 gained over more by his mildnefs than any bigot by his fury. 
 
 HENRY II. (Plantagenet), king of England, fon of 
 Geoffrey Plantagenet, count ot Arjou, and of Matida, daughter 
 of Henry I was born in 1 132. He was educated chiefiy under 
 the care of his uncle, the accomplilhed Robert earl of Glouceffer, 
 at Eiil^ol ; and dnring that period, is faid to have formed his 
 
 fp] Dr. Cobden, one of George ITs <• Away with the wicked before the kingn 
 
 chaplains, having, in 174S, p.ear.hed a And aw.iy with the wcked beh'nd him j 
 fermon at St. James's, from ihefe words: His throne it wi 1 blefs 
 
 f Take away the wicked from before the With righteoufnefs, 
 
 king, and "his throne lliall be eftablillied And we ihall knqw where to find him." 
 in righteoufnefs ;" it gave fo much dif- [e] This defcr^pt'on is taken from tlve 
 
 pleafure, that the doflor was ftruck out " Biogrnphical ■ necdotes of Hogarth,** 
 
 of the lift of chaplains ; an'i the nevt by Mr. Nichols, who doubts, howevei', 
 
 Saturday, the following parody of his text whether "The Oratory" be a genuinq; 
 
 appeared as a motto to Henley's adyertifc- prcduftion cf Hogarth, 
 tnenc: 
 
 ■ ' - attachmeiit 
 
HENRY. ~ 41 
 
 attnchmcnt to the bcautirul Rofamond, daughter of lord Clif- 
 ford. In the long civil contelt between his mother and king 
 Stephen, he \^as too young to take a confpicuoiis part; but in 
 1147 ^^ departed for Normandy, which his father had fccured. 
 In 1 149 he retnrned to Ent'Iand, to aifert his claim to the crown, 
 and went piiblTciy in great <pltndor ^o SctJtland, where he received 
 knighthood from David king of Scotland. In 1 150, lie was 
 Invefti.d with the dukedom of Normandy, and in 1151 mar- 
 ried Eleanor heirefs of Poitou and Guienne. In 1153, on 
 the death of Enltace, fon of Stephen, he was folemnly acknow- 
 ledged as fiKcelFor to that monarch, whom he a6tually fucceeded 
 in 1 1 54. , He commenced his reign by the redrefs of feveral 
 grievances, rentvving the cliarter of Henry I. and the laws of 
 Edward the ConfeiVor. Ele difiTiiifed the foreign mercenaries, 
 reftored the coinage, enforced the laws againfi; offenders, and 
 deilroyed the ca'tles of the hanghty nob!es which Stephen had 
 impnuiently permit ed to be built. In 1 159, he carried war 
 into France, to enforce his claim to the earldom of Toulonfe; 
 but LouisVII. king of France, throwing himfelf into that capital, 
 he raifed the ficge, and the war was foon terminated by an ac- 
 commodation very honourable to Henry. An^iongthe abufes which 
 he was anxious to reform, were the exorbitant power of the 
 clergy, and the great relaxation of morals then prevalent in that 
 " order; and the conteii that enfued, proved fatal in iiyo to 
 JBecket archbilhop of Canterbury, Avho had been his chancc.'lor 
 and principal favourite. He was engaged in feveral wars, and 
 was geneially fuccefsful. Ireland he invaded, and finally ac- 
 complilhed the conquell: of it in 1 168. He alfo compelled Wil- 
 liam, king of Scotland, to do hotn^ge to him for his dominions, 
 in 1 175. The latter part of his ii!"e and reign were rendered 
 turbulent and unliappy by the frequent rebellions of his fons 
 aided by the kings of France. He refiited them with various 
 fuccefs, but not without much angr.i'h at their ingratitude; till 
 at length, the jttndion of his youngeft and favourite fon John, 
 in the confederacy againfi him, overpowered his patience, and 
 is faid to have brought on the fever which proved fatal to him 
 in his 57th year, at Chinon in Touraine, A. D. 11 89. Henry 
 was diftinguilhcd above moll princes by valour, prudence, genc- 
 rofity, genius, extent of knowledge, for the time in which he 
 lived, {\s\\\ in the arts of government, conftantly exerted in the 
 formation of the moft falutary laws. To counterbalance thefe 
 great qualities, he had exceflive pride, immoderate ambition, //T 
 and a total want of command over his pafhons. The life of thisi-''"" 
 prince, written by lord Lyttelton, is well known as an import- 
 ant an-d valuable piece of Englifh hiUory; and fully fhews how 
 well the fubjedl af it deferves to be commemorated as one of 
 
 the 
 
42 HENRY. 
 
 the ablefl:, and, in political qualities, mod diftinguifhed of our 
 Eno;'ifh monarchs. 
 
 HENRY IV. (of Bourbon), king of France. The moft 
 illuftrious of the French monarchs alfo was a Henry. He was 
 born in 1553, in the caftle of Pau, the capital of Beam, being 
 the fon of Antony of Bourbon, king of Navarre, and Joan 
 d'Albret. By his defcent from Robert ci Clermont, fifth fon of 
 Louis IX. (called St. Louis) he became heir to the crown of 
 France. He was educated in a hardy manner ; and from his. 
 earlieft years gave the flrongeft proofs of an intrepid and noble 
 charaiSier. His mother being a proteftant, he was educated 
 in that perfuafion, and was for many years the chief of that 
 party. Henry was early initiated in war, boirg prefent at the 
 battle of Jarnac, in 1 569, when he was only fixteen years of age ; 
 and he there (hewed great marks of military talent. After the 
 peace of St. Germain, in 1570, he was taken to court, and two 
 years afterwards married the princefs Margaret of Valois, 
 iifter to Charles IX. It was during the rejoicings for this mar- 
 riage, that the horrible malfacre of St. Bartholomew's eve was 
 perpetrated by that perfidious and cruel court. The young prince 
 of Navarre was kept for three years afterwards a kind of ftate 
 prifoner. He efcaped in 1576, and put himfelf at the head of 
 the Hugonot, or proteftant party, where he expofed himfelf to 
 all the hazards of a civil war, as much as the meaneft foldier ; 
 harraffed without intermiflion, undergoing the greatelf hardfhips, 
 and frequently in want of neceffaries. In 1587, he gained the 
 victory of Courtras, where he performed the moft ligiial a61:s of 
 valour. By the death of his mother he became king of Navarre 
 in 1572, and king of France by that of Henry III. in 1589. 
 He did not here fucceed to a quiet throne ; the famous league was 
 ftrong in force againft him, while he had few friends, few ftrong 
 places, no money, and a fmall army. His refources were his 
 courage and activity. In the year of his accelTion he gained the 
 battle of Arques, and that of Ivry, in 1590. Here it was that 
 he made his famous addrefs to his foldiers: ** If you lofe your 
 flandards, rally round my white plume; you will always find it 
 in the path of honour and glory." Henry now laid flege to 
 Paris, which he pulhed to great extremities ; but, during the 
 fiegc, fome conferences were held between the chiefs of the two 
 parties, which ended in a kind of accommodation: the king 
 agreed to abjure proteftantifm, which he did at St. Denys, in 
 1593 ; after which he was crowned at Chartres, and the year 
 following Paris opened her gates to him. In the year 1595, 
 was publifhed the celebrated edi(5l of Nantes, giving a degree 
 of toleration to the proteftants, and much tranquillity to the 
 kingdom, till it was revoked with fo much impolicy by Louis 
 XIV. In the fame year he was involved in a war with Spain, 
 
 which 
 
HENRY. . 43 
 
 which continued to 1598. The duke of Mayenne, cliief of 
 the leaguers, had fiibmitted in 1596, and the duke of Mercoeur 
 in 1598, after which period his kingdom enjoyed peace, with 
 hardly any interruption, till his dcatli. Beloved as Henry was 
 in general for his many virtues, and his very conciliating man- 
 ners, the fanatics never could pardon his former attachment to 
 the protertant caufe, and almoll every year produced fome at- 
 terhpt upon his life. One, at length, named Ravaillac, to the 
 great misfortune of France, fucceeded in his enterprife, and 
 gave him, on May 14, 1610, a wound which proved fatal. He 
 died in the 57th year of his age, and the 22d of his reign. His 
 firlf marriage with JVIargaret of Valois, had been annulled, and 
 he married afterwards Mary of Medicis, by whom he left three 
 fons and three daughters. There is, perhaps, no prince re- 
 corded in hiftory, of whom fo many anecdotes are extant, as of 
 Henry IV. Moft of them tend to difplay a fmgular livelinefs 
 and generofity of chara6ter, with a goodnefs of heart, which 
 endeared his memory to his countrymen in the ftrongeft manner, 
 till they imbibed an indifcriminating antipathy againfl: all mo- 
 narchs. " My wifli is," faid he, " that every peafant in my 
 kingdom fhould have a fowl in the pot on Sundays ;" an ex- 
 prcflion which well illuftrates the benevolence of his difpofition. 
 It is ftill more proved by what he faid to his excellent and jullly- 
 favoured minifter. Sully, when he was dangeroufly ill in 1598. 
 *' My friend, I have no fear of death ; you have feen me brave 
 it in a thoufand inftances ; but I regret lofmg my life before I 
 have been able, by governing my fubje6ls Avell, and alleviating 
 all their burthens, to demnnftrate to them that I love them as 
 my o\vn children." His attions were conformable to thefe ex- 
 preffions, and he was continually employed in plans to make his 
 people flourifhing and happy. A violent turn for gallantry, and 
 fome particular amours, to which he devoted himfelf too much, 
 are the chief faults imputed to this prince, whofe virtues, adions, 
 and charader, have given occafion to the only able attempt to- 
 wards an epic poem that his country has produced, the Henriade 
 of Voltaire. It is impoflible even for foreigners to read the hif- 
 tory of Henry IV. without much intereft; no wonder, therefore, 
 that his countrymen have loved fo much to dwell upon it. 
 
 HENRY (Philip), one of the fathers of Nonconformity [f], 
 or, as he was called by fome of his admirers, *' the good, the 
 heavenly Mr. Henry," was born at W^hitehall, in 1631 : his fa- 
 ther, John Henry, was page of the back-liairs to the king's 
 fecond fon, James duke of York. About twelve years old he 
 was admitted into Weftminfter-fchool, under Mr. Thomas Vin- 
 cent, then ufher; very diligent in his bufinefs, but who grieved 
 
 [r] The life of Mr. Philip Henry, by Matthew Henry, 1765. 
 
 fa 
 
44 KENPvY. 
 
 fo much at the dulnefs of many of his fchclais, that he fell into 
 a confiimption, and was faid to be *' killed with falfe Latin." In. 
 the regular time, he was taken into the upper fchool under Dr. 
 Bufbv, with whom he was a great favourite ; and was employed by 
 him, with foine others, in collecling materials for thar excellent 
 Greek [Grammar which he afterwards publifhed. Soon after the 
 civil wars broke out, there was a daily morning lecture, fet up 
 at the abbey church, by the a'Jembly of divines. His pious 
 mother requefted Dr. Bufby to give her fon leave to attend this, 
 and likewife took him with her every Thurfday to Mr. Cafe's 
 lecture, at St. Martin's : fne. took him alfo to the monthly fads 
 at St. IVlargaret's, where the houfe of commons attended ; and 
 where the fervice was carried on with great frriflnefs and fo- 
 lemnity, from eight in the morning till four in the evening : in 
 thefe, as he himfclt has curioully expreiftd it, he had often 
 '* fweet meltings of foul." 
 
 He was eleded from Weftminfter to Chriil-church OK^oxd, 
 vhere he was admitted a ftudent in 1648, and vigorouflv applied 
 bimfelf to the proper ftudies of the place. When he had com- 
 pleted his mailer's degree, he was entertained in the family of 
 judge Pulefton, at Eineral in Flintihire, to take the care of 
 his fons, and tb preach at Worthenbury. He was ordained to 
 the work of the miniitry in this place in 1657, according to the 
 known diredlory of the aifembly of divines, and the common 
 ufage of the prelbyterians. He foon after married the only 
 daughter and heirefs of Mr. Daniel Mathews, of Broad oak, 
 near Whitchurch, by whom he became pofrefied of a competent 
 cflate. W'hen the king and epifcopacy were reftored, he refufed 
 to conform; was ejedled, and retired with his family to Broad- 
 oak. Here, and in this neighbourhood, he fpent thereir.ainder 
 of his life, about twenty-eight years; relieving the poor, em- 
 ploying the induftrious, in(tru61:ing the ignorant, and exercihng 
 every opportunity of doing good. His inoderation in his non- 
 conformity was em.inent and exemplary ; and upon all occafions 
 he bore teilimony againfl uncharitable and fchifnaiical fepara- 
 tion. In church-governinent, he defired and wiflied for apb. 
 t!J(her's reduftion of epifcopacy. He thought it lawful to join 
 in the common-prayer in the public aflemblies ; wliich, during 
 the time of his lilencc and reftraint, he conllantly attended witti 
 his family, with reverence and devotion. 
 
 Upon the whole, his character feems to have been highly ex-! 
 emplaryand pro ife- worthy : and it may be afkqd, as Dr. Bufby 
 afked him, " What made him a nonconform i ft ?" The reafon 
 which he principally infitted on was, that he cotdd not fubinit to 
 be re-ordained. He was fo well flttisfied with his call to the 
 minidry, and foleran ordination to it, by the laying on the 
 hands of the prefbvtery, that he durfl not do that which looked 
 
 Uko 
 
HENRY. 45 
 
 like a renunciation of it as null and finfiil, and would at leaft 
 be a tacit invalidating and condemning of all his adininiftrri- 
 tions. Defpaiiing to fee an accommodation, he icept a meciing 
 at Brpad-oak, and preached to a congregation in a barn.. 
 
 HENRY (Matthew), an eminent didenting teacher [g], 
 and a voluminous writer, was the fon of the foregoing, and bora 
 in 1662. He continued! under his father's eye and care till about 
 eighteen ; and had the greateii: advantages of his education from 
 him, both in divine and human literature. He was very expert: 
 in the learned languages, cfpecially in the Hebrew, which had 
 been made familiar to him from his childhood; and from Hrft to 
 lad, the itudy of the fcriptures was his molt delightful employ- 
 ment. For further improvement, he was placed in 1680 at an 
 academy at Iflington. He was afterwards entered in Gray's- 
 inn, for the ftudy of the law ; where he went on with his ufual 
 diligence, and became acquainted with the civil law, and the mu- 
 nicipal law of his ov/n country. His proficiency was foon ob^ 
 ferved ; and it was the opinion of thofe w^ho knew him, that his 
 great induftry, quick apprehenfion, tenacious memory, and 
 ready utterance, would render him very eminent in that pro- 
 feffion. But he adhered to his firft refolution of making di- 
 vinity his ftudy and bulinefs, and attended the moft celebrated 
 preachers in town; and, as an inftance of his judgement" 
 was beft pleafed with Dr. Stillingfleet for his ferions practical 
 preaching; and with E)r. Tillotfon, for his admirable fermons 
 againit popery, at his leftures at St. Lawrence Jcv/ry. in 
 1686, he returned into the country, and preached feveral times 
 as a candidate for the juiniftry wjth fuch fuccefs and approbation, 
 that the congregation at Cheiter invited him to be their paltor. 
 To this place he was ordair.ed in 1687, where he lived about 
 twenty-five years. He had feveral calls from London, which 
 he coiiftantly declined; but was at laft prevailed on to accept a 
 very important and unanimous one from Hackney. He died in 
 17 14, at Nantwich, of an apoplettic fit, upon a journey, and 
 was interred at IVinity-church m Chefter. 
 
 He was univerfally lamented ; every pulpit of the DilTenters 
 gave notice of the great breach that was made in their churcti; 
 every fermon was a funeral fermon for Mr. Henry. The writ- 
 ings he publifhed, belides feveral fingle fermons, arc, i. '* A 
 Difcourfe concerning the Nature of Schifm, 16S9." 2. " Ths 
 Life of Mr. Philip Henry, 1696." 3. " A Scriptme Cate- 
 chifm, 1702." 4. " Family Hymns, 1702." 5. " Tf.e Com- 
 municant's Companion, 1704." 6. " Four Difcourfes againit 
 Vice and Immorality, 1 705." 7. " A Method for Prayer, 
 17 10." 8. " Directions for daily Communion v/ith God, 1712." 
 9. " E.xpolitions of the Bible," 5 vols, folio. 
 
 [c] Life of Malt. Kenry, by V/. Tong, 3716. 
 
 HENRY 
 
46 HENRY. 
 
 HENRY (Robert), author of a hiftory of England on 3 
 new plan, which has been generally and highly approved, was 
 the fon of James Henry, a farmer, at Muirtown in the parKh of 
 St. Ninian's, Scotland, and of Jean Galloway his wife, of Stirling- 
 Ihire fn]. He was born on Feb. 1 8, 1718; and, having early re- 
 folved to devote himfelf to a litetrary profeffion, was educated 
 firft under a Mr. John Nicholfon, at the parifli fchool of St. 
 Ninian's, and for fome time at the grammar fchool at Stirling. 
 He completed his academical ftudies at the univerfity of Edin- 
 burgh, and afterwards became mailer of the grammar fchool of 
 Annan. He was licenfed to preach on the 27th of March, 1746, 
 and was the firft licentiate of the prefbytery of Annan, after its 
 credlion into a feparate prefbytery. Soon after he received a 
 call from a congregation of prefbyterian diifenters at Carlifle, 
 where he was ordained in November, 1748. In this ftation he 
 remained twelve years, and, on the i3thof Auguft, 1760, be- 
 came pallor of a diflenting congregation in Berwick upon Tweed. 
 Here, in 1763, he married the daughter of Mr. Balderflon, a 
 furgeon, and though he had no children, enjoyed to the end of 
 his life a large fliare of domeftic happinefs. In 1768, he was 
 removed from Berwick, to be one of the minifters of Edinburgh, 
 and was minifter of the church of the New Grey Friars, from 
 that time till November, 1776. He then became colleague- 
 minifter in the old church, and in that ftation remained till his 
 death, which happened in November, 1790. The degree of 
 Do6tor in Divinity was conferred on him by the univerfity of 
 Edinburgh, in 1770; and in 1774, he was unanimoufly chofen 
 moderator of the general aftenibly of the church of Scotland, 
 and is the only peribn on record who obtained that diftin£lion 
 the firft time he was a member of the afiembly. 
 
 It is thought to have been about 1763, that Dr. Henry firft 
 conceived the idea of his hiftory of Great Britain ; the plan of 
 which is indifputably his own. In every period it arranges, imder 
 feven diftindl heads, or chapters, i . The civil and military hiftory 
 of Great Britain ; 2. The hiftory of religion ; 3. The hiftory of 
 our conftitution, government, laws, and courts of juftice; 4. The 
 hiftory of learning, of learned men, and of the chief feminaries 
 of learning; 5. The hiftory of arts; 6. The hiftory of commerce, 
 Ihipping, money, &c. ; and 7. The hiftory of manners, cuftoms, 
 &c. Under thefe heads, which extend the province of an hiftorian 
 greatly beyond its ufual limits, and compel him to attend to all 
 thefe points uniformly and regularly, every thing curious or in- 
 terefting in the hiftory of any coimtry may be comprehended. 
 The firft volume of his hiftory, in quarto, w^as publiftied in 
 1771, the fccond in 1774, the third in 1777, the fourth in 1781, 
 
 [h] Life of Dr. Henry, prefixed to Vol. VI. 4to, of his hiftory. 
 
 and 
 
H E N R Y. 
 
 47 
 
 and the fifth, (which brings down the hiflory to the accedion of 
 Henry VII.) in 1785. The fixth volume, a pofthumous work, 
 the greater part of which he had prepared for publication before 
 his death, appeared in 1793. Dr. Henry publifhed his volumes 
 originally at his own rillc, and fufFered for fome time from the 
 malignity of unfair attacks from his own country. The Englifli 
 critics were more liberal, and very early allowed to his work 
 that merit which has fmce been univerfally acknowledged. In 
 1786, when an o6lavo edition was intended. Dr. Henry con- 
 veyed the property to meflrs. Cadell and Strahan, for the fum 
 of I cool, referving to himfelf what remained unfold of the 
 quarto edition. His profits on the Avhole, including this fum, 
 he found to amount to 3,3001. a flrong proof of the intrinfic 
 merit of the work. The profecution of this hiftory had been 
 his favourite obje6l for almoft thirty years of his life. He had 
 naturally a found conltitution, with a more equal and a larger 
 portion of animal fpirits than is commonly poflefled by literary 
 men. From the year 1789, his bodily ftrength was fcnfiblr 
 impaired, yet he perfifted fteadily in preparing his llxth vo- 
 lume. 
 
 Henry was naturally fond of fociety, and few men en- 
 joyed it more perfedly, or were capable of contributing fo 
 much to the pleafures of fociety. Though his literary purfuits 
 might have been fuppofed to have given him fufficient employ- 
 ment, he always found time for focial converfation, for the 
 offices of friendfhip, and for obje61:s of public utility. Of the 
 public focieties in Edinburgh he was always one of the moft 
 ufeful and indefatigable members; and he converfed with the 
 ardour, and even the gaiety of youth, long after his bodily 
 ftrength had yielded to the infirmities of age. His library he left 
 to the magiftrates of Linlithgow, Szc. under fuch regulations as he 
 conceived would tend to form a library calculated to diffufe know- 
 ledge and literature in the country. Both as a man, and as an 
 author, he has left a charadler which will, and ought to be 
 eftecmed. 
 
 HENRY (David), a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine, 
 and an adive manager in the condu6t of that publication for 
 more than half a century, was born in December, 1710, and 
 educated as a printer. He found an early friend in Mr. Cave 
 of St. John's Gate, whofe filler he married in 1736. Mr. Henry 
 publiilied, I. in 1 772, *' Ihe complete Englifh Farmer, or 
 a pradical Syftem of Hufbandry," but without a name. This 
 was the refult of his attention to a confiderable farm which he 
 occupied at Beckenham. 2. " An hillorical Account of all the 
 "Voyages round the World," 4 vols. 8vo, 1 774. 3. Several 
 fnialler works, containing defcriptions of the curiofities of Lon- 
 don, 
 
+8 
 
 HERALDUS. 
 
 don, as the Tower, St. Paul's, Sec. improved by him through 
 feveral fucceflive editions. He died on the 5th of June, 1792. 
 
 HERACL/TUS, a famous philofopher of antiquity, and 
 founder of a fc<Sl, was born at Ephefus, and flourifli-d about 
 the 69th Olympiad, in the time of Darius Hyftafpes [i]. He 
 gave early figns of profound wifdom, and was of an exceedingly 
 high fpirit. Being defired to take upon him the fupreme power, 
 he flighted it, becaufe the city in his opinion was prepoffelled with 
 an ill way of governing. He retired to the temple of Diana, 
 and played at dice there with the boys; faying to the Ephefians 
 that ftocd about him, " Worlt of men, what do ye wonder at? 
 is it not better to do thus, than to govern you ?" Darius wrote 
 to this philofopher to come and live with him ; but he refufed 
 the monarch's offer, and returned the following rude and info* 
 lent anfwer to his letter: " All men living refrain from tn'ith 
 and juftice, and purfue unfatiablenefs and vain-glory, by reafou 
 of their folly : but I, having forgot all evil, and Ihunning the 
 fociety of inbred pride and envy, will never come to the king- 
 dom of Perfia, being contented with a little according to my owu 
 mind." He is faid to have continually bewailed the wicked lives, 
 of men, and as often as he came among them to have fallen 
 into tears ; in which, by the way, he was not near fo wife as De- 
 mocritus, who made the follies of men the conflant object of his 
 laughter. At laft, growing into a great hatred of mankind, he 
 retired into the mountains, and lived there, feeding upon grafs 
 and herbs. But this diet bringing him into a dropfy, he was 
 conftrained to return to the city ; where he afKed the phyficians, 
 ** Whether they could of a Ihower make a drought?" ' They 
 not underftanding his enigmatical manner, which he c .nftantly 
 ufed, he Ihut himfelf up in an ox-ilall, hoping that the hydro- 
 pical humours would be extracted by the warmth of the dung: 
 but this doing him no good, he died at 60 years of age. His 
 ivritings gained fo great a reputation, that his followers were 
 called Heraclitians. Laertius fpeaks of a treatife upon nature, 
 divided into three books ; one concerning the univerfe, the fecond 
 politic, the third theologic. This work he deponted in the 
 temple of Dians ; and, as fome aifirm, he affe£led to write ob- 
 fcurely, that he might only be read by the moie'learned. It is 
 related, that Euripides brought this book of Heraclitus to So- 
 crates to be read; and afterwards a'king his opinion of it, " The 
 things," faid Socrates, " v>'hich I underiland in it, are excellert^, 
 and fo I fippofe are thofe which I underhand not ; but they 
 require a Delian diver." 
 
 HERALLUS (Desiderius), in French Herault, a coun- 
 fellor cf the parliament of Parts, has given good proofs of ua- 
 
 [j] Diogenes i-asrtius. 
 
 J common 
 
HERBELOt. 49 
 
 common learning by very different works. His " Adverfaria," 
 appeared in 1599^ which little book, if the " Scaligcrana" may 
 be credited, he rtpented having publilhed. His notes on 
 Tenullian's *' Apology," on " Mmutius Fcelix," and on " Ar- 
 nobiiis," have been cfteemed. He alfo wrote notes on Martial'^ 
 " Epigrams." HediTguifed himfelf under the name of David 
 Leidlire^erus, to write a political diiTertntlon On the indepen- 
 dence of kings, fome time after the death of Henry IV. He 
 had a controverfy with Salmafius ** de jure Attico ac Romano:'* 
 but did not live to finifli what he had written oti that fubje£l» 
 What he had done, however* was printed in 1650* He died in 
 June 1640. Guy Patin fays [k], that " he was looked upon 
 as a very learned man, both in the civil law and in polite lite- 
 rature, and wrote with great facility on any fubje£t he pitched 
 on." Daille, fpeaking of fuch proteflant writers as condemned 
 the executing of Charles I. king of England, quotes the " Paci- 
 fique Royal en deuil," by Herault. This author, fon to our 
 Defiderius Heraldus, was a minifler in Normandy, when he 
 \vas called to the fervice of the Walloon-church of Londoti 
 tinder Charles I. and he was fo zealous a royalifl:, that he was 
 forced to fly to France, to efcape the fury of the common- 
 Wealths-'men. He returned to England after the Reltoration^ 
 and refumed his ancient employment in the Walloon-church at 
 London: fome time after which he obtained a canonry in the 
 cathedral of Canterbury, and enjoyed it till his death. 
 
 HERBELOT (Bartholomew d'), an eminent orientalift 
 of France, was born at Paris Dec. I4, 1625 [l]. When he 
 had gone through claffical literature and philofophy, he applied 
 himfelf to the oriental languages ; and efpecially to the Hebrew j> 
 for the fake of underftanding the original text of the Old Tef- 
 tament. After a continual application for feveral years, he 
 took a journey to Rome, upon a perfuafion that converfing 
 with Armenians, and other Eaftern people who frequented that 
 city, would make him perfeft in the knowledgeof their languages. 
 
 Here he was particularly efteemed by the cardinals Barberini 
 and Grimaldi, and contradled a firm ftiendlhip with Lucas 
 Holftenius and Leo Allatiiis. Upon his return from this jour- 
 ney, in which he did not fpend above a year and a halt, Fou- 
 quet invited him to his houfe, and fettled on him a penfion of 
 150C livres. The dif?face of this minifter, which happened 
 foon after, did not hinder Herbelot from being preterf^d to the 
 place of interpreter for the Eaftern languages ; btcaufe, in 
 reality, there was nobody elfe fo fit for it: for Voltaire fays, *' he 
 Was the firft among the French who underftood them [m]." 
 
 [k] Lett, Tofii.l. dated Nov. 3, 1649. fu] Nkeron, Hommes llluftre»,T6xa. 
 Daille, Replique a Adam it a Cottibi, IV. 
 part ii. C.21. [m] Siede <ie L^uis XiV, Tom- II. 
 
 Vol. Vni. E S^i"« 
 
so HERBELOT. 
 
 Some years after, he took a fecond journey into Italy, where 
 he acquired fo great a reputation, that perfons of the higheft 
 diflindlion for their rank and learning folicited his acquaintance^ 
 The grand duke of Tufcany Ferdinand II. whom he had the 
 honour to fee firft at Leghorn, gave him extraordinary marks 
 of hisefteemi had frequent converfutions with him; and made 
 him promife to vifit him at Florence. Herbelot arrived there 
 July 2, 1666, and wai received by a fecretary of ftate, who 
 -fondu<5led him to a houfe prepared for him, where he was 
 entertained with great magnificence, and had a chariot kept for 
 his ufe, at the expence of the grand duke. Thefe were very un- 
 common honours. But this was not all; for a library being at 
 that time expofed to fale at Florence, the duke delired Herbelot 
 to fee it, to examine the MSS. in the oriental languages, and to 
 felefl and value the beft: and when this was done, the generous 
 prince made him a prefent of them ; and i-t was undoubtedly th« 
 moft acceptable prefent he could have made him. 
 
 7 he diftinflion with which he was received by the duke of 
 Tufcany, taught France to knov/ his merit, which had hitherto 
 been but little regarded; and he was afterwards recalled and 
 encouraged by Colbert, who encouraged every thing that might 
 do honour to his country. The grand duke was very unwilling 
 to let him go, and even refufed to confent, till he had feen the 
 exprefs order of the miriiller for his return. When he came 
 to France, the king often did him the .honour to converfe; 
 with him, and gave him a penfion of 1500 livres. During 
 his ftay in Italy, he began his ** Bibliotheque Orientale, or 
 Univerfal Di6lionary, containing whatever related to the Know- 
 ledge of the Eaftern World;" and he finiihed it in France. 
 This work, equally curious and profound, comprifes the fub- 
 flancc of a great number of Arabic, Perfian.and Turkifh books,, 
 which he had read; and inlorms us of an infinite number of 
 particulars unknown before in -Europe. He wrote it at firft in 
 Arabic, and Colbert had a defign to print it at the Louvre,., 
 with a fet of types caft en purpofe. But after the death of that 
 jninifter, this refolution was waved ; and Herbelot tranflated hi» 
 work into French, in order to render it n^oie univerfally ufeful. 
 He committed it to the prefs, but had not the fatisfa6lion to fee 
 the imprelhon finiihed; fur he died Dec. 8, 1695, and it was 
 not publiflied till 1697. It is a large folio. What could not 
 be inferted in this work, was digeited by him under the title of 
 '* Anthologie:" but this was never publifhed, any more than a 
 Turkifh, Perfian, Arabian, and Latin dictionary, to which, as 
 well to other works, he had given the laft hand. 
 
 He was no lefs converfant in the Greek and Latin learning, 
 than in the oriental languages and hiftory. He was indeed an 
 univerfal fcholar ; and, what was very valuable in him, his 
 5 modefty " 
 
HERBERT. 51 
 
 modefty was equal to his erudition, and his uncommon abilities 
 were accompanied with the utmoil^ probity, piety, charity, and 
 other Chriftian virtues, which he pradifed uniformly through 
 the courfe of a long life. 
 
 HERBERT (Mary), coimtefs of Pembroke [n], and a very 
 illuftrious female, became Vvife of Henry earl of Pembroke in 
 1576, and lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. She 
 was alfo the filter of fir Philip Sidney; whofe <' Arcadia," from 
 being dedicated to her, was denominated by the author himfelf, 
 " the Countefs of Pembroke's Arcadia." She was a great encou- 
 ^•ager of letters ; and not only an encourager in others, but a careful 
 cultivator of them herfelf. She tranflated from the French a tra- 
 gedy, called, *' Annius, 1595," in i2mo. She is fuppofed alfo 
 to have made an exadl tranflation of " David's Pfalms" into Eng- 
 lifh metre; and fome pfalms by her are printed in Harrington's 
 ** Nug^e Antiquse, 1779," in 3 vols. i2mo. She died at her 
 houfe in Alderfgate-ftreet, London, Sept. 25, 1621. Ofborn, 
 in his memoirs of the reign of king Jaii;ies, gives her this cha- 
 rafter. " She w^as," fays he, " that filler of fir Philip Sidney, 
 to whom he addreflfed his Arcadia ; and of whom he had no 
 other advantage, than what he received from the partial bene- 
 volence of fortune in making him a man ; (which yet (he did, 
 in fome judgements, recompenfe in beauty) her pen being no- 
 thing fhort of his, as I am ready to atteft, — having feen incom- 
 parable letters of her's. But, left I fhould feem to trefpafs upon 
 truth, which few do unfuborned, (as I protefl I am, unlefs by 
 her rhetoric) I (hall leave the world her epitaph, in v/hich the 
 author doth manifeft himfelf a poet in all things but untruth: 
 ** Underneath this fable hearfe 
 Lies the fubjedl: of all verfe : 
 Sidney's fifter, Pembroke's mother. 
 Death ! ere thou kilVft fuch another, 
 Fair, and good, and learn'd, as ihe, 
 Time fhall throw a dart at thee." 
 HERBERT (Edward), lord Herbert, of Cherbury in Shrop- 
 fhire [o], and eminent Englifh writer, was defcended from a very 
 ancient family, and born, 1581, at Montgomery-caftle in Wales. 
 At the age of fourteen, he was entered as a gentleman-commoner 
 at Univerfity-college in Oxford, where he laid, fays Wood, 
 the foundation of that admirab'e learning, of which he was af-. 
 terwards a complete mailer [p]. From thence he travelled 
 abroad, and applied himfelf to military exercifes in foreign 
 countries, by which he became a moft accomplifhed gentleman. 
 After his return he was made Knight Banneret, when prince 
 
 [n] Biographia Dramatica. [o] Walton's Life of Mr. George Herbert. 
 
 E 2 Henry 
 
 [pj Athen. Oxon. 
 
52 HERBERT. 
 
 Henry was inftalled Knight of the Garter, July 2, 1603. He 
 was afterwards one of the counfellors to king James for military 
 affairs. Next he was fent ambaffador to Louis XIII. of France, 
 to mediate for the relief of the proteflants of that realm, then 
 befieged in feveral parts; but was recalled in July, 1621, on 
 account of a difpute between him and the conllable de Lulnes 
 [qJ. Camden informs us, that he had treated the conftable 
 irreverently, '* irreverenter tradlaffet:" but Walton tells us that 
 ** he could not fubjedl himfelf to a compliance with the hu- 
 mours of the duke de Luines, who was then the great and pow- 
 erful favoiirite at court: fo that, upon a complaint to our king, 
 he was called back into England in fome difpleafure; but at 
 h s return gave fuch an honourable account of his employment, 
 and fo juftified his comportment to the duke and all the court, 
 that he was fuddenly fent back upon the fame embafly." 
 
 Another writer relates this more particularly. Sir Edward, 
 "while he was in France, had private inftrudions from England 
 to mediate a peace for the proteflants in France ; and, in cafe of 
 a refufal, to ufe certain menaces. Accordingly, being referred 
 to de Luines, he delivered to him the raeffage, referving his threat- 
 enings till he faw how the matter was relifhed. De Luines had 
 concealed a gentleman behind the curtain of the reformed religion ; 
 who, being an car-witnefs of what paifed, might relate to his friends 
 what little expectations they ought to entertain of the king of 
 England's interceflion. De Luines was very haughty, and would 
 needs know what our king had to do in this affair. Sir Edward 
 replied, " It is not to you, to whom the king my mafter oweth 
 an account of his adlions ; and for me it is enough that I obey 
 him. In the mean time I muft maintain, that my maftcr hath 
 more reafon to do what he doth, than you to alk why he doth it. 
 Neverthelefs, if you defire me in a gentle fafliion, I fhall ac- 
 quaint you farther." Upon this, de Luines bowing a little, 
 faid, " Very well." The ambaffador then gave him fome rea- 
 fons; to which de Luines faid, " We will have none of your 
 advices." The ambaflador replied, '< that he took that for an 
 anfv\er, and was forry only, that the affl;6lion and good-will of the 
 king his mafter was not fufficiently underflood; and that, fince it 
 was rejeded in that manner, he could do no lefs than fay, that 
 the king his mafter knew well enough what to do." De Luines 
 anfwered, " We are not afraid of you." The ambaiTador 
 f iling a little, replied, " If you had faid you had not loved us, 
 I (liould have believed you, and given you another anfwer. In 
 the mean time all that I will tell you more is, that we know 
 very well what we have to do," De Luines upon this, rifing 
 froui his chair with a fa(hion and countenance a little difcom- 
 
 coi 
 
 [t.] Csmdcni Apparatus, tec. futsjoined to his Epi(l«Is, Xecrp. 73. 
 
 pofedy 
 9 
 
HERBERT. s^ 
 
 pofed, faid, " By God, if you were not monfieur the ambaf- 
 fador, I know very well how I would ufe you." Sir Edward 
 Herbert rifing alfo from his chair, faid, that as he was the king 
 of Great Britain's ambaflfador, fo he was alfo a gentleman ; and 
 that his fword, whereon he laid his hand, fhould give him fatis- 
 fadlion, if he had taken any offence." After which, de Luines 
 making no reply, the ambalfador went on towards the door, and 
 de Luines feeming to accompany him, fir Edward told him, that 
 ** there was no occafion to ufe fuch ceremony after fuch language," 
 and fo departed, expeding to hear farther from him. But no 
 meffage being brought from de Luines, he had, in purfuance of 
 his inllrudlions, a more civil audience from the king at Coignac ; 
 where the marfhal of St. Geran told him, that *• he had offended 
 the conftable, and was not in a place of fecurity there :" to 
 which he anfwered, that ** he thought himfelf to be in a place 
 of fecurity, wherefoever he had his fword by him." De Luines 
 refenting the affront, procured Cadinet his brother, duke of 
 Chaun, with a train of officers, of whom there was not one, 
 as he told king James, but had killed his man, to go as an am- 
 baffador extraordinary: who mifreprefented the affair fo much 
 to the difadvantage of fir Edward, that the earl of Carlifle, who 
 was fent to accommodate the mifunderftanding which might 
 arife between the two crowns, got him recalled ; until the gen- 
 tleman who ftood behind the curtain, out of a regard to truth 
 and honour, related all the circumftances fo, as to make it ap- 
 pear, that though de Luines gave the firft affront, yet fir Edward 
 had kept himfelf within the bounds of his inftrudlions and 
 honour. He afterwards fell on his knees to king James, before 
 the duke of Buckingham, requefting, that a trumpeter, if not 
 an herald, might be fent to de Luines, to tell him, that he had 
 made a falfe relation of the whole affair; and that fir Edward 
 Herbert would demand fatisfaflion of him fword in hand. 
 The king anfwered, that he would take it into confideration ; 
 but de Luines died foon after, and fir Edward was fent again 
 ambaffador to France [r]. 
 
 In 1625, fir Edward was advanced to the dignity of a baron 
 of the kingdom of Ireland, by the title of lord Herbert of 
 Caflle-Ifland ; and, in 1631, to that of lord Herbert of Cher- 
 bury in Shropfhire. After the breaking out of the civil wars, 
 he adhered to the parliament; and, Feb. 25, 1644, *' had an 
 allowance granted him for his livelihood, having been fpoiled 
 by the king's forces [s]," as Whitelocke fays; or as Wood re- 
 lates it, ** received fatisfaftion from the members of that houfe, 
 for their caufing Montgomery caftle to be demolifhed[Tj." He 
 died at his houfe in Q^ieen-ltreet, London, Aug. ao, 1648; and 
 
 [r] Lloyd, tec. p. ioi2. [s] MemorUlt of theEngUfli ASi^irij p. 104* 
 [t] Ath. Oxjn. 
 
 E 3 was 
 
54 HERBERT. 
 
 was buried in the chancel of St. Giles's in the Fields, whh this 
 infcription upon a flat inarble ftone over his grave: *' Heic in- 
 humatur corpus Edvardi Herbert equitis Balnei, baronis de Cher* 
 bury & Ca(tie-Ifland, aufhoris libri, cui titulus eft, De Veri- 
 late. Redder ut herbs, vicefimo die Augufti anno Domini 
 1648." 
 
 This noble lord was the author of fome very fingular and memo- 
 rable works: the firft: of which was his book, " De Veritate^" 
 ^hichwchave feenjuft mentioned in his epitaph. It was printed 
 at Paris in 1624, and reprinted there in 1633; after which it was 
 printed in London, in 1645, under this title; " De Veritate, 
 prout diftinguitur a revelatione, a verifimili) a poflibili, a falfo. 
 Cui operi additi funt duo alii tra6latus: primus de caufis erro- 
 rum; alter de Religione Laici." The defign of it to aflert the 
 fufficiency, univerlality, and abfolute perfeclion of natural re- 
 ligion, with a view to difcard all extraordinary revelation as 
 needlefs; and on this account it is, that he has very juftly been 
 ranked among the deifts. A learned and candid author, how- 
 ever, has lately publifhed a moll extraordinary anecdote relating 
 to him, which, if true, fhews him to have been a moft con- 
 fcientious deift: and this writer feems to confider it as a fa6l. 
 He tells us, that it is taken ** from a MS. life of lord Herbert 
 drawn up from memorials penned by himfelf, and which is now 
 in the pofTeflion of a gentleman of difl:in6lion [u]." His book 
 *' De Veritate," was, we are informed, his favourite work ; 
 yet as it was written in a manner fo very different from what 
 had been heretofore written on that fubjed, his lordlbip had 
 great doubts within himfelf, whether he (hould piiblifh or ra- 
 ther fupprefs it. This the MS. life above-mentioned, fets forth 
 in his lordfbip's own words; after which it reprefents him 
 relating the following furprifing incident, as he calls it. " Being 
 thus doubtful in my chamber," fays lord Herbert, *< one fair 
 day in the fummer, my cafement being open towards the fouth, 
 the fun fhining clear, and no wind ftirring, I took my book, 
 ' De Veritate,' in my hands, and kneeling on my knees, de- 
 voutly faid thefe words: O thou eternal God, author of this 
 light, which now fhines upon me, and giver of all inward 
 illuminations, I do befecch thee, of thine infinite goodnefs, 
 to pardon a greater requclt than a finner ought to make. I am 
 not fatisfied enoijgh, whether I (hall publifh this book: if it 
 be for thy glory, I befcech thee give me fome fign from 
 heaven; if not, I fliall fupprefs ir.' I had no fooner fpoken 
 thefe words, but a loud, though yet gentle noife, came forth 
 from the heavens, for it was like nothing on earth, which 
 6id fo chear and comfort me, that I took my petition as 
 
 [v] LeUnd's View of Deiftical Writers, VoW I. p. 469. 
 
 granted. 
 
HERBERT. 
 
 55 
 
 granted, and that I had the fign I demanded; wliereupon alfo 
 I refolved to print my book. I'his, how llrange focver it may 
 feem, I protefl: before the eternal God, is true: neither am I 
 any way fuperftitioufly deceived herein, llnce J did not only 
 clearly hear the noife, but in the ferenefl: (T<y that ever I faw, 
 being without all cloud, did, to my thinking, fee the place 
 from whence it came." The celebrated Gallendi wrote a con- 
 futation of this book, "** De Veritate," at the djfire of Pei- 
 refcius and Elias Diodati, and finifhed it at Aix, without pub- 
 lilhing it : and when lord Herbert paid him a vifit in Sept. 
 1647, GalFendi was furprifed to find, that this piece had not 
 been delivered to him, for he had fent him a copy : upon which 
 he ordered another copy to be taken of it, which that nobleman 
 carried with him to England. It was afterwards publillied in 
 Gaflendi's works, under the title of ^^ Ad librum D. Edvardi 
 Herbert! Angli de Veritate epiftola ;" but is imperfed, fomc 
 fheets of the original being lofl. 
 
 His *' Hiftory of the Life and Reign of Henry VHI." was 
 publifhed in 1649, ^ y^^^ ^^^^^ ^i^ death, and is a work which 
 has always been much admired. Nicolfon, in his Englifh 
 ** Hiftorical Library [x]," fays, that lord Herbert " acquitted 
 himfelf in this hiftory with the like reputation, as the lord chan- 
 cellor Bacon gained by that of Henry VHth. For in the public 
 and martial part this honourable author has been admirably par- 
 ticular and exa£l from the bed: records that were extant; though 
 as to the ecclefiaftical,- he feems to have looked upon it as a 
 thing out of his province, and an undertaking more proper for 
 men of another profeffion." In 1663, appeared his book '* De 
 Religione Gentilium, errorumque apud eos caufis j"yj.'"' The 
 firfl part was printed at London, in 1645; and that year he fent 
 the MS. of it to Gerard VolTius, as appears from a letter of his 
 lordfhip's, and VoiTuis's anfwer. An Englifh tranflation of this 
 work was publifhed in 1705, under this title: " The ancient 
 Religion of the Gentiles, and Caufes of their Errors confidered. 
 The Miftakes and Failures of the Htathen Priefts and wife 
 Men, in their Notions of the Deity and Matters of Divine 
 Worlhip, are examined with regard to their being deftitute of 
 Divine Revelation." Lord Herbert wrote alfo in 1630, '< Ex- 
 peditio Buckingham! ducis in Ream infulam," which was pub- 
 lifhed in 1656; and " Occafional Verfes," publilhed in 1665, 
 by his fon Henry Herbert, and dedicated to Edward lord Her- 
 bert, his grandfon. He was, upon the whole, as Wood tells 
 us fz], *' a perfon well (tudied in the arts and languages, a good 
 philofopher and hiftorian, and underf-lood men as well as books," 
 
 [x] Part I. p. 426, 1696, 8vo. [y] Cl»rorum Virorum ad Voff. Epifl. St 
 
 VoiiW Epiftol*. [«] Atheh. Oxon. 
 
 E 4 but 
 
S6 
 
 HERBERT. 
 
 but Chrlftlan Kortholt, on account of his book " De Veritate," 
 "^has ranked him with Hobbes and Spinofli, in his diflertation, 
 entitled, << De tribus impoftoribus magnis, Edvardo Herbert, 
 Thoma Hobbes, & Benedido Spinofa Liber," printed at Kilon 
 in 1680. 
 
 HERBERT (George), an Englifli poet and divine [a], was 
 brother of the preceding, and born at Montgomery-caftle in 
 Wales, Apr, 3, 1593. ^^ '^^^ educated at Weftminfter-fchool ; 
 and being a king's fcholar, was eleded to Trinity-college in 
 Cambridge, about 1608. He took both the degrees in arts, 
 and became fellow of his college: and in 1619, was chofen 
 orator of the univerfity, which office he held eight years. During 
 that time he had learned the Italian, Spanifh, and French lan- 
 guages very perfectly : hoping, fays his biographer, that he might 
 in time, ;is fiis predecefTors fir Robert Naunton and fir Jt'rancis 
 Netherfole had done, obtain the place of fecretary of ftate ^ for 
 lie was at that time highly efteeiried by the king and the moft 
 eminent of the nobility. This an4 the love of a court-conver- 
 fation, ** mixed," fays the fame author, ** with a laudable ambi^- 
 tion to bjS fomewl^at more than he then was," drew him often from 
 Cambridge to attend his majefty, wherever the court was : and the 
 king gave him a fine9ure, which queen Elizabeth had formerly 
 conferred on fir Philip Sidney, worth about 120I, per ann. His 
 ambition, however, was difappointed : for upon the death of the 
 duke of Richmond and the marquis of Ha^nilton, his hopes of 
 court preferment were at an end, and hp entered into orders. July 
 1626, he was collated to a prebend in the church of Lincoln ; 
 and about 1 630, he married a lady, who was nearly related to 
 the earl of Danby. The fame year, he was indu6led into the 
 redloryof Bemerton near Salifbury ; where he difcharged the du- 
 ties of his fun6lion in a moft exemplary mann.er. We have no 
 exa£l account of the time of his death ; but it is fuppofed to have 
 happened about 1635. His poems, entitled, ** The Temple," 
 ■were printed at London in 1635, i2mo: and his <* Prieft to 
 the Temple, or. The Country Parfon's Chara6ler and Rules of 
 holy Life," was publiihed in 1652. ^is works have fince been 
 publiilied together in a volume, l2mo, but are now little read. 
 Neyerthelefs, he was highly valued by the moft eminent perfons 
 of his age. Pr. Donne infcribed to him a copy of Latin verfes; 
 and lord Bacon dedicated to hina his *< Tranflat^on of fome 
 Pfalms into Engli(h Metre." 
 
 HERBERT (William), carl of Pembroke, was born at 
 Wilton in Wiltfhire, April 8, 1580, and admitted of New-col- 
 lege in Oxford in 1592, wher€ he continued about two years [b]. 
 In 1601, he fucceeded to his father's honours and eftate ; wa$ 
 
 ^a] WaUoj»>Lifip ofHeibert, Lond. 1675. [■] Ath. Pxon. 
 
 made 
 
HERBERT. s7 
 
 made knight of the garter in 1604 ; and governor of Portf mouth 
 fix years after. In 1626, he was elected chancellor of the uni- 
 verlity of Oxford ; and about the fame time made lord ftcward 
 of the k'ng's houlhold. He died fuddenly at his houfe called 
 Baynard's-calllc, in London, April 10, 1630; according to the 
 calculation of his nativity, fays Wood, made ftivcral years be- 
 fore by Mr. Thomas Allen, of Gloucefter-hall. Clarendon 
 relates, concerning this calculation, that fome confiderable per- 
 fons conne£led with lord Pembroke being met at Maidenhead, 
 one of them at fiippcr drank a health to the lord lleward : upon 
 which another faid, that he beliex'cd his lordfhip was at that time 
 very merry ; for he had now outlived the day, which it had been 
 prognofticated upon his nativity he would not outlive : but he 
 had done it now, for that was his birth-day, which had com- 
 pleted his age to 50 years. The next morning, however, they 
 received the news of his death [c]. Whether the noble hiflo- 
 rian really believed this and other accounts relating to aftrology, 
 apparitions, providential interpofitions, &:c. which he has in- 
 ferted in his hiitory, we do not prefume to fay : he delivers 
 them, however, as if he did not a6lually difbelieve them. Lord 
 Pembroke was not only a great favourer of learned and ingenious 
 men, but was himfelf learned, and endued with a confiderable 
 fhare of poetic genius. All that are extant of his produ£lions 
 in this way, were publifhed with this title : ** Poems written by 
 William earl of Pembroke, &c. many of which are anfwercd 
 by way of repartee by fir Benjamin Rudyard, with other poems 
 written by them occafionally and apart, 1660," 8vo. 
 
 The chara6ler of this noble perfon is not only one of the mofl: 
 amiable in lord Clarendon's hiftory, but is one of the beft drawn. 
 *' He was," fays the great hiftorian, '^ the moft univerfally be- 
 loved and efteemed of any man of that age ; and having a great 
 pffice in the court, he made the court itfelf better efteemed, and 
 more reverenced in the country : and as he had a great num- 
 ber of friends of the beft men, fo no man had ever the confi- 
 dence to avow himfelf to be his enemy. He was a man very 
 well bred, and of excellent parts, and a graceful fpeaker upon 
 any fubjedl, having a good proportion of learning, and a ready 
 wit to apply it, and enlarge upon it ; of a pleafant and face- 
 tious humour, and a difpofition affable, generous, and magni-r 
 ficent, — He lived many years about the court before in it, and 
 never by it ; being rather regarded and efteemed by king James, 
 than loved and favoured. — As he fpent and lived upon his own 
 fortune, fo he ftood upon his own feet, without any other fup- 
 port than of his proper virtue and merit. — He was exceedingly 
 t)ei9ved in the coiirt, becaufe he never defired lo get that for 
 
 [c] Hift. of ReVellion^ b. u 
 
 ' . himself 
 
S8 
 
 HERBERT. 
 
 himfelf which others laboured for, but was ftill ready to pro- 
 mote the pretences of worthy men : and he was equally cele- 
 brated in the country, for having received no obligations from 
 the court, which might corrupt or fway his affeilions and judg- 
 ment. — He was a great lover of his country, and of the reli- 
 gion and juftice which he believed could only fupport it : and 
 his friendihips were only with men of thofe principles. — Sure 
 never man was planted in a court who was fitter for that foil, 
 or brought better qualities with him to purify that air. Yet his 
 memory, murt not be flattered, that his virtues and good incli- 
 ratior'i: may be believed : he was not without fome alloy of vice, 
 and without being clouded by great infirmities, which he had in 
 too exorbitant a proportion. He indulged to himfelf the plea- 
 fures of all kinds, almoft in all excefl'es. He died exceedingly 
 lamented by men of all qualities, &c." 
 
 HERBERT (Thomas), an eminent perfon of the fame fa- 
 mily, was born at York, where his grand-father was an alder- 
 man, and admitted of Jfcfus-college, Oxford, in 1621 [d] : but 
 before he took a degree, removed to Trinity-college in Cam- 
 bridge. He made a fhort ftuy there, and then went to wait 
 npon William earl of Pen-broke, recorded in the preceding ar- 
 ticle ; who owning him for his kinfman, and intending his ad- 
 vancement, fent him in 1626 to travel, with an allowance to 
 bear his charge. He fpent four years in vifiting Afia and Africa; 
 and then returning, waited on his patron at Baynard's-caftle in 
 London. The earl dying fuddenly, his expe6lations of prefer- 
 ment were at an end ; upon which he left England a fecond 
 time, and vifited feveral .parts of Europe. After his return he 
 married, and now being fettled, gave himfelf up to reading and 
 writing. In 1634, he publifhed in folio, " A Relation of fome 
 Years Travels into Africa and the great Afia, efpecially the Ter- 
 ritories of the Perfian Monarchy, and fome Parts of the Orien- 
 tal Indies, and Ifles adjacent." The edition of 1677 is the 
 fourth, and has feveral additions. This work was tranflated by 
 Wiquefort into French, with '< An Account of the Revolutions 
 of Siam in 1647, Paris, 1663," in 4to. All the imprelfions 
 of Herbert's book are in folio, and adorned with cuts. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the civil wars, he adhered to the 
 parliament ; and, by the endeavours of Philip earl of Pembroke, 
 became not only one of the commiflioners of parliament to re- 
 fide in the army of fir Thomas Fairfax, but a commiflioner alfo 
 to treat with thofe of the king's party f -r the furrender of the 
 garrifon at Oxford. He afterwards attended that earl, efpeci- 
 ally in Jan. 1646, when he, with other commilTioners, was fent 
 from the parliament to the king at Newcaflle about peace, and 
 to bring his majeffy nearer London. While the king was at 
 [p] Ath. Oxon. Vol.11. 
 
 Oldenby, 
 
HERBERT. 
 
 59 
 
 Oldenby, the parliament commillioners, purfuant to inftruc- 
 tions, addreired themfelves to his majefty, and defined him to 
 difmifs fuch of his fervants as were there and had waited on 
 him at Oxford : which his majelly with great rclufiance con- 
 fentcd to do. He had taken notice in the mean tiine of Mr. 
 James Harrington, the author of the *' Oceana," and Mr. Tho- 
 mas Herbert, who had followed the court from NcwcalHe ; and 
 being certified of their fobriety and education, was willirii; to re- 
 ceive them as grooms of his bedchamber with' the others that 
 were left him ; which the commiifioners approving, they were 
 that night admitted. Being thus fettled in that honourable of- 
 fice, and in good efteem with his majelly, Herbert continued 
 with him when all the reft of the chamber were removed ; even 
 till his majefty was brought to the block. The king, though 
 he found him, fays Wood, to be prefbyterlanly afFc6led;, yet 
 withal found him very obfervant and loving, and therefore en- 
 trufted him with many matters of moment. At the reftora"'on 
 he was made a baronet by Charles II. " for faithfully fervi'ng 
 his royal father during the two laft years of his life ;" as the let- 
 ters patent for that purpofe exprefled. He died at his houfe in 
 York, March i, 1601-2. 
 
 Befides the travels already mentioned, he was the author of 
 other things. He wrote in 1678, " Threnodia Carolina, con- 
 taining an hiftorical Account of the two laft Years of the Life 
 of King Charles I." and the occafion of it was this. The par- 
 liament having a little before taken into confideration the ap- 
 pointing of 70,0001. for the funeral of that king, and for a 
 monument to be erected over his grave, fir William Dugdale, 
 then garter king of arms, fent to our author, living at York, to 
 know of him, whether the king had ever fpoke in his hearing, 
 where his body fhould be interred. To this fir Thomas Her- 
 bert returned a large anfwer, with many obfervations concern- 
 ing his majefty ; which fir William Dugdale being pleafed with, 
 defired him by another letter, to write a treatife of the adfions 
 and fayings of the king, from his firft confinement to his de.,th: 
 and accordingly he did fo. He wrote alfo an account of the 
 laft days of that king, which was publifhed by Wood in the 2d 
 volume of his '' Athenas Oxonienfes.'" At the defire of his 
 friend John de Laet of Leyden, he trmdated fome books of his 
 *' India Occidentalis :" he alfifted alfo fir William Dugdale, in 
 compiling the third volume of his " Monafticon Anglicanum." 
 A little before his dtath, he gave feveral MSS. to the public li- 
 brary at Oxford, and others to that belonging to the cathedral 
 at York ; and in the Aihmolean Mufeum at Oxford, there are 
 feveral coUedions of his, which he made from the regifters 
 of the archbilhops of York, given to that repofitory by fir'Wil- 
 liam Dugdale. 
 
 HERBI- 
 
6o HERMANN. 
 
 HERBINIUS (John), a native of Bitfchen in Silcfia, de- 
 puted by the Polifli proteftant churches to thofe of Germany, 
 Holland, &c. in 1664. This employment leading him to travel, 
 he took the opportunity of examining fuch matters as in- 
 terefted his curiofity, particularly catarafts and water-falls, 
 wherever they were to be found. Several of his publications 
 were on thefe fubje£ls; as, i. ** De Admirandis Mundi Cata- 
 raflis," &c. 4to, Amfterdam, 1678. 2. " Kiovia fubterranea." 
 '^. <* Terras motus et quietis examen." He wrote alfo, 4. " Dc 
 i\zUi Eccleftarium Auguftana^ confeflionis in Polonia," 4to, 1670. 
 5. *' Tragicocomoedia, et Ludi innocui de Juliano Impcratorc 
 Apoftata," &c. He died in 1676, at the age of 44 years only. 
 
 HERITIER (Nicolas l'), a French poet of the laft cen- 
 tury. He was nephew to du Vair, a celebrated keeper of the 
 feals. His original profeflion was military, but being difabled 
 by a wound from adlual fervice, he bought the place of trea- 
 fu;er to the French guards. He was afterwards appointed hif- 
 tc/Viographer of France, and died in 1680. He wrote only two 
 tragedies, of no great merit, " Hercule furieux," and " Clavis," 
 and a few fugitive poems, fome of which have a degree of ele- 
 vation, particularly the " Portrait d'Amaranthe." 
 
 HERITIER (Marie Jeanne l'), de Villandon, was a 
 daughter of the preceding, and born at Paris, in 1664, She in- 
 herited a tafte and talent for poetry, and was efteemed alfo for 
 the fweetnefs of her manners, and the dignity of her fenti> 
 ments. The academy of the " Jeux Floraux," received her as 
 a member in 1696, and that of the " Ricovrati," at Padua in 
 1697. She died at Paris in 1734. Her works are various, in 
 profe and verfe. i. " A Tranflation of Ovid's Epiftles," fix- 
 teen of them in verfe. 2. ** La Tour tenebreufe," an Englifli 
 tale. 3. " Les Caprices du Deilin," another novel. 4. 
 ** L'avare puni," a novel in verfe ; with a few poems of an 
 elegiac or complimentary nature. 
 
 HERMAN (Paul), a celebrated botanifl of the 17th cen~ 
 tury, and a native of Halle in Saxony. He pradlifed as a phy- 
 fician in the Dutch fettlements at Ceylon, and afterwards be- 
 came profefTor of botany at Leyden. He died in 1695. His 
 principal works are, i, ** A Catalogue of the Plants in the 
 public garden at Leyden," Svo, 1687. 2. ** Cynofura Materiae 
 Medicje," 2 vols. 4to. 3. *' Lugduno- Batavas Flores," 1690. 
 4. " Paradifus Patavus," 1705. 5. " Mufeum Zeylanicum," 
 1717. 
 
 HERMANN (James), a mathematician of Bale, a friend of 
 Leibnitz, and much known throughout Europe, mod parts of 
 which he vifited. He was firft mathematical profefTor at Padua ; 
 from 1724 to 1727, he was with the czar Peter I. alTifting him 
 in forming an academy ; afterwards profeflbr of morality at 
 
 Bale, 
 
H E R M A S. 6i 
 
 Bale, where he died in 1733, at the age of 55. His works are 
 various, on fubjeits of pure and mixed mathematics. 
 
 HERMANT (Godefroi), u learned and pious dodlor of 
 the Sorbonne, and a voluminous author, was born at Beauvais, 
 in 1617, and difplayed early propenllties for learning. Potier 
 bifhop and earl of Beauvais fent him to the various colleges of 
 Paris for education. He obtained a canonry of Beauvais, was 
 reftor of the univerfity of Paris in 1646, and died in 1690, 
 after being excluded from his canonry and the Sorbonne for 
 fomc ecclefiaftical difpute. Hermant had the virtues and defeds 
 of a reclufe fkident, and was much eileemed for his talents and 
 piety, by Tillemont and others of the folitaries at Port Royal. 
 His flyle was noble and majeftic, but fometiines rather inflated. 
 His works are numerous: i. ** The Life of St. Athanafius," 
 2 vols. 4to. 2. Thofe of *' St. Bafil and Gregory Nazianzen," 
 of the fame extent. 3. " The Life of St. Chryfoftom," writ- 
 ten under the name of Menart. And 4. That of ** St. Am- 
 brofe," both in 4to. 5. A tranflation of fome tracts from St. 
 Chryfoftom. 6. Another from St. Bafil. 7. Several polemical 
 writings againft the Jefuits, who therefore became his mortal 
 enemies, and contrived to interfere with his monumental ho- 
 nours after death, by preventing the infcription of a very com- 
 mendatory epitaph. 8. " A Defence of the Church againft 
 Labadie." 9. ** Index Univerfalis totius juris Ecclefiaftici,'* 
 folio. 10. " Difcours Chretien fur retablifiement du Bureau 
 Ues pauvres de Beauvais," 1653. A life of him has been pub- 
 lifhed by Baillet. 
 
 HERMAS Paftor, or Hermas commonly called the Shepherd, 
 was an ancient father of the church, and is generally fuppofed 
 to have been the fame whom St. Paul mentions in Rom. xvi. 14, 
 He is ranked amongft thofe who are called Apoftolical Fathers, 
 from his having lived in the times of the Apoftles : but who he was, 
 what he did, and what he fuffered, for the fake of Chriftianity, are 
 all in a great meafure, if not altogether, unknown to us. He 
 feems to have belonged to the church at Rome, when Clement 
 was biiliop of it ; that is, according to Dodwell, from the year 
 64 or 65 to the year 81 [e]. This circumftance we are able t» 
 colleil from his " Second Vifion," of which, he tells us, he 
 was commanded to communicate a copy to Clement. What 
 his condition was before his converfion, we know not; but that 
 he was a man of fome confideration, we may conclude from what 
 we read in his '* Third Vifion;" where he owns himfelf to hav'e 
 been formerly unprofitable to the Lord, upon the account of thofe 
 riches, which afterwards he feems to have difpenfed in works of 
 charity and beneficence. What he did after his converfion wc 
 
 (r] Cive's Hid, Liter. Vol. I. p. 36. 
 
62 H E R M A S. 
 
 have no account ; but that he lived a very ftrift life we may rei- 
 fonably conje6^ure, fince he is faid to have had feveral extraor- 
 dinary revelations vouchfafed to him, and to have been em- 
 ployed in feveral mcfTages to the church, both to correft their 
 manners, and to warn them of the trials that were about to 
 come upon them. His death, if we may believe the " Roman 
 Martyrology," was conformable to his life ; where we read, 
 that being " illuftrious for his miracles, he at laft offered himfelf 
 a worthy facrifice unto God." But upon what grounds this account 
 iseftablifhed, Baronius himfelf could not tell us; infomuch that 
 in his *' Annals" he durft not once mention^the manner of his 
 death, but is content to fay, that " having undergone many la- 
 bours and troubles in the time of the perfecution under Aure- 
 lius, (and that too without any authority) he at laft refted in the 
 Lord July the 26th, which is therefore obferved in commemo- 
 ration of him [f]." And here we may obferve a very pleafant 
 miftake, aid altogether worthy of the << Roman Martyrology." 
 For Hermas, from a book of which we fhall fpeak immediately, 
 being fometimes called by the title of '* Paltor, or Shepherd 
 [g]," the martyrologi'l: has very gravely divided the good man 
 into two faints: and they obferve the memorial of Hermas May 
 the 9th, and of Paftor July the 26th. 
 
 The book juft mentioned, and for which chiefly v/e have given 
 Hermas a place in this work, is, as we have obferved, entitled, 
 " The Shepherd ;" and is the only remains of this father. An- 
 cients and moderns are not a little divided in their judgem»ents 
 of this book [h]. Some there are, and thofe neareft to the time 
 when it was written, who put it ahnoft upon a level with the 
 canonical Scriptures. Irena:;us quotes it under the very name of 
 Scripuire. Origen, though he fometimes moderates his opinion 
 of it, upon the account of thofe who did not think it canonical, 
 yet in his '* Comments on the Epilile to the Romans," gives 
 this charadler of it, that " he thought it to be a moft ufefui 
 ■writing, and was, as he believed, divinely infpired [i]." Eufe- 
 bius tells us, that " though being doubted by fom.e, it was not 
 efteemed canonical, yet it was by others judged a moft necelTary 
 book, and as fuch read publicly in the churches:" and St, Jerome, 
 having in like manner obferved that it was read in fome churches," 
 makes this remarks upon it, that it " was indeed a very pro- 
 fitable book [k]." And yet after all we find this fame book, not 
 only doubted of by others among the ancient fathers, but ilighted 
 even by fome of thofe w.ho had elfewhere fpoken well of it. 
 Thus Jerome in his " Comments [l]," expofes the abfurdity of 
 
 Ff] Baron. Annal. Eccl. ad ann., 164. [i] Hift- Fcclef. 1. iii. c. 3. 
 
 [g] Martyiolog. Rom. ad Maij ix. & [k] Catalog. Script. Ecdef. 
 
 Jul. xxvi. [l] In Habac. j. 14. 
 
 [h] Lib. iv. Adverf. Haeref. 
 
 that 
 
HERMES. 65 
 
 that apocryphal book, as he calls it, which in his " Catalogue 
 of Writers," he had fo highly applauded. TertuUian, who 
 fpake of it decently, if not honourably, while a catholic, re- 
 jeded it with fcorn, after he was turned raoiitanifi: [m] : and 
 moft of the other fathers, who have fpnken of it well them- 
 felves, yet plainly enough infmuate, that there were others who 
 did not put the fame value upon it. The moderns in general have 
 not efteemed it fo highly; and, indeed, as Dupin obferves [n], 
 ** whether we contider the manner it is written in, or the 
 matter it contains, it does not appear to merit much regard." 
 The firft part, for it is divided into three, is called '' Vifions," 
 and contains many vifions, which are explained to Hermas by a 
 woman, who reprefents the church. Thefe vi lions regard the 
 ftate of the church, and the manners of the Chrillians. The 
 fecond, which is the moft ufeful, is called " Commands," and 
 comprehends many moral and pious inftrudions, delivered to 
 Hermas by an angel : and the third is called '* Similitudes." 
 Many ufeful lefTons are taught in thefe books, but the vifions, 
 allegories, and fimilitudes, are apt to tire; and Hermas had 
 probably been more agreeable as well as more profitable, if he 
 had enforced his precepts with that fimplicity with which the 
 apoflles themfelves were content. 
 
 The original Greek of this piece is loft, and we have nothing 
 but a Latin verfion of it, except fome fragments preferved ia 
 the quotations of other authors; which, it is obfervable, are 
 lufficient to evince the fidelity of this verfion. The beft edition 
 of it is that of 1698; where it is to be found among th.^ other 
 apoltolical fathers, illuftrated with the notes and correiliions of 
 Cotelerius and Le Clerc. With them alfo it was tranflated into 
 Englilh by archbilhop Wake, and publifhed with a large preli- 
 minary difcourfe relating to each father; the beft edition of 
 which tranflation is that of 1710. 
 
 HERMES, an Egyptian legillator, prieft, and philofopher, 
 lived, as fome think, in the year of the world 2076, in the 
 reign of Ninus, after Mofes: and was fo fkillcd in all profound 
 arts and fciences, that he acquired the furname of Trifme^iftus, 
 or ** thrice great." Clemens Alexandrinus has given us an ac- 
 count of his writings, and a catalogue of fome of them jo]; 
 fuch as, the book containing the Hymns of the Gods ; another 
 '* De rationibus vitas regiae ;" four more " De aftrologia," that 
 is, '• De ordine fixarum ftellarum, & de conjun61ione & illu- 
 minatione Solis & Lunai ; ten more, entitled, " ''Ic;aTiX(x," or 
 which treat of laws, of the gods, and of the whole dodlrine and 
 difcipline of the priefts. Upon the whole, Clemens makes 
 Hermes the author of thirty-fix books of divinity and philo- 
 
 [m] De Orat. c. xli. De Pudic. ci x. [n] Biblioth. des Aut. Ecclef. Tom. I. 
 f. z%. [0] Strom, lib. »i. 
 
 fopliy. 
 
64 
 
 HERMES. 
 
 fophy, and fix of phyfic ; but they are all \o([. There goeS 
 indeed one under his name, whofe title is " Poemander;" but 
 this is agreed by a'l to be fuppofititious, and Cafaubon imagines 
 it to be written about the beginning of the fecond century, by 
 fome Platonizing Chriftian ; who, to enforce Chriftianity with 
 a better erace upon Pagans [p], introduces Hermes Trifme- 
 giftus df^liveiin?, as it were long before, the greateft part of 
 thofe dodrines which are comprifed in the Chriftian's creed. 
 
 This philofopher has Itood exceedingly high in the opinion of 
 mankind, ancients as well as moderns; higher perhaps than he 
 would .have done if his works had been extant; for there is 
 an advantage in being hot known too much. Very great things, 
 however, have been faid of him in all ages. Thus Plato tells 
 usfciJI, that he was the inventor of letters, of ordinary writing, 
 and hieroglyphics. Cicero fays, that he was govcrnoy of Egypt, 
 and invented letters, as well as delivered the firil laws to the 
 people of that country [r]. Suidas fays, that he flourifhed 
 before Pharaoh, and acquired the furname of Trifmegiftus, be- 
 caufe he gave out fomething oracular concerning the Trinity. 
 Though the ancients are by no means precife in their encomiums, 
 yet they feem to have conceived a wonderful opinion of him ; and 
 the moderns have done the fame. Hermes, fays Gyraldus, was 
 called Thrice Great, becaufe he was the greateft philofopher, the 
 greateft: prieft, and the greateft king [s]. Polydore Vergil obferves, 
 that he divided the day into twelve hours, from his obfervation of 
 a certain animal confecrated to Serapis by the Egyptians, which 
 made water twelve times a day at a certain interval [t]: fuch 
 was his marvellous fagacity and infight into things ! Laftly, 
 when the great lord chancellor Bacon, endeavoured to do juftice 
 to the merits of our James I. he could think of no better means 
 for this purpofe, than by comparing him to Hermes Trifme- 
 giftus. Thefe are his words addreffed to that king, in the en- 
 trance of his immortal work " De Augmentis Scientiarum :" 
 ** Tuae vcro majeftati e.tiam illud accedit, quod in eodem pec- 
 toris tui fcrinio facrae liters cum profanis recondantur; adeo ut 
 cum Hermete illo Trifmegifto triplici gloria infigniaris, potef- 
 tate regis, illuminatione facerdotis, eruditione philofophi:" that 
 is, " but this is peculiar to your majefty, that the treafures of 
 facred as well as profane learning are all repofited in your 
 royal breaft ; fo that you may juftly be compared to that famous 
 Hermes Trifmegiftus of old, who was at once diftinguiftied 
 by the glory of a king, the illuminations of a prieft, and the 
 learning of a philofopher." 
 
 fp] Exerrlut. i. in Baroa. Num. tOi [k] ^t Narur Deor. 1. iiU 
 p. 75. fs] la Dial. ii. de Poet. 
 
 l^] la PLacdro * PhUcbv. [t] Dc Invent. I^er. 1. ii. c. 5. 
 
 HEKMO- 
 
H E R M O G E N E S. 6^ 
 
 IIERMOGENES, of Tarfus, a Greek rhetorician of thd 
 fecoiid century, a remarkable inftance of early maturity ancl 
 early deficiency of talents. At fifteen he taught rhetoric pub- 
 licly; at feventeen he wrote his art of rhetoric; and at twenty, 
 two books Tii^l I'Sbu'v, or on oratorical forms: but in his twenty-. 
 fifth year he loft his memory, and the faculty of fpeech, which 
 he never recovered, tliough he lived tq be old. Antiochus the 
 fophift, therefore faid of him, " that he was an old man in his 
 infancy, and an infant in his age." Of his book on oratory* 
 which confifted of five parts, the firft part only is loft. There 
 arc extant alfo, 2. " De inventione Oratoria/' four books^ 
 3. ** De formis," above-mentioned. 4. " Methodus apti et 
 ponderofi generis dicendi." Thefe were publifticd bv Aldus in 
 1509, with the other Greek rhetoricians, and in two or three; 
 fubfequent editions. The beft is that of Gafpar Laurentius, 
 publi filed at Geneva, in 1614, in 8vo. He flouriihed after 
 A. E). 161. 
 
 HERMOGENES, an hex-etic of the fecond century, was 
 a native of Africa, a painter, and ftoic philofopher. He was 
 ftill alive in the days of TertuUian, according to Fleury. Tille- 
 mont makes him liourifh in the year 200 ; but according to Da 
 Frefnoy, he did not preach his erroneous opinions concerning 
 the origin of the world, and the nature of the foul, till the 
 year 208. He eftablilhed matter as the firft principle, and made 
 Idea the mother of all the elements 5 for which reafon his fol- 
 lowers were commonly called Materiarians. By his alfertion of 
 the felf-exiftence and improdu6lion of matter, he endeavoured to 
 give an account (as ftoic philofophers had done before him) of 
 the original of evils, and to free God from the imputation of 
 thein. He argued thus: God made all things either out of him- 
 felf, or out of nothing, or out of pre-exiftent matter. He could 
 not make all things out of himfclf, becaufe, himfelf being al- 
 ways unmade, he ihould then really have been the maker of 
 nothing: and he did not make all out of nothing, becaufe, being 
 eftentially good, he v>'ould have made every thing in the belt 
 manner, and fo there could have been no evil- in the world : but 
 fmce there are evils, and thefe could not proceed from the will 
 of God, they muft needs rife from the fault of fomething,- and 
 therefore of the matter out of which things were made. Some 
 modern fails do alfo, at this day, aftert the uncreatednefs of 
 matter; but thefe fuppofe, as the ftoics did, body to be the only 
 lubftance. Seleucus and Hermias embraced the fame opinion. 
 His followers denied the refurre6lion, rcje61:cd water-baptifm, 
 afterted that angels were compofed of fire and fpirit, and were 
 the creators of the foul of man ; and that Chrift, as he afcended, 
 divefted himfelf of human nature, and left his body in the fun.' 
 TertuUian has written againft him. 
 
 Vol. Vni. F HEROD 
 
66 HEROD. 
 
 HEROD the Great, fo called rather from his power and ta- 
 lents, than his goodnefs, was a native of Afcalon in Judea, and 
 thence fometimes called the Afcalonite. He was born feventy 
 years before the Chriftian asra, the fon of Antipater an Idumean, 
 ■who appointed him to the government of Galilee. He at firft 
 embraced the party of Brutus and CaiTius, but, after their death, 
 that of Antony. By him he was named tetrarch, and afterwards, 
 by his interefl, king of Judea in the year 40, A. C. After the 
 battle of Adtium, he fo fuccefsfiilly paid his court to Auguftus, 
 that he was by him confirmed in his kingdom. On all occafions 
 he proved himfelf an able politician, and a good foldier. But 
 he was far from being mailer of his paflions, and his rage very 
 frequently was direflcd againft his own family. Ariftobulus, 
 brother to his beloved wife Mariamne, her venerable grandfather 
 Hyrcanus, and finally flie herfelf, fell vidlims to his jeaioufy and 
 fury. His keen remorfe for her death rendered him afterwards 
 yet more cruel. He put to death her mother Alexandra, anJ 
 many others of his family. His own fons Alexander and Arif- 
 tobulus, having excited his fufpicions, he deftroyed them alfo, 
 which made Auguftus fay, that it was better to be Herod's hog 
 than his fon. Among his good adions was the rebuilding of the 
 temple at Jerufalem, which he performed in nine years, with 
 great magnificence ; and in the time of a famine he fold many 
 valuable and curious articles he had colle6led, to relieve the fuf- 
 ferers. To Auguftus he paid the utmoft adulation, and even 
 divine honours. At the birth of our Saviour, his jeaioufy was 
 fo much excited by the prophetic intimations of his greatnefs, 
 that he flaughtered all the infants in Bethlehem, in hopes of 
 deftroying him among the number. But his tyranny was now 
 nearly at an end, and two or three years after the birth of Chrift he 
 died of a miferable difeafe at the age of more than 70. He had 
 nine or ten wives, of which number Mariamne was the fecond. 
 A little before his death, foured yet more by his acute fufferings, 
 he attempted a greater a<3: of cruelty than any he had performed in 
 his former life. He fent for all the moft confiderable perfons in 
 Judea, and ordered 'hat as foon as he was dead they fhould all be 
 maflacred, that every great family in the country might weep for 
 him. But this favage order was not executed. Some have fuppofed 
 that he aifumed the charader of the Melliah, and that the perfons 
 who admitted that claim were thofe called in the gofpel Hero- 
 dians. But this is by no means certain. Herod was the firft 
 ■who Ihook the foundations of the Jevvifh government. He ap- 
 pointed the high-prieits, and removed them at his pleafure, with- 
 out rco-ard to the laws of fucceffio-n, and he deftroyed the au- 
 thority of the national council. But by his credit with Auguf- 
 tus, by his power, and the very magnificent buildings he eredled, 
 he gave a temporary fplendor to that nation. His fon, Herod 
 
 3 Antipas 
 
H E R O D I A N. tj 
 
 Antlpas (by his fifth wife Cleopatra) was tetrarch of Galilee 
 after his death. 
 
 HERODIAN, a Greek hiftorian, who flourifhed under the 
 reigns of Severus, Caracalla, Heliogabalus, Alexander, and 
 Maximin. His hiftory contains eight books; at the beginning 
 of the firft of which he declares, that he will only write of the 
 affairs of his own time, fuch as he had either known himfelf, or 
 received information of from creditable perfons: and for this he 
 was indeed very well qualified, on account of the public em- 
 ployments in which he was engaged, for he might boa(t of hav- 
 ing palTed through the greateft offices of the ftate. About the 
 end of his fecond book he acquaints us, that his hiftory fliall 
 comprehend a period of 72 years, and relate the government of 
 all the emperors that fucceeded one another, from the reign of 
 Marcus Aurelius Antonius the philofopher, to that of the younger 
 Gordianus: and accordingly his eighth book ends with the un- 
 worthy flaughter of the two old men Balbinus and Maximin, 
 which was committed on them by the Praetorian foldiers, for the 
 fake of advancing Gordian to the throne. 
 
 Herodian may be ranked with the beft hiftorians, and is re- 
 markable for good faith and freedom of fentiment. His faith, how- 
 ever, has been thought by the critics to be lefs ftrift when he comes 
 to Alexander and Maximin, and he has been blamed for want 
 of due exadlnefs in chronological notices. His ftyle is neat, 
 perfpicuous, and pleafing, occafionally eloquent, particularly in 
 the fpeeches he inferts, which are concife but full of acutenefs, 
 and importance. Herodian was tranflated into Latin by An- 
 gelus Politianus, and may therefore be read, as the Camde- 
 nian profeflbr obferved [u j, either in Greek or Latin ; " for,** 
 fays he, *' I don't know which of the two deferves the greater 
 praife; Herodian, for writing fo well in his own language, or 
 Politian, for tranflating him fo happily, as to make him appear 
 like an original in a foreign one." This, however, is paying no 
 fmall compliment to Politian ; for Photius [x] tells us, that He- 
 rodian's ftyle is very elegant and perfpicuous ; and adds, to com- 
 plete his charader, that, confidering all the virtues of an hillorian, 
 there are few to whom Herodian ought to give place. Julius 
 Capitolinus mentions Herodian, in his " Life of Clodius Al- 
 binus," as a good hiftorian ; but accufes him, in his '* two 
 Maximins," of bearing too hard upon the memory of Alexander 
 Severus, and his mother Mammea. This charge however does 
 not feem to be well fupported, and Caufabon and Boeder [yJ 
 incline to acquit him of it. It is remarkable, that he fpeaks 
 
 [w] Whear de legend. Hift. &c« p. 74. [ y] Cauf. in notis ad Capit. in Maxlro. 
 Cant. 1684. Bad. p tsfaC. in Herod, 
 
 [x] Bibliothec. c. 99^ 
 
 F % very 
 
68 HERODOTUS. 
 
 Very refpc^hiWy of the clemejicy of Severus, who reigiiet5 
 fourteen years, without taking away the life of any one, other- 
 wife than by the ordinary courfe' of juflice ; which he notes as 
 an inflance very rare, and without example fince the reign of 
 Antoninus the philofophef. As to Mamniea, though he juftly 
 blames her ill condacl in the government of the (tate, yet he 
 Very much commends her care in the education of her fon 5 ef- 
 pccially for excluding frorii him all thofe pelts of courts, which 
 flatter the corrupt inclinations of princes, aand cherifh in them 
 the feeds of vice, and for admitting only perfons that were vir- 
 tuous in their lives and of approved behaviour. We are obliged 
 to this hiftorian, as well as to Dion Caflius, for acquainting us 
 with the ceremonies which the Pagans ufed at the confecratioft 
 of their emperors. In the beginning of his fourth book he has 
 given us fo particular a defcription of all the funeral honours 
 done to the afhes of Severus, which his children tranfported in 
 an alabafter chefi: from England, that it would be difficult to find 
 a relation more exa6l and inftruftive. v- 
 
 Though we have confidered Herodian hitherto as an hiftori^n 
 Oiily, yet Suidas informs us, that he wrote many other books, 
 which have not been preferved from the ruins of time, Herodiah 
 was publifhed by Henry Stephens, in 1581, 4to; by Boeder 
 at Strafbourg in 1662, 8\ j; and by Hudfon at Oxford, in 1669, 
 8vo. The lateft edition, with a prodigious quantity of notes 
 variorum, is that Irmifch, in two large volumes, 8vo, publifhed 
 at LcipHc in 1789. 
 
 HERODCtUS, an ancient Greek hiftorian of HalicarnalTuS 
 in Caria, was born in the firft year of the 74th Olympiad ; that 
 is, about 484 years before Chrift[z]. This -time of his birth 
 is fixed by a paJTage in Aulus Gellius, Book xv. chap. 23. which 
 makes Hellanicus 65, Herodus 53, and Thucydides 40 years 
 old, at the commencement of the Peloponnefian war. The 
 name of his father v^^as Lyxes, of his mother, Dryo. The city 
 of Halicarnairus being at that time under the tyranny of Lyg- 
 damis, grandfon of Arteroifia queen of Caria, Herodotus quitted 
 his country, and retired to Samos; whence he travelled over 
 Egypt, Greece, Italy, &c. and in his travels acquired the know- 
 ledge of the hiftory and origin of many nations* He then 
 began to digefl the materials he had collcfted into order, and 
 compofed that hiftory, which has preferved his name amongft 
 men ever fince. He wrote it in the ifle of Samos, according 
 to the general opinion [a]; but the elder Pliny is of another 
 mind, and affirms it to huve been Written at Thurium, a town 
 in that part of Italy then called Magna Grascia, whither Hero- 
 dotus had retired with an Athenian colony, and where he is 
 
 1%} Swldas In voce 'H^oitTiu [a] Hiit. Nst* 1. xll, c 4. 
 
 fuppofei 
 
HERODOTUS. ^9 
 
 fuppofed to have died, not however before he had returned Into 
 his own country, and by his influence expelled the tyrant Lyg- 
 4amis. At Samosr he fludied the Ionic dialefl, in which he 
 wrote, his native dialeft being Doric. Lucian informs us [b], 
 that when H-erodotus.left Caria to; go into' Greece, he began to 
 c'onfider with himfelf, ..what he {hould do to obtain celebrity and 
 lading fame, in the mod expeditious way, and with as little 
 trouble as pofllble. His hiilory, he prefumed, would eafily 
 procure him fame, and- raife liLs name among the Grecians, in 
 whofe favour it was written : but tlien he forefaw, that it would 
 be very tedious, if not endlefs, to go through the feveral cities 
 of Greece, and recite it to each refpe61:ive city ; to, the Athe- 
 nians, Corinthians, Argives, Lacedaemonians, &c. He thought 
 it mod proper therefore to take the opportunity of- their afiem- 
 bling all together ; and accordingly recited his work at the 
 Olympic games, which rendered him more famous than even 
 thofe who had obtained the prizes. None were ignorant of 
 his name, nor was there a fmgle perfon in Greece, who had 
 not cither feen him at the Olympic games, or heard thofe fpeak 
 of him who had fcen him there; fo that wherever he came, 
 the people pointed to him with their fingers, faying, *^ This 
 is that Herodotus, who has written the Perfian wars in the 
 Jonic dialecl ; this is he who has celebrated our vi6lories." 
 
 His work is divided into nine books, which, according to the 
 computation of Dionyfius Haljcarnaflenfis, contain the moft re- 
 markable occurrences within a period of 240 years ; from the 
 reign of Cyrus the firft king of Perfia, to that of Xerxes, wheri 
 the hiftorian was living. Thefe nine books are called after the 
 nine Mufes, each of which is diftinguifhed by the name of a 
 Mufe: and this has given birth to two difquiiitions am.ong the 
 learned, firft, whether they were fo called by Herodotus himfelf; 
 and fecondly, for what reafon they were fo called. As to the 
 firft, it is generally agreed that Herodotus did not impofe thefe 
 names himfelf ; but it is not agreed why they were jmpofed by 
 others. Lucian, in the place referred to above, tells us, that- 
 thofe names were given them by the Grecians at the Olympic 
 games, when they were firft recited, as the beft cornpliment that 
 could be paid the man who had taken pains to do them fo much 
 honour. Others have thought, that the name of Mufes have, 
 been fixed upon them by way of reproach, and, were defigned tQ- 
 intimate, that Herodotus, inftead of true hiftory, had written 4 
 great deal of fable. But be this as it will : with regard to the 
 truth of his hiftory, it is well known that he- has been accufed by, 
 leycral authors. Thucydides is fuppofed to have' had him ia 
 
 fp]^ Of era, Tom. I. p. 571. Amft. 1687, 
 
jo HERODOTUS. 
 
 his eye, though he only fpeaks of authors in general, when he 
 blames thofe hiftories which were written for no other end but 
 to divert the reader [c]. Strabo accufes Herodotus particularly 
 of this fault, and fays, that he trifles very agreeably, interweaving 
 extraordinary events with his narration, by way of ornament [dJ. 
 Juvenal likewife aims at him in that memorable paifage; 
 
 ** — — — creditur olim 
 Velificatus Athos, & quicquid Grascia mendax 
 Audet in hiftoria." 
 
 But none have ventured to attack him with fo much freedom as 
 Plutarch, who conceived a warm refentment againft him, for 
 carting an odium upon his countrymen the Thebans. This he 
 owns to have been the motive to his writing that little treatife, 
 to be found in his works, ** Of the Malignity of Herodotus[E] ;" 
 in which he accufes the hiitoiian, fays La Mothe le Vayer, of 
 having malicioufly taxed the honour, not only of the Thebans 
 and Corinthians, but almoft all the Greeks, out of partiality to 
 the Medes, and in order to raife the glory of his country higher 
 in the perfon of Artemifia queen of Halicarnaffus; whofe heroic 
 adions in the battle of Salamis he fo exaggerates, that this prin» 
 cefs alone takes up the greateft part of the narration. Plutarch 
 indeed confeflTes, that it is one of the beft written and moft 
 agreeable pieces that can be read; but adds, that amidfl: tha 
 charms of his narrative, he makes his readers fwallow the poifon 
 of detra£lion ; and he compares the malignity he imputes to 
 him, to cantharides covered with rofes. Some think Plutarch's 
 criticifm is written with all the ill-nature which he afcribes to 
 Herodotus: but, fays the author juft cited, *' I have too much 
 veneration for that worthy mafter of Trajan, to be fully fatisfied 
 with fuch an anfwer ; and, to fay the truth, it is hard to confjder, 
 how Herodotus fpeaks of Themiflocles, efpecially in his Urania, 
 where he accufes him of rapines and fecret correfpondence with 
 the Perfians, without believing that Plutarch had reafons for 
 what he faid." Herodotus, however, has not wanted perfons to 
 defend him: Aldus Manutius, Joachim Camerarius, and Henry 
 Stephens, have written apologies for him ; and among other things, 
 have very julUyobferved, Camerarius in particular, that hefeldom 
 relates any thing of doubtful (Credit, but produces the authority on 
 which his narration is grounded ; and if he has no certain au^ 
 thority to fix it upon, ufes always the terms, " ut ferunt, ut 
 ego audivi, &c." And for fear he Ihould be miftaken when he 
 relates any thing wonderful, he declares exprefsly of a parti- 
 cular in his <* Polyhymnia/' wh^t he d^fires may be applied to 
 
 [i] 
 
 Thucyd. Hift. 1. i. [p] Oeograph. 1, xvii, 
 
 Jugen^eas des Hi(loriens Grecs & Latinsi 
 
HERODOTUS. 71 
 
 his hlftory in general, that " though he thinks it right to relate 
 what he has heard, yet he is far from believing, or delivering as 
 true and well-grounded faifls, all which he relates [f]." As for 
 thofe relations, fuch as feeing the fun on the northern fide of the 
 heavens, and other things which were fnppofed to be natural 
 wonders among the ancients, and made him pafs for a fabulous 
 writer, it is well known, that modern voyages and difcoveries 
 have abundantly confirmed the truth of many of them. 
 
 Befides this hiftory, he promifed, in two places of his firft 
 book, to write another ofAffyria: but this, fays Voffius, was 
 never finifhed, at leail: not publiflied; otherwife it would have 
 been mentioned probably by fome of the ancient writers. Not 
 but Ariftotle, fays he, has blamed Herodotus for faying, that 
 *' an eagle drank during the fiege of Nineveh, '* becaufe that 
 bird was known never to drink [gJ ;" which palTage, not being 
 found in the nine books extant, has made fome imagine, that 
 Ariftotle took it from the hiftory of AlTyria. But this is hardly 
 a fufficient proof; not to mention, that where Ariftotle mentions 
 this miftake, fome read Hefiod inftead of Herodotus. There is 
 afcribed alfo to Herodotus a " Life of Homer," which is ufually 
 printed at the end of his works ; but, as Volfius obferves, there 
 is no probability that this was written by the hiftorian, becaufe 
 the author of that life does not agree with him about the time 
 when the poet lived ; for he fays, that Homer flourilhed about 
 168 years after the Trojan war, and 622 years before Xerxes's 
 expedition into Greece ; but Herodotus in his " Euterpe" affirms, 
 that Homer and Hefiod preceded him 400 years, and confe- 
 quently flourKhed a much longer time after the taking of Troy 
 £h]. Befides, the ftyle of this piece is very different from that 
 of Herodotus ; and the author mentions feveral things of Homer, 
 which do not at all agree with what the ancients have faid of 
 that poet. 
 
 Herodotus wrote in the Ionic diale<S, and his ftyle and manner 
 have ever been admired by all readers of tafte. Cicero, in his 
 fecond book, ** De Oratore," fays, that ** he is fo very eloquent 
 and flowing, that he pleafed him exceedingly;" and in his 
 ** Brutus," that " his Ityle is free from all harfhnefs, and glides 
 along like the waters of a ftill river." He calls him alfo the 
 Father of Hiftory ; becaufe he was, if not the firft hiftorian, 
 the firft who brought hiftory to that degree of perfedlion. Qiiin- 
 tilian has given the fame judgement of Herodotus. ** Beiides 
 the flowing fweetnefs of his ftyle, even the dialeil he ufes has 
 a peculiar grace, and feems to exprefs the harmony of num- 
 
 [f] Polyb.c. i5i,andCamerariiProem. [h] Vide XyUndri Annotatlones la 
 In Herodotum. Pluuichum de «iu Homeri. 
 
 ^cj Hilh Aolaaal. 1. vlii. «. iSt 
 
 F 4 bers. 
 
fji H E R O P H I L U S. 
 
 bers. Many," fays he, " have written hiftory well ; but evevy 
 body owns, that there are two hiftorians preferable to the reft, 
 though extremely different from each other. Thucydides is 
 clofe, concife, and fometimes even crowded in his fentences: 
 Herodotus is fweet, copious, and exuberant. Thucydides is 
 jnore proper for men of warm paiHons ; Herodotus for thofe of 
 ^ fedater turn. Thucydides excels in orations: Herodotus in 
 narrations. The one is more forcible \ the other more agree- 
 able [i]." Dionyfius of HalicarnaflTus fays, that Herodotus is 
 the model of the Ionic dialect, as Thucydides is of the Attic : 
 and in his comparifon of thefe two hiftorians, gives almoft 
 throughout, the preference to Herodotus. But this determina- 
 tion, we think, will depend a good deal upon the tempers and; 
 views of thofe who read thefe hillorians ; they, who feek chiefly 
 pleafure and entertainment, will probably like Herodotus the 
 beft ; but they who would reap the fruits wliich juft hiftory always 
 affords, will find their ends more completely anfwered by reading 
 Thucydides. There have been feveral editions of Herodotus ; 
 two by Henry Stephens, in 1570 and 1592; one by Gale at 
 JLondon in 1679; and one by Gronovius at Leyden in 1715. 
 But the bert is that of Weffelingius, publifhed at Amlter- 
 .fiam in 1763. There is alfo an elegant edition in duodecimo, 
 publifhed at Glafgow. The hiftory of Herodotus has been 
 twice tranflated into Englifli, once by Littlebury, in two vols. 
 8vo, without notes : the fecond time by Mr. Beloe, in four 
 Vcl^t with many ufeful and entertaining remarks. There is alfo 
 an excellent French tranflation, by M. Larcher, with very 
 legrned notes, 
 
 • HEROPHILUS of Chalccdon, an ancient phyfician, flou- 
 rifhed almoft five hundred years before Chriil:. Cicero, Pliny, 
 and Plutarch mention him. Fallopius fays, that he was the 
 greater anatomift, and underftood the ftrudture of the human 
 body better, and made more difcoveries therein than Erafiflra- 
 tus his cotemporary. He is alfo faid to have difcovered the lac- 
 teal veffels ; and gave names to the various parts of the body, 
 which they retain to this day. He was a great lover of botany, 
 as vi'ell as phylic and furgery ; and is faid to have made fome 
 confiderable improvement in each of them, Galen calls him a 
 confummate phyfician, and a very great anatomift ; and fays, that 
 thefe two great anatomifts diffetted many human bodies at Alex- 
 andria in Egypt ; Tertullian fays 600, and calls him ** Herophi- 
 lus ille Medicus aut Lanius;" as they are faid to have differed 
 condemned criminals alive.' He is faid alfo to have difcovered 
 the nerves, and their \i£^. ' He makes three forts of them; the 
 |irft to convey fenfation, the fecond to move the bones, and the 
 
 £1] Inftit, Orat. 1. U. & x. 
 
 third 
 
HERRING, 73 
 
 third the mufcles. He alfo mentions the optic nerves, the re- 
 tina, and the tunica arachnoides, and choroides ; the ladleals, 
 inefenteric glands, and the glandule proftatae; and is the firft 
 that wrote any thing diflindly with exadtnefs on the pulfe. 
 
 HERRERA TORDESILLAS (Antonio de), a Spanifh 
 hiltorian of great fame ; firft fecretary to Vefpafiaa Gonzaga, 
 viceroy of Naples, and afterwards grand hiftoriographer of India, 
 with a confiderable penfion under Philip II. He did not receive 
 his money unearned, but publifhed a general hiftory of India 
 from 1492 to 1554, in four volumes, folio. A very ihort time 
 before his death he received from Philip IV. the appointment of 
 fecretary of ftate. He died in 1625, at the age of 60. His 
 hidory of India is a very curious work, carried to a great detail, 
 and chargeable with no defe6ls, except too great a love for the 
 inarvcllous, a degree of national vanity, and too great inflation 
 in the ftyle. He publifhed alfo a general hidory of Spain, from 
 1554 to 1598, which has been lefs efteemed than the other 
 U'ork. It is in three volumes, folio. 
 
 HERRERAS (Ferdinand de), a poet of Seville, remark- 
 able for elegance of ftyle, and facility of verfification. He pub- 
 lifhed lyric and heroic poetry in 1582; and fome works in profe, 
 as, I. " A Life of fir Thomas More." 2. " An Account of 
 the War in Cyprus, and the Battle of Lepanto." 3. '< Notes 
 on Garcilaffo de la Vega." 
 
 HERRING (Dr. Thomas), was the fon of the Rev. John 
 Herring, redlor of Walfoken, in Norfolk ; at which place he 
 •Was born, 1693. He was educated at Wifbech fchool, in the 
 Me of Ely ; and at Jefus-college in Cambridge, where he was 
 entered 1710. He was chofen fellow of Corpus Chrifli col- 
 lege in 1716; and continued a tutor there upwards of feven years. 
 He entered into prieft's orders in 1719, and was fucceflivcly 
 minifter of Great Shelford, Stow cum Qi^ii, and Trinity in 
 Cambridge. In 1722, Fleetwood bifhop of Ely made him 
 his chaplain, and foon after prefented him to Rettindon in 
 Eifex, and to the redlory of Barly in Hertfordfliire. In 1726, 
 the hon. fociety of Lincoln's-Inn chofe him their preacher; 
 and, about the fame time, he took his doftor's degree, and was 
 appointed chaplain in ordinary to his majefty. In 1731, he was 
 prefented to the redory of Blechingley in Surrey ; and towards' 
 the clofe of the year, promoted to the deanery of Rocheftcr. 
 In 1737, he was confecrated bifhop of Bangor; and in 1743, 
 tranflatcd to the archiepifcopal fee of York, on the dcmife of 
 Dr. Blackburn. 
 
 When the rebellion broke out in Scotland, and the High- 
 landers defeated the king's troops at Prefton-pans, the archbifhop 
 contributed much to remove the general panic, and awaken the 
 nation frorr\ its lethargy. He convened the nobility, gentry, 
 I a^id' 
 
74 H E R S E N T. 
 
 and clergy of his diocefe, and addrefTed them in a noble and 
 animated fpeech; which had fuch an effect upon his auditory, 
 that a fubfcription enfued to the amount of 40,000!. and the 
 example was fuccefsfully followed by the nation in general. On 
 the death of Dr. Potter, in 1747, he was tranflated to the fee of 
 Canterbury. In 1753, he was feized with a violent fever, 
 which brought him to the brink of the grave; and though he did 
 in fome meafure recover, yet from that time he might be rather 
 faid to languifh, than to live. He retired to Croydon, declined 
 all public bufinefs, and faw little other company than his rela- 
 tions and particular friends. 
 
 After languifliing about four years, he expired March 13, 
 1757; and, agreeably to the exprefs dire£lion of his will, was 
 interred in a private manner, in the vault of Croydon church. 
 He expended upwards of 6000I. in repairing and adorning the 
 palaces and gardens of Lambeth and Croydon. He pofTefled 
 the virtues of public and private life in a moft eminent degree, 
 and was a true friend to civil and religious liberty. 
 
 In, 1763, a volume of his *' Sermons on public Occafions'* 
 was printed, which bear the ftrongeft marks of unafFedted piety 
 and benevolence i and the profits of the edition were given to 
 the treafurer of the London Infirmary, for the ufe of that cha- 
 rity. There is inferted in the preface an elegy, facred to his 
 menaory, by the Rev. Mr. Fawkes. A volume of his " Let- 
 ters" has alfo been publifhed by the Rev. Mr. Duncombe. 
 
 HERSENT (Charles), or Herfan, a French divine, known 
 chiefly for a violent fatire which he wrote againft cardinal Riche- 
 lieu, under the feigned name of Optatus Callus, which, having 
 been condemned and burnt by the parliament of Paris, is be- 
 come very fcarce, and therefore fells at from 60 to 100 livres, 
 among French colle6lors. It is entitled, " Optati Galli de 
 cavendo Schifmate, Liber Parceneticus," and was publifhed at 
 Paris in 1640, in 8vo. There is, however a counterfeit edition, 
 bearing the fame date, which is diftinguifhed from the true by a 
 very few differences, as fuperiarum for Juperhrey in p. 7, &c. 
 In this book the author maintained that the Gallican church was 
 in danger of feparating from Rome, like the Englifh, and ftre- 
 nuoufly maintained the fupremacy of the pope. The cardinal 
 employed three or four writers to anfwer this anonymous afiTail- 
 ant, but the author in the mean time retired to Rome, where 
 after a time his violence and indifcretion involved him with the 
 inquifition, on fome points refpedting the do£lrine of grace, 
 which he handled in a " Panegyric on St. Louis." He was cited, 
 refufed to appear, and was excommunicated. He therefor* re- 
 turned to France, where he died in 1660. There are extant alfo 
 by him, a paraphrafe on Solomon's Song, in profe, publifhed in 
 1635 j fome funeral orations, fermons, and attacks againft the 
 
 congregatioa 
 
H E R V E Y. 
 
 75 
 
 congregation of the Oratory, which he had quitted ; with a few 
 other pieces. His chief promotion was that of chancellor to the 
 church of Metz. 
 
 HERVEY (James), an Englifli divine of exemplary virtue 
 and piety, was born at Hardingftone, in Northamptonlhire, in 
 1714; had his education at the grammar-fchool at Northamp- 
 ton, and at Lincoln-college in Oxford. After a refidence of 
 feven years, he left the univerfity ; and became, in 1736, curate 
 to his father, then poflTefled of the living of Wefton-Favell. He 
 was afterwards curate at Biddeford, and feveral other places in the 
 Weft. In 1750, at his fathers death, he fucceedcd to the livings 
 of Wefton and CoUingtree ; which being within five miles of each 
 other, he attended alternately with his curate, till his ill health 
 confined him to Wefton. Here he afterwards conftantly refided, 
 and diligently purfued his labours both in his minifterial office 
 and in his ftudy, as long as poftible, under the difadvantage of 
 a weak conftitution. He died on Chriltmas-day, 1758, in his 
 forty-fifth year. His charity was remarkable. It was always 
 his defire to die juft even with the world, and to be, as he called 
 it, his own executor. His fund almoft expired with his life; 
 what little remained he defired might be given in warm clothing 
 to the poor, in that fevere feafon. In point of learning, though 
 not in the firft clafs of fcholars, he was far from being deficient* 
 He was mafter of the three learned languages, and well read in 
 the claflics. But for a more minute account of every part of 
 his charadler, we muft refer the reader to his life, prefixed to his 
 •' Letters," publiftied in two volumes, 8vo. 
 
 His other writings are, i. *< Meditations and Contempla- 
 tions: containing Meditations among the Tombs; Reflexions 
 on a Flower Garden; and a Defcant on Creation, 1746," 8vo, 
 He fold the copy, after it had pafted through feveral editions; 
 which fale, and the profits of the former impreftions, amounted 
 to about 700I. The whole of this he gave in charity ; faying, 
 that as Providence had blelTed his attempt, he thought himfelf 
 bourld to relieve his fellow-creatures with it. 2. " Contempla- 
 tions on the Night and Starry Heavens ; and a Winter Piece, 
 1747," 8vo. Both thefe have been turned into blank verfe, ia 
 imitation of Dr. Young's " Night Thoughts," by Mr. New- 
 comb. 3. " Remarks on Lord Bolingbroke's Letters on the 
 Study and Ufe of Hiftory, fo far as they relate to the Hiftory of 
 the Old Teftamcnt, &c. in a Letter to a Lady of Quality, 1753," 
 8vo. 4. *' Theron and Afpafio ; or, a Series of Dialogues and 
 Letters on the moft important Subje£ls, 1755," 3 vols. 8vo. 
 Some of the principal points which he endeavours to illuftrate 
 in this work, are the following : the beauty and excellence of 
 the Scriptures; the ruin and depravity of human nature; its 
 Jiappy recovery founded on the atonement, and efFeded by the 
 
 Spirit 
 
76 
 
 H E R V E Y. 
 
 Spirit of Chrifl. But the grand article is, the imputed rightcouf* 
 nefs of Chrift; his notion of which has been cenfured, and at- 
 tacked by feveral writers. He introduces moft of his dialogues 
 with defcriptions of fome of the moft delightful fcenes of the 
 creation. To diverfify the work, Ihort fketches of philofophy 
 are alfo occafionally introduced, eafy to be underftood, and cal- 
 culated to entertain the imagination, as well as improve the 
 heart. 5. Some " Sermons," the third edition publifhed after 
 his death, 1759. 6. An edition of **Jenks's Meditations, 1757," 
 with a ftrong recommendatory preface. 7. A recommendatory 
 preface to " Burnham's pious Memorials," publifhed in 1753, 
 Svo. 8. ** Eleven Letters to Wefley." 9. " Letters to Lady 
 Frances Shirley, 1782," 8vo. In the younger part of his life 
 he wrote fome copies of verfes, which fhewed no contemptible 
 genius for poetry; but thefe were fupprefifed by his owti defire. 
 
 HERVEY (Augustus John), third earl of Briftol, fecond 
 fon of John lord Hervey, by Mary daughter of brigadier-ge- 
 neral Lapell, was born May 19, 1724. Choofing a maritime 
 life, he paffed through the fubordinate ftations, and was a lieu* 
 tenant in the year 1744. In the fame ^y ear he firft faw mife 
 Ghudleigh at the houfe of Mrs. Hanmer, her aunt, in Hamp^ 
 fhire; where they were privately married, Aug. 4, in that year. 
 A few days after, Mr. Hervey was obliged to embark for Ja* 
 maica in vice-admiral Davers's fieet. At his return his lady and 
 he lived together, and were confidered by their relations as man 
 and wife. In January, 1747, he was advanced to the ranJc of 
 poft-captain; and in the fame year his lady brought him a fonj; 
 though Ihe continued a maid of honour to the year 1764. This 
 circumflance gave occafion to the following zenigmatical epigram 
 by the late lord Chefterheld. 
 
 " A wife, whom yet no hufband dares to name, 
 A mother, whom no children dare to claini ; 
 All this is true, but it may yet be faid. 
 This wife, this mother, fiill remains a im'ul.''' 
 Soon after this event, a coolnefs arofe between captain Hervey 
 and his wife, which increafed till they both became defirous of 
 a feparation. In Jan. 1747, he was appointed to command the 
 Princefla, and feryed in the Mediterranean under admirals Med- 
 ley and Byng: and after the peace, in Jan. 1752, he obtained 
 the Phoenix of 22 guns. In the courfe of two wars, the cou- 
 rage, zeal, and adlivity, of captain Hervey were diltinguifhed in 
 the Mediterranean, off Breft, at the Havannah, and in other 
 places. During the fame period, he was gradually -advanced to 
 the command of a 74 gun lliip ; and, at the peace in 1763, ha 
 was appointed one of the grooms of the bed-chamber to the 
 Icing. In 1 77 1 he was created one of the lords of the admi-- 
 raltyi and in 1775, on the de^th of bis bf-otberi y/ithout ilfueji 
 
 "lie 
 
H E it V E Y^ *jj 
 
 Jie became earl of Briflol, after having reprefented the borough 
 of St." Edmund's Bury in four parliaments. He now refigncd 
 his places, and was created an admiral. In the beginning of the 
 American war, captain Hc'rvey was a ftrenuous advocate for. the 
 mcafurcs of the miniftry; but changing his politics in the yeat 
 1778, continued to tlie end of it as violent an opponent; not 
 without very ftriking appearances of inconfiftency, on feveral 
 occafions. He died in 1779, when hi j titles, and as much of 
 his edate as he could not leave away, devolved to his brother the 
 bilhop of Derry,. as he left no legitimate heir. The affair of 
 his marriage, which attra6led much public notice at the time, 
 was briefly thus: — After nine years of preparation, his wife, 
 ■who had long lived with the duke of KingftoUy obtained her 
 fuit in the commons, in 1768, by which it was decided that 
 their marriage never had been legal, and was void. She theri 
 ■was married to the dnke of Kingllon, in 1769. But, it appear- 
 ing afterwards that the decifion had been fraudulently obtained^ 
 flic was indi6\ed in 1775 ibr bigamy, tried in the houfe of peers, 
 and found guiity, but as a peerefs^ was difcharged from corporal 
 punifhment. The following well drawn character of lord 
 BriltoU^. written by a contemporary peer in the fea-fervtcej 
 feems to juf?ify the infertion of his name in this place; though 
 there can be no doubt that it is in fome degree heightened by per-* 
 fonal partiality ; and the ehara6ter of a good officer is too com- 
 mon in our navy to demand particular notice. 
 
 " The a6live zeal and diligent affiduity with Tvhich the earl 
 of Briifol ferved, had for fame years impaired' a conftitirtionl 
 naturally ftrong, by expofmg it to the unwholefomenefs of va-* 
 riety of climates, and the infirmities incident to conftant far^ 
 tigue of body and anxiety of mind. His family, his friend5i,i 
 his profeffion, and his country, loft him in the 56th year of hb 
 
 age. 
 
 ** The detail of the merits of fuch a man cannot be unin- 
 terefting, either to the profeffion he adorned, or the country 
 which he ferved, and the remembrance of his virtues muft be 
 pleafing to thofe who were honoured with his eileem ; as every 
 hour and every (ituation of his life afforded frefh opportunities fof 
 xht exercife of fuch virtues, they were beft known to thofe whj 
 faw him moft^ But however ftrong and perfect their impreffion, 
 they can be but inadequately defcribed, by one who long en- 
 joyed the happinefs of his friendfhip, and advantage of his 
 example, and muft ever lament the privation of his fociety. 
 
 ** He engaged in the fea-fervice when he was ten years old: 
 the quicknefs of his parts, the decifion of his temper, the ex 
 cellency of his underfianding, the ailivity of his mind, the ea- 
 gernefs of his ambition, his indefatigable indaftry, his unremit- 
 ting diligence, his corrsd and extenfive irsemory, his ready and 
 
 accurate 
 
7% 
 
 H E R V E y. 
 
 accurate judgement, the promptitude, clearnefs, and arrange* 
 ment with which his ideas were formed, and the happy perfpi- 
 cuity with which they were exprefled, were advantages peculiar 
 to himfelf ; his early education under captain William Hervey, 
 and admiral Byng, (two of the bed officers of their time) with 
 his conftant employment in adive fervice from his firft going ta 
 fea, till the clofe of the laft war[K], had furniflied ample 
 matter for experience, from which his penetrating genius, and 
 juft obfervation, had deduced that extenfive and fyftematic know- 
 ledge of minute circumftances and important principles, which 
 is necefTary to form an expert feaman and a fhining officer r 
 with the moft confummate profeffional flcill, he poflefTcd the mofl 
 perfeft courage that ever fortified an heart, or brightened a cha- 
 racter; he loved enterprife, he was cool in danger, collected in 
 diftrefs, decided in difficulties, ready and judicious in his expe- 
 dients, and perfevering in his determinations; his orders in the 
 molt critical fituations, and for the moft various objects, were- 
 delivered with a firmnefsand precifion, which fpake a confidence 
 in their propriety, and facility in their execution, that enfured 
 a prompt and fuccefsful obedience in thofe to whom they were 
 addrelTed. 
 
 ** Such was his chara£ler as an officer, which made him de- 
 fervedly confpicuous in a profeffion, as honourable to the indi- 
 vidual, as important to the public : nor was he without thofe 
 qualifications and abilities, which could give full weight to the 
 jituation in which his rank and connexions had placed him in 
 civil life ; his early entrance into his profeffion had indeed de- 
 prived him of the advantages of a claffical education; this defedb 
 was however more than balanced by the lefs ornamental, but 
 more folid inftruftion of the fchool he ftudied in: as a member 
 of parliament, he was an eloquent, though not a correal fpeaker: 
 thofe who differed from him in poliiics, confeffed the extent of 
 his knowledge, the variety of his information, and the force of 
 his reafoning, at the fame time that they admired the ingenuity 
 with which he applied them to the f>jpport of his opinions. 
 
 << He was not more eminent for thofe talents by which a 
 country is ferved, than diflinguillied by thofe qualities which 
 render a man ufeful, refpe6led, efteemed, and beloved in fociety. 
 In the general intercourfe of the world, he was an accomplifhed 
 gentleman, and agreeable companion; his manners were noble 
 as his birth, and engaging as his difpofition ; he was humane, 
 benevolent, compaffionate, and generous ; his humanity was 
 confpicuous in his profeffion ; when exercifed towards the fea- 
 men, the fenfibility and attention of a commander they adored, 
 was the moft flattering relief that could be afforded to the fuf- 
 
 [ic] This was written In 17S0. 
 
 feringj 
 
HESHUSIUS. 79 
 
 ferlngs or diftrefTes of thofe who fcrvcd with him ; when exerted 
 towards her enemies, it did honour to his covmtry, by exempli- 
 fying in the moft ftriking manner, that generofity which is the 
 peculiar chara«^eriftic, and moft diftinguifhcd virtue of a brave, 
 free, and enlightened people. In other fituations his liberality 
 Was extenlive without oftentation, and generally beftowed where 
 it would be moft felt and leaft Teen, upon modeft merit, and 
 filent diftrefs ; his friendfhips were warm, and permanent be- 
 yond the grave, extending their influence to thofe who fliared 
 the affections, or enjoyed the patronage of their objedls. His 
 refentment was open, and his forgivcnefs fincere; it was the 
 effeft, perhaps the weaknefs, of an excellent mind, that with 
 him, an injury which he had forgiven, was as ftrong a claim 
 to hisprotedion, as a favour received could be to his gratitude. 
 
 " This bright picture is not without its ftiades ; he had faults; 
 the impctuofity of his nature, and the eagernefs with which he 
 purfucd his objects, carried him fometimes to lengths not juftifi- 
 able; and the high opinion he juftly entertained of his own parts, 
 made him too eafily the dupe and prey of interefted and defigning 
 perfons, whom his cooler judgment would have detefted and de- 
 fpifed, had they not had cunning enough to difcover and flatter 
 his vanity, and fufficient art to avail themfelves of abilities which 
 they did not poffefs. — But let it be remembered, that his failings 
 were thofe of a warm temper, and unguarded difpofition; his 
 virtues thofe of an heart formed for every thing amiable in pri- 
 vate, every thing great in public life." 
 
 HERWART, or HERVART (John Frederic), chan- 
 cellor of Bavaria at the beginning of the feventeenth century, 
 and of a noble family in Augfburg, piiblifhed fome works in 
 which his learning was more difplayed than his genius, in fup- 
 porting the moft extravagant fyftems. Thefe are, i. " Chro- 
 nologia nova et vera," two parts, 4to, 1622 and 1626. 2. ** Ad- 
 miranda Ethicas Theologicse Myfteria propalata, de antiquif- 
 fima veterum nationum fuperftitione, qua lapis Magnes pro Deo 
 habitus colebatur.*' Monach. 1626, in 410, It was here fup- 
 ported, as the title intimates, that the ancient Egyptians wor- 
 Ihipped the magnet, &c. 3. " An Apology for the Emperoi 
 Louis of Bavaria, againft the falftioodsof Bzovius." 
 
 HESHUSIUS (TiLLEMANNUs), a German proteftant theo- 
 logian, born at Wefel in the dutchy of Cleves, in I526. He 
 taught theology in feveral cities of Germany, but was of fo 
 turbulent a fpirit as to be exiled almoft from every one. He 
 died at the age of 62, in 1588. His works are, i. " Com- 
 mentaries on the Pfalms." 2. " On Ifaiah." 3. " On ail 
 the Epiftles of St. Paul." 4. ** A Treatife on Juftification and 
 the Lord's Supper." 5. " Sexcenti errores, pleni Blafphemiis 
 in Deum, quos Romana pontificiaque Ecclefia contra Dcum 
 
 furenfer 
 
U H E S I O D. 
 
 furehter defendit." This is fcarce. 6. Other mifcellancoujs 
 productions. 
 
 HESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, but whether contem- 
 porary with, or older or younger than Homer-, is not#yet agreed 
 among the learned ; nor is there light enough in antiquity to fetile 
 the point exactly. His father, as he tells us[l], was an inha- 
 bitant of Curaa, in one of the .^olian ifles, now called Taio 
 Nova ; and renioved from thence to Afcra, a village of Boeotia 
 at the foot of mount Helicon, Avhere Hefiod was probably born^ 
 and called, as he often is, Afcrxus from it. Of what quality 
 his father was, is no where faid ; but that he was driven by 
 misfortunes from Cuma to Afcra, Hefiod himfelf informs uSi 
 His father fecms to have profpered better at Afcra, than he did 
 in his own country ; yet Hefiod could arrive at no higher for- 
 tune, than keeping of fheep at the top of Helicon. Here the 
 Mufes met with him, and received him into their fervice. To this 
 account, which is to be found in the beginning of his " Gene- 
 ratio Deorum," Ovid alludes in thefe two lines: 
 
 " Nee mihi funt vifas Clio, Cliufque forores, 
 Servanii pecudes vallibus, Afcra^ tuis." 
 Nor Clio nor her fifters have I feenj 
 As Hefiod faw them in the Afcraean green. 
 
 tJpon the death of the father, an eflate was left, which oughi 
 to have been equally divided between the two brothers Hefiod 
 and Perfes ; but Perfes defrauded him in the divifion, by cor- 
 rupting the judges. Hefiod was fo far from refenting this in- 
 jultice, that he exprefles a concern for thofe poor miftaken mor- 
 tals who place their happinefs in riches only, even at the ex- 
 pence of their virtue. He lets us know, that he was not only 
 above want, but capable of afiifting his brother in time of need; 
 which he often did, though he had been fo ill ufed by him. 
 The lafi circumftance he mentions relating to himfelf, is his 
 conqueft in a poetical contention. Archidam.as king of Euboea^ 
 had inftituted funeral games in honour of his own memory, 
 which his fons afterwards took care to have performed. Here 
 Hefiod was a competitor for the prize in poetry, and won a 
 tripod, which he confecrated to the Mufes. Plutarch, in his 
 ** Banquet of the Seven Wife Men," makes Periander give an 
 account of the poetical contention at Chalcis, in which Heliod 
 and Homer are made antagOnifts. ia^iiod was the conqueror, 
 and dedicated the tripod, which he received for his vidory, to the 
 ^Mufes, with this infcription: 
 
 *' This Hefiod v->v,s to th' Heliconian nine, 
 In Chalcis won trom Hom^r the divine." 
 
 [l] Opera et dies* 
 
H E S I O D. 8i 
 
 We are told, that Philip of Macedon and his fon Alexander 
 had a difpute on this fubjedl. The prince declared in favour 
 of Homer; his father told him, ** that the prize had been given 
 to Hefiodj" and afked him, whether " he had never feen tha 
 verfes Hefiod had infcribed upon the tripos, and dedicated to the 
 Mufes on mount Helicon ?" Alexander allowed it; but faid, that 
 Hefiod " might well get the better, wh^n kings were not the 
 judges, but ignorant ploughmen and ruflics." The authority of 
 thefe relations is however queftioned by learned men; efpecially 
 by fuch as will not allow thefe two poets to have been contem- 
 poraries, but make Hefiod between thirty and forty years the 
 older of the two. 
 
 Hefiod, having entered himfelf into the fervice of the Mufes, 
 difcontinued the paftoral life, and applied himfelf to the ftudy of 
 arts and learning. When he was grown old, for it is agreed by 
 all that he lived to a very great age, he removed to Locris, a town 
 about the fame diftance from ParnaflTus, as Afcra was from He- 
 licon. The (lory of his death, as told by Solon in Plutarch's 
 ** Banquet," is very remarkable. The man with whom Hefiod 
 lived at Locris, a Mileiian born, ravifhed a maid in the fame 
 houfe : and though Hefiod was entirely ignorant of the fadl, yet 
 being maliciouily accufed to her brothers as an accomplice, he 
 was injurioufly (lain with the ravilher, and thrown with him 
 into the fea. It is added, that when the inhabitants of the place 
 heard of the crime, they drowned the perpetrators, and burned 
 their houfes. We have the knowledge of fome few monu- 
 ments, which were framed in honour of this poet. Paufanias,. 
 in his Boeotics, informs us, that his countrymen the Boeo- 
 tians, ere6led to him an image with a harp in his hand; andi 
 relates in another place, that there was likewife a ftatue of Hefiod' 
 in the temple of Jupiter Olympicus. Urfinus and Boifiard have 
 exhibited a breaft with a head, a trunk without a head, and .'i 
 gem of him ; and Urfinus fays, that there is a ftatue of brafs of 
 feim in the public college at Conilantinople. The " Theogony'* 
 and " Works and Days," are the only undoubted pieces of this 
 poet now extant: though it is fuppofed, that thefe poems hive not 
 defcended perfedl: and finiflied to the prefent times. The " The- 
 ogony, or Generation of the Gods," Fabrlcius [l] makes indif- 
 putably the work of Hefiod; " nor is it to be doubted," adds 
 he, " that Pythagoras took it for his, who feigned that he faw 
 in hell the foul of Hefiod tied in chains to a brafs pillar, for 
 what he had written concerning the nature of the Gods." This 
 doubtlefs was the poem, which gave Herodotus occafion to fay, 
 that Hefiod and Homer were the firft who introduced a The- 
 ogony among the Grecians; the firft who gave names to the 
 
 [t] Biblioth. GfKC. V. >, 
 
 ■ Vol. Vllf. . Q C!o{kj 
 
82 ■ H E S S E L S. 
 
 Gods, afcribed to them honours and arts, and gave particular 
 defcriptions of their perfons. The " Works and Days" of 
 Hefiod, Plutarch afTures us, were ufed to be fung to the harp. 
 Virgil has fhewn great refpc6l !o this poet, and taken occafion 
 to pay a very high compliment to him : 
 
 " Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Mufic, 
 Afcraso quos ante feni ; quibus ille folebat 
 Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornus." 
 
 He was indeed much obliged to him, and propofed him as his 
 pattern in his Georgics, though in truth he has greatly excelled 
 him. There is alfo in the works of Hefiod a large fragment 
 of another poem, called the <* Shield of Hercules," which fome 
 have afcribed to him, and fome have'rejefted. Manilius [mJ 
 has given a high characEler of this poet and his works. Hein- 
 fms in the preface to his edition of Hefiod remarks, that among 
 all the poets, he fcarce knew any but Homer and Hefiod, who 
 could reprefent nature in her true native drefs ; and tells us, that 
 nature had begun and perfefted at the fame time her work in 
 thefe two poets, whom for that very reafon he makes no fcruple 
 to call Divine. In general, the merit of Hefiod has not been 
 cftimated fo highly ; and it is certain that, when compared with 
 Homer, he muft pafs for a very moderate poet : though in defining 
 their different degrees of merit, it may perhaps be but reafonable 
 to confider the different fubje6ls, on which the genius of each was 
 employed. A good edition of Hefiod's works was piiblilhed by 
 Xe Clerc at Amfterdam, in 1701. Robinfon's in 4to, publifhed 
 at Oxford in 1737, is alfo eiteemed; but the beO: at prefent is 
 Loefner's in 8vo, Leipfic, 1778. 
 
 HESSELS (John), or Heffelius, a celebrated profeffor of 
 theology at Louvain, where he was born in the year 1522. 
 .Being fent as a legate to the council of Trent, he greatly dillin- 
 l^'uiihed himfelf by his profound erudition. He was particu- 
 larly converfant in the works of St. Auftiu and St. Jerom, and 
 was more remarkable for judgement than for eloquence. After 
 having been affli6led by the flone, he died of an apoplexy at the 
 early age of 44, in the year 1566, and was buried in the church 
 of St. Peter at Louvain, of which he was a canon. He wrote 
 a great number of controverfial works againft the proteftants, 
 "which in his time were much efteemcd. Alfo, i. " Com- 
 mentaries on St. Matthew, and feveral of the Epiftles." 2. " A 
 famous Catechifm," containing a va(l mafs of moral and theolo- 
 gical learning. His epitaph fays, " Hxrefts fuo tempore graf- 
 fantes turn viva voce, turn editis libris (Irenue profligavit." " The 
 herefies which were fpreadjng in his time he ftoutly defeated 
 
 [m] In Aftronom. 
 
 both 
 
H E V E L I U S. 83 
 
 both by fpecches and books." Which means no more than that 
 he wrote ably againft the reformers. 
 
 HESYCHIUS, a celebrated grammarian of Alexandria; 
 whom Ifaac Cafaubon has declared to be, in his opinion, of all 
 the ancient critics, whofe remains are extant, the molt learned and 
 inflrudlive, for thofe who would apply themfelves in earnelt to the 
 ftudy of the Greek language. Who or what Hefychius was, and 
 indeed at what time precifely he lived, are circumftances which 
 there is not light enough in antiquity to determine; as Fabri* 
 cius himfelf owns [n], who has laboured abundantly about them. 
 He has left us a learned lexicon or vocabulary of Greek words, 
 from which we may perceive, that he was a Chriftian, or, at leaft, 
 that he had a thorough and intimate knowledge of ChriftiaJiity ; 
 for he has inferted in his work the names of the apoftles, evan- 
 gelifls, and prophets, as well as of thofe ancient writers who 
 have commented upon them. Some fay, that he was a difciple 
 of Gregory of Nazianzen, and that he was extremely well 
 verfed in the Sacred Scriptures: and Sixtus Sinenfis is of opi- 
 nion that he ought to be placed about the end of the fourth cen- 
 tury. The firft edition of HefycHius's lexicon was pulifhed ia 
 folio by Aldus at Venice in 1513 ; then appeared one by Schre- 
 velius, at Leyden in 4to, in 1668, in Greek only. The beft 
 edition is in two volumes, folio ; the firft publifhed by Alberti at 
 Leyden in 1746; the fecond, completed by Ruhnkenius, after 
 the death of Alberti, and publilhed in 1706. This is a com- 
 plete and excellent edition, abounding in learned and ufeful 
 notes. It is reckoned one of the beft editions exifting of any- 
 ancient author. But, after all the labours of the acuteft men, 
 much yet remains to be corrected and difcovered in this work. 
 
 Julius Scaliger has fpoken with great contempt of Hefychius, 
 and calls him a frivolous author, who has nothing that is good 
 in him: ** but," fays Baillet, •* I believe this critic is very lin- 
 gular in his opinion. His fon Jofeph on the contrary declares, 
 that Hefychius is a very good author, though we have nothing 
 left of him but an epitome, and though his citations are loft 
 beyond recovery. Meric Cafaubon alfo efteems him a moft 
 excellent grammarian ; and Menage calls him the moft learned 
 of all the makers of didionaries. Well therefore might Bar- 
 thius pronounce it as he does, a moft unpardonable crime [oj» 
 in him who took upon him to epitomize Hefychius, and to fe- 
 parate from the vocabulary the teftimonies of ancient authors." 
 
 HEVELIUS (JohnJ, or Hevelke, a celebrated aftronomer 
 and mathematician, was born at Dantzick, Jan. 28, 1611, His 
 parents, who were of rank and fortune, gave hini a liberal edu- 
 cation ; in which he difcovered early a propenfity to natural 
 
 [n] Biblioth. Grjec. IV. p, 540, &c. [0] Jugemens des Sjavans, Tom. IL 
 
 !•. 585. Paris, 1 71 a, 
 
 Q Z philofophy 
 
S4 
 
 H E V E L I U S. 
 
 philofophy and agronomy. He ftudied mathematics under Peter 
 Crugeriis, in which he made a wonderful progrcfs ; and learned 
 alfo to draw, to engrave, and to work both in wood and iron in 
 fuch a manner, as to be able to frame mechanical inftruments. 
 In 1630, he fet out upon his travels, in which he fpent four 
 years, pafling through Holland, England, France, and Germany; 
 and upon his return was fo taken up with civil affairs, that he 
 was obliged to intermit his ftudies for fome years. Mean while, 
 his maftcr Crugerus, knowing well the force of his genius, and 
 entertaining no fmall expectations from him, ufed all the means 
 he could devife to bring him back to aftronomy ; and fucceeded 
 fo well, that, in 1639, Hevelius began to apply himfelf entirely 
 to it. He confidered very wifely, that hypothefes, however they 
 may fhew the ingenuity of their inventors, are of but little ufe 
 in the promotion of real knowledge ; and that faiSls are the only 
 foundation, on which any folid fcience can be raifed. He there- 
 fore began his application by building an obfervatory upon the 
 top of his houfe, which he furniflied with inftruments for inak- 
 ing the mofl: accurate obfervations. He conftrudled excellent 
 telefcopes himfelf, and began his obfervations with the moon, 
 whofe various phafes and fpots he noted very accurately; " with 
 a view," as he fays, " of taking lunar eclipfes with greater ex~ 
 adlnefs[p], and removing thofe difficulties, which frequently 
 arife for want of being able to fettle more precifely the quan- 
 tity of an eclipfe." When he had finiflied his courfe of obfer- 
 vations, and prepared a great number of fine engravings upon 
 copper with his own hands, he publifhed his work at Dantzick, 
 1647, under the title of, " Selenographia, five, Lunse defcriptio; 
 atque accurata tarn macularum ejus quam motuum diverforum, 
 aliarumque oinnium vicillitudinum phafiumque, telefcopii ope 
 deprehenfarum, delineatio :" to which he added, by way of ap- 
 pendix, the phafes of the other planets, as they are feen through 
 the telefcope, with obfervations upon them, upon the fpots of 
 the Sun and Jupiter in particular; all engraved by himfelf upon 
 copper, and diliindlly placed before the eyes of the reader. At 
 the entrance of this work there is a handfome mezzotint© of 
 himfelf by Falek, as he then was in his 36th year, with an en- 
 comium in Latin verfe engraved under it ; which, as we take it 
 to contain no more than is ftriftly due to his merit, is here 
 given for the entertainment of the reader: the verfes are bad 
 enough, but the compliment was well deferved: 
 
 ** Contemplare virum, qui coeli fydera primus, 
 Qus vidit, fculpfit ; mente manuque valens, 
 
 Haclenus ut nemo: quod tellareris, Alhafen ; 
 Si in vivis elfes, tu, Galilase, quoque. 
 
 Expreflit coelo Faleki celeberrima dextra 
 Hevelium, patriae nobile fidus humi." 
 
 [p] Prxfat. ad Selenograp. AliCt 
 
HEVELIUS. 85 
 
 Aflerthis, Hclvetius continued to make his obfcrvations upon the 
 heavens, and to publi(h, from time to time, whatever he thought 
 might tend to the advancement of aftronomy. In 1654, he 
 pnbliflied two epiflles: one to the faqious aftronomer Ricciolus, 
 •* De motu Luhk libratorio;" another to the no lefs famous 
 Bulialdus, " De utriufque himinaris defe£lu." In 1656, a dif- 
 fertation " De natiira Saturni faciei, ejufque phafibus ctrta pe- 
 riodo redeuntibus." In 166 1, ** Mercurius in fole vifus." In 
 1662, " Hilloriola de nova ftella in collo Ceti." In 1665, 
 *' Prodromus Cometicus, or the Hiftory of a Comet, which ap- 
 peared in 1664." In 1666, *' The Hirtory of another Comet, 
 which appeared in 1665;" and, in 1668, " Cometographia, co- 
 metarum naturam, &c omnium a mundo condito hiftoriam exhi- 
 bens." He fent copies of this work to feveral members of the 
 Royal Society at London, and among the reft to Hooke ; whom 
 wc mention particularly, becaufe of a very warm difpute which 
 this prefent accidentally occafioned foon after between thefe phi- 
 lofophers. In return for the ** Cometographia," Hooke fent 
 Hevelius a defcription of the dioptric telefcope, with an account 
 of the manner of ufing it ; and at the fame time recommended 
 it to him, as greatly preferable to telefcopes with plain fights. 
 This gave rife to the difpute between them ; the point of which 
 was, " whether diflances and altitudes could be taken with plain 
 fights any nearer than to a minute." Hooke afierted that they 
 could not; but that, with an inftrument of a fpan radius, by the 
 help of a telefcope, they might be determined to the exa6lnefs 
 of a fecond. Hevelius, on the other hand, infifled, that, by 
 the advantage of a good eye and long ufe, he was able with his 
 inftruments to come up even to that exadtnefs ; and appealing 
 to experience and fads, fent by way of challenge eight diftances, 
 each between two different ftars, to be examined by Hooke. 
 Thus the affair refled for fome time with outward decency, but 
 not without fome inward enmity between the parties. In 1673, 
 Hevelius publifhed the firft part of his " Machina Coeleflis," as 
 a fpecimen of the exadnefs both of his inflrumcnts and ob- 
 fervations ; and fent feveral copies as prefents to his friends in 
 England, but omitted Hooke. This, it is fuppofed, occafioned 
 Hooke to print, in 1674, *' Animadverfions on the firft part of 
 the Machina Cosleftis;" in which he treated Hevelius with a very 
 magifterial air, and threw out feveral unhandfome refie£lions, 
 which were greatly refented ; and the difpute grew afterwards fo 
 public, and rofe to fiich a height, that, in 1679, Hailey went, 
 at the requeft of the Royal Society, to examine both the inftru- 
 ments and the obfervations made with them. Hailey gave a 
 favourable judgement of both, in a letter to Hevelius ; and 
 Hooke managed the controverfy fo ill, that he was univerfally 
 condemned, though the preference has fmce been given to tele- 
 
 G 3 fcopic 
 
S6 H E V E L I U S. 
 
 Tcoplc figfits. Hevelius, however, could not be prevailed witti 
 to make ufe of them: whether he thought himfelf too experi- 
 enced to be informed by a young aftronomer, as he confidered 
 Hooke; or whether, having made fo many obfervations with 
 plain fights, he was unwilling to alter his method, left he might 
 bring their exaflnefs into queftion ; or whether, being by long 
 pradice accuftomed to the ufe of them, and not thoroughly appre- 
 hending the ufe of the other, nor well underftanding the difference, 
 is uncertain. Befides Halley's letter, Hevelius received many 
 others in his favour, which he took the opportunity of inferting 
 among the aftronomical obfervations in his " Annus Climadle- 
 ricus," printed in 1685. In a long preface prefixed to this 
 work, he fpoke with more confidence and greater indignation 
 than he had done before; and particularly exclairned againft 
 Hooke's dogmatical and magifterial manner of affuming a kind 
 of di6latorfhip over him. This revived the difpute, and caufed 
 feveral learned men to engage in it. The book itfelf being fent 
 to the Royal Society, an account was given of it at their requeft 
 by Dr. Wallis ; who, among other things took notice, that 
 " Hevelius's obfervations had been mifreprefented, fince it ap- 
 peared from this book, that he could diftinguifh by plain fights 
 to a fmall part of a minute." About the fame time, Molyneux 
 alfo wrote a letter to the fociety, in vindication of Hevelius 
 againft Hooke's " Animadverfions." Hooke drew up an an- 
 fwer to this letter, which was read likewife before the fociety; 
 wherein he obferved, '* that he was not the aggrelTor, and denied 
 that he had intended to depreciate Hevelius." 
 
 In 1679, Hevelius had publifhed the fecond part of his 
 ** Machina Coeleftis ;" but the fame year, while he was at a feat 
 in the country, he had the misfortune to have his houfe at Dant- 
 zick burnt down. By this calamity he is faid to have fuftained 
 feveral thoufand pounds damage ; having not only his obfervatory 
 and all his valuable inftruments and aftronomical apparatus de- 
 ftroyed, but alfo a great number of copies of his " Machina 
 Coeleftis;" which accident has made this fecond part very fcarce, 
 and confequently very dear. In 1690, were publifhed adefcrip- 
 tion of the heavens, called, ** Firmamentum Sobiefcianum," in 
 honour of John III. king of Poland; and ** Prodromus aftro- 
 nomise, & novai tabulae folares, una cum catalogo fixarum," 
 in which he lays down the neceffary preliminaries for taking an 
 exact catalogue of the ftars. Both thefe works however were 
 pofthumous ; for Hevelius died January 28, 1687, which was 
 the day of his birth, on which he entered upon his 77th year. 
 He was a man greatly efteemed by his countrymen, not only on 
 account of his^^kill in aftronomy, but as an excellent and worthy 
 jnagiftrate. He was made a burgomafter of Dantzick ; which 
 office he is faid to have executed with the utmoft integrity and 
 
 applaufe. 
 
• HEUSINGER. 87 
 
 applaure. He was alfo very highly efteemed by foreigners; aqd 
 not only by foreigners llcilled in aftronomy and the fciences, but 
 by foreign princes and potentates : as appears abundantly evident 
 from a colIe<Slion of their letters, which were printed at Dant- 
 zick in 1683. 
 
 HEURNIUS (John), a celebrated phyfician, born at Utrecht 
 in 1543. After having made hinifelf mafter of every thing be- 
 longing to his art at Louvain, Paris, Padua, Turin, he was in- 
 vited to Leyden to be profeflbr there. He is faid to have been 
 the firft in this place who taught anatomy by Icclurcs upon human 
 bodies. He died of the ftone in 1601. There are feveral of his 
 produdions extant, but the moft capital is, " A Treatife upon 
 Diforders of the Head." It is, fays Julius Scaliger, " as much 
 fuperior to his other works, as the head is fuperior to other parts 
 of the body ;" but Scaliger's praifes as well as hiscenfures were 
 for the moll: part extravagant. Heurnius publifhed Hippocrates 
 in Greek and Latin, with explanatory commentaries, which have 
 undergone many editions: the fourth was at Amfterdam, 1688, 
 in i2mo. Gerrard Voffius calls h\m fummtim Medicum \ and 
 fays, that he was his mafter in Jc'ieniid nahtrali. His works 
 were publifhed in folio at Leyden in 1658. He had a fon named 
 Otto, who alfo obtained fome celebrity. 
 
 HEUSINGER, (John Michael), a celebrated Saxon di- 
 vine and fcholar, was born in September, 1690, at Sunderhaufen 
 in Thuringia [q_]. He ftudied at home and at Gotha, when 
 having cietermined for the clerical profeffion, he removed in 
 1708 to Halle. Hence, after a fliort ftay, he went to Jena, 
 where he purfued his theological fludies under the celebrated 
 Buddeus, and his philological under Danzius. In 171 1, he re- 
 turned to Halle ; but, being obliged by ill health to change the 
 air, he took a literary tour to Eifenach, CafTel, Marpurg, and 
 Gieflen. At the latter of thefe places he fettled, and took pupils, 
 in 1715 ; but in 1722, undertook the care of a fchool at Lau- 
 bach. In 1730 he was appointed a profeflbr at Gotha, where 
 he remained till 1738, when by particular invitation he gave up 
 that fituation for a fimilar one of more profit at Eifenach. Heu- 
 fmger was married, and had a fon and two daughters. He died in 
 March, 1 75 1 . This philologer is highly praifed by his biographer 
 for learning, piety, good temper, and found judgement. He 
 publifhed feveral editions of claffical books; as, *' Julian's Cie- 
 fars," with notes, Gotha, 1736. *' i^ifop's Fables," in Greek. 
 "Phaedrus." " Three Orations of Cicero." '• Cornelius Nepos," 
 Eifenach, 1747, and others \ befides feveral valuable editions of 
 modern philological work^. His original produdtions confift 
 
 [^■] Harles dt Vitit Pfailol. noftra at. dariff. Tom. i. 
 
 G 4 chiefly 
 
88 HEYLIN. 
 
 chiefly of academical prolufions and difputations, of which his 
 biographei' gives a long lift. 
 
 HEUSINGER (James pRBDERitK), was a nephew of the 
 former, under whom he made his principal ftudies at Gotha [r]. 
 He was born in 17 19, at Ufingen^in Wetteravia, near Eifenach; 
 and, when prepared by his uncle for academical lectures, com- 
 pleted his education at Jena. There, after fome time, he began 
 to teach philology, and continued his ledlures for fix years; but 
 in 1750 removed to Wolfenbuttcl, where he was at firft fecond 
 tnafter of the principal fchool ; but in 1759 became head mafter. 
 Thefe fituations he filled with the greateft credit; being a good 
 grammarian, a found critic, and an admirable interpreter of 
 Greek and Latin authors. He died in 1778, having madehim- 
 felf famous by feveral very learned publications ; the chief of 
 which are, i. " A Specimen of Obfervations on the Ajax and 
 Eledra of Sophocles," 1746, at Jena. 2. ** An edition of Plu- 
 tarch on Education, with the Verfion of Xylander corrected j 
 and his own Annotations," Leipfic, 1749. This traft, how- 
 ever, Wyttenbach pronounces to be one of thofe that are falfely 
 afcribed to Plutarch. 3. ** Flavii Mallii Theodori, de metris 
 liber;" from old manufcripts. This was printed in 4to, at 
 Wolfenbuttcl, in 1759. J. F. Heufinger was twice married 
 and left a fon, who is alfo a man of learning. 
 
 HEYLIN (Dr. Peter), an Englifh divine, defcended from 
 an ancient family at Pentric-Heylin in Montgomeryfhire, was 
 born at Burford in Oxfordfhire, Nov. 29, 1600 [s]. In 1613, 
 he was entered of Hart- hall in Oxford, and two years after 
 chofen a demy of Magdalen college. He had, while at fchool, 
 given a fpecimen of his genius for dramatic poetry, in a tragi- 
 comedy on the wars and fate of Troy ; and now compofed a 
 tragedy, entitled, " Spurius," which was fo approved by his fo- 
 ciety, that the prefident. Dr. Langton, ordered it to be a<^ed in 
 his apartments. After this, he read cofmographical le6lures in 
 the college, which being a very unufual thing, and he very con- 
 verfant in that branch of fcience, fo much recommended him to 
 the fociety, that he was chofen fellow in 1619. In 1621, he 
 publilhed his " Microcofmus, or Defcription of the World;'* 
 the chief materials of which were the lecElures juft mentioned. 
 It was univerfally approved, and fo fpeedily fold, that, in 1624, 
 it was reprinted in the fame fize, but with confiderable additions, 
 and again prefented to prince Charles, to whom it had been de- 
 dicated. It was foon after put into the hands of the king, who 
 feemed at firft greatly pleafed with it; till meeting with a paf- 
 fage in it, where Heylin gave precedency to the French king, 
 
 I «] Harles de Vitis Philol. noftra apt. clarifT. Tom. III. 
 [^J Ath. Oxon. Barnard's Life of Heylin, p. 74. 
 
 and 
 
HEYLIN. S<) 
 
 and rtyled France the more famous kingdom, he took fo much 
 offence, that he ordered the lord-keeper to fupprefs the book. 
 Heylin, to make his peace with the king, declared that the 
 error, in one of the exceptionable palTages, was entirely the 
 printer's, who had put is inflead of was ; and that when he 
 himfelf mentioned the precedency of France before England, 
 he did not fpeak of England, as it then flood augmented by 
 Scotland, and befides he took what he did fay from Camden's 
 Remains, James was hereby fatisfied, and Heylin took care, 
 on the other hand, that the whole claufe, which gave fo much 
 difguft, ihould be left out in all future impreilions. The work 
 Was afterwards fucceffively enlarged, till it became a great folio, 
 and has fmce been often reprinted in that fize. 
 
 In 1625, he went over to France, where he continued about 
 fix weeks, and took down in writing an account of his journey; 
 the original manufcript of which he gave to his friend lord Dan- 
 vers, but kept a copy for himfelf, which was publifhed about 
 30 years after. In April, 1627, he anfvv^ered, pro forma, upon 
 thefe two queftions : i . ** An ecclefia unquam fuerit invifibilis?'* 
 ** Whether the church was ever invifible?" 2. " An eccle- 
 fia poflit errare?" *' Whether the church can err?" both 
 which determining in the affirmative, a great claipiour was raifed 
 againft him as a papift, or at leaft a favourer of popery. Wood 
 fays, that Prideaux, the divinity-profeflbr, *' fell foul upon hint 
 for it, calling him Bellarminian, Pontifician, and I know not 
 what." Heylin was not eafy under the charge of being po- 
 pilhly afFe£led; for which reafon, to clear himfelf from that 
 imputation, he took an opportunity, in preaching before the 
 king on John iv. 2o. of declaring vehemently againft fome of 
 the errors and corruptions of the Romifh church. In 1628, 
 lord Danvers, then earl of Danby, recommended him to Laud^ 
 then bifhop of Bath and Wells ; by whofe intereft alfo, in 1629, 
 he was made one of the chaplains in ordinary to his majefty. 
 On A6l-Sunday 1630, he preached before the univerfity of 
 Oxford at St. Mary's on Matth. xiii. 25. whence he took oc* 
 cafion to deliver his fentiments very freely in regard to an affair 
 which at firft fight had a fpecious appearance of promoting the 
 honour and emolument of the eccleliaftical ftate, but was in 
 reality a moft iniquitous fcheme, injurious to the laity, and 
 of no fervice where it was pretended to avail. This was a 
 feoffment, that fome defigning perfons had obtained, for the 
 buying in of impropriations ; but Heylin, feeing through the 
 difguife, expofed very clearly the knavery of the defigners- 
 About this time he refigned his fellow fhip, having been married 
 near two years ; in concealing which marriage he adled very 
 unftatutably, not to fay difhoneAly, nor did his friends attempt 
 to juftify him for it. 
 
 In 
 
90* H E Y L I N. 
 
 In 1 631, he publifhed his " Hiftory of that mort famoiis 
 Saint and Soldier of Jefus Chrift, St. George of Cappadocia, 
 &CC. to which he fubjoined, the Inftitution of the moft Noble 
 Order of St. George, named the Garter ;" &c. which work he 
 prefented to his majefty, to whom he was introduced by Laud, 
 then raifed to the fee of London. It was gracioufly received by 
 the king, and Heylin foon after reaped the fruits of it : for in 
 0£l. 1 63 1 he was prefented to the redory of Heinmingford in 
 Huntingdonfhire, toa prebend of Weftminiler in November fol- 
 lowing, and fhortly after to the re6lory of Houghton in the bi- 
 Ihopric of Durham, worth near 400I. per annum. In April 1633, 
 he was created D. D. and gave frefh offence to the divinity-pro- 
 feffor Prideaux by the queftions he put up ; which were, i . " Whe- 
 ther the church hath authority in determining controverfies of 
 faith?" 2. " Whether the church hath authority of interpreting 
 the Sacred Scriptures?" 3. " Whether the church hath authority 
 of appointint?; rites and ceremonies?" Of all v/hich he main- 
 tained the afiirmative. Prideaux, however, in the courfe of this 
 difpute, is faid to have laid down fome tenets, which gave as 
 much offence to Laud, who was chancellor- of Oxford, and to 
 the king, whom Laud informed of them, as Heylin's had given 
 to him ; as, " That the church was a mere chimera" — *' That it 
 did not teach nor determine any thing." — " That controverfies 
 had better be referred to univerfities than to the church, and 
 might be decided by the literati there, even though bifhops were 
 laid afide." Pleylin afterwards found an opportunity of re- 
 venging himfelf on Prideaux, for the rough treatment he had 
 received from him. This divine, we are told, had delivered a lec- 
 ture on the fabbath, fomevvhat freer than fuited the rigid ortho- 
 doxy of the times; of which, however, not much notice was 
 taken. But fnortly after, when the king, by publifhing the 
 book of fports on Sundays, had raifed a violent outcry through- 
 out the nation againft himfelf and Laud, Heylin tranilated this 
 lecture into Englilh, and publiflied it with a preface in 1633-4, 
 to the great vexation of Prideaux, who hereby fuffered much 
 in the efleem and afFe6lion of the puritans. 
 
 Williams, billiop of Lincoln and dean of Weflminfter, hav- 
 ing incurred the king's and Laud's difplcafure, was now fuf- 
 pended and imprifoned, whereupon Heylin was made treafurer 
 of the church of Weftminfter in 1637 ; and was alfo prefented 
 by the prebendaries, his brethren, to the reftory of I flip near 
 Oxford. This he exchanged in 1638, for that of South- Warn- 
 borough in Hampfhire ; and the fame year was made one of the 
 jurtices of the peace for that county. In 1639, he was em- 
 ployed by Laud to tranflate the Scotch liturgy into Latin ; and 
 was chofen by the college of Weftminfter their clerk, to repre- 
 fent them in convocation. But the feafon was coming on, when 
 
 men 
 
H E Y L I N. 91. 
 
 ttleft of his principles had reafon to be afraid. A cloud was-ga- 
 ihered, which threatened to overwhelm all who, like him, had 
 diftinguilhed themfelvcs as champions for royal or ecclefiaftical 
 prerogative. To fhelter himfeU therefore from the impending 
 ftorm, he withdrew from the metropolis, where he had long bafked 
 in the fun-(hineof acourt, tohisparfonage; but not thinking him- 
 felf fecure there, retreated foon after to Oxford, then garrifoned 
 by the king, and the feat of his refidence. On this the parlia-. 
 inent voted him a delinquent, and dlfpatciied an order to their 
 committee at Portfmouth, to fequefter his whole edate, and 
 feize upon his goods. In confequence of this fevere decree, he 
 was deprived of his moft curious and valuable library, it being 
 carried with his houlhold furniture 10 that town. He ^vas em- 
 ployed by the king at Oxford to write a periodical paper, which 
 was publifhed weekly in that city, entitled " Mercurius Auli- 
 cus;" but in 1645, when the king's atFairs became defperate, and 
 the *' Mercurius Aulicus" no longer fupported, he quitted Ox^ 
 ford, and wandered from place to place, himfelf and his family 
 reduced to the utmoft ftraiis. At Wincheller he ftayed for a 
 while with his wife, &c. but that city being at length delivered 
 up to the parliament, he was forced to remove again. In 1648, 
 he went to Minller-Lovel in OxfordlTiire, the feat of his elder 
 brother, which he farmed for the fix or feven years following 
 of his nephew colonel Heylin, and fpent much of his time ia 
 Writing. On quitting tiiis farm, he went to Abingdon in Berk- 
 fhire, where he alfd employed himfelf much in compofing trea- 
 tifes, which he publifhed from time to time. Upon the Refio- 
 ration of ' Charles II. he was reftored to all his fpiritualities, 
 and undoubtedly expcCled from that prince fome very eminent 
 dignity in the church, as he had heroically exerted himfelf in 
 behalf of it, as well as of the crown; and endured fo much on 
 that account, during their fufFering condition. Here, however, 
 he was utterly difappointed, being never raifed above the fub- 
 deanery of Weftminfter. This was matter of great vexation to 
 him, and of wonder to many others, who did not fufficiently 
 confider the qualities of the man ; which though well fuited to 
 the tool of a parly, were not the fitted recommendations to pre- 
 ferment, or moft proper for an eminent ecclefiaftical ftation. 
 He died May 8, 1662, and was interred before his own ftall, 
 "within the choir of the abbey. 
 
 Wood has given the charadler of him, and tells us, that he 
 was " a perfon endowed with fingular gifts, of a iharp and 
 pregnant wit, folid and clear judgement. In his younger years 
 he was accounted an excellent poet, but very conceited and prag- 
 matical ; in his elder, a better hiltorian, a noted preacher, and a 
 ready extemporaneous fpeaker. He had a tenacious memory 
 to a aiii-acie. He was a bold and' undaunted man among his 
 
 friends 
 
gz H E Y W O O D. 
 
 friends and foes, though of a very mean port and prefence ; and 
 therefore by fome of them he was accounted too high and proud 
 for his fundion. A conftant aifertor of the church's right and 
 the king's prerogative; a fevere and vigorous oppofer of rebels 
 and fchifmatics. In fome things too much a party-man to be 
 an hiftorian, and equally an enemy to popery and puritanifm." 
 His writings are numerous, but not very valuable ; and almoft 
 the only work by which he is at prefent known, is his *' Cof- 
 mography," which, however, is in no very high efteem, being 
 fuperfeded by publications abundantly fuperior in the kind. 
 
 HEYWOOD (John), an admired Englilh poet and jefter of 
 his time, was born in London, and educated at Oxford : but the 
 ieverity of an academical life not fuiting his gay and airy tem- 
 per, he retired to his native place, and became known to all the 
 men of wit, and efpecially to fir Thomas More, with whom he 
 was very familiar. He was one of the firft who wrote Englifti 
 plays ; and is faid to have been very well (killed in vocal and in- 
 ftrumental mufic. He found means to become a favourite with 
 Henry VHI. and was well rewarded by that monarch, for the 
 mirth and quicknefs of his conceits. He was afterwards equally 
 valued by queen Mary, and had often the honour to difplay his 
 wit and hilmour before her; which he did, it feems, even when 
 ihe lay languilhing on her death-bed. After the deceafe of that 
 princefs, being a bigoted papift, and finding the proteftant reli- 
 gion likely to prevail under queen Elizabeth, he entered into 
 a voluntary exile, and Went and fettled at Mechlin in Brabant, 
 ■where he died in 1565, He wrote feveral plays; ** A Dialogue 
 in verfe concerning Englifh Proverbs;" "500 Epigrams;" 
 *' The Spider and Fly, a Parable, 1556," in a pretty thick 410. 
 Pefore the title of this lad work is his figure given, from head 
 to foot, printed from a wooden cut, with a fur gown, on his 
 head a round cap, his chin and lips clofe fhaved, and a dagger 
 hanging at his girdle. There are 77 chapters in this work, at the 
 beginning of each of which is the portrait of the author, either 
 landing or fitting before a table, with a book on it, and a win- 
 dow near it hung round with cobwebs, flies, and fpiders. ' 
 What would the prefent age fay of an author, whofe book 
 fhould be fo full of himfelf? He left two fons, both eminent 
 men : the eldeft of whom, Ellis Heywood, was born in Lon- 
 don, and educated at All-fouls-college in Oxford, of which he 
 waseleiled fellow in 1547. Afterwards he travelled into France 
 and Italy ; continued foine time at Florence, under the patron- 
 age of cardinal Pole ; and became fuch an exaft mafler of the 
 Italian tongue, that he wrote a book in that language, entitled, 
 ** II Moro," 8vo, Firenz. 1556. He then went to Antwerp, 
 and thence to Louvain, where he died in the 12th year after his 
 entrance into the focietyof the Jefuits ; which was about 1572. 
 5 HEYWOOD' 
 
HEYWOOD. 
 
 93 
 
 HEYWOOD (Jasper), the younger fon of John abovemen- 
 tloned, was born in London about 1535, and educated at Merton- 
 college in Oxford ; of which he was chofen fellow, but obliged 
 to refign, for fear of expulfion, on account of his immoralities, in 
 1558. He was then elefted fellow of All-fouls, but left the uni- 
 verfity, and foon after England. In 1561, he became a popifh 
 prieft ; and the year after, being at Rome, was entered among the 
 Jefuits. After he had palled two years in the ftudy of divinity, he 
 was fent to Dilingin Switzerland; whence being called away by 
 pope Gregory XIII. in 1581, he was fent into England, where he 
 was appointed provincial of the Jefuits. After many peregrina- 
 tions, he died at Naples in 1597. Before he left England the firll 
 time, he tranflated three tragedies of Seneca; and wrote " Various 
 Poems and Devices ;" fome of which are printed in a book, 
 entitled, " The Paradife of Dainty Devices, 1573," 4to. 
 
 HEYWOOD (Thomas), an aftor, and a writer of plays, 
 in the reigns of queen Elizabeth, James I. and Charles I. has 
 not had the time of his birth and death recorded. Winftanlev 
 fays, he was one of the mod voluminous writers of his age: and^ 
 in a preface to one of his plays, he tells us, that it was one pre- 
 ferved out of 220; of which number only 24 now remain. He 
 difplayed much learning in his *' Actor's Vindication ;" but what 
 rank he held on the ftage none of his biographers have informed 
 us. Langbaine obferves of him, that he was a general fcholar 
 and tolerable linguift, as his tranflations from Lucian, Erafmus, 
 and from other Latin as well as Italian authors, fufficiently 
 (hew : the wits and poets, however, have always held him 
 cheap. 
 
 HEYWOOD (Eliza), a moft voluminous female writer, 
 •was the daughter of a tradefman in London, and died in 1756, 
 aged about 63. Her genius leading her to novel- writing, Ihe 
 took Mrs. Manley's *' Atalantis" for her model, and produced 
 '* The Court of Arimania," *' The New Utopia," with other 
 pieces of a like kind. The loofenefs of thefe works were the 
 oftenfible reafon of Pope for putting her into his "■ Dunciad ;" 
 but it is moft probable, that fome provocation of a private and per- 
 fonal nature was the real motive to it. She feemed, however, tt> 
 be convinced of her error ; fmce, in the numerous volumes fhe 
 publilhed afterwards, fhe generally appeared a votary of virtue, 
 and preferved more purity and delicacy of fentiment. Her 
 latter writings are, i. *' The Female SpetSlator," 4 vols. 2. 
 << Epiftles for the Ladies," 2 vols. 3. <' Fortunate Foundling," 
 
 1 vol. 4. '* Adventures of Nature,' i vol. 5. " Hiiiory of 
 Betfey Thoughtlefs," 4 vols. 6, '* Jenny and Jemmy Jelfarny," 
 3 vols. 7. " Invifible Spy,"' 2 vols. 8. *' Hufband and Wife," 
 
 2 vols, all in i2mo; and a pamphlet, entitled., '* A Prefent for 
 a Servant Maid.'' 
 
 When 
 
94 H I C K E S. 
 
 When young, (he attempted dramatic poetry, but with no 
 great fucccfs; none of her plays being either much approved at 
 firft, or revived afterwards. She had alfo an inclination for the 
 theatre as a performer, and was on the ftage at Dublin in 1715. 
 It would be natural to impute gallantry to fuch a woman, yet 
 nothing criminal was ever laid to her charge. On the contrary, 
 Ihe is reprefented as net only good-nutured, affable, lively, and 
 entertaining, but as a woman alfo of fhi(Sl decorum, delicacy, and 
 prudence ; whatever errors, from a gaiety and vivacity of fpirit, 
 fhe might have committed in her younger years. 
 
 HIGKES (George), an Engliih divine, of uncommon abili- 
 ties and learning, was born June 20, 1 642, at Newfham in York- 
 ihire, where his parents were fettled on a very large farm. He was 
 fent to the grammar- fchool at North Allerton, and thence in 1659, 
 to St. John's-college in Oxford. Soon after the Reftoration, he 
 removed to Magdalen- coUegfe, from thence to Magdalen-hall ; and 
 at length, in 1664, was chofen fellow of Lincoln-college, taking 
 the degree of M. A. the year after. June i666, he was admitted 
 into orders, became a public tutor, and difcharged that office with 
 great reputation, for feven years. Being then in a bad ftate of 
 health, he was advifed to ramble about the country: upon which 
 fir George Wheeler, who had been his pupil, and had conceived 
 a filial affeftion for him, invited him to accompany him in his 
 travels. They fet out in 0£t. 1673, and made the tour of 
 France ; after which they parted, Hickes being obliged to return 
 to take his degree of B. D At Paris, where he ftaid a confi- 
 derable time, he became acquainted with Mr. Henry Juftell, 
 who in confidence told him many fecret affairs; particularly that 
 of the intended revocation of the edidl of Nantes, and of a de- 
 fign in Holland and England to fet afide the family of the Stuarts. 
 He committed to him alfo his father's MS. of the ♦'Codex 
 canonum ecclefis tiniverfalis," to be prefented in his name to 
 the univerfity of Oxford. 
 
 After his return home, in May, 1675, he took the degree 
 juft mentioned, being about that time redlor of St. Ebbe's 
 church in Oxford; and, in Sept. 1676, was made chaplain to the 
 duke of Lauderdale. In May 1677, his grace being to be made 
 high-commiflioner of Scotland, took his chaplain with him into 
 that kingdom ; and, in April 1678, fent him up to court, with 
 Dr. Burnet, archbilhop of Glafgow, to lay before the king the 
 proceedings in Scotland. He returned the month following, 
 and was defired by Sharp, archbp. of St. Andrew's, to accept 
 the degree of D. D. in that univerfity, as a teftimony of his 
 and his country's great efteem for him, which requeil the duke 
 cf Lauderdale approving, Hickes was dignified in a full convof 
 (ation : and afterwards, when he returned with his patron into 
 England, the archbilhop, in his own name, and that of all his 
 
 brethren, 
 
HICKES. 95 
 
 brethren, prefented him with 1 8 volumes of Labbe's " Coun- 
 cils," as an acknowledgement of his feivices to that church. 
 
 In Sept. 1679, he married; and, Dec. following, was created 
 D. D. at Oxford. In March, 1679-80, the king promoted him 
 to a prebend of Worcefter: and, in Augurt, he was prefented 
 by Sancroft, archbilhop of Canterbury, to the vicarage of All- 
 hallows Barking, near the Tower of London. In Dec. 1681, he 
 was made chaplain in ordinary to the king ; and, in Aug. 1683, 
 dean of Worcefter. The bilhopric of Briftol was vacant the 
 next year, and Hickes, it is faid, might have had it if he would: 
 but, miffing his opportunity, the king died, and he loft his prof- 
 pe6l of advancement ; for though his church principles were 
 very high, yet he had diftinguilhed himfelf too much by his zeal 
 againftpopery, to be any favourite with James II. In May, 1686, 
 he left the vicarage of Barking, and went to fettle on his dean- 
 cry ; the bifliop of Worcefter haviirg offered him the redlory of 
 All-church, not far from that city, which he accepted. 
 
 Upon the Revolution in 1688, Dr. Hickes with many others, 
 refufmg to take the oaths of allegiance, fell under fufpcnfion in 
 Auguft, 1689, and was deprived the February following. He con- 
 tinued, however, in polfeffion till the beginning of May ; when 
 reading in the Gazette, that the deanery of Worcefter was granted 
 to Talbot, afterwards biftiop of Oxford, Salifbury, and Durham 
 fucceffively, he immediately drew up in his own hand-writing a 
 claim of right to it, direiSled to all the members of that church ; 
 and, in 1 691, affixed it over the great entrance into the choir, 
 that none of them might plead ignorance in that particular. 
 The earl of Nottingham, then fecretary of ftate, called it " Dr. 
 Hickes's Manifefto againft Government;" and it has fince been 
 publiftied by Dr. Francis Lee, in the appendix to his " Life 
 of ?vlr. Kettlewell," with this title, " The Proteftation of Dr. 
 George Hickes, and Claim of Right, fixed up in the Cathedral 
 Church of Worcefter." Expedling hereupon the refentment of 
 the government, he privately withdrew to London, where he 
 abfconded for many years; till, May 1699, when lord Somers, 
 then chancellor, out of regard to his uncommon abilities, pro- 
 cured an a6l of council, by which the attorney-general was or- 
 dered to caufe a Noli Profequi to be entered to all proceedings- 
 againft him. 
 
 Soon after their deprivation, archbp. Sancroft and his col- 
 leagues began to confider about maintaining and continuing the 
 epifcopal fucceffion among thofe who adhered to them ; and, 
 having refolved upon it, they fent Dr. Hickes over, with a lift 
 of the deprived clergy, to confer v/ith king James about that 
 matter. The doctor fet out in May, 1693, and going by the 
 way of Holland, made it fix weeks before he arrived at St. 
 Germains. He had feveral audiences of the king, who complied 
 
 with 
 
96 
 
 HICKES. 
 
 with all he afked ; ^nd would have foon returned to England, 
 but was detained fome months by an ague and fever. He ar- 
 rived in February, and on the eve of St. Matthias, the confe- 
 crations were performed by Dr. Lloyd bifhop of Norwich, Dr. 
 Tniner bifhop of Ely, and Dr. White bifhop of Peterborough, 
 at the bifhop of Peterborough's lodgings in the Rev. Mr. Giffard's 
 houfe, Southgate. Hickes was confecrated fufFragan bifhop of 
 Thetford, and WagltafFe fufTragan of Ipfwich: at which fo- 
 lemnity Henry earl of Clarendon is faid to have been prefent. 
 Jt has indeed been averred, that Hickes was once difpofed 
 to take the oaths, in order to fave his preferments ; but this 
 is not probable. He was a man very {lri6l in his princi- 
 ples of morality ; and what he was convinced was his duty, he 
 clofely adhered to, choofing to fufFer any thing rather than violate 
 his confcience. Some years before he died, he was grievouily 
 tormented with the ftone ; and at length his conflitution, though 
 naturally ftrong, gave way to that diftemper, Dec. 15, 17 15, in 
 his 74th year. 
 ' Dr. Hickes was a man of univerfal learning ; but his temper, 
 fituation, and connexions were fuch, as to fuffer him to leave 
 us but few monuments of it, that are worth remembering: for 
 though he wrote a great deal, the greateft part confifts of con- 
 troverfial pieces on politics and religion, which are generally 
 thrown alide after they have been once read, and are very un- 
 worthy to employ almofl the whole time of a man of real parts 
 and learning, as he certainly was. He w^as particularly fkilful 
 in the old Northern languages, and in antiquities, and has given 
 lis fome works on thefe fubjeds, which will be valued when 
 all his other writings are forgotten. He was deeply read in the 
 primitive fathers of the church, whom he confidered as the befl;' 
 expofitors of Scripture; and as no one better underftood the 
 dodlrine, worfhip, conititution, and difcipline of the Catholic 
 church in the firfl ages of Chriitianity, fo it was his utmofl 
 ambition and endeavour to prove the church of England perfedly 
 conformable to them. 
 
 The principal works of Dr. Hickes are the three following; 
 1. " Inflitutiones Grammaticas Anglo-Saxonicas & Masfo-Go- 
 thicse. Grammatica Iflandica Runolphi Jonae. Catalogus 
 librorum Septentrionalium. Accedit Edwardi Bernardi Etymo- 
 logicum Britannicum, Oxon. 1689," 4to, infcribed to archbifhop 
 Sancroft. While the dean was writing the preface to this book, 
 there were great difputes in the houfe of commons, and throughout 
 the kin<jdom, about the original contradl; which occafioneJ him 
 to infert therein the ancient coronation oath of our Saxon kings, 
 to fhew, what was not very neceffary, that there is not the leaft 
 footllep of any fuch contrail. 2. " Antiquas literatura^ Sep- 
 tentrionalis libri duo: quorum primus G. Hickefii S. T. P. 
 
 Linguarunx 
 
HICKES. 
 
 97 
 
 Llnguanim Veterum Septentrionalium thefaurum gramma mco- 
 criticum dz Archaeologicum, ejufdem de antique literatura- Sep- 
 tentrionalis utilitate diirertationem epiftolanim, & Andreas Foun- 
 taine equitis aurati niimifmata Saxonica& Dano-Saxonica, corti- 
 ple6litiir: alter continet Humfredi Wanleii librorum Veterum 
 Septentrionalium, qui in Anglias Bibliothecis extant, catalogum 
 hiltorico-criticum, nee non multorum veterum codicum Septen- 
 trionalium alibi extantium notitiam, cum totius operis fex in- 
 dicibus, Oxon, 1705," folio. Foreigners as well as Englifh- 
 men, who had any reliih for antiquities, have juftly admired 
 this fplendid and laborious work. The great duke of Tufcany's 
 envoy fent a copy of it to his mafter, which his highnefs look- 
 ing into, and finding full of .firange chara6lers, called a council 
 of the Dotti, and commanded them to perufe and give him an 
 account of. They did fo, and reported it to be an excellent 
 work, and that they believed the author to be a man of a parti- 
 cular head; for this was the envoy's compliment to Hickes, 
 when he went to him with a prefent from his mafter. 3. Two 
 volumes of Sermons [t], mod of which were never before 
 
 printed, 
 
 [t] He publifiied alfo many fmaller &c." 6. " The Spirit of Popery fpeak- 
 works, moft of them controverfial. The ing out of the Mouths of fanatical Pro- 
 firft was 4. " A Letter fent from beyond the teftants : or, the laft Speeches of Mr, 
 Seas to one of the chief Minifters of the John Kid and Mr. John I'Cing, two Pref- 
 Nonconforming Party, &c. 1674;" which byterian Minifters, who were executed for 
 was afterwards reprinted in 16S4, under high Treafon at Edinburgh, on Aug. 14, 
 the title of, '* The Judgement of an an- 1679 " Thefe pieces were publiflied in 
 onymous Writer concerning thefe follow- 1680, and they were occafioned by his at- 
 ing Particulars: firft, a Law for difabling tendance on the duke of Lauderdale in 
 a Papift to inherit the Crown; fecondly, quality of chaplain. The fpirit of fac- 
 the Execution of penal Laws againft Pro- tion, however, made them much read, 
 teftant Diflentersj thirdly, a Bill of Com- and did the author confiderable fervice 
 prehenfion: all briefly difcuffed in a Let- with fcveral great perfonages, and even 
 ter, fent from beyond the Seas to a Dif- with the king. 7. *' Jovian} or, an An- 
 fenter ten Years ago." This letter was fwer to Julian the Apoftatc;' printed 
 in reality an aiifwer to his elder brother twice in 1683, 8vo. This is an ingenious 
 Mr. John Hickes, a Diflentlng minifter, and learned tradl in defence of palTive obe- 
 bred up in Cromwell's time at the college dience and non-refiftance, againft the cele- 
 of Dublin; whom the doGtot always en- brated Samuel Johnl'on, the auihor of 
 deavoured to convince of his errors, but '' Julian." 8. ** The Cafe of Infant 
 without fuccefs. John perfifted in them Eaptifm, 1683 ;" printed in the fecond 
 to his death, and at laft fuftered from his vol", of the " London Cafes, 1685," in 
 rebellion under the duke of Monmouth; 4to. 9. " Speculum beatae Vjrginis, a 
 though, upon the doftor's unwearied ap- Difcourfe on Luke i. 28. of the due Praife 
 plication, the king would have granted and Honour of the Virgin Mary, bv a true 
 him his life, but that he had been falfely Catholicof theChurch of En^land/1686." 
 informed, that this Mr. Hickes was the 10. " An Apobgetical Vindication of the 
 perfon who advifed the duke of Mon- Church "f England, ,n Anf.ver to her Ad- 
 mouth to take upon him the title of king, verfaries, who repioach her with the Eng- 
 5. " RavillafRedivivus. being a Narrative li(h Herefies and bchifms, i685,"4to; 
 of the late Tiial of Mr James Aiitchel, reprinted, w th many additions, a large, 
 a Conventicle Preacher, who was executed preface, and an appendix of " Papers re- 
 Jan. 18, 1677, for an Attempt on the lating to the Schifms of the Church of 
 Perfonof the Archbiibop of St. Andrew's, Rome, 1706," 8 vo. 11, « The ce!e- 
 
 VoL. VIII. H *"*"^ 
 
98 
 
 H I E R 6. 
 
 printed, with a preface by Mr. Spinckes, 1713, 8vo. Aftetf 
 his death was publifhed another volume of his Sermons^ with 
 feme pieces relating to fchifm, fcparation, &c. Befides the 
 ■works enumerated here and in the note, there are many pre- 
 faces and recommendations written by him, at the earnefl re- 
 queft of others, either authors or editors. But an account of 
 thefe would be neither important in itfelf, nor materially illuf- 
 trative of his character. 
 
 HIERO I. king of Syracufe, whofe viflories at the Olympic 
 and Pythian games were celebrated by Pindar, fucceeded his 
 brother Gelon, but by no means emulated his virtues. Though,, 
 towards the end of his reign, his intimacy wdth Simonides,. 
 Pindar, Epicharmus, and other learned men,, whom he invited 
 to his court, had confiderably foftened his manners. At firft he 
 
 brated Stery of tfie Theban Legion no 
 Fable: in Anfwer to the Objeftions of 
 Dr. Gilbert Burnet's Preface to his Tranf- 
 lation of Lactantius de mortibus perfecu- 
 torum, with fome Remarks on his Dif- 
 courfe of Perfecution ;" written rn 1687, 
 but not pabliflied till I7I4» for reafons 
 given in the preface. 12. " Refle£lions 
 upon a Letter out of the Country to a 
 Member of this prefent Parliament, oc- 
 cafioned by a Letter to a Menibtr of the 
 Houfe of Commons, concerning the Bi- 
 lliops lately in the Tower, and now under 
 Sufpenfion, 1639.'" The author of the 
 letter, to which thefe reftedlions are an 
 anfwer,. was generally ,prefumed to be Dr. 
 Burnet; though that notion was after- 
 wards contradifted. 13. " A Letter to 
 the Author of a late Paper, entitled, A 
 Vindication of the Divines of the Church 
 of England, &c. in Defence of the Hiftory 
 of palTive Obedience, 1689." The au- 
 thor of the <' Vindication" was Dr. Fow- 
 ler, bilhop of Gloucefter, though his name 
 was not CO it. 14. " A V/ord to the Wa- 
 vering, in Anfwer to Dr. Gilbert Burnet's 
 Enquiry into the prefent State of .i^ftairs, 
 1689," 15. " An Apology for the new 
 Separation, in a Letter to Dr. Sharp, 
 Archbifliop of York, &;C. 1691." 16. 
 " A Vindication cf fome among ourfelves 
 againft the falfe Principles of Dr. Sher- 
 lock, &c. 1692." 17. Some Dlfcourfes 
 on i>r. Burnet and Dr. TiHotfon, occa- 
 fioned hj the late Funeral Sernwn of the 
 farmer upon the latter, 1695." It is re- 
 markable, tha:t in this piece Hickes has 
 iiot'fcrupled to call Tillotfon an Atheift ; 
 vfhich may feive to convince the reader, 
 that no talents, natural cr acquired, can 
 fecuie a man from fannticifmj whafe 
 2eal Is under ao i,e&i[a,lai fuu) ieiton. 
 
 18. " The Pretences of the Prince of 
 Wales examined and rejedted, &c. 1701." 
 
 19. A letter in the " Philofophical Tranf- 
 aftions," entitled, *' Eplftola viri Rev. 
 D. G. Hickefii S.T. P. ad D. HansSloane, 
 M.D. & S. R. Seer, de varia leftione in- 
 fcriptionis, quae in ftatua Tagis exaratur 
 per quatuor alphabeta Hetrufca." 20. 
 " Several Letters which pafled between 
 Dr. G. Hickes and a Popilh Prieft, &c. 
 1705." The perfon, on whofe accoant 
 this b'lok was publifhed^ was the lady 
 Theophila Nelfon, wife of Robert Nelfon, 
 efq; 2.1. " A fecond Colledlion of con- 
 troverfial Letters, relating to the Church 
 of England and the Church of Rome, as 
 they paffed between Dr. G. Hickes and 
 an honourable Lady, 1710." This lady 
 was the lady Gratiana Carew of Hadcomb 
 in Devonfhlre. 22. •' Two Treatifes; 
 one of the Chriftian Priefthood, the other 
 of the Dignity of the Epifcopal Order, 
 againft a book entitled, The Rights of 
 the Chriftian Church." The third edi- 
 tion, in 171 1> enlarged Into two volumesj. 
 8vo. 23. " A feafonable and modeft 
 Apology in behalf of the Rev. Dr. Hickes 
 and other Nonjurors, in a Letter to Tho- 
 mas Wife, D.D. 1710'." 24. " A Vin- 
 dication of Dr. Hickes, and the Author 
 of the feafonable and modeft Apology, 
 from the Reflexions of Dr. Wife, &c. 
 1712." 25. " Two Letters to Robert 
 Nelfon, Efq; relating to Bifhop Bull;" 
 publifhed in Buirs life. 26. " Some 
 Queries propofed to civil, canon, and 
 common Lawyers, 1712;" printed after 
 feveral editions, in 17 14, with another 
 title, " Seafonable Queries relating to the 
 Birth and Birth.-iisht of a certain Per- 
 fon.''^ 
 
 ivas' 
 
H I E R O. 99 
 
 "Was hated for his violence and avarice, as much as Ge^on had 
 been beloved for mildnefs and equity. His brother Thrafyda^us 
 he endeavoured to remove by giving him a dangerous command 
 ao-ainft the Crotoniatx. Thrafydacus, fufpefting the defign, 
 refufed to go. Hence arofe a diHigreement, and the brother 
 took refuge in the court of Theron, king of Agrigentum. Hof- 
 tilities were commenced on both fides, but by the mediation of 
 Theron, the brothers were reconciled, and peace eftablifhed. 
 After the death of Theron, his Ton and fucceflbr Thrafydxus 
 made war againft Hiero, which ended in the defeat and depofal 
 of the former. Hiero died in 461, A. C, and was fucceeded 
 by his brother Thrafybulus. 
 
 HIERO II. a prince of eminent virtues, and defcended from 
 the Gelon mentioned in the preceding article. But his mother 
 was of flavifh extra6lion, for which reafon his father Hierocles 
 had once determined to expofe the child. Hiero, as he grew 
 up, was diftinguiflied for a fine countenance, a graceful and robcft 
 peifon, and noble fiature, with great excellence in all military 
 exercifes ; he was affable and polite in converfation, of firi£t 
 integrity in bufinefs, and of great moderation in command. 
 For thefe merits, he was greatly favoured and admired by Pyr- 
 rhus. He was about thirty years of age when the Syracufan 
 foldiers, without the confent of the citizens, raifed him to the 
 chief command civil and military, which appointment the citi- 
 zens, though difpleafed at the right of nomination affumed by 
 the army, unanimoufly confirmed. Seven years after this event, 
 and in the year 26B A. C. he was declared king by all the citi- 
 zens of Syracufe, and afterwards by all the cities of Sicily, then 
 in alliance againft Carthage. But foon after the Syracufans 
 and Carthaginians united againft the Romans, on the break- 
 ing out of the firft Punic v/ar. The Roman conful Appins 
 Claudius, coming into Sicily to aid the Mamertines, befieged 
 bv the Carthaginians in Meffina, Hiero gave him battle befcre 
 that city, and performed prodigies of valour, but could not refift 
 the fortune and courage of Rome. The Carthaginians alfo were 
 defeated foon after ; and their power in Sicily was fo broken, 
 that Pliero thought it prudent to make peace with the Romans. 
 This happened in 263 A. C and from that time to his death, 
 which was near 50 years, he continued the faithful friend and 
 ally of Rome. He thus preferved his country in peace, of 
 which advantage he made the wifell and moft benevolent ufe, by 
 encouraging the arts, and endeavouring to render his people 
 happy. A.rchimedes, the celebrated mathematician, ^vas related 
 to him, and he felt the greateft fatisfaflion in examining the 
 proofs of his genius, and giving him ocealion to difplay them. 
 Hiero was magnificent in every thing, in building palaces, arfe- 
 nals, temples, and Hiips. Of the latter, he caufed one to be 
 
 H 3 built, 
 
loo HIEROCLES. 
 
 built^ which for magnitude and werkmanftiip furpaffed everjf 
 thing that was ever attempted in ancient times. It proved, how- 
 ever, too large for any port in Sicily, and he prefented it to 
 Ptolemy king of Egypt, probably Philadelphus. Hiero died in 
 the year 215, A. C. at the age of more than ninety ; his fubjedts 
 regretted him as a father. He was fucceeded by an unworthy 
 grandfon, named Hieronymus. 
 
 HIEROCLES, a great perfecutor of the Chriftians in the 
 beginning of the fourth century, was at firft prefident of Bithy- 
 riia, and afterwards governor, of Alexandria: in both which 
 fituations he a6led very furioufly againll; the Chriftians. Lac- 
 tantius relates, that at the time he was teaching rhetoric in Bi- 
 thynia, and the Chriftian church under perfecution, two authors 
 fet ihemfelves to infult and trample upon the truth that was op- 
 prefled. One of thefe writers was a philofopher, who managed 
 fo very ill, that although he had the magiltrate to fupport his 
 arguments, his work was defpifed and foon neglected. " There 
 was another," fays Ladlantius, meaning Hierocles, " who wrote 
 more fharply upon the fubjeiSl;. He was then one of the judges, 
 and had been the chief promoter of the bloody perfecution, 
 which the Chriftians fufFered under the emperor Dioclefian: 
 but not contented with crufhing them by his power, he endea- 
 voured alfo to deftroy them with his pen. For he compofed two 
 fmall books, not indeed profeifedly againft the Chriftians, left 
 he fhould feem to inveigh againft them as an enemy; but ad- 
 dreffed to the Chriftians, that he might be thought to advife 
 them kindly as a friend [u]." Though Ladantius has not men- 
 tioned the name of Hierocles in this paifage, yet it may be put 
 paft all doubt, that he meant him: for fpeaking of this author 
 a little further, he fays, " Aufus eft libros fuos nefarios, ac 
 Dei hoftes (fiXocKriSets annotare;" that is, he had the afturance to 
 intitle his abominable and impious books. Lovers of Truth, 
 Now Eufebius wrote a book, which is ftill extant, againft thefe 
 two books of Hierocles, and, together with his name, has pro- 
 duced their title at full length ; Aoyoi ((nXccXriQus zjpos Xpjs"i«vaf 
 [x], i. e. " Sermones veri amantes ad Chriftianos:" which cir- 
 cumftance, joined to the account given by both Eufebius and 
 Ladaniius of thefe Aoyoi (piXotXr,QeiS^ proves beyond all reply, 
 that the writer Ladantius fpoke of, was no other than Hie- 
 rocles. 
 
 In thefe books Hierocles, as we learn from the writings of 
 thefe fathers, and from the fragments preferved of him by 
 Eufebius, endeavoured to prove, that the Holy Scripture is falfe, 
 by ftiewing it to be inconfiftent vvith itfelf. He infifted upon 
 
 [u] Inftic. Divin. 1. v. c. 4. 
 [x] Euleb. Dem. Evang. p. 11I3 
 
 fonic 
 
HIEROCLES. loi 
 
 fome points, which fecmed to him to contraJift each other; and 
 he collected fo many peculiarities relating tu Chriliianiiy, thut, 
 as La6\antius fays, he may well appear to have been a Chrilliati 
 himfelf. He abufcd Peter and Paul, and the other difciples, as 
 though they had been the contrivers of the cheat; and yet he 
 confelfed at the fame time, that they wanted llcill and learning, 
 for that fome of them gained their livelihood by hilling. He 
 alTerted alfo, that Chriit himfelf being banilhed by tlie Jews, 
 ^flembled 900 men, at the head of whom he robbed and plun- 
 dered the country: and to evade the confequence of Chrift's 
 miracles, which he did not deny, but imputed to magic, he pre- 
 tended to prove, that ApoUonius had performed fuch or even greater 
 wonders. Eufebius undertook, in his book againfl Hierocles, 
 to confute the latter part of this work ; but, as Cave fays [yj, 
 *' he has done it very indifferently, his confutation being little 
 more than a bare running over of Philoflratus's Life of Apol- 
 lonius." Ladtantius did not defign to make a particular anfwer 
 to Hierocles ; for he is fo far from following him clofely, that 
 he never anfwers dire6lly any objedlion tranfcribed from his 
 books. His defign was, to eftablifh the foundations of the gof- 
 pel, and to ruin thofe of Paganifm ; and he thought, as he tells 
 MS, that this would be anfwering at once all that the adverfaries 
 of Chriftianity had publilhed, or would publifh for the future. 
 
 It is reported by Eufebius, that the martyr iEdefius, tranf- 
 ported with an holy zeal, ventured to approach Hierocles, while 
 he was prefiding at the trial of fome Chriftians of Alexandria, 
 and to give him a box on the ear; upbraiding him at the fame 
 time with his infamous cruelty. The remains of Hierocles 
 were colleiled into one vol. 8vo, by bifliop Pearfon, and pub- 
 lifhed at London in 1654, with a learned 'diflertation upon him 
 and his writings prefixed. 
 
 HIEROCLES, a Platonic philofopher of the fifth century, 
 taught at Alexandria with great reputation, and was admired for 
 the flrength of his mind, and the beauty and noblenefs of his 
 expreffions. He wrote feven books upon Providence and Fate, 
 and dedicated them to the philofopher Olympiodorus, who by 
 his embalfies did the Romans great fervices, under the emperors 
 Honorius and Theodofius the younger. Thefe books however 
 are loft ; and all we know of them is by the extradls, which are 
 to be met with in Photius. This philofopher married only with 
 a defign to have children, as did alfo his difciple Theofebius; 
 which ihews us, that the mofl cekbrated Platonic philofophers 
 'were perfuaded, that thefe were the true rules and real bounds 
 of matrimony ; and that all beyond thefe limits was a diforder, 
 or at leaft a licentioufnefs, in which wife men ought not to in- 
 
 £y] Hiftori Literar. Tom. I. p. 344. Edit. 1740. 
 
 H 3 dulge 
 
I02 HIERONYMUS. 
 
 dulge themfelves. Thus Theofebius, finding that his wife ivas 
 barren, made a ring of chadi^y, and gave it her. *' Formerly," 
 faid he to her, ** 1 made you a prefcnt of a ring of generation ; 
 but now I give you a ring which will help you to l.^ad a conti- 
 nent life. You may continue with me if you pleafe, and if 
 you can contain yourfelf; but if you do not like this condition, 
 you may marry another man. I confent to it; and the only 
 favour 1 beg of you is, that Ave may part friends." This Pho- 
 tius relates, who tells us alfo, that fhe accepted the offer ; but 
 whether tht former or latter offer, we know not. Hieroclcs 
 Wrote alfo *' A Comm.entary upon the Golden Verfes of Py- 
 thagoras," which is ftill extant, and has fevcral times been pub- 
 lifhed with thofe verfes. 
 
 HIERONYMUS, or as he is commonly called, Jerom [z], 
 a very celebrated father of the church, was born of Chriftian 
 parents at Strido, a town fituated upon the confines of Pannonia 
 and Dalmatia, about 329. His father Eufebius, who was a 
 man of rank and fubflance, took the greatcft care of his edu- 
 cation ; and, after grounding him well in the language of his 
 own country, fent him to Rome, where he was placed under 
 the befl maflcrs in every branch of literature. Donatus, well 
 knov/n for his " Commentaries upon Virgil and Terence," was 
 his mafter in giammar, as Jerom himfelf tells us [a] : and under 
 this mafter he m.ade a prodigious progrefs in every thing relating 
 to the belles lettres. He had alfo mafters in rhetoric, Hebrew, 
 and m divinity, who condu6i:ed him through all parts of learn- 
 ing, facred and,profane; through hiftory, antiquity, the know- 
 ledge of languages, and of the difcipline and doilrines of the 
 various fe6ts in philofophv ; fo that he might fay of himfelf, as 
 he afterwards did, with fome reafon, *' Ego philofophus, rhetor, 
 grammaticus, dialeilicus, Hcbraeus, Gr^ECus, Latinus, &c." 
 He was particularly careful to accomplifli himfelf in rhetoric, 
 or the art of fpeaking, bccaufc, as Erafmus fays[B], he had 
 obferved, that the generality of Chriftians were defpifed as a 
 rude illiterate fet of people; on. which account he thought, that 
 the unconverted part of the world would fooner be drawn over 
 to Chriftianity, if it were but fet off and enforced in a manner 
 fuitable to the dignity and majefty of it: *' Sperans futurum," 
 "fays Erafmus, " ut plures facris literis deleclarentur, fi quis 
 theologias majeftatem dignitate fermonis asquaifet. " But 
 though he was fo converfant with profane learning in his 
 youth, he renounced it entirely afterwards, and did all he could 
 to make others renounce it alfo ; for he relates a vifion, which 
 
 [z] Cave's Hift. Liter. Vol. I. p. 167. Oxon. 1740. 
 
 [a] Apolog. I. adv. RufF. 
 
 [b] Hieronymi Vita ab Evafmo prefix, opcrlb. Bafil. 1526. 
 
 he 
 
HIERONYMUS. 103 
 
 he pretendeB was given to him, " in which he was dragged to 
 the tribunal of Chrift, and terribly threatened, and even fcourged, 
 for the grievous lin of reading fecular and profane writers, 
 Cicero, Virgil, and Horace, whom for that reafon he refolved 
 never to take into his hands any raor€." If Jerom, as an Ita- 
 lian Ciceronian facetioufiy obferved upon this pafTage, was 
 whipped for being a Ciceronian, that is, for writing ah«gether 
 in the ftyle and manner of Cicero, he fuffered what he did not 
 deferve, and might have pleaded Not guilty: in the mean time, 
 as a certain author remarks [c], Jerom '* was a very good 
 writer for the time in which he lived;" and we may add, would 
 not in any time have been reckoned a bad one. 
 
 When he had finillied his education at Rome, and reaped all 
 the fruits which books and good mafters could afford, he re- 
 folved, for his further improvement, to travel. He had a mind, 
 fays Erafmus, to imitate Pythagoras, Plato, Apollonius, and 
 other great men, who vifited foreign coimtries for the fake of 
 enlarging and perfecting that knowledge abroad, which they 
 had acquired by ftudy and application at home^ After being 
 baptized therefore at Rome, when an adult, he made the tour of 
 Gaul ; and flayed a long time in every city through which he 
 paflfed, that he might have opportunity and leifure to examine 
 the public libraries, and to vifit the men of letters, with which 
 that country then abounded. He (laid fo long at Treveris, that 
 he tranfcribed with his own hand a large volume of Hilary's 
 concerning Synods, which feme time after he ordered to be fent 
 to him in the deferts of Syria. From hence hp went to Aqui- 
 leia, where he became firlt acquainted with Ruffinus, who was 
 a prefbyter in that town, and with whom he contradled an inti- 
 mate friendlhip. When he had travelled as long as he thought 
 expedient, and feen every thing that was curious and worth his 
 notice, he returned to Rome; where he began to deliberate with 
 himfelf, what courfe of life he fliould take. Study and retire- 
 ment were what he moft defired, and he had colle6led an ex- 
 cellent library of books; but Rome, he thought, would not be 
 a proper place to refide in: it was not only too noify and tumul- 
 tuous for him, but as yet had too much of the old leaven of Pa- 
 ganifm in it. He had obje6lions likewife againft his own 
 country, Dalmatia, whofe inhabitants he reprefents, in one of 
 his epilHes, as entirely funk in fenfuality and luxury, regardlefs 
 of every thing that was good and praife-worthy, and gradually 
 approaching to a ftate of barbarifm : " in mea patria rufticitatis 
 vernacula," fays he, *' deus venter eft, & in diem vivitur; & 
 fandior eft ille, qui ditior eft." After a confultation therefore 
 with his friends, he determined to retire into fome very remote 
 
 £c] Jortin's Remarks on Ecclefiaftkai Hiftory, Vol. II. p. 22 3p 
 
 H 4 region ; 
 
104 HIERONYiMUS. 
 
 region ; and therefore leaving his country, parents, fubrtance, 
 and taking nothing witli him but his books, and as much money 
 as would be fufficient for his journey, he fet off from Italy for 
 the Eaftern parts of the world. Having pafTed through Dal- 
 matia, Thrace, and fome provinces ot Alia Minor, his firft care 
 was to pay a vifit to Jerufalem; for in thofe days fuch a journey 
 was confidered as a necclTary a(£t of religion, and incumbent 
 upon all who were in a condition to take it ; and a man would 
 have had but a low reputation for piety, who had not vilited the 
 holy ground, and adored the bleffed footfteps of his Saviour. 
 From Jerufalem he went to Antioch, where he fell into a danger- 
 ous fit of illnefs; but having the good fortune to recover from it, 
 he left Antioch, and fet forward in quefl: of fome more retired 
 habitation; and after rambling over feveral cities and countries, 
 with all which he was dilfatisfied on account of the cuftoms and 
 manners of the people, he fettled at lad in a mod: frightful defert 
 of Syria, which was fcarcely inhabited by any thing but wild 
 beads. This however was no obje£l:ion to Jerom: it was rather 
 a recommendation pf the place to him ; for, fays Erafmus, " he 
 thought it better to cohabit with wild beads and wild men, than 
 with fuch fort of Chridians as were ufually found in great cities; 
 men half Pagan, half Chridian ; Chridians in nothing more 
 than in name." 
 
 He was in his 31ft year, when he entered upon this monadic 
 courfe of life; and he carried it, by his own pradice, to that 
 height of perfe£tion, which he ever after enforced upon others 
 fo zealoi.dy by precept. He divided all his time between devo- 
 tion and dudy:' he exercifed himfelf much in watchings and 
 fadings; flept little, eat lefs, and hardly allowed himfelf any 
 recreation. He applied himfelf very feverely to the dudy of the 
 Holy Scriptures, which he is faid to have gotten by heart ; as 
 well as to the dudy of the Oriental languages, which he confi- 
 dered as the only keys that could let him into their true fenfe and 
 meaning. After he had fpent four years in this dreadful fitu- 
 ation, and laborious way of life, his health grew^ fo impaired, 
 that he was obliged to return to Antioch: where the church at 
 that time was divided by fadions, Mclctius, Paulinus, and Vi- 
 talis all claiming a right to the bidiopric of that place. Jerom 
 bein<J a fon of the church of Rome, where he was baptized, 
 would not efpoufe any pnrty, till he knew the fenfe of his own 
 church upon this conteded right. Accoi-dingly, he WTOte to 
 Damafus, then bifliop of Rome, to know whom he mud con- 
 fider as the lawful bifliop of Antioch; and upon Damafus's 
 narning Paulinus, Jerom' acknowledged him as fuch, and was 
 ordained a pried by him in 378. 
 
 From this time his reputation for piety and learning began to 
 
 fpread abroad, and be known in the world. He went foon after 
 
 ^ to 
 
HIERONYMUS. 
 
 105 
 
 to Conftantlnople, where he fpent a good deal of time with Gre- 
 gory Nazianzen ; whom he did not difdain to call his malter, 
 and owned, that of him he learned the right method of exr 
 pounding the Holy Scriptures. Afterwards, in 382, he went 
 to Rome with Paulinus, biihop of Antioch, and Epiphanius, 
 bifhop of Salamis in the iile of Cyprus; where he foon became 
 known to Damafus, and was made his fecretary. He acquitted 
 himfelf in this poll very well, and yet found time to compofc 
 feveral works. Upon the death of Damafus, which happened 
 in 385, he began to entertain thoughts of travelling again to the 
 Ealt; to which he was moved chiefly by the dilturbances and 
 vexations he met with from the Origenilis, or followers of 
 Origen, at Rome. For thefe, when they had in vain endea- 
 voured, fays Cave, to draw him over to their party, raifed infa- 
 mous reports and calumnies againft him. They charged him, 
 among other things, with a criminal pafl^on for one Paula, an 
 eminent matron, in whofe houfe he had lodged during his refi- 
 dence at Rome, and who was as illuftrious for her piety as for 
 the fplendor of her birth, and the dignity of her rank. For 
 thefe and other reafons he was determined to quit Rome, and 
 accordingly embarked for the Ealf in Auguft 385, attended by 
 a great number ol monks and ladies, whom he had perfuaded to 
 embrace the afcetic way of life. He failed to Cyprus, where 
 he paid a vifit to Epiphanius ; and arrived afterwards at Antioch, 
 where he was kindly received by his friend Paulinus. From 
 Antioch he went to Jerufalem ; and the year following from 
 Jerufalem into Egypt. Here he vifited feveral monafteries: but 
 finding to his great grief the monks every where infatuated with 
 the errors of Origen, he returned to Bethlehem, a town near 
 Jeiufalem, that he might be at liberty to cherilh and propagate 
 his own opinions, without any dilturbance or interruption from 
 abroad [dJ. 
 
 [p] This whole peregrination is parti- darentque confilium, ut non ad Protel co- 
 
 cuiarly related by himfelf, in one of his lumnas, fed ad lonae portum navigarem ; 
 
 pieces againft Ruffinus ; and, as it is very hunc enim fugientmm & turbatorum, 
 
 chandleiiftic, and fhews much of his fpi- ilium fecuri hominis effe curfumj malui 
 
 rit and manner of writing, we think it per Malaeas & Cycladas Cyprum pergere» 
 
 may not be difagreeable to the reader to fee ubi fufceptus a venerabili Epifcopo Epipha- 
 
 it in his own language. " Vis nofie profec- nio, cujus tu teftimonio gloriaris: veni 
 
 tionismeae de urbe ordinem ? Narrabo bre- Antiochiam, L:bi fruitus fum communione 
 
 vitcr. Menfe Augufto, flantibus Etefiis, pontificis confelTorifque Paulini ; & de- 
 
 cum fanclo Vincentio prefbytero, et adolet- dudlus ab eo, media hieme & frigore gra- 
 
 cence fratre, & aliis rrionachis,qui nunc Hie- viffimo, intiavi Hierofolymam. Vidi multa 
 
 rofolymae commorantur, navim in Romano miracula; & quae prius ad me fama oertu- 
 
 portu fecurus afcendi, maxima me fanftorum lerat, oculorum indicio comprobavi. Indi 
 
 frequentia profc-quente. Veni Rhegium : coiiteiidi y5£gyptum : luilravi monafleria 
 
 in Scyllaeo lictore paululum fteti ^ ubi Nitrla; & inter fanilorum choros afpides 
 
 veteres d.d ci fabulai, 6c pnecipitcm fal- latere perfpexi. Protinus concito gradu 
 
 lacis Ulixis curfum, &Syrenarum canrica, Bethlehem meam reverfus fum, ubi ado- 
 
 & infatiabilem C'larybdis voraginem. Cum- ravi prafepe & inciinabula Salvatoris, &c.** 
 
 que mihi areola; illius loci multa narrarent, Apol. 3. Adv. Rufiinum. 
 
 He 
 
io6 HIERONYMUS. 
 
 He had now fixed upon Bethlehem, as the properefl: place of 
 abode for him, and beft accommodated to that courfe of life which 
 'he intended to purfue ; and was no fooner arrived here, than he 
 met with Paula, and other ladies of quality, who had followed 
 him from Rome, with the fame view of devoting themfelves to 
 a monaftic life. His fame for learning and piety was indeed fo 
 very extenflve, that numbers of both fexes flocked from all 
 parts and diftances, to be trained up under him, and to form 
 their manner of living according to his inftru6lions. This 
 moved the pious Paula to found four monafferies; three for the 
 life of females, over which fhe herfelf prefided, and one for 
 males, which was committed to Jerom. Here he enjoyed all 
 that repofs which he had long defired; and he laboured abun- 
 dantly, as well for the fouls committed to his cave, as in com- 
 pofing great and ufeful works. He had enjoyed this repofe 
 probably to the end of his life, if Origenifm had not prevailed 
 fo' mightily in thofe parts: but, as Jerom had an abhorrence for 
 every thing that looked like herefy, it was impolTible for him to 
 continue paflive, while thefe afps, as he calls them above, were 
 infinuating their deadly poifon into all who had the misfortune 
 to fall in their way. This engaged him in terrible wars with 
 John, bifhop of Jerufalem, and Ruffinus of Aquileia, which 
 Jafted many years. Ruffinus and Jerom had of old been intimate 
 friends ; but Rufhnus having of late years fettled in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Jerufalem, and efpoufed the part of the Origenifts, 
 the enmity between them v.'as on that account the more bitter. 
 Jerom had alfo feveral other quarrels upon his hands ; for as 
 herefy was to receive no quarter from this faint, fo his righteous 
 foul was perpetually vexed from one quarter or another. In 
 410, when Rome was befieged by the Goths, many fled from 
 thence to Jerufalem and the Holy Land, and were kindly received 
 by Jerom into his monaftery. He died in 420, which was the 
 9 1 It year of his age; and is faid to have preferved his vivacity 
 and vigour to the laft. 
 
 Erafmus, who wrote his life, and gave the firfl edition of his 
 works in 1526, fays, that he was** undoubtedlythegreateft fcholar, 
 the grcateft orator, and the greateft divine, that Chriflianity had 
 then produced [e]." Suppofing this true, as perhaps it is, may we 
 not wonder at Erafmus for his partiality to Jerom, and his pre- 
 judices againfl Origen r Origen, fays Jortin [f], " w^as very 
 learned and ingenious, and indefatigably induftrious : his whole 
 life from his early years was fpent in examining, teaching, and 
 explaining the Scriptures, to which he joined the ftudy of phi- 
 lofophy and polite literature." So much, would Erafmus reply, 
 may be fairly faid of Jerom. But Origen " was humble, modell, 
 
 [e] Eraftn. Epift. 1. v. 19. [f] Remarks on Ecclef. Hift. Vol. II. p. Z34. 
 
 and, 
 
 I 
 
HIERONYMUS. 107 
 
 and patient under great injuries and cruel treatment," which 
 cannot be fo fairly faid of Jerom ; who, it is well known, 
 was of a temper juft the reverfe of this. Jerom, fays a late 
 noble author [g], was " an impudent and fcurrilous Hunga- 
 rian, and wrote againll his adverfaries with all the ferocity 
 of a modern hufiar ; " which, though the language of an 
 enemy, is not advanced altogether without reafon ; for let us 
 only hear what a friend would fay. Cave, in particular, never 
 yet was charged with want of juftice to the fathers, and there- 
 fore may reafonably be fuppofed to fpeak the truth, when the 
 account is difadvantageous to the party concerned. Jerom, 
 fays this hiftorian of the ecclefiaftical writers [hJ, " was, with 
 Erafmus's leave, a hot and furious man, who had no command 
 at all over his paflions. When he was once provoked, he 
 treated his adverfaries in the roughefl: manner, and did not evea 
 abftain from inveiStive and fatire : witnefs what he has written 
 againft Ruffinus, who was formerly his friend; againft John, 
 billiop of Jerufalem, Jovinian, Vigilantius, and others. Upon 
 the llightefl provocation, he grew excellively abufive, and threw 
 out all the ill language he could rake together, tota conv'it'iorum 
 plujlra evomity without the leaft regard to the fituation, rank, 
 learning, and other circumftances, of the perfons he had to 
 do with. And what wonder," fays Cave, *' when it is common 
 with him to treat even St. Paul himfelf in very harflj and info- 
 lent terms? charging him, as he does, with folecifms in lan- 
 guage, falfe expreflions, and a vulgar ufe of words?" We do 
 not quote this with any view of detrafting from the real merit 
 of Jerom, but only to note the partiality of Erafmus, in de- 
 fending, as he does very ftrenuouily, this raoft exceptionable 
 part of his charadter, his want of candour and fpirit of 
 perfecution ; to which Erafmus himfelf was fo averfe, that he 
 has ever been highly praifed by proteftants, and as highly dif- 
 praifed by papiils, for placing all his glory in moderation. 
 
 Jerom was as exceptionable in many parts of his literary cha- 
 ra6ler, as he was in his moral, whatever Erafmus or his pane- 
 gyrifh may have faid to the contrary: inftead of an orator, he 
 was rather a declaimer; and, though he undertook to tranflate 
 fo many things out of Greek and Hebrew, he was not accu- 
 rately fkilled in either of thofe languages ; and did not reafon 
 clearly, confiftently, and precifely, upon any fubje6l. This 
 has been fhewn in part already by Le Clerc, in a book entitled, 
 ^' QuKftiones Hieronymianas," printed at Amllerdam in 1700, 
 by way of critique upon the Benedidtine edition of his works* 
 In the mean time we aye ready to acknowledge, that the writ- 
 
 [g] Bolingbroke's PhilofophJcal Wcrks, Eff.'.y iv. Scft. 41. 
 [hJ Kill. Liter. Tom. I. p. z68. 
 
 in2:s 
 
lo8 H I F F E R M A N. , 
 
 ings of Jerom are ufeful, and deferve to be read by all who havtj 
 any regard for facred antiquity. They have many ufes in com- 
 mon with other wrjtings of ecclefiaftical authors, and many pecu- 
 liar to themfelves. The writings of Jerom teach us the do6lrines, 
 the rites, the manners, and the learning of the age in which he 
 lived; and thefe a}fo we learn from the writings of other fathers. 
 But the peculiar ufe of Jerom's works is, i. Their exhibiting to 
 us more fragments of the ancient Greek tranflators of the Bible, 
 than the works of any other father; i. Their informing us of 
 the opinions which the Jews of that age had of the fignification 
 of many Hebrew words, and of the fenfe and meaning they 
 put upon many paffages in the Old Teftament; and, 3. Their 
 conveying to us the opinion of Jerom himfelf ; who, though he 
 muft always be read with caution, on account of his declamatory 
 and hyperbolical ftyle, and the liberties he allowed himfelf of 
 feigning and prevaricating upon certain occafions, will perhaps, 
 upon the whole, be found to have had more judgement as well 
 as more learning than any father %vho went before him. 
 
 There have been feveral editions of his works: the firft, as 
 we have obferved above, by Erafmus at Bafil in 1526, which, 
 "we may add, was dedicated to Warham, archbifhop of Canter-. 
 bury ; the lafl at Paris in 1693, by a Benedidline monk, whom 
 Le Clerc, in the book above-mentioned, has fhewn not to have 
 been perfe6lly qualified for the work he undertook, though his 
 edition is reckoned the bed that has been given. 
 
 HIFFERMAN (Paul), a minor author of the prefent cen- 
 tury, much patronized and befriended by Garrick, was born in 
 the county of Dublin in 17 19, and educated for a popifh prieft, 
 firft in Ireland, and afterwards, for many years, in France. Yet 
 after all, he took his degree of batchelor in phyfic, and returned 
 to Dublin that he might pradlife in that line. Indolence, how- 
 ever, prevented his application to that or any profeflion, and he 
 came to London about 1753, where he fubfilicd very fcantily and 
 idly, as an author, for the remainder of his life; producing fe- 
 veral works, but none of any great merit, and living in a mean 
 manner, chiefly by the contribuiions of his friends, and by various 
 not very honourable expedients. He was a tolerable fcholar, 
 but his chara£ler was fmgular ^nd eccentric, and though feveral 
 were entertained by his oddities, none could give him their 
 cfteem. He lived, however, with foine of ihe moft celebrated 
 men of his time, Foote, Garrick, Murphy, Goldfmith, Kelly, 
 JBickerftafF, who tolerated his faults, and occafionally fupplied 
 his neceffiiies. One of his peculiar fancies was to keep the 
 place of his lodging a fecret, which he did fo completely, that he 
 refufed to difclofe it even when dying, to a friend who fupported 
 him, and a6lually received his lalt contributions through the 
 channel of the Bedford colFee-Ixoufe. When he died, which 
 
 was 
 
H I G G I N S. lo^ 
 
 was in June, 1777, it was difcovered that he had lodged in one 
 of the obfcnre courts near St. Martin's-lane. Dr. HifFerman, 
 as he was iifually called, was author of the following works. 
 I. " The Ticklers," a fet of periodical and political papers, 
 publifhed in Dublin about 1750. a^ " The Tuner," a fet of 
 periodical papers, publifhed in London in 1753. 3- ** Mifcel- 
 lanies in profe and verfe," 1754. 4. "The Ladies Choice,'* 
 a dramzuc petite piece, aded at Covent-garden in 1759. 5* " The 
 Wifhes of a free People," a dramatic poem, 1761. 6. " The 
 New Hippocrates," a farce, aded at Drury-lane in 1 761, but 
 not publifhed. 7. <' The Earl of Warwick," a tragedy, from 
 the French of La Harpe, 1764. 8. " Dramatic Genius," an 
 eflay, in five books, 1770. 9. " The Philofophic Whim," a 
 farce, 1774. 10. " The Heroine of the Cave," a tragedy, left 
 unfinifhed by Henry Jones, author of the " Earl of Eflex '* 
 completed by HifFerman, and a6led at Drury-lane'in 1774. 
 
 HIGDEN (Ralph), one of our early chroniclers, who died 
 in 1363, was the author of a work, often confulted by Englifli 
 hiftorians, called the '* Polychronicon." The exadl title of it 
 is, *' Radulphi Higdeni polychronici libri vii. ex Anglico in 
 Latimirn converfi, a Johanne Trevifa, et editi cura Gulielmi 
 Caxtoni." The beft edition is a folio, printed in 1642. It is 
 chiefly a compilation, and extends from Adam to the year 1357. 
 The part that is entirely original, is only in the laft book; but 
 the whole is formed with fuch judgment, that it is refpeded, 
 and often cited as an original work. 
 
 HIGGINS, or HIGINS (John), one of the principal 
 writers in the fourth edition of that early colledion of poetical 
 narratives, *< The Mirror for Magiftrates:" and a man, as it 
 appears from his fliare in that work, of confiderable talents in 
 poetry, for his time. Higgins lived at Winfham in Somerfet- 
 Ihire [i], was a clergyman, educated at Oxford, and v/as engaged 
 in the inftrudion of youth. He compiled, i. The " Flofculi of 
 Terence," on the plan of a former coUedion by Udal, mafter of 
 Eton. 2. He publifhed alfo, '* Holcot's Didionaire, newly 
 correded, amended, fet in order, and enlarged, with many names 
 of men, townes, beaftes, fowles, &c. by which you may find 
 the Latine or French name of any Englifhe worde you will. 
 By John Higgins, late Student in Oxforde." Printed for 
 Murdie, in folio, 1572. 3. " 7 he Nomenclator of Adrian 
 Junius," tranflated into Englifh, in conjundion with Abraham 
 Fleming, and publifhed at London for Newberie and Durham, 
 in 1585, in 8vo. From the dedication to this book he feems to 
 have been conneded with the fchool of Ilminfter, a neighbouring 
 town in Somerfetfhire. He appears to have been living fo late 
 
 £1] Warton'5 Hiftory of Poetry, Vd. HI; chap. jz. 
 
 as 
 
no HIGGONS. 
 
 as the year 1602 ; for in that year he publifhed, 4. An anfwer 
 to a work of controverfy by one William Perkins, conferning 
 Chrift's defcent to Hell, which was dated at Winfham. The 
 former editions of the " Mirror for Magi Urates," were pub- 
 lifhed in 1563, 1571, and 1574. His edition appeared in 1587. 
 The dedication is dated a year earlier. In this he wrote a new 
 indu6lion in the o6lave ftanza, and without alliftance from friends 
 began a new feries of hiftories, from Albanad the youngeft fon 
 of Brutus, and the firft king of Albanie, or Scotland, to the 
 emperor Caracalla. There were alfo a few additions by other 
 ■writers, in the poems relating to Britifti perfonages after the 
 Conqueft. 
 
 HIGGONS (Sir ThomasJ, fon of Dr. Thomas Higgons, 
 fome time reftor of Wellburgh in Shropfliire [k], was born in 
 that county; became a comm^oner of St. Alban's-hall in the be- 
 ginning of 16*38, at the age of 14; when he was put under the 
 tuition of Mr. Edward Corbet, fellow of Merton -college, and 
 lodo-ed in the chamber under him in that houfe. Leaving the 
 imiverfity without a degree, he retired to his native country. 
 He married the widow of R.obert earl of Eilex ; and delivered 
 an oration at her funeral, Sept. 16, 1656. *' Oratione funebri, 
 a marito ipfo, more prifco laudata fuit," is part of this lady's 
 epitaph. He married, fecondly, Bridget daughter of Sir Bevil 
 Greenvill of Stow, and fifter to John earl of Bath ; and removed 
 to Grewell in Hampfhire ; was eleded a burgefs for Malmfbury 
 in 1658, and for New Windfor in 1661. His fervices to the 
 crown were rewarded with a penfion of 500L a year, and gifts 
 to the amount of 4ooo1.[l]. He was afterwards knighted; 
 and in 1669, was fent envoy extraordinary to invelt John George 
 
 Tk] Nichds's Seleft Colledion of was In the right, for our trade and fove- 
 
 Poems Vol. V. p. 42. rcignty of the feas are dependent on each 
 
 [l] " King Charles II. fold Dunkirk other; they mull live or die together, 
 to Louis XIV. and gave him Englilh oak But vvhat a recompenfe do you think he 
 enough to build the very fleet that after- met with for his fidelity ? really fuch a 
 wards attacked and defeated o.me of ours in one as I would hardly have believed, had 
 Eantry Bay on the coaft of Ireland. This I been told of it by any perfon but his own 
 puts me in mind of the forefight of a gen- fon, die late Mr. Bevil Higgons, whofe 
 tleman, who had been fome tim.e envoy works, both in profe and verfe, have made 
 from the king to the princes and ftares of him known to all the men of letters in 
 Italy, and who, in his return home, made Britain, and whofe attachment to the fa- 
 the coaft of France his road 5 in order to mily of Stuart, even to his dying day, 
 be as iifeful to his country as polTible, puts his veracity in this point out of dif- 
 and to his fovereign too, as he thought, pute. The rccompenfe was a fevere re- 
 in his audience of the king, he told his primand from the king, as the forerunner 
 majefty, that the French were hard at to the laying him aiide, for talking of 
 work, building men of war in feveral things which his majefty told him it was 
 of their ports, and that fuch a hafty in- not his bufmefs to meddle with " I for- 
 crcafe of the naval power of France could get (fays Mr. Nichols) from which of the 
 not but threaten England's fovereignty of political writers between 1730 and 1740 
 the feas, and confequently portend de- this anecdote was tranfcribedj Kioft pro- 
 ftrudioa to her Jiade. The gentleman bably <' The Craftfnaan.." 
 
 duke 
 
HIGGONS. Ill 
 
 duke of Saxony with the order of the Garter. About four years 
 after, he was fent envoy to Vienna, where he continued three 
 years. In 1685 he waseleded burgefs for St. Germain's, '< being 
 then," fays Wood, " accounted a loyd and accompli fhcd pcr- 
 fon, and a great lover of the regular clergy." He died fuddenly, 
 ot an apoplexy, in the King's-bench court, having been fum- 
 moned there as a witnefs, Nov. 24, 1691; and was buried in 
 Wincheiier cathedral near the relics of his firft wife. His lite- 
 rary produdions are, i. *' A Panegyric to the King, 1660," 
 folio. 2. " The Funeral Oration on his firft Lady, 1656 " 
 3. " The Hiftory of Ifoof Balfa, 1684." He alfo tranflated 
 into Enghfh, " The Venetian Triumph ;" for which he was 
 complimented by Waller, in his Poems; who has alfo addrefled 
 a poem to Mrs. Higgoqs. Mr. Granger, who ftiles Sir Thomas 
 " a gentleman of great merit," was favoured by the dutchefs 
 doAvager of Portland with a MS. copy of his "Oration; and 
 concludes, from the great fcarcity of that pamphlet, that " the 
 copies of it were, for certain reafons, induftrioully colleded and 
 deftroyed, though few pieces of this kind have lefs deferved to 
 perifh. The countefs of Eflex had a greatnefs of mind which 
 enabled her to bear the whole weight of infamy which was 
 thrown upon her; but it was, neverthelefs, attended with a de- 
 licacy and fenfibility of honour which poifoned all her enjoy- 
 ments. Mr. Higgons had faid much, and I think much to the 
 purpofe, in her vmdication; and was himfelf fully convinced 
 from the tenor of her life, and the words which flie Ypoke at the 
 awtui clofe of it, that (he was perfectly innocent.— In readinc' 
 this interefting oration, I fancied myfelf ftanding by the grave of 
 injured innocence and beauty ; was fenfibly touched with the 
 pious afFeaion of the tenderelt and beft of hufoands doing pub- 
 he and folemn juftice to an amiable and worthy woman, who 
 had been grofsly and publicly defamed. Nor could I withhold 
 the tribute of a tear ; a tribute which, I am confident, was paid 
 at her interment by every one who loved virtue, and was not 
 deftitute of the feelings of humanity. This is what I imme-^ 
 diately wrote upon reading the oration. If I am vvrona in my 
 opmion, the benevolent reader, I am fure, will forgive me. It is 
 not the firft time that my heart has got the better^of my judcre- 
 ment." " I am not afraid," Mr. Nichols adds, *' of befn« 
 cenfured for having tranfcribed this beautiful paflar^e." ^ 
 
 HIGGONS (Bevil), younger fon of Sir Thomas [m], (and 
 firft coufin to the late earl of Granville) by Bridget his fecond 
 wife ; at the age of fixteen, became a commoner of St. John's- 
 C()llege, Oxford, in Lent term 1686; and went afterwards to 
 Cambridge, and then to the Middle Temple. Wood enume-. 
 
 (m] Nicholas Selea Colkaion of Poems, Vol. I. p^^zS. 
 
 rates 
 
112 HIGH MO RE. 
 
 tates five of his poems. He wrote fome others,; and was the 
 author of a tragedy, entitled, " The Generous Conqueror, or 
 the Timely Difcovery," aded at Drury-lane, and printed in 
 4to, 1702 [n]. He was a fteady adherent to the caufe of the 
 exiled family ; and accompanied king James into France, where 
 he maintained his wit and good-humour undeprefled by his mis- 
 fortunes. He publiflied a poem "on the Peace of Utrecht.'* 
 On the publication of bifhop Burnet's " Hiftory of his owri 
 Times," he wrote fome ftridlures on it, in a volume entitled, 
 ** Hiftorical and Critical Remarks ;" the fecond edition of 
 which was printed in 8vo, 1 727 ; and, in the fame year, pub- 
 lilhed ** A Ihort View of the Englifh Hiftory with Reflections, 
 political, hiftorical, civil, phyfical, and moral; on the Reigns of the 
 Kings ; their Charadiers, and Manners; their Succeffions to the 
 Throne, and other remarkable Incidents to the Revolution 1688. 
 Drawn from authentic Memoirs and MSS." *' Thefe papers," 
 he tells us in his preface, *' lay covered with duft 36 years, till 
 every perfon concerned in the tranfaftions mentioned were re- 
 moved from the ftage." 
 
 HIGHMORE (Joseph), an eminent painter [o], was born 
 in the parifti of St. James, Garlickhithe, London, June 13, 
 1692, being the third fon of Mr. Edward Highmore [p], a coal- 
 merchant in Thames-ftreet. Having fuch an early and ftrong 
 inclination to painting, that he could think of nothing elfe with 
 pleafure, his father endeavoured to gratify him in a propofal to 
 his uncle, who was ferjeant-painter to king William, and with 
 whom Mr. (afterward Sir James) Thornhill [qJ had ferved his 
 apprenticefhip. But this was afterwards for good reafons de- 
 clined, and he was articled as clerk to an attorney, July 18, 1707; 
 but fo much againft his own declared inclination, that in about 
 three years he began to form refolutions of indulging his natural 
 difpofition to his favourite art, having continually employed his 
 ieifure hours in defigning, and in the ftudy of geometry, per- 
 fpe£live, archite6lure, and anatomy, but without any inftruAors 
 except books. He had afterwards an opportunity of improving 
 iiimfelf in anatomy, by attending the Icftures of Mr. Chefelden, 
 befides entering himfelf at the Painter's Academy in Great 
 Qiieen-ftreet, where he drew ten years, and had the honour to 
 be particularly noticed by iir Godfrey Kneller, whodiftingjiiflied 
 him by the name of " the Young Lawyer." On June 13, 17 14, 
 
 [n] See the prologue to this tragedy in arms, as mentioned in the " Gentleman's 
 
 lord Lanfdowne's Poems, p. 22.0. Magazine fpr 1772," p. 449. 
 
 [o] Gent. Mag. 1; 80, p. 176. [q.] The Highmores and Thornhills 
 
 fp] His grandfather, Abraiiam, v/ho were connetSed by marriage ; Edward, the 
 
 was firft coufxn to Nathaniel, the celebraeed uncle of fir jamea, marrying Sufanna, the 
 
 phyfician, being a lieutenant-colonel in daughter of Nathaniel Highmore, re6tor of 
 
 the royal fervice, had, in return for his Purfe Candell, Borlttlkire, lifter to the 
 
 J«lles, aa honourable augmen:atloi; to bis phyiiciajv 
 
 2 his 
 
HIGH MO RE. 113 
 
 Ills' clerkfliip expired; and on March 26, 1715, he began paint- 
 ing as a profeilion, and fettled in the city. In the fame year 
 Dr. Brook Taylor publiOied his " Linear Perfpedive: or, a 
 new Method of reprefcnting juflly all Manner of Objeds as 
 they appear to the Eye, in all Situations." On this complete 
 and nniverfal theory our artift grounded his fubfcquent pra6lice; 
 and it has been generally allowed, that few, If any, of the pro- 
 fefhon at that time, were fo thoroughly maflers of that excellent, 
 bat intricate fyflem. In 17 16, he married Mifs Sufanna Hiller, 
 daughter and heirefs of Mr. Anthony Hiller, of Effingham in 
 Surrey; a young lady in every refpe6l worthy of his choice. 
 For Mr. Chefelden's Anatomy of the Human Body, publiflied 
 in 1722, he made drawings from the real fubje61;s at the time of 
 diifeclion, two of which were engraved for that work, and ap- 
 pear, but without his name, in tables xii. and xiii. In the 
 fame year, on the exhibition of ** The Confcious Lovers," 
 Avritten by Sir Richard Steele, Mr. Highmnre addreifcd a letter 
 to the author, on the limits of filial obedience, pointing out a 
 material defe6l in the charader of Bevil, with that clearnefs and 
 precifion for which, in converfation and writing, he was always 
 remarkable, as the pencil by no means engrofled his whole at- 
 tention [r]. His reputation and bufinefs increafing, he took 
 a more confpicuous {tation, by removing to a houfe in Lincoln's- 
 Inn-fields, in March 1723-4; and an opportunity foon offered 
 of introducing him advantageoufly to the nobility, &c. from his 
 being defired, by Mr. Pine the engraver, to make the drawin<7s 
 for his prints of the Knights of the Bath, on the revival of that 
 order, in 1725. In confequence of this, feveral of the Knights 
 had their portraits alfo by the fame hand, fome of them whole 
 lengths ; and the duke of Richmond, in particular, was attended 
 by his three efquires, with a perfpeftive view of king Henry 
 the Vllth's chapel. This capital piclure is now at Godwood. 
 The artilf was alfo fent for to St. James's, by George I. to paint 
 the portrait of the late duke of Cumberland, from which Smith, 
 fcraped a mezzotinio. 
 
 In 1728, Mr.HawkinsBrownc,thenofLincoln's-Inn,whohad 
 always a juR fenfe of Highmore's talents and abilities, addreflcd to 
 him a poetical epiftle " On Dcfign and Beauty;" and, fome years 
 after, an elegant Latin Ode, both now colle6led in his poems 
 [s]. In the fummer of 1732, Mr. Highmore vifited the con- 
 tinent, in company with Dr. Pemberton, Mr. Benj. Robins, 
 and two other friends, chiefly with a view of feeing the gallery 
 of pidures belonging to the eledor Palatine at Dulieldorp, coU 
 
 [r] Thii he atlQWjd to Le publiilicd, [sj See the latter, wl'.h a tranflatlon, ia 
 for the firit liine, in the " GentJernati's the " C cntlcrna.i's Magazine for 1768,'* 
 Magazine for 176Z,*' p. 4C4, p. 392. 
 
 Vol. VIII. 1 leded 
 
ii4 HIGH MO RE. 
 
 levied by Rubens, and fuppofed to be the bed in Europe. At Ant* 
 %verp alfo he had peculiar pleafure in contemplating tl^e works of. 
 his favourite mafter. In their return they vifited the principal 
 towns in Holland. In 1734, he made a like excuriion, but 
 alone, to Paris, where he received great civilities from fome of 
 his countrymen, particularly the duke of Kinglton, Dr. Hick* 
 man (his tutor), Robert Knight, efq; (the late cafhier), &c. 
 Here he had the fatisfadion of being fliewn, by cardinal de 
 Polignac, his famous group of antique ftatues^ the court of 
 Lycomedcs, then juft brought from Rome, and fmce purchafed 
 by the king of Prullia, and deftroyed at Charlottenbourg, in 
 1760, by the Ruffians. In 1742, he had the honour to paint 
 the late prince and princefs of Wales, for the duke of Saxe 
 Gotha ; as he did fome years after, the late queen of Denmark, 
 for that court. The publication of Pamela, in 1744, gave 
 rife to a fet of paintings by Mr. Highmore, which were en- 
 graved by two French engravers, and publKbed by fubfcription, 
 in 1745. In the fame year he painted the only original of the 
 late General Wolfe, then about 18. His Pair.ela introduced 
 him to the acquaintance and friendfhip of the excellent author, 
 ^hofe picture he drew, and for whom he painted the only ori- 
 ginal of Dr. Young. In 1750 he had the great misfortune to 
 lofe his Excellent wife. On the firft iuftitution of the Academy 
 6f Painting, Sculpture, &c. in 1753, he was elected one of 
 the profelTors; an honour, which, on account of his many avo- 
 cations, he defired to decline. In 1754 he publifhed, *< A cri- 
 tical Exarninatlon of thofe two Paintings [by Rubens] on the 
 cieling of the JSanqueting-houfe at Whitehall, in which Archi- 
 tefture is introduced, lb far as relates to Perfpeftive ; together 
 with the DifcufTion of a Queflion which has been the Subje£l of 
 Debate among Painters:" printed in 4to, for Nourfe, In the 
 folution of this queftion, he proved that Rubens, and feveral other 
 great painters, were miftaken in the practice, and Mr. Kirby, 
 and feveral other authors, in the theory and pra£licei and in the 
 eighteenth volume of the *' Monthly Review," he animadverted 
 (anonymoufly) on Mr. Kirby's unwarrantable treatment of Mr, 
 Ware, and detected and expofed his errors, even where he exults 
 in his own fuperior fcience. Of ihe many portraits which Mr. 
 Highmore painted, in an extenfive practice of 46 years, (of which 
 feveral halve been engraved] it is impoflible and ufelefs todifcufs 
 particulars. Some of the molt capital in the hiflorical branch, 
 which v/as then much lefs cultivated than it is at prefent, Ihall 
 only be mentioned, viz. *' Hagar and Iflimael," a prefent to 
 the Foundling-hofpital: " The Good Samaritan," painted for 
 Mt. Shepherd of Campfey Afh: " The finding of Mofes," 
 
 furchafed at his fale by colonel (now general) Lifter: ** The 
 larlowe FamilY>" as defcribed in *♦ Clarilfa," now in the pof- 
 
 feffioa 
 
HIGH MORE. ii; 
 
 feflion of Thomas Watkinfon Payler, efq; at Heden in Kent: 
 *' ClarilTa/'the portrait mentioned in that work : " The Graces 
 unveiling Nature," drawn by memory from Rubens: ** The 
 Clementina of Grandifon," and " the Qi^ieen-mother of Edward 
 IV. with her younger Son, &c. in Wellminfter-abbey :" the 
 three laft in the poireflion of his fon. 
 
 In 1761, on the marriage of his daughter to the Rev. Mr. 
 Duncombe, fon to one of his oldeft friends, he took a refolution 
 of retiring from bufinefs, and difpofmg of his colledion of pic- 
 tures, which he did by au£lion, in March, 1762; and foon after 
 removed to the houfe of his fon-In-law at Canterbury, where he 
 pailed the remainder of his life, without ever revifiting the metro- 
 polis. But though he had laid dovv'n the pencil^ he never wanted 
 employment: fo aftive and vigorous was his m.ind, that, with a 
 conftitutional flow of fpirlts, and a relidi for inftru61ive fociety, 
 he was " never lefs alone than when alone ;" and, befides his 
 profeflional purfuits (abovementioned), to philofophy, both na- 
 tural and moral, and alfo divinity, he laudably dedicated his 
 time and attention. No man had more clearnefs and precifion 
 of ideas, or a more ardent- defire to know the truth ; and, whea 
 known, confcientioufly to purfue it. With flrong pafiions, 
 ever guided by the ftrideft virtue, he had a tender, fufceptlble 
 heart, always open to the diftrefTes of his fellow-creatures, and 
 always ready to relieve them. His capital v.^ork of the literary 
 kind was his " Practice of Perfpe6live, on the Principles of 
 Dr. Brook Taylor, &c." written many years before, but not 
 publilhed till 1763, when it was printed for Nourfe, in one 
 vol, 4to. This not only evinced his fcientific knowledge of the 
 ftibjed, but removed, by its perfpicuity, the only objedlion that 
 can be made to the fyRein of Dr. Taylor. It accordingly re- 
 ceived, from his friends and the intelligent public, the applaufes 
 it deferved. In 1765, he publilhed (without his name) " Ob- 
 fervations on a Pamphlet intituled, * Chrirtianity not founded on. 
 Argument,' [by Dodwell];" in which, after flievving that it is 
 a continued irony, and lamenting that fo ample a field fhould be 
 offered the author of it for the difplay of his fophillry, he gives 
 up creeds, articles, and catechifms, as out-works raifed by fal- 
 lible men, and, confining himfelf to the defence of the Gofpel, 
 Of citad< 1, ^ews, that pure primitive Chriftianity, though af- 
 faulted by infidels, will ever remain impregnable. His opinion, 
 of Rubens may be feen in the Gent. Mag. for 1766, p. 353^ 
 under the title of '* Remarks on fome Paflriges in Mr. Webb's 
 ' Enquiry into the Beauties of Painting, &cc." In the fame 
 year he publiflied, with only his initials, '* J. H." two fmall 
 volumes of ** Effays, moral, religious, and mifcellaneous ; with 
 a tranflation in Profe of Mr. Browne's Latin Poem on the Im- 
 mortality of the Soul," feleflcd from a large Aumber writlen &% 
 
 la feU 
 
ii6 HIGH MO RE. 
 
 his lelfurc, at different periods of his life. " As nicii," fairs 
 Dr. Hawkerworth[T], •' they do the author great credit. Thejr 
 jire not excurfions of fancy, but efforts of thought, and indu- 
 bitable indications of a vigorous and a£live mind*" In the Gent. 
 Mag. for 1769, p. 287, he communicated " A natural and ob- 
 vious Manner of conlhudling Sun-dials, deduced from the Situ- 
 ation and Motion of the Earth with refpeil to the Sun," ex- 
 plained by a fcheme : and in that for 177^, p. 526, his remarks 
 on colouring, fuggefted by way of a note on the *' Epiitle to an 
 eminent Painter," will fliew that his talents were by no means 
 impaired at the age of 86. He retained them, indeed, to the 
 lafl, and had even ilrength and fpirit fufhcient to enable him to 
 ride out daily on horfeback, the fummcr before he died. A- 
 ftrong conftitution, habitual temperance, and conftant attention 
 to his health in youth as well as in age, prolonged his life, and 
 preferved his faculties to his 88th year, when he gradually ceafed 
 to breathe^ and, as it M^re, fell alleep, on March 3, 1780. 
 He was interred in the fouth aifle of Canterbury cathedral [ u], 
 leaving one fon, Anthony, educated in his own profeflion j and 
 a daughter, Sufanna, mentioned above. 
 
 His abilities as a painter appear in his works, which will not 
 only be admired by his contemporaries, but by their pofterity ; as 
 his tints, like thofe of Rubens and Vandyck, inftead of being 
 impaired, are improved by time, which fome of them have no\r 
 withltood above 60 years. His idea of beauty, when he indulged 
 his fancy, was of the higheft kind; and his knowledge of per- 
 fpe6tive gave him great advantages in family-pieces, of which 
 lie painted more than any one of his time. He could take a 
 likenefs by memory as well as by a fitting, as appears by his 
 picture of the duke of Lorrain (the late emperor), which Faber 
 engraved ; and thofe of king George H. (in York alfemhly- 
 room) ; Qiieen Caroline, the two Mifs Gunnings, &c. Like 
 many other great painters, he had *' a poet for his friend," in the 
 late Mr. Browne; to which may be added, a poem addreffed to 
 him in 1726, by the Rev. Mr. Bunce, at that time of Trinity- 
 hall, Cambridge, who fucceeded Mr. Highm.ore, and in 1780, 
 "was vicar of St. Stephen's near Canterbury. 
 
 HIGHMORE (Nathaniel), a native of Fordingbridge, in 
 Hampfhire, a celebrated anatomifl, and the firft in this country 
 who wrote ** a Syllematical 'IVeatife on the Stru<5lure of the 
 Human Body." He made many difcoveries in Natural Hiftory 
 and Anatomy; the maxUiary fwus , in particular, is called from 
 his name. Antrum Highmorianum. He has left the following 
 
 [t] In his Review of them, Gent, was printed in Gent. Mag. 1780, p. 144} 
 Mag. Vol. XXXV. p. 238. and verfcs to him by Mr. Buiice, iu p. 
 
 [i.-] '* A Tiwugh: at his Crave," J55. 
 
 works^ 
 
H I L ARIU S. 117 
 
 works, I. " Corporis Humani difquifitio Anatomica," follop 
 1651. 2. " The Hiftory of Generation." 3. " De Paffione 
 Hyilerica," 8vo, i66o. Highmore died March 21, 1684, at 
 the age of 71. 
 
 HiLARIUS, or HILARY, an ancient father of the Chrif- 
 tian church, who flouri(hed in the fourth century, was born, as 
 St. Jcrom tells us, at Puidiers in France ; but in what year, is net 
 any where mentioned. His parents were of rank and fubftance, 
 and had him liberally educated in the Pagan religion, which 
 they themfelves profelfcd, and vv^hich Hilary did not forfake till 
 many years after he was grown up; when reflecting, as Dupin 
 fays, upon the grofs errors of P.iganifm, he was by little and 
 little cond'.i^led to the truth, and at laft confirmed in it by read- 
 ing the Holy Scriptures. After he was pcrfedlly inftrufted in 
 the Chrifiian religion, he was baptized, together with his wife 
 and daughter, who were alfo converted with him. He was ad- 
 lanced to the bifhopric of Poi^liers in 355, as Baronius fixes it; 
 though Cave [x] fees no reafon why he might not be made 
 hi (hop ot that place fome years before. As foon as he was 
 raifed to this dignity, he became a mod zealous champion of 
 the orthodox faith, and diftinguifhed himfelf particularly againft 
 the Arians, whofe do6lrines were at that time gaining ground- 
 in France. In 356, he was fent by Conliantius to fupport the 
 party of Athanafius at the fynod of Beterra, or Beziers, againft 
 Saturninus bifliop of Aries, who had juft before been excom- 
 municated by the bifhops of France; but Saturninus intrigued 
 with fo much art againft him, that he prevailed with the em- 
 peror, who was then at Milan, to order him to be banilhed. 
 Accordingly, Hilary was banilhed to Phrygia, where he contr* 
 nued four years, and applied himfelf during that time to the 
 compofing of feveral works, He wrote his twelve books upon 
 the Trinity, which Cave calls ** a noble work," and which 
 have been fo much admired by the orthodox believers. He 
 wrote alfo " A Treatife concerning Synods," which he addrelled 
 to the bifhops of France; wherein he explains to them the 
 fenfe of the Eaftern churches upon the do6lrine of the Tri- 
 nity, and alfo their manner of holding councils. This treatife 
 was drawn up by Hilary, after the council of Ancyra in 358, 
 whofe canons he fets forth in it ; and before the councils ot 
 Rimini and Seleucia, which were called in the beginning of 
 359. Some time after he was fent to the council of Seleucia, 
 where he defended the Gallican bifhops frorn the imputation of 
 Sabellianifm, which the Arians had fixed upon them; and 
 boldly aflerted the found and orthodox faith of the Weftern 
 bilhops. He was fo favourably received, and fo much refpe<5lcd 
 
 [x] Hjftor. Liter. Tom. i. p. 2^3. Oxo.i. 174c, 
 
jiS HILARIUS. 
 
 by this council, that they admitted him as one who fhould give 
 in his opinion, and aflift in a determination among their bifhops: 
 but finding the greater part of them to be Arian, he would not 
 aft. Neverthelefs he continued at Seleucia, till the council was 
 over; when, feeing the orthodox faith in the utmofl peril, he 
 followed the deputies of the council to Conftantinople, and pe- 
 titioned the emperor for leave to difpute publicly with the Arians. 
 *rhe Arians, perceiving what a powerful adverfary they were 
 likely to find in Hilary, contrived to have him fent to France, 
 whither paffing through Italy he arrived in 360, without being 
 abfolved in the mean time from the fentence of banifiiment. 
 However, after the catholic bifhops had recovered their ufual 
 liberty and authority under Julian the Apoftate, Hilary aflcmbled 
 feveral councils in France, to re-efiablifh the ancient orthodox 
 .faith, and to condemn the determinations of the fynods of Ri- 
 inini and Seleucia. He condemned Saturninus bifhop of Aries, 
 but pardoned thofe who acknovvledged their error; and, in 
 Jfhort, he exerted himfelf fo heartily in this great affair, that, as 
 Sulpicius Severus fays, it was agreed on all hands, that France 
 Vfzs in a great meafure freed from Arianifm by the fingle infli:- 
 ence and endeavours of Hilary. He extended his care likewifc 
 on this account to Italy and foreign churches, and was particu- 
 cularly qualified, as Ruffinus obftrves, to recover men from the 
 error of their ways, becaufe he was '* vir natura lenis, placidus, 
 iimulque eruditus, & ad perfuadendum commodilTimus:" " an 
 excellent obfervation," fays the candid Dupin, " and very pro- 
 per lefibn of inftrudlion to all who are employed in the conver- 
 ^on of Heretics." 
 
 About 367, Hilary had another opportunity of diftinguifliing 
 his zeal againft Arianifm. The emperor Valentinian coming 
 to Milan, iffued an edift, by which he obliged all to acknow- 
 ledge Auxentius for their bilhop. Hilary, perfuaded that Aux- 
 enlius wars in his heart an Arian, prefented a petition to the 
 emperor, in which he declared Auxentius to be a blafphemer, 
 whofe opinions were oppofite to thofe of the church. Upon this 
 the emperor ordered Hilary and Auxentius to difpute publicly ; 
 where Auxentius, after many fubtleties and evafive Ihifts to 
 prevent being depofed from his bifhopric, was forced, to own, 
 that Jefus Chrifl " was indeed God, of the fame fubflance 
 and divinity with the Father." The emperor believed this pro- 
 feilion fincere, and embraced his communion ; but Hilary con- 
 tinued ftill to call him an heretic, and mofl wicked prevaricator 
 with God and man ; on which account he was ordered to depart 
 from Milan, as one who difturbed the peace of the church. 
 Hilary died the latter end of this year, after many ftruggles and 
 endeavours to fupport the catholic faith. His works have been 
 publifhed feveral times: but the laft and bed edition of them 
 
 was 
 
HILDEBERT. 119 
 
 was given by the Benedidines In 1693 at Paris. Of liis twelve 
 books upon the Tiinity, Jerom has fpokcn thus: *' Hilarius, 
 meorum confefTor temporum & epifcopus, duodecim Qi^iintir- 
 liani libros & ftylo imitatus ell: & numero[Y]." And Erafmus, 
 in the preface to that edition which he gave of Hilary's works, 
 fays, that in thefe books he feems to have taken pains to fhew, 
 ** quicquid ingcnio, qiucquid eloquentia, quicquid facfarum 
 literarum cognitione poU'et." He was likewife a man of great 
 piety as well as abilities and learning, of which the ancient 
 author of his life, attributed to Fortunatus, has given us this 
 inftance. He tells us, that when Hilary went to Phrygia into 
 banilhment, leaving his wife and daughter behind him at Poic- 
 tiers, he had a vifion, which informed him, that a young man 
 of great wealth and power wanted to marry his daughter; but 
 that Hilary prevented the match by his prayers, in which he 
 carneftly begged, that flie might only be married to Jefus Chrifl. 
 The author adds, thgt after his return from exile, upon her ex^ 
 prefling an inclination to be married, Hilary prayed the Lord 
 again, to take her from this vain world to himfelf: the refult of 
 which was, it is faid, that the young lady, as well as her mother, 
 whom we mufl fuppofe to have been upon this occafion too 
 much in her intereft, died in a very fhort time after. A ftory of 
 this kind proves at leafl the opinion held of the perfon of whorjj 
 jt is told. 
 
 HILARIUS, another Romifh faint of that name, who vv^as 
 of Aries. He was born in 401, of rich and noble parents, and 
 educated under St. Honoratus abbot ©f Lerins. When Hono- 
 ratus was promoted to the fee of Aries, Hilarius, afterwards his 
 fiiccefTor, attended him. When he was himfelf promoted to 
 that dignity, he held feveral councils, and prelided in that at 
 Rome ill 441. In confequence of fome falfe accufations, he 
 was partly degraded by pope Leo, but his merit was afterwards 
 fully perceived by that prelate. He died at the age of 48, yet 
 worn out by his ecclefialtical labours. He has the hlgheft cha*. 
 ra6ler for piety, and all virtues. His works are, i. *^ Homi* 
 lies," under the name of Eufebius of Emefa. 2. " The i,ife 
 of St. Honoratus," his predeceffor. 3. Various fmaller works. 
 The former Hilary is the perfon molt known by th^ pame of 
 St. Hilary. 
 
 HILDEBERT, bifhop of Mans, and afterwards archbifhop. 
 of Tours, in the I2th century, was born at J^avardin, a town in 
 France. He is faid by Bayle to have led a very dilfolute life, 
 before he was raifed to the epifcopal character. Ivo bifliop of 
 Chartres, reproached him in the following terms : *^ Some of 
 the moil ancient perfons of the church of Mans, who fay they 
 
 [y] Epift. ad Mag. Tom, II. p. jjS, 
 
 I 4 are 
 
120 HILDEBERT. 
 
 are very well acquainted with your former way of living, afTert, 
 that you indulged yourfelf in fenfual pleafures to that degree, 
 that after you was made an archdeacon, you ufed to lie with a 
 whole tribe of concubines, by whom you have had many boys 
 and girls [z]." Hildebert, however, was a man of great learn- 
 ing, as well as merit in many refpeds. Maimbourg commends 
 him highly, calls him the blefTed Hildebert, and afferts him. to 
 have been one of the moft holy and mod learned prelates, the 
 Gallican church ever had. " We have fome letters," fays he, 
 ** and other beautiful works of his in the colledlion of the fa- 
 thers. St. Bernard flyles him the excellent pontiff and chief 
 fupport of the church ; whom the mod celebrated v^riters men- 
 tion with great elogium, and whofe holinefs God himfclf was 
 pleafed to (hew, and to honour by the miracles which were per- 
 formed at his tomb. And on this occafion, to do his memory 
 the juflice it deferves, I think myfelf obliged to obferve, that 
 they who, on the credit of a letter of Ivo of Chartres, have 
 afferted the diffolutenefs of his life, when he was made bilTiop 
 of Mans, have entirely miftaken him for another; being mifled 
 by the infcription of that letter [a], in which they found Ilde- 
 berto inftead of Aldeberto, as the ancient manufcripts read it." 
 But Maimbourg's criticifm, which is taken from Juret's " Notes 
 on Ivo of Chartres's Life," has not availed at all in Hildebert's 
 favour; fmce it is well known, that no other perfon who was 
 raifed from an archdeacon to a bifliop, was eleded bilhop of 
 Mans in Ivo's time, but Hildebert. 
 
 Maimbourg relates afterwards, that Hildebert was tranflated 
 from the bilhopric of Mans to the archbifhopric of Tours by 
 pope Honorius II. in 1125; and obferves, that this prelate, 
 finding king Lewis the Big to have given two canonfhips in his 
 diocefe during the vacancy of that fee, went himfelf to court to 
 make his humble reprefentations to the king. His majefty heard 
 him ; but, as he would not be fatisfied with the fentehce that 
 was given, and demanded a canonical judgement, all the income 
 bf his archbifhopric was feized upon, on account of his oblli- 
 nacy. This made him have recourfe to the mod humble peti- 
 tions; and he recommended his cafe to a bifliop, for whom the 
 ]king had a great efteem- " I do not write to you," fays he, 
 ** with a defign to complain of the king's proceedings againfl mc ; 
 nor to roufe you by my expollulation ; nor to raife clamours, 
 troubles, feditions, and ftorms againfl the Lord's Anointed; nor 
 to demand, that the feverities and cenfures of the church be 
 made ufe of againft him. Far from it; I only beg of you, that 
 by your kind and charitable offices, you would prevail upon his 
 majefty, not to exert the weapons of his anger and indignatioi^ 
 
 [r] Ivo's Letter the sjth. [a] Hift. du Lutheranlfpic, Liv. ii. p. 192. 
 
 againft 
 
HILDESLEY. 121 
 
 agalnfl: a poor bifliop, full of years, and who defircs nothing buj 
 reft[B]." 
 
 HilJebert wrote a very pointed letter againft the court of Rome. 
 The defcription he gives of the vices of that court, is very 
 lively and elegant; and Ave find as lively and elegant a tranfla- 
 tion of it, in French, by M. dii Pieffis Mornay, in his " JVlyf- 
 tere d'Iniquite." He was only bifliop of Mans when he wrote 
 that letter; but when he wrote another to p9pe Honorius II. 
 complaining that all the caufes were carried to Rome by way of 
 appeal, he was archbilhop of Tours. He wrote alfo a dcfcripiiou 
 cf Rome in Latin verfe, which ends with thefc two lines: 
 '* Urbs felix, fi vel Dominis urbs ilia careret, 
 Vel Dominis effet turpe carere fide." 
 That is, 
 
 " Happy city, if it had no mafters ; or if it were fcandalous 
 for thofe mafters to be unfaithful." 
 
 HILDESLEY (Mapk), a truly primitive prieft and bifliop, 
 was fon of Mark Hildefley, re6lor of Houghton and Witton in 
 the county of Huntingdon, who died about 1724 or 1725, when 
 the living was offered to his fon by fir John Barnard, to hold on 
 terms for a minor, which he declined. He was born at Marfton, 
 in the county of Kent, 1698, educated at the Charter-houfe, at 
 nineteen removed to Trinity-college, Cambridge, whereof he 
 was elecEled fellow in 1723. In 1724 he was appointed White- 
 hall preacher by bifhop Gibfon ; in 1731 prefented by his col- 
 xlcge to the vicarage of Hitchin, and in 1535 to the neighbour- 
 ing redory of Hoi well in the county of Bedford, by R. Rad- 
 cliffe, Efq; who had a fingular refped for his many amiable 
 and engaging qualities, and always called him father Hildefley. 
 This rectory he retained with the mafterfhip of an hofpital in 
 Durham, given him by the bifhop of that fee, after his promo- 
 tion to the fee of Sodor and Man. He diftinguilbed himfeif 
 by a diligent attendance on the duties of his extenfive parifh, 
 which had been much neglected by his predeceifor, took his 
 conftant rounds in vifiting his parilhioners both in town and 
 country, and preaching alternately with his curate at both liv- 
 ings; and every Friday evening in the year at feven, inftrucled 
 and catechifcd the younger part in the church, and on Good 
 Fridays diftributed books to them. He generally preached from 
 memory or fhort notes, and at a vlfitation at Baldock, delivered 
 the whole difcourfe to the clergy from memory, with a very 
 agreeable addrefs. His conflant attention to the duties of his 
 fundion, and his inability to keep a curate before he had Hoi- 
 ivell, impaired his weakly conftitution. He bellowed great 
 
 fsj Hjld. Epift. vi. apud Lucam Dachcrium, Tom. XIII, 
 
 cxpence. 
 
122 HILL. 
 
 expence, foon after his inflitution, on his vicarage-houfe, which 
 ■was before a poor incan dwelling; and he took four or fix fele£l 
 Carders into his houfe for in(lru£lion. His exemplary conduit 
 in this humble ftation recommended him to the duke of Athol 
 as a tit fucceffor to the worthy biihop Wilfon, whofe noble de- 
 fign of printing a tranflatton of the whole Bible in the Manks 
 language he brought to the mod happy conclufton, immediately 
 afttr his tonfecration in 1755, and died within tea days of its 
 completion, of a paralytic ftroke, Dec. 7, 1772. He was bu- 
 ried, according to his dcfire, as near to his predcceffor as poflihle. 
 "Tlis farewel fermon at Hitchin drew tears from all who heard 
 it; and when he vifited the parifh two years after, on his return 
 to England from his fee, he recognized affe^lionately the mean- 
 cft of his friends and catechumens. He preached another affec- 
 tionate difcourfe to them, and when he left the town, the ftreets 
 were crouded with multitudes to pay him every mark of reve- 
 rence, which he returned with equal kindnefs. 
 
 HILL (Joseph), an EnglKh divine, famous chiefly for hav- 
 ing pub'iihed, in 1676, an edition of Schrevelius's Greek lexicon, 
 augmented with 8000 words, and purged of as many faults. 
 He was born at Leeds in 1624, educated at St. John's-college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degrees, arid was afterwards 
 chofen fellow of Magdalen-college in that univerfity. He im- 
 bibed the puritanical dodrines, and w^as prodlor during the pre- 
 valence of that party in 1659. After the Reftoration, he refufed 
 to conform, and was therefore eje6led in 1662. He then tra- 
 velled through France and Germany, and palTed two years at 
 Leyden. In 1667, he was chofen paftor of the Englifh con- 
 gregation at Mlddleburg ; but, after a time, refigned that fitu- 
 ation and returned to England. He finally fettled at Rotterdam, 
 •where he continued till his death, which happened in 1707. 
 
 HILL (William), author of fome learned notes, gram- 
 matical, critical, and geographical, on Dionyfius Periegetes; 
 ■which were publiflied in London in 1688, after his death. He 
 had been a fellow of Merton-college, Oxford, and was after- 
 wards mafter of a fchool in Dublin. He died in 1667. To 
 his notes are fubjoined maps, with an explanation of thetn, and 
 <7eographical inititutes for young {Indents. The edition is com- 
 mon, and has the text of Dionyfius from H. Stephens, and 
 the commentary of Euftathius. 
 
 HILL (Aaron), a poet ; was the eldefl fon of George Hill, 
 of Malmefbury-Abbey in Wiltfhirc, and was born in Beaufort- 
 buildings, London, Feb. 10, 1685. He Avas fent to Weflmin- 
 flcr- fchool, which, however, he left, on account of family diitrefs, 
 occafioned by his father's mafmanagen<?nt, at fourteen years 
 of age. Shortly after he formed a refolution of paying a vifit 
 to his relation lord Paget, theii ambalTador al Conftantinople : 
 
 and 
 
HILL. 123 
 
 and accordingly embarked for that place, March 2, 1700. 
 When he arrived, lord Paget received him with much furprife, 
 as well as pleafure ; wondering, that a perfon fo young fliould 
 run the hazard of fuch a i^^agc, to vifit a relation whom he 
 only knew by charader. The ambaflador immediately pro- 
 vided for him a very learned eccleOaftic in his own houfe; and, 
 under his tuition, fent him to travel, fo that he had an op- 
 portunity of feeing Egypt, Paleftine, and a great part of the 
 Eaft. Wit:i lord Paget he returned home about 1703, and in 
 his joi'.rney faw moft of the courts in Europe. A few years after, 
 he was defired to accompany Sir William Wentworth, who was 
 then going to make the tour of Europe ; and with him he tra- 
 velled two or three years. About 1709, he publifhed his firft 
 poem, entitled, " Camiilus," in honour of the earl of Peter- 
 borough, who had been general in Spain : and being the fame 
 year made mafter of the theatre in Drury-lane, he wrote his firft 
 tragedy, " Elfrid, or the Fair Inconftant," at the defire of the 
 famous a6lor Booth, which he began, and completed in a little 
 more than a week. In 1710, he was mafterof the opera-houfe 
 in the Hay-market ; and then wrote an opera called " Rinaldo," 
 which met with great fuccefs, and was the firft that Handel com- 
 pofed after he came to England. His genius feems to have 
 been beft adapted to the bufinefs of the ftage ; and while he held 
 the management, he conduced both the theatres to the fatisfac- 
 tion of the public; but, having fome mifunderftanding with the 
 lord-chamberlain, he relinquifhed it in a few months. 
 
 But Hill was not only a poet, he was aifo a great projedor. 
 Among the Harleian MSS. 7524, is a letter from him to the lord- 
 treafurer, dated April 12, 1714, on a fubjedl by which " the 
 nation might gain a million annually." In 1715, he undertook 
 to make an oil, as fweet as that from olives, of the beech-nuts 
 and obtained a patent for the purpofe : but, from fome caufe or 
 other, the iindertaking came to nothing. In 171 6, he wrote 
 another tragedy, called " The Fatal Vifion, or the Fall of Siam :" 
 to which he prefixed this motto out of Horace, 
 
 ** I not for vulgar admiration write : 
 To be well read, not much, is my delight." 
 Abouti7i8, he v.Tote a poem, called ** The Northern Star,'* 
 upon the a<Stions of the czar Peter the Great ; and feveral years 
 after was complimented with a gold medal from the emprcfs 
 Catherine, according to the czar's defire before his death. He 
 was alfo to have written his life from papers of the czar's, which 
 were to have been fent to him : but the death of the czarina, 
 quickly after, prevented it. In 1728, he made a journey to 
 the North of Scotland, v/here he had been about two years be- 
 fore ; having contrackd with the York-buildings company, con- 
 cerning 
 
I2f HILL. 
 
 cerning many woods of great extent in that kingdom, for timber 
 for the ufes of the navy. He found fome difficulties in this 
 affair : for when the trees were by his order chained together 
 into floats, the Highlanders refufe^ to venture themfelves on 
 them down the river Spey, till he firfl went himfelf to convince 
 them there was no danger. In this paffage he found a great 
 obftacle in the rocks, on which he ordered fires to be made 
 when the river was low, and great quantities of water to be 
 thrown ; by which means they were broken to pieces, and 
 thrown down, fo that the paffage became eafy for the floats. 
 This projed, however, like the former, came to nothing ; upon 
 which, after a flay of feveral months in the Highlands, he 
 quitted Scotland, and went to York. In that retirement in the 
 North, he wrote a poem, called •* The Progrefs of Wit, being 
 a Caveat for the ufe of an eminent Writer." This was in- 
 tended for Pope, who had been the aggreffor in the " Dunciad," 
 and, as Hill's friends fay, was made very uneafy by it. The 
 firfl: eight lines are as follows: 
 
 *' Tuneful Alexis, on the Thame's fair fide. 
 The ladies play-thing, and the Mufes pride. 
 With merit popular, with wit polite, 
 Eafy though vain, and elegant though light: 
 Deli ring and deferving others praife. 
 Poorly accepts a fame he ne'er repays: 
 Unborn to cherifh, fneakingly approves, 
 And wants the foul to fpread the worth he loves." 
 In 1 73 1, he met the greatefl: fliock afflidlion ever gave him, 
 though it is faid he was born to combat it in all its fhapes : and 
 that was in the lofs of a wife, to whom he had been married 
 twenty years. She was the only daughter of Edmund Morris, 
 efq; of Stratford in Effex, by whom he had nine children, and 
 alfo a handfome fortune. He wrote the following epitaph for a 
 monument he defigned to eredl over grave : 
 
 ** Enough, cold fl:one! fuffice her long-Iov'd name; 
 Words are too weak to pay her virtue's claim. 
 Temples, and tombs, and tongues fhall wafte away, 
 And power's vain pomp in mould'ring dufl: decay. 
 But ere mankind a wife more perfedt fee. 
 Eternity, O Time! fliall bury thee." 
 
 It would not be a fmall taflc to enumerate all his produ£lIonsiri 
 poetry and profe. Four volumes have been publiflied, in 8vo, fince 
 his death ; but they have never been in much favour with the pub- 
 lic, and we cannot undertake to make them fo. AfFe6lation both 
 in the thoughts, and in the manner of exprefling them, rathqj 
 than want of genius, may account for their imperfe* fuccefs. 
 His lafl: produdion was a tragedy called <* Merope," taken from 
 
 . . yoltaire. 
 
HILL. 125 
 
 Voltaire, which was brought upon the ftage in Drury-lanc by 
 Garrick. There are fome lines in the beginning of it, which 
 may be confidered as a prophecy of his own approaching dif- 
 folution : 
 
 ** Cover'd in fortune's (hade, I reft reclin'd: 
 
 My griefs all filent ; and my joys refign'd. 
 
 With patient eye life's evening gloom fiirvey : 
 
 Nor Ihake th' out-haftening fands, nor bid them f^ay. 
 
 Yet while from life my fetting profpedls fly, 
 
 Fain would my mind's weak offspring (hun to die, Sec.'* 
 
 He died Feb. 8, 1750, as it is faid, in the very minute of the 
 earthquake, after enduring a twelvemonth's torment of body with 
 great calmnefs and refignation. He was interred in the fame 
 grave with his wife, in the great cloifler of Weftminfler-abbey. 
 The following judgement of A. Hill, is foimd enoug!\ for us 
 to adopt [c]. ** His chara6ler," it is faid, " feems to have been 
 almoft as lingular as his adventures. Born of a good family, and 
 endowed with fome natural talents, he might perhaps have ar- 
 rived at that eminence to which he afpired, could he have con- 
 fined himfelf to any fingle purfuit. But he was one of thofe 
 cnterprifing fpirits, that attempt every thing; and, for want of 
 difcerning their proper province, bring nothing to perfedlion. 
 He travelled much, read much, and wrote much; and all, as it 
 fhould feem, to very little purpofe. His intimate acquaintance 
 with the moll eminent perfons of an age fo fruitful in Beaux 
 Efprits inflamed his natural ardour to diftinguifh himfelf in the 
 Belles Letters. He fancied that he was deftined to be a great 
 poet ; and the high compliments he received from one that was 
 really fuch (namely, Mr. Pope) confirmed him in that error. — 
 From poetry to mufic the palTage was natural and eafy: but frojn 
 compofing dramas, to be fet to the extracting oil from beech- 
 nuts, was a tranfition quite peculiar to fuch a verfatile genius 
 as Hill." 
 
 HHvL (Sir John), an Englifh writer, and mofl extraordinary 
 charadler [d], was the fon of a Mr. Theophllus Hill, a cler- 
 gyman of Peterborough or Spalding, and born about the year 
 1716. He was bred an apothecary, and fet up in St. Marlln's- 
 lane, Weftmiinfter ; but marrying early, and without a fortune 
 on either fide, he was obliged to look round for other refonrces 
 than his profeiTion. Having, therefore, in his apprenticefhip, 
 attended the botanical ledlures, which are periodically given 
 under the patronage of the apothecary's company, and being 
 poifefled of quick natural parts, he foon made himfelf acquainted 
 with the theoretical, as well as pradical parts of botany ; after 
 
 [c] Memoirs of the Life of Handel, p. 80. 
 
 £b] AiMiual K.egiftec, in the year 1775. — B:ogiaphia Drama-ica. 
 
 which, 
 
126 HILL. 
 
 •which, being recommended to the late duke of Richmond and 
 lord Petre, he was by them employed in the infpedion and ar- 
 rangement of their botanic gardens. Affifted by the liberality 
 of thefe noblemen, he executed a fcheme of travelling over 
 feveral parts of this kingdom, to gather fome of the moft rare 
 and uncommon plants, accounts of which he afterwards pub- 
 lilbed by fubfcription. But, after great refearches, and the ex- 
 ertion of uncommon induftry, which he poiTeflTed in a peculiar 
 degree, this undertaking turned out by no means adequate either 
 to his merits or expeftations. 
 
 The ftage next prefented itfelf, as a foil in which genius 
 might (land a chance of flourifliing: but this plan proved like- 
 wife abortive ; and, after two or three unfuccefsful attempts at 
 the Hay-market and Covent-garden, he was obliged torelinquifh 
 all pretenfions to the fock and bufkin, and apply again to his 
 botanical enquiries, and his bufmefs as an apothecary. In the 
 courfe of thefe purfuits, he was introduced to the acquaintance 
 of Martin Folkes and Henry Baker, efqrs. both of the Royal 
 Society, and through them to the literary world; where he was 
 received and entertained on every occafion with much candour 
 and friendly warmth : in ihort, he was conlidered by them as a 
 young man of great natural and acquired knowledge, ftruggling 
 a^^ainft the tide of misfortune, and in this view pitied and en- 
 couraged. 
 
 At length, about 1746, (at which time he had the trifling ap- 
 pointment of apothecary to one or two regiments in the Savoy) 
 he tranflated from the Greek a fmall tra£l of Theophraftus, 
 *^ On Gems," which he publifhed by fubfcription ; and this, 
 being well executed, procured him friends, reputation, and 
 money. Encouraged by this fuccefs, he engaged in works of 
 greater extent and importance. 'I'he firit he undertook, was 
 " A General Natural Hillory," 3 vols, folio. He next engaged 
 in conjundion with George Lewis Scott, efq. for a " Supple- 
 ment to Chambers's Didionary." At the fame time he under- 
 took the " Britifh Magazine;" and, when engaged in thefe and 
 a number of other works, fome of which feemed to require a 
 man's whole attention, he carried on a daily eflay under the title 
 of *' Infpe£lor." Notwithlianding all this employment, he was 
 a conftant attendant upon every place of public amuiement ; 
 where he collefted, by wholefale, a great variety of private in- 
 trigue, and perfonal fcandal, which he as freely retailed again to 
 the public, in his " Infpectors" and " Magazines." It would 
 make a folio, inftead of an article in this work, were we to trace 
 Dr. Hill (for he had now obtained a diploma from the college 
 of St. Andrew's, in Scotland) through all his various purfuits in. 
 life. Let it fuffice to fay, that from this fuccefsful period, he 
 commenced a man of falhion, kept his equipage, drelfcd, went 
 ' I into 
 
HILL. 
 
 127 
 
 into all polite companies, laughed at the drier ftudles, and in 
 €very reipedl claimed the charafler of a man of bon ion. His 
 Writings fuppoitcd him in all this for a time; and, notwith- 
 ftanding the graver part of them were only compilations, and 
 the lighter part fuch as could produce no great copy-money, 
 yet there is no doubt that he made, for fcveral years, a confidcr- 
 a.ble incnine. 
 
 But the difpofition of Dr. Hill was greatly changed with his 
 circumftances: from being humble and diffident, he had become 
 vain and felf-fufficient : there appeared in him a pride, which was; 
 perpetually claiming a more than ordinary homage; and a vindic- 
 tive fpirit, which could never forgive the refufal of it. Hence his 
 Writings abounded with attacks on the underftandings, morals, or 
 peculiarities of others, defcending even topcrfonal abfife and fcur- 
 xility. This licence of his pen engaged him frequently in difputes 
 and quarrels; and an Irilh gentleman, fuppofed to be ridiculed ixx 
 an *' Infpedlor," proceeded fo far as even to cane him, in the 
 public gardens at Ranelagh. He had a paper war with Wood- 
 ward the comedian ; w^as engaged with Henry Fielding in the 
 affair of Elizabeth Canning; and concerned in a contefl: with 
 the Royal Society. He attacked this body, firll: in a pamphlet, 
 entitled, ** A Dillertation on Royal Societies;" and after wards 
 in a 4to volume, called " A Review of the Works of the 
 Royal Society." The latter work was ulhered into the world 
 with an abufive dedication to Martin Folkes ; againft whom, 
 and Mr. Baker above-m.entionod, his early patrons, the weight 
 of his malignity was aimed. The caufe of both thefe produc- 
 tions was the difcouragement he met with, when he was defirous 
 to offer.himfclf as a candidate for admittance into that Society. 
 
 By perfonal abufe, malignant altercation, proud and infolent 
 behaviour, together with the (lovenlinefs and inaccuracy of carc- 
 lefs and hafty produ(9.ions, he wrote himfelf out of repute both 
 with bookfellers and the town ; and, after fome time, funk in 
 the eftimation of the public, nearly as fad as he had rifen. He 
 found, however, as ufual, refources in his own invention. He 
 applied himfelf to the preparation of certain fimple medicines: 
 namely, *' the Etfencc of Water-dock; Tinclure of Valerian; 
 Perioral Balfam of Honey ; and Tindlure of Bardana." Th? 
 well-known fsmplicity of thefe preparations, led the public to 
 judge favourably of their effetts; they had a rapid fale, andonce 
 inore enabled the doi6lor to live in fplendor. 
 
 Soon after the publication of the firil of thefe medicines, he 
 obtained the patronage of the earl of Bute ; under which., hs 
 publifhedii very pompous and voluminous botanical work, en- 
 titled, " A Syftem of Botany." To wind up the whole of fu 
 extraordinary a life, having, a year or two before his death, 
 prefejited an elegant iet of his botanical wofks to the king of 
 
 Sweden, 
 
I2S HILL. 
 
 Su'eden, that monarch inverted him with one of the orders ot 
 his court, in confequence of which he afTumed the title of Sir 
 ' John. He died Nov. 1775, of the gout, though he profelTed ta 
 cure it in others. As to his literary chara(5ler, and the rank 
 of merit in which his writings ought to fbnd, Hill's greatefl 
 enemies could not deny that he was mafler of confiderable abi- 
 lities, and an amazing quicknefs of parts. The rapidity of his 
 pen was ever aftonifliing, and we have been credibly informed, 
 that he has been known to receive, within one year, no lefs than 
 15C0I. for the works of his own fingle hand; which, as he was 
 never in fuch eftimation as to be entitled to any extraordinary 
 price for his copies, is, we believe, at leaft three tiines as much 
 as ever was made by any one writer in the fame period of time. 
 But, had he written much lefs, his works would probably have 
 been much more read. The vafl variety of fubjefts he handled, 
 certainly required fuch a fund of univerfal knowledge, and fuch 
 a boundlefs genius, as were never, perhaps, known to centre 
 in any one man ; and it is not therefore to be wondered, if, in 
 regard to fome, he appears very inaccurate, in foine very fuper- 
 ficial, and, in others, altogether inadequate to the tafk he had 
 undertaken. His works on philofophical fubjeils", feemed moil 
 likely to have procured him fame, had he allowed himfelf time 
 to digelt the knowledge he podbfled, or preferved that regard to 
 veracity which the relation of fcientific facts fo rigidly demands. 
 His novels, of which he has written many, fuch as '* Ihe Hiftory 
 of Mr. Lovell," (in which he had endeavoured to perfuade the 
 w^orld he had given the detail of his own life) " The Adventures 
 of a Creole," " l^he Life of Lady Frail," &c. have, in fome 
 parts of them, incidents not difagreeably related, but the moft of 
 them are no more than narratives of private intrigues; containing 
 throughout, the grofleft calumnies, and endeavouring to blacken 
 and undermine the private charadlers of many refpedable and 
 amiable perfonages. In his " Elfays," which are by much the 
 ted of his writings, there is, in general, a-livelinefs of imagi- 
 nation, and adroitnefs in the manner of extending, perhaps fome 
 very trivial thought: which, at firft, is pleafing enough, and 
 may by m.any be miftaken for wit ; but, on a nearer exami- 
 nation, will be found to lofe m^uch of its value. A continued 
 life of fmart lliort periods, bold alferiions, and bolder egotifms, 
 produces a tranfient effe£l, but feldom tempts the fpeilator to take 
 a fecond glance. The utmofl that can be faid of Hill is, that he 
 had talents, but that, in general, he either greatly mifappliedthem, 
 or moft miferably hackneyed them for profit. As a drama- 
 tic writer he ifands in no eitimation, nor has he been known 
 in that view by any thing but three very infignificant pieces : 
 namely, j. " Orpheus," an opera, 1740. 2. " The Crifical 
 Miaute," 3 farce, publiilied in 1754, but notaded. 3. " The 
 
 Rout," 
 
HILL. 129 
 
 Rout," a farce, 1754. Some fmart epigrams by Garrick and others, 
 on his joint occupations of poet and phyfician, will be remetn» 
 bered longer than his own dramas. Some of them run thus; 
 
 " For phyfic and farces, his equal there fcarce is. 
 His farces are phyfic, his phyfic a farce is." 
 
 Another. 
 *' Thou eflence of dock, of valerian, and fage, 
 At once the difgrace and the pefl: of this age. 
 The worfl: that we wifli thee, for all thy vile crimes. 
 Is to take thy own phyfic, and read thy own rhymes." 
 Anfiver. 
 The wifli mufl be in form revers'd 
 
 To fuit the doctor's crimes ; 
 For if he takes his phyfic firft, 
 He'll never read his rhymes !" 
 
 HILL (Robert), a man remarkable for his perfeverance and 
 talent in learning many languages by the aid of books alone, 
 and that under every difadvantage of laborious occupation and 
 extreme poverty. His extraordinary charadler was made known 
 to the world by Mr. Spence in 1757, who, in order to promote 
 a fubfcription for him, publilhed a comparifon between him and 
 the famous A'lagliabecchi, with a Ihort life of each[£]. From 
 this account it appears that he was born January ii, 1699, at 
 Mifvvell near Tring, in Hertfordlhire; that he was bred a taylor, 
 which trade and that of a ftay-maker, he pradlifed throughout 
 life, fometimes adding to them that of a fchoolmafler. He was 
 three times married, and the increafe of his family, with the 
 extravagance of his fecond wife, kept him always in great pe- 
 nury. He worked in general, or taught by day, and fludied by 
 niglu; in which way he acquired the Latin, (jreek, and He- . 
 brcw languages, with a good knowledge of arithmetic. As he 
 could proceed only as he accidentally picked up books in a very 
 cheap way, his-progrefs was How, but by his unremitting dili- 
 gence, very fteady. According to his own account, he was 
 feven years acquiring Latin, twice as much in learning Greek, 
 but Hebrew he found fo eafy, that it coll him little time. He 
 wrote, I. Remarks on Berkeley's '* ElTay on Spirit." 2. ** The 
 Charadter of a Jew." 3. " Criticifms on Job," He was a 
 modeft fenfible man, fond of ftudying the Scriptures, and a 
 zealous men.ber of the Church of England, He died at Buck- 
 ingham, in July, 1777, after having been confined to his bed 
 abou^ a year and a half. During this time, he employed the 
 hours in which he was able to fit up, in his favourite Ifudy of 
 the Old Teftament in Hebrew, which he frequently faid, now 
 
 .^1 7^5 traft was reprinted in Dodfley's two volumes of " Fugitive Pieces," la 
 ■^76 1. The amount Ojf the fubfcriptions there ftated is only 89I. 19s. 
 
 Vol. VIU. IC iW)rc 
 
130 HINCKLEY. 
 
 more than repaid him for the trouble he had taken to acquire the 
 language. It is probable, that the notice into which he was 
 brought by Mr. Spence fecured him afterwards from the extre- 
 mities of poverty. 
 
 HILLEL the Elder, one of the Jewifh doclors of the Mifchna, 
 fiouriflied about 30 years before the Chriftian a;ra, and lived to 
 an advanced age. He was born of an illuftrious Jewifh family 
 in Babylon, but was made prefident of the Sanhedrim at Jeru- 
 falem, which dignity remained in his family for fix generations. 
 He defended the oral traditions of the Jews, which he firft re- 
 duced into order in fix Sedarini or treatifes. He took great pains 
 to procure an accurate text of the Bible. 
 
 HILLEL, the Prince, great grandfon of Judas Hakkadofh, 
 and one of the principal writers of the Gemara, or comment on 
 the Mifchna. He flouriflied in the middle of the fourth century. 
 
 HILLIARD (Nicholas), acelebrated Englilli painter, who 
 drew Mary queen of Scots in water-colours, when Ihe was but 
 18 years of age ; wherein he fucceeded to admiration, and 
 gained a general applaufe. He was goldfmith, carver, and 
 portrait-painter to queen Elizabeth, whofe pidure he drew 
 feveral times; particularly once, when he made a whole length 
 of her, fitting on her throne. Donne has celebrated this painter 
 in a poem, called " The Storm ;" where he fays, 
 
 "An hand, an eye, 
 By Hilliard drawn, is worth an hillory." 
 
 HIMERIUS, a Greek fophift and grammarian, who flou- 
 rifhed under the emperors Conrtantius and Julian, and was liv- 
 ing after the death of the latter, in the year 363. He was a na- 
 tive of Prufias in Bithynia, and a rival of Anatolius and Proa^ne- 
 fius after whofe death he efiiabliihed himfelf in the fchool of 
 r'^ctoric at Athens. Eunapius, who writes fome account of him, 
 commends his ftyle, which was formed on that of Ariftides. He 
 delighted in making clandeftine attacks upon the Chriilians. 
 Photius defcribes his declamations, and gives fome extradts ; 
 but a copv of them has been iound, and an edition was promifcd 
 by Wernfdorf. 
 
 HINCKLEY ('John)., fon of Robert Hinckley of Coton in 
 Warwick fliire[Ft, was born in that county in 1617. His pa- 
 rents bcino- puritanically inclined, he was bred in that perfiiafion 
 under Mr. Vynes, a celebrated fchoolmafler of Hinckley. In Mid- 
 fummer or April term, 1634, he was admitted a Undent in St. 
 Alban's-hall, under the tuition cf Mr. Robert Sayer; but before 
 he became B. A. was converted, by the preaching of Dr. Went- 
 worth, from the opinions he had imbibed in infancy. 
 
 [*■] Nichols's Hlftory of Afton-Flamvile and Buvbach. 
 
 About 
 
HIPPARCHIA. 131 
 
 About the time he had completed the degree of M. A. he 
 entered into orders, was patronized by the family of Purefoy of 
 Wadley near Faringdon, Berks; vicar of Colelhill in that 
 county, afterwards of Drayton in Leiccflerfliire, on the pre- 
 fentation of George Purefoy, efq; in 1662, re£lor of Northfteld 
 in Worcefterfhirc ; and in 1679, B. and D. D. He died April 
 13, 1 69 1, and was buried in the chancel of Northfield church, 
 Avhere feveral epitaphs r(.-:ord part of the hiftory of his family. 
 
 The publications of Dr. Hinckley are, I. '* Four S.crmons ; 
 viz. I. at the Ailizes at Reading; 2. at Abingdon ; 3. and 4. at 
 Oxford, 1657," 8vo. 2. " Matrimonial I nltrudion to Perfons 
 of Honour," printed with the " Four Sermons." 3. ** Epif- 
 tola veridica ad homines (fiXoTrqcJlsuovloc^y i^SQj" 4^o> (reprinted 
 in his " Fafciculus Literarum"]. 4. <* Oratio pro llatu Eccle- 
 lias flu6i:uantis," printed with art. 3. 5. " Sermon at the Fu- 
 neral of George Purefoy the Elder, of Wadley in Berks, efq; 
 who was buried by his Anceftors at Drayton ia Leiceflerfhire, 
 21 April, 1661 ; i66r," 4(0. 6. '* A Perfr^ five to Conformity, 
 by Way of Letter to the DilTenting Brethren, 1670," 8vo. 8. 
 *' Fafciculus Literarum; or, Letters on Itveral Occafions [g], 
 1680," 8vo. 
 
 HINCMAR, orHINCMARUS, a celebrated archbifhop of 
 Rheiras, to which fee he was advanced in 845. He was bred 
 in the monaftery of St. Denys, which, with the abbe iuilduin, 
 he laboured to reform. When he became a bifliop, he proved a 
 zealous defender of the rights of the Gallican church ; but is 
 thought to have proceeded rather too warmly againft a monk 
 named Godefcalcus, whofe opinions were condemned as unor- 
 thodox. The latter days of Hincmar were dillufbed by the in- 
 curfions of the Normans, which drove him from his iVietropo- 
 litan city; and he died at Epernei in 882. The beft edition of 
 his work is that publiflied by P. Sirmond, in 1645, which amounts 
 to two volumes. He wrote on various fubjeds of hiftory and 
 divinity; and difplayed abundant learning in theology and jurif- 
 prudence; but his ftyle was harlh and barbarous, difgraced by 
 all the faults of his time. 
 
 HIPPARCHIA, a celebrated lady of antiquity [h], was born 
 at Maronea, a city of Thrace, and flourilhed in the time of 
 
 [g] The firft half part of this book fecond Letter, particularly fignifying his 
 
 contains Letters between Mr. Baxter apd difcontent both of Hinckley and his book. 
 
 Dr. Hinckley, wherein many things are The reafon of the publication of thefe 
 
 dilcuffed which are repeated in Baxter's Letters five years after their hrll penning, 
 
 •* Plea for the Nonconformifts." There was occafioncd by that mean and fcornful 
 
 are four in number, written by each, and account which Baxter had given in many 
 
 our author's third Letter was written foon of his writings of Hinckley's Letters : the 
 
 after Baxter's book ** Of Church Divifions" laft of which Letters was anfwered by Bax- 
 
 came forth; he having not only obliquely ter in his third, " Of the Caufe of Peace, 
 
 refledled on, but let fall diredl and down- &c." 
 right expreflions againft Dr. Hinckley's [h] Diogen. Laert. devit. Ph. lib. vi. 
 
 K 2 Alexander; 
 
132 H I P PARC H us. 
 
 Alexander. She addicted herfelf to philofophy, and was fo 
 charmed with the difcourfes of the cynic Crates, that fhe was de- 
 termined at all events to marry him. She was courted by a great 
 many lovers, who were handfome men, and diflinguifhed by 
 their rank and riches; and her relations prelfed her to choofe an 
 hufband from thefe. But fhe anfwered, that ihe had fufficiently 
 confidered the affair, and was perfuaded no one could be richer 
 and handfomcr than Crates; and that, if they would not marry 
 her to him, (he would flab herfelf. Upon this her friends had 
 recourfe to Crates himfelf, and defircd him to exert all his elo- 
 quence, and to ufe all his authority with this maid to cure her of 
 her paflion. He did fo; but flie ftill continued obflinate and 
 refolved. At laft, finding arguments ineffectual, he difplayed 
 his poverty before her: he flievved her his crooked back, his 
 cloak, his bag; and told her, that (he could not be his v.'ife, 
 without leading fuch a life as his fe6l prefcribed. She declared 
 herfelf infinitely pleafed with the propofal, and took the habit 
 of the order. She loved Crates to fuch a degree, that flie ram- 
 bled every where, and went to entertainments with him ; though 
 this was what the other Grecian ladies never did. Nay, flie did 
 not even fcruple to pay him conjugal duty in the open flreets : 
 for, as Apuleius relates, he led her for that purpofe to the 
 portico, which was one of the moll Itatcly public buildings 
 in Athens, and where the greatelt number of people conti- 
 nually reforted. It was one of the tenets of the Stoics, not 
 to be afhamed of any thing that was natural, under which pre- 
 tence they allowed themfelves thus to infult the public morals. 
 Hipparchia, wrote fome things, which have not been tranfmitted 
 down to us: among which were ** Tragedies; Philofophical 
 Hypothefes, or Suppofitions ; fome Reafonings and Qiieflions 
 propofed to T'neodorus, furnamed the Atlieift." She once dined 
 with I'heodorus at Lyiimachus's houfe, and propofed a fubtle 
 obje6lion to him, which he only refuted by a6lion: fhe faid, 
 " If I flioiild commit the fame a6lion, which you had lawfully 
 committed, I could not be charged with committing an unlawful 
 action. Now if v<^'n ih(^uld beat yourfelf, you would aft law- 
 fully ; if therefore I fhould beat you, I could not be charged 
 with committing an unlawful aftion." Theo/iorus did not lofe 
 time in anfwering like a logician, but, to ihew her that different 
 objefts, circumtlances, and connexions, make different adions, 
 went immediately up to her, and pulled open her clothes. But 
 Hipparchia was too well trained a Stoic to be difconcerted by a 
 little indecency, and continued the difpute without alarm. 
 
 HIPPARCHUS, one of the fons of Pifiltratus monarch of 
 Athtns, who, after the death of his father, in the year 528, 
 A. C. reigned jointly with his brother Hippias. Thefe young 
 men inherited the love of letters from their father, proteded 
 
 5 and 
 
HIPPARCHUS. 133 
 
 and rewarded ingenious and learned men, fuch as Simonides, 
 and others; and might long ha\'c retained their power, had not 
 Hipparchiis given an affront to the filter of a fpirited young man. 
 This youth was Harmodius, for whom Hipparchus, according 
 to the manners of thofe times, had conceived a paiHon. Being 
 ilighted by Harmodius, he took occafion to revenge himfelf by 
 turning his Ciller out of a public ceremony of religion, where 
 file was walking in proceHion. Exafperated at this infult, Har- 
 modius, with his friend Aridogiton, confpirtd again(l Hippar- 
 chus, whom they llew in the year 514, A. C. As this adion led 
 to the deftrudion of the ufm'ped monarchical power of the Pifif- 
 tratidas, the Athenians, with true Republican fpirit, always 
 highly honoured the memory of Harmodius and Ariflogiton. 
 His brother Hippias reigned tyrannically after his death, and 
 was expelled in about three years. 
 
 HIPPARCHUS, a celebrated ancient aflronomer, was born, 
 us Strabo and Suidas inform us, at Nice in Bithynia, and flou- 
 rilhed between the 154th and the 163d Olympiads; that is. be- 
 tween 160 and 125 before the birth of Chrilt. That heTlou- 
 riflied within this period, we have as flrong a proof as can be 
 defired ; fince it is taken from the aftronomical obfervations he 
 made in that fpace of time. Hipparchus is fuppofed to have 
 been the firfl:, who frorn vague and fcattered obfervations re- 
 duced aftronomy into a fcience, and profecuted the ftudy of it 
 fyftematically [i]. Pliny mentions him very often, and always in 
 terms of high commendation. He was the firit, as that author tells 
 us, who attempted to take the ntimber of the fixed ftars, '* rem," 
 fays he, " Deo improbam[K] :" and his catalogue is preferved 
 in Ptolemy's " Almageft," where they are all noted according 
 to their longitudes and apparent magnitudes. Pliny plaCes him 
 amongft thofe men of a fublime genius, vvho^ by foretelling the 
 eclipfes, taught mankind, that they ought not to be frightened 
 at thefe phaenomena. Thales was the firft among the Greeks, 
 who could difcover when there was to be an eclipfe. Sulpitius 
 Callus among the Romans began to fucceed in this kind of prc- 
 didion ; and gave an elTay of his flcill very feafonably, the day. 
 before a battle was fought. ** After them [l]," fays Pliny,- 
 *' came Hipparchus, who foretold the courfe of the fun and 
 moon for 600 years, calculated according to the different manner 
 of reckoning the months, days, and hours ufed by feveral na- 
 tions, and tor the different fituations of places." He admires 
 him for taking an account of all the flars, and for acquainting 
 us with their fituations and magnitudes: for by thefe means, fays 
 he, pofterlty will be able to difcover, not only whether they are 
 born and die, but alfo whether they change their places, and 
 
 [i] Hlft. Natur. Ub. ii. c. 26. [k] Lib. vii. 5. [l] Lib. ii. c. iz, 
 
 K 3 whether 
 
134 HIPPOCRATES. 
 
 whether they increafe or decreafe. Hipparchus is alfo memo- 
 rable for being the firft whodifcovered the precefTion of the equi- 
 noxes, or a very flow apparent motion of the fixed ftars from 
 weft to eaft, by which in a great number of years they will per- 
 form a complete revolution. 
 
 The firft obfervations he made were in the ifle of Rhodes, 
 which gained him the name Rhodius, and has made fome mo- 
 derns imagine, that there were two ancient aftronomers of that 
 name: afterwards he cultivated this fcience in Bithynia and 
 Alexandria only. One of his works is ftill extant, namely, his 
 ** Commentary upon Aratus's Phasnomena." It is properly a 
 criticifm upon Aratus ; for Hipparchus charges him with having 
 plundered Eudoxus's books, and tranfcribed even thofeobfervations 
 in which EudoKus was mrftaken. He makes the fame remarks 
 againlt Aratus the grammarian, who wrote ** A Com.mentary on 
 Aratus's Phasnomena." Peter Vi61orius is the firft who publilhcd 
 this " Commentary" of Hipparchus. Petavius gave afterwards 
 a more corredl edition of it: to which he added a Latin tranfla- 
 tion made by himfelf. Hipparchus compofed feveral other 
 works [m], of which honourable mention is made by many 
 writers of antiquity ; and iipon the whole, it -is univerfally 
 agreed, that aftionomy is greatly obliged to him for laying ori- 
 ginally that rational and folid foundarion, on which all fucceed- 
 ing profeffors of this fcience have built their improvements. 
 
 HIPPIAS. See Hipparchus. 
 
 HIPPOCRATES, the father of phyfic and prince of phy- 
 ficians, was born in the ifland of Cos, in the firft year of the 
 8oth Qlympiad, or A. C. 460, and flouriflied at the time of the 
 Peloponnefian war. He was the firft man we know of, who laid 
 down precepts concerning phyfic; and v/as fuppofed to defcend 
 from Hercules and yEfculapius. He was firft a pupil of his own 
 father Heraclides, then of Herodicus, then of Gorgias of Leon- 
 tinum the orator, and according to fome, of Democritus of 
 Abdera [n ]. y\fter being inftruded in phyfic and all the liberal 
 arts, and lofing his parents, he left his own country : but what 
 were his motives, authors are not agreed. Som.e fay, that he 
 was obliged to fly for burning the library in Cnidus, of which he 
 had been appointed the keeper [c)]. This Pliny relates from 
 Varro, and afligns alfo the motive which induced him to commit fo 
 atrocious an a6t ; namely, that, '* having tranfcribed from ancient 
 ^ooks every thing relating to his own art, he might, by deftroying 
 them afterwards, pafs the better for an original himfelf[p]." So- 
 ranus, junior, a writer of uncertain age, whofe life of Hippocrates 
 was publiihed by FaSricius, tells us, that he was divinely ad- 
 
 Tm] Voffius deScient. Mathem. p. 160. [o] Tzetzes Chiliad, p. 139. 
 £n] FabrJciiBibl. Grasc. torn. i. p. 843. f pJ Plin. Nat. Hiftr. lib. xxxix. i. 
 
 4 pioniflied 
 
HIPPOCRATES. 135 
 
 ITJonin^cd In a dream, to go and feitle in ThefTaly ; as Galen, 
 "uc know, pretended fmce to baled to thefliidy of phyfic by a dream 
 which happened to his father. Be this as it will, it is certain 
 that he left Cos, and praftifed pliylic all over Greece ; where he 
 was Co much admired for his flcill, as to be fent for publicly with 
 Eiiryphon, a man fuperior to him in years, to Perdiccas king of 
 Mncedonia, who was then thought to be confumptive. But 
 Hippocrates, as foon as he arrived, pronounced the diforderto 
 be entirely mental, as it really was found to be. For upon the 
 d'-ath of his father Alexander, Perdiccas fell in love with Philas, 
 his father's miftrefs; and this Hippocrates difcerning by the 
 great change her prefence always wrought upon him, foon ef- 
 fe6ted a cure, which one -would think might eafily have been 
 effe^ed without the help of fuch a phyfician, or even of- any 
 phyfician. He was alfo entreated by the people of Abdera, 
 to come and cure Democritus of a fuppofed madnefs. Their 
 epiiUe to him on this occafion is to be found in moil of the edi- 
 tions of his works; and, as it is curious, and gives a juft and 
 full idea of his very extenfive fame, we will her? prefent it to 
 the reader in a tranflation. 
 
 ** Our city, Hippocrates, is in very great danger, together 
 with that perfon, who, we hoped, would ever have been a" great 
 ornament and fupport to it. But now, O yc gods! it is much to 
 be feared, that we fhall only be capable of envying others, fiace 
 he through extraordinary ftudy and learning, by which he gained 
 it, is fallen into ficknefs ; fo that it is much to be feared, that if 
 Democritus become mad, our city will become defolate. For 
 he is got to fuch a pitch, that he entirely forgets himfelf, watches 
 day and night, laughs at all things little and great, efteeming 
 them as nothing, and fpends his whole life in this frantic man- 
 ner. One marries a wife; another trades; another pleads ; an- 
 other performs the office of a magiftrate, goeth on an embafly, 
 is choil n officer by the people, is put down, falls fick, is wounded, 
 dies. He laughs at all thefe, obfervmg fonie to look difcon- 
 tented, others pleafed: moreover, he enquires what is done in 
 the infernal places, and writes of them : he affirms the air to be 
 full of imjges, and fays, he underftands the language of birds. 
 Ridng in /.he night, he often fings to himfelf; and fays, that he 
 fometiines travels to the infinity of things, and that there are 
 innumerable Democritufes like him: thus, together with his 
 mind, he deilroyeth his body. Thefe are the things which we 
 fegr, Hippocrates: thefe are the things which trouble us. 
 Come therefore quickly, and preferve us by your advice, and 
 defpife us not, for we are not inconfiderable ; and if you reftore 
 him, you fliall not fail either of money or fame. Though you 
 prefer learning before wealth, yet accept of the latter, which 
 fhallbe offered to you in great abundance. If our city were all 
 
 K 4 gold, 
 
1^6 
 
 HIPPOCRATES. 
 
 gold, -We would give it to reftore Democritus to health : w€ 
 think our laws are fick, Hippocrates: come, then, heft of men, 
 and cure a mofl; excellent perfon. Thou wilt not come as a 
 phyfician, but as a guardian of all Ionia, to encompafs us with 
 a facred wall. Thou wilt not cure a man, but a city, a lan- 
 guifhing fenate, and prevent its difrolution : thus becoming our 
 lawgiver, judge, magiftrate, and preferver. To this purpofe we 
 expe61: thee, Hippocrates : all thefe, if yoU come, you will be 
 to us. It is not a fmgle obfcUre city, but all Greece, which 
 befeecheth thee to preferve the body of wifdom. Imagine, that 
 Learning herfelf comes on this embaffy to thee, begging, that 
 thou wilt free her from this danger. Wifdom is certainly nearly 
 allied to every one, but efpecially to us, who dwell fo near her. 
 Know for certain, that the next age will own itfelf much ob- 
 liged to thee, if thou defert not Democritus, for the truth which 
 he is capable of communicating to all. Thou art allied to -(Ef-^ 
 culapius by thy family, and by thy art: he is defcended from 
 the brother of Hercules, from whom came Abderas, whofe 
 name, as you have heard, our city bears: wherefore even to him 
 "Will the cure of Democritus be acceptable. Since therefore, Hip- 
 pocrates, you fee a moft excellent perfon falling into madnefs, and 
 a whole people into dillrefs, haften, we befeech you, to us. It 
 is ftrange, that the exuberahce of good fhould become a difeafe: 
 that Democritus, by how much he excelled others in acutenefs 
 of wifdom, (hould fo much the fooner fall into madnefs, while 
 the Ordinary unlearned people of Abdera enjoy their wits as for- 
 merly: and that even they, who before were efteemed foolifh, 
 fhould now be moll: capable of difcerning the indifpofition of 
 the wifefl: perfon. Come therefore, and bring along with you 
 jEfculapius, and Epione the daugliter of Hercules, and her 
 children, who went in the expedition againft Troy : bring with 
 you receipts and remedies againft ficknefs: as the earth plenti- 
 fully affords fruits, roots, herbs, and floivers, to cure madnefs, 
 ihe can never do it more happily than now, for the recovery of 
 Democritus. Farewell." 
 
 Hippocrates, after writing an anfwer to this letter from the 
 fenate of Abdera, in which he commended their love of wifdom 
 and wife men, went; but upon his arrival, inftead of finding 
 Democritus mad, declaied that he found all his fellow-citizens 
 fo, and him the only man in his fenfes. He heard many lec- 
 tures, and learned much philofophy from him ; which has made 
 Celfus and others imagine, that Hippocrates was the difciple of 
 Democritus, though it is probable they never faw each other till 
 this interview, which Was occafioncd by the Abderites. Hip- 
 pocrates had alfo public invitations to other countries. Thus 
 when a plague attacked the Illyrians and the Paeonians, the kings 
 of thofe countries begged of him to come to their relief: be 
 
 di(} 
 
HIPPOCRATES. 137 
 
 ^id not go, but learning from the mefTengers the courfe of the 
 winds tliere, he concluded, that the diftemper would come to 
 Athens; and, foretelling what would happen, applied himfelf 
 to take care m the city and the ftudents. He was indeed fuch a 
 lover of Greece, that when his fame had reached as far as 
 Perfia, and upon that account Artaxerxcs had inireated him by 
 his governor of the Hellefpont, to come to him, upon an offer of 
 great rewards, he refufed to leave it. He alfo delivered his own 
 country from a war with the Athenians, that was jufl ready to 
 break out, by prevailing with the ThelTalians to come to their 
 afTiilance: for which he received very great honours from the 
 Coans. The Athenians alfo conferred great honours upon him: 
 they admitted him next to Hercules in the Eleufmian ceremo- 
 nies ; gave him the freedom of the city; and voted a public 
 maintenance for him and his family in the Prytanasum, or 
 council-houfe at Athens, where none were maintained at the 
 public charge, but fuch as had done fignal fervice to the ftate 
 He died among the Lariffaeans about the time that Democritus 
 is faid to have died ; fome fay, in his 90th year, others in his 
 85th, others in his 104th, and others in his 109th. He was 
 buried between Gyrton and Larilfa, where his monument is 
 (liewn even to this day. It would be endlefs to tranfcribe the 
 fine things that have been faid of him, or to relate the honours 
 that have been done to his memory. His countrymen the Coans 
 kept his birth-day as a feftival ; and indeed no wonder that he 
 fhould have divine honours paid him, fmce, on account of his 
 wonderful fkill and forefight in this art, he paded with the Gre- 
 cians for a God. He taught his art, as he pradifed it, with 
 great candour and liberality; fo tiiat Macrobius had reafon to 
 lay, that he knew not how to deceive any more than to be de- 
 ceived [qJ- We have already had occafion to mention one fpe- 
 cimen of his open and ingenuous temper under the article of 
 Celfus; but to give a larger view of it, we will here fubjoin his 
 oath, which is a curiofity with which the Englilh reader will 
 not be difpleafed. 
 
 The OATH of Hippocrates. 
 
 ** I fwear by Apollo the phyfician, by iEfculapius, by hit 
 daughters Hygeia and Panacea, and by all the Gods and God- 
 defles, that, to the beft of my power and judgement, I will 
 faithfully obferve this oath and obligation. The mafter that has 
 inftruiled me in the art, I will efteem as my parents; and fup- 
 ply, as occafion may require, with the comforts and necelfaries 
 of life. His children I will regard as my own brothers ; and if 
 they defire to learn, I will inftrud them in the fame art, without 
 
 £^] Somnium Sctp. 1. i. 
 
 any 
 
'38 
 
 HIRE. 
 
 any reward or obligation. The precepts, the explanations, and 
 whatever elfe belongs to the art, I will communicate to my 
 own children, to the children of my mafter, to fu^ other pupils 
 as have fubfcribed the Phyfician's Oalh, and to no other perfons-. 
 My patients fhall be treated by me, to the bed of my power 
 and judgement, in the mod falutary manner, without any in- 
 jury or violence: neither will I be prevailed upon by another to 
 adminifter pernicious phyfic, or be the author of fuch advice 
 myfelf : nor will I recommend to women a pefTary to procure 
 abortion: but will live and pradife challely and religioufly. 
 Cutting for the done I will not meddle with, but will leave it to the 
 operators in that way. Whatever houfe I am fent for to attend, 
 I will always make the patient's good my principal aim, avoiding 
 as much as poffible all voluntary injury and corruption, efp cially 
 all venereal matters, whether among men or women, bond or 
 free. And whatever I fee or hear in the courfe ot a cure, or 
 otherwlfe, relating to the affairs of life, nobody fliall ever know 
 it, if it ought to remain a fecret. May I be profperous in life 
 and buflnefs, and for ever honoured and efteemed by all men, 
 as I obferve this folemn oath : and may the reverfe of all this be 
 iny portion, if I violate it, and forfwear myfelf." 
 
 His works have often been printed in fcparate pieces, as well 
 as together ; and amongO; them this Oath, which lias been much 
 admired, and commented on by feveral perfons; by Meibomius 
 in particular, who publifhed it by itfelf in 4to, at Leyden, 1643. 
 
 HIPPON AX, an Ephefian liuiric poet, who flourifhed in the 
 60th Olympiad, that is, about 540 years before the Chriftian 
 sera. He was fo remarkably ugly and deformed, that certain 
 painters and fculptors amufed themfelves by difplaying reprefen- 
 tations of him to public ridicule. Caricatures were probably not 
 common in thofe days; for Hipponax was fo offended at the 
 infult, that he exercifed againfi the offenders all th.e force of his 
 fatyric vein ; and, as it is faid, with fuch effe6l, that two of 
 them, fculptors of Chios, Bupalus and Anthernus, hanged them- 
 felves. But Pliny contradids the ftory ; Hift. Nat. xxxvi. 5. 
 Hipponax is faid to be the inventor of the fcazontic verfe, 
 which is an iambic, terminating with a fpondee, inftead of an 
 iambic foot. 
 
 HIRE (Philip de la), an eminent French mathematician 
 and aftronomer, was born at Paiis, March 18, 164.0 [r]. His 
 father Laurence, who was painter in ordinary to the king, pro- 
 feffor in the academy of painting and fculpture, and much cele- 
 brated in his line, intended him alfo for the fame occupation ; 
 and with that view taught him the principles of defign, and fuch 
 branches of mathematics as related to thofe arts; but died, when 
 
 [r] Niccron, Hommes Illuftres, Tom. V» 
 
 Philip 
 
HIRE. 137 
 
 Philip was no more than 17. Falling afterwards into an ill 
 habit of body, he proje^lcd a journey into Italy ; which he con- 
 ceived might contribute not lefs to the recovery of his heahh, 
 than to bring him to perfedion in his art. He fet out in 1660, 
 and was not deceived in his expe6lations; for he foon found him- 
 felf well enough to contemplate the remains of antiquity, with 
 which Italy abounds. He applied himfelf alfo to geometry, to 
 which he had indeed more propenfity than to painting, and which 
 foon afterwards cngroffed him entirely. The retired manner in 
 which he fpcnt his time in Italy, very much fuited his difpofi- 
 tion ; and he would willingly have continued longer in that 
 country, but for the importunity of his rriother, who prevailed 
 upon him to return, after an abience of about four years. 
 
 Being again fettled in Paris, he continued his mathematical 
 ftudies, applying himfelf to them with the utmoft intenfe- 
 nefs: and he afterwards publifhed works, whkh gained him fo 
 much reputation, that he was made a m>ember of the academy 
 of Sciences in 1678. The miniller Colbert having formed a 
 defign of a better chart or map of the kingdom than any which 
 had hitherto been taken, de la Hire was nominated, with Picard, 
 to make the necelfary obfervations. He went to Bretagne ia 
 1679, to Guyenne in 1680, to Calais and Dunkirk in 1681, 
 and into Provence in 1682. In thefe peregrinations he did 
 not confine his attention to their main obje6l, but philofo- 
 phized upon every thing that occurred, and particularly upon the 
 variations of the magnetic needle, upon refradions, and upon 
 the height of mountains, as determined by the barometer. In 
 1683, he was employed in continuing the meridian line, which 
 Picard had begun in i66g. De la Hire continued it to the 
 north of Paris, while Calfiai puilied it orL .0 the fnuth : but 
 Colbert dying the fame year, the work was left unfiniihed. He 
 was next employed, with other geometricians of the academy, 
 in taking the necellary levels for thofe grand aqueducts, which 
 Louis XIV. was about to make. 
 
 Geometry, however, did not take up all his time and labour; 
 he employed himfelf upon other branches of inathematics and 
 philofophy. Even painting itfelf, which he may feeiTi to have 
 difcarded fo long ago, had a place in thofe hours which he fet 
 apart for amufement. The great number of works which he 
 publiflied, together with his continual employments as profeffor 
 of the Royal College and of the Academy of Architedlure, to 
 which places his great merit had raifed him, give us a vail idea 
 of the labours he underwent. His days were always fpent in 
 ftudy, his nights very often in aftronomical obfervations ; and he 
 feldom fought any other relief from his labours, but a change 
 of one for another. He was twice married, and had eight chil- 
 dren. He had the exterior polilenefs, circumfpeition, and pru- 
 dence 
 
140 HOADLY. 
 
 dence of Italy, for which country he had a fingular regard ; and 
 on this account appeared in the eyes of the French, too refervcd, 
 and retired into himfelf. Nevertheltfs, he was a very honeil 
 dlfinterefted man, and a good ChrilHan. He died April 2i, 
 1718, aged 78. 
 
 He was the author, as we have faid, of a vafl: numher of 
 •works: the principal of which are thefe : " Nouvelle Methode 
 en Geometric pour les fe£l:ions des fuperficies coniques & cylin- 
 driques, 1673," 4to. 2. ** De la Cycloide, 1677," i2mo. 3. 
 *' Nouveaux Elemens des fetlions coniques : les lieux Geome- 
 triques: la conllruclion ou efFedlion des equations, 1679," i2mo. 
 4. " La Gnomonique, Sec. 1682," i2mo. 5. ** Sediones 
 Conicae in novem libros diftribut^e, 1655," folio. This was 
 confidered as an original work, and gained the author a great 
 reputation all over Europe. 6. " Tabulae Ailronomica?, 1687, 
 and 1702," 4to, 7. " Veterum Mathematicorum Opera, Graece 
 & Latine pleraque nunc primum edita, 1693," folio. This 
 edition had been begun by M.Thevenot; who dying, the care of 
 finifhing it was committed to de la Hire. It fhews that the 
 author's ftrong application to mathematical and aftronomical 
 (ludics, had not hindered him from acquiring a very competent 
 knowledge of the Greek tongue. Befides thefe and other fmaller 
 works, there are a vafl number of his pieces fcattered up and 
 down in journals, and particularly in the *' Memoirs of the 
 Academy of Sciences." M. de Fontenelle wrote an eulogium 
 upon him. 
 
 HISCAM, or HISJAM, the fifteenth caliph of the race of 
 Ommiades, and the fourth fon of Abdalmelech, fucceedeJ his 
 brother Jezid II. in the year 723. His moil: confpicuous aflions 
 were thofe of vanquifhing Khacam of Turkeftan, and making 
 war againil the emperor Leo the Ifaurian, and Conftantine Co- 
 pronymus. He died in 743, after a reign of 19 years. He 
 was ftudioufly fplendid in his apparel, and always was attended 
 by a train of 600 camels, employed to carry his wardrobe. The 
 Greek hillorians call him Ifam. 
 
 HOADLY (Benjamin), a prelate of uncommon ta- 
 lents, was the fon of the Rev. Samuel Hoadley, who kept a 
 private fchool many years, and was afterwards mafter of the 
 public grammar-fchool at Norwich. He was born at Wefter- 
 ham in Kent, Nov. 14, 1676. His academical education he had 
 at Catharine-hall in Cambridge, where he was entered in 1692, 
 and afterwards became a fellow of that fociety. In 1706, he 
 publiflied " Some Remarks on Dr. Atterbury's Sermon at the 
 Funeral of Mr. Bennet ;" and two years afterwards " Excep- 
 tions" againft another Sermon by the fame author, on the power 
 of " Charity to cover Sin." In 1709, a difpute arofe between 
 thefe combatants, concerning the dodrine of iton-refiftance, 
 
 occa« 
 
H O A D L Y. 141 
 
 occafioned by a work of Hoadly's, entitled, " The Meafures of 
 Obedience;" feme pofitions in which Atterbiiry endeavoured to 
 confute in a Latin Sermon, preached that year before the London 
 clergy. Hoadly lignalized hinifelf fo eminently in this debate, 
 that the honfe of Commons gave him a particular mark of 
 their regard, bv reprefenting in an addrefs to the queen, the 
 fignal fervices he had done to the caufe of civil and religious 
 liberty. At this time, when his principles were unpopular, and 
 the fury of party virulence let loofe upon him, Mrs. Howland 
 fpontancoufly prefqnted him to the reftory of Streatham in 
 Suny. Soon after the acceflion of George L his abilities and 
 attachment were properly regarded ; and he was made bifhop of 
 Bangor in 17 15, which fee, however, from an apprehcnfion of 
 party fury, as was faid, he never vifited, but ftill remained in 
 town, preaching againft what he confidered as the inveterate 
 errors of the -clergy. Among other difcourfes he made at this 
 crifis, one was upon thefe words, *' My kingdom is not of this 
 world:" which, producing the famous Bangorian controverfy, 
 as it was called, employed the prefs for many years. The 
 manner in which he explained the text was, that the clergy had 
 no pretenlions to any temporal jurifdidlions ; but this was an- 
 fwered with great vehemence by Dr. Snape; and, in the courfe 
 of the debate, the argument infenfibly changed, from the rights 
 ot the clergy to that of princes, in the government of the 
 church. Bilhop Hoadly ftrenuoully maintained, that temporal 
 princes had a right to govern in ecclefiaftical polities. His moft 
 able opponent was the celebrated William Law, who, in fomc 
 material points, may be faid to have gained a complete vi61:ory. 
 He was afterwards involved in another difpute with Dr. Hare, 
 upon the nzxure of prayer: he maintained, that a calm, rational, 
 and difpallinnate manner of offering up our prayers to heaven, 
 was the moft acceptable method of addrefs. Hare, on the con- 
 trary, implied, that the fervour of zeal was what added merit 
 to the facritice; and that prayer, without warmth, and without 
 coming from the heart, was of no avail. This difpute, like the 
 former, for a time excited many opponents, but has long fub- 
 fided. P'rom the bifhopric of Bcmgor, he was tranflated fuccef- 
 fively to thofe of Hen-ford, Salifbury, and Winchefter, of which 
 laft fee he continued bilhop more than 26 years. 
 
 A monument is erecSted to his memory in the weft ille of the 
 cathedral at Winchefter. The infcription is in Latin, drawn 
 up by himfelf. The principal contents and dates as follows: 
 " He was the Ton of Samuel Hoadly, a pren)yter of the church 
 of England, and for many years inftructor of a private fchool, 
 and afterwards of the public fchool at Norwich ; and of Martha 
 Pickering, daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Pickering, born at 
 Weftejham in Kent, Nov. 14, 1676. Admitted into Catharine- 
 hall, 
 
142 HOADLY. 
 
 hall, Cambridge, 1692; of which hall he was afterwards chofen 
 a fellow. Afternoon ledurer for ten years at St. Mildred in the 
 Poultry, London, from 1701. Redor of St. Peter's Poor, 
 London, for 16 years, from 1704. Alfo redor of Streatham in 
 Surrey, for 13 years, from 17 10. Confecrated bifhop of Ban- 
 gor, March 18, 1715. Confirmed bifhop ot Hereford, Nov. 
 23, 1721. Confirmed bifhop of Salifbury, Ocl. 19, 1723. 
 Confirmed bifliop of Winchclter, Sept. 26, 1734. His firft 
 wife was Sarah Curtis, by whom he had two fons, Benjamin, 
 M. D. and John, LL. D. chancellor of the di('cefe of Win- 
 cheiler. His feccnd wife was Miiry Newey, daughter of the 
 Rev. Dr. John Newey, dean of Chithefter. He died April 17, 
 1761, aged 85. On a fmall tablet underneath, are thefe words: 
 << Patri amantilTimo, ver^ religionisac libertatis publicae vindici, 
 de fe, de patri a, de genere humano optime mcrito, hoc marmor 
 pofuit J. Hoadly, filius fuperftes." 
 
 His conllant motto was, *' Veritas Sz Patria." 
 As a writer, he poifeffed uncommon talents; his greateft de- 
 fedl was in his ftyle, extending his periods to a difagrceable 
 length, for which Pope has thus recorded him: 
 
 <« Swift for clofer llyle, 
 
 But Hoadly for a period of a mile." 
 In his charafter, he was naturally facetious, eafy, and com- 
 plying, fond of company, from which however he would fre- 
 quently retire, for the purpofes of ftudy or devotion ; happy in 
 every place, but peculiarly fo in his own family, where he took 
 all opportunities of inftruding by his influence and by example. 
 In his tenets he was far from adhering flridly to the dodrines of 
 the church ; fo far, indeed, that it is a little to be wondered on 
 what principles he continued throughout life to profefs conformity. 
 But as he took great latitude himfelf, fo he was ready alfo to 
 allow it to others. His dodrine, that ilincerity is fufficient for 
 acceptance, whatever be the nature of opinions, is favourable to 
 fuch indulgence, but far from defenlible on the genuine princi- 
 ples ot" Chriltianity [s]. He was of courfe in high favour with 
 all who willied to mould religion according to their own imagi- 
 nations. 
 
 It would far exceed the lirnits of our page to name all the 
 pamphlets and trads which bilhop Hoadly wrote; but a complete 
 catalogue of them may be found at the end of the life written by 
 his fon the chancellor, which is copied alfo in the " Biographia 
 Britannica." The admirable Ode of Akenfide, there alfo in- 
 
 [s] Archblfliop Seeker one day, at his tians, replied, " If they were, it was cer- 
 table, when the Monthly Reviewevs were tainly ' lecundum utam Winton." 
 f»id, bj one of the company, to be Chnl- 
 
 ferted. 
 
HOADLY. 143 
 
 ferted, reflefls equal honour on the poet and the bifliop. The 
 following humbler tribute, written foon atter his death, is Icls 
 generally known: 
 
 ** While Fortune fmiles, let Pride's vain minions claim 
 
 From Wilton's hand their I'canty fhare of fame: 
 
 From Parian (tatues let their names be fought. 
 
 How well the Patriot liv'd, or Hero fought. ^ 
 
 No proud infcriptions lioadley's wortl; demands, 
 
 Onhrmcr grounds its furer bafis ilands. 
 
 When fails the fculptur'd urn, the breathing bull 
 
 Sinks down to ruin, mouldering in the dull. 
 
 Thy works, illuftrious Hoadly, Ihall furvive, 
 
 And there embalm'd thy honour'd name fliall live: 
 
 The latefl ages there fhall wondering find 
 
 How great thy learning, and how pure thy mind." 
 
 HOADLY (Benjamin), M D. eideft fon of the bifliop of 
 Winchefter, was born Feb. 10, 1705-6, in Broad-ftreet, edu- 
 cated, as was his younger brother, at Dr. Newcome's at Hack- 
 ney, and Benet-college, Cambridge; being adm/itted penfioner 
 April 8, 1722, imder archbifliop Herring, then tutor there. 
 Here he took a degree in phyfic in 1727; and, particularly ap- 
 plying to mathematical and philofophical (Indies, was well knowa 
 (along with the learned and ingenious do£lors David Hartley 
 and Davies, both late of Bath, who with him compofed the 
 whole clafs) to make a greater progrefs under the blind profelTor 
 Saunderfon than any fludent then in the univerfity. When his 
 late m.ajefty was at Cambridge in April 1728, he was upon the 
 lilt of perfons to be Cicated doftors of phyfic: but either by 
 chance or management, his name was not found in the laft lift; 
 and he had not his degree of M. D. till about a month after, by 
 a particular mandamus. Through this tranfadiion it appeared, 
 that Dr. Snape had not forgotten or forgiven the name of Hoad- 
 ley; for he not only behaved to him with great ill-manners, but 
 obftrucled him in it as much as lay in his power. He was 
 F. R. S. very young, and had the honour of being made known 
 to tlie learned world as a philofopher, by " A Letter from the 
 Rev. Dr. Samuel Clarke to Mr. Benjamin Hoadly, F. R. S. 
 occafioned by the prefcnt Controverfy among the Mathematicians 
 concerning the Proportion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in 
 Motion." He was made regiftrar of Hereford while his father 
 filled that fee ; and was appointed phyfician to his majefty's, 
 houfliold fo early as June 9, 1742. It is remarkable, that he 
 was for fome years phyfician to both the royal houfliolds; hav- 
 ing been appointed to that of the prince of Wales, Jan. 4, 
 1745-6, in the place of Pr. Lamotte, a Scotch phyfician, whom 
 the prince had himfelf ordered to be ftruck out of the lift, orj 
 
 fome 
 
 \/^ 
 
144 H O A D L Y. 
 
 fonae imprudent behavioural the Smyrna-cofFee-houfe at the time 
 of the rebellion in 1745. The appointment was attended with 
 feme circum.ftances of particular honour to Dr. Hoadley. This, 
 happening at a time when the two branches of the royal family 
 were not on good terms, is a ftrong teflimony in favour of Dr. 
 Hoadley. He is faid to have filled thefe polls with fingular ho- 
 nour. He married, i. Elizabeth daughter of Henry Betts, efq; 
 of Suffolk, counfellor at law, by whom he had one fon, Benjamin, 
 that died an infant. 2. Anne, daughter and co-heirefs of the 
 honourable general Armftrong, by whom he left no iifue. He 
 died in the life-time of his father, Aug. lo, 1757, at his houfe 
 at Chelfea, fmce fir Richard Glyn's, which he had built ten 
 years before. He publiOied, i. *' Three Letters on the Organs 
 of Refpiration, read at the Royal College of Phyficians, Lon- 
 don, A. D. 1737, being the Gulflonian le6lures for that Year. 
 To which is added, an Appendix, containing Remarks on fome 
 Experiments of Dr. Houfton, publiflied in the Tranfa6lions of 
 the Royal Society for the Year 1736, by Benjamin Hoadly, 
 M. D. Fellow of the College of Phyficians, and of the Royal 
 Society, London, 1740," 4to. 2. '* Oratio Anniverfaria in 
 Theatre Coll. Medicor. Londinenfium, ex Harveii inftituto ha- 
 bita die 18° 061. A. D. 1742, a Benj. Hoadly, M. D. Coll. 
 Med. & S. R. S. 1742," efteemed a very elegant piece of Latin. 
 3. " The Sufpicious Hull)and, a Comedy." 4. ** Obfervations 
 on a Series of Eledrical Experiments, by Dr. Hoadley and Mr. 
 Wilfon, F. R. S. 1756," 4to. The do6lor was, in his private 
 charadler, an amiable humane man, and an agreeable fprightly 
 companion. In his profelnon, he was learned and judicious; 
 and, as a writer, there needs no further teftimony to be borne 
 to his merit, than the very pleafing comedy he has left behind 
 him, which, whenever reprefented, continually affords frelh 
 pleafure to the audience. It is hardly neceifary to mention to any 
 one, the leaft converfant with theatrical affairs, that we mean 
 "■' The Sufpicious Hufband, a Comedy, 1747," 8vo. 
 
 HOADLY (John), LL D. This gentleman was the youngefl 
 fon of Dr. Benjamin Hoadly, bifhop of Winchefter. He was 
 born in Broad-ltreet, 0£t. 8, 1711, and educated at Mr. New- 
 come's fchool in Hackney, where he gained great applaufe by 
 performing the p rt of Phocyas in '^ The Siege of Damafcus." 
 In June 1730, he was admitted at Corpus-Chrifti college in 
 Cambridge, and about the fame time at the Temple, intending 
 10 Itudy the law. This defign, however, he foon abandoned; 
 for in the next year we find he had relinquilhed all thoughts of 
 the law as a profelfion. He took the degree of LL. B. in 1735 ; 
 and, on the 29th of November following, was appointed chan- 
 cellor of Winchefter, ordained deacon by his father, Dec. 7, 
 and prieft the 2ifl of the fame month. He was immediately 
 
 received 
 
HOADLY. 145 
 
 received into the prince of Wales's houfhold as his chaplain, as 
 he afterwards was in that of the priucefs dowager, JVIay 6> 
 
 His feveral preferments he received in the fallowing order of 
 ti'Tie : the redlory of Michelmerlh, March 8, 1737; that of 
 Wroughton in Wilrfliire, Sept. 8, 1737; and that of Alresford, 
 and a prebend of Winch. fter, 29th of November in the fame 
 year. On June 9, 1743, he was inftituted to the redory of St. 
 Mary near Southampton, and on Dec. 16, 1746, collated to 
 that of Overton. He had the honour to be the firit perfon on 
 whom archbilhop Herring conferred the degree of a dodor. 
 In May, 1760, he was appointed to tlie maflerfhip of St. Crofsj 
 and all thefe preferments he enjoyed until his death, except the 
 living of Wronghton, and the prebend of Winchefter. He 
 wrote fome Poems in " Dodlley's Colledlion," and is fup- 
 pofed very materially to have adifted his brother in ** The Suf- 
 picious Hufband," He likewife piiblifhed an edition of his 
 father's works in 3 vols, folio. After living to the age of 64, 
 the delight of his friends, he died March 16, 1776, and with 
 him the name of Hondly became extinct. He was the author 
 of five dramas: i. "The Contraft," a comedy, a6led at Li'n- 
 coln's-inn-fields, 1731, but not printed. -2, " Love's Revenge," 
 a paftoral, 1737. 3. " Phoebe," another paftoral, 1748. 4. 
 *' Jeptha," an oratorio, 1737. 5. And another, entitled, "The 
 Force of Truth," 1764. He alfo revifed Lillo's " Arden of 
 Feverlham ;" and wrote the fifth acEl of Miller's " Mahomet." 
 He left feveral dramatic works in MS. behind him; and, amo;ig 
 the reft, *' The Houfe-keeper, a Farce," on the plan of *< High 
 Life be'ow S.airs," in favour of which piece it was rejecfted by 
 Mr. Garrick, together with a tragedy on a religious fubjedt. 
 So great, however, was the doctor's fondnefs for theatrical exhi- 
 bitions, that no vifitors were ever long in his houfe before they 
 were folicited to accept a part in fome interlude or other. He 
 I himfvjlf, with Garrick and Hogar h, once performed a lau^h- 
 I able parody on the fcene in " Julius Ca:far," vvhere the ghoft 
 I appears to Brutus. Hogarth perfonated the fpeftre; but fo un- 
 retentive was his memory, that, although his fpeech confifted 
 only of a few lines, he was i-nable to get them by heart. At 
 la(t they hit on the following expedient in his favour. The 
 verfes he xvas to deliver were written in fuch large letters on the 
 outfide of an illuminated paper lanthorn, that he could read 
 them when he entered with it in his ha d on the ftaee. Hogarth 
 prepared the play-bill on this occafion, with charaderiftic orna- 
 ments. The original drawing is (till preferved, and we could 
 wilh it were engraved: as the llighteft fketch from the d- fign of 
 fo grotefque a painter, would be welcome to the collectors of 
 his woiks. 
 
 Vol. Vlil. J- ' Dr. 
 
146 
 
 H O B B E S. 
 
 Dr. Hoadly's tragedy was on the ftory of lord Cromwell, and 
 he once intended to give it to the ftage. In a letter dated June 
 27, 1765, he fays, ** My affair with Mr. Garrick is coming 
 upon the carpet again ;" Aug. i, 1765, he thus apologizes to 
 Mr. Bowyer, to whom he intended to prefent the copy-right: 
 *' Your kind concern, &c. demanded an earlier acknowledge* 
 ment, had I not delayed till an abfolute anfwer came from my 
 friend David. Garrick with his fixed refolution never more * to 
 ftrut and fret his hour upon the ftage again.* This decree has 
 unhinged my fchemes with regard to lord Cromwell, for nothing 
 but the concurrence of fo many circumllances in my favour (his 
 entire difinterefled friendfhip for me and the good do£lor's me- 
 mory; Mrs. Hoadly's bringing on a piece of the do£lor's at 
 the fame time ; the ftory of mine being on a religious fubjeil, 
 &"c. and the peculiar advantage of David's unparalleled per- 
 formance in it), could have perfuaded me to break through the 
 prudery of my profeflion, and (in my ftation in the churchj pro- 
 
 . ! duce a play upon the ftage." 
 
 "^J HOBBES, or HOBBS (Thomas), was born at Malmfbury in 
 Wiltfhire, April 5, 1588, his father l)eing.minifter of that town. 
 The Spanifti Armada was then upon the coaft of England; and 
 his mother is faid to have been fo frighted at the alarm which it 
 occafioned, that fhe was brought to bed of him before her time 
 , [t]. After having made a confiderable progrefs in the learned 
 languages at fchool, he was fent, in 1603, to Magdalen-hall in 
 Oxford; and, in 1608, by the recommendation of the prin- 
 cipal, taken into the family of the right honourable William 
 Cavendifti lord Hardwicke, foon after created earl of Devon- 
 fliire, as tutor to his fon William lord Cavendifti. Hobbes in- 
 gratiated himfelf fo effedtually with this young nobleman, and 
 with the peer his father, that he was fent abroad with him on 
 Iiis travels in 16 10, and made the tour of France and Italy. 
 Upon his return with lord Cavendifti, he became known to per- 
 fons of the higheft rank, and eminently diftinguiflied for their 
 abilities and learning. The chancellor Bacon admitted him to 
 a great degree of familiarity, and is faid to have made ufe of 
 his pen, for tranflating fome of his works into Latin. He was 
 likewife much in favour with lord Herbert of Cherbury; and 
 the celebrated Ben Jonfon had fuch an efteem for him, that he 
 revifed the firft work which he publifhed, viz. his *' Englifli 
 l\-annation of the Hiftory of Thucydides." This Hobbes un- 
 dertook, as he tells us himfelf, " with an honeft view of pre- 
 venting, if poilible, thofe difturbances, in" which he was appre- 
 henfive liis country would be in\olved, by fliewing in the hiftory 
 
 [t] Thomae Hobbes Malmfburienfis vita, a feipfo confcrlpta, Sec, Vltje Hobbl- 
 3Hje Auftarium, Set. Hiftoria Sc Anti^uitale* OxonienlVs, Sec, 
 
 of 
 
H O B B E S. 147 
 
 of tlie Peloponnefian war, the fatal confequences of inteftine 
 troubles." This has always been efteemed one of the beft tranf- 
 lations that we have of any Greek writer ; and the author him- 
 felf fuperlntended the maps and indexes. But while he medi- 
 tated this dcfign, his patron the earl of Devonfliire died in 1626; 
 and in 1628, the year his work was publiihed, his fon died alfo. 
 This lofs affeded him to fiich a degree, that he very willingly 
 accepted an offer of going abroad a fecond time with the fon of 
 Sir Gervafe Clifton, whom he accordingly accompanied into 
 France, and ftaid there fome time. But while he continued 
 there, he was folicited to return to England, and to refume his 
 concern for the hopes of that family, to which he had attached 
 himfelf fo early, and owed fo many and fo great obligations. 
 
 In 1631, the countefs dowager of Devenfliire was defirous 
 of placing the young earl under his care, who was then about 
 the age of 13. This was very fuitable to his inclinations, and 
 he difcharged that trufl: with great fidelity and diligence. In 
 1634, he republilhed his tranflation of Thucydides, and pre- 
 fixed to it a dedication to that young nobleman, in which he 
 gives a high charader of his father, and reprefents in the {Irong- 
 eft terms his obligations to that illullrious family. The fame 
 year he accompanied his noble pupil to Paris, where he applied 
 his vacant hours to natural philofophy, and more efpecially to 
 mechanifm, and thecaufes of animal motion. He had frequent 
 converfations upon thefe fubjeds with father Merfenne, a man 
 defervedly famous, who kept up a correfpondence with almoft 
 all the learned in Europe. From Paris he attended his pupil 
 into Italy, and at Pifa became known to Galileo, who commu- 
 nicated to him his notions very freely. After having feen all 
 that was remarkable in that country, he returned in 1637 with 
 the earl of Devonfhire into England. The troubles in Scotland 
 now grew high ; and, as popular difcontent is always conta- 
 gious, began to fpread themfelves fouthward, and to threaten 
 diflurbance throughout the kingdom. Hobbes, feeing this, 
 thought he might do good fervice, by turning himfelf to politics, 
 and compofing fomething by way of antidote to the peltilential 
 opinions which then prevailed. This engaged him to commit 
 to paper certain principles, obfervations, and remarks, out of 
 which he compofed his book *' De Give," and which grew up 
 afterwards into that fyftem which he called his *' Leviathan." 
 
 Not long after the meeting of the long parliament Nov. 3, 
 1640, when all things fell into confufion, he withdrew, for the 
 fake of living in quiet, to Paris; where he aflbciated himfelf 
 with thofe learned men, who, under the protedlion of cardinal 
 Richelieu, fought, by conferring their notions together, to pro- 
 mote every kind of ufeful knowledge. He had not been long 
 there, when by the good offices of his friend Merfenne, he bc- 
 
 L 2 came 
 
X4S 
 
 H O B B E S. 
 
 came known to Des Cartes, and afterwards held a correfpon- 
 dence with him upon mathematical fubjedls, as appears from the 
 letters of Hobbcs publiflied in the works of Des Cartes. But 
 when that philofopher printed afterwards his ** Meditations," 
 wher.ein he attempted to eftablifli points of the higheft confe- 
 quence from innate ideas, Hobbes took the liberty of diflenting 
 from him; as did alfo GaflTendi, with whom Hobbes contra6ted 
 a very clofe friendfhip, which was not interrupted till the death 
 of the former. In 1642, he printed a few copies of his book 
 ** De Cive," which raifed him many adverfaries, by whom he 
 was charged with inftilling principles of a dangerous tendency. 
 Immediately after the appearance of this book, Des Cartes gave 
 this judgement upon it to a friend : *' I am of opinion," fays he, 
 [u], " that the author of the book ' De Cive,' is the fame perfoa 
 •who wrote the third objedlion againft my * Meditations.' I 
 think him a much greater mafter of morality, than of meta- 
 phyfics or natural philofophy ; though I can by no means ap- 
 prove of his principles or maxims, which are very bad and ex- 
 tremely dangerous, becaufe they fiippofe all men to be wicked, 
 or give them occafion to be fo. His whole defign is to write in 
 favour of monarchy, which might be done to more advantage 
 than he has done, upon maxims more virtuous and folid. He 
 has wrote likewife greatly to the difadvantage of the church and 
 the Roman Catholic religion, fo that if he is not particularly 
 fupported by fome powerful intereft, I do not fee how he can 
 cfcape having his book cenfured." The learned Conringius 
 fxj cenfures him very roughly for boafting in regard to this per- 
 formance, ** that though phyfics were a new fcience, yet civil 
 philofophy was ftill newer, fince it could not be ftylcd older than 
 his book ' De Cive:' whereas," fays Conringius, " there is no- 
 thing good in that work of his, that was not always known." 
 
 Among many illuftrious perfons, who upon the (hipwreck of 
 the royal caufe reiired to France for fafety, was fir Charles Ca- 
 vendim, brother to the duke of Newcaftle ; and this gentleman, 
 being (killed in every branch of mathematics, proved a cbnftant 
 friend and patr n to Hobbes, who, by embarking in 1645 in a 
 controverfy about the quadrature of the circle, was grown fo 
 famous, that in 1647 he was recommended to inftru6l Charles 
 prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II. in that kind of learn- 
 ing. His care in the difcharge of this office, gained him the 
 efteem of that prince in a very great degree: and though he af- 
 terwards withdrew his public favour from Hobbes, on account 
 of his writings, yet he always retained a fenfe of the fervices 
 he had done him; (hewed him various marks of his favour, 
 after he was reltored to his dominions ; and, as fome fay, had 
 
 £u] Epift. Ren. des Cart. Tom. HI. p. I04. [»] De CivU, Prudent. Cap. *rv 
 
 his 
 
H O B B E S. 149 
 
 his picture hanging in his clofet. This year alfo was printed in 
 Holland, by the care of M. Sorbiere, a fecond and more com- 
 plete edition of his book '* De Give," to which are prefixed, 
 two Latin letters to the editor, one by GalFendi, the other by 
 Merfenne, in commendation of it. VVhile Hobbes was thus 
 employed at Paris, he was attacked by a violent fit of illnefs, 
 which brought him fo low, that his friends began to defpair of 
 his recovery. Among thofe who vlfited him in this weak con- 
 dition, was his friend Merfenne; who, taking this for a favour- 
 able opportunity, began, after a few general compliments of 
 condolence, to mention the power of the church of Rome to 
 forgive fins: but Hobbes iminediat' ly replied, " Father, all 
 thefe matters I have d bated with my felt long ago. Such kind 
 of bufinefs would be troubiefome to me now ; and you can en- 
 tertain me on fiibjecis more agreeable: when did you fee Air. 
 Gaifendi ?" Merfenne eafily underftood his meaning, and, 
 without troubling him any farther, fufFered the converfanon to 
 turn upon general topics. Yet fome days afterwards, when Dr. 
 Cofin?, afterwards billiop of Durham, came to pray with him, 
 he very readily accepted the propofal, and received the facra- 
 ment at his hands, according to the forms appointed by the 
 i:hurch of England, 
 
 In 1650, was publilhed at London a fmall treatife by Hobbes, 
 entitled, " Human Nature," and another, " De corpore poli- 
 tico, or, of the Elements of the Law." The latter was pre- 
 fented to Gaifendi, and read by him a few months before his 
 death ; who is faid firil to have kilTed it, and then to have deli- 
 vered his opinion of it in thefe words: "^^ This treatife is indeed 
 fmall in bulk, but in iny judgement the very marrow of fcience." 
 All this time Hobbes had been digeliing with great pains his re- 
 ligious, political, and moial principles into a complete fyftem, 
 which he called the " Leviathan," and which was printed in 
 Englilh at London in that and the year following. He caufed a 
 copy of it, very fairly written on vellum, to be prefented to 
 Charle's H but after that monarch was informed, that the Eng- 
 lifh divines confidered it as a very bad book, and tending to fub- 
 rert both religion an.i civil government, he is faid to have with- 
 drawn his countenance froin the author, and by the marquis of 
 Ormond to have forbidden him to come into his prefence. After 
 the publication of his *' Leviathan," Hobbes returned to England, 
 and palfed the fummer commonly at his patron the earl of De» 
 vonihire's feat in Derbylhire, and his winters in town ; where 
 he had for his intimate friends fome of the greateft men of 
 the age; fuch as Dr. Harvey, Selden, Cowley, &c. In 1654, 
 he publifhed his ** Letter upon Liberty and Neceffity," which 
 occafioned a long controverfy between him and Bramhall, biihop 
 of Londonderry, About this time he began the cpntroverfy 
 
 h 3 with 
 
IS<^ H O B B E S. 
 
 with Wallis, the mathematical profefTor at Oxford, which laded 
 as long as Hobbes lived, and in which he had the misfortune 
 to have all the mathematicians againll: him. It is indeed faid, 
 that he came too late to this fludy, to excel in it; and that, 
 though for a time he maintained his credit, while he was con- 
 tent to proceed in the fame track with others, and to reafon in the 
 accuftomed manner from the eftablifhed principles of the fcience, 
 yet when he began to digrefs into new paths, and fet up for a 
 reformer, inventor, and improver of geometry, he loft himfelf 
 extremely. But notwithflanding thefe debates took up much of 
 his time, yet he publifhed feveral philofophical treatifes in 
 Latin. 
 
 Such M'ere his occupations till 1660, when upon the king's 
 reftoration he quitted the coimtry, and came up to London. 
 He was at Salifbury-houfe with his patrop, when the king pall- 
 ing by one day accidentally faw him. He fent for him, gave 
 him his hand to kifs, enquired kindly after his health and cir- 
 cum.ftanccs ; and fome time after diredled Cooper, the cele- 
 brated miniature-painter, to take his portrait. His majefly 
 likewife afforded him another private audience, fpoke to 
 him very kindly, afTured him of his prote6lion, and fettled a 
 penfion upon him of lool. per annuin out of his privy purfe. 
 Yet this did not render him entirely fafe; for, in 1066, his 
 ** Leviathan," and treatife *' De Cive," were cenfured by par- 
 liament, which alarmed him much; as did alfo the bringing of 
 a bill into the houfe of commons to punifh atheifm and profane- 
 nefs. When this ftorm was a little blown over, he began to 
 think of procuring a beautit'ul edition of his pieces that were 
 in Latin; but finding this impra6licable in England, he caufed 
 it to be undertaken abroad, where they were publilhed in 1668, 
 4to, from the prefs of John Bleau. In 1669, he was vifited by 
 Cofmo de Medicis, t jhe n prince, afterv\^rds j^ii.ke of Tufcany, 
 who gave him ample marks oriiTs**er!eem ; and having received 
 his picture, and a complete colledion of his writings, caufed 
 them to be depofited, the former among his curiofities, the lattev 
 in his library at Florence. Similar vifits he received from feveral 
 foreign ambaffadors, and other Grangers of diftin6lion ; who were 
 curious to fee a perfon, whofe fingular opinions and numerous 
 writings had made fo much noife all over Europe. In 1672, he 
 wrote his own life in Latin verfe, when, as he obfcrves, he had 
 completed his 84th year: and, in 1674, he publifhed in Englifh 
 verfe four books of Homer's " OdyfTey," which were fo well 
 received, that it encouraged him to undertake the whole '* Iliad" 
 and *' OdyflTey," which he likewife performed, and publifhed in 
 1675. Thefe were not the firft fpecimens of his poetic genius, 
 which he haJ given to the public: he had publifhed many years 
 before, about 1637, a Latin poem entitled, ** De Mirabilibus 
 
 Pecci, 
 
H O B B E S. 151 
 
 Pecci, or, Of the Wonders of the Peak." But his poetry is 
 below criticifm, and has been long exploded. In 1674, he took 
 bis leave of London, and went to fpcnd the remainder of his 
 d.nvs in Derbyfliirc ; where however he did net remain in- 
 ii(^i\-e, notu itltltanding his ailvanced age, but publiflied from 
 time to time feveral pieces to be found in the colle61ion of his 
 works, namelv, in 1676, his *' Difpute with Laney biihop of Ely, 
 concerning Liberty and NecefTity ;" in 1678, his '< Decameron 
 Phyfiologicum, or, Ten Dialogues of Natural Philofophyj" to 
 which he added a book, entitled, *' A Dialogue between a Phi- 
 lofopher and a Student of the Common Law of England.*' 
 June 1679, he fent another book, entitled, '* Behemoth, or» 
 A Hiftory of the Civil Wars from 1640 to 1660," to an emi'- 
 nent bookfeilcr, with a letter fetting forth the reafqjis for his 
 communication of it, as well as for the /equeft he then made, 
 that he would not publiili it till a proper occafion offered. The 
 book however was publilhed as foon as he was dead, ajid 
 the letter along with it ; of which we {hall give an extract, be- 
 caufe it is curious. — " I would fain have publiflied my Dialogue 
 of the Civil Wars of England long ago, and to that end I pre- 
 fented it to his majefly ; and fome days after, when I thought 
 he had read it, I humbly befought him to let me print it. But 
 his majefly, though he heard me gracioufly, yet he flatly refufed 
 to have it publifhed: therefore I brought away the book, and 
 gave you leave to take a copy of it ; which when you had done, 
 I gave the original to an honourable and learned friend, who 
 about a year after died. The king knows better, and is more 
 concerned in publifhing of books than I am ; and therefore I 
 dare not venture to appear in the bufinefs, left I fhould offend 
 him. Therefore I pray you not to meddle in the bufinefs. 
 Rather than to be thought any way to further or countenance the 
 printing, I would be content to lofe twenty times the value of 
 what you can expe6l to gain by it. I pray do not take it ill ; it 
 may be I may live to fend you fomewhat elfe as vendible as that, 
 and without offence. I am, &c." However he did not live to 
 fend his bookfeller any thing more, this being the laft piece that 
 ■went from himfeif: for, O6tober following, he was aflii£fed 
 •with a fuppreffion of urine; and his phyflcian plainly told him, 
 that he had little hopes of curing him. Nov. 20, the earl of 
 Devonfhire removing from Chatfworth to another feat called 
 Hardwick, Hobbes obflinately perfifled in defiring that he might 
 be carried too, though this could no way be done, but by laying 
 him upon a feather-bed. He was not much difcompofod with 
 his jovirney, yet within a week after loff, by a ftroke of the 
 paify, the ufe of his fpeech, and of his right fide entirely; in 
 which condition he remained for fome days, taking little nou- 
 rtflimcnt, and fleepjng much, fometimes endeavouring to fpeak, 
 
 L 4 but 
 
152 HOBBES. 
 
 but not being able. He died Dec. 4., 1679, in his ^^d year. 
 Wood tells us, that after his phyfician gave liim no hopes of a 
 cure, he faid, ** Then I (hall be glad to find a hole to creep out 
 of the world at." He obTerves alfo, that his not defiring a hni- 
 nifter, to receive the facrament before he died, ought in charity 
 to be imputed to his being fo fuddenly feized, and afterwards 
 deprived of his fenfes; the rather, becaufe the earl of Dcvon- 
 Ihire's chaplain declared, that within the two laft years of his 
 life he had often received the facrament from his hands with 
 feeming devotion. 
 
 He was a man of prodigious capacity, and went to the bottonji 
 of whatever he undertook to examine: his genius was lively and 
 penetrating,but,at the fame time, he was ftudiousand indefatigable 
 in his enquiries. Confulering his great age, he was a man of no 
 veryextenfive reading. Homer, Virgil, I'hucydides, and Euclid, 
 were authors with whom he was molt delighted. He ufed to 
 fay upon this fubjed, that •' if he had read as tnuch as others, 
 he fhould have been as ignorant as they." As to his character 
 and rnanners, they are thus defcribed by Dr. White Kennet, in 
 his ♦' Memoirs of the Cavendifh Family Ty]." '* The earl of 
 Devonfliire," fays he, " for his whole life entertained Mr. 
 Hobbes in his family, as his old tutor rather than as his friend 
 or confident. He let him live under his roof in eafe and plenty, 
 and in his own way, without making ufe of him in any public, 
 or fo tnuch as domeftic afl'airs. He would often exprefs an ab- 
 horrence of fome of his principles in policy and religion ; and 
 both he and his lady would frequently put off the mention of his 
 name, and fay, * He was a humouiill, and nobody could ae- 
 pount for him.' There is a tradition in the family of the man- 
 ners and cuftoms of Mr. Hobbes fomewhat obfervabie. His 
 profelfed rule of health was to dedicate the morning to his exer- 
 cife, and the afternoon to his ftudies. At his firfl: riling, there- 
 fore, he walked out, and climbed any hill within his reach ; or, 
 if the weather was not dry, he fatigued himfelf within doors by 
 fome exercife or other, to be in a fwear: recommending that 
 pradice upon this opinion, that an old man had more moifture 
 than heat, and th refore by fuch motion heat was to be acquired, 
 and moiibire expelled. After this he took a comfortable break- 
 faft; and then went roupd the lodgings to wait upon the earl, 
 the countefs, and the children, and any confiderable ftrangers, 
 paying fome Ihort addrelTcs to all of them. He kept thefe 
 rounds till about twelve o'clock, when he had a little dinner pro- 
 vided for him, which he eat always by himfelf without cere- 
 mony. Soon after dinner he retired to his Ifudy, and had his 
 candle with teii or twelve pipes of tobacco laid by him^ then 
 
 (;v] Page IP7, &c, 
 
 ihuttin^ 
 
H O B B E S. 
 
 »53 
 
 fhutting his door, he fell to fmoaking, thinking, and writing 
 for feveral hours. He retained a friend or two at court, and 
 cfpecially the lord Arlington, to prote6l him if occafioii I'hould 
 require. He ufed to fay, that it was lawful to make ufe of ill 
 initruments to do ourfelves good: * If 1 were c:Ul,' f'lys he, 
 * into a deep pit, and the devil (hould put down his cloven foot, 
 I would take hold of it to be drawn out by it.' Towards the 
 end of his life he had very few books, and thofe he read but very 
 little ; thinking he was now able only to digefl: what he lia.-J (or- 
 merly fed upon. If company came to viiit him, he woid.i be 
 free in difcourfe till he was prelTed or confradided ; and then '.e 
 had the infirmities of being Ihort and peevi(h, and referr n^ '<o 
 his writings for better fatisfa61ion. His friends, who had the 
 liberty of introducing ftrangers to him, made thefe terms with 
 them before their admillion, that they Ihould not difpute with 
 the old man, nor contradict him." 
 
 After mentioning tlse appreiienfions Hobbcs was under, when 
 the parliament ccnfiired his b^^ok, and t' e methods he took to 
 efcape perfecution, Dr. Kenn.ei proceeds in the fc.llovvin^ terms; 
 *' It is not much to be doubted, that upon this occafion he began 
 to make more open (hew of religion and church communion. 
 He now frequented the chapel, joined in the fervice, and was 
 generally a partaker of the holy facrament: and whenever any 
 Itrangcrs in converfation with him feemed to queftion his belief, 
 he would always appeal to his conformi'y in divine fervices, and 
 referred them lo the chaplain for a tcftimony of if. Others 
 thought it a mere compliance to the orders of the family, and 
 obferved, thai in city and country he never went to any parifh 
 church; and even in the chapel upon Sundays, he went out after 
 prayers, and tinned his back upon the fermon; and when any 
 friend alked the realon of it, he gave nd other but this, * they 
 coidd teach him nothing, but what he knew.' He did not con- 
 ceal his hatred to the clergy ; but it was vifible that the hatred 
 was owing to his fear of their civil intereft and power. He 
 had often a jealoufy, that the bilhops would burn him: and of 
 all the bench he was moft afraid of the bifhop of Sarum, be- 
 caufe he had moll offended him; thinking every man's fpirit to 
 be remembrance and revenge. After the Reitoration, he watched 
 all opportunities to ingratiate himfelf with the king and his 
 prime miniflers; and looked upon his penfion to be more valu- 
 able, as an earned of favour and protection, than upon any other 
 account. His following courfe of life was to be free froin dan- 
 ger. He could not endure to be left in an empty houfe. When- 
 ever the earl removed he would go along with him, even to his 
 laft ftage, from Chatfworih to Hardwick. When he was in a 
 very weak condition, he dared not to be left behind, but made 
 ^is way upon a feather-bed in a coach, though he furvived the 
 
 journey 
 
^54 
 
 H OBBES. 
 
 jou-rney but a few clays. He could not bear any dirccurfc of 
 (death, and feemed to caft off all thoughts of it: he delighted to 
 reckon upon longer life. The winter before he died, he made a 
 warm coat, wivich he faid muft laft him three years, andlhen 
 he would have fuch another. In his laft ficknefs his frequent 
 queftions were. Whether his difeafe was curable? and when in- 
 timations were given that he might have eafe, but no remedy, 
 he ufed this expreffion, * I (hall be glad to find a hole to creep 
 out of the world at ;' which are reported to have been his lall 
 fenfible words; and his lying feme days following in a filent 
 ftupefa£lion, did feem owing to his mind more than to his body. 
 The only thought of death, that he appeared to entertain in time 
 of health, was to take care of fome infcription on his gfave. 
 He would fuffer fome friends to di(£latean epitaph, among which 
 he was beft pleafed with this humour, ' This is the true philo- 
 Ibpher's ftone. Sec." 
 
 After this account of Hobbes, which, though undoubtedly 
 true in the main, feems rather too ftrongly coloured, it will be 
 but juftice to fubjoin what lord Clarendon has faid of him. 
 This noble perfon, during his banifliment, wrote a book in 
 1670, which was printed fix years after at Oxford with this 
 title, ** A brief View of the dangerous and pernicious Errors 
 to Church and State in Mr. Hobbcs's Book, intituled, Levia- 
 than." In the introdu(flion the earl obferves, that Mr. Hobbes's 
 " Leviathan" " contains in it good learning of all kinds, politely 
 extracted, and very wittily and cunningly digefted in a very 
 commendable, and in a vigoroiis and pleafant ityle: and that 
 Mr. Hobbes himfelf was a man of excellent parts, of great 
 ■wit, fome reading, and fomewhat more thinking; one who has 
 fpent many years in foreign parts and obfervations; underftands 
 the learned as well as the modern languages ; hath long had the 
 reputation of a great philofopher and mathematician ; and in 
 his age hath had converfation with very many worthy and extra- 
 ordinary men: to which it may be, if he had been more in- 
 dulgent in the more vigorous part of his life, it might have had 
 greater influence upon the temper of his mind; whereas age 
 feldom fubmits to thofe queftions, enquiries, and contradidions, 
 ■which the laws and liberty of converfixtion require. And it hath 
 been always a lamentation among Mr. Hobbes's friends, that he 
 fpent too much time in thinking, and too little in exercifmg 
 thofe thoughts in the company of other men of the fame, or of 
 as good faculties; for want whereof his natural conftitution, 
 with age, contra6led fuch a morofity, that doubting and contra- 
 difting men were never grateful to him. In a word, Mr. 
 Hobbes is one of the molt ancient acquaintance I have in the 
 world; and of whom 1 have always had a great efteem, as a 
 man, who, befides his eminent parts, learning, and knowledge, 
 
 hath 
 
HOBBES. 1^5 
 
 itath been always looked upon as a man of probity, and of a life 
 free from fcandal." 
 
 There have been few perfons, whofe writings have had a tnorc 
 pernicious influence in fpreading irreligion and infidelity than thofe 
 of Hobbes; and yet none of his treatifcs are diredtly levelled 
 againft revealed religion. He fomeiimes affefls to fpeak with 
 veneration of the facred writings, and exprefsly declares, that 
 though the laws of nature are not laws, as they proceed from 
 nature, yet " as they are given by God in Holy Scripture, they 
 are properly called laws ; for the Holy Scripture is the voice of 
 God, ruling all things by the greatelt right [zj." But though 
 he fcems here to make the laws of Scripture the laws of God, 
 and to derive their force from his fupreme authority, yet elfc- 
 W'here he fuppofes them to have no authority, but what they de- 
 rive from the prince or civil power. He fometimes feems to 
 acknowledge infpi ration to be a fupernatural gift, and the imme- 
 diate hand of God: at other times he treats the pretence to it as 
 a fign of madnefs, and reprefents God's fpenking to the prophets 
 in a dream, to be no more than the prophets dreaming that God 
 fpake unto them. He afierts, that we have no alTiirance of the 
 certainty of Scripture, but the authority of the church [a], and 
 this he refolves into the authority of the commonwealth; and 
 declares, that till the fovereign ruler had prefcribed them, *' the 
 precepts of Scripture were not obligatory laws, but only counfel 
 or advice, which he that was counfclled might without injufticc 
 refufe to obferve, and being contrary to the laws could not with- 
 out injullice obferve;" that the word of the interpreter of Scrip- 
 ture is the word of God, and that the fovereign magiftrate is 
 the interpreter of ocripture, and of all doilrines, to whofc 
 authority we mud (land. Nay, he carries it To far as to pro- 
 nounce [b], that Chrillians are bound in confcience to obey the 
 laws of an infidel king in matters of religion ; that ** thought 
 is free, but when it comes to confcffion of faith, the private reafon 
 mull fubmit to the public, that is to fay, to God's lieutenant." 
 Accordingly he allows the fubjedl, being commandeJ by the 
 fovereign, to deny Chrift in words, holding the faith i i.im tirmly 
 in his heart ; it being in this <' not he, that denicih Chriii before 
 men, but his governor and the laws of his country." In the mean 
 time he acknowledges the exiftence of God [c], and that w-e. 
 muft of neceflity afcribe the effects we behold to the eternal 
 power of all powers, and caufe of all caufes; and he reproaches 
 thofe as abfurd, who call the world, or the foul of the world, 
 God. But then he denies that we know any thing more of hirn 
 than that he exifts, and feems plainly to make him corporeal ^ 
 
 [2] De Give, c. iij. f. 33. [b] DeCJve, c. 17. Leviathaj, p. 569^ 
 
 [a] Ltviathan, p. i^6., ^83, 284. 
 
 [c] Leviathan, p. 2^3. 271. 
 
 for 
 
156 
 
 H O B B E S. 
 
 for he affirms, that whatever is not body is nothing at all. 
 And though he fooietimes feems to acknowledge religion and its 
 obligations, and that there is an honour and worfhip due to 
 God ; prayer, thankfgivings, oblations, &c. yet he advances 
 principles, which evidently tend to fubvcit ail religion. The 
 account he gives of it is tjiis, that ** from the fear of power 
 invifible, feigned by the mind, or imagined from tales, publicly 
 allowed, arifeth religion; not allowed, fuperftition :" and he 
 refolves religion into things which he himfelf derides, namely, 
 *' opinions of ghofts, ignorance of fecond caufes, devotion to 
 what men fear, and taking of things cafual for prognoltics." He 
 takes pains in many places to prove man a neceifary agent, and 
 openly derides the do6lrine of a future flate: for he fays, that the 
 belief of a future itate after death, " is a belief grounded upon 
 other men's faying, that they knew it fupernaturally ; or, that they 
 Icnew thofe, that knew them, that knew othersthat knew it fuper- 
 naturally." But it is not revealed religion only, of which Hobbes 
 makes light ; he goes farther, as will appear by running over a 
 few more of liis maxims. He allerts, " that, by the law of 
 nature, every man hath a right to all things, and over all perfons; 
 and that the natural condition of man is a (late of war, a war 
 of all men againft all men: that there is no way fo reafonable 
 for any man, as by force or wiles to gain a maftery over ail 
 other perfons that he can, till he fees no other power flrong 
 enough to endanger him: that the civil laws are the only rules 
 of good and evil, jvd and unjuft, honell and diflioneil; and 
 that, antecedently to fuch laws, every adion is in its own na- 
 ture indifferent; that there is nothing good or evil in itfelf, nor 
 any common laws conftitu'ing what is natur* Uy juft and unjuft ; 
 that all things are nicafnrcd by what every man judgeth fit, where 
 there is no civil government, and by the laws of fociety, where 
 there is: that the power of the fovereign is abfolute, and that 
 he is not bound by any compacls with his fubjeds : that nothing 
 the fovereign can do to the fubje6t, can properly be called inju- 
 rious or wrong; and that the king's word is fufficient to take 
 any thing from the fubje£l it need be, and that the king is judge 
 of that need." This fcheme evidently Itrikes at the foundation 
 of all religion, natural and revealed. It tends not only to fub- 
 vert the authority of Scripture, but to deitroy God's moral go- 
 vernment of the world. It confounds the natural differences of 
 good and evil, virtue and vice. It delfroys the beft principles 
 of the huiTian nature; and inftead of that innate benevolence, 
 and focial difpolition which ihould unite men together, fuppofes 
 all men to be naturally in a ftate of war with one another. It 
 credos an abfolute tyranny in the ftate and church which it cor^- 
 founds, and makes the will of the prince or governing power 
 the fole ftand^rd of right and wrong. 
 
 Such 
 
HOBBES. 157 
 
 Such principles in religion and politics would, as it may 
 be imagined, raife a man adverfaries. Hobbes accordingly 
 was attacked by many confiderable perfons, and, what may 
 fecm more ftrange, by fiich as wrote againft each other. For 
 inflance, Harrington in his " Oceana," falls very often on 
 Hobbes; and fo does llr Robert Filmer in his " Obfervations 
 concerning the Original of Government." We have already 
 mentioned Bramhall and Clarendon ; the former argued vvitli 
 great acutent fs againft that part of his fyftem, which relates to 
 liberty and necelFity, and afterwards attacked the whole in a 
 piece, called " The Catching of the Leviathan," publifhcd ia 
 1685; in which he undertakes to dcmonftrate out of Hobbes s 
 own works, that no man, who is thoroughly an Hobbill:, can be 
 " a good Chriftiarf, or a good commonwealth's man, or recon- 
 cile himfelf to himfelf." Tenifon, afterwards archbilhop of 
 Canterbury, gave a fummary view of Hobbes's principles, in a 
 book, called " The Creed of Mr. Hobbes examined, 1670;" to 
 which we may add the two dialogues of Ur. Eachard betweea 
 Timothy and Philautus, and Dr. Parker's book, entitled, " DiH- 
 putationes de Deo & Divina Providentia." Dr. Henry More 
 has alfo in different parts of his works canvafled and refuted 
 feveral pofitions of Hobbes; and the philofopher of Malmef^ 
 bury is faid to have been fo ingenuous as to own, that ** when- 
 ever he difcovered his own philofophy to be tmfuftainable, he 
 would embrace the opinions of Dr. More." But the two 
 greatefl: works againtl him were, Cumberland's book *' De le- 
 gibus Naturae," and Cudworth's ** Intellectual Syftem:" for 
 thefe authors do not employ themfelves about his peculiar ^vhin^^- 
 fies, or in vindicating revealed religion from his exceptions and 
 cavils, but endeavour to eftablifh the great principles of all re- 
 ligion and morality, which his fcheme tended to fubvert, and 
 to Ihew, that they have a real foundation in reafon and nature. 
 
 There is one peculiarity related of Hobbes, which we have 
 not yet mentioned in the courfe of our account of him, but with 
 which it (hall be clofed : it is, that he was afraid of appa- 
 ritions and fpirits. His friends indeed have called this a fable 
 [dJ. " He was falfely accufed," fay they, '* by fome^ of being 
 afraid to be alone, becaufe he was afraid of fpe6lrts and appa- 
 ritions: vain bugbears of fools, which he had chafed away by 
 the light of his philofophy." They do not however deny, that 
 he was afraid of being alone; they only infinuate, that it was 
 for fear of being alfaflinated. In the mean time, Bayle ob- 
 ferves, that Hobbes's principles of philofophy were not proper to 
 rid him from the fear of apparitions or fpirits | e] : *' a man," 
 ■fays he, •' would not only be very rafh, but alfo very extrava- 
 
 [d] Vica Hobbes, p, lofi. [s] Art. HOBBES^ note n. 
 
 gant, 
 
158 
 
 HOCHSTETTER. 
 
 gant, who flioiild pretend lo prove, that there never was any 
 perfon that imagined he faw a fpeflre ; and I do not think that 
 the mofl obftinate unbelievers have maintained this. All that 
 they fay amounts to no more, than that the perfons, who have 
 thought themfelvcs eye-witneflfes of the apparitions of fpirits, 
 had diflurbed imaginations. They confefs then, that there are 
 certain places in our brain, that being afFe6led in a certain man- 
 ner excite the image of an objedl:, which has no real exiftence 
 out of ourfelves; and make the man, whofe brain is thus modi^ 
 fied, believe he fees at two paces diftance a frightful fpedre, a 
 hobgoblin, a threatening phantom. The like happens in tiie 
 heads of the moft incredulous, either in their fleep, or in the 
 paroxyfms of a violent fever. Will they maintain after this, 
 that it is impofllble for a man awake, and not in a delirium, to 
 receive in certain places of his brain^ an imprefllon almoft like 
 that, which by the laws of nature is connedled with the appear- 
 ance of a phantom? If they are forced lo acknowledge that this 
 is poflible, they cannot promife that a fpedlre will never appear 
 to them; that is, that they /hall never, when awake, believe 
 they fee either a man or a bead, when they are alone in a cham- 
 ber. Hobbes then might believe, that a certain combination of 
 atoms, agitated in his brain, might expofe him to fueh a vifion; 
 though he was perfuaded, that neither an angel nor the foul of a 
 dead man was to be concerned in it. He was timorous to the 
 laft degree, and confequently had reafon to diftruH: his imagina- 
 tion, when he was alone in a chamber in the night; for, in fpite 
 of him, the remembrance of what he had read and heard con- 
 cerning apparitions would revive, though he was not perfuaded 
 of the reality of any fuch things. Thefe images, joined with 
 the timoroufnefs of his temper, might play him an unlucky 
 trick : and it is certain, that a man as incredulous as he was, 
 but of greater courage, would be aftonilhed to think he faw one, 
 ■whom he knew to be dead, enter into his chamber. Thefe ap- 
 paritions in dreams are very frequent, whether a man believes 
 the immortality of the foul or not. Suppofing they fnould once 
 happen to an incredulous man awake, as they do frequently in 
 his fleep, we allow that he would be afraid, though he had never 
 fo much courage: and therefore for a ftronger reafon we ought 
 to believe, that Hobbes would have been terribly affrighted 
 
 at it." 
 
 HOCHSTET I ER (Andrew, Adam), a proteflant divine, 
 born at Tubingen, in 1688, and fucceilively profeilbr of elo- 
 Cjuencc, of moral philofophy, and of divinity in that univerfity; 
 of which finally he became rector. He died at the fame place 
 in April, 1717. His principal works are, I. *' Collegium Puf- 
 fcnduifianua:!.'" 2. " De Feilo Expiationis, et Hirco Azazel." 
 
 3. " Dc 
 
H O D Y. 159 
 
 3. " De Conradino, ultimo ex Suevis duce." 4. *' De rebus 
 Llbigenfibus." His hiftorical works are in moft efteem. 
 
 HODGES (Nathaniel), an Englifh phyfician [f], was 
 the Ion of Dr. Thomas Hodges, dean of Hereford, of 
 whom there are three printed lermons. He was educated 
 in Weftmlnfter-fchool, and became a ftudent of Chrift-church, 
 Oxford, in 1648. In 1651 and 1654, he took the degrees 
 of B. and M. A. and, in 1659, accumulated the degrees of 
 B. and M. D. He fettled in London, and continued there dur- 
 ing the plague in 1665: by which, fays Wood, he obtained a 
 great name and pradlice among the citizens, and was in 1672 
 made fellow of the College of Phyficians. Neverthelefs, he 
 afterwards fell into unfortunate circumftances, and was confined 
 for debt in Ludgate prifon, where he died in 1684. His body 
 was interred in the church of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, London, 
 where a monument is erected to him. He is author of two 
 works: i. *' VindiciaD Medicinae & Medicorum :" *' An Apo- 
 logy for the ProfeiTion and ProfelTors of Phyfic, &c. 1660," 8vo. 
 1. " AOIMOAOrL'\ : five, pedis nupers apud populum 
 Londinenfem gralfantis narratio hillorica," 1672, 8vo. A tranf- 
 lation of it into Englilh was printed at London in 1720, 8vo, 
 under the following title : " Loimologia, or, an Hiftorical Ac- 
 count of the Plague of London in 1665, with precautionary Di- 
 redions againfl the like Contagion. By Nath. Hodges, M. D. 
 and Fellow of the College of Phyficians, who refided in the 
 City all that Time. To which is added, an Effay on the ditFerent 
 Caufes of Peftilcntial Difeales, and how they become contagious. 
 With Remarks on the Infeclion now in France, and the molt 
 probable Means to prevent its fpreading here. By John Qiiincy, 
 M. D." In 1721, there was printed at London, in 8vo, " A 
 ColiecSlion of very valuable and fcarce Pieces relating to the lall 
 Plague in 1665;" among which is " An Account of the firft 
 Rife, Progrefs, Symptoms, and Cure of the Plague, being the 
 Subllance of a Letter from Dr. Hodges to a Perfon of Qi^ia- 
 jhty, dated from his Houfe in Watling Street, May the 8th, 
 1666." The author of the preface to this colledion calls our 
 author " a faithful hjftorian and diligent phyfician \' and tells 
 us, that " he may be reckoned among the beft obfervers in any 
 age of phyfic, and has given us a true pidure of the plague in 
 his own time."' 
 
 • HODY (Humphrey), an eminent Englifh divine [g], was 
 born Jan. i, 1659, at Odcombe in the county of Somerfet, of 
 ^vhich place his father was redor. He difcovered while a boy, 
 
 [r] Athen. Oxon. Vol. ii. de Grjecis illuftiibus Linjus Graecae jn- 
 
 [g] De vita & Icriptis Hum. Hodii ftauratoribus, &c. 
 djflcttatio, p. 5, 6. Prefixed to his bi^ok. 
 
 ^ a vaft 
 
t6o H O D Y. 
 
 a vaft propenfity to learning; and, in iSy'S, was admitted into 
 Wadham- college, Oxford, of which he was chofen fellow in 
 i68+. When he wru but 21, ht publifhed his " DilTertation 
 
 _againlV Ar'lteas's Hiiloiy of the Seventy-two Interpreters. 
 The ^bitance of that hiftory of AriilAas, concerning the 7.^ 
 
 -Greek interpreters of the Bible, is this: Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
 king of Egypt, a^^iiiJ'"^^'' of the noble library at Alexandria, 
 .teing defiroiis of enrichi. g that Ijbjyirv with^ll forts of books, 
 Committe I the care of^oJljo Demetrius Phahreus, a nobk Athe- 
 nian tnen living in his court. Deinetri.us being infiprmed, in 
 the courfe of nis cnquiriW; of the Law of Mofes among the 
 Jews, a quainted the king witli it ; who thereupon fignified his 
 pleafure, that a copy of that book, which was then only in He- 
 brew, (hou'd be fent for from Jerufalem, with interpreters from 
 the fame p'ace to tranflate it into Greek. A deputation was' 
 accordinglv fent to Eleazar the high-prieft of the jp&ws at Jeru- 
 falem ; who fent a copy of the Hebrew original, and 72 inter- 
 preters, fix out of each of the twelve tribes, to tranflate it into 
 Greek. When they were come to Egypt, the kingcaufei them 
 to be conducted into the ifland of Pharos near Alexandria, in 
 apartments prepared for them, where they completed theil tranf- 
 lation in 72 days. Such is the flory told by Arirteas, wht)'is faid 
 to be one of king Ptolemy's court. Hody fhews that it*is the 
 invention of fome Hellenift Jew ; tiiat it is full of anachronifms 
 and grofs blunders; and, in Ihort, was written on -pup-pofe to 
 recommend and give greater authority to the Greek verfion of 
 the Old Teftament, which from this ftory hath received the name 
 of the Septuagint. This diirertation was received with the 
 higheft i;pp'au!e by all the learned, except Ifaac Vofllus. Charles 
 du Frefne .'poke highly of it in his obfervations on the '* Chro- 
 nicon Pafchale," publifhed in 1688 ; and Menage, in his notest 
 upon the ftcond edition of *' Diogenes Laertius," gave Hody 
 the titles of " eruditiilimus, dodiflimi'S, elegantiffimus, &c." 
 but Vofllus alone was greatly di.latisHed with it. He had cfpoufed 
 the contrary opinion, and could not bear that fuch a boy as 
 Hody fhould prefume to contend with one of his age and repu- 
 tation for letters. He publilhed therefore an Appendix to his 
 " Obfervations on Pomp nius Mela," and fubjoined an anfwer 
 to this diflertation of Hody's; in w ich, however, he did not 
 enter much into the argument, but consents himfelf with treat- 
 ing Hody very contempiuoufly, vouchfafing him no better title 
 than Juvenis Oxoni' nfis, and fometimes ufing a great deal worfe 
 language. When Volfius WaS alked afterwards, what induced 
 him to treat a younc man of piomihng hopes, and who had 
 certainly deferved well of the republic of letters, Co very harlhly, 
 he anfwered, that he had received fome time before a rude Latin 
 epitlle from Oxfojd, of which he fufpedted Hody to be the 
 1 . author i 
 
HODY. i6i 
 
 author; and that thlsl^^made hlindeal more fcverely with h'm, 
 than he (hould other^wn^W've done. Vofhiishatl indeed received 
 fuch a letter; but it^^-A'ritten, according to the allertion of 
 Creech, the trandator of Lucretius, without Hody's knowledge or 
 approbation. When Hody publiihed his " Dilfertati >n, &:c." he 
 told the reader in his preface, tl^t he had three other book<: pre- 
 pared upon the Hebrew Text, and Greek Verlion ; but he was 
 now fo entirely drawn away from thefc (ludies by other engage- 
 ments, that he could not find time to complete his work, and 
 to anfwer the objeftions of Voilius, till more than twenty- 
 years after. In 1704, he puhUfhed it altogether, with this 
 title, ** De Bibliorum textibus originalibus, verfionibus Grascis, 
 & Latina Vulgata, libri IV. &c." The firlfr book contains his 
 differtation^gainfl: Arifteas's hiflory, which is here reprinted with . 
 improvements, and an anfwer to Voffius's objeitions. In the 
 fecond he treats of the true authors of the Greek verfion, called 
 the Septuagint ; of the time when, and the reafons why, it was 
 imdertaken, and of the manner in which it was performed. 
 The third is a hiflory of the Hebrew text, the Septuagint verfion, 
 and of the Latin Vulgate; fhewing the authority of each in dif- 
 ferent ages, and that the Hebrew text hath been always moft 
 efteemed and valued. In the fourth he gives an account of the; 
 reft of the Greek verfions, namely, thofe of Symmachus, Aquila, 
 and Theodotion ; of Origcn's '* Hexapla," and other ancient 
 editions; and fubjoins lifts of the books of the Bible at different 
 titnes, which exhibit a concife, but full and clear view of the 
 canon of Holy Scripture. — Upon the whole, he thinks it pro- 
 bable, that the Greek verfion, called the S vptuagint, was done in 
 the time of the two Ptolemies, Lagus and Philadelphus; and that 
 it was not done by order of king Ptolemy, or under the dire6fion 
 of Demetrius Phalereus, in order to be depofited in the Alex- 
 andrine library, but by Hellenift Jews for the ufe of their own 
 Countrymen. 
 
 In i68q, he wrote the " Prolegomena" to John Malela's 
 *' Chronicle" printed at Oxford; and the year after was made 
 chaplain to Stillingfleet bilhop of Worcefter, being tutor to his 
 fon at Wadham- college. The deprivation of the bifhops, who 
 had refiifed the oaths -to king William and queen Mary, engaged 
 him in a controverfy with Dodvvell, who had till now been his 
 friend, and had fpoken handfomely and afFe61:ionately of him, in 
 his '* Diirertations upon Irenaeus," printed Ln 1689. The pieces 
 Hody publifhed on this occafion were, in 1691, " The Unrea- 
 fonablenefs of a Separation froin the new Bifhops: or, a Trea- 
 tife out of Ecclefiaftical Hiflory, fhewing, that although a biihop 
 was unjuftly deprived, neither he nor the church ever made a 
 ieparation, if the fucceflbr was not an heretic. Tranflated out of 
 
 Vol. VIII. M an 
 
i6i HQDY.' 
 
 an ancient manufcript in the public li]>rary at Oxforcl [h]." He 
 tranflated it afterwards into Latin, and prefixed to it fome pieces 
 ont df eccleriartical antiquity, relating to the fame fubje6t, 
 Dodwell publifhilTg an anfwcr to it, entitled, " A Vindication 
 of the deprived Eiihops," &c. in 1692; Hody replied, in a trea- 
 tife which he ftyled, *^ The Cafe of Sees vacant by an unjufl: or 
 uncanoni*! Deprivation ftated; in Anfwer to a Piece intituled, 
 A Vindipation fcf the deprived Bifhops, &c. Together with 
 the'feveral Pamphlets publiflied as Aniwers to the Baroccian 
 *rreatife,*Ti693." The part he a£led in this controverfy re- 
 commendec! him fo powerfully to Tillotfon, who had fucceeded 
 Sanft-oft in the fee of Canterbury, that he made him his domef- 
 _ tic chaplain in May, 1694. Here he drew up his dillertation 
 *' concerning the Refurreftion of the fame Body," which he 
 dedicated to Stillingfleet, whofe chaplain he had been from 1690, 
 Tillotfon dying November following, he w'as continued chap- 
 lain by Tenifon his fucceflTor; who foon after gave him the 
 reclory of Chart near Canterbury, vacant by the death of Whar- 
 ton. This, before he was collated, he exchanged for the 
 united parilbes of St. Michael's Royal and St. Martin's Vin- 
 try, in London, being inflituted to thefe in Aug. 1695. In 
 1696, at the command of Tenifon, he wrote *' Animadverfions 
 on Two Pamphlets lately publiflied by Mr. Collier, &c." 
 When fir William Perkins and fir John Friend were executed 
 that year for the aifaffination-plot, Collier, Cook, and Snatt, 
 three nonjuring clergymen, formally pronoimced upon them 
 the abfolution of the chuj^h, as it ftands in the office for the 
 vifitation of the fick, and accompanied this ceremony with a 
 folenm impofition of hands. For this imprudent action they 
 were not only indi6led, but alfo the archbifhops and bilBbps pub- 
 liflied ** A Declaration of their Senfe concerning thofe irregular 
 and fcandalous Proceedings." Snatt and Cook were caft into 
 prifon. Collier abfconded, and from his privacy publillied two 
 pamphlets to vindicate his own, and his brethren's condu6l ; the 
 one called, " A Defence of the Abfolution given by Sir Wil- 
 liam Perkins at the Place of Execution;" the other, "A Vin- 
 dication thereof, occafioned by a Paper, intituled, A Declara- 
 tion of the Senfe of the Archbilhops and Biihops, &c." in an- 
 fwer to which Hody publifhed the ** Animadverfions" above- 
 mentioned. 
 
 March, 1698, he was appointed regius profefibr of Greek 
 in the univerfity of Oxford ; and inllituted to the archdea- 
 conry of Oxford in 1704. In 1701, he bore a part in the con- 
 troverfy about the convocation, and publiihed upon that occa- 
 lion, *' A Hiftory of Englilh Councils and Convocations, and 
 
 [h] One of die Baroccian MSS, 
 
 of 
 
HOESCHELIUS. 163 
 
 of the Clergy's fitting in Parliament, in ■which is alfo compre- 
 hended the Hiftory of Parliaments, with an Account of our 
 ancient Laws." He died Jan. 20, 1706, and was buried in the 
 chapel belonging to Wadham-coUege, where he had received his 
 education, and to which he had been a benefadlor : for, in order 
 to encourage the ftudy of the Greek and Hebrew languages, of 
 which he was fo great a mafter himfelf, he founded in that col- 
 lege ten fcholarfhips of lol. each ; and appointed, that five of 
 the fcholars fliould apply themfelves to the ftudy of the Hebrew, 
 and five to the lludy of the Greek language. He left behind 
 him in MS. " An Account of thofe learned Grecians, who re- 
 tired to Italy, before and after the taking of Conflan'irBOple by 
 the Turks, and rellored the Greek Tongue and Learning in thefe 
 Wellern Parts of the World." It was publifhed in 1742, by 
 Dr. S. Jebb, under this title, " De Grascis illuftrib'-.-s linguae 
 Gra^cag literarumque humaniorum in(l?.uratoribus, eornm vitis, 
 fcriptis, & elogiis libri duo. E. Codd. potiflimum MSS. aliif- 
 que authenticis ejufdem sevi monimentis deprompfit Humfredus 
 Hodius, S. T. P. haud ita pridem Regius Profeltor & Archidia- 
 conus Oxon." 
 
 HOE (Matthias de Hoenegg), of a noble family at Vi- 
 enna, was born Feb. 24, 1580. After being eight years fuper- 
 intendant of Plaven in Saxony, he took holy orders at Prague in 
 161 1. In 1613 he left Prague, and was appointed principal 
 preacher to the eleftor of Saxony at Drefden ; and there he died 
 March4, 1645. He was a ftrenuous Lutheran, and wrote with zeal 
 againlt Calvinifts as well as Papiits. His works, which are very 
 numerous both in Latin and German, are not at this day much . 
 efteemed, or indeed known. Their titles, however, are given 
 by the writer of his life, and among them we find, " Solida de- 
 teflatio Papae et Calviniilarum," 4to. " Apologia pro B. Lu- 
 thero contra Lampadium," 4to, Leipfic, 1611. " Philofophia^ 
 Ariiiotelicas, partes tres." " Septem verborum Chrifti explica- 
 tio." The greater part of his tra6ls appear evidently, from their 
 titles, to be controveriial. 
 
 HOELTZLINUS (Jeremias), a philologer born at Nu- 
 remberg, but fettled at Leyden, and beft known by his edition of 
 Apollonius Rhodius, which was publifhed there in 1641. This 
 edition is generally efteemed; but Ruhnkenius, in his fecond 
 Epiftola Critica, calls the editor " t€wicum et ineptum Apollo- 
 nii Comraentatorem ;" and his commenlOTy has been cenfured alfo 
 by other learned men. He publifhed in 1628, a German tranf- 
 lation of the Pfalms, which has the credit of being accurate. 
 He died in 1641. 
 
 HOESCHELIUS (David), a learned German, was born at 
 Augfburg in 1556 ; and fpent his life in teaching the youth in the 
 college of St. Anne, of which he was made principal, by the 
 
 • M 7, magiftrates 
 
i64 HOFFMAN. 
 
 magiftrates of Augfburg, in 1 593. They made him their library- 
 iceeper alfo, and he acquitted himfelf incomparably well in this 
 poft : for he colle6led a great number of MSS. and printed 
 books, efpecially Greek, and alfo of the beft authors and the 
 bed: editions, with which he enriched their library. Neither did 
 he let the MSS. lie there, as a treafure buried under ground ; but 
 publiihed the moft fcarce and curious of them, to which he added 
 his own notes. His publications were very numerous, among 
 which were editions of the following authors, or at leaft of fome 
 part of their works; Origen, Philo Judasus, Bafll, Gregory of 
 NyfTen, Gregory of Nazianzen, Chryfoftom, Hori Apollinis 
 Hieroglyphica, Appian, Photius, Procopius, Anna Comnena, 
 &c. To fome of thefe he made Latin tranflations, while he 
 publiflied others in Greek only, with the addition of his own 
 notes. Huetius has commended him [ij, not only for the pains 
 he took to difcover old manufcripts, but alfo for his fkill and abi- 
 lity in translating them. He compofed, and publiflied in 1595, 
 *' A Catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Augfburg library," 
 which, for the judgement and order w ith which it is drawn up, 
 is reckoned a maflerpiece in its kind. He may juftly be ranked 
 among thofe who contributed to the revival of good learning in 
 Europe: for, befides thefe labours for the public, he attended his 
 college clofely ; and not only produced very good fcholars, but fuch 
 a number of them, that he is faid to have furniflied the bar with 
 one thoufand, and the church with two thoufand young men. 
 He died at Augfburg in 161 7, much lamented; for he was a 
 man of good as well as great qualities, and therefore not lefs be- 
 loved than admired. 
 
 HOFFMAN (Maurice), a phyfician, was born of a good 
 family, at Furftenwalde, in the eleclorate of Brandenbourg, 
 Sept. 20, 1621 [k] ; and was driven early from his native coun- 
 try by (he plague, and alfo by the war that followed it. His pa- 
 rents, having little idea of letters or fciences, contented them- 
 felves with having him taught writing and arithmetic ; but Hoff- 
 man's tafte for books and ftudy made him very impatient under 
 this confined inftruilion, and he was refolved, at all events, to 
 be a fcholar. He fird: gained over his mother to his fcheme ; 
 but llie died when he was only 15. This, however, fortunately 
 proved no impediment to his purpofe ; for the fchoolmafter of 
 Furftenwalde, to which place after many removals he had now rc- 
 turnedj was fo touched with his good natural abilities and ftrong. 
 difpofition for learning, that he was at the pains of inftruding 
 him in fecret. His father, convinced at length of his very 
 uncommon talents, permitted him to follow his inclinations; and^ 
 
 [i] De Claris interpretibus, p. 229. 
 
 [k] Niccron, Honimea lliulUes, Tom. XVI. 
 
 in 
 
HOFFMAN. 165 
 
 in 1637, ftMit him to ftudy in the college of Cologne. Famii^e 
 and the plague drove him from hence to Kopnik, where he bu- 
 ried his father ; and, in 1638, he went to Ahdorf, to an uncle 
 by his mother's lide, who was a profelTor of phyfic. hkre he 
 finilhed his (Indies in claffical learning and philofophy, and then 
 applied himfelf, with the utmolt ardour, to phyfic. In 1641, 
 when he had made fome progrefs, he went to the univerfity of 
 Padua, which then abounded with men very learned in all fciences. 
 Anatomy and botany were the great objeds of his purfuit; and 
 he became very deeply (killed in both. Bartholin tells us, that 
 Hoffman, having diile6led a turkey-cock [l], difcovered the 
 panacretic du6l, and Ihewed it to Verfungus, a celebrated ana- 
 tomilt of Padua, with whom he lodged; who, taking the hint 
 from the-nce, demonftrated afterwards the fame velfei in the 
 human body. When he had been at Padua about three years, he 
 returned to Altdorf, to allift his uncle, now growing infirm, in 
 his bufmefs ; and taking the degree of doftor, he applied himfelf 
 very diligently to practice, in which he had abundant fucccfs, and 
 acquired great fame. In 1648, he was made profellor extraor- 
 dinary in anatomy and furgery ; in 1649, profefTor of phyfic, 
 and foon after member of the college of phyficians; in 1653, 
 profeflbr of botany, and direftor of the phyfic-garden. He 
 acquitted liimfLlf very ably in thefe various employments, not 
 negledlingin the .mean time the bufmefs of his profefTion; in 
 which his reputation was fo high and extenfive, that many 
 princes of Germany appointed him their phyfician. He died of 
 an apoplexy in 1698, aged 76, after having publiflied feveral 
 botanical works, and married three wives, by whom he had 
 eighteen children. His works are, i. " Altdorfi delicias hor- 
 •tenfes," 4to, 1677. 2. *' Appendix ad Catalogum, Plantaruni 
 hortenfium," 4to, 1691, 3. '* Delicias filveftres," 4to, 1677. 
 4. " Florilegium Altdorfinum," 4to, 1676, &c. 
 
 HOFFMAN (John Maurice), fon of the former by his 
 iirfl: wife, was born at Altdorf in 1653; and fent to fchool at 
 Herfzpruck, where having acquired a competent knowledge of 
 the Greek and Latin tongues, he returned to his father at Altdorf 
 at 16, and ftudied firft philofophy, and then phyfic. He went 
 afterwards to Frankfort upon the Oder, and propofed to vifit the 
 United Provinces and England ; but being prevented by the wars, 
 he went to Padua, where he if udied two years. Then making a 
 tour of part of Italy, he returned to Altdorf, in 1674, and was 
 admitted to the degree of M. D. He fpent two years in per- 
 fecting the knowledge he had acquired; and then, in 1677, was 
 made profeifor extraordinary in phyfic, which title, in 1681, 
 was changed to that of profeifor in ordinary. He now applied 
 
 [l] Aaatomia Renovata, I. ili. c. xLii; 
 
 M 3 himfelf 
 
i66 . HOFFMAN. 
 
 himfelf earneftly to the prailice of phyfic ; and in proccfs of 
 time his fame was fpread fo far, that he was fought by per- 
 fons of the hrfl: rank. George Frederic, marquis of Anfpach, 
 of t^ houfe of Brandenbourg, chofe him in 1695 for his phy- 
 fician ; and about the latter end of the year, Hoffman attended 
 this prince into Italy, and renewed his acquaintance with the 
 •learned there. Upon the death of his father in 1698, he was 
 chofen to fucceed him in his places of botanic profelTor and di- 
 reSor of the phyfic garden. He was e]e6led alfo the fame year 
 recSor of the univerfity of Altdorf ; a pod, ivhich he had occu- 
 pied in 1686, He loft his great friend and patron, the marquis 
 of Anfpach, in 1703; but found the fame kindnefs from his 
 fucceifor William Frederic, who preffed him fo earneftly to come 
 nearer him, and made him withal fuch advantageous offers, that 
 Hoffman in 1713 removed from Altdorf to Anfpach, where he 
 died in 1727. He had married a wife in 1681, by whom he had 
 five children. Fie publilhed alfo fome botanical books, which 
 are highly efteemed, and " De differentiis alimentorum," 4to, 
 1677, &c. 
 
 HOFFiMAN (Frederick), an eminent phyfician, was born 
 at Hall near Magdeburg, in 1660; took a do£tor of phyfic's 
 degree in 1681 ; was made profeffor of phyfic at Hall in 1693; 
 and filled the chair till his death, which happened in 1742. 
 His works were collected at Geneva in fix large folios, 
 1748 — 1754: and there are doubtlefs things good and cu- 
 rious in this collcdlion : but there are m.any frivolous, and 
 many very frequently repeated. Notwithftanding the imper- 
 fecStions of fo enormous a mafs, Hoffman has defervedly been 
 reckoned among the beft writers in pViyfic. The moft remark- 
 able circumftances of his life are, his journey into Holland and 
 England, where he became intimately acquainted with Paul 
 Herman and Robert Boyle ;' his never taking any fees, as he 
 was fupportcd by an annual ifipend; and his curing thofe great 
 perfonages the emprefs, the emperor Charles VI. and Frederic I. 
 king of PrulTia, of inveterate dlfeafes. To thefe may be 
 added, that he firft taught that acid and mineral waters might 
 be taken with milk, with fafety and advantage, which phyficians 
 before had generally reckoned pernicious ; that he firft difcovered 
 the virtues of the Seltzer and Lauchftad waters, in preventing and 
 curing ftubborn difeafes; and that he prepared and recommended 
 an acid cathartic fait from the waters of Sedlic, which was com- 
 monly iifed in Germany. He furvived his 80th year. 
 
 HOFFMAN (Daniel), a Lutheran minifter, fuperintennant 
 and profeffor atHtlmftad, was the author of an idle controverfy 
 towards the end of the i6th century. He ftarted fome difficulties, 
 about fubfcribing the Concord, and refufed to concur with Dr. 
 Andreas in defence' of this confelfion. He would not acknow- 
 ledge 
 
HOFFMAN. 167 
 
 ledge the ubiquity, but only that the body pf Jefus Chrift was 
 preTcnt in a great many places; this difpiite though \a\d -afleep 
 foon after, lett a fpirit of" curiofity and contraJiclion upon 
 peoples minds, fo that in a little time they began to disagree 
 and argue very warmly upon feveral other points, HofFmaii 
 being always at the head of the party. Among other things it 
 was argued, whether philofophy was to be allowed in theological 
 controverftes, and how far. Hoffman and Eeza wrote againft 
 each other upon the fubjedl of the Holy Euchaiifi. Hoffman 
 accufed Hunnius, an eminent Lutheran miniller, for having 
 mifrcprefented the book of the Concord ; for here, fays Hoffman, 
 the caufe of ele6lion is not made to depend upon the qualifica- 
 tions of the perfon elefted ; but Hunnius, fays he, and Mylius 
 aflTert, that the decree of eledion is founded upon the forefight 
 of faith. Hunnius and Mylius caufed Hoffman to be condemned 
 at a meeting of their divines in 1593, and threatened him with 
 excommunication, if he did not comply. The year following, 
 Hoffman publilhed an apology againfl: their cenfure. Hofpinian 
 gives the detail of this contr(werfy: he obferves, that fome di- 
 vines of Leipfic, Jena, and Wittemburg, would have had Hoff- 
 man publickly cenfured as a Calvinift, and fuch a heretic as was 
 not fit to be converfed with; others, who were more moderate, 
 were for admonifhing him by way of letter before they came to 
 extremities: this latter expedient was approved, and Hunnius 
 wrote to him in the name of all his brethren. Hoffman's apo- 
 logy was an anfwer to this letter, in which he gives the reafons 
 for refuting to comply with the divines of Wittemburg, and pre- 
 tends to fhewthat they were grofsly miftaken in feveral articles of 
 faith. He mufl not be confounded with Melchior Hoffman, a fa- 
 natic of the 1 6th century, who died in prifon at Strafburgh. 
 There was alfo a Gafper Hofftnan (the name being common}, 
 a celebrated profeffor of medicine at Altdorf, who was born at 
 Gotha in 1572, and died in 1649;, and who left behind him 
 many medical works [m]. 
 
 HOFFMAN (John James). Of this laborious compiler very- 
 little is related ; the periods of his birth and death are both un- 
 known. He was a native of Bale ; but his great work, the 
 ** Lexicon Univerfale Hiftorico-Geographico-Poetico-Philofo- 
 phico-Politico-Philologicum," was firft publifhed at Geneva, in 
 l6'77, in two volumes, folio. This being received by the learned 
 with great avidity, he publilhed, a few years after, a fupplement; 
 which was alfo rapidly fold off. In 1698, fome of the principal 
 bookfellers at Leyden, encouraged by this fiiccefs of the work, 
 and having received from the author all his fubfequent colle6lions, 
 and many other additions from various learned men, digefled the 
 
 [m] L'advocat. 
 
 M 4 whole. 
 
l63 HOGARTH. 
 
 •u'hole, with the fupplemcnt, into one alphabet, and publifhed it 
 in four vohimes, folio. In this form it is now known as a moft 
 ufeful book of reference, and finds a place in every learned li- 
 brary. For this edition the author alfo wrote a new preface. 
 
 HOGARTH (William], a truly great and original genius 
 [n], is faid by Dr. Burn, to have been the defcendant of a fa- 
 mily originally from Kirkby Thore in Weflmoreland. His 
 grandfather, a plain yeoman, polfefTed a fmall tenement in the 
 vale of Bampton, a village about fifteen miles north of Kendal 
 in that county, and had three fons. The elded alFifted his fa- 
 ther in farming, and fucceeded to his little freehold. The 
 fecond fettled in Troutbeck, a village eight miles north-weft of 
 Kendal, and was remarkable for his talent at provincial poetry. 
 The third, Richard, educated at St. Bee's, who had been a 
 fchoolmaftcr in the fame county, went early to London, where 
 he was employed as a corredlor of the prefs, and appears to have 
 been a man of fome learniu*^; a didionary in Latin and Englifli, 
 . which he com.pofed for the ufe of fchools, being ftill extant in 
 manufcript. He manied in London ; and kept a fchool [o] in 
 Ship court, in the Old Bailey. 'J'he fubje6t of the prefent ar- 
 ticle, and his fillers Mary and Anne, are believed to have been 
 the only product of the marriage. 
 
 William Hogarth was born in 1697, or 1698, in the parifli 
 ©f St. '" artin, Ludgate. The outfet of his life, however, was 
 unpromifing. *' He was bound," fays Mr. Walpole, " to a 
 mean engraver of arms on plate." Hogarth probably chofe this 
 occupation, as it required fome fl^ill in drawing, to which his 
 genius was particulaily turned, and which he contrived alTidu- 
 oufly to cultivate. His mafter, it lince appears, was Mr. Ellis 
 Gamble, a fdverfmith of eminence, who refided in Cranbourn- 
 flreet, Lticefier-fields. In this profelTion it is not-unufual to 
 bird apprentices to the fmgle branch of engraving arms and 
 cyphers on every fpecies of metal ; and in that particular de- 
 partment of the bufinefs young Hogarth was placed; "but, 
 before his time was expired, he felt the impulfe of genius, and 
 that it direded him to painting." 
 
 During his apprenticeihip, he fet out one Sunday, with two 
 or three companions, on an excurfion to Highgate. The wea- 
 ther being hot, they went into a public-houfe, where they had 
 r.ot bt en long, before a quarrel arofe between fome perfons in 
 the fame room. Oiie of the difputants ftruck the other on the 
 head with a quart pot, and cut him very much. The blood 
 running doun the man's face, together with the agony of the 
 
 [k] Nichols's Biographical Anecdotes fchool, under the title of " Di Jertationes 
 
 of Honarth, i-'S2. Gramn:nticales ; five Examen Odlo Partium 
 
 [o] He publiihed, in 1712, a volume Orationis, intenogatorium&refponforium, 
 
 of i-atin exerciles, for the ufe of his own Anglo-Latinum," 8vo. 
 
 ivound. 
 
HOGARTH. 169 
 
 ^Ouncl, M'liich haddlflorted his features into a moH: hideous grin, 
 prefeiited Hogarth, wht) (hewed himfelf thus early " apprifed of 
 the mode Nature had intended he fliould purfuc," with too 
 laughable a fubJL-(5l to be overlooked. He drew out his pencil, 
 and produced on the fpot one ot the moll ludicrous figures that 
 ever was fcen. What rendered this piece the more valuable v/as, 
 that it exhibited an exaft likenefs of the man, with the portrait 
 of his antagonift, and the figures in caricature of tiie principsjl 
 perfons gathered round him. 
 
 How long he continued in obfcurity we cannot exaclly learn; 
 but the firll: piece in which he dillingui(hed himfelf as a painter, 
 is fuppofed to have been a reprefentation of Wanitead Alfembly. 
 The figures in it, we are told, were drawn from the life, and 
 without any circumftances of burlefque. The faces are faid to 
 have been extremely like, and the colouring rather better than in 
 fome of his late and more highly finiihed performances. From 
 the date of the earliell plate that can be afcertained to be the 
 work of Hogarth, it may be prefumed that he began bulinefs, 
 on his own account, at leaft as early as 1720. 
 
 His firft employment feems to have been the engraving of 
 arms and ihop-bills. The next ftep was to defign and furnifh 
 plates for bookfellers; and here we are fortunately fupplicd with 
 dates. Thirteen folio prints, with his name to each, appeared 
 in Aubry de la Motraye's Travels, in 1723 ; feven fmaller prints 
 for Apuleius' Golden Afs, in 1724; fifteen head-pieces to 
 Beaver's Military Punifhments of the Ancients, five frontif- 
 pieces for the tranflation of CafTandra, in five volumes, i2mo, 
 1725^ feveuteen cuts for a duodecimo edition of Hudibras, 
 (with Butler's head) in 1726; two for Perfeus and Andro- 
 meda, in 1730; two for Milton [the date uncertain j ; and a 
 variety of others between 1726 and 1733. Mr. Bowles, at the 
 Black Horfe in Cornhill, was one of his earlielf patrons, who 
 paid him very low prices His next friend in that line was 
 Mr. Philip Overton, who rewarded him fomewhat better for 
 his labour and ingenuity. 
 
 There are ftill many family piftures by Hogarth exifling, in 
 the ftyle of ferious converfation-pieces. What the prices of his 
 portraits were, Mr. Nichols (trove in vain todifcover; but he 
 lufpefted that they were originally very low, as the perfons who 
 were beft acquainted with them chofe to be filent on the fubjeft. 
 At Rivenhall, in Elfex, the feat of Mr. Weftern, is a family- 
 picture, by Hogarth, of Mr. Weftern and his mother, chancellor 
 Hoadiy, archdeacon Charles Plumptre, the Rev. Mr. Cole of 
 Milton near Cambridge, and Mr. Henry Taylor the curate 
 there, 1736. In the gallery of Mr. Cole of Milton, was alfo 
 a whole length pidure of Mr. Weltern by Hogarth, a (triking 
 jfefeinblance. He is drawn fitting in^ his fellow-commoner's 
 
 habit. 
 
lyo HOGARTH. 
 
 habit, and fqiiare cap with a gold taffel, in his chamber at Clare- 
 hall, over the arch towards the river ; and the artift, as the chim- 
 ney could not be exprelTed, has drawn a cat fitting near it, 
 agreeable to his humour, to fhew the fituation : Mr. Weftern's 
 mother, whofe portrait is in the converfation-piece at Rivenhall, 
 v/as a daughter of fir Anthony Shirley. 
 
 It was Hogarth's cuftom to flcetch out on the fpot any remark- 
 able face which particularly ftruck him, and of which he wifhed 
 to prefcrve the remembrance. A gentleman ftill living afferts, 
 that being once with him at the Bedford cofFee-houfe, he ob- 
 ferved him drawing fomething w^ith a pencil on his nail. En- 
 quiring what had been his employment, he was fhewn a whim- 
 fical countenance of a perfon who was then at a fmall dif- 
 tance. 
 
 It happened in the early part of Hogarth's life, that a noble- 
 man who was uncommonly ugly and deformed, came to fit 
 to him for his pidure. It was executed with a fkill that did 
 honour to the artift's abilities ; but the likenefs was rigidly ob- 
 ferved, without even the necefiary attention to compliment or 
 flattery. The peer, difgufted at this counterpart of his dear felf, 
 never once thought of paying for a refleilor that would only 
 infult him with his deformities. Som.e time was fuffered to 
 elapfe before the artift applied for his money ; but afterwards 
 many applications were made by him (who had then no need of 
 a banker) for payment, bu^ without fuccefs. The painter, how- 
 ever, at laft hit upon an expedient, which he knew muft alarm the 
 nobleman's pride, and by that means anfwer his purpofe. It was 
 couched in the following card: ** Mr. Hogarth's dutiful refpecSls 
 
 to lord ; finding that he does not mean to have the pidure 
 
 which was drawn for him, is informed again of Mr. H.'s necef- 
 fity for the money ; if, therefore, his lordfhip does not fend for 
 it in three days, it will be difpofed of, with the addition of a 
 tail, and fome other little appendages, to Mr. Hare, the famous 
 wild-beaft man; Mr. H. having given that gentleman a condi- 
 tional promife of it for an exhibition-pi6lure, on his lordfhip's 
 refufal." This intimation had the defired effect. The pidure 
 was fent home, and committed to the flames, 
 
 Mr. Walpole has remarked, that if our artiit " indulged his 
 fpirit of ridicule in perfonalities, it never proceeded beyond 
 fketches and drawings," and wonders " that he never, without 
 intention, delivered the very features of any identical perfon." 
 But this elegant writer, who may be faid to have received his 
 education in a court, had perhaps few opportunities of acquaint- 
 ance among the low popular charaders with which Hogarth 
 occafionally peopled his fcenes. The friend who contributed 
 this remark, was allured by an ancient gentleman of nnqueftion- 
 able veracity and acutenefs of remark, that almoft all the per- 
 
 fonages 
 % 
 
HOGARTH. 171 
 
 fonages who attended the levee of the Rake were undoubted por- 
 traits; and that in " Southwark Fair," and the " Modern Mid- 
 night Convcrfation," as many more were difcoverable. In the 
 former plate he pointed out EHex the dancing-mafter ; and in 
 the Latter, as well as in the fecond plate to the *' Rake's Progrcfs," 
 Figg the prize-fighter. He mentioned feveral others by name, 
 from his immediate knowledge both of the painter's defign and 
 the charaders reprefented ; but the reft of the particulars by 
 which he fupported his aflertions, have efcaped the memory ot 
 our informant. While Hogarth was painting the " Rake's Pro- 
 grcfsj'^he had a fummer refidence at Ifleworth ; and never failed 
 to queftion the company who came to fee thefe piclures, if they 
 knew for whom one or another figure was defigned. When they 
 guelfed wrongly, he fet them right. 
 
 The duke of Leeds^ has an original fcene In the Beggar's 
 Opera, painted by Hogarth. It is that in which Lucy and Polly 
 are on their knees, before their refpeflive fathers, to intercede 
 for the life of the hero of the piece. All the figures are either 
 known or fuppofed to be portraits. If we are not millnformed, 
 the late fir Thomas Robinfon (better known perhaps by the name 
 of long fir Thomas) is ftanding in one of the fide-boxes. Mac- 
 heath, unlike his fpruce reprefentative on our prefent ftage, is 
 a flouching bully; and Polly appears happily difencumbered of 
 fuch a hoop as the daughter of Peachum within the reach of 
 yoimger memories has worn. The duke gave 35I, for this pi6lure 
 at Mr. Rich's auftion. Another copy of the fame fcene was bought 
 by the late fir William Saunderfon ; and is now in the poireffion 
 of fir Harry Gough. Mr. Walpole has a pifture of a fcene 
 in the fame piece, where Macheath is going to execution. 
 In this alfo the likeneffes of Walker and mifs Fenton, after- 
 wards dutchefs of Bolton, (the original Macheath and PoliyJ are 
 preferved. 
 
 In the year 1726, when the affair of Mary Tofts, the rabbit- 
 breeder of Godalming, engaged the public attention, a few of 
 the principal fuvgeons fubfcribed their guinea a-piece to Hogarth, 
 for an engraving from a ludicrous fketch he had made on that 
 very popular fubjedl. This plate, amongft other portraits, con- 
 tains that of St. Andre, then anatomill to the royal houlhold, 
 and in high credit as a furgeon. 
 
 In 1727, Hogarth agreed with Morris, an upholfterer, to 
 furnifh him with a deiign on canvas, reprefcnting the element 
 of earth, as a pattern for tapeftry. The v/ork not being per- 
 formed to the fatisfadion of Morris, he refufed to pay lor it; 
 and the artift, by a fuit at law, recovered the money. 
 
 In 1730, Hogarth married the only daughter of fir James 
 Thornhill, by whom he had no child. This union, indeed, was 
 a itolen one, and confet^uently without the approbation of fir 
 
 James, 
 
172 HOGARTH. 
 
 James, who, confidering the youth of his daughter, then barely 
 J 8, and the flender finances of her hufband, as yet an obfcure 
 artift, was not eafily reconciled to the match. Soon after this 
 period, however, he began his "Harlot's Progrefs [pj ;" and 
 was advifed by lady Thornhill to have fome of the fcenes in it 
 placed in the way of his father-in-law. Accordingly, one 
 morning early, Mrs. Hogarth undertook to convey fevcral of 
 them into his dining-room. When he arofe, he enquired 
 whence they came ; and being told by whom they were intro- 
 duced, he cried out, " Very well; the man who can furnifii 
 reprefentations like thefe, can alfo maintain a wife without a 
 portion." He defigned this remark as an excufe for keeping his 
 purfe-flrings clofe; but, foon after, became both reconciled and 
 generous to the young people. An allegorical cieling by Hr 
 James Thornhill is at the houfe of the late Mr. Huggins, at 
 Headly Park, Hants. The fubjeft of it is the ftory of Zephyrus 
 and Flora ; and the figure of a fatyr and fome others were 
 painted by Hogarth. 
 
 In 1732, he ventured to attack Mr, Pope, in a plate called 
 *' The Man of Tafte;" containing a view of the gate of Bur- 
 lington-houfe ; with Pope white-wafhing it, and befpattering 
 the duke of Chandos's coach. This plate was intended as a 
 fatire on the tranflator of Homer, Mr. Kent the archiied, and 
 the earl of Burlington. It was fortunate for Hogarlh that he 
 efcaped the lafh of the firfL Either Hogarth's obfcurity at 
 that time was his prote6lion, or the bard was too prudent to 
 exafperate a painter who had already given fuch proof of his 
 abilities for fatire. What mud he have felt who could complain 
 of the '* pi6lured fhape" prefixed to *' Gulliveriana," " Pope 
 Alexander's Supremacy and Infallibility examined," &c. by 
 Ducket, and other pieces, had fuch an artifl; as Hogarth under- 
 taken to exprefs a certain tranfa£tion recorded by Gibber ? 
 
 Soon after his marriage, Hogarth had fummer lodgings at 
 South-Lambeth; and, being intimate with Mr, Tyers, contri- 
 buted to the improvement of The Spring Gardens at Vauxhall, 
 by the hint of embellilhing them with paintings, fome of which 
 were the fuggeftions of his own truly comic pencil. For his 
 affiftance, Mr. Tyers gratefully prefented him with a gold ticket 
 of admiflion for himfelf and his friends, infcribed 
 
 IN PERPETUAM BENEFICII MEMORiAM. 
 
 This ticket remained in the polTeflion of his widow, and was 
 by her occafionally employed. 
 
 In 1733, his genius became confpicuoufly known. The third 
 fccne of his " Harlot's Progrefs," introduced him to the notice 
 
 [p] The coffin in the laft plate is Infcilbed Sept. 2, 1731. 
 
 of 
 
HOGARTH. 173 
 
 <yf the £;reat. At a board of treafury which was held a day or 
 two after the appearance of that print, a copy of it was fhcwn 
 by one of the lords, as containing, among other excellencies, a 
 Ibiking likenefs of fir John Gonfon. It gave univerfal fatis- 
 fadlion ; from the treafury each lord repaired to the print-fhop 
 for a copy of it, and Hogarth rofe completely into fame. 
 
 The ingenious abbe du Bos has ofren complained, that no 
 hiftory-painter of his time went through a feries of adions, and 
 thus, like an hiftorian, painted the fucceffive fortune of an hero, 
 from the cradle to the grave. What Du Bos wiihed to fee done, 
 Hogarth performed. He launches out his young adventurer a 
 fimple girl upon the town, and condu6ls her through all the vi- 
 ciffitudes of wretchednefs to a premature death. This was 
 painting to the underftanding and to the heart ; none had ever 
 before made the pencil fubfervient to the purpofes of morality 
 and inftruftion ; a book like this is fitted to every foil and every 
 obferver, and he that runs may read. Nor was the fuccefs of 
 Hogarth confined to his figures. One of his excellencies con- 
 fifted in what may be termed the furniture of his pieces ; for as 
 in fublime and hiftorical reprefentations the fewer trivial circum- 
 Ibnces are permitted to divide the fpe6lator's attention from the 
 principal figures, the greater is their force; fo in fcenes copied 
 from familiar life, a proper variety of little domeftic images 
 contributes to throw a degree of verifimilitude on the whole. 
 " The Rake's levee-room," fays Mr. V/alpole, <* the nobleman's 
 dining-room, the apartments of the hulband and wife in Mar- 
 riage a la Mode, the alderman's parlour, the bed-chamber, and 
 many others, are the hiftory of the manners of the age." The 
 novelty and excellence of Hogarth's performances foon tempted 
 the needy artilt and print dealer to avail themfelves of his defigns, 
 and rob him of the advantages which he was entitled to derive 
 from them. This was particularly the cafe with the *' Midnight 
 Converfation," the *' Harlot's" and " Rake's ProgreflTes," and 
 otliers of his early works. To put a flop to depredations like 
 thefe on the property of himfelf and others, and to fecure the 
 emoluments refulting from his own labours, as Mr. Walpole ob- 
 ferves, he applied to the legiflature, and obtained an a6l of par- 
 liament, 8 George H. chap. 38, to veft an exclufive right in de- 
 figners and engravers, and to refl:rain the multiplying of copies 
 of their works without the confent of the artilt. This ftatute 
 was drawn by his friend Mr. Huggins, v/ho took for his model 
 the eighth of Queen Anne, in favour of literary property; but 
 it was not fo accurately executed as entirely to remedy the evil ; 
 for, in a caufe founded on it, which came before lord Hardwicke 
 in chancery, that excellent lawyer determined, that no affignee, 
 claiming under an affignment from the original inventor, could 
 take any benefit by it. Hogarth, immediately after the palfing of 
 
 the 
 
174 HOGARTH, 
 
 the zdiy publifhed a fmall print, with emblematical devices, and an 
 infcription exprefling his gratitude to the three branches of the 
 legiilature. Small copies of the " Rake's Progrefs," were pub- 
 lifhed by his permifTion. 
 
 In 1745, Hogarth fold about twenty of his capital pi£lures 
 by auction ; and in the fame year acquired additional reputation 
 by the fix prints of " Marriage a la Mode," which may be re- 
 garded as the ground-work of a novel called ** The Marriage 
 A<9:," by Dr. Shebbeare, and of ** The Clandefline Marriage." 
 
 Hogarth had projeded a " Happy Marriage," by way of 
 counterpart to his *' Marriage a la Mode." A deiign for the 
 Hrll: of his intended fix plates he had fketched out in colours; 
 and the following is as accurate an account of it as could be 
 furnilhed by a gentleman who, long ago, enjoyed only a few 
 minutes light of fo great a curiofity. The time fuppofed was 
 immediately after the return of the parties from church. The 
 fcene lay in the hall of an antiquated country manfion. On 
 one fide, the married couple were reprefented fitting. Behind 
 them was a group of their young friends of both k\es, in the 
 acl of breaking bride-cake over their heads. In front appeared 
 the father of the young lady, grafping a bumper, and drinking, 
 with a feeming roar of exultation, to the future happinefs of her and 
 her hufband. By his lide was a table covered with refrefhments. 
 Jollity rather than politenefs was the defignation of his character. 
 Under the fcreen of the hall, feveral ruftic muficians in grotefque 
 attitudes, together with fervants, tenants, &:c. were arranged. 
 Through the arch by which the room was entered, the eye was 
 led along a palTage into the kitchen, which aiforded a glimpfe of 
 facerdotal luxury. Before the dripping-pan flood a well-fed 
 divine, in his gown and caflbck, with his watch in his hand, 
 giving dire£tions to a cook, drelfed all in white, who was em- 
 ployed in bailing a haunch of venifon. Among the faces of 
 the principal figures, none but that of the young lady was com- 
 pletely finifhed. Hogarth had been often reproached for his ina- 
 bility to iinpart grace and dignity to his heroines. The bride 
 was therefore meant to vindicate his pencil from fo degrading 
 an imputation. The effort, however, was unfuccefsful. The 
 girl was certainly pretty; but her features, if we may ufe the 
 term, were uneducated. She might have attracted notice as a 
 chambermaid, but would have failed to extort applaufe as a 
 woman of fafl^iion. The clergyman and his culinary affociate 
 were more laboured than any other parts of the pi£lure. It is na- 
 tural for us to dwell longefl on that divlfion of a fubje6l Avhich is 
 moll congenial to our private feelings. The painter fat down 
 ■v\ ith a refoUuion to delineate beauty improved by art; but feems, 
 as ufual, to have deviated into meannefs ; or could not help neg- 
 leding his original purpofe, to luxuriate in fuch ideas as his 
 
 fituation 
 
HOGARTH. 
 
 ^7S 
 
 litiiation in early life had fitted him to exprefs. He found him- 
 felf, in fliort, out of his element in the parlour, and therefore 
 haftened, in queft of eafe and amufement, to the kitchen fire, 
 Churchill, with more force than delicacy, once obferved of him, 
 that he only painted the bachftde of nature. It muft be allowed, 
 that fuch an artift, however excellent in his walk, was better 
 qualified to reprefent the low-born parent, than the royal pre- 
 ferver of a foundling. 
 
 Soon after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, he went over to 
 France, and was taken into cuftody at Calais, while he was 
 drawing the gate of that town, a circumftance which he has re- 
 corded in his pidlure, entitled, *' O the Roafl Beef of Old 
 England!" publilhed March 26, 1749. He was adually car- 
 ried before the governor as a fpy, and, after a very ftridl exa- 
 mination, committed a prifoner to Granfire, his landlord, on his 
 promife that Hogarth fliould not go out of his houfe till he 
 was to embark for England. Soon after this period he pur- 
 chafed a fmall houfe at Chifwlck ; where he ufualiy parted the 
 greateft part of the fummer feafon, yet not without occafional 
 vifits to his houfe in Leicefter-fields. 
 
 In 1753, he appeared to the world in the character of an au- 
 thor, and publifhed a 410 volume, entitled, ** Tiie Analvfis 
 of Beauty, written with a View of fixing the flu6luating Ideas 
 of Tafte." In this performance he fhews, by a variety of exam- 
 ples, that a curve is the line of beauty, and that round fwelling 
 figures are moft pleafing to the eye ; and the truth of his opinion - 
 has been countenanced by fubfequent writers on the fiibjed. In 
 this work, the leading idea of which was hieroglyphically thrown 
 out in a frontifpiece to his works in 1745, he acknowledges 
 himfelf indebted to his friends for afliftance, and particularly to 
 one gentleman for his corrections and amendments of at lead 
 a third part of the zvording. This friend was Dj. Benjamin* 
 Hoadly the phyfician, who carried on the work to about the 
 third part, (chap, ix.) and then, through indifpofition, declined the 
 friendly office with regret. Mr. Hogarth applied to his neigh- 
 bour, Mr. Ralph ; but it is impofTible for two fuch perfons to 
 agree, both alike vain and pofitive. He proceeded no further 
 than about a flieet, and they then parted friends, and feem to 
 have continued fuch. The kind office offinilhing the work, 
 and fiiperintending the publication, was laftly taken up by Dr. 
 Morell, who w^ent through the remainder of the book. The 
 preface was in like manner corrected by the Rev. Mr. Townley. 
 The family of Hogarth rejoiced when the laft fheet of the 
 ** Analylis" was printed off; as the frequent difputes he had with 
 his coadjutors, in the progrefs of the work, did not much, har- 
 monize his difpofition. This work was tranflated into German 
 'by Mr. Mylins, when in England, under the author's infpcdion ; 
 
 and 
 
176 
 
 HOGARTH. 
 
 and the tranflatiort was printed in London, price five dollars* 
 A new and correal edition was in 1754, propofed for publication 
 at Berlin, bv Ch. Ft. Vok, with an explanation of Mr. Ho- 
 garth's fatirical prints, tranflated from the French; and an Ita- 
 lian tranflation was publifhed at Leghorn in 1761. 
 
 Hogarth had one failing in common with mofl: people who 
 attain wealth and eminence without the aid of liberal education. 
 He affedled to defpife every kind of knowledge which he did not 
 polTefs. Having eftablillied his fame with little or no obligation 
 to literature, he either conceived it to be needlefs, or decried It 
 becaufe it lay out of his reach. His fentiraents, in (bort, re- 
 fenlbled thofe of Jack Cade, who pronounced fcntence on the 
 clerk of Chatham, becaufe he could write and read. Till, in 
 evil hour, this celebrated artill commenced author, and was 
 obliged to employ the friends already mentioned to correal his 
 *' Analyfis of Beauty," he did not feem to have difcovered that 
 even fpelling was a neceffary qualification; and yet he had ven- 
 tured to ridicule the late Mr. Rich's deficiency as to this parti- 
 cular, in a note which lies before the Rake whofe play is refufed 
 while he remains in confinement for dtbt. Before the time 
 of which we are now fpeaking, one of our artift's common topics 
 of declamation, was the nfelelTnefs of books to a man of his 
 profedion. In " Beer-flreet, among other volumes configned by 
 him to the paftry-cook, we find " Turnbull on Ancient Painting," 
 a treatife which Hogarth fhould have been able to underftand, 
 before he ventured to condemn. Garrick himfelf, however, 
 Vt'as not more dudile to flattery, A word in favour of *' Sigil- 
 munda," might have commanded a proof print, or forced an 
 original fketch out of olir artift's hands. The perfon who fup- 
 plied this remark owed one of Hogarth's fcarceft performances 
 to the fuccefs of a compliment, which might have feemed ex- 
 travagant even to fir Godfrey Knellcr. 
 
 The following well-authenticated (lory will alfo ferve to (hew 
 how much more eafy it is to detedl ill-placed or hyperbolicat 
 adulation refpefting others^, than when applied to ourfelves. 
 Hogarth being at dinner with the celebrated Chefelden, and 
 fome other company, was told that Mr. John Freke, furgeon 
 of St. Bartholc'mevv's hofpital, a few evenings before at Dick's 
 coffee-houfe, had aflerted that Greene was as eminent incompo- 
 fition as Handel. " That fellow Freke,." replied Hogarth, " is 
 always ihooting his bolt abfurdly one way or another! Handel is 
 a eiant in mufic ; Greene only a light Florimel kind of a com- 
 p^fer," — " Ay," faid the informant, " but at the fame time Mr. 
 Freke declared you were as good a portrait-painter as Vandyck." 
 . — " Tl'ere he v/as in the right," adds Hogarth : ** and fo by G— ^ 
 I am, give rae my time, and let me choofe my fubjed!" 
 
 Hogarth 
 
HOGARTH. 
 
 \jj 
 
 Hogarth was the mod abfent of men. • At tabic he would 
 fometimcs turn round his chair as if he had finiflied eating, and 
 as fiiddeiily would return it, and commence his meal again. 
 
 I may add, that he once direded a letter to Dr. Hoadly, thus, 
 
 ** To the Dodor at Chclfea." This epiflJe, however, by good 
 luck, did not mifcarry; and was prefervcd by the late chancellor 
 of Winchefter, as a pleafant memorial of his friend's extraor- 
 dinary inattention. Another remarkable inftance of Hogarth's 
 abfence was related by one of his intimate friends. Soon after 
 he fet up his carriage, he had occafion to pay a vifit to the 
 lord-mayor (Mr. Beckfordj. When he went, the weather was 
 line; but bufinefs detained him till a violent (hower of rain came 
 on. He was let out of the manfion-houfe by a different door 
 froiTi that at which he entered; and, feeing the rain, began im- 
 mediately to call for a hackney-coach. Not one was to be met 
 with on any of the neighbouring ftands; and the artift fallied 
 forth to brave the ftorm, and adlually reached Leicefter- fields 
 without bellowing a thought on his own carriage, till Mrs. Ho- 
 garth (furprifcd to fee him fo wet and fplafhedj alked him where 
 he had left it. 
 
 A fpecimen of Hogarth's propenfity to merriment, on the 
 nioft trivial occafions, is obfervable in one of his cards requeft- 
 ing the company of Dr. Arnold King to dine with him at the 
 Mitre. Within a circle, to which a knife and fork are the fup- 
 porters, the written part is contained. In the centre is drawn 
 a pyc, with a mitre on the top of it; and the invitation con- 
 cludes with the following fport on three of the Greek letters 
 
 to Eta Beta Pi. The reft of the infcription is not very accu • 
 rately fpelt. A quibble by Hogarth is furely as refpedable as 
 a conundrum by Swift. 
 
 In one of the early exhibitions at Spring-Gardens, a very 
 pleafing fmall pidure by Hogarth made its firft appearance. It 
 was pamted for the earl of Charlemont, in whofe colkaion it 
 remams; and was entitled, <* Picquet, or Virtue in Danger," 
 and (hews us a young lady, who, during a tete-a-tete, had juil 
 loft all her money to a handfome officer of her own age. He 
 is reprefented in the ad of returning her a handful of bank- 
 bills, with the hope of exchanging them for a fofter acquifition, 
 and more delicate plunder. On the chimney-piece a watch-cafe 
 and a figure of Time over it, with this motto— NUNC. Ho- 
 garth has caught his heroine during this moment of hefitation, 
 this ftruggle with herfelf, and has marked her feelings with un- 
 common fuccels. 
 
 In the " Mifer's Feaft," Mr. HogartJi thotight proper to pil- 
 lory fir Ifaac Shard, a gentleman proverbially avaricious. Hear- 
 mgthis, the fon of fir Ifaac, the late Ifaac Pacatus Shard, efq: 
 a young trian of fpirit, juft returned from his travels, called at: 
 Vol. VIII N thq 
 
178 
 
 HOGARTH. 
 
 the painter's to fee the pidure; and among the reft, aflcing the 
 Cicerone " whether that odd figure was intended for any parti- 
 cular perfon;" on his replying, *' that it was thought to be very 
 like one fir Ifaac Shard;" he immediately drew his fword, and 
 llalhed the canvas. Hogarth appeared inllantly in great wrath ; 
 fowhom Mr. Shard calmly juftified what he had done, faying, 
 *' that this was a very unwarrantable licence; that he was the 
 injured party's fon, and that he was ready to defend any fuit at 
 law ;" which, however, was never inftituted. 
 
 About 1757, his brother-in-law, Mr. Thornhill, refigned the 
 place of king's ferjeant painter in favour of Mr. Hogarth. 
 *' The laft memorable event in our artift's life," as Mr. Walpole 
 obferves, ** was his quarrel with Mr. Wilkes, in which, if Mr. 
 Hogarth did not commence dire£l hoftilities on the latter, he at 
 leaft obliquely gave the firft offence, by an attack on the friends 
 and party of that gentleman. This conduit was the more fur- 
 prifmg, as he had all his life avoided dipping his pencil in poli- 
 tical contefls, and had early rcfufed a very lucrative offer that 
 was made, to engage him in a fet of prints againft the head of 
 a court-party. Without entering into the merits of the caufe, 
 I fhall only ftate the faft. In September, 1762, Mr. Hogarth 
 publifhed his print of ' The Times.' It was anfwered by Mr. 
 Wilkes in a fevere ' North Briton.' On this the painter exhi- 
 bited the caricatura of the writer. Mr. Churchill, the poet, 
 then engaged in the war, and wrote his * Epiftle to Hogarth,' 
 not the brighteft of his works, and in which the fevereft ftrokes 
 fell- on a defedl that the painter had neither caufed nor could 
 amend — his age; and which, however, was neither remarkable 
 nor decrepit; much lefs had it impaired his talents, as appeared 
 by his having compofed but fix months before, one of his moll 
 capital works, the fatire on the Methodifts. In revenge for this 
 epiftle, Hogarth caricatured Churchill, under the form of a ca- 
 nonical bear, with a club and a pot of porter — y, vi/ula tu dig- 
 nus iff hie — never did two angry men of their abilities throw mud 
 with lefs dexterity. 
 
 *' When Mr. Wilkes was the fecond time brought from the 
 Tower to Weftminfter-hall, Mr. Hogarth fkulked behind in a 
 corner of the gallery of the court of Common Pleas; and while 
 the chief juftice Pratt, with the eloquence and courage of old 
 Rome, was enforcing the great principles of Magna Charta, 
 and the Englirti conftitution, while every breaft from him caught 
 the holy flame of liberty, the painter was wholly employed in 
 caricaturing the perfon of the man, while all the reft of his fel- 
 low-citizens were animated in his caufe, for they knew it to be 
 their own caufe, that of their country, and of its laws. It was 
 declared to be fo a few hours after by the unanimous fentence of 
 the judges of that court, and they were all prefent. 
 
 " The 
 
HOGARTH. 179 
 
 ** The print of Mr. Wilkes was foon after pv.blifhed, drawn 
 from the life by Wt'lliam Hogarth. It muft be allowed to be an 
 excellent compound caricatura, or a caricatura of what nature 
 had already caricatured. I know but one Ihort apology that can 
 be made for this gentleman, or, to fpeak more properly, for the 
 perfon of Mr. Wilkes. It is, that he did not make himfelf, and 
 and that he never was folicitous about the cafe of his foul, as 
 Shakefpeare calls it, only fo far as to keep it clean and in health, 
 I never heard that he once hung over the glalfy dream, like an- 
 other Narcilfus, admiring the image in it, iipr that he ever ftole 
 an amorous look at his counterfeit in a fide mirrour. His form> 
 fuch as it is, ought to give him no pain, becaufe it is capable o£ 
 giving pleafure to others. I fancy he finds himfelf tolerably 
 happy in the clay-cottage, to which he is tenant for life, becaufe 
 he has learnt to keep it in good order. While the {hare of 
 health and animal fpirits, which heaven has given him, lliall 
 liold out, I can fcarcely imagine he will be one moment peevifh 
 about the outfide of fo precarious, fo temporary a habitation, or 
 will even be brought to own, ingenium Galba male habitat. Mon» 
 Jieur efi mat logi. 
 
 " Mr. Churchill was exafperated at this perfonal attack on 
 his friend. He foon after publilhed the ' Epiftle to William 
 Hogarth,' and took for the motto, ut piSiura poejis. Mr. Ho- 
 garth's revenge againft the poet terminated in vumping up an old" 
 print of a pug-dog and a bear, which he publillied under the title 
 of * The Bruifer C. Churchill (once the Revd. [)' in the charac- 
 ter of a Ruffian Hercules, &c." 
 
 At the time when thefe hollilities were carrying on in a manner 
 fo virulent and difgraceful to all the partie;;, Hogarth was vifibly 
 declining in his health. In 1762, he complained of an inward 
 pain, which, continuing, brought on a general decay that proved 
 incurable [qJ. This la(t year of his life he employed in re- 
 touching his plates, with the alFiftance of feveral engravers 
 whom he took with him to Chifwick. Od. 25, 1764, he was 
 
 [q_] It may h< worth obfcrvipg, that in ber, 1764, the compiler of* this article 
 
 <' Inilependcnce," a poem which Wdi not took occafion to lament that 
 
 publiihed by Churchill till the laft week " Scarce had the friendly tear, 
 
 ot September, 1764, he confiders his an- For Hogarth ihed, efcap'd the generous eye 
 
 tagonift as a departed Genius: Of feeling Pity, when again it flow'd 
 
 " Hogarth would draw him (Envy muft For Churchill's fate. Ill can we bear the 
 
 allow) lofs 
 
 E'en to the life, was Hogarth living Of Fancy's twin-born offspring, clofe 
 
 NOW." ally'd 
 
 How little did the fportive fatirift imagine, In energy of thought, though different 
 that the power of pleafmg was fo foon to paths 
 
 ceifeinboth! Hogarth died :a fjur weeks They fought for fame! Though jarring 
 after the publication of this poem ; and paffions fway'd 
 
 Churchill furvived him but nine dayi. In The living artifts, let the funeral wreath 
 
 fome lines which were priaced \a Novero- Unite their memory !" 
 
 N 2 conveyed 
 
i8o HOGARTH. 
 
 conveyed from thence to Lelcefter-fields, in a very vtealc condi- 
 tion, yet remarkr.bl) chearful ; and, receiving an agreeable letter 
 from the American Dr. Franklin^ drevv^ up a rough draught of 
 an anfvver to it; but going to bedr he was feized with a vomit- 
 ing, upon which he rung his bell with fuch violence that he 
 broke it, and expired about two hours afterwards. His difor- 
 der was an aneurifm; and his corpfe was interred in the church- 
 yard at Chilwick, where a monument is ereded to his me- 
 mory, with an infcription by his friend Mr. Garrick. 
 
 It may be truly obferved of Hogarth, that all his powers of 
 delighting v/ere reftrained to his pencil. Having rarely beea 
 admitted into polite circles, none of his fharp corners had been 
 rubbed off, fo that he continued to the laft a grofs uncultivated 
 man. The flighteft contradi6lion tranfported him into rage. 
 To fome confidence in himfelf he was certainly entitled; for,, 
 as a comic painter, he could have claimed no honour that would 
 not moft readily have been allowed him; but he was at once 
 unprincipled and variable in his political condudl and attach- 
 ments. He is alfo faid to have beheld the rifing eminence and 
 popularity of fir Jofhua Reynolds with a degree of envy; and, 
 if we are not mifinformed, frequently fpoke with afperity both 
 of him and his performances. Juftice, however^ obliges us tiO 
 add, that our artift was liberal, hofpitable, and the moft punc- 
 tual of paymafters; fo that, in fpite of the emoluraeits his 
 'works had procured to him, he left but an inconfiderable fortune 
 10 his widow. His plates indeed were fuch refources to her as 
 could not fpeedily be exhaurted. Some of his domeftics had 
 lived many years in his fervice, a circumftance that always re- 
 ■fle6ls credit on a mafter. Of moft of thefe he painted ftrong 
 JikenelTes, on a canvas which was left in Mrs. Hogarth's polfef- 
 ilon. 
 
 His widow had alfo a portrait of her hufband, and an excel- 
 lent buft of him by Roubilliac, a ftrong refemblance; and one 
 of his brother-in-law Mr. Thornhill, much refembling the 
 countenance of Mrs. Hogarth. Several of his portraits alfo 
 remained in hex pofl'eflion, but at her death were difperfed. 
 
 Of Hogarth's fmaller plates many were deftroyed. When Ire 
 wanted a piece of copper on a fuddten, he would take any plate 
 from whieli he had already worked off fuch a number of im- 
 preffions. as he fuppofed he ftiould felL He then fent it to be 
 effaced, beat out, or otherwife altered to his prefent purpofe. 
 
 The plates which remained in his pofleflion vi'ere fecured to 
 Mrs. Hogarth by his will, dated Aug. 12, 1764, chargeable 
 with an annuity of 80I. to his fifter Anne,- who furvived him. 
 When, on the death of his other fifter, ftie left off the bufinefs 
 in which ftie was engaged, he kindly took her home, and gene- 
 roufly fuppojted her, making her,' at the fame- time, ufeful i-n 
 
 the 
 
HOGARTH. 181 
 
 t?ic difpofal of his prints. Want of tenclernefs and liberality" 
 JO his relations was not among the failings of Hogarth. 
 
 In the year 1745,, one Laiincelot Burton was appointed nava! 
 officer at Deal. Hogarth had fecn him by accident; and«on a 
 piece of paper, previoufiy impxcifed by a plain copper-plate, 
 drew his figure with a pen in imitation of a coarfe etching. He 
 was reprefented on a lean Canterbury hack, with a bottle kick- 
 ing out of his pocket ; and underneath was an infcription, inti- 
 mating that he was going down to take poffellion of his place. 
 This was inclofed to him in a letter ; and fome of his friends^ 
 who were in the fecret, protefted the drawing to be a print which 
 they had feen expofed to fale at the (hops in London; a circum- 
 iiance that put him in a violent palIion,during which he wrote an 
 abuflve letter to Kogarth, whofe name was fubfcribed to the 
 work. But, after poor Burton's tormentors had kept him in 
 iiifpenfe throughout an uiieafy three weeks, they proved to him 
 that it was no engraving, but a iketch with a pen and ink. He 
 then became fo perfcdly reconciled to his refemblancc, that he 
 fhewed it with exultation to admiral Vernon, and all the reft of 
 his friends. In 1753, Hogarth returning with a friend from a 
 vifit to Mr. Rich at Cowley, (lopped his chariot, and got out^ 
 being ftruck by a large drawn^g (with a coal] on the wall of an 
 alehoufe. He immediately made a fketch of it with triumph^ 
 it was a St. George and the Dragon, all in ftraight lines. 
 
 Hogarth made one eflay in fculpture. He wanted a fign to 
 diflinguifhhis houfe in Leicelter-fields; and thinking none more 
 proper than the Golden Head, he out of a rnafs of cork made 
 up of feveral thicknelfes compacted together, carved a buft of 
 Vandyck, which he gilt and placed oyer his door, it decayed, 
 and was fucceeded by a head in plaifter, which in its turn was 
 fupplied by a head of fir Ifaac Newton. Hogarth alfo modelled 
 another refemblance of Vandyck in clay ; which has alfo perifhed. 
 His works, as his elegant biogrnpher has well obferved, are 
 his hiftory; and the cm-ious afe highly indebted to Mr. Walpole 
 for a catalogue of his prints, drawn up from his own v.iluable 
 colledlion, in I77i. Rit as neither that catalogue, nor his 
 appendix to it in 1780, have given the whole of Mr. Hogarth's 
 labours, Mr. Nichols, including Mr. Walpole's catalogue, has 
 /endeavoured, from later difco^'cries of our artift's prints in other 
 colle£lions, to arrange them in chronological order. There are 
 three large pictures by Hogarth, over the altar in the church of 
 St. Mary Redcliff at Briftol. Mr. Forreft, of York-building<, 
 is in polfeflion of a iketch in oil of our Saviour (defigne.d as a 
 pattern for painted glafs) ; and feveral drawings, defcriptive of 
 the incidents that happened during a five days tour by land and 
 water. The parties were MelTrs. Hogarth, Thornhill (fon of the 
 Imc fir James], Scott (an ingenious landfcape-painter of thajj 
 
 N 3 i^ame)^ 
 
i82 HOLBEIN. 
 
 name), Tothall, and Forreft. They fet out at midnight, at a 
 moment's .warning, from the Bedford-Arms tavern, with each a 
 fhirt in his pocket. They had all their particular departments. 
 Hog;^th and Scott made the drawings ; Thornhill the map ; 
 Tothall faithfully difcharged the joint offices of treafurcr and ca- 
 terer; and Forreft wrote the journal. They were out five days 
 only; and on the fecond night after their return, the book was 
 produced, bound, gilt, and lettered, and read at the fame tavern 
 to the members of the club then prefent. Mr. Forreft has alfo 
 drawings of two of the members, remarkable fat men, in ludi- 
 crous fituations. Etchings from all thefe have been made, and 
 the journal has been printed. A very entertaining work, by Mr. 
 John Ireland, entitled, " Hogarth illuftrated," was publifhed by 
 Meflrs. Boydell, in 1792, and has fmce been reprinted. It con- 
 tains the fmall plates originally engraved for a paltry work called, 
 '* Hogarth moralized," and an exa6l account of all his prints. 
 Since that, have appeared, " Graphic illuftrations of Hogarth, 
 from Piflures, Drawings, and fcarce Prints, in the poffeilion of 
 Samuel Ireland." Some curious articles were contained in this 
 volume. A fupplementary volume to " Hogarth illuftrated," is 
 row promifed, which is to contain, the original manufcript of 
 the Analyfis, with the firfl: {ketches of the figures. 2. A Sup- 
 plement to the Analyfis, never publifhed.' 3. Original Memo- 
 randa. 4. Materials for his own Life, &c. 
 
 HOLBEIN (John), better known by his Gerrnan name 
 Hans Holbein, a moft excellent painter, was born at Bafil in 
 Switzerland in 1498, as many fay ; though Charles Patin places 
 his birth three years earlier [r], fuppofing it very improbable 
 that he could have arrived at fuch maturity of judgement and 
 perfe£tion in painting, as he fhewed in the years i5i4and 1516, 
 if he had been born fo late as 1498. He learned the rudiment? 
 of his art from his father John Holbein, who was a painter, and 
 had removed from Augfburg to Bafil ; but the fuperiority of his 
 genius foon raifed him above his mafter. He painted our Sa- 
 viour's PafTion in the town-houfe of Bafil ; and alfo in the fifh- 
 market pf the fame town, a Dance of Peafants, and Death's 
 Dance. Thefe pieces were exceedingly ftriking to the curious ; 
 and the great Erafmus was fo affefted with them, that he re- 
 quefted of him to draw his piflure, and was ever after his friend. 
 Holbein, in the mean time, though a great genius and fine artift, 
 had no elegance or delicacy of manners, but was given to wine 
 and revelling company; for which he met with the following 
 gentle rebuke from Erafmus. When Erafmus wrote his *' Mo- 
 rize Encomium," or <• Panegyric upon Folly," he fent a copy of 
 it to Hans Holbein, who was fo pleafed with the feveral defcrip- 
 
 [r] Vita Joh. Holbenii a Car. Patino prefix. Erafmi Moricc Encoroio. Bafil, 
 1676, 
 
HOLBEIN. 183 
 
 tions of folly there given, that he defigned them all in the margin ; 
 and where he had not room to draw the whole figures, palled a 
 piece of paper to the leaves. He then returned the book to 
 Erafmus, who feeing that he had reprefented an amorous fool 
 by the figure of a fat Dutch lover, hugging his bottle and his 
 lafs, wrote under it, " Hans Holbein," and fo fent it back tq 
 the painter. Holbein, however, to be revenged of him, drew 
 the pidure of Erafmus for a nuifty groper, who bufied himfelf 
 in fcraping together old MSS. and antiquities, and wrote under 
 it " Adagia." 
 
 It is faid, that an Englifh nobleman, who accidentally faw 
 fome of Holbein's performances at Bafil, invited him to come 
 to England, where his art was in high efteem; and promifed 
 him great things from the encouragement he would be fure io 
 meet with from Henry VHI. ; but Holbein was too much en- 
 gaged in his pleafiircs to liilen to fo advantageous a propofal. 
 A few years after, however, moved by the neceilities to which 
 JVn increafed family and his own mifmanagement had reduced 
 him, as well as by the perfuafions of his friend Erafmus, who 
 told him how improper a country his own was to do juftice to 
 his merit, he confented to go to England : and he confented the 
 more readily, having a termagant for his wife. In his journey 
 thither he flayed -fome days at Strafburg, and applying, as it is 
 faid, to a very great mafter in that city for work, was taken in, 
 and ordered to give a fpecimen of his fkill. Holbein finifhed a 
 piece with great care, and painted a fly upon the mofl eminent 
 part of it ; after which he withdrew privily in the abfence of his 
 mailer, and purfued his journey, w^ithout faying any thing to 
 any body. When the painter returned home, he was aftonilhed 
 at the beauty and elegance of the drawjng ; and efpecially at the 
 fly, which, upon his firft calling his eye upon ir, he fo far took 
 for a real fly, that he endeavoured to remove it with his hand. 
 He fent all over the city for his journeyman, who was now 
 mifllng; but after many enquiries, found that he had been thu/j 
 deceived by the famous Holbein. 
 
 After almofl begging his way to England, as Patin tells us, 
 he found an eafy admittance to the lord-chancellor, fir Thomas 
 More: for he had brought with him Erafmus's pidure, and 
 letters recommendatory from him to that great man. Sir Tho- 
 rnas received him with all the joy imaginable, and kept him- in 
 his houfe between two and three years; during which time he 
 drew fir Thomas's pi6lure, and thofe of many of his friends 
 and relations. One day Holbein happening to mention the 
 nobleman who had fome years ago invited him to England, fir 
 Thomas was very folic.itous to know who he was. Holbein 
 replied, that he had indeed forgot his title, but remembered his 
 face fo well, that he thought he could draw his Ukenefs i and this 
 
 N4 ht 
 
1^4 
 
 HOLBEIN. 
 
 he did Co very ftrongly, that the nobleman, it is Hiid, was imme- 
 diately known by it. The chancellor, having now fufficiently 
 furnithed and enriched his apartments with Holbein's ^reduc- 
 tions, was determined to introduce him to Henry VHI. which 
 he did in this manner. He invited the king to an entertainment, 
 and hung up all Holbein's pieces, difpofed in the bell order, and 
 in the beft light, in the great hall of his houfe. The king, upon 
 his firft entrance, was fo charmed with the fight of them, that 
 he afked, " Whether fuch an artift were now alive, and to be 
 had for money ?" Upon which fn- Tiiomas prefented Holbein 
 to the king, who immediately took him into his fervice, and 
 brought him into great efteem with the nobility of the king- 
 dom. The king from time to time manifeited the great 
 value he had for him, and upon the death of queen Jane, 
 his third wife, fent him into Flanders, to dravv the picture of 
 the dutchefs dowager of Milan, widow to Francis Sforza, whom 
 the emperor Charles V. had recommended to him for a fourth 
 wife; but the king's defedion from the fee of Rome happening 
 about that time, he rather chofe to match with a Proteftant 
 princefs. Cromwell, then his prime miniller (for fir Thomas 
 More had been removed, and beheaded), propofed Anne of Cleves 
 to him ; biit the king was not inclined to the match, till her 
 pidure, which Holbein had alfo drawn, was prefented to him. 
 There, as lord Herbert of Cherbury fays, (he was reprefented 
 fo very fine and charming, that the king immediately refolved 
 to marry her. 
 
 In England Holbein drew a vaft number of admirable por- 
 traits; among others, thofe of Henry VH. and Henry VHI. 
 on the wall of the palace at Whitehall, which perifhed with it 
 when it was burnt, though fome endeavours were made to re- 
 move that part of the wall on which the pic5lures were drawn. 
 There happened, however, an affair in England, which might have 
 been fatal to Holbein, if the king had not protetled him. On the 
 report of his character, a nobleman of the firft quality came one 
 day to fee him, when he was drawing a figure after the life. 
 Holbein begged his lordfhip to defer the honour of his vifit to 
 another day; which the nobleman taking for an affront, broke 
 open the door, and very rudely went up iL-iirs. Holbein, hearing 
 a noiie, came out of his chamber ; and meeting the lord at his 
 door, fell into a violent paffion, and pufhed him backwards from 
 the top of the flairs to the bottom. Confidering, however, im- 
 mediately what he had done, he efcaped from the tumult he had 
 raifed, and made the beft of his way to the king. The noble- 
 man, mucli hurt, though not fo much as he pretended, was 
 there foon after him; and upon opening his grievance, the king 
 ordered Holbein to alk pardon for his offence. But this only 
 irritated \he nobleman the more, who would not be fatisfied 
 • . with 
 
H O L B E R G. 1S5 
 
 \vith lefs than his life; upon which the king fternly replied, 
 ** My lord, you have not now to d) with Holbein, b'l' with mc; 
 whatever punifliment you may contrive by way of revenge 
 againlt him, Ihall ailliredly be inflicted upon youifclf: remem- 
 ber, pray my lord, that I can, whenever I plcafe, make feven 
 lords of feven ploughmen, but I cannot make one Holbein even 
 of Ceven lords." 
 
 We cannot undertake to give a lift of Holbein's works, but 
 f{ich a one may be found prefixed to the edition of the *' Moriae 
 Encomium," quoted above. There is alfo the life of Holbein 
 at large, with two prints of him, very unlike each other; the 
 one drawn when he was very young, the other when he was 45 
 years of age. The judgement which du Frefnoy has palfed on 
 ahis painter is, that " he was wonderfully knowing, and had 
 certainly been of the firit form of painters, had he" travelled into 
 Italy; lince nothing can be laid to his charge, but only that he 
 had a Gothic gufto." He declares, that Ho!bein performed 
 better than Raphael [s] ; and that he had feen a portiait ;■; his 
 painting, with which one of Titian's could not come iniu com- 
 petition." " It is amazing to think," fays de Piles[T], " that 
 a man born in Switzerland, and who had never been in Italy, 
 fhould have fo good a tafte, and fo fine a genius for painting." 
 Frederic Zucchero, who travelled over England in 1574, was 
 greatly furprifed at the fight of Holbein's works, and faid, that 
 ** they were not inferior to either Raphael's or Titian's." He 
 painted alike in every manner; in frefco, in water-colours, in 
 oil, and in miniature. He was eminent alfo for a rich vein of 
 invention, very confpicuous in a multitude of defigns, which he 
 made for gravers, fculptors, jewellers, &c. He had the fimc 
 fingularity, which Pliny mentions of Turpilius a Roman, 
 namely, that of painting with his left hand. He died of the 
 plague at London in 1554; and at his lodgings in Whitehall, 
 "where he had lived from the time tiiat the king became his 
 patron. 
 
 HOLFERG (Louis de), a Danifli hlftorian, lawyer, and 
 poet; was born at Bergen in Norway, in the year 1685. His 
 family is faid by fome to have been low, by others noble; but it 
 is agreed that he commenced life in very poor cirv.iiinitances, 
 and picked up his education in his travels through v.^riuus parts 
 of Europe, where he fubfifted either by charity, or by his per- 
 fonal efforts of various kinds. On his return to Copcnhai^cn, 
 he found means to be appointed aU'ellor ot the confiltory court, 
 which place afforded him a competent fubfiftence. He then was 
 able to indulge his genii:s, and produced leveral works, which 
 
 [3] Art of Painting, by Drydcn, p. 235, 236. Lond. 1716. 
 £i j Lives of the Pai.itas, ice. 
 
 save 
 
i86 HOLDER. 
 
 gavehim great celebrity. AmongthefearefomecoinedieSjavolume 
 of which has been tranflated into French. He wrote alfo a hjl'- 
 tory of Denmark, in 3 vols. 4to, which has been confidered as 
 the beft that hitherto has been produced, though rather minute atid 
 iininterefting. Two volumes of " Moral Thoughts;" and a work 
 entitled, " The Danifh Spe6tator," were produced by him: and 
 he is generally confidered as the author of the " Iter fubterraneuna 
 of Klimius," a fatirical romance, fomething in the ifyle of Gulli- 
 ver's Travels, Moil of thefe have been tranflated alfo into Ger- 
 man, and are much efteemed in that country. By his publications, 
 and his place of affefibr, he had oeconomy enough to amafs a con- 
 fiderable fortune, and even in his life gave 70,000 crowns to 
 the univerfity of Zealand, for the education of young noblefle; 
 thinking it right that as his wealth had been acquired by litera- 
 ture, it fliould be employed in its fupport. This munificence 
 obtained him the title of baron. At his death, which happened 
 in 1754, he left alfo a fund of 16,000 crowns to portion out a 
 certain number of young women, felecled from the families of 
 citizens in Copenhagen. 
 
 HOLDEN (Henry), an Englifh divine, who took the degree 
 of do6lor at Paris, and lived there till his death in 1662. He 
 died equally regretted for his ftrid probity, and his profound 
 erudition. We have not an exadl hiftory of him ; but it is pro- 
 bable that being a Roman catholic, he had received his educa- 
 tion altogether in France, There are three works by him, one 
 of which, I. '* Analyfis Fidei," was reprinted by Barbou in 
 1766, and contains a brief fummary of the whole oeconomy of 
 faith, its principles and motives, with their application to con- 
 troverfial queftions. It is confidered as argumentative and found. 
 2. *' Marginal Notes on the New Teftamcnt," in 2 vols. i2mo, 
 publiflied at Paris in 1660. 3. " A Letter concerning M?. 
 White's Treatife, De Medio Animarum ftatu," in 4to, Paris, 
 1661. He argued from his ovvn fources more than he com- 
 piled. 
 
 HOLDER (William), a learned and philofophical Lng- 
 lifhman [u], was born in Nottinghamfhire, educated in Pem- 
 br(»kc-hall, Cambridge, and, in 1642, became re6lor of Blech- 
 ingdon of Oxford. In 1660, he proceeded D. D. was afterwards 
 cinon of Ely, fellow of the Royal Society, canon of St. Paul's, 
 fub-dean of the royal chapel, and fub-almoner to his majefly. 
 He was very accomplifhed, and a great virtuofo. He gained 
 particular celebrity by teaching a young gentleman of din:in6tion, 
 i\ho was born deaf and dumb, to fpeak, an attempt at that time 
 unprecedented. This gentleman's name was Alexander Pophain, 
 (on of colonel Edward Popham, who was feme time an admiral 
 
 [v] Atlien. Oxon. Vol, H, 
 
 in 
 
HOLDSWORTH. 187 
 
 in the fervice of the long parliament. The cure was performed 
 by him in his houfe at Blechingdon, in 1659; but Popham lofing 
 what he had been taught by Holder, after he was called home to 
 his friends, was fent to Dr. Wallis, who brought him to his 
 fpeech again. On this fubjc£l Holder publifhed a book, enti- 
 tled, " The Elements of Speech ; an ElVay of Inquiry into the 
 natural Pjodu£lion of Leirers: with an Appendix concerning 
 Perfons that are deaf and dumb, 1669," 8vo. In the appendix 
 he relates, how foon, and by what methods, he brought Popham 
 to fpeak. In 1678, he publifhed, in 4to, " A Supplement to 
 the Philofophical Tranfadlions of July, 1670, with fome Re- 
 flexions on Dr. Wallis's Letter there inferted." This was 
 written to claim the glory of having taught Popham to fpeak, 
 which Wallis in the letter there mentioned had claimed to him- 
 felf: upon which the doclor foon after publilhed, '* A Defence 
 of the Royal Society and the Philofophical Tranfadions, parti- 
 cularly thofe of July, 1670, in Anfwer to the Cavils of Dr. 
 William Holder, 1678," 4to. Holder was (killed in the theory 
 and pradice of mufic, and wrote, " A Treatife of the natural 
 Grounds and Principles of Harmony, 1694," 8vo. He wrote 
 alfo *' A Difcourfe concerning Time, with Application of the 
 natural Day, lunar Month, and folar Year, &c. 1694." 8vo. 
 He died at Amen Corner in London, Jan. 24, 1696-7, and was 
 buried in St. Paul's. 
 
 HOLDSWORTH (Edward), a very polite and elegant 
 fcholar[x], was born about 1688, and trained at Winchefter- 
 fchool. He was thence ele6led demy of Magdalen-college, 
 Oxford, in July, 1705; took the degree of M. A. in April, 
 1711 ; became a college-tutor, and had many pupils. In 1715, 
 when he was to be chofen into a feUowlhip, he refigned his 
 demyfhip, and left the college, becaufe unwilling to fvvear al- 
 legiance to the new government. The remainder of his life 
 was fpent in travelling with young noblemen and gentlemen as a 
 tutor : in 1741, and 1744, he was at Rome in this capacity. He 
 died of a fever at lord Digby's houfe at Colefhill in Warwick- 
 shire, Dec. 30, 1747. He was the author of the " Mufcipula," 
 a poem, efteemed a marter-piece in its kind, and of which there 
 is a good Engliifi tranflation by Dr. John Hoadly, in Vol. V. 
 of *' Dodfley's Mifcellanies," He was the author alfo of a 
 dilTertation, entitled, *' Pharfalia and Philippi; or the two Phi- 
 lippi in Virgil's Georgics attempted to be explained and recon- 
 ciled to Hiitory, i74i,"4to: and of '< Remarks and Dilfertations 
 oq Virgil ; with fome other claflical Obfervations, publiihcd 
 with feveral Notes and additional Remarks by Mr. Spence, 1768," 
 <^tQ. Mr. Spence fpeaks of him in his Polymctis, as one who 
 
 ^x] Anacdotes of Bowyer, by Nichols, p. 408. 
 
 pnderflood 
 
iSS HOLiNSHED. 
 
 wnderftood Virgil in a more maftcrly manner, than any perfoft; 
 he ever knew. 
 
 HOLINSHED (Rafkael), an Englifh hiaorian, and fa- 
 mous for the Chronicles that go under his name, was defcended 
 from a family, which lived at Bofely in ChefJiire: but neither 
 the place nor time of his birth, nor fcarcely any other circum- 
 ftanccs of his life, are known. Some fay, he had an univerfity 
 education, and was a clergyman; while others, denying this, 
 affirm, that he was fteward to Thomas Burdett, of Bromcote in 
 the county of Warwick, cfq. Be this as it will, he appears to have 
 been a man of confiderablc learning, and to have a head particu- 
 larly turned for hiltory. His " Chronicles" were firll publifhed 
 in 1577, in 2 vols, folio; and then in 1587 in three, the two 
 firlt of which are commonly bound together. In this fecond edi- 
 tion, leveral fheets were caftrated in the fecond and fhird volumes, 
 becaufe there were pailages in them dlfagreeable to queen Eliza- 
 beth and her m.iniftry : but thecallrations have fmce been reprinted 
 apart. Holinfhed was not the fole aulhor or compiler of this 
 work, but was aflifled in it by feveral other writers. The firft 
 volume opens. with *' An Hiftorical Defcription of the Ifland 
 of Britaine, in three Books," by William Harrifon: and then, 
 ** The Hiftorie of England, from the Time that jt was firfi 
 inhabited, until the Time that it was lafl: conquered," by R. 
 Holinflicd. The fecond volume contains, " The Defcription, 
 Conqueft, Inhabitation, and troublefome Eitate of Ireland ; 
 particularly the Defcription of that Kingdom:" by Richard 
 Stanihurft. ** The Conquert of Ireland, tranflated from the 
 Latin of Giraldus Cambrenfis," by John Hooker, alias V^owell, 
 of Exeter, gent. " The Chronicles of Ireland, beginning 
 >vhere Giraldus did end, continued untill the Year 1509, from 
 J*hillp Flatfburie, Henrie of Maileborow, Edmund Campian," 
 &c. by R. Holinflied; and from thence to 1586, by R. Sta- 
 nihurit and J. Hooker. '' The Defcription of Scotland, tranf- 
 lated from the Latin of He6lor Boethius," by R. H. or W. H. 
 " The Hiftorie of Scotland, conteining the Beginning, In- 
 creafc. Proceedings, Continuance, A6ls and Government of 
 the Scottifh Nation, from the Original thereof unto the Yeere 
 1 57 1," gathered by Raphael Holinfhed; and continued from 
 1 57 1 to 1586, by Francis Boteville, alias Thin, and others. 
 The third volume begins at " Duke William the Norman, com- 
 monly called the Conqueror; and defcends by Degrees of Yceres 
 to all the Kings and Qiieenes of England." Firft compiled by 
 R. Holinfned, and by him extended to 1577; augmented and 
 continued to 1586, by John Stow, Fr. 7"hin, Abraham Fleming,^ 
 and others. The time of this hiftorian's death is unknown ; but 
 it appears from his will, which Hearne prefixed to his edition 
 pf Camden's " Annals," that it happened between i ^"7 8 and 1582, 
 
HOLLAR. 1S9 
 
 As for his coadjutors; Harri^fon was bred at Weftminftcr- 
 fchool, fent from thence to Oxford, became chaplain to fir 
 WiUiam Brooke, who preferred him, and died irj 1593, 
 Hooker was uncle to tlie famous Richard Hooker, and born at 
 Exeter about 1524: was educated at Oxford, and afterwards 
 travelled into Germany, where at Cologne he took a degree in 
 law. Next he went to Strafburg, and fojourned with Peter 
 Martyr, who inftrucled him in divinity. Then returning home, 
 he married and fettled in his native place ; where he became a 
 principal citizen, and was fent up as a reprefentative, to the par- 
 liament holden at Weflminfter in 1571. He died in i6ci [a], 
 after having publifhed feveral works of various kinds. We 
 know nothing of Botevile; only that Hcarne[Bj ityles him 
 ** a man of great learning and judgement, and a wonderful 
 lover of antiquifies." 
 
 HOLLAR, or HOLLARD (Wentzkl, or Wenceslaus), 
 a moll admired engraver, was born at Prague in Bohemia, in 
 1607. He was at firft inftru£ted in fchool-learning, and after- 
 wards put to the profefiion of the law ; but not relilhing that 
 purfuit, and his family being ruined when Prague was taken 
 and plundered in i6i9rc], fo that they could not provide for; 
 him as bad been propofed, he removed from thence in 1627. 
 During his abode in feveral towns in Germany, he applied him- 
 fclf to drawing and defigning, to oopying the pidures of fevera! 
 gfeat artifts, taking geometrical and perfpe(!!live views and 
 draughts of cities, towns, and countries, by land and water; 
 wherein at length he grew fo excellent, efpecially for his land- 
 Icapes in miniature, as not to be outdone in beauty and delicacy 
 by any artift of his time. He was bu^t eighteen, when the firfl fpe- 
 cimens of his art appeared j and the connoiflcurs in his works 
 have obferved, that he infcribed the earliefl of them with only 
 a cypher of four letters, which, as they explain it, was intended 
 for the initials of, *' Wencellaus Hollar Pragenfis excudit." He 
 employed himfelf chiefly in copying heads and portraits, fome- 
 times from Rembrandt, Henzelman, tctlix Bdcr, and other 
 eminent artifts ; but his little delicate view's of Strafburtrh, Co- 
 logne, Mentz, Bonn, Frankfort, and other tawns along the Rhine, 
 -Danube, Necker,- &:c. got him much reputation ; and when 
 Howard, earl of Arundel, was fent amouilador to the emperor 
 Ferdinand H. in 1636, he was fo highly pleafed with his 
 performances, that he admitted him into his retinue. Hollar 
 attended his lordlhip from Cologne to the emperor's court, and 
 m this progrefs made feveral draughts and prints, of the places 
 through which they travelled. He took that view of \Vurtz- 
 
 [a] Athen. Oxon. Vo!. I. [b] Pr^f.it. 2d Ca.wd. Ar.aaJ. 
 
 £cj Life of Hollar by Vcrtue, Lond. 1745. 
 
 burg. 
 
19© HOLLA R* 
 
 burg, under which is written, " Hollar delineavit, in legatione 
 Arundeliana ad Imperatorem." He then made alfo a curious 
 large drawing, with the pen and pencil, of the city of Prague, which 
 gave great fatisfaflion to his patron, then upon the fpot. 
 
 After lord Arundel had finifhed his negotiations in Germany, 
 he returned to England, and brought Hollar with him : where, 
 however, he was not fo entirely confined to his lordfliip's fervice, 
 but that he had the liberty to accept of employment from others. 
 Accordingly, we foon find him to have been engaged by the 
 printfellers; and Peter Stent, one of the rnolt eminent among 
 them, prevailed upon him to make an ample view or profpe6l 
 of and from the town of Greenwich, which he finilhed in two 
 plates, 1637 ; the earlieft date of his works in this kingdom. In 
 1638, appeared his elegant profpe6l about Richmond; at which 
 time he finifhed alfo feveral curious plates from the fine paintings 
 in the Arundelian colledlion. In the midft of this employment, 
 arrived Mary de Medicis the queen-mother of France, to vifit 
 her daughter Henrietta Maria queen of England ; and with her 
 an hiitorian, who recorded the particulars of her journey and 
 entry into this kingdom. His work, written in French, was 
 printed at London in 1639; and adorned with feveral portraits 
 of the royal family, etched for the purpofe by the hand of Hol- 
 lar. The fame year was publiflied the portrait of his patron the 
 earl of Arundel on horfeback ; and afterwards he etched another 
 of him in armour, and feveral views of his country feat at Ald- 
 brou^h in Surrey. In 1640, he feems to have been introduced 
 into the fervice of the royal family, to give the prince of Wales 
 fome tafle in the art of defigning ; and it is intimated, that either 
 before the eruption of the civil wars, or at leafl: before he was 
 driven by them abroad, he was in the fervice of the duke of 
 York. This year appeared his beautiful fet of figures in 28 
 plates, entitled, " Ornatus Muliebris Anglicanus," and con- 
 taining the feveral habits of Englifh women of all ranks or de- 
 grees: they are reprefented at full length, and have rendered him 
 famous among the lovers of engraving. In 1641, were pub- 
 lifhed his prints of king Charles and his queen: but now the 
 civil wars being broke out, and his patron the earl of Arundel 
 leaving the kingdom to attend upon the queen and the prin- 
 cefs Mai'y, Hollar was left to fupport himfelf. He applied 
 himfelf clofely to his bufinefs, and publifhed other parts of his 
 works, after Holbein, Vandyck, &c. efpecially the portraits of 
 feveral perfons of quality of both fexes, minii^ers of flate, 
 comrnanders of the army, learned and eminent authors; more 
 efpecially another fet or two of female habits in divers nations 
 in Europe. Whether he grew obnoxious, as an adherent to the 
 carl of Arundel, or as a malignant for drawing fo many portraits 
 of the royal party, is not exprcfsly faid ; but now it feems he 
 
 was 
 
HOLLAR. 191 
 
 V/as molcfted, and driven to take fhelter under the protedion of 
 one or more of them, till they were defeated, and he taken pri- 
 foner of war with them, upon the furrender of their jrarrifon at 
 Bafing-hoiife in Hamplhirc. This happened on 0(5>. "14, 1645; 
 but Hollar, either making his cfcape, or otherwife obtaining 
 his liberty, went over to the continent after the earl of Arundel, 
 who redded at Antwerp with his family, and had tranfported 
 thither his moft vahiable collcdion of pi<ilurcs. 
 
 He remained at Antwerp feveral years, copying from his pa- 
 tron's colledion, and working for prtntfellers, bookfellers, and 
 publifliers ; but feems to have cultivated no interefl among mea 
 of fortune and curiofity in the art, to difpofe of them by fub- 
 fcription, or otherwife moft to his advantage. In 1647 ^^^ 
 1648, he etched eight or ten of the painters' heads with his own, 
 with various other curious pieces, as the pidure of Charles 1. 
 foon after his death, and of feveral of the Royalifts ; and in the 
 three following years, many portraits and landfcapes after Breu^'-- 
 hill, Elllieimer, and Tcniers, with the triumphs of death. 
 He etched alfo Charles II. Ibnding, with emblems; and alfo 
 publilhed a print of James dukeof York, aeiat. 18, ann. 1651, 
 irom a picture drawn of him when he was in Flanders, by 
 Teniers. He was more punctual in his dates than moft other 
 engravers, which have afforded very agreeable lights and direc- 
 tions, both as to his own perfonal hillory and performances, and 
 to thofe of many others. At bit, either not meeting with en- 
 couragement enough to keep him longer abroad, or invited by 
 feveral magnificent and coflly works propofed or preparing in 
 England, wherein his ornamental hand might be employed more 
 to his advantage, he returned hither in 1652. Here he after- 
 wards executed fome of the moft confiderable of his publica- 
 tions: but what is very ftrange, though he was an artlft fuperior 
 to almoft moft others in genius as well as affiduity, yet he had the 
 peculiar fate to work here, as he had done abroad, ftili in a ftate 
 ot fubordination, and more to the profit of other people than 
 himlelf. Notwithftanding his penurious pay, he is faid to have 
 contradled a voluntary atfei^tion to his extraordinary labour ; 
 fo far, that he fpent almsft two-thirds of his time at it, and 
 would not fuffer himfelf to be drawn or difengaged from it till 
 his hour-glafs had run to the laft moment propofed. Thus he 
 went on in full bufuiefs, till the reftoration of Charles II. 
 brought home many of hjs friends, and him into frefli views of 
 employment. It was but two years after that memorable epocha, 
 that Evelyn publilhed his " Sculptura, or the Hiftory and Art 
 of Chalcography and engraving in Copper:" in which he gave 
 the following very honourable account of Hollar. '< Wincef- 
 laus Hollar," fays he, " a gentleman of Bohemia, comes in the 
 next place: not that he is not before moft of the reft for his 
 * choice 
 
192 HOLLA R. 
 
 choice and great induftry, for we rank them very promifcuoufly 
 both as to ti;r.e and pre-eminence, but to bring up the rear of 
 the Germans with a delerving pcrfon, whofe indefatigable works 
 in aqna fortis do infinitely recommend themfelves by the excel- 
 lent choice which he hath made of the rare things furnifhed out 
 of the Arundelian colledion, and from mofl of the beft hands 
 and defigns : for fuch were thofe of L. da Vinci, Fr. Parmenfis, 
 Titian, Julio Romano, A. Mantegna, Corregio, Perino del 
 Vaga, Raphael Uibin, Seb. del Piombo, Palma, Albert Di'irer, 
 Hans Holbein, Vandyck, Rubens, Breughel, BalTan, EHheimer, 
 Brower, Artois, and divers other mafters of prime note, whofe 
 drawings and paintings he hath faithfully copied; befides feveral 
 books of landlcapes, towns, folemnities, hiflories, heads, beafts, 
 fowls, infe6ls, veiTels, and other fignal pieces, not omitting what 
 he hath etched after De Cleyn, Mr. Streter, and Dankerty, for 
 fir Robert Stapleton's ' Juvenal,' Mr. Rofs's ' Silius Italicus,' 
 * Polyglotta Biblia,' * The Monaflicon,' firft and fecond part, 
 Mr, Dugdale's * St. Paul's,' and < Survey of Warwickftiire,' with 
 other innumerable frontispieces, and things by him publifhed 
 and done after the life ; and to be on that account more valued 
 and cfleemed, than where there has been more curiofity about 
 chimeras, and things which are not in nature: fo that of Mr-,] 
 Hollar's works we may juilly pronounce, there is not a more 
 ufeful and inftrn.cStive rolkclion to be made." 
 
 Some of the firfl things Hollar performed after the Reftoration, 
 were, " A Map of Jerufalem ;" *' The Jewifli Sacrifice in So- 
 lojTion's Temple;" " Mi3ps of England, Middlefex, &c." '* View 
 of St, George's '-'ofpi'al a Windfor ;" " The Gate of John of 
 Jerufalem near London ;"' and many animals, fruits, flowers, 
 and infects, after Barlow and others: many heads of nobles, 
 bifhops, judges, and great men ; feveral profpeds about Lon- 
 don, and Loudon itfel , as well before the great fire, as after its 
 ruin and rebuilding: though the calamities of the fire and plague 
 in 1665 are thought to have reduced him to fuch difficulties, as 
 he could never entirely vanquilh. He was afterwards fent to 
 Tangier in Africa, in qu:'!ity of his majefty's defigner, to take 
 the various profpefts there of the garrifon, town, fortifications, 
 and the circumjacent views of the country: and many of his 
 drawings upon the Tpot, dated 1669, ftill preferved in the li- 
 brary of the late fir Plans Sloane, were within three or four years 
 after made public, upon lome of which Hollar ftyles himfelf 
 *' Stenographus Regis." After his return to England, he was 
 varioufly employed, in finifliing his views of Tangier for pub- 
 lication, and taking feveral draughts at and about Windfor in 
 1671, with many reprefentatix-ns in honour of the knights of the 
 garter. About 1672, he travelled northward, and drew, views 
 of Lincoln, Southwell, Newark, and York Minfter; and af- 
 terwards 
 
HOLLIS. 193 
 
 terwards was engaged in etching of towns, caftlcs, churches, and 
 their feneltral figures, arms, &:c, be fidestombs, monumental efiRgics 
 with their infcriptions, &c. in fuch numbers as it would almolt 
 be endiefs to enumerate. Few artifls have been able to imitate his 
 works; for which reafon many lovers of the art, and all the 
 curious, both at home and abroad, have, from his time to ours, been 
 fond and even zealous to collect them. But how liberal foever they 
 iTiigln be in the purchafe of his performances, the performer him- 
 fclf, it feems, was fo incompetently rewarded for them, that he 
 could not, now in his old age, keep himfclf free from the incum- 
 brances of debt ; though it is vifible, that he was varioufly and 
 clofcly employed to a (hort time before his death. But as many 
 of his plates are dated that year, in the very beginning of which 
 he died, it is probable they were fomewhat antedated by him, 
 that the fciilptiires might appear of the fame date with the book 
 in which they were printed: that is, in " Thoroton's Antiqui- 
 ties of Nottinghamlhire." Some of them appear unfinilhed ; 
 and the 5oiil page, which is entirely blank, was probably left fo 
 for a plate to be fupplied. When he was upon the verge of his 
 70th year, he had the misfortune 10 have an execution at his houfe 
 in Gardiner's-lane, Weftminftcr : he deiired only the liberty of 
 dying in his bed, and that he might not be removed to any other 
 prifon but his grave. Whether this was granted him or not, we 
 cannot fay; but he died March 28, 1677, and, as appears frorn 
 the parilli regifter of St. Margaret's, was buried in the New 
 Chapel Yard, near the place of his death. Noble and valuable 
 as the monuments were which Hollar had raifed for others, none 
 was eredled for him: nor has any perfon propofed an epitaph 
 worthy of the fame and merits of the artifl. 
 
 HOLLIS (Thomas), efq; of Corfcombe in Dorfetfhire; a 
 gentleman whofe " Memoirs" were printed in two fplendid vo- 
 lumes, '4to, 1780, with a confiderable number of plates by Bar- 
 tolozzi, Bafire, and other engravers of eminence, and an ad- 
 mirable profile of himfelf in thefrontifpiece [d]. He was born 
 in London, April 14, 1720; and fent to fchool, firft at New- 
 port in Shroplliire, and afterwards at St. Alban's. At 14, he 
 was fent to Amfterdam, to learn the Dutch and French lan- 
 guages, writing, and accompts ; ftayed there about fifteen months, 
 and then returned to his father, v/ith whom he continued till his 
 death in 1735. To give him a liberal education, fuitable to the 
 ample fortune he was to inherit, his guardian put him under 
 the tuition of profefTor Ward, whofe pidure Mr. HoUis pre-« 
 fented to the Britilh Mufeum; and, in honour of his father and 
 guardian, he caufed to be infcribed round a valuable diamond 
 ring, Mmmofymn pain's tutorijque. He profelfed himfelf a dif- 
 
 [d] Anecdotes of Bowyer, by Nichols, p. 402, 556. 
 
 Vol. Vm. O fentcr} 
 
194 HOLLIS. 
 
 fenter ; and from Dr. Fofter and others of that perfuafion, im- 
 bibed that ardent love of liberty, and freedom of fentiraent, 
 'which ftrongly marked his character. In Feb. 1739-40, he 
 took chambers in Lincoln's- Inn, and was admitted a law-ftudent ; 
 but does not appear ever to have 'applied to the law, as a pro- 
 feffion. He refided there till July, 1748, when he fet out on 
 his travels for the firl^ time; and paflTed through Holland, Auf- 
 trian and French Flanders, part of France, Switzerland, Savoy, 
 and part of Italy, returning through Provence, Britanny, &c. to 
 Paris. His fellow-traveller was Thomas Brand, efq; of the 
 Hyde in Elfex, who was his particular friend. His fecond tour 
 commenced in July 16, 1750; and extended through Holland to 
 Embden, Bremen, Hamburg, the principal cities on the north and 
 eafl fide of Germany, the relf of Italy, Sicily, and Malta, Lorrain, 
 &c. The journals of both his tours are faid to be in being. 
 
 On his return home, he attempted to get into parliament ; 
 but, not being able to efFe6l this without- fome fmall appearance 
 of bribery, he turned his thoughts entirely to other obje6ls. He 
 began a colledion of books and medals; " for the purpofe," it 
 is faid, ** of illuftrating and upholding liberty, preferving the 
 memory of its champions, rendering tyranny and its abettors 
 odious, extending art and fcience, and keeping alive the honour 
 due to their patrons and prote6lors." Among his benefadions 
 to foreign libraries, none is more remarkable than that of two 
 large colledions of valuable books to the public library of Berne ; 
 which were prefented anonymoufly as by " an Engliihman, a 
 lover of liberty, his country, and its excellent conftitution, as 
 reftored at the happy Revolution." Switzerland, Geneva, Ve- 
 nice, Leyden, Sweden, RufTia, &c. ffiarcd his favours. His 
 benefailions to Harvard-college commenced in 1758, and were 
 continued to the amount of 1400I. His liberality to indivi- 
 duals, as well as to public focieties, cannot be fpecified here; 
 but muff be fought in the " Memoirs" above-mentioned. Aug. 
 1770, he carried into execution a plan, which he had formed 
 five years before, of retiring into Dorfetfhire; and there, in a 
 field near his relldence at Corfcombe, dropped down and died of 
 an apoplexy, on New-year's-day, 1774. The chara£ler of this 
 fingular perfon was given, fome time before, in one of the pub- 
 lic prints, as follows : " Thomas Hollis is a man pofTeffed of a 
 large fortune : above half of which he devotes to charities, to the 
 encoTiragement of genius, and to the fupport and defence of 
 liberty. His fludious hours are devoted to the fearch of noble 
 authors, hidden by the ruft ,of time ; and to do their virtues 
 jullice, by brightening their a£lions for the review of the public. 
 'Wherever he meets the man of letters, he is fure to affilt him : 
 and, were I to defcribein paint this illuftrious citizen of the 
 
 worldj 
 
HOLMES. 1:5 
 
 world, I would depi6l him leading by the hands Genius and 
 tiiihcired Virtue to the temple of Reward." 
 
 If Mr. Mollis had any relations, his private afFe6tions were 
 not as cmineiit as his public fpirit, for he left the whole of his 
 fortune to his friend 1\ Brand, efq; who, on that account, took 
 the name (^f Mollis, and was as violent a zealot for liberty as 
 liis patron. In 1764, Mr. Mollis fent to Sidney-college, Cam- 
 bridge, where Cromwell was educated, an original portrait of 
 him by Cooper; and, a fire happening at his lodgings in Bed- 
 ford-ftrcet, in 176 1, he calmly walked out, taking an original 
 pidlure of Milton only in his hand. A new edition of *' To- 
 iand's Life of Milton" was publifiied under his dirc6tion, in 1761 ; 
 and, in 1763, he gave an accurate edition of " Algernon Syd- 
 ney's Difcourfes on Government," on which the pains and ex- 
 pence he beftowed are almoll: incredible. He meditated alfo an 
 edition of Andrew Marvell; but did not complete it. In order 
 to preferve the memory of thofe patriotic heroes whom he molt 
 admired, he called many of the farms and fields in his eftate at 
 Corfcombe by their names: and, in the middle of one of thefe 
 fields, not far from his houfe, he ordered his corpfe to be dcpo- 
 fited in a grave ten feet deep, and the field to be immediately 
 ploughed over, that no trace of his burial-place might remain. 
 Another of his fingularities was, to obferve his nominal birth- 
 day always, without any regard to the change of ftyle. He 
 would not be offended with being charged with fingularities ; 
 he owned, that he affe6led them : " the idea of fingularity," fays 
 he, *' by way of (hield, I try by all means to hold out." By 
 way of J})ield: that is, againft thofe who would otherwife break 
 in upon his time, cuftoms, and way of living. 
 
 HOLMES (George), born at Skipton in Craven, Yorkfiiire 
 f e], became about 1695 clerk to William Petyt, efq; keeper of 
 the records at the Tower; and continued near llxty years deputy 
 to Mr. Petyt, Mr. Topham, and Mr. Polhill. On the death 
 of Mr. Petyt, which happened Od, 9, 1707, Mr. Holmes was, 
 on account of his fingu'ar abilities and induftry, appointed by 
 lord Halifax (then prefident of a committee of the houfe of 
 lords) to methodize and digeft the Records depofited in the 
 Tower, at a yearly falary of 2col. which was continued to his 
 death, Feb. 16, 1748-9, in the 87th year of his age. He was 
 alfo barrack-malkr of the Tower. He married a daughter of 
 Mr, Marfhail, an eminent fword-cutler in Fleet-ftreet, by whom 
 he had an only fon George, w-ho was bred at Eton, and was 
 clerk under liis father, but died, aged 25, many years before 
 him. Holmes re-publifhed the firfl: 17 volumes [f] of Rymer's 
 
 [f] Anecdotes of Bowyer, by Nichols, the feventeen volumes was fold for loo 
 p. 97. guineas. '••^? the preface to the " Adta 
 
 [fJ Before this fecond edition, a fet of Regia, 1726," 8vo. 
 
 O 2 " Focdcra," 
 
196 
 
 HOLSTENIUS. 
 
 •* Foedera," in 1727. His curious collections of books, prints, 
 and coins, Sec. v/ere fold by auction in 1749. His portrait was 
 engraved by the Society of Antiquaries, with this infcription: 
 ** Vera effigies Georgii Holmes generofi, r. s. s. & tabularii 
 publici in Turre Londinenfi Vicecuftodis; quo muncre annos 
 circiter LX fumma fide & diligentia perfundus, xiV kalend. 
 Mart'. A. D. mdccxlviii, a:;tatis fuse Lxxxvii, faio demum 
 concefllt. In fratris fui erga fe mtritorum teftimonium banc tabu- 
 lam sociETAS ANTiQUARioRUi>i Londini, cujuscommoda lem- 
 per promovit, fuinptu fuo acri incidendum curavit, mdccxlix. 
 K. Van Bleeck, p. 1743. G. Vertiie del. & fciilp." — In Strype's 
 London, 1754, Vol. I. p. 746, is a fac fimile of an antique 
 infcription over the little door next to the cloifter in the Temple 
 churchy It vi^as in old Saxon capital letters, engraved within 
 an half- circle ; denoting the year vv'hen the church was dedicated, 
 and by whom, namely, Heraclius the patriarch of the church of 
 the Holy RefurrecElion in Jerufalcm; and to whom, namely, the 
 BlelTed Virgin ; and the indulgence of 40 days pardon to fuch 
 who, according to the penance enjoined them, reforted thither 
 yearly. This infcription, which was fcarcely legible, and in 
 1695 was entirely broken by the workmen, having been exaftly 
 tranfcribed by Mr. Holmes, was by him comniunicated to Strype. 
 Mrs. Holmes out-lived her hufband, and received of government 
 200I. for his MSS. about the records, which were depoiited and 
 remain in his oflTce to this day. 
 
 HOLST^ENIUS, or HOLSTEIN (Lucas), an ingenious 
 and learned German, was born at Hamburg in 1596 ; and after 
 a liberal education in his own country, went to France, and 
 flayed fome time at Paris, where he diftinguifhed himfelf by 
 uncommon parts and learning. From thence he went to Rome, 
 and attached himfelf to cardinal Francis Barberini ; who took 
 him under his prote£lion, and recommended him to favour. He 
 was honoured by three popes; Urban VIII. Innocent X. and 
 Alexander VII. The firlt gave him a canonry of St. Peter's; 
 the fecond made him librarian of the Vatican ; and the third fent 
 him, in 1665, to Chriftina of Sweden, whofe formal profeilion 
 of the Catholic faith he received at Infpruck. He fpent his 
 life in ftudy, and died at Rome in 1661, aged 65 years. Car- 
 dinal Barberini, whom he made his heir, caufed a monument 
 of marble to be ere£led over his grave, with a Latin infcrip- 
 tion much to his honour. He was very learned both in fa- 
 cred and profane antiquity, had a very exadl and critical dif- 
 cernment, and wrote with the utmofi; purity and elegance. He 
 was not the author of any great works: what he did chiefly con- 
 fided of notes and differtations, which have been highly efleemed 
 for the judgement and precifion with which they are drawn up. 
 Some of thefe were publifhed by himfelf; but the greater part 
 
 were 
 
HOLT. 
 
 197 
 
 were communicated after his death, and inferted by his friends 
 in their editions of authors, or other works that would admit 
 them. Though HoKtenius feems to have been a grave man, yet 
 there is a bon-mot in the Menagiana [V,], which fhews fome 
 mirth and a great deal of ready wit. Difputing one day with 
 fome vehemence againft two learned men at his patron cardinal 
 Barberini's table, he had the misfortune to break wind backwards. 
 The cardinal fmiled ; and the company could not forbear laugh- 
 ing out. HoUlenius, however, not t e Icafl difconcerted, turned 
 himfelf to the cardinal, and faid, *< I may very well upon this 
 occafion apply to your eminence this of Virgil, — Tu das epulis 
 accumbere divum — but not the following — Ventorumque facis 
 tcmpclbtumque potentem :" nobody fufpeding in the mean time, 
 that it was not Ventorum, but Nimborum, in Virgil. His notes 
 and emendations upon Eufebius's book againft Hierocles, upon 
 Porphyry's " Life of Pythagoras," upon Apolloniius's '* Argonau- 
 tics,' upon the fragments of Dcmophilus, Democrates, Secundus, 
 and Salluftius the philofopher, upon Stephanus Byzantinus de 
 Urbibus, &c. are known to all the learned, and to be found in the 
 beft editions of thofe authors. He wrote a " DilTertation upon 
 the Life and Writings of Porphyry," which is printed with his 
 notes on Porphyry's <' Life of Pythagoras;" and other diffcrta- 
 tions of his are inferted in Grasvius's " Colledion of Roman 
 Antiquities," and elfcwhere. 
 
 We mud not forget to obferre, that Holftenius was born in 
 the Lutheran religion ; but afterwards embraced the Roman Ca- 
 tholic, at the interceffion of Sirmond the Jefuit, who had the 
 honour to make a convert of him. 
 
 HOLT (Sir John), knight, lord chief juftice of the court of 
 King's-bench, in the reign of king William [h], was fon of 
 iir Thomas Molt, knight, ferjeant at law; and born at Thame 
 in Oxfonilhirc, 1642. He was educated at Abingdon-fchool, 
 while his fattier was recorder of that town; and afterwards be- 
 came a gentleman-commoner of Oriel-college, Oxford. In 
 1658, he entered himfelf of Gray's- inn, before he took a de- 
 gree; fome time after which he was called to the bar, where he 
 attended conftnntly, and foon became a very eminent barrifter. 
 In the reign of James 11. be was made recorrier of London, 
 which office he difcharged with much applaufe for about a year 
 and a half; but refuiing to give his hand towards abolifhing the 
 teft, and to expound the law according to the king's defign, he 
 was removed from his place. In 1686, he. was called to the 
 degree of a ferjeant at law, with many others. On the arrival ot 
 the prince of Orange, he was chofen a member of the conven- 
 tion parliament ; and appointed one of the managers for the confi- 
 
 ^ [g] Tom. I. p. 232. [h] Life of lord chief juftice Holt, 8vo. 
 
 O 3 mons 
 
198 
 
 HOLT. 
 
 ip.ons at the conferences held with the lords, about the abdication 
 and the vacancy of the throne. He had here an opportunity of dif- 
 playing his abilities ; and as foon as the governrnent was fettled^ 
 he was made losd chief juftice of the court of King's-bench, and 
 adrnitted into the king's privy-council. 
 
 In 1700, when lord Somers parted with the great feal, king 
 William prelTed chief juftice Holt to accept of it : but he replied, 
 that he never had but one chancery caufe in his life, which he loft ; 
 and confequently could not think himfelf fitly qualified for Co 
 great a truft. He continued in his poft "22 years, and main- ^ 
 tained it with great reputation for ftcadinefs, integrity, and com- 
 plete knowledge in his profefhon. He applied himfelf with 
 great affiduity to the fun6tions of his important office. He was 
 perfe£l mafter of the comimon law[i]; and, as his judgement 
 was moft folid, his capacity vaft, and iinderftanding inoft clear, 
 fo he had a firmncfs of mind, and fuch a degree of refolution, as 
 never could be brought to fwerve in the Icaft from what he thought 
 to be law and juftice. Upon great occafions he ftiewed an in- 
 trepid zeal in aiTerting the authority of the law ; for he ventured 
 to incur the indignation of both houfes of parliament, by turns, 
 when he thought the law was with him. Several cafes of the 
 utmoft importance, and highly afFe6^ing the lives, rights, liber- 
 ties, and property of the people, came in judgement before 
 him. There was a remarkable clearnefs and perfpicuity of ideas 
 in his definitions; a diftin6l arrangement of them in the analyfis 
 of his arguments; and the real and natural difference of things 
 was made moft perceptible and obvious, when he diftinguiihed 
 between matters which bore a falfe refemblance to each 
 other. Havir.g thus rightly formed his premifes, lie fcarce 
 ever erred in his conclufions ; his arguments were inftruc- 
 tive and convincing, and his integrity would not fuffer him to 
 deviate from judgement and truth, in compliance to his prince, 
 or, as obfervcd before, to either houfe of parliairsent. They 
 are moft of them faithfully and jwdicioufly reported by that emi- 
 nent lawyer, chief juftice Raym.ond. His integrity and up- 
 rightnefs as a judge, are celebrated by the author of the " Tat- 
 ler," No. 14, under the noble charader of Verus the magiftrate. 
 There happened in the time of titis chief juftice, a riot in 
 Holborn, occafioned by a wicked pradice then prevailing, of 
 decoying young perfons of both fexcs to the plantations. The 
 perfons fo decoyed they kept prifoners in a houfe in Holborn, 
 till they could find an oppoitunity of Ihipping them off; which 
 being difcovered, the enraged populace were going to pull down 
 the houfe. Notice of this being fent to Whitehall, a party of 
 the guards were commanded to march to the place ; but they 
 
 [1] Burnet's Hiftory, vol. ii. p. 543. 
 
 firft 
 
H O L Y D A Y. 199 
 
 firft fcnt an ofHccr to the chief juftice to acquaint him with the 
 dclign, and to dclire him to fend fome of his people lo attend 
 the foldlers, in order to give it the better countenance. The 
 officer having delivered his melTagc, Holt faid to him, ** Suppofe 
 the populace ihould not dlfperfe at your appearance, what are 
 you to do then?" " Sir," anfvvered the officer, *' we have or- 
 ders to fire upon them." '* Have you, Sir? (replied Holt) then 
 take notice of what I fay ; if there be one man killed, and you 
 are tried before me, I will take care that you, and every foldier 
 of your party, fhall be hanged. Sir, (added he) go back tothofe 
 who fent you, and acquaint them, that no officer of mine fhall 
 attend foldiers; and let them know at the fame time, that the 
 laws of this kingdom are not to be executed by the fword: thefe 
 matters belong to the civil power, and you have nothing to do 
 with tbcm." Upon this, the chief juflice ordering his tipftaves, 
 with a few conllables to attend him, went himfelf in perfon to 
 the place where the tumult was ; expoftulated with the mob ; 
 allured them that jultice fhould be done upon the perfons who 
 were the objedls of their indignation : and thus they all difperfed 
 quietly. 
 
 He married Anne, daughter of fir John Cropley, bart. w'hoit! 
 he left without iffiie ; and died in March, 1709, after a long 
 lingering illnefs, in his 68th year. The following Reports 
 were publiffied by himfelf, in 1708, with fome notes of his own 
 upon them : " A Report of divers Cafes in Pleas of the Crown, 
 adjudged and determined, in the Reign of the late King Charles 
 the Second, with DireiSlions for Jufcices of the Peace, and others, 
 colleiled by Sir John Keyling, Knight, late Lord Chief Juftice 
 of his Majefty's Court of King's-bench, from the original Ma- 
 nufcript under his own Hand. To which is added, The Report 
 of three modern Cafes, viz. Armftrong and Liile; the King 
 and Pklmmer ; the Qiieen and Mawgritlge." 
 
 HOLYDAY (Barten), an ingenious and learned Englifli 
 divine, was the fjn of a taylor in Oxford, and born there about 
 ^593 [k]. He was entered early into Chrift-church, in the 
 time of Dr. Ravis, his relation and patron, by whom he was 
 chofen ftudent; and, in 1615, he took orders. He was before 
 noticed for his flcill in poetry and oratory, and now diliinguifhed 
 himfelf fo much by his eloquence and popularity as a preacher, 
 that he had two benefices conferred on him in the dioccfe of 
 Oxford. In 1618, he went as chaplain to fir Francis Stewart, 
 when he accompanied the count Gundamore to Spain, in which 
 journey Holyday behaved in Tj facetious and pleafant a manner, 
 that the count was greatly pleafed with him. Afterwards he be- 
 came chaplain to the king, and was promoted to the archdea- 
 
 [k] Athen. ©xon. Vol. II. 
 
 O 4 conijy 
 
200 HOLYOAKE. 
 
 conry of Oxford before 1626. In 1642, he was made ado£lor 
 of divinity by mandamus at Oxford i near which plaee he fhehercd 
 himfelf during the time of the rebellion. When the Royal party 
 declined, he fo far fided with the prevailing powers, as to undergo 
 the examination of the Triers, in order to be indu6\ed into the 
 re£^ory of Chilton in Berkfhire ; for he had loft his livings, and 
 the profits of his archdeaconry, and could not well bear poverty 
 and diflrefs. This drew upon him much cenfure from his own 
 party; foine of whom, however, fays Wood, commended him, 
 lince he had thus m-ade provifion for a fecond wife he had lately 
 mrirried. After the Reftoration he quitted this living, and re- 
 turned to Ilfley near Oxford, to live on his archdeaconry; and 
 had he not a6led a temporizing part, it was faid he might have 
 been raifed to a fee, or feme rich deanery. His poetry, how- 
 ever, got him a name in thofe days, and he flood fair for pre- 
 fcrrr^ent : his philofophy alfo, difcovered in his book " De 
 Anima," and his well-languaged fcrmons, fays Wood, fpeak 
 him eminent in his generation, and fliew him to have traced the 
 jough parts of learning, as well as the pleafanj paths of poetry. 
 _JIe died at Ilfley, Oct. 2, 1661. 
 
 His works confifl of twenty fermons, publifhed at different 
 times: " Technogamia, or the Marriage of Arts, a Comedy, 
 1630:" this was aded by fome Oxford fcholars at Woodflock 
 in 1621, before king James, who is faid not to have reliflied it 
 at all : •* Philofophiae polito-barbar^ fpecimen, in quo de- 
 Anima Sc ejus habitibus intellectualibus qua^fliones aliquot libris 
 duobus illuflrantur, 1633," 4^°' — " Survey of the World, in 
 ten Books, a Poem, 1661," 8vo. But the work he is known 
 and eftecmed for now, is his *' Tranllation of the Satires of 
 Juvenal and Perfius;" for though his poetry is but indifferent, 
 vet his tranflation is allowed to be faithful, and his notes good. 
 *rhe fecond edition of his " Perfius," was publifhed in 1616; 
 and the fourth at the end of the ** Satires of Juvenal illuflrated 
 with Notes and Sculptures, 1673," folio. Dryden, in the de- 
 dication of his '* Tranflation of Juvenal and Perfius," makes 
 the following critique upon our author's performance. " If," 
 fays he, " rendering the exadl fenfe of ihefe authors, almoft: line 
 for line, had been our bufmefs, Barten Holyday had done it al- 
 ready to our hands ; and by the help of his learned notes and 
 illuflrations, not only Juvenal and Perfius, but (what is yet more 
 obfcure) his own verfes might be underftood." Speaking a little 
 further on, of clofe and literal tranflation, he fays, that " Ho- 
 lyday, who made this way his choice, feized the meaning of 
 Juvenal, but the poetry has always efcaped him." 
 
 HOLYOAKE (Francis), a learned Engiifhman, memor- 
 able for having made an '* Etymological Di6lionary of Latin 
 Words," v^as born at Nether Whitacre, in Warwickfhire, about 
 
 I567» 
 
H O M B E R G. 201 
 
 1567, and ftudied in the univerfity of Oxford about 1582; but 
 it does not appear that ever he took a degree. He taught fchool 
 at Oxford, and in his own country |"l]; and became reftor of 
 Southam in Warwicklhire, 1604. He was eledled a member 
 of the convocation of the clergy in the firft year of Charles the 
 Fird's reign ; and afterwards in the civil wars, fufFered extremely 
 for his attachment to that king. He died in 1653, and was 
 buried at Warwick. His " Di<f^ionary" was fir(t printed in 
 1606, 4to; and the fourth edition in 1633, augmented, was de- 
 dicated to Laud, then biiliop of London. He fubfcribed him- 
 fclf in Latin, *' Francifcus de facra quercu." 
 
 He had a fon, I'homas, bom at Southam in 1 616, and after- 
 wards a (ludent in Queen's-coUege, Oxford, where he took the 
 degrees in arts. Then he became a captain in behalf of the 
 king, and did fuch fervice, that, fhange as it may feem, he was 
 made do6lor of divinity. After the furrender of Oxford, he 
 retired into his own country ; and obtaining a licence, practiced 
 phyfic rill the Reftoration with good fuccefs. Then taking or- 
 ders, he was prefented by lord Leigh to the reftory of Whit- 
 nalh, near V/arwick, and afterwards obtained other good pre- 
 ferments. He died in 1675, and left a " Didionary, Englifh 
 and Latin, and Latin and Englifl)," which was publifhed in 
 1677, in a large thick folio. Before it are prefixed two epiftles; 
 one by the author's fon, Charles Holyoake of the Inner-temple, 
 dedicating the work to Foulke lord Brook, who in 1674, had 
 conferred the donative of Breamour in Hampfhire; another by 
 Dr. Barlow bifhop of Lincoln, containing many things of the 
 work and its author. " 'i'his Didionary, however," as Wood 
 obferves, " is made upon the foundation laid by his father." 
 
 HOMBERG (William), a celebrated chemift, was born 
 at Batavia in the ifland of Java, Jan. 3, 1652, the fon of John 
 Homberg, a Saxon gentleman, governor of the arfenal of that 
 place [mJ. His father at firft put him into the army, but foon 
 after quitting the fervice of the Dutch, and a military life, 
 brought him to Amfierdam, where he fettled. He Avas now 
 educated, by paternal indulgence, at Jena and Leipfic for the 
 law, and was received as an advocate in 1674, at Magdebourg. 
 But the fclcnces ftduced him from the law; in his walks he be- 
 came a botanid , and in his noflurnal rambles an aftronomer. 
 An intimacy with Otto de Guericke, who lived at Magdebourg, 
 completed his convcrfion, and lie refolved to abandon his fir(t 
 profeflion. Otto, though fond of rnyftery, confented to com- 
 municate his knowledge to fo promifing a pupil; but as his 
 friends continued to prtfs him to be conliant to the law, he ere 
 long quitted Magdebourg, and went into Italy. At Padua, and 
 
 [t] Athen. Oxon, Vol. II, [v.] Eloge par Fontenelle, &c. 
 
 Bologna, 
 
2C2 H O M B E R G. 
 
 Bologna, he puiTued his favourite ftudies, particularly medictne^ 
 anatomy, botany, and chemiftry. One oi' his firft efforts in the 
 latter fcience, was the complete difcovery of the properties of 
 the Bologna itone, and its phofphoric appearance after calcination, 
 which Cafciarolo had firlt obferved. The efforts of Homberg^ 
 in feveral fcientific enquiries, were purfued at Rome, in France, 
 in England with the great Boyle, and afterward in Holland and 
 Germany. With Baldwin and Kunckel he here purfued the 
 fubje6l of Phofphorus. Not yet fatisfied with travelling in 
 fearch of knowledge, he vifited the mines of Saxony, Hungary, 
 Bohemia, and Sweden. Having materially improved himfelf, 
 and at the fame time affifted the progrefs of chemiftry at Stock- 
 holm, he returned to Holland, and thence revifited France, 
 where he was quickly noticed by Colbert. By this interpofition, 
 he was prevailed upon to quit his intention of returning to Hol- 
 land to marry, according to the defirc of his father, and fixed 
 himfelf in France. This ftep alfo alienated him from his reli- 
 gion. He renounced the Proteftant communion in 1682, and 
 thus lofing all connection with his family, became dependent on 
 Louis XIV. and his minifter. This, however, after the death 
 of Colbert, in 1683, became a very miferable and ftarving de- 
 pendence; men of learning and fcience v/ere negleded as much 
 as before they had been patronized; and Homberg, in 1687, 
 left Paris for Rome, and took up the profeffion of phyfic. He 
 now purfued and perfeded his difcoveries on Phofpliorus, and 
 profecuted his difcoveries in pneumatics, and other branches of 
 natural philofophy. Finding, after fome time, that the learned 
 were again patronized at Paris, he returned there in 1690, and 
 entered into the academy of fciences under the protection of 
 M. de Bignon. He now refumed the ftudy of chemiiiry, but 
 found his finances too limited to carry on his experiments as he 
 wifhed, till he had the good fortune to be appointed chemift to 
 the duke of Orleans, afterwards regent. In this fituation he 
 was fupplied with the moft perfe£t apparatus, and all materials 
 for fcientific inveitigation. Among other indruments, the large 
 burning mirror of Tfckirnaus was given to his care, and he made 
 with it the moft interefting experiments, on tl-e combuftibility of 
 gold, and other fubftances. In examining the nature of borax, he 
 difcovered the fedative fait, and traced feveral remarkable proper- 
 ties of that produdion. Pleafed with the refearches of his che- 
 iTiifl, the duke of Orleans in 1704, appointed him his firft phy- 
 fician. About the fame time he was flrongly folicited by the 
 . eledlor Palatine to fettle in his dominions, but he was too much 
 attached to his prefent patron to quit Paris, and was befides not 
 without an inclination of a more tender kind for mademoifdle 
 Dodart, daughter to the celebrated phyfician of that name. He 
 married her in 1708, though hitherto much averfe to matrimony ; 
 
 but 
 
H O M E. 203 
 
 but enjoyed the benefit of his change of fentiments only feven 
 years, being attacked in 1715 with a dyfentery, of which he 
 died in September of tliat year. 
 
 Homberg was indefatigable in application, and his manners 
 were mild and focial. Though his conftitution was not robuft 
 he was rather addicted to pleafiire, and was glad to forget his 
 fatigues in the charms of good company. He did not publifli 
 any" complete work, the produdions he has left being only 
 memoirs in the volumes of the academy. 
 
 HOME (David), a proteftant minifter of a diftinguifhed 
 family in Scotland, but educated in France, where he paifcd the 
 chief part of his life. James I. employed him to reconcile the 
 differences between Tilenus and du Moulin, on the fubjed of 
 juftification ; and, if poffible, to reconcile the Proteftants through- 
 out Europe to one fingle form of do6lrine ; but this was found 
 imprafticable. The chief work of this Home is, his i. *' Apo- 
 logia Bafilica; feu Machiavelli ingenium examinatum," 4to, 
 1626. There are attributed to him alfo, 2. " Le contr' Allaf- 
 fm, ou reponfe a I'Apologie des Jefuites," Geneve, 1612, 8vo. 
 3. " L'AlTailinat du Roi, ou maximes du Viel de la Montague, 
 pratiquees en la perfonne de defunt Henri le Grand," 8vo, 1617, 
 He is alfo the author of feveral compofitions in the " Delici^ 
 Poetarum Scotorum." The times of his birth and death are 
 not known. 
 
 HOME (Henry), lord Kaimes, was one of the very few who, 
 to great legal knowledge, added a confiderable Ihare ot polite 
 literature [n]. He arrived at the higheft rank to which a 
 lawyer could attain in his country, and he has left to the 
 world fuch literary productions as will authorize his friends to 
 place him, if not in the higheft, yet much above the lowed 
 clafs of elegant and accompli (bed writers. 
 
 Scotland has the honour to claim his birth, and in the fame 
 country we are informed he received his education. Adopting 
 the law for his profcflion, he foon became eminent in it. His 
 firft v.'ork was in the line of his profellion, and was compofed 
 in the year 1745. It was entitled, '* Ed'ays upon feveral Sub- 
 je61:s concerning Britiih Antiquities, viz. i. Introduilion of the 
 Feudal Law into Scotland ; 2. Conftitution of Parliament ; 3. 
 Honour, Dignity ; 4. Succeflion or Defcent, with an Appendix 
 upon Hereditary and Indefeafible Right;" and was printed in the 
 Year 1746. In the preface to this performance, he fays, " To 
 our late troubles the public is indebted foi the following papers, 
 if they be ot value tn create a debt. After many difconfolate 
 hours, the author took courage to think of fome ftudy that R:iight 
 in fome meafure relieve his diftreifed mind. A connetSlion with 
 
 [n] Europ. Magazine, November, 1790. 
 
 the 
 
204 HOME. 
 
 the caufe of our violent and unhappy difTenfions, led him natu- 
 rally to the following fpeculations, which he now gives to the 
 public ; anxioiidy wifhing to raife a fpirit in his countrymen of 
 fearching into their antiquities, thofe efpecially which regard 
 the law and conrtitution, being ferioully convinced that nothing 
 will more contribute than this ftudy to eradicate a fet of poli- 
 tical opinions, which, tending to break the peace of fociety, 
 have been pernicious to this ifland. If thefe papers have the 
 efFe6l intended, it is well ; if not, they may at lead ferve to bear 
 tertim.ony of fome degree of firmnefs in the author^ who, amidfl: 
 the calamities of a civil war, gave not his country for lofl ; but 
 trufting to a good caufe, and to the prevalence of good fenfe 
 among his countrymen, Was able to compofe his mind to fludy, 
 and to deal in fpeculations which are not commonly relilhed 
 but in times of the greateft tranquillity." 
 
 His next work was on a very different fubje6l, and was pub- 
 lifhed in the year 1751. It was called, ** ElTays on the Prin- 
 ciples of Morality and Natural Religion," 8vo, and was re- 
 ceived by the public with confiderable approbation. On the 2d 
 of February, 1752, he was advanced to the Bench, and took 
 his feat as one of the Lords of Seflion, under the title of lord 
 fCaimes. 
 
 The duty of an advocate being now over, lord Kaimes found 
 leifure to communicate to the world the refult of his ftudies. In 
 1759 he publifhed his " Hiftorical Law," 8vo ; and in 1760, 
 *' The Principles of Equity," in folio. In botli thefe works he 
 aimed to unite the principles of policy and philofophy with thofe 
 of jurifprudence, and to treat the law rather as a rational fyftem, 
 fit for the attention of the ftudious In general, than an intricate 
 and myfterious purfuit, folely confined to the profeiTors of the 
 fcience, and it may be afferted that in thefe defigns he was not 
 unfuccefsful. 
 
 Two years afterwards, in 1762, he produced " Elements of 
 Criticifm," in 3 vols. 8vo, a work which has palTed through 
 feveral editions with the higheft approbation. In 1767, he 
 was one of the Lords of Seilion who, in the famous Douglas 
 caufe, gave judgement in favour of the fon of lady Jane. 
 After a confiderable interval, lord Kaimes refumed his pen 
 and publifhed '* The Gentleman Farmer, being an Attempt 
 to improve Agriculture, by fubjefting it to the Teft of ra- 
 tional Principles," 8vo, 1777 ; and this was fucceeded by 
 *' Loofe Hints upon Education, chiefly concerning the Culture 
 of the Heart," 8vo, 1781. His laft publication was the refult 
 of great refearch and unwearied application, and mufi: be al- 
 lowed, if not a complete work itfelf, to furnifh the mofl valu- 
 able materials for The Hiftory of Man, which it profeffes it 
 to trace. He modeftly ftyles it only ** Sketches/' and indeed it 
 
 / will 
 
HOMER. 205 
 
 will hardly be confidered in any other light than a common- 
 place book. Confidered in that point of view, it is entitled 
 to the warmeft prai fc. It is nfeful and entertaining, and con- 
 tains fa£ls and rcafonings which will both amufe and inflrudl, 
 and which dcTerve the attention equally of the legiOator and the 
 politician, the moralift and rhe divine. 
 
 At length, after a life ufcfully fpent in the fervice of the 
 world, having been feveral years the fenior Lord of Sellion, 
 lord Kaimes died, Dec. 26, 1782, leaving to the world a proof 
 that an attention to the abdnifeft branches of learning is not in- 
 compatible with the more pleafing purfuits of tafte and polite 
 literature. 
 
 HOMER, the mofl: ancient of the Greek poets extant, has 
 been called the father of poetry. As much as he has celebrated 
 the praifes of others, he has been fo very modefl about himfelf, 
 that we do not find the lead mention of him throughout his 
 poems: fo that where he was born, who were his parents, at 
 what exaft period he lived, and almoft every circumftance of his 
 life, remain at this day in a great meafure, if not altogether, 
 unknown. The mod copious account we have of the life of 
 Homer is that which goes under the name of Herodotus, and is 
 iifually printed with his hiftory: and though it is generally fup- 
 pofed to be fpurious, yet as it is ancient, was made ufe of by 
 Strabo, and exhibits that idea which the later Greeks, and the 
 Romans in the age of Auguftus, entertained of Homer, we mull 
 content ourfelves with giving an abrtrail of it. 
 
 A man of Magnefia, whofe name was Menalippus, went to 
 fettle at Cumas, where he married the daughter of a citizen 
 called Homyres, and had by her a daughter called Critheis. The 
 father and mother dying, the young woman was left under the 
 tuition of Cleonax her lather's friend ; and, fufFering herfelf to 
 be deluded, was got with child. The guatdian, though his 
 care had not prevented the misfortune, was however willing to 
 conceal it ; and therefore fent Critheis to Smyrna. Critheis 
 being near her time, went one day to a feftival, which the town 
 of Smyrna was celebrating on the banks of the river Meles ; 
 where her pains coming upon her, Ihe was delivered of 
 Homer, whom (he called Melefigenes, becaufe he was born on 
 the banks of that river. Having nothing to maintain her, Ihc 
 was forced to fpin : and a man of Smyrna called Phemius, who 
 taught literature and mufic, having often feen Critheis, who 
 lodged near him, and being pleafed with her houfewifery,took her 
 into his houfe to fpin the wool he received from his fchokrs for 
 their fchooling. Here fhe behaved herfelf fo modeftly and dif- 
 creetly, that Phemius married her, and adopted her fon, in whom 
 he difcovered a wonderful genius, and the bed natural difpo- 
 fition in the world. After the death of Phemius and Critheis, 
 I Homer 
 
2o6 HOMER. 
 
 Homer fucceedcd to his father-in-law's fortune and fchool ; and 
 was admired not only by the inhabitants of Smyrna, but by 
 ftrangers, Nvho reforted from all parts to that place of trade. 
 A Ihip-mader called Mentes, who was a man of wit, very 
 learned, and a lover of poetry, was fo pleafed with Homer, that 
 he followed him clofely, and perfuaded him to leave his fchool, 
 and to travel with him. Homer, whofe mind was then em- 
 ployed upon his poem of the " Iliad," and who thought it of 
 great confequence to fee the places of which he lliould have 
 occafion to treat, embraced the opportunity. He embarked 
 with Mentes, and during their feveral voyages, never failed 
 carefully to note down all that he thought worth obferving. 
 He travelled into Egypt, whence he brought into Greece the 
 names of their gods, and the chief ceremonies of their worfhip. 
 He vifited Africa and Spain, in his return from which places he 
 touched at Ithaca, and was there much troubled with a rheum 
 falling upon his eyes. Mentes being in hade to vifit Leucadia 
 his native country, left Homer well recommended to Mentor, 
 one of the chief men of the ifland of Ithaca, who took all pof- 
 fible care of him. There Homer was informed of many things 
 relating to Ulylfes, which he afterwards made ufe of in com- 
 pofmg his *' OdylTey." Mentes returning to Ithaca, found 
 Homer cured. They embarked together; and after much time 
 fpent in vifiting the coafts of Pcloponnefus and the iflands, they 
 arrived at Colophon, -where Homer was again troubled with the 
 defiuxion upon his eyes, which proved fo violent, that he is faid 
 to have loft his fight [o]. This misfortune made him refolve to 
 return to Smyrna, where he finifhed his " Iliad." Some time 
 after, the ill pofture of his affairs obliged him to go to Cuma^, 
 where he hoped to have found fome relief. He llayed by the 
 way at a place called the New Wall, which was the refidence 
 of a colony from Cumae. There he lodged in the houfe of an 
 armourer called Tichius, and recited fome hymns he had m.ade 
 in honour of the Gods, and bis poem of Amphiaraus's expedition 
 againft Thebes. After ftaying here fome time and being greatly 
 admired, he went to Cuma; ; and palling through Lariifa, he 
 wrote the epitaph of MidiiS, king of Phrygia, then newly dead. 
 At CumK he was received with extraordinary joy, and his poems 
 highly applauded ; but when he propofed to immortalize their 
 town, if they would allow him a falary, he was anfwered, that 
 " there would be no end of maintaining all the 'O^npai or 
 Blind Men," and hence got the name of Homer. From Cumae 
 lie went to Phocasa, where he recited his verfes in public alTem- 
 
 [o] The blindnefs of Homer has been in a book hearing the quaint title of Cu~ 
 contefted by feveral authors, and particu- ratio caci Homeri. If he was blind at all, 
 kiiy by a fcholar named Andreas IViikius, it was probably only iu extreme old age. 
 
 5 blies. 
 
HOMER. 207 
 
 blies. Here one Thcfloricles a fchoolmafter offtred to maintain 
 him, if he would fiifFcr him to tranfcribe his verfes : which 
 Homer complying with through mere necelTity, the Ibhoolmafter 
 privily withdrew to Chios, and there grew rich with Homer's 
 poems, while Homer at Phocaca hardly earned his bread by re- 
 peating them. 
 
 Obtaining however at laft fome intimation of the fchoolmadcr, 
 he refolved to find him out ; and landing near that place,. he was 
 received by one Glaucus a lliepherd, at whofe door he was 
 near being worried by dogs; and carried by him to his malfer 
 at Bolilhis, who, admiring his knowledge, intruded him with 
 the education uf his children. Here his praife began to get 
 abroad, and the fchoolmafter hearing of him fled before him. 
 He removed fome time after to Chios, where he fet up a Ichool 
 of poetry, gained a competent fortune, married a wife, and had 
 two daughters ; one of which died young, and the other was 
 married to his patron at Boliffus. Here he compoied his 
 *' Odyffey," and inferted the nam.es of thofe to whom he had 
 been moft obliged, as Mentcs, Pheraius, Mentor, and refolving 
 to vifit Athens, he made honourable mention ot that city, to 
 difpofe the Athenians for a kind reception of him. But as he 
 went, the fliip put in at Samos, where he continued the whole 
 winter, finging'at the houfes of great men, with a train of boys 
 after him. In the fpring he went on board again, in order to 
 profecute his journey to Athens ; but landing by the way at 
 Chios, he fell fick, died, and Avas buried on the fea-fhore. 
 
 This is the moft regular life we have of Homer; and thotigh 
 probably but little of it is exaftly true, yet it has this advantage 
 over all other accounts which remain of him, that it is within 
 the compafs of probability. The only inconteftablc works, 
 which Homer has left behind him, are the " Iliad," and the 
 " Odyfley." The *• Batrachomyomachia," or, " Battle of the 
 Frogs and Mice," has been difputed, but yet is allowed to be his 
 by manv authors. The Hymns have been doubted alio, and 
 attributed by the fchoHaits to Cyna;thus the rhapfodill : but 
 neither Thucydides, Lucian, nor Paufanias, have fcrupled to 
 cite them as genuine. We have the authority of the two for- 
 mer, for that to Apollo ; and of the laft for a " Hymn to Ceres," 
 of which he has given us a fragment. The whole hymn has been 
 lately found by Matiha^i at Mofcow,andwaspublilhtdbyRuhnke- 
 nius in 1782, at Leyden. A good tranflation has fuice been given 
 by Mr. Hole. The Hymn to Mars is objeded againft; and like- 
 wife the firft to Minerva. The " Hymn to Venus" has many of 
 its lines copied by Virgil, in the interview between JEneas and 
 that goddefs in the firit *' JEne'id." But whether thefe Hymns are 
 Homer's or not, they were always judged to be nearly as ancient, 
 if not of the fame age with him. Many other pieces were afcribcd 
 
 to 
 
2oS HOMER. 
 
 to him : " Epigrams,'" the " Margites," the " Cecropes," the 
 ** Deftruclion of Oechalia," and fevcral more. Time mr.v 
 here have prevailed over Homer, by leaving only ihe names of 
 til efe works, as memorials that fuch were once in being; but 
 ■while the *' Iliad" and " OdyiTey" remain, he feems like a 
 leader, whe, though he mav have failed in a fkirmiih or two, 
 has carried a vi6lory, for which he will pafs in triumph t'lrough 
 all future ages. 
 
 Homer had the fublimeft, and moft univerfal genius, that the 
 world has ever feen; and though it is an extravagance ofenthu- 
 llafm to fay as fome of the Greeks did, that all knowledge may be 
 found in his writings, his knowledge was certainly very exten- 
 five, and no man could have a deeper infight into the feelings and 
 paflions of human nature. He reprefents great things with fuch 
 Sublimity, and inferior objefts with fuch propiiety, that he always 
 makes the one admirable, and the other pleafing. Strabo, whofe 
 authority in geography is indifpulable, altures us, that Homer has 
 defcribed the places and coimtries, of which he gives an account, 
 with fuch accuracy, that no man can imagine who lias not feen 
 them, and no man can obferve without admiration and ni'loniili- 
 ment. His.poems may juftly be compared -with that lliield of di- 
 vine workmanfhip, fo inimitably reprefented in the 1 8th book of 
 the *' Iliad;" where we have exa6l images of all the actions of 
 war and employments of peace, and are entertained with a de- 
 lightful view of the univerfe, *' Homer," fays fir William 
 Temple, ** was without doubt the moft univerfal genius that 
 has been known in the world, and Virgil the moil accompli Hied. 
 To the firll mufl: be allowed the inolt fertile invention, the 
 richeft vein, the mofl general knowledge, and the moft lively 
 cxpreflions: to the lafi: the moft noble ideas, the jufteft inftitu- 
 tion, the wifeft condu6}, and the choiceft elocution. To fpeak 
 in the painters' terms, we iind in the works of Homer the inoft 
 fpirit, force, and life; in thofe of Virgil, the beft defign, the 
 trueft proportions, and the greateft grace. The colouring of 
 both feem^s equal, and indeed in both is admirable. Homer had 
 more fire and rapture, Virgil more light and fweetnefs; or at 
 leaft the poetical fire was more raging in the one, but clearer 
 in the other; which makes the firft more amazing, and the latter 
 more agreeable. The ore was richer in the one, but in the other 
 more refined, and better allayed to make up excellent work. 
 Upon the whole," fays he, " I think it muft be confefled, that 
 Homer was of the two, and perhaps of all others, the vafteft, 
 the fublimeft, and the moft wonderful genius; and that he has 
 been generally fo efteemed, there cannot be a greater teftimony 
 given, than what has been by fome obferved, that not only the 
 greateft mafters have found the beft and trueft principles of all 
 their fciences and arts in him ; but that the nobleft nations have 
 
 derived 
 
ISOMER. 209 
 
 f^erived from him the original of their fevcral races, though it be 
 har<Jly yet agreed, whether his llory be true or a fidlion. In 
 fliort, thefe two immortal poets mull be allowed to have fo much 
 excelled in their kinds, as to have exceeded all comparifon, to 
 have even extinguiOied emulation, and in a manner confined 
 true poetry, not only to their two languages, but to their very 
 perfons." 
 
 In the inean time Homer has had his enemies; and it is cer- 
 tain, that Plato baniflied his writings from his commonwealth, 
 which fome would fix as a blemifh upon the memory of the 
 poet. But the true reafon, why Plato would not fuffer the 
 poems of Homer to be in the hands of the fubjedls of that go- 
 vernment, was, becaufe he did not efteem the common people 
 to be capable readers of them. They would be apt to pervert 
 his meaning, and have wrong notions of God and religion, by 
 taking his bold and beautiful allegories in a literal fenfe. Plato 
 frequently declares, that he loves and admires him as the beft, 
 the moft pleafant, and the divinefl: of all poets, and ftudioully 
 imitates his figurative and myftical way of writing : and though 
 he forbad his works to be read in public, yet he would never be 
 •without them in his clofet. But the moft m.emorable enemy to 
 the merits of Homer was Zoilus, a fnarling critic, who fre- 
 quented the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. 
 This fellow wrote ill-natured notes upon his poems, but re- 
 ceived no encouragement from that prince ; on the contrary, he 
 became univerfally hated for his pains, and was at length put, 
 as fome fay, to a moft miferable death. 
 
 It muft not be forgotten, that though Homer's poems were 
 at firft publilhed all in one piece, and not divided into books, 
 yet every one not being able to purchafe them entire, they were 
 circulated in feparate pieces ; and each of thofe pieces took its name 
 from the contents, as, " The Battle of the Ships ;" " The 
 Death of Dolon ;" " The Valour of Agamemnon;" " The 
 Grot of Calypfo ;" " The Slaughter of the Wooers," and the 
 like; nor were thefe entitled books, but rhapfodies, as they 
 were afterwards called, when they were divided into books. 
 Homer's poems were not known entire in Greece before the 
 time of Lycurgus; whither that law-giver being in Ionia car- 
 ried them, after he had taken the pains to tranfcribe them from 
 perfeft copies with his own hands. This may be called the 
 firft edition of Homer that appeared in Greece, and the time of 
 its appearing there was about 120 years before Rome was built, 
 that is, about 200 years after the time of Homer. Jt has beea 
 faid, that the *' Iliad" and " Odyftey" wee not compofed by 
 Homer in their prefent form, but only in feparate little poems, 
 which being put together and conne6led afterwards by fome other 
 perfon, make the entire works they now appear : but this is fo 
 
 Vol. VIII. P extravaganct 
 
iio MONESTIS. 
 
 extravagant a conceit, that it fcarcely deferved to be men* 
 tioned. 
 
 HOMMEL (Charles Frederick), s lawyer, philologer, 
 and hiftorian of Leipfic, was born in the year 1722. He pub- 
 lillied his firfl work in 1743, which was a tra6l in 4to. I. " 0e 
 Legum civiHum et naturaUum Natura." 1. *' Obledamenta 
 Juris Feudalis, five Grammaticas Obfervationes jus rei cliente- 
 laris, et antiquitates Germanicas, varie illuftrantes," 1755. This 
 was alfo in quarto, and tends, as well as his other works, to 
 prove the pleafing qualities and the acutenefs of his mind. 3. 
 I' Literalura Juris," 8vo, 1761. 4. " Jurifprudentia numifma- 
 tibus ilhiftrata, nee non ligillis, gem-m?s, aliifque piduris ve- 
 tuftis varie exornata," 8vo, 1763. 5. '< Corpus juris civilis, 
 cum notis Variorum," 8vo, 1768. 6. " Paiingenefia libronim 
 juris veterum," &c. 3 torn. 8vo, 1768. He publifhed fome 
 fmaller tra£l:s, but thefe are the mod important. Hommel died 
 in 1781. 
 
 HONDERKOETER (Melchior), a Dutch painter, born 
 at Utrecht in 1636. His particular excellence confifted in re- 
 prefenting animals, and above all birds, whofe plumage he imi- 
 tated in the moft perfe6l manner. His touch is firm and bold, 
 his colouring rich and mellow. His pi6iures are particularly 
 efteemed in Holland, where they bear a high price, and having 
 been diligently colleded there, are lefs known in other countries. 
 He died in 1695. 
 
 HONDIUS (Jesse), born at Wackerne, a fmall town in 
 Flanders, in 1563, died in 1611. He was a felf-taught en- 
 graver both on copper and ivory, and a letter-founder ; in all 
 which branches he attained great excellence. He fludied geo- 
 graphy alfo, and in 1607 publiflied a work entitled, " Defcrip- 
 tio Geographica orbis terrarum," in folio. 
 
 HONE (George Paul), a lawyer of Nuremberg, where he 
 was born in 1662. He became counfellor to the duke of Mei- 
 nnngen, andbailli of Cobourg, at which place he died in 1747. 
 His works are chiefly thefe ; I. ** Iter Juridicum, per Belgium, 
 Angliam, Galliam, Jtaliam." 2. " Lexicon Topographicum 
 Franconiae." 3. *' Hiftory of the Dutchy of Saxe-Cobourg," 
 in German. 4. '* Thoughts on the Suppreflion of Mendicity," 
 in the fame language. 
 
 HOMESTIS (Petrus de), or Petrus Damiani, {q 
 called from his brother Damian, whom he always confidered as 
 a father, was an Italian, borFi at Ravenna in 1006. He took 
 up the monafiic life at the monaftcry of St. Andrew, near 
 Abella, and- was foon diftingulfhed for his exemplary piety. 
 About the year 1057, he was -created cardinal and bifhop of 
 Oftia by pope Stephen, though averfe to aflTuming thofe digni- 
 ties. In the year 1059 he was employed by pope Nicolas II. 
 
 t» 
 
 9 
 
HONTAN. ^11 
 
 to reduce the church of Milan to the rule of celibacy, a matter 
 of no fmall difliciilty ; and the conteft ran fo high, that Peter was 
 Once in danger of loling his life. He had, however, the addrcfs 
 to gain over the archbilhop Guidn, and thus at length fucceeded 
 in the obj -61 of his niilTion, and returned in triumph to Rome. 
 Difguded with the lives of the Roman clergy, and unw iliingtherer- 
 fore to live among them, he abdii.a'^ed his bifhc^pric in io6i, and 
 retired to a folitary life. In the foUovvi'.g year, however, he was 
 called by the pope from his folitude> and employed on a milfion 
 in France. In 1069 he perfuaded the emperor Henry to relin- 
 quifh the proje6l he had formed of divorcing his wife, and in 1072 
 he was employed to reconcile Ravenna to the fee of Rome. 
 He fucceeded in the undertaking, but died the fame year, on 
 his return, at the age of 66. His works were numerous, but 
 are not at this day tnuch known or valued, but they are enume- 
 rated at large by Cave[o]. Among them are eight books of 
 epiftlcs, addreflfed to the different orders of clergy, to princes, 
 and to laymen; fevcral lives of faints, and a number of treatifes 
 on Various fubje6ls. His works were publifhed ahogether at 
 Rome, in three volumes, by Cajetan. 
 
 HONORATUS, biihop of Marfeilles, flourifhed about the 
 year 490. He was, accordmg to Gennadius, who celebrates 
 him, a man of ready and abundant eloquence. He publifhed 
 tnany homilies, fome delivered in an extemporary rnanner, others 
 regularly compofed ; in which his obje6l was to confute the 
 dreams of heretics, and exhort his hearers to piety. He wrote 
 alfo lives of many eminent leaders of the church, of which no 
 one is extant, except his life of St. Hilary of Aries. 
 
 HONORIUS I. a pope and a poet. He fucceeded Boniface 
 V. in the year 626, and died in 638. He was undoubtedly ad- 
 dicted to the herefy of the Monothelites, though fome writers 
 have laboured earneflly to acquit him of the charge. There is 
 ftill extant by him, an epigram on the apoftlcs looking up into 
 heaven [p], and eight epiltles. ^ 
 
 HONTAN (the Baron de), w^as a native of Gafcony, in 
 the feventeenth century, and is principally known by his travels 
 in North America, which, however, are written in an embar- 
 rafTed and barbarous ftyle, confounding truth and falfehood, dlsr 
 figuring names, and difguifing fails. They contain fome 
 epifodts of pure fidion, particularly the narrative of the voyage 
 up the long river, which is fuppofed to be of equal authority 
 with the voyage to Lilliput. H- defcribes, neverthelefs, with. 
 fome fuccefs, the gen.ral face of the country, and the difpofi- 
 tion, cuftoms, government, and other particulars of the i h ibi-t 
 tants. There is an edition of his travels publifhed at Amfterdana 
 
 1^0} Hiftoria literaria, fee. xi, p. 610. [p] Ejbliotb. Patram, xii. n^. 
 
 P« 
 
 in 
 
212 hoogev:een. 
 
 in 1705, in 2 vols. i2mo. He began his career in Canada ai 
 common foldier, was raifed to the rank of an officer, went to 
 Nev/foundland in the quality of royal lieutenant, there quarrelled 
 with the governor, wa& broken, and retired firft in Portugal, 
 ^nd finally to Denmark. 
 
 HOOFT (Petrus Cornelius van), a Dutch poet and 
 hiftorian, but principally eminent in the latter capacity, was 
 born at Ainilerdam in 1581. Pie was honoured by Louis XIIL 
 ■with a ribband of the order of St. Michael, probably in confe- 
 quence of his hiftory of Henry IV. Frederic Henry prince of 
 Orange being dead, Hooft was preparing to attend his funeral, 
 when he was himfelf taken violently ill and died in 1647. His 
 works confift of, i. " Epigrams, Comedies, and other Poems." 
 2. ** The Hillo"y of the Low Countries, from the Abdication 
 of Charles V. to the year 1598." A good edition of it ap- 
 peared in the year 1703, in two vols, folio. 3. " A Hiftory of 
 Henry IV. of France," in Latin. 4. " A Tranflation of Ta- 
 citus into Dutch," very highly efteemed in that country. To 
 familiarize the ftyle of his author completely to his mind, he is 
 faid to have read all the extant works of Tacitus fifty two times, 
 
 HOOGEVEEN (Henry ), a very celebrated Dutch philologer, 
 was born at Leyden in the latter end of January, I7I2[qJ]. 
 His parents were poor, but of great probity ; and, had it not 
 been for a very laudable ambition in his father to make his fon 
 a fcholar, the obfcurity of a mechanical trade would probably 
 have concealed his powers through life. At ten years of age he 
 was fent to fchoo!, but, for a confiderable time, gave not the 
 llightefl proof of talents for literature, fo completely deprelTed 
 was he by the wanton tyranny of a fevere mafter. When at 
 length he was removed into another clafs, arid was under a 
 milder teacher, his powers began to expand, and took the lead 
 among thofe of his flanding, inftead of holding an inferior 
 place. So early as at fifteen, he began the tafk of teaching 
 others, to alleviate the expences of his parents, being now 
 highly qualified for fuch an undertaking. He was employed in 
 teaching the inferior claflTes of the fchool to which he ftill be- 
 longed. While he was yet employed in his ftudies, he loft his 
 father ; but this misfortune rather redoubled his efforts than fub- 
 dued hisfpirit. In 1732, before he had exceeded his twentieth 
 year, he obtained the appointment of co-re6tor (or under mafter) 
 at Gorcum. Within nine months the magiftrates of the city of 
 Woerden gave him an appointment there which induced him to 
 think of matrimony. He rnarried in March, 1 733, and began the 
 care of this fchool in May the fame year. By this wife, who died 
 in 1738, he had three fons and two daughters. In the fame year, 
 
 [<j_j Harks de vitis philologorum noftra setate clari/Timorum, t. iv. p. 114. 
 
HOOGEVEEN. 
 
 213 
 
 he was foliclted by the magiftrates of Culembourg to undertake 
 the care of their fchool, to which, with much relu6lance in leaving 
 his former fituation, he at length confented. Here he took a 
 fecond wife, who produced him eight children: and here, not- 
 withflanding follicitations from other places, he continued for 
 feveral years. At length, much fatigued by inceffant attention 
 to a great number of fcholars, he went in 1 7-1-5 to Breda, on a 
 more liberal appointment. The very next year, Breda being har- 
 rafied by a French invafion, Hoogeveen was obliged to fend his 
 colle6lion of books to Leyden, and literary purfuits were at a 
 fland. He remained, however, lixteen years at Breda, and had 
 determined there to end his days, but Providence decided other- 
 wife. The malice and turbulence of a perfon who had taken 
 up fome unreafonable caufe of offence againfl: him, inclined 
 him to leave Breda. His intention being known, he was libe- 
 rally invited to Dort, -whither he transferred his refidence in 
 1761. From this place, after living there three years, he 
 was in a manner forced away by the importunity and liberality 
 of the city of Delft. On his firll: arrival there, he encountered 
 fome difficulties from calumny and malice, but he weathered the 
 ftorm, and remained there the remainder of his life in peace and 
 honour. He died about Nov. I, 1794, leaving fome furviving 
 children by both his marriages. 
 
 His works are, i. An edition of " Vigerus de Idiotifmis 
 Linguas Grascae," publifhed at Leyden in 1743, and feveral 
 times republiflied. His improvements to this work are of the 
 highefl: value. 2. " An Inaugural Speech at Culembourg," in 
 1738. 3. An Alcaic Ode to the people of Culemboiirg, " De 
 Inundatione feliciter averruncata." 4. " An Elegiac Poem," in 
 defence of poets, againfl: Plato ; and feveral other occafional 
 pieces, few of which are publifhed. 5. *' Do6lrina particu- 
 larum Linguas Grsecas," 2 vols 4to, 1769. This great work, the 
 foundation of his well-earned fame, is executed with a prodigious 
 abundance of learning, and has been approved and received 
 throughout Europe. He followed Devarius profeiTedly to a 
 certain point, but went far beyond him in copioufnefs and fa- 
 gacity. A very ufeful abridgement of this work, the only fault 
 of which is too great prolixity, was publifhed at Delfau in the 
 year 1782, by Schiitz. This edition will be found more ufeful 
 to the young ftudent than the vail work on which it is founded, 
 as more eafily purchafed, and more eafily read. A poflhumous 
 work of this author, entitled, " Diclionarium Analogicum 
 Grxcum," is now printing at the univerfity-prefs in Cambridge, 
 and will be accompanied with the Ufe of the author, by one of 
 his fons, who has fucceeded him as re(Slor of the fchool at Delft. 
 Unfortunately, we could not wait for the information which, 
 this life may be expeded to contain. 
 
 P 3 HOQG^, 
 
214 KOOKE. 
 
 HOOGSTRATEN (David van), a profeObr of the bcHes 
 iettres, v/as born at Rotterdam in 1658, apd died at Amflerdam irj 
 1724. In the eveni^ g of Nov. 13, there f'ddenly ar fc fo thick 
 a mift, that he loft his way, and fell into a canal. He was fooh 
 taken out; but the coldnefs of the water, and the fright from 
 the fall, brought on (o ftrong an oppreflion upon the bread, that 
 he died in eight days after. There are of his, i. *f Latin 
 Poems," 2. " FleinKh Poems." 3. " A Flemilh and Latin 
 Di6\ionary." 4. '* Notes upon Q, Nepos and Terenc ." 5. 
 ** An Edition of Phaedrus," for the prince of Nalfau, 4to, iii 
 imitation of the Delphin editions. 6. A fine edition of " Ja- 
 nus Broukhufius's Poems " 
 
 HOOGUE (Ro'iviAiN de), a Putch defigner and engraver, 
 who flourifhed towards the clofc o\ the laft century. He had a 
 lively imagination, by which he was fon:ietimes led aftray; and 
 his works muft be viewed with fome allowance for incorre£l- 
 nefs of defign, and injudicious choice of fubje^ts; which were 
 in general of an allegorical caft, or dillinguiQied by a kind of 
 low caricature. His works are chiefly extant in certain . ditions 
 of books, for which he was emp'oyed; as, i. Plates for the 
 Old and New Teftamcnt, in folio, publi(hed by Bafnage in 1704, 
 !2. Plates to " the Acadeiny of the Art of Wreftling," in 
 Dutch, 1674, and in French, in 1712. 3. plates to the Bible, 
 ■with Dutch explanations. 4. Plates for the Egyptian Hiero- 
 glyphics, Amfterdam, 1735* fmall folio. 5. Plat.s to Fon- 
 taine's Fables, in 2 yols. 8vo, 1685. 6. To Boccace, 1695, 
 2 vols. 8vo. 7. To the Tsles of the Qiieen of Navarre. 8; 
 To the '' Cent^Nouvelles nouvelles," 1701, 2 vols. 8vp. Such 
 of his plates as are to be met with, fepirate from the works to 
 which they belong, bear a higher price. 
 
 HOOKE (Robert), an eminent Englifh inathematician and 
 philofopher, was fon of Mr. John Hooke, minifter of Frelh- 
 water in the Ifle of Wight, and born there July 18, 1635 [r]. 
 He was defigned for the church ; but being of a v^'eakly confti- 
 tution, and very fubjeft to the hcad-ach, all thoughts of that 
 nature were laid afide. Thus left to himfelf, the b-iy followed 
 «i the bent of his genius, which led him to mechanics; and em- 
 ployed his time in making little toys, which he did with won- 
 derful art and dexterity. For inftance, feeing an old brafs clocl?: 
 taken to pieces, he made a wooden one that would go : he made 
 likewife a fmall fhip about a yard long, fitly (haped, mafted, and 
 rigged, with a contrivance to make it fire fmall guns, as it was 
 failing" acrofs a haven of fomc breadth. Thefe indications led his 
 friends to think of fome ingenious trade for him ; and after his 
 father's death, which happened in 164B, as he had alfo a turii for 
 
 fa] Life of Hooke, prefixed to his Pofthumous Works, Lend, 1705, folio. 
 
 drawing. 
 
HOOKE. 215 
 
 drawing, he was placed with fir Peter Lely; but the fmell of 
 the oil-colours increafed his head-achs, and he quitted painting 
 in a very fliort time. Afterwards he was kindly taken by Dr. 
 Bufliy into his houfe, and fiipported there, v*hile he attended 
 Weftminfter-fchool. Here he not only acquired the Greek and 
 Latin, together with an infight into Hebrew and other Oriental 
 languages, but alfo made himfelf mailer of a good part of 
 ** Euclid's Elements [s]." Wood tells us, that while he lived 
 with Dr. Bufby, he *' learned of his OAvn accord to play twenty 
 lefTons on the organ ; and invented thirty feveral ways of flying; 
 as himfelf and Dr. Wilkins of Wadham-college have reported," 
 About 1653, he went to Chrill-church, Oxford, and in 1655 
 was introduced to the Philofophical Society there ^ where, dif- 
 covering his mechanic genius, he was firit employed to affift 
 Dr. Willis in his operations of chemiftry, and afterwards recom- 
 mended to Mr. Boyle, whom he ferved many years in the fame 
 Capacity. He was alfo inftrufted about this time by Dr. Seth 
 Ward, Savilian profelTor of adronomy, in that fcience^ and 
 from henceforward diftinguifhed himfelf by many noble inven- 
 tions and improvements of the mechanic kind. He invented 
 feveral aftronomical inftruments for making obfervations both 
 at fea and land; and was particularly ferviceable to Boyle, iri 
 completing the air-pump. Wood tells us, that he alfo explained 
 *' Euclid's Elements," and " Des Cartes's Phllofophy," to Boyle. 
 Nov. 1662, fir Robert Moray, then prefident, propofed him for 
 curator of experiments to the Royal Society. He was unani- 
 inoufly accepted, and it was ordered, that Boyle fhould have the 
 thanks of the fociety, for difpenfing with him for their ufe ; 
 and that he fhould come and fit among them, and both bring iii 
 every day three or four of his own experiments, and take care 
 of fuch others, as fhould be mentioned to him by the fociety. 
 He executed this ofhce fo much to their fatisfadlion, that when 
 that body was eftablifhed by the royal charter, his name was in 
 the lifl of thofe, who were firft nominated by the council, May 
 20, 1663; and he was admitted accordingly, June 3, with a 
 peculiar exemption from all payments. Sept. 28, of the fame 
 year, he was nominated by Clarendon, chancellor of Oxford, 
 for the degree of M. A. and 061. 19, it was ordered, that the 
 repofitory of the Royal Society fhould be committed to his care 
 [tJ, the white gallery in Grefham-college being appointed for 
 that ufe. May, 1664, he begun to read the aflronomical ledlure 
 at Grefliam for the profeflbr Dr. Pope, then in Italy ; and the 
 fame year was made profefTor of mechanics to the Royal Society 
 by fir John Cutler, with a falary of 50I. per annum, which that 
 
 [s] Athen. Oxon. of the profeilori of Crefliam -college, p. 
 
 [t] Ward's Life of Hooke In the Lives 112,174. 
 
 P 4 gentleman. 
 
2i6 HOOKE. 
 
 gentleman, the founder, fettled upon him for life. Jan. ir, 
 1664-5, he was defied by that fociety curator of experiments 
 for life, with an additional falary of 30I. per annum to fir John 
 Cutler's annuity, fettled on him "pro tempore:" and, March 
 following, was ele6led profeffor of geometry in Grelliam- col- 
 lege. 
 
 In 1665, he publifhed in folio, his " Micrographia, or fome 
 Philofophical Defcriptions of minute Bodies, made by magnify- 
 ing Glaffes, with Obfervations and Enquiries, thereupon :" and 
 the fame year, during the recefs of the Royal Society on account 
 of the plague, attended Dr. Wilkins and other ingenious gen- 
 tlemen into Surrey, where they made feveral experiments. Sept. 
 39, 1666, he produced a plan of his own for rebuilding the city 
 of London, then deftroyed by the great fire ; which was fo ap- 
 proved by the lord-mayor and court of aldermen, fome of whom 
 were prefent at the fociety when it was produced, that he was 
 appointed city-furveyor, although his defign was not carried 
 into execution. It is faid, that by one part of this plan, all the 
 chief ftreets, as from Leaden-hall corner to Newgate, and the 
 like, were to have been built in regular lines, all the other crofs 
 ftreets to have turned out of them at right angles ; and all the 
 churches, public buildings, market-places, 6ic. to have been 
 fixed in proper and convenient places. The re-building of the 
 city, according to the atl of parliament, requiring an able per- 
 fon to fet out the ground to the feveral proprietors, Hooke was 
 pitched upon, as we have faid, for one of the city furveyors, and 
 Oliver a glafs painter for the other. In this employment he ac- 
 quired the greateft part of that eftate of which he died poffefl'ed ; as 
 appeared fufficiently evident from a large iron cheft of money found 
 after his death, locked down with a key in it, and a dale of the 
 time, which (hewed it to have been fo fhut up for above thirty 
 years. 
 
 In 1668, Hevelius, the famous aftronomer at Dantzick, pre- 
 fented a copy of his " Cometographia" to Hooke, in acknow- 
 ledgement for an handfome compliment, which Hooke had made 
 him on account of his " Selcnographia," printed in 1647; and 
 Hooke in return fent Hevelius a defcription of the dioptric 
 telefcope, wath an account of his manner of ufing it, and 
 recommended it to him as preferable to thofe with plain fights. 
 This circumftance gave rife to a great difpute between them, 
 in which many learned men afterwards engaged, and which 
 Hooke fo managed, as to be univerfally condemned, though it 
 has fince been agreed, that he had the beft fids of the queflion. 
 Jn 1671, he attacked fir Ifaac Newton's " New Theory of 
 Light and Colours;" where, though he was forced to fubmit in 
 refped to the argument, he is faid to have come off with a better 
 ;^eputation than in the former inftance. The Royal Society 
 
 having 
 
H O O K E. 
 
 ^17 
 
 having begun their meetings at Grefliam-collcge, in Nov. 1674, 
 the committee in December allovsed him 40I to ere6l a turret 
 over part of his lodgings, for trying his inftruments, and making 
 aftronomical obfervations: and the year following, he published 
 ** A Defcription of Telefcopes, and fome other Inllrumcnts, 
 made by R. H. with a Poftfcript," complaining of fome injiif- 
 tice done him by Oldenburg, the publither of the ** Philofo- 
 phical Tranfa6lions," in regard to his invention of pendulum 
 watches. 'J'his charge drew him into a difpute with thpt gen- 
 tleman, which ended in a declaration of the Royal Society in 
 their fecretary's favour. Oldenburg dying in Aug. 1677, Hooke 
 was appointed to fupply his place, and began to take minutes at 
 the meeting in Odober; but did not publilh the " TranfaClions." 
 Soon after this, he grew more referved than formerly^ and 
 though he read his Cutlerian Ie£lures, and often made experi- 
 ments, and fhewed new inventions before the Royal Society, 
 yet he feldom left any account of them to be entered in their 
 regifters; defigning, as he faid, to fit them for himfclf, and 
 make them public, which however he never performed. In 
 1686, when fir Ifaac Newton's Principia were publiihed, he 
 laid claim to his difcovery concerning the force and adiion of 
 gravity, which was warmly refented by that great phiiofopher, 
 Hooke was in truth a great inventor and difcoverer, but fo 
 very ambitious, that he would fain have been thought the only 
 man who could invent and difcover. This made him frequently 
 lay claim to other people's inventions and difcoveries ; in which, 
 however, as well as in the prefent cafe, the point was generally 
 carried againft him. 
 
 In 1687, his brother's daughter, Mrs. Grace Hooke, who 
 had lived with him feveral years, died ; and he was fo affe6led 
 with giief at her death, that he hardly ever recovered it, but 
 was obferved from that time to grow lefs adlive, more melan- 
 choly, and, if that could be, more cynical than ever. At the 
 fame time a chancery- fuit, in vvhich he was concerned with fir 
 John Cutler, on account of his falary for reading the Cutlerian 
 le6tures, made him very uneafy, and increafed his diforder. 
 In 1691, he was employed in forming the plan of the hofpital 
 near Hoxton, ftiunded by Alk alderman of Lor^don [u], who 
 appointed archbiihop Tillotf n one of his executors; and in De- 
 cember, the fame year, Hooke was created M. D. by a warrant 
 from that prelate. July 18, 1696, his chancery-fiut for fir John 
 Cutler's falary was detcrmineci in his favour, to his inexprefiible 
 fatisfa6lion. His joy on that occafion was found in his diary thus 
 expreiTed: " Domshlgissa; that is, Deo Optimo Maximo fit 
 honor, laus, gloria, in fascula fasculorum. Amen. I was bora on this 
 
 £u] Bhch's Life of Tillotfon. 
 
 day 
 
2i8 HOOKE. 
 
 day of July, 1635, and God has given me a new birth : may I 
 never forget his mercies to me! whiift he gives me breath, may 
 I praife him!" The fame year, an order was granted to him 
 for repeating mod of his experiments, at the expence of the 
 Royal Society, upon a promife of his finilhing the accounts, 
 obfervations, and deductions from them, and of perfcding the 
 defciiption of all the inftruments contrived by him ; but his in- 
 creafing illnefs and general decay rendered him unable to per- 
 form it. He continued fome years in this walling condition ; 
 and thus languifhing, till he was quite emaciated, he died March 
 3, 1702, at his lodgings in Grefham- college, and was buried in 
 St. Helen's ch\irch, Bilbopfgate-ftreet, his corpfe being attended 
 by all the members of the Royal Society then in London. 
 
 The writer of his life, to which we have all along referred, 
 has given the following chara6ler of him, which, though not an 
 a«iiable one, feems to be drawn with candour and impartiality. 
 He was in perfon but a defpicable figure ; fhort of ftature, very 
 crooked, pale, lean, and of a meagre afpeft, with dark brown hair, 
 very long, and hanging over his face, uncut, and lank. Suitable 
 to this perfon, his temper was penurious, melancholy, miftruftful, 
 and jealous; which qualities increafed upon him with his years. 
 He fet out in his youth with a collegiate or rather a monalHc 
 reclufenefs, and afterwards led the life of a cynical hermit ; 
 fcarcely allowing himfelf necelTaries, notwithftanding the great 
 increafe of his fortunes after the fire in London. He declared 
 fometimes, that he had a great projed in his head, as to the 
 difpofal of his eftate, for the advancement of natural know- 
 ledge, and to promotte the ends and defigns for which the Royal 
 Society was inftituted ; to build a handfome fabric for the fociety's 
 life, with a library, repofitory, laboratory, and other conveniences 
 for making experiments; and to found and endow a phyfico- 
 mechanic leflure like that of fir John Cutler. But though he 
 was often folicited by his fiTfttids to put his defigns down in 
 writing, and make his will as to the difpofal of his eftate, yet 
 he could never be prevailed on to do it, but died without any 
 will that could be found. In like manner, with refpedl to his 
 philofophical treafures, when he firft became known to the 
 learned world, * he was very communicative of his inventions and 
 difcoveries, but afterwards grew clofe and referved to a fault ; 
 alledging. for an excufe, that fome perfons challenged his difco- 
 veries for their own, and took occafion from his hints to perfe6t 
 what he had not finiftied. For this reafon he would fuggeft nothing, 
 till he had time to perfedl it himfelf; fo that many things are 
 loft which he affirmed he knew, though he was not fuppofed to 
 know every thing which he affirmed. For inftance, not many 
 weeks before his death, he told Mr. Waller and others, that 
 he knew a certain and infallible method of difcovering the- 
 
 longitude 
 
HO OKE. 
 
 219 
 
 longitude at fca; yet it is evident, that his friends difliruflcd 
 his aflTevcration of this difcovery; and how little credit was 
 then given to it in general, appears from Waller's own account. 
 .** Hookc," fays he, " fuifering this invention to be undifco- 
 vered to the laft, gave fome perfons caufe to quciU')n, whether 
 he was ever the pofieflbr of it; and to doubt, whether what in 
 theory feemed very promifing, would anfwer when put in prac- 
 tice. Others indeed more feverely judged, th t it was only a 
 kind of boafting in him to aflert that, which had not been per- 
 formed, though attempted by many." Thus flood the opinion 
 of the world at his death ; and nothing has fince appeared to 
 alter it. In the religious part of his charader he was fo far 
 exemplary, that he always exprefled a great veneration for 
 the Deity ; and feldom received any remarkable benefit in life, 
 or made any confiderable difcovery in nature, or invented any 
 ufeful contrivance, or found out any difficult problem, without 
 fetting down his acknowledgement to God, as many places in 
 his diary plainly ihew. He frequently ftudied the facred writ- 
 ings in the" originals; for he was acquainted with the ancient 
 languages, as well as with all the parts of mathematics. *' To 
 conclude," fays Waller, " all his errors and blemiOies were 
 more' than made amends for by the greatnefs and extent of his 
 natural aad acquired parts, and more than common if not won- 
 derful fagacity, in diving into th? moil hidden fecrtts of nature, 
 and in contriving proper methods of forcing her to confefs the 
 tiuth, by driving and purfuing the Proteus through all her 
 changes to her lail and utmoil recelTes. — There needs no other 
 proof of this, than the great number of experiments he made, 
 with the contrivances for them, amounting to fomc hundreds- 
 his new and ufeful inflruments and inventions, which were nu- 
 merous; his admirable facility and clearncfs in explaining the 
 phasnomen? of nature, and demonftrating his allertions; his 
 happy talent in adapting theories to the phenomena obferved, 
 and contriving eafy and plain, not pompous and amufing, expe- 
 riments to back and prove thofe theories; proceeding trom ob- 
 fervations to theories, and from theories to farther trials, which 
 he aiferted to be the moft proper method to fucceed in the inter- 
 pretation of nature. For thefe his happv qualifications he was 
 much refpeded by the mofl learned piiiJofopers at home and 
 abroad ; and as with all his failures he may be reckoned among 
 the great men of the lafl age, fo had he been free from them 
 pofTibly he might have flood in the front." 
 
 His papers being put by his friends into the hands of Richard 
 Waller, efq; fecretary to the Royal Society, that gentleman 
 collcded fueh as he thought worthy of the prefs, and publifhed 
 them under the title of his " Poflhumous Works," in 1705, to 
 •^hich he prefixed an account of his life, in folio. 
 ' HOOKE 
 
J220 HOOKER. 
 
 HOOKE (Nathaniel), celebrated for a " Roman Hiftory," 
 died in 1764, but we know not at what age; as indeed few par- 
 ticulars of him are recorded, though he is faid, " from 1723 till 
 his death, to have enjoyed the confidence and patronage of men, 
 not lefs diftinguifhed by virtue than by titles [x]." The firft 
 particular that occurs of him is from a letter to lord Oxford, 
 dated 0<5l. 17, 1722; by which it appears, that, having been 
 *' feized with the late epidemical diltemper of endeavouring to 
 be rich," meaning the South-fea infatuation, *' he was in fome 
 meafure happy to find himfelf at that inftant juft worth nothing." 
 Some time after, however, he was recommended to Sarah, 
 dutchefs of Marlborough, who prefented him with 5000I. the 
 condition of which donation was exprefsly, that he the faid 
 Hooke Oiould aid and affifl her the faid dutchefs in drawing up 
 and digefting '^ An Account of the Conduft of the Dowager 
 Dutchefs of Marlborough, from her firft coming to Courr, to 
 the Year 1710." This was done, and the work was publiflied 
 in 1742, 8vo; but, foon after, fhe took occafion, as was ufuat 
 ■with her, to quarrel with him ; '* becaufe," finding her without 
 religion, ** he attempted," as fhe affirmed, " to convert her to 
 popery." Hooke was a Myftic and Qi^iietift, and a warm dif- 
 ciple of Fepelon. It was he who brought a Catholic prieft to 
 take Pope's confelTion upon his death-bed ; the prieft had 
 fcarcely departed, when Bolingbroke coming in, flew into a 
 great palTion upon the occaiion. 
 
 The ** Roman Hiftory" of Hooke was firft publiftied in 4 vols. 
 4to ; the firft in 1733, the fecond in 1745, the third in 1764, 
 and the fourth in 1771 ;,from the building of Rome to the ruin 
 of the commonwealth. In 1758, he publiftied *' Obfervations 
 on four pieces upon the Roman Senate," among which were 
 thofe of Middleton and Chapman ; and was anfwered in an 
 anonymous pamphlet, entitled, " A Short Review of Mr. 
 Hooke's Obfervations, &c. concerning the Roman Senate, and 
 the Chara6ler of Dionyfius of HalicarnaiTus, 1758," 8vo. But 
 the author of this was Edward Spelman, efq; Avho was then pub- 
 lifhing an Englifh iranflation of Dionyfius. Hooke publiflied 
 alfo a tranflation of " Ramfay's Travels of Cyrus." 
 
 HOOKER (Richard), an eminent Englifh divine, and au- 
 thor of an excellent work, entitled, '* The Laws of Ecclefiaf- 
 tical Polity, in eight Books," was born at Heavy-tree near 
 Exeter, in 1553 [y], or, as Wood fays, about the time of 
 Eafter, 1554. His parents, not being rich, intended him for 
 a trade; but his fchoolmafter at Exeter prevailed with them to 
 continue him at fchool [z], alfuring them, that his natural en- 
 
 [x] Anecdotes of Bowyer by Nichols, p. 394, 594. [y] Ath. Oxon. 
 
 [z] Life of Hooker by Waltoa, prefixed to his VVorfo. 
 
 dowments 
 
Hooker. &±i 
 
 iJowments and learning were both fo remarkable, that he miift 
 of neceflity be taken notice of, and that God would provide him 
 fonie patron who would free them from any future care or charge 
 about him. Accordingly his uncle John Hooker, who was then 
 chamberlain of the town, began to regard him; and being 
 known to Jewell, made a vifit to that prelate at Salifbury foon 
 after, and '* befought him for charity's fake to look favourably 
 upon a poor nephew of his, whom nature had fitted for a fcholar; 
 but the eftate of his parents was fo narrow, that they were un- 
 able to give him the advantage of learning ; and that the biiliop 
 therefore would become his patron, and prevent him from being 
 a tradefman, for he was a boy of remarkable hopes." The 
 bifhop examined into his merits, found him to be what the 
 uncle had reprefented him, and took him henceforward under 
 his protedlion. He got him admitted, in 1567, one of the 
 clerks of Gorpus-chrilti college in Oxford, and fettled a penfion 
 on him ; which, witli the contributions of his uncle, afforded him a 
 very comfortable fubfiftence. In 1571, Hooker had the misfortune 
 to lofe his patron, together with his penfion. Providence, how- 
 ever, raifed him up two other patrons, in Dr. Cole, then pre- 
 fident of the college, and Dr. Edwyn Sandys, bifliop of Lon- 
 don, and afterwards archbifhop of York. To the latter of 
 thefe Jewell had recommended him fo efFe6tually before his 
 death, that though of Cambridge himfelf, he immediately re- 
 folved to fend his fon Edwyn to Oxford, to be pupil to Hooker, 
 who yet w'as not mucli older ; for, faid he, '* I will have a 
 tutor for my fon, that fhall teach him learning by inftru(5lion, 
 and virtue by example." Hooker had alfo another confiderable 
 pupil, namely, George Cranmer, grand nephew to Cranmer 
 the archbifliop and martyr ; with whom, as well as with Sandys, 
 he cultivated a ftridl and laftlng friendfhip. 
 
 In 1577, he was ele6ted fellow of his college; and about two 
 years after, being well fkilled in the Oriental languages, was 
 appointed deputy-profeffor of Hebrew, in the room of a gen- 
 tleman who was difordered in his fenfes. In 1581, he entered 
 into orders; and foon after, being appointed to preach at St. 
 Paul's-crofs in London, was fo unhappy as to be drawn into a 
 moft unfortunate marriage; of which, as it is one of the moft 
 memorable circumftances of liis life, we fhall here give the par- 
 ticulars as they are related by Walton. There was then belong- 
 ing to the church of St. Paul's, a houfe called the Shunamites 
 houfe, fet apart for the reception and entertainment of the 
 preachers at St. Paul's-crofs, two days before, and one day after, 
 the fermon. That houfe was then kept bv Mr. John Church- 
 man, formerly a fubftantial draper in Watling-ftreet, but now 
 reduced to poverty. Walton fays, that Churchman was a perfon 
 of virtue, but that he cannot fay (][uite fo m.uch of his wife. To this 
 
 houfe 
 
tit H O 6 K E R. 
 
 houfe HooKcr Came from Oxford fo wet and weary, ihzt he wa^ 
 afraid he fliould not be able to perform his duty the Sunday fol- 
 lowing: Mrs. Churchman, however, nurfed him fo well, that 
 he prefently recovered from the ill effe6ls of his journey. For 
 this he was very thankful; fo mucli indeed that, as Walton ex- 
 prefles it, he thought himfelf bound in confcience to believe all 
 Ihe faid ; fo the good man came to be perfuaded by her, *' that 
 he had a very tender conftitution; and that it was beft for him 
 to have a wife, that might prove a nurfe to him; fuch a one as 
 might both prolong his life, and make it more comfortable; and 
 fuch a one fhe coxild and would provide for him, if he thought 
 lit to marry." Hooker, not confidering, " that the children of 
 this world are wifer in their generation than the children of 
 light," and fearing no guile, becaiufe he meant none, gave her 
 a power to choofe a wife for him ; promifmg, upon a fair fum- 
 mons, to return to London, and accept of her choice, which 
 he did in that or the year following. Now, fays Walton, the 
 wife provided for him was her daughter Joan, v/ho brought him 
 neither beauty nor portion ; and for her conditions, they were 
 too like that wife's which Solomon compares to a dripping- 
 houfe; that is, fays Wood, ihe was *' a clownilh filly woman, 
 and withal a mere Xantippe." 
 
 Hooker, now driven from his college, remained without pre- 
 ferment, and fupported himfelf as well as he could, till the 
 latter end of 1584, when he was prefented by John Cheny, efqj 
 to the re6lory of Drayton Beauchamp in Buckinghamfhire, 
 where he led an uncomfortable life with his wife Joan for about 
 a year. In this fituation he received a vifit from his friends 
 and pupils Sandvs and Cranmer, who found him with a Horace 
 in his hand, tending his fmall allotment of Iheep in a common 
 field; which he told them he was forced to do, becaufe his fer-. 
 vant was gone home to dine, and afliif his wife in the houfhold 
 bufinefs. When the fervant returned and releafed him, his 
 pupils attended him to his houfe, where their beft entertainment 
 was his quiet company, which was prefently denied them, for 
 Richard was called to rock the cradle, and the reft of their wel- 
 come was fo like this, that they ftayed but till the next morning, 
 which was long enough to difcover and pity their tutor's condi- 
 tion. At their return to London, Sandys acquainted his father 
 with Hooker's deplorable ftate ; who thereupon entered fo hear- 
 tily into his concern?, tliat'he got him to be made mafter of the 
 Temple in 1585. This, though a fine piece of preferment, 
 was not fo fuitable to Hooker's temper, as the retirement of 
 a liviYig in the country, where he might be free from noife ; nor 
 did he accept of it without relu6lance. At the time when 
 Hooker was chofen mafter -of the Temple, one Walter Travers 
 was afteruoon-le£turer there ; a man of learning and good 
 
 manners. 
 
HOOKER. 223 
 
 tnanners, it is faid, but ordained by the prefbytery of Antwerp, 
 and warmly attached to the Geneva government. Travers had 
 fome hopes of fetting up this government in the Temple, and 
 for that purpofe endeavoured to be malter of it ; but not fuc- 
 ceeding, gave Hooker all the oppofition he could in his fermons, 
 many of which were about the doctrine, difcipline, and cere- 
 monies of the church ; infomuch that they conltantly withrtood 
 each other to the face: for, as foniebody faid pleafantly, " The 
 forenoon fermoji fpake Canterbury, and the afternoon Geneva." 
 The oppofition became fo vifible, and the confequences fo dan- 
 gerous, efpecially in that place, that archbp. Whitgift caufed 
 Travers to be filenced by the high commiifion court. Upon 
 that, Travers prefented his fupplication to the privy council, 
 vvhich being without efFe6t, he inade it public. This obliged 
 Hooker to publifli an anfwer, which was infcribed to the arch- 
 bifhop, and procured him as much reverence and refpe(5l from 
 fome, as it did negle6l and hatred from others. In order 
 therefore to undeceive and win thefe, he entered upon his fa- 
 mous work *' Of the Laws of Ecclefiaftical Polity;" and laid 
 the foundation and plan of it, while he was at the Temple. 
 But he found the Temple no fit place to finifh what he had there 
 defigned ; and therefore intrcated the archbifhop to remove him 
 to fome quieter fituation in the following letter. 
 
 " My lord, When I loft the freedom of my cell, which was 
 my college, yet I found fome degree of it in my quiet country 
 parfonage. But I am weary of the noife and oppofitions of this 
 place ; and indeed God and nature did not intend me for con-' 
 tentions, but for ftudy and quietnefs. And, my lord, my parti- 
 cular contefts here with Mr. Travers have proved the more un- 
 pleafant to me, becaufc I believe him to be a good man ; and 
 that belief hath occafioned me to examine mine own confcience 
 concerning his Opinions. And to fatisfy that, I have confulted 
 the Holy Scripture, and other laws both human and divine, 
 whether the confcience of him, and others of his judgement, 
 ought to be fo far complied with by us, as to alter our frame of 
 church government, our manner of God's wordiip, our praifing 
 and praying to him, and our eftablifhed ceremonies, as often as 
 their tender confciences fhall require us. And in this examina- 
 tion I have not only fatisfied myfelf, but have began a treatife, 
 in which I intend the fatisfadlion of others, by a deraonftration 
 of the reafonablenefs of our Laws of Ecclefiaftical Polity. — But, 
 my lord, I fhall never be able to finilli what I have begun, un- 
 lefs I be removed into fome quiet parfonage, where I may fee 
 God's bleffings fpring out of my mother earth, and eat my own 
 bread in peace and privacy; a place, where I may without dif- 
 turbance meditate my approachiug mortality, and that great 
 
 account 
 
^24 HOOKER. 
 
 account, which all flefh muft give at the laft day to the God of 
 all fpirits." 
 
 Upon this application he was prefented, in 1591, to the rec- 
 tory of Bofcomb in Wiltfhire ; and, Jdly the fame year, to the 
 prebend of Nether-Haven in the chnrch of Sarum, of which he- 
 was alfo made fub-dean. At Bofcomb he finifhed four books, 
 ■which were entered into the regifter-book at Stationers-hall, 
 March, 1592, but not printed till 1594. In 1595, he quitted 
 Bofcomb, and was prefented by queen Elizabeth to the redory 
 of Bi 111 op's- Bourne in Kent, where he fpent the remainder of 
 his life. In this place he corapofed the fifth book of his " Ec- 
 clefiaftical PuHly," which was dedicated to the archbifhop, and 
 publiihed by itfelf in 1597. He finifhed there the 6th, 7th, and 
 8th books of that learned work ; but whether we have them 
 genuine, and as left by himfelf hath been a matter of much 
 difpute. Some time after he caught cold, in a paflTage by water 
 between London and Gravefend, which drew up^^n him an ill- 
 nefs, that put an end to his life, when he was only in his 47th 
 year. He died Nov. 2, 1600. His illnefs was fevere and lin^ 
 gering; he continued, notwithftanding, his ftudies to the laft. 
 He ftrove particularly to finifli his " Ecclefiaftical Polity;" and 
 faid often to a friend, who vi filed him daily, that *' he did not 
 beg a^long life of God for any other reafon, but to live to finifh 
 the three remaining books of Polity; aiid then, Lord, let ihy 
 fervant depart in peace," which was his ufual expreflion. A 
 few days before his death, his houfe was robbed; of which 
 having notice, he afked, " are my books and written papers fafe?" 
 And being anfwered, that they were, " then," faid he, *' it 
 inatiers not, for no other lofs can trouble me." 
 
 But whatever value Hooker himfelf might put upon his books 
 of " Ecclefiaftical Polity," he could not give them more efteem 
 than has been paid by the general judgement of mankind. 
 They have been admired for the foundnefs of reafoning, 
 which runs through them, and the prodigious extent of learn- 
 ing they every where difcover; and the author has univerfally 
 acquired from them the honourable titles of *' the Judicious," 
 and '' the Learned." When James I. afcended the throne of 
 England, he is faid to have alked Whitgift for his friend Mr. 
 Hooker, from whofe books of " Ecclefiaftical Polity" he had 
 fo much profited ; and being informed by the archbifhop that 
 he died a year before the queen, he exprefted the greatelt dif- 
 appointment, and the deepeft concern. Charles I. it is well 
 known, earneftly recommended the reading of Hooker's books 
 to his fon ; and they have ever fince been held in the higheft 
 veneration and efteem by all. An anecdote is preferved by the 
 writer of his life, which, if true, ihews that his fame was by no 
 means confined to his own country, but travelled abroad ; and fo 
 6 far 
 
HOOPER. 225 
 
 far and fo loudly, that It reached even tlie ears of the pope him- 
 fc!f. Cardinal Aicn and Dr. Stapleton, though both in Italy 
 M hen his books were publilhed, were yet fo affedted with the 
 fame of them, that they contrived to have them fent for ; and 
 "after reading them, are faid to have told the pope, then Clement 
 VIII, that '< though his holiiK-fs had not yet met with an Eng- 
 lilh book, as he was pleafcd to fay, whofe writer deferved the 
 name of an autlior, yet there now appeared a wonder to them, 
 and fo they did not doubt it would appear to his holinefs, if it 
 W'as in Latin; which was, that * a pure obfcure Englifli prieft 
 had written four fuch books of Law and Church Polity, in fo 
 majeftic a ftyle, and with fuch clear demonftrations of reafon,* 
 tiiat in all their readings tliey had not met with any thing that 
 exceeded him." This begetting in the pope a defire to know 
 the contents, Stapleton read to him the firfl book in Latin ; upon 
 W'hich the pope faid, *' there is no learning that this ir)an hath 
 not fearched into ; nothing too hard for his underftanding. 
 This man indeed deferves the nam.e of an author. His books 
 ■will get reverence by age ; for there is in them fuch feeds of 
 eternity, that if the reft be like this, they fliall continue till the 
 laft fire fliall devour all learning:'"' all which, whether the pope 
 faid it or no, we take to be ftriftly true. 
 
 Befides the eight books of " Ecclefiaftical Polity," and his 
 anfwer to Travers's ** Supplication," there are fome fermons of 
 his in being, which have been colle6led and printed with his 
 works in folio. An o£lavo edition has lately appeared at Oxford. 
 HOOPER (Dr. George), an eminent Englilh divine, was 
 born at Giimley in Worcefterfhire, about 1640, and educated 
 in grammar and claflical learning at Weftminfter-fchool, where 
 he was a king's fcholar. From thence he became a ftudent of 
 Chrift-church in Oxford, in 1656 [a], where he took his de- 
 grees at the regular times; and diltinguilhed himfelf above his 
 contemporaries by his fuperior knowledge in philofophy, mathe- 
 matics, Greek and Roman antiquities, and the Oriental lan- 
 guages. In 1672, he became chaplain to Morley bilhop of 
 Winchefter; and not long after to archbifhop Sheldon, who 
 begged that favour of the bilhop of Winchefter, and who in 
 1675 gave him the redory of Lambeth, and afterwards the pre- 
 centorftiip of Exeter. In 1677, he commenced D. D. and the 
 fame year, being made almoner to the princefs of Orange, he 
 'went over to Holland, where, at the requeft of her royal high- 
 nefs, he regulated her chapel according to the ufage of the 
 church of England. After one year's attendance, he repafled 
 the fea, in order to complete his marriage, the treaty for whiclj 
 had been fet on foot before his departure. This done, he went 
 
 [a] Wuod'sFafti, Vol. II. 
 
 Vol. VIIL Q^ to 
 
226 HOOPER. 
 
 back to her highhefs, who had obtained a promife from him to 
 that purpofe ; but, after a flay of about eight months, fhe con- 
 fented to let him return home. In i68o, he was offered the divi- 
 nity-profelforfhip at Oxford, which he declined; but was made 
 king's chaplain about the fame time. In 1685, by the king's 
 command, he attended the duke of Monmouth, and had much 
 free converfation with him in the Tower, both the evening be- 
 fore, and the day of his execution. The following year he 
 took a Ibare in the popi{h controverfy, and wrote a treatife, 
 which will be mentioned prefently with his works. In 1691, 
 he fucceedcd Dr. Sharp in the deanery of Canterbury. As he 
 never made the leafl application for preferment, queen Mary 
 furprifcd him with this offer, when the king her hufband was 
 abfent in Holland. He was made chaplain to their majefties 
 the fame year. In 1698, when a preceptor was chofen for the 
 duke of Gloucefler, though both the royal parents of that prince 
 preffed earneftiy to have Hooper [b], and no pretence of any 
 objedion was ever made againlt him, yet the king named bifhop 
 Burnet for that fervice. In L701, he was chofen prolocutor to 
 the lower houfe of convocation : and the fame year was offered 
 the primacy of Ireland by the earl of Rocheder, then lord lieu- 
 tenant. 1 he year after the accelTion of Anne to the throne, he 
 was nominated to the bifhopric of St. Afaph. This he accepted, 
 though againft his inclination ; and in half a year after, receiving 
 a like command to remove to that of Bath and Wells, he ear- 
 neftly requeued her majefly to difpenfe with the order, not only 
 on account of the fudden charge of fuch a tranflation, as well as 
 a reluctance to remove, but alfo in regard to his friend Dr. 
 Kenn, the deprived bifliop of that place, for whom he begged 
 the billiopric. The queen readily complied with Hooper's re- 
 queft ; but the offer being declined by Kenn, Hooper at his 
 importunity yielded to become his fuccelTor. He fat in the fee 
 of Bath and Wells twenty-four years and fix months ; and, in 
 1727, died at Barkley in Somerfetfhire, whither he fometimes 
 retired; and was interred, in purfuance of his own requeft:, in 
 the cathedral of Wells, under a marble monument with a Latin 
 infcription. 
 
 Befides eight ferraons, he publiHied feveral books in his life- 
 time, and left feveral MSS. behind him, forne of which he per- 
 mitted to be printed. The following is a catalogue of both. i. 
 " The Church of England free from the Imputation of Popery, 
 1682." 2. <' A fair and methodical Difcuflion of the firft and 
 great Controverfy betvveen the Church of England and the 
 Church of Rome, concerning the Infallible Guide : in three 
 Difcourfes." The two firfl of thefe were licenfcd by Dr. 
 
 [fl] Boyer's Hift. of Queen Anne, under that year. 
 
 Morrice, 
 2 
 
H O P E R. 227 
 
 Morrlce, in 1687, but the laft was never printed. 3. " The 
 iParfon's Cafe under the prefent Land- Tax, recommended in a 
 Letter to a Member of the Houfe of Commons, 1689." 4. 
 *• A Difcourfe concerning Lent, in two Parts. The firft, an 
 hillorical Account of its Obfervatinn: the fecond, an EHay con- 
 cerning its Original. This fubdivided into two Repartitions, 
 whereof ihc firft is preparatory, and (hews that moft of our 
 Chriftian Ordinances are derived from the Jews ; and the fecond 
 conjedlures, that Lent is of the fame Original, 1694." 5. A 
 Paper in the " Philofophical Tranfadlions for 061. 1699, enti- 
 tled, *' A Calculation of the Credibility of Human Teftimony." 
 6. '* New Danger of Prefbytery, 1737." 7. " Marks of a 
 defencelefs Caufe." 8. *' A Narrative of the Proceedings of 
 the lower Houfe of Convocation from Feb. 10, 1700, to June 
 25, 1701, vindicated." 9. *' De Valentinianorum Harefi con- 
 jedturze, quibus illius origo ex ^gyptiaca Theologia dcducitur, 
 171 1 " 10. '* An Inquiry into the btate of the ancient M:"a- 
 fures, the Attic, the Roman, and efpecially the Jewifh. With 
 an Appendix concerning our old Englifh Money and Meafures 
 of Content, 1721." ii. " De Patriarchae Jacob! Benedi£lione 
 Gen. 49, conjedurae," publilhed by the Rev. Mr. Hunt of 
 Hart-hall in Oxford, with a preface and notes, according to the 
 bilhop's diredlions to the editor, a little before his death. The 
 MSS. before mentioned are the two following : i. ** A Latin 
 Sermon, preached in 1672, when he took the degree of B. D, 
 and, 2. ** A Latin Tract on Divorce." A beautiful edition of 
 his whole works was printed at Oxford, 1757, folio. 
 
 HOPER, or HOOPER (John), memorable for being a martyr 
 in the Proteftant caufe, was born in Somerfetfhire, and bred at 
 Oxford [c ]. He took a batchelor's degree in 1518 ; and, as is 
 reported, was of the fraternity of Ciftercians, commonly called 
 White Monks: but, being weary of the order, he returned to 
 Oxford, where, as the Catholics fay, he was poifoned with 
 Lutheran principles, and became, in their language, a heretic. 
 At the time when the (tatute of the Six Articles came out, he left 
 what he had ; and by fome means got to be chaplain and fteward 
 to Gr John Arundel, who was afterwards put to death with the 
 protettor in king Edward's days : but, being difcovered to be a Pro- 
 teftant, he was obliged to quit his employment, and iiy into. France. 
 After Haying there for fome time in a difagreeable fituation, he 
 returned to England, and lived with a gentleman of the name of 
 Saintlow. But at length being fought for, and dreading to be 
 apprehended, he difguifed himfclf in a mariner's habit, made 
 himfelt mafter of a boat, and failed to Ireland. Thence he 
 went to Sv.itar?rland, where he became acquainted with Bullin- 
 
 £c] Athcn. Oxoo. 
 
 0.2 ger. 
 
228 HOORNBEECK. 
 
 ger, fcholar and fuccefTor of Zuinglius, and where, fays Fox, 
 by his counfel and do6lrine, he married a wife who was a Rur- 
 gundian, and applied very ftudioiifly to the Hebrew tongue [d]. 
 
 On the acceihon of Edward VI. he returned to his native 
 country, fettled in London, and became a frequent and popular 
 preacher. When Bonner was to be deprived of his bifhopric, 
 he was one of his accufers; which, no doubt, would recom- 
 mend him as an acceptable facrifice in the following bloody reign. 
 By the intereft of the earl of Warwick, he was nominated and 
 eledled bifhop of Gloucefter; but \Ahen he came to be confe- 
 crated or inverted by archbifhop Cranmer and bifliop Ridley, he 
 refufed to wear a canonical habit, and was thereupon put under 
 confinement. But, thefe ceremonies being difpenfed with by 
 the king's authority, he was confecrated bilhop of the aforcfaid 
 fee, in 1550; and about two years after, he had the biihopric 
 of Worceiter given to him, to keep in commendam with ths 
 former. He now preached often, viflted hisdiocefes, kept great 
 hofpitality for the poor, and was beloved by many. But in the 
 perfecution under Mary, being then near fixty years of age, and 
 refufing to recant his opinions, he was burned in the city of 
 Gloucefter, and fufFered death with admirable conftancy. 
 
 He was a man of good abilities, and great learning, and pub- 
 liihed many writings, fome of which are to be found in John 
 Fox's book of the *' Ads and Monuments of the Church." 
 
 HOORNBEECK (John), an illuftrious profeflbr of divinity 
 in the univerfities of Utrecht and Leyden, was born at Haerlem 
 in 1617, and ftudied there till he was fixteen [e]. Then he 
 was fent to Leyden, and afterwards in 1635 went to ftudy at 
 Utrecht. In 1632, he was admitted a minifter, went to per- 
 form the fim6lions of his office fecreily at Cologne; and was 
 never difcouraged by the dangers to which he was expofed, in a 
 city where moll: of the inhabitants were zealous papifts. He 
 returned to Holland in 1643, and that year was made D. D. 
 The proofs he gave of his great learning were fuch, that he was 
 chofen in 1644 to fill the chair of divinity profeflTor at Utrecht ; 
 aVid the next year was made minifter in ordinary of the church 
 in that city. However difficult the functions of thefe two em- 
 ployments were, yet he acquitted himfelf in them v/ith great 
 diligence almoft ten years. As a paftor, he often vifited the 
 members of his church : he encouraged the pious, infl:ru6led the 
 ignorant, reproved the wicked, refuted the heretics, comforted 
 the afflifted, refrefhed the fick, ftrengthened the weak, cheared 
 the drooping, affiited the poor. As a profeffor, he took as 
 much care of the ftudents in divinity, as if they had been his 
 own children : he ufed to read not only public ledures, but 
 
 [dJ Ail. Si Men. Ecclef. fub: ann, J555. [e] Bayle's Dift, 
 
 even 
 
HOPKINS. 229 
 
 even private ones, for them ; and to hold ordinary and extraor- 
 dinary difputations. He was chofen to exercife the fame em- 
 ployments at Leyden, which he had at Utrecht, and accepted 
 them in 1654. He died in 1666; and though he was but forty- 
 nine years of age, yet confidering his labours it is rather a 
 matter of wonder that he lived fo long, than that he died fo 
 foon. He publifhed a great number of works; didadical, po- 
 lemical, practical, hiftorical, and oratorical. He underftood 
 many languages, both ancient and modern; the Latin, Greek, 
 Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Rabbinical, Dutch, German, Eng- 
 liih, French, Italian, and fome little of Arabic and Spanifh. 
 He never departed one inch from the moll (tridl orthodoxy; and 
 was not lefs commendable for his integrity, than for his parts 
 and learning. Bayle feems to have exhibited him in his Dic- 
 tionary, as the complete model of a good paftor and divinity- 
 profeifor. He married at Utrecht in 1650 ; and left tu-o fons. 
 
 HOPKINS (Ezekiel), a learned and worthy prelate, expe- 
 rienced a fate extremely fingular[F]. He was born at Sandford 
 in Devonfhire, where his father was curate; became choirifter of 
 Magdalen-college, Oxford, in 1649 ; at the age of about fixteen, 
 he was uflier of the fchool adjoining, being already B. A.; he was 
 chaplain of the college when M. A. ; and would have been fellow, 
 had his county qualified him. All this time he lived and was edu- 
 cated under Prefbyterian and Independent difcipline ; and about 
 the time of the Reftoration became ailiftant to Dr. Spurftow of 
 Hackney. He was afterwards eleiled preacher at one of the 
 city churches ; but the bifliop of London refufed to admit him, 
 as he was a popular preacher among the Fanatics. He then 
 obtained St. Mary's church at Exeter, was countenanced by 
 bifhop Ward, and much admired for the comelinefs of his per- 
 fon and elegance of preaching. The lord Robartes in parti- 
 cular (afterwards earl of Truro) was fo pleafed Avith him, that 
 he gave him his daughter Araminta in marriage, took him as his 
 chaplain to Ireland in 1669, gave him the deanery of Rapiioe, 
 and recommended him fo effeftually to his fuccelfor lord Berkeley, 
 that he was confecrated bilhop of Raphoe, Od. 27, 1671, and 
 tranflated to Londonderry in 1681. Driven thence by the forces 
 under the earl of Tyrconnel, in 1688, he retired into England, 
 and was eleded minifterof Aldermanbury in Sept, 1689, where 
 he died. June 19, 1690, he publifhed five fingle fermons, after- 
 wards incorporated in two volumes; "An Expofilion of the 
 Ten Commandments, 1692," 4to, with his portrait; and an 
 *' Expofition of the Lord's Prayer, 1691." 
 
 HOPKINS (Charles), fon of the bilhop of Londonderry, 
 was born at Exeter ; but, his father being taken chaplain to 
 
 f f] Nkbob's Sele£l Colkaion of Poems, Vol. II. p. 183. 
 
 0^3 Ireland, 
 
230 HOPKINS. 
 
 Ireland, he received the early part of his education at Trinity- 
 college, Dublin ; and afterwards was a (ludent at Cambridge 
 [g]. On the rebellion in Ireland in 1688, he returned thither, 
 and exerted his early valour in the caufe of his coiintry, religion, 
 and liberty. When public tranquillity was reftored, he came 
 again into England, and formed an acquaintance with gentle- 
 men of the bell wit, whofe age and genius were mpft agreeable 
 to his own. In 1694. he publifhed fome 'f Epiflolary Poem? 
 and Tranilatlons," which may be feen in Nichols's " Selef^ 
 Col1e£tion ;" and in 1695 he (hewed his genius as a dramatic 
 Writer, by ** Pyrrhus king of Egypt," a tragedy, to which Con- 
 greve wrote the epilogue. He publilhed alfo in that year, *' The 
 Hiftory of Love," a connedlion of fele£l fables from *' Ovid's 
 Metamorphofes, 1695;" which, by the fweetnefs pf his num- 
 bers and eafinefs of his thoughts, procured him confiderable re- 
 putation. With Dryden in particular he became a great favour- 
 ite. He afterwards publifhed the " Art of Love," which, Jacob 
 fays, added to his fame, and happily br6ught him acquainted 
 with the earl of Dorfet, and other perfons of diflin6lion, who 
 were fond of his company, through the agreeablenefs of hi? 
 temper, and the pleafantry of his converfation. It was in his 
 power to have made his fortune in any fcene of life; but he 
 was always more ready to ferve others than mindful of his own 
 affairs ; and by the exceffes of hard drinking, and too pailionatc 
 an addiction to women, he died a martyr to the caufe in the 
 36th year of his age." Mr. Nichols has preferved in his col- 
 leflion an admirable hymn, '* written about an hour before his 
 death, when in great pain." His " Court- Pro fpeft," in which 
 many of the principal nobility are very handfomely compli- 
 mented, is called by Jacob " an excellent piece;" and of hi§ 
 other poems he adds, *' that they are all remarkable for the 
 purity of their di£tion, and the harmony of their numbers." 
 Mr. Hopkins was alfo the author of two other tragedies; 
 " Boadicea Qijeen of Britain, 1697 ;" and " Friendfhip im- 
 proved, or the Female Warrior," with a humourous prologue, 
 comparing a poet to a merchant, a comparifon which will hold 
 in moft particulars except that of accumulating wealth. The 
 author, who was at Londonderry when this tragedy came out, 
 infcrib.d it to Edward Coke of Norfolk, efo; in a dedicatiori 
 remarkab'y modefl and pathetic. It is dated Nov. i, 1699, 
 and concludes, ** I now begin to experience how much the mind 
 may be influenced by the body. My Mufe is confined, at pre- 
 fent, to a weak and fickly tenement ; and the winter feafon will 
 go near to overbear her, together with her houihold. There are 
 ftorms and tempt fls to beat her down, or frofts to bind her up 
 
 [g] Nichols's Seka CoUeftion of Poems, Vol. II. p. iSj. 
 
 an4 
 
HOPKINS. 231 
 
 and kill her ; and fhe has no friend on her fide but youth to 
 fccar her through; If that can fuftaiu the attack, and liold out 
 till fpring comes to relieve me, one ufe I (hall make of farther 
 life (hall be to (hew how much I am, Sir, your moft devoted 
 humble fervaiit, C. Hopkins." 
 
 His feelings were but too accurate ; he died in the courfe of 
 that winter. 
 
 HOPKINS (John), another fon of the bi(hop of London- 
 derry, was born Jan. i, 1675 [h]. Like his elder brother, 
 his poetry turned principally on fubjeds of Love; like him 
 too, his profpedls in life appear to have terminated unfor- 
 tunately. He publifhed, in 1698, " The Triumphs of Peace, 
 or the Glories of NalTau ; a Pindaric poem occafioned by the 
 conclufion of the peace between the Confederacy and France; 
 written at the time of his grace the duke of Ormond's entrance 
 into Dublin." ** The defign of this poem," the author fays in 
 his preface, ** begins, after the method of Pindar, to one great 
 man, and rifes to another; firfl touches the duke, then cele- 
 brates the adions of the king, and fo returns to the praifes of the 
 duke again." In the fame year hepubli(hed " The Vidlory of 
 Death; or the Fall of Beauty; a Vifionary Pindaric Poem, 
 occafioned by the ever-to-be-deplored Death of the Right Ho- 
 nourable the Lady Cutts," 8vo. But the principal performance 
 of J. Hopkins was ** Amafia, or the Works of the Mufes, a 
 collcdion of Poems in 3 vols. 1700." Each of thefe little 
 volumes is divided into three books, and each book is infcribed 
 to fume beautiful patronefs, amongft whom the dutchefs of 
 Grafton ftands foreinoft. The laft book is infcribed ** To the 
 memory of Amafia," whom he addreifes throughout thefe vo- 
 lumes, in the chara£ter of Sylvius. There is a vein of feriouf- 
 ncfs, if not of poetry, runs through the whole performance. 
 Many of Ovid's (lories are very decently imitated; " moft of 
 them," he fays, ** have been very well performed by my bro- 
 ther, and publi(hed fome years fince ; mine were written in an- 
 other kingdom before I knew of his." In one of his dedica- 
 tions he tells the lady Olympia Robartes, *< Your lady(hip's 
 father, the late earl of Radnor, when governor of Ireland, was 
 the kind patron to mine : he raifed him to the firft fteps by which 
 he afterwards afcended to the dignities he bore ; to thofe, which 
 rendered his labours more confpicuous, and fet in a more advan- 
 tageous light thofe living merits, which now make his memory 
 beloved. Thefe, and yet greater temporal honours, your fa- 
 mily heaped on him, by making even me in fome fort related 
 and allied to you, by his inter-marriage with your fifter the lady 
 Araminta, How imprudent a vanity is it in me to boaft ^ 
 
 [h] Nichols's Selcft CoUeftion of Pocxos, Vol. II. p. 312. 
 
 0^4 father 
 
232 HO RAT I US* 
 
 father fo meritorious! how may I be afliamed to prove myfcif 
 his fon, by poetry, that only qualification he fo much excelled 
 in, but yet efteemed no excellence. I bring but a bad proof of 
 birth, laying m.y claim in that only thing he would not own. 
 Thefe are, however, Madam, but the produ6ts of immaturer 
 years : and riper age, may, I hope, bring forth more folid 
 works." • We have never (een any other of his writings ; nor 
 have been able to colle6l any farther particulars of his life: but 
 there is a portrait of hirn, under his poetical name of Sylvius. 
 
 HORAPOLLO, or HORUS APOLLO, a grammarian, 
 according to Siiida?, of Panoplns in Egypt, who taught firfl at 
 Alexandria, and then at Conftantinople, under the reign of 
 Theodofius. There are extant under his name two books 
 •* concerning the Hieoroglyphics of the Egyptians," which 
 Aldus firft publifhed in Greek in 1505, folio. They have often 
 been republifhed fmce, with a Latin verfion and notes ; but the 
 beft edition is that by Cornelius de Pauw at Utrecht, in 4to. 
 Mean while there are many Horapollos of antiquity ; and it is 
 not certain, that the grammarian of Alexandria was the author 
 of thefe books. Suidas does not afcribe them to him ; and Fa- 
 bricius is of opinion, that they belong rather to another Horus 
 Apollo of more ancient (landing, who wrote upon Hierogly- 
 phics in the Egyptian language, and from whofe work anextraft 
 rather than a verfion has been made of thefe two books in Greek. 
 The reafons of Fabricius for fo thinking, may be feen in the firfl. 
 volume of his *' Bibliotheca Grasca." 
 
 HORATIUS (QiTiNTUs Flaccus), an ancient Roman poet, 
 ■who fiourifhed in the age of Auguftus, was born at Venufium, 
 a town of Apulia, or of Lucania[i]; for he himfelf does not 
 determine which. His birth day fell on Dec. 8, U. C. 689, 
 when L. Cotta and L. Manlins Torquatus were confuls[K] ; 
 and about 65 years before Chrid, He flayed in the place of 
 his birth till he was ten years old, and was then removed to 
 Rome: for though his father was no m.ore than the fon of a freed- 
 man, and a tax-gatherer, nor himfelf very learned, yet being a 
 man of good fenfe, he knew the necelTity of inftrutfting his fon 
 by fomething more than bare advice. He removed him to 
 Rome, therefore, for the opportunity of fetting before him the 
 examples of all forts of perfons, and fliewing him what beha- 
 viour he fliould imitate, and what he fliould avoid: fpurring 
 him on all the while to this im.itation, by pointing out the good 
 efFe6ls of virtue, and the ill effeds of vice. This Horace him- 
 felf tells us[l] ; in a paflTage where he alludes to the old man in 
 Terence, who exprefles fimilar notions. ** I ufe him," fays he, 
 fpeaking of his fon, " to look upon the lives of others, as upon 
 
 [i] Sat. I. Lib.ii, [k] Od. 21. Lib. i. [l] Sat. 4. Lib. i. 
 
 a mirror ; 
 
HO RAT I us. 233 
 
 a mirror ; and from their condufl to take a pattern for his own. 
 Do this, (hun that; this is praife-worthy, that to be blamed." 
 *' Confuefacio: infpicere, tanquam in fpeculum, in vitas omnium 
 jubeo, atque ex aliis, fumere cxemplum fibi. Hoc facito, hoc 
 fugito: hoc laiidi eft, hoc vitio datiir [m]." Mean time, Horace 
 did not want the beft mafters that Rome could afford j and when 
 he was about eighteen, was fent to Athens, where he completed 
 what his father had fo well begun, and acquired all the accom- 
 plilhments that polite learning, and a liberal education could 
 beftow. 
 
 Brutus about this time going to Macedonia, as he paded 
 through Athens, took feveral young gentlemen to the army with 
 him; and Horace, now grown up, and qualified to fet out into 
 the world, among the reli. Brutus made him a tribune: but it 
 is probable, that this general was pretty much ftraightened for 
 officers and foldiers at that time, othcrwife we (hall not ealily 
 account for his advancing Horace. He would hardly make him 
 an officer for his wit; and for courage he certainly was notdif- 
 tinguilTied, as the event (hewed at the battle of Philippi, where 
 he left the field and fled, after he had fhamefully flung away his 
 Ihield. This memorable circumftance of his life he mentioned 
 himfelf, in an Ode to his friend Porapeius Varus, who was with 
 him in the fame battle of Philippi, and accompanied him in his 
 flight: 
 
 *' Tecum Philippos, & celerem fugam 
 
 Senfi, reli6la non bene parmula:" 
 If indeed we are to underftand this ferioufly, and not rather as 
 a compliment to the prowefs of Auguftus and his arms. How-, 
 • ever, though running away might poflibly fave his life, it could 
 not fecure his fortune, which he forfeited; for, being on the 
 weaker fide, it became with thofe of others a prey to the con- 
 queror. Thus reduced to want he applied himfeif to poetry, 
 in which he fucceeded fo well, that he foon made hirnfejf known 
 to fome of the greateft men in Rome [n]. Virgil, as he has 
 told us, was the firfl: that recommended him to Maecenas; and 
 this celebrated patron of learning and learned men grew fo fond 
 of him, that he became a fuitor for him to Auguftus, and fuc- 
 ceeded in having his eftate reftored. Auguftus was highly pleafed 
 with his merit and addrefs, admitted him to a clofe familiariiy 
 with him in his private hours, and afterwards made him no fmall 
 offers of preferment. The poet had the greainefs of mind to 
 refufe them all ; and the prince was generous enough not to 
 be offended at his freedom in fo doing. He muft have been, 
 what his writings every where fpeak him to have been, very in- 
 different as to vain and ofteniatious living, and the pride of a 
 
 [m] Adelph. Aa. Ui. S<; 3. [n] Sat. 6. Lib. i. 
 
 courf, 
 
234 H R A T I U S. 
 
 court, to refufe a place fo honourable and advantageous as that 
 of fecretary to Auguftus. But the life he loved beft, and lived 
 as much as he tould, was the very reverfe of a court life; a life 
 of retirement and ftudy, free from the noife of hurry and am- 
 bition ; for he feems not ferjous, when he reprefents himfelf as 
 fond of change : 
 
 *' Romas Tibur amo ventofus, Tibure Romam," 
 
 as it was his peculiar talent to make his fatire agreeable, by 
 feeming to rally himfelf when he meant to cenfure others. 
 
 Some time after, when Horace was about twenty-fix years of 
 age, Auguftus found it neceflary to make peace with Antony, 
 that they might the better deftroy young Pompey their common 
 enemy ; and for thrs end perfons were fent to Brundufium as 
 deputies, to conclude the treaty between them. Maecenas going 
 on Caefar's part, Horace, Virgil, and fomc others, accompanied 
 him thithei;; and Horace has defcribed the journey in a moft en- 
 tertaining and humorous manner, in the fifth Satire of his firft 
 took. This happened in Pollio's confulfhip, who was about 
 that time writing a hlftory of the civil wars jbr the laft twenty 
 years ; which occafioned Horace to addrefs the firft Ode of the 
 fecond book to him, and to reprefent the many inconveniences 
 to which fuch a work muft neceflfarily expofe him, 
 
 ** Periculofse plenum opus ale^ 
 Tra6las, & incedis per ignes 
 Suppolrtos cineri dolofo :" 
 
 juftly imagining, it might ruin him with Auguftus, if he men- 
 tioned the true caufes of the civil war between Caefar and 
 Pompey, and their motives for beginning it. Dacier, in his 
 life of Horace, feems to have fixed happily enough the time of 
 his writing fome Odes and Epiftles, and Bentley has gone yet 
 further in the fame defign. From them it appears, that before 
 he was thirty years of age, he had introduced himfelf to the 
 acquaintance of the moft confiderable perfons in Rome ; of 
 ■which this Ode to PoUio may furnifti a proof: for his merit 
 muft have been well known, and his reputation well-eftabliflied, 
 before he could take the liberty he has there done with one of 
 Pollio's high charader: and he was fo great a mafter in the 
 fcience of men and manners, that he would not have taken it, 
 if it had been in any degree improper. 
 
 His love for retirement increafing with his age, he at laft 
 refolved upon it altogether. For fome years he was only at 
 Rome in the fpring, paffing the fummer in the country, and the 
 winter at Tarentum. In his retirement he gave himfelf fo en- 
 tirely up to eafe, that he could not be prevailed on to undertake 
 any great work, though he was ftrongly folicitcd to it : never- 
 thelcTs, his gratitude to Auguftus called upon him fometimes to 
 
 iing 
 
HO RAT I us. 
 
 ^25 
 
 ring his triumphs over Pompey and Antony, or the vi£lorious 
 exploits of Tiberius and Driifus. His " Carmen fasculare" he 
 compofed at the exprefs command of Aiiguftus; and to oblige 
 him, wrote alfo the firrt epilUe of the fccojid book. That prince 
 had kindly reproached him with having faid Co little of him in 
 his writings; and aflced him in a letter written on this occafion, 
 *< whether he th ught it would difgrace him with pofterity, if he 
 fhould fern to have been intimate with him?" upon which he 
 addreifed the epiftle juft mentioned to himfo]. 
 
 Horace embraced the Epicurean philolophy for the greateft 
 part of his life; bi;t at the latter end of it, feems to have leaned 
 a little towards the Stoic. He was of a cheerful temper, fond 
 of cafe and liberty, and went pretty far into the galfan ries of 
 his times, tjU age Itole in upon his amours [p]. He feems now 
 to have ma(tered his pallions, and to have lived in an undifturbed 
 and philofophical tranquillity: Co that his life in general was, 
 as he defcribes it — ** Secretum iter, & fallentis femita vita:." 
 While he was thjus enjoying the fweets of retirement, his be- 
 loved friend and patron Ma;cenas died ; and this incident is fup- 
 pofed to have touched him fo fenfibly, that he did not furvivc 
 it long enough to lament him in an elegy. He had before de- 
 clared, upon a dangerous fit of illnefs, which had attacked Ma:- 
 Cenas, that jf he went, he would not Hay behind hira (joj. 
 ** I lie dies utramque 
 
 Ducet ruinam: non ego perfidum 
 
 Dixi facramentum: ibimus, ibimus^ 
 
 Utcunque praecedes, fupremumi 
 
 Carpere iter comites parati." 
 
 Whether the lofs pf his friend and patron contributed to fliorten 
 his life, or whether he was attacked by fome diftemper immediately 
 afterwards, is uncertain: but he died Nov. 17, as Maecenas did, 
 according to Dio, in the beginning of that month. This happened 
 in the year of Rome 746, in that of Horace 57, and about 
 eight years before Chrift. He was buried near Maecenas's tomb, 
 and declared in his lad yvords Augullus his heir; the violence 
 pf his diftemper being fuch, that he was not able to fign his 
 will. In his perfon he was very fhort and corpulent, as we 
 Jearn from a fragment of a letter of Auguftus's to him, pre- 
 ferved in his life by Suetonius : where the emperor compares him 
 to the book he fent him, which was a little fiiort thick voluine. 
 Jle was gray-haired about forty ; fubjedl to fore eyes, which made 
 him ufc but little exercife; and of a ct)nftitution probably not the 
 J)elt, by its being unable to fupport him to a more advanced age, 
 though he feems tp haye managed it with very great care. 
 
 [o] Hgratii Viu a Suctenlo. [p] Od. j. Lib. It. [(^J Od. 17. Lib. ii. 
 
 Confident 
 
236 
 
 H O R N E. 
 
 Confident of innmortal fame from his works, as all allow he 
 very juftly might be, he has thus exprelTed his indifference 
 to any magnificent funeral rites, or fruitlefs forrows for his 
 death, (Od. xx. b. ii,} 
 
 ** Abfmt inani funere nsnise 
 Lu6tufque turpes, & querimonise : 
 Compefce clamorem, ac fepulchri 
 
 Mitte fiipervacuos honores." 
 
 ** Mourn not, no friendly drops muft fall, 
 
 No fighs attend my funeral, 
 
 Thofe common deaths may crave: 
 
 Let no difgraceful grief appear. 
 
 Nor damp my glory with a tear. 
 
 And fpare the ufelefs honours of a grave." 
 
 Creech. 
 HORNE (George), bifhop of Norwich, was born Nov. i, 
 1730, at Otham near Maidflone in Kent, where his father, the 
 Rev. Samuel Home, was redor [r]. Of four fons and three 
 daughters he was the fecond ion, and his education was com- 
 jnenced at home, under the inftruflion of his father. At thir- 
 teen, having made a good proficiency, he was fent to fchool at 
 Maidftone, under the Rev. Deodatus Bye, a man of good prin- 
 ciples, and at little more than fifteen, being defied to a Maid- 
 ftone fcholarfhip at Univerfity-coUege, Oxford, he went there 
 to refide. He was fo much approved at his college, that about 
 jhe time when he took his batchelor's degree, in confequence of 
 a ftrong recommendation from that place, he was elected to a 
 Kentiih fellowfliip at Magdalen. His (Indies early were direfted 
 to Hebrew, and to facred literature, and by fome intimates of 
 whom he had a high opinion, he was led to confider, and in part 
 to adopt, the dodrincs of Hutchinfon. Mr. Jones, who has 
 written his life, with the zeal of a long-tried and fleady friend, 
 contends that he never approved the verbal and etymological cri- 
 ticifmsof that author, but only that philofophy of nature which 
 he thoiight deducible from the fcriptures, and which Mr. Jones 
 himfelf prefers to the principles of Newton, It will be beil to 
 give the account of this author in his own words. 
 
 '* It has been hinted to me, that Dr. Home had embraced a 
 fort of philofophy in the early part of his life, which he found 
 reafon to give up towards the latter end of it. Before it can be 
 judged how far this may be true, a neceifary difiinclion is to be 
 'made. I do not recolledl that his writings any where difcover a 
 profelfed attachment to the Hebrew criticifms of Mr. Hutchin- 
 Ibp ; and I could prove abundantly from his private letters to 
 
 [r] Jones's Life of ■ Home, 8vo, I795t 
 
 myfelf 
 
H O R N E. 237 
 
 myfeir, that he was no fiiend to the ufe of fuch evidence, either 
 in philofopliy or divinity ; but that he ever renounced or dilbe- 
 lieved tJ.mt pliilofophy, which alFcrts the true agency of nature, 
 and the refpe(5^ive ufes of the ehrients, or that he did not always 
 admire, and fo far as lie thought it pru.dent, infill: upon it, and 
 recommend it, is not true[s]." The biographer then proceeds 
 to explain what Dr. Home did believe; and fo far as his opinions 
 tended only to aifert in natural pliilofophy the agency of an a;the- 
 rial fluid, or fome material caufe in producing gravity and other 
 attra6lion3, we conceive that they were juft, and coincident with 
 what has been conjeftured at leaft, if not proved, by the New- 
 tonians of the prefent day. But if he proceeded to a fuppofed 
 analogy between material and immaterial things, and compared 
 the agency of the Son and Holy Ghoft to that of light and air 
 in the natural world, it will furely be thought that he went (with 
 his moll: refpedab'e and pious encomiaftj upon very uncertain 
 and fanciful, not to fay, prefumptuous grounds; which, with the 
 utmoft efteem both for him and the able writer in queltion, we 
 think it neceflary to fugged. 
 
 Whatever, in thefe fpeculative points, the opinions of Mr. 
 Home might be, there is no doubt that he was, both now and 
 throughout his life, a good and valuable man, a fincere chriftian 
 in thought and in adlion, and finally, in all refpe£l:s worthy of 
 the preferment he obtained. Some of his earlieft publications 
 conlifted, however, of attacks upon the Newtonian, and de- 
 fences of the Hutchinfonian fyftem of phyfiology, as will be 
 feen when we enumerate his works. After a due and ftudious 
 preparation for orders, Mr. Home was admitted to them at 
 Oxford, on Trinity Sunday, 1753, and foon after preached his 
 firll fermon for his friend Jones, at Finedon in Northampton- 
 (hire. A Ihort time after, he preached in London with fuch fuc- 
 cefs, that a perfon, eminent himfelf for the fame talent, pro- 
 nounced him, without exception, the beft preacher in England. 
 
 Mr. Home, as he proceeded in life, was foraetimes attacked 
 as an Hutchinfonian, and took up the pen occafionally in jufti- 
 fication of himfelf and others. He entered into the controverfy 
 about collating the Hebrew text, and took his part againft Dr. 
 Kennicott. About the year 1756, he had planned and begun to 
 execute his Commentary on the Pfalms, which he had not com- 
 pleted and publiflied till twenty years after. It was a work in 
 which he always proceeded with pleafure, but on which he de- 
 lighted to dwell and meditate. The character and condu6l of 
 Mr. Home were fo much approved in the college to which he 
 belonged, that on a vacancy happening in the year 1768, he was 
 eleiled prefident of that fociety. Nearly at the faipe time he 
 
 fs.] Life, p. 174, See aUbj p. 59, and 60. . 
 
 I *) marri»ed 
 
238 
 
 H O R N E. 
 
 married the daughter of Philip Burton, efq; of Eltham in Kent^ 
 by whom he had three daughters. The public fituation qi Mr. 
 Home now made it proper for him to proceed to the degree of 
 do£tor in divinity; and he was alfo appointed one of the chaplains 
 to the king. In 1776, Dr. Home was ekfted vice-chancellor 
 of the univerfity of Oxford^ whi.h office he held for the cuf- 
 tomary period of four years. In this fuuation he became known 
 to lord North, the chancellor, and thus, it is probable, prepared 
 the way to his fubftquent elevation. In 1781, the very year 
 after the expiration of his office, he was made dean of Canter- 
 bury, when he would willingly have relinquifhed his cares at 
 Oxford, to refide altogether in his native county of Kent ; but 
 yielded to the judgement of a prudent friend who advifcd him to 
 retain his fituaiion at Magdalen. In 1789, on the tranflatioa 
 of bifliop Bagot to St. Afaph, Dr. Home was advanced to the 
 cpifcopal dignity, and fucceeded him in the fee of Norwich. 
 Unhappily, though he was no more than fifty-nine, he had 
 already begun to fuffer much from infirmities. "Alas!"faid 
 he, obfervirg the large flight of Heps which lead into the palace 
 of Norwich, *' I am come to thefe fteps at a time of life when I 
 can neither go up them nor down them with fafety." It hap- 
 pened confequently, that the church could not long be benefited 
 by his piety and zeal. Even the charge which he compofed for 
 his primary vifitation at Norwich, he was unable to deliver, and 
 it was printed ** as intended to have been delivered." From two 
 vifits to Bath he had received fenfible benefit, and was meditat- 
 ing a third in the autumn of 1791, which he had been requefted 
 not to delay too long. He did, however, delay it too long, and 
 was vifited by a paralytic Itroke on the road to that place. He 
 completed his journey, though very ill ; and for a fhort time 
 ■was fo far recovered as to walk daily to the pump-room ; but the 
 hopes of his friends and family were of fliort duration, for, on 
 the i7lhof January, 1792, in the 62d year of his age, his death 
 afforded an edifying example of chriftian refignation and hope ; 
 and he was buried at Eltham in Kent, with a commendatory 
 but very juft epitaph, which is alfo put up in the cathedral at 
 Norwich. 
 
 It cannot often fall to the lot of the biographer to record 3 
 man fo blamelefs in charader and condudl as biftiop Home. 
 Whatever might be his peculiar opinions on fome points, he 
 was undoubtedly a fincere and exemplary chriftian ; and as a 
 fcholar, a writer, and a preacher, a man of no ordinary quali- 
 fications. The checrfulnefs of his difpofition is often marked by 
 the vivacity of his writings, and the goodnefs of his heart is 
 every where confpicuous in thern. So far was he from any tinc- 
 ture of covetoufnefs, that he laid up nothing from his prefer- 
 ments in the chuich. If he was no lofer at the year's end he was 
 
 pcrfcdly 
 
H O R N E. ii,q 
 
 perfeclly fatisfied. What he gave away was beftowed with fo 
 much fecrefy, that it was fiippofed by Ibme pcrfons to be little; 
 but, after his death, when the pcnfioners, to whom he had been 
 a conftant benefailor, rofe up to look about them for fome other 
 fupport, it began to be known who, and how many they were. 
 
 The works of bifhop Home amount to a good many articles, 
 which we fhall notice in chronological order, i. ** The The- 
 ology and Philofophy in Cicero's Somnium Scipionis explained ; 
 or a brief attempt to demonftrate that the Newtonian Syftem is 
 perfedly agreeable to the notions of the wifeft Ancients, and 
 that mathematical Principles are the only fure ones," 8vo, Lond. 
 1751. 2. " A fair, candid, and impartial State of the Cafe 
 between Sir Ifaac Newton and Mr. Hutchinfon," &c. 8vo, 
 Oxford, 1753. 3. " Spicileguim Shuckfordianum » or a Nofe- 
 gay for the Critics," &c. i2mo, Lond. 1754. 4. ** Chrill and 
 the Holy Ghofl the fupporters of the fpiritual Life," &c. two 
 fermons preached before the univerfity of Oxford, 8vo, 1755. 
 
 5. ** The Almighty juftified in Judgement," a fermon, 1756. 
 
 6. " An Apology for certain Gentlemen in the Univerfity of 
 Oxford, afperfed in a late anonymous Pamphlet," 8vo, 1756. 
 
 7. " A View of Mr. Kennicott's Method of c©rre6ling the 
 Hebrew Text," &cc. 8vo. Oxford, 1760. 8. *' Confiderations 
 on the Life and Death of St. John the Baptift," 8vo, Oxford, 
 1772. This pleafing trail contained the fubftance of feveral 
 fermons preaciied annually at Magdalen-college in Oxford, the 
 courfe of which had commenced in 1755. A fecond edition in 
 I2mo, was publifhcd at Oxford in 1777. 9. " Confiderations 
 on the projected Reformation of the Church of England. In a 
 Letter to the Right Hon. Lord North. By a Clergyman," 4to, 
 London, 1772. 10. *' A Commentary on the Book of Pfalms,"' 
 &c. &c. 4to, Oxford, 2 vols. 1776. keprinted in 8vo, in 1778, 
 and three times fincc. With what fatisfadtion this good man 
 compofcd this pious work, may bcft be judged from the follow- 
 ing palfage in his preface. *' Could the author flatter himfelf 
 that any one would have half the pleafure in reading the follow- 
 ing expofition, which h>i hath had in writing it, he would not 
 fear the lofs of his labour. The employment detached him 
 from the bufHe and hurry of life, the din of politics, and the 
 noife of folly. Vanity and vexation flev/ away for a feafon, 
 care and difquielude came not near his dwelling. He arofe 
 frcflx as the morning to his tafk; the filence of the night invited 
 him to purfue it ; and he can truly fay that food and reft were 
 not preferred before it. Every pfalm improved infinitely on his 
 acquaintance with it, and no one gave him uneafinefs but the lalt ; 
 for then he grieved that his work was done. Happier hours 
 than thofe which have been fpent in thefe meditations on the 
 fongs of Sion, he never expedled to fee in this world. Very 
 
 pleafantly 
 
240 H O R N E C K. 
 
 prefently did they pafs, and move fmoothly and fwiftly along ; 
 for when thus engaged he counted no time. They are gone, but 
 have left a relifli and a fragrance on the mind, and the remem- 
 brance of them is fweet." ir. "A Letter to Adam Smith, 
 LL. D. on the Life, Death, and Philofophy of David Hume, 
 cfq. By one of the People called Chriflians," i2mo, Oxford, 
 1777. 12. '* Difcourfcs on fcveral Subjects and Occafions," 
 1 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1779. Thefe fermons have gone through 
 five editions. 13. " Letters on Infidelity," i2mo, Oxford, 
 1784. 14. " The Duty of contending for the Faith," Jude, 
 Ver. 3. preached at the primary Vifitation of the mofl: Reverend 
 John Lord ArchbiOiop of Canterbury, July r, 1786. To which 
 is fubjoincd, a Difcourfe on the Trinity in Unity, Matth. 
 xxviii. 19." 4to, 1786. Thefe fermons, with fourteen others 
 preached on particular occafions, and all publifhed feparately, 
 "were colle6led into one volume, 8vo, at Oxford, in 1795. The 
 two have alfo been publifned in i2ino, by the fociety for pro- 
 moting Chriftian Knowledge, and are among the books diltri- 
 buted by that fociety. 15. " A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Prieftley, 
 by an Undergraduate," Oxford, 1787. 16. *' Obfervalions 
 «n the Cafe of the Proteftant Diilenters, with Reference to 
 the Corporation and Tell A6ls," 8vo, Oxford, 1790. 17. 
 ** Charge intended to have been delivered to the Clergy of 
 Norwich, at the primary Vifitation," 4to, 1791. 18. " Dif- 
 courfes on feveral Subjeds and Occafions," 8vo, vol. 3, and 4, 
 Oxford, 1794; a pofthumous publication. The four volumes 
 have fince been reprinted in an uniform edition. Befides thefe, 
 might be enumerated feveral occafional papers in diiferent peri- 
 odical publications, but particularly the papers figned Z. in the 
 *' Olla Podrida," a periodical work, condu6led by Mr. T. 
 Monro, then batchelor of arts, and a demy of Magdalen-col- 
 lege, Oxford. But we leave thefe particulars to be fpecified by 
 thofe who Ihall write the life of the venerable bilhop on a larger 
 fcale. 
 
 HORNECK (Dr. Anthony), an Englifli divi"ne, was born 
 at Baccharack, a town in the Lower Palatinate, in 1641 fr]. 
 His father v/as recorder or fecretary of that town, a ftricl Pro- 
 teftant; and the doctor was brought up in the fame manner, 
 though fome, we find, alTerted that he was originally a Papift, 
 He was defigned for the fiicred miniftry from his birth, and firft 
 fent to Heidelberg, where he ftudied divinity under Spanheim, 
 afterwards profelTor at Leyden. When he was nineteen, he 
 came over to England, and was entered of Qiieen's-college, in 
 Oxford, Dec. 1663; of which, by the intereft of Barlow, then 
 provoft of that college, and afterwards bilhop of Lincoln, he 
 
 [t] Life of Hoineck by biihop Kidder, p. 3. 
 
 was 
 
H O R N E C K. 241 
 
 Was made chaplain foon after his admiflion. He was incorpo- 
 rated M. A. from the univerfity of Wittemberg, Dec. 1663; 
 and not long after made vicar of Ailhallows in Oxford, a living 
 in the gift of Lincoln-college. Here he continued two years, 
 and was then taken into the family of the duke of Albemarle, 
 in quality of tutor to his fon lord Torrington. The duke pre- 
 fentcd him to the rcclory of Doulton in Devonfhire, and pro- 
 cured him alfo a prebend in the church of Lxeter. In 1669, 
 before he married, he went over into Germany to fee his friends, 
 where he was much admired as a preacher, and was entertained 
 with great refpeft at the court of the ele6lor Palatine. At his 
 return in 1 67 1, he was chofen preacher in the Savoy, where he 
 continued to officiate till he died. This however was but poor 
 maintenance, the falary being fmall as well as precarious, and 
 he continued in mean circumftances for fome years after the 
 Revolution ; til!, as Kidder fays, it pleafedGod toraifeup a friend, 
 who concerned himfclf on his behalf, namely, the lord admiral 
 Ruill'l, afterwards earl of Orford. Before he went to fea, lord 
 Ruilel waited on the queen to take leave ; and when he was with 
 her, begged of her, that fhe " would be pleafed to beftow fome 
 preferment on Dr. Horneck." The queen told him, that (he 
 " could not at prefent think of any way of preferring the do£l:or ;" 
 and with this anfwer the admiral was difmiiTed. Some time after, 
 the queen related what had paiTed to archbi/hop Tillotfon ; and 
 added, that flie " was anxious le/t the admiral fhould think 
 her too unconcerned on the doftor's behalf." Confulting with' 
 him therefore what was to be done, Tillotfon advifed her to 
 promife him the next prebend of Weftrainfter that fliould happen 
 to become void. This the queen did, and lived to make good 
 her word in 1693. In i68r, he had commenced D, D. at Cam- 
 bridge, and was afterwards made chaplain to king William and 
 queen Mary. His prebend at Exeter lying at a great diftance 
 from him, he rehgned it; and Sept. 1694, was admitted to a 
 prebend in the church of Wells, to which he was prefented by 
 Kidder, bifliop of Bath and Wells. It was no very profitable 
 thing ; and if it had been, he would have enjoyed but little of 
 it, fmce he died fo foon after as Jan. 1696, and in hi? 56th year. 
 His body being opened, it appeared at once what was the caufe 
 of his death. Both his ureters were flopped ; the one by a (tone 
 that entered the top of the ureter with a Iharp end ; the upper* 
 part of which was thick, and inuch too large to enter any far-* 
 ther; the other by ftones of much Icfs firinnefs and confiftence. 
 He was interred in Weltminller-abbey, where a moiiUment, 
 with an handfome infcription upon it, was ereded to his me- 
 mory. 
 
 He was, fays Kidder, a man of very good learning, and had 
 good fkill in the languages. He had applied bimfelf to the 
 
 Vol. VIII. R Arabic 
 
242 H O R N E C K. 
 
 Arabic from his youth, and retained it to his death. He had 
 great fkill in the Hebrew likewife ; nor was his fkill limited to 
 the Biblical Hebrew only, but he was alfo a great mafter in the 
 Rabbinical. He was a moft diligent and indefatigable reader 
 of the Scriptures in the original languages: " Sacras literas 
 tradlavit indefelTo ftudio," fays his tutor Spanheim of him ; and 
 adds, that he was then of an elevated wit, of which he gave a 
 fpecimen in 1659, ^Y publicly defending " A DilTertation upon 
 the Vow of Jephthah concerning the facrifice of his Daughter." 
 He had great llvill in ecclefiaftical hiftory, in controverfial and 
 cafuirtical divinity ; and it is faid, that few men were fo fre- 
 quently confulted in cafes of confcience as Dr. Horneck. As 
 to his paltoral care in all its branches, he is fet forth as one of 
 the greateft examples that ever lived, " He had the zeal, the 
 fpirit, the courage of John the Baptift,"^ fays FCidder, " and 
 durlt reprove a great man ; and perhaps that man lived not,, 
 that was more confcientious in this matter. I very well knew 
 a great man," fays the biihop, *' and peer of the realm, from 
 whom he had jult expedlations of preferment ; but this was fo 
 far from (topping his mouth, that he reproved him to his face, 
 upon a very critical affair. He miffed of his preferment indeed, 
 but faved his own foul. This freedom," continues the good 
 biihop, ** made his acquaintance and friendfhip very dclirable by 
 every good man, that would be better. He would in him be 
 very fure of a friend, that would not fuffer fm upon him. 1 
 may fay of him, what Pliny fays of Corellius Riifus, whofe 
 death he laments, * amifi meas vitas teffem, &c.' * 1 have loft 
 a faithful vvitnefs of my life^' and may add what he faid upon 
 that occafion to his friend Calvifrus, * vereor ne negligent ius 
 vivam,' ' I am afraid left for the time to come I Ihould live 
 more carelefsly." 
 
 He was the author of fermons, and many works of the reli- 
 gious kind ; but befides thefe, he tranllated out of German into 
 Englifh, " A wonderful Story or Narrative of certain Swedilh 
 Writers," printed in Glanvil's '* Sadducifmus Triumphatus ;" 
 in the fecond edition of which book is a " Preface to the Won- 
 derful Story," with an addition of a " new Relation from Swe- 
 den," tranllated by him out of German. He tranflatcd likewife 
 from French into Englifli, '* An Antidote againft a carelefs 
 Indifferency in Matters of Religion ; in Oppofition to thofe 
 who believe that all Religions are alike, and that it imports not 
 what Men profefs." This was printed at London in 1693, 
 with an Introdudlion written by himfelf. He collected and 
 publifhed *' Some Difcourfes, Sermons, and Remains of Mr. 
 Jofeph Glanvil," in 1681. He wrote likewife, in conjunction 
 •with Dr. Gilbert Burnet, " The laft Confeilion, Prayers, and 
 Meditations of Lieutenant John Stern, delivered by him on the 
 
 Cart, 
 
H O R R O X. 243 
 
 Cart, immediately before his Execution, to Dr. Burnet : to- 
 gether with the lad Confedion of George Borofky, figned by 
 him in the Prifon, and fealed up in the Lieutenant's Pacquet, 
 With which an Account is given of their Deportment, both in 
 the Prifon, and at the Place of their Execution, which was in 
 the Pall-mall, on the loth of March, in the fame place in which 
 they had murdered Thomas Thynne, Efq; on the 12th of Fe- 
 bruary before, in 1681." This was publifhed at London, in 
 folio, 1682. 
 
 HORNI US (George), profefTor of hiftory at Leyden, was 
 born in the Palatinate, and died at Leyden in 1670. He was 
 a little maniacal towards the end of his life; which diforder was 
 fuppofed to be occafioiied by the lofs of 6000 florins, he had 
 entnilted with an alcheniift at the Hague. His chief works are, 
 I. *' Hiltoria Ecclefiaftica ad ann. i666." This has been well 
 cileemed. 2. " De Originibus Americanis, 1652," 8vo. 3. 
 " Geographia Vetus Si Nova." 4. " Orbis Politicus.'* 5. 
 Hiltoria Philofophi*c," in feven books, 4to, 1655. He was a 
 man of vaft reading, rather than great parts. 
 
 HORROX (Jeremiah), an EnglilTi aftronomer, and me- 
 morable for being the firfl, from the beginning of the world, 
 who had obferved the paffage of Venus over the Sun's difk, was 
 born at Toxteth in Lancalhire, about 1619 [u]. From a fchool 
 in the country, where he acquired grammar-learning, he Avas 
 fent to Emanuel-collcge in Cambridge, and there fpent fome 
 time in academical ftudies. About 1633, he began with real 
 earneftnefs to ftudy aftronomy : but living at that time with his 
 father at Toxteth, in very moderate circumftances, and beini^ 
 deftitute of books and other alliftances for the profecution of 
 this ftudy, he could not make any confiderable progrefs. He 
 fpent fome of his firft years in ftudying the writings of Lanf- 
 bergius, of which he repented and complained afterwards; neg- 
 leding in the mean time the more valuable and profitable works 
 of Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and other excellent aitronomers. In 
 1636, he contracted an acquaintance with Mr. William Crab- 
 tree of Broughton near Manchefter, and was engaged in the 
 fame ftudies ; but living at a confiderable diftance from each 
 other, they could have little correfpondence except by letters. 
 Thefe, however, they frequently exchanged, communicating 
 their obfervations to one another ; and they fometimes confulted 
 Mr, Samuel Fofter, profeffor of aftronomy at Grefham-coUege 
 in London. Horrox, having now obtained a companion in his 
 fludies, alTumed new fpirits. Procuring aftronomical inftruments 
 and books, he applied himfelf to make obfervations ; and by 
 Crabtree's advice, laid afide Lanfbergius, whofe tables he found 
 
 [t] Wallis's Epiftola Nuncupatoria, prefixed to Horrox's Opera Pofthuma. 
 
 R 2 erroneous. 
 
244 ' H R S L E Y. 
 
 erroneous, and his hypothefes inconfiftent. He was purfuing 
 his ftudies with great vigour and fuccefs, when he was cut off 
 by a fudden death, Jan. 3, 1640-1. 
 
 What we have of his writings if. fufficient to {hew, how ^reat 
 a lofs the world had of him. He had juil finifhed his " Wnus 
 in Sole vifa," a little before his death. He made his obferva- 
 tions upon this new and extraordinary pha:;nomenon at Hool 
 near Liverpool ; but they did not appear till 1662, when 
 Heveliiis publilhed them at Dantzick, wirh feme works of his 
 own, under this title, '* Mercurius in Sole vifus Gedani anno 
 1661, Maij 3, cum aliis quibufdara rerum coeleftium obferva- 
 tionibus rarifque phac;nomenis. Cui annexa eft Venus in Sole 
 pariter vifa anno 1639, Nov. 24, &c " Befides this, work he 
 had begun another, in which hepropofed thefe two things: firft, 
 to refute Lanfbergius's hypothefes, and to fhew, how inconfift- 
 ent they were with each other and the heavens; and, fecondly, 
 to draw up a new fyftem of aftronomv, agreeably to the heavens, 
 from his own obfervations and thofe of others; retaining for 
 the moft part the Keplerian hypothefes, but changing the num- 
 bers as obfertations required. Wallis, from whofe " Epiftola 
 Nuncupatoria" we have extrafted thefe memoirs of Horrox, 
 publilhed fome of his papers in 1673, under the title of *' Opera 
 Pofthuma :" others were carried into Ireland by his brother 
 Jonas Horrox, who had purfued the fame fludies, and died 
 there, by which means they were loft : and others came into 
 the hands of Mr. Jeremiah Shakerly, who, by the ailiftance 
 of them, formed his " Britifh Tables," publiftied at London in 
 1653: which laft papers, after Shakerly's voyage to the Eaft- 
 Indies, where he died, are faid to have remained in the pofTef- 
 fion of a bookfeller, till they were deftroyed by the great fire at 
 London in 1666. 
 
 HORSLEY (John), author of a very learned and excellent 
 work, entitled, *' Britannia Romana," by which only he is 
 known, is fuppofed to have been a native of Northumberland, 
 where, at a village called Long-Horfley, near Morpeth, the 
 family, in all probabi'lity, originated. Ihis parent ftock, if 
 Inch it was, is now loft in the Witheringtons, by the marriage 
 of the heirefs of Long-Horfley, about the middle of this cen- 
 tury, with a perfon of that name. We know only of two other 
 branches; one fettled in Yorkfliire, the other in the Weft, from 
 which latter, we underftand the prefent learned biihop of Ro- 
 chefter to have fprung[u]: but the branches have been fo long 
 
 [u] Dr. Prieftley, with his ufual accu- father was indeed a diflenter, but not 2 
 
 racy cf hiltorical affcrtion, has faid that minifter; the father (jhanged voluntarily, 
 
 the father and grandfather of the bifhop with Maddox, afterwards bi/hop of Wor- 
 
 were diflenting sninilters. The truth is, cefter, in early youth, and the grandfather, 
 
 that the father of the bilhop was a clergy- late in life, acceded alfa to our comnju— 
 
 "rssn of the chnrch of England; his grand- nloft 
 
 feparated 
 
H O R S T I U S. 245 
 
 fcparated, that they cannot trace their relationfhip to each other. 
 John Horlley was educated in the pubHc grammar-fchool at New- 
 callle, and afterwards in Scotland, where he took a degree; he 
 was finally fettled at Morpeth, and is faid, in Hutchinfon's 
 view of Northumberland [x], to have been paftor to a dilfcnting 
 congregation in that place. The fame author adds, from Ran- 
 dall's manufcripts, that he died in 1732, which was the fame 
 year in which his great work appeared; but the truth is, as 
 we learn from the journals of the time, that he died Dec. 12, 
 1731 ; a fhort time before the publication of his book. He was 
 a fellow of the Royal Society. A few letters from him to Roger 
 Gale, efq; on antiquarian fubjedis, are inferted in Hutchinfon's 
 book [y] : they are all dated in 1729. His " Britannia Romana" 
 gives a full and learned account of the remains and veltiges of 
 the Romans in Britain. It is divided into three books; the firft 
 containing " the Hiitory of all the Roman Tranfa£lions in Bri- 
 tain, with an account of their legionary and auxiliary forces 
 employed here, and a Determination of the Stations /^r lincam 
 valli\ alfo a large Defcription of the Roman Walls, with Maps 
 of the fame, laid down from a geometrical Survey." The 
 ■fecond book contains, *' a complete Colledion of the Roman 
 Infcriptions and Sculptures, which have hitherto been difco- 
 vered in Britain, with the Letters engraved in their proper 
 fhape, and proportionate fize, and the reading placed under 
 each ; as alfo an hiftorical account of them, with explanatory 
 and critical obfervations." The third book contains, *' the 
 RomaniGeography of Britain, in which are given the original? 
 of Ptolemy, Antonini Itinerarium, the Notitia, the anonymous 
 Ravennas, and Peutinger's Table, fo far as they relate to this 
 I (land, with particular EiTays on each of thofe ancient Authors, 
 and the feveral Places in Britain mentioned by them," with ta- 
 bles, indexes, &c. Such is the author's own account in his title- 
 page ; and the learned of all countries have teflified that the 
 ;iccuracy of the execution has equalled the excellence of the plan. 
 HORSTIUS (James), an eminent phyfician, was born at 
 Torgau in 1537 ; and took the degree of M. D. in the univerfity 
 of Frankfort on the Oder, in 1562. He was offered the place 
 of public phyfician in feveral places ; and he exercifed it fuc- 
 cefTjvely at Sagan and Suidnitz in Silefia, and at fglavv in Mo- 
 ravia, till 1580, when he was made phylician in ordinary to the 
 archduke of Auftria: and four years after, quitting that place, 
 he was promoted to the medical profelTorfhip in the univeriity of 
 Helmrta!dt. The oration he delivered at his inftallation, " De 
 remoris difcentium medicinam & earum remediis," that is, 
 ** Of the Difficulties which attend the Study of Phyfic, and the 
 Means to remove them," is a very good one ; and pritited with 
 
 [x] Vpl. U. p. 299. [v] At Vol. i. p. 40, 41, & 196. 
 
 R 3 his 
 
246 
 
 H O R S T I U S. 
 
 his "EplftolasPhilofophics&Medicinales, Lipf. 1596 [z],"8vo. 
 Upon enterirg on this poft, he diilingniflied himfelf by one ob- 
 fervance, which was thought a great iingularity: he joined devo- 
 tion to the pra6lice of phyilc. He always prayed to God to blefs 
 his prefcriptions ; and he publifhed a form of prayer upon this 
 fubjedl, which he prefcnted to the univerfity. It is eafy to 
 conceive, that no book of devotion ever fold worfe than this, 
 which Horftius compofcd for the ufe of phyficians: it muft, 
 however, be obferved to their honour, that feveral of them gave 
 him thanks for publifhing thefe prayers, and coniefTed that their 
 art flood very much in need of God's airiftance. He acquitted 
 himfelf worthily in his fundions, and publilhed fome books, 
 which kept up the reputation he had already acquired. It mud 
 rot be diifembled, that he publifhed a " Dilfertation upon the 
 Golden Tooth of a Child in Silefia ;" concerning which he fuf- 
 fercd himfelf to be egregioudy impofed upon. This go'den 
 tooth was a thorough impoihire, contrived for the fake of getting 
 money; and Van D;;le has related in what manner the cheat was 
 difoovert-d. Horllius, in the mean time, took it for a great 
 prodigy, which ought to be a comfort to thofe Chriftians, who 
 were oppreffed by the Turks; as certainly foreboding the down- 
 fal of the Ottoman empire. He was not, however, the only 
 one who made himfelf ridiculous by writing about this golden 
 tooth ; others did the fame : and they may fcrve as a lelfon of 
 caution to the curious enquirers into nature, to make themfelves 
 fure of the real exiftence of things, before they attempt to Ex- 
 plain their caufes. Horftius's dilfertation was publilhed at 
 Leipfic in 1595. 8vo, with another piece of his writing, *' De 
 Nodlambulis," or ** Concerning thofe who walk in their 
 fleep." 
 
 He died about 1600, He married his firfl: wife in 1562, by 
 whom he had ten children ; and lofing her in 1585, he married a 
 fecond two years after. If the religion of this phyfician had 
 been lefs tinftured with fuperflition, and his philofophy lefs cre- 
 dulous, he would have efcaped fome ridicule. 
 
 HORSTIUS (George), nephew of the preceding, gained 
 fuch a reputation in the pradice of phyfic, that he was ufually 
 called the iEfculapins of Germany. He was born at Torgau in 
 1578 [a], admitted M. A. at Wittemberg in 1601, and M. D. 
 at Bafil in i6c6. He was profelfor of phyfic in feveral places, 
 and at lafl, in 1622, accepted the place of firfl: phyfician to the 
 city of Ulm, which he held as long as he lived. He took 
 a wife in 16^5, and loft her in 1634. He married a fecond in 
 June, 1635, and died of the gout in Auguft, 1636. He pub- 
 lifhed many books, fome upon ufeful, fome upon curious fub- 
 jeds, which have been much efteemed. Among thefe were, 
 
 [z] Lindenius Renovatus, p. 485, [a] Lindenlus Renovatus, p. 355. 
 
 "De 
 
HORTENSIUS. 247 
 
 ** De tucnda fanitate, 1648," i2mo. *• De tuenda fanit:ite 
 i!udioforum & literatorum, 1648," i2mo. ** De caufis fimi- 
 ]itudinis & diflimilitudinis in foetu, refpciflu parentum, &c. 
 1 6 19," 4to. ** Dilfertatio de natura amoris, additis refolu- 
 tionibus de cura furoris amatorii, de philtris, aique de pulfu 
 amantium, r6r i," 4to, &c. Befides two daughters, he left four 
 fons by his firft wife ; three of whom were phyficians, the other 
 an apothecary. Two of the phyficians, John- Daniel, and Gre- 
 gory, were alfo authors. 
 
 HORTENSIUS (<>uintus), a Roman orator, the contem- 
 porary and rival of Cicero, fo far his fenior, that he was an 
 eftablillied pleader fome time before the appearance of the 
 latter. Repleaded his firfi: caufe at the age of nineteen, in the 
 confiilfhip of L. Licinius Crallus, and Q^ Mutius Scevola, 94 
 years before the Chriflian asra, Cicero being then in his twelfth 
 year. This early effort was crowned with great fuccefs, and he 
 continued throughout his life a very favourite orator. His ene- 
 mies, however, rcprefented his a6lion as extravagant, and gave 
 him the name of hhrtenfui, from a celebrated dancer of that 
 time. He proceeded alfo in the line of public honours, was mili- 
 tary tribune, pr^tor, and, in the year 68, A. C. conful, together 
 with Q. Cascilius Metellus. He was an eminent member of 
 the college of augurs, and was the perfon who eledled Cicero 
 into that body, being fworn to prefent a man of proper dignity. 
 By him alfo Cicero was there inaugurated, for which reafon, 
 fays that author, it was my duty to regard him as a parent. 
 He died in the year 49 A. C. and Cicero, to whom the news of 
 that event was brought when he was at Rhodes, in his return 
 from Cilicia, has left a moft eloquent eulogy and lamentation 
 jjpon him, in the opening of his celebrated treatife on orators, 
 entitled Brutus. " I conlidered him," fays that writer, " not, 
 as many fuppofed, in the light of an adverfary, or one who 
 robbed me of any praife, but as a companion and fharer in my 
 glorious labour. It was much more honourable to have fuch an 
 opponent, than to ftand unrivalled; more efpecially as neither 
 his career was impeded by mc, nor mine by him ; but each, on the 
 -contrary, was always ready to alFilT; the other by communication, 
 advice, and kindnefs." If, however, Cicero was fincere in his 
 attachment, it was furmifed that Hortenfius was not, and this 
 is even infinuated in one of the epiltles of Cicero. Hortenfius 
 amafled great wealth, but lived at the fame time in a fplendid 
 and liberal manner; and it is faid that at his death his cellars 
 were found ftocked with 10,000 hogllieads of wine. His ora- 
 tions have all perifhed; but it was the opinion of Qi^iintillian, 
 that they did not in perufal anfwer to the fame he obtained by 
 fpeaking them. Hortenfius niuft have been fixty-four at the 
 time of his death. 
 
 R 4 HORTEK- 
 
24^ 
 
 HOS PINI AN. 
 
 HORTENSIUS (Lambert), a philologer, a writer of 
 Verfes, and a hiftorian. His real namfe is unknown ; he took 
 that of Hortenfius, either becaufe his father was a gardener, or 
 becaufe his family name fignified gardener^ He was born at 
 Montfort, in the territory of Utrecht, in the year 1501, and 
 ftudied at Loiivain. Hortenfius was for feveral years re£lor of 
 the fchool at Naarden, and when that city was taken in the year 
 1572, he would have fallen a facrifice to the military fury, had 
 he not been preferved by the gratitude of one who had been his 
 pupil. His death happened at Naarden, in 1577. -t l^ere are 
 extant by him, befides fatires, epithalamia, and other Latin 
 poems, the following works: i. Seven books, " De bello Ger- 
 manico," under Charles V. 8vo. 2. " De tumultu Anabaptif- 
 tarum," folio. 3. " De SecefTionibus Ultrajedinis," folio. 
 4. Commentaries on the fix firll books of the /Eneid, and 
 on Lucan. 5. Notes on four Comedies of Ariftophanes. 
 
 HOSIUS (Stanislaus), cardinal, was born at Cracow in 
 Poland, in 1503, of low parents, but being well educated, was, 
 after taking his degrees, fo much diftinguilTied, as to be ad- 
 mitted into the Polifh fenate. He was here diftinguifhed by the 
 acutenefs of his genius, the retentivenefs of his memory, and 
 other accomplifliments mental and perfonal ; and was advanced 
 fucceffively to the places of fecretary to the king, canon of 
 Cracow, bifhop of Culm, and bifhop of Warmia. He was 
 fent by the pope Pius IV. to engage the emperor Ferdinand to 
 continue the council of Trent, and the emperor was fo charmed 
 ■with his eloquence and addrefs that he granted whatever he 
 afked. Pius then made him a cardinal, and employed him as 
 his legate, to open and prefide at the council. Hofius was a 
 » zealous advocate for the Romifh church, and defended it ably 
 both in fpeeches and writings; the latter of which amounted to 
 two folio volumes, and were often printed during his life. He 
 died in the year 1579, at the age of 76, and was buried in the 
 church of St. Lawrence, from which he took his title as car- 
 dinal. By his will he left his library to the univerfity of Cracow, 
 with an annual fum to provide for its fupport and increafe. 
 Among his works, the chief are, i. " Confeilio Catholics fidei ;" 
 faid to have been reprinted, in various languages, thirty-four times. 
 2. *' De Communione fub utraque fptcie." 3. " De facerdo- 
 tum conjugio." 4. *' De MifTa vulgari lingua celebranda," &c. 
 His works were firft colledively publi(hed at Cologne in 1584. 
 HOSPINIAN (RoDOLPHUs), a learned Swifs writer, who 
 rendered prodigious fervice to the Proteflant caufe, was born at 
 Altdorf near Zurich, where his father was minifter, in 1547 
 [bJ. He began his fludies at Zurich, under the diredion of 
 
 [b] Bayk's Dift. 
 
 Wolfiu5, 
 
H O S P I N I A N. 249 
 
 Wolfius, his uncle by bis motber's fide; and made a vaft pro- 
 grefs. Lofing bis fatlTcr in 1563, be found an affccf^ionate 
 patron in his godfather Rodolphus Guahenis. He left Zurich 
 in 1565, in order to vifit the other univerfities ; and fpcnt 
 fome time in Marpurg and Heidelberg. He was afterwards 
 recalled, and received into the miniitry in 1568, and the year 
 after took a wife, by whom he had fourteen children: neverthe- 
 lefs, when fhe died in 1612, he married a fecond. Tliey were 
 both good women, and made him very happy. The fame year 
 alfo, 1569, he obtained the freedom of the city; and was made 
 provifor of the abbey fchool in 1571. Though his fchool and 
 his cure engroifed fo much of his time, he had yet the courage 
 to undertake a noble work of vaft extent: and that was, *' An 
 Hiftory of the Errors of Popery." He confidered, that the 
 Papifts, when defeated by the holy Scriptures, had recourfe to 
 tradition; were for ever boalling of their antiquity, and defpifed 
 the proteftants for being modern. To deprive them of this plea, 
 he was determined to fearch into the rile and progrefs of the 
 Popifh rites and ceremonies ; and to examine by what gradations 
 the truth, which had been taught by Chrift and his apoftles, had 
 given way to innovations. The circumllancc, which firft fug- 
 gefted this thought was, his falling accidentally into converfation 
 in a country alehoufe with a landlord, who was fo filly as to ima- 
 gine, that tiie monaflic life came immediately from Paradife. 
 He could not complete his work, agreeably to the plan he had 
 drawn out ; but he publifhed fome confiderable parts of it, as, 
 I. " De Templis: hoc eft, de origine, progreiTu, ufu, & abufii 
 Templorum, ac omnino rerum omnium ad lempla pertinentium. 
 1587," folio. 2. " De Monachis : feu de origine & progreftu 
 monachatus Sc ordlnum monatHcorum, 1588," folio. 3. '< De 
 Feftis Judasorum 5i. Ethnicorum : hoc elt, de origine, progreiTu, 
 ceremoniis, & ritibus feftorum dierum Judseorum, Grsecorum, 
 Romanorum, Turcarum, & Indianorum, 1592," folio. 4. 
 *' Fefta Chriftianorum," <?cc. 1593, folio. 5. " Hiftoria Sacra- 
 mentaria: hoc eft, libri quinque de Coenas Dominicje prima in- 
 ftitutione, ejufque vero ufu 5c abufu, in primpsva ccclefia; necnon 
 de origine, progrelfu, ceremoniis, d<. ritibus Milfae, Tranfub- 
 ftantiationis, &:aliorum pene infinitorum errorum, quibus Coena? 
 prima inftitutio horribiliter in papatu polluta 5i profanata eft," 
 1598, folio. 6. ''Pars altera: de origine progreftii contro- 
 verfias facramentarias de Ccepa Domini inter Lutheranos, Ubi- 
 quiftas, & Orthodoxos, quos Zuinglianos feu Calviniftas vocant, 
 exortas ab anno 1517 ufque ad 1602 deducla, 1602," folio. 
 Thefe are all of them parts of his great work, which he en- 
 larged in fucceeding editions, and added confutations of the ar- 
 guments of Bellarmin, Baronius, and Gretfer. What he pub- 
 Iffhed on the Eucharift, and another work, entitled, " Concor.. 
 I dia 
 
250 HOSPITAL. 
 
 dia Difcors, &c. printed into 1607, exafperated the Lutherans 
 in a high degree; and they wrote agaitift him very abufively.. 
 He did not publifh any anfwer, though he had ahnoft finifhcd 
 one, but turned his arms againlt the Jefuits; and publiflied 
 *' Hiltoria Jefuitica: hoc eft, de origine, regulis, conftitution- 
 ibus, privilegiis, incrementis, progreilu, & propagatione ordinis 
 Jefuitarum. Item, de eorum dob's, fraudibus, mip;)fturis, ne- 
 fariis facinoribus, cruentis confiliis, falfa quoque, feditiofa, 6c 
 fa- ifuir.olenta do6lrina, 1619," folio. 
 
 Thefe are his works; and tliey juftly gained him high rcpu- 
 taMon, as they did alfo good preferment. JJe was appointed 
 arciideacon of Caroline church in 1588; and, in 1594, miniller 
 of the abbey-church. He was deprived of his fight for near a 
 year by a catara6l, yet continued to preach as ufual, and was 
 happily couched in 1613. In 1623, being 76 years of age, he 
 grew childifh ; and fo continued till his death, which happened 
 in 1626. The public entertained fo high an opinion of his 
 learning from his writings, that he was exhorted from all quar- 
 ters to refute Baronius's "Annals ;" and no one was thought to 
 have greater abilities for the tafk. A new edition of his works 
 was pub'ifiied at Geneva, 1681, in feven thin volumes, folio. 
 
 HOSPITAL (Michel de l'j, chancellor of France, was 
 the fon of a phyficiin, and born at Aigueperfe in Auvergne, in 
 the year 1505. His father fent him to ftudy in the moll: cele- 
 brated univerfities of France and Italy, where he diftinguiflied 
 himfcif at once by his genius for literature, and for bufmefs. 
 Having diligently ftudied jurifprudence, he was quickly advanced 
 to very honourable pofts; being fuccellively auditor of the Rota 
 at Rome, counfellor in the parliament of Paris, ambaffador at 
 the council of Trent when transferred to Bologna, and finally 
 fuperintendaiit of the royal finances in France. His merits iji 
 this poll v\ere of the moil fingular and exalted kind. By a fe- 
 vere oeconomy, he laboured to reilore the royal treafure, exhaufted 
 by the prodigality of the king, Henry II. and the diihonell 
 avarice of his favourites; he defied the enmity of thofe whofe 
 profits he deftroyed, ai;d was himfelf fo rigidly difinterefted, that 
 after five or fix years continuance in this place, he was unable 
 to give a portion to his daughter, and the deficiency was fupplied 
 by the liberality of the fovereign. On the death of Henry, in 
 1559, the cardinal of Lorraine, then at the head of affairs, 
 introduced I'Hofpital into the council of ftate. Hence he was 
 removed by Margaret of Valois, who took him into Savoy, as 
 her chancellor. But the confufions of France foon made it ne- 
 ceiTary to recal a man of fuch firmnefs and undaunted integrity. 
 In tiie midic of faction and fury, he was advanced to the high 
 office of chancellor of that kingdom, where he maintained his 
 poft, li-ke a philofopher who was fuperior to fear, or any fpecies 
 
 of 
 
HOSPITAL. 
 
 251 
 
 of weakncfs. At the breaking out of the confpiracy of Am- 
 boife, in 1560, and on all other occafions, he was the advocate 
 for mercy ai>d reconciliation ; and by the cdicl of Romoranfin, 
 prevented the eltablifliment of the inqiiifition in France. It was 
 perhaps for reafons of this kind, rather than from any folid proof, 
 that the violent Romanifts acciifed him of being a concealed Pro- 
 teftant; forgetting that by fuch fufpicions they paid the higheft 
 compliment to the fpirit of Proteftuntifm. The queen, Catherine 
 of Medicis, who had coitributed to the elevation of IHofpital, 
 being too violent to approve his pacific mcafiires, excluded him 
 from the council of war; on which he retired to hiscountry-houfe 
 at Vignai near Eltampes. Some days after, when the ffa'ls were 
 demanded of him, he religned them without regret, faying, that 
 *' the affairs of the world were too corrupt for him to meddle 
 with the;i;." In lettered eafe, amufing himfelf with Latin 
 poetry, and a feject fociety of friends, he truly enjoyed his 
 retreat, till his happinefs was interrupted by the atrocious day of 
 St. Bartholomew, in 1572. Of this difgraceful event, he thnnght 
 as {)o(lerity has thought ; but, though his friends conceived 
 it probable that he might be included in the profcriprion, he 
 difdained to feek his fafety by flight. So firm was he, that when 
 a party of horfemen adiually advanced to his houfe, though with- 
 out orders, for the horrid purpofe of malfacreing him, he refufed 
 to clofe his gates: ** If the fmall one," faid he, '* will not admit 
 them, throw open the large ;" and he was preferved only by 
 the arrival of another party, with expre fs orders from the king 
 to declare that he was not among the profcribed. The perfons 
 who made the lifls, it was added, pardoned him the oppofi- 
 tion he had always made to their projedls. ** I did not know " 
 faid he coldly, without any change of countenance, ** that 1 had 
 done any thing to deferve either death or pardon." His motto 
 is faid to have been 
 
 Si fraftus illabatur orbis 
 Impavidum ferient ruins, » 
 
 and certainly no perfon ever had a better right to alTume that 
 fublime device. This excellent magiflrate, and truly great 
 man, died in 1573, at the age of 68 years. It has been thought 
 that his portrait refembles the antique heads of Ariflotle. There 
 are extant by him, i. " Latin Poems," 8vo, 1732, publifhed 
 at Amflerdam. They are not without merit, but Chapelain 
 extolled them much too highly, when he compared the author 
 to Horace. His flile is manly, but fometimes difFufe. 2. 
 ** Speeches delivered in the Meeting of the States at Orleans." 
 As an orator he fhines much lefs than as a poet, 3. " Memoirs, 
 containing Treaties of Peace," &c. &c. It is faid that he had alfo 
 projecled a hiftory of his own time in Latin, but this he did 
 not execute. He left only one child, a daughter, married to 
 
 Robert 
 
25± HOSPITAL. 
 
 Robert Huranlt, whofe children added the name of rHofpital to 
 that of their father ; but the male line of this family alfo was 
 extinct in 1706. Nevcithelefs, the memory of the chancellor 
 has received the hi^heiT: honours within a few years of the prefent 
 time. In 1777. the abbe R.emi pronounced a panegyric upon 
 him, which was crowned in the French academy ; and, in the 
 fame vear, Louis XVI. ercdcd a flatuc of white marble to him. 
 For a man fo fond of juiiicc, no one ever lufTercd fo much in- 
 juliice as that mifortunatc monarch. 
 
 HOSPITAL (William-Francis-Antont, m.arquis de 
 l'^, a great mathematician of France, was bom of another 
 branch of the fame family in 1661. He was a geometrician 
 almoll from his infancy; for one day being at the duke de 
 Rohan'?, where fome able mathematicians were fpeaking of a 
 problem of Pafchal's, which appeared to them extremely diffi- 
 cult, he ventured to lay, that he believed he could folve it. They 
 •were arnaxcd at what appeared fuch unpardonable prefumption 
 in a boy of fifteen, for he was then no more; neverthelefs, in a 
 few days he feni them the folution. He entered early into the 
 army, yet always preferved his love for the mathematics, and 
 itudied them even in his tent; whither he ufed to retire, it is 
 faid, not only to ftudy, but alfo to conceal his application to 
 fludy: for in thofe days, to be too knowing in the fciences was 
 thought to derogate from nobility; and a foldier of quality, to 
 preferve his dignity, was in fome meafure obliged to hide his 
 attainments of this kind. De I'Hofpitai did this very well, and 
 was never fufpedled of being a great mathematician. He was a 
 captain of horfe ; but, being extremely fhort-fighted, and ex- 
 pofed on that account to perpetual inconveniences and errors, 
 he at length quitted the army, and applied himfelf entirely to his 
 favourite amufement. He contracted a friendfhip with -,Mal- 
 branche, judging by his " Recherche de la verite," that he m.uH: 
 be an excellent guide in the fciences; and he took his opinion 
 upon all occafions. His abilities and knowledge were no longer 
 a fecret : and at the age of 32 he gave a public folution of pro- 
 blems, drawn from the deepeft geometry, which had been pro- 
 pofed to mathematicians in the A6ls of Leipfic. In 1693, he 
 M-as received an honorary meinber of the Academy of fciences 
 at Paris; and publilhied a work upon fir Ifaac Newton's calcu- 
 lations, entitled, " L'Analyfe des infinimens petits." He was 
 the iirfi: in France who wrote on this fubjeft : and on this ac- 
 count was regarded almoft as a prodigy. He engaged afterwards 
 in another work of the mathematical kind, in which he in- 
 cluded *' Les Se6tiones coniques, les Lieux geometriques, la 
 Condrudion des Equations," and " Une Theorie des Courbes, 
 mcchaniques:" but a little before he had finifhed it, he was feized 
 with a fever, of which he died Feb. 2, 1704, aged 49. It was 
 
 publiihed 
 
H O T M A N. 253 
 
 publlfhcd after his death. He is reprefcnted to have been a very 
 worthy, honell, eftimable man. 
 
 HOTMAN (Francis), in Larin Hotomanus, a learned 
 French civilian, was born in 15241 c], at Paris, where his fa- 
 mily, originally of Brellau in Silefia, had flourifhed for forne 
 time. He made fo rapid a progrefs in the belles lettres, that at 
 the age of fifteen, he was fent to Orleans to itudy the civil lavv, 
 and in three years was received do6lor in that faculty. His 
 father, a coimfellor in parliament, had already deffgntd hint 
 for that employment; and therefore fent for him home, and 
 placed him at the bar. But Hotman was foon difpleafed with 
 the chicanery of the court, and applied liimfelf vigoroiifly to the 
 Itudy of the Roman lavv and polite literature. At the age of 
 twenty-three, he v/as chofen to read public le6lures in the fchools 
 of Paris: but, relllhing the opinions of Luther, on account of 
 which many perfons were put to death in France, and finding that 
 he could not profefs them at Paris, he went to Lyons the year 
 after; that is, in 154B. Having now- nothing to expe(5l from 
 his father, who was greatly irritated at the change of his reli- 
 gion, he left Franct, and retired to Geneva; where he lived 
 fome lime in Calvin's houfe. From hence he went to Laufanne, 
 wh-. re the magiilrates of Bern gave him the place of profelTor 
 of polite literature. He publilhed there fome books, which, 
 however, young as he was, were not his firft publications; and 
 married a French gentlewoman, who had alfo retired thither on 
 account of religion. His merit was fo univerfally known, that 
 the magiftrates of Strafburg offered him a profelForfhip of civil 
 law; which he accepted, and held till 1561. Mean time, while 
 he was difcharging the functions of this place, he received invi- 
 tati.-^ns from the duke of Pruliia, the landgrave of HefTe, the 
 dukes of Saxony, and even from queen Elizabeth of England; 
 but did not accept them. He did not refufe, however, to go to 
 the court of the king of Navarre, at the beginning of the trou- 
 bles; and he went twice into Germany, to defire affiftance of 
 F"erdinand, in the name of the princes of the blood, and even in 
 the name of the queen-mother. The fpeech he made at the 
 diet of Frankfort is publiflied. Upon his return to Strafburg, 
 he was prevailed upon to go and teach civil law at Valence ; 
 which he did with fuch fuccefs, that he raifed the reputation of 
 that univerfity. Three years after he went to be profelfor at 
 Bourges, by the invitation of Margaret of France, fifler of 
 Henry H. but left that city in about five months, and retired to 
 Orleans to the heads of the party, who made great ufe of his 
 advice. The peace which was made a month after, did not pre- 
 vent him from apprehending the return of the itorm: upoa 
 
 £c] Bayle'j Dift.-^Niceron, Honynes illuftres, Toiij. XI. 
 
 which 
 
254 H O T M A N. 
 
 •which account he retired to Sancerre, and there wrote an ex- 
 cellent book, " De Confolatione," which his fon pubhfhed aftes 
 his death. He returned afterwards to his profefTorfhip at Bourges, 
 where he was very near being killed in the mafTacre of 1572: 
 but luckily efcaping, he left France, with a full refolution never 
 to return thither ; and went to Geneva, where he read ledures 
 upon the civil law. Some time after he went to Bafil, and there 
 alfo taught civil law. He was fo pleafed with this fituation, that 
 he refufed great offers from the prince of Orange and the States- 
 General, who would have drawn him to Leyden. The plague 
 having obliged him to leave Bafil, he retired to Montbeliard, 
 where he loit his wife; and went afterwards to live with her fifters 
 at Geneva. He returned once more to Bafil, and there died in 
 1590, of a dropfy, which had kept him conftantly in a ftate of 
 indifpofition for fix years before. During this, he revifed and 
 digefted his works for a new edition ; and they were publilhed 
 at Geneva in 15991 ^" 3 ^ols. folio, with his life prefixed by 
 Neveletus Dofchius. The two firft contain treatifes upon the 
 civil law ; the third, pieces relating to the government of France, 
 and the right of fucceilion; five books of Roman antiquities; 
 commentaries upon TuUy's " Orations and Epiftles;" notes 
 upon Casfar's *' Commentaries," &c. His *' Franco-Gallia," 
 or, *' Account of the free State of France," has been tranflated 
 into Englifh by lord Molefworth, author of ♦' The Account of 
 Denmark." He publifhed alfo feveral other articles without 
 his name; but, being of the controverfial kind, they were pro- 
 bably not thought of confequence enough to be revived in the 
 colle£lion of his works. 
 
 He was one of thofe who would never confent to be painted ; 
 but v/e are told, that his pi£lure was taken while he was in his 
 lafl: agony. His integrity, firmnefs, and piety, are highly ex- 
 tolled by the author of his life ; yet, if Baudouin may be be- 
 lieved (whom however it is more reafonable not to believe, as 
 he was his antagonift in religious opinions) he was guilty of fome 
 very great enormities [d]. From the defire of money which he 
 difcovers in his dedications, and the means he ufed to extort it 
 from the great, fome have fuppofed him to be avaricious : but it 
 muft be remembered, that he loft his all when he changed his 
 religion, and had no fupplies but what arofe from reading lec- 
 tures; for it does not appear that his wife brought him a for- 
 tune. It is very probable, however, that his ledlures would have 
 been fufficient for his fubfiftence ; but he was bewitched with 
 fchemes of finding out the philofopher's Itone, and we find him 
 lamenting to a friend in his laft illnefs, that he had fquandered 
 away his fubftance upon this hopeful projedl. It is certain, 
 
 £d] Reiponf. ad Calvin Sc Eezazn pro Francifco Biildulna 
 
 therefore. 
 
H O T T I N G E R. i^s 
 
 therefore, he had his weaknefles,, though lie was one of the 
 greateft civilians France ever produced. 
 
 HOTTINGER (John-Henry), a very learned writer, and 
 famous for his fkill in the Oriental languages, was born at 
 Zurich in Switzerland, in 1620 [eJ. He had a particular taleat 
 for learning languages ; and the progrefs he made in his fird 
 Ihidies gave fuch promiling hopes, that it was refolved he rtiould 
 be fent to Itudy in foreign countries, at the public expence. He 
 br-gan his travels in 1638, and went to Geneva, where he (tudied 
 two months under Fr. Spanheim. Then he went into France, 
 and thence into Holland; and fixed at Groningen, where he 
 iludied divinity under Gomarus and Alting, and Arabic under 
 Pafor. Here he intended to have remained ; but being very de- 
 ilrous of improving himfelf in the Oriental languages, he went 
 in 1639 to Leyden, to be tutor to the children of Golius, who 
 was the beft iTcilled in thofe languages of any man in the world. 
 Bv the inftrudions of Cjolius, he improved greatly in the know- 
 ledge of Arabic, and alfo by the aililtance of a Turk, who hap- 
 pened to be at Leyden. Befides thefe advantages, Golius had 
 a fine colledlion of Arabic books and MSS. from which Hot- 
 tinger was fuffered to copy what he pleafed, during the fourteen 
 months he ftaid at Leyden. In 1641, he was offered, at the 
 recommendation of Golius, the place of chaplain to the am-- 
 baiTador of the States-General to Conftantinople; and he would 
 gladly have attended him, as fuch a journey would have co-ope- 
 rated wonderfully with his grand defign of perfedling himfelf in 
 the Eaftern languages : but the magiftrates of Zurich did not 
 confent to it: they chofe rather to recall him, in order to em.- 
 ploy him for the glory and advantage of their public fchools. 
 They permitted him firft, however, to vifit England; and the 
 inflant he returned from that country, they appointed him pro-. 
 felTor of ecclefiaftical hiftory; and a year after, in 1643, g**^'^ 
 him two profelTorlhips, that of catechetical divinity, and that of 
 the Oriental tongues. 
 
 He married at twenty-two, and began to publifh books at 
 twenty-four. New profeirorfliips were beftowed upon him in 
 1653, and he was admitted intp the college of canons. In 1655, 
 the eledor Palatine, defirous to reftore the credit of his univer- 
 fity of Heidelberg, obtained leave of the fenate of Zurich for 
 Hottinger to go there, on condition that he fhould return at the 
 end of three years : but before he fet out for that city, he went 
 to Bafil, and there took the degree of D. D. He arrived at 
 Heidelberg the fame year, and was gracioufly received in that 
 city. Belides the profefTorfhip of divinity of the Old Teda- 
 ment, and the Oriental tongues, he was appointed principal of 
 
 [e] Niccron, Hommes IDuftrcs, Tom. VIII.— Saylc's Dift, 
 
 4 the 
 
256 
 
 H O T T I N G E R. 
 
 the Collegium Sapientiae. He was rcclor of the univerfity the 
 year following, and wrote a book concerning the re- union of 
 the Lutherans and Calvinifts; which he did to pleafe the ele6lor, 
 who was rather zealous in that affair: but party-animofities, and 
 that itch of difputation fo natural to mankind, rendered his per- 
 formance ineffeclnal. Hottinger accompanied this prince to the 
 ele£loral diet of Frankfort in 1658, and there had a conference 
 with Job Ludolf. It is well known-, that Ludolf had ac- 
 quired a valt knowledge of Ethiopia ; and he, in conjunftipn 
 •with Hottinger, concerted meafiires for fending into Africa 
 fome perfons {killed in the Oriental tongues, who might make 
 exa6i enquiries concerning the ftate of the Chriftian religion in 
 that part of the world. He was not recalled to Zurich till 1661, 
 his fuperiors at the elector's earneft requell having prolonged the 
 term of years for which they lent him: and he then returned, 
 honoured by the elector with the title of Ecclefiaftical-coun- 
 fell or. 
 
 Many employments were immediately conferred on him: 
 among the reft, he was ele6led prefident of the commiffioners 
 who were to revife the German tranllation of the Bible. A 
 civil war breaking out in Switzerland In 1664, he was fent Into 
 Holland on ftate affairs. Many univerfities would willingly have 
 drawn Hottinger to them, but were not able. That of Leyden 
 offered him a profefforfhip of divinity in 1667; but, not 
 obtaining leave of his fuperiors, he refufed it. The Dutch 
 were not difheartened at this refufal, but infifted that he fliould 
 be lent them : upon which the magiftrates of Zuric confented, 
 in complalfance to the ftates of Holland, who had interefted 
 themfelves in this affair. As he was preparing for this journey, 
 he unfortunately loft his life, June 5, 1667, in the river which 
 palfes through Zurich. He Avent Into a boat, M'lth his wife, 
 three children, his brother-in-law, a friend, and a maid-fervant, 
 in order to go and let out upon leafe an eftate which he had two 
 leagues from Zurich. The boat ftriking againft a pier, which 
 lav under water, over fet: upon which Hottinger, his brother- 
 in-law, and friend, efcaped by fwimmlng. But when they looked 
 upon the women and children, and faw the danger they were 
 in, they jumped back into the water: the event of which was, 
 that Hottinger, his friend, and three children loft their lives, 
 while his wife, his brother-in-law, and fervant-maid were faved. 
 His wife w-as the only daughter of Huldric, miniftcr of Zurich, 
 a man of very great learning, and brought him feveral chil- 
 dren: for befides the three who were drowned with him, and 
 thofe who died before, he left four fons and two daughters. 
 
 He began to be author, as we have obferved, at twenty- four; 
 and he feems to have been fo pleafed with that charadter, that 
 he was~afterwards for ever publi filing books. Bayle fays,^" it 
 
 ■was 
 
H O T T I N G E R. 257 
 
 T^'as not very difficult for him to do this, fince he was very labo- 
 rious and blelledwith a very happy memory:" but in faying this 
 he fcems to imply an infinuation agaiufl; his parts and judgement. 
 It is neverthelcfs furprifmg, that a man, who had poUeired fo 
 many academical employments, was interritpted with fo many 
 vifits, (for every body came.to fee him, and confulted him as an 
 oracle} and was engaged, as he was, in a correfpondence with 
 all the literati of Europe, lliould have found time to write more 
 than forty volumes, efpecially when it is confidered, that he did 
 not reach fifty years of age. We (hall mention fome ef the 
 moft confidcrable of his w^orks; and thofe particularly, as being 
 the moft interciling, which relate to Oriental literature, i. 
 ** Exercirationes Anti-Morinianos, de Pentateucho Samaritano, 
 &ZC. 1644," 4to. Morin had alTerted, In the ftrongeft manner, 
 the authenticity of the Samaritan Pentateuch ; which he pre- 
 ferred to the Hebrew text, upon a pretence that this had been 
 corrupted by the Jews; and it was to combat this opinion, that 
 Hottinger wrote thefe Exercitations. This work, though the 
 firft, is, in the judgement of father Simon, one of the beft he 
 wrote ; and if he had never written any thing more, it is pro- 
 bable that he would have left higher notions of his abilities: for 
 certainly it was no fmall enterprife for him, fo early in life, to 
 attack, on a very delicate and knotty fubjeft, and with fuppofed 
 fuccefs too, one of the mod learned men in Europe at that time. 
 
 The next works we Ihall mention relate immediately to Ori- 
 ental affairs ; and may always be of ufe, although we fliould 
 confider him as a mere colledlor. 2. " Thefaurus Philologicus, 
 feu clavjs fcriptur^e, qua quicquid fere Orientalium, Hebra^urum 
 maxime & Arabum, habent moiuimenta de religione ejufque 
 variis fpeciebus, Judaifmo, Samariianifmo, Muhammediimo, 
 Gentilifmo, de theologia & theologis, verbo Dei, &c. breviter 
 & aphoriftice ita referatur & aperitur, ut multiplex inde ad 
 philologiae &z theologize itudiofos frndlus redundare poffit, 1649," 
 4to. There was a fecond edition in 1649, in 4to, *' in 
 qua Samaritica, Arabica, Syriaca fuis quasque nativis cha- 
 ra6leribus exprimuntur." 3. " Hlftoria Orientalis, qu^ ex. 
 variis Orientalium monumentis col!e6la agit, primo, de Mu- 
 hammedifmo, ejufque caufis turn procreantibus turn confervan- 
 tibus: fccundo, de Saracenifmo, feu religione veterum Arabum: 
 tertio, de Chaldaifmo, feu fuperftitione Nabataeorum, Chaldas- 
 orum, Charransorum: quarto, de ftatu Chriftianorum & Judae- 
 orum tempore orti & natt Muhammedanifmi : quinto, de variis 
 inter ipfos Muhammedanos circa religionis dogma:.; & admi- 
 niftrationem fententiis, fchifmatis, &c hasrefibus excitatis, &c. 
 1 65 1," 4to. No man was better qualified to write on Oriental 
 affairs than Hottinger, as he was flcilled in moft of the languages 
 which were anciently, as well as at prefent, fpoken in the Eaft: 
 
 V&L.Vlll» S namely, 
 
ZS^ 
 
 HOUBIGANT. 
 
 T>amely, the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, Turkifh, Perfiaii, 
 iand Coptic; 4. <* Promptuarium, five Bibliotheca Orientalis^, 
 exhibens catalogum five centurias aliquot tam auftornm, quam 
 librorum Hebraicorum, Syriacorutn, Arabicorum, jEgyptiaco- 
 rum: additamantifTaBibliothecanim aliquot Europasarum, 1658," 
 4to. Bailletdoes not fpeak very advantageonfly of this work of 
 Hottinger, whom he accufes of not being very accurate in any 
 of his compofitions: and indeed his want of accuracy is a point 
 pretty well agreed on by both Papifts and Proteftants. 5. " Ety- 
 mologicoii Orientale, five Lexicon Harmonicum Heptaglotton, 
 &c. 1 66 1," 4to, The feven languages contained in this Lex- 
 icon are, the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethi- 
 opic, and Rabbinical. 
 
 Thefe are the principal, if not the only works of Hottinger, 
 which are of any ufe : and they are by far more valuable for con- 
 taining materials of a curious nature, and which were before 
 only accefijbie to perfons {killed in Oriental languages, than for 
 any ingenuity, accuracy, or judgement in the writer. If the 
 reader is particularly defirous of feeing an exadl catalogue of 
 the works of this laborious man, he may confult the -^^ Biblio- 
 theca Tigurina;" or the Latin life of Hottinger, publifhed by 
 Heidegger at Zurich, 1667: in either of which places he will 
 find them all drawn up and digelted into regular order. We 
 cannot help repeating, that the number of them is aftoni filing". 
 
 HOUBIGANT (Charles Francis), a pious and learned 
 tranflator of the Hebrew Scriptures, and commentator on them, 
 was born at Paris in 1686. He was a priefi of the congregation 
 named the oratory ; and being, by the misfortune of deafnefs, de- 
 prived of the chief comforts of fociety, addicted himfelf th^ 
 more earnefiily to books, in which he found his confiant confo- 
 lation. Of a difpofition naturally benevolent, with great firm- 
 nefs of foul, goodnefs of temper, and politenefs of manners, he 
 was held in very general eftimation, and received honours and 
 rewards from the pope (Bened. XIV.) and from his countrymen, 
 which he had never thought of foliciting. Though his income was 
 but fmall, he dedicated a part of it to found a fchool near Chan- 
 tilly ; and the purity of his judgement, joined to the ftrength ot 
 his memory, enabled him to carry on his literary labours to a 
 very advanced age. Even when his faculties had declined, and 
 were further injured by the accident of a fall, the very fight of 
 a book, that well known confolcr of all his cares, reftored him 
 to peace and rationality. He died in 1783, at the advanced age 
 of 98. His works, for which he was no lefs efleemed in foreign 
 countries than in his own, were chictly thefe: i. An edition of 
 the Hebrew Bible, with a Latin verfion and notes, publi filed at 
 Paris in 1753, in 4 vols, folio. This is the moll valuable and 
 important work of the author, and, contains the Hebrew text 
 
 corredled 
 
HOUGH. 2S9 
 
 corre^led by the foundeft rules of critic! fm, a Latin verfion, and 
 iifefiil notes: and prefixed to each book is a very learned preface. 
 Eencdid XIV. who jultly appreciated the value and difficulty of 
 the work, honoured the author with a medal, and fome other 
 marks of approbation; and the clergy of his own country, un- 
 folicited, -conferred a penfiwi on him. 2. A Latin tranflation of 
 the Pfalter, from the Hebrew, i2mo, 1746. 3. Another of the 
 Old Telianient at large, in 1753, in 8 vols, 8vo. 4. *' Racines 
 Hebraiques, 1732," 8vo. 5. " Examen du Pfautier des Capu- 
 chins,'" i2nio. 6. A French tranOation of an Englifh work, 
 hy one Forbes, entitled, ** Thoughts on Natural Religion." 7. 
 Moft of the works of Charles Leflie tranflated, 8vo, Paris, 1770. 
 Father Houbigant is faid alfo to have left feveral works in ma- 
 nufcript, which, from the excellence of thofe he publilhed, may 
 be conjectured to be well deferving of the prefs. 
 
 HOVEDEN (Roger de), an Englifh hiftorian who flou- 
 rKhed in the reign of Henry II. He was born at York, of & 
 good family, and lived beyond the year 1 204, but the exadfc 
 periods of his birth and death are not known. He is faid to 
 have had fome fltuation in the family of Henry II. and to have 
 b-en employed by that monarch in confidential fervices, fuch as 
 vifiting monalteries. He was by profefhon a lawyer, but, like 
 other lawyers of that time, in the church, and alfo a profellbr of 
 theology at Oxford. After the death of Henry, he applied him- 
 fclfdiiigentlyto the writing of hiftory, and compofed annals, which 
 he commenced at 731, the period where Bede left off, and con- 
 tinued to the third year of king John. Thefe annals were firft 
 pub!i!hv.'d by Saville among the Hiilorici Anglici, in 1595, and 
 reprinted at Frankfort in 1601, folio. They are in two books. 
 Leland fays of him [f], " If we confider his diligence, his 
 kiiowledge of antiquity, and his religious flriflnefs of veracity, he 
 may be confidered as having furpalfed, not only the rude hifto- 
 rians of the preceding ages, but even what could have been ex- 
 peeled of himfelf. If to that fidelity, which is the firfl quality 
 of a hiftorian, he had joined a little more elegance of Latin 
 (lyle, he might have flood the firfl among the authors of that 
 clafs." Voiiius fays, that he wrote alfo a hiftory of the North- 
 umbrian kings [g], and a life of Thomas a Becket: Edward the 
 Third cauftid a diligent fcarch to be made for the works of 
 Hoveden, when he was endeavouring to afcertain his title to the 
 crown ol Scotland. Saville bears the fame teflimony to his fide- 
 lity that we have feen given by Leland. 
 
 HOUGH (JoHNJ, bifliop of Worcefler, memorable for the 
 noble ftand he made when prefident of Magdalen-college in Ox- 
 ford, againfl James II. was born in Middlefex, iu 1650. He 
 
 fr] De Scriptoribus Britannicis, cap. 103. p. 239. 
 JgJ De K^ltoricis Latinis, 1. ii, cap. 56. 
 
 S ii was 
 
26o HOUGH. 
 
 was brought up at Birmingham in Warwickfliire, and thence 
 removed to Magdalen-college, Oxford, in 1669; of which, in 
 1 675, he was ele(5ted fellow. Upon the breaking out of the 
 Popifli plot in 1679, his chamber was fearched on a fufpicion 
 that he correfpondcd with one of that religion ; but nothing was 
 cfifcovered againft him; and, in 16S1, being appointed domeftic 
 chaplain to the duke of Ormond, chancellor of the univerfity, 
 but then lord lieutenant of Ireland, he attended his patron to 
 Dublin. No vacancies, as we fuppofe, of any confequence 
 happening, he returned the year after, unpreferred, to England ; 
 where, in 1685, he was collated to a prebend in the church of 
 Worcefter [h]. In April, 1687, he was rtatutably eledled prefi- 
 dent of his college by a majority of the fellows, after they had 
 rejefted a mandamus from James II, in behalf of Anthony Far- 
 mer, M. A. of that houfe ; but he was foon removed from his 
 prefidentfhip by the ecclefialtical commifTioners, and Parker 
 bifhop of Oxford put into his place. But when the prince of 
 Orange declared his intention of coming to England, Magda- 
 len- college was reflored to its rights, and Hough to his prefi- 
 dentfhip [i]. ** It is difputable," fays a certain writer, *' whe- 
 ther he fhewed greater courage and conftancy, or prudence and 
 temper, in the management of fo important a contefl with a 
 mifguided crown; and whether he difplayed a greater love of 
 the liberties of his country, in baffling the inftruments of an 
 illegal ecclefiaftical commilTion, or integrity and confcience in 
 adhering fo firmly to the ftatutes of his college, and his own 
 oath, in oppofition to all the artifices as well as menaces of an 
 arbitrary court ; in his engaging by his w^eighty influence the 
 members of that learned body to a£l: unanimoufly; and in con- 
 firming by his own exaiTiple, their refolutions to facrifice their 
 intereft to their duty on that great occauon." 
 
 After the Revolution, he was nominated by king William, in 
 April, 1690, to the bilhopric of Oxford [k J; and tranflated to 
 the fee of Litchfield and Coventry in Aug. 1699. On the death 
 of Tenifon, in 17 15, the archbifhopric of Canterbury was 
 offered to him, the acceptance of which he is faid to have declined 
 out of modelty [l] ; but, up*)n the deceafe of bifhop Lloyd, 
 Hough fucceeded him in the fee of Worcefi:er, Sept. 17 17. 
 He was a great benefactor wherever he came. When he re- 
 moved from the fee of Oxford to that of Litchfield and Co- 
 ventry, he did not merely repair, but alraofi: rebuild as well as 
 adorn the epifcopal houfe at Ecclefhall ; and, upon his tranfla- 
 tion to the fee of Worcefter, he rebuilt fo great a part of the 
 epifcopal palace there, and made fuch improvements in his other 
 
 [h] Willis's Account of the Cathe- John Hough, p. 6. 
 irils, Vol. II. p. 437. [k] Athen. Oxon. 
 
 [1] Some Accjust tf the Life of Dr. £1.] Some Account, &c» p. 19. 
 
 feat, 
 
HOULIERES. . 261 
 
 feat, the cartle of Hartlebury, that he is fiippofed to have ex- 
 pended upon both thefc houfes at Icafl 70C0I. Thefe fchemes 
 "Were executed with fo nice a judgement, that he left little. to be 
 done by any of his fucceirors towards pcifecting either of thofeepif- 
 copal refidences; except the founding of a library at Hartlebury, 
 which bifhop Hurd has with great and laudable liberality accom-' 
 pliflied. He was not many years under 70, when he entered 
 upon the fee of VVorcefter ; yet he lived upwards of 26 years 
 bifliop of that place. A little before his death, he wrote a letter 
 to his friend lord Digby, where we find the following remark- 
 able words: '* I am weak and forgetful — In other refpedls I 
 have eafe to a degree beyond what I durft have thought on, 
 when years began to multiply upon me. I wait contentedly 
 for a deliverance out of this life into a better, in humble confi- 
 dence, that by the mercy of God, through the merits of his Son, 
 I (hall ftand at the refurreflion on his right-hand. And when 
 you, my lord, have ended thofe days which are to come, which 
 1 pray may be many and comfortable, as innocently and as ex- 
 emplary as thofe which are palled, I doubt not of our meeting 
 in that ftate, where the joys are unfpeakable, and will always 
 endure." He died March 8, 1743, having extended his age to 
 the beginning of his 93d year, and almoft to complete the 53d 
 year of his epifcopate. 
 
 HOULIERES (Antonietta de la Garde des), of all 
 the French ladies who have ftudied poetry, has fucceeded the 
 beft; for her verfes {fill continue to be more read than thofe of 
 any ot'jer of her fex. She was born at Paris in 1638, had zl\ 
 the charms of her fex^ and wit enough to fhine in the age of 
 Louis XIV. Her tafte for poetry was cultivated by the cele- 
 brated poet Henault, who is faid to have inftruded her in all he 
 knew, or imagined he knew. She did her mafler great honour ; 
 but the misfortune was, fhe not only imitated him in his poetry, 
 but alfo in his irreligion ; for her verfes favour ftrongly of epi- 
 cureanifm. She compofed in all ways ; epigrams, odes, eclogues, 
 tragedies; but fucceeded beft in the idyllium or paftoral, which 
 fome affirm (he carried to perfedlion. She died at Paris in 1694, 
 and left a daughter of her own name, who had fome talent for 
 poetry, but inferior to that of her mother. The firft verfes, 
 however, compofed by this lady, bore away the prize at the 
 French academy; which was highly to her honour, if it be true, 
 as is reported, that Fontenelle wrote at the fame time, and upon 
 the fame fubje6l. She was a member of the academy of the 
 Ricovrati of Padua, as was her mother, who was alfo of that of 
 Aries. She died at Paris in 17 18. The works of thefe two 
 ladies were colledtively publi(hed in 174-7, in 2 vols. i2mo. 
 Several maxims of the elder of thefe ladies are much cited by 
 French writers} as, that on gaming, '< On conaraence par etre 
 
 S 3 dupe, 
 
262 HOWARD. 
 
 dupe, on finit par etre fiipon.'' People begin dupes, and end 
 rogues And that on felf-love: *' Nul n'eft content de fa for- 
 tune, ni meconient de Ton efprit." No one is fatisfied with his 
 fortune, or difPatisfied with his talents. 
 
 HCUTEVILLE (Claude Francis), a native of Paris, 
 "was eighteen years a member of the congregation called the 
 Oratory, and afterwards fecretary to cardinal Dubois, by whom 
 he was much efleemed. He v^as appointed, in 1742, perpetual 
 fecretary to the French academy, but did not long enjoy his pre- 
 ferment, for he died the fame year, being about fifty-four. years 
 old.. He publifhed a work, entitled, *' La verite de la Religioa 
 Chretienne prouvee par les faits," the latter editions of which 
 are far fuperior to the firft. There are few important ohje61rons 
 which have been brought againft Chiiilianity, even fince his 
 time, to which he has not furnifiied a found rt-ply; but he had 
 ■written in an afFedled and epigrammatic ftyle, which being jultly 
 expofed by the abbe des Fontaines, he went over his work vvith 
 great care, and removed mcft of the obje<51:ions. 
 
 HOWARD (Henry), earl of Surrey, was the eldefl fon of 
 Thomas duke of Norfolk [m]. We cannot precifely fix the 
 time of his birth, but in all probability it was about 1520, as 
 he was educated with Henry Fitzroy, a natural fon of Henry 
 Vni. who was born about that time. This favourite fon of 
 the king's was created earl of Richmond ; and, as Leland informs 
 lis, had a fpirit turned to martial affairs, was mafter of the lan- 
 guages, and difplayed an excellent tafte in polite literature ; all 
 ■which talents were undoubtedly improved by the mutual^ intcr- 
 courfe and emulation between him and his noble companion. 
 The place of their ftudies and diverfioiis at home, wus Windfor- 
 caitle ; which is the fcene of many of Howards poems ©n his 
 miftrefs Geraldine, the moft celebrated beauty of her time. 
 They went together to Paris, and jointly purfucd thofe ftudies 
 and recreations in France, which they firlt cultivated in Eng- 
 land. 1 he duke of Richmond died foon after their return,, 
 about the year 1536. 
 
 Atter the death of his friend, which he did not foon forget, 
 having lofl in him not only a congenial foul but a brother, (as 
 Richmond ban ju(t been united to his fiifer lady Mary Howard) 
 this yoimg nobleman feems to have turned his thoughts chiefly to 
 the bulinefs of the field, whsre he diftinguifhtd himfelf by a fupe- 
 rior courage and condudl. He was prei'ent in almoft all the great 
 a<5lions of Henry's reign, and his name is renowned in its tour- 
 naments, it is not known at what period his travels took place, 
 but he travelled like a hero of romance, proclaiming the charms 
 of his miftrefs Geraldine, and fupporting them with the vveapona 
 
 T-m} ■Wnlpole's Catalogue of noble authors, 
 
 of 
 
 J 
 
HOWARD. ^ 263 
 
 of knight-errantry. Hiftory has not recorded the real name of 
 the fair Geraldine, but it has been very happily conjedlured, 
 by the prefent earl of Orford, that fhe was the lady Elizabeth 
 Fitzgerald, fecond daughter of the earl of Kildare ; fo that her 
 poetical tjtle very clofely reprefents her real name. He com- 
 manded at the famous battle of Flodden-field, in which he gave 
 fuch extraordinary proofs of his gallantry, that he was foon after 
 created earl of Surrey. In an expedition of his own, he w^as 
 unfortunate. Endeavouring to cut off a convoy to Boulogne, he 
 was defeated ; a difgrace which he foon repaired, by gaining iTiany 
 advantages over the enemy. To this llngle inftance of ill fuc- 
 cefs, fome afcribe his lofs of the king's favour. Others, with 
 more (hew of probability, allign his difgrace to the king's jea- 
 loufy of his very brilliant chara6ler, and a fufpicion of his de- 
 figning to wed the princefs Mary, and thereby afpiring to the 
 crown. The earl of Surrey, however, upon a very frivolous 
 pretence of having been guilty of treafon, was, after all his 
 fervices to his prince and country, left to the trial of a common 
 jury; who, in compliance with the king's palhons, bringing him 
 in guilty, he was foon after beheaded on Tower-hill. The ac- 
 cufation was only that he had faid, " the king was ili-advifed;" 
 and that he had quartered certain royal arms with his own ; which 
 he proved, by theteftimony of the heralds, to belong to his family. 
 He was the firft of the Englifh nobility who had any familiar 
 intercourfe with the Mufes ; and far furpalfed his contemporaries 
 in purity of language, and harmony of numbers. Puttenham, 
 in his Art of Engliih Poetry, fays, " That fir Thomas Wyat, 
 and Henry earl of Surrey, were the two chieftains, who, having 
 travelled into Italy, and there tailed the fweet and ftately mea- 
 fures and flyle of the Italian poetry, greatly polifhed our rude 
 and homely manner of vulgar poetry, from what it had been 
 before: and therefore may be juftly called, the reformers of our 
 Englifh poetry and ftyle." There has hardly been a poet of note 
 ilnce this nobleman's time, who hath not paid fome refpedl to 
 his memory. Sir Philip Sidney, Churchyard, Drayton, Dryden, 
 Fenton, Pope, and many other authors, have given their tefti,- 
 monies to his merits; but it will be fufficient to quote a few 
 beautiful lines from Pope's '•' Windfor Foreft," where the poet 
 artfully applies the praifes of Surrey to lord Lanfdown. 
 *' Here noble Surrey felt the facred rage, 
 Surrey, the Granville of a former ag?. 
 Matchlefs his pen, victorious was his lance. 
 Bold in tfie lifts, and graceful in the dance. 
 In the fame (hades the Cupids tuned his lyre, 
 I'o the fame notes of love and foft defire : 
 Fair Geraldine, bright obje6l of his vow, 
 Then fill'd the groves, as heav'nly Mixa now," 
 
 S4 iijs 
 
264 
 
 HOWARD. 
 
 His poems, together with feme others of his famoiis contem- 
 poraries, were publifhed in one vol. 8vo, London, 1717. They 
 have been republifhed lately in the general colleftion of the 
 Britijh Poets, printed under the care of Dr. Anderfon at Edin- 
 burgh ; with the exception of his two books of the /Eneid, the 
 fecond and fourth, wherein he gave the firfl fpecimen of Englifh 
 blank verfe. Thefe are fo very fcarce, that they could not be 
 procured for that edition; but will foon be republifhed, with his 
 other poems, under the direction of a very eminent critic in Eng- 
 lifh poetry. The character of Surrey, as drawn by Mr. Warton, 
 in his hiftory of Englifh poetry, mu(l not be omitted. ** In the 
 Sonnets of Surrey," fays that clafTical and able critic, ** we are fur- 
 
 ?rifed to find nothing of that metaphyfical caft, which marks the 
 talian poets, his fuppofed matters, eipecially Petrarch. Surrey's 
 fen-timents are for the mofl part natural and unafFe6ted; arifing 
 from his own feelings, and di6tatcd by the prefent circumftances. 
 His poetry is alike unembarrafled by learned allufions, or elaborate 
 conceits. If he copies Petrarch, it is in Petrarch's bell man- 
 ner, where he defcends from his Platonic abftradlions, his re- 
 finements of paflion, his exaggerated compliments, and his play 
 upon oppofite fentiments, into a track of tendernefs, fimplicity, 
 and nature. Surrey, for his juftnefs of thought, corre6lnefs of 
 flyle, and purity of exprellion, may juftly be pronounced the 
 firll: Englifli clafTical poet. He unqueftionably is the firfl: polite 
 writer of love-verfes in our language." It may be added that, as 
 the inventor of blank verfe, he beftowed a prefent of inefti- 
 mable value upon his country. He gave the enchanted fpear 
 with which Milton was enabled to unhorfe the epic poets of all 
 countries. 
 
 HOWARD (Sir Robert), an Englifh writer of fome abi- 
 lities and learning, v/as a younger fon of Thomas earl of Eerk- 
 Thire, and educated at Magdalen-college in Oxford [n]. During 
 the civil war, he fufFered with his family, who adhered to Charles 
 I. but at the Reftoration was made a knight, and chofen for 
 Stockbridge in Hainpfhire, to ferve in the parliament which 
 tegan in May, 1661. He was aftervvards made auditor of the 
 exchequer, and was reckoned a creature of Charles II. whom 
 the monarch advanced on accoimt of his faithful fervices, in 
 cajoling the parliament for money. In 1679, he was chofen to 
 ferve in parliament for Caftle-Rifing in Norfolk: and re-ele£led 
 for the fame place in 1688. He was a ftrong advocate for the 
 Revolution, and became fo fiery and pafTionate an abhorrer of 
 the nonjurors, that he difclaimed all manner of convcrfation and 
 intercourfe with perfons of that defcription. His obftinacy and 
 pride procured him many enemies, and among them the duke 
 
 {|n] Athen. Oxon. 
 
 of 
 
HOWARD. 265 
 
 of Buckingham ; \vho intended to have expofed him under the 
 name of Bilboa in the *' Rehearfal," but afterwards altered his 
 refolution, and levelled his ridicule at a much greater name, 
 under that of Bayes. He was fo extremely politive, and fo fure 
 of being in the right upon every fubjedl, that Shadwell the poet, 
 though a man of the fame principles, could not help ridiculing 
 him in his comedy of the Sullen Lovers, under the charafter of 
 fir Pofitive At-all. In the fame play there is a lady Vaine, a 
 courtezan, which the wits then underftood to be the miftrcfs of 
 fir Robert; whom he afterwards married. He publifhed, i. 
 Poems and plays. 2. ** The Hiftory of the Reigns of Edward 
 and Richard II. with Reflexions and Chara61ers of their chief 
 Minillers and Favourites; alfo a Comparifon of thefe Princes 
 with Edward I. and HI. 1690," 8vo. 3. " A letter to Mr. 
 Samuel Johnfon, occafioned by a fcurrilous pamphlet, entitled, 
 Animadverfions on Mr. Johnfon's Anfwer to Jovian, 1692," 
 8vo, 4. " The Hiftory of Religion, 1694," 8vo. 5. *' The 
 fourth book of Virgil tranllated, 1660," 8vo. 6. " Statius"s 
 Achilleis tranfluted, 1660," 8vo. 
 
 There was an Edward Howard, efq; likewife, a defcendant 
 of the fame family, who expofed himfelf to the feverity of our 
 fatirifls, by v/riting bad plays. 
 
 HOWARD (John), the indefatigable friend of the poor and 
 unfortunate, was born at Hackney, in the year 1726. His father, 
 who kept a carpet warehoufe in Long-lane, Smithfield, dying 
 while he was very young, left him to the care of guardians, by 
 whom he was apprenticed to a wholefale grocer in the city of 
 London [oj. His conlVitution appearing too weak for atten- 
 tion to trade, and his father having left him, and an only filler, 
 in circumllances which placed them above the necefllty of pur- 
 fuing it, he bought out the remainder of his indentures before 
 the time, and took a tour in France and Italy. On his return, 
 he lodged at the houfe of a Mrs. Lardeau, a widow, in Stoke- 
 Newington, where he was fo carefully attended by the lady, that 
 though file was many years older than himfelf, he formed an 
 attachment to her, and in 1752 made her his wife. She was 
 poffeffed of a fmall fortune, which he generoufly prefented to her 
 lifter. She lived, however, only three years after their union, 
 and he was a fmcere mourner for her lofs. About this time he 
 became a fellow of the Royal Society, and, in 1756, being de- 
 firous to view the flate of Lifbon after the dreadful earthquake, 
 he embarked for that city. In this voyage, the Hanover frigate, 
 in which he failed, was taken by a French privateer, and the in- 
 conveniences which he fulFered during his fubfequent confinement 
 in France, are fuppofed to have awakened his fympathies with 
 
 [o] Mr. NewnhaiDj grandfather to aUerman Newnham. 
 
 peculi^ 
 
266 HOWARD, 
 
 peculiar ftrength in favour of prifoners, and to have given rife 
 to his plans for rendering prifons lefs pernicious to health. It is 
 fttppofed, that after his releafe, he made the tour of Italy. Oa 
 Iiis rettsrn, he fixed himfelf at Erokcnhurfl, a retired and plca- 
 fant villa near Lymington, in the New Foreft. Mr. Howard 
 jna/tied a fecond time in 1758 ; but this iady, a daughter of a 
 Mr. Leeds, of Croxton in Cambridgclhire, died in child-bed 
 of her only child, a fon, in the year 1765. Either before, or 
 foon after the death of his fecond wife, he left Lymington, and 
 jiurchafed an eftate at Cardington, near Bedford, adjoining to 
 that of his relation Mr. VVhitbread. Here he tnuch conciliated 
 the poor by giving them employment, building them cottages, 
 and other a£ts of benevolence ; and regularly attended the con- 
 gregations of dilTcnters at Bedford, being of that perfuafion. 
 His time was alfo a good deal occupied by the education of his. 
 only fon, a tafk for which he is faid to have been little qualified. 
 With all his benevolence of heart, he is aiferted to have been dif- 
 pofed to a rigid feverity of difciplinc, arifing probably from a 
 very (trift fenfe of reclitude, but not well calculated to form a, 
 tender mind to advantage. In I'J'JJr he ferved the office of 
 iheriiT, which as he has faid himfelf, ** brought the diftrefs of 
 prifoners more immediately under his notice," and led to his, 
 Ixcnevolent defign of viliting the gaols and other places of confine- 
 ment throughout England, for the fake of procuring alleviation 
 to the miferiesof the fufferers. In 1774, trullingto his interefl 
 among the fe61aries at Bedford, he offered himfelf as a candidate 
 ior that borough, but was not returned ; and endeavouring to 
 gain his feat by petition, was unfuccefsful. He wa?, however, 
 in the fame year, examined before the houfe of commons, oa 
 the fubjefi of the prifoiis, and received the thanks of the houfe 
 for his attention to them. Thus encouraged, he coinpleted his 
 inrpe£lion of theBriiiih prifons, and extended his views even to 
 foreign countries. He travelled with this defign, three times 
 th'Totigh France, four through Germany, five through Holland, 
 twice through Italy, once in Spain and Portugal, and once alfo 
 flirough the northern flates, and Turkey. Thefe excurfions were 
 taken between the years 1775 and 17B7. In the mean time, 
 Iiis fifier died, and left him a conlidcrable property, which he 
 regarded as the gift of Providence to promote his humane de- 
 irgns, and applied accordingly. He published alfo in 1777,. 
 ** The State of the Prifons in England and Wales, with preli- 
 minary Cbfcrvations, and an Account of fome Foreign Prifons," 
 {J'Jicated to the Houfe of Commons; in 410. In 1780, he 
 publidied an appendix to this book, with the narrative of his 
 travels in Italy; and in 1784, republiihed it, extending his ac- 
 count to many other countries. About this time, his benevo- 
 kace had fo much attracted the public attention, that a large 
 
 fubfcription 
 
HOWARD. 267 
 
 fubfcrlption was made for the purpofe of ereiSlinga ftatue to his 
 honour; but he was too modert and lincere to accept of fuch a 
 tribute, and wrote himfelf to the fubfcribers to put a Hop to it. 
 *' Have 1 not one friend in England," he faid, when he firit 
 heard of the defign, ** that would put a ftop to fuc'- a proceed- 
 ing r" In 1789, he publifhed *' An Account of the principal 
 Lazarettos in Europe, with various Papers relative to the Plague, 
 together with further Obfervations on fome forciga Prifons and 
 Hofpitals; and additional remarks on the prefcnt State of thnfc 
 in Great Britain and Ireland." He had publilhed alfo, in 1780, 
 a tranllation of a French account of the Baftile; and, in 1789, 
 the duke of Tufcany's new code of civil law, with an Englilh 
 tranllation. 
 
 In his book on Lazarettos, he had announced his intention of 
 revifiting Ruflia, Turkey, and fome other countries, and extend- 
 ing his tour in the Eart. " I am not infenfible," fays he, ** of 
 the dangers that muft attend fuch a journey. Trufting, how- 
 ever, in the protection of that kind Providence which has hi- 
 therto preferved me, I calmly and cheerfully commit myfelf to 
 the difpofal of unerring wifdom. Should it pleafe God to cut 
 off my life in the profecution of this defign, let not ray con- 
 duct be uncandidly imputed to raihnefs or enthufiafm, but to a 
 ferious, deliberate conviction, that I am purfuing the path of 
 duty; and to a fincere defire of being made an inftrument of 
 more extenfive ufefulnefs to my fellow-creatures, than could be 
 expefted in the narrower circle of a retired life." He did ac- 
 tually fall a facritice to this defign ;• for in vifiting a fick patient 
 at Cherfon, who had a malignant epidemic fever, he caught the 
 diflemper, and died, Jan. 20, 1790. 
 
 Mi-. Howard was, in his own habits of life, rigidly temperate, 
 and even abilemious ; fubfilting entirely, at one time, on pota- 
 toes; at another, chiefly on lea and bread and butter; of courfe, 
 not mixing in convivial fociety, nor accepting invitations to 
 public repalfs. His labours have certainly had the admirable 
 effect of drawing the attention of this country to the regulation 
 of public prifons. In many places his improvements have been 
 adopted, and perhaps in all our gaols fome advantage has been 
 derived from them. We may hope that thefc plans will termi- 
 nate in fuch general regulations, as will make judicial confine- 
 ment, inltead of the means of confirming arid increafing depra- 
 vity, (as it has been lOO generally) the fuccefsful inftrument of 
 amendment in morality, and acquiring habits of indultry. 
 While the few criminals, and probably very few, who may be 
 too depraved for amendment, will be compelled to be beneficial 
 to the 'immunity by their labour; and, being advantageoully 
 fituated in point of health, may fuffer nothing more than that 
 rellraint wbi^h is necelfary for the fake of fociety, and that ex- 
 ertion 
 
26S HOWE. 
 
 crtion which they oi^ght never to have ahandoned. Confidered 
 as the firft mover of thefe important plans, Hov/ard will always 
 be honoured with the gratitude of his country: and his monu- 
 ment, lately erected in St. Panl's cathedral, is a proof that this 
 gratitude is not inert. The monument is at the fame time, a 
 noble proof of the fkill and genius of the artifl:, Mr. Bacon, 
 and reprefents Mr. Howard in a Roman drefs, with a look and 
 attitude exprefllve of benevolence and aClivity, holding in one 
 hand a fcroll of plans for the improvement of prifons, hofpitals, 
 &c. and in the other a key; while he is trampling on chains 
 and fetters. The epitaph is too long to be inferted, and contains, 
 indeed, a fketch of his life; but concludes in words which we 
 alfo heartily adopt: ** He trod an open, but unfrequented path, 
 to immortality, in the ardent and unremitted exercife of Chrif- 
 tian charity: may this tribute to his fame excite an emulation 
 of his truly glorious atchievements!" 
 
 HOWE (John, efq;j was the younger brother of fir Scroop 
 Howe, of a good family in Nottingliamihire [p]. In the conven- 
 tion-parliament, which met at Wedminfter, Jan. 22, 1688-9, 
 he ferved for Cirencelter, and was conftantly chofen for that 
 borough, or as a knight of the fhin^ for the county of Glou- 
 cefter, in the three laft parliaments of king William, and in the 
 three firfi: of queen Anne. In 1696, he was a ftrenuous advo- 
 cate for fir John Fenwick ; and his pleading in behalf of that 
 unfortunate gentleman, fhews his extenfjve knowledge of the 
 laws, and averfion to unconftitutional meafures. In 1699, 
 when the army was reduced, it was principally in confideration 
 of Mr. Howe's remonftrances, that the houfe of commons 
 agreed to allow half-pay to the difbanded officers; and when 
 • the partition-treaty was afterwards under the confideration of 
 that houfe, he expreffed his fentiments of it in fuch terms, 
 that king William declared, that if it were not for the dif- 
 parity of their rank, he would demand fatisfa£lion with the 
 fword. At the acceflion of queen Anne, he was fworn of 
 of her privy-council, April 21, 1702; and, on June 7 fol- 
 lowing, conftituted vice-admiral of the county of Gloucefter. 
 Before the end of that year, Jan. 4, 1.702-3, he was conftituted 
 paymafter-general of her majcfly's guards and garrifons. " He 
 feemed to be pleafed with, and joined in the Revolution, and 
 ■was made vice-chamberlain to queen Mary ; but having afked 
 a grant, which was refufed him., and given to lord Portland, 
 he fell from the court, and was all that leign the moll: violent 
 and open antagonift king William had in the houfe. A great 
 enemy to foreigners fettling in England; mod: claufes in a6ts 
 againlt them being brought in by him. He is indefatigable in 
 
 [o] Nichols's SeleftCoUeaion of Poems, Vol. I. p.. 209. Vol. VIIL p. 285. 
 
 whatever 
 
HOWELL. 269 
 
 ■whatever he undertakes; witncfs the old Eaft-India company, 
 whole caufe he inaintained till he fixed it upon as fure a foot as 
 the new; even when they thought themfelves pail recovery. 
 He lives up to what his vifible eltate can afford; yet purchafes, 
 inltcad of running in debt. He is endued with good natural 
 parts, attended with an unaccountable boldnefs; daring to fay 
 what he pleafes, and will be heard out; fo that he palleth with 
 fome for the ihrew of the houfe. On the queen's acceflion to 
 the throne, he was made a privy-counfellor, and paymafler of 
 the guards and garrifons. He is a tall, thin, pale-faced man, 
 "with a very wild look ; brave in his perfon, bold in expreiling 
 himfelf, a violent enemy, a fure friend, and feems to be always 
 in a hurry. Near fifty years old." Such- is the chara6ler given 
 of this gentleman by Macky, in 1703. A new privy-council 
 being fettled, May 10, 1708, according to z€t of parliament, 
 relating to the union of the two kingdoms, he was, among the 
 other great officers, fworn into it. He continued paymafter of 
 the guards and garrifons till after the acceflion of George I. 
 who appointed Mr. Walpole to fucceed him, in Sept. 23, 
 1 7 14; the privy-council being alfo diffolved, and a new one ap- 
 pointed to meet on 0&.. i following, he was left out of the lilL 
 Retiring to his feat at Stowell in Glouceiterfliire, he died there 
 in 1721, and was buried in the chancel of the church of 
 Stowell. 
 
 Mr. Howe was author of ** A panegyric on King William,** 
 and of feveral fongs and little poems; and is introduced in 
 Swift's celebrated ballad, ♦' On the Game of Traffic." He 
 married Mary, daughter and co-heir of Humphrey Bafkerville, 
 of Pantryllos in Herefordfhire, efq; widow of fir Edward Mor- 
 gan, of Laternam in Monmouthihire, bart. by whom he was 
 father to the firlt lord Chedworth. 
 
 HOWELL fJAMEs), an Englifh writer [p], was the fon of 
 Thomas Howell, minilter of Abernant in Caermarthenfhire, 
 and born about 1596. He was fent to the free-fchool at Here- 
 ford ; and entered of Jefus-coUege, Oxford, in 1610. His elder 
 brother Thomas Howell was already a fellow of that fociety, af- 
 terwards king"s chaplain, and was nominated in 1644 ^^^ the fee of 
 Briltol. James Howell, having taken the degree of B. A. in 1613, 
 left college, and removed to London ; for being, fays Wood, " a 
 pure cadet, a true Cotmopolite, not born to land, leafc, houfe, 
 or office, he had his fortune to make; and being v>'ithal not fo 
 much inclined to a fcdentary as an adtive life, this fituation 
 pleafed him bed, as moft likely to anfwer his views." The 
 firft employment he obtained was that of (teward to a glafs-houfe 
 in Bxoad-ltreet, which was procured for him by lir Robert 
 
 [p] Athen, Oxon. 
 
 Manfel, 
 
270 H W E L L. 
 
 Manfel, who was principally concerned in it. The pro- 
 prietors of this work, intent upon improving the manufa6lory, 
 came to a refolution to fend an agent abroad, who fhould 
 procure the befl: materials and workmen ; and they made choice 
 of Howell for this purpofe, who fetting off in 1619, vifited 
 feveral of the principal places in Holland, Flanders, France, 
 Spain, and Italy. Dec. 1621, he returned to London; having 
 executed the purpofe of his million very well, and partfcularly 
 having acquired a maflerly knowledge in the modern languages. 
 *' Tha ik God," fays he, ** I have this fruit of my foreign tra- 
 vels, that I can pray unto him every day of the week in a fepa- 
 rate language, and upon Sunday in feven [oj-" 
 
 Soon after his return, he quitted his ftewardfhip of the glafs- 
 houfe ; and having experienced the pleafures of travelling, laid 
 his plan for more employments of the fame kind. In 1622, he 
 w^as fent into Spain, to recover a rich Englifh fhip, feized by the 
 viceniy of Sardinia for his mafter's ufe, on pretence of its having 
 prohibited goods on board. In 1623, during his abfence abroad, 
 he was chofen fellow of Jefus-coUege in Oxford, upon the new 
 foundation of fir Eubule Theloal : for he had taken unremitting 
 care to cultivate his intereft in that fociety. He tells fir Eubule, 
 in his letter of thanks to him, that he ** will referve his fellow- 
 fhip, and lay it by as a good warm garment againft rough weather, 
 if any fall on him :" in which he was followed by Prior, who 
 alledged the fame reafon for keeping his fellowfhip at St. John's- 
 college in Cambridge. Howell returned to England in 1624; 
 and was foon after appointed fecretary to lord Scrope, afterwards 
 earl of Sunderland, who was made lord-prefident of the North. 
 This office carried him to York ; and while he refided there, 
 the corporation of Richmond, without any application from 
 himfelf, and againft feveral competitors, chofe him one of their 
 reprefentatives, in the parliament which began in 1627. In 1632, 
 he went as fecretary to Robert earl of Leicefter, ambalTador ex- 
 traordinary from Charles I. to the crurt of Denmark, on occa- 
 iion of the death of the queen dowager, who was grandmother 
 to that king : and there gave proofs of his oratorical talents, in 
 feveral Latin fpeeches before the king of Denmark, and other 
 princes of Germany. After his return to England, his fortune 
 proved more unliable than ever: for, except an inconfiderable 
 affair, on which he was difpatched to Orleans in France by fecre- 
 tary Windebank in 1635, he was for fome years deflitute of any 
 employment. At laft, in 1639, he went to Ireland, and was well 
 received by lord Strafford, the lord-lieutenant, who had before 
 made him very warm profeflions of kindnefs. The lieutenant em- 
 ployed him as an affiftant-clerk upon fome bufinefs to Edinburgh, 
 
 [<i.J Howell's Letters, Vol. I, 
 
 6 ^nd 
 
HOWELL. 27r 
 
 and afterwards to Loncton; but his ridng hopes were ruined by 
 the unhappy fate which foon overtook the earl of Strafford. In 
 16^0, he was difpatcl^ed upon Tome bufincfs to France; atxi the 
 fame year was made clerk of the council, which poft was the 
 moft fixed in point of rcfidence, and the inoft permanent in its 
 nature, that he had ever enjoved. But his royal mafter, hav- 
 ing departed from his palace at Whitehall, was not able to fecure 
 his continuance long in it: for, in 1643, being come to London 
 upon fome bufmcfs of his own, all his papers were feized bv a 
 committee of the parliament, his perfon fecured, and, in a few 
 tlays after, he was committed clofe prifoner to the Fleet. I'his 
 at lead he himfelf makes the caufe of his imprifonment : but 
 Wood infinuates, that he was thrown into prifon, for debts 
 contracted through his own extravagance; and indeed fome of 
 his own letters give room enough to lufpe6l it. But whatever 
 was the caufe, he bore it cheerfully ; among many proofs of 
 which the following epitaph upon hitnfelf is one. 
 
 ** Here lies entomb'd a walking thing, 
 Whom Fortune with the ftates did fling 
 Between thefe walls. Why? alk not that: 
 That blind whore doth flie knows not what." 
 
 He had now no refource except his pen: and he applied himf 
 felf th.erefore whollv to write and tranflate books, 'Ihis work; 
 he managed i'o well, that it brought him a comfortable fub- 
 iiftencc, during his long Hay in that prifon, where he was 
 confined till fome time after the king's death; and as he goi 
 nothing by his difcharge but his liberty, he was obliged to con- 
 tinue the fame employtnent afterwards. His numerous pror- 
 dudions, written rather out of necelTity than choice, Ihew, how- 
 ever, a readinefs of wit, and an exuber>:nt fancy. I'lumtfh 
 always a firm Royalifl, he does not fcem to have approved the 
 meafures purfued by Buckingham, Laud, and Strafford; and 
 Was far from approving the impolition of fliip-money, and tlis 
 policy of creating and multiplying monopolies. Yet the unbri- 
 dled inlolence and outrages of the Republican governors fo much 
 difgulted him, that he was not difpleafed when Oliver affumed 
 the fovereign power under the title of proledlor ; and in this 
 light he addrelled hi in on that occafion in a fpeech, which fhall 
 be mentioned prefently. His behaviour under Cromwell's ty- 
 ranny was no more than prudential, and was fo confidered ; for 
 Charles II. at his reftoraiion, thought him worthy of his notice 
 and favour: and his former poft under the council beins; other- 
 wife difpofed of, a new place was created, by the grant of which 
 he became the firft hifloriographer royal in Lngland. He died 
 Nov. 1666, and was interred in the Temple-church, London, 
 where a monument was eredled to his memory, with the follow- 
 ing 
 
272 HOWELL. 
 
 ing infcription \ which was taken down when the church was 
 repaired in 1683. and has not fince been replaced. /' ja- 
 cobus Howell Canfibro-Britannus, Regius Hilloriographus in 
 Anglia primus, qui poll varios peregrinationes tandem naturas 
 curfum peregit, fatur annorum & famse; domi forifque hue 
 ufque erraticus, hie fixus 1666." 
 
 His works were numerous. I. *' Dodona's Grove, or, T'he 
 Vocal Foreft, 1640." 2. ""Fhe Vote:" a poem, prefented to 
 the king on New-j/ear"s day, 1641. 3. ** Inflrudions for for- 
 raine Travell : fliewing by what Courfe, and in Vv'hat compafs 
 of Time, one may take an exaft Survey of the Kingdomes and 
 States of Chridendome, and arrive to the pra6lical Knowledge 
 of the Languages to good Purpofe, 1642." Dedicated to Prince 
 Charles. Reprinted in 1650, with additions. Thcfe works were 
 publifhed before he was thrown into prifon. 4. " Cafual Dif- 
 courfesand Interlocutions between Patricius and Peregrin, touch- 
 ing the DiftradHons of the Times." Written foon after the 
 Battle of Edgehill, and the firll book publifhed in Vindication 
 of the king. 5. ** Mercurius Hibernicus: or, a Difcourfe of the 
 Irifli Maflacre, 1644." 6. '< Parables refledling on the Times, 
 1644." 7. ** England's Tears for the prefent Wars, &c. 1644." 
 8. " Preheminence and Pedigree of Parliaments, 1644." 9. 
 ** Vindication of fome Paifages refledling upon him in Mr. 
 Prynne's Book, called The Popi(h Royal Favourite, 1644." lo. 
 *' Epiftols Ho-Elianas:" '* Familiar Letters Domeftic and 
 Foreign, divided into fundry Se6lions, partly hiftorical, partly 
 political, partly philofophical, 1645." Another col!e6lion was 
 publifhed in 1647 ; and both thefe, with the addition of a third, 
 came out in 1650. A few additional letters appeared in fome 
 fubfequent editions: of which the eleventh was printed in 8vo, 
 1754. It is not, indeed, to be wondered, that thefe letters 
 have run through fo many editions ; fince they not only contain 
 much of the hillory of his own times, but are alfo interfperfed 
 with many pleafant (lories properly introduced ;ind applied. It 
 cannot be denied, that he has given way frequently to very low 
 witticifms, the molt unpardonable inftance of which is, his re- 
 mark upon Charles the Firft's death, where he fays, " I will at- 
 tend with patience how England will thrive, now that flie is let 
 blood in the Bafilical vein, and cured as they fay of the king's 
 evil:" but it may be faid, that he was led into this manner by 
 the humour of the times. Wood relates, it does not appear on 
 what authority, that ** many of thefe letters were never written 
 before the author of them was in the Fleet, as he pretends they 
 were, but only feigned and pu'rpofely publifhed to gain money 
 to relieve his necelfities :" be this as it will, he allows that they 
 *' give a tolerable hiftory of thofe times/' which if true is very 
 fufficient to recommend thera. 
 
 1 Thefe 
 
HOWELL. 273 
 
 Thefe letters are almoft the only work of Howell that is 
 now regarded: the reft are very obfcure. But we fhall pro- 
 ceed in the account. 11. ** A Nodlurnal Frogrefs : or, a 
 Perambulation of moft Countries in Chriftendom, performed 
 in one Night by ftrength of Imagination, 1645." 12. 
 ** Luftra Liidovici: or the Life of Lewis XIH. King of 
 France, &c." 13. " An Account of the deplorable State of 
 England in 1647, ^c." 1647. 14. " Letter to Lord Pembroke 
 concerning the Times, and the fad Condition both of Prince and 
 People, 1647." 15, '* Bella Scot-Anglica: A Brief of all the 
 Battles betwixt England and Scotland, from all Times to this 
 prefent, 1648." 16. " Corollary declaring the Caufes, whereby 
 the Scot is come of late Years to be fo heightened in his Spirits.'* 
 17. ** The Inftruments of a King: or, a fhort Difcourfe of the 
 Sword, Crown, and Sceptre, &c. 1648." 18. " Winter- 
 Dream, 1649." 19. *' A Trance, or News from Hell, brought 
 firft to Town by Mercurius Acheronticus, 1649." 20. " In- 
 quifition after Blood, &c. 1649." 21. " Vilion, or Dialogue 
 between Soul and Body, 1651." 22. " Survey of the Signory 
 of Venice, &c. 1651." 23. *' Some fober Infpeilions made into 
 the Carriage and Confults of the late long Parliament, whereby 
 Gccafion is taken to fpeak of Parliaments in former Times, and 
 of Magna Charta : wi-th fome Refledlions upon Government in 
 general, 1653." Dedicated to Oliver lord prote6lor, whom he 
 compares to Charles Martel, and compliments in language much 
 beyond the truth, and the fentiments of his own heart. The 
 fourth edition of this book came out in 1660, with feveral ad- 
 ditions. 24. *' Hiftory of the Wars of Jerufalem epitomifed.'* 
 25. " Ah, Ha; Tumulus, Thalamus: two Counter-Poems: 
 the firft an Elegy on Edward late Earl of Dorfet : the fecond an 
 Epithalamium to the Marquis of Dorchefter, 1653." 26. "The 
 German Diet: or Balance of Europe, &c. 1653," folio. The 
 author's portrait at whole length is fet before the title. 27.- 
 *' Parthenopeia: or, the Hiftory of Naples, &c. 1654." 28. 
 ** Londinopolis, 1657." A (hort difcourfe, fays Wood, moftly 
 taken from Stowe's " Survey of London." 29. '* Difcourfe of 
 the Empire, and of the Election of the King of the Romans, 
 1658." 30. " Lexicon Tetraglotton : An Englilh-French- 
 Italian-Spanifli Dictionary, &c. 1660." 31. " A Cordial for the 
 Cavaliers, i66i." Anfwered immediately by fir Roger L'Eftrange, 
 in a book entitled, *' A Caveat for the Cavaliers:" replied to by 
 Mr. Howell, in the next article. 32. " Some fober Infpedlions 
 made into thofe Ingredients that went to the Compofition of a 
 late Cordial for the Cavaliers, i66i." 33. "A French Grammar, 
 &c.*' 34. " The Parley of Beafts, &c. 1660." 35. " The 
 fecond Part of cafual Difcourfes and Interlocutions between 
 Patricius and Peregrin, &c. i66i.** 36. << Twelve Treatifes 
 
 Vol. VIII. T of 
 
274 HOZIER.^ 
 
 of the late Revolutions, 1661.'* 37. " New Englifh Grammaf 
 for Foreigners to learn Englifh: with a Grammar for the Spa- 
 niih and Caftilian Tongue , with fpecial Remarks on the Portu- 
 guefe Dialed, for the fervice of her Majefty, 1662." 38. 
 ** Difcourfe concerning the Precedency of Kings, i6')3." 39. 
 " Poems:" colle6led and publifhed by ferjeant-major P. F. that 
 is, Payne Fiflier, who had been poet-laureat to Cromwell. The 
 editor tells us, that his author Howell "may be called the 
 prodigy of the age for the variety of liis volumes: for there hath 
 pafl'ed the prefs above forty of his works on various fubjeils, 
 ufeful not only to the prefent times, but to all pofterity. And 
 it is to be obferved," fays he, " that in all his writings there is 
 fomething ftill new, either in the matter, method, or fancy, and 
 in an untrodden'tra6l." He publifhed next, ^jo. " A Treatife 
 concerning AmbafTadors, 1664." 41. " Concerningthe furrcnder 
 of Dunkirk, that it was done upon good Grounds, 1664." • 
 
 Bcfides thefe original works, he tranflated feveral from foreign 
 languages; as, i. " St. Paul's late Progrefs upon Earth about a 
 Divorce betwixt Chrifl and the Church of Rome, by reafon of 
 her Dilfolutenefs and ExcefTes, &c. 1644." The author of 
 this book publifhed it about 1642, and was forced to fly from 
 Rome on that account. He withdrew in the company, and 
 under the condudl of one, who pretended friendfhip for him ; 
 but \\'ho betrayed him at Avignon, where he was firfl hanged and 
 then burnt. 2. *' A Venetian Looking-glafs : or, a Letter 
 written very lately from London to Cardinal Barberini at Rome, 
 by a Venetian Clariffimo, touching the prefent Diftempers in 
 England, 1648." 3. •' An exa6l Hilfory of the late Revo- 
 lutions in Naples, kc. 1650." 4. " A Letter of Advice from 
 the prime Statefm.en of Florence, how England may come to 
 herfelf again, 1659." All thefe were tranflated from the Italian. 
 He tranflated alfo from the French, " The Nuptials of Peleus 
 and Thetis, &:c. 1654^''' and from the Spanifh, '* The Proccfs 
 and Pleadings in the Court of Spain, upon the Death of Anthony 
 Afcham, Refident for the Parliainent of England, Sec. 1651." 
 
 Laftly, he publifhed, in 1649, " The late King's Declara- 
 tion in Latin, French, and Englifh :" and in 1751, " Cottoni 
 Pollhuma, or divers choice Pieces of that renowned Antiquary 
 Sir Robert Cotton, Knight and Baronet," in 8vo. 
 
 HOZIER (Pierre d'j, a man famous in his tiine, and even 
 celebrated by Boileau, for his fkill in genealogies, was born of a 
 godd family at Marfeilles, in 1592, and bred to military fervice; 
 but very early applied hiinfelf with great zeal to that ftudy for 
 which he became fo famous. By his probity as well as talents, 
 he obtained the confidence of Louis XHL and XIV. and en- 
 joyed the benefit of their favour in feveral lucrative and ho- 
 nourable pofts. After rifmg through feveral appointments, fuch 
 
 a$ 
 
H U B E R. 2^5 
 
 as judge of arms, in 1641, and certifier of titles in 1643, he 
 was admitted in 1654 to the council of Itate. He died at raris 
 in 1660. Hozier was author of a hiftory of Britany, in folio, 
 and of many genealogical tables. 
 
 HUARTE (John), a native of French Navarre, though he 
 is ufually fuppofed to be a Spaniard, lived in the 17th cen- 
 tury. He gained great fame by a work v/hich he publifhed in 
 Spanifh, upon a very curious and interfiling fubjeil. The title 
 of it runs thus : *' Examen de ingenios para las Sciencias, &c. 
 or, an examination of fuch geniufes, as are fit for acquiring 
 the fciences, and were born fuch : wherein, by marvellous and 
 ufeful fecrets, drawn from true philofophy both natural and di- 
 vine, are fhewn the gifts and different abilities found in men, and 
 for what kind of ftudy the genius of every man is adapted in 
 fuch a manner, that whoever lliall read this book attentively, 
 Vvill difcover the properties of his own genius, and be able to 
 make choice of that fcience in which he will make the greateft 
 improvement." This book has been tranflated into feveral lan- 
 guages, and gonethrough feveral impreflions. It was tranflated into 
 Italian, and publilhed at Venice in 1582; at leafl the dedication 
 of that tranflation bears this date. It was tranflated into French 
 by Gabriel Chappuis in 1580; but there is a better French ver- 
 fion than this by Savinien d'Alquie_, printed at Amfterdam in 
 1672. He has taken in the additions inferted by Huarte in the 
 laft edition of his book, which are confiderable both in quality 
 and quantity. It has been tranflated alfo into Latin, and laflly, 
 into Engliili. This very admired author has been highly ex- 
 tolled for acutenefs and fubilety, and undoubtedly had a great 
 (hare of thefe qualities: Bayle however thinks, that '* it would 
 tiot be prudent for any perfon to rely either on his maxims or au- 
 thorities; for," fays he, ** he is not to be trufted on either of thefe 
 heads, and his hypothefes are frequently chimerical, efpeciaily 
 when he pretends to teach the formalities to be obferved by thofe 
 who would beget children of a virtuous turn of mind. There are 
 in this part of liis book, a great many particulars repugnant to 
 modcfty: and he deferves cenfure for publifliing, as a genuine 
 and authentic piece, a pretended letter of Lentulus the proconful 
 from Jerufalem to the Roman fenate, wherein a portrait is o^iven 
 of Jefus Chrift, a defcription of his Ihape and ftature, the colour 
 of his hair, the qualities of his beard, &c." 
 
 HUBER (Ulric), a native of Dockum in the Dutch terri- 
 tories, was famous as a lawyer, an hiftorian, and a philologen 
 He was born in 1635; and became profeffor at Franeker, and 
 afterwards at Lewarde. He publifhed, 1. in 1662, Seven Dif- 
 fertations, " 'De genuina aetate Allyriorum, et regno Medorum." 
 Alfo, 2. A treatife, ** De Jure civitatis." 3. *' Jurifprudentia 
 Frifiaca." 4. " Specimen Philofophias civilis." 5. *< Infl:itu- 
 
 i 2 tiones 
 
276 H U B E R T. 
 
 tibnes Hiftorlas civilis :" and feveral other works. From 1688'^ 
 he was engaged in violent controverfy with Perizonius, on fome 
 points of jurifprudence, and on his work laft-mentioned, the 
 ** Inftitutiones hiftorias civilis." He died in 1694. The dif-» 
 pute with Perizonius was carried on with fufficient fcurrility on 
 both fides. 
 
 HUBER (Zacharias), fon of the former^ born at Fra- 
 ncker, in 1669; and afterwards advanced to the fame pro- 
 fefforfhips. He publifhed in 1690, i. A Differtation, *' De 
 vero fenfu atque interpretatione, legis IX. D. de lege Pompeia^ 
 de parricidis," Franeker, 4to. 2. Alfo, *' Differtationum libri 
 tres, quibus explicantur &c. fele6la juris publici, facri, pri- 
 Vatique capita," Franeker, 1702. He died [r] in 1732. 
 
 HUBER (Mary), a voluminous female author, born at Ge- 
 neva, in 1710, died at Lyons in 1753. Her principal work$ 
 are thefe that follow, i. *< Le monde fou, prefere au monde 
 Sage," 1731 — 1744> in 8vo. 2. •' Le Syrteme des TheologienS 
 anciens et modernes, fur I'etat des ames feparees des corps," 1 2mo, 
 in-ii — 1739' 3' " Suite du meme ouvrage, fervant de reponfe 
 a M. Ruchat," i2mo, 1731 — 1739. 4. " Redudion du Spec* 
 tateur Anglois." This was an abridgement of the Spectator, 
 and appeared in 1753, in fix parts, duodecimo; but did not 
 fucceed. 5. *' Lettres fur la Religion efTentielle a I'homme," 
 1-^29 — 1754. Mary Huber was a Proteftant, and this latter 
 work in particular, was attacked by the divines of the Romifti 
 <:ommunion. She had wit and knowledge, but was fometimes 
 obfcure, from wanting the talent to develope her own ideas. 
 
 HUBERT (Matthew), a celebrated French preacher, con- 
 temporary with Bourdaloue, whom, indeed, he could not rival, 
 but was fkilful enough to pleafe ; being eftcemed by him one of 
 the firft preachers of the time. He was a prieft of the congre- 
 gation of the Oratory, and no lefs remarkable for his gentle 
 piety, and profound humility than for his eloquence. He excelled 
 confequently rather in the touching ftyle of the facred, than the 
 vivid manner of the temporal orator. He was ufed to fay, that his 
 brother Malhllon was fit to preach to the mafters, and himfelf to 
 the fervants. He died in 17 17, at the age of 77 ; after difplay^- 
 ing his powers in the provinces, in the capital, and at court. 
 Eight years after his death, in 1725, his fermons were publifhed 
 at Paris, in 6 vols. i2mo, and were much approved by all per- 
 fons of piety and tafte. *' His manner of reafoning," fays his 
 editor, father Monteuil, '* had not that drynefs which frequently 
 dettroys the efFeft of a difcourfc ; nor did he employ that ftudied 
 elociition which frequently enervates the ftyle by an excefs of 
 polifh." The beft compofiiion in thefe volumes, is the funeral 
 
 [e] Saxli Onomaft. Vol. V. p. 597. 
 
 oration 
 
HUDSON. 277 
 
 jOratlon on Nfary of Aiiflria. As a trait of his humility, it is 
 related, that, on being toUi by a perfon in a large company, that 
 chey had been feliow-ftudents ; he replied, *' I cannot eafily 
 forget it, (ince you not only lent me books, but gave me 
 clothes " 
 
 HUBNER (John), a native of Lufatia, or, according to 
 fome authorities, of I'orgau in Saxony, highly celebrated for his 
 flcill in hiltory, geography, and genealogy, was born in 1668. 
 His works were chiefly written in the form of quellion and 
 anfwer, and fo popular in Germany, that his introduction 
 to geography went through a vaft number of editions in that 
 country, and has been tranflated into Englifli, French, and other 
 languages. They are calculated rather for the inftru6lion of the 
 ignorant, than the fatisfadion of the learned ; but are well exe- 
 cuted in their way. Huhner was profellor of geography at Leipfic, 
 and re£lor of the fchool at Hamburgh, in which city he died in 
 1731. His queftions on modern and ancient geography, were 
 publifhed at Leipfic in 1693, in 8vo, under the title of " Kurtze 
 Fragen aus der newen und alten Geographic." He publifhed, 
 2. in 1697, and feveral fubfequent years, in ten volumes, funilar 
 queftions on political hiflory, entitled, " Kurtze Fragen aus 
 der Politifchcn H'ftorie, bis zum Aufgang des Siebenzenden 
 fasculi." 3. His rext work was, Genealogical Tables, with ge- 
 nealogical queitions fubjoined, 1708, &c. 4, Supplements to 
 the preceding works. 5. Lexicons, refembling our Gazetteers, 
 for the aid of common life, entitled, *' Staats, Zeitungs, und 
 Converfations- Lexico. " 6. A Genealogical Lexicon. 7. 
 ** Bibliotheca Hiftorica Hamburgenfis," Leipfic, 1715. And, 
 8. ** Mufeum Geographicum." The two laft were more 
 efteemed by the learned than any of his other works. 
 
 HUDSON (Captain Henry], an eminent Englifh navigator, 
 who flouriftied in high fame in the beginning of the laft century. 
 Where he was born and educated, we have no certain account ; 
 nor have we of any private circumftances of his life. The 
 Cuftom of difcovering foreign countries for the benefit of 
 trade, not dying with queen Elizabeth, in whofe reign it had 
 been zealoufly purfued, Hudfon, among others, attempted to 
 find out a pallage by the north to Japan and China. His firft 
 voyage was in 1607, at the charge of fome London merchants ; 
 and his firft attempt was for the norih-eaft paifage to the Indies, 
 lie departed therefore on the firft of May ; and after various 
 adyentu res through icy feas, and regions intenfely cold, returned 
 to England, and arrived in the Thames, Sept. 15. The year 
 folloy^ing he undertook a fecond voyage for difcovering the fame 
 pafTage, and accordingly fet fail with fifteen pcrfons only, April 
 22 ; but not fucceedlng, returned homewards, and arrived at 
 Gravefend, on Apg, 26. What we are to think of the veracity 
 
 T3 of 
 
57S 
 
 HUDSON. 
 
 of his accounts, may be doubted, when we find in liis journal of 
 this voyage, the mention of a mermaid, which he fays was feen 
 when they were about y6 degrees north latitude. Thefe are 
 his words. *' The 15th of June, one of our company look- 
 ing overboard faw a mermaid, and calling up fome of the com- 
 pany to fee her, one more cam.e up, and flie was then come 
 clofe to the (hip's fide, looking earneilly on the men [s]. Soon 
 after a fea came and overturned her. From the navel upwards 
 her back and breafts were like a woman's, her body as big as 
 one of us, her fkin very white, and long black hair hanging 
 down behind. In her going down they faw her tail, like the 
 tail of a porpous, and fpeckled like mackarel." In thisinftance 
 he wa's at lead credulous, for he does not fay that be faw it him- 
 felf. 
 
 Not difheartened by his former unfuccefsful voyages, he un- 
 dertook again, in 1609, ^ third voyage to the fame parts, for fur- 
 ther difcoveries ; and was fitted out by the Dutch Eaft-India 
 company. He failed from Amfterdam, with twenty men, Eng- 
 lifh and Dutch, March 25; and on April 25, doubled the north 
 cape of Finmark in Norway. He kept along the coails of Lap- 
 land towards Nova Zembia, but found the fea fo full of ice, 
 that he could not proceed. Then turning about, he went to- 
 wards America, and arrived at the coaft of New France on July 
 18. He failed from place to place, without any hopes of fuc- 
 ceeding in their grand fcheme ; and the fhip's crew difagreeing, 
 and being in danger of mutinying, he ptirfued his way home- 
 wards^ and arrived Nov. 7, at Dartmouth in Devonfhire: of 
 which he gave advice to his directors in Holland, fending them 
 alfo a journal of his voyage. In 1610, he was again fitted out 
 by fome gentlemen, with a commifiion to try, if through any of 
 thofe American inlets, which captain Davis faw, but durft not 
 enter, on the weftern fide of Davis's Streights, any paflage 
 might be found to the South Sea. They failed from St. Catha- 
 rine's, April 17, and on June 4, came within fight of Greenland* 
 On the 9th they were off Forbifher's Streights, and on the 15th 
 Came in fight of Cape Defolation. Thence they proceeded north- 
 wefl;ward, among great quantities of ice, until they came to the 
 mouth of the ftreights that bear Hudfon's name. They ad- 
 vanced in thofe ftreights wefterly, as the land and ice would 
 permit, till they got into the bay, which has ever fince been 
 called by the bold difcoverer's name, " Hudfon's Bay." He 
 ■ gave names to places as he went along ; and called the country 
 jtfelf " Nova Britannia, or New Britain. He failed above 
 ICO leagues fouth into this bay, being confident that he had 
 
 [s] Purchas's Pilgdms, Part iii, Edit. 1625. p. 575 Harris's Voyages, Vol. I. 
 
 Edit. 1705, p. 566. 
 
 found 
 
HUDSON. 279 
 
 found the de fired pafTage; but perceiving at lafl: that it was only 
 a bay, he refolved to winter in the mod foiithern point of it, 
 with an intention of puifuing his dlfcoveries the following 
 fpring. Upon this he was fo intent, that he did not confider 
 how unprovided he was with nccellaries to fupport himfrlt dur- 
 ing a fevere winter in that defolate place. On Nov. 3, how- 
 eve/, they drew their (hip into a fmall creek, where they would 
 all infallibly have periihed, if they had not been unexpeded y 
 and providentially fupplied with uncomnnon flights of wild 
 fowl, which ferved thein for provilion. In the fpring, when 
 the ice began to wafte, Hudfon, in order to complete hisdifco- 
 very, made feveral efforts of various kinds: but, notwithftand- 
 ing all his endeavours, he found himfelf neceffitated to abandon 
 his enterprife, and to make the bed of his way home; and 
 therefore diftributed to his men, with tears in his eyes, all the 
 bread he had left, which was only a pound to each : though it 
 is faid other provifions were afterwards found in the fhip. In 
 his defpair and uneafmefs, he had let fall fome threatening 
 words, of fetting fome of his men on fhore ; upon which a few 
 of the flurdieft, who had before been very mutinous, entered his 
 cabin in the night, tied his arms behind him, and expofed him 
 in his own fhallop at the weft end of the ftreights, with his fon, 
 John Hudfon, and feven of the moft fick and infirm of his men. 
 There they turned them adrift, and it is fuppofed that they 
 all perifhed, being never heard of more. The crew proceeded 
 with the fhip for England; but going on fhore near the freight's 
 mouth, four of them were killed by favages. The reft, after 
 enduring the greateft hardihips, and ready to die for want, ar- 
 rived at Plymouth, Sept. 161 1. 
 
 HUDSON (Dr. John), a learned Englifh critic, was born 
 at Widehope near Cockermouth in Cumberland, i662[tJ; and, 
 after having been educated in grammar and claftical learning, was 
 entered in 1676 of Queen 's-college, Oxford. Soon after he had 
 taken the degree of M. A. he removed to Univerfity-college, of 
 which he was chofen fellow in March, 1686, and became a moft 
 confiderable and efteemed tutor. He afterwards diftingiiilhed 
 himfelf* alfo by publifliing feveral valuable editions of Greek 
 and Latin authors. In April, 1701, on the refignation of Dr. 
 Thomas Hyde, he was ele6led principal keeper of the Bodleian 
 library; and, in June following, accumulated the degrees of B. 
 and D. D, With this librarian's place, which he held till his 
 death, he kept his fellovvfliip till June 171 1, when, according 
 to the ftatutes of the college, he would have been obliged 
 to refign it; but he had juft befoje difqualitied himfelf for 
 
 [t] Athens, Vol. II. Col. 940, Edit. 1721.— Ant. Hall, Praef^t. d. J. HuJfon, 
 
 Jofephum. 
 
 T 4 , "^ holding 
 
28o HUDSON. 
 
 holding it any longer, by marrying Margaret, daughter of fir 
 Robert Harrifon, knight, an alderman of Oxford, and a mercer. 
 In 17 1 2, he was appointed principal of St. Mary-hall by the 
 cliancellor of the univerfity, through the interell of Dr. Rad- 
 cliffe : and it is faid, that to Hudfon's intereft with this phyfi- 
 cian, the univerfity of Oxford is obliged for the wonderfully 
 ample benefa6lions Ibe afterwards received from him. Hud- 
 fon's ftudious and fedentary way of life brought him at length 
 into an ill habit of body, which, turning to a dropfy, kept hirn 
 about a year in a very languishing condition. He died, Nov. 
 27, 1719, leaving a widow, and one daughter. 
 
 His publications v/ere as follow : 1. " Introdu£lio ad Chro- 
 rographiam: five ars chronologica in Epitomen reda£la, 169T,'* 
 8vo. Extra£led from Ceveridge's Treatife on that fubjeft, for 
 theufeof his pupils. 2. " Vclleius Paterculus, cum variis lee- 
 tionibus, & notis, & indice, 1693," 8vo. A fecond edition, with 
 the notes enlarged, in 1711. 3. ^^ Thucydides, 1696," folio. 
 A neat and beautiful edition, but fomewhat eclipfed in its 
 credit by that of Duker and WaiTe. 4. ** Geographic Veteris 
 Scriptores Grzeci Minores. Cum DilTertationibus & Annota- 
 tionibus Henrici Dodwelli," 8vo. The firft publifhed in 1698, 
 the fecond in 1703, and the third and fourth in 171 2. 5. " Dio- 
 nyfii HalicarnaiTenfis opera omnia, 1704," 2 vols, folio. A beau- 
 tiful and valuable edition, enriched with the various readings of 
 an ancient copy in the Vatican library, and of feveral manu- 
 fcripts in France. The learned editor has fubjoined to his own 
 notes feveral of Sylburgius, Portus, Stephens, Cafaubon, ancj 
 Valefius. 6. " Dionyfius Longinus, 17 10," 4to. and 171 8, 
 8vo. A very beautiful edition, and the notes, like all the reft: of 
 Hudfon's, very fhort. 7. " Moeris Atticifta, de vocibus Atticis 
 & Hellenicis. Gregorius Martinus de Grascarum literarum pro- 
 nunciatione, 1712," 8vo. 8. *' Fabuls yEfopicas," Greek and 
 Latin, 171 8, 8vo. 9. *' Flavii Jofephi Opera," he had juft 
 finifhed, but did not live to publifh. He had proceeded as far 
 as the third index, when, finding himfelf unable to go quite 
 through, he recommended the work to his intimate friend Mr. 
 Antony Hall, who publifhed it in 1720, in 2 vols, folio. It is a 
 correal and beautiful edition, and fuperior in thofe refpedls to 
 Havercamp's, but not in the number or value of the notes. The 
 care of Mr. Hall extended not only to the works of his deceafed 
 friehd, but to his family, for he married his widow. 
 
 Dr. Hudfon intended, if he had lived, to publifli a catalogue 
 of the Bodleian library, which he had caufed to be fairly 
 tranfcribed in 6 vols, folio. He was an able ailiftant to fe- 
 veral editors in Oxford, particularly to Dr. Gregory in his 
 *' Euclid," and to the induftrious Mr. Hearne in his ** Livy,"' 
 &c. He correfponded with many learned men in foreign coun- 
 tries; 
 
H U E T. ftSi 
 
 tries: with Muratori,Salvini,3ndBianchini,inItaly; withBoivin^ 
 Kuder, and Lequien, in France ; with Olearius, Mcnckenius, 
 Chriftopher Wolfius, and, whom he chiefly elleemcd, John 
 Albert Fabricius, in Germany; Eric Benzel, in Sweden; Frcy 
 deric K.oftgard, in Denmark ; with Pezron, Reland, Le Clerc, 
 in Holland, &c. He ufed to complain of the vail exprnce of 
 foreign letters; for he was far from being rich, never having 
 been poifelfed of any eccleliallical preferment; of which he ufe4 
 alfo to make frequent and heavy complaints. 
 
 HUET (Peter Daniel), bifhop of Avranches in France, a 
 very great as well as polite fcholar, was born of a good family at 
 '"aen in Normandy, Feb. 8, 1630 [u]. His parents dying when 
 he was fcarcely out of his infancy, Huet fell into the hands of 
 guardians, who negle£led him: his own invincible and feemingly 
 innate love of letters, however, made him amends for all difadvan- 
 tages ; and he finifhed his ftudies in the belles lettres before he was 
 thirteen years of age. In the profecution of his philofophical 
 fludies, he met with an excellent profeflbr, father Mambrun, a 
 Jefuit ; who, after Plato's example, diredled him to begin by- 
 learning a little geometry. Huet went further than his tutor 
 defired; and contracted fuch a relifh for it, that he flighted in a 
 manner all his other ftudies. He went through every branch of 
 mathematics, and maintained public thefes at Caen, a thing never 
 before done in that city. Having palfed through his clalfes, it 
 was his bufinefs to ftudy the law, and to take his degrees in it ; 
 but two books that were then publifhed, feduced him from this 
 purfuit. Thefe were, " The Principles of Des Cartes," and 
 " Bochart's Sacred Geography." He was a great admirer of 
 Des Cartes, and adhered to his philofophy for many years ; but 
 afterwards faw the falfenefs and vanity of it, and, as we fhall 
 fee, wrote alfo againft it. " A lelTon of caution this," fays his 
 panegyrift, f tq all, to embrace no fyftem whatever, till they 
 have carefully examined the principles on which it is built: fince 
 even the wifeft and moft difccrning men are through fuch rafh- 
 jiefs or inadvertency liable to be deceived." Bochart's geography 
 inade a vaft impreflion upon him, as well on account of the 
 immenfe erudition with which it abounds, as by the prefence 
 of its author, who was minifter of the Proteftant church at 
 Caen. This book, being full of Greek and Hebrew learning, 
 infpired Huet with an ardent defire of being verfed in thofe 
 languages. To afllft his progrefs in thefe ftudies, he contraded 
 a friendfliip with Bochart, and put himfelf under his diredions. 
 
 At the age of twenty years and one day, he was delivered by 
 the cuftom of Normandy from the tuition of his guardians: and 
 
 [u] Eloge Hiftorique de Mr. Huet, par Mr. I'abbe Olivet, prefixed to his Traite 
 Philofophique de la Foibleffe de TEfprit hun^ain. — Huetii CommenUrius de rebas ad 
 cum pertinentibus, p. l6j 
 
 foon 
 
itz H U E T. 
 
 foon after took a journey to Paris, not fo much from curiofify 
 to fee the place, as for the fake of purchafing books, and mak- 
 ing himfelf acquainted with the learned men of the times. He 
 foon became known to Sirmond, Petavius, VavalTor, Naude, and, 
 in Ihort, to almoft all the fcholars in France. About tv\o years 
 after, he had alfo an opportunity of introducing himfelf to the 
 learned in other parts of Europe ; for Chriilina of Sweden having 
 invited Bochart to her court, Huet accom.panied him, and they 
 fet out in April, 1652. He faw Salmafius at Leyden, and Ifaac 
 Voflius at Amflerdam. He often vifited the queen, who would 
 have engaged him in her fervice; but Bochart not having been 
 very gracioufly received, through the intrigues of Bourdel an- 
 other phyfician, who was jealous of him, and the queen's fickle 
 temper being known to every body, Huet declined all offers, 
 and after a (lay of three months returned to France. The chief 
 fruit of his journey was a copy of a manufcript of Origin's 
 *' Commentaries upon St. Matthew," which he tranfcribed at 
 Stockholm ; and the acquaintance he contrafted with the learned 
 men in Sweden and Holland, through which he palTed. Upon 
 his return to his own country, he refuraed his (ludies with more 
 vigour than ever, in order to publifli his manufcript of Origen. 
 While he was employed in tranflating this work, he was led to 
 Gonfider the rules to be obferved in tranflations, as well as 
 the dififerent manners of the moft celebrated tranllators. This 
 gave occafion to his firft performance, which came out at Paris 
 in 1661, under this title, " De interpretatione libriduo:" and 
 it is written in the form of a dialogue between Cafaubon, 
 Fronto Ducjeus, and Thuanus. M. de Segrais tells us [x], that 
 *' nothing can be added to this treatife, either with refpedl to 
 ftrength of critical judgement, variety of learning, or elegance 
 of ftyle ; which laft," fays abbe Olivet, *' is fo very extraordi- 
 nary, that it might have done honour to the age of Auguftus." 
 This book was firft printed in a thin 4to, but afterwards in 1 2mo, 
 and 8vo. In 1688, were publifhed at Rouen, in 2 vols, folio,, 
 his " Origenis Commentaria, &c. cum Latina interpretatione, 
 notis & obfervationibus ;" to which is prefixed, a large prelimi- 
 nary difcourfe, wherein is colledled all that antiquity relates of 
 Origen. The interval of fixteen years, between his return from 
 Sweden and the publication of this work, was fpent entirely in 
 ftudy, excepting a month or two every year, when he went to 
 Paris; during which time he gave the public a fpecimen of his 
 fkill in polite literature, in an elegant collection of poems, en- 
 titled, " Carmina Latina & Grasca;" which were publilhed at 
 Utrecht in 1664, and afterwards enlarged in feveral fucceflive 
 editions. While he was employed upon his " Commentaries 
 
 [x] Preface dc Virgile, Num. 22. 
 
 of 
 
H U E T, 2S3 
 
 of Origen," he had the misfortune to quarrel with his friend 
 and mafter Bochart :, who defiring one day a fight of his manu« 
 fcript, for the fake of confulting feme paifages about tlie Eu- 
 chariit, which had been greatly controverted between Papifts and 
 Proteftants, difcovered an hiatus or defedt, which feemed to de- 
 termine the fenfe in favour of the Papifts, and reproached Huet 
 with being the contriver of it. Huet at ftrft thought that it was 
 a defe6l in the original MS. but upon confulting another very 
 ancient MS. in the king's library at Paris, he found that he had 
 omitt&d fome words in the hurry of tranfcribipg, as he fays, an4 
 that the niili^ke was his own. Eochart, ftill fuppofing that this 
 was a kind of pious fraud in Huet, to fupport the doctrine of 
 the church of Rome in regard to the Eucharift, alarmed the 
 Proteftants every v/here, as if Origen's " Commentaries" were 
 going to be very unfairly publiflied ; and by that means dilfolved 
 the friendfhip which had fo long fubfifted between Huet and him- 
 felf. 
 
 In 1659, Huet was invited to Rome by Chriftina, who had 
 abdicated her crown, and retired thither ; but, remembering the 
 cool reception which Bochart had experienced from her majefty, 
 after as warm an invitation, he refufed to go. Thofe, fays 
 Olivet, vyhojudge of actions byxvents, will fuppofe him to have 
 a<Sted very wifely in continuing in France; for ten years after, 
 when Boffuet was appointed by the king preceptor to the Dau- 
 phin, Huet was chofen for his colleague, with the title of fub-pre- 
 ceptor, which honour had fome time been defigned him by the duke 
 de Montaufier, governor to the Dauphin. He went to court ia 
 1670, and flayed there till 1680, when the Dauphin was mar- 
 ried. Though his employment muft of neceflity occupy a con- 
 fiderable part of his time, he found enough to complete his 
 ** Demonftratio Evangelica," which, though fo great and labo- 
 rious a work, was begun and ended amidft the embarraflfments of 
 a court. It was publilhed at Paris in 1679, in folio; and has 
 been reprinted fince in folio, quarto, and o£tavo. Huet owns, 
 that this work was better received by foreigners, than by his 
 own countrymen ; many of whom confidered it as a work full 
 of learning indeed, but utterly devoid of that demonftration 
 to which it fo formally and pompoufly pretends. Others, lefs 
 equitable, borrowed from it, and attacked it at the fume time, 
 to cover their plagiarifm; which, though Huet co plains of it 
 very heavily, is not a fate peculiar to him or his book ; there 
 being hardly any country, which will not afford initances of au- 
 thors who have, been fo treated. Father Simon had a defign of 
 making an abridgement of this work ; but Huet being informed 
 that his purpofe was only to alter it as he thought proper, to add 
 to it, and ftrike out of it at pleafure, defired t.'i:n to excufe him- 
 felf that trouble. We mult not forget the fervice which Huet 
 
 at 
 
^^4 
 
 H U E T. 
 
 at this time performed to the republic of letters, by promoting 
 the editions of the claflics *' in ufum Delphini ;" for though 
 the firft idea of the commentaries for the ufe of the Dauphin wa*. 
 ilarted by the duke de Montaufier, yet it was Huet who formed 
 the plan, and direfted the execution, as far as the capacity of 
 the perfons employed in that work would perm.it. He underr 
 took, he tells us, only to promote and conduvSt the work, *' pro- 
 curator elTe & spfo^iuyaYis, non & operarius ;" but at lail came iii 
 for a ihare of it. For when Michael Faye, who took upon hira 
 the care of fetting out Manilius, but was not equal to the taik, 
 found himfelf puzzled, as he often did, with paflfages in that 
 obfcure author, he had recourfe to Huet ; who, having formerly 
 read him with great attention, and made feveral notes and ob» 
 fervations upon him, was thereupon induced to digefi them into 
 order, and to publi{h them, as he did at the end of the Delphin 
 edition of that author, in 1679. We rauft remember alio to 
 obferve, that he had been chofen a member of the French acah- 
 demy ; and that his fpeech pronounced on the occafion before that 
 illuftrious body, had been publifhed at Paris in 1674.. 
 
 While he was employed in compoHng his *' Demonftratio 
 Evangelica," the fentiments of piety, which he had cheriOied 
 from his earlieft youth^ moved him to enter into orders, which 
 he did at 46 years of age. In 1678, he was prefented by the 
 king to the abbey of Aunay in Normandy, which was fo agree- 
 able to him, that he retired there every fummer, after he had left 
 the court. In 1685, he was nominated to the bilhopric of Soif- 
 fons ; but before the bulls for his inilitution were expedited, the 
 abbey dc Sillery having been nominated to the fee of Avranches, 
 they exchanged bifhoprics with the confent of the king ; though, 
 by reafon of the differences between the court of France and that 
 of Rome, they could not be confecrated till 1692. In 1689, he 
 publifhed his '* Cenfura Philofophias Cartefianas," and addreffed 
 It to the duke de Montaufier : it appears, that be was greatly 
 piqued at the Cartefians, when he wrote this book. He was 
 difpleafed, that thefe philofophers preferred thofe who cultivate 
 their reafon, to thofe who only cultivate their memory ; and re- 
 quired, that men fhould endeavour more to know thcmfelves, 
 than to know what was done in former ages [y]. ** What," 
 fays he, '* becaufe we are men of learning, fhall this make us 
 obnoxious to the raillery of the Cartefians ?" There wgs, indeed, 
 no occafion for raillery in the cafe ; yet the preference of reafon 
 to mere memory is too clear to be denied. In 1690, he pub- 
 lifhed in Caen, in 4to, his " Qtiasftiones Alnetanas de Concordia 
 Rationis & Fidei :" which is written in the form of a dialogue, 
 after the manner of Cicero's Tufculan Qiieftions. It is di- 
 
 £y] Cent Phil. Catt. cap. vlji. p. 7. 
 
 vided 
 
H U E T; 5S5 
 
 Vided into three books: in the firft of which the author lays down 
 the rules, whereby the agreement between faith and reafon is to 
 be regulated ; the fecond compares the do<Elrines of Ghriftianity 
 with the dodrines of Paganifm ; and the third the pradlical pre- 
 cepts of each, and how they tend to improve and perfe6i human 
 life in piety and morals. This is not only a very learned, but 
 a very entertaining work ; being written in an elegant and po- 
 lite manner, and in moft excellent Latin, like all the reft of his 
 works. 
 
 In 1699, he refigned his bifhopric of Avranches, and was 
 prefented to the abbey of Fontenay, near the gates of Caen, 
 His love to his native place determined him to fix there, for 
 which purpofe he improved the houfe and gardens belonging to 
 the abbot. But feveral grievances and lav/-fuits coming upon 
 him, he removed to Paris ; and lodged among the Jefuits in the 
 Maifon ProfelTe, whom he had made heirs to his library, re-* 
 ferving to himfelf the u(e. of it while he lived. Here he fpent 
 the laft 20 years of his life, dividing his time between devotion 
 and rtudy- He did not, like fome pious men, confider the Bible 
 as the only book to be read, but thought that all other books 
 muft be read, before it could be rightly underftood. He employed 
 himfelf chiefly in writing notes on the vulgate tranflation : for which 
 purpofe he read over the Hebrew text 24 times ; comparing it, 
 as he went along, with the other Oriental texts, and, as his pa- 
 negyrift tells us, fpent every day two or three hours in this 
 work from 1681 to 171 2. He was then feized with a very fe- 
 Vere diftemper, which confined him to his bed for near fix 
 months, and brought him fo very low, that he was given up by 
 his phyficians, and received extreme un£lion. Recovering, how- 
 ever, by degrees, he applied himfelf to the writing of his life, 
 which was publilhed at Amfterdam in 1718, in i2rno, under 
 the title of " Pet. Dan. Huetli, Epifcopi Abrineenlis, Com- 
 mentarius de rebus ad earn pertinentibus:" where the critics have 
 wondered, that fo great a mailer of Latin as Huetius was, and 
 who has written it, perhaps as well as any of the moderns, 
 {hould be guilty of a folecifm in the very title of his book ; as he 
 was in writing " eum," when he fhould have manifeftly written 
 ** fe." This performance, though drawn up in a very amufing 
 and entertaining manner, and with great elegance of ftyle, is not 
 executed with that order and exa6lnefs, which appear in his 
 other works ; his memory being then decayed, and afterwards 
 declining more and more, fo that he was no longer capable of a 
 continued work, but only committted detached thoughts to pa- 
 per. Olivet in the mean time relates a moft remarkable fingu- 
 larity of him, namely, that " for two or three hours before his 
 death, he recovered all the vigour of his genius and memory." 
 He died Jan. 26, 1721, in his 91ft year. 
 
 Befides 
 
2U H tX E 1*. 
 
 Befides the works which we have mentioned in the courfe of 
 this menioir, he publifhed others of a fimilar nature, viz. " De 
 rOrigine des Romans, 1670." ** De la fituation du Paradis 
 Terreflre, 1691." " Nouveaux Memoires pour fervir a I'Hif- 
 toire du Cartefianifme, 1692." " Statuts Synodaux pour le 
 diocefe d'Avranches, &c. 1693 ;" to which were added three 
 fupplements in the years 1 695, 1696, 1698. " De Navigati- 
 ©nibus Salomonis, Amft. 1698." ** Notas in Anthologiam 
 Epigrammatum Gra^cornm, Uhraj. 1700." " Origines de 
 Caen, Roan, 1702." *' Lettres la Monf. Penault, fur le Pa- 
 rallele des Anciens & des Modernes du 10 061. 1692," printed 
 without the autiior's knowledge in the third part of the " Pieces 
 Fugitives, Paris, 1704." " Examen du fentiment de Longin 
 fur ce paflage de la Genefe, Et Dieu dit, que la Lumiere foit 
 faite, & la Lumiere fut faite," inferted in tome the loth of Le 
 Clerc's '* Bibliotheque Choifee, Amft. 1706." Huet, in his 
 •* Demonftratio Evangelica," had afferted, that there was no- 
 ticing fublime in this paflage, as Longinus had obferved, but 
 that it was perfe6lly limple. Meflrs. de Port Royal and Boileaux, 
 who gave tranflations of Longinus, aflferted its fublimity on that 
 •very account ; and this occafioned the " Examen" juit menti- 
 oned. *' Lettre a M. Foucault confeiller d'etat fur I'origine de 
 la poefie Fran^oife, du 16 Mar. 1706," inferted in the " Me- 
 moires de Trevoux, in 171 1." *' Lettre de M. Morin, (that 
 is, of M. Huetj de I'academie des infcriptions a M. Huet, tou- 
 chant le livre de M. Tolandus Anglois, intitule, Adeifidasmon, 
 & origines Judaicas :" inferted in the " Memoirs de Trevoux" 
 for Sept. 1709, and in the colledion, which the abbe Tilladet 
 publifhed of Huet's works, under the title of '* Diifertations fur 
 diverfesmatieres de la Religion & de Philologie, 1612." *' Hif- 
 toire de Commerce & de la navigation des Anciens, 17 16." 
 After his death were publilhed, ** Traite Philofophique de la 
 foibleiTe de I'efprit humain, Amft. 1723." ** Huetiana, ou 
 penfees diverfes de M. Huet, 1722." Thefe contain thofe loofe 
 thoughts he committed to paper after his laft illnefs, when, as 
 ■we have already obf rved, he was incapable of producing a con- 
 ne^led work. *' Diana de Caftro, ou le faux Yncas, 1728." 
 A romance, written when he was very young. There are yet 
 in being other MSS. of his, which, as far as we know, have 
 not been publiftied ; viz. " A Latin tranOation of Longus's 
 Loves of Daphnis and Chloe ;" *' An Anfwer to Regis with re- 
 gard to Des Cartes's Metaphyfics ;" " Notes upon the Vulgate 
 Tranllation of the Bible ;" and a coUedlion between 5 and 600 
 Jetters in Latin and French written to learned men. 
 
 To conclude, " when we confider," as Olivet fays, ** that 
 he lived to 90 years of age and upv.ards, that he had been a hard 
 iluJent from his infancy, that he had had aUnoft all his time to 
 
 himfelf. 
 
HUGHES. 287 
 
 himrelf, that he had enjoyed an unintemipted ftate of good health, 
 that he had always fomebody to read to him even at his meals, 
 that in one word, to borrow his own language, neither the heat 
 of youth, nor a multiplicity of bufinefs, nor the love of com- 
 pany, nor the hurry of the world, had ever been able to mode- 
 rate his invincible love of letters, we mud needs conclude him 
 to have been one of the molt learned men that any age has pro- 
 duced." 
 
 HUGHES (John), an Englifli poet [z], was fon of a citi- 
 zen of London, and born at Marlborough in Wiltfliire, Jan. 29, 
 1677, He was brought early to London, and received the ru- 
 diments of learning there in private fchools. He had a weak or 
 at lead a delicate conftitution, which perhaps reftrained him from 
 feverer ftudies, and inclined him to purfue the fofter arts of poe- 
 try, mufic, and drawing; in each of which he made a confider- 
 able progrefs. His acquaintance with the Mufes and the Graces 
 did not render him averfe to bufinefs : he had a place in the 
 office of Ordnance, and was fecretary to feveral commifTIons 
 under the great feal for purchafing lands, in order to the better 
 fecuring of the royal docks and yards at Portfmouth, Chatham, 
 and Harwich. He continued, however, to purfue his natural 
 inclination to letters, and added to a competent knowledge of the 
 learned an intimate acquaintance with the modern languages. 
 The firft teftimony he gave the public of his poetic vein, was in 
 a poem " on the peace of Ryfwick," printed in 1697, and re- 
 ceived with uncommon approbation. In 1699, ** The Court 
 of Neptune" was written by him on king William's return from 
 Holland ; and, the fame year, a fong on the duke of Gloucef- 
 Ter's birth-day. In 1702, he publifhed, qn the death of king 
 William, a Pindaric ode, entitled, " Of the Houfe of Naffau," 
 which he dedicated to Charles duke of Somerfet ; and in 1707 
 his " Ode in Praife of Mufic," was performed with great ap- 
 plaufe at Stationers-hall. 
 
 His numerous performances, for he had all along employed 
 his leifure hours in tranflations and imitations from the ancients 
 had by this time introduced him, not only to the wits of the 
 age, fuch as Addifc?n [a], Congreve, Pope, Southerne, Rowe, 
 and others, but alfo to fome of the greatelt men in the king- 
 dom ; and among thefe to the earl of Wharton, who offered to 
 carry him over, and to provide for hhn, when appointed lord- 
 
 [z] Account of the Life of Hughes, played by his perfuafion. It had long 
 
 prefixed to his poems. wanted the hft adt, which he was dclired 
 
 [a] " His acquaintance with the great by Addifon to fuppiy. If the rcqusft wjs 
 
 writers of his time," fays Dr. Johnfon, fincere, it proceeded from an opinion, 
 
 " appears to have bsen very general ; but wh-itever it was, that did not laft Ions: ■ 
 
 of his intimacy with Addifon there is a re. for when Hughes came in a week to Acw 
 
 markablc proof. It is told, on good au- him bis firft attempt, he found half the 
 
 Ehoiity, that ' C^to' was finhhcd an4 ad written by Addifon himfelf." 
 
 lieutenant 
 
i88 HUGHE S. 
 
 lieutenant of Ireland : but, having other views at home, he dd- 
 clined the offer. 
 
 Hughes [b] had hitherto fuffsred the mortifications of a nar- 
 row fortune; but in 1717 the lord chancellor Cowper fet him 
 at eafe, by making him fecretary to the Commiflions of the 
 peace ; in which he afterwards, by a particular requeft, defired 
 his fuccelTor lord Parker to continue him. He had now afflu- 
 ence ; but fuch is human life, that he had it when his declining 
 health could neither allow him long pofTeflion nor full enjoy- 
 ment. His lafl work was his tragedy, *' The Siege of Damaf- 
 cus ;" after which a Siege became a popular title. This play, 
 which continues on the ftage, and of which it is unneceffary to 
 add a private voice to fuch continuance of approbation, is not 
 a6led or printed according to the author's original draught, or 
 his fettled intention. He had made Phocyas apoftatize from his 
 religion ; after which the abhorrence of Eudocia would have 
 been reafonable, his mifery would have been juft, and the hor- 
 rors of his repentance exemplary. The players, however, re- 
 quired that the guilt of Phocyas fliould terminate in defertion 
 to the enemy ; and Hughes, unwilling that his relations fhould 
 lofe the benefit of his work, complied with the alteration. He 
 was now weak with a lingering confumption, and not able to 
 attend the rehearfal ; yet was fo vigorous in his faculties, that 
 only ten days before his death he wrote the dedication to his pa- 
 tron lord Cowper. On Feb. 17, 1720, the play was repre- 
 fented, and the author died. He lived to hear that it was well 
 received ; but paid no regard to the intelligence, being then 
 wholly employed in the meditations of a departing Chriftian. 
 
 A few weeks before he died, he fent, as a teftimony of gra- 
 titude, to his noble friend earl Cowper, his own pidlure drawn 
 by fir Godfrey Kneller, which he had received as a prefent from 
 that painter : upon which the earl wrote him the following letter. 
 ** 24 Jan. 1719-20. Sir, I thank you for the moft acceptable 
 prefent of your pi6lure, and afTure you, that none of this age 
 can fet an higher value on it than I do, and fliall while I live z 
 though I am fenfible pofterity will outdo me in that particular. 
 I am, with the greateft efleem and fincerity, Sir, your moil 
 affectionate and obliged humble fervant, Cowper*" 
 
 A man of his characSler was undoubtedly regretted ; and Steele 
 devoted an efiay, in the paper called ** The Theatre," to the 
 memory of his virtues. In 1735, his poems were colle6led and 
 publifhed in 2 vols. i2mo, under the following title : " Poems 
 on feveral Occafions, with fome fele£l EfTays in Profe." Hughes 
 was alfo the author of other works in profe. " The Advices from 
 Parnaifus," and " The Political Touchftone of Boccalini,"' tranf- 
 
 [b] Dr. Johnfon's Life of Hughes. 
 
 lated 
 
HUGHES. 289 
 
 lated by feveral hands, and printed in folio 1706, were revifed, 
 corredled, and had a preface prefixed to them, by him. He 
 tranllated himfelf the following works : namely, ** Fontenelle's 
 Dialogues of the Dead, and Difcourfe concerning the Ancients 
 and Moderns j" *' the Abbe Vertot's Hiitory of the Revolutions 
 in Portugal ;" and " Letters of Abelard and Heloifa." He wrote 
 the preface to the colledlion of the '* Hiftory of England" by 
 various hands, called, ** 1 he Complete Hiflory of England," 
 printed in 1706, in 3 vols, folio ; in which he gives a clear, fa- 
 tisfadlory, and impartial account of the hiilorians there colle6led. 
 Several papers in the ** Tatlers," " Speftators," and *• Guar- 
 dians," were written by him. He is fuppofed to have written 
 the whole, or at leaft a confiderable part, of the Lay-Monaftery ; 
 confining of EfTays, Difcourfes, &c. publiflied iingly under the 
 title of the < Lay-Monk :' being the Sequel of the ' Spe6lators.* 
 The lecond edition of this was printed in 17 14, i2mo, Laftly, 
 he publidied, in 1715, an accurate edition of the works of Spen- 
 fer, in 6 vols. i2mo : to which are prefixf<.l the ** Life of Spen- 
 fer," " An Eifay on Allegorical Poetry, ' " Remarks on the 
 Fairy- Queen, and other Writings of Spenfer ;" and a GloiTary, 
 explaining old words; all by Mr. Hughes. This was a work 
 for which he was well qualified, as a judge of the beauties of 
 writing, but he wanted an antiquary's knowledge of the obiolete 
 words. He did not much revive the curioiity of the public ; for 
 rear thirty years elapfed before his edition was reprinted. The 
 charadler of his genius we fhall tranfcribe from the correfpon- 
 dence of Swift and Pope. " A month ago," fays Swift, ** was 
 fent me over, by a friend of mine, the works of John Hughes, 
 Efq. They are in profe and verfe. I never heard of the maa 
 in my life, yet I find your name as a fubfciiber. He is too grave 
 a poet for me; and I think among the mediocrifts, in profe as 
 well as verfe." To this Pope returns : " To anfweryour quef- 
 tion as to Mr. Hughes ; what he wanted in genius, he made up 
 as an honefl: man ; but he was of the clafs you think him." 
 
 HUGPIES (Jabez), younger brother of Mr. John Hughes, 
 and, like him, a votary of the Mufes, and an excellent fcholar. 
 He publiflied, in 1714, in 8vo, a tranllation of " The Rape of 
 Proferpine," from Claudian, and " The Story of Sextus and 
 Eridho," from Liican's " Pharfalia," book vi. Thefe tranf- 
 lations, with notes, were reprinted in 1723, i2mo. He alfo 
 publiflied, in 1717, a tranflation of Suetonius's " Lives of the 
 Twelve Cacfars," and tranflated feveral " Novels" from'^e Spa- 
 nifli of Cervantes, which are inferted in the *' Sele6l Colle(£lion 
 of Novels and Hiflories," printed for Watts, 1729. He died 
 Jan. 17, 1731, in his 46th year. A pofthumous volume of his 
 *' Mifcellanies in Verfe and Profe" was publilhed in 1737. ^^^ 
 Vol. VHL U widow 
 
^90 HUGO. 
 
 Vidow a'corapanied the lady of governor Byng to Barbadoes, and 
 died there in 1740. 
 
 HUGHES (Jabez), of a different family from the former, 
 though of the fame name, fellow of Jefus-college, Cambridge, 
 and called by bi(hop Atterbury [c | ♦* a learned hand," is known 
 to tie republic of letters as editor of St. Chryfoftom's treatife 
 ** Cn the Priedhood." Two letters of his to Mr. Bonwicke are 
 prii ted in ** The Gentleman's Magazine [d]," in one of which 
 he ays *' I have at lall been prevailed on to undertake an edi- 
 tion of St. Chryfoftom's 7sep\ Upucmns \ and I would beg the fa- 
 Vt iir of you to fend me your oflavo edition. I want a fmall 
 volume to lay by me ; and the Latin verfion may be of fome fer- 
 vice to me, if I cancel the interpretation of Fronto Ducaeus." 
 A fecond edition of this treatife was printed at Cambridge in 
 Greek and Latin, with notes, and a preliminary dilfertation 
 againft the pretended *' Rights of the Church, &c." in 1712. A 
 good Englifh tranilation of St, Chryfoftom " On the Priefthood," 
 a pofthumous work by the Rev. John Bimce, M. A. was pub- 
 liflied by his fon (vicar of St. Stephen's near Canterbury) in 
 1760. 
 
 HUGOof Cluni,a faint of the Romifh Calendar, (not the only 
 one of the name, for there was a St. Hugo, bifliop of Grenoble, 
 in 1080,} was of a very diftinguifhed family in Burgundy ; and 
 •was born in 1023. When he was only 15, he rejefted all 
 worldly views, and entered into the monaftic life at Cluni, under 
 the guidance of the Abbot Odilon. After fome years, he was 
 created Prior of the Order, and Abbot in 1048, at the death of 
 Odilon. In this fituation he extended the reform of Cluni to (o 
 many monafteries, that, according to an ancient author, he had 
 under his jurifdidion above ten thoufand monks. In 1758, he 
 attended pope Stephen when dying, at Florence ; and in 1074, 
 lie made a religious pilgrimage to Rome. Some epiftles written 
 by him, are extant in Dacherius's Spicilegium. There are alfo 
 fome other of his works in the ** Bibliotheque de Cluni." He 
 died in 1 108 or 9, at or about the age of 85. He is faid to have 
 united moderation with his exemplary piety \ and was embroiled, 
 at one time, with the bilhop of Lyons, for faying the prayer for 
 the Emperor Henry IV, when that prince was under excommu- 
 nication. 
 
 HUGO (Herman), a learned Jefuit, was born at BrufTels, 
 in 1588; and died of the plague at Rhimberg in 1639. He 
 publiftied his firfl work in 1617, which was, *' De prima fcri- 
 bendi origine, et unrverfs rei literarix antiquitate," 8vo. Ant- 
 werp. This book was republlfhed by Trotzius in 1738, with 
 
 [c] Epiftolary Coirefoondence, Vol. II. p 295. [p] Vol. XLVUI. p. 583, 
 
 3 many 
 
H tr M E. 291 
 
 inany notes. 2. " Obfidio Bredana, Tub Ambrofi'o Spinola," 
 folio, Antwerp, 1629. 3. ** Militia equellris, Antiquaet nova,'* 
 Antw. folio, 1630. 4. His " Pia Dejideria," the work by 
 which he is beft known, were firft publilhed in oftavo in 1632. 
 They are alfo printed in 32mo. with all the clearncfs of Elzevir, 
 and adorned with rather fanciful engravings. His Pia Dtfideria 
 are in Latin verfe, of which they contain 45 copies, and are illuf- 
 (trated by curious cuts. The whole confifls of three books, the 
 fiibjeftsof which are thus arranged. B. i. " GemitusAnimaspeni- 
 tentis." 2i *' Vota animas fanftas." 3. " Sufpiria animx arnan- 
 tis." They confift of long paraphrafes in elegiac verfe, on va- 
 rious pafl'ages of fcripture. His verfification is ufually good, 
 but he wants fimplicity and fublimity; yet he is fometimes poeti- 
 cal, though his Mufe is not like that of David. 
 
 HUGO (Charles Louis], a voluminous author in Latin 
 and French ; though his works, from their fubjedls, are little 
 known here. He was a Canon of the Premonftratenfian Order, 
 a Dodlor of Divinity, Abbe of Etival, and titular bifhop of 
 Ptolemais. He died at an advanced age, in 1735. His works 
 are, i. <* Annales Pra;monftratenfium," a Hiilory of his own 
 order, and a very laborious work, in two volumes folio ; illuftrated 
 V'ith plans of the monafteries, and other curious particulars ; but 
 accufed of fome remarkable errors. 2. *' Vie de St. Norbert 
 Fondateur des Premontrcs," 4to. 1704. 3. " Sacras antiqui- 
 tatis monumenta hiftorica, dogmatica, diplomatica," two vo- 
 lumes in folio, 1725, 4. *' Traite hiftorique et critique dc la 
 Maifon de Lorraine," 8vo. 171 1. This being a work of fome 
 boldnefs, not only the name of the author, but that of the place 
 where it was printed, was concealed : the former being profef- 
 fedly BaleicGurt, the latter Berlin, inftead of Nanci. Yet the au- 
 thor was traced out, and fell under thecenfure of the parliament^ 
 in 1 712. In 1 7 13, he publifhed, 5. another work, entitled, 
 *' Reflexions fur les deux Ouvrages concernant la Maifon de Lor- 
 raine," where he defends his former publication. 
 
 HULSEMANN (John), a Lutheran divine, was born in 
 1602, at Efens, in EafI: Friezeland : and died in 1661. He 
 had travelled through moft countries of , Europe, but fixed him- 
 felf at Leipfic in 1646, where he became ProfefTor of Divinity, 
 and Jiirintendant . He was a very voluminous author ; wrote 
 commentaries on the facred books, and feveral other valuable 
 works on fubjefts of divinity. 
 
 HUME (David) [e], a celebrated philofopher and hiftorian, 
 was defcended from a good family in Scotland, and born at Edin- 
 burgh April 26, 171 1, Being a younger brother with a very 
 ilender patrimony, and of a ftudious, fober, indullrious turn, he 
 
 r J' > — 7 ..._ — ....-^ — ._ 
 
 f e] Life, wr^n by hiraifelf, prefixed to his Kiftory of England. 
 U 2 
 
 WSiS 
 
29^ HUM E. 
 
 was deftlned by his family to the law : but, being feized with 
 an early paffion for letters, he found an infurmountable aver- 
 fion to any thing elfe ; and, as he relates, while they fancied 
 him to be pouring upon Voet and Vinnius, he was occupied with 
 Cicero and Virgil. His fortune however being very fmall, and 
 his health a little broken by ardent application to books, he was 
 tempted, or rather forced, to make a feeble trial at bufmefs ; 
 and, in 1734^ went to Briftol, with recommendations to fome 
 eminent merchants : but, in a few months, found that fcene to- 
 tally unfit for him. He feems, alfo, to have conceived fome 
 perfonal difgufl againft the men of bufmefs in that place : for, 
 though he v/as by no means addicted to fatire, yet we can fcarcely 
 interpret him otherwife than ironically, when, fpeakiiig in his 
 Hiftory (anno 1660} of James Naylor's entrance into Briftol 
 upon a horfe, in imitation of Chrift, he prefumes it to be " from 
 the difficulty in that place of finding an afs!" 
 
 Immediately on leaving Briftol, he went over to France, with 
 a view of profecuting his ftudics in privacy ; and pradticed a very 
 rigid frugality, for the fake of maintaining his independency 
 imim,paired. During his retreat there, firft at Rheims, but 
 chiefly at La Fleche, in Anjou, he compofed his ** Treatife of 
 of Human Nature ;" and, coming over to London in 1737, he 
 publifhed it the year after. It met with no manner of fuccefs : 
 *' it fell," fays he, " dead-born from the prefs." In 1742, he 
 printed, with more fuccefs, the firft part of his " ^^ffays." In 
 1745, he lived with the marquis of Annandale, the ftate of that 
 nobleman's mind and health requiring fuch an attendant : the 
 emoluments of the fituation muft have been his motive for un-» 
 dertaking fuch a charge. He then received an invitation from 
 general St. Clair, to attend him as a fccretary to his expedition ; 
 which was at firft meant againft Canada, but ended in an incur- 
 fion upon the coaft: of France. Next year, 1747, he attended 
 the general in the fame ftation, in his military embafiy to the 
 courts of Vienna and Turin : he then wore the uniform of an 
 officer, and was introduced to thefe courts as aid- de-camp to the 
 general. Thefe two years were almoft the only interruptions 
 which his ftudies received during the courfe of his life : his ap- 
 appointments, however, had made him in his own opinion " in- 
 dependent ; for he was now maiter of near loco I." 
 
 Having always imagined, that his want of fuccefs, in publifh- 
 ing the '* Treatife of Human Nature," proceeded more from 
 the manner than the matter, he caft the firft part of that work 
 anewj in the ** Enquiry concerning Human Underftanding," 
 ivhich was publifhed while he was at Turin ; but with little 
 tnoire fuccefs. He perceived, however, fome fymptoms of a 
 rifing reputation : his books grew more and more the fubjedl of 
 converfation j and " I found," fays he, *' by Dr. Warburton's 
 
 railing, 
 2 
 
HUME. 293 
 
 railing, that they were beginning to be cfteemcd in good com- 
 pany." In 1752, were publifhed at Edinbiirgli, where he then 
 lived, his ** Political Diicourfcs;" and the fame year, at Lon- 
 don, his ** Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals." Of 
 the former he fays, " that ir was the only work of his, which 
 was fuccefsful on the firll publication, being well received abroad 
 and at home :" and he pronciinces the latter to be, ** in his own 
 opinion, of all his writings, hillorical, philofophical, or literary, 
 incomparably the beft ; although it came unnoticed and unob- 
 ferved into the world." 
 
 In 1754, he piiblillied the firft volume, in 4to, of " A Por- 
 tion of Englifh Hiftory, from the Acceflion of James I. to the 
 Revolution." He ftrongly promifed himfelf fuccefs from this 
 work, thinking himfelf the firft Englifh hiftorian that was free 
 from bias in his principles : but he fays, " that he was herein 
 miferably difappointed ; and that, inftead of pieafing all parties, 
 he had made himfelf obnoxious to all." He was, as he re- 
 lates, ** fo difcouraged with this, that, had not the war at that 
 time been breaking out between France and England, he had 
 certainly retired to fome provincial town of the former king- 
 dom, changed his name, and never more have returned to his 
 native country." He recovered himfelf, however, fo far, as to 
 publifh, in 1756, his fecond volume of the fame hiftory ; and 
 this was better received. " It not only rofe itfelf," he fays, ** but 
 helped to buoy up its unfortunate brother." Between tliefe pub- 
 lications came out, along with fome other fmall pieces, his 
 *' Natural Hiftory of Religion:" which, though but indifferently 
 received, was in the end the caufe of fom.e confolation to him ; 
 becaufe, as he expreffes himfelf, — " Dr. Kurd wrote a pamph- 
 let againft it, with all the illiberal petulance, arrogance, and 
 fcurrility, which diftinguifh the Warburtonian fchool ;" fo 
 well aware was he, that, to an author, attack of any kind is 
 much more favourable than negle6t. Dr. Hurd, however, was 
 only the oftenfible author ; he has fmce declared exprefsly, that 
 it proceeded from Warburton himfelf [f]. In 1759, he pub- 
 lifhed his *' Hiftory of the Houfe of Tudor;" and, in 1761, 
 the more early part of the Englifh Hiftory : each, in two vols. 
 4to. The clamour againft the former of thefe was almoft equal 
 to that againft the hiftory of the two firft Stuarts ; and the latter 
 was attended with but tolerable fuccefs : but he was now, he 
 tells us, grown callous againft the impreflions of public cenfure. 
 He had, indeed, what he would' think good reafon to be fo ; 
 for the copy-money, given by the bookfellevs for his hiftory, 
 exceptionable as it was deemed, had made him not only indepen- 
 dent but opulent. 
 
 £f] Life of Warburtoa. 
 
 U 3 Jibing 
 
2^4. HUMPHREY. 
 
 Being now about fifty, he retired to Scotland, determin€(f 
 never more to fet his foot out of it ; and carried with him " the 
 (atisfaftion of never having preferred a requ^ft to one great man^ 
 or even making advances of friendfhip to any of^them." But, 
 ■while meditating to fpend the reft of his life in a philofophical 
 manner, he received, in 1763, an invitation from the ear] of 
 Hertford, to attend him op his embafTy to Pfiris ; which at length 
 he accepted, and was left there charge d'affaires, in the fummer 
 of 1765. In the beginning of 1766, he quitted Paris; and in 
 the fummer of that year, went to Edinburgh, with the fame 
 view as before, of burying himfelf in a philofophical retreat: 
 but, in 1767, he received from Mr. Conway, a new invitation 
 to be under-fecretary of ftate, which, like the former, he did 
 jiot think it expedient to decline. He returned to Edinburgh in 
 1769, "very opulept," he fays, "for he poflelTed a revenue 
 of I cool, a year, healthy, and, though fomewhat ftricken in 
 years, with the profpecfl of enjoying long his eaff ," In the 
 ipring of 1775, he was ftruck with a diforder in his bowels ; 
 which, though it gave him no alarm at hrft, proved incurable, ami 
 at length mortal. It appears, however, that it was not painful, 
 nor even troublefome or fatigping; for he declares, that " rot- 
 "withftandipg the great decline of his perfon, he had neyer fuf- 
 fered a inonient's abatement of his fpirits; that he pofleflTed 
 the fame ardour as ever in ftudy, and the fame gaiety in com- 
 pany : infomuch," fays he, " that, were \ to name a period of 
 iny life, v.hich I (hpuld moft choofe to pafs over again, I might 
 te tempted to point to this latter period." 
 
 The life v/rltten by himfelf, from which thefe materials are 
 cxtrafied, is dated April 18, 1776 ; he died the 25th of Auguft 
 following. His works, as corredled Ijy himfelf, are printed in 
 4.to and 8vo : but there is a pofthumous piece, not included 
 among them ; yet, in point of compofition, not inferior to any 
 of them. It is entitled, " Dialogues concerning Natural Re- 
 ligion," in 8vo. 
 
 I^UMPHREY (LAyRENCEJ, a learne^l Engljfli writer, was 
 borri at Newport Pagnell in Bucking[iamfhirc> about 1527, and 
 had his fchooi education at Cambridge ; after which he became 
 firft a demy, then a fellow, of Magdalen-coUege in Oxford [p]. 
 He took the degree of M. A. jn 1552, and about that time was 
 made Greek reader of his college, and entered into orders. Iri 
 June, I555> he had leave from his college to travel into foreigr; 
 countries \ he went to Zurich, and aiTociated himfelf with the Eng- 
 lifh there, who had fled from their country on account of their 
 Religion. After the death of queen Mary, he returned to Eng- 
 land;, and was reftored to his fellowfhip in Magdalen-coUegCa 
 
 [o] Athem Oxon. Vol. I. 
 
 froro 
 
H U N I A D E S. 295 
 
 from which he had been expelled, becaufe he did not return 
 within the fpace of a year, which was one condition on which 
 he was permitted to travel; another was, that he (hould refrain 
 from all heretical company. In 1560, he was appointed the 
 queen's profelTor of divinity at Oxford; and the year after elected 
 prefident of his college. In 1562, he took both the degrees 
 in divinity; and, in 1570, was made dean of Gloucefter. 
 In 1580, he was removed to the deanery of Winchefter; and had 
 probably been promoted to a bifhopric, if he had not been dif- 
 sfFeded to the church of England. For Wood tells us, that 
 from the city of Zurich, where the preaching of Zuinglius had 
 fafliioned people's notions, and from the correfpondence he 
 had at Geneva, he brought back with him fo much of the Cal- 
 vinift both in dodrine and difcipUne, that the beft which could be 
 faid of him was, that he was a moderate and confcientious Non* 
 conformiil. This was at leaft the opinion of feveral divines, 
 who ufed to call him and Dr. Fulke of Cambridge, ftandard- 
 bearers among the Nonconformifts ; though others thought they 
 grew more conformable in the end. Be this as it will, " fure 
 it is," fays Wood, *' that Humphrey was a great and general 
 fcholar, an able iinguiil:, a deep divine; and for his excellency 
 of ftyle, exadtnefs of method, and fubftance of matter in his 
 writings, went beyond moll: of our theologifts." He died in Feb, 
 1590, N. S. ; leaving a wife, by whom he had twelve children. 
 His writings are, i. " Epiftola de Grascis Uteris, & Homeri 
 ledlione &c imitatione;" printed before a book of Hadrian Ju- 
 nius, entitled, *' Cornu~copiae," at Bafil, 1558. 2. *' De Re- 
 Jigionis confervatione & reformatione, deque primatu regum, 
 Baf. 1559." 3. ** De ratione interpretandi au6lores, Baf. 1559." 
 4. " Optimates: five de nobilitate, ejufqne antiqua origine, &c. 
 Baf. 1560." 5. " Joannis Juelli Angli, Epifcopi Sarifburienfis, 
 vita & mors, ejufque veras dodrinas defenfio, &c. Lond. 1573." 
 6. " Two Latin Orations fpoken before queen Elizabeth : one 
 in 1572, another in 1575." 7. ** Sermons;" and 8. " Some 
 Latin Pieces againft the Papifts, Campian in particular." 
 Wood quotes Tobias Matthew, an em'., ^nt archbifhop, who 
 knew him well, as declaring, that *' Dr. Humphrey had read 
 more fathers, than Campian the Jefuit ever faw ; devoured 
 more than he ever tafted; and taught more in the univerfity of 
 Oxford, than he had either learned or heard." 
 
 HUNIADES (John Corvinus), waiwode of Tranfylvania, 
 and general of the armies of Ladillas king of Hungary, was 
 one of the greatell commanders of his time. He fought againft 
 the Turks like a hero, and, in 1442 and 1443, g^in^'^ impor- 
 tant battles againft the generals of Amurath; and obliged that 
 prince to retire from Belgrade, after befieging it feven months. 
 in the battle of Varnes, fo fatal to the Chriilian caufe, and in 
 
 U 4 which. 
 
29^ 
 
 H U N N I U S. 
 
 iwhich Ladiflas fell, Corvinus was not lefs diftlnguinied than Jij 
 his more fortunate contefts ; and, being appointed governor of 
 Hungary, became proverbially formidable to the Turks. In 
 ,1448, however, he fuffered a defeat from the ^ He was more 
 fortunate afterward?, and in 1456, obiigtd Mahornet II. alfo to 
 relinquif]) the fiege of Belgrade, and died the loth of September 
 in the fame year. Mahomet, though an enemy, had generolity 
 enough to lament the death of fo great a man \ and pride enough 
 10 alledge as one caufe for his regret, that the world did not 
 now contain a man againfl: whom he could deign to turn his 
 arms, or from whom he could regain the glory he had fo lately 
 loft before Belgrade. The pope is faid to have fhed tears on the 
 news of his death ; and Chriltians in general lamented Huni- 
 ades, as their befl defender againft the Infidels. 
 
 HUNNIUS (Giles), a celebrated Lutheran divine, was born 
 at Winende, a village in the dutchy of Wirtem.burg, in the year 
 1550. He was educated at the fchools in that vicinity, and took 
 his degree in arts at Tubingen, in 1567. He then applied him- 
 felf earneftly to the ftudy of theology, and was fo remarkable for 
 his progrefs in it, that in 1576 he was made profeflTor of divinity 
 at Marpurg. About the fame period, he married. He was 
 particularly zealous againft the Calvinifts, and not long after thi^ 
 time began to write againft them, by which he gained fo much 
 reputation, that in 1592 he was fent for into Saxony to reform 
 that ele6lorate, was made divinitv-profellbr at Wittemburg, and 
 a member of the eccleilaftical confiftory. In thel'e ojfhces he 
 proved very vigilant in difcovering thofe who had departed from 
 the Lutheran communion ; and, from the accounts of the feverities 
 pradlifed againft thofe who would not conform to that rule, it 
 appears that nothing lefs than a ftrong perfecution was carried 
 on by him and his colleagues. In 1595, he was appointed 
 paftor of the church at Wittemburg, and in the fame year pub- 
 lifhed his moft celebrated polemical work entitled, " Calvinus 
 Judaizans," in which he charges that reformer with all poflible 
 herefies. At the fame time he carried on a controverfy with 
 Huberus, about Pred ^'lination and Elc6tion [h]. Againft Cal- 
 vin he wrote with fuch acrimony that Bayle fays, not without 
 probability, that, if he had been poftelfed of fimilar power, 
 he would probably have done no lefs to him than he did to Ser- 
 vetus. Hunnius was prefent at the conference ait Ratifbon in 
 )6oi, between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics. He died 
 cf an infiamm.ation brought on by the ftone, in April 1603. 
 His works have been colleded in five volumes, and contain, fu- 
 neral orations, a catechifm, prayers, colloquies, notes on fome 
 of the evangelifts, &c. Sic. His acrimony in writing went be- 
 yond his judgement. 
 
 [hJ See alfo in Hoffman (Daniel). 
 
 HUNTER 
 
HUNTER. 
 
 297 
 
 HUNTER (Robert, efq;), author of the celebrated « Lef^ 
 ter on Enthufiafm," and, if Coxeter be right in his MS. con- 
 jediire in his title-page of the only copy extant, of a farce called 
 *' AndioTDOros [i]." He was appointed lieutenant-governor of 
 Virginia in 1708, but taken by ilie French in his voyage thither. 
 Two excellent letters, addreffed to colonel Hunter while a pri- 
 foncr at Paris, which reflect equal honour on Hunter and Swift, 
 are printed in the I2th vol. of the Dean's Works, by one of 
 which it appears, that the " Letter on Enthufiafm" had been 
 afcribed to Swift ; as it has ftill more commonly been to the earl 
 of Sliaficlbury. In 1710, he was appointed governor of New- 
 York, and fent with 2700 Palatines to lettle there. From Mr. 
 Gough's '* Hiftory of Croyland Abbey," we learn, that Mr. 
 Hunter was a major-general, and that, during his government of 
 New- York, he was direded by her majefty to provide fubfiftence 
 for about 3000 Palatines (the number Hated in the alienating a£l} 
 fent from Great Britain to be employed in raifing and manu- 
 facturing naval ftorcs ; and by an account ftated in 1734, it 
 appears that the governor had difburfed 2o,oooL and upwards, 
 in that undertaking, no part of which was ever re-paid. He 
 returned to England in 1719 ; and on the acceffion of George 11. 
 Vas continued governor of New- York and the Jerfeys. On ac- 
 count of his health, he obtained the government of Jamaica, 
 where he arrived in Feb, 1728; died March 31, 1734; and 
 was buried in that idand. His epitaph, w-ritten by the Rev. Mr. 
 Flemming, may be feen below [k]. 
 
 HUNTER (William, M. D.j, was born May 23, 1718, 
 at Kilbride in the county of Lanerk [l]. He was the feventh 
 of ten children [mJ, of John and Agnes Hunter, who refided on 
 
 a fmall 
 
 [i] Blographia Dramatka. qui dum publicam falutem 
 
 [k] Hie charse recumbunt exuviae folHcitus curaret 
 
 RoBERTi Hunter, fuam fatigatus deperdidit. 
 Hujus infulae nuperrime praefefti ; [l] This article is abridged from the 
 qui nihil a patrum gloria mutuatus excellent Life of Dr. Huntsr by S. F. Sim- 
 fuse nobilitatis virtute emicuit. mons, M. D. F. R. S. to which our read- 
 Mirae corporis pukhritudini ers are referred for a fuller account of Dr. 
 fuavitatem ingenii. Hunter's writings. 
 rerum & literarum fcientiae, [mJ Thefe were John, Elizabeth, An- 
 morum comitatem aJjecit. drew, Janet, James, Agnes, William, 
 In bello ilKiftris, Dorothea, Ifibella, and John. Of the 
 nee in pace minus infignis, fons, John the eldeft, and Andrew died 
 regotium cum fapientia & forticudine, young; James, born in 1715, was a writer 
 •tium cum dignitate & elegantia to the fignet a: Edinburgh, who, difliking 
 exercuic. the profelTion of the law, came to London 
 Hi«: ergo, leClor candide, in 1743, with an intention to ftudy ana- 
 ad delunfti tusnulum tomy under his brother William, but v,\\s 
 laudis pende veftigalia prevented from purfuing this plan by ill 
 quae viventis verecundia heilth, which induced him to return to 
 accipere non fuftiauit. Long Calderwood, where he died foon after, 
 Huic doloris debitum pofteri aged 28 ycirs; John, the youngeft, is ths 
 }»chrym.»rurQ Jluitu folvite, fubjedt of the tnfuing article. — Of the 
 * ' d-dughters, 
 
298 
 
 HUNTER. 
 
 a fmall eftate in that parifh, called Long Calderwood, which 
 ihad long been in the pofTeflion of his family. His great grands 
 father, by his father's fide, was a younger fon of Hunter of 
 Hunterdon, chief of the family of that name. At the age of 
 fourteen, his father fent him to the college of Glafgow ; where 
 he paiTed five years, and by his prudent behaviour and diligence 
 acquired the efleem of the profeitors, and the reputation of being 
 a good fcholar. His father had defigned him for the church, 
 but the neceffity of fubfcribing to articles of faith was to him a 
 flrong objc£tion. In this flate of mind he happened to become 
 acquainted with Dr. Cullen, who was then juft eftablilhed in 
 practice at Hamilton, under the patronage of the duke of Ha- 
 milton. By the converfation of Dr. Cullen, he was foon de- 
 termined to devote himfelf to the profeffion of phyfic. His fa- 
 ther's confent having been previoully obtained, he went, in 1737, 
 to refide with Dr. Cullen. In the family of this excellent friend 
 and preceptor he pafled nearly three years, and thefe, as he has been 
 often heard to acknowledge, were the happieft years of his life. 
 It was then agreed, that he fhould profecute his medical ftudies 
 at Edinburgh and London, and afterwards return to fettle at 
 Hamilton, in partnerfliip with Dr. Cullen. 
 
 Mr. Hunter fet out for Edinburgh in Nov. 1740, and conti- 
 nued there till the following fpring, attending the lectures of 
 the medical profeflbrs, and amongft others thofe of the late Dr. 
 Alexander Monro. He arrived in London in the fummer of 
 1741, and took up hisrefidence at Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Smellie's, 
 who was at that time an apothecary in Pall-mall. He brought 
 with him a letter of recommendation to his countryman Dr, 
 James Douglas, from Mr. Foulis, printer at Glafgow, v.'ho had 
 been ufeful to the do£lor in collecting for him different editions 
 of Horace. Dr. Douglas was then intent on a great anato- 
 mical work on the bones, which he did not live to complete, and 
 was looking out for a young man of abilities and induitry whom 
 he might employ as a diifeder. This induced him to pay par 
 ticular attention to Mr. Hunter, and finding him acute and 
 fenlible, he after a fhort time invited him into his family, to 
 afTid in his diiTedlions, and to fuperintend the education of his 
 fon. Mr. Hunter having communicated this offer to his father 
 and Dr. Cullen, the latter readily and heartily gave his concur- 
 rence to it; but his father, who was very old and infirm, and" 
 expected his return with impatience, confented with reUxSlance. 
 His fnther did not long furvive ^ dying 0£t. 30, following, 
 aged 78. 
 
 daughters, Ell^abelh, Agnes, and Ifabella, profcflbr of divinity in the univerfity of 
 
 died young j Janet married Mr. Buch.m.in Glafgow, by whom ihe had a fon Matthew 
 
 of Glafgow, and died in 1749: Doro h^a, Baillie, now a very eminent phyficiun, and 
 
 Kisxricd the late Rev, lame: E^illie, D. D. tiiyo daughters. 
 
 Mr. 
 
HUNTER. 299 
 
 . Mr. Htinter having accepted Dr. Douglas's invitation, was 
 by his friendly afllflance enabled to enter himfelf as a furgcon's 
 pupil at St. George's hofpital under Mr. James Wilkie, and as 
 adlifeding piipirunder Dr. Frank Nichols, who at that time 
 taught anatomy with conliderable reputation. He likeuife at- 
 tended a courle of ledures on experimental philofophy by Dr. 
 Defaguliers. Of thefe means of improvement he did not fail 
 to maice a proper ufe. He foon became expert in diircclion, 
 and Dr. Douglas was at the expence of having fevcral of his 
 preparations engraved. But before many months had elapfed^ 
 he had the misfortune to lofe this excellent friend. Dr. Douglas 
 died April I, I742, in his 67th year, leaving a widow and two 
 children. The death of Dr. Douglas, however, made no change 
 in his fituation. He continued to rehde with the dodtor's fa- 
 mily^ and to purfue his ftudies with the fame diligence as be- 
 fore. Jn 1743, he communicated to the Royal Society " Ar^ 
 f^flay pn the Strudure and Difeales of articulating Cartilages 
 [n]." This ingenious paper, on a fubjedt which till then 
 had not been fufficiently invefligated, affords a Unking tefti- 
 mony of the rapid progrefs he had made in his anatomical 
 enquiries. As he had it in contemplation to teach anatomy, 
 his attention was diredled principally to this objed; and it 
 ideferves to be mentioned as an additional mark of his prudence, 
 that he did not precipitately engage in this attempt, but paffed 
 feveral years in acquiring fuch a degree of knowledge, and fncU 
 a collection of preparations, as might infure him fuccefs. After 
 waiting Tome time for a favourable opening, he fucceeded Mr,- 
 Samuel Sharpe as leflurer to a private fociety of furgeons in 
 Covent-garden, began his ledures in their rooms, and foon ex- 
 tended his plan from furgery to anatomy. This undertaking 
 commenced in the winter of 1746. He is faid to have expe- 
 rienced much folicitude when he began to fpeak in public, but 
 applaufe foon infpired him with courage; and by degrees he 
 became fo fond of teaching, that for many years before his death 
 he was never happier than when employed in delivering a lec- 
 ture. 
 
 The profits of his twofiril courfes were confiderable [o], but 
 
 ty contributing to the waots of different friends, he found him- 
 
 En] Phil. Tranf. Vol. XLII. Linnsus," has not thought it fupcrfluous 
 
 oj Mr. Watfon, F. fl. S. vvho was one to record the flender beginning f .m which 
 
 9% Mr. Hunttr'f' e-irlicft pupils, accom- that great naturaliit rofe to eali; ind afflu- 
 
 panied hirii lio:ne after his introductory eiice in life. " Jixivi patria trigmti lex 
 
 ledure. Mr. Hunter, who had received nummis aureis dives," are Linn.£us's own 
 
 about 70 guineas from his pupils, and Iwd w«rds. Anecdotes of this foit deferve to 
 
 got the money in a bag under his cloak, be recorded, as ancncouragsi-nent ^o young 
 
 pbferved to Mr. Wation, tliat it was a men, who, with great merit, happen to 
 
 larger fum than he had ever been mafter of poffeis but little advantages of fortUiie. 
 before.— Dr., Pultency, ia his *' Life oi 
 
 felf 
 
30© HUNTER. 
 
 felf at the return of the next feafon obliged to defer his leclures 
 for a fortnight, merely becaufe he had not money to defray the 
 neceffary expence of advertifements. This circumftance taught 
 him to be more refervcd in this rcFpefi. In 1747 he was ad- 
 mitted a member ot the corporation of fnrgeons, and in the 
 fpring of the following year^ foon after the clofe of his leisures, 
 lie fet out in company with his pupil, Mr. James Douglas, on 
 a tour through Holland to Paris. His lecfturts fuffered no inter- 
 ruption by this journey, as he returned to England foon enough 
 to prepare for his winter courfe, which began about the ufual 
 time. At firft he pra£lifed both furgery and midwifery, but the 
 former he always difiiked ; and, being elected one of the fur- 
 geon-men-midwives firrt to the Middlefex, and foon afterwards 
 to the Britifh lying-in hofpital, and recommended by feveral of 
 the moR eminent fnrgeons of that time, his line was thus deter- 
 mined. Over his countryman Dr. Smellie, notwithrtanding his 
 great experience, and the reputation he had ]u{\]y acquired, he 
 had a great advantage in peribn and addrefs. The molt lucrative 
 part of the practice of midwifery was at that time in the hands 
 of fir Richard Manningham and Dr. Sandys, 'l^he former of 
 ihefe died, and the latter retired into the country a few years 
 after Mr, Hunter began to be known in midwifery. Although 
 by thefe incidents he was eftablilhed in the practice of mid- 
 wifery, it is well known that, in proportion as his reputation 
 increafed, his opinion was eagerly fought in all cafes where any 
 light, concerning the feat or nature of any difeafe, could be ex- 
 pefted from an intimate knowledge of anatomy. In 1750, he 
 obtained the degree of M. D, from the univerfity of Glafgow, 
 and began to pradife as a phyfician. About this time he quitted 
 the family of Mrs. Douglas, and went *o refide in jcrmyn- 
 ftreet. In the fumm.er of 1751 he re-vifited his native country, 
 for which he always retained a cordial afFedtion. His mother 
 [p] was ftill living at Long Calderwood, which was now be- 
 come his property by the death of his brother James. Dr. 
 Cullen, for whom he always entertained a fmcere regard, was 
 then eliablifhed at Glafgow. During this vifit, he fhewed his 
 attachment to his little paternal inheritance, by giving many 
 inftruftions for repairing and improving it, and for purchafmg 
 any adjoining lands tliat might be offered for fale. As he and 
 Dr. Cullen were riding one day in a low part of the countrv, 
 the latter, pointing out to him Long Calderwood at a confidei- 
 able diftance, remarked how confpicuous it appeared. " Well," 
 faid he, with fome degree of energy, *' if I live, I fhall make 
 it (till more confpicuous." After this journey to Scotland, to 
 "which he devoted only a few weeks, he was never abfcnt from 
 
 [p] Mrs. Hunter died Nov. 3, 1751, aged 66 years. 
 
 London^ 
 
HUNTER, 301 
 
 London, imlefs his profeflional engagements, as fometimes hap- 
 pened, required his attendance at a diftance from the capital. 
 
 In 1762, we find him warmly engaged in controverfy, fup- 
 porting his claim to different anatomical difcoveries, in a work 
 entitled, ** Medical Ccnnmentaries," the (tyle of which is cor- 
 real and fpirited. As an excufe for the tardinefs with which he 
 brought forth this work, he obferves in his introdii6lion, that it 
 required a good deal of time, and he had little to fpare ; that 
 the fubjecl was unpleafant, and therefore he was very feldom in 
 the humour to take it up. In 1762, when our prefent excellent 
 queen became pregnant, Dr. Hunter was confulted^ and two 
 years after he had the honour to be appointed phyfician ex- 
 traordinary to her majefty. About this time his avocations 
 were fo numerous, that he became defirous of lefTening his fa- 
 tigue, and having noticed the ingenuity and ailiduous application 
 of the late Mr. William Hewfon, F. R. S. who was then one 
 of his pupils, he engaged him firlt as an affiftant, and afterwards 
 as a partner in his lectures [qJ]. This connexion continued till 
 1770, when fome difputes happened, which terminated in a 
 reparation. Mr. Hewfon was fucceeded in the partnerlhip by 
 Mr. Cniikfhank, whofe anatomical abilities are defervedly re- 
 fpecled. 
 
 April 30, 1767, Dr. Hunter was ele6led F. R. S. and the 
 year following communicated to that learned body, ** Obferva- 
 tions on the Bones, commonly fuppofed to be Elephants Bones, 
 which have been found near the River Ohio in America [r]." 
 This v/as not the only fubjeft of natural hiftory on which Dr. 
 Hunter employed his pen ; for in a fubfequent volume of the 
 ^' Philofophical TranfaiSlions," we find him offering his " Re- 
 inarks on fome Bones found in the Rock of Gibraltar," which 
 he proves to have belonged to fome quadruped. In the fame 
 work likewife he publilhed an account of the Nyl-ghau, an 
 Indian animal, notdefcribed before, and which, from its llrength 
 and fwiftnefs, promifed, he thought, to be an uftful acquifition 
 to this country. 
 
 In 1768, Dr, Hunter became F. S. A. and the fame year, at 
 the inftitution of a Royal Academy of Arts, he was appointed 
 by his majelly to the office of profeffor of anatomy. This ap- 
 pointment opened a new field tor his abilities, and he engaged 
 in it, as he did in every other purfuit of his life, with unabating 
 zeal. He now adapted his anatomical knowledge to the objects 
 of painting and fculpture, and the novelty and juflnefs of his 
 obfervations provtd at once the readinefs and the extent of his 
 genius. 
 
 fQ_] 0/ the life of this ingenious ana- dotes of him to a Latin tranflation of his 
 tonnirt no account had been printed, till • works publlfhed in that citv. 
 Dr. Hahn, profeffor of phyfic in the uni- [r j Phil. Tranf. Vol. LVJIL 
 
 verhty of Leyden, prefixed fome anec- . Ifj, 
 
302 HUNTER. 
 
 In "Janunfy, 1781, he was unanimoiiny e1e6led to fucceed thb 
 late Dr. John Fothergill as prefident of the Society of Phyficianj 
 of London. *' He was one of thofe," fays Dr. Simmons, '* to 
 •whom we are indebted for its eftablifhment, and our grateful ac- 
 knowledgements are due to him for his zealous endeavours to 
 promote the liberal views of this inftitution, by rendering it a 
 fource of mutual improvement, and thus making it ultimately 
 ufeful to the public." As his name and talents were known and 
 xefpetfled in every part of Europe, fo the honours conferrc^d on 
 him were not limited to his own country. In 1780 the Royal 
 Medical Society at Paris eledled him one of their foreign afto- 
 ciates ; and in 1782 he received a fimilar mark of diftin6lior» 
 from the Royal Academy of Sciences in that city. We come 
 now to the moft fplendid of Dr. Hunter's medical publications^ 
 *'■ The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus." The appear- 
 ance of this work, which had been begun fo early as the year 
 1751 (at which time ten of the thirty-four plates it contains were 
 completed), was retarded till the year 1775, only by the author's 
 defire of fending it into the tworld with fewer imperfe6lions. 
 This great work is dedicated to the king. In his preface to it 
 Tve find the author very candidly acknowledging, that in moft of 
 the dilI"e6lions he had been aiTifted by his brother, Mr. John blun- 
 ter. This anatomical defcription of the Gravid Uterus^ was 
 not the only work which Dr. Hunter had in contemplation toi 
 give to the public. He had long been employed in collecting 
 and arranging materials for a hillory of the various concretions 
 that are formed in the human body. He feems to have advanced 
 no further in the execution of this defign, than to have nearly 
 completed that part of it which relates to urinary and biliary 
 concretions. Among Dr. Hunter's papers have likewife been 
 found two introduftory lectures, which are written out fo fairly, 
 and with fuch accuracy, that he probably intended no further 
 corredion of them, before they fhould be given to the world,- 
 In thefe ledtures Dr. Hunter traces the hiftory of anatomy from 
 the earlieft to the prefent times, along with the general progrefs 
 of fcience and the arts. He confiders the great utility of ana- 
 tomy in the praflice of phyfic and furgery ; gives the ancient 
 divifions of the different fubftances compofing the human body;i 
 which for a long time prevailed in anatomy ; points out the moft 
 advantageous mode of cultivating this branch of natural know- 
 ledge; and concludes with explaining the particular plan of his 
 own led;ures. Befides thefe MS. he has alfo left behind him a 
 confiderable number of cafes of dilfeftion [s]. 7"he fame year 
 
 [s] Thewark on the Gravid Uteras fupply this defc£l. It is entitled, "An 
 
 was publilhed vvithouc a delcriptive ac- Anatomical Defcription of fhe Human 
 
 count. In 1795, Dr. Baiiiie publifhed, Cravid Uterus, and its Contents. By the 
 
 from Dr. Hunter's papers, improved by late W. Hunter, M.D. &c." and forms 
 
 his owa fibfervations, a book iatended to a thin quarto. 
 
HUNTER. 303 
 
 in which the tables of the Gravid Uterus made their appear- 
 ance, Dr. Hunter communicated to the Royal Society, " An 
 Eifay on the Origin of the Venereal Difeafe." After this paper 
 had been read to the Royal Society, Dr. Hunter, in a conver- 
 fation with the late Dr. Miifgrave, was convinced that the tef- 
 timony on which he placed his chief dependence was of lefs 
 weight than he had at firft imagined ; he therefore very properly 
 laid afide his intention of giving his Eifay to the public. 
 
 In 1777, Dr. Hunter joined with Mr. Watfon in prefenting 
 to the Royal Society ** A Ihort Account of the late Dr. Alaty's 
 Illnefs, and of the Appearances on DiiTedlion [tJ ;" and the year 
 following he publifhed his " Refledlions on the Se£lion of the 
 Symphylis Pubis." 
 
 We muft now go back a little in the order of time, to defcribe 
 the origin and progrefs of Dr. Hunter's Mufeum, without fome 
 account of which thefe memoirs would be very incomplete. 
 When he began to pra6tife midwifery, he was defirous of ac- 
 quiring a fortune fufficient to place him in eafy and independent 
 circumftances. Before many years had elapfed, he found him- 
 felf in poifellion of a fum adequate to his wi(hes in this refpect, 
 and this he fet apart as a refource of which he might avail 
 himfelf, whenever age or infirmities fhould oblige him to retire 
 from bufinefs. He has been heard to fay, that he once took 
 a confiderable fum from this fund for the purpofes of his 
 mufeum, but that he did not feel himfelf perfedly at eafe till 
 he had reftored it again. After he had obtained this compe- 
 tency, as his wealth continued to accumulate, he formed a 
 laudable defign of engaging in fome fcheme of public utility, 
 and at firll had it in contemplation to found an anatomical 
 fchool in this metropolis. For this purpofe, about 1765, 
 during the adminiftration of Mr. Grenville, he prefented a me- 
 morial to that minifter, in which he requelled the grant of a 
 piece of ground in the Mews for the fite of an anatomical 
 theatre. Dr. Hunter undertook to expend 7000I. on the build- 
 ing, and to endow a profeflbrfhip of anatomy in perpetuitv- 
 This fcheme did not meet with the reception it deferved. — In a 
 converfation on this fubje£l foon afterwards with the earl ol 
 Shelburne, his lordlhip exprelfed a wi(h that the plan might be 
 carried into execution by fubfcription, and very generoufly re- 
 quelled to have his name fet down for 1000 guineas. Dr. Hun- 
 ter's delicacy would not allow him to adopt this propofal. He 
 chofe rather to execute it at his own expence, and according'y 
 purchafed a fpot of ground in Great Windmill-flreet, where he 
 erefted a fpacious houfe, to which he removed from Jermyn- 
 .ftreet in 1770. In this building, befides a handfome amphi- 
 
 J[t] Pk!l«f. Tranf, Vol. LXVIL 
 
 theatre 
 
304 HUNTER. 
 
 theatre and other convenient apartments for his lectures and dif- 
 fedlions, there was one magnificent room, fitted up with great 
 elegance and propriety as a mufeum. 
 
 Of the magnitude and value of his anatomical colleilion, 
 fome idea may be formed, when we confider the great length 
 of years he employed in making anatomical preparations, and 
 in the difre6lion of morbid bodies ; added to the eagernefs 
 with which he procured additions, from the colledlionsthat were 
 at different times offered for fale in London. His fpecimens 
 of rare difcafes were likevyife frequently increafed by prefents 
 from his medical friends and pupils, who, when any thing of 
 this fort occurred to them, very juftly thought they could not 
 difpofe of it more properly than by placing it in Dr. Hunter's 
 mufeum. Before his removal to Windmill-ftreet, he had con- 
 fined his colle6lion chiefly to fpecimens of human and compa- 
 rative anatomy, and of difeafes ; but now he extended his views 
 to foffils, and like wife to the branches of polite literature and 
 erudition. In a fhort fpace of time he became poffefTed of ** the 
 moft magnificent treafure of Greek and Latin books that has 
 been accumulated by any perfon now living, fince the days of 
 Mead." A cabinet of ancient medals contributed likewife 
 greatly to the richnefs of his mufeum. Adefcription [u] of part 
 of the coins in this colle6lion, ftruck by the Greek free cities, 
 has been publifhed by the doftor's learned friend Mr. Combe. 
 In a claflical dedication of this elegant volume to the queen. 
 Dr. Hunter acknowledges his obligations to her majefty. In 
 the preface, fome account is given of the progrefs of the collec- 
 tion, which had been brought together fince the year 1770, with 
 fingular tafte, and at the expence of upwards of 20, cool. In 
 1 781, the mufeum received a valuable addition of fhells, corals, 
 and other curious fubjecSls of natural hiftory, which had been 
 collecSled by the late Dr. Fothergill, who gave directions by his 
 will that his colle6lion fhould be appraifed after his death, and 
 that Dr. Hunter fhould have the refufal of it at 500!. under the 
 valuation. This was accordingly done, and Dr. Hunter pur- 
 chafed it for the fumof 1200I. 
 
 Dr. Hunter, at the head of hisprofeflion, honoured with the 
 efteem of his fovereign, and in the poffeilion of every thing 
 that his reputation and wealth could confer, feemed now to have 
 attained the fummit of his wifhes. But thefe fources of grati- 
 fication were embittered by a difpofition to the gout, which har- 
 raffed him frequently during the latter part of his life, notwith- 
 flanding his very ablfemious manner of living. About ten years 
 before his death his health was fo much impaired, that, fearing 
 
 [u] " Nummorum veteium populorum Opera & ftudio Carol! Combe, S. R. & 
 .\: urbium qui in mufeo Gulielmi Hunter S. A. Soc. Loodini, J783," 410. 
 
 affervunlur defcriptio figuris illuftrata. 
 
 he 
 
HUNTER. 3©5 
 
 he might foon become unfit for the fatigues of his profefnon, he 
 began to think of retiring to Scotland. With this view he re- 
 queued his friends Dr. Cullen and Dr. Baillie, to h)ok out for 
 a pleafant ellate for him. A confiderable one, and fiich as they 
 thought would be agreeable to him, was offered for fale about 
 that time in the neighbourhood of Alloa. A defcription of it 
 "Was fent to him, and met with his approbation: the price was 
 agreed on, and the bargain fuppofcd to be concluded. But when 
 the title-deeds of the eltate came to be examined by Dr. Hun- 
 ter's counfel in London, they were found defective, and he was 
 advifed not to complete the purchafe. After this he found the 
 expences of his mufeum increafe fo faft, that he laid afide all 
 thoughts of retiring from pradice. 
 
 This alteration in his plan did not tend to improve his health. 
 In the courfe of a few years the returns of his gout became by 
 degrees more frequent, fometimes affe<5ling his limbs, and fome- 
 times his ftomach, but feldom remaining many hours in one 
 part. Notwithftanding this valetudinary ftate, his ardour fecmed 
 to be unabated. In the lalt year of his life he was as eager to 
 acquire new credit, and to fecure the advantage of what he had 
 before gained, as he could have been at the moft enterprifin^ 
 part of his life. At length, on Saturday, March 15, 1783, after 
 having for feveral days experienced a return of wandering gout, 
 he complained of great head-ach and naufea. In this Itate he 
 went to bed, and for feveral days felt more pain than ufual, both 
 in his ftomach and limbs. On the Thurfday following he found 
 himfelf fo much recovered, that he determined to give the intro- 
 ductory ledlure to the operations of furgery. It was to no 
 purpofe that his friends urged to him the impropriety of fuch 
 an attempt. He was determined to make the experiment, and 
 accordingly delivered the lecture, but towards the conclufion 
 his ftrength was fo exhaufted that he fainted away, and was ob- 
 liged to be carried to bed by two fervants. The following ni^ht 
 and day his fymptoms were fuch as indicated danger; and on Sa-^ 
 turday morning iVIr. Combe, who made him an early vlfit, was 
 alarmed on being told by Dr. Hunter himfelf, that during the 
 night he had certainly had a paralytic ftroke. As neither his 
 Ipeech nor his pulfe were affected, and he was able to raife 
 himfelf in bed, Mr. Combe encouraged him to hope that he 
 was miftaken. But the event proved the doctor's idea of his 
 complaint to be but too well founded ; for from that time till his 
 death, which happened on Sunday, March 30, he voided no 
 urine without the alliftunce of the catheter, wnich was occalion- 
 ally introduced by his brother; and purgative medicines were 
 adminiftered repeatedly, without procuring a paffage by (tool. 
 Thefe circumitances, and the abfcnce of pain, feemed to 
 (hew that the inteftines and bladder had loft their fenfibility 
 
 Vol. VHL X and 
 
3o6 
 
 HUNTER. 
 
 and power of contraflion ; and it was reafonable to prefutne, 
 that a partial palfy iiad affeded the nerves diftributed to thofe 
 parts. The latter moments of his life exhibited an inftance oi 
 calmnefs and fortitude that well deferves to be recorded. Turn- 
 ing to his friend Mr. Combe, ** If I had ftrength enough to* 
 hold a pen," faid he, "I would write how eafy and pleafant a 
 thing it is to die." 
 
 By his will, the ufe of his mufeum, under the dire6liorx 
 ef truftees, devolved to his nephew Matthew Baillie, and in 
 cafe of his death, to Mr. Cruikfhank for the term of thirty 
 years, at the end of which period the whole colledion is be- 
 queathed to the univerfity of Glafgow. The fum of 8000I. 
 ilerling is left as a fund for the fupport and augmentation of 
 the colle£lion. The truftees are Dr. George Fordyce, Dr. 
 David Pitc^irne, and Mr. Charles (fmce Dr.) Combe, to each of 
 Tvhom Dr. Hunter bequeathed an annuity of 2ol. for thirty years, 
 that is, during the period in which they will be executing the 
 purpofes of the will. Dr. Hunter has likewife bequeathed an 
 annuity of lool. to his fifter, Mrs. Baillie, during her life, and 
 the funi of .2000I. to each of her two daughters. The refidue 
 of his eftate and effects goes to his nephew. On Saturday, 
 April 5, his remains were interred in the redor's vault of St, 
 James's church, Weftminfter. 
 
 Of the perfon of Dr. Hunter, it may be obferved, that he 
 was regularly fhaped, but of a {lender make, and rather below 
 a middle ftature. There are feveral good portraits of him ex- 
 tant. One of thefe is an unfiniftied painting by ZofFany, who 
 has reprefented him in the attitude of giving a leiSlure on the 
 mufcles at the Royal Academy, furrounded by a groupe of acade- 
 micians. His manner of living was extremely fimple and frugal, 
 and the quantity of his food was fmall as well as plain. He was an 
 early rifer, and when bufinefs was over, was conftantly engaged 
 in his anatomical purfuits, or in his mufeum. There was fome- 
 thing very engaging in his manner and addrefs, and he had fuch 
 an appearance of attention to his patients when he was making 
 his enquiries, as could hardly fail to conciliate their confidence 
 and efteem. In confultation with his medical brethren, he deli- 
 vered his opinions with diffidence and candour. In familiar 
 converfation he was chearful and unalfuming. All who knew 
 him allowed, that he poifeired an excellent underitanding, great 
 readinefs of perception, a good memory, and a found judge- 
 ment. To thefe intelledual powers he united uncommon afti- 
 tjuity and precifion, i'o that he was admirably fitted for anato- 
 mical inveftigation. As a teacher of anatomy, he was long and 
 defervedly celebrated. He was a good orator, and having a clear 
 and accurate conception of what he taught, he knew how to 
 place in diltind and intelligible points of view, the moft ab- 
 
 ftrufe 
 
HUNTER. 307 
 
 ftrufe fubje£ls of anatomy and phyfiology. How much he contri- 
 buted to the improvement of medical fcience in general, may be 
 collected from the concife view we have taken of his writings. 
 The munificence he difplayed in the caufe of fcience has likewife 
 a claim to our applaufc. Dr. Hunter facrificed no part of his 
 time or his fortune to voluptuoufnefs, to idle pomp, or to any 
 of the common objeds of vanity that influence the purfuits of 
 mankind in general. He feems to have been animated with a 
 defirc of diftinguifhing himfelf in thofe things which are in 
 their nature laudable ; and being a batchelor, and without views 
 for eftablifliing a family, he was at liberty to indulge his incli- 
 nation. Let us, therefore, not withhold the praife that is due 
 to him; and undoubtedly his temperance, his prudence, his per- 
 fevering and eager purfuit of knowledge, conftitute an example 
 which we may with advantage to ourfelves and to fociety, endea- 
 vour to imitate. 
 
 HUNTER (John), younger brother of Dr. Hunter, one of 
 the mod profound anatomifts, fagacious and expert furgeons, and 
 acute obfervers of nature, that any age has produced, was born at 
 Long Calderwood, abovementioned, July 14, 1728 [x]. At the 
 age of ten years he loft his father, and being the youngeft of ten 
 children, was fuffered to employ himfelf in amufement rather 
 than ftudy, though fent occafionally to a grammar -fchool. He had 
 reached the age of twenty before he felt a wiOi for more adlive 
 employment, and hearing of the reputation his brother William 
 had acquired in London as a teacher of anatomy, made a pro- 
 pofal to go up to him as an afliftant. His propofal was kindly 
 accepted, and, in September 1748, he arrived in London. It 
 was not long before his difpofition to excel in anatomical purfuits 
 was fully evinced, and his determination to proceed in that line 
 confirmed and approved. In the fummer 0/1749, he attended 
 Mr. Chefelden at Chelfea-hofpital, and there acquired the rudi- 
 ments of furgery. In the fubfequent winter, he was fo far ad- 
 vanced in the knowledge of anatomy, as to inftrufl his brother's 
 pupils in diire6lion, and, from the conftant occupation of the 
 dodtor in bufinefs, this talk in future devolved almofl totally 
 upon him. In the fummer of 1750, he again attended at Chd- 
 fea, and in 1751 became a pupil at St. Bartholomew's, where 
 he conftantly attended when any extraordinary operation was to 
 be performed. After having paid a vifit to Scotland, he entered 
 as a gentleman-commoner in Oxford, at St. Mary-hall, though 
 with what particular view docs not appear. His profellional 
 fludies, however, were not interrupted, for in 1754, he became 
 a pupil at St. George's hofpital, where, in 1756, he was ap- 
 
 [x] Life of John Hunter, by his brother-in-law Everard Home, prefixed to his 
 poftkuxQOUs treatife oa thi bluvd. 
 
 X 2 pointed 
 
3o8 
 
 HUNTER. 
 
 pointed houfe-furgeon. In the winter of 1755, Dr. Hunter 
 admitted him to a partnerlhip in his ledlures. 
 
 The management of anatomical preparations was at this 
 time a new art, and very little known; every preparation, there- 
 fore, that was Ikilfully made, became an objedl of admiration ; 
 many were wanting for the u(e of the le£lures, and Dr. Hunter 
 having himfelf an enthufiafm for the art, his brother had every 
 advantage in the profecution of that purfuit towards which his 
 own difpofition pointed fo flrongly ; and of which he left fo 
 noble a monument in his Mufeum of Comparative Anatomy, 
 Mr. Hunter purfued the ftudy of anatomy with an ardour and 
 perfeverance of which few examples can be found. By this 
 clofe application for ten years, he made himfelf inafter of all 
 that was already known, and (truck out fome additions to that 
 knowledge. He traced the ramifications of the olfa(5lory nerves 
 upon the membranes of the nofe, and difcovered the courfe of 
 fome of the branches of the fifth pair of nerves. In the gravid 
 uterus, he traced the arteries of the uterus to their termination 
 in the placenta. He alfo difcovered the exiftence of the lym- 
 phatic veflfels in birds. In comparative anatomy, which he- 
 cultivated with indefatigable induftry, his grand objeft was, by 
 examining various organizations formed for fimilar fundlions, 
 under different circumftances, to trace out the general principles 
 of animal life. With this obje6l in view, the commoneft ani- 
 mals were often of confiderable importance to him; but he alfo 
 took every opportunity of purchafing thofe that were rare, or 
 encouraged their owners to fell the bodies to him when they 
 happened to die. 
 
 By excelTive attention to thefe purfuits, his health was fo 
 much impaired, that he was threatened with confumptive fymp- 
 toms, and being advlfed to go abroad, obtained the appointment 
 of a furgeon on the ftafF, and went with the anny to Belleifle, 
 leaving Mr, Hewfon to affift his brother. He continued in this 
 fervice till the clofe of the war in 1763, and thus acquired his 
 knowledge of the nature and treatment of gun-fhot wounds. 
 On his return to London, to his emoluments from private prac- 
 tice, and his half-pay, he added thofe which arofe from teaching 
 pradical anatomy, and operative furgery; and, that he might 
 be nore enabled to carry on h'.s enquiries in comparative ana- 
 tomy, he purchafed fome land at Earl's-court near Brompton, 
 where he built a houfe. Here alfo he kept fuch animals alive 
 as he purchafed, or were prefentcd to him; ftudied their habits 
 and indinfts, and cultivated an intimacy with them, which with 
 the fiercer kinds, was not always fupported without perfonal 
 rifk. - It is recorded by his biographer, that, on finding two leo- 
 pards loofe, and likely to efcape or be killed, he went out, and 
 feizing them with his own hands^ carried them back to their 
 
 den. 
 
HUNTER. 309 
 
 den. The horror he felt afterwards, at the danger he had run, 
 would not, probably, have prevented him from making a fnnilar 
 effort, had a like occafion arifc-n. 
 
 On the fifth of FLbruary, 1767, Mr, Hunter was ele6led a 
 fellow of the Royal Society ; and, in order to niake that fitu- 
 ation as productive of knowled^^e as pollible, he prevailed on 
 Dr. George Fordyce, and Mr. Gumming (the celebrated watch- 
 maker) to form a kind of fubfequent meeting at a coffee-houfe, 
 for the purpofe of philofophical difcuffion, and enquiry into 
 difcoveries and improvements. To this meeting, fome of the 
 firft philofophers of the age very fpeedily acceded, among whom 
 none can be more confpicuous than fir Jofcph Banks, Dr. So- 
 lander, Dr. Mafkelyne, lir Geo. Shuckburgh, fir Harry Engle- 
 field, fir Charles Blagden, Dr. Nocthe, Mr. Ramfden, and 
 Mr. Watt of Birmingham. About the fame time, the accident 
 of breaking his tendo AchilUs, led him to fome very fuccefsful 
 refearches into the mode in which tendons are re-united ; fo 
 completely does a true philofopher turn every accident to the 
 advantage of fcience. In the year 1768, Dr. Hunter having 
 finifhed his houfe in Windmill-rtrcet, gave up to his brother 
 that which he had occupied in JermynHreet; and in the fame 
 year, by the intereft: of the dodor, Mr. Hunter was ele6ted 
 one of the furgeons to St. George's-hofpital. In the year 177 1, 
 he married mifsHome, the elded daughter of Mr. Home, fur- 
 geon to Burgoyne's regiment of light-horfe, by whom he had 
 two fons and two daugliters [y]. In 1772, he midertook the 
 profeffional education of his brother-in-law Mr. Everard Home, 
 then leaving Wellminfter-fchool, who has afi!iduouily purfued 
 his fteps, ably recorded his merits, and fuccefsfully emulates 
 his reputation. 
 
 As the family of Mr. Hunter incrcafed, his pradlice and cha- 
 racler alfo advanced \ but the expence of his collection abforbed 
 a very confiderable part of his profits. The beft rooms in his 
 houfe were filled with his preparations, and his mornings, from 
 fun-rife to eight o'clock, were conflanily employed in anatomical 
 and philofophical purfuits. The knowledge which he thus ob- 
 tained, he applied moft fuccefsfully to the improvement of the 
 art of furgery; was particularly ftudious to examine morbid 
 bodies, and to inveftigate the caufe of failure when operations 
 had not been productive of their due effeCl. It was thus that 
 he perfected the mode of operation for the Hydrocele, and made 
 feveral other improvements of different kinds. At the fame time 
 the volumes of the Philofophical I'ranfaCtions bear teftimony to 
 his fuccefs in comparative anatomy, which was his favourite, and 
 
 [v] Only one fon and one daughter ried to captain James Campbell, elded foa 
 lived to grow up. The fon is now an of- of fir James, and nephew of the late fir 
 ikcr in the army, and the daughter is mar- Archibald Campbell. 
 
 X 3 may 
 
310 HUNTER. 
 
 may be called almoft his principal purfuit. When he met with 
 natural appearances which could not be preferved in a6lual pre- 
 parations, he employed able draughtfmen to reprefent them on 
 paper; and for feveral years, he even kept one in his family, 
 exprefsly for this purpofe. In Jan. 1776, Mr. Hunter was ap- 
 pointed furgeon- extraordinary to his majefty. In the autumn of 
 the fame year, he had an iUnefs of fo fevere a nature as to turn 
 his mind to the care of a provifion for his family in cafe of his 
 deceafe; Avhen, confidering that the chief part of his property 
 was vefted in his colleftion, he determined immediately 10 put 
 it into fuch a ftate of arrangement as might make it capable of 
 being difpofed of to advantage at his death. In this he happily 
 lived to fucceed in a great meafure, and finally left his mufcum 
 fo clafled as to be fit for a public fituation. 
 
 Mr. Hunter, in 1781, was ekfled into the Royal Society of 
 Sciences and Belles Lettres at Gottenburg; and, in 1783, into 
 the Royal Society of Medicine, and the Royal Academy of Sur- 
 gery at Paris. In the fame year, he removed from Jermyn- 
 ftreet, to a larger houfe in jLeicefter-fquare, and, with more 
 fpirit than confideration, expended a very great Aim in buildings 
 adapted to the obje6ls of his purfuits. He was, in 1785, at the 
 height of his career as a furgeon, and performed fome operations 
 ■with complete fuccefs, which were thought by the profeflion to 
 be beyond the reach of any fkill. His faculties were now in 
 their fullefl: vigour, and his body fufficiently fo to keep pace with 
 the adivity of his mind. He was engaged in a very extenfivc 
 practice, he was furgeon to St. George's hofpital, he gave a very 
 long courfe of ledtures in the winter, had a fchool of practical 
 anatomy in his houfe, was continually engaged in experiments 
 concerning the animal oeconomy, and was from time to time 
 producing very important publications. At the fame time 
 he inftituted a medical fociety, called, " Lyceum Medjcum 
 Londinenfe," which met at his leflure-rooms, and foon rofe to 
 confiderable reputation. On the death of Mr. Middleton, fur- 
 geon-general, in 1786, Mr. Hunter obtained the appointment 
 of deputy furgeon-general to the army ; but in the fpring of 
 the year he had a violent attack of illnefs, which left him, for 
 the reft of his life, fubje6l to peculiar and violent fpafmodic 
 affeflions of the heart. In July, 1787, he was chofen a mem- 
 ber of the American Philofophical Society. In 1790, finding 
 that his ledures occupied too much of his time, he relinquifhed 
 them to his brother-in-law Mr. Home ; and in this year, on the 
 death of Mr, Adair, he was appointed infpedor-general of hof- 
 pitals, and furgeon-general of the army. He was alfo ele(Sled 
 a member of the Royal College ot" Surgeons in Ireland. 
 
 The death of Mr. Hunter was perfectly Hidden, and the con- 
 fequence of one of thofe fpafmodic feizures in the heart to which he 
 
 had 
 
 a 
 
HUNTER. 311 
 
 had now for feveral years been fubjec^. It happened on the i6th 
 of Odobcr, 1793. Irritation of mind had long been found 
 to bring on this complaint ; and on that day, ineeting with fome 
 vexatious circiunilances at St. George's hofpiial, he put a degree 
 of confiraint upon Iiimfelf to fupprefs his fentiments, and in 
 that Itate went into another room ; where in turning round to 
 a phyfician who was prefent, he fell, and indantly expired with- 
 out a groan. Of the diforder which produced this elfefl:, Mr. 
 Home has given a clear and circumitantial account, of a very 
 interefting nature to profeilional readers. Mr. Hunter was (hort 
 in ftature, but uncommonly ftrong, a^five, and capable of great 
 bodily exertion. The prints of him by Sharp, from a piiture 
 by fir Jofhua Reynolds, give a forcible and accurate idea of his 
 countenance. His temper was warm and impatient; but his 
 difpofition was candid and free from refcrve, even to a fault. 
 He was fuperior to every kind of artifice, detcfted it in others, 
 and in order to avoid it, exprcHbd his exadt fentiments, fome- 
 times too openly an4 too abruptly. His mind was uncommonly 
 active ; it was naturally formed tor invelHgation, and fo attached 
 to truth and fafl, that he defpifed all unfounded fpeculation, and 
 proceeded always with caution upon the folid ground of expe- 
 riment. At the fame time his acutenefs in obferving the refult 
 of thofe experiments, his ingenuity in contriving, and his adroit- 
 nefs in condufhing them, enabled him to deduce from them ad- 
 vantages which others would not have derived. It has been 
 fuppofed, very falfely, that he was fond of hypothefis ; on the 
 contrary, if he was defective in any talent, it was in that of 
 imagination ; he purfued truth on all occaiions with mathema- 
 tical precifion, but he made no fanciful excurfions. Converfa- 
 tion in a mixed company, where no fubjedl could be coime6ledly 
 purfued, fatigued inltead of amufmg him; particularly towards 
 the latter part of his life. He llept little ; feldom more than 
 four hours in the night, and about an hour after dinner. But his 
 occupations, laborious as they would have been to others, were far 
 from being fatiguing to him, being fo perfectly congenial to his 
 mind. He fpoke freely and fometimes hardily of his cotem- 
 poraries; but he conildered furgery as in its infancy, and being 
 very anxious for its advancement thought meanly of thofe pro- 
 fciTors whofe exertions to promote it were unequal to his own. 
 Money he valued no otherwife than as it enabled him to purfue 
 his refearches ; and in his zeal to benefit mankind, he attended too 
 little to the interefts of his own family. Altogether he was a 
 man fuch as few ages produce ; and by his great contributions to 
 the ftores of knowledge, will ever defervc the gratitude and ve- 
 neration of poflerity. 
 
 The contributions of Mr. Hunter, to the Tranfadlions of the 
 Royal Society, cannot eafily be enumerated: his other works 
 
 X 4 appeared 
 
312 HUNTINGTON. 
 
 appeared in the followinc order, i. Atreatife on " the Hatnral 
 Hiltory of the human Teeth," 410, 1771 ; a fecond part to 
 •which was added in 1778. 2. *' A Treatife on the Venereal 
 Difeafe," 4to, 1786. 3. *' Obftrvations on certain Parts of 
 the Animal CEconomy," 4to, 1786. 4. " A Treatife on the 
 Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-lhot Wounds," 4to. This was 
 a pofthumous work, not appearing till the year 1794; but it 
 had been fent to the prefs in the preceding year, before his death. 
 There are alfo fome papers by Mr. Hunter in the " Tranf- 
 ^ftions of the Society for the Improvetnent of medical and 
 chirurgical Knowledge," which were publilhed in 1793. T he 
 colledlion of comparative anatomy which Mr. Hunter left be- 
 hind him, muft be confidered as a proof of talents, afliduity, 
 and labour, which cannot be contemplated without furprife and 
 admiration. His attempt in this coUedion has been to exliibit 
 the gradations of nature from the moft fimple ftate in which life 
 is found to exift, up to the moft perfe6l and complex of the 
 animal creation, to man himfflf. By his art and care, he has 
 been able fo to expofe and preferve in a dried flate, or in fpirits, 
 the correfponding parts of animal bodies, that the various links 
 in the chain of perfeclnefs may be readily followed, and clearly 
 underftood. They are claifcd in the following order: firil, the 
 parts conftructed for motion ; fecondly, the parts elTential to 
 aniirals as refpe^ling their own internal oeconomy ; thirdly, 
 parts Aiperadded for purpofes concerned with external objefts ; 
 fourthly, parts defigned for the propagation of the fpecies, and 
 the maintenance and prefervation of the young. To go further 
 into thefe particulars, would lead us to a detail inconfiitent with 
 the nature of this work : but they are of the moft curious kind, 
 and may be foimd defcribed in a manner at once clear and in- 
 flruflive, in the life of J. Hunter, from which we have taken 
 this account. 
 
 HUNTINGTON (Robert), a learned Englifh divine, was 
 born at Deorhyrlt in Gloucefterihire where his father was mi- 
 iiifter, in 1636. Having been educated in fchool-lcarning at 
 Briflol, he was fcnt to Merton-college, Oxford, of which in 
 due time he was chofen fellow [z]. He went through the ufual 
 courfe of arts and fcicnces with great applaufe, and then applied 
 himfelf moft diligently to divinity, and the Oriental languages. 
 The latter became afterwards of infinite fervice to him ; for he 
 was chofen chaplain to the Englifti faO^lory at Aleppo, and failed 
 from England in Sept. 1670. During his eleven years refidence 
 in this place, he applied himfelf particularly to fearch out and pro- 
 cure manufcripts; and for this purpofe maintained a correfpond- 
 ence with the learned and eminent of every profeffion and degree, 
 
 [z] D. Robert! Huntingtoni Vita, fcriptore T. Smith, Lond. 1704, 8vo. 
 
 whicli 
 
HUNTORST. 
 
 313 
 
 which his knowledge in the Eaftern languages, and efpecially 
 the Arabic, enabled him to do. He travelled alfo fur his diver- 
 fion and improvement, not only into the adjacent, but even into 
 flillant places; and after having carefully vifitcd almuft all Ga- 
 lilee and Samaria, he went to Jcrufalera. In 1677, he went 
 into Cyprus ; and the year after, imdertook a journey of 1 50 
 miles, lor the fake of beholding the venerable ruins of the once 
 noble and glorious city of Palmyra: but, inllead of having an 
 opportunity of viewing the place, he and they that were with 
 him were very near being deftroyed by two Arabian princes, 
 who had taken poirc/Iion of thofc parts. He had better fucccfs 
 in a journey to Egypt in 1680, where he met with fiveral curi- 
 ofities and mannfcripts; and had the pleafure of converfing with 
 John Lafcaris, archbilhop of mount Sinai. 
 
 In 1682, he embarked, and landed in Italy; and having vi- 
 iited Rome, Naples, and other places, taking Paris in his way, 
 where he flayed a few weeks, he arrived, after many dangers 
 and difficulties, fafe in his own country. He retired imme- 
 diately to his fellowlhip at Merton-colltge ; and, in 1683, took 
 the degrees in divinity. About the fame time, through the re- 
 commendation of bifhop Fell, he was appointed mafter of Tri- 
 nity-college in Dublin, and went over thither, though againfl 
 his will; but the troubles that happened in Ireland at the Revo- 
 lution forced him back for a time into England ; and though he 
 returned after the redu61:ion of that kingdom, yet he refigned 
 his mafterlhip in 1691, and came home, with an intention to 
 quit it no more. In the mean time he fold for 700I. his fine 
 colledion of MSS. to the curators of the Bodleian library; 
 having before made a prefent of thirty-five. In 1692, he was 
 prefented by fir Edward Turnor to the re<5lory of Great Hal- 
 Jingbury in EiTex, and the fame year he married. He was of- 
 fered about that time the bifhopric of Kilmore in Ireland, but 
 refufed it: in 1701, however, he accepted that of Raphoe, and 
 was confecrated in Chrift-church, Dublin, Aug. 20. He fur- 
 vived his confecration but twelve days; for he died Sept. 2, in 
 |iis 66th year, and was buried in Trinity-college chapel. 
 
 All that he publiihed himfelf was, ** An Account of the Por- 
 phyry Pillars in Egypt," in the " Philofophical Tranfa6tions, 
 N* i6r." Some of his " Obfervations" are printed in "A 
 Colledlion of curious Travels and Voyages," in 2 vols. 8vo, 
 by Mr. J. Ray ; and thirty-nine of his letters, chiefly written 
 while he was abroad, were publiflied by Dr. T. Smith, at the 
 end of his life. 
 
 HUNTORST (Gerard), one of the beft Dutch painters of 
 Jiis time, was born at Utrecht in 1592. He was a difciple of 
 Blomeart, and afterwards went to Rome ; where having Ihidied 
 defign, he exercifed it in drawing night-pieces with the utmoft 
 
 fuccefs. 
 
SI4 HUSS. 
 
 fuccefs. When he returned to Utrecht, he applied himfelf t* 
 hiftory-painting. He had a vaft number of fcliolars from Ant- 
 werp. He taught alfo the queen of Bohemia's children to defign. 
 Charles I. invited him over to England, and for him he executed 
 feveral noble works. He afterwards returned to Holland, where 
 he painted for the prince of Orange. The time of his death is 
 not mentioned. 
 
 HURE (Charles), a French divine of fome eminence, was 
 born at Charapigny-fur-Youne, in 1639, the fon of a labourer. 
 He made it his obje6l to know every thing that could throw any 
 light upon theology ; and with this view he ftudied the Oriental 
 languages. He was a member of the learned fociety of Port- 
 Royal, where he imbibed at once his zeal for religion and for 
 letters. He was afterwards profeflbr of the learned languages 
 in the univerfity of Paris, and principal of the college of Ben- 
 court. He died in 1717. There are extant by him, i. A Dic- 
 tionary of the Bible, 2 vols, folio, lefs full, and lefs complete, 
 than that of Calmet, publiOied in 1715. 2. An edition of the 
 Latin Teftament, with notes, which are much efteemed, 2 vols. 
 l2mo. 3. A French tranflation of the former, with the notes 
 from the Latin augmented, 4 vols. i2mo, 1702. 4. " A Sacred 
 Grammar," with rules for underftanding the literal fenfe of the 
 Scripture. He was cotifidered as a ^anfenift; and by fome faid 
 to be only Quefnel a little moderated. 
 
 HUSS (John), a celebrated divine and martyr, w^as born at 
 a town in Bohemia, called Hulfenitz, about the year I376[a]; 
 and liberally educated in the univerfity of Prague. Here he took 
 the degree of B. A. in 1393, and that of mafter in 1395; and 
 Tve find him, in 1400, in orders, and a minifter of a church in 
 that city. About this time the writings of our countryman 
 Wicklif had fpread themfelves among the Bohemians, and were 
 particularly read by the fftdcnts at Prague, among the chief of 
 whom was Hufs; who, being greatly taken with Wicklif 's no- 
 tions, and having abundance of warmth in his compofition, 
 began to preach and write with great zeal againft the fuperfti^ 
 tions and errors of the church of Rome. He fucceeded fo far, 
 that the fale of indulgences began greatly to decreafe and grow 
 cold among the Bohemians ; and the pope's party cried aloud, 
 that there would foon be an end of religion, if meafures were 
 rot taken to oppofe the reftlefs endeavours of the HulTites. 
 With a view, therefore, of preventing this danger, Subinco, 
 the archbifliop of Prague, ilfued forth two mandates in 1408; 
 one, addreifed to the members of the univerfity, by which they 
 were ordered to bring together all Wicklif 's writings, that fuch 
 as were found to contain any thing erroneous or heretical might 
 
 [a] CaveHift. Liter. Tom. II. Append, p. ica. Oxon. 1740, 
 
 be 
 
HUSS. 315 
 
 be burnt; the other to all curates and minlfters, commanding 
 them to teach the people, that, after the confecraiion of the 
 elements in the holy Sacrament, there remained nothing but the 
 real body and blood of Chrift, under ti.e appearance of bread 
 and wine. Hufs, whofe credit and authority m the univcrlity 
 were very great, as well for his piety and learning, as on account 
 of confiderable ferviccs he had done, foiuid no difficulty in 
 perfuading many of its members of the unrcafonablenefs and 
 abfurdity of thefe mandates: the firft being, as he faid, a plain 
 encroachment upon the liberties and privileges of the univerfity, 
 whofe members had an indifputable right to poffefs, and to read 
 all forts of books ; the fecond, inculcating a mofi: aboininable 
 error. Upon this foundation they appealed to Gregory XII. 
 and the archbifliop Subinco was fiunmoned to Rome. But, on 
 acquainting the pope that the heretical notions of Wicklif were 
 gaining ground apace in Bohemia, through the zeal of fome 
 preachers who had read his books, a bull was granted him for 
 the fuppreflion of all fuch notions in his province. By virtue of 
 this bull, Subinco condetnned the writings of Wicklif, and pro- 
 ceeded againlt four doctors, who had not complied with his man- 
 date, in bringing in their copies. Hufs and others, who were 
 involved in this fentence, protefted againft this procedure of the 
 archbilhop, and appealed from him a fecond time, in June, 
 1410. The matter was then brought before John XXIII. who 
 ordered Hufs, accufed of many errors and herefies, to appear in 
 perfon at the court of Rome, and gave a fpecial commiffion 
 to cardinal Colonna to* cite him. Hufs, however, under the 
 proteilion and countenance of Wenceflaus king of Bohemia, 
 did not appear, but fent three deputies to excufe his abfence, 
 and to anfwer all which fhould be alledged againft him, Co- 
 lonna paid no regard to the deputies, nor to any defence they 
 could make; but declared Hufs guilty of contuinacy to the court 
 of Rome, and excommunicated him for it. Upon this the de- 
 puties appealed from the cardinal to the pope, wiio commiirioncd 
 four other cardinals to examine into the affair. Thefe commif- 
 faries confirmed all that that Colonna had done [b]. Nay, they 
 did more; the excommunication, which was limited to Hufs, 
 they extended to his friends and followers: they declared him an 
 Herefiarch, and pronounced an interdi6l againft him. 
 
 All this time, utterly regardlefs of what was doing at Rome, 
 Hufs continued to preach and write with great zeal againft the 
 errors and fuperftitions of that church, and in defence of Vv'ick- 
 lif and his doctrines. He preached diredlly againft the pope, 
 the cardinals, and the clergy of that party; and at the fame 
 time publi(hed writings, to Ihew the lawfulnefs of expofing the 
 
 Tb] Dupin Nouvel. Bibl. Ecclef. Tom. XII. p. 132. Paris, 1700. 
 
 viceSt 
 
3i6 
 
 HUS S. 
 
 vices of ecclcfianics. In 141 3, the religious tumults and fedi- 
 tions were become fo violent, that Suhinco applied to Wencef- 
 laus to appeafe them. Wencellaus baniOied Hnfs from Prague; 
 but flill the diforders continued. Then the archbifnop had re- 
 courle to the emperor Sigifmond, who promifed him to come 
 into Bohemia, and affift in fc'ttHng the affairs of the church ; 
 but before Sigifmond could be prepared for the journey, Subinco 
 died in Hungary. About this time bulls were publifhed by John 
 XXIII. at Prague againft Ladiflaus king of Naples; in which 
 a crufade was proclaimed againft that prince, and indulgences 
 promifed to all who would go to the war. This furnidied Hufs, 
 who had returned to Prague upon the death of Subinco, with a 
 fine occafion of preaching againli: indulgences and crufades, and 
 of refuting thefc bulls: and the people were fo affected and in- 
 flamed v/ith his preaching, that they declared pope John to be 
 antichrift. Upon this, fome of the ringleaders among the 
 Huffites were feized and imprifoned ; which, however, was not 
 confented to by the people, who were prepared to refill, till the 
 iTiagiflrate had promifed that no harm ihould happen to the pri- 
 foners. But he did not keep his word: they were executed in" 
 prifon ; which the Huilites difcovering, took up arms, refcued 
 their bodies, and interred them honourably, as martyrs, in the 
 church of Bethlehem, which was Hufs's church. 
 
 Things went on thus at Prague and in Bohemia, till the 
 council of Conftance was called ; where it was agreed between 
 the pope and the emperor, that Hufs fhould appear, and give an 
 account of himfelf and his doftrine. The emperor promifed 
 for his fecurity againfl any danger, and that nothing Ihould be 
 atteinpted againfl: his perfon ; upoii which he fet out, after de- 
 claring publicly, that he was going to the council of Conftance, 
 to anfwer the accufations that were formed againft him ; and 
 challenging all people, who had any thing to except to his life 
 and converfation, to do it without delay. He made the fame 
 declarations in all the towns through which he paffed, and ar- 
 rived at Conllance, Nov. 3, 141 4. Here he was accufed in 
 form, and a lilt of his heretical tenets laid before the pope and 
 the prelates of the council. He was fummoned to appear the 
 twenty-fixth day after his arrival ; and declared himfelf ready to 
 be examined, and to be corre6led by them, if he fhould be 
 found to have taught any do£lrine w-orthy of cenfure. The car- 
 dinals foon after withdrew, to deliberate upon the moft proper 
 method of proceeding againil Hufs; and the refult of their de- 
 liberations was, that he (hould be imprifoned. This accord- 
 ingly was done, notwithftanding the emperor's parole for his 
 fecurity; nor were all his prince's endeavours afterwards fuffi- 
 cient to releafe him, though he exerted himfelf to the utmoft. 
 Hufs was toffed about from prifon to prifon for fix whole 
 
 months. 
 
HUTCHESON. 317 
 
 months, fufFcring great hardfhips and pains from thofe who had 
 the care of him ; and at Ia(t was condemned of licrefy by the 
 council, in his abfence and without a hearing, for maintaining, 
 that the Eucharift ought to be adminiftered to the people in both 
 kinds. The emperor, in the mean time, complained heavily of 
 the contempt that wasfhewn tohimfelf, and of thciifagc that was 
 employed towards Hufs; infifting, that Hufs ought to be allowed 
 a fair and public hearing. Therefore, on the 5th and 7th of 
 June, 1415, he was brought before the council, and permitted 
 to fay what he could in behalf of himfelf and his dodlrihes; 
 but every thing was carried on with noife and tumult, and Hufs 
 foon given to underftand, that they were not difpofed to hear 
 any thing from him, but a recantation of his errors; wliich, 
 however, he abfolutcly refufed, and was ordered back to prifon. 
 July 6, he was brought again before the council; where he was 
 condemned of herefy, and ordered to be burnt. The ceremony 
 of his execution was this : he was firfl: ftripped of his facerdotal 
 veftments by bifliops nominated for that purpofe ; next he was 
 formally deprived of his univerfity-degrees; then he had a paper- 
 crown put upon his head, painted round with devils, and the 
 word Hcrefiarch infcribed in great letters ; then he was deli- 
 vered over to the magiilrate, who burnt him alive, after having 
 firft burnt his books at tiie door of the church. He died with 
 great firmncfs and rcfolution; and his afhes were afterwards 
 gathered up and thrown into the Rhine. His writings, which 
 are very numerous and learned, were coUedled into a body, 
 when the art of printing began. 
 
 HUTCHESON (Dr. Francis), a very fine writer and ex- 
 cellent man, was the fon of a diilenting minifler in Ireland, and 
 was born Aug. 8, 1694 fcj. He difcovered early a fuperior 
 capacity, and ardent thirlt after knowledge; and when he had 
 gone through his fchool-education, was fe;it to an academy to 
 begin his courfe of philofophy. In 17 10, he removed from the 
 academy, and entered a ftudent in the univerGty of Glafgow in 
 Scotland. Here he renewed his ftudy of the Latin and Greek 
 languages, and applied himfelf to all parts of literature, in v/hich 
 he made a progrefs fuitable to his uncommon abilities. After- 
 wards he turned his thoughts to divinity, which he propofed to 
 make the peculiar fiudy and profellion of his life ; for the pro- 
 fecution of which, he continued fevcral years loi ger at Glafgow. 
 
 He then returned to Ireland; and, entering into the miniilry, 
 was jufi: about to be fettled in a fmall congregation of Diifenters 
 in the north of Ireland, when fume gentlemen about Dublin, 
 who knew his great abilities and virtues, invited him to fet up 
 
 [c] Account of his Life, prefixed to his Syftem of Moral Philofophy. Glaf'^ow, 
 »7S5- 
 
 a private 
 
3i8 
 
 HUTCHESON. 
 
 a private academy in that city. He complied with the Invitation, 
 and met with much fuccefs. He had been fixed but a fliort 
 time in Dublin, when his lingular meiits and accomplifhments 
 made him generally known ; and his acquaintance was fought 
 by men of all ranks, who had any tafte for literature, or any 
 regard for learned men. Lord Molefworth is faid to have 
 taken great pleafure in his converfation, and to have aflifted him 
 with his criticifms and obfervations upon his *' Enquiry into the 
 Ideas of Beauty and Virtue," before it came abroad. He re- 
 ceived the fame favour from Dr. Synge, bifhop of Elphin, with 
 ■whom he alfo lived in great friendfhip. The firft edition of 
 this performance came abroad wdthout the author's name, but 
 the merit of it would not fuffer him to be long concealed. Such 
 was the reputation of the work, and the ideas it had raifed of 
 the author, that lord Granville, who was then lord-lieutenant of 
 Ireland, fent his private fecretary to enquire at the bookfeller's 
 for the author; and when he could not learn his name, he left 
 a letter to be conveyed to him : in confequence of which he 
 foon became acquainted with his excellency, and was treated by 
 him, all the time he continued in his government, with diftin- 
 guifhing marks of familiarity and efteem. 
 
 From this time his acquaintance began to be ftill more courted 
 by men of diftiniSlion, either for ftation or literature, in Ireland. 
 Abp King held him in great efteem ; and the friendfliip of that 
 prelate was of great ufe to him in fcreening him from two 
 attempts made to profecute him, for daring to take upon him 
 the education of youth, without having qualified himfelf by 
 fubfcribing the ecclefiaftical caiions, and obtaining a licenfe from 
 the bifhop. He had alfo a large (hare in the efteem of the pri- 
 mate Boulter, who, through his influence, made a donation to 
 the univerfity of Glafgow of a yearly fund for an exhibitioner, 
 to be bred to any of the learned profefTions. A tew years after 
 his Enquiry into the Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, his *' Trea- 
 life on the Paffioq^" was publiflied : thefe works have been often 
 reprinted, and always admired both for the fentiment^nd lan- 
 guage ; even by thofe, who have not ailented to the philofophy 
 i)f them, nor allowed it to have any foundation in nature. 
 About this time he wrote fome philofophical papers, accounting 
 for laughter in a difi-lrent way from Hobbes, and more honour- 
 able to human nature ; which papers were publifhed in the col- 
 le6lion called '* Hibernicus's Letters." Some letters in the 
 ** London Journal, 1728," fubfcribed Phiiaretus, containing 
 obje^ionsto fome parts of the dodrine in '.' The Enquiry, &:c." 
 occafioned his giving anfvvcrs to them in thofe public papers. 
 Both the letters and anfwers were afterwards publifhed in a fe- 
 paralc pamphlet. 
 
 After 
 
HUTCHINS. 319 
 
 After he had taught in a private academy at Dublin for feven 
 or eight years with great reputation and fuccefs, he was called 
 in 1729 to Scotland, to be a profelTor of philofophy at Glafgow. 
 Several young gentlemen came along with him from the academy, 
 and his high reputation drew many more thither both from Eng- 
 land and Ireland. After his fettlement in the college, he was 
 not obliged, as when he kept the academy, to teach the languages 
 and all the different parts of philofophy, but the profeflion of 
 morals was the province ailigned to him ; fo that now he had full 
 leifure to turn all his attention to his favourite ftudy, human na- 
 ture. Here he fpent the remainder of his life in a manner 
 highly honourable to himfelf, and ornamental to the univerfity 
 of which he was a member. His whole time was divided be- 
 tween his ftudies and the duties of his office ; except what he 
 allotted to friendfliip and fociety. A firm conftitution and z 
 pretty uniform ftate of good health, except fome few flight at- 
 tacks of the gout, feemed to promife a longer life ; yet he did 
 not exceed his 53d year. He was married foon after his fettle- 
 ment in Dublin, to Mrs. Mary Wilfon, a gentleman's daughter 
 in the county of Longford ; by whom he left behind hira one 
 fon, Francis Hutchefon, M. D. By this gentleman was pub- 
 lifhed, from the original MS. of his father, ** A Syftem of 
 Moral Philofophy, in three books, Glafgow, 1755," 2 vols. 4to- 
 To which is prefixed, " Some Account of the Life, Writings, 
 and Character of the Author," by Dr. Leechman, profellbr of 
 divinity in the fame univerfity. Dr. Hutchefon had high thoughts 
 of human nature, of its original dignity ; and was perfuaded, 
 that even in this corrupt ftate it is capable of great improve- 
 ments by proper inftruftions and alliduous culture. This is tlic 
 foundation on which he has built his fyftcm : which will tliere- 
 lore pafs for vifionary with the followers of Montaigne, Hobbes, 
 Mandeville, and others, who have fet human nature as low as 
 poffible, by drawing it in the mcanell and mod odious colours. 
 
 HUTCHINS (John) [dJ, a native of Dorfetfhire, and re6lor 
 of the church of the Holy Trinity in Wareham, began in 1737, 
 while curate of Milton-Abbas, to colledt materials for the hiftory oi" 
 that county, which, after many difficulties, he lived tQ fee put to 
 prefs. He was rather a man of diligence than of extraordinary 
 genius ; his collections were many years making, and a great 
 part of them fell into his hands on the death of a prior collec- 
 tor. The book was moll liberally conducted through the prcfs, 
 by a very handfome fubfcription of the gentlemen of the county, 
 and the kind patronage of Dr. Cuming and Mr. Cough, for the 
 benefit of the author's widow and daughter. Several articles 
 were added, relative to the antiquities and natural hiftory ; and 
 
 [^c] Anjcdstes of Bowyer, by Nichols p. 1^0. 
 
 fuch 
 
320 HUTCHINSON. 
 
 fuch a number of beautiful plates were contributed by the gen- 
 tlemen of the county, that (only 600 copies having been printed> 
 a number net quite fufHcient for the fubfcribers) the value of the 
 book increafed, immediately after publication, to tvi^ice the ori- 
 ginal price, which was only a guinea a volume. The title of 
 it is, " The Hiftory and Antiquities of the County of Dorfef, 
 compiled from the befl and moil ancient Hiftorians, Inquifitiones 
 poji mortem, and other valuable Records and MSS. in the public 
 Offices, Libraries, and private Hands ; with a Popy of Domef- 
 day-book and the Inquifitio Gheldi for the county : interfperfed 
 •with fome remarkable Particulars of Natural Hiftory, and adorn- 
 ed with a correal Map of the County, and Views of Antiqui- 
 ties, Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, Lond. 1774," 2 vols, 
 folio. Mr. Hutchins was born in 1698 at Bradford-Peverell, 
 where his father Richard Hutchins was curate, who died redor 
 of All-Saints in Dorchefter, 1734, having held it from 1693. He 
 was educated at Baliol-college, where he cultivated an acquaint- 
 ance with Mr. Godwin and Mr. Sandford : to the friendfhip of 
 the former, who clofed a long and worthy life about three years 
 before him, he bears ample teftimony in his preface. Upon 
 being prefented toWareham, he married Anne, daughter of the 
 Rev. Mr. Steevens, reftor of Pimpern, whofe grandfather had 
 been fteward to Mr. Pitt's family, who permitted Mrs. Steevens 
 to prefent to the living for the next turn, in hopes of keeping 
 it for her fon ; but the prefentee, Mr. Andrews, dying within 
 the year, fhe loit her turn [e]. Mr. Hutchins was prefented 
 to Swyre, 1729, to Melcomb-Horfey, 1733, and to Wareham, 
 1743 ^ and, after a long combat with the infirmities of age and 
 gout, and a fevere lofs by the fire at Wareham, in 1762, died June 
 21, 1773, and was buried in Mary's church at Wareham, in 
 the ancient chapel under the fouth aile of the chancel. 
 
 HUTCHINSON (John), an Engliffi author, whofe writ- 
 ings have been much difcuii'ed, and who is confidered as the 
 founder of a fed, was born at Spennythorn in Yorkfhire in 
 1674. His father was poUelTed of about 4cl. per ann. and de- 
 termined to qualify his fon for a ftewardlhip to fome gentleman 
 or nobleman. He had given him fuch fchool-learning as the 
 place afforded ; and the remaining part of his education was 
 finilhed by a gentleman that boarded with his father. This friend 
 is faid to have intruded him, not only in fuch parts of the ma- 
 thematics as were more immediately conne6led with his deffined 
 employment, but in every branch of that fcience, and at the 
 fame time to have furnilhed him with a competent kncAvIedge 
 of the writings of antiquity. At 19, he went to be fteward to 
 Mr. Bathurft of Skutterfkelf in Yorkfhire, and from thence to 
 
 the 
 
HUTCHINSON. 321 
 
 the earl of Scarborough, who would gladly have engaged him in 
 his fcrvice ; but his ambition to ferve the duke of Somerfet would 
 not fufFer him to continue there, and accordingly he removed 
 foon after into this nobleman's fervice. About 1700, he was 
 called to London, to manage a law-fuit of confequence between 
 the duke and another nobleman ; and during his attendance in 
 town, contraded an acquaintance u'ith Dr. Woodward, who 
 "Was phyfician to the duke his mailer. Between 1702 and 1706, 
 his bufinefs carried him into feveral parts of England and Wales, 
 where he made many obfervations, which he publi(hed in a little 
 pamphlet, entitled, " Obfervations made by J. H. moftly in the 
 Year 1706." 
 
 While he travelled from place to place, he employed himfelf in 
 collecting foffils ; and we are told, that the large and noble col- 
 ledlion, which W^oodward bequeathed to the univerfity of Cam- 
 bridge, was actually formed by him. Whether Woodward had 
 no notion of Hutchinfon's abilities in any other way than that 
 of fleward and mineralogiii, or whether he did not fufpeft him at 
 that time as likely to commence author, is not certain : Hutch- 
 infon however complains in one of his books, that ** he was be- 
 reft, in a manner not to be mentioned, of thofe obfervations, 
 and thofe colledlions ; nay, even of the credit of being the coU- 
 le£lor." He is faid to have put his colleftions into Woodward's 
 hands, with obfervations on them, which Woodward was to 
 digeft and publifli, with further obfervations of his own : but 
 putting h'iin off with excufes, when from time to lime he foli- 
 cited him about this work, he firft fuggefted to Hutchinfon un- 
 favourable notions of his intention. On this Hutchinfon refolved 
 to wait no longer, but to trult to his own pen ; and that he 
 might be more at leifure to profecute his ftudies, he begged leave 
 of the duke of Somerfet to quit his fervice. The requeft at firft 
 piqued the pride of that nobleman; but when he was made toun- 
 derftand by Hutchinfon, that he did not intend to ferve any other 
 mafter, and was told what were the real motives of his requeft, 
 the duke not only granted his fuit, but made him his riding 
 purveyor, being at that time malter of the horfe to George I. 
 As there is a good houfe in the Mews belonging to the office of 
 purveyor, a fixed falary of 200 1. per ann. and the place a kind 
 of finecure, Hutchinfon's fituation and circumftances were quite 
 agreeable to his mind ; and he gave himfelf up to a ftudious and 
 fedentary life [f]. The duke alfo gave him the next prefenta- 
 tion of the living of Sutton in Sufiex, which Hutchinfon be-t 
 ftowed on the Rev. Julius Bate, a great favourite with him, and, 
 a zealous promoter of his dodrines. 
 
 [r] See art. BATE. 
 
 Vol. VIII. Y la 
 
522 HUTCHINSON. 
 
 In 1724, he publifhed the firft part of his " Mofes's Prin" 
 Cipia ;" in which he ridiculed Woodward's ** Natural Hiftory 
 of the Earth," and his account of the fettlement of the feveral 
 ftrata, fliells, and nodules, by the laws of gravity; which, he 
 tells him, every dirty impertinent collier could contradidl and 
 difprove by ocular demonilration. " Mofes's Principia," wherein 
 gravitation is exploded, is evidently oppofed to ** Newton's 
 Principia," wherein that doctrine is eltablifiied. Hutchinfon 
 alfo tlirew out fome hints concerning what had pafTed between 
 Woodward and himfelf, and the do6\or's dcfign of robbing him 
 of his coUedion of foilils. From this time to his death, he con- 
 tinued to publifh a volume every year, or every other year ^ 
 which, with the MSS. he left behind him, were coUeded in 
 1748, amounting to 12 vols. 8vo. An abRra6l of them was 
 alfo publilhed in 1723, in i2mo. Hutchinfon's followers look 
 upon the breach between Woodward and him, as a very happy 
 event ; becaufe, fay they, had the do£lor fulfilled his engage- 
 ments, Hutchinfon might have flopped there, and not have ex- 
 tended his refearches fo far as he has done ; in which cafe the 
 ■world would have been deprived of writings deemed by them in> 
 valuable. Others are as violent oppofers and cenfurers of his. 
 ■writings and opinions ; and the difpute has been carried on with 
 no fmall degree of warmth. 
 
 In 1727, Hutchinfon publifhed the fecond part of " Mofes's 
 Principia ;" which contains the fum and fubftance, or the prin- 
 ciples, of the Scripture-philofophy. As Sir Ifaac Newton made 
 a vacuum and gravity the principles of his philofophy, this au- 
 thor on the contrary alTerts, that a plenum and the air are the 
 principles of the Scripture-philofophy, In the introd«£lion to 
 this fecond part, he hinted, that the idea of the Trinity was to 
 be taken from the three grand agents in the fyflem of nature, 
 fire, light, and fpirit ; thefe three conditions of one and the. 
 fame fubftance, namely, air, anfwering wonderfully in a typical or 
 fymbolical manner to the three perfons of one and the fame ef- 
 fence. This, we are told, fo forcibly flruck the celebrated Dr. 
 Samuel Clarke, that he fent a gentleman to Mr. Hutchinfon 
 with compliments upon the performanca, and deftred a confe- 
 rence with him on that propolition in particular: which, how- 
 ever, it is added, after repeated felicitations Hutchinfon thought 
 fit to refufe. This doctrine a certain admirer of Hutchinfon, 
 particularly in his opinions on natural philofophy, has lately 
 attempted to revive and illuffrate, in a pamphlet entitled, *' A 
 fhort Way to Truth, or the Chrittian Doflrine of a Trinity in 
 Unity, illuitrated and confirmed from an Analogy in the Natu- 
 ral Creation." It was- publifhed in 1793. 
 
 Some time in 171 2, Hutchinfon is laid to have completed » 
 machine of the watch-kind, for the difcovery of the longitude 
 
 at 
 
HUTCHINSON. 323 
 
 at fea, which was approved by Sir Ifaac Newton ; and Whifton, 
 in his '* Longitude and Latitude, &c." has given a teftimony iq 
 favour of his mechanical abihties. ** I have alfo," fays he, 
 '• very lately been Ihewn by Mr. Hutchinfon, a very curious 
 and iuquifitive perfon, a copy of a MS. map of the world, made 
 about 80 years ag(^, taken by himfelf from the original: whereiri 
 the variation is reduced to a theory, much like that which Dr. 
 Hal ley has fince propofed, and in general exa£lly agreeing to 
 his obfervations. — But with this advantage, that therein the 
 northern pole of the internal loadftone is much better ftated thari 
 it is by Dr. Halley — its place then being, according to this 
 unknown very curious and fagacious author, about the meridian, 
 &c. which ancient and authentic determination of its place, X 
 defire my reader particularly to obferve." 
 
 Hutchinfon had been accuftomed to make an excurfion for a 
 month or fo into the country for his health : but negle6ling 
 this in purfuit of his 'ftudies, he is fuppofed to have brought 
 himfelf into a bad habit of body, which prepared the way for. 
 his death. The immediate caufe is faid to be an overflowing of 
 the gall, occafioned by the irregular fallies of an high-kept un- 
 ruly horfe, and the fudden jerks given to his body by them. On 
 the Monday before his death, Dr. Mead was with him, and 
 urged him to be bled ] faying at the fame time in a pleafant way, 
 ** I will foon fend you to Mofes." Dr. Mead meant, to hi^ 
 ftudies, two of his books being entitled, *' Mofes's Principia :" 
 but Hutchinfon, taking it in the other fenfe, anfwered in a mut- 
 terring tone, ** I believe, doctor, you will 4" and was fo dif-^ 
 pleafed with Mead, that he afterwards difmiflfed him for ano- 
 ther phyfician. He died Aug. 28, 1737, aged 63. He feems to 
 have been in many refpefls a fmgular man. He certainly had 
 eminent abilities, with much knowledge and learning ; but many 
 people have thought it very queftionable, whether he did not want 
 judgment to apply them properly. His temper feems to have been 
 violent : fince much ill language, and a ftrong propenfity to per- 
 fecution, but too plainly appear in his writings. The leading 
 feature of Hutchinfon's do6lrine was, that all knowledge, natu- 
 ral gs well as theological, is contained in the Hebrew Scriptures. 
 To maintain this opinion, he had recourfe to the moft fanciful 
 and extravagant etymologies ; and taught that every Hebrev\r 
 root has fome important meaning ; or, as his difciples exprefled 
 it *' rcprefents fome obvious idea of acStion or condition, raifed 
 by the fenfible obje6l which it exprelTes, and further defigned to 
 fignify fplritual or mental things." The air of myftery and ca- 
 baiifm which appeared in thefe dodtrines, added to the over- 
 bearing manner of the teacher, raifed for a long time a vaft con- 
 t«mpt and abhorrence of Hutchinfon's fyftem ; and the name of 
 
 Y 2 Hutchin- 
 
324 ft U T T E N. 
 
 Hutchinfonian has frequently operated as a bar to the preferment 
 of perfons otherwife well worthy of it. It appears that thefe 
 notions have been carried too far ; or at leaft the danger, if there- 
 was any, is now nearly over. Few now adhere to the opinioas 
 of Hiikhinfon; and fome who do, have given up his etymolo- 
 gic?, and enmity to human learning [g]. 
 
 HUTTEN (UlriC de), a gentkman of Franconia [h], of 
 uncornmon parts and learning, was btrn in 1488 at Stecken- 
 burg, the feat of his family ; was fcnt to the abbey of Fulde at 
 1 1 years of age ; and took the degree of M. A. at 1 8, at Frank- 
 fort on the Oder, being the firft promotion made in that newly 
 opened univerfity. In 1509, he was at the fiege of Padua, in 
 the emperor Maximilian's army ; and he owned that it was want 
 of money, which forced him to make that campaign. His father, 
 not having the leaf! tade or efteem for polite literature, thought 
 it unworthy to be purfucd by perfons of exalted birth ; and there- 
 fore would not afford his fon the neceffafy fupplics for a life of 
 ftudy. He wifhed him to apply himfelf to the civil law, which 
 might raife him in the world ; but Hutten had no inclination for 
 that kind of fludy. Finding however that there was no other way 
 of being upon good terms with his father, he went to Pavia in 
 151 1, where he flayed but a little time ; that city being befieged 
 and plundered by the Swifs, and himfelf taken prifoner. He 
 returned afterwards to Germany, and there, contrary to his fa- 
 ther's inclinations, began to apply himfelf again to literature. 
 Having a genius for poetry, he began his career as an author in 
 that line; and publifhed feveral compofitions, which were much 
 admired, and gained him credit. He travelled to various places, 
 among the reft to Bohemia and Moravia ; and waiting on the 
 bifhop of Olmutz in a very poor condition, that prelate, who 
 •was a great Maecenas, received him gracioufly, prefented him 
 with a horfe, and gave liim money to purfue his journey. The 
 correfpondence he held with Erafmus was of great advantage to 
 him, and procured him refpedl from all the literati in Italy, and 
 efpecially at V-enice. 
 
 At his return to Germany in 1516, lie was recommended in 
 fuch ftrong terms to the emperor, that he received from him the 
 poetical crown ; and from that time Hutten had himfelf drawn 
 in armour, with a crown of laurel on his head, and took vafl 
 delight in being fo reprefentcd. He was of a very military dif- 
 pofition, and had given many proofs of courage, as well in the 
 wars as in private rencounters. Being once at Viterbo, where 
 an ambaflador of France fiopped, there happened a general quar- 
 
 [g] See Jones's Life of Bifhop Home. fs] Melcbior Adaga de vitls, ftc. 
 
 Bayle's DI£t. Nieeron, Hcnsmcs lllultrc^j Tom. XV. 
 
 rel 
 
H U T T E N. 325 
 
 rel to arife ; in which Hutten, forfaken "by his comrades, v,-0' 
 attacked by five Frenchmen at once, and put them all 10 flight, 
 after receiving fome fmall wounds. He "wrote an epigram on 
 that occafion, " in quinciieGallus a fc proti^gatOJ^," which may 
 be feen in Melchior Adam. He had a coufin John de Hutten, 
 who was court-inartial to Uiric duke of Wirtemberg, and was 
 murdered by that duke in 1515, for the fake of his vvite, whom 
 the duke enjoyed afterwards as a miftrefi. 'i'he military poet, 
 as foon as he heard of it, breathed nothing but refentment ; and 
 becaufe he had no opportunity of fhevving it with his fword, 
 took up his pen, and wrote feveral pieces in the form of Dialogues, 
 Orations, Poems, and Lt^it^rs. AcoUetlian of thefe was printed 
 in the caftle of Steckelberg, 1519, 4to. 
 
 He was in France in 15 18, whence he went to Mentz, 
 and engaged in the fervice of the elector Albert; and attended 
 him a little after to the diet of Augfburg, where the eledlor 
 was honoured with a cafdinal's hat. At this diet, articks were 
 exhibited againft the duke of Wirtemberg, on which occafion 
 the murder of John de Hutten, marflial of his court, was not 
 forgotten : and a league was after formed againft him. Ulric Hut- 
 ten ferved in this war with great pleafure; yet was foon difV 
 gufted with a military life, and longed earneftly for his ftudies 
 and retirement. This we find by a letter of his to Frederic Pif-. 
 cator, dated May 21, 1519: in which he difcovers an inclina- 
 tion for matrimony, and exprefies himfelf very fingularly on that 
 fubjeft. He informs his correfpondent, ** that he wanted a 
 wife to take care of him ; that whatever fine things might he 
 faid of a fingle life, yet he was by no means fit for it, and did 
 not like even to lie alone; that he wanted a female, in whofe 
 company he might unbend his mind, footh his cares, play, joke, 
 and tattle ; that (he muft be beautiful, young, well-educated, 
 merry, modeft, and patient ; that he did not require much money 
 with her, nor inlift much on her high birth, fince whoever mavn 
 Tied him would be fufficiently ennobled : — ad genus quod per- 
 tinent, fatis ngbifcn) futuram puto, qusecunquc Hutteno nup- 
 ferit." 
 
 Believing Luther's caufe a very good one, he joined in it with 
 great warmth ; and publilhed Leo the Xths Bull againft Luther 
 in 1520, with interlineary and marginal glofles, in which that 
 Pope was made an object: of the ftrongeft ridicule. The free- 
 dom with which he wrote againft the irregularities and diforders 
 of the court of Rome, exafperated Leo in the higheft degree ; 
 and induced him to command the elecSlor of Mentz to fend him 
 to Rome bound hand and foot, which however the elector did 
 not do, but fufFered him to depart in peace. Hutten then with^ 
 drew to Brabant, and was at the court of the emperor Charles V. 
 
 Y 3 but 
 
326 
 
 H U T T E N. 
 
 I^ot did not ftay long there, being told that his life would be 
 In danger. He then retired to Ebernberg, where he was pro- 
 te^ed by Francis de Sickingen, Luther's great friend and guar- 
 dian, to whoiTi the caftle of Ebernberg belonged. There he 
 wrote in 1520 his complaint to the emperor, to the ele6lors of 
 Mentz and Saxony, and to all the dates of Germany, againft 
 the attempts which the Pope's emiffaries made againfl him. From 
 fhe fame place alfo he wrote to Luther in May 1521, and pub- 
 lirtied feveral pieces in favour of the Reformatiort. He did not 
 declare openly for Luther, till after he had left the elc6lor of 
 Mentz's court ; but he had written to iiim before from Mentz, 
 and his firfl: letter is dated June, 1520. While he was upon his 
 Journey to Ebernberg, he met with Hochllratus ; upon which 
 he drew hisfword, and running up to him, fwore he would kill 
 him, for what he had done againil Reuchlin and Luther : but 
 Hochftratus, throwing himfeif at his feet, conjured him fo ear- 
 neftly to fpare his life, that Hutten let him go, after ftriking 
 him feveral times with the flat fword. This (hews the heat of 
 his zeal : it was indeed fo hot, that Luther himfeif, warm as he 
 was, blamed it. During his ftay at Ebernberg, he performed 
 a very generous a6lion in regard to his family. Being the eldeft 
 fon, and fucceeding to the whole eftate, he gave it all up to his 
 brothers ; and even, to prevent their being involved in the mif- 
 fortunes and difgraces which he expedled, by the fufpicions that 
 might be entertained againil them, he enjoined them not to re- 
 rhit him any money, nor to hold the leaft correfpondence with 
 him. 
 
 It was now that he devoted himfeif wholly to the Lutheran 
 party, to advance which he laboured inceffantly both by his writ- 
 ings and adlions. We do not know the exad time when he 
 quitted the caftle of Ebernberg ; but it is certain that, Jan. 1523, 
 he left Bafil, where he had flattered himfeif with the hopes of 
 ■finding ..n afylum, but on the contrary had been expofed to great 
 dangers, Erafmus, though his old acquaintance and friend, had 
 here refufed a vifit from him, for fear, as he pretended, of 
 heightening the fufpicions'which were entertained againft him: 
 but this was only a pretence ; his true reafon, as he afterwards 
 declared it in a letter to Melandhon, being, ** that he (hould 
 then have been under a neceflity of taking into his houfe that 
 proud boafter, oppreifed with poverty and difeafe, who only 
 fought for a neft to lay himfeif in, and to borrow money of every 
 one he met." Take his words : " quod Hutteni colloquium 
 deprecabar, non invidiae metus tantum in caufa fuit ; erat aliud 
 quiddam. lUe egens & omnibus rebus deftitutus quaerebat nidum 
 aliquem, ubi moraretur. Erat mihi gloriofus ille miles cum fua 
 fcabie in aedes recipiendus, &c. This refufal of Erafmus pro- 
 voked 
 
H U T T E N, 327.^^ 
 
 vokcd Hutten to attack him feverely, and accordingly he pub- 
 lilhed an '* Expoftulatio" in 1523, which chagrined Erafmus 
 extremely. He anfwered it however the fame year, in a very 
 lively piece, entitled, " Spongia Erafmi adverfus adfpergines 
 Hutteni." Hutten would certainly have made a reply, had he 
 not been fnatched away by death ; but he died in an illand of the 
 Jake Zurich, where he had hid himfelf for fecurity, Aug. 1523. 
 He is faid to have died a martyr to debauchery ; which, though 
 fome treat as a calumny, is generally and upon good grounds 
 believed to have been the cafe : for, not to infill on his having 
 declared that he could not live without w:omen, although he was' 
 never married, he publifhed a Latin work in 1 519, ** Of curing 
 the Lues by Guiacum Wood :" in the dedication of which to 
 the eledlor of Mentz, a fpiritual prince, he was not afhamed to 
 own, that having been grievoully afflidled with the diftemper 
 which is the fubjedl: of his book, he h»d recovered his health 
 wholly by the application of this medicine. What a ftrange 
 mixture of character! — Hutten, abjuring all connexions with 
 temporalities and the things of this world ; Hutten, wandering 
 from place to place on account of his religion ; Hutten, bearing 
 perfecution with the molt ardent zeal, carried a difgraceful dif- 
 cafe with him wherever he went, and at lad died of it ! 
 
 He was a man of little ftature ; of a weak and fickly confti- 
 tution ; extremely brave, but much too pafTionate : for he was 
 not fatisfied with attacking the Roman Catholics with his pen, 
 he attacked them alfo with his fword. He acquainted Luther 
 with the double war, which he carried on againft the clergy, 
 •* 1 received a letter from Hutter\," fays Luther, " filled with 
 rage againft the Roman Pontiff, declaring he would attack the 
 tyranny of the clergy both with his pen and fword : he being 
 exafperated againft the Pope for threatning him with daggers 
 and poifon, and commanding the biftiop of Mentz to fend hira 
 bound to Rome." Camerarius fays, that Hutten was vaftly im- 
 patient, that his air and difcourfe fhewed him to be of a cruel 
 difpofition ; and applied to him what was faid of Demolihenes, 
 namely, that *' he would have turned the world upfide down, 
 had his power been equal to his will." Neverthelefs they all ad- 
 mired him for his genius and learning. His works are very nu- 
 merous, though, he died young ; which made Bayle fay, that 
 had he lived 35 years longer, (being that age when he died} Yue 
 would have overflowed Europe with a deluge of books and libels. 
 A coUe^ion of his ** Latin Poems" was publiftied at Frankfort 
 in 1538, i2mo; all which, except two poems, were reprinted 
 in the third part of the '* Delicia Poetarum Germanorum." 
 He was the author of a great many vv^orks, chiefly fatirical, in 
 the way of dialogue ; and Thuanus has not fcrupled to compare 
 
 y 4 hina 
 
72S 
 
 H U T T E R, 
 
 him to Lucir.n. Of this caft were his Latin Dialogues on Lu- 
 theranifm, publifhed in 4to. in 1520, and now very fcarce. He 
 had alfo a confiderable fhare in the celebrated work, calledj, 
 " Epiftolae virorum obfcuronim." 
 
 HUTTEN (Jacob), a Silcfian of the i6th century, the 
 founder of the fe£l called the Bohemian or Moravian Brethren, 
 a fe£l of Anabaptifts. Hutttn purchafed a territory of fome 
 extent in Moravia, and there ellablilhed his fociety. They are 
 conlidered as defcended from the better fort of Hullites, and were 
 diflinguifhed by feveral religious ihftitutionsof a fingular nature, 
 but vi'ell adapted to guard their community againft the reigning 
 vices of the times [i] When they heard of Luther's attempts 
 to reform the church, they fent a deputation to him., and he, 
 examining their tenets, tiiough he could not in every particular 
 approve, looked upon them as vi'orthy of toleration and indul- 
 gence. Hutten brought perfecution upon himfelf and his brethren 
 by violent declamations againil the magiftrates, and the attempt 
 to introduce a perfe6l equality among men. It has been faid, 
 that he was burnt as a Heretic at Infpruck, but this is by 
 no means certain. By degrees thefe fedlaries, banifhed froni 
 their own country, entered into communion with the Swifs 
 church; though, for fome time, with feparate inftitutions. But 
 in the fynods held at Aftrog in 1620 and 1627, all diffentions 
 •were renioved, and the two congregations were formed into one 
 under the title of the Church of the JJnited Brethren, The k^ of 
 Herrenhutters or Moravians, formed by cotmt ZinzendorfF in 
 the beginning of the prefent century, pretend to be defcended 
 from thefe brethren, and take the fame title of Unitas Fratrum \ 
 but Molheim obferves, that " they may with more propriety be 
 faid to imitate the example of that famous community, than to 
 defcend from thofe who compofed it, fince it is well known that 
 there are very few Bohemians and Moravians in the fraternity of 
 the Herrenhutters ; and it is extremely doubtful, whether even 
 this fmall number are to be confidered as the pofterity of the an- 
 cient Bohemian Brethren, who diflinguiflied themfelves fo early 
 by their zeal for the reformation [k]." 
 
 HUTTER (Elias), a Proteftant divine, born at Ulric in 
 1553, and died at Nuremberg after 1602. He was deeply verfed 
 in languages, oriental and occidental \ particularly Hebrew, which 
 he feems to have tanght at Leipfic. He publifhed, i. "A He- 
 brew Bible," remarkable for being printed with the radical 
 letters in black, the fervile in hollow types, and the quiefcent 
 or deficient letters in fmallcr characters above the line. At tHe 
 end is the 117th Pfalm iri thirty different languages, 2, ** Two 
 Polyglotts ;" one in four languages, printed at Hamburg in 
 
 [i] Moiheim iv. loa, [k] Ibid. Vol. V. p. 84. 
 
 1596? 
 
HUYGENS. 329 
 
 1596; the other in fix languages, at Nuremberg, in 1599; 
 both in folio. 
 
 HUTTER (Leonhard), was alfo a native of Ulm, and 
 born in 1563. He rtudied at Strafbourg, and early applied him- 
 felf with great diligence to theology : he was afterwards at 
 Leipfic, Heidelberg, Jena, and Wirtemburg, and in the latter 
 place, was appointed one of the public profefTors of theology. 
 He married a lady of illuftrious birth in 1599; and died of a 
 fever in r6i6, being then for the fourth time re6lor of the uni- 
 verfity. The opinion held of his principles, may be judged by 
 five anagrams of his names, Leonardus Hutterusy four of then* 
 implying that he was another Luther. They are formed, fays 
 the author who gives them[L], *' per literarum baud vanam 
 tranfpofitionem ;" thus, ** Redonatus Lutherus;" " Leonhartus 
 Hutterus ;" *' Ah tu nofter Lutherus ;" " Notus arte Lutherus ;'* 
 *' Tantus ero Lutherus." His works are very numerous; a 
 great part of them controverfial, direded againll the church of 
 Rome. Befides thefe, I. *' Compendium Theologiae. cum 
 Notis D. Gorofredi Cundifii." 2. '* Explicatio Libri Uoncor- 
 dije Chriftianas," 8vo. 3. " Loci Communes Theologici," 
 folio. 4. *' Formulae concionandi," 8vo. 5. *' Difputationes 
 de verbo Dei fcripto, ac iraditionibus non fcriptis," in 4to. 
 6. " Collegium Theologicum, five XI difputationes de arti- 
 culis confelfionis Auguftarwe," 8vo. 7. " Libri Chriftianae 
 Concordia?," 8vo, and feveral pieces in defence of the Formula 
 Concordia, which in his time were highly efteemed. Beiides 
 many other trails in Latin and in German, all of which are 
 enumerated by Freher, but feem too uninterefting at thjs prefent 
 day to be tranfcribed. 
 
 HUYGENS (Christian), a very great mathematician and 
 aftronomer, was born at the Hague in Holland, April 14, 1629 
 I^m], and was fon of Conftantine Huygens, lord of Zuylichem, 
 ■who had ferved three fucceflive princes of Orange in the qua- 
 lity of fecretary. He fpent his whole life in cultivating the 
 mathematics; and not in the fpeculative way only, but in mak- 
 ing them fubfervienr to the ufes of life. From his infancy he 
 applied himfelf to this ftudy, and made a confiderable progrefs 
 in i.t, even at nine years of age, as he did alfo in mufic, arith- 
 metic, and geography ; in all which he was inftru6ted by his 
 father, who, in the mean time, did not fuffer him to negleft 
 the belles lettres. At thirteen, he was initiated in the ftudy of 
 mechanics; having difcovered a wonderful curiofity in examin- 
 ing machines and other pieces of mechanifm : and two years 
 after had the affiftance of a mafter in mathematics, under whom 
 
 fil 
 
 Freher, Theatrum Virorum Erud. claror. p. 38^ 
 Httgyen. vita^ prefixed Co hi^ Opera Yatia. 
 
 he 
 
330 HUYGENS. 
 
 he made a furprifing progrefs. In 1645, he went to ftudy taw 
 at Leyden under Vinnius ; yet did not attach himfelf fo clofeiy 
 to that fcience, but that he found time to continue his mathe- 
 matics under the profeflbr Schooten. He left this univerfity at 
 the end of one year, and went to Breda, where an univerfity had 
 juft been founded, and put under the direilion of his father ; 
 and here, for two or three years, he made the law his chief 
 ftudy. In 1651, he gave the world a fpecimen of his genius 
 for mathematics, in a treatife entitled, *' Theoremata de qua- 
 dratura Hyperboles, Ellipfis, &c Circuli, ex dato portionum gra- 
 vitatis centro :" in which he fhewed very evidently what might 
 be expedled from him afterwards. 
 
 After his return to the Hague in 1649, he went to HoI» 
 ftein in Denmark, in the retinue of Henry count of Naflau ; 
 and was extremely defirous of going to Sweden, in order to fee 
 Des Cartes; but the (hort ftay of the count in Denmark would 
 not permit him. In 1655, he travelled into France, and took 
 the degree of do6:or of laws, at Anglers. In 1658, he pub- 
 iifhed his " Horologium" at the Hague. He had exhibited in a 
 preceding work, entitled, " Brevis inftitutio de ufu Horologi- 
 orum ad inveniendas longitudines," a model of a new invented 
 pendulum; but as fome perfons, envious of his reputation, wer« 
 labouring to deprive him of the honour of the invention, he 
 Vrote this book to explain the conftru6lion of it; and to fhew, 
 that it was very different from the pendulum of aftronomers in- 
 vented by Galileo. In 1659, he pubUfhed his ** Syftema Sa- 
 turninum, five de caufis mirandorum Saturni phasnomenon, & 
 comite ejus planeta novo." Galileo had endeavoured to explain 
 fome of the furprifing appearances of the planet Saturn. He 
 had at firfl: perceived two ftars, which attended it ; and fome 
 time after was amazed to find them difappear. Huygens, d«- 
 firous to account for thefe changes, laboured with his brothei 
 Conftantine to bting the telefcopes to greater perfedlion ; and 
 made himfelf glafles, by which he could view objects at a greater 
 diflance, than any that had yet been contrived. With thefe he 
 applied himfelf to obferve all the phafes'and appearances of 
 Saturn, and drew a journal of all the dififerent afpeds of that 
 planet. He difcovered a fatellite attending it, for none of the 
 five were then known any thing of; and, after a long courfe of 
 obfervations, perceived that the planet is furrounded with a folid 
 and permanent ring, which never changes its fituation. Thefe 
 difcoveries gained him an high rank among the aftronomers of 
 his time. 
 
 In 1660, he took a fecond Journey into France, and the year 
 after pafled over into England, where he communicated his art 
 of polilhing glafles for.telefcopes, and was made a fellow of the 
 Royal Society. About this time the air-pump was invented, 
 
 which 
 
HUYGENS. 331 
 
 which received conGderable improvements from him-. This 
 year alfo he difcovered the laws of the collifion of elaftic bo- 
 dies ; as did afterwards our own countrymen, the celebrated 
 Wallis and Wren, with whom he had a difpute about the ho- 
 nour of this difcovery. After he had ftayed fome months in 
 England, he returned to France in 1663, where his merit be. 
 came fo confpicuous, that Colbert refolved to fix him at Paris, 
 by fettling on him a confiderable penfion. Accordingly, in 
 1665, letters, written in the king's name, were fent to him 
 to the Hague, where he then was, to invite him to Paris, with 
 the promife of a large ftipend, and other confiderable advan- 
 tages. Hiiygens confented to tlie propofal, and relided at Paris 
 from 1666 to 1681 ; where he was made a member of the Royal 
 Academy of Sciences. All this time he was engaged in mathe- 
 matical purfuits, wrote feveral works, which were publifhed 
 from time to time, and invented and perfected feveral ufeful in- 
 ftruments and machines. But contmual application began then 
 to impair his health; and, though he had twice vliited his native 
 air, in 1670 and 1675, for the fake of recovering from illnefs, he 
 now found it permanently necefTary to his conititution. He left 
 Paris in 1681, and paiTed the remainder of his life in his own 
 country, occupied in his ufual purfuits and employments. He 
 died at the Hague June 8, 1695, in his fixty-fevcnth year, while 
 his " Cofmotheoros," a Latin treatife concerning the plurality 
 of worlds, was printing: he provided, however, in his will for 
 its publication, defiring his brother Conltantine, to whom it was 
 addrefled, to take that trouble upon him. But Conllantine was 
 fo occupied with bufmefs, as being fecretary in Holland to the 
 king of Great Britain, th?t he died alfo before it could be 
 printed; fo that the book did not appear in public till 1698. A 
 iimilar fate feemed to attend Kepler's " Somnium aftrcmomicum," 
 a book on a funilar fubjedt. While it was in the prefs, he 
 died. The perfon to whom the care of the imprtjifion fell, died 
 too, before it was finifhed ; fo that, as we have related in his 
 life, a third perfon was unwilling to undertake it, left the fame 
 misfortune (hould attend him. 
 
 In 1703, were printed at Leyden, in one vol. 4to, Huygens's 
 ** Opufcula Pofthuma, quse continent Dioptricam, Coaimentarios 
 de vitris figurandis, Diifertationem dc Corona 6c Parheliis, Trac- 
 tatum de motu & de vi cetrifuga, defcriptionem Automati Pla- 
 netarii." Huygens had left by will to the univerfityof Leydeii 
 his mathematical A\ritings, and requefted de Voider and Fulle- 
 nius, the former profeifor of natural philofophy and mathema- 
 tics at Leyden, and the other at Franeker, to examine thefc 
 works, and publifh what they fhould think proper. This was 
 performed in the volume here mentioned. Huygens had written 
 in Low Dutch the fecond of the trads it contains, relating t* 
 
 the 
 
33« 
 
 HYDE. 
 
 the art of forming and pollfhing telefcope-glafTes, to which he 
 had greatly applied himfelf; but Boerhaave, for this work, tranf- 
 lated into Latin. In 1704, were publifhed in 4to, his ** Opera 
 Varia." This colle^lion is generally bound in four volumes. 
 It contains the gieateft part of the pieces which he had pub- 
 lifhed feparately, and is divided into four parts. The firft part 
 contains the pieces relating to mechanics ; the fecond, thofe rcr 
 lating to geometry ; thethird, thofe relating to aftronomy; ^ndthe 
 fourth, thofe which could not be arranged under any of the for- 
 rner titles. Gravefande had the care of this edition, in which he 
 has inferted feveral additions to the pieces contained in it, extrailed 
 from Huygens's mantifcripts. In 1728, were printed in two 
 volumes, 4to, at Amfterdam, his " Opera Reliqua: which new 
 colle61;ion was publifhed alfo by Gravefande. The firft volume 
 contains his " Treatifes on Light and Gravity V the fecond his 
 *' Opufcula Pofthuma," which had been printed in 1703. His 
 •whole time had been employed in curious and ufeful refearches. 
 He loved a (juiet and ftudious life ; and, perhaps through fear of 
 interruption, never married. He was an amiable, chearfulj 
 worthy man ; and in all refpefts, as good as he was great. 
 
 HYDE (Edward), earl of Clarendon, and chancellor of 
 England, was defcended from an ancient family in Chefhirc, 
 and born at Dinton in Wiltfhire, Feb. 16, 1608 [n]. In .1622, 
 he was entered of Magdalen-hall in Oxford, and in 1625, took 
 the degree of Bachelor in Arts ; but failing of a fellowfhip 
 in Exeter-college, for which he ftood, removed to the Middle- 
 Temple, where he ftudied the law for feveral years, with appli- 
 cation and fuccefs. When the lawyers refolved to give a public 
 teftimony of their diflent from the new doflrine advanced in 
 Prynne's *' Hiftrioraaftix," Vv^herein was (hewn an utter difre- 
 gard of all manner of decency and refpeft to the crown, Hyde 
 and Whitelocke were appointed the managers of the mafque, 
 prefcnted on that occafion to their majelties at Whitehall on 
 andlemas-day, 1633-4. At the fatne time he teftified, upon 
 all occafions, his utter diflike to that excefs of power, which 
 was then exercifed by the court, and fupported by ^he judges in 
 Weftminfter-ball. He condemned the oppreflive proceedings of 
 the high-commiflion court, the itar-chamber, the council-board, 
 the earl-tnarflial's-court, or court of honour, and the court of 
 York. This juft way of thinking is faid to have been formed 
 in him by a domeftic accident, which Burnet has related in the 
 following manner. " When he firft began," fays that hiftorian, 
 ** to grow eminent in his profeflion of the law, he went down to 
 vifit his father in Wiltftiire; who one day, as they were walk- 
 
 [n] Athen. Oxon. [o] Life of the lord-chancellor Hyde, prefixed to feveral 
 
 of bis pieces, &c. p. 2. Lond. 1727. 
 
 & 
 
HYDE. 333 
 
 ing in the fields together, obferved to him, that ' men of his 
 profeilion were apt to ftretch the prerogative too far, and injure 
 liberty: but charged him, if ever he came to any eminence in 
 his profellian, never to facrifice the laws and liberty of his coun- 
 try to his own intereft, or the will of his prince.' He repeated 
 this twice, and immediately fell into a fit of apoplexy, of which 
 he died in a few hours; and this advice had fo lafting an influence 
 upon the fon, that he ever after obferved and purfued it[pj." 
 
 In the parliament which began at Weftminfter, April lo, 1640, 
 he fervcd as burgefs for Wotton-BaiTet in Wiltlhire; in which 
 parliament he diltinguiflied himfelf upon the following occafion. 
 His majefty having acquainted the houfe of commons, that he 
 would releafe the fhip-money, if they would grant him twelve 
 fubfidies, to be paid in three years, great debates arofe in the 
 houfe that day and the next ; when Hampden, feeing the matter 
 ripe for the queftion, dcfired it might be put, *' whether the 
 houfe fhould comply with the propofition made by the king, 
 as it was contained in the mefiage?" Hereupon ferjeant Glan- 
 vile the fpeaker, for the houfe was then in a committee, endea- 
 voured in a pathetic fpeech to perfuade them to comply with the 
 king, and fo reconcile him to parliaments for ever. No fpeech 
 ever united the inclination of a popular council more to the 
 fpeaker than this did; and if the queition had been prefently 
 put, it was believed that few would have oppofed it. But, after 
 a (hort filence, the other fide recovering new courage, called 
 ugain with fome earneftnefs, that Hampden's queltion Ihould be 
 put; which being like to meet with a concurrence, Hyde, being 
 very folicitous to keep things in fome tolerable calmnefs, then 
 ftood up ; and, giving his reafons for his difiike to that queftion, 
 propofed, that " to the end every man might freely give his yea 
 or no, the queftion might be put only upon giving the king a 
 fupply; and if this was carried, another might be put upon the 
 manner and proportion : if not, it would have the fame effcift 
 with the other propofed by Mr. Hampden." This, .after it had 
 been fome time oppofed and diverted by other propofitions, 
 which were anfvvered by Hyde, would, as it is generally be- 
 lieved, have been put and carried in the affirmative, though po- 
 fitively oppofed by Herbert the folicitor-general, if fir Henry 
 Vane the fecretary had not ftood up, and allured them as from 
 his majefty, that if they ftiould pafs a vote for a fupply, and nor 
 in the proportion propofed in his majefty's melfage, it would 
 not be accepted by him, and therefore defired that the queftion 
 might be laid afide. This being again urged by the folicitor- 
 general, and it being near five in the afternoon, it was readily 
 confente.d to, that the houfe fhould adjourn till the next morn- 
 
 fp] Hiftory of hit own Times, Vol. I. B. t- 
 
334 H Y D E. 
 
 ing, at which time they were fuddenly dilToIved. And within 
 an hour after Hyde met St. John, who was feldom known to 
 fmile, but then had a moft chearfu! afpe£l ; and obferving Hyde 
 melancholy, a(ked him, " what troubled him?" who anfwered 
 " The fame he believed that troubled moft good men, that, in a 
 time of fo much confufion, fo wife a parliament (hould be fo 
 imprudently difTolved." St. John replied fomewhat warmly, 
 ** that all was well : that things muft grow worfe, before they 
 would grow better ; and that that parliament would never have 
 done what was requifite [qJ." 
 
 This parliament being diflblved, Hyde was chofen for Salt- 
 afii in Cornwall in the long parliament, which commenced Nov» 
 3, the fame year, where his abilities began to be noticed; and 
 when the commons prepared a charge againft lord chief baron 
 Davenport, baron Wefton, and baron Trevor, he was fent up 
 with the impeachment to the lords, to whom he made a molt 
 excellent fpeech. It begins thus: ** My lords, there cannot be 
 a greater inftance of a fick and languifhing commonwealth, than 
 the bufinefs of this day. Good God! how have the guilty thefe 
 late years been puniflied, when the judges themfelves have been 
 fuch delinquents ? It is no marvel, that an irregular, extrava- 
 gant, arbitrary power, like a torrent, hath broken in upon us, 
 when our banks and our bulwarks, the laws, were in the cuftody 
 of fuch perfons. Men, who had left their innocence, could not 
 preferve their courage; nor could we look that they, who had fo 
 vifibly undone us, themfelves fhould have the virtue or credit 
 to refcue us from the oppreflion of other men. It was faid by 
 one, who always fpoke excellently, that * the twelve judges 
 were like the twelve lions under the throne of Solomon ;' under 
 the throne of. obedience, but yet lions. Your lordfhips fhall this 
 day hear of fix, who, be they what they will elfe, were no 
 lions: who upon vulgar fear delivered up their precious forts 
 they were trufted with, almoft without alfault ; and in a tame 
 eafy trance of flattery and fervitude, loft and forfeited, ft^ame- 
 fully forfeited, that reputation, awe, and reverence, which the 
 wifdom, courage, and gravity of their venerable predeceifors 
 had contra6led and faftened to the places they now hold. They 
 even rendered that ftudy and profeflion, which in all ages hath 
 been, and, I hope, now fhall be of honourable eftimation, fo 
 contemptible and vile, that had not this bleiTed day come, all 
 men would have had that quarrel to the law itfelf which Mariua 
 had to the Greek tongue, who thought it a mockery to learn that 
 language, the mafters whereof lived in bondage under others. 
 And I appeal to thefe unhappy gentlemen themfelves, with what 
 a itrange negligence, fcorn, and indignation, the faces of all 
 
 [^ Hiftory of the Rebellion, &c. B. ii. 
 
 men, 
 
HYDE. 335 
 
 Kiea, even of the" meaheft, have been direcled towards them, 
 llnce, to call it no woife, that fatal declenfion of their under- 
 ftanding in thofe judgements, of, which they ftand here charged 
 before your lordfhips." The conchifion runs thus: '* If thf; 
 excellent, envied conflitution of this kingdom hath been of late 
 diflempered, your lordfliips fee the .caufes. If the fweet har- 
 mony between the king's protection and the fubjefl's obedience 
 hath unluckily fuffcred interruption; if the royal juftice and 
 honour of the befl of kings have been miftaken by his people ; 
 if the duty and afFedtion of the moft faithful and loyal nation 
 have been fufpedled by their gracious fovereign ; if, by thefe 
 mifreprefentations, and thefe mifunderftandings, the kingand 
 people have been robbed of the delight and comfort of each 
 other, and the bleffed peace of this ifland been fhaken and 
 frightened into tumults and commotions, into the poverty, 
 though not into the rage, of war, as a people prepared for de- 
 ftrudion and defolation; thefe are the men, adively or pafTively, 
 by doing or not doing, who have brought this upon us: * Mi- 
 fera fervitus falfo pax vocatur; ubi judicia deficiunt, incipit 
 bellum [r]." 
 
 But though Hyde was very zealous for redrefling the griev- 
 ances of the nation, he was no Icfs fo for the fecurity of the 
 ertabliihed church, and the honour of the crown. When a 
 bill was brought in to take away the bifliops vote in parliament, 
 and to leave them out of all commiilions of the peace, or any 
 thing that had relation to temporal affairs, he was very earneil 
 for throwing it out, and faid, that, " from the time that par- 
 liaments begun, bifliops had always been a part of it ; that if 
 they were taken out, there was nobody left to reprefent the 
 clergy ; which would introduce another piece of injuftice, that 
 no other part of the kingdom could complain of, who, being all 
 reprefented in parliament, were bound to fubmit to whatever 
 was enacted there, becaufe it was, upon the matter, with their 
 own confent : whereas if the bill was carried, there was nobody 
 left to reprefent the clergy, and yet they muft be bound by their 
 determination [sj." He was one of the committee employed 
 to prepare the charge againit the earl of Strafford : but, as foon. 
 as he faw the unjuftifiable violence with which the profecution 
 was pufbed, he left them, and oppofed the bill of attainder 
 warmly. He was afterwards appointed a manager at the con- 
 ference with the houfe of lords, for abolifhing the court of York-, 
 whereof that earl had been for feveral years prefident ; and was 
 chairman alfo of feveral other committees, appointed upon the 
 moil: important occafions, as long as he continued his prefence 
 among them. But, when they began to put in execution their or- 
 
 £r] Ruftwerth's Hift. Collet. V»l. U. [s] Hift. of the Rebel, p. ui. 
 
 S dinance 
 
33<5 
 
 HYDE. 
 
 dinance for raifing the militia againft his majefly, Hyde, befn<» 
 perfuaded that this was an aft of Open rebellion, left them; and 
 they felt the blow given to their authority by his abfence fo fen- 
 fibly, that in their inftru6lions fhortly after to the earl of EfTex 
 their general, he was excepted with a few others from any grace 
 or favour [t]. 
 
 Hyde withdrew to the king at York, having firfl obtained the 
 great feal to be fent thither on May 20, 1642: and, upon his 
 arrival, was taken into the greatefl: confidence, though he was 
 not under any official character in the court for fonne months. 
 But, towards the latter end of the year, upon the promotion of 
 fir John Colepepper to be mafter of the Rolls, he fucceeded him 
 in the chancellorfhip of the Exchequer, and the fame year was 
 knighted, and made a privy-counfellor. With thefe charadlers 
 he fat in the parliament affembled at Oxford, Jan. 1643 ; and, 
 in 1644, was -one of the king's commiiTioners at the treaty of 
 Uxbridge [u]. Not long after, the king fending the prince of 
 Wales into the Weft, to have the fuperintendency of the affairs 
 there, fir Edward Hyde was appointed to attend his highnefs, 
 and to be of his council ; where he entered, by his majefty's 
 command, into a correfpondence with the marquis of Ormond, 
 then lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Upon the declining of the 
 king's caufe, he with the lords Capel and Colepepper failed 
 from Pendcnnis callle in Cornwall to Scilly, and thence to Jer- 
 fey, where he arrived in Marcji, 1645; but being greatly dif- 
 gulted at the prince's removal ihence the following year to 
 France, he obtained leave to ftay in that ifland. His difguft at 
 the prince's removal into France, is flrongly expreffed in the 
 following letter to duke of Ormond: 
 ** My lord, 
 
 ** Your lordfhip hath been long lince informed, whither my 
 lotd Digbv attended the prince ; and from thence have pardoned 
 my not acknowledging your grace's favour to me, from the im- 
 poilibility of prefenting it to you, I confefs, in that conjunc- 
 ture of time, 1 thought the remove from Jeffey to Ireland to 
 be very fit to be deliberately weighed, before attempted ^ but I 
 would have chofen it much more chearfully than this that is em- 
 braced, which I hope will be a memorial to my weaknefs; for 
 it is my misfortune to differ from thofe with whom I have hi- 
 therto agreed, and efpecially with my beft friend, which I hope 
 will not render me the lefs fit for your charity, though I may 
 be for your confide^ation. Indeed, there is not light enough 
 for me to fee my way, and I cannot well walk in the dark ; 
 and therefore I have defired leave of the prince to breathe in. 
 
 
 
 Whitelocke's Memorials, &c. p. 6z, and Hift. of the Rebellion, B. vi. 
 Lives pf. the Lord Chiincellors, &c. Vol. L p. 46. Load. 170S. 
 
 this 
 
H Y D E. 337 
 
 this ifland a little for my refrelhment, till I may difcern fome 
 ^vay in which I may fcrve his majefly. I hope your lordlhip 
 will never meet with any interruption in the exercife of that 
 devotion, which hath rendered you the envied example of three 
 kingdoms, and that I iliail yet find an opportunity to attend 
 Upon your lordfliip, and have the honour to be received by you 
 in the capacity of [x]j 
 
 *' My Lord, your Lordlhip's, &c. 
 ** June 22, 1646. ♦* Edward Hyde.'* 
 
 We fee here not barely a difgufl:, but even a refentment 
 fhewn to the prince's going to Paris ; the ground of which un- 
 doubtedly lay in the manifefl danger his religion was thereby 
 brought into from the reftlefs endeavours of his mother; fince it 
 is notorious, that the chancellor was never upon any tolerable 
 terms with the queen, on account of his watchfulnefs againft 
 every attempt of this kind. 
 
 During his retirement in Jerfey, he began to write his " Hif- 
 tory of the Rebellion," which had been particularly recom- 
 mended to him, and in which he was aflifled alfo by the king, 
 ivho fupplied him with feveral of the materials for it. We 
 learn from the hiftory itfelf, that upon lord Capel's waiting on 
 the king at Hampton-court in 1647, his majelly wote to the 
 chancellor a letter, in which he *' thanked him for uiidertaking 
 the work he was upon ; and told him, he fhould expeft fpeedily 
 to receive fome contribution from him towards it: and within a 
 very fhort time afterwards, he fent to him memorials of all that 
 had paffed from the time he had left his majefty at Oxford, 
 when he waited upon the prince into the Weft, to the very day 
 that the king left Oxford to go to the Scots ; out of which me- 
 morials the moft important palfages, in the years 1644 and 
 1645, are faithfully collected." Agreeably to this, the ninth 
 book opens with declaring, that " the work was firft undertaken 
 with the king's approbation, and by his encouragement; and 
 particularly, that many important points were tranfmitted to 
 the author by the king's immediate dire6lion and order, even 
 after he was in the hands and power of the enemy, out 
 of his own memorials and journals." Thus do we trace the 
 exa6l time when this hiftory vvas begun. The time when it 
 was finilhed may be afcertained with the farrte degree of ex- 
 aftnefs, from the dedication of the author's " Survey of the 
 Leviathan," wherein he addreifes himfelf to Charles IL in thefe 
 terms: '* As foon as I had finilhed a work, at leaft recom- 
 mended, if not enjoined, to me by your bleffed father, and ap- 
 proved, and In fome degree perufed by your majeity, I could 
 iiot, &c." This dedication is dated Moulins, May 10, 1673 j 
 
 fx] Collectinn of letters to and fromtbp diikc of Orroond, by Caitsj No. 37S- 
 
 VoL. Vin. Z whence 
 
338 
 
 HYDE. 
 
 whence it appears, that the hiflory was not completed till the 
 beginning of that, or the tatter end of the preceding year: and 
 this may account for thofe palTages in it, where fa6ls are related 
 which happened long after the Reftoration; as for inftance, that 
 " fir John Digby lived many years after the king's return ;" and 
 that the *' earl of Sandwich's expedition was never forgiven hiirt 
 by fome men:" which, we fee, might very confidently be ob- 
 ferved in this hillory, though that nobleman did not lofe his-lif« 
 till 1672. 
 
 In May, 1648, fir Edward received a letter from the queen to 
 call him to Paris ; where, after the king's death, he was conti- 
 nued both in his feat at the privy-council, and in his office of 
 the exchequer, by Charles II. In Nov. 1649, he was fent by 
 the king with lord Cottington ambaffador extraordinary into 
 Spain, to apply for affiftance in the recovery of his crown; but 
 returned without fuccefs, in July, 1651. Soon after his arrival, 
 the king gave him an account of his efcape after the battle of 
 Worcefter, in that unfortunate expedition to Scotland, which 
 had been undertaken during fir Edward's abfence, and much 
 againft his judgement. He now refided for fome time at Ant- 
 werp, but left no means unattempted, by letters and meffages to 
 England, for compalTing the Reftoration ; wherein, however, 
 he folelyTelied upon the epifcopal party. In 1653, he was 
 accufed of holding a correfpondence with Cromwell ; but being 
 declared innocent by the king, was afterwards fecretary of ftate. 
 More attempts were made to ruin him with the king ; but in 
 vain; for, in 1657, he was made chancellor of England. Upon 
 the Reftoration, as he had been one of the greateft ftiarers in his 
 mafter's fufFerings, fo he had a proportionable fhare in his glory. 
 
 Befides the poft of lord chancellor, in which he was conti- 
 nued, he was chofen chancellor of the univerfity of Oxford, 
 in Oft. 166c; and, in November following, created a peer, by 
 the title of baron Hyde of Hindon, in Wiltlhire; to which 
 were added, in April, 1661, the titles of vifcount Cornbury in 
 Oxfordfliire, and earl of Clarendon in Wiltftiire. Thefe ho- 
 nours, great as they were, were however by no means beyond 
 his merit. He had, upon the Reftoration, fhewn great prudence, 
 juftice, and moderation, in fettling the jnft boundaries between 
 the prerogative of the crown and the liberties of the people. 
 He had reduced much confufion into order, and adjufted many 
 clafhing interefts, where property was concerned. He had en- 
 deavoured to make things eafy to the Preftjyterians and mal-con- 
 tents by the a6l of indemnity, and to fatisfy the Royalifts by the 
 ad of uniformity. But it is not poflible to ftand many years in 
 a fituation fo much diftinguiftied, without becoming the obje<5l 
 of envy; which created him fuch enemies, as both wiftied and 
 attempted |iis ruin, and at lalt eifeiled it, Doubtlefs nothing 
 
 jcnorc 
 
HYDE. 
 
 339 
 
 more contributed to inflame this paflion againft him, than the 
 circumftance of his eldeft daughter being married to the duke of 
 York, which became known in a few months after the king's 
 return. She had been one of the maids of honour to the prin- 
 cefs-royal Henrietta, fome time during the exile, when the duke 
 fell in love with her [y] ; and being difappointed by the defeat 
 of fir George Booth, in a defign he had formed of coming with 
 fome forces to England in 1659, he went to Breda, where his 
 fifter then refided. Pafllng fome weeks there, he took this op- 
 portunity, as Burnet tells us, of foliciting mifs Hyde to indulge 
 his defires without marriage; but fhe managed the matter with 
 fuch addrefs, that in the conclufion he married her, Nov. 4, 
 that year, with all pofliblc fecrecy, and unknown to her father. 
 After their arrival in England, being pregnant, fhe called upon 
 the duke to own his marriage ; and though he endeavoured to 
 divert her from this object, both by great promifes and great 
 threatenings, yet Ihe had the fpirit and wifdom to tell him, 
 ** She would have it known that fhe was his wife, let him ufe 
 her afterwards as he pleafed." The king ordered fome bilhops 
 and judges to perufe the proofs of her marriage; and they re- 
 porting, that it had been folcmnized according to the do'^rine of 
 gofpel and the law of England, he told his brother, that he muft 
 live with her whom he had made his wife, and at the fame time 
 generoufly preferved the honour of an excellent fervant, who- 
 had not been privy to it ; affurin;^ him, that " this accident (hould 
 not lefTen the efteem and favour he had for him." 
 
 The firfl open attack upon lord Clarendon was made by the 
 earl of Eriftol ; who, in 1 663, exhibited againft him a charge 
 of high-treafon to the houfe of lords. There had been a long 
 cotirfe of friendfhip, both in profpei-ity and adverfity, between 
 the chancellor and this earl ; but they had gradually fallen into 
 different meafures in religion and politics. In this ftate of 
 things, the chancellor refullng what lord Briftol confidered as a 
 fmall favour, (which was faid to be the palling a patent in fa- 
 vour of a court lady), the latter took fo much oifence, that he 
 let loofe his fiery temper, and refolved upon nothing but re- 
 venge. The fubflance of the whole accufation was as follows: 
 *' That the chancellor, being in place of highell trull and con- 
 fidence with his majefty, and having arrogated a fupreme direc- 
 tion in all things, had, with a traiterous intent to draw contempt 
 upon his majefty 's perfon, and to alienate the affedtions of his 
 fubjedls, abufed the faid truft in manner following, i. He had 
 endeavoured to alienate the hearts of his majcfty's fubjev51:s, bv 
 artfully infinuatiag to his creatures and dependents, that his 
 majeity was inclined to popery, and defigned to alter the clta- 
 
 [v] Carte's Hift. of the duke of Ormoni, Vol. 11. p. iSS. 
 
 Z 2 bllfhed 
 
i4^ H Y D g. 
 
 blifhed reli'gion. 2. He had faid to fever al perfons of MS^ mat* 
 jefty's privy-council, that his majefty was dangeroufiy corriipted 
 in his religion, and inclined to popery: that perfons of that re- 
 ligion had fiich accefs and fuch credit with him, that, unlefs 
 fhere were a careful eye had upon it, the proteftant religion 
 would be overthrown in this kingdon"!. 3. Upon his majelty's 
 adrnitting fir Henry Bennet to be fecretary of itate in the place 
 af frr Edward Nicholas, he faid, that his majefty had given 
 I o, cool, to remove a molt zealous Proteilant, that he might 
 bring into that place a concealed Papill. 4. In purfuance of 
 the fame traiteroiis defign, feveral friends and dependents of his 
 have faid aloud, that, * were it not for my lord chancellor's 
 /landing in the gap, Popery would be introduced into this king- 
 dom.' 5. Xhat he had perfuaded the king, contrary to his 
 opinion, to allow his name to be ufed to the pope and feveral 
 cardinals, in the folicitation of a cardinal's cap for the lord Au- 
 bigny, great almoner to the queen : in order to efFe£l which, he 
 had employed Mr. Richard Bealing, a known Papift, and had 
 likewife applied himfelf to feveral popifh priefts and Jefuits to 
 the fame purpofe, promifing great favour to the Papifls here, 
 in cafe it Ihould be effected. 6. That he had likewife promifed 
 to feveral Papifts, that he would do his endeavour, and faid, * he 
 hoped to compafs taking away all penal laws againft them ;' to 
 the end they might prefume and grow vain upon his patronage ; 
 and, by their publilhing their hopes of toleration, increafe the 
 fcandal defigned by him to be raifed againft his majefty through- 
 out the kingdom. 7. That, being intrufted with the treaty 
 between his majefty and his royal confort the queen, he con- 
 eluded it upon articles fcandalous and dangerous to the Protef- 
 tant religion. Moreover, he brought the king and queen to- 
 gether without any fettled agreement about the performance of 
 the marriage rites ^ whereby, the queen refuling to be married 
 by a Proteftant prieft, in cafe of her being w^ith child, either the 
 fucceftion iliould be made uncertain for want of the due rites 
 of matrimony, or elfe his majefty be expofed to a fufpicion of 
 liaving been married in his own dominions by a Romilh prieft. 
 S. That, having endeavoured to alienate the hearts of the king's 
 fubjecl:s upon the fcore of religion, he endeavoured to make ufe 
 of all his fcandais and jealoufies, to raife to himfelf a popular 
 applaufe of being the zealous upholder of the Proteftant reli- 
 s^ion, Sec. 9. That he further endeavoured to alienate the hearts 
 of the king's fubje6ls, by venting in his own difcourfe, and 
 thofe of his emilfaries, opprobrious fcandais againft his inajefty's 
 perfon and courfe of life ; fuch as are not fit to be mentioned, 
 unlefs neceftTity Oiall require it. 10. That he endeavoured to 
 alienate the affeilions of the duke of York from his majefty, by 
 Kiiggeftini]; to him, that * his majefty intended to legitimate tlie 
 
 duke 
 
HYDE. 341 
 
 jinkc of Monmoutli.' 11. That he had perfiiaded the king, 
 againfl the advice of the lord general, to withdraw the English 
 garrifons out of Scotland, and demolifh all the forts built there, 
 at fo vait a charge to this kingdom; and all \vitho4jt expefting 
 the advice of the parliament ot England- 12. That he endea- 
 voured to alienate his majefty's affcdlions and efteem from th{; 
 prefent parliament, by telling him, ' that there never was fcj 
 weak and inconfiderablc a houfe o{ lords, nor never fo weak 
 and heady a houfe of commons;' and particularly, that * it was 
 better to fell Dunkirk, than be at their mercy for want of 
 money.' 13. Tiiat, contrary to a known law made laft feflion, 
 by which money was given and applied for maintaining Dun- 
 kirk, he advi fed and effected the fale of the fame to the French 
 king. 14. That he had, contrary to law, enriched himfelf and 
 bis treafures by the fale of offices. 15. That he had converted 
 to his own ufe vaft fums of public money, ralfed in Ireland by 
 %vay of fubfidy, private and public benevolences, and otherwife 
 given and intended to defray the charge of the government in 
 ■that kingdom. 16. That, having arrogated to himfelf a fuprem? 
 diredlion of all his majclty's affairs, he had prevailed to have his 
 majefty's culfoms farmed at a lower rate than others offered ; 
 and that by perfons, with fome of whom he went a Ifiare, and 
 other parts of money refulting from his majefty's revenue [z].*'' 
 
 A charge urged with fo much anger and inconfiftency as this 
 was, it is eafy to imagine, cou'rd not capitally affe£l him: on 
 the contrary, we find, that the profecution ended greatly to the 
 honour of the chancellor ; notwithftanding which, his enemies 
 advanced very confiderably by it in their defign, to make him lefs 
 in favour with his mailer, lefs refpe6led in parliament, and lefs 
 beloved by the people. The building of a magnificent houfe, 
 which was b.egun in the following year, 1664, furnifhed frefh 
 matter for obloquy. ** The king," fays Burnet, ** had granted 
 him a large piece of ground, near St. James's palace, to build 
 upon. He intended a good ordinary houfe; but not underftand- 
 ing thefe matters himfelf, he put the management of it into the 
 hands of others, who run him to a vaft expence of above 
 50,000!. three times as much as he had defigned to lay out upon it. 
 During the war, and in the year of the plague, he had about 300 
 inen at work ; which he thought would have been an acceptable 
 thing, when fo many men were kept at work, and fo much 
 money as was daily paid circulated about. But it had a contrary 
 efFeft ; it raifed a great outcry againfl: him. Some called it 
 Dunkirk Houfe, intimating that it was built by his Ihare of the 
 price of Dunkirk: others called it Holland Houfe, becaufe he 
 was believed to be no friend to the war, fo it was given out h^ 
 
 [z] Lives of the lord-cbancellors, &c, 
 
 Z3 h^ 
 
342 - HYDE. 
 
 had the money from the Dutch. It was vifible that, in a time 
 of public calamity, he was building a very noble palace. An- 
 other accident was, that before the war there were fome defigns 
 on foot for the repairing of St. Paul's, and many ftones were 
 brought thither for the purpofe. That proje6l was laid afide ; 
 upon which he bought the ftones, and made ufe of them in 
 "building his own houfe. This, how flight foever it may feem 
 to be, had a great efFe<51: by the management of his enemies 
 [a]." To this remark it may be added, that this ftately pile 
 was not finillied till 1667 ; fo that it flood a growing monumenit 
 for the popular odium to feed upon, almofl the whole interval 
 between his firft and his lafl impeachment; and to aggravate 
 and fpreadthat odium, there was publifhed a mofl virulent fati- 
 rical fong, entitled, " Clarendon's Houfe-warming," confifling 
 of many ftanzas, to which, by way of fling at the tail, was 
 added, the following clumfy btit bitter epigram: 
 
 UPON THE HOUSE. 
 
 Here lie the facred bones 
 
 Of Paul beguiled of his ftones. 
 
 Here lie the golden briberies 
 
 Of many ruined families. 
 
 Here lies the cavaliers debenture wall. 
 
 Fixed on an eccentric bafis: 
 Here's Dunkirk town and Tangier-hall, 
 The queen's marriage and all, 
 
 The Dutchmen's Templum Pacis. 
 
 In AugufI, 1667, he was removed from his pofl of chancellor? 
 and in November following was impeached by the houfe of com- 
 mons of high-treafon, and other crimes and mifdemeanors: upon 
 which, in the beginning of December, he retired to France, 
 and on the 19th, an a6t of banifhraent was pafTed againfl him 
 TbI. Echard obferves, how often *' it has been admired, that 
 the king fhould not only confent to difcard, but foon after ba- 
 nifh a friend, who had been as honed and faithful to him as the 
 beft, and perhaps more ufeful and ferviceable than any he had 
 ever employed ; which furcly could never have been brought to 
 bear without innumerable enviers and enemies." But to con- 
 ceive how thefe were raifed, we need only remember, that during 
 the height of his grandeur, which continued two years after the 
 Rcfloratlon without any rivalfhip, as well as the refl of his 
 rniniftry, he manifcfled an inflexible fteadinefs to the conflitution 
 of the church of England, in equal oppofition to the Papifls on 
 one fide, and the Dilfenters on the other j fo that none of thefc 
 could ever be reconciled to hjm or his proceedings. Yet at firfl 
 
 Ta] Hift. pf hit own Tiijies, Vol, I. [b] Hilt of Englaiid; ad aimurr, 1667. 
 
 % he 
 
HYDE. '343 
 
 he fecmcd Co forward to make a coalition of all parties, that the 
 cavaliers and ftridt churchmen thought themfelves much neg- 
 Icded ; and many of them uj3on that account, though unjuftly, 
 entertained infupcrable prejudices againit him, and joined with 
 the. grcatell of his enemies. But the circumftances which were 
 fuppofed to weaken his intcrell with, and at length make him 
 difagreeable to the king, were rather of a perfonal nature, and 
 fuch as concerned the king and him only. It is allowed on all 
 hands, that the chancellor was not without the pride of confciouij 
 virtue ; fo that his perfonal behaviour was accompanied with 
 a fort of gravity and haughtinefs, which ftruck a very unpleaf- 
 ing awe into a court filled with licentious perfons of both fexes. 
 He often took the liberty to give reproofs to thefe perfons of 
 mirth and gallantry; and fometimes thought it his duty to ad-* 
 vife tlie king himfcif in fuch a manner that they took advantage 
 of him, and as he palled in court, would often fay to his ma- 
 jefty, <* There goes your fchoolmafter." The chief of thefe 
 was the duke of Buckingham, who had a furprifing talent of 
 ridicule and buffoonery; and that he might make way for his 
 ruin, by bringing him firft into contempt, he often a6led and 
 mimicked him in the prefence of the king, walking in a (lately 
 manner Avith a pair of bellows before him for the purfe, and 
 colonel Titus carrying a fire-fliovel on his (houlder for the mace: 
 with which fort of farce and banter the king, fays Echard, was 
 too much delighted and captivated. Thefe, with fome more 
 ferious of the Popilh party, affifted by the folicitations of the 
 ladies of pleafure, made fuch imprelTions upon the king, that 
 he at lafl: gave way, and became willing, and even pleafed, to 
 part both from his perfon and fervices. It was alfo believed, 
 that the king had fome private refentments againft him, for 
 checking of thofe who were too forward in loading the crowa 
 with prerogative and revenue ; and particularly, we are told, that 
 he had counter'aded the king in a grand defign which he had, to 
 be divorced from the queen, under pretence, *' that fhe had been 
 pre-engaged to another perfon, or, that flie was incapable of 
 bearing children." The perfon defigned to fupply her place wa? 
 Mrs. Stuart, a beautiful young lady, who was related to the 
 king, and had fome office under the queen. The chancellor, to 
 prevent this, fent for the duke of Richmond, who was of the 
 fame name ; and feeming to be forry, that a perfon of his worth 
 and relation to his majefty fliould receive no marks of his favour, 
 advifed him to marry this lady, as the moft likely means to ad- 
 vance himfelf. The young nobleman, liking the perfon, fol- 
 lowed his advice, made immediate application to the lady, who 
 was ignorant of the king's intentions, and in a few days mar- 
 ried her. The king thus difappointed, and foon after informed 
 how the match wa$ brought about, banifbed the duke and his 
 
 ^ 4 BCVV 
 
344 H Y D E. 
 
 new dutchefs from ccijrt, referving his refentment againft the 
 chancellor to a more convenient opportunity. Be this as it will, 
 the private reafons that induced the king to abandon the chan- 
 cellor were expreffed in a letter to the duke of Ormond, then in 
 Ireland; which the king wrote to that nobleman for his fatisfacn, 
 tion, knowing him to be the chancellor's friend. Echard ob- 
 ferves, that this letter was never publifhed, nor would a copy 
 of it be granted; but that he had been told the fubflance of it 
 jncrethan once by thofe who had read it; and the principal rea- 
 lon there given by the king was, ♦' The chancellor's intolerable 
 temper." 
 
 Being now about to quit the kingdom in exile, before he de- 
 parted he drew up an apok^gy, in a petition to the houfc of 
 lords, in which he vindicated himfelf from any w^y contributing 
 to the late mifcarriages, in fuch a manner, as laid the blame at 
 the fame time upon others. The lords receiv<;d it Dec. 3, and 
 fent two of the judges to acquaint the cominons with it, deiiring 
 a conference. The duke of Buckingham, who was plainly 
 aimed at in the petition, delivered it to the commons ; and with 
 his ufual way of infult and ridicule, faid, *' The lords have 
 commanded me to deliver to you this fcandalous and feditious 
 paper fent from the ear} of Clarendon. They bid me prefent 
 it to you, and defire you in a convenient time to fend it to them 
 again; for it has a flyle which they are in love with, and there- 
 fore defire to keep it." Upon the reading of it in that houfe, 
 it was voted to be *' fcandalous, malicious, and a reproach to 
 the juftice of the nation [c] ;" whereupon they moved the lords, 
 that it rnight be burnt by the hands of the common hangman, 
 •which was ordered and executed accordingly. The chancellor 
 retired to JRouen iji Normandy ; and, the year following, his 
 life was attempted at Evreux near that city by a body of feamen, 
 in fuch an outrageous manner, that he with great difficulty 
 efcaped. In the Bodleian library at Oxford, there is an original 
 letter from Mr. Oliver Long, dated from Evreux, April 26, 
 1668, to fir William Cromwell, fecretary of ftate, where the 
 following account is given of this alTault. '* As I was travel- 
 ling frorn Rouen towards Orleans, it was my fortune, April 23, 
 to overtake the earl of Clarendon, then in his unhappy and un- 
 merited exile, who was going towards Bourbon, but took up 
 his lodgings at a private hotel in a fmall walled town called Ev- 
 reux, fome leagues from Rouen. I, as mod Englifh genilcnien 
 did to fo valuable a patriot, went to pay hiin a vilii near iupper- 
 time; when he was, as ufual, very civil to me. Before fupper 
 was done, twenty or thirty Englifh feamen and more came and 
 demanded entrance at the great gate; which, being ftrongly 
 barred, kept them out for fome time. But in a fliort fpace they 
 
 fc] State Trials, Vo!. II. p. 5. 572. 
 
 broke 
 
HYDE. 
 
 34? 
 
 Crnkc It, and prefently drove all they found, by their advantage 
 of numbers, into the earl's cliaiiibcr ; whence, by the allillancc 
 of only three fvvords and pirtols, we kept them out for half aa 
 . hour, ill which difputc many of us were wounded by tlieir 
 fwords and piftols, whereof they had many. To conclude^ 
 they broke the windows and the doors, and under the condufit 
 of one Howard an Irifhman, who has three brothers, as I ara 
 told, in the king of England's fervice, and an enfign in the 
 company of canoneers, they quickly found the earl in his bed, 
 not able to iland by the violence of the gout ; whence, after 
 they had given him many blows with their fwords and ftaves, 
 mixed with horrible curfes and oaths, they dragged him on the 
 ground into the middle of the yard, where they encompalled 
 him around with their fwords, and after they had told him in 
 their own language, how he had fold the kingdom, and robbed 
 them of their pay, Howard commanded them all, as one man, 
 to run their fwords through his body. But what difference arofc 
 among themfelves before they could agree, Gqd above, who 
 alone fent this fpirit of diffenfion, only knows. In this inter- 
 val their lieutenant, one Swaine, came and difarmed them. 
 Sixteen of the ringleaders were put into prifon ; and many of 
 thofe things they had rifled from him, found again, which were 
 relfored, and of great value. Monf. la Fonde, a great man 
 belonging to the king of France's bed-chamber, fent to conduft 
 the earl on his way hither, was fo defperately wounded in the 
 head, that there were little hopes of his life. Many of thefc 
 aflallins were grievoufly wounded ; and this a6lion is fo much 
 j-efented by all here, that many of thefe criminals will meet 
 with an ufage equal to their merit. Had we been fufiiciently 
 provided with fire-arms, we had infallibly done ourfelves jufticc 
 <.)n them ; however, we fear not but the law will fupply our 
 defcd." 
 
 Being greatly affli6led with the gout, and not finding himfelf 
 fecure in that part of France, he went in the fummer to Mont- 
 pelier; where, recovering his health to a good degree, he con- 
 tinued three or four years. In i6y2, he refided at Moulins, 
 gnd removing thence to Rouen, died Dec. 9, 1673, in that 
 city; from whence his body was brought to England, and in- 
 terred on the north fide of Henry Vllth's chapel in Weft- 
 minfter-abbey. He was twice married: firfl to Anne, daughter 
 of fir Gregory Ayloffe, of Robfon in Wiltfhire, knt. and this 
 lady dying without ilfue, to Frances, daughter, and at length 
 heirefs, to fir Thomas Aylefbury, bart. in 1634; by whom he 
 had four fons and two daughters. Anne his eldeft daughter was 
 married, as we have already obferved, to the duke of York, by 
 vvhich match fhe became mother to two daughters, Mary and 
 ^nne, who were fucceffively queens of England. 13erides thefe, 
 
 ih<; 
 
;46 
 
 HYDE. 
 
 fhe brought the dulce four fons and three daughters, who all died 
 in their infancy. The lafl: was born Feb. 9, 1670-1, and her 
 mother died on March 31 following; having a little before her 
 tieath changed her religion, to the great grief of her father, 
 who on that occafion wrote a moft pathetic letter to her, and 
 -another to the duke her confort. 
 
 Befides the *' Hiftory of the Rebellion" already mentioned, 
 the chancellor wrote other pieces, theological as well as political. 
 In 1672, while he rehded at Moulins, he wrote his " Animad- 
 rerfions upon Mr. CrelTy's Book, intituled, " Fanaticifin fanati- 
 cally imputed to the Catholic Church by Dr. Stillingfleet, and 
 the Imputation refuted and retorted by J. C." Hd" is fuppofed 
 to have been led to this work from the knowledge he had of 
 CrelTey, by means of an acquaintance commenced at Oxford, 
 ■where that gentleman was his contemporary ; ancn^ motive of 
 a fimilar nature might probably induce him to ^aw up his 
 ** Survey of Mr. Hobbes's Leviathan," which he dedicated the 
 year following "to Charles II. from the fame place. He wrote 
 alfo fome things of a fmaller kind, which have been colle6ted 
 and publiftied with his " Mifcellaneous Tra£ls." And laftly, 
 in 1759, was publifhed *' An Account of his own Life from his 
 Birth to the Reftoration in 1660; and 3 Continuation of the 
 fame, and of his Hiftory of the Grand Rebellion, from the 
 Reftoration to his Banifhinent in 1667." Written by hirnfclf; 
 and printed in one volume, folio, and three in Svo, from his 
 original MS. given to the univerfity of Oxford by his heirs. 
 
 HYDE (Dr. Th®mas), a moil: learned writer, was fon of 
 Mr. Ralph Hyde, minifter of Billingfley near Bridgenorth in 
 Shropfhire, and born there June 29, 1636. Having a flrong 
 inclination for the Oriental languages from his youth, he ftudied 
 them firft under his father; and afterwards, in 1652, being ad- 
 mitted of King's-college in Cambridge, he became acquainted 
 •with Mr. Abraham Wheelock, an admirable linguift, who en- 
 couraged him to profecute his Itudy of them in that place. By 
 him Hyde, when he had been at Cambridge little more than a 
 year, was fent to London, and recommended to Walton, after- 
 ■\vards bifhop of Chefler, as a perfon very cap:ible of aflifting 
 him in the Polyglott Bible, in which v/ork he was then engaged. 
 Hyde rendered him great fervices; for, befides his attendance in 
 the corredion of it, he fet forth the Perfian Pentateuch. He 
 tranfcribed it out of the Hebrew charadlers, in which it was 
 firfi: printed at Conftantinople, into the proper Perfian charac- 
 ters; which by Ufher was then judged impolhble to have been 
 done by a native Perfian, becaufe one Hebrew letter frequently 
 anfwered to divers Perfian letters, which were difficult to be 
 known. He tranflated it likewife into Latin. What he did 
 farther ia the Polyglott, is fpecified by the editor in thefe words: 
 
 ** Nfcc 
 
HYDE. 
 
 347 
 
 ^* Nee prjetereundus eft D. Thomas Hyde, fummx i'pe'i juvenis, 
 qui in lingiiisOrientalibus fupra a;tatem magnos proj^reirus fecit, 
 qviorum fpecimina dedit tuni in Arabibus, Syriacis, Perficis, 5cc. 
 corrigendis, lum in Pentate^cho Perlico charadleribus Perficis 
 defcrihendo, quia anlea folis Hebraicis extitit, ejufque verfionem 
 Xvatinam concinnando," 
 
 In 1658, he went to Oxford, and was admitted of Queen's- 
 college, where he was foon after made Hebrew reader. The 
 year after, Richard Cromwell, then chancellor of that univer- 
 lity, diredled his letters to the delegates thereof, fignifying, that 
 *' Mr. Hyde was of fulUllanding, fince his admiifion into the 
 univerfity of Cambridgd|- for tlip degree of m.aller of arts, and 
 that he had given public teftimony of his more than ordinary abi-. 
 lities and learning in the Oriental languages ;" upon which they 
 made an order, that he fliould accumulate that degree, by read- 
 ing only a Icclure in one of the Oriental languages in the fchools ; 
 and having accordingly read upon the Perfian tongue, he was 
 created M;'-^ in ^.pfiT 1659, S(iDn after he vfas made under- 
 keeper »li:,the Bomeiatj library, upon the ejeftion of Wr. Henry 
 Stubbe ; and behaved himfelff fo /velf in this employment, that, 
 when the office of head- keeper oecame vacant, he was ele£led 
 into^it_jvith the unanimous approbation of the univerfity. In 
 1665, r^publifhed a Latin tranilafion from the Perfian of Ulugh 
 Beig's VObfervationsconcemirig the Longitude and Latitude of 
 the fi^H Stars," with notes. This Ulugh Beig was a great Tar- 
 tar nt^arch, the fon of Shahrokh, and the grandfon or Timur 
 Beig, or, as he is ufually called, Tamerlane. In the preface 
 he informs us, *' that the great occupations of government hin* 
 dered him from performing ia pcrfon, fo much as he would 
 have done towards the completing this ufefulwork: but that 
 he relied chiefly on his m.inifter Srdaheddin, and that he dying 
 before the work was finilhed, his colleague Gaiatheddm Giam- 
 fhed and his fon Ali al Uouih'i were afterwards employed, who 
 put the laft hand to it." It was written originally in the Arabic 
 tongue, but afterwards tranfl'ated twice into the Perlian. 
 
 About this time Hyde beparae known to Mr. Boyle, to whom 
 he was very ufeful in communicating from Oriental writers fe- 
 veral particulars relating to chemiftry, phylic, and natural hif- 
 tory [d]. 061. 1666, he was collated to a prebend in the church 
 ^f Salifbury. In 1674, he publifned *' A Catalogue of the 
 books in the Bodleian library." In 1678, he was made arch- 
 deacon of Glouceitcr ; and, in 1682, took tlie degree of dodlor 
 in divinity. Dec. 1 691, he was ele6led Arabic profeifor, on 
 the death of Dr. Edward Pocock ; and the fame year publifhed 
 tiie " Itinera Mundi" of Abraham Peritfol, the fon of Mordecai 
 
 [r] Boyle'; Work«, Vol. V. p. 580, &c, 
 
 Peritfol, 
 
34^ 
 
 H Y D a 
 
 Perltfol, a very learned Jew. This was done to fupp]y in fome 
 meafure the Arabic geography of Abulfeda, which, at the rc- 
 quclt of Dr. Fell, he had undertaken to publidi with a Latin 
 tranllation : but, the death of his patron putting an end to that 
 work, he fent this fmaller performance abroad,, and dedicated it 
 to the earl of Nottingham, then ftcretary of date, in hopes 
 that it might excite a flronger curiofity amongft the learned to 
 fearch into this branch of literature. In 1693, he publilhcd his 
 "' De Ludis Orientalibus iibri duo ;" a work, which is ftill held 
 in very high elleem. Dr. Altham, regius-profeffor of Hebrew, 
 and canon of Chrifc-church, being, on fome difpute ^bout the 
 tJaths, removed from both preferments, Hyde became polTeired 
 of them, the one being annexed to the other, in July 1697, 
 
 Three years after he had ready for the prefs, as Wood tells 
 us, an excellent work, on a fubje£l very little known even to 
 the learned themfelves, " The Religion of the Ancient Perfians;'' 
 a work of profound and various erudition, abounding with many 
 new lights on ihe moft curious and interefting fubjecls, filled 
 with authentic teflimonies, which none but himfelf could bring 
 to public view, and adorned with many ingenious conjectures 
 concerning the theology, hiftory, and learning of the Eaftern 
 nations. This work was printed at Oxford in 1700, in 4to, 
 containing 550 pages ; and is now become fo exceedingly fcarce, 
 that it fells from il. i6s. to 2I. 2s. according to the condition 
 it happens to be in, or the humour of the bookfcller who may 
 chance to be poffefred of it. Of this curious work the title will 
 give an idea fufficiently accurate for mofl readers. '* Hifloria 
 Religionis VeterumPerfarum, eorumque Magorum. Ubietiam 
 nova Abrahami, &c Mithrs, & Veftse, &c Manethis Hiftoria, 
 &c. Atque Angelorum officia & pracfedluras ex Vcterum Perfa- 
 rum fententia. Item Perfarum annus antiquiflimus tangitur, is 
 tS Giemfliid detegitur, verus t5 Yefdegherd de novo proditur, is 
 t5 Melicfhah, is t5 Selgjuk Sc t5 Chorzemfhdd notatur, &c is 
 Tr;s Kata & rri$ Oighur explicatur. Zoroaftris vita ejufque & 
 aiiorum vaticinia de Mefhah e Perfarum aliorumque monumentis 
 eruuntur : Primitivae opiniones de Deo 6i de Hominum origine 
 referantur : Originale Orientalis Sibyllse myllerium recluditur : 
 atque Magorum liber Sad-dor, Zoroaftris pra^cepta feu religionis 
 Canones continens, e Perfico tradu6lus exhibetur. Dantur 
 veterum Perfarum fcriptura; & linguas, ut has jam primo Europa: 
 producantur & litcrato orbi poftliminio reddantur, fpecimina. 
 De Perfire ejufdemque linguae nominibus, deque hujus diale6lus, 
 & a modcrna difFerentiis ftri6lim agitur. Au6lor eft Thomas 
 Hyde, S. T. D. Linguae Hebraicas in univerfitate Oxon. pro- 
 feifor Regius, 6c ling. Arabicae profefTor jLaudianus. Pra^minb 
 capitum Elencho accedunt Iconcs, & Appendix variarum dilTer- 
 utionum." This work was dedicated to lord Somers. Foreign. 
 
 writers^ 
 
 9 
 
H Y D E. 
 
 349 
 
 writers, as well as thofe of our own country, have fpoken of it 
 with high admiration and applaufe ; and, if Hyde had left us 
 no other monument of his ftudies, this alone had been fuflicient 
 to cftabli(h and prcferve his reputation, as long as any tafte for 
 Oriental learning fhall remain. He publifhed however many 
 others, and had many more ready to be publifhed, or at leaft in 
 fome forwardnefs towards it : of which a catalogue is preferved 
 by Wood. But the ftudy of Oriental literature was at that time 
 overlooked, or rather the v/orth of it was not fufficiently under- 
 ftood : the confcquence of which was, that this learned man's 
 abilities, application, and ftrong inclination to enrich the republic 
 of letters, with numerous acquilitions of a moil laborious re- 
 fearch, at the fame time new, curious, and ufeful, were neglect- 
 ed, till it was too late; and the lofs has been ever fmce, in vain^ 
 though defervedly, regretted. 
 
 In April 1701, he religned the office of principal keeper of the 
 Bodleian library, on account of his age and infirmities ; and 
 died Feb. 18, 1703, at his lodgings in Chrift-church, in his 
 67th year. He had occupied the poft of interpreter and fecretary 
 in the Oriental languages, during the reigns of Charles II. 
 James II. and William III. and, it is faid, had, in the courfe 
 of this employment, made himfelf furprifingly acquainted with 
 whatever regarded the policy, ceremonies, and cuitoms of the 
 Oriental nations. He was fuccecded in his archdeaconry of Glou- 
 cefler by IMr. Robert Parfons ; and, what was fingular enough, 
 in the chair of Hebrew profellbr and-in his canonry of Chiift- 
 church by his predeceiTor Dr. Altham. 
 
 HYDE (Henry), earl of Clarendon [e], fon of the chan- 
 cellor, was born in 1638. Having received the rudiments* of 
 education, he early entered into bufinefs : for his father, appre- 
 hending of what fatal confequence it v/ould be to the king's af- 
 fairs, if his correfpondence fliould be difcovered by unfaithful 
 fecretaries, engaged him, when very young, to write all his let- 
 ters in cypher ; fo that he generally pafTcd half the day in writ- 
 ing in cypher, or decyphering, and was fo difcrect, as well as 
 faithful, that nothing was ever difcovered by him. After the 
 Reftoration, he was created Mafter of Arts, at Oxford, in 1660; 
 and, upon fettling the queen's houfliold, appointed chamberlain 
 to her majefty. He was much in the queen's favour ; and, his 
 father being fo violently profecuted on account of her marriage, 
 Ihe thought herfelf bound to prote6l him in a particular manner. 
 He fo highly refented the ufage his father met with, that he 
 united himfelf eagerly to the party which oppofed the court, and 
 made no inconfiderable figure in the lift of fpeakers. Mr. Grey 
 has preferved a great number of his fpeeches. On his father's 
 
 [e] Editor's pref^ice, and Biog. Brit. 
 
 death 
 
350 H Y G I N U S. 
 
 death in 1674, he took his feat in the houfe of lords ; flilt con- 
 tinued his oppofition, and even ligned a proteft againfl an ad- 
 drefs voted to the king on his fpeech. He ftill, however, held 
 his poft of chamberlain to the queen ; and afterwards, fhewing 
 himfelf no lefs zealous againft the bill of exclufion, was taken 
 into favour, and made a privy-counfellor, 1680. But he foon 
 fell under the difpleafure of the prevailing party in the houfe of 
 commons ; who, unable to carry the exclufion bill, fhewed their 
 refentment againft the principal oppofers of it, by voting an ad- 
 drefs to the king, to remove from his prefence and councils, the 
 marquis of Worcefter, and the earls of Halifax, Feverfham, and 
 Clarendon. 
 
 On the acceflion of James H. he was firft made lord privy- 
 feal, and then lord -lieutenant of Ireland : but being too firmly 
 attached to the Proteftant religion for thofe times, he was recalled 
 from his government, to make room for lord Tyrconnel ; and 
 foon after removed from the privy-feal, that lord Arundel, ano- 
 ther Papift, might fucceed him. About this time he was made 
 high-fteward of the univerfity of Oxford. After the landing of 
 the prince of Orange, he was one of the Proteftant lords, fum- 
 moned by the king, when it was too late, to repair the ill con- 
 fequences of his Popifti councils, and had fpirit enough to take 
 the lead, and to fpeak his mind frankly and openly in that me- 
 morable affembly. Yet though he had fo great a regard to the 
 conftitution, as to oppofe king James's encroachments, he would 
 not transfer his allegiance to the new eftablifliment, nor take 
 the oaths to king William: on which account he was, with 
 fome others, fufpefted of evil defigns againft the government ; 
 and, when the king was in England, and the French fleet ap- 
 peared on the Englifti coaft, the regency thought proper to fe- 
 cure him in the Tower. After fome months he was releafed, 
 and fpent the remainer of his days privately at his own houfe in 
 the country ; where he died 1709, aged 71. 
 
 His State Letters, during his government of Ireland, and his 
 Diary for the years 1687, 1688, 1689, and 1690, were publifh- 
 cd, in 2 vols. 4to, 1763, from the Clarendon prefs in Oxford. 
 
 HYGINUS (Caius Julius), an ancient Latin writer, who 
 flouriftied in the time of Auguftus ; and of whom Suetonius, in 
 his book '* De illuftribus Grammaticis," has given this account. 
 •' He was a freedman of Auguftus, and by nation a Spaniard ; 
 though fome think that he was an Alexandrian, and brought by 
 Cxfar to Rcrne when Alexandria was taken. He was a diligent 
 follower and imitator of Cornelius Alexander, a celebrated 
 Greek grammarian ; and was alfo himfelf a teacher at Rome. 
 He was made keeper of the Palatine library; was very in- 
 timate with the poet Ovid, and with Caius Licinius, a man 
 of confular dignity and an hiftorian, who has taken oecafion to 
 
 inform 
 
H Y P A T I A. 
 
 35« 
 
 inform us, that he died very poor, and, while he lived, wa5 
 fupported chiefly by his generofity [f]." Voifius aflcs, who this 
 confular hiflorian Cuius Licinius is ? and thinks it Jhould be 
 Caius Afinius, who wrote a hiftory of the civil war, and was 
 conful with Cneius Domirius Calvinus, U. C. 723. 
 
 Hyginus wrote many books, which are mentioned by ancient 
 writers. Gellius quotes a work '< of the Lives and Aftions of 
 iUiiftrious Men[G]." Servius, in his '* Commentary upon Ihe 
 i^neid," tells us, that he wrote upon " the Origin and Situa- 
 tion of the Italian Cities :" which fame work is alfo mentioned 
 by Macrobius. Gellius again mentions his *' Commentaries 
 upon V^irgil ;" as does Macrobius a book ** Concerning the 
 Gods." He wrote alfo " about Bees and Agriculture ;" and 
 Jaftly, a book of "Genealogies," of which he himfelf has mado 
 mention in the only undoubted work of his remaining; that is, in 
 his " Poiiticon Alhonomicon, de mundi & fpha^ras ac utriufque 
 partium declaratione, librisquatuor, ad M. Fabiura confcriptum.'* 
 l^he firft book treats of the world and of the doctrine of the 
 fphere ; the fecond of the (Igns in the zodiac ; the third wives a 
 defcription and liiftory of the conftellations ; and the fourth 
 treats of feveral things relating to the planets. Here, while 
 Hyginus defcribes the conftellations in the heavens, and notes 
 the ilars which belong to each, he takes occafion to explain the 
 fables of the poets from which the conftellations were fuppofed 
 originally to have taken their rife and name; and hence his 
 work feems to have been called " Poeticon Aftronomicon." 
 It has come down to us, however, very imperfedl ; and all that 
 part of it, which, as he tells us, treated of the month, the 
 year and the rcafons of intercalating the months, is entirely 
 loft. To this is joined a book of fables, in which the heathen 
 mythology is reduced into a compendium : but this is imperfedt, 
 and fufpe6led to be fpurious. Tlie beft edition of thefe 
 books is that which Munker published, together with fome 
 other pieces of antiquity upon the fame or a fimilar fubje£l, 
 undef the title of ** Mythographi Latini, Amft. 1681," 2 vols. 
 8vo. The third book of the Aftronomics, is adorned and illuf- 
 trattd with feveral copper-plates of the conftellations elegantly 
 engraved, which Grotius had publiftied from the Sufian^MS. 
 but which, Schctter tells us, he had omitted in his edition of 
 1674, becaufe he knew thofe ancient delineations to be very 
 erroneous, and very ill done. 
 
 HYPATIA, a moft beautiful, virtuous, and learned ladv of 
 antiquity, was the daughter of Theon, who governed the Pla- 
 tijnic fchool at Alexandria, the place of her birth and education, in 
 the latter part of the fourth century. Theon was famous among 
 
 [f] De Hift. Lat. p. 103. L. B. 1651, [c] Lib, I. c. 13. 
 
 hisf 
 
35^ HYPATIA. 
 
 his conternporaries for his extenfive knowledge dnd learning J 
 but what lias chieflv rendered him fo with polterity, is, that he 
 ■was the father of Hypatia, whom, encouraged by her prodigious 
 genius, he educated not only in all the qualifications belonging to 
 her fex, but likewife in tlie moft abftrufe fciences. She made 
 an amazing progrefs in every branch of learning, and the things 
 that are faid of her almoft furpafs belief. Socrates, the ecclefi- 
 aftical hiftorian, is a witnefs whofe veracity cannot be doubted, 
 at lead when he fpeaks in favour of an heathen philofopher ; 
 and he tells us [h], that Hypatia " arrived at fuch a pitch of 
 learning, as very far to exceed all the philofophers of her time :" 
 to which Nicephorus adds, " thofe of other limes [i].'* Phi- 
 loftorgius, a third hiftorian of the fame ftamp, affirms, that 
 ** fhe was much fuperior to her father and mafter Theon, in 
 what regards aflronomy [k] ;" and Suidas, who mentions two 
 books of her writing, one " on the Affronomical Canon of 
 Diophantus, and another on the Conies of Apollonius," avers, 
 that " fhe not only exceeded her father in aftronomy, but alfo 
 that fhe imderftood all the other parts of philofophy [l]." But 
 our notions of Hypatia will be prodigioully heightened, when 
 we conlider her fucceeding her father, as fhe a6lually did, in 
 the government of the Alexandrian fchool : teaching out of that 
 chair, where Ammonius, Hierocles, and many great and cele- 
 brated philofophers had taught ; and this alfo at a time, when 
 men of immenfe learning abounded both at Alexandria, and in 
 many other parts of the Roinan empire. Her fame was fo ex- 
 tenfive, and her worth fo univerfally acknowledged, that wc 
 cannot wonder, if fhe had a crouded auditory. *' She explained 
 to her hearers," fays Socrates, " the feveral fciences, that go 
 under the general name of philofophy ; for which reafon there 
 •was a confluence to her, from all parts, of thofe who made phi- 
 lofophy their delight and ftudy." One cannot reprefent to him- 
 felf without pleafure the flower of all the youth in Europe, 
 Afia, and Africa, fitting at the feet of a very beautiful lady, for 
 fuch we are afl~ured Hypatia was, all greedily fwallbwing in- 
 ftru(5lion from her mouth, and many of them doubtlefs love 
 from her eyes : though we are not fure that fhe ever liftened to 
 any felicitations, fince Suidas, who talks of her marriage with 
 Ilidorus, yet relates at the fame time, that fhe died a maid. 
 
 Her fcholars were as eminent as they were numerous : one of 
 "whom was the celebrated Synefius, who was afterwards bifnop 
 of Ptolemais. This ancient Chriftian Platonift every where 
 bears the fhongeft, as well as the moft grateful teftimony to the 
 learning and virtue of his inftrudrefs ^ and never mentions her 
 
 [k] Lib. vii. c. 15. £1] Libv xiv. cjLj.. [k] Lib. viii. c. 9. 
 
 £tj In Ttt*?!*. 
 
 without 
 
HYPATIA. 353 
 
 without the profoundeft refped, and fometimes in terms of af- 
 fedion coming little fhort of adoration. In a letter to his bro- 
 ther Euoptius, ** Salute," fays he, *' the molf honoured and 
 the mofl beloved of God, the Philosopher; and that happy 
 fociety, which enjoys the blcfling *' of her divine voice [mJ." 
 in another, he mentions one Egyptus, who ** fncked in the 
 feeds of wifdom from Hypatia [nJ." In another, he expreffes 
 himfelfthus: •' I fuppofe thefe letters will be delivered by Peter, 
 which he will receive from that facred hand [o]." In a letter 
 addrelTed to herfelf, hedefires her to dire6l a hydrofcope to be 
 made and bought for him, which he there defcribes. That fa- 
 mous filver Aftrolabe, which he prefented to Peonius, a man 
 equally excelling in philofophy and arms, he owns to have been 
 perfe6led by the dire£lions of Hypatia [p]. In a long epiftle, 
 he acquaints her with his reafons for writing two books, which 
 he fends her ; and afks her judgement of one, refolving not to 
 publifh it without her approbation [qJJ. 
 
 But it was not Synelius only, and the difciples of the Alex- 
 andrian fchool, who admired Hypatia for her great virtue and 
 learning: never woman was more careflTed by the public, and 
 yet never woman had a more unfpotted charafter. She was held 
 as an oracle for her wifdom, which made her confulted by the 
 magiftrates in all important cafes ; and this frequently drew her 
 among the greateft concourfe of men, without the leafl: cenfure 
 of her manners. " On account of the confidence and autho- 
 rity," fays Socrates, *' which flie had acquired by her learning, 
 fhe fometimes came to the judges with fmgular modefty. Nor 
 was fhe any thing abafhed to appear thus among a crowd of men ; 
 for all perfons, by reafon of her extraordinary difcretion, did at 
 the fame time both reverence and admire her." The fame is 
 confirmed by Nicephorus, and the other authors, whom we have 
 already cited. Damafcius and Suidas relate, that the governors 
 and magiflrates of Alexandria regularly vifited her, and paid their 
 court to her [r] ; and, to fay all in a word, when Nicephorus 
 intended to pafs the highefl: compliment on the princefs Eudocia, 
 he thought he could not do it better, than by calling her " ano- 
 ther Hypatia [s]." 
 
 While Hypatia thus reigned the brighteft ornament of Alex- 
 andria, Orefles was governor of the fame place for the emperor 
 Theodofius, and Cyril bifhop or patriarch. Oreftes, having 
 had a liberal education, could not but admire Hypatia, and, as 
 a wife governor, frequently confulted her. This created an in- 
 timacy between them that was highly difpleafing to Cyril, who 
 
 [m] Epift. iv. [n] Ibid, cxxxv. [o] Ibid, cxxxii, [p] Ad Pson. 
 
 [q.] Epift, cliv. [r] Apud Pho. [s] Lib. viii. c. 5. 
 
 Vol. VIII. A a h*d 
 
354 
 
 H Y PATI A. 
 
 had a great averfion to Oreftes : which intimacy, as it is fup- 
 pofed, had like to have proved fatal to Oreftes, as we may col- 
 ledl from the following accoimt of Socrates. '* Certain of the 
 Monks," fays he, " living in the Nitrian mountains, leaving 
 their monafteries to the number of about five hundred, flocked 
 to the city, and fpied the governor going abroad in his chariot : 
 whereupon approaching, they called him by the names of Sa- 
 crificer and Heathen, ufmg many other fcandalous expreflions. 
 The governor, fufpe£ling that this was a trick played him by 
 Cyril, cried out that he was a Chriftian ; and that he had been 
 baptized at Conftantinople by bifliop Atticus. But the Monks giv- 
 ing no heed to what he faid, one of them, called Ammonius, 
 threw a done at Oreftes, which ftruck him on the head ; and 
 being all covered with blood from his wounds, his guards, a few 
 excepted, fled, fome one way and fome another, hiding them- 
 feives in the crowd, lefl: they fliould be fl:oned to death. In the 
 mean while, the people of Alexandria ran to defend their go- 
 vernor againfl the Monks, and putting the refl: to flight, brought 
 Ammonius, whom they apprehended, to Oreftes ; who, as the 
 laws prefcribed, put him publicly to the torture, and racked 
 him till he expired [t]." 
 
 But though Oreftes had the luck to efcape with his life, Hy- 
 patia afterwards fell a facrifice. This lady, as we have obferv- 
 ed, was profoundly refpefted by Oreftes, who much frequented 
 and confulted her : ** for which reafon," fays Socrates, *' fhe 
 was not a little traduced among the Chriftian multitude, as if 
 fhe obftrudled a reconciliation between Cyril and Oreftes. This 
 occafioned certain hot. brained men, headed by one Peter a lec- 
 turer, to enter into a confpiracy againft her ; who watching an 
 opportunity, when'fhe was returning home from fome place, 
 firft dragged her out of her chair ; then hurried her to the church 
 called Cxfar's ; and then, ftripping her naked, killed her with 
 tiles. After this, they tore her to pieces ; and, carrying her 
 limbs to a place called Cinaron, there burnt them to alhes." 
 Cave endeavours to remove the imputation of this horrid mur- 
 der from Cyril, thinking him too honeft a man to have had any 
 hand in it ; and lays it upon the Alexandrian mob in general, 
 whom he calls " leviflimum hominum genus," ** a very trifling 
 inconftant people." But though Cyril fhould be allowed to 
 hav^e been neither the perpetrator, nor even the contriver of it, 
 yet it is much to be fufpe6led, that he did not difcountenance it 
 in the manner he ought to have done : which fufpicion muft 
 be greatly confirmed by refledting, that he was fo far from 
 blaming the outrage committed by ihe Nitrian Monks upon the 
 
 [t] Lib. vii. c. 14. 
 
 governor 
 
H YRCANUS. 355 
 
 governor Oreftes, that " he afterwards received the dead body 
 of Ammoniiis, \vhom Oreftes had puniflied with the rack ; 
 made a panegyric upon him, in the church where he was laid, 
 in which he extolled his courage and conftaney, as one that had 
 contended for the truth ; and, changing his name to Thauma- 
 fius, or the Admirable, ordered him to be conlldered as a mar- 
 tyr. However, continues Socrates, the wifer fort of Chriftians 
 did not approve the Zeal, which Cyril fhewed on this man's 
 behalf; being convinced, that Ammonius had juftly fuffered for 
 his defperate attempt [u]." We learn from the fame hiftorian, 
 that the death of Hypatia happened in March, in the loth year 
 of Honorius's, and the 6th of Theodofius's, confulfnip ; that 
 is, about A. D. 415. 
 
 HYPERIDES, an Athenian Orator, difciple of Plato and 
 Ifocrates, flouriflied about 335 years before the Chriftian /Era. 
 He was a fincere patriot, and fo ftrenuous a lover of juftice and 
 liberty, that he did not hefitate to accufe his friend Demofthenes 
 of receiving money from Harpalus, and adlually drove him into 
 banifliment. They were afterwards reconciled, and perifhed 
 about the fame time. When the Athenians were beaten at 
 Cranon, he was dragged out of the temple of Ceres, and deli- 
 vered up to Antipater. He died about 322. He publiflied many 
 of his orations, of which one only is extant, and that in fome 
 degree dubious. It ftands the 17th among thofe of Demoft- 
 henes. There are alfo fome fragments. His ftyle of eloquence 
 has been varioufly eftimated by the critics of his own country. 
 
 HYPSICLES, of Alexandria, a difciple of Ifidorus, ilou- 
 rifhed under M. Aurelius, and Lucius Verus. He has been 
 fuppofed to be the author of a certain work called " Anapho- 
 ricu?,"' or a book of afcenfions, which was -written in oppofition 
 to the doclrinesof fome aftronomer. It was publifhed in Greek, 
 with the Latin verfion of Mentelius, and in conjun6lion with 
 the Optics of Heliodorus, at Paris in 1680, 4to. Vofiius, in 
 his book de Scientiis Mathematicis, has erroneoufly fuppofed! 
 him to have lived at a much earlier period. 
 
 HYRCANUS (John), high prieltand fovereign of the Jews t 
 fucceeded his father Simon Maccabasus, whohad been treacheroufly 
 killed by his fon-in-law Ptolemy. This traitor, having been 
 gained over by Antiochus Sidetes king of Syria, was defirous of 
 deftroying his brother-in-law Hyrcanus after he had murdered 
 his father-in-law, but John caufed the affaffins to be taken up 
 and put to death. Ptolemy then perfifting in his perfidy, in- 
 vited Antiochus into Judea, and Hyrcanus was fhut up in Jeru- 
 falem, and'befieged there by him. After a long and obftinate 
 
 [u] Lib. vii. c. 14. 
 
 A a a iJege, 
 
35^ 
 
 H YRC ANUS. 
 
 Hege, during which Antiochus fhewed fome extraordinary marks 
 of generofity to the befieged, a peace was concluded. The 
 conditions were, that the Jews fliould give up to him their arms, 
 and the tribute they received from Joppa, and other towns not 
 properly within their territory. — After the death of Antiochus, 
 Hyrcanus took the opportunity of avenging his country. He 
 took feveral towns in Judea, fubdued the Iduma^ans, feized Sa- 
 maria, and demolifhed the temple of Gerizim. He died io6 
 years before Chrift. 
 
 JAAPHAR 
 
J A B L O N S K r. 357 
 
 J- 
 
 JAAPHAR EBN TOPHAIL, an Arabian philofopher, was 
 contemporary with Averroes, who died about the year 1198. 
 JHe compofed a philofophical romance, entitled, " The Life or 
 Hiftory of Hai Ebn Yokdhan :" in which he endeavours to de- 
 monftrate, liowa man may, by the mere light of nature, attain 
 the knowledge of things natural and fupernatural; more parti- 
 cularly the knowledge of God, and the affairs of another life. 
 He lived in Spain, as appears ^rom one or two pafTages in this 
 work. He wrote fome other pieces, which arc not come to our 
 hands ; but, that this was well received in the Eaft;, appears from 
 its having been tranflated by R. Mofes Narbonenfis, into He- 
 brew, and illuflrated with a large commentary. It was pub- 
 lifhed in 1 671, with an accurate Latin verfion, by Mr. Edward 
 Pococke, fon of Dr. Pococke, profefTor of the Oriental Jaa- 
 guages at Oxford; and, in 1708, an Englifh tranflation of it 
 from the Arabic was given by Simon Ockley, foon after Arabic 
 profefTor at Cambridge. See article OCKLEY. 
 
 JABLONSKI (Daniel-Ernest), a learned Polifh Protef- 
 tant divine, was born Nov, 20, 1660, at Dantzick, and had the 
 firfl part of his education in Germany; after which he travelled 
 into Holland, and thence croffed the water to England, for fur- 
 ther improvement in his fludies. Thus accomplifhed, he be- 
 came fuccefTively minifler of Magdebourg, LifTa, Koningfberg, 
 and Berlin, and was at length ecclefiaflical counfellor and pre- 
 fident of the fociety of fciences in this laft city. His zeal 
 againf} infidelity, both in the Atheifls and Deifls, fhewed itfelf 
 on all occafions ; and he took a deal of pains to efFe6l an union 
 betwixt the Lutherans and Calvinifls, but to nopurpofe. The 
 truth is, coniidering the rooted prejudices on each fide, fuch a 
 coalition like that between the church of England and the Dif- 
 fenters, is rather to be wifhed than expedled. Mr. Jablonfki 
 died in May, 1741. 
 
 There is a Latin tranflation by him of " Bentley's Sermons 
 at Boyle's Ledlures [aJ ;" there are alfo feveral Latin '* DifTer- 
 tations upon the Land of Geffen;'* *' Meditationes de divina 
 origine fcripturae facras;" alfo a piece entitled, *• Thorn affligee," 
 homilies, and fome other works in good efleem. 
 
 [a] Didlion. Portat. 
 
 Aa3 JABLONv 
 
55§ JACKSON. 
 
 JABLONSKI (Theodore), counfellor of the court of 
 Pruilin, and Tecretary of the Royal Society of Sciences at Berlin, 
 was alfo a perfon of diftinguiflied merit. He was a man of the 
 moft exa£l probity and a flridl piety, united to a fweetnefs of 
 temper, a polite urbanity, and an inclination to oblige all that 
 applied to him. He loved the fciences, and did them honour, 
 without that ambition which is generally feen in men of learn- 
 ing. It was owing to this modelly that he did not put his name 
 to the greater part of his ^^orks; the chief of which are, 
 *' Di6lionaire Francois- Allemand Sc AUemand- Francois," 
 printed in 1711; *' A Courfe of Morality in the Germar^ 
 Tongue, 1713 ;" Di6lionaireUniverfel des Arts & des Sciences, 
 1721 ;" a tranflation into High Dutch of 'f Tacitus de moribus 
 .Germanorum," with remarks, 1724. 
 
 JABLONSKI (Paul-Ernest), the fon of Daniel-Erneft, 
 above-mentioned, was a native of Berlin, a Proteftant divine, 
 and a profeflbr of theology at Frankfort on the Oder, as well 
 as paftor there. He was born in 1693, and in 1714. publilhed 
 a learned differtation entitled, " Difquifitio de Lingua Lyca- 
 onica," ad A61, Apofl. xiv. 11. It appeared at Berlin in quarto, 
 A great expe£lation of his talents was excited by this publica- 
 tion, which he fully juflified in his fufefequent life. He pub- 
 lilTied alfo, 2. *' De Memnone Grsecorum, 1753, Frankfort, 
 1753. 3. " Inflitutiones Hiftoriae Ecclefiafticas," in 2 vols. 
 8vo. But his moft learned and important work was, 4. " Pan- 
 theon /Egyptiorum, five de Diis eorum Commentarius, cum 
 Prolegomenis de religione & theologia Egyptiorum," in three 
 volumes, 8vo, publilhed at Frankfort in 1750, and 1752. It 
 is a book of great and extenfive erudition. Jablonflci died in 
 
 1757- 
 
 JACETIUS (Francis de Cataneis), an Italian writer, 
 
 was born at Florence, in 1466, and was the difciple of Mar- 
 filius Ficinus, under whom he ftudied the Platonic philofophy, 
 and became a great mafter of it. He was alfo a good orator, 
 and fucceeding Ficinus in his profefforfhip, held it till his death, 
 which happened in 1522. There is extant by him, ** A Trea- 
 tife of Beauty," and another of " Love," according to the do£trine 
 of Plato, befides feveral others, which were all printed together 
 at Bafil in 1563. 
 
 JACKSON (Thomas), a learned Englifli divine, was born 
 at Willowing, in the bilhopric of Durham, 1579 [b]. Many 
 of his relations being merchants in Newcaftle, he was defigned 
 to have been bred in that line; but his great inclination to learn- 
 ing being obferved, he was fent to Oxford, and admitted into 
 Queen's-college in 1595, but removed to Corpus-Chriiti the 
 
 [b] Athen. Oxon. 
 
 year 
 
JACKSON. 359 
 
 year after. He took his degrees in arts at the ftated ti.Ties ; and 
 May lo, 1606, became probationer-fellow, being then well- 
 grounded in arithmetic, grammar, philology, geometry, rhe- 
 toric, logic, philofophy, the Oriental languages, hiltory, &c. 
 with an infight into heraldry and hieroglyphics. But he made 
 all his knowledge fubfervient to the ftudy of divinity, to which 
 he applied with great vigour, and became fo diilinguiflied in it, 
 that he not only read a divinity-ledure in his college every 
 Sunday morning, but another on the week-day at Pembroke- 
 college (then newly founded) at the requeft of the mader and 
 fellows. He was alfo chofen vice-prefident of his college 
 for many years fuccefllvely, by virtue of which office he mode- 
 rated at the divinity difpuiations, with remarkable learning, and 
 no lefs candour and modeliy. He commenced D. D. in 1622, 
 and quitted the college two years afterwards, being preferred to 
 a living in his native country, and foon after to the vicarage of 
 NevvcafHe. In that large and laborious cure, he performed ali 
 the duties of an excellent parifh-prieft, and was particuhrly ad- 
 inired for his difcourfes from the pulpit. At this time he was 
 a rigid Calvinift, and was firll; convinced of the errors of abfo- 
 lute predeftination by Dr. Richard Neile, birtiop of Durham, 
 who took him for his chaplain, and joined with Dr. Laud in 
 bringing him back to his college, where he was eledled prefi- 
 dent by their intereft, in 1630. Upon this promotion he re- 
 figned the vicarage of Newcaftle ; and, in 1635, was collated 
 to a prebend of Winchefter, having been made king's chaplain 
 fome time before. Dr. Towers being advanced to the bifhopric 
 of Peterborough, Dr. Jackfon fucceeded him in the deanery in 
 1638; but he did not enjoy this dignity quite two years, being 
 taken from it by death, in 1640. He was interred in the inner 
 chapel of Corpus-Chrifti-college. He was a man of a blame- 
 lefs life, ftudious, humble, courteous, and remarkably chari- 
 table, pious, exemplary in his private and public converfation ; 
 fo that he was refpefled and beloved by the moft confiderable 
 perfons in the nation; and indeed the greateft eileem was n6 
 more than his due, on account of his learnitig, for he was well 
 fkilled in all the learned languages, arts, fciences, and phyfics. 
 As an inftance of his charitable difpofition, we are told, that 
 while he was vicar of Newcaftle, whenever he went out, he 
 ufually gave what money he had about him to the poor, who at 
 length fo flocked about him, that his fervant took care he fhould 
 not have too much in his pocket. Dr. Jackfon was profoundly 
 read in the fathers, and endued with an uncommon depth of 
 judgement, which however did not clear hnn from fome of the 
 received errors of the times. His works are very numerous [cj, 
 
 [c] Life of Dr. Jackfon, prefixed to his works in 1653. 
 
 A a 4 printed 
 
360 JACKSON. 
 
 printed at different times, but were all colle£led and publifhed 
 in 1672 and 1673, in three volumes, folio, confifting chiefly of 
 fermons, befides his '♦ Commentaries on the Apoftles' Creed," 
 which are his principal work. His writings were much admired 
 and ftudied by the late bifhop Home, in the account of whofe 
 life his merits are thus difplayed by the biographer. " Dr. Jack- 
 fon is a ,tnagazine of theological knowledge, every where penned 
 with ^reat elegance and dignity, fo that his ftyle is a pattern of 
 p^feflion. His writings, once thought ineftimable by every 
 body but the Calvinifts, had been greatly negleiled, and would 
 probably have continued fo, but for the praifts beftowed upon 
 them by the celebrated Mr. Merrick, of Trinity-college, Ox- 
 ford, who brought them once more into repute with many 
 learned readers. The early extradls of Mr. Home, which are 
 now remaining, fliew how much information he derived from 
 this excellent writer, who deferves to be numbered with the 
 Englifh fathers of the church [d]." 
 
 JACKSON (John), an Englifh divine [e], fon of the Rev. 
 John Jack fon, firft re61or of Lenfey, afterwards re6lor of Rof- 
 fington, and vicar of Doncafter in Yorkfhire; was born at 
 Ler,fey, April 4, 1686. He was educated at Doncafler-fchool 
 under the famous Dr. Bland; who was afterwards head mafter 
 of Eton-fchnol, dean of Durham, and from 1732 to 1746 
 provofl: of Eton-college. In 1702, he was admitted of Jefus- 
 college, Cambridge; and, after taking the degree of B. A. at 
 the ufual period, left the univerfity in 1707. During his refi- 
 dence there, he learned Hebrew under Simon Ockley, the cele- 
 brated Orientalift; but never made any great proficiency. In 
 1708, he entered into deacon's orders, and into prieft's two 
 years after ; when he took polTeflion of the redlory of RofUng- 
 ton, which had been referved for him from the death of his 
 father by the corporation of Doncalfer [f]. That politic body, 
 however, fold the next turn of this living for 800I. and with the 
 money paved the long flreet of their town, which forms part of 
 the great northern road. In 1712, he married Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter of John Cowley, colledor of excife at Donicaller; and, foon 
 after, went to refide at Roflington. ' ' 
 
 In 1714, he commenced author, by publifhing three anony-. 
 mous letters, in defence of Dr. S. Clarke's *< Scripture-Dodrine 
 of the Trinity," with whom he foon after became perfonally 
 acquainted; and nine treatifes by Jackfon on this controverfy, 
 from 1716 to 1738, are enumerated in the fupplementary volume 
 of the '* Biographia Britannica." In 1718, he offered himfelf 
 at Cambridge for the degree of M. A. but was refufed on ac- 
 
 [d] Jones's Life of bi(hop Home, p. 75. [e] Life of Jackfon, 1764, 8vo. 
 
 [»■ J Anecdotes of Bowyer, by Nichols, p.2z6. 
 
 count 
 
JACKSON. 361 
 
 count of his heretical principles. Upon his return, he received 
 a confolatory letter from Dr. Clarke, who alfo procured for him 
 the confraterlhip of Wigfton's hofpital in Leicefter ; a place which 
 is held by patent for life from the chancellor of the dutchy of 
 Lancafter, and was particularly acceptable to Jackfon, as it 
 requires no fubfcription to any articles of religion. To this he 
 was prefented, in 1719, by lord Lechmere, in whofe gift it 
 was then, as chancellor of the dutchy of Lancafter, and from 
 whom Dr. Clarke had the year before received the maflerfliip of 
 that hofpital. He now removed from Roffinglon to Lcicefter; 
 where, between politics (Lcicefter being a great party-townj 
 and religion, he v^^s engaged in almofl: continual war: and, to 
 fay the truth, his fpirit was not averfe from litigation. In May, 
 1720, he qualified himfelf for afternoon-preacher at St. Mar- 
 tin's church in Leicefter, as confrater ; and, in the two follow- 
 ing years, feveral prefentments were lodged againft him in the 
 bilhop's and alfo in the archdeacon's court, for preaching here- 
 tical do£lrines ; but he exerted all his fpirit, and vindicated him- 
 felf fo ftrenuoufly, as to defeat the profecutions. Yet, after the 
 " Cafe of the Arian Subfcription" was publifhed by Dr. Wa- 
 terland, he refolved, with Dr. Clarice, never to fnbfcribe the 
 articles any more. By this he loft, about 1724, the hopes of 3. 
 prebend of Salifbury, which bi(hop Ploadly refufed to give hira 
 without fiich fubfcription. *' The bifhop's denial," fays my 
 author, *' was the more remarkable, as he had fo often intimated 
 his own dillike of all fuch fubfcriptlons :" Jackfon, however, 
 had been prefented before by fir John Fryer to the private pre- 
 bend of Wherwell in Hampfhire, where no fuch qualification 
 vi^as required. 
 
 On the death of Dr. Clarke, in May, 1729, he fucceeded, 
 by the prcfentation of the duke of Rutland, then chancellor of 
 the dutchy of Lancafter, to the mafterfhip of VViglton's hof- 
 pital, which fituation he preferved to his death. The year be- 
 fore, 1728, he had publifhed, in 8vo, " Novatiani Opera, ad 
 antiquiores editiones calligata, & a multis mendis expurgata:" 
 and now, intent upon books, and perhaps the more fo by being 
 incapable of rifing to prefer::ient, he continued from time to time 
 to fend out various publications. In 1730, " A Defence of 
 Human Liberty, againlt Cato's Letters;" and, in the fecond edi- 
 tion, ** A Supplement againft Anthony Collins, efq; upon the fame 
 Subjedl." in 1730 and 1731, " Four Trails in Defence of 
 Human Reafon, occafioned by bifliop Gibfon's fecond Pafloral 
 Letter." In 1731, a piece againft: *' Tindal's Chriftianity as 
 old as the Creation;" in 1733, another by way of anfwer to 
 Browne bi(hop of Corke's book, entitled, ** Things Divine 
 and Supernatural, conceived by Analogy with Things Natural 
 and Human ;" in 1734, *' The Exiftence and Unity of God, 
 
 &c." 
 
362 JACKSON. 
 
 &c." which led him into a controveiTy with Law, and other 
 •writers; and, in 1735, *' A Difiertation on Matter and Spirit," 
 with remarks on Baxter's " Inquiry into the Nature of the 
 human Soul." In 1736, he publilhed " A Narrative of his 
 being refuftd the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper at Bath :" 
 this had been done in a very pubhc manner by Dr. C<;ney, and 
 was the fecond affront of that kind he had experienced ; for, in 
 1730, he had been denied th.e ufe of the pulpit at St. Martin's 
 in Leicefter, by the vicar, who fet the facrittan at the bottom of 
 the flairs to reftrain him from afcending. Thefe attacks, how- 
 ever, he repelled with vigour, and ufually came off viclorious, 
 at leaft unhurt. 
 
 In 1742, he had an epiftolary debate with his friend William 
 Whifton, concerning the order and times of the high priefls. 
 In 1744, he publifhed *' An Addrefs to the Deifts, &c." in 
 anfwer to Morgan's " Refurreftion of Jefus conhdered by a 
 Moral Philofopher ;" and, in 1745, entered the lift againft 
 Warburton, ia" The Belief of a future State proved to be a 
 fundamental Article of the Religion of the Hebrews, and held 
 by the Philofophers, &c." two or three polemic pieces with 
 Warburton were the confequence of this. His next work was, 
 *' Remarks upon Middleton's Free Inquiry into the Miraculous 
 Powers, &c." and, after this, he does not appear to have pub- 
 lifned any thing till 1752, except that, in 1751, he communi- 
 cated to Mr. John Gilbert Cooper, for the ufe of his " Life of 
 Socrates," fome learned notes ; in which he contrived to avenge 
 himfelf upon his old antagonift Warburton. At the fame time 
 he expofed the young and incautious writer to the refentment of 
 that veteran, who did not fail to flievv it in one of his notes 
 upon Pope. In 1752, came out his laft and capital work, 
 *' Chronological Antiquities," in 3 vols. 410. He afterwards 
 made many colledlions and preparations for an edition of the 
 New Teftament in Greek, with Scholia in the fame language ; 
 and v/ould have inferted all the various readings, had not the 
 growing infirmities of age prevented him. An account of the 
 materials of this intended edition, with notes containing altera- 
 tions, corredlions, adtiitions to his " Chronology," are inferted 
 in an appendix to " Memoirs" of him printed in 1764, by Dr. 
 Sutton of Leicefter. 
 
 He died May 12, 1763. By his wife, who died before him, 
 he had twelve children ; but only four furvived him. He was a 
 man of great application and learning, but not of parts or ge- 
 nius, and totally devoid of tafte. His knowledge too was con- 
 fined to the precinds of Greek and Latin : for he knew nothing 
 of Oriental languages, except a little Hebrew ; and of the mo- 
 dern languages, even the French, was altogether ignorant. 
 Though of a fpirit foraewhat litigious, and not a little opinion- 
 ated. 
 
JACOBiEUS. 363 
 
 ated, he was good-natured* hofpitable, and chearfiil even to 
 mirth ; and, upon the whole, eafy, complacent, and agreeable^ 
 to all who were conne£led with or dependent upon him. 
 
 JACOB (Ben Naphtali), a famous rabbi in the fifth cen- 
 tur) , was one of the principal Maforets, and bred at the fchool 
 of Tiberias in Paleftine, with Ben Afer, another leading man 
 of the fame fe<S. The invention of the points in Hebrew, to 
 ferve for vowels, and of the accents, to facilitate the reading of 
 that language, is afcribed to thefe two rabbles. This is faid to 
 have been done in an alfembly which the Jews held at Tiberias 
 in 476. This is the opinion of Gerebrand and feveral other 
 learned men, but it is not univerfally received [g], 
 
 JACOB (Ben Hajim), a rabbi of the fixteenth century, 
 who rendered himfelf famous by the colle6lion of the Mafora, 
 which was printed at Venice in 1525 with the text of the Bible, 
 the Chaldce paraphrafe, and the commentaries of fome rabbles 
 upon Scripture. This edition of the Hebrew Bible, aad thofe 
 which follow it with the great and fmall Mafora compiled by 
 this rabbi, are much efteemed by the Jews; there being nothing 
 before exa<ft or accurate upon the Mafora, which is properly a 
 critique upon the books of the Bible in order to fettle the true- 
 reading. In the preface to his great Mafora, he fliews the ufe- 
 fulnefs of his work, and explains the keri and ketib, or the dif- 
 ferent readings of the Hebrew text: he puts the various read- 
 ings in the margin, becaufe there are juft doubts concerning the 
 true reading ; he obferves alfo, that the Talmudifli Jews do not 
 always agree with the authors of the Mafora. Befides the va- 
 rious readings colle6led by the Maforets, and put by this rabbi 
 in the margin of his Bible [h], he collefted others himfelf from 
 the MS. copies, which muft be carefully diftinguifhed from the 
 Mafora. 
 
 JACOBiEUS (Oliger), a profeflbr of phyfic and philofo- 
 phy at Copenhagen, was born in July, 1650-1, at Arhufen in 
 the peninfula of Jutland, where his father was bifliop [i], w'ho 
 took all poifible care of his fon's education ; but dying in 1671, 
 he was fent by his mother, the famous Jafper Bartholin's daugh- 
 ter, to the univerfity of Copenhagen, where he took the ufual 
 degrees, and then travelled to the principal courts of Europe. 
 In this tour he ran through France, Italy, Germany, Hungary, 
 England, and the Netherlands. His view was to improve him- 
 felf in his profeilion, and he omitted no opportunity that offered. 
 Upon his return home in 1679, he received letters from his 
 prince, appointing him profeffor of phyfic and philofophy in the 
 
 [g] Diftion. Portat. baeus, was alfo bifhop of Fainen, and his 
 
 [h] Simon's Crit. Did. grandfather firft phyl'ician to ChrilUan IV. 
 
 [i] His great-grandfather, Mr. Jaco- king of Denmark. 
 
 capital 
 
364 J A C O P O N E. 
 
 capital of his kingdom. He entered upon the difchargc of this 
 port in 1680, and performed the funflions of it with the higheft 
 reputation ; fo that befides the honour conferred on him by the 
 univerfity, Chriftian V. king of Denmark, committed to him 
 the charge of augmenting and putting into order that celebrated 
 cabinet of curio(itics which his predeceflbrs had begun ; and 
 Frederic IV. in 1698, made him a counfellor in his court of 
 juftice. Thus loaded with honours, as well as beloved and re- 
 fpe6led by his compatriots, he paiTed his days in tranquillity, 
 till an unforefeen ftroke deprived him for ever of his happinefs. 
 This was the lofs of his wife, Anne Marguerete, daughter of 
 Thomas Bartholin, who, after feventeen years of marriage, 
 died in 1698, leaving him father of fix boys. The lofs threw 
 him into a melancholy which at length proved fatal. In vain 
 he fought for a remedy, by the advice of his friends, in a fecond 
 marriage with Anne Tiftorph : this proved ineft'eilual, his me- 
 lancholy increafed, and, after languifhing under it near three 
 years, he died at the age of 51 [k]. 
 
 His works are as follow: i. ** De Ranis didertatio, Roma:, 
 1676." 2. *' Bartholomei Seals equitis Florentini hilloria 
 Florentinorum, &c. Roma:, 1677 :" the famous Magliabecchi 
 furnifhed him with this MS. from the Medicean library. 3. 
 *' Oratio in obitum Tho. Bartholini, 1681." 4. *^ Compen- 
 dium inftitutionmn medicarum, Hafniie, 1684," 8vo. 5. *' De 
 Ranis & Lacertis diifertatio, 1686." 6. ** Francifci Ariofti de 
 oleo montis Zibinii, feu petroleo agri Mutinenfis, &c, 1690." 
 y. ** Panegyricus Chiiftiano Vto di6lus, 1691." 8, *' Gaudia 
 Arftoi orbis ob ihalanios augufius Frederici & Ludovica;, 1691." 
 9. *' Mufeum regium, five catalogus rerum, &c. qux in bafilica 
 bibliotheca Chriftiani V. Hafnise ailervantur, 1696." He had 
 a great talent for poetry, and compofed feveral excellent poems 
 upon various fubje£ls, fonie of which have been publifhcd. He 
 left the character of a good hufband, a good maftcr, a good 
 neighboiT, and a good tiiend. 
 
 JACOPONE (da Todi), an ancient Italian poet, a contem- 
 porary and friend of Dante. His true name was Jacopo de* 
 Benedctt'r, and he was born at Todi of a noble family. Late in 
 Jife he became a widower, upon which he dillributed his wealth 
 to the poor, and entered into the order of Minors, where through 
 humility, he remained always in the clafs of Servitors, {convers). 
 He died, at a very advanced age, in 1306 ; and the reputation 
 rf fanftity he had acquired procured him the title oi The happy. 
 He compofed facred Canticles, full of fire, and zeal ; which 
 are ftill admired in Italy, notwithflianding their uncultivated 
 ftyle, which abounds with barbarous words, from the Calabrian 
 
 [xj Moreri. L'advoeat. 
 
 • Sicilian, 
 
J i^ G E R. 365 
 
 Sicilian, and Neapolitan dialeds. He wrote alfo fome poems 
 of the fame (lamp in Latin, and was the author of the Stnbat 
 Mater. The completeft edition of his Canticles is that of Ve- 
 nice, printed in 1017, in quarto, with notes. 
 
 JACQUELQT (Isaac), fon of a proteflant mlnifter of 
 Valfy, was born in 1647, and became colleague to his father at 
 the age of twenty-one. After the revocation of the edidl of 
 Nantz, he went to Heidelburg, and thence to the Hague, where 
 the king of Prullia accidentally heard him preach, and imme- 
 ^dially took him to Berlin as his chaplain. He alfo fettled upon 
 him a confidcrable penfion, which he enjoyed till his death, in 
 1708, Jacquelot, a virtuous and learned minifter, was author 
 of feveral works abounding in ftl-ong argument, but defedllve 
 in method and precifion. i. " Dillertations on the Exiftence 
 of God," in quarto, I'^gy. He argues here againlf Epicurus 
 and Spinofa. 2. Some controverfial trails againit Bayle. 3. 
 *■'■ Dillertations on the Melliah," 8vo. 1699. 4. *< A treatifc 
 on the infpiration of the facred books," 8vo. 17 15. 5. *' A 
 Critique on Jurieu's Picture of Socinianifm," which involved 
 the author in perfecution. 6. ** Sermons," in two volumes, 
 i2mo. which, like his other works, abound with genius, faga- 
 city, and learning, but want method. 7. " Letters to the bi- 
 fhops of France," the intention of which was to difpofe them 
 to behave with gentlenefs and moderation towards the Protef- 
 tants, as becomes men and chriftians, and particularly the fer- 
 vants of the God of peace. 
 
 JjEGER (John Wolfgang), a Lutheran divine, was born 
 at Stutgard, 1647, of a father who was counfellgr of the dif- 
 patches to the duke of Wirtemberg. After he had finifhed his ftu- 
 dies, he was entrufted with the education of duke Eberhard \\\. 
 with whom he travelled into Italy in 1676, as preceptor. This 
 charge being completed, he taught philofophy and divinity ; 
 and in 1698 was nominated a counfellor to the duke of Wir- 
 temberg. The following year he became confiftorial counfellor 
 and preacher to the cathedral of Stutgard, and fuperintendant- 
 general and abbot of the monaftery of Adelberg. At lafl: he 
 was promoted in 1702 to the places of firft profeifor of divinity, 
 chancellor of the univerfity, and provoft of the church of Tu- 
 bingen. He died in 1720. We have a great number of works 
 of his, the chief of which are [l], i. " Ecclefiaftical Hiftory 
 
 s 
 
 mination of the Life and 
 [l] Dillon. PorUt 
 
 upon PufFendorf and Grotius, de jure belli & pacis." 5. " A 
 Treatife of Laws." 6. " An Exami 
 
 Do(Slrine 
 
366 JAG O. 
 
 Doarine of Spinofa." 7. « A Moral Theology, &c." AW 
 his works are in Latin. 
 
 JAGO (Richard), an Englifli minor poet, was born Oflo- 
 berii, 1715. He was the third fon of Richard J ago, re6tor 
 of Beaudefert near Henley, Warwickfhire, a gentleman of 
 Cornifh extraftion. He was educated at the fchool of a Mr. 
 Crompton, at Solihul, in Warwickfhire, where he formed an 
 intimacy with Sheni^one, which continued throughout their lives. 
 About 1732 he went, as a fervitor, to Univerhty College, Ox- 
 ford, where Shenftone, then a commoner of Pembroke, conti-^ 
 nued his friendfliip to him, and introduced him to feveral of his 
 friends. One ol thefe, Mr. Graves, author of the Spiritual 
 Quixote, &c. has animadverted with fome feverity, on the illi- 
 beral prejudice which obliged thefe friends to vifit Jago pri- 
 vately, becaufe he was only in the rank of a fervitor. This pre- 
 judice is now rnuch foftened, and the fame circumfpe6lion would 
 hardly be thought necefiary, in the cafe of a young man of merit. 
 Mr. Jago took orders in 1737, and the degree of Mafter of 
 Arts in 1738. In 1744, he married Dorothea Sufanna Fan-^ 
 court, daughter of a clergyman in Leicefterihire. The two fmall 
 livings of Harbury and Chelterton were given him by lord Wil- 
 loughby de Broke, about 1746, and at the former he refided till 
 1751, when he was unfortunately left a widower with feveral 
 fmall children. In 1754, lord Clare, afterwards earl Nugent, 
 procured for him from the bilhop of Worcefter, the vicarage of 
 Snitterfield in Warwickfhire, worth about 140I. a year, and 
 here he reiided for the remainder of his life. He took a fecond 
 wife in the year 1759, who was a daughter of Mr. Underwood 
 of Budgely in Stafford (hi re. In all fuuations he continued to 
 indulge his early propcnfity to poetry, and correfponded with 
 Shenftone, on the iubjeft of their literary purfuits. 
 
 His Elegy on the Blackbiids was publilhed in 1752, by Dr. 
 Hawkefworth in the Adventurer, and at firftr attributed to Gilbert 
 Weft. When it afterwards appeared in Dodfiey's collection with 
 the name of the real author, it is faid that a manager of the Bath 
 theatre claimed it as his own; and aifured his friends that y^go 
 ■was merely a fitlitious name, which he had taken from the tra- 
 gedy of Othello. Hawkefworth probably received the poem from 
 Weft, and certainly thought it his, as Dr. Johnfon obferV'eSy 
 but abundant evidence has Hnce proved it to be the performance 
 of Jago. In 1 77 1, lord Willoughby de Broke prefented him 
 to the living of Kilmcote in Leicefterftiire, worth near 300I. a. 
 year, which had been held by the father of his firft wife. He 
 then refigned the vicarage of Harbury. 
 
 In the latter part of his life, as infirmities came upon him, 
 he feldom went far from home ; but amufed himfelf in im- 
 proving his vicarage houfe, and ornaraenting his grounds, which 
 
 we e 
 
JAMES. 367 
 
 were atrreeably fituated, and had many natural beauties. After 
 a fliort illnefs/he died on the 8th of May 1 781, in the 66th year 
 of his age, and was buried in a vault which he had made for his 
 family at Snitterfield [m]. By his firll: wife, he had three fons, 
 \vho died before him, and four daughters, three of whom were 
 livino- in »784. His fecord wife brought him no children. 
 
 The other poems of Jago were " Edgehill," a defcriptive 
 poem in blank verfe, pubruhed in 1767, by which his poetical 
 reputation was mod exalted: " Labour and Genius," a fable, 
 infcribed to Shenllone, who is the fubjedt of its panegyric: 
 Some " Elegies, Eclogues," &c. His charader appears to have 
 been in all refpefls amiable and refpedfable ; particularly as de- 
 fcribed by his friend and biographer Mr. Hylton [nJ. With 
 ftrangers'he v/as rather referved, among his friends lively, eafy, 
 and entertaining. As a "poet he cannot take a very high rank ; 
 but has perhaps fufficicnt merit to fecure him from oblivion. 
 
 J AMBLICUS, the name of two celebrated Platonic philofo- 
 phers, one of whom was a native of Chalcis, and the other of 
 Apamea, ia Syria. The firfl, who is equalled by Julian the 
 Apoftate to Plato himfelf, was a difciple of Anatolius and Por- 
 phyry ; after which he became a teacher, and had a great num- 
 ber of difciples, who flocked to him, not fo much for his elo- 
 quence, as for his probity and the good cheer which he gave 
 them. He began to grow famous in the time of Uioclefian, 
 and died under the reign of Conltantine. The fecond Jambli- 
 cus flourilhed under Julian the Apoftate, who wrote feveral let- 
 ters to him, and feems to be the fame man to whom Symmachus 
 wrote, defiring to cultivate a friendlhip with him ; he is faid 
 to have been killed by poifon under the emperor Valens. It is 
 not certain to which of thcfe two we are to afrribe the works 
 that We have in Greek, under the name of Jamblicus, namely, 
 I. " The Hiftory of the Life and Scdl of Pythagoras." 1. 
 ** An Exhortation to Philofophy." 3. A piece, under the name 
 of Abamon, agaiuft Porphyry's " Letter upon the Egyptian 
 Myfteries." 
 
 There is alfo cited [o], a colledlicn of the dogmata of Py- 
 thagoras by Jamblicus ; and Julian quotes a piece of Jamblicus 
 of Chalcis upon the fun, from which he borrows a great part of 
 his treatife upon the fame fubje6l. 
 
 JAMES (Thomas), a learned Englifh critic and divine, was 
 born about 1 571, at Newport in the Ifle of Wight ; and, being 
 put to Winchefter-fchool, became a fcholar upon the fotmdation, 
 and thence a fellow of New-college in Oxford, 1593. He com- 
 menced M. A. in 1599; and the fame year, having collated 
 
 [m] Dr. Andcrfon's Life of Jago. Brit. Poets. Vol. XI. [n] Life prefixed 
 
 to an Edition of his Poems. [oj Moreri, L'advocat, 
 
 A feveral 
 
368 JAMES. 
 
 feveral MSS. of the Philobiblion of Richard of Durham, he 
 publiflied it in 4to at Oxford, with an appendix of the Oxford 
 MSS. and dedicated it to Sir Thomas Bodley, apparently to re- 
 commend himfelf to the place of librarian to him, when he 
 ftiould have completed his defign. Mean while James pro- 
 ceeded with the fame fpirit topublifh a catalogue of all the MSS. 
 in each college-library of both univerfities, and in the compiling 
 of it having free accefs to the MSS. at Oxford, he perufed 
 them carefully ; and, when he found any fociety carelefs of 
 them, he borrowed and took away what he pleafed, and put them 
 into the public library. Thefe inftances of his tafte and turn to 
 books efFedlually procured him the defignation of the founder to 
 be the firft keeper of the public library ; in which office he was 
 confirmed by the univerfity in 1602. He filled this pofl: with 
 great a p plan fe ; and commencing D. D. in 1614, was promoted 
 to the fubdeanery of Wells by the bifhop of that fee. About the 
 fame time, the Abp. of Canterbury alfoprefented him to the rec- 
 tory of Mongeham in Kent, together with other fpiritual prefer- 
 ments. Thefe favours were undeniably ftrong evidences of his 
 diftinguifhed merit, being conferred upon him without any ap- 
 plication on his part. In 1620, he was made a juftice of the 
 peace ; and the fame year refigned the place of librarian, and 
 applied himfelf more intenfely to his fludies. Of what kind 
 thefe were, we learn thus from himfelf: " I have of late," fays 
 he in a letter, May 23, 1624, to a friend, *' given myfelf to the 
 reading only of manufcripts, and in them I find fo many and 
 fo pregnant teftimonies, cither fully for our religion, or againft 
 the Papifts, that it is to be wondered at." In another letter 
 to archbifhop Uflier, the fame year, he affures the primate he 
 had reftored 300 citations and refcued them from corruptions, 
 in thirty quires of paper [p]. He had before written to Uflier 
 upon the fame fubjed, Jan. 28, 1623, when having obferved 
 that in Sixtus Sinenfis, Alphonfus de Caftro, and Antoninus's 
 Summse, there were about 500 baftard brevities and about 1000 
 places in the true authors which arc corrupted, that he had dili- 
 gently noted, and would (hortly vindicate them out of the MSS. 
 being yet only conjectures of the learned, he proceeds to ac- 
 quaint him, that he had gotten together the flower of the Englifli 
 divines, who would voluntarily join with him in the fearch. 
 *' Some fruits of their labours," continues he, " if your lord- 
 fhip defires, I will fend up. And might I be but fo happy as 
 to have other i2 thus beltuwed, four in tranfcribing orthodox 
 writers, whereof we have plenty that for the fubftantial points 
 have maintained our religion (40I. or 50I. would ferve) j four 
 
 [p] Thefe two letters are in the coUeGion at the end of Parr's " Life of Uiher," 
 numb, 66 and 77. 
 
 to 
 
JAMES. 
 
 3^9 
 
 to compare old prints with the new ; four other to compare the 
 Greek tranflations by the Paplfts, as Vedelius hath done with 
 Ignatius, wherein he hath been fomewhat helped by my pains ; 
 I would not doubt but to drive the Papids out of all ftarting- 
 holes. But alas! my lord, I have not encouragement from our 
 bifliops. Preferment I feek none at their hands; only 40I. or 
 '60I. per ann. for others is that I feek, which being gained, the 
 caufe is gained, notwithftanding their brags in their late books.'* 
 In the convocation held with the parliament at Oxford in 1625, 
 of which he was a member, he moved to have proper commif- 
 fioners appointed to collate the MSS. of the fathers in all the 
 libraries in England, with the Popifli editions, in order to detedt 
 the forgeries in the latter. This project not meeting with 
 the defired encouragement [qJ, he was fo thoroughly perfuaded 
 of the great advantage it would be both to the Proteftant religion 
 and to learning, that, arduous as the tafk was, he fet about exe ■ 
 cuting it himfelf. He had made a good progrefs in it, as ap- 
 pears from his works, a catalogue of which may be feen below [r J ; 
 
 and 
 
 [q.] Wc may form a probable conjec- 
 ture of his plan, from a paifage in the 
 juft cited letter to Ufher, where he ex- 
 prdTes himfelf thus : " Mr. Briggs will 
 iatisfy you in this and fundry other pro- 
 jeds of mine, if they mifcarry not for 
 want of maintenance : it would deferve a 
 prince's purfe. If I was in Germany, the 
 ftate would defray all charges. Cannot 
 our eftates fupply what is wanting ? If 
 every churchman that hath lool, per 
 annum and upwards, will lay down but 
 IS. for every hundred towards thefe public 
 works, I will andertake the reprinting of 
 the fathers, and fetting forth of five or fix 
 orthodox writers, comparing of books 
 printed with printed or written ; collating 
 ■of Popi(h tranflations in Greek j and ge- 
 nerally whatfoever Ihall concern books or 
 the purity of them. I will take upon me 
 to be a magifter of S. Patalii in England, 
 3f 1 be thereunto lawfully required." 
 
 [r] a lift of his publications, i. " Phi- 
 lobiblion R. Dunelmenfis, 1599," 4C0. Jl. 
 ** Ecloga Oxonio-Cantabrigienfis, Lend. 
 1600,'" 410. 3. " Cyprianus Rcdivivus, 
 &c." printed with the " Ecloga." 4. 
 " Spiciiegium divi Auguftini : hoc eft, 
 libri de fide ad Pet. Diacon collatio & 
 caftigatio," printed alfo with the " Ecloga." 
 5. *' Bellum papale feu concordia difcors 
 Sext. V. & Clementis VIII. circa Hiero- 
 nym. Edition. Lond. i6cc," 4to, and 
 1678, 8vo. 6- " Catalogus librorum in 
 bibliorheca Bodleiana, Oxf. 1605, 4to, 
 icprinted with many ad4rtions io 4to, 1620^ 
 
 Vajt.VJlI. 
 
 to which was added an appendix in 1636 i 
 in this catalogue is inferted that of all ihe 
 MSS. then in the Bodl. library. 7. " Con- 
 cordantiae S. patrum, i. e. vera & pia librl 
 Canticorum per patres univ-.rfos, &c. Qxf. 
 1607," 4to. 8. " Apology for John Wick- 
 lifFe, &c. Oxf 1608," 4to, to this is 
 added the " Life of John WickliiTe." 9. 
 " A Treatife of the Corruption of Scrip- 
 tures, Councils, and Fathers, &c." LonJ, 
 1611," 4to, and 1688, 8vo ; this is reck- 
 oned his principal work. 10. " The Je- 
 fuits Downfall threatened— for their wick- 
 ed Lives, accurfed Manners, heretical Doc- 
 trine, and more than Machiavilian Policy, 
 Oxf. 1612," 4to ; to this is added " The 
 Life of Father Parfons, an Englilh Jefuit. '* 
 II. " Filius Papas papalis" ch. I. Lond. 
 162T ; trandated from Latin into Englifh 
 by William Cralhaw : the author's nama 
 is not put to it. 12. " Index generalia 
 fancl. Patrum ad fingulos verl'us cap. v- 
 fecundum Matthseum, &c. Lond. 1624,'* 
 8vo. 13. " Nots ad Georg. Wiceliunx 
 de methodo concordia; cccleriafticje, &s. 
 1695," 8vo. 14. Vindicise Gregoriana?, 
 feu reftitutus Grsgorius Magnus et MSS. 
 &c. de Genevse, 1625." 15- " Manu- 
 dudlion, or Introdudion unto Divinity, .%c- 
 Oxf 1625," 4to. 16. " Humble and 
 earneft Requeft ro the Church of England, 
 for and in tlie Behalf of Books touching 
 Religion," in one iheet 8vo, 1625. 17. 
 *' Explanation or enlarging of the Ten Ar» 
 tide:, in his Suppiicat'.on lately exhibited 
 to the CIsfgy of tb(j Cfeutcli at England, 
 
37cj' JAMES. 
 
 and no doubt would have proceeded much further towards com- 
 pleting his defign, had not he been prevented by death. This 
 happened in 1622. at Oxford. Wood informs us, that he left 
 behind him the character of being the moft indullrions and in- 
 defatigable writer againft the Papills, that had been educated irt 
 Oxford fince the Reformation ; and in reality his defigns wer« 
 fo great, and fo well known to be for the public benefit of learn- 
 ing and the church of England, that Camden, fpeaking of him 
 in his life-time, calls him " a learned man and a true lover of 
 books, wholly dedicated to learning ; who is now laborioufly 
 fearching the libraries of England, and propofeth that for tht 
 public good which will be for the great benefit of England." 
 
 JAMES (Richard) [s], nephew of the preceding, was 
 born in the fame place, and entered of Exeter-college, Oxford ; 
 but being chofen fcholar of Corpus-Chrifti 1608, took his de-* 
 grees in arts at the regular times, became probationer-fellow of 
 his college in 1615, and entered into orders. About 1619, he 
 travelled through Wales int© Scotland ; and thence to Shetland, 
 Greenland, and into Ruffia : on which country he wrote obfer- 
 vations the fame year. He proceed B. D. in 1624, and not 
 long after aflifted Selden, in compofing his '* Marmora Arunde- 
 liana," publifhed in 1628. He was alfo very ferviceable to Sir 
 Robert Cotton and his fon Sir Thomas, in difpofing and fettling 
 their noble library : and with the former of thefe (who was no friend 
 to the prerogative] he was committed clofe prifoner, by order of 
 the houfe of lords, in 1629. During his confinement he com- 
 pofed a copy of verfcs in Englifh, which he prefixed afterwards 
 to a copy of all the printed works of his own original compofi- 
 tion, bound in one volume, and prefented to the Bodleian library 
 fome time before his death, which happened in 1638. Wood 
 tells us, that he was efteemed a perfon well verfed in moft party 
 of learning ; and particularly was a very good Greek fcholar, a 
 poet, an excellent critic, antiquary, divine, and admirably well 
 ikilled in the Saxon and Gothic languages. That nothing was 
 ■wanting but a finecure or prebend, either of which, if conferred 
 upon him, would have carried him through Herculean labours ; 
 
 Oxf. 1625," 4to. 18. " Specimen Cor- liKewife trandated, from French into Eng- 
 
 ruptelarumpontificiorumiriCypriano, Am- liih, " The Moral Philofophy of thi 
 
 brclio, Greg. Magno, &c. Lond. 1626." Stoics, Lond. 1598," 8vo: and publifhei* 
 
 19. '• Index librorumprohlbitorum a pon- two ftort treatifes againft the order of beg- 
 
 tificiis, 0xf. 1627," 8vo. 20, " Admo- ging friars, written by Wickliffe ; with x 
 
 nitio ad theologos proteftantes de libris book entitled, " Fifcus papalis, five ca- 
 
 pontificiorum caute legendis," MS. 21. talogus indulgentiarura, &c. Lond. 1617," 
 
 **' Enchiridion theologicum," MS. 22. 4to : but fome were of opinion this book* 
 
 *' Liber de fufpicionibus & conjedluris," was publifhed by William Crafhaw, al- 
 
 MS. Thefe three Wood fays he faw ia ready mentioned. Several letters of our 
 
 the Lambeth library, under D. 42, 3 ; but author are in the appendix to Parr's " Li^ 
 
 whether printed, fays he, 1 know not, per- of Ufher." 
 
 hups the <« Enchiridjea" is. Dr. James [s] Ath. Ox.ojb 
 
 finally. 
 
JAMES. 371 
 
 finally, that he was of a far better judgement than his uncle; 
 and, had he lived to his agf, would have furpaircd him in pub- 
 liliiing books. His imcle himfcif, in a letter to Uflier, gives 
 the following charader of him : " A kinfmaii of mine is at this 
 prefent, by my diredlion, writing Becket's life, wherein it lliall 
 be plainly fliewed, both out of his own writings, and thofe of 
 his time, that he was not, as he is efleemed, an arch-faint, but 
 an arch-rebel ; and that the Papills have been not a little de- 
 ceived by him. This kinfman of mine, as well as myfelf, 
 fhould be right glad to do any fervice to your lordfhip in this 
 kind. He is of ftrength, and well both able and learned to ef- 
 fedtuate fomewhat in this kind, critically feen both in Hebrew, 
 Greek, and Latin, knowing well the languages both French, 
 Spanifli, and Italian, immenfe and beyond all other men in read- 
 ing of the MSS. of an extraordinary Ilyle in penning; fuch a 
 one as I dare balance with any prieft or Jefuit in the world, of 
 his age, and fuch a one as I could wifh your lordfliip had about 
 you : but pauperias initnlca bonis eft mor'ihus, and both fatherlefs 
 and motherlefs, and almoft (but for myfelf J I may fay (the more 
 is pity) friendlefs." 
 
 JAMES (Dr. Robert), an Englifli phyficiar^ of great emi- 
 nence, and particularly diftinguifhed by the piceparation of a 
 mod excellent fever-powder, was born at Kinverflon in Stafford- 
 fhire, A. D. 1703. His father was a major in the army, his 
 mother a fifter of fir Robert Clarke. He was educated at St. 
 John's-collcge in Oxford, where he took the degree of A. B. 
 and afterwards pra6lifed phyfic fucceffively at Sheffield, Litch- 
 field, and Birmingham. He then removed to London, and be- 
 came a licentiate in the college of phyficians ; but, in what year, 
 we cannot fay. At London, he applied himfelf to writing as 
 well as pradifing phyfic ; and, in 1743, publifhed a " Medicinal 
 Di6lionary," 3 vols, folio. Soon after, he pubUflicd an Englifh 
 tranflation, with a fupplement by himfelf, of " Ramazzini de 
 morbis artificum ;" to which he alfo prefixed a piece of Frederic 
 Hoffman upon " Endemial Diftempers," 8vo. In 1746, " The 
 Practice of Phyfic," 2 vols. 8vo ; in 1760, " On Canine Mad- 
 nefs," 8vo ; in 1764, " A Difpenfatory," 8vo. June 25, 1755, 
 when the king was at Cambridge, James was admitted by man- 
 damus to the doclorfhip of phyfic. In 1778, were publ;Ihr:d 
 ** A Diifertation upon Fevers," and " A Vindication of the 
 Fever-Powder," 8vo ; with '* A fhort Treatife on the Diforders 
 of Children," and a very good print of Dr. James. 7^his was 
 the 8th edition of the *' Differtation," of which the.firft was 
 printed in 1751 ; and the purpofe of it was, to fet forth the fuc- 
 cefs of this powder, as well as to defcribe more particularly the 
 manner of adminiftering it. The *' Vindication" was pofthu- 
 mous and unfinifhcd : for he died March 23, 1776, while he 
 was employed upon itt The editor informs us, that *' it is only 
 
 Jj b :;; a part 
 
372 J A M E S. 
 
 a part of a much larger traft, which included a defence of his 
 own charadler and conduft in his profefTion ; and was occafion- 
 ed," he fays, " by the violent and calumnious attacks of his 
 brethren of the faculty." 
 
 The afFe(Stionate remembrance of Dr. James, by Johnfon ia 
 his Life of Smith, deferves to be preferved among the honour- 
 able teftimonies to the character of the former. " At this man's 
 table," fays the biographer, fpcaking of Mr.Walmfley, " I enjoyed 
 many chearfiil and inilru6live hours, with companions fuch as 
 are not often found ; with one who has lengthened, and one who 
 has gladdened life ; with Dr. James, whofe fkill in phyfic will 
 be long remembered : and with David Garrick, whom I hoped 
 to have gratified with this character of our common friend : but 
 what are the hopes of man !" &c. It appears from the life of 
 Johnfon, that he had gained fome knowledge of phyfic from 
 James, which he in return made ufefultohis friend, by affifting 
 him in his Medicinal Di6lionary. *' My knowledge of phyfic/' 
 faid he, " I learnt from Dr. James, whom I helped in writing 
 the propofals for his didionary, and alfo a little in the didlionary 
 itfelf." Bofwelt adds, ** I have in vain endeavoured to find out 
 what parts Johnfon wrote for Dr. James. Perhaps medical 
 men may [t]." There can be very little doubt, from the ftyle 
 of the addrefs, that Mr. Bofwell is right in afcribing the dedi- 
 cation of that work entirely to the pen of Johnfon. The elegance 
 and originality of the compliments in it fufficiently mark the hand 
 of that great mafter. It may not be amifs to infert it here, as 
 a model of dedicatory addrefs, highly honourable to Dr. Jamea 
 if his own, and creditable even to have deferved from Johnfon* 
 '' Sir, 
 
 ** That the Aledic'mal D'lSfionnry is dedicated to you, is to 
 be imputed only to your reputation for fupepior fkill in thofe 
 fciences, which I have endeavoured to explain and facilitate ^ 
 and you ^re therefore, to confider this addrefs, if it be agreeable 
 to you, as one of the rewards of merit; and if otherwife, as 
 one of the inconveniences of eminence. However,, you fhall 
 receive it, my defign cannot be difappointed ; becaufe this public 
 appeal to your judgement will fhevv, that I do not found my 
 hopes of approbation upon the ignorance of my readers, and 
 that I fear his cenfure leait, whofe knowledge is mod extenfive. 
 I am, Sir7 ^c. 
 
 R. James [u]." 
 
 The di(51ionary is, in efFe£l, confidered as a work highly 
 honourable to the author, and retains its credit, unimpaired 
 after the continued progrefs of medicine for feveral years. 
 Dr. Johnfen certainly held James in high efteem, and thought 
 he did not burll out into any paflionate exclamation- of grief,. 
 
 [t] Life of Johafon, Vol. H. p. 385, 8vo. [tf] Ibid. VoL I. p. 138.- 
 
 oa 
 
JAMES. 373 
 
 on reading of his death, (as his biographer relates], he doubt- 
 lefs felt confiderable regret, as appeared not only by his man- 
 rer of returning to the fubjecl: [x] ; 'but by hisS mention of 
 him above-cited from the life of 3mitli. The regret which re- 
 mains upon the mind after reflection, is as fincere, if not as 
 violent, as that which fhews itfelf at firft in impatient lamenta- 
 tions. " No man," faid he, on fome occafion, " brings more 
 mind to his profeffion than James ;" and undoubtedly no man 
 was better able to judge of mind, than the pcrfon who pronounced 
 that opinion. 
 
 Dr. James was rough in his manners, and, if not very gene- 
 rally mifreprefented, far from temperate in his habits ; but iTrong 
 fenfe ufually appeared in his coarfe expreilions, and no man 
 had more fagacity, when his head was clear, which of a morn- 
 ing was always the cafe. Several whimfical flories, perhaps of no 
 precife authority, are told of his evening prefcriptions : and he 
 is faid, in comparing his patient's pulfe with his own, fome- 
 times to have confufed the two ; and, finding that one was 
 quickened by intemperance, to have bluntly accufcd the patienty 
 perhaps a delicate Lady, of being in liquor. But James, 
 whatever failings he might have, was without doubt an able 
 and acute phyfician, and his dictionary will remain a noble 
 monument of his knowledge. His perfon had not more deli- 
 cacy than his manners, being large and grofs. 
 
 His fever poiuder was for a long time violently oppofed by the 
 faculty, who, as the compofition was kept a fecret, confidered 
 it as a noflrum, and refufed to prefcribe or countenance it. The 
 admirable efFeCls experienced from it, forced it into general ufe, 
 and it is now confidered as the mod efficacious medicine for fevers 
 that is known. Dr. Pearfon, who took great pains to analyze 
 it, concludes that *' by calcining bone alhes, that is, phofphorated 
 lime, with antimony in a certain proportion, and afterv/ards 
 expofing the mixture to a white heat, a compound may be formed 
 containing the fame ingredients, in the fame proportion, and pof- 
 fefling the fame chemical properties" [y] ; and the London Phar- 
 macopoeia now contains a prefcription, under the title of Puhis 
 AfitimoniaUs, which is intended to anfwer the fame purpofes, 
 *' It is well known," fays Dr. Pearfon, " that this powder can- 
 not be prepared by following the diredlions of the fpecification in 
 the Court of Chancery." He therefore inftituted a laborious 
 chemical enquiry, firft analytical, and then fynthetical, in order 
 to afcertaia the compofition. 
 
 Whether James was the real inventor of the powder, may ad- 
 mit of a doubt. *' The calcination of antimony and bone-afhes 
 produces," fays Dr. Pearfon, " a powder called Lile's and 
 Schawanberg's fever powder \ a preparation defcribed by Schroedcr 
 
 fx] Life, Vgi; II. p. 366, [y] PhJloC Tranf. fgr 1791, p. 367. 
 
 Bb 3 ^nd 
 
374 J A M Y N. 
 
 and ether chemills 150 years ago," — " According to the re- 
 ceipt in the polTelhon of Mr. Bromfield, by which this powder 
 ■was prepared torty-five years ago, and before any medicine was 
 known bv the name of James's powder, two pounds of hartf- 
 horn fliavings muft be boiled, to diiTolve all the mucilage, and 
 tlien, being dried, be calcined with one pound of crude antimo- 
 ny, till tlie fmell of fuiphur ceafes, and a light grey powder is 
 produced. The fame prefcription was given to Mr. Willis 
 above forty years ago, by Dr. John Eaton of the College of 
 Phyficians, with the material addition however, of ordering the 
 calcined mixture to be expoftd to a given heat in a clofe veffel, 
 to render it white." — ** Schroeder prefcribes equal weights of an- 
 timony and calcined hartfhorn ; and Poterius and Michaelisy as 
 quoted by Frederic Hoffman^ merely order the calcination of thefe 
 two fubftances together (affigning no proportion), in a reverbe- 
 ratory fire for feveraldays." It has been alledged, that Dr. James 
 obtained the receipt for his powder, of a German Baron named 
 Schwanberg, or one Baker, to whom Schwanberg had fold it. 
 This account we have not been able to verify, but if it be true, 
 Baron Schwanberg ; as he is called, was probably the defcendant 
 of the Schawanberg mentioned fo long ago. Be it as it may. 
 Dr. James was able to give that credit and currency to the me- 
 dicine which otherwife it would not have had, and the public 
 are therefore indebted to him for publifhing, if not for invent- 
 ing, a preparation of moft admirable efFeft. 
 
 Dr. James was married, and left fons and daughters. His 
 eldcfl fon, Robert Harcourt James, was educated at Merchant- 
 Taylor's- fchool, and afterwards at St. John's-college in Oxford, 
 for the profefTion of phyfic. The powder has proved a noble 
 fortune to the family. 
 
 JAMYN (Amadis), a French poet, was, in his youth, a 
 great traveller, and run over Greece, the ifles of the Archipe- 
 lago, and Afia Minor. Poetry being his delight, he applied 
 himielf to it from his infancy ; and his writings, both in verfe 
 and profe, (liew that he had carefully ftudied the Greek and 
 Latin authors, efpecially the poets. He is efteemed the rival of 
 Ronfard, who was his contemporary and friend ; but he is not 
 fo bombaftical, nor fo rough in the ufe of Greek words, and his 
 (lyle is more natural, iimplc, and pleafing. Jamyn was fecre- 
 tary and chamber-reader in ordinary to Charles IX. and died 
 about 1585. We have, \. his " Poetical Works," in 2 vols. 
 2. " Difcours de philofophie a Pafficharis & a Pedanthe," with 
 feven acadeinical difcourfes, the whole in profe, Paris, 1584, 
 j2mo. 3. " A Tranflation of Homer's Iliad," in French verfe, 
 becun by^Hugh Salel, and finifhed by Jamyn from the 12th book 
 inclufive, to which is added a tranflalion of the three firlf books 
 of the " OdyfTey." 
 
 JANICON 
 
JAN SEN. 37; 
 
 }ANICON (Francis Michael), was born at Paris in 
 1674, the fon of a Protelbnt, and fent early into Holland for 
 education. For a time he quitted his ftudies for the army, 
 but at the peace of Ryfwick, hercfumed hislitcrary labours, aiid 
 became concerned in the gazettes of Amflerdam, Rotterdam, 
 and Utrecht. A fimple, and hiftorical llyle, with a clear head, 
 and much political fagacity, feemed to promife great fucccfs to 
 thefe labours; but his prefs being iilenced, on account of a po- 
 litical tra£l (in which, however, he had no concern), he retired 
 to the Hague, and became agent to the landgrave of Heife. He 
 died of an apoplexy \a 1730, at the age of fifty-lix. Of his 
 works there are, i. His " Gazettes," written in a good ftylc, 
 and with found political knowledge. 2. A tranflation of Steele's 
 ** Ladies Library," publillied in 1717 and 1719, in 2 vols, 
 duodecimo. 3. A tranflation of an indifferent fatire againft 
 monks and priefts, written originally by Antony Gavin, and 
 printed in 1724, in 4 vols. i2mo. 4. *' The prefent State of 
 the Republic of the United Provinces, and their Dependencies," 
 publilhed in 1729, in 2 vols. i2mo. This is the moll: correct 
 work that is extant, though it has been confidered by Niceron 
 as not altogether devoid of faults. 
 
 JANSEN, or J ANSENIUS (Cornelius), bifhop of Ypres, 
 principal of the fe6l called Janfenifts, was born in a village 
 called Akoy, near Leerdam in Holland, of Roman Catholic 
 parents [z], and, having had his grarmmar-learning at Utrecht, 
 went to Louvain in 1602. Afterwards he went to Paris, where 
 he met with John du Verger de Hauranne, afterwards abbot of 
 Saint-Cyran, with whom he had contradled a very llrivfl friend- 
 Ihip in Louvain. Some time after, du Verger removing to Bay- 
 onne, he followed him thither: where purfuing their ftudies with 
 unabated ardour, they were noticed by the bifhop of that pro- 
 vince, who, conceiving a great efteem for them, procured du 
 Verger a canonry in his cathedral, and fet Janfen at the head of 
 a college or fchool. He fpent five or fix years in Bayonne, 
 applying himfelf with the fame vigour to the ftudy of the fa- 
 thers, St. Auftin in particular ; and, as he did not appear to be 
 of a ftrong conftitution, du Verger's mother ufed fometimes tp 
 tell her fon, that he would prove the death of that worthy young 
 Fleming, by making him overftudy himfelf. 
 
 At length, the billiop being raifed to the archiepifcopal fee of 
 Tours, prevailed with du Verger to go to Paris; fo that Janfen 
 being thus feparated from his friend, and not fure of the protec- 
 tion of the new bifhop, left Bayonne ; and after twelve years 
 refidence in France returned to Louvain, where he was chofen 
 
 [z] His father's luiuc was Jan Ortie> by uade a tvp?llJS{; bjs ffiitiber was canc4 
 l«ynti« Gilberts. 
 
 £ b 4 jprindpal 
 
•576 - J A N S E N. 
 
 principal of the college of St. Pulcheria. But this place wa# 
 not altogether fo agreeable, as it did not afford him lei fu re to 
 purfiie his Ifudies fo much as he wiflied, for which reafon he 
 refufcd to teach philofophy. He took his degree of D. D. in 
 1617, with great reputation, was admitted a profcfTor in ordi- 
 nary, and grew into fo much efteem, that the univerfity fent him 
 twice, in 1624, and the enfiiing year, upon affairs of great 
 confequence, into Spain; and the king of Spain, his fovereign, 
 niade him profeffor of the Holy Scriptures in Louvain, ifi 1630 ; 
 notwithftanding the Spanifh inquifition lodged fome information 
 againft him in 1627 [a], with Bafil de Leon, the principal doc- 
 xtor of the univerfity of Salamanca, at whofe houfe he lodged. 
 But the complaint was chiefly that he was a Dutchman, and con- 
 fequently an heretic ; and Bafil anfwered them fo much to the 
 advantage of Janfen, that his enemies were quite out of coun- 
 tenance. Mean while, the king of Spain obferving, with a 
 jealous eye, the intriguing politics, and growing power of the 
 French, put his new profeffor upon writing a book, to expofe 
 them to the pope, as no good Catholics, fmce they made no 
 fcruple of forming alliances with Proteftant flates. Janfen 
 performed the talk, in his " Mars Gallicus [b]," which is re- 
 plete with invidious, exclamations againfi: the fervices France 
 continually rendered to the Proteftants of Holland and Germany, 
 to the great injury of the Romifh religion; in which the Dutch are 
 treated as rebels, who owe the Republican liberty they enjoy to 
 an infamous ufurpation. It was this fervice that procured him 
 the mitre, in 1635, when he was promoted to the fee of Ypres. 
 Some years before, he had maintained a controverfy againft 
 the Proteftants upon the fubje^l of grace and predeftination, 
 ■u'hich happened thus: the States-General publifhed an edi6i; in 
 1629, forbidding the public exercife ot the Romifh religion in 
 Boifleduc; and having appropriated the ecclefiaflical revenues of 
 the mayoralty of that city to the fervice of the Proteffant relir 
 gion, appointed four minifters to preach there. Thefe, hearing 
 that many flanders concerning their do6lrine were fecretly fpread, 
 publiflitd a manifeffo, declaring that they taught nothing but 
 the pure gofpel, and intreating their adverfaries to pr6pofe what- 
 ever objections they m.ight have to make in a public manner. 
 This was anfwered only by Janfen, in a piece entitled, " Alexi- 
 pharmacum," in 1630. Gilbert Voetius, one of the four mi- 
 nifters who preached in Boifleduc, wrote " Remarks [c]," which 
 Tanfen refuted in another piece, entitled, " Notarum opongia," 
 
 [a] See a letter of his, dated Dec. 31, five, dejuftitia armorum & foederum regis 
 that year. Galliae libri dus 1635." 
 
 [b] The title of it is, « Alexandri [c] The remarlcs were entitled, *'Fhi- 
 patricii armacani theolog. Mars Gallicus 5 lonhis Romanus correftu^" 
 
J A N S E N. 377 
 
 \n. 1631. The author of thefe " Remarks," replying in a. large 
 book, entitled, *' Defperata caufa papatus," in i6;^5; this was 
 anfwercd by Fromond, a friend of Janfen, who liiled his piece» 
 ** Caufa^ defperata: Gilbert! Voetii, adverfus fpongiam Janfenii, 
 crifis oftenfa." This was printed at Antwerp in 1636, and re- 
 futed by Martin Schoockius, profeifor of hiilory and eloquence 
 at Deventer, the title of whofe anfvver was, *' Defperatiflima 
 caufa papatus," this was publilhed in 1638: and here the dif- 
 pute ended [d]. 
 
 But Janfen had another war to maintain, which may be called 
 a Proteftant one ; for Theodore Simonis, a wavering; Roman 
 Catholic, who wanted a mafter, waited upon him at Louvaio,. 
 defiring him to clear up fome doubts he had about the pope's 
 infallibility, the worfhip of the euchariit, and fome other points* 
 Janfen, being puzzled with this man's objedions, told him one 
 day, that he would not difpute with him by word of mouth, 
 but in writing; and that he faw plainly he had to do with a 
 Roman Proteftant Catholic, who would foon go to Holland, and 
 there boaft he had overcome him. Simonis, with fome difficulty, 
 complied with the propofal ; but after both had written twice 
 on the fubjedl in queftion, his lodgings were furrounded with 
 foldiers, and himfelf threatened with the punifhment due to 
 heretics. The duke d'Archot's fecretary exclaimed aloud againft 
 him, and faid, that there was wood enough in his mailer's forefts 
 to burn that heretic. But as the perfon who examined Simonis, 
 in the name of the archbifhop of Malines, declared that he had 
 found him a good Catholic, and fully rcfolvtd to perfevere in 
 the Romilh communion, the prifoner was fet at liberty, and 
 Janfen obliged to pay the expences of the foldiers [eI. 
 
 Janfen was no fooner poffelfed of the bifhopric of Ypres, than 
 he undertook to reform thediocefe; but before he had completed 
 this good work, he fell a facrifice to the plague. May 16, 1638, 
 He was buried in his cathedral, where a monument was ere6ted 
 to his memory; but in 1665, his fuccelTor, Francis de Robes, 
 caufed it to be taken down privately in the night; there being 
 engraved on it an eulogium of his virtue and erudition, and 
 particularly on his book entitled, ** Auguftinus ;" declaring, 
 that this faithful interpreter of the moft fecret thoughts of St. 
 Auftin, had employed in that work a divine genius, an indefa- 
 
 [d] Unlefs the piece belongs to it adverfus Janfenium." This man firft 
 whicn was publilhed by Fromondus, in quitted the Lutheran communion to go 
 1640, with the title of " Sycophanta: over to that of Rome, then turned Lu- 
 epiftola ad Gifbertum Voetium." See theran again, and at laft Socinian : he ww 
 Valerius Andreas's Bibliotheque among principal of the Socinian college of Kif- 
 Fromondus's works. felin in Lithuania, was well verfed in the 
 
 [e] Yet Simonis two years after turned Oreek tongue, and tranflated Comenius'a 
 Proteftant, and publiflied a book entitled, " Janua liuguaruin" into that language, 
 *^ Pe ftatu Si xsU^iQBH pro^ua f^patus Bayie. 
 
 tigablc 
 
375 J A N S E ISr. 
 
 tigable labour, and his whole life-time; and that the churcH 
 would receive the benefit of it upon earth, as he did the reward 
 of it in heaven; words that were highly injurious to the bulls of 
 Urban VIII. and Innocent X. who then had cenfured that work. 
 The bifhop deftroyed this monument by the exprefs orders of 
 pope Alexander VII. and with the confent of the archduke 
 Leopold, governor of the Netherlands, in fpite of the refiftancc 
 of the chapter, which went fuch lengths, that one of the prin- 
 cipal canons had the courage to fay, " it was not in the pope's 
 Tnor the king's power to fupprefs that epitaph;" fo dear w^as 
 Janfen to this canon and his colleagues. He wrote feveral other 
 books befides thofe already mentioned; i. *' Oratio de interioris 
 hominis reformatione." 2. " Tetrateuchus five commentarius 
 in 4 evangelica." 3. " Pentateuchus five commentarius in 5 
 libros Mods." 4. The Anfwer of the Divines of Louvain, 
 ** de vi obligandi confcientias quam habent edi6la regia fuper re 
 monetaria." 5. Anfwer of the Divines and Civilians, ".De 
 juramcnto qu.od publica rai£toritate magiftratui defignato imponi 
 folct." But his " Auguftinus" was his principal work, and he 
 was employed upon it above twenty years. He left it finilhed 
 at his death, and fubmittcd it, by his lall will, in the completed 
 manner to the judgement of the holy fee. His executors, Fro- 
 mond and Calen, printed it at Louvain, in 1640, but fuppreifed 
 "his fubmiffion. The fubje6l is divine grace, free-will, and pre- 
 deilination. " In this book, fays Molheim, <* which even the 
 Jefuits acknowledge to be the produ6lion of a man of learning 
 and piety, the doftrine of Auguftine, concerning man's natural 
 corruption, and the nature and efficacy of that divine grace 
 which alone can efface this, unhappy Itain, is unfolded at large, 
 and iihiltrated, for the mod part, in Augufline's own words. 
 For the end which Janfenins propofed to himfelf in this work, 
 was not to give his own private fentiments concerning thefe im- 
 portant points; but to fhew in what manner they had been un- 
 derilood and explained by that' celebrated father of the church, 
 whofe name and authority were univerfally revered in all 
 parts of the Roman Catholic world. No incident could be 
 more unfavourable to the Jefuits, and the progrefs of their re- 
 ligious fyftem, than the publication of this book ; for as the 
 doclrine of AugulVine differed but very little from that of the 
 Dominicans ; as it was held facred, nay almofl: refpcdfcd as 
 divine, in the church of Rome, on account of the extraordinary 
 jTierit and authority of that illuftrions bifhop ; and at the fame 
 time was almoft diametrically oppofed to the fentiments gene- 
 rally received among the Jefuits; thefe latter could fcarcely con- 
 fider the book of Janfenius in any other light, than as a tacit 
 but formidable refutation of their opinions concerning human 
 liberty and divine grace \ and accordingly tjiey not only drew 
 
 their 
 
J AN SEN. 379 
 
 t"heir pens againn: this famous book, but alH) ufcd their moft 
 ilrenuous endeavours to obtain a public condemnation of it from 
 Rome[F]." In Louvain, where it Avas firll publifhcd, it ex- 
 cited prodigious contclis. It obtained feveral violent advocates, 
 and was by others oppofcd with no lefs violence, and feveral 
 theological thefes were written againft it. At length, they who 
 wifhed to obtain the fuppreflion of it by papal authority, were 
 fucccfsful ; the Roman inquifitors began by prohibiting the pe- 
 rufal of it, in the year 1641 ; and, in the following year, Urban 
 VIII. condemned it as infe^5led with feveral errors that had been 
 long banllhed from the church. This bull, which was pub- 
 lifhcd at Louvain, inftead of pacifying, inflamed matters more; 
 and the difputcs foon paifed into France, where they were car- 
 ried on with equal warmth. At length the bifhops of France 
 drew up the docStrine, as they called it, of Janfen, in five pro- 
 pofitions, and applied to the pope to condemn them. This was 
 done by Innocent X. by a bull publifhed May 31, 1653 ; and he 
 drew up a formulary for that purpofe, which was received by 
 the affembly of the French clergy. Thefe propofitions con- 
 tained the following doiSlrines: 
 
 1. That there are divine precepts, which good men, notwith- 
 flandlng their defire to obferve them, are nevcrthelefs, abfo- 
 lutely unable to obey ; nor has God given them that meafure 
 of grace which is efl'entially neceffary to render them capable of 
 fuch obedience. 
 
 2. That no perfon, in this corrupt flate of nature, can refift 
 the influence of divine grace, when it operates upon the mind. 
 
 3. That in order to render human a6lions meritorious, it is 
 not requifite that they be exempt from necejjity^ but only that they 
 be free from conjiralnt. 
 
 4. That the Semipelagians err grievoufly in maintaining that 
 the human will is endowed with the power of either receiving 
 or refifting the aids and influences of preventing grace. 
 
 5. That whoever affirms that Jefus Chrifl made expiation by 
 his fufFerings and death, for the fins of all mankind, is a Semi- 
 pelagian. 
 
 Of thefe propofitions the pontiff declared the firfl four only 
 heretical, but he pronounced the fifth, rafli, impious, and injurious 
 to the fupreme Being. Janfenius, however, was not named in the 
 bull, nor was it declared that thefe five propofitions were main- 
 tained in the book entitled, Auguflinus, in the fenfe in which 
 the pope had condemned them. Hence the fubtile Antony Ar- 
 nauld, dodlor of the Sorbonne, invented a diftin£tion, which 
 the other Janfenifls look up as a defence. He feparated the 
 matter of doSfrine, or right, and oi fa5l in the controverfy ; and 
 
 £f] Molheijo; £«?lef. Hift, Cent. XVU. Seft. z. Part i. 
 
 acknow* 
 
3S0 J A N S E N. 
 
 acknowledged that they were bound to believe the five propofi* 
 tions juftly condemned by the Roman pontiff, but did not ac- 
 knowledge that thefe propofitions were to be found in the book 
 of Janfenius, in the fenfe in which they were condemned. 
 Hence arofe the famous diftinction between the fa£l and the 
 right. They did not, however, long enjoy the benefit of. this 
 artful diftindion. The reftlefs and invincible hatred of their 
 enemies purfued them in every quarter, and at length engaged 
 Alexander VII. the fuccelTor of Innocent, to declare by a fo- 
 lemn bull, iiTued in 1656, that the five propofitions were the: 
 tenets of Janfenius, and were contained in his book. The 
 pontiff did not flop here ; but to this flagrant inftance of impru- 
 dence, added another ftill more fhocking: for, in the year 
 1665, he fent into France the form of a declaration which was to 
 be fubfcribed by all who afpired to any preferment in the church ; 
 and in which it was affirmed that the five propcfitions were to be 
 found in the book of Janfenius, in the fame fenfe in which they 
 had been condemned by the church. This declaration, the un- 
 exampled temerity of which, as well as its contentious tendency, 
 appeared in the moll odious light, not only to the Janfenifts, but 
 alfo to the wifer part of the French nation, produced the mofl: 
 deplorable divifions and tumults. It was immediately oppofed 
 with vigour by the Janfenifts, who, thus provoked, went fo far 
 as to maintain that, in matters of faSi, the pope was fallible, 
 efpecially when his decifions were merely perfonal, and not con- 
 firmed by a general council ; and confequently that it was nei- 
 ther obligatory or necelfary to fubfcribe this papal declaration, 
 which had, as they alledged, only a matter of facl for its objecSl. 
 The afTembly of the clergy, neverthelefs, infilled upon fubfcrip- 
 tion to the formulary; and all ecclefiaftics, monks, nuns, and 
 others, in every diocefe, were obliged to fubfcribe. Thofe who 
 refufed, v/ere interdicted and excommunicated ; and they even 
 talked of eriteiing a procefs againft four bifhops, who in their 
 public inftruments had diftinguifhcd the faftfrom the right ; and 
 declared, that they defired only a refpe£lful and fubmifiive filence 
 in regard to the fa6l. The affair was at length accoinmodated 
 in 1668, imder the pontificate of Clement IX. who was fatis- 
 fiedthat the bifhops fhould fubfcribe themfelves, and make others 
 fubfcribe purely and fimply; though they declared exprefsly, 
 that they did not defire the fame fubmiffion for the faft, but for 
 the right. This accommodation, (tiled the peace of Clement, 
 •was for a time complied with; yet the difpute about fubfcribing 
 was afterwards renewed both in Flanders and France ; where- 
 upon Innocent XII. by a brief, in 1694, direded to the bifhops 
 in Flanders, declared that no addition fhould be made to the 
 formulary, but that it lliould be fufficient to fubfcribe fincerely, 
 without any diltindion, reftridlion, or expofition, condemning 
 
JAR CHI. jSi 
 
 the propofitions extradled from Janfen's book, in the plain and 
 obvious fenfe of tlie words. A refohition of a cafe of con- 
 fcience, figned by forty dodlors, in which the diftinclion of the 
 fa£l from the right was tolerated, reinflamed the difpute in 
 France, about the beginning of the prefent century: when 
 pope Clement XIII. by a bull dated July 15, 1705, declared, 
 that a refpedful filence is not fufficicnt to te{[ify the obedience 
 due to the conftiiutions ; but that all the faithful ought to con- 
 demn as heretical, not only with their mouths, but in their 
 hearts, the fenfe of Janfen's book, which is condemned in the 
 five propofitions,. as the fenfe which the words properly import; 
 and that it is unlawful to fubfcribe with any other thouc^ht) 
 mind, or fentiment. This conftitution was received by the^ge- 
 iieral alfembly of the French clergy in 1705, and publi(hed bv 
 the king's authority. Neverthelefs, it did not put an end to the 
 difputes, efpccially in the Low Countries, where various inter- 
 pretations of it were made ; it may even be faid that the conteft 
 grew hotter than ever, after the pope, by his conftitution ©f 
 Sept. 13, 1713, condemned loi propofitions, extraded from 
 the " Paraphrafe on the New Teftament," by Pere Chjefnel, 
 who was then at the head of the Janfenifts. There was another 
 Cornelius Janfen, bifhop of Gand, who died in 1576, and pub- 
 lifhed fome theological works. 
 
 JANSON (Abraham), of Antwerp, an excellent painter in 
 the r6th century. He was born with a wonderful genius for 
 painting, and in his youth executed fome pieces, which fet him 
 above all the young painters of his time : but love took fuch 
 poiTeflion of his heart, that he facrificed his profeffion to the 
 devotion he paid to a young woman at Antwerp; and as foonas 
 he obtained her in marriage, thought of nothing but diverfions 
 and feafting. This way of life foon drained his purfe ; and, 
 inftead of imputing this to his idienefs, he took offence at the 
 little regard which he thought was paid to his merit. lie c^rew 
 jealous of Rubens ; and fent a challenge to that painter, wjth a 
 Jift of the names of fuch perfons as were to decide the matter 
 fo foon as their refpedive works fliould be finifhed ; but Ru- 
 bens, inftead of accepting the challenge, anfwered that he wil- 
 lingly yielded him the preference, leaving the public to do them 
 juftice. There are fome of Janfon's works in the churches at 
 Antwerp. He painted alfo a defcent from the crofs for the 
 great church of Boifleduc, which has been taken for a piece of 
 Rubens; and, jn reality, it is no ways inferior to any of the 
 works of that great painter. 
 
 JAQIJELOT. See Jacoitelot. 
 
 MRCHI (Solomon Ben Isaac), otherwife RASCHI and 
 ISAAiil, a. famous rabbi, was born in 1104, at Troyes in 
 Champagne in France. Having acquired a good ftcck of jev-ijli 
 
 learning 
 
3^2 J A R C H L 
 
 learning at home, he travelled at thirty years of age ; vlfiting 
 Italy, Greece, Jerufalem, Paleftine, and Egypt, where he met 
 ■with Maimonides, From Egypt he palTed to Perfia, and thence 
 to Tartary and Mufcovy ; and laft of all, palling through Ger- 
 many, he arrived in his native country, after he had fpent fix 
 years abroad. After his return to Europe, he vifited all the aca- 
 demies, and difputed againfl the profeflors upon any queftions 
 propofed by them. He took a wife, and had three daughters by 
 her, who were all married to very learned rabbles. Jarchi was 
 a perfedt mafter of the Talmud and Gemara ; and he filled 
 the poftils of the Bible with fo many Talmudical reveries, as 
 totally extinguiflied both the literal and moral fenfe of it. , 
 Many of his commentaries are printed in Hebrew, and fome 
 have been tranflated into Latin by the Chriflians, among which 
 is his *' Commentary upon Joel, by Genebrard ;" thofe upon 
 Obadiah, Jonah, and Zephaniah, by Pontac ; that upon Efther, 
 by Philip Daquin. But the completeft of thefe tranflations is 
 that of his Commentaries on the Pentateuch, and fome other 
 books by Fred. Breithaupt, who has added learned notes. The 
 ftyle of Jarchi is fo concife, that it is no eafy thing to under- 
 Hand him in feveral places, without the help of other Jewifli 
 interpreters. Befides, when he mentions the traditions of 
 the Jews recorded in their writings, he never quotes the 
 chapter nor the page ; which gives no fmall trouble to a 
 tranflator. He introduces alfo feveral French words, of that 
 century, which have been very inuch corrupted, and cannot 
 be eafily underftood. M. Breithaupt has overcome all thofe 
 difficulties. The flyle of his tranflation is not very elegant ; 
 but it is clear, and fully expreifes the fenfe of the author. 
 It was printed at Gotha, in 1710, 4to. There are feveral 
 things in this writer, that may be alledged againft the Jews 
 with great advantage. If, for inftance, the modern Jews deny 
 that the Mellias is to be underftood by the word Schilo, Gen. 
 xlix. 10. they may be confuted by the authority of this inter- 
 preter, who agrees with the Chriflians in his explication of that 
 word. M. Reland looks upon rabbi Jarchi as one of the belt 
 interpreters we have ; and tells us in his preface to the Anale6l;a 
 Rabbinica, that when he met with any difficulty in the Hebrew 
 text of the Bible, the explications of that Jewifh do6lor appeared 
 to him more fatisfa6lory than thofe of the great critics, or any 
 other commentator. 
 
 Jarchi wrote alfo commentaries upon the Talmud, and uporj 
 Pirke-Avon, and other works. It is faid that he was (killed in 
 phyfic and aftronomy, and wals mafter of feveral languages befides 
 the Hebrew. He died atTroyes, in 11 80; and his body was carried 
 into Bohemia, and buried at Prague. His decifions were fo much 
 aaora efteemed, as he had gathered them from the mouths of 
 
 I 
 
J A R D I N S. 383 
 
 ^\ the tlo6^ors of the Jewifh academies in the fcveral countries 
 through which he had travelled. His " Commentary upon the 
 Gemara," appeared fo full of erudition, that it procured him 
 the title of ** Prince of Commentaries." His commentaries 
 upon the Biblt^s of Venice are extant ; his gloifes or commen- 
 taries upon the Talmud are alfo printed with the text. Thc-y 
 ■were publillied collcdively in 1660, in 4 vols. i2mo. He 
 was fo highly cftcemed among the Jews, as to be ranked among 
 the moll illultrlous of their rabbies. 
 
 JARDINS (Mary Catharine des), a French lady, fa- 
 mous for her writings; was born about 1640, a native of Alen- 
 9on in Normandy, where her father was provofi:. Her paffions 
 as well as her genius came forward very early. Being obliged to 
 quit Alen^on, in confequence of an intrigue with one of her 
 coufins, fhe v/ent to Paris, where flie undertook to fupport her- 
 felf by her genius. She ftudied the drama, and publiihed at the 
 fame time fome little novels, by which fhe acquired a name. 
 She had, by her own defcription, a lively and pleaiinr^ countenance, 
 though not amounting to beauty, nor entirely fpared by the 
 fmall-pox. Her attra6lions, however, foon furnillied her with 
 lovers, and among them flie diflinguiilied M. Villedieu, a young 
 captain of infantry, of an elegant perfon and lively genius. He 
 had been already married about a year, but flie perfuaded him to 
 endeavour to diifolve his marriage. This proved impradlicable; 
 nor was it likely from the firlt to be effected ; but the attempt 
 ferved her as a pretext for her attachment. She followed her lover 
 to camp, and returned to Paris under the name of madame de 
 Villedieu. This irregular uni;n was not long happy; and their 
 difagreements had arifen to a confiderable height, when Villedieu 
 was ordered to the army, where foon after he loft his life. Tlie 
 pretended widow comforted herfclf by li\ ing among profeiTcd wits, 
 and dramatic writers, and leading fuch a life as is common in dif- 
 llpated focieties. A fit of devotion brought on by the fudden death 
 of one of her female friends, fent her for a time to a convent, 
 •where ihe lived with much propriety, till her former adventures 
 being known in the fociety, flie could no longer remain in it. 
 Reltored to the world, in the houfe of madame de St. Rotnaine 
 her iifter, fhe foon exchanged devotion aaain for gallantry. She 
 now a fccond tiine married a man wlio was only parted from his 
 wife ; this was the marquis de la ChalTe, whom Ihe met in this 
 fociety. By this marriage ihe had a fon, who died when onlf 
 a year old, and the father not long after. The inconfolable 
 widow was foon after united to one of her coufins, who allowed 
 her to refume the name of Villedieu. After living a few years 
 longer in fociety, llie retired to a little village called"CIinchemar« 
 in the province of Maine, where fhe died in 1683. Her works 
 were printed in J_792^ and fojm ttn vulumesp ixmo, to vvliich 
 
 tw» 
 
3^4 J A U C O U R T. 
 
 two more were added in 1721, confifting chiefly of pieces by other 
 writers. Her compofitions are of various kinds: i. Dramas; as 
 Manllus, a tragi-comedy ; Nitetio, a tragedy ; the Favourites, a 
 tragi-comedy. 2. Mi fcellaneous poems, fables, &c. 3. Romances; 
 among which arc, " Les Difordres de I'Amour ;" " Portraits 
 <ies foibleffes Humaines ;" " Les Exiles de la Cour d'Auguftc ;" 
 which are reckoned her bed produ£lions in this ftyle ; alfo, 
 «' Clconice," *' Carmente," *' Les Galanteries Grenadines," 
 ** Les Amours des Grands Hommes," ** Lyfandrc," " Les 
 Memoirs du Serail," &c. 4. Other works of an amufmg kind, 
 fuch as, " Les Annales Galantcs, <* Le Journal Amoreux," Sec. 
 
 The ftyle of this lady is rapid and animated, but her pencil 
 is not always corred, nor her incidents probable. Her fhort 
 hiftories certainly had the merit of extingullhing the talte for the 
 old tedious romances, and led the way to the novel, but were by 
 no means of fuch excellence in that ftyle as thofe that have fmce 
 teen written by Duclos, Marivaux, Marmontel, and others. 
 She has alfo the fault of attributing her feigned adventures to 
 great perfonages known in hiftory, and. thus forming that con- 
 fufion of fictitious and real narratives which is fo pernicious to 
 young readers. Her verfe is inferior to her profe, being languid 
 and feeble. 
 
 J ARRY (Laurence Juillard du), a French preacher and 
 poet, was born in the village of Jarry, near Xantes, about 1658. 
 He went young to Paris, where the duke of Montaufier, M. 
 BofTuet, Bourdaloue, and Flechier, became his patrons, and 
 encouraged him to write. He gained the poetical prize in the 
 French academy in 1679 and in 1714, and it is remarkable that, 
 on this latter occafion, Voltaire, then very young, was one of | 
 his competitors. The fuccefsful poem was, however, below ^ 
 mediocrity, and contained fome blunders, with which his young 
 antaeoniil; amufed himfelf and the public. One of his verfes 
 began, " Poles, glaces, brulans." " Thefe torrid poles," could not 
 eafily efcape ridicule. At the fame time he was celebrated as a 
 preacher. He was prior of Notre Dame du Jarry of the order 
 of Grammont, in the diocefe of Xantes, where he died in 1730. 
 We have of his^ a work entitled, " Le Miniftere Evangelique^" 
 of which the fecond edition was printed at Paris in 1726. 2. 
 *' A Colledtion of Sermons, Panegyrics, and Funeral Orations," 
 4 vols. i2mo. 3. ** Un Recueil de divers ouvrages de piete, 
 1688," i2mo. 4. *' Des Poefes Chretiennes Heroiques & Mo- 
 rales, 171 5," i2mo. 
 
 JAUCOURT (Louis de), a man of a noble family, with 
 the title of chevalier, who preferred ftudy and literary labour, 
 in which he was indefatigable, to the advantages of birth, which 
 in his time were very highly eftimated. His difintereftednefs, 
 and his virtues, were cpnfpicuous, and his knowledge extended 
 
 t« 
 
I B A S. 385 
 
 to medicine, nntiquities, manners, moral?, and general litera- 
 ture ; in all which branches he has furnilhed articles that are 
 reckoned to do honour to the French Encyclopedic. He con- 
 dueled the " Bibliothcque Raifonnee," a journal greatly efteemed, 
 from its origin to the year 1740, In conjundion with the pro- 
 feffors Gaubius, Muirdienbroek, and Dr. MafTuet, he publiihed 
 the " Mufeum Seb^eanum," in 1734, a book greatly efteemed, 
 and of high price. He had alfo compofed a " Lexicon Medi- 
 cum univerfalc,"' but his manufcript, which was jiifl: about to 
 be printed in Holland, in 6 vols, folio, was loft with the vefTel 
 in which it was fent to that coumry. Some other works by him 
 are alfo extant, on fnbjcdls of medicine and natural philofophy. 
 He was a meiriber of the Royal Society of London, and of the 
 academies of Berlin and Stockholm; and, having been a pupil 
 of the illuftrious Bocrhaave, was, by his intcreft, ftrougly invited 
 into the fctvice of the (ladtholder, on very advantageous terms. 
 Butpromifes had no efltdl upon a man who was, as he paints 
 himfelf, " a man without neceflities, and without defires, with- 
 out ambition, without intrigues; bold enough to offer his com- 
 pliments to the great, but fufficiently prudent not to force his 
 company upon them ; and one who fought a fludious obfcu- 
 rity, for the fake of preferving his tranquillity." He died ia 
 February, 1780, but his age is not exa6lly known. 
 
 JAY (Gui Michel lej, an advocate in the parliament of 
 Paris, very remarkable for his profound knowledge of languages. 
 He printed a Polyglott at his own expence, and thus purchafed 
 glory with the lofs of his fortune. The Vvhole edition -was of- 
 fered to fale in England, but too great a price being fet upon it, 
 the Polyglott of Walton was undertaken in a more commodious 
 form. Le Jay might ftill have made great profit by his work if 
 he vvould have fuffered it to appear under the name of cardinal 
 Richelieu, who was very defirous to emulate the fame of Xi- 
 menes in this refpedl. Being now poor, and a widov/er, Le 
 Jay became an ecclefiaflic, was made dean of Vezelai, and 
 obtained a brevet as counfellor of ftate. He died in 1675. The 
 Polyglott of Le. Jay is in ten volumes, large folio, a model of 
 beautiful typography, but too bulky to be u fed with convenience. 
 It has the Syriac and Arabic verfions, which are not m the 
 Polyglott of Ximenes. The publication commenced in 1628, 
 and was concluded in 1645. We cannot fuppofe the editor to 
 have been lefs than two or three and thirty, when he had finifhed 
 a volume of this kind, in which cafe he m.uil: have been near 
 eighty at the time of his death. It is not improbable that he was 
 ilill older. 
 
 JANSONIUS. See Jenson. 
 
 IBAS, bifhop of Edeifa in the fifth centttfy, from about 436, 
 was firft a Neftorian, and afterwards an orthodox divine. While 
 
 V©L. VIII. C c U 
 
386 
 
 I B B O T. 
 
 he was under the former perfuafion, he wrote a letter to a Per- 
 iian, named Maris, which afterwards became the fubjedl of 
 much difpute. In this letter he blamed Rabulas, his predeceffbr, 
 for having unjuftly condemned Theodore of Mopfrieflia, whom 
 he extolled in the highell manner. In the following century, 
 Theodore bifliop of Cefarea in Cappadocia, being a violent fa- 
 vourer of Origen, counfelled Juftinian to condemn, I. Th« 
 writings of Theodore of MopfueiUa. 2. The counter-ana- 
 themas of Theodoret of Cyrus, in reply to the anathemas of 
 Cyril againft the Neftorians. 3. This very letter of Ibas. This, 
 which was done in the council of Conllantinople, in 553, xmder 
 pretence of giving peace to the church, prodticed a fchifm that 
 lafled above a century, and was called the difpute on the Three 
 Chaptersy by which were meant the three writings above-men- 
 tioned [h]. Ibas was by birth a Syrian. He was harralfed with 
 accufations for herefy, but more than once acquitted honour- 
 ably. In the council of Ephefiis, in 449, (called the Synod of 
 Robbers), he was depofed, baniihed, and imprifoned; but in 
 the council of Chalcedon, in 451, he was rellored to his dig- 
 nity. Many years after his death he was condemned for Neilo- 
 rianifm. 
 
 IBBOT (Dr. Benjamin), an ingenious and learned writer, 
 and a judicious and ufeful preacher, fon of the Rev. Mr. Tho- 
 mas Ibbot vicar of SwafFham, and rector of Beachamwell, in 
 the county of Norfolk, was born at Beachamwell in 1680 [i]. 
 He was admitted of Clare-hall, Cambridge, July 25, 1695, 
 under the tuition of the Rev. Mr. Laughton, a gentleman jultly 
 celebrated for his eminent attainments in philofophy and mathe- 
 matics, to whom the very learned Dr. Samuel Clarke generoully 
 acknowledged himfelf to be much indebted for many of the 
 notes and illuftrations inferted in his Latin verfion of *' Rohault's 
 Philofophy [k]." Mr. Ibbot having taken the degree of B. A. 
 1699, removed to Corpus-Chrifti, in 1700, and was made a 
 fcholar of that houfe. He commenced M. A. in 1703, and was 
 defied into a Norfolk fellowlhip, in 1706, but refigned it next 
 year, having then happily obtained the patronage of archbifhop 
 ^enifon. That excellent primate firft took him into his family 
 in the capacity of his librarian, and foon after appointed him his 
 chaplain. 
 
 In 1708, the archbifhop collated Ibbot to the treafurerfliip 
 of the cathedral church of Wells. He alfo prefented him to 
 the reftory of the united'parifhes of St. Vedall, alias Fofler's, 
 and St. Michael le Querne. George I. appointed him one of 
 
 !h] See the article Facundus. rebus exercitatiflimo Viro Ricardo Laugh- 
 
 i] Life prefixed to his fermons, 1776. ton, — debere me gratus fatevr." PrsBt.t. 
 EJ- «« — permulta doftiflimo & in his Edit, quartae, 17 18, p. 3. 
 
 Ms 
 
J E ANN IN. 387 
 
 his chaplains in ordinary, in 1716; and when his majerty mad* 
 a vifit to Cambridge, 061. 6, 1717, Dr. Ibbot was, by royal 
 mandate, created D. D, together with the very Rev. William 
 Gregg, the vice-chancellor, Mr. Daniel Waterland, and other 
 learned and worthy clergymen. In 1713 and 1714, by the ap- 
 pointment of the archbilhop, then the Ible fiirviving triiflee of 
 the Hon. Robert Boyle, our author preached the courfe of fer- 
 mons for the ledure founded by him. Dr. Ibbot exprefTed his 
 defire in his laft will, that theie fermons fliould be publiflicd. 
 They bear evident marks of the folidity of his judgement, and 
 are well adapted to his profelTed defign of obviating, by perti- 
 nent obfervations and juft reafonings, the infidious fuggeftions 
 and trnjuft cenfures of Collins, in his *' Difcourfe of Free- 
 thinking." In thefe fermons the true notion of the exercife of 
 private judgement, or free-thinking in inatters of religion, is 
 fairly and fully dated, the principal objedlions againft it are an- 
 fwered, and the modern way of free-thinking, as treated by 
 Collins, is judicioufly refuted. To this publication is annexed, 
 ** A Lift of the feveral learned perfons who had preached. the 
 Boylean Ledlures, from their Commencement in 1692 to the 
 year 1726, with a particular Account of their different fubjeds." 
 Some time after he was appointed preacher- afliftant, to Dr. Sa- 
 muel Clarke, and redor of St. Paul's, Shadwell. But his 
 conftitution could no longer endure the fatigue of conftant preach- 
 ing in places fo diftant from one another, efpecially in the fum- 
 mer feafons. His health was gradually impaired, and his 
 ftrength and fpirits greatly exhaufted ; and having been inftalled 
 a prebendary in the collegiate church of St. Peter, Weftmin- 
 fter, Nov. 16, 1724, he retired to Camberwell for the recovery 
 of his health ; where he clofed the fcenes of a ftudious, labo- 
 rious, and pious life, April 5, 1725, in the 45th year of his 
 age, and was buried in the abbey-church of Weftminfter. 
 Soon after his death, ** Thirty Sermons on Pra£lical Subjedts," 
 were feleded from his MSS. by his worthy friend Dr. 
 Samuel Clarke, and publiflied for the benefit of his widow, in 
 2 vols. 8vo, 1726, for which fhe obtained a very large fubfcrip- 
 tion, and was honoured by the generous donations of fome perfons 
 of the firft rank and charafter. Befides thefe fermons, he had pub- 
 lifhed fix others, on feveral public occafions. He alfo publifhed, 
 without his name, a tranflation of PufFendorf's treatife, enti- 
 tled, ** De habitu Religionis Chriftianae ad vitam civilem," of 
 the relation between the church and the ftate ; or how far Chxif- 
 tian and civil life afFeft each other ; with a preface giving fome 
 account of the book, and its ufe with regard to the prefent 
 controverfies, 1 7 19, 8vo. 
 
 JEANNIN (Pierre), a native of Burgundy, and l^ed only 
 s»s an advocate in the parliament of Dijon, who rofe by his ta- 
 
 C c 2 lents 
 
S88 JEBE. 
 
 knts ami probity to the highcft fituations in his profefiion. The 
 flafes of Burgundy employed him to adminiRer the affairs of that 
 province, and had every reafon to felicitate themfclves upon 
 their choice. When the orders for the niatVacre of St. Bartho- 
 lomew were received at Dijon, he oppofed the execution of 
 them with all'his might, and a few days after arrived a courier 
 to forbid the murders. The appointments of counfellor, prefi- 
 dent, and finally chief prelident, in tiie parliament of Dijon, 
 were the rewards of his merit. Seduced by the pretences of 
 the leaguers to zeal for religion and for the Itatc, Jeannin for a 
 time united himfelf with tl;at fa£tion; but he foon perceived 
 their perfidy and wrckednefs, as wtll as the completely inte- 
 refled views of the Spaniards, and rcpsitted of the Itep. After 
 the battle of Fontaine Francoife, in which the final blow was 
 given to the league, Henry IV. called him to his council, and re- 
 tained him in his court. From this time he became the advifer, 
 and almofl the friend of the king, who admired him equally for 
 his franknefs and his fagacity. Jeannin was employed in the 
 negotiation between the Dutch and the court of Spain, the 
 moft: difficult that could be undertaken. It was concluded in 
 1609. After the death of Henry IV. the queen-mother con- 
 fided to him the greateft affairs of the ifate, and the adminif- 
 tration of the finances, and he managed them with unparalleled 
 fidelity; of wliich his poverty at his death afforded an undoubted 
 proof. He died in^ 162,2, at the age of eighty-two, having feen 
 (even fucceflive kings on the throne of France. He publifhed 
 a folio colleclion of negotiations and memoirs, in the year 
 1659, which were long held in the higheft eftimation. The. 
 regard which Henry IV. felt for him was very great. Com- 
 plaining one day to his minifters that fome among them had re- 
 vealed a ftate fecret of importance, he took the prefident by tiie 
 hand, faying, ** As for this good man, I will anfwer for him." 
 Yet, though he entertained fuch fentiments of him, he did little 
 for him. He felt confcious that he had been remifs in this re- 
 fpecSl, and faid fometimes,. " Many of my fubjefts I load with 
 wealth, to prevent them froni exerting their nnalice, but for the 
 prefident Jeannin, I always fay much, and do little." 
 
 JEBB (Samuel, M. D.), a native of Nottingham, and a 
 member of Peter-houfe, Cambridge, became attached to the 
 Nonjurors, and accepted the office of librarian to the celebrated 
 Jeremy Collyer[Lj. "While he was at Peter-houfe he printed 
 a tranflation of '* Martin's Anfwers to Emlyn, 1718," 8vo ; 
 reprinted in 1719 ; in which latter year he infcribed to that fo- 
 ciety his " Studiorum Primitias ;" namely, " S. Juftini Martyris 
 i^m Tryphone Dialogus, 17 19," 8vo. On leaving the uni- 
 
 [■l} Anecdotes of %»wyer, by Ni«holsj p. 31, %i, &c. 
 
 verfity^ 
 
JEBB. 389 
 
 vtifity, he married a relation of the celebrated apothecary Mr. 
 Dillingham, of Red-lion-fquare, from whom he took inrtruc- 
 tions in pharmncy and chemiltry by the recommendation of Dr. 
 Mead, and afterwards pradifed phyfic at Stratford by Bow. In 
 1722, he was editor of the ♦' Bibliotheca Literaria," a learned 
 work, of which only ten numbers were printed, and in which 
 are interfperfed the obfervations of Mallbn, \Va(re, and other 
 eminent fcholars of the time. He alfo publilhed, i. *' De 
 Vita & Rebus geftis Marix Scotorum Reginas, Francias Dota- 
 riae." ** The Hiftory of the Life ajid Reign of Mary Queen 
 of Scots and Dowager of France, extradled from original Re- 
 cords and' Writers of Credit, 1725," 8vo. 2. An edition of 
 •' Ariftides, with Notes, 1728," 2 vols. 410. 3. A beautiful 
 and correal edition of " Joannis Caii Britanni de Canibus Bri- 
 tannicis liber unus; de variorum Animalium & Stirpium, &c. 
 liber unus; de Libris propriis liber unus; de Pronunciatione 
 Gra.'cs Si Latinae Lingua;, cum fcriptione nova, libellus; ad 
 optimorum exemplarium fidem recogniti ; a S. Jebb, M. D. 
 Lond. 1729," 8vo. 4. An edition of Bacons '< Opus Majus," 
 folio, " neatly and accurately printed for W. Bowyer, 1733." 
 5. *' Humphr. Hodii, lib. 2. de Groecis illuftribus Lingua 
 Grzecje Literarumque humaniorum inftauratoribus, &c. Lond. 
 1742," 8vo. ** Prasmittitur de Vita & Scriptis ipfius Humphredi 
 DilTertatio, audlore S. Jebb, M. D." He wrote alfo the epi- 
 taph infcribed on a fmall pyramid between Haut-BuiflTon and 
 Marquifc, in the road to Boulogne, about feven miles from Ca- 
 lais, in memory of Edward Seabright, efq; of Croxton in Nor- 
 folk, three other Englilh gentlemen, and two fervants, who 
 were all murdered Sept. 20, 1723 [m]. The pyramid, being 
 decayed, was taken down about 1751, and a fmall oratory or 
 <:hapel ere^ed on the iide of the road [n]. In 1749, Dr. Jebb 
 polTetred all Mr. Bridges's MSS. relative to the " Hiftory of 
 Northamplonfhire," which were afterwards bought by fir Tho- 
 mas Cave, bart. and fin illy digefted, and publifhed in 2 vols. 
 folio, by the Rev. Peter Whalky, in 1791. Dr. Jebb prailifed 
 at Stratford with great fuccefs till within a few years of his death, 
 when he retired wiih a moderate fortune into Derbyfhire, where 
 he died March 9, 1772, leaving fcve«al children, one of whom 
 was fir Richard Jebb, M. D. one of the phyficians extraordinary 
 to his majefty. 
 
 JEBB (John), fon of Dr. John Jebb, dean of Cafhell, was 
 born in London, early in 1736. He was a man much cele- 
 
 [m] See "Political State," Vol. XXVI. [n] From the information of a gentle- 
 
 p, 333>443) and, " A Narrative of the m:in who has been in he chapel, where 
 
 Proceedingi in France, for difcovcring and mjfs, he was told, is occaaonally per- 
 
 detetling the Murderers of the Engliih formed for the fouls of the perfons who 
 
 Gentlemen," where there is a print of the were murdered, 
 f yramid> with the infcription. 
 
 C c 3 brated 
 
390 J E B B. 
 
 brated among the violent partizans for unbounded liberty, 
 religious and political ; and certainly a man of learnins; and 
 talents, though they were both fo much abforbed in contro- 
 verfy as to leave little amoiig his Writings of general ufe. 
 His education was begun in Ireland and finifhed in England. 
 His degrees were taken at Cai"bridge, where he bore public 
 offices, and obtained fome church preferment. His college 
 was Peter-houfe. He early took up the plan of giving the- 
 ological 1 ;Chires, which were attended by feveral pupils, till 
 his peculiar opmions became known in ly/o, when a pro- 
 hibition was pubiilhed in the univerfity. How foon he had 
 begun to deviate from the opinions he held at the time of 
 ordination is uncertain, but in a letter dated 0(5t. 21, 1775, 
 he fays, *' I have for feven years part, in my le6lures, main- 
 tained fteadily the proper unity of God, and that he alone 
 Ihould be the obje61 of worlhip." He adds, that he warned his 
 hearers that this was not the received opinion, but that his own 
 was fettled, and exhorted them to enquire diligently [oj. This 
 confeffion feems rather inconfiftent with the defence he addrefled 
 to the archbiftiop of Canterbury, in 1770. He was a flrenuous 
 advocate for the eftablifhment of annual examinations in the uni- 
 verfity, but could not prevail. In 1775, he came to the refolu- 
 tion of refigninghis ecclefiaftical preferments, which he did ac- 
 cordingly ; and then, by the advice of his friends, took up the 
 fhidy of phyfic. For this new obje6l he ftudied indefatigably, 
 and in 1777, obtained his degree by diploma from St. An- 
 drew's, and was admitted a licentiate in London. 
 
 Amidft the cares of his new profcffion, he did not decline his 
 attention to theological ftudy, nor to what he confidered as the 
 caufe of true liberty. He was, as he had been for many years, 
 zealous for the abolition of fubfcription, a warm friend to the 
 caufe of America againft England, an incelTant advocate for 
 annual parliaments, and univerfal fufFrage (thofe pernicious en- 
 gines for deftroying the Britifh conftitution), a writer in newf- 
 papers, and a fpeaker in public meetings. So many eager pur^ 
 luits feem to have exhaurted his conftitution, and he died, appa- 
 rently of a decline, in March, 1786. 
 
 Dr. John Jebb was a m^n of various and extenfive learning, 
 mafter of many languages, atuiong which were Hebrew and Arabic ; 
 and during his laft illnefs, he ftudicd the Saxon, with the Anglo- 
 Saxon laws and antiquities. He was twice a candidate for the 
 profefTorfhip of Arabic at Cambridge. Befides his theological 
 ynd medical knowledge, he was not a little verfed in the fcience 
 of law, which he once thought of making his profeflion, even 
 after he had ftudied phyfic. He was alfo a mathematician and 
 
 [0] Difney's Life of Jebb, p. 106, 
 
 philo- 
 
JEFFERY. 391 
 
 philofophcr, and was concerned with two friends in publiiliing 
 at Cambridge a fmall quarto, entitled, " Exccrpta quadam c 
 Nevvtonii principiis Philofophias naturalis, cum notis variorum ;" 
 which was received as a (landard book of education in that uni- 
 verfity. His other works have been colleded into 3 vols. 8vo, 
 publilhed in 1787 by Dr. Difney, and contain chiefly, (befides 
 the plan of his ledures, and harmony of the gofpels, fix fcrmons, 
 and a medical trcatife on paralyfis,) controverfial trads and 
 letters, on his intended improvements at Cambridge, on fub- 
 fcription, on parliamentary reform, he. He feems to have 
 been an a6live, enterprifing, and rather turbulent, but a fincere 
 man. 
 
 JEFFERY (John), an Englifh divine, was born in 1647, 
 at Ipfwich, where he had his grammar-learning; and thence 
 removed in 1664 to Catharine-hall, Cambridge, under the tu- 
 ition of Dr. John Eachard[p]. Hese he took his firft degree, 
 and as foon after as he could, he went into orders, and accepted 
 of the curacy of Dennington in Suffolk. He applied very clofely 
 to his ftudies, lived quite retired, and was not known or heard 
 of in the world for fome years. At length, becoming known, 
 he was, in 167,8, defied minifter of a church in Norwich; 
 where his good temper, exemplary life, judicious preaching, and 
 great learning, foon recommended him to the efteem of the 
 wifeft and belt men in his parifh. Sir Thomas Brown, fo well 
 known to the learned world, refpe£led and valued him. Sir 
 Edward Atkyns, lord chief baron of the Exchequer, took great 
 notice of his fmgular modelty of behaviour, and rational me- 
 thod of recommending religion in fermons; gave him an apart- 
 ment in his houfe, took him up to town with him, carried hini 
 into company, and brought him acquainted with Dr. Tillotfon, 
 then preacher at Lincoln's-inn, and with feveral other eminent 
 men. In 1687, Dr. Sharp, then dean of Norwich, afterwards 
 archbifhop of York, obtained for him, without follicita- 
 tion, the two fmall livings of Kirton and Falkenham in Suf- 
 folk ; and, in 1 694, archbifhop Tillotfon made him archdeacon 
 of Norwich. In 1710, he married a fecond wife; and after 
 his marriage, difcontinued his attendance on the convocation: 
 and when he was alked the rcafon, would pleafantly excufe him- 
 fclf out of the old law, which faith, " that, when a man has 
 taken a new wife, he Ihall not be obliged to go out to war." 
 He died in 1720, aged 72. 
 
 He publifhed, " Chrlltian Morals, by Sir Thomas Browne." 
 *^ Moral and religious Aphorifms, coUedled from Dr. Whiclv 
 cote's Papers.'* Three volumes of fermons, by the fame au- 
 thor, 1702. 
 
 (?] Memoirs of bis Life prefixed to his Worts. 
 
 C C 4 In 
 
392 JEFFERY. 
 
 In 1 701, he had printed a volume of his own difcourfcs, and 
 occaficnally various fcrmdns and tracis feparately, for twenty 
 years before. All thcfe were col!e£led, and publifhed in 2 vols. 
 8vo, in 1751. Dr. Jeffery was an enemy of rdii;ious controvcrfy, 
 alledging, " that it produced more beat than^ light." He left 
 behind him many manuf^ript volumes, entitled, TA EIS 
 EATTON, affording an irrefragable proof of his great in- 
 duftry. 
 
 JEFFERY of Monmouth fap Arthur), the famous Britifti 
 hiftorian, flourilhed in the time of Henry I. [qJ|, was born at 
 Monmouth, and probably educated in the Benedictine monaftery 
 near that place ^ for Oxford and Cambridire had not yet rifcn to 
 any ^^reat height, and had been lately depreffed by the Danifh 
 inv:;f;on; fo that monafteries were at this time the principal fe- 
 minaries of learning. He was made archdeacon of Monmouth, 
 and afterwards promoted to the bifhopiic of St. Afaph in 1152. 
 lie is faid by feme to have been raifed to the dignity of a car- 
 dinal alio, but on no apparent good gr^umds. Robert earl of 
 Gloucefter, natural fen ot Henry I. and Alexander b^fhop of 
 Lincoln, were his particular patrons ; the firft a perfon of great 
 eminence and authority in the kingdom, and celebrated for his 
 learning ; the latter, famous for being the grcateft patron of 
 learned men in that time, and himfelf a great fcholar and 
 flatefman. 
 
 Leland, Bale, and Pits inform us, that Walter Mapa^us, 
 alias Caleniu'", who was at this time archdeacon of Oxford, and 
 of. whom Henry of Huntingdon, and other hiftorians, as well 
 as JefFery himfelf, make honourable mention, as a man very 
 curious in the ftudy of antiquity, and a diligent fearcher into 
 ancient libraries, and efpccially after the works of a cient au- 
 thors, happened while he was in Armorica to meet with a hif- 
 tory of Britain, written in the Britifh tongue, and carrying 
 marks of great antiquity. Being overjoyed at this, as if he had 
 found a vaft treafure, he in a lliort time came over to England, 
 •where enquiring for a proper perfon to tranflate this curious 
 but hitherto unknown book, he very opportunely met with 
 JefFery of Monmouth, a man profoundly verfed in the hiftory 
 and antiquities of Britain, excellently Hiilled in the Britifh tongue, 
 and befides (confidering the time) an elegant writer, both in 
 verfe and profe, and to him he recommended the tafk. JefFery 
 accordingly undertook to tranflate it into Latin ; which he per- 
 formed with great diligence, approving himfelf according to 
 Matthew ^aris, a faithful tranflator. At firfi he divided it into 
 four books, written in a plain fimple ftyle, a copy whereof is 
 faid to be at Benet-college, Cambridge, which Avas never yet 
 
 [q,J Tanner's Bibliotbeca, fvb voce, &c. Gallofridus Monumetenfis. 
 
 publifhed* 
 
JEFFERY. 393 
 
 publifhed ^ but afterwards made fome alterations, and divided 
 it into eight books, to which he added the book of " Mer- 
 lin's Prophecies," which he had alfo tranflated from Britifti 
 verfe into Latin profe. A great many fabulous and trifling 
 (lories are inferted in the hiftory, upon which account Jef- 
 fery's integrity has been called in queftion ; and many au- 
 thors, fuch as Polydore Virgil, Buchanan, and fome others, 
 treat the whole as h6lion and forgery. But, on the other hand, 
 he is defended by very learned men, fuch as Ufher, Leland, 
 Sheringham, fir John Rice, and many more. His advocates 
 do not deny, that there are feveral abfurd and incredible (lories 
 inl^rted in this book; but, as he tranflated or borrowed them 
 from others, the truth of the hiftory ought not to be rejedled ia 
 grofs, though the credulity of the hiftorian may deferve cen- 
 fure. 
 
 Camden alledges, that his relation of Brutus, and his fuccef- 
 fors in thofe ancient times, ought to be entirely difregarded, and 
 would have our hiftory commence with Casfar's attempt upon 
 the illand: and this advice has fince been followed by the gene- 
 rality of our hiftorians. But Milton purfues the old beaten 
 tradl, and alledges that we cannot be eafily difcharged of Brutus 
 and his line, with the whole progeny of kings to the entrance pf 
 Julius Casfar ; fince it is a ftory fupported by defcents of anceft ry, 
 and long continued laws and exploits, not plainly feeming to be 
 borrowed or devifed. Camden, indeed, would infinuate, that 
 the name of Brutus was unknown to the ancient Britons, and 
 that Jeffery was the firft perfon W'ho feigned hira founder of 
 their race. But this is certainly a miftake. For Henry of Hun- 
 tingdon had publilhed, in the beginning of his hiftory, a ftiort 
 account of Brutus, and made the Britons the defcendants of the 
 Trojaiii, before he knew any thing of JefFery's Bririih hifliory : 
 and he profe'Jes to have had this account froin various authors. 
 Sigibertus Gemblacenfis, a French author, fotnewhat more 
 early than Jeffery, or Henry of Huntington (for he died, accord- 
 ing to Bellart7iine, in 1112) gives an account of the pafTage of 
 Brutus, grandfon of ATcanius, from Greece to Albion, at the 
 head of the exiled Trojans [r] ; and tells us, that he called the 
 people and covmtry after his own name, and at laff left three 
 Tons to fucceed him, after he had reigned twenty-four years. 
 Hence he pafTes fummarily over the affairs of the Briions, 
 agreeably to the Britilh hii]tory, till they were driven into Wales 
 by the Saxons. 
 
 Nennius abbot of Banchor, who flouriOied according to fome 
 accounts, in the feventh century [sj, or however, without dif- 
 
 f r] Chronographia, &c. adjecit, Thoma: Galeus. Ncnnii proem, 
 
 [s] Hiiloria Britonum, five Ealogium a J Hift. Sri;. 
 
 pute 
 
394 JEFFREYS. 
 
 pute, fome hundreds of years before JefFery's time, has written 
 very copioufly concerning Brutus; recounting his genealogy 
 from the patriarch Noah, and relating the fum of his adventures 
 in a manner that differs but in few circumftances from the Bri- 
 tifh hiftory. He tells us from whence he compiled his account 
 in the following words: ** Partim majorum traditionibus, partim 
 fcriptis, partim etiam monumentisveterum Britanniae incolarum, 
 partim & de annalibus Romanorum ; infuper & de Chronicis fanc- 
 torum patrum, S. Jeronymi, Profperi, Eufebii ; nee non & de hif- 
 toriis Scotorum, Saxonumque licet inimicorum, non ut volui fed 
 tit potui, meorum obtemperans juffionibus feniorum, unam hanc 
 hiftoriunculam undecunque colIe6lam balbutiendo coacervavi." 
 Giraldus Cambrenfis, contemporary with Jeffcry, fays, that in 
 liis time the Welch bards and fingers could repeat by heart, 
 from their ancient and authentic books, the genealogy of their 
 princes from Roderic the Great to Belim the Great ; and from 
 him to Sylvius, Afcanius, and iEneas ; and from jEneas lineally 
 carry up their pedigree to Adam. From thefe authorities it ap- 
 pears, that the ftory of Brutus is not the produce of Jeffery's 
 invention, but, if it be a fi6lion, is of much older date. 
 
 There are two editions of Jeffery's hiftory extant in Latin, 
 one of which was publifhed in 4.10, by Afcenlius, at Paris, A. D. 
 151 7 ; the other in folio by Commeline, at Heidelberg, 1587, 
 among the " Rerum Britannicarum Scriptores vetuftiores & 
 prascipui," which is much the fairer and more corredl edition, A 
 tranflation of it into Englilh by Aaron Thompfon, of Qiieen's- 
 college, was publifhed at London, 1718, in 8vo, with a large 
 preface concerning the authority of the hiftory. 
 
 JEFFREYS (lord George), baron Wem, commonly known 
 by the name of judge Jeffreys [t], was the fixth fon of John 
 Jeff'reys, efq; of A(fton in Denbigh fhire. He was educated at 
 Wertminfter-fchool, where he became a good proficient in the 
 learned languages ; and was thence removed to the Inner-Tem- 
 ple, where he applied himfelf very affiduoufly to the law. Jiis 
 father's family was large, and his temper parfmionious, confe- 
 quently the young man's allowance was very fcanty, and hardly 
 lufficient to fupport him decently: but his own ingenuity fup- 
 plied all deficiencies, till he came to the bar ; to which, as is 
 affirmed by fome, he had no regular call. In 1666, he was at 
 the affize at Kingfton, where very few counfellors attended, on 
 account of the plague then raging. Here neceflity gave him 
 permiflion to put on a gown, and to plead; and he continued 
 the praftice unreftrained, till he reached the higheft; employ- 
 ments in the law. Alderman Jeffreys, a namefake, and pro- 
 
 [t] Lives of the Lord Chancellors, &c. North's Life of the late Lwd-keeper 
 
 Guilford. 
 
 baWy 
 
JEFFREYS. 395 
 
 bably a relation, introduced him among the citizens ; and, being 
 a jovial bottle companion, he became very popular among them, 
 came into great bufinefs, and vt'as chofen their recorder. His 
 influence in the city, and his readinefsto promote any meafures 
 without referve, introduced him at court ; and he w^as appointed 
 the duke of York's folicitor. 
 
 He was very active in the duke's interefl:, and carried through 
 acaufe which was of very great confequence to his revenue: it 
 was for the right of the Penny-pofl-office. He was hrft made 
 a judge in his native coimtry ; and, in 1680, was knighted, and 
 made chief juftice of Chefter. When the parliament began the 
 profecution of the abhorrers, he refigned the recorderfhip, and 
 obtained the place of chief juftice of the King's-bench ; and, 
 foon after the acceffion of James II. the great feal. He was 
 one of the greateft advifers and promoters of all the oppreffive 
 and arbitrary meafures of that unhappy and tyrannical reign ; 
 and his fanguinary and inhuman proceedings againft Monmouth's 
 miferable adherents in the Weft will ever render his name infa- 
 mous. There is, however, a fingular ftory of him in this ex- 
 pedition, which tends to his credit ; as it ihews, that when he 
 was not under ftate infliience, he had a proper fenfe of the na- 
 tural and civil rights of men, and an inclination to prote6l them. 
 The mayor, aldermen, and juftices of Briftol, had been ufed to 
 tranfport convicted criminals to the American plantations, and 
 fell them by way of trade; and finding the commodity turn to a 
 good account, they contrived a method to make it more plenti- 
 ful. Their legal convi£ts were but few, and the exportation 
 was inconfiderable. When, therefore, any petty rogues and 
 pilferers were brought before them in a judicial capacity, they 
 were fure to be terribly threatened with hanging ; and they had 
 fome very diligent officers attending, who would advife the ignorant 
 intimidated creatures to pray for tranfportation, as the only way 
 to fave them ; and, in general, by fome means or other, the ad- 
 vice was followed. Then, without any more form, each alder- 
 man in courfe took one and fold for his own benefit ; and fome- 
 times warm difputes arofe among them about the next turn. 
 This trade had been carried on unnoticed many years, when 
 it came to the knowledge of the lord chief juftice; who, 
 finding upon enquiry, that the mayor was equally involved in 
 the guilt of this outrageous pra6llce with the reft of his brethren, 
 made him defcend from the bench where he was fitting, and 
 ftand at the bar in his fcarlet and furs, and plead as a common 
 criminal. He then took fecurity of them to anfwer inform- 
 ations ; but the amnefty after the Revolution ftopt the proceed- 
 ings, and fecured their iniquitous gains. 
 
 North, who informs us of this circumftance, tells us like- 
 wife, that, when he was in temper, and matters indifferent 
 
 came 
 
396 JEFFREYS. 
 
 came before him, no one better became a feat of juftice. He 
 talked fluently, and with fpirit ; but his weaknefs was, that he 
 could not reprehend without fcolding, and in fuch Billingfgatc 
 language as iliould not come from the mouth of any man. He 
 called it " giving a lick w ith the rough fide of his tongue." It 
 ■was ordinary to hear him fay, " Go, you are a filthy, loufy, 
 nitty rafcal ;" with much more of like elegance. He took a 
 pleafure in mortifying fraudulent attornies. His voice and vifage 
 made him a terror tr real offenders, and formidable indeed to 
 all, A fcrivener of Wapping having a caufe before him, one 
 of the opponent's counfel faid, '* that he was a-flrange fellow, 
 and fometimes went to church, fometimes to conventicles; and 
 none could tell what to make of him, and it was thought that 
 he was a Trimmer." At that the chancellor fired. " A Trim- 
 mer !" faid he, " I have heard ranch of that monfter, but never 
 faw one; come forth, Mr. Trimmer, and let me fee your fhape :" 
 and he treated the poor fellow fo roughly, that, when he came 
 out of the hall, he declared '* he would not undergo the terrors 
 of that man's face again to fave his life ; and he Ihould certainly 
 retain the frightful imprelTions of it as long as he lived." 
 
 Afterwards, when the prjnce of Orange came, and all was 
 in confufion, the lord chancellor, being very obnoxious to tlie 
 people, difguifed himfelf in order to go abroad. He was in a 
 ieaman's drefs, and drinking a pot in a cellar. The fcrivener, 
 whom he had fo feverely handled, happening to come into the 
 cellar after fome of his clients, his eye caught that face which 
 made him ftart ; when the chancellor feeing himfelf obferved, 
 feigned a cough, and turned to the wall with his pot in his hand. 
 But Mr. Trimmer went out, and gave notice that he was there ; 
 and the mob immediately rufhed in, feized him, and carried 
 him to the lord-mayor. Thence, under a ftrong guard, he was 
 fent to the lords of the council, who committed hjni to the 
 Tower; where he died April i8, 1689, and was buried pri- 
 vately the Sunday night following. 
 
 JEFFREYS (George), educated at Weflminfter-fchool 
 nnder Dr. Bufby, was the fon of Chriftophcr Jeffreys, efq; of 
 Weldron in Northamptonlhire, and nephew to James, the eighth 
 lord Chandos [u]. He was admitted of Trinity-college, Cam- 
 bridge, in 1694, where he took the degrees in arts, waseleded 
 fellow in 1701, and prefided in the philofophy-fcliools as mode- 
 rator in 1706. He was alfo fub-orator for Dr. Aylofl^e, and not 
 going into orders within eight years, as the flatutcs of that col- 
 lege require, he quitted his fellowfhip in 1709. Though Mr. 
 Jeffreys was called to the bar, he never pradifed the law, but, 
 after ading as fecretary to Dr. Hartftronge bifhop of Derry, at 
 
 [c] Niohols's Seleft Collection of Poems, Vol. VI. p, 57. 
 
 th« 
 
J E N K I N. 397 
 
 the latter end of queen Anne's and the beginning of George the 
 Firft's reign, fpent moft of the remainder of his life in the fa- 
 milies of the two lad dukes of Chandos, his relations. In 
 1754 he piiblifhcd, by fiibfcription, a 4to volume of ** Mif- 
 Gellanies, in Verfe and Profc," among which are two trage- 
 dies, " Edwin," and *' Merope," both a6led at the theatre-royal 
 in Lincoln's-inn-fields, and " The Triumph of Truth," an 
 oratorio. *' This collection," as the author obferves in his de- 
 dication to the prefent duke of Chandos, then marquis of Car- 
 narvon, *' includes an uncommon length of time, from the 
 verfes on the duke of Gloucefter's death- in 1700, to thofe on his 
 lordihip's marriage in 1753." Mr. Jeffreys died in 1755, aged 
 77. In fir John Hawkins's " Hiftory of Mufic [x]," his grand- 
 father, George, is recorded as Charles the Firft's organift at 
 Oxford, in 1643, and fervant to lord Hatton in Northampton- 
 Ihire, where he had lands of his own ; and alfo his father, 
 Chriftopher, of Weldron in Northamptonfhire, as " a ftudent 
 of Chrift-church, who played well on the organ." The ano- 
 nymous verfes prefixed to " Caio," were by this gentleman, 
 which Addifon never knew. The alterations in the Odes in 
 the '* Selei5l Colledtion," are from the author's correiled 
 copy. 
 
 JENKIN (Robert), a learned Englifh divine, fon of Tho^ 
 mas Jenkin, gentleman, of Minder in the Ifie of Thanet, 
 where he was born Jan. 1 656 ; and bred at the King's fchool at 
 Canterbury [y]. lie entered as fizar at St. John's-college, 
 Cambridge, March i2, 1674, under the tuition of Mr. Francis 
 Roper; became a fellow of that fociety March 30, 1680; ^<f- 
 cej/if 1691 ; became mafter in April, i7io[z]; and held alfo 
 the office of lady Margaret's profefibr of divinity. Dr. Lake, 
 being tranflated from the fee of Briftol to that of Chichefter, in 
 1685, made him his chaplain, and collated him to the precen- 
 torfhip of that church, 1688. Refufing to take the oaths at the 
 Revolution, he quitted that preferment, and retired to his fel- 
 lowfhip, which was not fubjedl then to thofe conditions, unlefs 
 the bilhop of Ely, the vifitor, infifted on it; and the bifhop 
 was, by the college ftatutes, not to vifit unlefs called in by a 
 majority of the fellows. By thefe means he and many others 
 kept their fellowfiiips. Retiring to the college, he profecuted 
 his fludies without interruption, the fruits whereof he gave ta 
 
 [x] Vol. IV. p. 64. lb. 3Z3, of Mr. Weft, his nephew and heir; an! 
 
 [y] Anecdotes of Bowycr, by Nichols, 500I. to buy a living for the college, t» 
 
 P- IS' which fociety he alfo left two exhibitions 
 
 [z] On the death of Dr. Humfrey of lol. euch, and all his bosks ta thci^ 
 
 Gower ; who left him a country- ieat at library. 
 Thriplge, wvrth tol. per aaa« on the deatli 
 
 the 
 
398 JENKINS. 
 
 the public in feveral treatifes which were much efteemed [a]* 
 Upon the acceflion of George I. an adl was paired, obliging all 
 •who held any pod of 5I. a year to take the oaths, by which Dr. 
 Jenkin was obliged to eje6l thofe fellows who would not comply, 
 "which gave him no fmall uneafinefs [b] ; and he funk by degrees 
 into imbecillity. In this condition he removed to his elder bro- 
 ther's houfe at South Rungton in Norfolk, where he died April 
 7, 1707, in his 70th year; and was buried, with his wife (Su- 
 fannah, daughter of William Hatfield, efq; alderman and mer- 
 chant of Lynne, who died 1713, aged 46), his fon Henry, and 
 daughter Sarah, who both died young in 1727, in Holme chapel, 
 in that parilh of which his brother was redlor. Another daugh- 
 ter Sarah furvived him. A fmall mural monument was ere<Sed 
 to his memory, infcribed as below [c]. 
 
 Dr. Jenkin had an elder and a younger brother, Henry and 
 John. John was a judge in Ireland, under the duke of Ormond. 
 Henry, elder brother of the mafter, was vicar of Tilney in 
 Norfolk, and reilor of South Rungton cum Wallington, where 
 he died in 1732, and had three fons, Thomas, William, and 
 Robert. 
 
 JENKINS (Sir Leoline), a learned civilian and able ftatef- 
 man, was defcended from a family in Wales, being the fon of 
 Leoline Jenkins, who was polfeiTed of an eftate of 40I. a year, 
 at Llantrifaint in Glamorganfliire, where this fon was born, about 
 1623. He difcovered an excellent genius and difpoiiiion for 
 learning, by the great progrefs he made in Greek and Latin, at 
 
 ^a] Thefe are, I. ** An Hiftorical and the ftatutes requiring them to corn- 
 Examination of the Authority of General mence B. D. they were conftrained to part 
 Councils, 1688. ■" 2. " A Defence of the with their fellowlhips. As to thofe who 
 Profeflion which bi/hop Lake made upon had taken the degree before the Revolu- 
 his Death- bed." 3. " Defenfio S. Auguf- tion, there was no caufe forrejefting them, 
 tini adverfus Jo. Phereponum, 1707." 4. till they refufed the abjuration-oath, which 
 «' An Engliih tranflation of the Life of was exafted upon the acceflion of Geo. L 
 ApoUonius Tyaneus, from the French of [c] S. M. 
 Tillemont." 5. " Remarks on Four Reverendi admodum Roberti 
 Books lately publifhed ; viz. Bafnage's Jenkin, 
 Hiftory of the Jews ; Whilton's Eight San£tx Theologlae pro Domina 
 €ermons ; Locke's Paraphrafe and Notes Margareta 
 on St. Paul's Epiftles ; and Le Clerc's in Academia Cantabrigienfi Profefforis, 
 Bibliotheque Choific ;" and was alfo au- Omni laude digniiTimi, 
 thor of, 6. " The Reafonablenefs and Et Collegii Divi Johannis Evangeliftse 
 Certainty of the Chriftian Religion ;" of Praefefti 
 which a fifth edition, correfted, appeared Vigilantiflimi, fpeftatiifimi; 
 in 172 1. Qui doftrinse, pietatis, religionis, 
 
 te] The true account of the ejeftion Omamentum fuit illuftre j 
 
 is : The ftatutes of that college require Exemplar venerabile, 
 
 the fellows, as foon as they are of proper Vindex fideliflimus, 
 
 {landing, to take the degree of B. D. But Et ufque vixit 
 
 the oath of allegiance is required to be Monumcntum perpetuuni. 
 
 taken with every degree: fo that, after the Ob. 7 die Aprilis, 
 
 Revolution, twenty-four of the felli»w.s Anno Domini 1727, 
 
 not com'ng in to the oath of allegiance, ^t. 70. 
 
 CowbriJge 
 
JENKINS. 399 
 
 Cowbrldge fchool, near Llantrifaint ; whence he was removed, 
 in 1641, to Jcfus-coUege in Oxford, and, upon the breaking out 
 of the civil war foon after, took up arn^s, among other ftudents, 
 on tlie fide of the king. This, however, did not interrupt his 
 ftudies, which he continued with all poilible vigour ; not leav- 
 ing Oxford till after the death of the king. He then retired to 
 his own country, near Llantrythyd, the feat of fir John Aubrey, 
 vvhich, having been left void by fequeftration, ferved as a refuge 
 to fcveral eminent loyalifts; among whom was Dr. Manfcll, 
 tlie late principal of his college. This gentleman invited him 
 to fir John Aubrey's lioufe, and introduced him to the friendlhip 
 of the red of his fellow- fuffercrs there, as Frewen Abp. of York, 
 and Sheldon afterwards Abp. of Canterbury ; a favour, which, 
 through his own merit and induftry, laid the foundation of aU 
 his future fortunes. The tuition of fir John Aubrey's elded 
 fon was the firlt defign in this invitation ; and he acquitted him- 
 felf in it fo well, that he was foon after recommended in the 
 like capacity to inany other young gentlemen of the befi: rank 
 and quality in thofe parts, whom he bred up in the do6lrine of 
 the Church of England, treating them like an intimate friend 
 rather than a mafter, and comforting them with hopes of better 
 times. 
 
 But this could not long continue imobferved by the parliament 
 party, who grew fo jealous, that they were refolved to put a 
 itop to it : and, as the moft effeclual means of difperfing the 
 fcholars, the mafter was feized by fome foldiers quartered in 
 thofe parts ; and, being fent to prifon, was indi6led at the quar- 
 ter-fellions, for keeping a feminary of rebellion and fedition. 
 He was however difcharged by the intereft of Dr. Wilkins, then 
 warden of Wadham-coUege in Oxford : to which place he re- 
 moved with his pupils, in 165 1, and fettled in a houfe, thence 
 called Little Welch-hall, in the High-ftreet. During his refi- 
 dence in Oxford, he was recommended to the warden of Wad- 
 ham by the famous judge David Jenkins ; and employed on fe- 
 veral mefiages and correfpondences between the judge, Dr. Shel- 
 don, Dr. Manfell, Dr. Fell, and others. But Dr. Wilkins, 
 his prote6lor, being promoted to the mafterfliip of Trinity-col- 
 lege Cambridge, in 1655, Jenkins was obliged to remove ; and, 
 being talked of as a dangerous man, fought his fafety by flight. 
 He withdrew with his pupils out of the kingdom, and refided 
 occafionally in the moil famous of the foreign univerfities. He 
 thus kept a kind of moving academy; and by that method, the 
 bed opportunities of improving the fludents in all forts of acade- 
 mical learning were obtained; while they had the further advan- 
 tage of travelling over a great part of France, Holland, and 
 Germany. They returned home in 1658 ; and Mr. Jenkins, 
 delivering up his pupils to their refpe<5live friends, gladly ac- 
 cepted 
 
400 JENKINS. 
 
 cepted an invitation to live with fir William Whitmore, at his 
 feat at Appley in Shropfliire. 
 
 He continued with that patron of diflreflTed cavaliers, enjoying 
 all the opportunities of a well-furni(hed library, till the Relto- 
 latiqn ; when he returned to Jefus-coUege, and was chofen one 
 of the fellows. He was created LL. D. in Feb. i66i, and 
 elected principal in March following, upon the refignation of 
 his patron Dr. Manfell ; and fir Wiiliam Vv'^hitmore foon after 
 gave him the commiifarylhip of the peculiar and exempt jurif- 
 diction of the deanery of Bridgenorth in Shropfhlre. In 1662, 
 he was made alTelTor to the chancellor's court at Oxford ; and 
 the fame year Dr. Sweit appointed him his deputy profelfor of 
 the civil law there. In 1663, he was made regifter of the con- 
 liftory court of Weftminfter-abbey ; and his friend Sheldon, 
 newly tranflated to the fee of Canterbury, foon after appoined 
 him commilTary and official for that diocefe, and judge of the 
 peculiars. Jenkins was very ferviceable to that prelate, in fetthng 
 his Theatre at Oxford ; of which, as foon as it was tinifhed, he 
 was made one of the curators. He was ufcful to the archbilhop 
 on other occafions alfo relating to church and ftate ; and it was 
 by his encouragement, that Dr. Jenkins removed to Do(5lor's- 
 Commons, and was admitted an advocate in the court of arches 
 in the latter end of 1663. Here he was immediately made de-^ 
 puty-afTiftant to Dr. Sweit, dean of this court, as he had been 
 to him before in the office of profelfor; and this fituation brought 
 his merit nearer the eye of the court. Upon the breaking out 
 of the firft Dutch war in 1664, the lords commiffioners of prizes 
 appointed Dr. Jenkins, with other eminent civilians, to review 
 the maritime laws, and compile a body of rules for the adjudi- 
 cation of prizes in the court of admiralty, which afterwards be- 
 came the ftandard of thofe proceedings. Then, by the recom- 
 mendation of Sheldon, he was made judge-affiilant in that court, 
 March 21, 1664-5 ; Dr. Exton, the judge, being then very aged 
 and infirm: and upon his death foon after, became principal, and 
 fiiftained the weight of that important office alone, with great 
 reputation. He had advanced the honour and efteem of that 
 court to a high degree, by a three years fervice ; when finding 
 the falary of 300I. per annum, allowed by the king, not a com- 
 petent maintenance, he petitioned for an additional 200I. per 
 annum, which was granted Jan. 29, 1668. He was now con- 
 lidered as fo ufeful a man by the government, that the king be- 
 came his patron ; and having recommended him to the arch- 
 bilhop, as judge of his prerogative court of Canterbury, which 
 appointment he obtained in 1668, employed htm the following 
 year in an affair of near concern to himfelf. 
 
 The queen-mother, Henrietta Maria, widow of Charles II. 
 dying Aug. x, 1669, in France, her whole eftate, both real and 
 
 perfonal, 
 8 
 
Jenkins. 4ot 
 
 perfonal, was claimed by her nephew, Louis XTV [d] : upon 
 which matter, Dr. Jenkins being commanded to give his opi- 
 nion, it was approved in council ; and a commifllon being 
 made out for him, with three others [eJ, he attended it to Paris; 
 He demanded and recovered the queen-mother's effefts, dlfcharged 
 her debts, and provided for her interment ; when, returning 
 home, his majeity teltified his high approbation of his fervices, 
 by conferring on him the honour of knighthood, Jan. 7, 1669-70. 
 Immediately after this honour, he received a greater ; being no- 
 minated one of the commilTioners of England, to treat with 
 thofe authorized from Scotland, about an union between the tw(> 
 kingdoms. In 167 1, he was chofen a reprefentative in parlia- 
 ment for Hythe in Kent, one of the cinque ports. 
 
 He did not approve the rupture, which brought on the feconct 
 war with the Dutch in 1672. Being appointed an amballadoc 
 and plenipotentiary, with others, for fettling a treaty of peace, 
 and refigning his place of principal of Jefus-coilege, he arrived 
 in his new character at Cologne, in June 1673 : but after feveral 
 fruitlefs endeavours to efFeft it, he returned to England in 1674. 
 On his arrival in May, he gave the privy-council an account of 
 his negotiation, which was well received; and, in Decemberj 
 was appointed one of the mediators of the treaty at Nimeguen. 
 He continued there throughout the whole courfe of that long and 
 laborious negotiation ; and tiie chief part of the bufinefs, at lead 
 the drudgery of it, lay upon him, as is acknowledged by fir Wil- 
 liam Temple, his brother mediator: who in his pleafant man- 
 ner obferves, that, ** where there were any ladies in the ambaf- 
 fadors houfes, the evenings were fpent in dancing or play, or 
 carelefs and eafy fuppers, or collations. In thefe entertain- 
 ments," fays he, " as I feldom failed of making a part, and my 
 colleague never had any, fo it gave occafion for a honnioty a good 
 word, that palfed upon it : ^le la ?>iediciticn ejloit toujoars en pied 
 four fa'tre fa fonSl'ton : that is, that the mediation was always on. 
 foot to go on with its bufinefs ; for I ufed to go to bed and rife 
 
 [d] She had refidcd at Colombe in that whatever eftate /he poflefled there, 
 France ever fince her departure from Eng- ought to be fubjedtto the laws and ufagei 
 land in July 1644, being entertained there of the country, and that madame royaie 
 at the charge of Lewis XIV. Upon the of France, the aforefaid dutchefs of Anjou, 
 Rcftoration, fh: came to London 5 and hav- was by thofe laws the only perfun capable 
 ing fettled her revenues here, went back of facceeding ; Charles IL and the duke 
 to France, to bellow her daughter Henri- of York, as well as the prinCLfs of Orange, 
 etta in marriage to the duke of Anjou. her afhcr children, being exprefsly ex- 
 July 1662, coming again into England, eluded and difabled by the Droit d'aubaine, 
 ihe fettled her court at Somerfct-houfe, becaufe they were not born nor inhabitant* 
 where Arc refided till May 1665. But within the allegi;-.nce of the French king, 
 falling into a bad ftate of health, ihe re- But our court's claim was at length ad* 
 turned to her native country, where /he mitted. 
 
 died. Under thefe circumftances it was [e] Ralph Montague, Efq; ambafladoj 
 
 pretended, that ihe was not only a native, at that court, the carl of St, Alban's, antj 
 
 but an inhabitant of France } confe^uently, lord Arundi.-L 
 
 Vol. Vni. D d ]ate 
 
402 ^ JENKINS. 
 
 late, while my colleague was a bed by eight and up by four; 
 and to fay the truth, two more different men were never joined, 
 in onccommiriion, nor ever agreed better in it Tf]," 
 
 The detail of this negotiation is well known, and may be 
 fecn in Hr Leoline's letters, and his colleague's works, to which 
 •we muft refer ; it being fufficient to obferve here, that all expe- 
 dients propofed by the two m.ediators were rejected. Sir Leoline 
 quitted the place on Feb. t6, 1679; and retiring to Neerbos, re- 
 ceived a warrant from his royal mafter, dated Feb. 14, three 
 days after the date of his letter wf revocation, appointing him 
 ambaiTador extraordinary at the Hague, in the room of fir Wil- 
 liam Temple, who had been tlien recalled. He accordingly 
 arrived there, March i ; but continued in that ftation no longer 
 than the 25th of the fame month: for, by a new commiflion, 
 dated Feb. 20, and which came to his hands^ fix days after, he 
 returned to Nimegucn March 26, authorifed to refume his me- 
 diatorial funvSiion, at the defirc of the prince of Orange and the 
 States, and the earned intreaty of the Northern princes. His 
 inflru61:ions now left him in a great m.eafure to himfelf, v.ithout 
 other direflion than to 361 as he ihould find moft confiltent with 
 his majefly's honour, and the got;d of the general peace ; which, 
 as he was a modefl man and very diffident oi himfelf, put hiin 
 under great anxiety. He happily fucceeded, however, in'^ ac- 
 commodating all differences, and returned homiC, Aug. 1679, 
 after having been employed about four years and a half in this 
 tedious treaty. 
 
 Soon after his arrival in England, he was chofen one of the 
 burgeflbs for the univerfity of Oxford ; and, in the parliament 
 which met 061. 17 following, oppofed, to the utmoft of his 
 power, the bill brought in for the exclufion of the duke of Yerk 
 from the crown. He was fworn a privy-comifellor before the 
 expiration of this year ; and received the feais as fecretary of 
 ftatc, April 1680, being firft fecretary lor the northern province, 
 and in 1681 for the foutliern. He entered tipon this arduous 
 bfnce in critical and dangerous times, which continued fo all 
 the while he enjoyed* it ; yet he efcaped the then common fate 
 of being affailed by addreffes againff him, committed and im- 
 peached. Being chofen again for Oxford, in the parliament 
 •yvhich met there, March 21, 1681, he earncftly again oppofed 
 the exclufion of the duke of York, as he did alfo the printing 
 of the votes of the houfe of commons; a pra6lice which had 
 then been lately ailumcd [g], but was confidered by him as in- 
 Confiltenl with the gravity of that affcmbly, and a fort of impro- 
 
 [f] •• Temple's Memoire/' p; 185, firft to be printed 22 0(S. i62o. See th»t 
 edit. 1692, 8vo. colkfl-ion. 
 
 £c] Ihc vfttcs •£ llie co«ni>3ns began 
 
 per 
 
J E NK I N S. 403 
 
 per appeal to the people. With fimilar zeal he withdood the 
 comnrand of the houfe, to carry their impeachrnent of Edward 
 Fitz-Harris up to the lord?, reqardir.g it r.s defigned to refleft 
 upon the king in the perfon of his feoretary ; nor did he com- 
 ply, till he faw himfc]}' in danger of being expelled the houfe 
 for refnfing [h]. But when the corporations began to be new 
 modelled by the court, and a quo warranto v.-as brought againft 
 the city of London, the fecretary (hewed a diOike of fuch vio- 
 lent meafurcs ; and gave his opinion for punching only the moil 
 obnoxious members in their private capacities, without involving 
 the innocent, who v/ould equally fuffer by proceeding to the for- 
 feiture of the city's privileges [i]. In many other inftances, fir 
 Leoline dilfered from the general difpofition of the court. He 
 was a determined foe to all ideal projects that came before the 
 privy-council ; and had refolution to dilfent, and experience 
 enough to di(Hnguilh what was prafticable and really ufeful, 
 from what y^s merely chimerical. He alfo conftantly declared 
 n^ainli every irregular or illegal proceeding ; but, not having 
 ifrength to fuftain the bufmefs and confli6ts of thofe turbulent 
 times, he begged leave to refign for a valuable confideration, 
 which was granted by his majeily on April 14, 1684. Having 
 obtained his wifli, he retired to a houfe in Hammerfraith, where 
 learning and learned men continued to be his care and delight. 
 Upon the acceflion of James II. he was fworn again of the 
 privy-council, and ele6ted a third time for the univerfity of Ox- 
 ford. He had gained fome little return of (Irength, and freih 
 application was accordingly n^ade to him to appear in bufmefs ; 
 but, indifpofition foon returning, he was never able to fit in that 
 parliament, and paid the lafl debt to nature on Sept. I, 1685. 
 His body was conveyed to Oxfoid, and interred in the area of 
 Jefus-college chapel. Being never married, his whole eftate 
 was bequeathed to charitable ufes ; and he was, particularly, a 
 great benefactor to his college. All his letters and papers were 
 colle£l:ed and printed in two folio voiumes, 1724, imder the title 
 of his *' Works," by W. Wynne, Efq; who prefixed an ac- 
 
 [h] The words which gp.ve offence, be- forry," continues he, " I have incurred 
 
 fides thofe mcnrioned in the text, werC; the difpleafure of the hjufc, and I hope 
 
 «* And do what you will wi':h ine, I will they will pardon the freedom of the ex- 
 
 not go." Whereupon many cilled, " i'o prelJion." To which he added a little 
 
 the bar," and moved that his words lliould :if:er, '/ I am ready to obey the order of 
 
 be written down before he explained them, th" houfe, 'and am forry my words gave 
 
 The chief fpeaktrs againft him were the offence." Col Itdlion of Debates, p. 315. 
 
 famous J. Trenchard ar.d fir William Jones. 135. 
 
 At length the fecretary made a fotccning [1] Some of the city were Co much fa- 
 
 fpeech, alieJgiag, he did apprehend the tisScd with the part he afted in this affair, 
 
 fending of h.m to be a reflexion upon his that he was prefentcd with his freedom, 
 
 matter, and under that apprchen.ion he and afterwards cholc mafter of the Salters 
 
 could not but refent it. " I am iieartily company. Wynne, p. 37. 
 
 D d a count 
 
404 J E N S O N. 
 
 count of his life ; which has furnilhed the chief materials of this 
 memoir. 
 
 JENNENS (Charles, Efq; [k]) a gentleman of confider- 
 able fortune at Gopfal in Leiceilerlhire, and a diflenter, was 
 defcended from a family, which was one among the many who 
 have acquired ample fortunes at Birmingham, where they were 
 equally famous for induftry and generolity [l]. In his youth 
 he was fo remarkable for the number of his fervants, the fplen- 
 dor of his equipages, and the protulion of his table, that he ac- 
 quired the title of ** Solyman the Magnificent." He is faid to 
 have compofed the worils for fome of Handel's oratorios, and 
 particularly thofe for *' the Meiliah;" an eafy tafk, as it is only 
 a feledtion of verfes from fcripture. Not long before his death, 
 he imprudently expofed himfelf to criticifm by attempting an 
 edition of Shakfpeare, which he began by publilhing " King 
 Lear," in 8vo ; and printed afterwards, on the fame model, the 
 tragedies of '* Hamlet," 1772; " Othello" and " Macbeth," 
 
 1773. He would have proceeded further, but was prevented 
 by death, Nov. 20, 1773. The tragedy of •' Julius Cxfar,'* 
 which in his life had been put to the prefs, was publifhed in 
 
 1774. He had a numerous library, and a large colleclion of 
 pi(^ures, both in Great Ormond-ltreet | m] and at Gopfal. 
 
 JENSON (Nicolas), or Janfonius, a celebrated printer and 
 letter-founder of Venice, but by birth a Frenchman, flouriihed 
 in the fifteenth century. ' He is faid to have been originally an 
 engraver of coins and medals at Paris. About the year 1458, 
 the rep(jrt of the invention of printing at Mayence being circu- 
 lated, he was fent by the king, Charles VH. to gain private infor- 
 mation on the fubje6l of that art. He fulfilled the objeil of 
 his million, but, on his return to France, finding that the king 
 was dead, or perhaps having heard of his death, he removed to 
 Venice. Such is the purport of an account in two old French 
 manufcripts on the coinage, except that one places the million 
 of Jenfon under Louis XI, which is lefs probable. Jenfon ex- 
 celled in all branches of the art, and more than are now united 
 ■with it. He formed the punches, he call the letters, and con- 
 du6led the typography. He firft determined the form and pro- 
 portion of the prei'ent Roman character : and his editions are 
 ftill fought on account of the neatnefs and beauty of his types. 
 The firlt book that iirued from his prefs is a fcarce work in 
 
 [k] Anecdotes of Bowyer, by Nichols, then profleflTor of a confiderable eftate in 
 
 p. 44X. and near Birmingham ; and Mrs. Jennen» 
 
 [l] John Jennens gave, in 1651, 3I. gave loool. towards the building. 
 
 los. for the ufe of the poor; and Mrs. [m] Difperfed by public audlion foon 
 
 Jennens lol. to fupport a lefture. The after his death. See a catalogue of thera 
 
 land on which the neat and elegant church in " The Connoifieur,'* 8vo. and in " Lon- 
 
 of St. Bartholomew was buiit in 1749 ^^^ ^^^ ^'"^ i^^ Eavirons." 
 the gift of John Jewnens, Ef<ij of Gopfal, 
 
 quarto. 
 
J E N Y N S. 405 
 
 quarto, entitled, " Decor Puellaruin," the date of which is 
 1471 ; and in the fame year he publilhed in Italian '* Gloria 
 Mulieriim," a proper fequel to the former. After thefc are 
 found many editions of Latin Claliics and other books, for ten 
 years fubfcquent ; but, as no books from his prefs appear after 
 1481, it is conjciSlured that he died about that time. 
 
 JENYNS (Soamk), a modern Englifh writer of fome emi- 
 nence, was born in London in 1704, the only fon of fir Roger 
 Jenyns, knt. of Bottifham in CambridgeHiire [n]. He was 
 educated privately, till he went to St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 where he refided about three years, ftudying diligently ; but took 
 no degree. He appeared as a poet fo early as in 1728, when 
 he publilhed his '♦ Art of Dancing." Several other produdions 
 followed at differeat periods, which he collected into a volume 
 in 1752. He was eledled into parliament for Cambridge in 
 I74l» and continued to fit there chiefly for that place, but once 
 or twice for others, till 1780. He afllfted Moore in the perio- 
 dical paper entitled The IVorldy in 1753. In 1755, he was ap- 
 pointed one of the Lords of Trade, which place he held during 
 every change of adminiftration, till it was abolifhed in 1780. 
 Though no fpeaker, he was an a£live and diligent member of 
 the houfe of commons. He was twice married. He died of a 
 fever, December 18, 1787, in his 83d year, leaving no ifTue ; 
 and was buried at Bottilham. 
 
 The poems of this author were three times publiftied collec- 
 tively in his life, firft, in a fmall 8vo, in 1752 ; the fecond time 
 in 2 vols, fmall 8vo, 1761 ; laftly, in one large 8vo, 1778. He 
 wrote alfo, 2. ** A Free Enquiry into the Origin of Evil," 
 8vo, 1757. 3. " A View of the internal Evidence of the Chrif^ 
 tian Religion," i2mo. 1776. 4. " Several political Tradts, and 
 fhort Philofophical Difquifitions." All thtfe were publifhed 
 together in four volumes, 8vo, by Nalfon Cole, Efq; in 1790, 
 with a (hort (ketch of his life. The character of S. Jenyns 
 feems to have been amiable and refpe6lable. As an author he 
 attained no fmall degree of reputation, by powers which had 
 every aid that ufeful and polite learning could beltow. His poe- 
 try is charadlerized by elegance and corredtnefs, rather than by 
 invention or enthufiafm. He is a pleafing and elegant, not a 
 very animated or firft-rate writer. His exprelfion is concife, 
 his wit lively, his humour delicate, his verfification eafy and 
 agreeable. He had a critical judgement, an elegant tafte, and a 
 rich vein of wit and humour. He is entitled to great praife for 
 tlie excellence of his ftyle and purity of his language. His view 
 of the internal evidence of the Chriftian religion contains many 
 Juft and important obf^rvations, but his method of reafoning is 
 
 ||nJ Set Df. An4erfon*s Life of Jenyns, in his Mnt'ifi Pttth 
 
 P d 3 liablp 
 
4o6 J E R E M I A H. 
 
 liable to confiderableobjeftions: and it was accordingly anfwered 
 by Dr. Maclaine and others, who were defirous to feparate the 
 perfc<51: parts from thofe which are lefs judicious. The courfepf 
 his religious fentiments was rather (ingnlar. From early im- 
 prelTion or ftrorig conviflion, he had been originally a zealous 
 believer of revelation, and had even been fulpefted of a ten- 
 dency to certain fanatical opinions. Gradually lofing ground in 
 faith, he wandered into paths obfcured by doubt, and became a 
 profefTed Deift ; till, by a retrograde progrefs, he meafured 
 back his fteps to the comforts of chrifHanity. On his death-bed, 
 it is faid, he reviewed his life, and with a vifible gleam of joy, 
 he gloried in the belief, fliat hii, View of the inUrfwI Evidences 
 had been ufeful. He fpoke of his death as one prepared to die. 
 A veiy honourable teftimony to t'tie goodn.-fs of his heart, was 
 infcribed in the register of Bottifham, by the Rev. W. L. Man- 
 fell, then fequeftrator of that vicarage: and indeed the only ble- 
 mifh upon this part of his character, is the revengeful attack 
 upon Dr. Johnfon, after his death, in a fevere epitaph v/hich 
 Hands againft its author in his works. It was amply punifhed by 
 a coimter-epitaph upon him, written while he was alive. His 
 pique againll Johnfon is fuppofed to have arifen from a fevere 
 critique upon his book on the Origin of Evil, which appeared 
 in the Literary Magazine for 1757. But this offence Ihould 
 have been punilhed earlier, if at ail. 
 
 JEREMIAH, the fecond of the greater prophets, the fon 
 of Hilkiah, of the prieftly race, and a native of Anathoth, in 
 the tribe of Benjam.in. He was born in the reign of Jollas, 
 about 629 years before Chrift ; and was fet apart for the pro- 
 phetic office from his very birth Jeremiah inveighed againfl 
 the diforders of his country, and predidled the'evils that were to 
 fall upon it. He alfo prophefied againft feveral neighbouring 
 nations, as the Egyptians, Piiiliftians, Tyrians, Pha.-nicians, &c. 
 In the fourth year of Jeholakim, he foretold the Captivity of the 
 Jews, and that it would endure feventy years. Thcfe predic- 
 tions were very ofFeiifive to the great men of Jcrufalem, and they 
 .threw him into prifon. When the city was taken by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, Jeremiah was among the captives, but the general gave 
 him leave to choofc, whether he would go to Babylon or flay 
 in Judea. He preferred the latter, and went to Gedaliah at 
 Mifpah, where he was joined by feveral Jews, whom the war 
 haddifperfed into feveral quarters, lihmael having treacherouil'y 
 murdered Gedaliah, Johanan collefted as many Jews as he could 
 at Bethlehem, and there confulted Jeremiah wi'.etlier they fhould 
 (lay in Judea, or retire into Egypt. The prophet advifed that 
 they Ihould flay in Judea, the contrary however was determined 
 by the principal perfons, an(^ Jererniah, and his difciple Baruch, 
 Xrverc compelled to go witfi'the rclt. Severalof the ancients, 
 
 and 
 
J E R O M E. 407 
 
 and among them St. Jerome, maintain, that Jeremiah was put 
 to death by the Jews at Tapahnes in Egypt, about 586 years be- 
 fore Chrill: : while l6me rabbins airert, that he returned to ju- 
 dea, and others, that b.c went to Babylon and there died. 
 
 The prophecies of Jeremiah, of which the circumftantial ac- 
 complifhment is fpecitied in the Old and New Teflament, are 
 of a very dKUnguilhed and illullrious characSlcr [oj. He fore- 
 told the Babyloniih Captivity, the precife time of its duration, 
 and the return of the Jews. He defcribed the delhudlion of 
 Babylon, and the downfall of many nations. He forelhewed 
 the miraculous conception of Chrift, the virtue of his atone- 
 ment, the fpiritual chara6ler of his covenant, and the inward 
 efficacy of his laws. His ftyle, though neither deficient in ele- 
 gance nor fublimity, has been conlldered, by bilhop Lowth, as 
 ■ inferior in both refpedls to that of Ifaiah. His images are per- 
 haps leCs lofty, and his expreflions lefs dignified than thofe of 
 fome others among'the facred writers ; but the charader of his 
 work, which breathes a tendernefs of forrow calculated to in- 
 tereft the milder aftetlions, led him probably to reje6l the ma- 
 jeftic tone in which the prophetic ceniures were fometimes con- 
 veyed. 
 
 JEROM, St. (See Hieronymus). 
 
 JEROME of Prague, fo called froni the place of his birth, 
 where he is held to be a Proteftant martyr. It does not appear 
 in what year he was born, but it is certain that he was neither a 
 monk nor an ecclefiaftic : but that, being endowed with excel- 
 lent natural parts, he had a learned education, and ftudied at 
 Paris, Heidelberg, Cologne, and perhaps at Oxford ; the de- 
 gree of M. A. being conferred on him in the three firft-mcnti- 
 oned univerfities", and he commenced D. D. in 1396. He be- 
 gan to publiih the doctrine of the Hullites in 1408, and it is 
 faid he had a greater fhare of learning and fubtlety than John 
 Hufs himfelf. In the mean time, the councii of Conftance 
 kept a watchful eye over him ; and, looking upon him as a 
 dangerous perfon, cited him before them April- 18, 1415, to 
 give an account of his faith. In purfuance of the citation, he 
 went to Conitance, in order to defend the do6frine of Hufs, as 
 he had promifed ; but, on his arrival, April 24, finding his 
 mafter Hufs in prifon, he withdrew imm.ediately to Uberlingen, 
 whence he fent to the emperor for a fafa-conducl ; but that "was 
 refufed. The council, it feems, were willing to grant him a 
 fafe-condu(ft to come to ConRance, but not for his return to Bo- 
 hemia. Upon this, he caufed to be fixed upon all the churches 
 of Conflance, and upon the gates of the cardinal's houfe, a pa- 
 per, declaring that he was ready to come to Conllance, to give 
 
 [o] Gray's Key to the Old Tcllarr.ent. 
 
 D d 4 an 
 
4o8 JEROME. 
 
 an account of his faith, and to anfwer, not only in private an^ 
 under the feal, but in full council, all the calumnies of his ac-^ 
 icufers, offering to fuffer the punifhment due to heretics, if he 
 fhould be convinced of any errors ; for which reafon he had 
 defired a fafe-condu6l both from the emperor and the council ; 
 but that if, notwithftanding fnch a pafs, any violence fhould be 
 done to him, by imprifonment or otherwife, all the world might 
 be a witnefs of the injuflice of the council. No notice being 
 taken of this declaration, he refolved to return into his own 
 country: but the council difpatched a fafe-condu6t to him, im- 
 porting, that as they had the extirpation of herefy above all 
 things at heart, they fummoned him to appear in the fpace of 
 fifteen days, to be heard in the firfl feflion that fhould be held 
 after his arrival ; that for this purpofe they had fent him, by thofe 
 
 f)refentSji a fafe-conduft fo far as to fecure him from any vio- 
 ence, but they did not mean to exempt him from juflice, as 
 far as it depended upon the council, and as the catholic faith 
 required. This pafs and fummons came to his hands: never- 
 thelefs, he was arreffed in his way homewards, on April 2.5, 
 and put into the hands of the prince of Sultzbach; and, as he 
 had not anfwered the citation of April 18, he was cited again 
 May 2, and the prince of Sultzbach fending to Conftance in 
 purfuance of an order of the council, he arrived there on the 
 23d, bound in chains. Upon his examination, he denied the 
 receiving of the citation, and protefted his ignorance of it. He 
 was afterwards carried to a tower of St. Paul's church, there 
 faftened to a port, and his hands tied to his neck with the fame 
 chains. He continued in this pofture two days, without re- 
 ceiving any kind of nourifhment; upon which he fell danger- 
 oufly ill, and defired a confeffor might be allowed. This being 
 granted, by that means he got a little more liberty. July 19, he 
 was interrogated afrefh, when he explained himfelf upon the 
 fubjefl of the Eucharifl to the following efFe6l : That, in the 
 facrament of the altar, the particular fubflance of that piece of 
 bread which is there, is tranfubflantiated into the body of Chrifl, 
 but that the unjverfal fubftance qf bread remains [p]. Thus, 
 with John Hufs, he maintained the *' univerfalia ex parte rei.'* 
 Jt is true, on a third examination, Sept. n> he retracted this 
 ppinion, and approved the condemnation of Wickliff and John 
 Hufs; but, on May 26, 141 6, he condemned that recantation iq 
 thefe terms : *^ } am not afliamed to confefs here publicly my 
 
 [p] Jt ii noteafy for aperfon, un/kllled nature of things prior to the exiftence of 
 
 In logic, to comprehend the meaning of this the individuals, whofe genera and fpecies 
 
 vifionarydiftiBftion. Itisenoughtoobferve, they conftitutcd. But thefe uniyerfals arc 
 
 that,accordingtothedo6lrineofthefchools, now well known to be nothing elfe but 
 
 univerfals have a proper and real exiftence abftiraft ideas, cxifting only in the mind, 
 
 ^f their own, independent of, and in the which is their fole creator. 
 
JERVAS. 409 
 
 veaknefs. Yes, with horror, I confefs my bafe cowardice. 
 It was only the dread of the punifhment by fire, which drew me 
 to confcnt, againft my confcience, to the condemnation of the 
 tlodlrine of WicklifF and Jol:n Kufs." This was decilive, and 
 accordingly, in the 2ifl: felTion, fentence was pafled on him; in 
 purfuance of which, he was delivered to the fecular arm, May 30. 
 As the executioner led him to the flake, Jerome, with great ftea- 
 dinefs, teflified his perfeverance in his faith, by repeating his creed 
 with a loud voice, and fmging litanies and a hymn to the blefled 
 Virgin; whence he was adjudged by his party, to have merited 
 the martyr's crown, and to have his name, together with Wick- 
 iifF and Hufs, inferted in the Proteflant martyrology. 
 
 JERVAS (Charles), a painter of this country, more known 
 from the praifes of Pope, who took inftru£lions from him in the 
 art of painting, and other wits, who were influenced probably 
 by the friendfhip of Pope, than for any merits of his own. He 
 was a native of Ireland, and ftudied for a year under fir God- 
 frey Kneller. Norris, framer and keeper of the pidlures to 
 king William and queen Anne, was the firft friend who eiren- 
 tially ferved him, by allowing him to ftudy from the pidlures in 
 the royal colle6tion, and to copy them. At Hampton-court he 
 made fmall copies of the cartoons, and thefe he fold to Dr. 
 George Clark of Oxford, who then became his prote6lor, and 
 furnifhed him with money to vifit France and Italy. In the 
 eighth number of the Tatler, (April 18, 1709), he is mentioned 
 as ** the laft great painter Italy has fent us." Pope fpeaks of 
 him with more enthufiafm than felicity, and rather as if he was 
 determined to praife, than as if he felt the fubjed. Perhaps 
 fome of the unhappieft lines in the works of that poet are in 
 the fliort epiftle to Jervas. Speaking of the families of fomc 
 ladies, he fays, 
 
 *' Oh, lading as thy colours, may they fhine, 
 Free as thy ftroke, yet faultlefs as thy line ; 
 New graces yearly, like thy works difplay. 
 Soft without weaknefs, without glaring gay. 
 Led by fome rule, that guides, but not conftrains. 
 And finifh'd more through happinefs than pains." 
 In this paflTage the whole is obfcure, the connexion with the 
 preceding part particularly fo ; and part is parodied from Den- 
 nam. It is no wonder that Jervas did not better infpire his 
 friend to praife him, if the judgement of lord Orford be accu- 
 rate, on which \ve may furely rely. He fays, that " he was 
 defe£live in drawing, colouring, and compofition, and even in 
 that moft neceflfary, and perhaps moft eafy talent of a portrait- 
 painter, likenefs. In general, his pidures are a light, flimfy 
 kind of fan-painling, as lar^e as life." His vanity, inflamed 
 
 perhaps 
 
416 J E W. 
 
 perhaps by the undeferved praifes he received from wits and 
 poets, was exceffive. He afFeftcd to be violently in love with 
 lady Brldgewater ; yet, after difpraifing the form of her ear, as 
 the only faulty part about her face, he ventured to difplay his 
 own as the complete model of perte61:ion. Jervas appeared as an 
 author in his tranflation of Don Qiiixote, which he produced, 
 as Pope ufed to fay of him, wifhout underftanding Spanifh. It 
 is the fate of Cervantes to be fo reprefented in England, for the 
 fame obje6lion has been made to Smollet. Warburton added 
 a fupplement to the preface of Jervas's tranflation, on the origin 
 of romances of chivalry, which was praHed at the time, but has 
 fince been totally extinguilhed by the acute criticifms of Mr. 
 Tyrwhitt[Qj. Jervas died about 1740. 
 
 JESUA (Lev IT a), a learned Spanifli rabbi in the fifteenth 
 century, is the author of a book entitled, *' Halichot olam," 
 " The Ways of Eternity ;" a very ufeful piece for underftand- 
 ing the Talmiud. It was tranflaied into Latin by Conftantin 
 I'Empcreur ; and Bafliuyfen printed a good edition of it in He- 
 brew and Latin, at Hanover, in 17 14, 4to. 
 
 JEUNE (Jean lej, was born in the year 1592, at Poligni 
 in Franche-Comte. His father was a counfeller in the parlia- 
 ment at Dole. The piety of Le Jeune was of the moft exem- 
 plary kind. He delighted in the inoft arduous ofhces of his 
 profeflion ; and refufcd a canonry of Arbois, to enter into the 
 then rifmg, but (inS. focicty of the Oratory. His patience an'd 
 humility were no lefs rctnsrkable than his piety. He loft his 
 fight at the age of 35, yet did not fufFer that great misfortune 
 to deprcfs his fpirits. He was twice cut for the ftone, without 
 * uttering a fmgle murmtir of impatience. As a preacher he was 
 highly celebrated, but totally free from all oftentation. As a 
 converter of pcrfons eftranged from religion, or thofe efteemed 
 heretical, he is faid to have poflelied wonderful powers of per- 
 fuafion. Many dignitaries of the church were highly fen'.ible 
 of his merits ; particularly cardinal Berulle, who regarded him 
 as a fon, and La Fayette biiliop of Litrioges, who hnally per- 
 fuaded him to fettle in his'dioccfe. Le Jeune died in 1672, at 
 the age of 80. There are extant ten large volumes of his fcr- 
 mons, in 8vo, which were ihiriied. and admired by Mallillon. 
 They have been alfo tranflatcd into Latin. His Ityle is fimplc, 
 infinuating, and affecting, though now a little antiquated. He 
 publiflicd alfo a tranflation of Groiius's trad, De Veritate Re- 
 ligionis Chriffianse. 
 
 The JEW (Wandeiung), is fo often mentioned by various 
 authors, that fome account of the phantom may be expected 
 
 [q.] Supplemcfrtal ObfeivatioBS on Love's L^ibo^r Loft. 
 
 here* 
 
JEW. 411 
 
 here [r]. The iinappofitc examples of Enoch and, Ellas, who 
 never tafted death: tlic firm peiTaafion of the Jews', who cpufi- 
 dently believe, that the prophet EHas is preient, inviiibly, ^t 
 the ceremony of circumcifing their children : the words of jefus 
 Chrift, in the Gofpcl, where fpeaking of St. John the Evan- 
 gclill, he fays, " If I will that he tarry till 1 come, what is 
 that to thee," which are underllood by feveral of the ancients, 
 and fome modern authors, to contain a promifc to that apoftle, 
 that he fliould not die till the day of judgement: thefe, and 
 other vague notions, added to the prevalent love of the marvel- 
 lous, have contributed to raife a belief, that there is fuch a pcr- 
 fonage as the \Vandering Jew. The partizans of this opinion 
 appeal like\vife to the legend of tlie Mahometan authors; who 
 mention, in the fixtecnili year of the Hegira, a captain named 
 Fadhila, that had the command of 300 horfe; and being ar- 
 rived v,'ith his troop, about; the clofe of the day, between two 
 mountains, and bidding the evening prayer with a loud voice, 
 by thefe words, *' God is great," heard a voice which repeated 
 the fame words, and fo continued to pronounce with him the 
 whole prayer to the end. Fadhila thought at firfl, that this was 
 noth.ing more thati an echo; but obferving, that the voice re- 
 peated diitinctly and entirely every word of the prayer, he faid, 
 •* O thou who anfvvered me, if thou be'll; of the order of an- 
 gels, the virtue of God be with thee ; if thou art of the kind 
 of any other fpirits, well and good ; bur if thou art, as I am, 
 of the human fpecies, (hew thyfelf to my eyes.". He had no 
 fooner ended this fpcech, than "an ancient man, bald-headed, 
 holding a ftajf in his hand, and having the air of a dervis, flood 
 before him. Fadhila, after a civil falutation, afked the old man 
 who he was; to which he anfwered, that his name was Zerib, 
 the grandfon of Elias; I am here, continues he, by the order 
 of the Lord Jefus; who hath left ine in this world to live here, 
 till his fecond coming upon earth. I wait for this lord, who is 
 the fotintain of all happinefs ; and, in purfuance to his orders, 
 I make this mountain my lafl: refidehce.' Fadhila afked him, in 
 what time the Lord Jefus was to appear? He anfwered, at the 
 end of the world, and at the lall judgement. And what are the 
 iigns of che approach of that day? replied Fadhila. Zerib, 
 then affuming the prophetic tone of voice, fays, " When men 
 and women mingle together without dillindion of fex ; when 
 the abundant plenty of provifions fhall not caufe the price 
 thereof to fall ; when innocent blood Iball every where be Ihed ; 
 xvhen the poor fhall beg an alms, and no one fhall communicate 
 to them; when charity fliall be extinguifhed ; when men fluill 
 
 [r] As fomc curious particulars are furely very little reafon originally, for in - 
 colkded in this article, it has been ful- Icrring fo fabulous an account, in a col- 
 ^ fcica w retain its place j t^ieu^'h there was kdl.o-i of real biography. 
 
 make 
 
412 JEW. 
 
 make ballads of the holy Scriptures; and the temples dedicated 
 to the true God fhall be filled with idols: know then, that the 
 day of judgement is at hand." Having finifhed thefe words, 
 the figure immediately vanifhed. This wild ftory has been fup- 
 Jjofed to be a teftimony to the exiftence of the Wandering Jew. 
 
 His ftory, who can wonder, is related fomewhat differently 
 by different authors. Matthew Paris, under the year 1229, tells 
 us, that there came that year an Armenian prelate to England, 
 who brought letters of recommendation from the pope, in- 
 treating the bifhops there to fhew him the principal relics of 
 that country, and the manner of divine worfhip in their churches. 
 Paris, who was then living, alTures us, that fevcral perfons 
 talked with this ftrangc archbifhop upon many fubje£ls ; and, 
 among other things, enquired the news concerning the Wan- 
 dering Jew, who was in the Eaft, afking feveral queftions about 
 liim ; whether he was ftill alive, who he was, and what account 
 he gave of himfelf ? The archbifhop afTured them, that this 
 Jew was an Armenian; and an officer of the prelate's train 
 told them, that the Jew was Pontius Pilate's porter, whofe name 
 was CataphiUis, who feeing them drag Jefus Chriit out of the 
 judgement-hall, ftruck him with his fill upon the back, in order 
 to pufh him fafter out of doors, and that Jefus Chrift faid to 
 him, " The fon of man goes his way, but thou fhalt wait his 
 coming." Thereupon the porter was converted, and baptized 
 by Ananias with the name of Jofeph. He lives for ever; and 
 as foon as he comes to be 100 years old, he falls fick and into a 
 fwoon, during which he grows young again, returning to 30, 
 the age he was of when Chrift died. This officer affured us, 
 that Jofeph was known by his mailer ; that he had feen him eat 
 ?it his table a little before his departure from Jerufalem ; that he 
 anfwered with Aifficient gravity, and without the leaft fmile, 
 when he was interrogated upon ancient fadls, fuch, for inftance, 
 as the refurre6lion of the dead, who came out of their graves at 
 the crucifixion of Jefus Chrift ; the hiftory of the apoltles and 
 holy perfonages of old. He ftands, added he, continually afraid 
 of Jefus Chrift's coming to judge the world, fince that day is to 
 be the laft of his life: the fault that he committed in ftriking 
 Jefus makes him tremble; he is, however, not without hopes of 
 being forgiven, as he did it through ignorance. Several fuch 
 jmpoftors as thefe have appeared from time to time, each of 
 whom, abufmg the credulity of the people, have given out 
 themfelves to be the Wandering Jew ; and taking advantage of 
 fome knowledge in ancient hiftory, and the Eaftern languages, 
 have perfuaded the fimplp, that they were this pretended pey- 
 fonage. 
 
 One of thefe impoftors appeared at Hamburgh, in 1547, A 
 Chriftian writer alfures us, that he faw him and heard him 
 
 preach 
 
J E W. 413 
 
 preach In one of the churches of that city ; that he feem^ to 
 be about fifty years of age, of a tall (lature, with long hair 
 fpreading over his flioulders. He frequently was obferved to 
 groan, which was attributed to the grief and pain that he felt for 
 his fault. He faid, that, at the time of Jefus Chrift's paflion, 
 he was a fhoemaker at Jerufalem, and lived near the gate 
 through which our Saviour was to pafs in his way to Calvary : 
 that he was then a Jew, and his name Alfuerus: that Jefus being 
 fatigued, and going to rclt himfelf upon his ftall, Aifuerus 
 ftruck him: whereupon Jefus faid to him, ** I fliall reft myfelf 
 here, but thou (halt run about till I come." From that moment, 
 Alfuerus began to run, followed Jefus Chrift, and hath conti- 
 nued wandering ever fmce. Another of thefe pretenders ftaried 
 up, many years ago, in England. Calmet has given us the 
 copy of a letter written by the countefs of Mazarin to madam 
 Bouillon, giving an account, that there was a man in that 
 country, who pretended to have lived upwards of 1600 years; 
 he fays he was one of the Sanhedrim at Jerufalem, at the time that 
 Jefus Chrill was condemned by Pontius Pilate ; that he pulhed 
 our Saviour out of the judgement-hall in a rude manner, faying, 
 <♦ Go along, get you out, what do you flay here for?" That 
 Jefus Chrift anfwered him, " I indeed will go, but you ftiall 
 Itay till I come back." He remembers to have feen all the 
 apoftlesi can tell you the features and air of their faces, the 
 colour and manner in which they wore their hair, and defcribe 
 their drefs. He huth travelled through all parts of the world, 
 and is to wander to the end of ages. He pretends to heal the 
 fick with a touch ; he fpeaks feveral languages, and gives fuch 
 an exadl: and particular account of every thing that hath pafted in. 
 every country, that thofe who have heard him know not what 
 to think of him. The two univerfities have fent their dodlors 
 to difcourfe him ; but they have not been able, with all their 
 knowledge, to catch him in a contradi^lion. A gentleman of 
 great learning fpoke to him in Arabic, to whom he anfwered 
 immediately in the fame language, telling him that there was 
 hardly fo much as one true hiftory in the world. The gentler- 
 man aflced him what he thought ot iVIahomet ; " I knew his fa- 
 ther," faid he, ** very well, at Ormus in Perfia i and as for 
 Mahomet, he was a perfon of great penetration and knowiedc^e, 
 but fubjedl, neverthelefs to error, as well as other mortals, and 
 that one of his principal errors was his denying the crucihxion 
 of Jefus Chrift ; for," fays he, " 1 was prefent at it, and faw him 
 nailed to the crofs with my own eyes." He told this gentleman 
 further. That he was at Rome, when Nero fet the city on fire : 
 that he faw Saladin after his return from the conquefts in the 
 Levant. He related feveral particulars concerning Solyman the 
 Magnificent. He likewife knew Tamerlane, Bajazet, Eterlan, 
 
 and 
 
ip^ J E W E L. 
 
 and gave a large recital of the wars of the Holy Land. He 
 talks of coming in a few days to London, where he will fatisfy 
 the curiofity of all perfons who (hall pleafe to addrefs thcmfelves 
 to hinn. This is the purport of the countefs of Mazarin's letter. 
 Her ladyfliip moreover obferves, that the common and fimple 
 fort of people afcribe many miracles to this wonderful perfon, 
 but that the more knowing ones look upon him as an impof- 
 tor fsl- 
 
 JEWEL fJoKx}, an Englifh bifhop, and one of the ablefl 
 champions of that church againft popery, was defcended from 
 an ancient family at Euden in Devonlhire, where he was born 
 in 1522. After learning the rudiments of grammar under his 
 maternal uncle Mr. Bellamy, reftor of Hamton, and being put 
 to fchool at Barnftaple, he was fent to Oxford, and admitted a 
 portmafter of Merton-college at 13 ; but, being chofen fcholar 
 of Corpus-Chrifti, in 1530, he removed thither. He purfued 
 his (Indies with indefatigable induftry, ufually rifing at four in 
 the morning, and ftudying till ten at night; by which means he 
 acquired a mafterly knowledge in moit branches of learning: 
 but, taking too little care of his health, he contraded fuch a 
 cold as fixed a lamenefs in one of his legs, which accompanied 
 him to his grave. Oil. 1540, he proceeded B. A. became a 
 celebrated tutor, and was foon after chofen rhetoric leilurer in 
 his college. In Feb. 1544, he commenced M. A. 
 
 He had early imbibed 'Proteltant principles, and inculcated 
 them among his pupils ; but this was carried on privately till the 
 accefhon of Edward VL in 1546, when he m.ade a public de- 
 claration of his faith, and entered into a clofe frienddiip with 
 Peter Martyr, who was profefibr of divinity at Oxford. In 
 1550, he took the degree of B. D. and frequently preached 
 before the univerfity with great applaufe. At the fame time he 
 preached and catechifed every other Sunday at Sunningwell in 
 Berkfhire, of which church he was reftor. Thus he zealoully 
 promoted the Reformation during this reign, and, in a proper 
 fenfe, became a confelfor for it in the fucceeding [t] ; fo early, 
 as to be expelled the college by the fellows, upon their private 
 authority, before any law was made, or order given by queen 
 Mary. Unwilling, however, to leave the univerfity, he took 
 chambers in Broadgate-hall, now Pembrokc-Qollegc, where 
 
 [s] Moreri. Calmet Didl. de 1;\ Bible. learning. Prince, in his " Worthies of 
 
 [■rj In the primitive churcT, the title Devonihlre," tells us, thai; Mr. Jewel's life, 
 
 of confeflbr wjs given not only to thoie daring hii refidence in college, was fo ex- 
 
 who attually fuffercd torture for the faith, emplary, that Moren, the dean of it, ufeJ 
 
 but to fuch a.s were imprifoned in order to to fay to him, " 1 {hould love thee. Jewel, 
 
 fufFer torture or death. See Cyprian " de if thou vvert not a Zuinglian; in thy faith 
 
 vnitate ecclef." And perhaps Jewel was I hold thee an heretic, but furely in thy 
 
 not inferior to any of the ancients In point life thou art an angelj thou art very good 
 
 of piety, and much fuperior in regard to and honeft, but a Lutheran." 
 
 many 
 
JEWEL. 41S 
 
 many^of his pupil? followed him, befidcs other gentlemen, who 
 were induced by the fame of his learning to attend his lectures. 
 But the flrongcft tcflimony to his literary merit v.-as given by 
 the univerfity, who made him their orator, and employed him 
 to write their firft congratulatory letter to her majefty. Wood 
 indeed obferves, that this tafk was evidently impofed upon him 
 by thofe who meant him no kindnefs; it being taken for granted, 
 that he muft either provoke the. Roman Catholics, or lofe the 
 good opinion of his party. If this be true, which is probable 
 enough, he had the dexterity to efcape the fnare; for the addrefs, 
 being both refpe<5lful and guarded, parted the approbation of 
 Trefham thecommiifary, and fome other doctors, and was well 
 received by the queen. 
 
 Burnet inforrns us, that her majefty declared, at her accefTion, 
 that (he would force no man's confcience, nor make any change 
 in religion. Thcfe fpecipus promifes, joined to Jewel's fond- 
 ncfs for the univerfity, feem to have been the motives which 
 difpofed him to entertain a more favourable opinion of Popery 
 than before. In this (tale of his mind, he went to Clive, to 
 confult his old tutor Dr. Parkurft [u], who was redor of that 
 parilh ; but Parkhurft, upon the re-eftabli fitment of Popery, 
 having fled to London, Jewel returned to Oxford, where he 
 lingered and waited, till, being called upon to fubfcribe fome 
 of the Popifh dodlrines under the feveral penalties, he fubmitted. 
 Ye* his compliance did not anfwer his purpofe ; for the dean of 
 Chriil-church, Dr. Martial, alledging his fubfcription to be Ln- 
 lincere, laid a plot to deliver him into the hands of bifhop 
 Bonner ; and would certainly have caught him in the firare, had 
 he not fet out the very night in which he v/as fent for, by a 
 bye-way to London. He walked till he was forced to lay him- 
 fclf on the ground, quite fpcnt and almoft brcathlef?: where 
 being found by one Auguftine Berner, a Swifs, firft a fervant of 
 bifhop Latimer, and afterwards a minifter, this perfon pro- 
 vided him a horfe, and conveyed him to Incly WaVcup's, by 
 wliom he was entertained for fome ti''ne, and then fent fafcly to 
 the metropolis. Here he lay concealed, changing his lodt^ings 
 twice or thrice for that purpofe, till a (hip was provided for 
 him to go abroad, together with money for the journey, by fir 
 Nicolas Throgmorton, a perfon of great diftindlion, and at 
 that time in confidcruble office's.' His efcape was managed by 
 one Giles Lawrence, who had been his fellow-collegian, and 
 was at this time tutor to fir Arthur Darcy's children, living near 
 the Tower of London. Upon his arrival at Fiankfort, in 1554, 
 he made a public cbnfeflion of his forrow for his late fubfcrip- 
 
 [u] .He. hud been his tutor a: Mcrton-college, and was afterwards bifliop of Xor- 
 wich. ■ ' . . ■ 
 
 tioa 
 
4i6 JEWEL. 
 
 tion to Popery; and foon afterwards went ta Strafburgh, at 
 the invitation of Peter Martyr, who kept a kind of college for 
 learned men in his own houfe, of which he made Jewel his 
 vice-mafter: he likewife attended this friend to Zurich, an^ 
 aflirted him in his theological ledures. It was probably about 
 this time that he made an excurfion to Padua, where he con- 
 tradled a friendfhip with Sig. Scipio, a Venetian gentleman, to 
 •whom he afterwards addrefled his ** Epiftle concerning the 
 Council of Trent." 
 
 Upon the death of Queen Mary, in 1558, he returned to 
 England ; and we find his name, foon after, among the fixteen 
 divines appointed by queen Elizabeth, to hold a difputation in 
 Weftminiter-abbey againrt the Papifts. July, 1559, he was in 
 the commilhon conftituted by her majefty to vifit the diocefes of 
 Sarum, Exeter, Briftol, Bath and Wells, and Gloucefler, in 
 ©rder to exterminate Popery in the Weft of England ; and he 
 was corfecrated bifhop of Salilbury at the end of the fame year, 
 and had the reltitution of the temporalities April 6, 1560. This 
 promotion was prefented to him as a reward for his great merit and 
 learning ; and another atteftation of thefe was given him by the 
 univerfity of Oxford, who, in 1565, conferred on him, in his 
 abfence, the degree of D. D. in which charafter he attended 
 the ijueen to Oxford the following year, and prefided at the 
 divinity difputations held before her majefty on that occafion. 
 He had, before, greatly diftinguiflied himfelf, by a fermon 
 preached at St. Paul's-crofs, foon after he had been made a 
 biftiop, wherein he gave a public challenge to all the Roman 
 Catholics in the world, to produce but one clear and evident 
 teftimony out of any father or famous writer who flourifticd 
 within 600 years after Chrift, for any one of the articles which 
 the Romanifts maintain againft the church of England ; and two 
 years afterwards he publifhed his famous " Apology" for that 
 church. Meanwhile, he gave a particular attention to his dio- 
 cefe, where he began, in his firft vifitation, and perfedled in his 
 laft, a great reformation, not only in his cathedral and parochial 
 churches, but in all the courts of his jurifdi£lion. He watched 
 fo narrowly the proceedings of his chancellor and archdeacons, 
 and of his ftewards and receivers, that they had no opportunities 
 of being guilty of oppreflion, injiiftice, or extortion, nor of 
 being a burden to the people, or a fcandal to himfelf. To pre- 
 vent thefe, and the like abufes, for which the ecclefiaftical courts 
 are often cenfured, he fat in his confiftory court, and there faw 
 that all things were condu6led rightly: he alfo fat often as an 
 afliftant on the bench of civil juftice, being himfelf a juftice of 
 the peace. 
 
 Amidrt thefe glorious employments, the care of his health 
 ■was too much negleded. He rofe at four o'clock in the morn- 
 
 6 
 
JEWEL. 417 
 
 ing; and after prayers with his family at five, and In the cather 
 dral about fix, he was fo fixed to his fludics all the morning, 
 that he could not, .without great violence, be drawn from them. 
 After dinner, his doors and ears were open to all fuitors ; and it 
 was obfervcd of him, as of Titus, that he never fcnt any fad 
 from him. Suitors being thus difinilfed, he heard, with great 
 impartiality and p.lticnce, fuch caufes debated before him, as 
 either devolved to him as a judge, or were referred to hitn as an 
 arbitrator; and, if he could fpare any time from thcfe, he rec- 
 koned it as clear gain to his ftudy. About nine at night, he 
 called all his fervants to an account how they had fpent the day, 
 and then went to prayers with them : from the chapel he with- 
 drew again to his (ludy, till near midnight, and from thence ta 
 his bed ; in which, when he was laid, the gentleman of his bed- 
 chamber read to him till he fell alleep. Mr. Humfrey, who 
 relates this, obfcrves, that this watchful and laborious life, with- 
 out any recreation at all, except what his necelfary refrc(hnicnt 
 at meals, and a verv few hours of reft, afforded him, wafted his 
 life too faft, and undoubtedly haftened his end. In his 50th 
 year, he fell into a diforder which carried him oiFin Sept. 1571. 
 he died at Monkton Farley, in his diocefe, and was buried in 
 his cathedral, where there is an infcription over his grave, 
 writtenJjy Dr. Laurence Humfrey, who alfo wrote an account 
 of his life, to which are prefixed feveral copies of verfes in ho- 
 nour of him. Dr. Jewel was of a thin habit of body, which he 
 exhaufted by intenfe application to his ftudies. In his temper he 
 was plcafant and aftable, modeft, meek, temperate, and perfedlly 
 maftcr of his paffions. In his morals he was pious and charit- 
 able 5 and when bilhop, became moft remarkable for his apof- 
 tolic doftrine, holy life, prudent government, incorrupt inte- 
 grity, unfpotted chaftity, and bountiful liberality. He had na- 
 turally a very ftrong memory, v/hich he greatly improved by 
 art, fo that he could exadly repeat whatever he wrote after once 
 reading [x]. He profelTed to teach othe'rs this art, and adually 
 taught it his tutor, Dr. Parkhurft, at Zurich. He was a great 
 matter of the ancient languages, and fkilled in the Gv.'rman an4 
 Italian. His writings, a lilt of which is infcrted below [vj^ 
 have rendered his name famous over all Europe. 
 
 IGNATIUS 
 
 [x] See his Life by Humfrey and Fc:.t- templo B. M. Virginis, Oxon. 1550/' 
 
 ly. Wood's Ath. Oxon. Vol. I. aud Hilt, pteuchcd for his degree of B. D. Itisre- 
 
 and Antiq. Oxon. printed in Humfrty, p. 49- 4. " Oratio 
 
 [yJ Thcfc are, 1. " Exhortatio ad in aulacollegii CC" His farewell fpeech 
 
 Gxonienfes." The fubftance printed in on his expullion i;i 1554, printed by Hum- 
 
 Humfrey's Life of him, p. 35, 1573, frey, p. 74j &c. 5. A Ihort traft, " De 
 
 4to. 2. " Exhortatio in coUegio \:C. Llfuri," ibid, p ziy, Sec 6. " Epiftala 
 
 five concio in fundacoris Eoxi commemo- ad Scipionem P.itrirlum Venetum, ic 
 
 rationcm," p. 45, &c» 3. '* Cancio in 1559," and reprinted in the appendix to 
 
 Vol. VUi, Ee J-^^^" 
 
4i8 
 
 IGNATIUS. 
 
 IGNATIUS (fiirnamed Theophrastus), one of the apof- 
 tolical fathers of the church, was born in Syria [zj, educated 
 under the apoftlc and evangelift St. John, intimately acquainted 
 with fome other of the apoftles, efpecially St. Peter and St. 
 Paul ; and being fully inftruded in the doctrines of Chriftianity, 
 was, for his eminent parts and piety, ordained by St. John [a], 
 and confirmed, about the year 67, bilhop of Antioch [bJ by 
 thefe two apoltles, who firft planted chriftianity in that city, 
 where the difciples alfo were firft called Chriftians. In this im- 
 portant feat he continued to fit fomewhat above 40 years, both 
 an honour and fafeguard to the Chriftian religion ; in the midft 
 of very ftormy and tempeftuous times, undaunted himfelf, and 
 unmoved with the too fure a profpedt of fufFcring a cruel death. 
 So much feems to be certain in general, though we have no ac- 
 count of any particulars of his life till the year 107 ; when Tra- 
 jan the einperor, flufhed with avi«5lory he had obtained over the 
 Scythians and Daci, came to Antioch to prepare for a war againft 
 the Parthians and Armenians. He entered the city with the 
 pomp and folemnities of a triumph ; and, as he had already com- 
 menced a perfecution againft the Chriftians in other parts of the 
 
 fether Paul's " Hiftory of the Council of 
 Trent," in Englifti, by Brent, 3d edition, 
 1629, folio. 7. " A Letter to Henry 
 BuUinger at Zurich, conceniing the State 
 ef Religion in England," dated May 22, 
 J559, printed in the appendix to Strype's 
 *« Annals, No. xx." 8. Another letter 
 ♦o the fairc, d.ued Feb. 8, 1566, concern- 
 ing his controverly with Hardynge, ibid. 
 No. 36, 37. 9. " Letters between him 
 and Dr. Henry Cole, &c. 1560," 8vq. 
 to. '• A Sermon preached at St. Paul's 
 Crofs, the fjLond Sunday before EaRer, 
 anno 1560," 8vo. Dr. Cole wrote fcveral 
 letters to him on this fabj-d. 11. " A 
 *.ep';y to Mr. Hardyngj's Anfwer, &-C. 
 •,1566," folio, and again in Latin, by Will. 
 .Whit.iiier, fellow of Trinity-college, 
 Cambridge, at Geneva, 1578, 4to ; and 
 again in 1585, in folio, with our author's 
 *« Apologia ecdefis Anglicanz." la. 
 " Apciloj?ia ecclefise Anglicanae, 156a," 
 Xvo : it w.is fevcral times printed in Eng- 
 land and abiosd-, and a Greslc tranflation 
 of it was printed ac Oxford, in 1614, Svo. 
 The Englifh tranflation by ihe lady Bacon, 
 .jvifc to fir Nicolas Bacon, entitled, " An 
 Apology or Anfwer in Defence of the 
 Church of Engl.\nd, &c. 1562," 4to. 
 This " Apology" was approved by the 
 ^ueen, and fct forth with the confent of 
 ^hebifhops. 13. " A Defence of the 
 Apology, Sec, 1564," 1567, folio, again 
 in .L^tin, by The. CraJij^cJcj felJovv of 
 
 Chrift's-coUege, Cambridge, at Geneva, 
 1600, folio. This was ordered by queen 
 Elizabeth, icing James, king Charles, and 
 four fucceflivc archbifhops, to be read 
 and chained up in all parifti churches 
 throughout England and Wales. 14. 
 " An Anfwer to a Book written by Mr, 
 Hardynge, intituled, ' ADetedtion of fun- 
 dry tbul Errors,' &c. 156S," and 1570, 
 folio. 15. " A View of a fcditious Bull 
 fent into England from Pius V. &c. 1582," 
 8vo. 16. " A Treatife of the Holy 
 Scriptures," 8vo. 17. " Expofitiononthe 
 two Epiftles to the ThelTalonians, 1594,*' 
 8vo. j8. " A Treatife of the Sacra- 
 ments, &c. 1583." 19. " Certain Ser- 
 mons preached before the Queen's Majefty 
 at Paul's Crofs, and elfcwhcre." All 
 thefe books (except the firft eight) with 
 the " Sermons" and " Apology," were 
 were printed at London, 1609, in one vol. 
 folio, with an abrtradl of the author's life, 
 by Dan. FeatJy; but full of faults, as 
 Wood fays, 20. " An Anfwer to certain 
 frivolous Objcdiions againft the Govern- 
 ment of the Church of England, 1641," 
 4to,< a fingle fheet. 21. Many letters in 
 the collection of records in part iii. of Bur- 
 net's " Hiftory of the Reformation.'' 
 
 [z] Jortin's " Remarks on Ecckf. 
 Hiftory," Vol. I. p. 359. 
 
 [a] Watsrland's " Importance of the 
 Trinity," Ch.^p. VL 
 
 [b} Cays in the Lifs of this Martyr. 
 
 empire^ 
 
IGNATIUS. 419 
 
 empire, he now refolvcd to carry it on here. However, as he 
 was naturally mild and luimane, thougli he ordered the laws to 
 be pjit in force agaiiill thein, if convided, yet he forbad them 
 to be fought for punilhment. 
 
 In this (late of affairs, Ignatius, thinking it more prudent to 
 go than Itay to be font for, of his own accord prefcntcd him- 
 felf to the emperor ; and, it is faid, there palfed a large and 
 particular difcourfe between them, wherein the emperor expref- 
 fmg a furprife how he dared to tranfgrefs the laws, the bilhop 
 took the opportunity to alfert his own innocence, and the power 
 which God had given Chrillians over evil fpirits ; declaring, 
 that ** the gods of the Gentiles were no better than daemons, 
 there being but one fupreme Deity, who made the world, and 
 his only begotten fon Jefus Chrilf, who, though crucified under 
 Pilate, had yet deftroyed him that had the power of fin, that is, 
 the devil, and would ruin the whole power and empire of the 
 dasmons, and tread it under the feet of thofe who carried God 
 in their hearts." The ilfue of this v/as, that he was call into 
 prifon, and this fcntence palled upon him, that, being incurably 
 overrun w ith fuperftition, he fhould be carried bound by foldiers 
 to Rome, and there thrown as a prey to wild beafls. It may 
 feem ftrange that they (hould fend an old man by land, at a great 
 expence, attended with foldiers, from Syria to Rome, inftead 
 of cafting him to the lions at Antioch : but it is faid, that Tra- 
 jan did this on purpofe to make an example of him, as of a 
 ringleader of the fe6t, and to deter the Chriftians from preach- 
 ing and fpreading their religion : and, for the fame reafon, he 
 fent him to be executed at Rome, where there were many Clirif- 
 tians, and which, as it was the capital of the world, fo was it 
 the head quarters of all forts of religions. Ignatius was fo far 
 from being difmayed, that he heartily rejoiced at the fatal de- 
 cree. *' I thank thee, O Lord," fays he, " that tho\j haftcon- 
 defcended to honour me with thy love, and hart: thought me 
 worthy, with thy apoftle St. Paul, to be found in iron chains." 
 With thefe words he LheerfuUy embraced his chains ; and, hav- 
 ing frequently prayed for his church, and recommended it to the 
 divi^ne care and providence, he delivered up himfelf into the hands 
 of hiskeepeis. Thefe v/ere 10 foldiers, by whom he was firft 
 condu6led to Scleucia, a port ©f Syria, at about 16 miles diifancc, 
 the place where Paul and Barnabas fet fail for Cyprus. Arriv- 
 ing at Smyrna in Ionia, Ignatius went to vifit Polycarp, bilhop 
 of that place, and was himfelf vifitcd by the clergy, of tije Afiatic 
 churches round the country. In return for that kindnefs", h& 
 wrote letters to feveral churches, as the Epheiiaiis, MagnefianS;,, 
 Trallians, befides the Romans, for their inftrudfion, and eft^?-^ 
 bllfhmcnt in the faith ; one of thefe was addrelTed to the Chrifr, 
 tia;ivS,,^,t Rome, to acquaint them with his pre fent (late aiwl paf-j» 
 
 E e i fignate 
 
420 IGNATIUS. 
 
 fionate defire not to be hindered in that courfe of murtyrdotn 
 tvhich he was now hafteninf^ to accomplifh. 
 
 His guard, a little impatient at their ftay, fet fail with hira 
 for Troas, a noted city of the leflTer Phrygia, not far from the 
 1-uins of old Troy ; where, at his arrival, he was much refrefhed 
 with the news he received of the perfecution ceafmg in the church 
 of Antioch. Hither alfo feveral churches fent their meirengers 
 to pay their refpefts to him, and hence too he difpatched two 
 epiftles, one to the church of Philadelphia, and the other to that 
 of Smyrna ; and together with this laft, as Eufebius relates, he 
 wrote privately to Polycarp, recommending to him the care and 
 infpedlion of the church of Antioch. All this while his keepers, 
 the lo foldiers, ufed him very cruelly and barbaroufly. He 
 complains of it himfelf : " From Syria even to Rome" fays he, 
 *' both by fea and land, I fight with beafts ; night and day I am 
 chained to the leopards, which is my military guard, who, the 
 Icinder I am to them, are the more cruel and fierce to me." 
 From Troas they failed to Neapolis, a maritime town in Ma- 
 cedonia, thence to Philippi, a Roman colony, where they were 
 entertained with all imaginable kindnefs and courtefy, and con- 
 duced forwards on their journey, pafling on foot through Ma- 
 cedonia and Epirus, till they came to Epidaurum, a city of Dal- 
 matia, where again taking fhipping, they failed through the 
 Adriatic, and arrived at Rhegium, a port town in Italy. 
 
 The Chriftians at Rome, daily e>.pe61ing his arrival, had 
 come out to meet and entertain him, and accordingly received 
 him with an equal mixture of joy and forrow : but when fome 
 of them intimated, that poflibly the populace might be dilTuaded 
 from defiring his death, he exprefi'cd a pious indignation, in- 
 treating them to caft no obftacles in his way, nor do any thing 
 that might hinder him, now he was haftening to his crown. 
 The interval before his martyrdom was fpent in prayers for the 
 peace and profperity of the church. That his punilhment might 
 be the more pompous and public, one of their folemn feftivals, 
 the Saturnalia, was chofen for his execution ; when it was their 
 cuftom to entertain the people with the conflidls of gladiators, 
 and the hunting and fighting with wild beafts. Accordingly, 
 Dec. 20, he was brought out into the amphitheatre ; and the 
 lions, being let loofe upon him, quickly difpatched their meal, 
 leaving nothing but a few of the hardeft of his bones. Thefe 
 rtemains were gathered up by two deacons who had been the com- 
 panions of his journey, and tranfported to Antioch. 
 
 His epiftles are very interefting remains of ecclefiaftical anti- 
 quity on many accounts. He ftands at the head of thofe Ante- 
 nicene fathers, who have occafionally delivered their opinions in 
 defence of the true divinity of Chrift, whom he calls the Son of 
 God, and his eternal word. He is alfo reckoned the great cham- 
 pion 
 
ILLYRIUS. 421 
 
 pion of the epifcopal order, as dirtin6l and fuperlor to that of 
 priefl and deacon. He is conflantly produced as an inftance 
 of the continuation of fupernatural gifts, after the time of the 
 apoftles, particularly that of divine revelation. But the mofl 
 important ufe of his writings refpecSls the authenticity of the 
 holy fcriptures, to which he frequently alludes, in the very ex« 
 prelfions which are extant. 
 
 ILIVE (Jacob), was a printer, and the fon of a printer; 
 but h« applied himfelf to letter-cutting in 1730, and carried on* 
 founderyand a printing-houfe together [c]. He was an expedi- 
 tious compolitor, and was faid to know the letters by the touch ; 
 but being not perfedlly found in mind, produced fome ftrange 
 works. In 1751, he publiQied a pretended tranflation of *' The 
 Book of Jallier ;" faid to have been made by one Alcuin of 
 Britain. The account given of the tranflation is full of glaring 
 abfurdities ; but the publication, in fa6l, was fecretly written 
 by him, and printed off by night. He publifhed, in 1733, an 
 Oration, intended to prove the plurality of worlds, and aflcrtiiig that 
 this earth is hell, that the fouls of men are apoflate angels, and that 
 the fire to punifli ihofe confined to this world at the day of judge- 
 ment will be immaterial. This was written in 1729, and fpoken 
 afterwards at Joiners-hall, purfuant to the will of his mother [d], 
 who had held the fame extraordinary opinions. A fecond pamphlet 
 called " A Dialogue between a Dodlor of the Church of Eng- 
 land and Mr. Jacob Hive, upon the Subjedl of the Oration," 
 appeared in 1733. This flrange Oiation is highly praifed in 
 Hohvell's third part of ** Interefting Events relating to Bengal." 
 For publifhing " Modeft Remarks on the late Bifhop Sherlock's 
 Sermons," Hive was confined in Clerkenwell Bridewell from 
 June 15, 1756, till June lo, 1758; during which period he 
 publifhed " Reafons offered for the Reformation of the Houfc 
 of Correftion in Clerkenwell, &c. 1757," and projedled feveral 
 other reforming treatifes, enumerated in Gough's " Britifh To- 
 pography Te];'"' where is alfo a memorandum, communicated 
 by Mr. Bowyer, of Hive's attempt to reftore the company of 
 Stationers to their primitive conftitution. He died in 1763, 
 
 ILLYRIUS (Matthias Flacius, or Francowitz,), a 
 moil: learned divine of the Augfljurgh confelfion, was born, 
 1520, at Albona in Iftria, anciently called Hlyria. He was 
 inftruded in grammar and the claffics by one Ignatius at Venice, 
 till he was feventeen years of age; and afterwards became a 
 good ma(ter in Greek and Hebrew. In 1541, having for fome 
 time conceived a ftrong diflike to the old religion, and being 
 
 [c] Anecdotes of Bowyer by Nichols, braiy, and di;fcendant of Dr. Tliomaa 
 p. 130. James, librarian of the Bodleian. She 
 
 [d] Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas was born 1689, and dieJ 1733. 
 J.imcs, a benefa^or tp Sion-coUege li- [e] Vol. I. p. 637« 
 
 E e 3 inclined 
 
422 .cIMHOFF. ' 
 
 inclined to the Reformation, lie went to Wittenberg, to finifh 
 liis rtudies under Lnther and Melanclhon. The latter gave him 
 a thoufand proots of his good-nature and generofity ; but Illy- 
 rius, growing fanatical, ifrongly oppofed the Interim, with all 
 the pacific meafurcs Melan6lhon had fuggefled ; and alfo wrote 
 ^ith fo much virulence againfi: this excellent perfon, as to call 
 him Echidna Iliyrica. He had the chief diredion of the " Cen^ 
 turiaL- Magdtburgeilfes," and was the author of feveral learned 
 v/orks. He was indeed a man of excellent parts, very great 
 learning, and of a jufl: and well-grounded zeal againfi Popery; 
 but at the fym.c time of fo redlefs, paflionate, and quarrelfome 
 a temper, as to overbalance all his good qualities, and raife innu- 
 merable dilhirbances among the Proteftants. He died in 1575, 
 very little, if at all, lamented. 
 
 ; IMBERT (John), a learned advocate in France, was born 
 at Rochelle, and, after ferving the office of lieutenant-c7-im'inel at 
 rontenay-le-comte, died towards the end of the 16th century. 
 He was conlidered as one of the mofl: able pradical lawyers of 
 his time, and has left the following works as monuments of his 
 learning. 1. " Enchiridion juris fcripti Gallia;;" or " a Ma- 
 fiual of written Law of France," 4to, 1559. It was tranllated 
 into French by Theveneau. 2. '* Inftitutiones forenfes," or 
 •' The Practice of the Bar," 8vo, 1541. Thcfe books were 
 formerly much confulted, and have been illultrated by learned 
 commentators. 
 
 IMI3ER1- fJosEPH-GABRiEiO, a painter of Marfeilles, who 
 ftudied fom.e time under Vander-Meulen and Lc Biun. Being 
 difgufted \\\\\\ the world, at the age of 34, he entered into the 
 order of Sr. Bruno: biit the fupcriors of the order, perceiving 
 liis great talents in his art, encouraged him to exert them, and 
 furniflied him with opportunities. By their intered he was em- 
 ployed to paint for many focietics of Carthufians, but the pic- 
 tures moft edccmed, are thofe which h.e executed for that of 
 Ville-neuve, at Avignon, where he made his vows, and where 
 4ie died, at the age of 83, in the year 1740. His moft perfedl 
 pifture is (or was) at the high altar of the Chartreux, at ^'ar- 
 ieilles. It is a canvas of unufual fizc, reprefenting a viev; of 
 Calvary. The deiign is full of taile, the colouring and con- 
 trafls highly piclurefque, the cxprcflion jufl, with fine touches 
 of the pathetic, and the whole executed with much good fenfe 
 and propriety. 
 
 IMHOFF (James-William), a very famous genealogifl, 
 J^orn of a noble family at Nuremberg, in 1651, was a lawyer 
 in ^hat ciiy, and one of its fenators. He was confidered 
 as having a fingular and profound knowledge of the interefts 
 of princes, the revolutions of ftates, and the hiftory of the 
 piincipal fjimiligs in Europe. He died in 1728. His works 
 
 weirej. 
 
I N C H O F E R. 423 
 
 were, i. " Genealogix excellentiiim in Gallia familiarum," 
 folio, Noriinb. 1687. 2. " GenealogiK familiarum Belloma- 
 neria.*, ^'C." Noriinb. 1688, folio. 3. " Hirtoria Gcnealogica 
 Regum Magna:; Britannia;," Norimb. folio, 1690. 4. " No- 
 titia procerum S. R. imperii," Tubingen, 1693, folio. 5. 
 ** Hidorica Italix et Hifpania^ genealogica," Norimb. folio, 
 1 701. 6. <* CorpTis Hiflorix genealogical Italia; et Hlfpania?," 
 Norimb. folio, 1702. 7. " Recherches Hiftoriques et Genea- 
 logiques des Grands d'Efpagne," Amfterd. folio, 1708. 8. 
 " Stemma regium Lufitanicum," folio, Amfterd. 1708. 9. '* Ge- 
 nealogia 20 illuftrium in Hifpania familiarum," folio, Leipfic, 
 1720. 
 
 IMPERIALI (John Baptist), a celebrated phyfician, was 
 born at Vicenza in 1568, of the noble family of his name, 
 ■which is one of the twenty-four nobles of Genoa. He ftudied 
 at Verona, and afterwards at Bologna, under Jerome Mercu- 
 rialis and Frederic Pendofius. He made a great progrefs in the 
 languages and the fciences, and became one of the moft able 
 men of his time. He excelled particularly in philofophy and 
 phytic, which he tauglit with fuccefs at Padua. Upon his re- 
 turn to Vicenza, he praftifed his profc-ffion with extraordinary 
 reputation till his death, which happened in May, 1623, at 54 
 years of age. He was a fkilful writer in Litin, both of profe 
 and verfe; and particularly imitated Catullus. There is by 
 him a quarto volume, " Exercitationum exoticarum," Venice, 
 1603. 
 
 IMPERIALI (John), fon of the former, was equally cele- 
 braled as a phyfician and as a writer. He was born in 1602. 
 His two principal works were printed at Venice, in 1640, in 
 one volume, namely, I. *' Mufeum Hiftoricum," a colledtion 
 of hiftorica! eulogies. 2. ** Mufeum Phyficum, five de humano 
 ingenio." He died in 1653. 
 
 IMPERIALI (GiirsEPPE-RENATo),born at Genoa in 1651, 
 was chiefly celebrated for the magnificent library which was 
 formed by him, and continues one of the ornaments of the city 
 of Rome. He was employed by the popes in many important 
 negotiations, and always conduced them with fuccefs. Being 
 raifed to the dignity of cardinal, he was propofed in the con- 
 clave of 1730, as pope, and loft that nomination only by a fingle 
 vote. He died in 1737, at the age of 86. A defcriptive cata- 
 logue of his library was publilhed at Rome in 1711, in folio, 
 by Juftus F(;ntanini. 
 
 INCHOFER (Me Lc HI or), a German Jefuit, born in 
 1584 at Vienna. In the beginning of his ftudies, he particu- 
 larly applied himfelf to the law; and, being endowed with ex- 
 cellent parts, quickly furpafied his fellov^^ ftudcnts in that faculty. 
 He had acquired the charader of a good lawyer at the age of 
 
 E e 4 twenty* 
 
424 INGUIMBERTI. 
 
 twenty-three year?, nhcn he refolved toenter among the- Jefuits; 
 for which pujpofe he went to Rome, and enrolled hinifelf a 
 memlxr of that fociety in 1607. Here turning his thoughts 
 upon philofophy, mathematics, and divinity, he became maftcr 
 of thele fcien.ces ; and afterwards taught them a great while at 
 Meflina, where he publifhcd a piece in 1630, entitled, " Epif- 
 tolas B. Marias Virginis ad Meiranenfes Veritas vindicata," or 
 ** The BleHed V^irgin Mary's Letter to the People of MelTin:! 
 proved to be genuine," folio. 1 his gave fo much offence, that 
 complaints were made oi^ it to the congregation of the Index at 
 at Rome, whereupon he was fummoned before them; but the 
 reafons he pleaded in defence of what he had advanced, gave fo 
 inuch fatisfadlion to the judges, that th.ey ordered him only 
 to alter the title, and, farirom fupprefllng it, gave him leave to 
 ■reprint it, with fuch alterations or additions as he thought 
 proper. With this requifition he readily complied, and the 
 iecond edition came out at Viterbo in 1633, entitled, ** Conjec- 
 tatio ad epiftolam beatiflimas Marix Virginis ad MeiTanen- 
 fes," << A Conjedure concerning the blelfed Virgin Mary's 
 Letter to the People of Melfina." Inchofer, however, was 
 not pleafed with the Jefuits, among whom he fuffered many 
 difcontents ; and, in revenge, wrote a fatire upon them, which 
 was piibliflied in 1648, in Holland, foon after his death, which 
 happened that year at Milan. The title of it is, 2. " Mo- 
 narchia folipforum." The author calls himfelf ** Lucius Cor- 
 nelius Europaeus." Some maintain that the real author was 
 Julius Scotti. He published feveral other works, which fliew 
 him to have been a very learned man, though tincftured with 
 credulity. Thefe works are, 3. ** Annallum Ecclefiarticorum 
 regni Hungarian, Tomus primus," folio, 1644; a book full of 
 refearch. 4. " Hiftoria trium Magorum," 4to, 1639. Here 
 he manifefts as little judgement as in his treatife on the Virgin's 
 epiftle. 5. " De facra Latinitate," 4to, 1635. 
 
 INGUIMBERTI (D>dminmc, Joseth, Marie d'), an ex- 
 emplary and learned bifiiop of Carpentras, at which place he 
 was bt)rn in 1683. He v/as firft a Dominican, and in that order 
 he fuccefsfully purfued his theological ftudies ; but, thinking the 
 rule of the Ciiiertians more {tri6l and perfedl, he afterwards 
 took the habit of that order. His merit quickly raifed him to 
 the moft diftinguidied offices among his brethren, and being dif- 
 patched on fome bufmefs to Rome, he completely gained the 
 confidence and efteem of Clement XII. By that prelate he was 
 jiamed archbiOiop of Theodofia in partikis, and bifliop of Car- 
 pentras in 1733. -^^ this fmiation he was diUinguifhed by all 
 the virtues that can charaderize a Chriitian bifhop; excellent 
 difcernment, and knowledge, united wit|i the completeft charity 
 and humility. His life was that of -d fimple monk, and his 
 
 wcaltii 
 
INNOCENT. 4^5 
 
 wealth was all employrd to relieve the poor, or ferve the public. 
 He built a vaft and magnificent hofpital, andeftablifhcd the moll 
 extcnfive library thofe provinces had ever feen, wliich he gave 
 ior public ufe. He died in 1757, of an apoplc6lic attack, in 
 his 75th year. This excellent man was not unknown in the 
 literary world, having publiOied fume original works, and fome 
 editions of other authors. The principal of thefe productions 
 are, i. " Genuinus characSler Reverendi admodum in Chrillo 
 Patris D. Armandi Johannis Buiillierii Raiicaci," 4to, 1718, 
 at Rome. 2. An Italian tranflation of a book, entitled, '* The- 
 ologie Religieufe," being a treatife on the duties of a monaftic 
 life, 3 vols, folio, Rome, 1731. 3. An Italian tranflation of 
 a French treatife, by father Didier, on the infallibility of (he 
 pope, folio, Rome, 1732. 4. An edition of the works of Bar- 
 tholomew des Martyrs, with his life, 2 vols, folio. 5. '* La Vie 
 feparee,'"' another treatife on monadic life, in 2 vols. 4to, 1727. 
 
 INGULPHUS, was born at London in 1030 [f], and edu- 
 cated at Weftminfter and Oxford, in whicli latter place he be- 
 came particularly attached to the ftudy of Ariftotle and Cicero, 
 His father, having fome employment at the court of Edward the 
 Confefl^or, introduced his fon Ingulphus to queen Editha, with 
 whom he frequently converfed. In 105 1 he went over to Nor- 
 mandy, where he was gracioufly received by William, duke of 
 that country, who made him his fecretary. In 1064 he went in 
 an expedition to the Holy Land, and after his return became a 
 Benedidtine in the monaftery of Fontanelle in Normandy, where 
 he was foon after ele£led prior. In 1076, William, now king 
 of England, fent for Ingulphus, and appointed him abbot of 
 Croyland. In this fituation he continued many years, in high 
 favour with the king, and archbifhop Lanfranc. He rebuilt 
 the monaftery of Croyland, and obtained for it many privi- 
 leges. Du Pin fays, that fome time before his death, he obtained 
 leave to retire from the abbey, but his authority for this ailertion 
 is dubious. Ingulphus died in 1109. There is extant by him, 
 a hiftory of the monaftery over which lie prefided, entitled, 
 *' Hiftoria monafterii Crcylandenfts, ab anno664ad i09i,"o!jb-: 
 lillied among the '* 5 Scriptores," by fir H. Savillc, London, i ^96, 
 folio. It was alfo printed at Frankfort, in 1601, and at Oxtor4 
 in 1684, and the laft is the moft complete of the three edi:ions. 
 
 INNOCENT 111. (properly Lothario Conti), one cf 
 the popes diftinguilhed for learning and talents. He was n 
 native of Anagni, of the family of the counts of Segui, and 
 born in 1161. The fame of his learning raifed him to the 
 dignity of cardinal, and he was raifed to the papacy in 1198, as 
 fucccftbr to Celeftin III. The power and iniiuence of this pope, 
 
 [r] Berkenhout's Biographia Literaria, p. 9. 
 
 w^ho 
 
426 J O A N. 
 
 ■who had abilities to take advantage of the difpofition of the 
 timeSj were very great. He encouraged the crufadcs to the 
 Holv Land, he excited one againft the unfortunate Aibigenfcs 
 in Languedoc, he put the kingdom of Philip Auguftus of France 
 vnder interditl, and O'.couimunicated king John of England, 
 and Raimoiid count of Touloufe. He obtained the fovereignty 
 of feveral places in Italy, which had not been fubjedl to his 
 predeceifors ; and greatly extended his authority even in the city 
 of Rome itfelf. Innocent convened the fourt!^ Lateran council, 
 in 'which were pafTed feveral important regulations. One of 
 thefe was a canon forbiddinc to increafe the number of religious 
 orders, lell; they fhould introduce confufion into the church : 
 heverthclefs, the Dominicans, the Francifcans, and fome others^ 
 originated under his pontificate. Innocent died in i2i6. 
 
 From his youth, Innocent had been diltinguiflied for his abili- 
 ties, and fome proofs of them are ftill extant, i. Two folio 
 \"olumes of letters by him, were pidilhed in 1680, by Baluze; 
 but whatever tnerit they may have of a theological or moral 
 kind, they are not diftinguifhed for their rtylc 2. There is a 
 ■work of his in three books, entitled, ** De contemptu mundi, 
 iive de miferia humanas conditionis," which has been feveral 
 times publifhed. 3. Finally, his works were publiihied collec- 
 tively at Cologn, in 1575. The profe hymn of the RomiOi 
 church, beginning " Veni fanfte fpiritus," was compofed by 
 him ; and other hymns have been afcribed to him of which he 
 ivas not the author, among which is the *' Stabat Mater," which 
 was written by Todi. 
 
 INVEGES (AuGUSTiNo), a Sicilian Jefuit, and a celebrated 
 hiftorian and antiquary, was born in 1595. Little is known of 
 him, except the works he produced; which were, i. '* II 
 Palermo antico facro et nobile, et Annali della felice citta dt 
 Palermo," 3 vols, folio, publifhed in 1649. 2. '* Hiftoria 
 Paradiii terreftris," 4to, 1641. 3. " La Cartagine Siciliana," 
 ■which was the hiftory of the city of Caccamo. This was 
 printed at Palermo, in 1651, 4to. In this work he jocularly 
 alludes to the horrid Sicilian Vefpersy giving the people of Cac- 
 camo and Palermo the honour oi Jinging the firji Jirain in them, 
 as he cxprefies it. He died in 1677. 
 
 JOAN (Pope), called by Platina, John VIII. having ob- 
 tained a place in the hiftory of the popes, deferves to hll an 
 article in thefe memoirs, notwithltanding her very exiftence is 
 at lead uncertain. This fubjecl has been treated with as much 
 animofity on both fides, between the Papifts and the Protedants, 
 »s if the whole of religion depended on it. There are reckoned 
 upwards of fixty of the Romifh comtnunion, and among them 
 feveral monks and canoni'^ed faints, by whom the ftory is related 
 thus: 
 
 Abcut 
 
JOAN. 427 
 
 About the midcile of the ninih century, viz. between the pon- 
 tificates of Leo IV. and Benedidl III.[g] a woman, called 
 Joan, was promoted to the pontificate, by the name of John ; 
 whom Platinn, and almoftall other hiflorians, have reckoned as 
 the Vlllth of that name, and others as the V'llth : fome call 
 her only John. 'J'his female pope was born at Mentz, where 
 Ibe went by the name of Englifh John[H]; whether becaufe 
 (lie was of Engli'h extraftion, or for what other reafon, is not 
 known : fome modern hiiiorians fay fhe was called Agnes, that 
 is, the chafte, by way of irony, perhaps, before her pontificate. 
 She had from her infancy an extraordinary palTion for learning 
 and travelling, and in order to futisfy this inclination, put on 
 men's clothes, and went to Athens, in company with one of her 
 friends, whom the fcandalous Chronicle calls her favourite 
 Lover. From Athens fhe went to Rome, v»'here flie taught di- 
 vinity ; ^rM], in the garb of a doftor, acquired fo great reputa- 
 tion for underflanding, learning, and probity, that Ihe v/as una- 
 nimoudy eledted pope in the rooin of Leo IV [i]. 
 
 Hitherto there is nothing in this {tory but what docs great 
 honour to Joan, and the fair fex in general ; but feveral modern 
 hifforians add m.inv particulars of a more delicate nature. 
 They pretend, that Joan carried her gratitude too far towards 
 this friend, to whofe affifiance (he owed her advancement in 
 learning; and that he, on his fide, as much (truck by the beau- 
 ties of her perfon as by thofe of her m.ind, taught her fome- 
 what m.ore than mere Greek and philofophy. This commerce, 
 however, might have remained a fecret, had it not been for an 
 unlucky accident : Joan, miftaken, without doubt, in her rec- 
 koning, ventured to go to a proceflion, where (he had the mis- 
 fortune to be brought to bed in the middle of the ftreet, between 
 the ColofTeum and the church of St. Clement. Hiftory, or 
 fable, fays (he died there: whether of her pains, or out of 
 grief at having fo badly concerted her meafiires, is what we arc 
 left to guefs. l^o whatever it might be owing, Joan, it is faid, 
 died in labour, after having held the pontifical fee about two 
 years. It is pretended, that whenever the mod: holy father 
 pafTes by this fatal fpot, lie never fails to turn his head afide, in 
 token of his abhorrence of what happened there [k] : and an 
 author, whofe teftimony ought not to be fufpcded in thefe 
 matters, alTures us, that the marble (fatue, which was to be feen 
 
 [g] SecMoreri. N. B. B'.ondcl, Def- bey of Fulda, whom rtic loved, anJ who 
 
 inaretz, and Bayle, aie thf chief of thofe was her inftruClor, and tiMVcUed with her. 
 
 who abfolutely denied it. Spanheim, Cicfpin's L'ctal de I'Englilh. 
 L'Enfjp.t des Vignelles, among thofe who [1] Mariaaiis Scotus, Chion. I. iii. 
 
 hne afrirmed it. JEzdt 6, ad ?.nn. 854. 
 
 [h] Her true name WRs Gilberta, and [k] Id. & Sigcbcrt's Chronogr. made 
 
 jt is faid flie took, the name of Engliih, or ths fame yt^r. 
 Anglus, from Angles, & ra*nk of the Ab~ 
 
 in 
 
42S J O A N. 
 
 in his time in the v€r)r place, was originally fet up there as a 
 monument of the fad [lJ. As an appendage to this ftory, we 
 are told of a pierced chair in which the popes eletfl were after- 
 wards obliged to fit, to preclude fuch another miflake by atlual 
 exaraination. This ceremony has, at all events, been long 
 difcontinued. 
 
 Such is the ftory, with its moft curious circumflances, as re- 
 lated in the hiflory of the popes. It was certainly received and 
 avowed as a truth for fome centuries. Since it became a matter 
 of difputc, fome writers of the Romifli church have denied it; 
 fonre have apologized for it abfurdly enough ; others in a way 
 that might be admitted, did not that church claim to be infallible: 
 for it was that claim which firft brought the truth of this hiltory 
 tindtr examination. The Proteflants alledgcd it as a clear proof 
 againlt the claim; fince it could not be denied that, in this in- 
 ftance, the church was deceived by a woman in difguife. This 
 put the Roman Catholics upon fearching more narrowly than 
 before into the afFair; and the refult of that enquiry was, firft 
 3 doubt, and next an improbability, of Joan's real exiftence. 
 This led to a further inquiry into the origin of the itory ; whence 
 it appeared, that there were no footfteps of its being known in 
 ihe church for 200 years after it was faid to have happened [m]. 
 /Eneas Sylvius, who was pope in the 15th century, under the 
 name of Pius II. was the firft who called it in queftion, and 
 he touched it but llightly, and as it were with fear; obferving, that 
 in the eledlion of that woman there was no error in a matter of 
 faith, but only an ignorance as to a matter of fa6t : and alfo, 
 that the ftory was not certain. Yet this very Sylvius fufFered 
 Joan's name to be placed among thofe of the other popes in the 
 regiiier of Siena, and tranfcribed the ftoiy in hishifioricai work 
 printed at Nurcmburg in 1493- "^'^^ example of Sylvius em- 
 boldened others to fearch more freely into the matter, who, 
 finding it to have no good foundation, thought proper to give 
 it i!p. 
 
 But this did not filence the Proteftants. On the contrary, 
 they thought themfelves the more obliged to labour in fupport 
 of it, as an indelible blot, and reproach upon their advcrfaries; 
 and to aggravate the matter, feveral circumflances were men- 
 tioned with the view of expofing the credulity and weaknefs of 
 that church, which, it was maintained, had authorized them. 
 In this fpirit it was obferved, not only that Joan, being inftalled 
 jn her office, admitted others into orders, after the manner of 
 other popes; made priefls and deacons, ordained bifliops and 
 
 [l] Theodoric aNicm in lib. de prlvil. Blondel's EclairclfTim. de la queftion: Sj 
 
 & juribus jmpeif. une tcrnme a efte aflife au iiege papal, 
 
 [m] Marianus is the firft who men« p. jj. 
 uoos it> and he lived 200 years after. 
 
 abbots, 
 
JOACHIM. 429 
 
 abbots, fling mafs, confccratcd churches and altars, adminidered 
 the facraments, prcfentcd her feet to be kiifed, and performed 
 all other aftions which the popes of Rome are wont to do: bur, 
 that whih'i (he was thus in poifelTion of that high dignity, Ihe 
 was got with child by a certain cardinal, a chaplain of her?, 
 •U'ho knew very well of what fex fhe was ; that flie was delivered 
 and died as before related ; that on account of fuch iin, and bc- 
 cairfe (lie was thus delivered in public, fhe w^as deprived of all 
 the honours which are ufed to be paid to the popes, and buried 
 without any pontifical pomp ; and that the fearching-chair, nov7 
 no longer in ufe, had been laid afide, becaufe the popes, while 
 thev are cardinals, give fo many unqncftionable proofs of their 
 virility, that there is no longer any occalion for fo holy a cere- 
 mony. 
 
 This ftory of pope Joan, in the church of Rome, is well 
 matched by that of the Nag's-head confecration of archbilhop 
 Parker, at the Reformation in England ; and the difputcs con- 
 cerning them, between the two churches, are little worth main- 
 taining with much eagernefs or animofity. 
 
 JOACHIM, abbot of Corazzo, and afterv/ards of Flora in 
 Calabria, dirtinguiHicd for his pretended propheci'^s, and re- 
 markable opinions, was born at Cclico near Colenza, in the 
 year 1 130. He was of the Cidertian order, and had feveral 
 monafteries fubje6l to his jurifdidlion, which he dire^led with 
 the utmoft wifdom and regularity. He was revered by the multi- 
 tude as a perfon divinely Infpircd, and even equal to the moil illuf- 
 trious of the ancient prophets. Many of his prediftions were 
 formerly circulated, and indeed are itill extant, having paffed 
 through feveral editions^ and received illuftration from fei'erai 
 commentators. He taught erroneous notions refpecling the 
 holy Trinity, which amounted fully to tritheifm ; but what is 
 more extraordinary, he taught that the morality of the Gofpel 
 is imperfed^, and that a better and more complete law is tt) be 
 given by the Holy Ghoft, which is to be everlafting. Thefe 
 reveries gave birth to a book attributed to Joachim, entitled, 
 *' TheEverlafting Gofpel," or *' The Gofpel of the Holy Ghoft." 
 It is not to be doubted, fays Moflieim, *' that Joachim was the 
 author of various prcdi6tions, and that he, in a particular 
 manner, foretold the reformation of the church, of which he 
 might fee theabfolute neceffity. It is however certain, that the 
 greater part of the predidions and writings, which were for- 
 merly attributed to him, were compofed by others. This we 
 may affirm even of the Everhjiing Gofpel, the work undoubtedly 
 of fomc obfcure, fiily, and vifionary monk, who thought 
 proper to adorn his reveries , with the celebrated namie of 
 Joachim, in order to gain them credit, and render them rnore 
 agreeable to the multitude. The title of thij fenfeler? pro- 
 
 I dud ion 
 
430 J O D E L L E. 
 
 duftion is taken from Rev. xiv. 6. and it contained three: 
 books. The firll: was entitled, Liher Concordia veritatis, or the 
 book of the harmonv of truth : the fecond, Apocalypfis mva^ or 
 new revelation ; and the third, PJalteriian d-:cem Chordarum. 
 This account was taken from a MS. of that work in the library 
 of the Snrbonne[N]." It is necelTary, we ifiould obferve, to 
 diflinguilTi this book from tiie " Introduftion to the Everlaftiiig 
 Gofpel," written by a friar named Gerhard, and pubhihed in 
 1250. Joachim died in 1202, leaving a number of followers 
 who were called Joachimites. His works have been publifhed 
 in folio, Venice, 15 16, &c. and contain propofitions which 
 have been condemned by feveral councils. The part of his 
 works mort efteemed is his commentaries on IJaiah, yeremud?, 
 and the Apocnlypfe. His life was written by a a Dominican 
 named Gervaife, and p\ibli{}ied in 1745, in 2 vols. i2mo. 
 
 JOBER r (Louis J, a pious and learned Jefuit, was a native 
 of Paris, where he was born in 1647. He taught polite lite- 
 rature in his own order, and diflinguiihed hjmfelf as a preacher. 
 He died at Paris in 1719, at the age of 72. There are feveral 
 trails of piety of his writing, befides a piece entitled, '* La 
 Science des Medailles," in good efteem ; of which the befl edi- 
 tion is that of Paris, in 1 739, 2 vols. i2mo. 
 
 JODELLE (Stephen), lord of Limodin, was born, in 
 1532, at Paris, and fo much diftinguifhed himfelf by his talents 
 for poetry, as to be one of the Pleiades [o], fo named by Ron- 
 fard. He was the firll French poet who wrote comedies and 
 tragedies in his own language. Llis tragedies had chorufl'es in 
 the manner of the Greek llage ; and though very imperfect, 
 were then greatly admired. His Cleopatra having been acled 
 before the king with vad applaufe, Ronfard and other poets, in 
 a bacchanalian frolic, meeting with a goat, prefentcd it, with a 
 kind of humorous folemnity, to Jodelle ; in imitation of the 
 ancients, who facrificed a goat to Bacchus, as the patron of tra- 
 gedy. But this a6l of homage was deemed very protane and 
 hcathenifli by the cler'j;y of the time. Befides poetry, Jodelle 
 had other accompli (liments. He was an orator; well fkilled in 
 archite6lure, fculpture, and painting ; and a good mailer of 
 the fword, which he always wore, having a right to it as a gen- 
 tleman. In his younger years he embraced the reformed reli- 
 gion, and lived at Geneva, where he wrote one night, extem- 
 pore, (for he had a wonderful talent of that kind) 100 Latin 
 verfes, in Avhich he dcfcribed the mafs, with flrong farcafms. 
 But he returned ere long, to Paris, and to that mafs which he 
 he had fo much cried down in his Latin verfes. Hence the 
 
 tN] Mollieim, Vol. ill. p. 63. poets, according to the number of the ftars 
 
 o] That is, fvvcn prir.cipal French in that conftelUtion. 
 
 ' " " ~ " Huguenots 
 
JOHN. 431 
 
 HticrueHots probably called him an impious man, nn I even 
 ai> athtift ; epithets that muii unavoidably be iixed upon him by 
 the thirtv fonnets, which he made in^mediately after the maf- 
 facrc on St. Bartholomew's day, in order to charge their minil- 
 ters with being the caule of the executions, murders, and wars, 
 Mhich had raged in France fince th.e beginning of the Reforma- 
 tion. He is fiiid to have received for thefe fonnets a large fiini 
 of iTioney [p]. He might have been fupportcd by roval pa- 
 tronage, but neglected his intercfl at court, and died very poor 
 in 1573, aged 41. In 1574., his friends publiihed a volume of 
 his works, which contains two tragedies, *' Cleopatra," and 
 ** Dido ;" a comedy named '* Eugene ;" befides fongs, fonnets, 
 odes, elegies, Sec 
 
 JOHN of Salifbury, an EngliOiraan, bifliop of Chartres, 
 and one of the moit learned men in the twelfth century, la 
 his youth he lived with Peter de Celles, abbot of St. Rheims, 
 ?.s his clerk ; but leaving the abbot for fome time, he went to 
 finiOi his {Indies at Paris, where he was fupported by the libe- 
 rality of Theobald IV. furnained the Great, count of Cham- 
 pagne in France. In this univerfity he took his dottor's degree, 
 and afterwards went to Rome to make his devoirsto pope Adrian 
 his countryman, who received him very graciouOy, and (hewed 
 him fcveral marks of friendthip. From Rome he returned to 
 Paris, where he eftablilhed a fchool ; and among other fcholars 
 liad the honour of teaching the learned Peter de Blois. After 
 fome time, he took a voyage to England, where he .was enter- 
 tained by Theobald, archbilhop of Canterbury; and, after the 
 death of that prelate, lived with Thomas a Becket, his fuc- 
 ceifor, whofe companion he was till the death of the latter. In 
 1 177, he was chofen bifh^p of Chartres by the clergy of that 
 diocefe. This promotion was obtained by the recommendation 
 of Louis the Young, king of France, and the folicitafion of 
 his friend William of Champagne, fon of Theobald IV. who 
 liad been tranflated from that fee to the metropolitan chair of 
 Sens. Thefe friends were probably procured by his patron 
 Thomas a Becket, to whofe merits he always afcribcd his elec- 
 tion [ojj. He governed this church with aumirable prudence ; 
 and, having ainited at the council of Lateran in 1179, died two 
 years after. He wrote feveral books, which are loll. Thofe 
 which remain, are his " Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury ;'* 
 " A Colle6tionof Letters;" and his " Polycraticon," or '* De- 
 nugis Curialium, & veftigiis philofophorum, Libri oclo, &c." 
 
 [p] Memoirs de I'eftac de France, In thefe terms : " Joinnes, divinamlfera. 
 
 Tom. I. tione, & meritis S. Thoraa; mirtvrii, L'^r- 
 
 [ci.] This he expreffed by an infcrip- notsnfis evclefije jninifter humihs, &c, 
 »i«n Mjon the fere.ireft out of hi; letters, 
 
 JOHNSON 
 
432 JOHNSON. 
 
 JOHNSON (SAMrjEL), an Englilli divine of remarkable 
 learning and ftcadinefs in TufFering for the principles of the Re- 
 volution in 1688. He was born in 1649, in Warwickihire ; 
 and being put to St. Paul's fchool in London, ftudied with fuch 
 fuccefs and rep.;tation, that as foon as lie was fit for the uni- 
 verfity, he was made keeper of the library to that fchool. In 
 this ftation he applied himfelf to the Oriental languages, in 
 which he made great progrefs. He was of Trinity-college, 
 Cambridge, but left the univeriity without taking a degree. He 
 entered into orders, and was prefented by a friend, in 1669-70, 
 to the re6lory of Corringham in ElTex. This living, which 
 was worth no more than Sol. a year, happened to be the only 
 church preferment he ever had ; and, as the air of the place did 
 not agree with him, he placed a curate upon the fpot, and fet- 
 tled himfelf at London: a fituation fo much the more agreeable 
 to him, as he had a ftrong difpofition for politics, and had even 
 made fome progrefs in that lludy, before he was prefented to 
 this living. 
 
 The times were turbulent : the duke of York declaring him- 
 felf a Papift, his fucceffion to the crown began to be warmly 
 oppofed ; and this brought the doftrine of indefeahble hereditary 
 right into difpute, which was ftrongly difreliHied by Johnfon, 
 who was naturally of no fubmiflive temper [r]. This inclina- 
 tiou w^as early obferved by his patron, who warned him againft 
 the danger of it to one of his profeffion ; and advifed him, if he 
 would turn his thoughts to that fubjec^, to read Bradlon and 
 Fortefcue ** de laudibus legurn Anglia?," &c. that fo he might 
 te acquainted with the old Englilh conditution ; but by no 
 means to make politics the fubjedl of his fermons, for that 
 matters of faith and pradice formed more fuitable admonitions 
 from the pulpit. Johnfon, it is faid, religioufly obferved this 
 advice; and though, by applying himfelf to the ftudy of the 
 books recommended to him, he became well verfcd in the Eng- 
 lilh conftltution ; yet he made a proper ufe of this knowledge, 
 and never introduced it in his fermons. 
 
 [r] Of this truth we cannot h'-ve a nothing of lifting a. coachman off his box, 
 
 ftronger evidence, thzn fiom himfelf. and beating him, and tlirowiiig him into 
 
 In a piece printed 1689, fpeaking of bi/hop his box again. I have feveral times looked 
 
 Burnet's Paltoral Letter, publiilied a little up at this tall maftering fellow, and put 
 
 before, in order to place king V/illiam's the cafe : Suppofe this conqueror ihould 
 
 right to the crowra upon conqueft,, he ex- take me up under his arm, like a gizzard, 
 
 preiVes himfelf thus : '-I will prefently and run away with mc ; am I his fubj|eit ? 
 
 join iffue with fhis conquering biihop, for No, thought 1, 1 uin my own, and not his s 
 
 1 have not been afraid of a conqueror thefe and, having thus invaded me, if I could 
 
 18 years ; fox long lince I ufed to walk by not otherwife refcuc myfeif from him, I 
 
 the New-Exchaage-gate, whereftood an would fmitc him under the fifth rib. Thd 
 
 overgrown porter with his gown and ftaff, application is eafy." Tra<Sl concerning 
 
 giving him a refemblance of authority, king James's abrogation. In our authoi'8 
 
 whofc bufinefs it was ro regulate the coach- works, p. ioy, 26?, 
 men before the cftf^anck: j and would make 
 
 But 
 
JOHNSON. 433 
 
 But he employed his difcourfes with zeal to eXpofe the ab- 
 fiirdity and mifchief of t!ie Popifh religion, which was then too. 
 much encouraged, and would, he thought, unavoidably be e(h- 
 bliJhed, if the next heir to the crown v/as not fet afide. Tiiis 
 point he laboured inoelTantly in his pri\ate converfarion, and 
 became fo good a mafter of the arguments for it, that the op- 
 pofers of the court, gave him fuitable encouragement to pro- 
 ceed. The earl of Eil'ex admitted him into his company; and 
 lord William Rufl'el, rcfpe6ting his parts and probity, made him 
 his domeftic chaplain. This preferment fet him in a confpi- 
 cuous point of view ; and in 1679, he was appointed to preach 
 before the mayor an<l aldermen at Guildhall-chapel, on Palm- 
 Sunday. He took tiiat opportunity of preaching againft Po- 
 pery; and from this time, he tells us himfelf, " iie tliiew away 
 his liberty with both hands, and with his eyes open, for his 
 country's rervice[sj." In fhort, hebegan to be regarded by his 
 party, as their immoveable bulwark ; and to make good that 
 chara<Sler,- while the hill of exclufion was carried on by his pa- 
 tron, at the head of that party in the hoiife of commons, his 
 chaplain, to promote the fame caufe, engagctl the eccUfialtical 
 champion of pallive obedience, Dr. Hickes [tJ, in a book en-* 
 titled, *' Julian the Apollate, &:c." publirtied in 1682. This 
 tract being written to expofe the doctrine, then generally re- 
 ceived, of pallive obedience, was anfwered by Dr. Hickes, in a 
 piece entitled, " Jovian, &c." to which Johnfon drew up a 
 reply, under the title of " Julian's Arts to undermine and extir- 
 pate Chriftianity, &:c. This was printed and entered at Star 
 lioners-hall, 1683, in order to be publiOied; but, feeing his 
 patron lord Rullel feized and imprifoned, Johnfon thought proper 
 to check his zeal, and take the advice of his friends in fupprelT- 
 ing it. 
 
 The court however, having information of it, he was fum- 
 moned, about two months after lord RulTel was beheaded, to 
 appear before the king and council, where the lord keeper 
 North examined him upon thefe points: I. " Whether he was 
 the author of a book called ' Julian's Arts and Methods to un- 
 dermine and extirpa'e Chriftianity r" To which, having an- 
 fwered in the affirmative, he was alked, *' Why, after the book 
 had been fo long entered at Stationers-hall, it was not publilhed?" 
 To which he replied, *' That the nation was in too great a 
 ferment to have ihe matter further debated at that time." Upon 
 this he was commanded to produce one of thofe books to the 
 council, being told that it fliould be publifhed if they ap}jroved 
 it ; bui he anfwered, " he had fupprelfed them himfelf, Ca that 
 
 [s] Abrpgation of king James, Sec. ticked, was a fermon preacbci before ;Lc 
 p. 265. ijrd-rmysr in ,i6Sj, sai pvbliiligd ia 
 
 [tJ Dr. Hickfs's proWftion here it- i^a, 
 \'QL,WUl. Ff th«v- 
 
434 Johnson;. 
 
 they were now his own private thoughts, for which he was nor 
 accountable to any power upon earth." The council then dif- 
 miffed him ; but he was fent for twice afterwards, and the fame, 
 things prefTed upon him, to which he returned the fame anfwers,. 
 and they fent him prifoner to the Gatehonfe. His warrant of 
 commitment was dated Aug. 3, 1683 v and figned by fir Leoline 
 Jenkins,, one of the privy-council, and principal fecretary of 
 ftate. He was bailed out of prifon by two friends, and the 
 court ufed all polTible means tcr difcover the book ; but, being 
 difappointed in the fearch, recourfe was had to promifes, and a 
 Gonfiderable fum, bcfides the favour of the courts was offered fop 
 one of the copies, to the perfon in whofe hands they were fuppofcd 
 to be lodged. ^ This was ttfuf^cd : and as neither threats nor pro- 
 tnifes prevailedy the court was obliged to drop the profecution 
 upon that book, and an information againd Johnfoa was lodged 
 in the King's-bench, for writing '* Julian the Apoftate^ &:c." 
 The profecution was begun and carried on by the intereft of the 
 duke of York. The following was one of the firft of the pafTages 
 on which the information was founded ; " And therefore, I 
 much \yonder at thofe men who trouble the nation at this time 
 of day, with the unfeafonable prefcription of prayers and tears, 
 and the paffive obedience of the Thebean legion, and fiich-like 
 lait remedies, which are proper only at fuch a time as the laws 
 of our country are armed againft our religion." The attack of 
 this apparently innocent fentence gives a llrong idea of the vio- 
 lence of the times. 
 
 When Mr. Johnfon was brought to trial, he employed Mr. 
 Wallop as his coimfel,. who urged for his client, that he had 
 offended againft no law of the land ; that tlie book,- taken toge- 
 ther, was innocent ; but that any treatife might be made criminal, 
 if treated as thofe who drew up the information had treated this. 
 The judges had orders to proceed in the caufe, and the chief 
 jullice Jeffries upbraided Johnfon for meddling with) what did 
 rot belong to him ; and fcofhngly told him, that he would give 
 ihim a text, which was, " Let every man ftudy to be quiet,- and 
 mind his own bufrnefs:" to which Johnfon repHed,. that he did 
 mind his bufmefs as an Engllftiman,, whea he wrote that book. 
 He was condemned, however, in a fine of 500 marks, and 
 committed prifoner to the King's-bench till he fhould pay it. 
 Here he lay in very necelIitou5 ciTcumilances,..it being reckoned 
 criminal to vifit or (hew him any kindnefs; fo that few had the 
 courage to eome near him,, or gi^e him any relief; by which means- 
 he was reduced very low. Notvvithftanding which, when his- 
 mother, whom he had maintained for many yearsy fent to him 
 for fubfiitence, fuch was his filial afFe£iion, that though he knew 
 not how to fiipply his- own wants^ and' thofe of his wife and 
 children, and was told oa this occafion, that " charity begin-s 
 
 as 
 
J O Pf N S O N. 435 
 
 'al lioinc," he fent her forty niilllngs, though he had but fifty in 
 the world, faying, he would do his duty, and trufl providence 
 for his own fupply. The event fliewed, that his hopes were not 
 vain ; for the next morning he received lol. by an unknown 
 liand, which he knew afterwards to have been fent by Dr. 
 I'^owler, afterwards bifliop of Gloucefter. 
 
 Having, by the bonds of himfelf and two friends, obtained 
 the liberty of the rules, he was enabled to incur flill further 
 dangers, by printing fome pieces againft Popery in 1685, and 
 difperfing fevcral of them about the country at his own expence. 
 Thefc being aafwcred in three Obfervators by fir Roge^ 
 L'Eftrange, who alfo, difcovering the printer, feized all the 
 copies that were in his hands, Johnfon took care to have a 
 paper ported up everywhere, entitled, " A Parcel of wry Rea^ 
 Ions and wrong Inferences, but right Obfervator." Upon the 
 encampment of the army the following year, 1686, on Houn- 
 flovv heath, he drew up, " An humble and hearty Addrefs to 
 all the Proteftants in the prefent Army, &:c." He had difperfed 
 about 1000 copies of this paper, when the reft of the imprellion 
 was feized, and himfelf committed to clofe cuftody, to undergo 
 a fecond trial at the King's-bench ; where he was condemned 
 to ftand in the pillory in Palace-yard, Weftminfter, Charing- 
 crofs, and the Old Exchange, to pay a fine of 500 marks, and 
 to be whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, after he had been de- 
 graded from the priefthood. This laft ought to have been done 
 according to the canons, by his own diocefan, the biOiop of 
 London, Dr. Compton ; but that prelate being then under fuf- 
 penfion himfelf, (for not obeying the king's order to fufpend Dr. 
 Sharp, afterwards archbilliop of York, for preaching againft 
 Popery in his own parifh church of St. Giles's in the Fields) 
 Dr. Crew, bifhop of Durham, Dr. Sprat, bilhop of Rochefter, 
 and Dr. White, bifhop of Peterboroiigh, who were then com- 
 miffioners for the diocefe of London, were appointed to degrade 
 Mr. Johnfon. This they performed in the chapter-houfe of St. 
 Paul's, where Dr. Sherlock, and other clergymen attended; 1^ut 
 Dr. Stillingfleet, then dean of St. Paul's, refufed to be prefent. 
 Johnfon's behaviour on this occafion was obferved to be fo be- 
 coming that character of which his enemies v/ould have deprived 
 him, that it melted fome of their hearts, and forced them to 
 acknowledge, that there was fomething very valuable in him. 
 Among other things which he faid to the divines then prefent, he 
 told them, in the moft pathetic manner, *' It cpuld not but 
 grieve him to think, that, fince all he had wrote was defigned 
 to keep their gowns on their backs, they fhould be made the 
 unhappy inibuments to pull off his: and he begged them to 
 confider, whether they were not making rods for therrifelves." 
 When they caxne to th« formality of putting a Bible in his 
 
 F f 2 hand 
 
43^ JOHNSON. 
 
 hand and taking it from him again, he was much affected, and 
 parted from it %vith difficultv, killed it, and faid, with tears, 
 ** That they could not, however, deprive him of the ufe and 
 benefit of that facreddepolltum." It happened, that they were 
 guihy of an oniifilon, in not Gripping him of his call'ock ; 
 which, as flight a circumftance as it may feem, rendered his 
 degradation imperfedl, and afterwards favcd him his living [uj. 
 A Popifh prieft made an offer for 200I. to get the whipping 
 part of the fentence remitted : the money was lodged, by one 
 of Johnfon's friends, in a third hand, for the prieft, if he per- 
 formed what he undertook. The man ufed his endeavours, but 
 to no purpofe ; the king was deaf to all intreaties: the anfvper 
 was, " That fince Mr. Johnfon had the fpirit of m.artyrdoin, it 
 was fit he Ihould fuffer." Accordingly, Dec. I, 1686, the fentenct 
 ■was rigoioufly put in execution ; which yet he bore with great 
 firmnefs, and went through even with alacrity. He obfcrved 
 afterwards, to an intimate friend, that this text of Scripture, 
 which came fudJenly into his -mind, " He endured the crofs, 
 defpiling the Ihame," fo much animated and fupported him 
 in his bitter journey, that, had he not thought it would have 
 looked like vain-glory, he could have fung a pfalm, while the 
 executioner was doing his office, with as much compofure and 
 chearfulnefs as ever he had done in the church ; though at th* 
 fame time he had a quick fenfe of every ilripe which was given 
 him, to the number of 317, with a whip of nine cords knotted. 
 This was the more remarkable in him, becaiife he had not the 
 leart tindure of enthuiiafm [x]. The truth is, he was endticd with 
 a natural hardincfs of temper to a great degree; and being in- 
 fpirited by an eager defire to fuffer for the catife he had efpoufed, 
 he was enabled to fupport himfelf with the firmnefs of a mar- 
 tyr. After the execution of this fentence, the king gave away 
 Itis living ; and the clergyman who had the grant of it, nnad« 
 application to the three bilhops above-mentioned for inllitution ; 
 buf they, being fenfible of his imperfect degradation, would not 
 grant it without a bond of indemnity; after which, when he 
 "went to Corringham for induction, the parilliioners oppofed hiin, 
 fo that he couW never obtain entrance, but was obliged to return 
 re infeofa. Mr. Johnfon thus kept his living, and with it, his 
 refolution alfo to oppofe the meafures of the court; infomuch, 
 that, before he was out of the furgeon's hands, he reprinted 
 3000 copies of his " Comparifon between Popery and Pagan- 
 jfm." Thefe, however, were not then publifhed; but not long 
 
 [u] He came with it on to the pillory, been caft in much Aick a mould as Joha 
 
 •where Mr. Koufc, the under-lheriff, tore Lilbum; to whom he bore a great relem- 
 
 it off, and put a fiizc coat upon him. Mancc, both in the hirdinefs ot his tem- 
 
 Report of the committee in 1689. per, and in the quarrellomenefs of it. 
 
 [x] Excepting this, he feems to have 
 
 aiter» 
 
J H N S O N. ^27 
 
 after, nhoiit the time of the general toleration, he piibliflied. 
 " The Trial and Examination of a late Libel, &c." which vvai 
 followed by others every year till the Revolution. The parlia- 
 ment afterwards, taking his cafe into confideration, refolved, 
 June ir, 16H9, that the judgement a^ainft him in the Kings- 
 bench, upon an information for a mifdemeanor, was cruel and 
 illegal ; and a comtriittee was at the fame time appointed to 
 bring in a bill for reverling that judgement. Being alfo ordered 
 to enquire how Mr. Johnfon came to be degraded, and by what 
 authority it was done, Mr. Chrifty, the chairman, fome days 
 after reported his cafe, by which it appears, that a libel was then 
 exhibited againll: him, charging him with great mifdemeanors, 
 though none were fpecified or proved ; that he demanded a copy 
 of the libel, and an advocate, both which were denied: that he 
 protefted againfl the proceedings, as contrary to law and the 
 I32d canon, not being done by his own diocefan, but hispro- 
 tellation was refufed, as was alfo his appeal to the king in chan- 
 cery ; and that Mrs. Johnfon had alfo an information exhibited 
 againfl her, for the like matter as that againfl her hufband. The 
 committee came to the following refolutions, which were all 
 agreed to by the houfe, " That the judgement againfl Mr, John- 
 fon was illegal and cruel: that the eccleilaflical commiflion was 
 illegal, and confequently, the fufpenfion of the bilhop of London, 
 and the authority committed to three bilhops, null and illegal : 
 that Mr. Johnfon's not being degraded by his own diocefan, if 
 he had deferved it, was illegal: that a bill be brought in, to 
 rcverfe the judgement, and to declare all the proceedings before 
 the three bilhops null and illegal: and that an addrefs be made 
 to his majefty, to recommend Mr. Johnfon to fome ecclefialtical 
 preferment, fuitable to his fervices and fufFerings." The houfe 
 prefented two addrelTes to the king, in behalf of Mr. Johnfon: 
 and, accordingly, the deanery of Durham was offered him, 
 ■which however he refufed, as at> unequal reward for his fer- 
 vices. 
 
 The truth is, he was his own chief en'i'my ; and his difap- 
 pointment, in his expectations of preferment, was the etfe6l uf 
 his own temper and conduct. For, with very good abilities, 
 confiderable learning, and great clearnefs, rtrength, and vivacity of 
 fcntiment and expreflion, of which his writings are a fufHcient 
 evidence; and with a firmnefs of mind capable of fupporting the 
 fevereil trials, foranycaufe which he confidered as important, he 
 was palTionate, impatient of contradiction, felf-opinionated, haugh- 
 ty, apt to overrate his own fervices, and undervalue thofeof others, 
 whofe advancement above himfelf was an infupportable mortifi- 
 cation to him. The roughnefs of his temper, and turbulency of 
 his genius, rendered him alfo unfit for the higher ftations of the 
 phurch, of which he was immoderately ambitigus. Not being 
 
 F f 3 afck 
 
438 JOHNSON. 
 
 able to obtain a bifhopric, lady RufTel made ufe of the influence 
 ibe had with Dr. Tillotfon, to foiicit a penfion for him [z] ; 
 whereupon king Wilham granted him 300I. a year out of the 
 poft-office, for his own and his fon'slifc, with loool. in money, 
 and a place of lool. a year for his fon. 
 
 Violence produces violence ; and his enemies were fo much 
 cxafperated againft him, that his life was frequently endan- 
 gered. After publiihing his famous tra«Sl, entitled, " An Ar- 
 gument proving that the Abrogation of King James, &c." 
 ■which was levelled againft all thofe who complied with the Re- 
 volution upon any other principles than his own, in 1692, a 
 jemarkable attempt was actually made upon him. Seven aifaf- 
 fins broke into his houfe in Bond-ftreet, Nov. 27, very early in 
 the morning; and five of them, with a lantern, got into his 
 chamber, where he, with his wife and young fon, were in 
 bed. Mr. Johnfon was faft afleep, but his wife, being awaked 
 by their opening the door, cried out. Thieves; and endeavoured 
 to awaken her hufband : the villains, in the mean time, threw 
 open the curtains, three of them placed themfelves on that fide 
 of the bed where he lav, with drawn fvvords and clubs, and 
 two flood at the bed's feet, with piftols. Mr. Johnfon ftarted 
 up; and, endeavouring to defend himfelf from their aflfaults, 
 received a blow on the head, which knocked him back- 
 wards. His wife cried out with great earneftnefs, and begged 
 them not to treat a fick inan with fuch barbarity; upon which 
 they paufed a little, and one of the mifcreants called to Mr. 
 Johnfon to hold up his face, which his wife begged him to do, 
 thinking they only defigned to gag him, and that they would 
 rifle the houfe and be gone. Upon this he fat upright ; when 
 one of the rogues cried, " Piftol him for the book he wrote;" 
 "which difcovered their defign ; for it was juft after the publifh- 
 jng of the book laft mentioned. Whilft he fat upright in his 
 bed, one of them cut him with a fword over the eye-brow, and 
 the reft prefented their piftols at him; but, upon Mrs. Johnfon 's 
 paftionate intreaties, they went off without doing him further 
 mifchief, or rifling the houfe. A furgeon was immediately fent 
 for, who found two wounds in his head, and his body much 
 bruifed. With due care, however, he recovered ; and, though 
 his health was much impaired and broken by this and other 
 troubles, yet he handled his pen with the fame unbroken fpirit 
 as before. He died in May, 1703. 
 
 In 171 o, all his treatifes were colle6led, and publiflied in one 
 folio volume ; to which were prefixed, fome memorials of his 
 life. The fecond edition came out in 1713, folio. 
 
 [z] Tillotfon Ubnured the matter very fent him 30I. which, though his neceffitics 
 
 heartily, though Johnfon continued abuf- obliged him to accept, yet be did it with 
 
 ing hir.i and reviling him all the time, an air of the utmoft contempt. Birch's 
 
 Wlsilc he wus 'k\ orifonalfo, Tillctfon h\i Life of Tillotfen, p. 201. 
 
 JOHNSON 
 
JOHNSON. 439 
 
 JOHNSON (John), a learned divine among the Nonjurors, 
 was born, 1662, at Frindibury near Rochcftcr^ of which place 
 iiis father was vicar. After acquiring his c'iairical literature at 
 Cantcrbury-rchool,.he was fcnt to Ma^dalcn-coUege, Cambridge, 
 in 1677 ; and, in itSa, removed to 6enet or Corpus-Chrilti, of 
 which he became fellow in 1685. In i686, he received pricft's 
 orders-: and, the year after, was prefented by archbifhop San- 
 croft to the vicarages of Barton and Heron-hill near Canterbury. 
 In this neighbourhood were two Popiih families of good eftates. 
 Which made him apprchenfive about his parilhioners : but his 
 fears were dillipated by the Revolution., to which he was then a 
 hearty well-wifher. In 1694, he publilhed, but without his 
 name, " An Anfwer to Mr. Henry Wharton's Defence of Plu- 
 ralities ;" with which queen Mary was faid to be exceedingly 
 pleafed. In 1697, archbifhop Tenifon placed him at Margate; 
 but,^ becaufe that benefice was fmall, added the vicarage of 
 Apuldre, oa which he refided altogether, giving up Margate in 
 1703. 
 
 About 1705, was printed the firfi: volume of, wliat may be 
 deemed his capital work, " The Clergyman's Vade-Mecum :'* 
 ^arge additions were made to it in 1707, and a fecond volume 
 ■was printed in 1709 ; both in i2mo. As a continuation of his 
 work,, he publifhed, in 1720, " A CoUefiioQ of Eeclefiaftical 
 Laws, Canons, Sec." 2 vols. lime. 
 
 Tiie nation was now much heated in the bufinefs of 
 Sachevereli 4 and Johnfon in particular, was fo over-heated, 
 that he forfook not only his old principles., but all his old friends 
 and acquaintance, to whom he would fcarce pay even common 
 civility. The clergy, however, liad an high opinion of his 
 learning and abilities; and he was twice, in 1710 and 1713, 
 chofen pro6lor in convocation for the diocefe of Canterbury. 
 The latter year, he publifhed, " The Unbloody Sacrifice and 
 Altar unveiled and fupported ;" in which treatife he paid a An- 
 gular deference to the judgement of Dr. Hickes. From an 
 attachment to this divine, he foon grew, not only to have a 
 mean opinion of the articles and liturgy of the Church of Eng^ 
 land, but to entertain alfo unfavourable thoughts of the Pro- 
 teftant fuccellion, for which he had formerly been fo zealous^ 
 He even denied the king's fupremacy, and refufed to read the 
 cuflomary prayers on the acceffion of George I. This refufal 
 brought him into fome difficulties; and he was at laft forced to 
 fubmit. Having once admitted the fpirit of contumacy, he 
 continued to the end of his life felf-willed, reftlefs, and un- 
 happy. He died Dec. 15, 1725. Befides what we have men- 
 tioned, he publifhed fevcral traSs of a fmailer kind, upon re» 
 jigious fubjeds. 
 
 F f 4 In 
 
440 J O H N S O N. 
 
 In 1689, he-married Margaret, the daughter of Thomas 
 Jenkui, gent, of the iile of Thanet, and half-fifter of Dr. 
 Robert Jenkin, mafter of St. John's-college in Cambridge. He 
 had foine children ; and among them a fon, who died in 1723, 
 after having been fellow of the above college, and redor of 
 Stanflifii in Lancafhire. 
 
 JOHNSON, orJANSEN(CoENELius),an excellent painter, 
 boh in miniature and full ilze, but particularly admired in 
 portraits. He was 9. native of Amrterdam, where he refided 
 many years ; but coming to England in the reign of James 1. 
 he drew feveral fine portraits of that monarch, and moil of his 
 court. He lived alfo in the time of Charles I. and was con- 
 temporary with Vandyck,. whofe greater fame foon eclipfed that 
 of Janfen ; though it mult be owned his pidures had more of 
 reat finifliing, fmooth painting, and labour in drapery through- 
 out the whole ["a]: but he wanted a true notion of Englifti 
 beauty, and that freedom of draught, of which the other was 
 mafter. He died in London, 
 
 JOHNSON (Martin), bred as a feal-engraver, and famous 
 in that art, was alfo an extraordinary landfcape-painter after 
 rature. He arrived at a great excellence in views, which he 
 itudied with application, making a good choice of the delightful 
 profpects of England for his fubjecls ; which he performed with 
 much judgement, freedom, and warmth of colouring. Some of 
 his pieces are now in the hands of the curious in England j 
 though they are very fcarce. He died in London about the be- 
 ginning of James the Second's reign. 
 
 JOHNSON (Charles), originally bred to the law [b], and 
 a member of the Middle-l'emple, being a great admirer of the 
 Mtifes, and finding in himfelf a ftrong propenftty to dramatic 
 writing, quitted the ihidious labour of the one, for tlie more 
 fpirited amufements of the other; and, by contrading an inti- 
 macy with IVTrj Wilks, found means, through that gentleman's 
 intereft, to get his plays on the ftage without much difficulty, 
 Some of them met with very good fuccefs, and, being a con- 
 ftant frequenter of the meetings of the wits at Will's and But- 
 ton's coffee-hcufes, he, by a polite and inofFenfive behaviour, 
 formed fo extenfive an acquaintance and intimacy, as conftantly 
 infured him great emoluments on his benefit-night; by which 
 means, being a man of oeconomy, he was enabled to fubfiff very 
 genteelly. He at length married a young widuw, with a tolerable 
 lortune, on which he fet up a tavern in Bow-ffreet, Covent- 
 garden, but quitted bufinefs at his wife's death, and lived pri- 
 vately on an eafy comuetence which he had faved. At what time 
 lie vvas born we know not, but he fiourilheU during the reigns of 
 
 r.n] ElT-y towards an Eiiglilh School of FainUtig. [b] Bio^rajihia Drama tica. 
 
 <JUCP|> 
 
JOHNSON. 441 
 
 queen Anne, king George I. and part of George II. His fwO: 
 play was a6ted in 1702, and his lateft is dated in 1733 ; but 
 Cibber informs nsthat he did not die till about 1744. As a dramatic 
 writer, he is far from deferving to be placed amongfl: the loweft 
 clafs: for though his plots are feldom original, yet he lias given 
 them fo many additions, and has clothed the deligns of others 
 in fo pleafing a drefs, that a great (hare of the merit they pof- 
 feis ought to be attributed to him. 
 
 Though we have obferved before that he was a man of a very 
 inofFenfive behaviour, yet he could not efcape the fatire of Pope, 
 who, too ready to refent even any fuppofcd offence, has, on 
 fome trivial pique, immortalized him in the " Dunciad;" and 
 in one of the notes to that poem has quoted from another piece, 
 called, ** The Charadlers of the Times," the following account 
 of him : ** Charles Johnfon, famous for writing a play every year, 
 and for being at Button's every day. He had probably thriven 
 better in his vocation, had he been a fmall matter leaner ; he 
 jr.ay be juftly called a martyr to obefity, and be faid to have 
 fallen a victim to the rotundity of his parts." The friends of 
 ^ohnfdn might triumph that Pope could find no better obje61: 
 ibr his fatire; and, though we may fmile at the humour, we 
 cannot think very ill of a man of whom nothing more degrading 
 could be faid than that he was fat. The dramatic pieces this 
 author produced, nineteen in all, are enumerated in the Bio- 
 graphia Dramatica. 
 
 JOHNSON (Maurice), an excellent antiquary, and founder 
 of the Gentleman's Society at Spalding, was defcended from a 
 family much diftinguifhed in the laft century [c]. At Berk- 
 hamflead, the feat of one of his relations, were half-length 
 portraits of his grandfather old Henry Johnfon and his lady, 
 and fir Charles and lady BlckerftafF, and their daughter, who 
 was mother to fir Henry Johnfon, and to Benjamin Johnfon 1 d], 
 poet-laureat to James I. Sir Henry was painted half-length, 
 by Frederick Zuccharo ; and the picture was efteemed capital. 
 The family of Johnfon were alfb allied to many other families 
 of confideration. Mr. Johnfon, born at Spalding, a member of 
 the Inner Temple, London, and fteward of the foke or manor of 
 Spalding, married early in life a daughter of Joihua Ambler, efq; 
 of that place. She wasthegrand-daughter of fir Anthony Oldneid, 
 and lineally defcendtd from fir Thomas Grelham, the founder 
 of Grefham-coUege, and of the Royal Exchange, London. By 
 this lady he had twenty-fix children, of whom fixteen fat dowo 
 together to his table. 
 
 Mr. Johnfon in the latter part of his life was attacked with a 
 vertiginous diforder in his head, which frequently interrupted 
 
 fc] Hlftory of the Spalding Society. 
 
 Jb j; The pott fjpck bis BanK Jonfon, agreeably to the orthography of that ige. 
 
 hi| 
 
442 JOHNSON. 
 
 his ftudies, and at'laft put a period to his life, Feb. 6, 1755. 
 He acquired a general eiieem from the franknefs and benevo- 
 lence of his charader, which difplayed itfelf not Icfs in fecial 
 life than in the communication of his literary refearches. 
 Strangers who applied to him for information, though without 
 any introdudion except what arofe from a genuine thirft for 
 knowledge congenial with his own» failed not to experience the 
 hofpitalit}^ of his board. While their fpirit of curiofity was 
 fcafted by the liberal converfation of the man of letters, their 
 fecial powers were at the fame time gratified by the hofpitabic 
 franknefs of the benevolent Englijljman. The following eulo- 
 gium on him by Dr. Stukeley, is tranfcribed from the original 
 in the *' Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries;" — " Maurice 
 Johnfon, efq; of Spalding in Lincolnfhire, counfeJIor at }aw, 
 a fluent orator, and of eminence in his profeffion j one of the 
 lall of the founders of the Society of Antiquaries, 1717, except 
 Br. Willis and W. Stukeiey ; founder of the Literary Society at 
 Spalding, Nov. 3, 1712, which, by his unwearied endeavours, 
 intereft, and application in every kind, infinite labours in writ- 
 ing, coHedsng, methodizing, has now [1755] (uhiided forty 
 years in great reputation, and excited a great ijpirit of JearnJng 
 and curiofity in South Holland [in LincoinfbrreJ. They have 3 
 p»iblic library ; and ail conveniences for their weekly meeting. 
 Mr. johnfon vrus a great lover of gardening, and had a fine 
 colle^ion of plants, and an excdlenl cabinet of medals. He 
 colie<£ied large memoirs for the ** Hiftory of Caraofius,' all 
 vrhjch, with his coins of thai prince, he fent to me, particularly a 
 brafs one which he fuppofed his fon, refembiing thofe of young 
 Tetricas. A good radiated caes spja. Rev. a vfoman holds a 
 cornucopia, relting her right hand on a pillar or rudder locis 
 or ciSLO. In general the antiquities of the great mitred priory 
 of Spalding, and of this part of Lincolnihire, are for ever 
 obliged to the care and diligence of Maurice Johnfon, who has 
 refcued them from oblivion." 
 
 An accurate account of his many learned communications 
 to the Society of Antiquaries of London, as well as of thofe 
 which he made to the Society he founded at Spalding, may be 
 feen in the curious work which furnilhes this article. 
 
 JOHNSON (Samuei.}, the greateft Englilh writer within 
 the memory of the prefent generation, was born at Litchfield, 
 Sept. 7, 1709. After the many able details of his life which 
 have been produced, fuch a (ketch as can here be admitted, will 
 ferve rather to refreih memory than to fatisfy curiofity. Michael 
 Johnfon, the father of Samuel, was a bookfeller; and had no 
 other child, except Nathaniel, about three years younger, who 
 <lied in 1737. Strong marks of genius were difplayed by Samuei 
 Joh»fon, both at the free-fchool in Litchfield, where, w^itfe 
 
J O H N S O N. 443 
 
 Dr. James, Dr. Taylor, and fome others, he received the chief' 
 part of his education, and at the fchool of Mr. Wcntworth, at 
 Stourbridge in Worcefterihire, where he palled a year. Some 
 of his exercifes have been accidentally preferred, and well juf- 
 tify the expedations which determined a father, not opulent, to 
 continue him in the paths of literature. After palling two years 
 at home, in voluntary and defultory ftudy, he was entered as a 
 ■commoner at Pembroke-college, Oxford, in Odlober, I72'8, 
 being then, by the teflimony of the learned Dr. Adams, the 
 bed qualified young man that he ever remembered to have feen 
 admitted. Of the compnfitions produced by him *at Oxford, 
 the moil remarkable is his Latin verfion of Pope's Meffiah, 
 which, if not faultlefs in point of Latinity, is written with 
 imcommon vigour. Pope is reported to have gone fo far in its 
 praife as to fay, " that the author would leave it a queftion for 
 pofterity, which poem had been the original." OpprefTed by 
 the difficulty of finding money for fubfiftence, Johnfon was 
 obliged to make an interrupted and a (hort refidence at Oxford, 
 and finally gave it up as impracticable, in the autumn of 1731 ; 
 after having ftrugglcd as long as poffible with fevere indigence, 
 completed by the infolvency of his father. 
 
 From the univerfity, he returned to Litchfield, with little 
 irnprovement of his profpe6ls: his charail^er, however, pro- 
 cured him fome valuable friends, v/hofe hofpitality at leall fup- 
 ported his fpirits, and alleviated his diflrelTes. The firft of thefe 
 was Mr. G. Walmfley, whom he has immortalized by his ce- 
 lebration. It is true, that he has thrown fome dark fhades inta 
 thepi6lure; but it is no lefs evident, that he means them as 
 traits of the party chara£ler of his friend, not of his native diC- 
 pofition as a man. Soon after his return to Litchfield, he loft 
 his father, and found on the divifion of his effefls, that his own 
 Ihare amounted to only twenty pounds. The place of ufher to 
 a fchool at Bofworth in Leicefterfhire, was offered to him, when 
 thus deflitute of fupport. It promifed well ; and he went to it 
 on foot. But he was placed in the houfe of a tyrannical patron, 
 and found it intolerable. He removed, after fome months of 
 mifery, by the invitation of his friend Mr. He6tor, to Bir- 
 mingham, where his career as an author may be faid to have 
 commenced; for he was fupported partly by his efforts for Mr. 
 Warren, a bookfeller; and here his tranflation of *' Lobo" was 
 publifhed. He returned in 1734 to Litchfield, and there iffued 
 propofals for the works of " Politian," with a life; but the 
 plan was not encouraged, and failed. 
 
 Johnfon was not infenfible to female attractions, and is faid 
 to have been once or twice in love; but his ferious attachment 
 was fixed in J 735, on Mrs. Porter, a widow, of Birmingham, 
 much older than himfelf, and, according to the report of friends, 
 
 not 
 
444 JOHNSON. 
 
 not very engaging in perfon or manners. He appears, how- 
 ever, from the whole tenor of his memoirs, to have felt for her 
 a ftncere and llrong flftedion ; and though fhe was polTeired of 
 8ocl. a vaft fum to him at that time, he cannot juftly be fuf- 
 peded of having married her from interefted motives. They 
 ■were married in July, 1735, and he foon after fitted up a houfe 
 at Edial near Litchfield, where he imdeitook to keep a fchool. 
 This plan alfo failed for want of encouragement. He obtained 
 only three fcholars, David and George Garrick, and a Mr. Otfely, 
 and did not very long perfevere in the attempt. About this 
 time he be°gan his tragedy of Irene, in which he was encouraged 
 to proceed by Mr. Walmfley. In March, 1737, having relin- 
 quifted his fchool, he formed his firft expedition to London ; 
 the more memorable for being undertaken with his pupil David 
 Garrick, brth intent to try their talents in that great field of 
 exertions, and both deflined to rife in it to the highcft celebrity. 
 In this preparatory vifit he was not accompanied by Mrs. 
 Johnfon; but he continued his tragedy, formed a literary con- 
 nection with Cave, the editor of the Gentleman's Magazine, 
 and acquired feme other friends. He returned in the courfe of 
 the fnmmer to Litchfield, where he finidied Irene; but re- 
 turned in about three rnonths to fix himfelf and wife in London. 
 His tragedy was now offered to Mr. Fleetwood, the manager of 
 Drury-lane, but, probably for want of fome recornmendation, 
 ■was not accepted. His principal employment for feveral years 
 was that of writing for Cave in the magazine, where the firft 
 of his performances is a Latin ode in Alcaic (lanzas, of great 
 elegance and beauty, addreifed to the editor. It was inferted in 
 March, 1738. His accotmt of the parliamentary debates forms 
 a very intererting part of his communications to this work. His 
 Ible compoiition of them, I'for Guthrie allit^ed before) extends 
 from Nov. 19, 1740, to Feb. 23, 1 743. 
 
 Johnfon now became intimate with Savage. Together they 
 fuffered the miferies of extreme poverty, and in their folitary 
 ^'anderings conceived a mutual regard, which produced, long 
 after, the partial, but eloquent and inftruftive life of Savage. 
 It was in May, 1738, that the celebrity of Johnfon as an author 
 commenced, by the publication of his imitation of Juvenal's 
 third fatire, entitled, '* London, a Poem." Like all authors 
 not yet famous, he found a difficulty in getting it publillied. 
 ^ut when it appeared, it was noticed by Pope, (whofe fatire en- 
 -^jtled, 1738, appeared on the fam.e day) was admired by other 
 ^'it?, and proceeded to a fecond edition in the courfe of a week. 
 Still, the profits of authorfhip were too fcanty to encourage him 
 to continue in that line. He attempted to be mafler of a free- 
 fchool in LeicefterOiire, but failed, though recommended by 
 Jord Gower, from not being a mafler of arts. He next made an 
 
 effort 
 
JOHNSON. 44^ 
 
 eftort to be adinltted at Dodor's-Common?, but a degree in 
 civil law was here inclifpenlibte. Forced in this manner to con- 
 tinue an author, he followed the direclion of his apparent def- 
 tinv. His " Marmor Norfolcic-nfe," an anonymous attack upoh 
 the miniltry, and the houfc of Hanover, publilhcd in 1739, has 
 been tiid to have expofcd him to the danger of profccution : but 
 this account feems to be refuted by a Inter enquiry. For feveral 
 years, his principal productions, confifting chiefly of the lives 
 of eminent perfons, appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine. 
 His life of Savage was publilhed fcparately, in 1744. He 
 planned much more than he executed. A lid of his literary 
 proje(fls, amounting to near forty articles, has been preferved 
 by lir John Hawkins; all of which, from indolence, verfatillty, 
 or want of encouragement, remained unexecuted. In 1747, 
 at length, he proceeded to greater things; he was employed upon 
 his edition of Shakfpeare, and publifhed the phm of his Englifh 
 Didionary. The price llipulated in his agreement with the 
 hookfellers for this great work was 1575I. Tlie plan was ad- 
 drelTed to lord Cheiterfield, in an elegant ftrain of dignified 
 compliment ; and though this was done, at the fuggelhon of 
 Dodfley, it is evident from the plan itfelf, that the earl had fa- 
 voured the dcfign, and had been confulted on the fubject. To 
 enable him to complete this vaft: undertaking, Johnfon hired a 
 houfe in Gough-fquare, Fleet-ltrect, fitted up one of the upper 
 rooms in the manner of a countintg-houfe, and employed fix 
 amanuenfcs. The words, partly taken from oiher did:ionafies, 
 and partly fupplied by himfelf, were firft written down with 
 fpaces left between them. He then delivered in writing, the 
 etymologies, definitions, and various fignifications ; and th? 
 authorities were copied from books, in v.hich he had marked 
 the palfageswith a pencil. 
 
 While he was employed upon hisdi61ionary,he formed, in 1748',- 
 a club for literary difcullion, at a coffee houfe in Ivy-b.ne, Pater- 
 hortcr-row. His pupil David Garrick had now raifed himfelf,- 
 by his tranfcendent theatrical abilities, to the fituation of ioint- 
 patentec, and manager of Drury-lane theatre. At the opening 
 of the houfe, after this event, johnfon had furnifhed him with 
 an admirable prologue, and in 1749, he Ihewed, in return, his 
 kindnefs for his friend, by bringing forv.'ard the tragedy of 
 Irene. The tragedy, however, did not pleafe, and the author 
 acquiefced in the decifion of the public, by declining all further 
 attempts in that fpecies of compofition. It does not indeed 
 appear, that this ftyle of writing was fuited to hi? genius. Irene" 
 had been written confeiTedly with lubour, and i!ov/ progrefs, 
 contrary to his ufual method, which was rapid and nuent ; and 
 though the fentiments are frequently of great vahie and energy, 
 the language is Itiif and unpleafingt In the attack of Lauder 
 
 upon. 
 
446 JOHNSON. 
 
 upon the fame of Milton, Johnfon co-operated this year, by writ- 
 in<J the preface and poftfcript to his book ; but he was deceived by 
 the forgeries of the man, and approved no longer than while he 
 believed the allegations to be jufh On the 2oth of March, 
 1750, he publilhed the firll: paper of the Rambler, which he 
 continued without interruption, every Tucfday and Friday, 
 till the 17th of March, 1752. In this very excellent work, he 
 proceeded almoll without alliilancc, only five papers in the whole 
 having been fupplied by other writers. 
 
 Soon after the clofe of the Rambler, Johnfon fufTered a lofa 
 which affeded him in the deepell manner. His wife died in 
 March, 1752, after an union of feventeen years, and left hirn 
 a childlefs and afflided widower. Whether the greatly deferved 
 hisatfedion has been doubted ; that he fmcerely loved, and pro- 
 foundly regretted her, there is abundant proof. Society, to 
 which he had now abundant accefs, became his chief refource : 
 he excelled in converfation, and he delighted in it. As the pub- 
 lication of his didionary approached, lord Chefterfield, who 
 had been firil addreffed as its patron, but during the whole in- 
 terval had negleded the author, whofe manners were not fuf- 
 iiciently graceful to fuit his courtly tafte, grew anxious to repair 
 his fault, and retain the glory of fuch patronage. He wrote 
 two papers in its praife, to prepare the public for its appear- 
 ance, in the periodical work, entitled, ** Ihe World;" but thefe 
 unhappily produced from the dignified lexicographer no other 
 return than that celebrated letter, which by its delicate farcafms, 
 and fevere, though refpedful chaftifement, mud infallibly im- 
 mortalize his difgrace. " With little affiftance of the learned, 
 and without any patronage of the great," this national monu- 
 ment of labour, talents, and judgement, was completed, and 
 appeared in May, 1755; the author having been previoufly 
 honoured, in February, with the degree of mafter of arts, by 
 tliploma, in teftimony of his abilities and merit. With what- 
 ever frigidity the great mind of Johnfon might perfuade itfelf to 
 difmifs this noble work, while its reception was yet dubious, he 
 mud undoubtedly have been gratified in no fmall degree, by the 
 abundant praifes it extorted from domeftic and foreign literati. 
 The attacks upon it were fuch as he had declared himfelf to ex- 
 ped ; the commendations muft have furpalTcd his hopes, though 
 uot his deferts. Garrick, in an epigram upon this fubjed, well 
 turn«id, though not very caretiUly written, has afferted from it, 
 the iupeiiority of our comitrymcn to the French ; and, com- 
 paring the fmgle labour of Johnfon, with the united efforts of 
 the forty academicians of Paris, in producing their didionary, 
 
 fays. 
 
 And Johnfon, well-arm'd like a hero of yore, 
 Has beat forty French, and will beat forty more ! 
 
 Never"* 
 
 
JOHNSON. 447 
 
 Neverlhelefs, he had not yet emerged from poverty. The 
 fura (lipulated tor his di£lionary had been expended during its 
 progrels, he had fiibfifted afterwards principally on his fubfcrip- 
 lions for Shakfpeare: but, in March, 1750, we find him under 
 arrell for a debt of five guineas, and liberated by the aid of the 
 celebrated Ricliardfon. He now for fome time produced only 
 occafional compofitions, in various works; but on the 15th of 
 April, 1758, he began to publilh "The Idler," which, was 
 continued in a weekly newfpaper called the Univerfal Chronicle, 
 till April 5, 1760, At the death of his mother, in January, 
 1759, his piety taxed his genius; and to pay the expences of 
 her funeral, and a few debts flie had left, he wrote his '< Raf- 
 felas." The copy produced lool. and abundantly anfwered his 
 purpofe. 
 
 At length, in 1762, he was placed, by royal munificence, 
 above the neceffity of fubfifting by occafional and precarious 
 efforts. The king granted him a penfion of 300I. per annum, 
 cxprefsly as a reward for the merit and moral tendency of his 
 writings; without any kind of ftipulation relative to the future 
 ufe of his pen. The perfon moft a£tive in obtaining for him 
 this deferved and honourable reward, was Mr. Wedderburne, 
 now lord chancellor Loughborough. Some have attempted to 
 fix on the philofopher the charge of inconfiflency for receiving 
 this penfion, after the indignant definition of a penfioner given 
 in his dictionary. But Johnfon was no hireling: it was long 
 after the grant of his falary before he wrote at all for the court, 
 and then it was in defence of his own well-known fentiments, 
 no lefs than of minilterial meafures. The love of Johnfon for 
 converfation induced him, in 1764, to form a club, fince 
 dillinguifhed by the name of " The Literary Club," which after 
 many lofTes, and many honourable acceffions, flill fubfifts, re- 
 taining two of its original members, Mr. Burke and Mr. Lang- 
 ton. The reft were, fir Jofhua Reynolds, Dr. Nugent, Mr. 
 Beauclerk, Mr. Chamier, fir John Hav/kins, Goldfmith, and 
 Johnfon himfelf. In July, 1765, he was complimented by the 
 univerfity of Dublin with the degree of doctor of laws ; " oh egre- 
 giam fcriptorum elegantiam et utiUtatetUy" as the diploma exDreffes 
 it. In the fame year appeared, after long delay, his edition of 
 Shakfpeare, of which the preface and the fummary account of 
 each play are the moft valuable parts. 
 
 The king, who had rewarded the merit of Johnfon by pe- 
 cvmiary independence, took an opportunity afterwards to prove 
 that he was duly fenfible of the merit of the writer he had thus 
 favoured. In a converfation with him at the Queen's-houfe, 
 in February, 1765, the king afked if he intended to publifh anv 
 more works? Johnfon modeftly anfwered, that he thought be 
 had written enough : " And fo fhould I too," replied the king. 
 
448 JOHNSON. 
 
 ** if you had not written fo well." Johrifon had now arrived 
 at that eminence which cultivated genius always feeks, but fel- 
 dom obtains. His fortune, though not great, was adequate to 
 liis wants, and of mod honourable acquifition ; for it was de- 
 rived from the produce of his labours, and the rewards which 
 his country, in the perfon of the fovereign, had beflowed upon 
 his merit. He received during life that unqualified applaufe 
 from the world, which in general is paid only to departed ex- 
 cellence, and he beheld his fame firmly feated in the public 
 mind, without the danger of being fhaken by obloquy or fhared 
 by a rival. He could number among his friends, the greatell 
 and moft improved talents of the country. His company was 
 courted by M'ealth, dignity, and beauty. His many peculiarities 
 were overlooked and forgotten in the admiration of his under- 
 ftanding ; while his virtues were regarded with veneration, and 
 his opinions adopted with fiibmillion [e]. It has been faid, that 
 in 1771, he was ambitious of adding to his other honours, that 
 of a feat in the houfe of commons. His fame was now high as 
 a politician, from the celebrity of his pamphlets, entitled, *' The 
 falfe Alarm," and the *' Thoughts on the late Tranfaftions re- 
 fpe£ling Falkland's Iflands;" but though an attempt was made 
 for this purpofe, by Strahan, the King's printer, who was him- 
 felf in parliament, no ftep was taken for him by the miniftry, 
 and nothing was effeded. It is poflible, from his great facility 
 of expreflion, that he might have Ihone as a fpeaker, late as it 
 •was in life to begin the attempt, for he was now fixty-two. 
 
 In March, 1775, his title of Do£\or was confirmed to him 
 by the univerfity of Oxford, which fent kim this degree alfo by 
 'diploma ; an honour feldom granted, and never certainty to one 
 •n\'ho would be more fenfible of its value. His tour in Scotland 
 in the fummer of 1773, produced his book, entitled, "A Jour- 
 ney to the Weftern I (lands of Scotland," which was publifhcd 
 this year; and this incidentally brought on his altercation with 
 Macpherfon refpeding the poetns of Ollian, and that famous 
 letter, in which he beats his antagonill more efFe6lually with his 
 pen, than he could with the cudgel which he provided for 
 his defence, in cafe of the perfonal attack Macpherfon had 
 heen foolith enough to threaten. In 1777, he undertook his 
 laft great work, '* The Lives of the Englilh Poets," which was 
 completed in 1781. Some tinne in March, fays he in his me- 
 ditations, " I finifticd t!)e: Lives of the Poets, which I wrote in 
 my ufual way, dilatorily and haftily; unwilling to work, and 
 xvorklng with vigour and hafte." In a previous memorandum, 
 he fays of them, " Written, I hope, in fuch a manner as may 
 ■tend to the promotion of piety." Though this work was begun 
 
 .[s] Anderfon's Lifs of Johnfoii, p- 145. 
 
 - i« 
 
JOHNSON. 449 
 
 in his fixty-eigluli, and finifhed in his feventy-fecond year; it 
 betrays no fyinptom of the (lighteft declenfion of faculties. 
 His judgement, izllc, fpirit, and force of thought, appear as 
 ftrongly in this as in any ot his former works, and his ftyle is 
 more level to the general taftc, than in the Rambler, and fome 
 other compofitions. From the clofe of this ufeful and plcafing 
 labour, his decline in health and happinefs was confiderable. 
 In May, 1781, he luit his friend Mr. Thrale, in whofe houfe 
 and fociety he had pailld, for fifteen years, the happieft of his 
 hours. The palfy in 17B3, and the afthir.a, with a degree of 
 dropfy, in 1784, gave him warnings of the failure of his confti- 
 lution. He would at that time have tried to renovate his powers 
 by the milder air of Italy, but his penfion did not appear adequate 
 to the expence ; and the attempt to procure an augmentation, 
 for that exprefs purpofe, unfortunately was not fuccefsful. It^ 
 was probably too late for any elTential benefit to be received, and 
 he relinquiiiied his defign. He did not, however, view the ap- 
 proach of death with tranquillity. A melancholy, vvtiich in him 
 was conftitutional, and had harraffed him more or lefs il.rough 
 every period of his life, joined to a very fcrupulous fenfe oi 
 duty, filled him with apprchenfion of an event, which few men 
 can have fo good a right to meet with fortitude. That event 
 approached, as it does to all, not the lefs for being apprehended ; 
 the dropfy and afihma became more and more oppreffive ; yet, 
 in hisfleeplefs nights, he rt'tainfed fufficient vigour of intelle<^ ta 
 amufe himfclf by traiilUviing into Latin verfe feveral of the 
 Greek epigrams ia the Anthologia. A truly claffical employ- 
 ment for a declining author ! On the 13th of December, 1784, 
 the fatal period of his life arrived ; and the laft days of his exilt- 
 ence having been lefs clouded by gloomy apprehenfions, he de- 
 parted full of refignation, ftrpng in faith, and joyful in hope, 
 dying the enviable death of the righteous. 
 
 Dr. Johnfon was buried in Weitminfter-abbey, at the foot of 
 Shakfpeare's monument, and clofe to the grave of his friend and 
 pupil Garrick. His monument was referved for St. Paul's 
 church ; and the expenccs having been defrayed by a liberal and 
 voluntary contribution, it ftands vvith that of Howard, one of the 
 fird: tributes ot national adrniration and gratitude admitted into that 
 cathedral. The fculpture was dcfigned and .finely executed by 
 Bacon. The epitaph is the compofition of Dr. Parr, and is con7 
 cife, but ftrongly appropriated. The monument was completed 
 early in 1796. The principal works of Johnfon, and the time 
 of their publication have already been mentioned. The fmaller 
 pieces are fo numerous, that to enumerate them would occupy a 
 confiderable fpace. They were publilhed coUetSively, with his 
 life, by fir John Hawkins in 1787, forming eleven volumes in 
 odlavo. In this edition feveral pieces are attributed to Johnfon 
 
 Vol.. VIII. Gg without 
 
450 JOHNSON. 
 
 without foundation. A new edition, aiiioilntlng to twelve 
 volumes, 8vo, with an effay on hts life and geniils by Arthuf' 
 Murphy, efq; was publilhed in 1792. Befides thefe, his' 
 ** Prayers and Meditations," were pnblifhed from his manu- 
 fCripts, by George Strahan, A. M. in 8vo, 1785. " Letters to' 
 and from Samuel Johnfon, LL. D." were publifhed by Mrs. 
 Piozzi, in 2 vols. 8vo, 1788. The *• Sermons left fou Publi- 
 cation by Dr. Taylor," were unqueftionabiy Johnforr's; and 
 beildes the internal evidence of the ftyle, and caft of thought, 
 the fail is now afcertained on the authority of the editor, Mr. 
 Hayes. They are in two volumes, 8vo, publifhed in i!78'8, and 
 1789. His " Debates in Parliament," were co11e6led in two 
 Volumes, 8vo, from the Gentleiiian's Magazine, by Mr. Stock- 
 dale, in 1787 ; the real names of the fpeakers being fubfti- 
 tiited throughout, for the ficilitious or mangled names einployed 
 in the Magazine ; they are arranged alfo in chronological order. 
 • The figure of Johnfon was large, robuft, and latterly un- 
 \Vleldy from corpulency. His carriage was disfigured by fudden 
 motions, which appeared to a common obferver to be involun- 
 tary and convulfive. But, in the opinion of fir Jolhua Rey- 
 nolds, they were the confequence of a depraved habit of accom- 
 panying his thoughts with certain untoward adlions. Of his 
 iiiTibs he is faid never to have enjoyed the free and vigorous ufe. 
 His ftrength, hoxvever, was great, and his perfonal courage not 
 lefs fo. Among other inftances which exemplify his pofTeffiort of 
 both, it is related, that being once at the Litchfield theatre, he 
 fat upon a chair placed for him behind the fcenes. Having had 
 occaiion to q\iit his feat, he found it occupied upon his return, 
 by an innkeeper of the town. He civilly demanded that it 
 fhould be reftored to him; but, meeting with a rude refufal, he 
 laid hold of the chair, and with it, of the intruder, and flung 
 them both, without further ceremony into the pit. In his dreft 
 he was fingular and flovenly, and though he made fome improve- 
 ment under the advice of iMrs. Thrale, at Streatham, his pro- 
 grefs was not great. In converfation he was violent, and im- 
 patient of contradidlion. " There is no arguing with him," 
 faid Goldfmith, alluding to a fpeech in one of Gibber's plays^ 
 '* for if his piftol milfcs fire, he knocks you down with the 
 but-end of it." In the early part of his life he had been too 
 much depreifed, in his latter years he was too laviihly indulged; 
 but in the wit and wifdom of his converfation, and his warm 
 goodnefs of heart, his friends found an ample recompence for 
 the fubmiffion he exaded. With all his defedls of temper, 
 there was fcarcely a virtue which he did not in principle pofl'efs. 
 He was humane, charitable, aife6lionate, and generous. His 
 moft intemperate fallies were the effe<9^ of an irritable habit; hfc 
 offended only to repent. Another great feature of his mind was 
 
 ' the 
 
JOHNSTON. 45; 
 
 the love of independence, -which he in no degree gave up when 
 he accepted the bounty of his fovereign. The grand characle- 
 riftic of his genius was gigantic vigour. He had an indolence 
 which often reprefled his efforts, but what he ferioufly attempted 
 he never failed to execute, with a maitcrly boldnefs which leavers 
 us to regret that he fhould ever have relapfed into literary id!e- 
 nefs. He united in hiinfelf, what are fqUiom found in union, 
 ■a vigorous and excurfive imagination, with a ilrcng and fteady 
 judgement. His memory was remarkably tenacious, and his 
 apprehenlion wonderfully quick and accurate; and to this he 
 .was indebted for that pointed and judicious difcrimination which 
 elucidated every quellion, and allonilhed every hearer. His 
 reading was cafual and defultory, but from this cafual reading 
 he rofe with a mind feldom fatigued, endowed with clear and 
 accurate perceptions. The variety of his liudics relieved with- 
 out perplexing him ; the ideas arranged in order were ready for 
 «fe, adorned with all the energy of language and force of man- 
 jner. But the labour of literature was a tafk from which he al- 
 ways wiftied to efcape ; and we fcarcely fe^any attempt beyond 
 a periodical paper, which he did not profeiiedly continue with 
 imwillingnefs and laflitude. His piety was truly .venerable and 
 ie^ifying, yet, from his morbid melancholy, not always confo- 
 .latory to himfelf. His prejudices in a few inftances were ftrong, 
 and pccafionally biafifed his judgement, which otherwvfe might 
 have had a perfection to which a parallel example would be fought 
 in vain. Thefe traits of his charadler, .taken in part from Dr. 
 Anderfon's judicious account of his life, will be found, perhaps, 
 to give as correct an idea of his merits and abilities as can be 
 conveyed in fo many words. We cannot further expatiate, and 
 leave him to be finally appreciated by the inftruftive (ludy of his 
 works. 
 
 JOHNSTON (Arthur), was born at Cafkieben, near 
 Aberdeen, the feat of his anceftors [tJ, and probably was edu- 
 cated at Aberdeen, as he was afterwards advanced to the higheft 
 dignity in that univerfity. The iiudy to which he chiefly ap- 
 plied, was that ot phyfic; and to improve himfelf in that fcience 
 he travelled into foreign countries. He was twice at Rome, but 
 the chief place of his relidence was Padua, in which univerfity the 
 degree of M. D. was conferred on him in 1610, as appears by 
 a MS. copy of verfes in the advocate's library in Edinburgh. 
 After leaving Padua, he travelled through the reft of Italy, and 
 over Germany, Denmark, I^ngland, Holland, and other coun- 
 tries, and at laft fettled in France; where he met with great 
 applaufe as a Latin poet. He lived there twenty years, and by 
 two wives had thirteen children. At laft, after twenty-four years 
 
 . . . J [f] Anecdetes of Bowyer by Nichols, p. iji, 
 
 G g 2 abfencc. 
 
452 J O H N S T O N. 
 
 abfence> he returned into Scotland, in 1632. It appears by 
 the council-books at Edinburgh, that the dodor had a fuit at law 
 before that court about the fame time. In the year following, 
 it is very well known that Charles I. went into Scotland, and 
 made bilhop Laud, then with him, a member of that cotmcil, 
 and by this accident, it is probable, the acquaintance began be- 
 tween the dodlor and that prelate, which produced his '* Pfal- 
 morum Davidis Paraphrafis Poetica." We find that, in the 
 fame year, the do61or printed a fpecimen of his Pfalms at Lon- 
 don, and dedicated them to his lordfhip, which is almoft as 
 plain a proof as can be defired that the bifliop prevailed upon 
 Johnfton to remove to London from Scotland, and then fet him 
 upon this work ; neither can it be doubted but, after he had 
 ken this fample, he alfo engaged him to perfe6l the whole, 
 which took him up four years ; for the firil edition of all the 
 Pfalms was publifhed at Aberdeen in 1637, and at London in 
 the fame year. In 1 641, Dr. Johnlion, being at Oxford, on a 
 vifit to one of his daughters, who was tnarried to a divine of 
 the church of England in that place, was feized with a violent 
 diarrhoea, of which he died in a few days, in the 54th year 
 of his age, not without having feen the beginning of thofe 
 troubles which proved fo fatal to his patron. He was buried 
 in the place where he died, which gave occafion to the following' 
 lines of his learned friend Wedderburn in his " Sufpiria," on 
 the doctor's death : 
 
 ** Scotia moefla, dole, tanti viduata fepulchro 
 Vatj^s ; is Angligenis contigit altus honos." 
 
 In what year Johnfton was made phyfician to the king, does 
 not appear; it is moft likely that the archbifhop procured him 
 that honour at his coming iwto England in 1633, at which time 
 he tranflated Solomon's Song into Latin elegiac verfe, and dedi- 
 cated it TO his majefty. His Pfalms were reprinted at Middle- 
 burg, 1642; London, 16:^7 ; Cambridge, . . . .; Amfterdam, 
 1706; Edinburgh, by William Lauder, 1739; and at laft 
 on the plan of the Delphin claffics, at London, 1741, 8vo, 
 at the expence of auditor Benfon, who dedicated them to his 
 late majefty, and prefixed to this edition memoirs of Dr. 
 Johnfton, with the teftimonies of various learned perfons. A 
 laboured, but partial and injudicious comparifon, between the 
 two tranflations of Buchanan and Johnfton was printed the fame 
 year in Englifh, in 8vo, entitled, " A Prefatory Difcourfe to 
 Dr. Johnfton's Pfalms, &:c." and " A Conclufion to it." His 
 tranflations of the *' Te Deum, Creed, Decalogue, &c." were 
 fubjoined to the Pfalms. . His other poetical works are his Epi^ 
 grams, his Parerga, and his " Mufas Aulic*," or commen- 
 datory 
 
J O L Y. 4J3 
 
 datory Verfes upon perfons of rank in cliurch and flate at that 
 time, printed in- 8vo. at London, 1635. 
 
 JOINVILLE (John, Sire dej, an eminent French ftatef- 
 man, who flourillied about 1260, was defcendcd from one of 
 the noblefl; and mod ancient families at Champagne. He was 
 fenefchal, or higli-fleward, of Champagne, and one of the 
 principal lords of the court of Louis IX. whom he attended in 
 all his military expeditions; and was greatly beloved and efteemcd 
 for his valour, his wit, and the tranknefs of his manners. 
 That monarch placed fo much confidence in him, that all mat- 
 ters of juftice, in the palace, were referred to his decifion ; and 
 his majefty undertook nothing of importance without confult- 
 jng him. He died about 1318, at not much lefs than ninety 
 years of age. Joinville is known as an author by his " Hiftory 
 of St. Louis," in French, which he compofed in 1305. It is 
 a very curious and interefting work. The befl: edition is that 
 of Du Cangc, in 1668, folio, with learned remarks. On pe- 
 rufing this edition, however, it is eafjly feen, that the language 
 is not that of the Sire de Joinville, and has been altered. But 
 an authentic MS. of the original was found in 1748, and was 
 publiflied without alteration, in 1761, by Melot, keeper of the 
 royal library at Paris. This edition is alfo in folio. 
 
 JOLY (Claude), a French writer, was born at Paris in 
 1607 ; and obtained a canonry in the cathedral there in 1631. 
 Difcovering alfo acapiKity for (late affairs, lie was appointed to 
 attend a plenipotentiary to Munfler; and, during the commo- 
 tions at Paris, he took a journey to Rome. In 1671, he was 
 made precentor of his church, and fcvcral times official. He 
 lived to the great age of 93, without experiencing the ufual 
 infirmities of it ; when, going one morning to matins, he fell 
 into a trench, which had been dug for the foundation of the 
 high altar. He died of this fall, in 1700, after bequeathing a 
 very fine library to his church. He was the author of many 
 works in both Latin and French, and as well upon civil as re- 
 ligious fubje6ls. One of them in French, 1652, in 1 2mo, is 
 entitled, *' A Colle6lion of true and important Maxims for the 
 Education of a Prince, againft the falfe and pernicious Politics 
 of Cardinal Mazarine ;" which, being reprinted in 1663, with 
 two " Apologetical Letters," was burnt in 1665 by tlie hands of 
 of the common hangman. The fame year, however, 1665, he 
 publiflied a tra£l called " Codicil d'Or, or The Golden Co- 
 dicil," which is relative to the former; being a further collec- 
 tion of maxims for the education of a prince, taken chiefly 
 from Erafmus, whofe works he is faid to have read feven times 
 over. 
 
 JOLY (Guy), known by his long and faithful attachment to 
 the famous cardinal de Retz, whom he attended both in his 
 
 I profperity 
 
454 
 
 JONAS. 
 
 profperity and adv^rfity. He wrote " Memoirs of his times," 
 from 1641 to 1665, which, as Voltaire exprelTes it, " are tp 
 thofe of the cardinal, what the fervant is to the mafter." 
 
 JONAS (Anagrimus), a learned Icelander, who acquired g 
 great reputation for aftronomy and the fciences. He was co- 
 adjutor to Gundebrand of Thorbac, bifhop of Holum in Ice- 
 land, who was alfo of that nation, a man of great learning and 
 probity, had been a difciple of Tycho Brahe, and underflood 
 aftronomy very well. After his death^ the fee of Holum was 
 offered by the king of Denmark to Anagrimus, who begged to 
 be excufed ; defiring to avoid the envy that might attend him 
 in that high office, and to be at leifure to profecutc his ftudies. 
 He chofe therefore to continue as he was, paftor of the church of 
 Melftadt, and intendant of the neighbouring churches of the 
 laft-mentioned diocefe. He died in 1640, at the age of. 95, 
 having entered into a fecond marriage witii a young girl about 
 nine years before. 
 
 He wrote feveral books in honour of his country, againft the 
 calumnies of Blefkenius and others, which are well efteemed; 
 the titles whereof are, " Idea veri magiftratus." Copenhagen^ 
 1589, 8vo. ** Brevis commentarius de Iflandia, ibid. 1593," 
 8vo. '* Anatome Blef keniana [g]. Holi in Iceland, 1612," 8vos, 
 and at Hamburgh, i6i8,4to. *' Epjftola pronatria defenforia," 
 ibid. 1 61 8. *♦ 'A-JTOTp'd'/) calumnias," ibid. 1.022, 4to. , V Cry- 
 mogsea [h], feu rerum Iflandicarum libri tres^ ibid. 163c," 4to. 
 ** Specimen Illandjas hiftoricufn et magn.a ex parte chorographi- 
 cum," Amftelod. 1634, 4to [i]. '* Viu Gundebrandi Thor- 
 lacii," Lugd. Bat. 1630, 4to. 
 
 [g3 This book is a refutation of one 
 printed at Leydenini 607, entitled, "Iflan- 
 tiia, feu defcriptio populorum & memora- 
 bilium hujus infulse."- 
 
 [h] This was written in 1603, and 
 printed at Hamburg in 1609, with a map of 
 Dcftmark, and, in 17 10, without the map. 
 
 [i] This piece is a vindication of the 
 author's opinion againft the arguments of 
 Johnlfaacus Pontanus. Anagrimus main- 
 tained that Iceland was not peopled till 
 about the year 874, and therefore cannot 
 be the ancient Thule. 
 
 INDEX 
 
(- 45J ) 
 
 INDEX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 EIGHTH VOLUME. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 3 
 
 HEATH, Benjamin 
 Hebenftreir, John Erneft 
 Hecht, Chriftian 
 Hecquet, Philip 
 Hedelin, Francis 
 
 Hedericus.or Hederich, Benjamin 4 
 Heemikirk. See Hernflcirk. 
 
 Heidegger, John Henr7 ib. 
 
 —John James 5 
 
 Heineccius, John Gotlieb g 
 
 Heinecken, Chriftian Henry ib, 
 
 Heinfius, Daniel 10 
 
 Nicolas 12 
 
 Hele, Thomas ib. 
 
 Helena 1 3 
 
 Hdiodorus ib. 
 
 Hdlanicus 15 
 
 Hfelmont, John Baptift van ib. 
 
 Hebife 20 
 
 Hdiham, Richard 23 
 
 Helvetius, Adrian ib. 
 
 John-Claude ib. 
 
 . Claude-Adrian ib. 
 Hclvicns, Chriftopher 25 
 Helyot, Pierre 26 
 Hemdar, John ib. 
 Hemmingtord, Walter de 27 
 Hernflcirk, or Heemfliirk, Mar- 
 tin ib. 
 Hcmmerlin, or Malleolus, Felix 28 
 Hemfterhuis, Tiberius ib. 
 Henault, John d' 29 
 
 '■ — Charles, John, Francis 31 
 
 Henley, Antony 35 
 
 Henley, John 
 Hennuyer, John 
 Henry II. (Plantagenet) 
 
 IV. (of Bourbon) 
 
 Philip 
 
 — ■ — Matthew 
 
 Robert 
 
 David 
 
 Heraclitus 
 
 •Herbelot, Bartholomew d' 
 
 Herbert, Mary 
 
 Edward 
 
 George 
 
 William 
 
 i Thomas 
 
 Herbinius, John 
 Heritier, Nicolas 1' . 
 
 Marie Jeartne 1* 
 
 Herman, Paul 
 
 Hermann, James ' 
 
 Hermant, Godcfroi 
 
 Hernias 
 
 Hermes 
 
 Hermogenes (of Tarfus) 
 
 (the Heretic) 
 
 Herod the Great 
 
 Herodian 
 
 Herodotus 
 
 Herophilus 
 
 Herrera Tordefillas, Anton 
 
 Herreras, Ferdinand de 
 
 Herring, Dr. Thomas 
 
 Herfent, Charles 
 
 Hervey, James 
 
 Page 
 37 
 
 4<5 
 ib. 
 
 42 
 43 
 4J 
 46 
 47 
 4« 
 49 
 
 .5« 
 
 ib. 
 
 5« 
 ib. 
 
 5» 
 60 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 6t 
 ib. 
 
 63 
 
 lb. 
 66 
 
 57 
 6g 
 
 dc 
 
 7« 
 
 10 ac 73 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ■ 74 
 
 Hervey, 
 
45^ 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hervey, Augufius John 
 Herwart,or Heivart, John Fre 
 
 deric 
 Helhufius, Tillemannus 
 Hefiod 
 
 Hcfiels, or Heflelius, John 
 Hefychius 
 Hevelius, John 
 Heurnius, John 
 Heufinger, John Michael 
 
 James Frederick 
 
 Heylin, Dr. Peter 
 Heywood, John 
 
 — Jafper 
 
 '■ — Thomas 
 
 . Eliza 
 
 Hiekes, George 
 
 Hiero I. king of Syracufc 
 
 Hiero II. 
 
 Hierocles, of Bithynia 
 
 •^ (the Platonic) 
 
 Hieronymus 
 HifFerman, Paul 
 Higden, Ralph 
 Higgins, or Higins, John 
 Higgons, fir Thomas 
 
 Bevil 
 
 Highmore, Jofeph 
 ————— Nathaniel 
 Hilarius, or Hilary 
 
 (of Aries) 
 
 Hildeberr 
 Hildefley, Mark 
 Hill, Jofeph 
 — — William 
 — — Aaron 
 
 — fir John 
 
 Robert 
 
 Hillel the Elder 
 
 the Prince 
 
 Hilliard, Nicholas 
 
 Himerius 
 
 Hinckley, John 
 
 Hincmar, or Hincmarus 
 
 Jiipparchia 
 
 Hipparchus 
 
 . — (of Nice) 
 
 Hippias. See Hipparchus. 
 
 Hippocrates 
 
 Hippo najt 
 
 Page 
 
 79 
 ib. 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 ib. 
 
 87 
 ib. 
 88 
 ib. 
 92 
 
 93 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 94 
 98 
 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 108 
 1 09 ' 
 
 ib. 
 no 
 III 
 112 
 116 
 117 
 119 
 
 ib. 
 
 J2l 
 
 122 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 J25 
 
 129 
 
 130 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 131 
 
 ib. 
 
 132 
 133 
 
 134 
 138 
 
 Hire, Philip de la 
 Hifchafm, or Hisjam 
 Hoadley, Benjamin (Bp.) 
 (Dr.) 
 
 John 
 
 Hobbes, or Hobbs, Thomas 
 Hochftctter, Andrew, Adam 
 Hodges, Nathaniel 
 Hody, i-Iumphrcy 
 Hoe, Matthias de Hoencgg 
 Hoeltzlinus, Jeremias 
 Hocfchelius, David 
 Hoffman, Maurice 
 
 — —- John Maurice 
 
 ■ Frederick 
 
 Daniel 
 
 John James 
 
 Page 
 
 138 
 
 140 
 
 ib. 
 
 ^^^ 
 144 
 146 
 158 
 
 lb. 
 163 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 ib. 
 167 
 168 
 182 
 185 
 186 
 ib. 
 187 
 188 
 
 Hognrth, William 
 Holbein, John 
 Holbcrg, Louis de 
 Holden, Henry 
 Holder, William 
 Holdfworth, Edward 
 Holinfhed, Raphael 
 Hollar, or Hollard, Wentzel, 
 
 or Wenceflaus 1 89 
 
 Holiis, Thomas 193 
 
 Holmes, George 19^ 
 Holftenius, or Holftein, Lucas 196 
 
 Holt, fir John 197 
 
 Holyday, Barten 199 
 
 Holyoke, Francis 200 
 
 Homberg, William 201 
 
 Home, David 203 
 
 Henry ib. 
 
 Homer 205 
 
 Homme, Charles Frederick 210 
 
 Honderkoeter, Melchior ib. 
 
 Hondius, Jeffe ib. 
 
 Hone, George Paul ib. 
 Honeftis, Petrus de . ib. 
 
 Honoratus 21 1 
 
 Honorius I. ib. 
 
 Hontan, the baron de ib. 
 Hooft, Petrus Cornelius van 2 1 z 
 
 Hoogeveen, Henry ib. 
 
 Hoogftraten, David van 214 
 
 Hoogue, Romain de ib. 
 
 Hooke, Robert ib. 
 
 — — — Nathaniel 220 
 Hooker, 
 
 jgSfM 
 
 \ 
 
^•^, 
 
 ■,i' \' 
 
 J.^ 
 
 f^ 
 
 mA.!>'