"SA NE\9 PROGRAmt 
 •^F MISSIONS/?' 
 
tihvaxy of t:he t:heolo0ical ^^minavy 
 
 PRINCETON . NEW JERSEY 
 
 FROM THE LIBRARY OF 
 ROBERT ELLIOTT SPEER 
 
 •d^j 
 
 BV 2060 .W6 1895 
 
 Wishard, Luther D. b. 1854. 
 
 A new programme of missions 
 
(TA 
 
 ci 
 
 'iU-z) 
 
A NEW PROGRAMME OF 
 MISSIONS 
 
A^ OF pRh 
 
 A NEW PROGRAMME£!H^L3; 
 OF MISSIONS 
 
 A MOVEMENT TO MAKE THE COLLEGES IN ALL LANDS 
 CENTERS OF EVANGELIZATION 
 
 BY 
 
 LUTHER D. WISHARD 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 
 
 Rev. RICHARD S. STORRS, D.D. 
 
 ^ 
 
 FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY 
 
 New York Chicago Toronto 
 
 1895 
 
Copyright, 1895, 
 By Fleming H. Revell Company. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 I HAVE read with very great interest what Mr. 
 Wishard has written, and what he proposes to 
 publish, on the relation of the Students' Christian 
 Movement here and abroad to the evangehzation 
 of the world. I have been profoundly impressed 
 by his statement of facts, by the conclusions 
 which he draws from such facts, and by the 
 bright and vast outlook into the future which his 
 book suggests. 
 
 I most earnestly commend it to the thoughtful 
 and devout attention of those into whose hands 
 it may come, surely believing that the blessing 
 of God will go with it to every mind and heart 
 which it shall reach and stir, and that money and 
 men will be powerfully attracted by it to a Chris- 
 tian work already of so large a reach, and, for the 
 future, of such immense and shining promise. 
 
 Richard S. Stores. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., March 19, 1895. 
 5 
 
*^In the great Eternity which is beyond, among the many marvels 
 that zuill burst 7ipon the soul, this surely will be one of the greatest, 
 that the Son of God ca??ie to redeem the world, that certain indi- 
 viduals were chosen outfvm ma?ikind to be the first-fruits of the new 
 creation, that to them was committed the inconceivable honor of 
 proclaiming the glad tidings of salvation to their fellow-creatures 
 still in darkness, and that they did not do it. Centuries were 
 allowed to move slowly by, while myriads of the lost race were 
 passing into that mysterious and awful Eternity without the 
 knowledge of Hi77i who died for them. Those chosen ones in each 
 age who knezv Him were not withotit love and loyalty. They did 
 glorify Hi??t in their lives and so7netimes by their deaths. They 
 defended His truth ; they cared for His poor; they gathered for 
 His worship. Biit — bid — the one grand purpose of their existence 
 as the living spiritual Church, that they should be witnesses utito 
 Him * tmto the tittermost part of the earth, that they should 
 * preach the gospel to every creature ' — this they failed to fulfil ; 
 it scarcely occurred to them that they had to fulfil it. Here and 
 there an individual among them would rise to a conception of his 
 calling ; a Rayinond Lull or a John Eliot would spend and be 
 spent for the perishing heathen ; but the Church, the spiritual 
 Church, was asleep. At last some few metnbers of it awoke. 
 They stirred up others. The evangelization of the world was under- 
 taken. Yet how feebly ! And all this while, the Lord, whose 
 promised advent they professed to look and long for, was tarrying 
 because the work was not done that must be done before His return. 
 In Eternity, we repeat^ will any feature of the Past be more start- 
 ling than this?'' 
 
 Eugene Stock. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. A Proposed Solution of the Problem How to 
 Enlist a Force for the World's Evangeliza- 
 tion 9 
 
 II. The Solution Illustrated by Students' Chris- 
 tian Movements in the West 17 
 
 HI. The Solution Illustrated by Christian Work 
 
 among Students in the Far East 29 
 
 IV. The Beginning of a Christian Movement in 
 
 THE Colleges of Mission Lands 45 
 
 V. Progress of the Movement 57 
 
 VI. Elements of Permanence in the Movement . . 77 
 
 VII. A Threefold Appeal 91 
 
I 
 
 A PROPOSED SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM 
 
 HOW TO ENLIST A FORCE FOR THE 
 
 WORLD'S EVANGELIZATION 
 
" Were not the great Reformers of every kingdom in Europe 
 natives of the kingdom reformed? Had not Germany its Lut hers 
 and Melanchthons ? Switzerland its Bezas and Calvins? Eng- 
 land its Cranmers and Ridley s ? Scotland its Knoxes and Mel- 
 villes ? Suppose, for example, that he whose voice, once raised in 
 the center of Germany, shook the Vatican, dissolved antichristian 
 confederacies, and in its echoing responses has since reverberated 
 round the globe ; suppose that even the mighty Luther himself 
 had landed on our Scottish shore, think you that betiveen his com- 
 parative ignorance of the mintite idioms of our tongue, and com- 
 parative inacquaintance with the national and provincial pecu- 
 liarities of the people — think you that even HE could have become 
 the Reformer of Scotland? No / It pleased that God who never 
 has made a superfluous display of supernatural power, to raise up 
 and qualify one who, from the very dawn of his being, had been 
 steeped into all the peculiarities, domestic and social, civil and 
 religious, which constitute the incommunicable national charac- 
 ter of a people, one who, having grown up to manhood saturated 
 with these peculiarities, could instinctively or intuitively, as it 
 were, touch a hundred secret chords in the hearts of his country- 
 men, with a thi'illing power which no foreigner could ever etnu- 
 late. In a word, it pleased Him who always most wisely adapts 
 His instruments to their intended operation to raise up and qualify 
 a John Knox to be the Reformer of Scotland. So, in like manner, 
 must zve conclude, from the analogy of history and providence, 
 that WHEN THE TIME SET ARRIVES, THE REAL REFORMERS OF 
 
 Hindustan will be qualified Hindus. As in every other 
 case of national awakening, the first impulse must come from 
 abroad ; its onward dynamic force must be of native growth. 
 The gli?nmering lights that usher in the dawn may sparkle from 
 afar in the western horizon ; but it is only in its own firmament 
 that the Sun of Reformation can burst forth in effulgence over a 
 benighted landy 
 
 Alexander Duff. 
 
 10 
 
A NEW PROGRAMME OF 
 MISSIONS 
 
 A PROPOSED SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM HOW 
 
 TO ENLIST A FORCE FOR THE WORLD'S 
 
 E VANGELIZA TION 
 
 One of the most cheering signs of promise of 
 the world's speedy evangelization is the wide 
 and thorough discussion of the fundamental 
 problems involved in the sublime enterprise. 
 Prominent among these problems are the sup- 
 port of mission churches; division of territory; 
 distribution of the missionary force; denational- 
 ization of Christianity, or such divestment of the 
 gospel of accretions acquired by contact with the 
 various peoples professing it as will insure its pres- 
 entation in its primitive simplicity; the place of 
 
1 2 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 prayer in missions ; the Holy Spirit's leadership ; 
 financial support; and the enlistment of a force 
 sufficient for the world-wide preaching of the 
 gospel. This last question is singled out for 
 special discussion here. Two methods of enlist- 
 ing the force are to be considered. 
 
 In the first place, the Church's membership 
 and wealth are sufficient to furnish and maintain 
 an army of missionaries of such numbers as to 
 provide a missionary for every two thousand per- 
 sons in non-Christian lands. The Church's ability 
 to do this is undoubted, but the probabiHty of 
 its doing it is scarcely conceivable. The under- 
 taking to furnish the one billion people in non- 
 Christian lands with even one third as large a pro- 
 portionate force of missionaries, including women 
 and other lay agents, as there are ordained min- 
 isters in the United States calls for an army of 
 five hundred thousand, or one in eighty of the 
 forty million evangelical communicants of Chris- 
 tendom. After one hundred years' agitation of 
 the foreign mission cause, we are furnishing only 
 about ten thousand, or one in four thousand of 
 
A PROPOSED SOLUTION 1 3 
 
 the Church's membership for its foreign work. 
 We are certainly not Hkely to increase the force 
 fifty-fold within a generation or even a century. 
 Again, the financial outlay involved in the sup- 
 port of so vast a force would exceed six hundred 
 millions annually, or upward of twelve hundred 
 dollars a year per missionary. While this vast 
 sum is far within the Church's resources, it so far 
 exceeds its present annual contributions as to 
 leave little doubt as to the response that would 
 be made to such a demand. It was only with the 
 greatest difficulty that the nearly forty million 
 church members in Europe and America were 
 persuaded to dole out the pittance of fourteen 
 million dollars for the support of the foreign 
 work for 1894 — less than thirty-five cents per 
 capita for a year; less than one mill a day. If 
 this insignificant sum is all that can be secured 
 after a century of missionary appeal it is not 
 likely that the individual members of the churches 
 will rise to five cents a day very soon, small as 
 that amount is. The above method of solution of 
 this missionary problem needs but to be analyzed 
 
14 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 to be rejected. The acknowledgment is made 
 with deep humiliation, but in all candor it must 
 be made. 
 
 Inasmuch as it is clearly beyond the bounds of 
 probability that the church will furnish the rank 
 and file of an army of foreign missionaries ade- 
 quate to the speedy preaching and teaching of 
 the gospel to every creature, it is probable that 
 it can be relied upon for a force of at least thirty 
 thousand leaders for the enterprise. These lead- 
 ers, wisely distributed, would afford a station 
 manned by a half-dozen missionaries at the center 
 of every group of two hundred thousand people ; 
 and there is no doubt that this force, assisted by 
 the newly Christianized people associated with it, 
 can fully explain to every creature the meaning 
 of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. Nor 
 can the financial outlay involved in supporting 
 this moderate force be considered an insuperable 
 obstacle. So far from being extravagant, it is not 
 even generous. Thirty thousand missionaries can 
 be supported at a cost of thirty-six millions of 
 dollars annually — less than ninety cents a year. 
 
A PROPOSED SOLUTION 1 5 
 
 or a quarter of a cent a day, from each church 
 member. If, therefore, eighty church members 
 may not be expected to send and support one of 
 their number at a cost of five cents a day, surely 
 every group of thirteen hundred may be looked 
 to for the support of one of their number at a 
 cost of a quarter of a cent a day each. 
 
 The large and generous method considered 
 first is dismissed all the more readily because of 
 certain well-ascertained facts which suggest the 
 feasibility of accomplishing the evangelistic en- 
 terprise on the more economical scale proposed. 
 The latter method, however, involves the enlist- 
 ment and training of a force of evangelists on the 
 foreign field. This really seems to be the only 
 solution to the problem. If it is only one of 
 many solutions, it deserves candid investigation ; 
 if it is the only solution, it demands the most 
 prayerful consideration of every student of mis- 
 sionary problems, of every foreign missionary, of 
 every financial supporter of the missionary cause, 
 of every one who ever prays, '' Thy kingdom 
 come." The solution proposed is this : convert 
 
l6 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 the colleges of foreign mission lands into strong- 
 holds and distributing centers of Christianity ; 
 make them academies of the church militant to 
 train leaders for the present crusade of evangel- 
 ization, which it is hoped may be the last. This 
 method of solution is not an untried one. It has 
 been employed to a considerable extent by the 
 Church missionary boards and their representa- 
 tives almost from the very beginning of the mis- 
 sionary century now closing. 
 
II 
 
 THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY STUDENTS' 
 CHRISTIAN MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST 
 
 17 
 
"/ have often thought that one of the great objects God had in 
 view in instituting the Young Men's Christian Association was 
 to attract from the world into the Church of Christ commercial 
 yotmg men, and men of education and culture; and then, having 
 brought them to the Saviour and united them to the churches of 
 Christ, that they should be prepared to go forth to the ends of the 
 earth. I have desired this with all my hearth 
 
 Sir George Williams. 
 
 "/ have long since ceased to pray, * Lord Jesus, have cofupassion 
 upon a lost world, ' / re77iember the day and the hour zvhen I seemed 
 to hear the Lord rebuking 7ne for making such a prayer. Lie 
 seemed to say to me, ' L have had compassion upon a lost world, 
 and now it is for you to have compassion. L have left you to fill 
 up that which is behind in Mine afflictions in the flesh for the 
 body^s sake, which is the Church. L have given My heart ; give 
 your hearts.'^ " 
 
 A. J. Gordon. 
 
 i8 
 
II 
 
 THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY STUDENTS' 
 CHRISTIAN MOVEMENTS IN THE WEST 
 
 The feasibility of making the student centers 
 of the world centers of evangelization finds abun- 
 dant support in the part which certain communi- 
 ties of Christian students have already performed 
 in modern church history throughout the West 
 and in the far East. 
 
 Most conspicuous among these was the Oxford 
 Holy Club, or Methodists, as certain Oxford 
 students nicknamed the society of the Wesleys, 
 Whitefield, and their associates. The members 
 of that society were derided and scoffed at in 
 Oxford ; but who can doubt that there was joy in 
 the presence of the angels in heaven when the 
 birth of that student brotherhood was announced ? 
 A very small room in Lincoln College was quite 
 19 
 
20 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 large enough to furnish a meeting-place for all of 
 the Methodists in the world in 1730; but Eng- 
 land could be pretty densely populated now with 
 the present and former members of the one divi- 
 sion of the army of salvation headed by John 
 Wesley. 
 
 The haystack meeting in Williams College 
 prayed into existence the American Board, the 
 first American foreign missionary society, the in- 
 spiration of whose life and service has raised up 
 scores of other missionary boards and agencies. 
 
 The Williams students also set in motion a train 
 of influences which culminated in the formation 
 of the Intercollegiate Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociation, the largest students' fraternity in the 
 world. The supremacy of this fraternity among 
 college organizations in its aim, extent, and 
 achievements, and its intimate relationship to 
 the fundamental question under consideration, 
 demand for it more than passing notice. 
 
 The deepest spiritual movement in the history 
 of Princeton College began on the Day of Prayer 
 for Colleges in 1876. The revival overflowed to 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IVEST 21 
 
 other institutions which were visited by the 
 students. Letters were also received from other 
 colleges requesting prayer. The spiritual activity 
 awakened by the revival was propagated along 
 the line of a better organization of the Christian 
 society of the college. Thus without any pre- 
 determination, and in the most natural way pos- 
 sible, the two fundamental and distinguishing 
 features of the present world-wide Christian 
 movement among students were recognized and 
 employed — namely, thorough organization of the 
 Christian forces in college, and intercollegiate 
 cooperation. It was soon decided to perpetuate 
 these features upon an extended scale. Corre- 
 spondence was accordingly entered into, a na- 
 tional conference of students was held, and the 
 Intercollegiate Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion was born. 
 
 The aim of the movement is to make the col- 
 leges Christian in the most positive and aggressive 
 sense ; in other words, it is to lead every student 
 to do his whole Christian duty to his fellow- 
 students, to his country, and to the world. 
 
22 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 In the cultivation of the college field the 
 students conduct prayer-meetings, Bible classes, 
 evangelistic services, and maintain a thorough 
 system of individual work. To make the college 
 a center of spiritual life in the community where 
 it is located, meetings are held in mission chapels, 
 district school-houses, almshouses, jails, hospitals, 
 and among the neglected classes in cities. Evan- 
 gelistic tours are made in some sections during 
 summer and winter vacations, and the gospel is 
 preached to young men and others in villages and 
 country communities which are rarely visited by 
 prominent evangehsts. A special movement is 
 also in progress to urge the claims of the ministry 
 upon college men. 
 
 One of the most thoroughly emphasized and 
 organized features of the Association is its foreign 
 missionary department, which is designed to bring 
 students face to face with their obligations to the 
 world's evangelization. Meetings are held to 
 study missionary fields and problems, and to pray 
 for the Church's speedy fulfilment of Christ's last 
 command. The missionary department of the 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IVEST 23 
 
 Association has expanded into the Student Vol- 
 unteer Movement for Foreign Missions. 
 
 To stimulate the colleges in these activities 
 there is a system of intercollegiate cooperation, 
 consisting of publications, correspondence, con- 
 ventions, and visitation by graduates and stu- 
 dents. This vast and varied enterprise is con- 
 ducted by traveling secretaries under the direction 
 of state and international executive committees. 
 
 The International Committee of Young Men's 
 Christian Associations has from the beginning 
 pursued a course of inquiry from year to year as 
 to the effects of the organization in influencing 
 the lives of individual students and the character 
 of institutions. These annual investigations have 
 been recorded and preserved with such care that 
 it is possible to speak with considerable accuracy 
 of the results of the movement. It appears that 
 the Bible is studied far more than at any former 
 period, both in voluntary classes and as a text- 
 book in the college curriculum. The compiled 
 statistics of conversions indicate that over twenty- 
 five thousand students have during the past eigh- 
 
24 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 teen years confessed Christ as Lord and Saviour. 
 Fully seventy-five thousand men have been en- 
 rolled in the membership of the Association, and 
 have thus been in training for the work which 
 many of them are now doing in the varied enter- 
 prises of the church ; thirty-two hundred men are 
 reported as having been influenced through their 
 connection with the Association to devote them- 
 selves to the ministry. If the conversion of fifty 
 thousand persons in one generation can be traced 
 to the work of a band of men who were led into 
 the ministry as the result of one revival in Yale 
 during Timothy Dwight's presidency and under 
 his preaching, what estimate can fully express the 
 influence of the Association upon this generation 
 through the ministry of even one half of these 
 thirty-two hundred men ? It was the opinion of 
 President McCosh that the Student Volunteer 
 Movement for Foreign Missions is the greatest 
 missionary revival since the first century. Al- 
 though less than nine years have elapsed since 
 this movement was fairly launched, at least seven 
 hundred students whose names are on its muster- 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IVEST 25 
 
 roll have gone to the front under commission of 
 the Church's missionary boards. The Student 
 Missionary Volunteers have written on their stan- 
 dard the stirring watch-cry, '* The evangeHzation 
 of the world in this generation!" and have lifted 
 their standard so high that the sacramental host 
 throughout the world can see and follow it to 
 victory. 
 
 The significance of this great Christian renais- 
 sance in the universities is forcibly illustrated by 
 its extent. In America it has attained national 
 dimensions, including about five hundred institu- 
 tions in nearly every state, with a membership 
 exceeding thirty thousand students. It became 
 international early in its history, when the Univer- 
 sity of Toronto started the Canadian contingent, 
 which now extends from Prince Edward Island to 
 Winnipeg. It crossed the Atlantic ten years ago 
 and entered the University of Berlin. The Ger- 
 man university students have held annual Chris- 
 tian conferences since 1890, the last of which 
 effected a permanent national organization with 
 an executive committee, which is represented this 
 
26 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 year for the first time by a student who is visiting 
 the universities for the purpose of stimulating and 
 organizing the activities of the students. For 
 several years previous to his entrance upon his 
 present important service the German Secretary 
 was successfully engaged in forming classes for 
 Bible study in the gymnasia. When one recalls 
 the supreme part which German students took in 
 the greatest reformation of the Church's history, 
 the present students' movement in the land of 
 the Reformation awakens the deepest interest and 
 liveliest expectations. 
 
 During the summer of 1889 a Christian gather- 
 ing of students in Japan sent a cable greeting to a 
 similar gathering of students in Northfield, Mass. 
 The message, " Make Jesus King," was suggested 
 by the gathering of the men of Israel around 
 David at Hebron to make him king over all 
 Israel. The message awakened great enthu- 
 siasm at Northfield, and was sent across the At- 
 lantic by mail to a student of Upsala University, 
 Sweden. He received the message in a dor- 
 mitory of Christiania University, Norway, and 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE IVEST 2] 
 
 read it to a group of students. It made a pro- 
 found impression. " Is it possible," they ex- 
 claimed, '' that in Japan, a country which was 
 opened to the gospel less than a generation ago, 
 there is now a national movement of Christian 
 students, with a national assembly of five hun- 
 dred men, whereas here in Scandinavia, where 
 the gospel has been preached for centuries, the 
 students are doing little or nothing in an organ- 
 ized way to promote its spread ? " After prayer- 
 ful consultation it was decided to call a conference 
 of the students of Sweden, Norway, and Den- 
 mark. The conference assembled in the summer 
 of 1890. A second one was held during the 
 summer of 1892. These gatherings have already 
 exerted a marked influence upon the lives of many 
 men in the Scandinavian universities. 
 
 After a number of preliminary gatherings with 
 growing attendance, the students of Great Britain 
 and Ireland have formed a strong national union, 
 composed of all the leading universities of the 
 United Kingdom. The general scheme of local 
 and national organization closely resembles that 
 
2^ A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 in America. From the vigorous and thorough 
 manner in which the leaders of the British 
 movement are prosecuting the enterprise, there is 
 no doubt that it will occupy from the beginning 
 a foremost place among the national movements 
 of Christian students which are forming around 
 the world. 
 
 The European movement, while but fairly 
 launched, has already yielded such results as to 
 justify the faith of its projectors that it would 
 rally the young men of Britain and the Continent 
 to their part in the present era of world-wide 
 missions. The students in Great Britain alone 
 who have volunteered for missionary work are 
 numbered by hundreds, and the British Secretary 
 reported a year ago that fully ninety percent, of 
 the volunteers who have completed their period 
 of preparation are already on the foreign field. 
 
Ill 
 
 THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY CHRISTIAN 
 
 WORK AMONG STUDENTS IN 
 
 THE FAR EAST 
 
 29 
 
**/« order to occupy a front rank as Christian preachers ^ our 
 young men must receive a first-class education. Ten years'' ex- 
 perience in Japan has given us a strong conviction that the best 
 possible method to evangelize her people is to raise tip the native 
 agency, and such an agency can be only secured by imparting the 
 highest Christian culture to the best youths to be found. It may 
 be a costly xvork, but it will surely pay well at the end. The better 
 educated can do a larger work. Bette^'-qualified preachers can or- 
 ganize self-sustaining and self propagating churches much better 
 than the ill qualified. So, imparting a broad culture to our best 
 youths will be a most indispensable means to win and prepare 
 them for the Master's tuork.^^ 
 
 Joseph Neesima. 
 
 *' Some years ago a spiritual darkness had spread over the Syrian 
 missions, and we began to long and pray for the advent of the 
 Holy Spirit. We had a prayer-meeting of the students of the 
 Syrian Protestant College. There were over eighty students pres- 
 ent. I represented the state of things in the college and out of it^ 
 and then asked the students to spend a season in silent prayer. 
 After they had raised their heads I said, 'Now every one of you 
 who is resolved to give his life to the cause of Christ and his coun- 
 try, rise.'' Sixty of those students rose as by a common i7nptilse, 
 and the revival of religion that commenced in that prayer-meeting 
 spread all through the country; and there 7vere gathered in that 
 single year more converts to the Church of Christ than had been 
 gathered in the six previous years. ''^ 
 
 George E. Post. 
 
 30 
 
Ill 
 
 THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED BY CHRISTIAN 
 WORK AMONG STUDENTS IN THE FAR EAST 
 
 Is this movement capable of adaptation to the 
 students in foreign mission lands? The mere 
 proposal of this idea has kindled a lively hope in 
 the hearts of foreign missionaries. None have 
 watched more eagerly than they the spread of the 
 movement throughout America, and its auspicious 
 beginning in Europe. They believe that if the 
 students of the Christian lands of the West can be 
 brought into close contact with those of the East 
 who are just hearing of the gospel, the former will 
 impart to the latter the missionary spirit which is 
 the crowning characteristic of the great Christian 
 uprising in the West, and that a service will thus 
 be performed which will equal any service ever 
 rendered to the cause of foreign missions. 
 31 
 
32 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 To repeat the proposition already submitted as 
 a possible solution to the problem of the enhst- 
 ment of a force sufficient for the world's speedy- 
 evangelization, let it be expressed thus : we have 
 organized in the colleges of Christian lands a 
 Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Mis- 
 sions; let us organize in the colleges of non- 
 Christian lands a Stitdent Volunteer Movement 
 for Home Missions. The former will raise up the 
 foreign, the latter the native contingent of the 
 missionary army. 
 
 It has been intimated that Christian societies of 
 students have already played so important a part 
 in church history in the far East as to encourage 
 the effort to associate them with the Church's en- 
 terprises in all non-Christian lands. The facts 
 supporting this statement call for careful exami- 
 nation. The following incidents were fully con- 
 firmed by the writer during an extended tour of 
 investigation in foreign mission lands. 
 
 The Sapporo Believers in Jestis. — About twenty 
 years ago President Clark of the Massachusetts 
 Agricultural College went to Japan for the pur- 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 33 
 
 pose of founding a similar institution in the prov- 
 ince of Hokkaido, in the northern island of the 
 empire. In conference with officials of the edu- 
 cational department he was expressly forbidden 
 to teach the Bible to the students. He promptly 
 informed the officials that he would not undertake 
 the proposed enterprise if this requirement were to 
 be enforced. The officials were so impressed with 
 his manifest ability for the important undertaking 
 which had brought him to Japan that rather than 
 lose his services they withdrew their opposition 
 to his teaching the Scriptures. He accordingly 
 carried the enterprise to a successful issue, which 
 detained him in Japan for only a year. During 
 the year he conducted through an interpreter a 
 class for Bible study. The students were pro- 
 foundly moved by the sacred truth, and before 
 President Clark's departure he had the satisfac- 
 tion of seeing thirty-two of his students accept 
 the doctrines of Christianity and confess Christ 
 as their Saviour. They immediately formed a 
 society called '' Believers in Jesus," which finally 
 developed into a church — one of the first organ- 
 
34 ^ ^^^ PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 ized in Japan. A building was erected, largely 
 at the expense of the members, and a charter 
 member of the society was the efficient pastor six 
 years ago. At that time one fourth of the stu- 
 dents in the college were professing Christians, 
 and the city of Sapporo was more fully per- 
 meated with Christianity than any other com- 
 munity visited in all Asia. A letter from the 
 society, soon after its organization, to the students 
 of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, de- 
 scribing the purpose of the society and expressing 
 a desire for mutual sympathy and cooperation, 
 first suggested the idea of embracing the students 
 in foreign mission lands in the Christian move- 
 ment then recently organized in America. 
 
 T/ie Kumamoto Band. — While the incident 
 above described was occurring on the northern 
 island a still more interesting chapter of modern 
 church history was being made in an institution 
 in the city of Kumamoto, in the southern island 
 of Japan. In 1871 an American teacher was 
 called to this institution. Whether or not the 
 school was founded for the express purpose of 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 35 
 
 raising up an intelligent opposition to Christian- 
 ity, it is very certain that that was the desire of 
 many of its leading patrons. In view of this fact 
 it is difficult to account for the failure of the di- 
 rectors to investigate the religious belief of the 
 teacher before employing him. This matter was, 
 however, entirely overlooked, and before many 
 weeks had passed the board was surprised and 
 chagrined to find itself bound by a five-years' 
 contract for a large salary to a man who was an 
 avowed believer in Christianity and had a forcible 
 way of defending his faith. They could not can- 
 cel the contract, however, without surrendering 
 the salary ; and inasmuch as the teacher mani- 
 fested no disposition to inaugurate aggressive 
 Christian work, they made no attempt to remove 
 him. 
 
 After some months had passed he invited the 
 students to visit his home once a week for Bible 
 study. This invitation was at once strongly op- 
 posed by the parents of the young men. In the 
 midst of the controversy, however, a Gamaliel 
 arose and suggested that in order to intelHgently 
 
36 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 oppose Christianity the students must be in- 
 structed in its principles. His counsel prevailed. 
 A Bible class was formed and maintained for 
 several years. To all human appearances, the 
 seed was sown on stony ground. For months 
 and even years the teacher instructed, argued, 
 and pleaded in vain. The seed, however, was 
 taking root. One young man became so deeply 
 impressed by the truth that he cautiously con- 
 fided his sentiments to another, and to his joy- 
 ful surprise met with a sympathetic response. 
 The two found upon inquiry that other men were 
 secretly cherishing the same convictions. In a 
 short time Christianity became the all-absorbing 
 theme of private conversation; and the number 
 of those who avowed themselves as satisfied with 
 its divine character increased to about forty. 
 
 Public confession was a serious matter. It 
 would be followed by disruption of the school, 
 separation from the man who had led them into 
 the light, and many other trials. It was a bitter 
 cup, a baptism of fire. They shrank not, how- 
 ever, from the trial. Having heard the voice of 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 37 
 
 Christ, they were willing to stand up, as did Paul 
 in Damascus, and confess Him at any cost. One 
 morning late in January, 1876, they went in com- 
 pany to the top of Flowery Hill, which overlooks 
 the city; and after a long season of prayer and 
 Bible study and conversation, in which they 
 nerved one another for the coming ordeal, they 
 entered into a solemn covenant to confess their 
 faith in Jesus Christ. *' Having taken the step, 
 we came down the hillside with great joy," said 
 one of their number in describing the meeting. 
 '' As we started, one of our number, pointing to 
 the city and plains at our feet, exclaimed, * Ye are 
 the light of the world. A city set on a hill can- 
 not be hid.' " Little did those students reahze 
 at that time, however, what a light they were 
 kindling, what an important part they were des- 
 tined to have in building the City of God in their 
 country. They returned to the city and an- 
 nounced their decision, and the excitement which 
 followed was not one whit less intense than they 
 had expected. It is doubtful if Kumamoto has 
 been more greatly agitated since the Restoration 
 
38 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 — even by Saigo's rebellion, which centered there 
 a few years later. That the men who had been 
 looked upon as the future deliverers of the prov- 
 ince from the hated religion of the hated foreign- 
 ers had embraced that religion was almost more 
 than the Japanese could endure. They argued, 
 entreated, threatened, commanded their sons to 
 abjure their newly declared faith ; they confined 
 them to their homes as prisoners, in order to 
 separate them from one another ; they made them 
 perform the most menial services; tears, prom- 
 ises, everything that could be conceived except 
 severe personal violence was done to dissuade 
 them from their course. Only a very few of the 
 youngest of the band, however, were terrified 
 into submission to the will of their parents. 
 
 The school being disbanded, the teacher wrote 
 to Joseph Neesima, who had recently established 
 the Doshisha College in Kyoto, asking whether 
 he would receive the students and complete their 
 education. President Neesima replied assuring 
 the young men of a warm welcome. About 
 thirty of them entered the college, and fifteen of 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 39 
 
 them completed the theological course. By their 
 splendid scholarship they anchored the institution 
 in the confidence not only of the Japanese church, 
 but of the government itself. They made it one 
 of the leading Christian colleges in all the East, 
 and it made them a band of the strongest and 
 most devoted Christian men in the Empire. Many 
 of them are to-day filling important positions of 
 leadership in the churches; and without them it 
 would be hard to see how one of the leading 
 churches of the empire — the Congregational — 
 could have attained its present membership and 
 influence. When, centuries hence, Ja,pan's Schaflfs 
 and Niebuhrs shall write the history of early 
 Christianity in the Sunrise Kingdom, the names 
 of certain of that band will shine like stars of the 
 first magnitude in the galaxy of the illustrious 
 names of those who planted Christianity in their 
 nation. 
 
 A Revival in the Dos his ha. — About twelve 
 years ago the students of the college became 
 somewhat skeptical in regard to the personality of 
 the Holy Spirit. They said in substance to their 
 
40 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 teachers : ** You have described to us the won- 
 derful workings among the peoples of the West 
 of One who is called the Holy Spirit. You tell 
 us how at times His influence is mightily felt in 
 great congregations; how He sweeps the hearts 
 of people with an invisible power; how great 
 numbers are overcome with the sense of sin, and 
 surrender their wills to God. We have never 
 seen anything like this in our country. We think 
 there must be some mistake. You must have 
 unintentionally misled us in regard to this matter. 
 Certainly if there be a Holy Spirit He can have 
 little personal interest in the Japanese." Along 
 with these doubts and questionings there sprang 
 up considerable skepticism in regard to the Word 
 of God ; and it is needless to say that this skep- 
 ticism was accompanied by an increasing indiffer- 
 ence to spiritual things, and an intense religious 
 coldness. The missionaries were deeply troubled. 
 One of their number, the Rev. Dr. J. D. Davis, 
 wrote a number of letters to colleges and theo- 
 logical seminaries in America, requesting special 
 prayer for the college on the Day of Prayer for 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 4 1 
 
 Colleges, in January. He said nothing whatever 
 to the Japanese about what he had done. No 
 special meetings were held, nor was anything 
 done in Kyoto which might account for the 
 remarkable scenes which followed. 
 
 One night, as the students were gathered in 
 one of the dormitories, they fell into conversation 
 about Christianity, as was their custom, and be- 
 gan to deplore the spiritual lifelessness which per- 
 vaded the institution and to recall with yearn- 
 ing the delightful spiritual experiences which they 
 had formerly enjoyed. A spirit of prayer took 
 possession of them. The influence extended 
 throughout the dormitory, in which there was 
 scarcely any sleep during the night. The un- 
 converted were impressed, and before morning a 
 deep work of grace had spread through the col- 
 lege. It continued for days and weeks, until 
 almost if not quite every student in the college 
 became a professing Christian. A deputation of 
 students was sent among the churches through- 
 out the region, and wherever they went they 
 kindled fires. Never since that memorable ex- 
 
42 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MfSSIONS 
 
 perience has there been any serious doubt in that 
 community concerning the personality and work 
 of the Holy Spirit. It is interesting to note that 
 the letters received by the colleges and semina- 
 ries in America awakened deep interest in behalf 
 of the students in the Doshisha, and that earnest 
 prayer was offered in many places for them. 
 
 A large volume of church history could be 
 composed of the acts of Christian students and 
 the influence of missionary colleges. Not a sin- 
 gle one of the more than fifty graduates of the 
 college in Tungchow, China, founded and con- 
 ducted for over a quarter of a century by the 
 eminent missionary Rev. Dr. Calvin W. Mateer, 
 has left the college unconverted. These men 
 are, with scarcely an exception, filling places of 
 wide usefulness, and are making their lives tell 
 upon the advancement of Christianity in China. 
 Some of the influential ministers in the churches 
 of India were converted in the institutions founded 
 by the pioneer in Christian education, Alexander 
 Duff. It is estimated that Pasumalai College, in 
 Madura, South India, has sent out over five hun- 
 
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS IN THE FAR EAST 43 
 
 dred Christian workers during the last half-cen- 
 tury. Such illustrations as the above leave little 
 doubt of the value of Christian colleges in the 
 work of evangelization, and the desirableness of 
 such an organized movement as will multiply and 
 fortify these strongholds of defensive and ag- 
 gressive Christian warfare. 
 
IV 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF A CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT 
 IN THE COLLEGES OF MISSION LANDS 
 
 45 
 
" We need in India the life, the jflre, the methods which the 
 Yotmg Men's Christian Associations are giving to the young men in 
 America. We need organized effort all along the line. In otcr great 
 cities there is abundance of material to work upon and to work 
 with. Our colleges, our universities, 07ir schools, all give you 
 abundant scope. Send tcs out one of your best trained general 
 secretaries; trained in the school of failure as well as in that of 
 success, ihat we may know that he will endure. let hijn be a 
 man of experience and spiritual power, of hopefulness and tact. 
 With him send us five other men to be general secretaries in the 
 five capitals of India — Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Allahabad, 
 Lahore. In those cities they will find universities, colleges, high 
 schools, in all of which there are young men who can be grouped 
 together in the Associations using the English language. 
 
 " There is no need for organizing new societies to send these men 
 forth. Let it be the genuine outgrowth of the Young JMen's 
 Christian Associations. Let each large city Association support its 
 own representative in some foreign field.'''' 
 
 Jacob Chamberlain. 
 
 46 
 
IV 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF A CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT 
 IN THE COLLEGES OF MISSION LANDS 
 
 Less than four years after its organization it 
 was believed and asserted that the Christian 
 movement in the American colleges is too vast 
 in its possibihties for good to be Hmited to any 
 country or continent, and that the movement 
 which had spread from Princeton to the leading 
 colleges of North America would enter the old 
 universities of Europe and be planted in the new 
 missionary and government colleges of Asia and 
 the Dark Continent and all missionary lands. It 
 did not enter into the minds of the most sanguine 
 advocates of the enterprise, however, to conceive 
 of the rapidity which was destined to mark its 
 progress. While we in America were pondering 
 the steps best adapted to its introduction in the 
 47 
 
48 A NEJV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 East, the movement started almost spontaneously 
 in Ceylon, China, and Japan. The fact that the 
 movement in those countries began under the 
 direction of Messrs. Sanders, Beach, and other 
 missionary teachers was an earnest of the princi- 
 pal part which the missionary body was destined 
 to perform in extending it. 
 
 The encouraging reports from the newly or- 
 ganized Associations prepared the committee 
 intrusted with the supervision of the work in 
 America to entertain a call from the missionary 
 body in Madras, one of the leading educational 
 centers in India. The steps leading up to this 
 call so fully illustrate the need of special evange- 
 listic work among students, and the adaptation of 
 the Association to the foreign field, that some 
 special account of the matter is important. 
 
 For several years the missionaries of Madras 
 had been considering the expediency of securing 
 a missionary to the students of the city. While 
 there was general agreement that an important 
 field was thus presented, and one in great need 
 of cultivation, it was difficult to determine the 
 
BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 49 
 
 auspices under which the new missionary should 
 work. If he should come as the representative 
 of any single missionary society he might not be 
 equally acceptable to all of the denominational 
 colleges. His supposed sympathies and affilia- 
 tions with the college connected with the denom- 
 ination whose board he represented might act as 
 a limitation upon his broadest usefulness. While 
 this question was pending, one of the most promi- 
 nent members of the missionary body in southern 
 India, Rev. Dr. Jacob Chamberlain, visited Amer- 
 ica, and by Mr. Moody's invitation attended the 
 Students' Summer School at Northfield, the most 
 representative assembly of the American student 
 movement. Dr. Chamberlain was impressed with 
 the idea that the International Committee of 
 Young Men's Christian Associations, under whose 
 leadership the American movement had devel- 
 oped, was the agency of supervision best suited 
 to the promotion of a similar movement among 
 the students of Madras and other educational 
 centers in India. He accordingly presented the 
 subject to the assembly at Northfield, and later 
 
50 A hlEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 to the Committee in New York. Upon his return 
 to India the matter was fully discussed by the 
 missionary conference in Madras, and an appeal 
 was made to the American Committee to send 
 a man to India to inaugurate and permanently 
 direct the work. The Committee took counsel 
 with secretaries of the leading missionary boards 
 and prominent missionaries in this country, all of 
 whom strongly approved the enterprise. Intima- 
 tions were also received that other student centers 
 in Asia would call for similar work. 
 
 The spontaneity which distinguished the be- 
 ginning of the movement in the East, the calls of 
 missionaries, and the indorsement of the secre- 
 taries of church boards were recognized as very 
 strong guarantees of the feasibility of the move- 
 ment. It was felt, however, that nothing short 
 of a thorough tour of investigation could furnish 
 sufficient information to impart confidence in the 
 enterprise to those who should be asked to go to 
 the front and those who should be looked to for 
 the financial support of the work. The writer 
 was accordingly appointed to make a tour of 
 
BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 51 
 
 investigation. The tour consumed nearly four 
 years, and embraced Japan, China, Malaysia, 
 Siam, Burmah, Ceylon, India, Arabia, Syria, the 
 Caucasus, Persia, Kurdistan, Asia Minor, Cyprus, 
 Egypt, and the mission fields in eastern Europe. 
 Two hundred and sixteen mission stations in 
 twenty mission lands were visited. The tour 
 embraced not only points adjacent to the coast, 
 but was extended to the interior, the latter in- 
 volving overland travel in the saddle and oriental 
 conveyances as far as from Boston to San Fran- 
 cisco. One such journey of over a thousand 
 miles was made, the route being from the south- 
 ern boundary of Russia across northwestern Per- 
 sia, Kurdistan, and Asia Minor to the Mediter- 
 ranean. Over a thousand missionaries were met 
 personally, besides several hundred who were 
 publicly addressed. Thousands of students were 
 addressed publicly and hundreds conversed with 
 at the leading educational centers in the East. 
 Interviews were held with oriental business men, 
 government officials, pastors, and church mem- 
 bers. No pains were spared to get at the exact 
 
52 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 facts concerning the condition of the new church 
 in Asia and the ripeness of the time for the or- 
 ganization of this new form of Christian enter- 
 prise. 
 
 The difficulties involved in such an enterprise 
 are stupendous— such as can be overcome only 
 through an omnipotent, omnipresent Leader. The 
 first stage in the enterprise consists in evangeliz- 
 ing many of the higher educational institutions 
 in foreign mission lands. These contain not far 
 from a half-milHon students, less than ten thou- 
 sand of whom, probably, are professing Chris- 
 tians. The following are among the difficulties 
 which are a hindrance to the conversion of the 
 students. While modern culture has largely dis- 
 possessed them of their old faiths, they are so 
 chagrined to find that their fathers have for gen- 
 erations been deluded by false religions that they 
 are exceedingly distrustful of all supernatural- 
 ism; they are so absorbed in the acquisition of 
 an education — which in many cases is a passport 
 to remunerative employment — that they in many 
 instances frankly declare that they have no time 
 
BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 53 
 
 to investigate Christianity; their tendency to 
 skepticism is strengthened by the materiaHsm 
 which is setting in upon them Hke a flood from 
 the West. They will not wait upon the slow 
 pace with which we are now approaching them 
 with the gospel. They will make an irrevocable 
 decision soon. It is now or never for this gener- 
 ation of the educated young men in the far East. 
 There are special hindrances in the way of the 
 acceptance of the gospel by the young men of 
 India, among which are caste, the breaking of 
 which involves a degree of social ostracism of 
 which an Occidental can form no conception ; the 
 cares of this world — very many students have 
 wives and children, whose support devolves upon 
 them, and they are pushing their way through 
 college as rapidly as possible in order that they 
 may secure remunerative employment; a degree 
 of intellectual conceit which is the invariable 
 accompaniment of a Httle knowledge; natural 
 antagonism to the religion of a people whose an- 
 cestors were savages centuries after theirs were 
 enjoying a considerable degree of civilization; 
 
54 A ^EW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 an especial aversion to the religion of their con- 
 querors, who they are unable to see are their best 
 friends ; the demoralizing influence of dissipated 
 foreign residents, whom they are too willing to 
 regard as types of western Christianity; the 
 narrowing effects of the inheritance of centuries 
 of superstition and oppression of the Brahman 
 priesthood, compared with which that of Rome 
 is insignificant. 
 
 There are, however, certain conditions favora- 
 ble to the reception of Christianity by the students 
 of Asia, if propagated by students from the West. 
 It is something to have had the stone of supersti- 
 tion rolled away by the hand of higher culture. 
 They are becoming deeply interested in the prob- 
 lems of self-government, especially in India and 
 Japan, and are impressed by the fact that Chris- 
 tianity alone is the religion of self-governing peo- 
 ples. They are kindly disposed toward western 
 students. The latter have given them their highly 
 valued educational systems and many eminent 
 educators, and they are not unwilling to hear 
 what we have to say in defense of a religion 
 
BEGINNINGS IN MISSION LANDS 55 
 
 whose strongholds are our universities. The ho- 
 mogeneity of the student world is a fact of deep 
 significance. Oriental and occidental students 
 are more aHke than unlike. This is largely at- 
 tributable to the fact that the new educational 
 systems of the Orient were established, and are 
 still in many cases directed, by western educa- 
 tors. Social and religious movements may there- 
 fore be expected to spread from students of the 
 West to those of the East more readily than from 
 any other class in the West to the correspond- 
 ing class in the East. When Christianity is once 
 firmly intrenched in the student hfe of Asia, the 
 spirit of conservatism which so strongly marks 
 oriental character will help to hold it there. 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 
 
 57 
 
" There is still another contingent appearing in view which bids 
 fair to double our working force. When the late Earl of Beacons - 
 field was in power, and the nations of Europe were in a state of 
 feverish excitement over the Eastern Question and the probability 
 of a general war, a startling sensation was produced by the sudden 
 appearance of a body of Indian sepoys on the island of Cyprus. They 
 were few in nutnber, and the exact military duty which they were 
 to perform was not at all apparent, but their somewhat dramatic 
 appearance tipon the great Eujvpean war-stage was quickly inter- 
 preted. It was Lord Beaconsfield ''s method of re??iinding Europe 
 that England had an immense military reserve force in the per- 
 sons of her Indian army of several hundred thousand men. Europe 
 had knoivn of this force before, but had never realized what it meant 
 till those sepoys came through the Suez Canal and landed in Cyprus. 
 In like manner, as %ve sit down to number our forces at the begin- 
 ning of this new missionary era it is btit fitting that we include 
 the workers raised up fro7n the converts in our mission fields. How 
 many are there? Over fifty thousand ! Five times as many 
 as all the missionaries sent out from Christian lands combined/ 
 And this proportion is destined to increase steadily. The fifty thou- 
 sand will be one hmidred thousand long before the close of the first 
 half of the coming century. Compare this with one hundred years 
 ago, and the difference is simply amazing. William Carey had to 
 %uait years before he had ONE convert; his successors to-day find 
 themselves surrounded and supported by hundreds and thousands 
 of Christian brethren, ready to assist them in their work, or to even 
 go before them and pioneer their difficult way.''"' 
 
 Bishop J. M. Thoburn. 
 
 58 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 
 
 The following are but a few of many facts, 
 either heard or witnessed during the tour of in- 
 vestigation, which support the belief of the mis- 
 sionaries that now is the accepted time for a 
 united, wide-spread, and aggressive Christian 
 movement among the students in foreign mission 
 lands. 
 
 In the first place, Christianity is firmly in- 
 trenched in nearly all of the Christian colleges of 
 Japan, China, Burmah, Ceylon, Persia, Turkey, 
 Egypt, and in some of those in India. As a 
 rule, the majority of the students in the Christian 
 colleges in all of these countries except India are 
 Christian communicants. It may be said that 
 this is to be expected. Very true ; but this is a 
 fact which cannot be affirmed of the Christian 
 59 
 
6o A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 colleges in America at the beginning of the pres- 
 ent century. 
 
 Again, Christianity has made some progress in 
 the government colleges. The number of Chris- 
 tians in at least seven of the government schools 
 in Japan was found to be greater than the num- 
 ber in our leading Christian colleges in America 
 a century ago. Careful inquiry in 1889 revealed 
 the fact that one fourteenth of the three thousand 
 students in the seven most prominent government 
 colleges in Japan were Christian men. 
 
 There was a surprising readiness on the part 
 of students to investigate the evidences for the 
 deity of Jesus. Notwithstanding the skepticism 
 or indifference with which many regard the Bible 
 as only one of the many sacred books of the 
 East, notwithstanding the disposition to rule out 
 its miracles as little if any better than the su- 
 pernatural events reported in their own religious 
 writings, they cannot rule out of history its one 
 great outstanding personality, Jesus Christ. Even 
 in the conception of many who distrust the Bible, 
 He towers as high above all other Orientals as 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 6 1 
 
 the snows on Mount Everest tower above the 
 plains of Bengal. Especially is this true of Japan- 
 ese students. A book entitled *' The Christ of 
 History," by John Young, of Edinburgh, con- 
 taining an inimitable inductive argument for the 
 deity of Jesus, was translated into Japanese and 
 published in 1889. It was eagerly read by a large 
 number of educated young men. The addresses 
 delivered by Professor Ladd in Japan, and by 
 Joseph Cook, President Seelye, and Rev. Dr. 
 George F. Pentecost in India, were attended by 
 great crowds of the highly educated classes. 
 The time is ripe for the frequent repetition of 
 such courses of lectures. 
 
 There was a marked readiness on the part of 
 students — especially in Japan — which has been 
 rarely equaled in America, to respond to the ap- 
 peal to accept Christ as Lord and Saviour. The 
 following instances of evangelistic meetings in 
 colleges leave no doubt that the Holy Spirit is 
 ready to do His mighty office-work among the 
 highly educated young men of the far East. 
 There is reason to believe that the evangelistic 
 
62 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 work demanded in many universities preliminary 
 to the organization of aggressive Christian work 
 by the students will accomplish definite and 
 marked results. 
 
 Immediately upon arriving in Japan several 
 weeks were spent in the Doshisha in Kyoto, con- 
 ducting a series of meetings in company with 
 Mr. J. T. Swift, of Yale, who had gone to Japan 
 to engage in Christian work among students and 
 other young men. The general method employed 
 was quite similar to that followed in an Ameri- 
 can college. The most influential students were 
 met, and made acquainted with the fundamen- 
 tal methods pursued by students in the West in 
 promoting a series of evangelistic meetings in 
 college. The importance of much prayer and 
 thoroughly systematized personal work was 
 urged. The Doshisha students heartily adopted 
 the suggestions, and it is doubtful whether more 
 persistent or effective personal work was ever 
 done in an American college than in Kyoto dur- 
 ing those days. Public meetings were held every 
 day to present such fundamental subjects as are 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 63 
 
 usually discussed in evangelistic services. Infor- 
 mal meetings for conversation were held daily, 
 attended by large numbers of non- Christian stu- 
 dents. While the public addresses and conver- 
 sations partook more of an apologetic nature than 
 would be called for in dealing with those who 
 have been reared in Christian homes, the subjects 
 chiefly discussed were those bearing directly upon 
 the programme of redemption. 
 
 At the close of the series of meetings, after 
 careful examination, a hundred and three students 
 were received into the college church by baptism. 
 Forty more came in at the succeeding com- 
 munion. 
 
 After a similar series of meetings in Union 
 College, Tokyo, thirty students confessed Christ. 
 Twenty-five students of the school in Kumamoto 
 did the same. There were also conversions in 
 Osaka, Kobe, Sendai, and other educational 
 centers. After a week's meetings in the Metho- 
 dist College in Foochow, China, seven students 
 were received into the Church. There were also 
 conversions in colleges visited in India, Ceylon, 
 
64 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 and Asia Minor. In a word, the mere evan- 
 gelistic results following a single tour among the 
 higher educational institutions of Asia were suffi- 
 cient to justify the belief that a wide-spread, 
 well-organized movement under the auspices of 
 the Association, conducted by the students them- 
 selves, will yield abundant results. 
 
 The students in foreign mission lands have the 
 capacity for organizing and conducting aggressive 
 Christian work in college and also among their 
 people outside of college life. They have a 
 genius for organization. They have displayed 
 this by the thoroughness with which they have 
 permanently maintained their work. At least 
 forty-five colleges in Asia and on the mission 
 fields of Europe, Africa, and South America have 
 Young Men's Christian Associations. Japan alone 
 has fifteen, eleven of which are in government 
 colleges, among whose students the Association 
 was the first Christian agency to find an entrance. 
 
 The most thoroughly organized association 
 visited is located in the college in Tungchou, near 
 Peking. The following departments of work were 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 65 
 
 apparently as well conducted as one ordinarily 
 finds them in an American college. A Bible class 
 was faithfully maintained. Very special attention 
 was given to personal work, a committee being 
 intrusted with the responsibility of seeing that 
 every incoming student was surrounded with 
 Christian companionship and was fully instructed 
 in the truths of Christianity. The association 
 also carefully provided that gentlemen visiting 
 the college should be made acquainted with the 
 salient facts of the gospel. Meetings for the 
 men of the city were conducted by the students 
 in street chapels. Finding it difficult to attract 
 to these meetings many of the better classes, the 
 students established a series of stereopticon en- 
 tertainments of a somewhat secular but chiefly 
 religious character, which drew such large audi- 
 ences that tickets had to be distributed to avoid 
 overcrowding the college chapel. In this way 
 some of the most respectable gentlemen of the 
 city were instructed in the facts and principles of 
 Christianity. The students are now using the 
 stereopticon in evangelistic work in the neighbor- 
 
66 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 ing villages. The most impressive feature of 
 their work, however, was the foreign missionary- 
 department. It would seem that, with only forty- 
 thousand Protestant Christians and a population 
 approaching four hundred millions, the Christian 
 students of China have a home missionary prob- 
 lem quite sufficient to fully tax all their resources. 
 The new hearts which the students in Tungchou 
 have received, however, are too large to be filled 
 even with the four hundred millions of China. In 
 their new birth they seem to have inherited the 
 nature of Him who *' so loved the world, that He 
 gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever be- 
 lieveth on Him should not perish, but have ever- 
 lasting life." Their sympathies reach out to the 
 people of other lands, and every month they 
 meet not only to pray, ** Thy kingdom come," 
 but to learn of the progress of His kingdom 
 throughout the world. In other words, they 
 maintain a regular foreign missionary meeting. 
 Their missionary studies have deeply interested 
 them in Africa, especially in the Zulus, who, they 
 think, are in an even more degraded condition than 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 6j 
 
 their own countrymen. They have for a number 
 of years been supporting a Zulu student in a 
 school in Natal, preparing him for a Hfe of Chris- 
 tian service among his people. So they have 
 added to their prayers an intelligent study of the 
 fields, and to their study a generous support of 
 the work ; and their generosity has cost them far 
 greater self-sacrifice than that of any college com- 
 munity in America or that of any church of which 
 we have knowledge. If the American and Euro- 
 pean students would give out of their abundance 
 upon the scale of liberality adopted by those 
 Chinese students out of their bitter poverty, all 
 of the money needed for the extension of this 
 student movement throughout the world would 
 be speedily forthcoming. One seldom hears of 
 students in Christian lands reducing the scale of 
 their living-expenses in order that they may give 
 to the support of the gospel even in the home 
 land ; but here is an instance of Chinese students 
 actually limiting their already meager supply of 
 food In order that they may give the bread of life 
 to foreigners whom they have never seen. Here 
 
68 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 is afforded one offsetting influence which is big 
 with promise for the future of the foreign-hating 
 Chinese. Is not this incident prophetic of the in- 
 fluence of that remarkable people? Will not the 
 Church of the Chinese, the colonizing people of 
 Asia, be a missionary Church? Napoleon said, 
 " Whoever moves China will move the world." 
 Christ is moving China, and already a little sec- 
 tion of China is beginning to move a section of 
 the Dark Continent. Do we transcend the limits 
 of our theme ? The object of this monograph is 
 to interest the Church in a Student Volunteer 
 Movement for Home Missions in foreign mission 
 lands. The simple narrative of the facts, how- 
 ever, has broadened into foreign mission channels. 
 We do not fear, however, that the foreign mission 
 zeal already kindled in China or in Japan — whose 
 people are now planning to send missionaries to 
 Korea — will in any wise diminish the work at 
 home. ** The light that shines the farthest shines 
 the brightest near at hand." 
 
 Another incident also fully illustrates the or- 
 ganizing capacity of Asiatic students and the 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 69 
 
 home missionary significance of this movement. 
 The first College Young Men's Christian Asso- 
 ciation in Asia was organized in 1884, in Jaffna 
 College, Ceylon. Since the beginning the stu- 
 dents have done a faithful and effective work. In 
 addition to the several departments of work 
 usually pertaining to the organization, they have 
 undertaken the evangelization of a neighboring 
 island, where there was not a single Christian 
 when they commenced operations. One of their 
 number was appointed missionary, a school was 
 estabhshed, and public Christian services were 
 opened. Once a year the students visit the isl- 
 and and converse personally with every one of 
 the few hundred inhabitants in regard to Chris- 
 tianity. The work is supported largely by the 
 students, who contribute not only money, but 
 reserve one tenth of their supply of rice, which 
 they sell, and apply the proceeds to the mission 
 work. This not proving sufficient, they have 
 engaged in the cultivation of a banana-garden. 
 A committee of twelve students is appointed to 
 work in the garden an hour a day for three 
 
70 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 months. It was a deeply interesting experience 
 to walk through the beautiful grove, the fruit of 
 whose trees is for the healing of their people, and 
 watch those earnest students at work drawing 
 water from the wells and filling the trenches. 
 The whole year's work only yielded twenty 
 dollars; but for the sake of that amount those 
 men gave up their recreation and worked steadily 
 for three months, in order that their people might 
 hear the gospel. Are not such men deserving of 
 our sympathy and our help? If the students of 
 one of our leading colleges would practise the 
 self-denial of those Ceylonese students they could 
 support the man for whom those students are so 
 eagerly waiting to help them in the development 
 of this movement throughout their island. 
 
 The vanguard of this movement is now en- 
 camping before the Jericho of modern missions, 
 the universities of India. We do not say the 
 Gibraltar of missions, for that term implies Im- 
 pregnability, which we are not prepared to con- 
 cede. We say the Jericho of missions, first, 
 because the Church has been marching around 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 71 
 
 the fortress for six decades of years; second, 
 because the same doom awaits the walls of high 
 caste encompassing the educated classes of India 
 which befell the old city by the Jordan. India's 
 Jericho will fall. It will fall if we have to march 
 around it six more decades of years. 
 
 The number of educated young men of India 
 is estimated by millions. The subversion of their 
 behef in the so-called scientific teachings of their 
 old sacred books has been speedily followed by 
 a distrust of the religious teachings of those 
 books. The success which has marked the intro- 
 duction of this movement in other eastern na- 
 tions is alone sufficient to justify the attempt to 
 introduce it in India. The great need for such a 
 movement is also an argument for it sufficient 
 in itself. The reception given to the messengers 
 of the movement, Messrs. McConaughy, White, 
 Davis, and Stockwell, is a further indication of 
 the ripeness of the time for the introduction of 
 the enterprise. Equally warm was the reception 
 given to Messrs. Swift and Miller in Japan, and 
 to Mr. Clark in Brazil. 
 
72 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 It was the writer's privilege to cooperate with 
 Mr. McConaughy in introducing this work to the 
 students of India. The first work consisted in a 
 series of meetings in the various colleges of 
 Madras, which were addressed as follows : 
 
 "Fellow-students: Thirty centuries ago 
 our Aryan fathers dwelt together as brothers in the 
 same tents upon the table-lands of central Asia. 
 After many centuries of fellowship they separated. 
 Our fathers journeyed westward and overspread 
 Europe, and finally reached the then undiscov- 
 ered country, America. Your fathers journeyed 
 down the slopes of the Himalayas and peopled 
 Hindustan. We have come to know in recent 
 years that we are brothers — that the same racial 
 blood unites us ; and we have had a great long- 
 ing to see you and renew the old associations 
 which our fathers had in their tent life a hundred 
 generations ago. We wish to share with you all 
 that we have learned during the long separation 
 of our people. The best thing which we can 
 bring back to you is a share in the priceless gift 
 which Asia's young men sent to our fathers many 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 73 
 
 centuries ago. Some of you have already had 
 your Hves enriched by this rare treasure. We 
 long to see all of our kindred in possession of it. 
 We come especially to tell you how the life of 
 that peerless Man who lived and died and rose 
 again on the western coast of your continent is 
 the inspiration of the college life of the West; 
 how a great passion has taken hold upon students 
 in America and Europe to extend the influence 
 of that life unto the uttermost parts of the 
 earth. Will you not join us in this purpose and 
 endeavor? " 
 
 Never were messengers more warmly received. 
 A large meeting of the students was held in one 
 of the largest halls in the city. The meeting was 
 opened with singing *' All hail the power of Jesus* 
 name ! " As the Indian students sang it that night 
 to the grand old English tune, and the words of 
 the magnificent climax rang out : 
 
 "Crown Him! crown Him! crown Him! 
 Crown Him Lord of all! " 
 
 it was a shout of triumph. It recalled the scene 
 of Cromwell's soldiers singing as they went into 
 
74 ^ NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 battle ; and one felt that if India's leading young 
 men would enter the great spiritual conflict before 
 them with the faith and courage of the old Iron- 
 sides the battle would be short and the victory sure. 
 The time would fail to fully tell of the begin- 
 ning of this movement in other mission lands. It 
 has reached the Christian college in Rangoon, 
 Burmah, and in Oroomiah, Persia. Students in 
 Bitlis — a remote mountain town in Kurdistan — 
 have answered the call of their fellow-students in 
 the West An association has been organized 
 near the ancient Euphrates in Harpoot; others 
 near the mountain wall of northern Syria in Ma- 
 rash and Aintab ; another in Tarsus, where Gama- 
 liel's famous student was born and began his 
 scholarly career; another in Robert College on 
 the Bosporus; another in Beirut under the 
 shadow of snowy Lebanon ; another on the walls 
 of Jerusalem in the school named after Bishop 
 Gobat; and others in far-off southern Africa, 
 Bulgaria, and Chili. The recital of the achieve- 
 ments of these groups of consecrated college men 
 would in the main be but a repetition of what 
 
PROGRESS OF THE MOVEMENT 75 
 
 has been already related. The aim of all is one, 
 the methods are uniform, and the results have 
 far exceeded the anticipations of the warmest 
 advocates of the enterprise. 
 
 The readiness of the students in mission lands 
 for national organization in order to realize the 
 advantages of intercollegiate cooperation is one 
 of the most encouraging evidences of their capa- 
 city for the conduct of independent, self-support- 
 ing enterprises. The first national conference of 
 students in Asia was attended by the writer in 
 Kyoto, Japan, in the summer of 1889. Five 
 hundred men were present, representing ten gov- 
 ernment and twelve Christian colleges. An an- 
 nual conference has been held in Japan ever since, 
 and there are now two conferences, the second 
 one on the southern island. The gathering of 
 1893 was attended by six hundred persons — a 
 larger number than has ever been present at any 
 student convention in the West excepting the con- 
 ventions of the Student Missionary Volunteers in 
 America. Steps are now being taken in Japan 
 toward permanent national organization, which 
 
6 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 it is intended shall unite both the student and 
 city Young Men's Christian Associations. India 
 has had a national union, with annual conven- 
 tions and an executive committee, since 1891. 
 Ceylon has a provincial union. Conferences have 
 been held in Persia and Asia Minor. During the 
 past six years there have been eighteen confer- 
 ences in Asia, attended by at least three thousand 
 educated young men representing more than fifty 
 colleges. The influences proceeding from such 
 gatherings along the lives of such men are simply 
 incalculable. 
 
 The results of the movement have been pretty 
 fully indicated already. If a summary is called 
 for, it may be stated on the most reliable author- 
 ity that since 1889 over three hundred students 
 have professed conversion, including Japanese, 
 Chinese, Ceylonese, Indians, and Armenians ; a 
 number of students have already been influenced 
 to enter the ministry, and many more have ex- 
 pressed and also indicated a determination to 
 make the Christianization of their people the 
 chief aim of their lives. 
 
VI 
 
 ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE IN THE 
 MOVEMENT 
 
 77 
 
^^ One of the most vnportant things to secure harmony in the 
 mission field is that the various missionary societies, when they are 
 acting in the same place, should have some common work. Those 
 who are engaged in the same place and are interested in the same 
 object are drawn together powerfully, so that there is very much 
 less danger of their clashing or of any disharmony arising between 
 them. Those who have some one thing, however simple it is, in 
 which they all have a comuion interest, are most likely to feel that 
 they are servants of a common Lord, and to harmonize in all that 
 they do:' 
 
 Principal Miller, Madras Christian College. 
 
 78 
 
VI 
 
 ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE IN THE MOVE- 
 MENT 
 
 Will this movement last? Will it endure 
 long enough to exert the vast influence and effect 
 the results which it now promises to yield? An 
 affirmative answer to the question is grounded, 
 first, upon certain well-ascertained characteristics 
 of the better classes of the eastern people, from 
 which the students chiefly come. These charac- 
 teristics, which have their roots in the very nature 
 of the people, will be vastly developed by Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 One of the native characteristics referred to is 
 aggressiveness. This is especially exemplified by 
 the Japanese. Where is the nation in all history 
 which has more fully illustrated this trait? The 
 national upheaval which restored the government 
 79 
 
8o A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 of the empire to the Mikado is called in Japan 
 "a school-boys' revolution." The Chinese have 
 also displayed this characteristic in marked de- 
 gree by their emigrating habits. The Tamils of 
 southern India and Ceylon are called " the Scotch 
 of the Orient," because of this spirit displayed in 
 their business enterprises. The Armenians could 
 not keep the Eastern question so prominently be- 
 fore the attention of Europe but for this quality. 
 
 Persistence has certainly been exhibited by the 
 Japanese in all their political, commercial, and re- 
 ligious movements. It is this trait in the Chinese 
 which drives to the wall so many who compete 
 with them in commerce. It is commonly said of 
 a Tamil that if he asks you to do him a favor you 
 may as well yield at once, for he will never let 
 you off. The Armenians could never have sur- 
 vived the oppression of the most abominable 
 government of modern times but for a deathless 
 tenacity to their faith akin to that which car- 
 ried Israel through and out of bondage to the 
 Pharaohs. 
 
 Intensity of conviction must be a ruling charac- 
 
ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 8l 
 
 teristic of a people whose Christian faith endures 
 the ordeal of persecution by imprisonment, by 
 bodily torture, by ostracism in business, by disin- 
 heritance, by many other kinds of living martyr- 
 dom, and even by the martyr's death. " Will 
 these men stand the fire of persecution with 
 which the infant Church will be baptized ? " asked 
 the writer as he met for the last time with a little 
 company of Chinese students with whom for sev- 
 eral days he had enjoyed a closeness of compan- 
 ionship which made his visit to their college 
 like 'Mays of heaven on earth." **Yes," was 
 the reply, *' they will stand. That young man," 
 pointing to the leader, ** first heard the gospel 
 when he was twelve or thirteen years old. He 
 was so charmed with the story that he went again 
 and again to hear the preaching. His elder 
 brother, the head of the family, forbade his go- 
 ing, and on his return from the meetings had him 
 tied up and beaten unmercifully. Punishment, 
 however, could not deter him, so his brother 
 finally disinherited him and drove him from 
 home. He made his way to our school, and has 
 
82 A hlEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 been the very hope and pride of the institution. 
 He has been the leader in all aggressive Christian 
 work among the students. Yes, these men will 
 stand." Such cases could be indefinitely multi- 
 plied. 
 
 One very noticeable evidence that the Holy 
 Spirit abounds in the lives of oriental Christians is 
 their prayerfulness. This was especially marked 
 in Japan. One morning during a series of meet- 
 ings in Kumamoto the principal said, '' There is 
 a deep spiritual movement among the students. 
 They have been praying all night." To one who 
 had never known of a well-authenticated all-night 
 prayer-meeting in an American college the re- 
 port was almost incredible ; but it was fully con- 
 firmed. The reason may possibly be explained as 
 follows : Their old faiths have given the people 
 of Asia little or no conception of the immanence 
 of God. They have thought of Him as asleep or 
 on a journey so remote as to have little know- 
 ledge of or interest in men. The new faith, with 
 its assurance of the presence of a Heavenly Father 
 and an earthly Brother who is also a heavenly, 
 
ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 83 
 
 charms and fills them with a joy which sometimes 
 becomes a rapture. The promise that where two 
 or three are gathered together in His name, there 
 He will be in the midst of them, is Hterally be- 
 lieved ; and sometimes their fellowship with the 
 Father and with His Son Jesus Christ is so pre- 
 cious that they would fain prolong the interview 
 until the day breaks. This new-found faith fills 
 them with some such joy as a company of Chris- 
 tians in the West would have if the Son of God 
 should enter their meeting in visible presence, 
 lift His hands in blessing, and speak such gracious 
 words as thrilled the people in Galilee's syna- 
 gogues. Who would not linger in His presence 
 until the hours lengthen into morning? People 
 who have such joy in prayer will have power 
 with God and men. One thing which we western 
 Christians may learn from some of our oriental 
 brethren is how to pray. 
 
 Another lesson which they will teach us will be 
 how to give for the support of the gospel. Their 
 self-sacrifice and generosity have already been 
 illustrated. A w^ell-known writer says of Mr. 
 
84 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 Moody that he has not only taught men how to 
 give who had given in a niggardly fashion, but 
 that he has taught men who were thought to be 
 liberal givers to give on a vastly increased scale 
 of liberaHty. This lesson which is being taught 
 the world by its greatest living evangelist will 
 also be taught the western churches by the pre- 
 cept and example of some of the least of these 
 our brethren in Asia and other mission lands. 
 
 Another class of guarantees of the permanence 
 and power of this movement consists in certain 
 principles which distinguish its method of organi- 
 zation. In the first place, it is an integral part of 
 the Church which stands upon the one foundation 
 against which not even the gates of Hades shall 
 prevail. Instead, therefore, of being a mere step- 
 ping-stone or vestibule to the Church — in which 
 its members might linger so long as to become a 
 new organization which might take the place of 
 the Church — it is an agency of the Church, ap- 
 pointed, organized, and utilized by the Church 
 to perform for the Church a service which can be 
 
ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 85 
 
 better performed by a combined effort of the 
 different divisions of the Church than by each 
 of the several divisions or denominations working 
 separately. It is the forward movement of the 
 one united Christian army for the evangelization 
 of the world. As the eminent teacher of church 
 history, the late Roswell D. Hitchcock, said, in 
 commenting upon the College Young Men's 
 Christian Association in the early stages of its his- 
 tory, '' It is a mitigation of the deplorable effects 
 of our too disintegrated Protestantism." We 
 would not be misunderstood at this point. This 
 movement stands for the one supreme idea which 
 has been repeatedly illustrated, namely, the en- 
 Hstment of an army for the consummation of the 
 evangelistic enterprise. This one thing it does, 
 leaving all questions of church union and feder- 
 ation to be faced and settled by the appropriate 
 authorities. We desire to make plain the fact 
 that the results of its work will be conserved by 
 the existing mission churches, under whose over- 
 sight and control it will be conducted. It will 
 
86 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 Strengthen the things that remain, and not add 
 to the already sufficiently numerous ecclesiastical 
 organizations. 
 
 Again, it stands for the evangelization and en- 
 listment of all young men, without regard to race, 
 class, caste, rank, or employment. If it begins 
 with the educated class it does not end there. It 
 does lay special emphasis upon students, because 
 such little success has thus far attended the efforts 
 to Christianize them. Moreover, they have been 
 shamefully imposed upon by misrepresentations 
 made by their irreligious teachers from the West, 
 who have assured them that Christianity is losing 
 its hold upon the educated and influential classes 
 in Europe and America. Such statements are 
 actually made, notwithstanding Mr. Gladstone's 
 reported declaration that of the sixty- five most 
 eminent men of Europe with whom he had asso- 
 ciated he knew only five who were not Christian 
 believers ; notwithstanding the extraordinary tes- 
 timony to Christianity afforded by the prepon- 
 derance of Christian believers in one of the most 
 eminent gatherings of scholars ever assembled in 
 
ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 87 
 
 Europe, the guests of the University of Edin- 
 burgh at its recent tricentenary celebration ; not- 
 withstanding the well-ascertained fact that more 
 than one half of the student body in the Amer- 
 ican colleges are members of Christian churches, 
 and the greatest student organization in the world 
 is the Intercollegiate Young Men's Christian As- 
 sociation. It is time that the educated young 
 men of Asia were furnished with the facts con- 
 cerning the position of Christianity in the uni- 
 versities of the West. Another reason why this 
 movement should be firmly anchored among the 
 student class at the beginning is that it will be 
 very difficult to enlist the students in the wake 
 of the uneducated. They will not be likely to 
 follow the latter in the East, where the spirit of 
 caste, if not its visible system, widely prevails 
 even outside of India; whereas the latter will 
 esteem it a privilege to follow their educated 
 men. 
 
 While the movement is being thoroughly or- 
 ganized among students, it is not, even thus early 
 in its history, confined to them. Organizations 
 
88 A NEW PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 of students and also of young business men are 
 meeting together in national conventions. Meet- 
 ing thus side by side under one standard has many 
 decided advantages, which the prime movers in 
 the enterprise in Asia were as quick to anticipate 
 as were the leaders of the American movement. 
 One of the chief advantages of union is that close 
 contact of the student body with business men 
 saves the former from the disastrous effects of nar- 
 rowness and exclusiveness, too often manifested in 
 an impractical, visionary theory of life. The era of 
 the cloister has, it is hoped, forever passed away. 
 It has certainly made a terrible record in the old 
 oriental churches. After eighteen years' experi- 
 ence in America, the chief promoters of the 
 movement are agreed that one of the greatest 
 services which business men have ever rendered 
 our colleges consists in the introduction to col- 
 lege life of the practical, aggressive methods of 
 Christian work which characterize the Sunday- 
 school, the Young Men's Christian Association, 
 and other Christian enterprises directed by busi- 
 ness men. Another reason of supreme impor- 
 
ELEMENTS OF PERMANENCE 89 
 
 tance why students and business men should be 
 closely united in this enterprise finds forcible 
 illustration in the American movement. The 
 seven hundred students who have during the 
 past eight years gone to foreign mission fields 
 could not have gone but for the support of busi- 
 ness men. The thirty thousand missionaries 
 needed at the front calls for a force of more than 
 thirty million laymen at the base of supplies. The 
 half-million young men in foreign mission lands 
 needed for the preaching of the gospel as evan- 
 gelists and pastors calls for a vast army of lay 
 allies to furnish the sinews of war. This reason 
 for unity and cooperation between the two classes 
 is sufficient, without further defense of the basis 
 of union upon which the movement has stood 
 from the beginning. 
 
VII 
 A THREEFOLD APPEAL 
 
 91 
 
" We need a new spirit of prayer among us. John Foster saidy 
 ' When I shall see Christians all over the tvorld resolved to 
 prove zvhat shall be the efficacy of prayer for the conversioti of 
 the world, I shall begin to think that the millennium is at the 
 door.'* Oh for this spirit of prayer ! And if you want to know 
 what to pray for, let me ask you to pray especially and peculiarly 
 for the Holy Spirit. When the tide rises it lifts up everything 
 that floats upon its bosom, and when the Spirit cojnes into the 
 Church He will lift up everything that is in the Church.^'' 
 
 William M. Taylor. 
 
 **// is something to be a missionary. The morning stars sang 
 together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy, when they first 
 saw the field which the first missionary tvas to fill. The great and 
 terrible God, before zuhofu angels veil their faces, had an only Son, 
 and He was sent to the earth as a missionary Physician. It is 
 so??iething to be a follower, however feeble, in the wake of the Great 
 Teacher and only Model Missionary that ever appeared among 
 men ; and now that He is Head over all things. King of kings 
 and Lord of lords, what commission is equal to that which the 
 missionary holds frojn Him ? May we venture to invite young 
 7nen of education, when laying down the plan of their lives, to 
 take a glance at that of ffiissionary ? " 
 
 David Livingstone. 
 
 " The money power, which is one of the most operative and grand- 
 est of all, is only beginning to be Christianized. What we are 
 waiting for, is the consecration of the vast money power of the 
 world to the work and cause and kingdom of Jesus Christ; for 
 that day, when it comes, will be the morning, so to speak, of the 
 new creation. That tide-wave in the money poaver can as little be 
 resisted, when God brings it, as the tides of the sea ; and like thesey 
 also, it\willflow across the world in a day.'''' 
 
 Horace Bushnell. 
 
 92 
 
VII 
 
 A THREEFOLD APPEAL 
 
 The attempt has been made to record a new 
 chapter of church history until now unwritten. 
 In behalf of those who have gone to the distant 
 outposts of the Church to pioneer the enterprise, 
 and of the young men in foreign lands who have 
 consecrated their lives to this sublime endeavor, 
 and. of the hundreds of millions of this generation 
 whose salvation depends upon the work of the 
 next thirty-three years, and, above all, in behalf 
 of Him who more than any other man served His 
 own generation, may we close this record with a 
 threefold appeal? 
 
 First : '' Pray ye therefore the Lord of the 
 harvest, that He send forth laborers into His 
 harvest." So preeminent is the relation which 
 prayer sustains to the missionary movement that 
 this request must take precedence of every other. 
 93 
 
94 ^ ^^^ PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 The Student Volunteers have made this their text 
 for the year. The method which this enterprise 
 offers as a solution to the problem of furnishing a 
 sufficient force for the world's evangelization will 
 come to naught unless sanctified by prayer. The 
 movement was begotten on the Day of Prayer 
 for Colleges, and is therefore in a peculiar sense 
 the child of prayer. Only in an atmosphere of 
 prayer may it be expected to attain its fullest 
 development. 
 
 Second : " Go ye therefore, and make disciples 
 of all the nations." That gracious command was 
 first heard by young men of Asia. Had they 
 been as disobedient to it as their spiritual pos- 
 terity has been, the effects of the Incarnation of 
 the Son of God might have been lost thus far 
 to the West. The effect upon Europe of their 
 fulfilment of that great command constitutes, in 
 the language of Ernest Renan, " the capital event 
 of history." The same "capital event" is the 
 supreme need of Asia, Africa, and idolatrous 
 South America. Men whose hearts God has 
 touched are needed to awaken the young men 
 
A THREEFOLD APPEAL 95 
 
 of those countries and rally them to a work for 
 which their people may wait in vain several cen- 
 turies longer if they are shut up to a dependence 
 upon the Christians of Europe and America. 
 Seven men have already gone forth to Japan, 
 India, and Brazil upon this exalted mission. Two 
 more are under appointment — one to Ceylon, the 
 other to China. These are but the advance-guard 
 of a band of about twenty-five who are and soon 
 will be called to occupy the strategic educational 
 centers in Asia, Africa, and South America. With 
 openings for twenty- five men in sight, we must 
 be prepared to respond to the calls for several 
 times that number, should the increasing needs of 
 the work demand them. Only men whom God 
 has clearly called and qualified can be sent upon 
 this difficult and preeminent service. They must 
 be men of high intellectual endowment and rare 
 administrative capacity, for they go to lead lead- 
 ers. Above all they must be men of undaunted 
 purpose and unfailing faith. They must not share 
 with Henry Martyn " as great surprise to see a 
 Hindu regenerated as to see a dead body resur- 
 
96 A NEIV PROGRAMME OF MISSIONS 
 
 rected." They must, on the contrary, believe 
 that " the hour cometh, and now is, when the 
 dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God ; and 
 they that hear shall live." They must expect 
 to see "greater things'* done by the disciples of 
 Christ on the southern and eastern shores of Asia 
 than even He did on its western coast. 
 
 Third : " Bring ye the whole tithe into the 
 storehouse." '' How shall they preach, except 
 they be sent?" Men are needed who are quick 
 to discern the strategic significance of this oppor- 
 tunity, and will count it a privilege to furnish the 
 money to develop this rich lead in the missionary 
 mine. There are Christians who are honored by 
 having their representatives in foreign mission 
 fields. Here is an opportunity to support a 
 man who touches the student life of a great 
 nation and thus promotes the work of many 
 mission boards for all time to come. There are 
 men at home who have immortaHzed their names 
 by erecting college buildings, endowing pro- 
 fessorships, building churches and hospitals in 
 foreign mission lands. Here is an opportunity 
 
A THREEFOLD APPEAL 97 
 
 to make an investment which will determine the 
 religious character of many colleges, which will 
 decide whether those colleges shall be centers of 
 Christian life or of infidelity. Here is a call for 
 the support of men whose life-work will dot the 
 towns and cities of mission lands with living tem- 
 ples such as were asked for by a Japanese who 
 said to a missionary, '* Send us more temples of 
 the Holy Ghost." It almost seems that every 
 hundred dollars invested in an enterprise of such 
 strategic influence as this will yield at least one 
 man set apart to the service of heralding to his 
 people the blessed gospel of the Son of God. 
 
 If this threefold command of the Holy Spirit 
 — " Pray ye," " Go ye," '' Bring ye " — is obeyed, 
 this generation shall not pass away until the Church 
 shall see " a great multitude, of every nation, and 
 of all tribes and peoples and tongues," running to 
 and fro throughout the earth, publishing the '* glad 
 tidings of great joy" which, the angels announced 
 to the shepherds, '' shall be to all the people." 
 
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