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 BR 1705 .F6 1878 
 Fleming, James, 1816-1879. 
 Early Christian witnesses, 
 or. Testimonies of the 
 
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EARLY CHRISTIAN WITNESSES. 
 
WORKS BY EDWARD CLODD, F.R.A.S. 
 
 Third Edition. C7-oivii 8vo. Pi ice 3s. 
 
 THE CHILDHOOD OF THE WORLD: 
 
 A SIMPLE ACCOUNT OF MAN IN EARLY TIMES. 
 A Special Edition for Schools. Price is. 
 
 "This little book is intended for the youthful reader; whose 
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 simplicity of its style, and the legendary character of a great portion 
 of its contents." — British Qitartcj'/y Review. 
 
 Third Thoiisand. Crown 8vo. Price ^s. 
 
 THE CHILDHOOD OF RELIGIONS. 
 
 INCLUDING A SIMPLE ACCOUNT OF THE BIRTH AND 
 
 GROWTH OF MYTHS AND LEGENDS. 
 
 A Special Edition for Schools. Price is. 6d. 
 
 "Marked by charming simplicity of style .... It contains the 
 story of creation as told by legends, and the other and more veritable 
 
 story as told by science Then we have the legends about 
 
 mankind, and an account of the early races, more particularly the 
 Aryan or Indo-European. Following these we have an account of 
 the ancient religions, a glance at the Semitic nations and at 
 Mahommedanism." — Ingjiirer. 
 
 London : 
 C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1 Paternoster Square. 
 
EARLY CHRISTIAN WITNESSES; 
 
 OR 
 
 TESTIMONIES OF THE FIRST CENTURIES TO 
 THE TRUTH OF CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES'^LEMING, D.D. 
 
 AUTHOR OF "christian SUNSETS," ETC. 
 
 London : 
 C. Kegan Paul & Co., i Paternoster Square. 
 
 1878. 
 
The Rights of Translalion and of Rcprodiiclioii arc reserved. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 My object in the following papers is to give 
 the reader some idea of men who are fre- 
 quently referred to by writers and speakers 
 on the claims of Christianity. The references 
 often fail of force, from the want of all 
 knowledge of those to whom they are 
 made. That knowledge I have endeavoured 
 to furnish in the accompanying sketches. 
 How far I have succeeded will be best 
 judged of by those for whom the book is 
 intended ; but I have aimed at so pre- 
 senting the men, in the circumstances they 
 occupied, the educational advantages they 
 enjoyed, the opportunities they had for getting 
 the information they sought, and the character 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 they exemplified, as to show that they pos- 
 sessed peculiar qualifications for giving the 
 testimony they bore, and are fully entitled to 
 be regarded as trust-worthy witnesses. 
 
 Though anxious to meet the cases of those 
 who desire such knowledge as is here given, but 
 who, in these days of over-taxed brain and 
 limb, have no time to master folio volumes, I 
 have yet confined myself to examples only of 
 early Christian writers, and to the more pro- 
 minent traits of their characters and events of 
 their lives. 
 
 My obligations for help in the preparation 
 of the work are due to Drs Lardner, Stanley, 
 De Pressense, Newman, Donaldson, Scrivener, 
 and Kennedy; also to Canon Westcott, 
 Neander, Mosheim, Milner, Isaac Taylor, 
 and Alford; and further to Messrs Clark's 
 Edition of the Anti-Nicene Fathers, and the 
 Dictionary of Christian Biography. 
 
 May He who has continued His Word amid 
 
PREFACE, vi 
 
 all the efforts which men have, from age to 
 age, used to destroy it, and made it the means 
 of light and life to as many as have believed 
 its records and trusted in the Saviour it 
 reveals, graciously use this small fruit of 
 Christian labour, to keep in the faith, and 
 strengthen the belief of some who specially 
 need such help ! 
 
 Kentish Town, 1878. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction xi 
 
 Symeon I 
 
 Ignatius i5 
 
 polycarp 29 
 
 Clement of Rome 41 
 
 Papias 53 
 
 Justin Martyr 61 
 
 Iren^us 81 
 
 Hegesippus 97 
 
 HiPPOLYTUS 109 
 
 Clement of Alexandria . . . . . 125 
 
 Tertullian 135 
 
 Origen 149 
 
 Cyprian ..,,..,.. 171 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Athanasius 183 
 
 Basil the Great 199 
 
 Ambrose 213 
 
 Chrysostom . . . 227 
 
 Chrysostom — continued 241 
 
 Augustine 257 
 
 Augustine — continued 273 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 There have always been men who have held 
 the Christian writers of the first centuries of 
 little account, and their testimony to the 
 genuineness of the Gospels of no importance. 
 Others have taken an opposite view of them, 
 and of the value attaching to their produc- 
 tions. The truth lies, no doubt, between these 
 extremes. 
 
 Few will go so far as to say, that those who 
 followed the Apostles and Evangelists in the 
 ministry of the Word, made any approach to 
 them in moral and intellectual stature. One 
 has only to compare the writings of the two 
 to see how immensely superior the authors of 
 the New Testament were to those who sue- 
 
xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ceeded them as the teachers and pastors of the 
 Church. 
 
 Yet humble as were generally the Christian 
 Fathers of the first two hundred years in edu- 
 cation and birth, " It may be doubted whether 
 the Church has ever since possessed a more 
 faithful, or a more successful band of spiritual 
 labourers. They loved the Gospel with an 
 intense ardour of soul, toiled day and night to 
 extend the knowledge of it among men, and in 
 not a few instances gave their lives in testimony 
 to the truth of it. Whether in action or in 
 endurance, they sustained nobly the credit of 
 the Christian name, and showed that a new 
 power was let down upon the world, which 
 did not depend on individual men, or demand 
 the possession of splendid gifts as the condition 
 of its exercise. In Clement's epistle to the 
 Corinthians, Pliny's letter to Trajan, and 
 other documents relating to this period, the 
 glimpses which are given us of the state of the 
 
INTR OD UC TION. 
 
 Church, reflect the highest honour on those 
 simple pastors to whose guidance its interests 
 were committed, and by whose ministry its 
 members were trained." 
 
 Looked at from amid the clearer light and 
 higher advantages of modern times, much 
 may appear in their teachings and practices, 
 even to their greatest admirers, to be regretted, 
 but they testified to many things which it is 
 important to know, and which afford evidence 
 of the truth of the New Testament. 
 
 I. — THE EARLY SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 The first propagators of the Gospel were not 
 only unlettered and obscure persons, but men 
 who had arrayed against them the united 
 power of secular authority and religious intol- 
 erance. Yet they went on with the rehearsal 
 of their simple and divine message, and saw 
 people in every city and land they visited 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 welcoming their announcement, and associating 
 themselves with them as the subjects and 
 worshippers of the Son of God. Many years 
 accordingly did not elapse before myriads 
 were found acknowledging the claims of Christ, 
 truth occupying the throne which error had 
 long held, and the symbol of salvation 
 adorning the capitol of the world's metropolis. 
 
 But such triumphs on the part of a religion 
 opposed to all the natural likings of men, 
 dependent on such advocates as it had for 
 propagation, and with such tremendous odds 
 against it, have ever been regarded as evidence 
 of its divinity and truth. 
 
 But the question will be asked, as it often 
 has been, where is the proof that such diffusion 
 existed } It is furnished by the pages of the 
 writers here referred to. There was no land 
 as they assure us, to which the Gospel was 
 not carried, and where its conquests were not 
 numerous and permanent. 
 
IiXTRODUCTION, 
 
 Jnstin Martyj' speaks of Christianity as 
 triumphing among all naiions ; Irencetis refers 
 to Churches in Gennany, Spain, Gaul, and the 
 far East, all marked for the same faith and 
 customs ; Hegesippns records that zvherever he 
 went in his extended travels he fonnd believers 
 in the Lord Jesus Christ ; Tertnllian says that 
 it was a matter of lamentation that every sex 
 and age, and condition, and rank were passing 
 over to the Christians, who were forming the 
 majority of every state. The words of Origen, 
 as given by Professor Blunt are, " that though 
 at the first the kings of the day and the chief 
 officers under them, the magistrates and all 
 who were in any post of authority, the govern- 
 ors of cities, the military, and the population 
 generally resisted the dispersion of the Gospel 
 over the world, it still prevailed, for it could 
 not be hindered, being the Word of God, and 
 stronger than all its antagonists ; so that it 
 took possession of the whole of Greece, and the 
 
INTR on UC TION. 
 
 greater part of the world of the barbarians, and 
 converted myriads of souls to the Christian form 
 of worship . . . And if we consider how, in a very 
 feiv years, whilst those who confessed Chris* 
 tianity were plotted against, and in many in- 
 stances were slain for it ; how others were 
 spoiled of their property, and the teachers of 
 it were few, that the Word yet found means 
 to be proclaimed everyzvhere throiighoiit the 
 world, so that Greeks and barbarians, wise and 
 foolish were added to the religion of Jesus, 
 we cannot hesitate to affirm that the thing 
 was above what was of men." The conclusion 
 of the learned Father has generally been 
 accepted, — that the early and wide-spread 
 triumphs of the Gospel over ignorance, and 
 prejudice, and opposition, was an evidence of 
 its truthfulness and power. It was of God, 
 and could not be suppressed or arrested in its 
 progress. 
 
INTRODUCTION. xvii 
 
 II. — THE RECIPIENTS OF THE GOSTEL. 
 
 That down to the middle of the second 
 century the Church was unable to boast of 
 one really learned adherent may be undeniable. 
 " But from the beginning of the third century 
 down to the middle of the fifth, group after 
 group of bright ' morning stars ' came forth in 
 rapid succession, heralded by Origen in the 
 East, and by Tertullian and Cyprian in the 
 West, until the whole breadth of the ecclesias- 
 tical horizon was crowned with these burning 
 and shining lights, — Eusebius, Hilary, Athan- 
 asius, Basil, the three Gregories, Ambrose, 
 Chrysostom, Jerome, and Augustine, — and 
 such is but a selection from the roll of the 
 great names which grace the annals of this 
 period." 
 
 It was not, therefore, by men, as has often 
 been alleged, who had no power of forming a 
 correct judgment, and were easily persuaded to 
 
 b 
 
xviii LYTRODUCTION. 
 
 change their beh'ef, that the Gospel was at first 
 received. Among them, as the early Christian 
 writers assure us, were not a few who had 
 passed years in the pursuit of knowledge, and 
 were familiar with all that the highest schools 
 of philosophy and learning taught, and who 
 were, therefore, competent to weigh evidence, 
 and reach intelligent conclusions on what was 
 submitted to their judgment. "Justin Martyr, 
 for instance, had been under the teachers of 
 almost every existing school of philosophy, and 
 found, as he tells us, satisfaction in none ; nor 
 could he rest, till directed to the writings of the 
 prophets, he discovered in them a footing-place 
 on which he could stand. Tertullian went 
 through a like process. He too, after examin- 
 ing the creeds of the various sects of the 
 heathens, and meeting with disappointment in 
 all, at length fell in with the Scriptures, and 
 felt that then he had arrived at the truth he 
 had long been in search of" But these are only 
 
INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 samples of many others, equally learned and 
 discriminating, who accepted the Scriptures as 
 the Word of God, and became the dissemin- 
 ators and defenders of Christianity. Such 
 men are strong and reliable links in the chain 
 of the Christian evidences. 
 
 III. — THE BOOKS OF SCRIPTURE. 
 
 How do I know that the books that compose 
 the Bible were written by the men to whom 
 they are attributed, and at the dates assigned 
 to them t The question is a vital one, but the 
 Christian writers of the first centuries largely 
 supply the answer by their references to the 
 books, and their quotations from them. In the 
 case of the New Testament, it has come down 
 to us in early translations that were made of it 
 into the Syriac, Coptic, and Latin languages, 
 and in multitudes of passages from it, found in 
 the earliest ecclesiastical productions that have 
 been preserved. 
 
XX INTRODUCTION, 
 
 Though the oldest existing Greek manu- 
 scripts of the New Testament do not go higher 
 than the fourth century, the interval between 
 that and the times of the Apostles is not 
 difficult to bridge over, as has been successfully 
 shown by Isaac Taylor and Dr Scrivener. 
 *' The condition of the inspired text," says 
 the latter of these authors, " during the first 
 three centuries can be readily ascertained, not 
 indeed in complete detail, as manuscripts 
 would have enabled us to do, but to an extent 
 amply sufficient for all practical ends, quite 
 enough to assure us of their general integrity, 
 and of the reverence in which they were held 
 in the first ages of the faith : — and these are 
 primitive versions of their text, and quo- 
 tations made from them by ecclesiastical 
 writers whose productions yet remain with 
 us." 
 
 The references made to the Scriptures of the 
 New Testament, all through the second 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 century, by the Christian writers of that 
 period — by Polycarp, Irenseus, Justin Martyr, 
 Clement of Rome, and others — prove to de- 
 monstration that the said Scriptures were then 
 in existence, and in wide circulation. But not 
 only were the Gospels largely quoted from, dur- 
 ing the second century, but also as the produc- 
 tions of the men whose names they bear. 
 The argument here need not be extended. 
 Still, such early and multiplied testimony to 
 the verity of Scripture is, especially in these 
 days of questioning and wide-spread doubt, 
 of the highest importance, and cannot be too 
 widely known. 
 
 IV. — THE CHRIST OF THE FATHERS. 
 
 He was emphatically the Christ of the 
 Apostles and Evangelists. They accordingly 
 speak of Him as the Son of God, who, in the 
 fulness of time, assumed the form of a man and 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 took the place of a servant ; stooped to the 
 deepest humiliation for men's sake ; discharged 
 the sinner's liability to law and justice ; died, the 
 just for the unjust ; rose from the dead on the 
 third day, ascended to the right hand of the 
 Majesty on high, sways the Sceptre of universal 
 dominion, and will come again to take the 
 place of the Judge, and give to every man 
 according to his deeds. Proof of these 
 doctrines, as those of the Early Church, will 
 be found on the following pages. No, those 
 who hold unitarian and rationalistic views of 
 the person and work of our Lord have no 
 support for them in the writings of the men 
 forming the subjects of the accompanying 
 biographical sketches. They were other than 
 the hands of the early advocates of Christianity 
 who sought to tear from the brow of Jesus the 
 crown with which Apostles had adorned it. 
 But the attempt then, as now, was in vain. 
 God has set Him on His holy hill of Zion, and 
 
INTROD UCTION. 
 
 only a stronger than He can depose Him from 
 His elevation. Oh no, Christ Jesus, our Lord, is 
 not to be deprived of His honour, and stripped 
 of His power. All, therefore, that He has been 
 to His people in deliverance and grace in the 
 past, He is to them in the present, and will be in 
 the future. The Father has made Him " Heir 
 of all things ; set Him at His own right hand 
 in the heavens, far above all principality and 
 power, and might and dominion, and every 
 name that is named, not only in this world, but 
 also in that which is to come, and hath put all 
 things under His feet, and gave Him to be the 
 head over all things to the Church." 
 
 Then there is nothing, dear reader, which 
 Christ has not for your enjoyment. Possessed 
 of the fulness of the Godhead bodily, you have 
 no need that he cannot supply, — no weakness 
 that He cannot strengthen, — no defilement that 
 He cannot cleanse, — no poverty that He cannot 
 enrich, and no emptiness that He cannot fill. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 These men, like their predecessors, went 
 everywhere preaching the Word, and testifying 
 to the grace of God, and many who heard them 
 beheved, — the Lord adding to the Church daily 
 such as were saved. 
 
 But witnessing to Jesus and the Resurrection, 
 they were emphatically evangelical and Scrip- 
 tural in the course of instruction they pursued. 
 As their writings abundantly testify, " they built 
 upon the foundation of the Apostles and Pro- 
 phets, Jesus Christ Himself being the Chief 
 Corner Stone:" their Gospel was that of our 
 New Testament. 
 
SYMEON, 
 
 iy 
 
" I know whom I have believed, and am persuaded that He 
 is able to keep that which I have committed unto Him against 
 that day." — 2 Tim. i. 12. 
 
SYMEON. 
 
 There are men who are proud of their relation- 
 ships and birth. Descended from an ancestry 
 that numbers among its members those of 
 distinguished excellence and worth, by whom 
 important services have been rendered to their 
 country and race, and who have walked the 
 highest paths of literature and philanthropy, 
 they never tire of pointing to their pedigree, 
 and reminding those around them of the name 
 which they bear, or of the blood that flows 
 in^their veins. Symeon sustained higher rela- 
 tionships than these. He belonged to the 
 family circle of Jesus, was the son of Cleopas 
 the brother-in-law of Mary, and, therefore, a 
 first cousin of our Lord. He succeeded James 
 
SYMEON. 
 
 the Just as bishop or chief pastor of the Church 
 at Jerusalem, about thirty years after the cruci- 
 fixion. His qualification for such a position 
 was amply justified by his personal acquaint- 
 ance with Christ, the devotion he had shown to 
 His service, and the Christian consistency of 
 life he had long maintained. 
 
 As the families of Joseph and Cleopas were 
 closely connected, and held each other in 
 affectionate respect, they were often together, 
 and the cousins had every opportunity of 
 thoroughly knowing one another. During such 
 seasons of intercourse, Symeon received im- 
 pressions of Jesus, which, as may well be 
 believed, had not a little to do with his after 
 acceptance of His Messiahship. He had, no 
 doubt, stories to tell of Christ, and testimonies 
 to bear to the beauty of his character, and His 
 far-reaching knowledge and power, which few 
 others possessed. 
 
 At what particular time, in the ministry of 
 
SYMEOM. 
 
 the Saviour, Symeon openly and fully acknow- 
 ledged His claims we are not told. The 
 probability however is, that it was at an early 
 period, and that he was one of the Seventy 
 who were sent forth to preach and heal, and to 
 prepare the way of the Lord among men. "It 
 may reasonably be supposed that, intending 
 Symeon to occupy a conspicuous and difficult 
 position in His Church, Christ would supply 
 him with the opportunity of gaining a practical 
 acquaintance with its duties, and thus also 
 notify to those around him the esteem in which 
 He held him. 
 
 " Since the kinsmen of Christ were held in 
 honour after His ascension, Symeon was pro- 
 bably called upon to assist at the Council at 
 Jerusalem, and then entrusted with the care of 
 one of the Congregations into which the numer- 
 ous Christian community there was divided." 
 
 It was not long before he was advanced to a 
 higher and much more responsible position. 
 
SYMEON. 
 
 In one of the popular and furious outbreaks of 
 the Jews against the disciples of Christ — so 
 common in those times — James, the then Bishop 
 of Jerusalem, was put to a violent death. 
 Symeon was chosen as his successor. The cir- 
 cumstances of the times made it no easy thing 
 to maintain the honour of such a position and 
 successfully discharge its duties. A cruel and 
 extended persecution of Christian believers was 
 raging at the time in Palestine, while the armies 
 of Rome were razing city after city of the land 
 to their foundations, and spreading desolation 
 far and wide. Jerusalem, in fulfilment of 
 Christ's prediction, was now besieged, and un- 
 paralleled misery afflicted its crowded multi- 
 tudes, gathered from all parts to celebrate the 
 Passover. They were torn and wasted by 
 mutual animosities and conflicts, and destroyed 
 by the assaults and missiles of the encompass- 
 ing foe. Their wretchedness exceeded all that 
 words can express. " Then," said Christ, when 
 
SYMEON. 
 
 pointing forward to such a moment in the his- 
 tory of the people, "shall be great tribulation, 
 such as was not since the beginning of the 
 world to this time ; no, nor ever shall be," 
 
 The city was pillaged and sacked by its own 
 sons ; that which one faction spared, fell into 
 the hands of another, and the contending 
 parties agreed only in crime. " Such was the 
 terror among the people," says Josephus, " that 
 no one dared to mourn for their dead or bury 
 them. Tears must flow in secret, and groans 
 be stifled, for such tokens of lamentation were 
 visited by death. A little earth was hastily 
 thrown over the corpses by night. . . . O 
 wretched city, what cause of reproach hast thou 
 against the Romans, who have but purged thee 
 from thine abominations ! Thou wast no 
 more the city of God, and thou could'st never 
 again be such, since thou wast become the 
 tomb of thy slaughtered children." 
 
 But where, meantime, were Symeon and the 
 
8 SYMEON. 
 
 Christian people who constituted the Church 
 over which he presided ? 
 
 The course prescribed by Christ for His 
 servants, at such a time, was in these words ; 
 " Then let them which are in Judea flee to the 
 mountains ; and let them which are in the 
 midst of the city depart out ; and let not them 
 that are in the countries enter thereinto. For 
 these be the days of vengeance, that all things 
 that are written may be fulfilled," adding, 
 " There shall not an hair of your head perish." 
 
 At an early period of the siege, a pause in 
 the military operations taking place, and 
 affording an opportunity for escape, Symeon 
 and his fellow Christians left the city, and 
 sought and found a home in Pella, a town in 
 the mountainous country east of the Jordan. 
 How long they remained there is not related. 
 The probability is that the opportunity of re- 
 turning was no sooner afforded them than they 
 embraced it. But what a scene must have 
 
SYMEON. 
 
 presented itself to them when they reached the 
 spot on Olivet, at which men had so often 
 paused, and wondered, and admired ! Instead 
 of the Temple standing as a mountain of 
 snow on Moriah, the palaces which crowned 
 the heights of Zion, the market places and 
 squares which thousands daily thronged, busy 
 streets and varied industries, they saw blackened 
 ruins, universal desolation, and here and there 
 a wailing form. What their emotions at the 
 moment were, we are not informed, but the 
 very dust of the city was dear to them, and 
 they passed on, and pitched their tents amid 
 the desolations. Their condition was sad 
 enough, but their numbers increased, and with 
 the Temple no longer to worship in, nor an altar 
 upon which to lay offerings, their hold of Judaism 
 relaxed, and they became more truly a Christian 
 community, and better prepared for the fulfil- 
 ment of the Saviour's purposes in regard to 
 them. 
 
10 SYMEON. 
 
 A new city at length arose on the ruins of 
 that which had been destroyed, and for a while 
 Symeon and his people were allowed to worship 
 in peace. But days of trouble soon overtook 
 them, brought on by the attempt of the Jews to 
 throw off the yoke of Rome, and resume their 
 independence. Those who excited and led 
 such rebellions encouraged their countrymen 
 in them by the promise of the coming of the 
 Son of David to lead them to victory and 
 freedom. 
 
 As one of the means of checking or prevent- 
 ing such outbreaks, the Romans resolved to seek 
 out and put to death all who claimed connexion 
 with the family of Jesse. Symeon was accused 
 of such relationship, and was in consequence 
 apprehended, and dragged before the tribunal 
 appointed for the trial of such cases. Refusing 
 to desist from the course he pursued, and give 
 up his faith in Christ, he was subjected, though 
 one hundred and twenty years old, and very 
 
SYMEON. II 
 
 feeble, to the severest tortures. But neither his 
 faith nor his courage failed him under the 
 ordeal. Day by day, amid intolerable sufferings 
 and under the eyes of many onlookers, he 
 testified to the claims of his Divine Master and 
 Lord, preached the Gospel he believed, and 
 showed that faith is above circumstances, and 
 that the supports and comforts found in the 
 presence and approval of Christ are not to 
 be destroyed by any indignities and cruelties 
 to which men may expose. Unable to draw 
 from him anything to incriminate, or to move 
 him from the confidence he maintained, his 
 enemies nailed him to a cross, and thus, as 
 they imagined, destroyed the testimony he had 
 borne. But they sadly miscalculated. The 
 evidence he had given in torture and death of 
 the power of the Gospel to support, in any 
 circumstances, its disciples, continued to be 
 remembered, and to favourably dispose men's 
 minds towards Christianity. The very means 
 
12 SYMEON. 
 
 which his persecutors employed to destroy his 
 influence only deepened and extended it. 
 
 And has it not always been so ? " The blood 
 of the martyrs has ever been the seed of the 
 Church." As was the case with the people 
 of Israel in Egypt, so with Christianity, 
 the more it has been hated and opposed, the 
 more it has grown in the earth. What is of 
 God is not to be extinguished. What His hand 
 sets up and maintains is not to be put down by 
 any power of man. 
 
 But not only did Symeon bear a testimony 
 that survives until the present hour, but a 
 testimony, clear and full, to the Messiahship of 
 Christ, the atoning sacrifice of His death. His 
 resurrection from the dead and mediatorial 
 reign ; the truthfulness of the gospels, and of 
 the facts and doctrines of the Evangelical faith. 
 
 And what man had ever better opportunity 
 of forming a correct judgment of such facts 
 and doctrines } He not only passed the years 
 
SYMEON. 13 
 
 of his public life on the very ground where 
 the great events which the pages of the New 
 Testament narrate occurred, but was personally 
 acquainted with the Lord Jesus, and, at least, 
 with the chief of the apostles. He therefore 
 spoke of that which he knew, and testified to 
 what he had heard and seen, and too high an 
 estimate cannot be put upon his testimony. 
 
IGNATIUS. 
 
'* From a child thou hast known the Holy Scriptures, which 
 are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which 
 is in Christ Jesus." — 2 Tim. iii. 15. 
 
IGNATIUS. 
 
 Tradition says, that Ignatius was the Httle 
 child whom Jesus employed on a memorable 
 occasion to rebuke the ambitious spirit dis- 
 played by His disciples. Placing him in their 
 midst He said unto them, " Except ye be con- 
 verted and become as little children ye shall not 
 enter into the kingdom of heaven. Whosoever 
 therefore shall humble himself as this little child, 
 the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven. 
 And whoso shall receive one such little child 
 in My name receiveth Me ; but whoso shall 
 offend one of these little ones which believe in 
 Me, it were better for him that a mill-stone 
 were hanged about his neck, and that he were 
 drowned in the depths of the sea." 
 
 Whether or no, reliance is to *-be placed on the 
 
 B 
 
i8 IGNATIUS. 
 
 " tradition," this much, is, at least, certain, that 
 Ignatius was a disciple of the Apostle John, 
 passed the years of his boyhood with those who 
 had seen and heard the Lord, and at an early 
 period of life yielded himself to Christ. He may 
 have been pious from even childhood. Multi- 
 tudes are. The lambs of the flock of "the Good 
 Shepherd " constitute a large proportion of 
 His redeemed ones. And it is His joy that they 
 do so. The love of any heart is grateful to Him, 
 but that of little children is especially so. He 
 carries the lambs in His bosom. They lie very 
 near to His heart, and have much of His attention 
 and regard. Not a little, therefore, of the time 
 and energy of winners of souls ought to be 
 given to the salvation of the young. You 
 never more honour and please the Lord than 
 by bringing to Him such. Nowhere, moreover, 
 is Christian labour so productive as in this field 
 of service. The harvests gathered from among 
 the old are limited and poor. Few are con- 
 
IGNA TIUS. 
 
 19 
 
 verted after twenty-five years of age. Then 
 with what prayerful earnestness ought decision 
 for Christ, with those under that age, to be 
 sought ? If really bent on the fulfilment of the 
 purpose which they profess to seek, and wise in 
 its pursuit, ministers and teachers will specially 
 aim at this object. 
 
 Though we have no account of the ancestry 
 and country of Ignatius' birth, the probability 
 is, that he was a native of the lake region of 
 Galilee, and continued in attendance on S. 
 John, as Timothy did on S. Paul, until such 
 time as he was prepared to enter on a life of 
 public usefulness. 
 
 Possessed of more than ordinary talents and 
 qualifications for teaching and governing, he was 
 appointed to the office of bishop or chief pastor 
 of the Church at Antioch, in Syria. Here he 
 laboured for half a century with zeal and success. 
 The position was one of difficulty and responsi- 
 bility, but he fulfilled the duties of it with 
 
20 IGNA riUS. 
 
 growing efficiency, and exerted an influence for 
 good which extended far beyond the city where 
 he resided. 
 
 Antioch was founded three hundred years 
 before Christ by Seleucus, one of the generals of 
 Alexander the Great, called by the name of his 
 
 father and son, and constituted the capital of 
 
 « 
 
 his vast dominion. Situated in the fruitful and 
 beautiful valley of the Orontes, with the Taur- 
 ian range of mountains as a back-ground on the 
 north, and the Lebanon-ridge as its shelter on 
 the east, " there was everything in its situation 
 and circumstances to make it a place of con- 
 course for all classes and kinds of people. By its 
 harbour of Seleucia it was in communication with 
 all the trade of the Mediterranean; and, through 
 the open country behind the Lebanon, was 
 conveniently approached by the caravans from 
 Mesopotamia and Arabia. It united the 
 inland advantages of Aleppo with the mari- 
 time opportunities of Smyrna. It was almost 
 
IGNATIUS. 21 
 
 an oriental Rome, in which all the forms of the 
 civilized life of the Empire found some repre- 
 sentation. Through the first two centuries of 
 the Christian era, it was what Constantinople 
 became afterwards, * the Gate of the East.' " It 
 thus soon became a place of magnificence and 
 splendour. "Its special beauty was a great wide 
 street four miles long, and on each side adorned 
 with colonnades of pillars, beautiful in them- 
 selves and supporting roofs that gave shelter 
 from the noon-day sun. Under the Romans it 
 became more magnificent than ever, and was 
 considered as the third city of the Empire 
 — Rome itself, and Seleucia on the Tigris, 
 being its only superiors in wealth, splendour, 
 and population. Beautiful gardens bordered 
 the river, and the delicious breezes from the 
 mountains and the sea made it a favourite resort 
 of the Romans, who regarded the station there 
 as the most 'delightful that could be assigned 
 
 to officer or soldier.' " 
 
22 IGNA TIUS. 
 
 Many years did not elapse from the first 
 preaching of the Gospel to its inhabitants till a 
 large Christian community was gathered within 
 its walls. The hand of the Lord was with the 
 earlier heralds of salvation there, and a great 
 Jiumber believed, and turned unto the Lord. The 
 news of this reaching Jerusalem, Barnabas was 
 sent to aid in the work so encouragingly begun, 
 and again inueh people ivere added to the Lord. 
 
 A field so productive and inviting drew to 
 itself many labourers, among whom were 
 " prophets and teachers," " Simeon surnamed 
 Niger," "Lucius of Cyrene," "Manaen the foster- 
 brother of Herod the Tetrarch," and the apostles 
 Paul and Peter. From the ministry of such 
 men much was to be expected, and much 
 accrued. The Church at Antioch became a 
 great power for good, and the mother church 
 of the Christian communities of many lands. 
 
 Whilst persecution under the cruel edicts of 
 Nero, Decius and Diocletian was thinning the 
 
iGNA rius. 
 
 23 
 
 ranks of believers in many quarters, and arrest- 
 ing- the progress of evangelistic efforts in all 
 directions, the Christians at Antioch appear to 
 have lived and worshipped in peace for many 
 years. The opportunities for usefulness which 
 such a time of quiet afforded, were, no doubt, 
 fully availed of by Ignatius. Fired as he 
 was with love to the Saviour, and impressed 
 with men's need of the Gospel as God's remedy 
 for their woes, he would spend the energy he 
 was at liberty to employ in proclaiming salva- 
 tion to men, and in seeking to lead the perish- 
 ing to Jesus. And large success, as is evident 
 from the charges ultimately brought against 
 him by the enemies of Christianity, and the 
 eagerness with which they sought to put an 
 end to his existence and influence, attended his 
 labours. 
 
 The Emperor Trajan on his way to the East 
 to engage in war with the Parthians, halted 
 with his legions at Antioch. During his stay 
 
24 IGNATIUS. 
 
 there an earthquake shook the city to its 
 foundations. Houses, palaces, temples and 
 theatres were thrown to the ground, and many 
 of the inhabitants perished. The Consul died 
 of the injuries he received, and the Emperor 
 himself barely escaped with his life. The 
 catastrophe was laid at the door of the Chris- 
 tians, and Ignatius, as the leading spirit among 
 them and the most active propagator of the 
 new faith, was apprehended and led before the 
 Emperor. Trajan condemned him to death, 
 — ordering him to be taken to Rome, and cast 
 to the wild beasts. Ignatius' reply to the 
 sentence was, " I thank Thee, O Lord, who hast 
 condescended thus to honour me with Thy 
 love, and thought me worthy as Thine Apostle 
 Paul, to go to Rome in chains." 
 
 It was with a sorrowful heart and many 
 expressions of grief and regret that his people 
 witnessed his departure, at his advanced age 
 of eighty, from Antioch. But he himself was 
 
IGNA TIUS. 25 
 
 calm and even joyous. He knew in whom 
 was his confidence, and what awaited him at 
 the end of the journey he was commencing, 
 and he began it with a firm step, and the feehng 
 of one who longed to see his Lord. 
 
 The vessel in which he sailed halting at 
 Smyrna, he had the privilege of spending some 
 days, if not weeks, in the company of Polycarp, 
 and other Christians, who gathered around him, 
 and in writing the letters which are now known 
 to be genuine, and in which we have not only the 
 expression of his feelings at the moment, but his 
 testimony to the truth of Christianity, and the 
 power of the Gospel he had so long proclaimed. 
 
 Speaking of what he endured in his journey 
 from Antioch to Rome, and especially at the 
 hands of those who were charged with his safe 
 delivery to the Governor of the latter city, he 
 says : " And now, in my chains, I learn that I 
 have nothing more to desire. I have already 
 begun to fight with wild beasts ; from Smyrna 
 
26 IGNATIUS. 
 
 to Rome, across sea and land, I was chained to 
 ten leopards whom kindness rendered only 
 more cruel. Their outrages make me only the 
 more the disciple of Him who was crucified ; 
 but it is not this which justifies me." "Words 
 thus written," says Dr De Pressense, " are the 
 sacred testimony of martyrdom. His three 
 epistles, in their genuine form, are the farewells 
 of a Christian hero. They have that terse 
 conciseness which belongs to the language 
 of action. It is clear they were written in 
 haste, by a man who desired to put all his Chris- 
 tianity into the few words hurriedly penned, 
 in moments when the vigilance of the fierce 
 gaolers was relaxed. A strange fire flashes 
 from those broken words as from fretted flints." 
 The language he employs in his three letters 
 which were addressed to Polycarp, and to the 
 Churches at Ephesus and Rome, is expressive 
 not only of ardent Christian love, and earnest 
 desire for the highest good of those to whom 
 
IGNA TIUS. 27 
 
 he writes, but of full and intelligent faith in the 
 character and mission of Christ, and in the 
 truth of the gospels which reveal Him. What 
 he believed, and at last entered Rome to die in 
 testimony for, was what he had so long and 
 fully taught, that Jesus is the Messiah, and 
 men's only hope for eternity ; that He died 
 for men's sins according to the Scriptures, 
 and rose again for their justification ; that 
 He fills heaven and earth with His pres- 
 ence, and dwells as their life and strength 
 in the hearts of all who believe. He was em- 
 phatically the disciple both of S. John and 
 S. Paul, in the faith that he exercised and the 
 spirit that he evinced. 
 
 Arriving in Rome, towards the end of the 
 public games held at the close of the 
 year, he was hurried to the Amphitheatre, 
 where the wild beasts, let loose upon him, soon 
 did their work, — leaving nothing of him but a 
 few of his larger bones. These his friends 
 
28 IGNA TIUS. 
 
 reverently gathered together and sent to 
 Antioch where they were buried. 
 
 Such was Ignatius in character, and position 
 in the Church ; and such the testimony he 
 bore to the verity of the Scriptures and the 
 doctrines he taught. 
 
POLYCARP. 
 
' ' We went through fire and through water ; but Thou 
 broughtest us out into a wealthy place." — Ps. Ixvi. 12. 
 
POLYCARP. 
 
 Smyrna, where Polycarp passed his days, and 
 where, for a long period of years, he exercised 
 his ministry as a Christian pastor, was in his 
 times an important and flourishing city, and 
 continues to be so still. Standing at the head 
 of the gulf of the same name, and possessed of 
 a fine harbour, it commanded the trade of 
 proconsular Asia and of the yEgean Sea. 
 Situated in the midst of a fertile region, en- 
 closed on three sides by mountains, and with 
 the sea in front, it was declared to be the most 
 beautiful city of all Asia, and possessed greater 
 attractions than most towns as a place of resi- 
 dence. 
 
 As it exists, at present, it is one of the largest 
 and finest cities of the Turkish Empire, is said 
 
32 POL YCARP. 
 
 to be better built than Constantinople itself, 
 and to be ever undergoing improvements. 
 
 That the Gospel was preached at an early- 
 period to its inhabitants, and with wide-spread 
 success, may be concluded from the Church 
 there being one of the seven addressed by the 
 risen Lord through the Apostle John, as re- 
 corded in the second and third chapters of the 
 Apocalypse. 
 
 Polycarp was a native of the city, and after 
 his conversion was, for some time, employed 
 by the then bishop of the place as a Catechist 
 and Evangelist. Whilst thus engaged he be- 
 came acquainted with the apostle John, and 
 had the privilege of receiving from him much 
 instruction and encouragement in his work. 
 Finding him an apt scholar, and likely to do 
 good service to the Church, it was the delight 
 of the beloved disciple to make him familiar 
 with the doctrines of Christ, and the facts of 
 His life. Referring to this period of Polycarp's 
 
POL YCARP. 33 
 
 life, Irenseus who was his disciple writes thus to 
 
 a friend, — ''I could point out the spot where 
 
 the blessed Polycarp sat to teach. I could 
 
 describe his gait, his countenance, all his habits, 
 
 even the clothes he was accustomed to wear. 
 
 I could repeat the discourses which he delivered 
 
 to the people, and recall all that he said of his 
 
 intimacy with S. John, and the narratives he 
 
 used to relate about those who had seen the 
 
 Lord upon earth. His memory was constantly 
 
 dwelling on that which they had told him of 
 
 the words, the miracles, the doctrines of Christ." 
 
 " This valuable testimony," adds De Pressense, 
 
 " shows how eminently qualified Polycarp was 
 
 for effecting the transition from the Apostolic 
 
 to the following age. He delighted to be the 
 
 docile, almost passive, echo of the apostles. 
 
 It is not surprising, therefore, that he should 
 
 not have displayed much originality, though 
 
 commanding universal respect. He was the 
 
 living tradition of the Church. His letter to 
 
 c 
 
34 POLYCARP. 
 
 the Philippians is quite in harmony with the 
 idea Irenseus gives us of him. He appeals 
 perpetually to the memory of the apostles, and 
 as he is addressing a Church founded by S. 
 Paul he invokes especially the name of the 
 apostle of the Gentiles." 
 
 On the death of Bucolas, Bishop of Smyrna, 
 Polycarp was chosen to be his successor, and, 
 for a long period of years, discharged with faith- 
 fulness and zeal the duties of the important 
 pastorate. But his labours were not confined 
 to Smyrna. "The care of all the Churches, 
 once borne by S. Paul, and then by 
 S. John, was, on the death of Ignatius, 
 bestowed upon Polycarp ; and he wrote 
 letters to them, as need served, of which 
 one only, that to the Church at Philippi, is 
 extant." 
 
 God often raises men from the lowest social 
 position to occupy places among the princes of 
 His kingdom. If tradition speaks truthfully, 
 
POL YCARP. J5 
 
 Polycarp was born not only of parents of the 
 humblest circumstances of life, but was himself 
 in early life a slave. Led by the pious lady in 
 whose service he was, to understand and 
 believe the Gospel, he rose under its transform- 
 ing and elevating power from the condition 
 in which it found him to occupy the position 
 he so long and honourably filled as chief pastor 
 of the Church at Smyrna. " He puts the 
 treasure into earthen vessels, that the excellency 
 of the power thereof may be of God and not of 
 men." 
 
 The truths to which he bore testimony, both 
 as catechist and bishop, were those he had 
 learned from the lips of the apostle, on which 
 he daily meditated and lived, and which he felt 
 to be the very life and nourishment of the soul. 
 
 These truths may be summarized thus : — He 
 spoke of God^ as Almighty, Omniscient, and 
 the Author of Salvation ; as raising Christ from 
 the dead, and, finally, all men from their graves 
 
36 POL YCARP. 
 
 to receive in reward or punishment as they 
 severally deserve, — Of Christ, as the Son of the 
 Father, the Saviour of sinners, and the Judge of 
 the quick and the dead, — Of Salvation, as 
 deliverance from the guilt and power of sin, 
 provided by God in Christ, and realized by 
 faith, — Of the Scriptures, as true, and able to 
 make men wise unto salvation. 
 
 He thus testified to all that is essential to 
 Christianity, and thereby to the verity of the 
 Word of God from which he frequently 
 quotes. 
 
 I adduce him, therefore, as a witness to the 
 genuineness and authenticity of the Gospel, 
 and a witness, on whose testimony, from the 
 honesty of his convictions, the school in which 
 he had been taught, and the earliness of the 
 age at which he lived, every reliance may be 
 placed. 
 
 After fulfilling for many years, and to the 
 benefit of multitudes, the ministry he had 
 
POL YCARP, 
 
 37 
 
 received of the Lord Jesus, he sealed with his 
 blood the testimony he had borne. 
 
 In the midst of a furious and popular out- 
 break, both of Gentiles and of Jews, against the 
 disciples of Christ, as the cause, as it was 
 alleged, of the calamities afflicting the state, 
 Polycarp was apprehended, charged with being 
 the leader of the hated community, and con- 
 demned to be burnt. But the stake had no 
 fear for him. He believed that He whom he 
 had served eighty and six years, and whom 
 nothing could lead him to deny, would be with 
 him in the fire, as He was with the three 
 Hebrew youths, and enable him to glorify Him 
 in death as he had done in life. Nor was he 
 disappointed in this. Jesus was never so con- 
 sciously with him as during his last earthly 
 moments. He therefore ascended the pile, 
 aged and infirm as he was, as a prince the steps 
 of his throne, and found the flames a chariot to 
 waft him to the skies. Yes, Jesus can make 
 
38 POL YCARP. 
 
 not only *' dying beds feel soft to His ser- 
 vants as downy pillows are," but even burn- 
 ing fagots and seven-times heated furnaces. 
 Hence the frequency with which He has made 
 their prison cells to be to them mansions 
 of bliss, their scaffolds of martyrdom scenes 
 of triumph, and their hours of torture times of 
 coronation. 
 
 So it was with Polycarp. As soon as his 
 executioners set light to the pile, on which he 
 stood, he "broke forth with a loud voice of 
 thanksgiving, with almost the same opening that 
 is found in a Eucharistic hymn in the oldest 
 records of the worship of the Eastern Church, 
 and in substance, as well as words, much 
 resembling our highest act of praise at the 
 Holy Communion. Those Christians whom 
 their venerable bishop had led to sing it at 
 their holiest moments for so many years, and 
 who would naturally have sung it with him on 
 the next day at their Easter Communion, must 
 
POL YCARP. 39 
 
 have thrilled with rapture, as well as grief, when 
 they heard his voice thus uplifted : — 
 
 "Lord God Almighty, Father of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ, Thy blessed and beloved Son, 
 through whom we have received the grace of 
 knowing Thee, God of angels and powers, 
 God of all things created, and of the just who 
 live in Thy presence, I bless Thee for having 
 brought me to this hour that I may be among 
 Thy martyrs and drink of the cup of my Lord 
 Jesus Christ, to rise to eternal life in the 
 incorruption of the Holy Ghost. Receive me 
 this day into Thy presence together with them, 
 being found in Thy sight as a fair and 
 acceptable sacrifice prepared for Thyself, that 
 so Thou mayst accomplish what Thou, O true 
 and faithful God, hast foreshown. Where- 
 fore I praise Thee for all Thy mercies, I 
 bless Thee, I glorify Thee, through the eter- 
 nal High Priest, Jesus Christ, Thy beloved 
 Son, with whom, to Thyself, and to the Holy 
 
40 POLYCARP. 
 
 Ghost, be glory both now and for ever. 
 Amen." Thus passed Polycarp to the re- 
 ward of his faithfulness, and the crown of his 
 martyr's love. 
 
CLEMENT OF ROME. 
 
*' For I am ready to preach the Gospel to you that are at 
 Rome also." — Rom, i. 15. 
 
CLEMENT OF ROME. 
 
 By whom the Church at Rome was founded is 
 not related. It is possible, and even probable, 
 that the first preachers of the Gospel in the 
 city of the Csesars were some of those 
 " strangers from Rome " who were witnesses 
 and partakers of the Pentecostal effusion of the 
 Holy Ghost, and who learnt from S. Peter, 
 and others of the apostles, the story of the life 
 and death of the Lord Jesus. 
 
 It is at all events certain that it was not 
 founded by an apostle ; " for in that case," 
 as Dean Alford observes, " the fact of S. Paul 
 addressing it by letter and expressing his inten- 
 tion of visiting it personally, would be incon- 
 sistent with his own declared resolution of not 
 
44 CLEMENT OF ROME. 
 
 working where another had previously laid the 
 foundation." 
 
 But whilst the introduction of the Gospel to 
 Rome may be referred, with some degree of 
 certainty, to some who had been hearers of S. 
 Peter's great Sermon, and receivers of the 
 Baptism of Power which accompanied it, it may 
 be concluded from the interest which S. Paul 
 manifested in the well-being of the Roman 
 Church that some one or more of his converts 
 had something to do with its early growth. 
 
 Clement was its chief pastor, towards the 
 close of the first century, and rendered it no 
 small service by his watchfulness, instructions 
 and influence. Little is known of his personal 
 history beyond these facts, — that he was born 
 and bred in pagan idolatry ; was converted in 
 early manhood to the faith of Christianity ; was 
 as celebrated for his learning as afterwards for 
 his piety, and was held in the highest esteem 
 by all who personally knew him. It was from 
 
CLEMENT OF ROME. 45 
 
 his being held in such repute ; and possessed of 
 more than ordinary endowments that he was 
 raised to the post that he filled, with such 
 credit to himself and benefit to others. 
 
 It is generally believed that he possessed a 
 personal acquaintance with some of the 
 apostles, and received from inspired lips much 
 that he knew of the character and mission of 
 Jesus Christ. 
 
 The times in which he lived were such as 
 made the fulfilment of his official duties any- 
 thing but easy. During part of the period in 
 which he sustained the pastoral relation to the 
 Church of the Capital, one of the worst of the 
 Roman Emperors occupied the throne. Domi- 
 tian was in all respects a worthy successor of 
 Nero. There was no form of evil of which he 
 was not guilty, nor any description of cruelty 
 and oppression that he did not inflict. He 
 murdered his Christian subjects by hun- 
 dreds, and drove from Rome men of learning 
 
46 CLEMENT OF ROME. 
 
 and virtue. With such an impersonation of 
 corruption and tyranny on the throne, and 
 wickedness rampant in the palace, and in all 
 high places, no surprise can be felt at the extent 
 to which iniquity abounded everywhere else. 
 Rome might be a city of palaces, and the 
 centre of worldly splendour and attraction, but 
 was, at the same time, a sink of iniquity and 
 hot-bed of crime. But in the midst of all 
 Clement maintained the profession of his faith, 
 fulfilled with zeal the duties of his vocation, 
 and testified, with unfailing Christian courage, 
 against the evils that prevailed. 
 
 His piety was, however, anything but of that 
 severe and sombre cast, "which under the pre- 
 text," as has been said, " of doing honour to 
 grace, despises nature." He was as cheerful 
 as he was sincere, and as hopeful as he was 
 earnest. " That which strikes us in Clement," 
 says De Pressense, "is his serenity. We feel that 
 
 he himself enjoys that deep and abiding peace, 
 
CLEMENT OF ROME. 47 
 
 which he urges upon others. It is impressed 
 on every page he writes, while his thoughts 
 flow on like a broad and quiet stream, never 
 swelling into a full, impetuous tide. The 
 commandments of God are, to use his own im- 
 pression, inscribed in the breadth and depth of 
 his heart. Hence the fulness of expression 
 which he gives to them. We feel that this 
 man has a great love for Jesus Christ, and calm 
 as is his nature, he finds words full of loftiness 
 and of fire when this is his theme. * Behold,' 
 he says, 'the way of our salvation, Christ Jesus, 
 the High Priest of our sacrifice, the Comforter, 
 and Strength of our weakness. Through Him 
 we rise to sit in heavenly places. He unveils 
 to us His face, glorious in holiness ; by Him the 
 eyes of our heart are opened, our barren and 
 darkened understanding expands beneath His 
 shining into marvellous light. God has been 
 pleased to reveal to us in Him the excellent 
 glory of His majesty, He being so much higher 
 
48 CLEMENT OF ROME. 
 
 than the angels, as He hath by inheritance a 
 more excellent name than they.'" 
 
 Clement is best known by the letter ascribed 
 to him, and addressed by the Church of Rome 
 to that at Corinth. " Though his name is not 
 mentioned either in the address, or the body of 
 the epistle, there can be no reasonable doubt 
 about the authorship. . . The direct proofs of 
 Clement being the writer are numerous, and 
 were early and widely admitted." 
 
 The object of the letter was to heal divisions 
 that had arisen in the Corinthian Church, 
 secure the restoration of the pastors who had 
 been unrighteously driven from their posts, and 
 effect the reformation or the expulsion of 
 unruly members. 
 
 The letter was widely known and highly 
 valued from the earliest times. It is referred to 
 by writers of the first and second centuries, and 
 by Polycarp, only a few years after its date. 
 
 In the course of it Clement refers to the 
 
CLEMENT OF ROME. 49 
 
 leading doctrines of Christianity, and is to be 
 
 received, from the time at which he lived, and 
 
 the character he possessed, as an important 
 
 witness to their truth. He speaks of God as 
 
 "the Framer and Creator of the world;" "the 
 
 Lord and Father of the ages ; " " the true and 
 
 only God;" "the Maker of man in His own 
 
 image;" and "the Pervader by His energy of 
 
 all the operations of nature." — He speaks of 
 
 Christ as "the Manifestation, Power, and Son of 
 
 God ;" as " pouring out His blood for man's 
 
 salvation ;" as "rising from the dead, and being 
 
 in His resurrection the first fruit of them that 
 
 sleep;" and as " reappearing to give to every 
 
 man according to His work." — He speaks of 
 
 the Spirit as poured out upon man, and as 
 
 influencing and guiding the minds of the 
 
 writers of Holy Writ. 
 
 But thus testifying to the principal doctrines 
 
 of Scripture he testifies, at the same time, to 
 
 the truth of Scripture itself, and to the fact, that 
 
 D 
 
50 CLEMENT OF ROME. 
 
 the sacred writings being then in existence and 
 circulation were not the production of a later 
 
 age. 
 
 " The kind of testimony to the New Testa- 
 ment which is obtained (from his writings) is," 
 says Canon Westcott, '' beyond all suspicion of 
 design : and, admitting the authenticity of the 
 records, above all contradiction. The Christian 
 Church as Clement describes it, exhibits a 
 fusion of elements which must have existed 
 separately at no distant period. Tradition 
 ascribes to him expressly the task of definitely 
 combining what was left still disunited by the 
 Apostles ; and we find that the very elements 
 which he recognized are exactly those, without 
 any omission or increase, which are preserved 
 to us in the New Testament, as stamped by 
 Apostolic authority. The other Fathers of the 
 first age, as will be seen, represent more or less 
 clearly, perhaps, some special form of Christian 
 teaching ; but Clement places them all side by 
 
CLEMENT OE ROME. 
 
 51 
 
 Side. They witness to the independent weight 
 of parts of the Canon, he ratifies generally the 
 claims of the whole," and so forms a strong and 
 important link in the chain of early Christian 
 evidence. 
 
PAPIAS. 
 
"Ye learned (the Gospel) of Epaphras our clear fellow- 
 servant, who is for you a faithful minister of Christ."— Col. i. 7. 
 
PAPIAS. 
 
 HiERAPOLIS, where Papias exercised his 
 ministry at the beginning of the second 
 century, was one of the three cities which 
 occupied the valley of the Lycus in Phrygia, 
 and to which S. Paul refers in his Epistle to the 
 Colossians. It stood on the north side of the 
 valley, facing Laodicea six miles to the south, 
 with the river flowing between them. Colossae 
 stood at a distance of ten or twelve miles 
 higher up the stream. Thus situated the 
 inhabitants would necessarily hold much inter- 
 course with one another, and all the more so 
 that they were occupied with the same trade in 
 dyed woollen goods. 
 
 " Like Laodicea, Hierapolis," says Lightfoot, 
 
56 PAPIAS. 
 
 " was in the days of the Apostles and onward an 
 important and growing city, though not 
 like Laodicea holding metropolitan rank. 
 Besides the trade in dyed wools, it had another 
 source of wealth and prosperity peculiar to it- 
 self. The streams to which the scenery around 
 owes its remarkable features, are endowed with 
 valuable medicinal qualities, while at the same 
 time they are so copious that the ancient city is 
 described as full of self-made baths .... To 
 this fashionable watering place, thus favoured 
 by nature, seekers of pleasure and seekers of 
 health alike were drawn. " 
 
 It was at Hierapolis that Epictetus the 
 greatest of heathen moralists was born. Though 
 the son of parents who occupied the very 
 humblest position in life, and many years the 
 slave of a master who treated him with the 
 greatest harshness and cruelty, he yet rose to 
 occupy the foremost place of the heathen 
 moralists and teachers of his day. Born about 
 
PAPIAS. 57 
 
 the date of the Crucifixion, he was growing up to 
 manhood, and unfolding his great natural powers, 
 at the time the Gospel was first introduced into 
 his native city. Whether he ever came into con- 
 tact with the first heralds of salvation there, or 
 with the Apostle Paul when he visited the place, 
 we have no means of knowing. It is not impro- 
 bable that he did, as there is often a marked 
 resemblance in his language to the words of 
 Scripture. 
 
 Of the early history of Papias little can be 
 said. The probability is that he was a Phrygian 
 by birth and a native of Hierapolis. 
 
 By whom he was first taught the truth of 
 the Gospel and led to make Christ his trust is 
 nowhere related. It might be by Epaphras, the 
 pastor of the church at Colossae and the earnest 
 propagator of the Faith in all the region round, 
 or by some zealous evangelist from Ephesus, 
 or by Philip of Bethsaida, the early friend and 
 fellow- townsman of S. John, and the first 
 
S8 PAPIAS. 
 
 Apostle who is recorded to have held com- 
 munication with the Gentiles. Here he died 
 and was buried ; and here after his decease 
 lived his two virgin daughters, who survived to 
 a very advanced age, and thus handed down to 
 the second century the traditions of the earliest 
 days of the Church. 
 
 But not only from the two daughters of 
 Philip did Papias learn much that he committed 
 to paper, but also, as he tells us, from Aristion 
 and John the presbyter, two personal disciples 
 of Christ. " He made it his business (so far as 
 his pastoral and evangelistic labours would 
 allow,) to gather traditions respecting the 
 sayings of the Saviour and His Apostles. 
 These he published in a work of five books 
 entitled An Exposition of the Oracles of the 
 Lord, using the information thus collected to 
 illustrate the discourses, and perhaps the doings, 
 of Christ as recorded in the Gospels." 
 
 Things are related by him, as received from 
 
PAPIAS. 59 
 
 others, which many have regarded as im- 
 probable and without warrant. But granted 
 that it is so, and that he was not always 
 sufficiently careful to sift the evidence for the 
 truth of what was told him, his testimony to the 
 truth of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and John, 
 and of other books of the New Testament pos- 
 sesses no small value. Unless he had been a man 
 of credibility and power, and also of soundness 
 in the faith, he would never have been received 
 by tolycarp as a companion, nor spoken of by 
 Irenseus as he was, and occupied the responsible 
 position in the Church to which he had been 
 raised. I therefore feel justified, from the early 
 testimonies that exist with regard to him, the 
 place that he occupied among the Christian men 
 of his day, his nearness to the times of the 
 Apostles, and the pains he was at to furnish 
 additional evidence of the truth of the gospel, 
 to make him a link in the chain of early testi- 
 mony to Christianity here given. 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 
 
Unblameable in word and thought 
 
 A man arises, God Himself hath taught, 
 
 To prove that without Christ all gain is loss, 
 
 All hope despair that stands not on His Cross.' 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 
 
 The sufficiency of the Gospel for men's require- 
 ments has been proved by the victories it has 
 won. It has triumphed in palaces as well as in 
 cottages, and been the instrument of life and 
 light to the learned as well as to the untaught. 
 It is the power of God for salvation to all who 
 believe it. Hence the classes from which the 
 membership of the Church is derived. The 
 language of S. Paul to the Corinthians may be : 
 "Ye see your calling brethren, how that not 
 many wise men after the flesh, not many 
 mighty, not many noble are called ;" and James 
 may ask of those he addresses : " Hath not 
 God chosen the poor of this world rich in faith, 
 and heirs of the kingdom which He hath 
 
64 yUSTIA MARTYR. 
 
 promised to them that love Him?" — Yet phil- 
 osophers as well as peasants are found at the 
 feet of Jesus, and men of learning and of no 
 education among the most ardent of His 
 adorers, and the most zealous of the advocates 
 of His claims. And thus it has ever been. 
 
 We accordingly find among the early wit- 
 nesses to the truth of Christianity, men of high 
 birth and men of low birth ; a Justin the 
 philosopher and a Blandina the slave. 
 
 Justin was born at Flavia Neapolis, near the 
 spot in Samaria where stood the ancient town 
 of Shechem. This was at the beginning of the 
 second century of the Christian era. He was 
 of Greek descent, and his parents, as may be 
 inferred from the education they gave him, and 
 the means he had for travel on reaching man- 
 hood, were persons of easy circumstances. 
 
 The scenes amid which he passed the years 
 of his childhood and youth were the fairest in 
 Palestine and as fruitful as they were beautiful. 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 65 
 
 They were also rich in historic associations. It 
 was here that Abraham pitched his tent and 
 reared his altar when he first entered the land 
 of Promise ; that Jacob sojourned for some 
 time on his return from Padan-aram ; that 
 Joseph had his portion and, ultimately, his 
 grave ; and that Jesus held his memorable 
 conversation with the woman of Samaria. 
 
 " It was here also, upon the sloping sides of 
 the neighbouring confronting hills, that the 
 blessing and the curse were so solemnly pro- 
 nounced in the days of Joshua. Six of the 
 tribes of Israel were stationed on the sides of 
 Gerizim and six on the sides of Ebal ; while in 
 the valley between was placed the ark of God, 
 with the priests and Levites standing round. 
 When all was thus arranged, and every man of 
 Israel held in his breath in anxious suspense, 
 the Levites in a clear loud voice uttered the 
 curses in the name of Jehovah. At every 
 
 pause, the six tribes on Ebal responded 'Amen.' 
 
 E 
 
66 yUS TIN MA R TYR. 
 
 Then the blessings were uttered with the same 
 deep solemnity, and the six tribes on Gerizim 
 responded to every blessing ' Amen.' It is not 
 difficult to understand how the united voices of 
 the band of Levites in the valley would be 
 heard by the multitudes that lined the hills on 
 either side, when it is remembered that the 
 sound floated upwards amid the stillness of 
 an assembly awed into deepest silence. The 
 lovely valley would form a noble sanctuary, 
 with the rocky mountains for its walls, and 
 heaven alone for its canopy. The mind can 
 scarcely conceive of a scene of truer sublimity 
 than would be witnessed at the moment a 
 covenanted nation bowed their heads before 
 the Lord, in such circumstances, and uttered 
 their loud Amen, alike to His promises and 
 His threatenings." 
 
 Amid such scenes then Justin passed his 
 earliest days, often climbing the heights of 
 such sacred memories and visiting Jacob's well, 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 67 
 
 sitting beneath the walls of Joseph's tomb and 
 learning from pilgrims thither the facts which 
 the places commemorated. 
 
 The travels referred to were made by Justin 
 in quest of truth. Many years, however, passed 
 before the object of his pursuit was attained. 
 He studied system after system of philosophy 
 but failed to gain what he sought for. His 
 thirst remained unappeased, and the restfulness 
 he longed to experience as remote from him as 
 ever. Meeting at length with one who pos- 
 sessed what he was anxious to know, he was 
 led by him to the study of the Scriptures, and 
 found at the feet of Jesus what all the schools of 
 philosophy he had entered had been unable to 
 supply. But he did not keep to himself what 
 now satisfied and delighted him. He went every- 
 where preaching the Word. Though retaining 
 his place among the scholars of the age, and 
 continuing the use of the philosopher's cloak, 
 he passed his time much more in teaching 
 
68 JUSTIN MARTYR. 
 
 Christian truth than what had been learned by 
 him in the School of Pythagoras or Plato. 
 He was henceforth a witness for Jesus. But 
 is not this what every one is intended to be 
 who bears His name "i Yet there are many 
 such who lift no testimony for Him. Men 
 around them, and associated with them, learn 
 nothing of Christ from them. Nor is the 
 absence of vocal testimony compensated for 
 by the divine likeness they manifest in their 
 temper and walk. They differ little, if anything, 
 in form and speech from the men of the world 
 about them. Is it so, dear reader, with you ? 
 Are you bearing no testimony for Him whose 
 disciple and servant you profess to be } Then 
 for what are you living .? You are Christ's 
 only so far as you act for Him. Hence His 
 own words ; " Not every one that saith unto 
 me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the king- 
 dom of heaven ; but he that doeth the will 
 of my Father who is in heaven." But all 
 
y USTIN MAR TYR. 69 
 
 who are in real union with Him live for Him, 
 and represent Him. "He that abidcth in me, 
 and I in him, the same bringeth forth much 
 fruit." No, you cannot be Christ's, by the 
 faith which worketh by love, and the indwel- 
 ling of His Spirit, and not show resemblance 
 to Him, and be the light of the world, and the 
 salt of the earth. 
 
 But Justin not only spoke for Christ, 
 he lurote of Him. Many works proceeded 
 from his pen. Of these, two Apologies or 
 Defences of Christianity addressed to the 
 Roman Emperors of his time, and a Dia- 
 logue he held with Trypho, a Jew, in which 
 he proved from the Old Testament that 
 Jesus was the Christ, survive. The dates of 
 these were about the middle of the second 
 century. 
 
 The testimony of Justin to the genuineness 
 of the Gospels and the truth of Christianity 
 possesses peculiar value, from the time at which 
 
70 JUSTIN MARTYR. 
 
 he lived, the scholarship for which he was marked, 
 and the pains he was at by travel and intercourse 
 with men to get to know the truth in its integrity 
 and fulness. That testimony as given in extenso 
 by Canon Westcott has been thus summarized 
 by Dr Kennedy: — "Justin tells us that Christ 
 was descended from Abraham through Jacob, 
 Judah, Phares, Jesse and David — that the angel 
 Gabriel was sent to foretell His birth to the 
 Virgin Mary — that this was a fulfilment of the 
 prophecy of Isaiah (vii. 14) — that Joseph was 
 forbidden in a vision to put away his espoused 
 wife, when he was so minded — that our Saviour's 
 birth at Bethlehem had been foretold by Micah 
 — that his parents went thither from Nazareth, 
 where they dwelt, in consequence of the enrol- 
 ment under Cyrenius — that as they could not 
 find a lodging in the village they lodged in a 
 cave close by it, where Christ was born, and 
 laid by Mary in a manger — that while there, 
 wise men from Arabia, guided by a star 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 71- 
 
 worsliipped Him, and offered Him gold and 
 frankincense and myrrh, and by revelation were 
 commanded not to return to Herod, to whom 
 they had first come — that He was called Jesus 
 as the Saviour of His people — that by the 
 command of God His parents fled with Him 
 to Egypt, for fear of Herod, and remained there 
 till Archelaus succeeded him — that Herod, 
 being deceived by the wise men, commanded 
 the children of Bethlehem to be put to death, so 
 that the prophecy of Jeremiah was fulfilled, who 
 spoke of Rachel weeping for her children — that 
 Jesus grew after the common manner of men, 
 working as a carpenter, and so waited in 
 obscurity thirty years, more or less, till the com- 
 ing of John the Baptist. 
 
 '* He tells us, moreover, that this John, the son 
 of Elizabeth, came preaching by the Jordan the 
 baptism of repentance, wearing a leathern girdle 
 and a raiment of camel's hair, and eating only 
 locusts and wild honey — that men supposed he 
 
72 JUS TIN MA R TYR. 
 
 was the Christ, to whom he answered, */ am 
 not the Christy but a voice of one crying : for He 
 that is mightier than I will soon come (v^^'), whose 
 sandals I am not tvorthy to bear' — that when 
 Jesus descended into the Jordan to be baptised 
 by him a fire was kindled in the river, and when 
 He came up out of the water the Holy Spirit 
 as a dove lighted upon Him, and a voice came 
 from heaven, saying, * Tho2L art my Son ; this 
 day have I begotten Thee' — that immediately 
 after His baptism the devil came to Jesus and 
 tempted Him, bidding Him at last to worship 
 him. He further adds that Christ Himself 
 recognised John as the Elias who should precede 
 Him, * to whom men had done whatsoever they 
 listed ; ' and thus he relates how Herod put John 
 into prison, and how the daughter of Herodias 
 danced before the King on his birthday and 
 pleased him, so that he promised to grant her 
 anything she wished, and that she, by her 
 mother's desire, asked for the head of John to 
 
JUS TIN MA R TYR. 73 
 
 be given her on a charger, and that so John was 
 put to death. 
 
 "Henceforth, after speaking in general terms 
 of the miracles of Christ, how He healed all 
 manner of sickness and disease^ Justin says little 
 of the details of His life till the last great events. 
 Then he narrates Christ's triumphal entry into 
 Jerusalem from Bethphage, as a fulfilment of 
 prophecy, the (second) cleansing of the Temple, 
 the conspiracy against Him, the institution of 
 the Eucharist for the remembrance of Hiniy the 
 singing of the psalm afterwards, the agony 
 at night on the Mount of Olives, at which three 
 of His disciples were present ; the prayer, the 
 bloody sweat, the arrest, the flight of the 
 Apostles, the silence before Pilate, the remand 
 to Herod, the crucifixion, the division of Christ's 
 raiment by lot, the signs and words of mockery 
 of the bystanders, the cry of sorrow, the last 
 words of resignation, the burial on the evening 
 of the day of the Passion, the Resurrection on 
 
74 JUS TIN MA R TYR. 
 
 Sunday, the appearance to the Apostles and 
 disciples, how Christ opened to them the 
 Scriptures, the calumnies of the Jews, the com- 
 mission to the Apostles, the Ascension. 
 
 "(2) It is beyond controversy that Justin seems 
 to quote from our Gospels — that is, that many 
 passages in his writings are identical or nearly 
 identical with passages in our Gospels. For 
 example : in his first Apology we read, {a) ' At 
 the same time an angel was sent to the same 
 virgin, saying. Behold, thou shalt conceive in 
 thy womb by the Holy Ghost, and thou shalt 
 bring forth a son, and he shall be called the Son 
 of the Highest. And thou shalt call His name 
 Jesus, for He shall save His people from their 
 sins, as they have taught who have written the 
 history of all things concerning our Saviour Jesus 
 Christ. And we believe them.' (Matt. i. 20, 21 ; 
 comp. Luke i. 31.) (l?) In his Dialogue — 'And it 
 is written in the Gospel that He said : All things 
 are delivered to Me of the Father. And no man 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 75 
 
 knoweth the Father, but the Son : neither the 
 Son save the Father and they to whom the Son 
 will reveal Him.' (Matt. xi. 27.) {c) 'And the 
 Virgin Mary, having been filled with faith and 
 joy when the angel Gabriel brought her good 
 tidings, that the Spirit of the Lord should come 
 upon her, and the power of the Highest over- 
 shadow her, and therefore that holy thing born 
 of her should be the Son of God, answered. Be 
 it unto me according to thy word.' (Luke i. 35, 
 1%) {d) Speaking of John the Baptist, 'They 
 suspected him to be the Christ : to whom he 
 said, I am not the Christ, but the voice of one 
 crying : there will come One mightier than me, 
 whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to bear.' 
 (John i. 20, 23, 27; comp. Matt. iii. 11, Luke 
 iii. 16.) 
 
 " (3) It is beyond controversy that Justin does 
 quote from some written Gospels, or appeals to 
 them as the source of his information. Thus 
 speaking of the Lord's Supper, he says, * For 
 
76 JUSTIN MARTYR. 
 
 the apostles in the memoirs composed by them, 
 which are called Gospels, have thus delivered it, 
 that Jesus commanded them to take bread, and 
 give thanks.' (Comp. Matt. xxvi. 26, Mark xiv. 
 22, Luke xxii. 19, 20.) Again 'For in the 
 commentaries which, as I have said, were com- 
 posed by the apostles and their followers (or 
 companions), it is written, that His sweat fell 
 like drops of blood as He prayed, saying. If it 
 be possible, let this cup pass from me.' (Comp. 
 Luke xxii. 42, and Matt. xxvi. 39.) 
 
 " Giving an account of the Christian worship 
 to the Emperor, in the first Apology, he says, 
 * The memoirs of the apostles, or the writings 
 of the prophets, are read according as the time 
 allows ; and when the reader has ended, the 
 President makes a discourse exhorting to the 
 imitation of so excellent things.' Trypho, the 
 Jew, is represented by Justin as saying, ' I am 
 sensible that the precepts in your Gospel, as 
 it is called, are so great and wonderful that 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 77 
 
 I think it impossible for any man to keep 
 them. For I have been at the pains to read 
 them.' 
 
 " Now looking at these facts," adds Dr 
 Kennedy, "and at the fact that the gospels 
 referred to by Justin are described by him as 
 written by Apostles and their followers or coin- 
 panions — a description corresponding exactly 
 with the authorship of our Four Gospels — the 
 question that is open to debate is, whether our 
 gospels are the very gospels that were in 
 Justin's hands, and which were read publicly in 
 the Christian assemblies in his times. This 
 question has been threshed out so completely 
 that nothing new can be said upon it. On the 
 one side, it is maintained that the variations 
 from the text of our gospels are such as cannot 
 be accounted for on the supposition that 
 Justin had these gospels before him. On the 
 other side, it is maintained that these variations 
 are only such as may easily be accounted for on 
 
78 JUSTIN MARTYR. 
 
 the supposition that Justin quoted from memory 
 and that he often put together into one, even as 
 writers and preachers do still, the substance 
 of various passages ; especially when it is re- 
 membered that he was addressing Heathen 
 Emperors, for whom chapter and verse, and a 
 literary transcript of words, were of no con- 
 sequence." 
 
 Justin was at last called upon to suffer a 
 martyr's death for the doctrines he believed, and 
 which, for many years he had taught and de- 
 fended with more than ordinary ability and zeal. 
 Summoned, with six companions, before Rus- 
 ticus, the Prefect of the city of Rome, he made 
 a noble confession of the Truth, triumphantly 
 answered every objection brought against it, 
 and refused to be drawn or driven from his 
 loyalty to Christ. The sentence was at last 
 pronounced in these words ; " Let those who 
 have refused to sacrifice to the gods, and to 
 yield to the command of the Emperor, be 
 
JUSTIN MARTYR. 79 
 
 scourged and led away, suffering the penalty of 
 decapitation according to the laws;" but neither 
 Justin nor his fellow confessors were moved by 
 its utterance. They left the bar of their judge 
 for the place of execution neither with heavy 
 steps nor down-cast look, but with mutual 
 congratulations and joy, in that they were 
 counted worthy to suffer for the name of Jesus, 
 and to perfect their testimony to His claims in 
 a way that would give impetus to His cause, 
 and heighten men's estimate of His grace 
 and truth. 
 
IREN^US. 
 
** From new-born Lyons oft thy memory turn'd 
 Unto the earHer East, and fondly yearn'd 
 For Polycarp and Smyrna, and the youth 
 Of grave Religion fair." — Rev. J. Williams. 
 
IREN^US. 
 
 LVONS, where Ireneeus passed the greater part 
 of his life, and which became at an early period 
 the seat of a Christian bishopric, is one of the 
 largest and finest cities of France. Situated at 
 the junction of the Saone and Rhone, in the 
 midst of a rich and fruitful region, and where it 
 commands the trade of the Mediterranean and 
 of the interior of the land, it soon rose to im- 
 portance as a centre of commerce, and the seat 
 of a Roman colony, and drew to itself men from 
 many lands. 
 
 From its position and influence it early 
 attracted the attention of the Churches that 
 were spreading the gospel in different directions. 
 The result was the commission, by the Christian 
 
84 IREN^US. 
 
 community at Smyrna, of a number of its mem- 
 bers with Pothinus at their head, to make a 
 settlement there. The light thus kindled on the 
 banks of the Rhone spread with rapidity, 
 illuminated the darkness of many minds, and 
 revealed to multitudes the hollowness of 
 idolatry. 
 
 Irenseus was subsequently sent by the same 
 church to co-operate with Pothinus, and 
 strengthen the mission of Western Gaul. 
 
 Born about the year 130 A.D., and of Greek 
 extraction, Irenseus had the privilege of enjoy- 
 ing the instructions of the holy Polycarp, and of 
 being taught by him the knowledge of divine 
 truth, and the character of the heresies that were 
 troubling the churches. He was thus prepared 
 for the position of usefulness and power he 
 afterwards held. 
 
 How long he enjoyed the privilege of listen- 
 ing to Polycarp, and hearing from him what 
 had been learnt from the Apostle John, we are 
 
IREN^US. 85 
 
 not informed. But he ever remembered with 
 thankfuhiess and delight the advantages he 
 then enjoyed and prized. Writing in old 
 age to Florinus, who had sat with him at the 
 feet of the Bishop of Smyrna, but who had 
 departed from the truth, he says : " The 
 doctrines, Florinus, you have embraced are not 
 those of a sound judgment, nor what you 
 learnt from others in youth. For I saw you 
 when I was yet a boy, in lower Asia, with 
 Polycarp. I better remember the affairs of 
 that time than those which have happened 
 lately; for the things which we learn in our 
 childhood grow up with the soul and unite 
 themselves to it. I can tell, therefore, the place 
 in which the blessed Polycarp sat and taught, 
 and his going out and his coming in, and the 
 manner of his life, and the form of his person, 
 and the discourses he made to the people ; and 
 how he related his conversation with John and 
 others who had seen the Lord ; and how he 
 
86 IRE N^ US. 
 
 related their sayings, and what he had heard 
 from them concerning the Lord ; both concern- 
 ing His miracles and His doctrine, as he had 
 received them from the eye-witnesses of the 
 Word of Life ; all which Polycarp related 
 agreeable to the Scriptures. These things I 
 then, through the mercy of God toward me, 
 diligently heard and attended to, recording them 
 not upon paper but upon my heart. And 
 through the grace of God I continually renew 
 the remembrance of them. And I can affirm, 
 in the presence of God, that if this blessed and 
 Apostolic Presbyter had heard any such thing 
 as you now utter, he would have cried out and 
 stopped his ears, and, according to his custom, 
 would have said, 'Good God, to what times 
 hast Thou reserved me that I should hear such 
 things !' and he would have fled from the place 
 in which he was sitting or standing, when he 
 heard such words. And as much may be per- 
 ceived from his Epistles, which he sent to 
 
IRENACUS. ^y 
 
 neighbouring churches, establishing them ; or to 
 some of the brethren, instructing and admonish- 
 ing them." 
 
 Reaching Lyons, Irenaeus threw himself with 
 ardour into the work of evangelization he found 
 carried on by the Church there. We can con- 
 ceive of him therefore bearing the Gospel into 
 parts on Alpine slopes or Mediterranean shores 
 where the voice of no herald of salvation had 
 yet been heard. Nor would such labour be 
 fulfilled by him in vain. From the intelligence 
 and earnestness with which he held and taught 
 the truth, the faith in the living and present 
 Christ he exercised, and the entireness of his 
 personal consecration to his work, we may 
 warrantably conclude that great good was done 
 by him, and many led to turn from the worship 
 of dumb idols to the service of the living and 
 true God. 
 
 But in the midst of his usefulness he was 
 arrested by the outbreak of one of the cruellest 
 
88 IRENMUS. 
 
 and deadliest persecutions that ever assailed the 
 Church. It fell with special severity on the 
 Christians in Gaul. In the account of it given 
 by the Churches in Lyons and Vienne to those 
 of Asia and Phrygia, we read that the Chris- 
 tians were shut out from the baths and forum, 
 where they had hitherto freely resorted, and 
 even from the houses of friends. They were 
 forbidden to appear anywhere, and when seen 
 in the streets were hooted, and stoned, and, 
 in many cases, seized and thrown into prison. 
 Charged with being the causes of the calamities 
 which afflicted the Empire, they were con- 
 demned to the severest punishment. ''Those 
 who were not examined by tortures were 
 cruelly used in prison, placed in the stocks so 
 as to stretch their limbs frightfully, ill-fed, and 
 heaped together in noisome cells, where 
 murderers died. The venerable Bishop, Po- 
 thinus, ninety years old, and in broken health, 
 with a heavy oppression in breathing was 
 
IREN^US. 89 
 
 apprehended, and dragged by soldiers to the 
 judgment seat, followed by a mob who beat 
 and insulted him, but all was borne by him 
 with heroic Christian meekness. 
 
 " Beaten, with clothes torn and covered with 
 mire, and hardly able to breathe, the saintly 
 old man was hurried to the dungeon where his 
 faithful fellow-sufferers received and tended 
 him until two days after, when he expired from 
 the treatment he had received, and the dark, 
 stifling atmosphere he was unable to breathe, 
 but in calmness of spirit and surrounded by 
 loving friends. 
 
 " So died the last pupil of S. John, the gentle, 
 worn-out, old shepherd of Lyons, and passed to 
 his martyr-crown." 
 
 That some should have yielded to the force 
 of such a storm of violence and destructiveness, 
 is not a thing to be wondered at. Yet they 
 were few who did so, and even these for the 
 most part, did so for a short while only. But 
 
90 IRENMUS. 
 
 the majority maintained their confidence with 
 stedfastness unto the end. No form of death 
 held up before them drove them from their 
 faith in Christ, nor could they be made by 
 any of the tortures to which they were sub- 
 jected to betray their brethren, or offer in- 
 cense to the statues of deceased Emperors, or 
 the idols they had abandoned. They walked 
 as with the steps of kings, through fire and 
 amphitheatre to the wealthy place awaiting 
 them in the presence of their Lord. They 
 triumphed at the stake and waited with un- 
 faltering firmness the rush of the bull, goaded 
 to madness, that was to toss and gore them to 
 death. 
 
 And those who manifested and maintained 
 this attitude of Christian fortitude were not the 
 strong, experienced, and educated only, but 
 slave girls and lads in their teens. 
 
 " On the last day of the gladiatorial shows, 
 now held at Lyons, Blandina, the slave girl who 
 
IRENMUS. 
 
 had already endured unheard-of tortures, was 
 brought into the amphitheatre, along with 
 Ponticus, a boy of fifteen years of age. These 
 two had been taken daily to the amphitheatre 
 to see the sufferings which others endured, and 
 force was used to compel them to swear by the 
 idols of the heathen ; but on account of their 
 remaining steadfast, and setting all their de- 
 vices at naught, the multitude were furious 
 against them, so as neither to pity the tender 
 years of the boy, nor to respect the sex of the 
 woman. Accordingly, they exposed them to 
 every terror and inflicted on them every torture, 
 repeatedly trying to compel them to swear. 
 But they failed in effecting this, for Ponticus, 
 encouraged by his sister, so plainly indeed, that 
 even the heathens saw that it was she that 
 encouraged and confirmed him, after enduring 
 nobly every kind of torture, gave up the ghost ; 
 while the blessed Blandina, last of all, after 
 having like a noble mother encouraged her 
 
92 IREN^EUS. 
 
 children and sent them on before her, victorious 
 to the king, trod the same path of conflict which 
 her children had trod, hastening on to them 
 with joy and exultation at her departure, not as 
 one thrown to the wild beasts, but as one invited 
 to a marriage supper, and after she had been 
 scourged and exposed to the wild beasts and 
 roasted in the iron chair, she was at last inclosed 
 in a net and cast before a bull. After having 
 been tossed by the animal, though without any 
 feeling of what was happening to her through 
 her hope and firm hold of what had been en- 
 trusted to her and her converse with Christ, she 
 was also sacrificed, the heathen themselves ac- 
 knowledging that never among them did woman 
 endure so many and such fearful tortures." O, 
 but what cannot Christ do for His servants ? 
 He can make them anywhere triumphant. 
 
 The number that fell in this persecution, 
 which took place about 177 A.D., and under the 
 reign of Marcus Aurelius, was very large. By 
 
IRENMUS. 
 
 93 
 
 what means IreiiDeus escaped it with his Hfe, 
 and even without harm, we are not told ; but 
 shortly after he was at Rome appealing to the 
 sympathy of the Christians there on behalf of 
 the much-suffering martyrs of Lyons," and 
 combatting errors that were becoming more 
 and more rife. Returning to Gaul he found 
 himself elected to fill the office of the deceased 
 Pothinus. He knew the danger as well as 
 responsibility attaching to the post, yet hesitated 
 not to enter upon its duties. " He counted not 
 his life dear to him so that he might finish with 
 joy the ministry he had received of the Lord 
 Jesus." He was as faithful and earnest in the 
 fulfilment of the duties of a Chief Pastor as he 
 had been in the performance of those of an 
 Evangelist. He carried the Gospel not only to 
 the greater part of the inhabitants of Lyons, 
 but to many beyond. But he was as busy with 
 his pen as with his tongue. He now wrote his 
 great work of Five Books " Against Heresies." 
 
94 IREN^US. 
 
 He not only, in that work, details and con- 
 futes the errors which he sets himself to expose, 
 but bears ample testimony to the genuineness 
 of the Gospels, and the truth of Christianity. 
 He attributes the Gospels to those whose names 
 they bear ; quotes from twelve of S. Paul's 
 Epistles as the production of the Apostle's pen, 
 and refers again and again, with only two or 
 three exceptions, to the other parts of the New 
 Testament as of canonical or divine authority. 
 Of his four hundred quotations from the Gospels 
 eighty are from that of S. John. 
 
 The importance of such a witness as Irenaeus 
 to the truth of Scripture is not to be over-esti- 
 mated. As the pupil of Polycarp, and separated 
 by only a single life from Apostolic times, 
 favoured with many opportunities of knowing 
 the general mind of the Church as to the books 
 that were received as canonical and those that 
 were not, and possessed of an honesty and 
 intelligence which eminently fitted him for 
 
IRENMUS. 95 
 
 witnessing to the authenticity and genuineness 
 of the Word of God, special value attaches to 
 his testimony. 
 
 His experience accorded with his belief. 
 What he received as divine he had the joy of 
 realizing to be such in the day of trial and the 
 hour of death. Only that which was above 
 nature, and more than human, could have 
 yielded him the support and comfort he ex- 
 perienced amid the martyr sufferings which 
 ended his earthly life — but that was the Gospel 
 he had preached and testified to as the truth 
 of God. 
 
 In 202 A.D,, and under the reign of the 
 Emperor Sevcrus, another outburst of popular 
 fury at Lyons assailed the professors of Christi- 
 anity. Among those who fell before the storm 
 was the venerable pastor himself But the tempest 
 did no harm to his faith. He knew in whom 
 he believed, and laid his head as peacefully upon 
 the block as he had often laid it upon his pillow. 
 
HEGESIPPUS. 
 
"The Gospel which is come unto you, as it is in all the 
 world ; and bringeth forth fruit, as it doth also in you, since 
 the day you heard of it, and knew the grace of God in truth. " 
 — Col. i, 6. 
 
HEGESIPPUS. 
 
 Hegesippus belonged to the middle of the 
 second century, was of Jewish extraction, and a 
 native of Syria. Led to receive Christianity he 
 gave himself to the task of collecting evidences 
 of Its truthfulness, for the establishment first 
 of his own faith, and then of that of believers 
 generally. In the accomplishment of his self- 
 chosen work he visited many Churches and 
 travelled to different lands, and embodied the 
 result of his inquiries and observations in a 
 work of five books — which, though no longer 
 existing as a whole, yet survives in the main, 
 in extracts, in Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. 
 The testimony borne by Hegesippus in those 
 extracts to the genuineness of the Gospels and 
 the character of Christ, Is specially valuable 
 
loo HEGESTPPUS. 
 
 from the pains he was at in getting the 
 information he gives and the facts he 
 adduces. 
 
 " He went," as has been said, "from Church to 
 Church, and from bishop to bishop, seeing with his 
 own eyes, and hearing with his own ears, their 
 testimony to the Truth. What we gather, pain- 
 fully and imperfectly, from lifeless letters, and 
 are afraid to commit to memory, he enjoyed 
 in the full life of personal conversation with holy 
 men. Their persons, their gesture, their tone 
 of voice deeply impressed, and fixed their com- 
 munications on his mind. Instead of the 
 massive volume, and the numbered page, he 
 carried in his memory what he saw and heard, 
 and then, in due time, gave it in writing to the 
 Church for her instruction and confirmation of 
 faith. Toil was in every respect a pleasure to 
 him. He found, moreover, he could satisfy 
 upon the spot many doubts by question and 
 answer, whilst a mere nod would often clear up 
 
HEGESIPPUS. loi 
 
 to him what we are compelled to leave in 
 irremediable uncertainty." 
 
 He was privileged to enjoy in the field of 
 service he occupied for Christianity many fellow- 
 labourers. Polycarp was still lifting on high the 
 light of Life in the City of Smyrna, — Justin 
 Martyr writing his defences of his suffering 
 brethren in the faith, — Dionysiiis of Corinth 
 sending letters of counsel to various churches, — 
 Melito of Sardis penning his treatises on Truth, 
 Prophecy, The Lord's Day, and the Revelation 
 of St John, and Athenagoras giving to the world 
 his Discourse on the Resurrection, and his 
 Apology for the Christians. 
 
 How far Hegesippus had personal intercourse 
 with these fellow-witnesses, we are not told. 
 He was however in full sympathy with them 
 in their appreciation of the claims of Scripture 
 and Christ. The faith which they exercised 
 was his, — embracing the verity of the gospels 
 and the Messiahship of Jesus, the Son of Mary. 
 
I02 HEGESIPPUS. 
 
 He lived in eventful times. Among the things 
 he was permitted to witness was the final over- 
 throw and dispersion of his countrymen, the 
 Jews. Pagan worship having been introduced 
 to the city which occupied the site of Jerusalem, 
 and circumcision been forbidden by an imperial 
 edict, the Jews, under the leadership of 
 Barcochab, a pretended Messiah, flew to arms, 
 and undertook afresh to throw off the hated 
 yoke. The war, which lasted for several years, 
 ended in the destruction of more than half a 
 million of the posterity of Abraham, and the 
 reduction to slavery of those who outlived the 
 sword. Though deeply affected by the calamity, 
 Hegesippus saw in it a fulfilment of the predic- 
 tion of Christ, and a confirmation of the faith 
 he exercised. 
 
 But though the Jews, the implacable enemies 
 of the Christians, were thus reduced and 
 scattered, believers continued to be accused, 
 condemned, and put to death. Still the 
 
HEGESIPPVS. 103 
 
 emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, under 
 whose reigns Hegesippus lived, gave no counte- 
 nance to these persecutions, but discouraged 
 and forbade them. The divinity of Christianity 
 was triumphantly proved by its growth in the 
 face of such oppositions and hindrances, and by 
 the way in which the disciples of Christ bore 
 the sufferings to which they were unrighteously 
 subjected. So Hegesippus and others felt and 
 argued. 
 
 " The pursuit of the object of his search would 
 necessarily bring Hegesippus upon the track 
 of S. Paul ; and at Antioch he would find, still 
 pure and fresh, the tradition which Ignatius had 
 taken such pains to maintain inviolate. Amid 
 the Asiatic Churches he would come into the 
 full tide of the tradition flowing from the two 
 Apostles, Paul and John, and at Smyrna might 
 converse with Polycarp, if, indeed, he did not 
 meet him afterwards at Rome. The Churches 
 of Macedonia, with Philippi at their head, would 
 
104 HEGESIPPUS. 
 
 receive him next, and show themselves standing 
 fast in the traditions which they had been 
 taught, whether by word or by epistle. He 
 would then arrive at Corinth, the only place, 
 specially mentioned, that he visited in his 
 journey from Jerusalem to Rome. 
 
 " The capital of the world at length contained 
 the only Church awaiting the visit of the Chris- 
 tian traveller and inquirer. Arriving within its 
 walls it offered singular provocations both to 
 joy and sorrow. As he passed through the 
 streets he would behold, towering aloft amid 
 other proud monuments, the triumphal arch of 
 Titus which proclaimed the hateful tale of the 
 utter overthrow of his country, and might lead 
 him to avert his face in sorrow and shame. But 
 he would turn from the representation of the 
 furniture of the Temple, carved upon that 
 structure, to the living furniture of a living 
 Temple, which was in Rome in all the beauty 
 of holiness. There he found priests clad in 
 
HEGESIPPUS. 105 
 
 righteousness, and was embraced in the arms of 
 brethren. Anicetus was then bishop, and he, 
 who found himself so blessed by the visit of 
 Polycarp, and Justin Martyr, would not be slow 
 in showing Hegesippus all the hospitality for 
 which the chief pastors of Rome possessed so 
 high a character. Here, under favourable cir- 
 cumstances, he pursued his object ; and, after 
 due investigation, composed a work on the 
 succession of the bishops of Rome down to the 
 time then passing. Thus he fulfilled his object, 
 and was able to assure the Christian world, in 
 the face of all heretics, that, throughout his 
 whole journey, he had found in every Church, 
 and in every succession of pastors, all things in 
 accordance with the preaching of the law, 
 the Prophets, and the Lord." 
 
 "We cannot quit Hegesippus," says the 
 writer from whom we have quoted, " with- 
 out casting one more look upon his journey 
 from Church to Church. In the pursuit of 
 
io6 HEGESIPPUS. 
 
 truth, this holy man underwent a long fatigue 
 of body and mind. But it was lightened and 
 turned into refreshment by that inward satis- 
 faction which rewards such an undertaking. 
 He fo7md the truth triiimphant everywhere ; 
 everywhere the law, everywhere the prophets, 
 everywhere the Lord. His forefather Abraham 
 was not so blest in his long pilgrimage ; for, 
 though fortified occasionally with fresh renewals 
 of the promise, he wandered among strangers 
 both to himself and to God. The truth was 
 restricted to himself alone, whithersoever he 
 came. But this his child, who had obtained 
 the fulfilment of the promises, found comfort 
 at each halting place in its travels. He met 
 a Melchisedec in every city, who refreshed not 
 only his body, but also his soul, with the true 
 bread and wine ; and he and they were one in 
 the Lord, through one loaf and one cup, through 
 one faith and one spirit. When he came to a 
 strange city he was no stranger the moment 
 
HEGESIPPUS. 107 
 
 he presented himself to its Church. A holy 
 family was ready to take him in. The 
 Bishop and his Presbyters received him among 
 them, and opened to him all the history of 
 their Church, and his visit ended with the 
 delight of finding the same undefiled faith, and 
 of course the same Christian charity ; the kiss 
 of peace and the prayers of the brethren dis- 
 missing him full of heavenly joy on his road to 
 another Church, there again to be received in 
 the open arms of the love which is the fruit of 
 true faith. Thus he went from blessing to 
 blessing, and from the blessed to the blessed. 
 How different (as he might have thankfully 
 reflected) was the reception which the Apostle 
 of the Gentiles had experienced on tracing the 
 very path he now trod. He had to acquire 
 friends and helpers in every city. Wherever 
 he arrived he found the law professed, the 
 prophets believed in, though not understood, 
 but nowhere the Lord. Hegcsippus was now 
 
io8 HEGESIPPUS. 
 
 reaping in joy what that sower of the Word 
 had sown in sorrow and tears, in weakness 
 and destitution. Such thoughts would add to 
 his blessedness." 
 
 Hegesippus, as a theologian, might not be all 
 that one could have wished, but as a witness to 
 the truth of the teaching of the New Testament 
 he occupied no unimportant place among the 
 men whose testimonies to Christian doctrine are 
 here given. From the nearness of his times to 
 apostolic days, the men whom he consulted on 
 the object of his inquiry, and the care he took 
 in the arrangement of his arguments and facts, 
 he is to be regarded as supplying no little 
 certainty to the foundation of our hope. 
 
HIPPOLYTUS. 
 
" 1 could have deem'd one spake from heaven, 
 Of hope and joy, of life and death, 
 And immortality through faith." — Archbishop Trench. 
 
HIPPOLYTUS. 
 
 HiProLYTUS was born in the latter half of the 
 second century, and, as is most probable, of 
 pagan parents, and in Italy. Fond of know- 
 ledge and possessed of the means of obtaining 
 it, he travelled, as soon as of age to do so, from 
 one place to another in the pursuit of it. Many 
 lands were thus visited by him. Now he was 
 to be seen in one school of learning and then in 
 another ; here at the feet of some Greek philo- 
 sopher, and there at those of the aged Irenaeus 
 at Lyons ; at one time in the distant east, and 
 at another in the far west. 
 
 Finding everywhere the same faith and wor- 
 ship, and men of all conditions and languages 
 confessing and trusting in Christ as their 
 
112 HIPPOLYTUS. 
 
 Saviour, he was led to consider the claims of 
 Christianity, and then to accept the Gospel as 
 the message of God's love and mercy to men. 
 Settling at Rome, and giving evidence of the 
 reality of his conversion, and of his fitness for 
 usefulness in the Church, he was ordained to the 
 office of elder, and shortly afterwards took the 
 oversight of the Church in Portus at the mouth 
 of the Tiber. Here he soon became known. 
 His fame as a preacher drew around him men 
 from all quarters, who were moved by his elo- 
 quence and instructed by his discourses. 
 
 Here he wrote his commentaries on most of 
 the books of the Old and New Testaments, and 
 also his treatises on Antichrist and the gifts of 
 the Holy Spirit ; on God and the resurrection of 
 the body ; on good, and the origin of evil, &c. 
 He thus became the teacher of many who had 
 no opportunity of listening to his oral instruc- 
 tions, and the means of serving the cause of 
 truth far beyond the sphere of his ministry at 
 
HIPPOLYTUS. 113 
 
 the port of Rome. Strongly opposed to the 
 growing usurpations of the hierarchy and the 
 spreading errors of the times, he did much by 
 his preaching and writings to check the 
 advance of both, and aid the triumphs of the 
 Gospel among men. He was one of the ablest 
 champions of the truth of his times, and bore 
 convincing testimony to the genuineness of the 
 Gospels and the verity of Revelation. It is 
 thus, for example, he discourses on the central 
 doctrine of the Incarnation : — " In the person 
 of Jesus, God was manifest in the body, going 
 forth perfect man ; for not in mere appearance, 
 nor by change, but truly, did he become man. 
 
 "And so, though he were God, yet did He 
 not refuse any conditions of the humanity He 
 bore. He hungers, and toils, and wearies, and 
 thirsts in His weariness ; He flees through fear, 
 and prays out of tribulation, and He who as God 
 has a sleepless nature, slumbers on a pillow; He 
 shudders at the cup of His passion, though for 
 
 H 
 
114 HIPPO LYTUS. 
 
 this end He was present in the world, and in 
 His agony he sweats blood, and is strengthened 
 by an angel, Himself strengthening all that 
 believe in Him, and teaching them by His 
 example, to overcome the fear of death. He 
 who knew Judas, and what was in him, is 
 betrayed by Judas. By Caiaphas He is dis- 
 honoured, though as God He had been honoured 
 by Caiaphas with sacrifice and offering. By 
 Herod He is set at nought, by Pilate cruelly 
 scourged, and by the soldiers mocked, though at 
 His word thousands of thousands, and ten 
 thousand times ten thousand of angels and 
 archangels stand obedient. He who stretched 
 out the heaven as a curtain is stretched by the 
 Jews on the accursed tree. The Inseparable from 
 the Father cries to the Father, and commends 
 to Him His spirit, and bowing His head, gives 
 up the ghost. And because He was un- 
 subdued by death, He said, being Himself 
 the Life, *I lay it down of myself The 
 
HIPPOLYTUS. 115 
 
 bountiful Giver of all life has His side pierced 
 with a spear, and the Raiser of the dead is 
 wrapped in linen cloth and laid in a sepulchre, 
 but the third day is raised by the Father 
 to be 'the Resurrection and the Life.' All 
 these things He accomplished for its, who, 
 for our sakes, became as we are. For Him- 
 self hath borne our griefs and carried our 
 sorrows, and for us was afflicted, as saith the 
 prophet Esaias. This is He who was lauded in 
 the hymn of the angels, seen of the shepherds, 
 waited for by Simeon, and witnessed to by 
 Anna. This is He who was sought after by the 
 Magi, and discovered by the star. This is He 
 who lingered in His Father's house, and was 
 pointed out by John, and was witnessed to by 
 the Father from above in these words, ' This is 
 my beloved Son, hear ye Him.' This is He 
 who is crowned as the conqueror of the devil, 
 who was invited to the marriage in Cana, and 
 changed the water into wine ; rebuked the sea 
 
ii6 HIPPOLYTUS, 
 
 when it raged under the violence of the winds, 
 and walked upon the waters as on dry land ; 
 gave sight to him that was born blind, and 
 raised Lazarus from the dead ; performed 
 manifold mighty works, and gave power to 
 His disciples. Blood and water flowed from 
 His holy side when pierced with the spear. 
 For His sake the sun is darkened, and the 
 day has no light, the rocks are cleft, and the 
 veil is rent. The foundations of the earth 
 are shaken, the graves are opened, and the 
 dead arise. The rulers are ashamed when they 
 at length see upon the cross the controller of all 
 nature drooping His head and yielding up the 
 ghost. Creation sees and is troubled, and, 
 unable to approach and view His exceeding 
 glory, shrinks into darkness. This is He who 
 breathed the Spirit upon the disciples, and 
 enters among them, the door being shut ; who 
 is taken up into the heavens, a cloud receiving 
 Him out of men's sight ; who is set down at the 
 
HIPPOLYTUS. 117 
 
 right hand of the Father, and comes as judge of 
 quick and dead. This is God, who for our 
 sakes became man, and to whom the Father 
 hath made all things subject. To Him be 
 glory and might, with the Father and the Holy 
 Ghost, in the holy Church, both now and 
 always, even for evermore." 
 
 Such were the truths that Hippolytus rung 
 out from the pulpit at Ostia, and in the hearing 
 of men from many lands ; by which he moved 
 the hearts of Gauls and Egyptians, traders from 
 the west and travellers from the east, Greeks 
 and Romans, and led many to leave their idola- 
 tries and become the worshippers of the living 
 and true God. 
 
 And thus he taught and testified at the very 
 time that imperial edicts against the disciples of 
 the Lord were rapidly succeeding one another, 
 and martyrdoms, by the cruellest forms of 
 death, were in every direction taking place. 
 But by nothing was the faithful Bishop of 
 
ii8 HIPIOLYTUS. 
 
 Portus to be awed and silenced. He felt it 
 was his duty to obey God rather than man, and 
 that a " woe " would rest upon him if, from any 
 dread of the anger and arm of the enemies of 
 the truth, he ceased to preach the gospel. He 
 kept therefore to his post till dragged from it 
 by force, and put to a violent death. 
 
 I would still let him speak for himself. The 
 only one of his Homilies which survives is that 
 which he wrote in confutation of the error 
 of Noetus, who taught that there was no distinc- 
 tion between the Father and the Son ; that it 
 was the Father Himself who was born, and 
 suffered, and died, and not as is generally 
 believed. One distinct from Him. Part of 
 Hippolytus' answer to such teaching is, accord- 
 ing to one of his translators, in these words : — 
 
 "And this is what Christ Himself said when 
 in the Gospel He confessed both His Father 
 and His God, saying, ' I go away to My Father 
 and your Father, and My God and your God.' 
 
HIPPOLYTUS. 119 
 
 If, therefore, Noetus dares to say that Christ 
 Himself is the Father, let him tell us to what 
 Father Christ was going away, according to this 
 saying in the Gospel. But if he thinks that we 
 should abandon the Gospel and listen to his 
 folly, he labours in vain, * for we ought to obey 
 God rather than men.' 
 
 " And if he should say, * Christ Himself said, 
 I and the Father are One,' let him attend to the 
 expression, and consider that He did not say, 
 * I and the Father am one,' but * are ' one. For 
 ' are ' is not used of one, but He uses it to point 
 out two persons and one power. He explained 
 this Himself when He said to the Father con- 
 cerning His disciples, ' The glory which Thou 
 gavest Me I have given them, that they may be 
 one, even as We are one : I in them and Thou 
 in Me ; that they may be made perfect in one, 
 that the world may know that Thou hast sent 
 me.' What have the Noetians to say to these 
 things ? Are all one body according to sub- 
 
120 HIPPOLYTUS. 
 
 stance ? Or do we become one by the power 
 and disposition of like-mindedness ? In the 
 very same manner the Son who was sent, 
 proclaimed to them that were in the world, that 
 He was in the Father by power and disposition, 
 but not the Father Himself. The Son is the 
 mind of the Father. Those who have the 
 mind of the Father accordingly receive Christ ; 
 but they who have not the mind of the Father 
 reject Him. And if they cite the case of Philip, 
 who said, ' Shew us the Father, and it sufficeth 
 us,' and to whom our Lord answered saying, 
 * Have I been so long time with you, Philip, 
 and yet hast thou not known Me .? he that hath 
 seen Me hath seen the Father. Believest thou 
 not that I am in the Father, and the Father in 
 Me.^' — if they cite this as proof that Christ 
 calls Himself the Father, let them know that 
 they herein adduce the most direct contra- 
 diction to their own dogma, and convict them- 
 selves of error by the very scripture they 
 
HirPOLYTUS. 121 
 
 bring forward ; for when Christ, by very deed 
 and word, had declared Himself the Son, they 
 yet did not know Him, and were unable to 
 comprehend or perceive His power, and Philip, 
 not understanding how far it was possible to 
 see, asked that he might look upon the Father, 
 and so our Lord answered him, ' He that hath 
 seen Me hath seen the Father;' that is, if thou 
 hast seen Me, through Me you may know the 
 Father ; for the Father is brought within easy 
 reach of our knowledge through the image which 
 bears His likeness ; but if thou hast not known 
 the image, that is, the Son, how think you to 
 see the Father ? And that these things are as 
 we have stated them, the context evinces, 
 shewing that the Son, being set forth, was sent 
 from the Father and went to the Father. . . . 
 .... One God there is, my brethren, and the 
 knowledge of Him we receive from the holy 
 Scriptures, and from no other source. For 
 just as any person wished to be skilled in the 
 
122 HIPPOLYTUS. 
 
 wisdom of this world will find no other means 
 of attaining his desire than by studying the 
 writings of philosophers, so as many of us 
 as resolve to practise godliness, must draw our 
 information from no other source than from the 
 oracles of God. Whatever, therefore, the holy 
 Scriptures declare, let us observe ; and what- 
 ever they teach, let us understand ; and as the 
 Father wills that we believe in Him, let us 
 believe; and as He wills that the Son be 
 honoured, let us honour Him ; and as He wills 
 that the Holy Ghost be given, let us receive 
 Him, — not after our own understanding, nor 
 after our private prejudices and preconceptions, 
 nor using violence towards the things given us of 
 God, but as He Himself intended to teach by the 
 holy Scriptures, so let us mark and understand." 
 For the cause which Hippolytus so earnestly 
 and publicly defended, he at last, like so many 
 others of his time, laid down his life. " His 
 bones were carried to Rome, and placed, in the 
 
HIPPOLYTUS. 123 
 
 time of Constantine, beside the revered remains 
 of S. Laurentius. Prudentius tells us that the 
 chapel reared to his honour always attracted a 
 large concourse of people. It was probably at 
 this period that the statue was erected to him, 
 which is now in the Vatican, and which brings 
 before our eyes the noble and austere form of 
 a martyr bishop. The head is large and life- 
 like, the brow broad, the expression full of firm- 
 ness and fervour, and the whole form, of the 
 description so striking in the rude sketches of 
 the catacombs. We love to picture to our- 
 selves, under such a form, the heroic champion 
 of the Church's freedom, who combined, with 
 a blameless deportment and fervent faith, depth 
 of learning and breadth of thought." 
 
 The testimony to the truth of Christianity 
 of such a man, possessed of such stores of learn- 
 ing, so fervent in piety, and so deeply con- 
 scientious, ought to be highly prized. He pos- 
 sessed all the characteristics of a trust-worthy 
 
124 HIPPOLYTUS. 
 
 witness. He was familiar with all knowledge, 
 wrote a history of Roman Christianity, and 
 confuted in successive publications no fewer 
 than thirty-two heresies. 
 
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 
 
"Searched the Scriptures daily, whether those things were 
 so." — Acts xvii. ii. 
 
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 The second and third centuries were noted for 
 men of learning and celebrity, and for leaders 
 in the Church who were in every way quali- 
 fied to defend the Christian faith and maintain 
 the claims of Scripture. 
 
 Among these was Clement of Alexandria, 
 who filled for years the office of Principal of 
 the celebrated catechetical or theological school 
 of that city. 
 
 " Though born in the midst of paganism, he 
 spent his youth like many others of his times, 
 in ardent and active searches after truth. He 
 travelled far and wide in the pursuit of what 
 he sought, and never paused in his enquiries 
 till, in his own words, he found rest in the 
 
128 CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 bosom of the Word of Life. . . He visited 
 the most renowned cities of the ancient world, 
 and travelled both in Asia and Africa, but has 
 left no account of the countries he traversed, 
 nor of any of his adventures. He has recorded 
 but one journey, — that of his passing from one 
 system of religion and philosophy to another. 
 This alone had an interest for him. 
 
 " His writings show what a wealth of informa- 
 ation he acquired during this period of his life. 
 Poets and philosophers became familiar to 
 him, and he lifted the veil of all the mysteries 
 of religion." 
 
 Of what ancestry he came, and where he 
 was born, we are not told. From his wide and 
 varied learning it may be inferred that he 
 received in youth a liberal education, which 
 so far implies that his parents occupied a 
 good social position. 
 
 At the close of his travels he settled in 
 Alexandria, was ordained a presbyter, and 
 
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 129 
 
 became first the coadjutor of Pantaenus in the 
 conduct of the school already mentioned, and 
 then his successor. 
 
 Alexandria was still in its greatness, and 
 celebrated far and wide for its scholars and 
 educational advantages. Founded by Alex- 
 ander the Great, in the year 332 B.C., and with 
 the intention of its inheriting the commercial 
 greatness once possessed by Tyre, he spared 
 no pains to make it a place of attraction, and 
 laid deep and broad the foundations of its 
 future greatness. " The Ptolemies, who soon 
 came into its possession, spared no cost in 
 adorning their chosen residence. Men of all 
 nations were invited to a share in the privi- 
 leges of citizenship, and the town was filled 
 ere long with a dense population of Egyptians, 
 Greeks, and Jews. Every country was laid 
 under contribution to decorate the rising 
 favourite. All books of value that found their 
 way into the city were seized by the Govern- 
 
 I 
 
130 CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 ment, carefully copied, and the transcripts 
 sent to the owners with a liberal acknowledg- 
 ment for the exchange. An extensive library 
 was erected near the palace, in connexion 
 with the museum, whose groves and porches 
 became the resort of the most distinguished 
 professors in literature and science." 
 
 Here, then, where literature, art, and com- 
 merce flourished, and where, by these, as well as 
 by religious attractions, and the beauty and 
 healthiness of the place, a large and active popu- 
 lation had been drawn together, Clement took 
 up his abode, and found the amplest scope for 
 his energies and Christian devotedness. And he 
 fully availed himself of the opportunities of 
 usefulness which he enjoyed. Many listened 
 to his instructions, and were led by him out 
 of the darkness and bondage of paganism into 
 the light and liberty of the Gospel of Christ. 
 
 His distinguished and useful career at Alex- 
 andria was brought to a close at the beginning 
 
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 131 
 
 of the third century by the persecution which 
 broke out under the reign of the Emperor 
 Severus, and which raged with peculiar violence 
 in Africa. Multitudes fell before it. " Many 
 martyrs," says Clement, " are daily burned, 
 crucified, and beheaded before our eyes." 
 
 Feeling that his work was done in Alexandria, 
 but that the cause that lay so near to his heart 
 might be helped elsewhere, he withdrew to 
 Asia Minor, and then to Jerusalem, where he 
 found an open door for work for his Lord. He 
 died about the year 220, and, as is generally 
 believed, in peace. 
 
 Three great works proceeded from his pen, — 
 " The Exhortation,'' in which he seeks to win 
 the heathen to Christ. It is an elaborate and 
 masterly production, in which he sets forth the 
 truth, as taught in Scripture, respecting God, 
 and Jesus as the living Word and the Saviour 
 of men. 
 
 "The Pcedagogus!' or "Instructor," addressed 
 
132 CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 to those who have accepted the Gospel, with 
 the view of guiding them in the formation and 
 development of Christian character. 
 
 " The Stromata" or " Book of various dis- 
 courses," in which he treats of a great variety of 
 subjects bearing on Christian life and doctrine. 
 He not only refers, in these works, to almost every 
 book of Scripture, and quotes largely from both 
 the Old Testament and the New, but occupies 
 much of his space with expositions intended to 
 make the Word of God more intelligible and 
 interesting to ordinary readers. It may be true 
 that many of his interpretations are not to be 
 depended upon ; that like other writers of 
 his times he was too fond of allegorizing in his 
 expositions of divine things, but of his testi- 
 mony to the existence and authorship of the 
 Gospels, and the genuineness of Scripture, as a 
 whole, too much cannot be said. From the 
 position he occupied, the acquirements he 
 possessed, and the pains he was at to know 
 
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA. 133 
 
 all that was to be learned about Christianity, 
 as well as the men with whom he met, and the 
 personal love he cherished towards Christ, he 
 was eminently qualified to bear such witness to 
 the truth of the Gospel as that which he ren- 
 dered. If such testimony is not to be accepted 
 I do not know what is. I am unable to see 
 how any one can read, without prejudice, his 
 biography, as far as recorded, and thoughtfully 
 peruse his writings, and not feel, from his 
 personal character, breadth of intelligence, and 
 manifest honesty in dealing with Scripture sub- 
 jects, that his testimony, as a witness to the 
 truth, is to be welcomed and fully relied on. 
 He speaks what he knows, and testifies to what 
 he has heard and felt. Christ was a living 
 Personality to him, and the Gospel narratives 
 records which he regarded as beyond question. 
 He believed and therefore witnessed to what he 
 knew. 
 
TERTULLIAN. 
 
** We have not followed cunningly'devised fables, when we 
 made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ." — 2 Peter i. i6. 
 
TERTULLIAN. 
 
 Carthage, the birth-place and subsequent 
 home of Tertullian, was for ages the rival of 
 Rome, and one of the leading cities of the 
 world. Founded by a colony of Phoenician 
 traders, and occupying, on the northern coast 
 of Africa, an advantageous site for commerce, 
 it soon rose by the enterprise of its inhabitants 
 to power and wealth. Taking possession of 
 several of the islands of the Mediterranean, 
 and giving itself to military as well as mer- 
 cantile expeditions, it came into collision with 
 Rome, and contended, for ages, for the prize of 
 supremacy, with the great Latin power. For 
 a long time victory swayed from side to side, 
 but at last declared for Rome, and Carthage 
 
138 TERTULLIAN. 
 
 was razed to the ground. A new city was 
 by and bye constructed on the site of the old, 
 which also reached eminence, and became as 
 important in ecclesiastical as in political his- 
 tory. In this latter city Tertullian was born 
 about the middle of the second century, and rose 
 to the fame he acquired as a religious con- 
 troversialist and witness to Christian truth. 
 As the son of a pagan Roman officer he was 
 educated in all the superstitions of idolatry, 
 and reared amid influences every way hostile 
 to Christianity. Yet he rose to a first place 
 among Christian apologists and preachers. 
 *'No influence of early times equalled his, 
 while his writings breathe a spirit of such 
 undying power that they can never grow old, 
 and even now render living, controversies which 
 have been silent for fifteen centuries. We must 
 seek the man in his own pages, still aglow 
 with his enthusiasm and quivering with his 
 passion, for the details of his personal history 
 
TERTULLIAN. 139 
 
 are very few. The man is, as it were, absorbed 
 in the writer, and we can well understand it, 
 for his writings embody his whole soul. Never 
 did a man more fully infuse his moral life into 
 his books, and act through his words." 
 
 Indicating at an early age a fondness for 
 books, and showing more than average mental 
 powers, he had given to him the best education 
 the times afforded, and was trained for the 
 legal profession. 
 
 By what means he was brought under the 
 influence of Christian truth and led to make 
 Christ his trust, we have no means of knowing. 
 " He might, like Justin, have beheld the con- 
 stancy of a dying martyr, of one, perhaps, 
 whom his own voice, joining the cry of the 
 amphitheatre, had brought to the stake, and 
 his generous impetuous temper may have 
 caught divine fire from the spectacle. Or in 
 the course of his curious and multifarious 
 reading, he might have fallen in with one of 
 
1 40 TER TULLIAN, 
 
 the Christian apologies, which were so dili- 
 gently circulated through the empire. The 
 antiquarian lore by which they were distin- 
 guished might first have arrested his attention, 
 and induced him to examine their tenets with 
 patience. The truth might then have flashed 
 upon him, and he might have yielded his heart 
 and understanding to the fulness of its light." 
 
 God has many ways of bringing men to 
 Himself. The means He employs to do so are 
 sometimes as strange as they are efficacious. 
 They were such in the case of a physician, 
 well-known to the writer, who, driven by a 
 storm into the lobby of a church during divine 
 service, overheard a few Gospel words, and by 
 
 them was saved. Mr H was led by a stray 
 
 leaf of the New Testament to the New Testa- 
 ment itself, — a book he had never before seen 
 — and then to the Saviour, and at length to 
 work for Him in the ministry of the Gospel. 
 " God chooses the weak things of the world to 
 
TERTULLIAN. 141 
 
 confound the things that are mighty; and base 
 things of the world, and things which are 
 despised, to bring to nought things that are." 
 
 And then none are too far off for God to 
 bring, by such means, to Himself. He can 
 raise men, as He has often done, from the 
 lowest degradation to sit among the princes of 
 His kingdom, humble the proudest, and reveal 
 to the self-satisfied their utter spiritual bank- 
 ruptcy. Of no one's salvation need we ever 
 therefore despair. He who of old made of the 
 persecutor an apostle, and of the high-minded 
 philosopher a child-like Christian, can, by a 
 thousand ways, bring your prodigal son to re- 
 pentance, and the man for whose salvation you 
 have long laboured and prayed to be a fellow 
 partaker with you of the grace of eternal life. 
 
 No one before Tertullian had entered the 
 Church with a richer store of acquirements. 
 Nor was he likely to allow his qualifications 
 to slumber in unprofitableness. "With his 
 
142 TERTULLIAN. 
 
 active mind and ardent temperament he was 
 not likely to remain long in the class of com- 
 mon Christians. His deep and varied informa- 
 tion well qualified him for the office of a 
 teacher, and the suffrages of the Church would 
 readily second his inclination to enter into 
 the company of the preachers of the faith. 
 Reaching that position he gave himself with 
 redoubled zeal to the propagation of the 
 Gospel and the defence of his maligned and 
 suff*ering fellow Christians. It grieved him to 
 see to what misrepresentations and afflictions 
 believers in Jesus were subjected, and heedless 
 of the danger to which it exposed him, he 
 appeared as their defender and addressed an 
 apology to the magistrates of the province on 
 their behalf Its main arguments are much the 
 same with those employed by his predecessors. 
 He exposes and remonstrates against the cruel 
 wrongs suffered by the Christians, vindicates 
 their desertion of the religion of their fathers 
 
TERTULLIAN. 143 
 
 by a detail of the absurdities and impieties of 
 heathenism, and proves their innocence by a 
 general review of their tenets and discipline. 
 But its power is far superior to that of any 
 former defence. Tertullian not only surpassed 
 his predecessors in information and talent, but 
 was peculiarly fitted by temper to treat such a 
 subject. No one could express in such forcible 
 language the indignant sense of injustice, or 
 represent its detail in a more lively manner. 
 None could press his arguments so closely, 
 and few had so learned an acquaintance with 
 heathenism, and could expose its follies with 
 bitterer sarcasm, or with greater truthfulness." 
 And this he did not fail to do. He left the 
 persecutor without excuse for the course he 
 pursued. He laid bare the enormity of his 
 offence, and showed the utter groundlessness of 
 the charges for which he inflicted punishment, 
 imprisonment, and death. 
 
 Nor were such efforts on the part of Tcrtul- 
 
144 TERTULLIAN. 
 
 Han in vain. They had the effect of mitigating, 
 if not of stopping the persecutions from which 
 many were suffering. 
 
 Severe in disposition, and intolerant of the 
 weaknesses and shortcomings of only too many 
 bearing the name of Christ, Tertullian adopted 
 the ascetic habits of Montanus, accepted 
 his claims to supernatural endowments, and 
 became the advocate of his doctrines. But 
 whilst he thus separated from the Church, or 
 the great body of believers, in practices that he 
 adopted and associations he cultivated, he yet 
 maintained the Evangelical doctrines he had 
 long held, — salvation by grace, justification by 
 faith, acceptance on the ground of the blood of 
 Christ, the Tri-unity of the Godhead, the incar- 
 nation, resurrection, ascension, and second 
 advent of the Lord of Glory. 
 
 " He also maintained the genuineness and 
 authority of the Four Gospels, on the ground of 
 the very sure and credible testimony of the 
 
TERTULLIAN. 145 
 
 Churches from the time of their being written 
 to his own age. ' If it be certain, he says, that 
 that is most genuine which is most ancient, and 
 that most ancient which is even from the 
 beginning ; in like manner it will also be cer- 
 tain that that has been delivered by the 
 Apostles which has been held inviolate in the 
 Churches of the Apostles. It may be de- 
 pended upon that the Gospels were written by 
 the persons whose names they bear. The 
 Apostles have truly preached and written the 
 doctrines they received from Christ. Moreover, 
 the immediate successors of the Apostles have 
 also faithfully published in writing what they 
 received. All the Gospels are therefore sup- 
 ported by the authority of Apostles, yea, of 
 Jesus Christ Himself" 
 
 Dr Lardner closes his review of the life and 
 writings of Tertullian with these words : " We 
 have now seen a very valuable testimony to the 
 Scriptures of the New Testament in the works 
 
 K 
 
146 TERTULLIAN. 
 
 of Tertullian, written in the latter part of the 
 second, and the beginning of the third, century. 
 It is considerable for the number of the books 
 cited by him, almost all those which are now 
 received by Christians as canonical. The quota- 
 tions are large and numerous. The testimony is 
 important, too, from the evident tokens of respect 
 paid to the Scriptures. Indeed, they would not 
 have been so much quoted if they had not 
 been greatly esteemed. Nor have the differing 
 sentiments of those called heretics done us 
 any lasting prejudice. The contest which 
 they occasioned has increased our proofs of 
 the genuineness, authority, and integrity of the 
 evangelical and apostolical Scriptures. It is 
 easy for every one to observe the value of this 
 testimony upon some other accounts, which I 
 need not therefore mention. The whole which 
 wTs have transcribed from Tertullian may afford 
 satisfaction to a serious Christian, as confirming 
 his faith in the Holy Scriptures ; and enabling 
 
TERTULLIAN. i^j 
 
 him, if there be occasion, to convince, or at 
 least to confute and silence adversaries with 
 abundance of evidence." He searched and 
 found, and held with a death-grasp what he felt 
 to be his very life. 
 
ORIGEN. 
 
" O how love I Thy law ! it is my meditation all the day." — 
 Ps. cxix. 97. 
 
i 
 
 O R I G E N. 
 
 Dr Lardner closes his review of the life and 
 character of Origen with this testimony : — " He 
 had a capacious mind, and a large compass of 
 knowledge ; and throughout his whole life was 
 a man of unwearied application in studying 
 and composing works of various sorts, some of 
 them extremely tedious and laborious ; and in 
 teaching by word of mouth, in the way of cate- 
 chetical instruction, and public discourse to the 
 people and conference. He had the happiness 
 of uniting different accomplishments, being at 
 once the greatest preacher, and the most 
 learned and voluminous writer of the age ; nor 
 is it easy to say which is the most admirable, 
 his learning or his virtue. In a word, it must 
 be owned that Origen, though not perfect nor 
 
152 ORIGEN. 
 
 infallible, was a bright light in the Church of 
 Christ, and one of those rare personages that 
 have done honour to human nature." 
 
 Born at Alexandria in 185, A.D., and of 
 parents who were pre-eminently Christian, he 
 was reared in circumstances that were every 
 way favourable to the development of his 
 intellectual powers and moral life. Leonides, 
 his father, took great pains with his religious 
 instruction. He read with him the Scriptures 
 and made him commit a portion of them every 
 day to memory. In talking with him over 
 what had been read and repeated, Leonides 
 was often struck with the intelligence the child 
 showed, the questions he put, and the interest 
 he manifested in the things of God. He be- 
 lieved he was destined for the fulfilment of 
 some important service in the Church, was 
 thankful to be the father of such a boy, and 
 oftentimes when the child was asleep would 
 kiss his breast as the Spirit's chosen abode. 
 
ORIGEN. 153 
 
 The painstaking of Leonides with his child's 
 religious instruction had no doubt much to do 
 with the Christian character and usefulness 
 for which Origen was afterwards marked. 
 The man comes of the child. The bent 
 given to the character by the parental 
 hand is generally retained all through life. 
 What you make your boy while under your 
 influence and roof he will, as a rule, continue 
 to be — practising the habits you then lead him 
 to form, cultivating the tastes you encourage 
 him to cherish, and following the course you 
 induce him to adopt. Were there more 
 Leonideses in the world there would be more 
 sons of eminence. Were Christian and intel- 
 ligent fathers equally painstaking in drawing 
 forth the capabilities of their boys, religiously 
 instructing them, and interesting them in the 
 things of God, the Church would have all the 
 workers she requires for the fields of Christian 
 service she cultivates, and also for those she 
 
154 RIG EN. 
 
 wants to occupy. Such fathers are, however, 
 few and far between, and hence the dearth 
 of Christian labourers everywhere existing. It 
 would be different were the Church's tone of 
 piety what it ought to be. Religion at home 
 is the guarantee of religion abroad. Men are 
 out of doors what they are indoors. 
 
 Origen's faith was nurtured in the Church as 
 well as in the home. Christian worship at 
 Alexandria was, at the time, a thing of much 
 beauty. " Nowhere else were the public prayers 
 so poetically rich and full. The forms of 
 adoration were grand and solemn, and yet 
 striking in their simplicity. It is pleasant to 
 follow the young Origen in thought, into 
 those daily assemblies, where the Church of 
 Alexandria, like the woman in the Gospel, 
 broke over the feet of Christ a vase of very 
 precious ointment, in the offering of adoring 
 praise, which their full hearts poured forth in 
 an over-flowing, ever-fragrant stream. There 
 
RIG EN. 155 
 
 is every reason to believe that Origen had been 
 received to the Lord's Supper before the death 
 of his father. That service was a deeply im- 
 pressive one, and might well leave a track of 
 fire in so susceptible a soul." 
 
 His intellectual advantages were equal to 
 his religious privileges. As a pupil of the 
 renowned catechetical or theological school 
 he sat at the feet of Pantaenus and Clement, 
 two of the most learned Christian teachers of 
 the day. Their instructions enlarged his intel- 
 lectual resources and confirmed him in the faith 
 of the Gospel of the Lord Jesus. 
 
 Li his seventeenth year a cruel persecution, 
 under the Emperor Septimus Severus, broke 
 out against the Christians. It effected fearful 
 ravages in Alexandria and Egypt. Leonides 
 was one of those who fell under it. Fired with 
 a love that led him to long to be with Christ, 
 Origen would have gladly taken his place by his 
 father's side and laid his head upon the same 
 
156 ORIGEN. - 
 
 block. It was with difficulty that he could be 
 restrained from doing this, and only was so by 
 his mother concealing from him his clothes. 
 
 It was no doubt a trial to Leonides to leave 
 a wife and seven children, and, as his property 
 like that of all martyrs would be confiscated, 
 without a farthing they could call their own. 
 But he felt that He, on whose behalf he was 
 sacrificing his life, and who had at command 
 all resources for His people's support, would 
 not forget them or fail to interfere for them, 
 and he went therefore to the block with a mind 
 fully assured as to mother and children being 
 provided for. 
 
 For a few months, after his father's martyr- 
 dom, Origen was supported by a benevolent 
 lady of wealth, but not liking to be dependent 
 on others for maintenance, he betook himself 
 to teaching, and soon gathered around him, 
 both from Christian and heathen families, a 
 large number of pupils. 
 
O RIG EN. 157 
 
 Anxious to open and organize afresh the 
 famous Catechetical School which the persecu- 
 tion had broken up, the bishop of Alexandria 
 appointed Origen to be the President of it. 
 Although only eighteen years of age his 
 fame as a teacher drew around him in a short 
 time many scholars. In such a position, 
 as the principal of a great public Seminary, 
 and in which he taught the doctrines of 
 Christianity with earnest and uncompromising 
 fidelity, Origen exposed himself to great 
 danger. But this, in no way, discomfited him. 
 Death had no fear for him. He even seemed 
 to court it. Accordingly when first one and 
 then another of those who had been led by 
 ^him to Christ were conducted to the stake he 
 accompanied them, and sought by his presence 
 and words to comfort and strengthen them in 
 the presence of death. The wonder was that 
 he was not on these occasions torn to pieces by 
 the infuriated mob. His faith for personal 
 
I5S ORIGEN. 
 
 safety was in Him whose favour was more to 
 him than life, and being yet but at the beginning 
 of the great work he was intended to perform, 
 he was preserved from harm. Instead of being 
 unmanned and paralysed by the violent deaths 
 of pupils and fellow-labourers, and the danger 
 to which he was hourly exposed, he was 
 stimulated to higher exertion and nobler work. 
 He denied himself in all sorts of ways that he 
 might put himself in possession of all know- 
 ledge, excel in the exposition and defence of 
 Holy Scripture, and place at the command 
 of others the best and largest help to an 
 understanding of the Word of God. The 
 difficulty was to get fingers to Avrite, and 
 hands to distribute the interpretations and 
 commentaries of the books of the Bible he pre- 
 pared for circulation. It is when His servants 
 most feel their need that God interposes on 
 their behalf. It is when they see no way of 
 accomplishing what is in their hearts with 
 
ORIGEN. 159 
 
 regard to His glory, and men's highest good, 
 that He opens one to them. 
 
 Among those who were led by Origen out of 
 darkness into light, and saved from dangerous 
 error, was a wealthy Alexandrian merchant, by 
 the name of Ambrose, who henceforth was 
 Origen's staunch and attached friend, and 
 supplied him with abundant means for the 
 diffusion of his writings, and the spread of the 
 faith of Christ. He placed seven secretaries at 
 his command, who took it in turn to write 
 without pause or interruption from Origen's 
 dictation, and besides these, also a number of 
 copyists. 
 
 " In a letter which has come down to these 
 times, Origen has paid," says De Pressense, " a 
 noble tribute to his friend and benefactor : 'The 
 pious Ambrose, who has devoted himself to 
 God, thinking that I loved work, and that I 
 was truly athirst for the Divine Word, has 
 convinced me by his laborious zeal and his 
 
i6o ORIGEN. 
 
 love for the sacred Scriptures .... We never 
 cease comparing texts ; we discuss them during 
 meals, and after meals allow ourselves no time 
 for walking or rest ; we return at once to our 
 studies and diligently correct the manuscripts. 
 So far from giving the whole night to slumber, 
 we carry on our labours till very late, not to 
 speak of the morning's work, which is pursued 
 without relaxation till the ninth and sometimes 
 the tenth hour. Such a measure of time should 
 be devoted to teaching and the deep study of 
 the Divine Oracles, by all who wish to make 
 them the serious business of life.' " 
 
 Works now proceeded with rapid succession 
 from Origen's pen, — Commentaries, Homilies, 
 Apologies, and Essays ; some say to the extent 
 of tkoiisajids, but certainly to that of Jmndreds. 
 
 But the labours of Origen were not confined 
 to the study, nor to Alexandria : he went in 
 many directions teaching and preaching the 
 Gospel of the Lord Jesus, Now he is found in 
 
ORIGEN. i6i 
 
 Rome and then in Jerusalem ; at one time in 
 Palestine and at another in Asia Minor ; on 
 one occasion travelling into Arabia to fulfil his 
 mission as a Christian teacher to a chief who 
 invites his aid, and on another journeying to 
 Antioch to give instruction to the aunt of the 
 reigning Emperor. 
 
 His absence from Alexandria is sometimes 
 the result of his own free act, and sometimes 
 the consequence of persecution. Driven at last, 
 finally, from it, he takes up his abode at 
 Caesarea. But even here he is not permitted 
 to live and die in peace. Before the desolating 
 approaches of the Decian persecution he with- 
 draws to Tyre. But he is soon in the hands 
 of those who pursue him and long to lead him 
 to the stake. " He was not only loaded with 
 chains, but exposed to divers tortures. He 
 was cast into the deepest dungeon, an iron 
 collar was hung around his neck, and his feet 
 
 were crushed for four days in the stocks. He 
 
 L 
 
1 62 OKI GEN. 
 
 was constantly reminded of the fiery death 
 awaiting him, but he stood firm under all 
 agonies and threats. His persecutors, however, 
 by a last refinement of cruelty, did not send him 
 to the stake, imagining that they could thus de- 
 prive him of the crown of martyrdom." Spent 
 by his long life of labour and self-sacrifice, and 
 by the sufferings he was enduring, he expired 
 at the end of two years' confinement in the 
 sixty-ninth year of his age, and was buried by 
 Christian sympathisers and friends in the Church 
 of the Holy Sepulchre in the town of Tyre. 
 
 It may be true that Origen's interpretations 
 of Scripture are often fanciful and without 
 warrant, that he adopted a system of allegori- 
 cal exposition of the Word of God that was 
 followed by baneful results, and practised and 
 recommended habits of asceticism which neither 
 religion nor expediency requires, yet from the 
 learning he possessed, his perfect knowledge of 
 Holy Writ, and the pains he was at to obtain 
 
O RIG EN. 163 
 
 the fullest evidence of the truth of Christianity, 
 he must ever be placed in the foremost van of 
 the early witnesses to the verity of Revelation. 
 
 Canon Westcott thus speaks of him and his 
 testimony: — " Among all the fathers of the first 
 three centuries, Origen — the Adamantine — 
 stands out with the noblest individuality. Un- 
 surpassed in Christian zeal, unrivalled in univer- 
 sal learning, he devoted a long life to the study 
 of the Scriptures. He believed that the Bible 
 contained all the treasures of wisdom, and so 
 he often appears to see mysteries in it which 
 the critic refuses to recognise. He believed 
 that Christianity contained the answer to every 
 human instinct, and so often presses with un- 
 chastened boldness to offer an explanation in 
 its name for that which must as yet be hidden 
 from men. His faults, as of every great man, 
 were themselves great, but his genius is yet 
 powerful to warm and to enlighten. No 
 canonization has hallowed his name, but none 
 
1 64 RIG EN, 
 
 the less his influence on after ages has been 
 equal to that of the greatest saints — Augustine, 
 Athanasius, and Jerome." 
 
 Thus he writes respecting the four Gospels: 
 — " As I have understood by tradition, respect- 
 ing the Four Gospels, which are the only 7in- 
 di split ed ones in the wJiole Church of God 
 throughout the zvorld. The first is written 
 according to Matthew, the same that was once 
 a publican, but afterwards an Apostle of Jesus 
 Christ, who having published it for the Jewish 
 converts, wrote it in the Hebrew. The second 
 is according to Mark, who composed it as Peter 
 explained to him, whom he also acknowledges 
 as his son in his general Epistle, saying, ' The 
 elect Church in Babylon salutes you, as also 
 Mark my son.' And the third according to 
 Luke, the gospel commended by Paul, which 
 was written for the converts from the Gentiles. 
 And last of all the gospel by John." On all 
 the gospels Origen wrote commentaries. The 
 
ORIGEN. 165 
 
 gospel by John — " the John," as he says, " who 
 rechned on the breast of Jesus," — was his 
 especial delight. " He rejoiced to trace S. John 
 in his calm and royal flight into the sublimities 
 of Christian metaphysics ; he would fain follow 
 him, who has been so well called the Eagle of 
 the Gospel, in his soarings towards the Sun of 
 the moral world." 
 
 In further confirmation of the argument I add 
 the following quotations from Dr Kennedy. He 
 says : — " The value of the testimony of Origen 
 does not depend on the greatness and goodness 
 of the man himself, nor is it lessened in any- 
 wise by aught that may be urged against his 
 system of allegorical interpretation. What we 
 have said of Eusebius is true of him, that he is 
 not to be regarded as a single witness. He 
 gives us the testimony of thousands of wit- 
 nesses, and not of individual witnesses merely, 
 but of Churches throughout the world, which 
 in the middle of the third century accepted the 
 
1 66 RIG EN. 
 
 four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and 
 John, as the writings of these men, and there- 
 fore as authentic records of the life of Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 "Origen had a right which perhaps few, if 
 any other men ever possessed, to speak in the 
 name of the whole Church of God through- 
 out the world. He visited personally almost 
 all parts of Christendom, became acquainted 
 with their bishops and presbyters, taught in 
 many of their churches, took part in their 
 controversies, wrote in defence of their common 
 faith, and at last died in prison, the martyr of 
 Jesus. . . His language might have been in the 
 maintenance of his testimony, ' I speak that 
 which I do know, and testify that I have seen.' 
 This almost ' universal traveller ' within the 
 limits of Christendom, this life-long student 
 and interpreter of the Gospels, this great dis- 
 puter with heretics and unbelievers, this martyr 
 for Christ's sake, writes calmly and in the tone 
 
ORIGEN. 167 
 
 of a man to whom it does not occur that his 
 words would be questioned, and tells us that 
 these four gospels were universally accepted as 
 the writings respectively of two Apostles, and 
 two friends of Apostles. His testimony is 
 that of the universal Church before the middle 
 of the third century. 
 
 *' Origen was connected with the past not 
 only through the Christian father who in- 
 structed him in the knowledge of the gospels, 
 but through Clement at whose feet he sat, and 
 who died in A.D. 220. Clement had travelled 
 both in Asia and Africa, and had the oppor- 
 tunity of hearing many eminent representatives 
 of Christianity in Italy, Greece and Asia. 
 Clement does not give us anywhere a catalogue 
 of the Scriptures which he regarded as Apos- 
 tolic, but there were few portions of the New 
 Testament to which he had not occasion to 
 refer. And so far as concerns the gospels, 
 we find all of them owned and received by 
 
1 68 RIG EN. 
 
 Clement, with a tradition concerning the order 
 in which they were written, which he had 
 received from presbyters of more ancient times. 
 This tradition as Lardner says, ' affords a proof 
 of the curiosity and inquisitiveness of the 
 ancient Christians concerning the sacred books 
 of the New Testament, which they had 
 received.' 
 
 "In A.D. 1 80, there came to Alexandria a 
 Christian philosopher, Pantsenus, the founder 
 of the school of Catechists or Teachers, of 
 whom Clement and Origen were the most 
 eminent. It was this Pantaenus that exercised 
 the most decisive influence over Clement. Of 
 him we know that he carried the Gospel into 
 the far East, whether before or after his first 
 visit to Alexandria is uncertain, and that he 
 proclaimed the name of Christ to barbarous 
 tribes to whom it was but little known. We 
 thus connect the testimony of Origen with 
 predecessors who had the very best means of 
 
RIG EN. 169 
 
 information, and in whose time, reaching back 
 to the middle of the second century, the Four 
 Gospels already occupied the place which we 
 find them occupying a century later." 
 
CYPRIAN. 
 
 5 
 
' ' If any man be in Christ he is a new creature : old things 
 are passed away; behold, all things are become new." — 
 2 Cor. v. 17. 
 
CYPRIAN. 
 
 Christianity has demonstrated its divinity 
 by the triumphs it has won, and the changes it 
 has wrought. There is no kind of intellect it 
 has not subordinated to its sway, nor any de- 
 scription of people it has not elevated by its 
 influence, and made a power for good in the 
 world. Hence, the men who are found among 
 its disciples, and the nations it has raised from 
 barbarism and moral degradation to civilization 
 and intelligence. But such achievements would 
 not have been effected by it had it been less 
 than it claims to be, in the vitality it possesses, 
 and the power it wields. The oppositions it 
 has vanquished would not have been overcome 
 nor the wildernesses it has reclaimed been con- 
 
174 CYPRIAN, 
 
 verted into fruitful fields ; adversaries made the 
 advocates of its doctrines, and the accumulated 
 darkness of ages made to recede before its ap- 
 proach, had it been other than supernatural. 
 
 One of its grandest early trophies was the 
 subject of the present sketch. Born at Carthage 
 about the beginning of the third century, Cy- 
 prian was reared amid all the refinement and 
 luxury of domestic wealth. " His father was a 
 man of fortune and influence ; a senator in the 
 capital of proconsular Africa, and the holder of 
 important offices. The young patrician saw a 
 fine career open before him, and his brilliant 
 talents well fitted him to adorn it. He pos- 
 sessed keen literary tastes, and while studying 
 jurisprudence with the view of filling subse- 
 quently some office of state, he devoted him- 
 self assiduously, at the same time, to the culti- 
 vation of letters, and while still very young 
 became a professor of rhetoric." 
 
 The circumstances that he occupied and 
 
CYPRIAN. 175 
 
 the associates which his talents and pursuits 
 gathered around him, exposed Cyprian to many 
 temptations. These, from the want of strong 
 moral principle, he was unable to resist, and 
 was led, like many of his companions, to lead a 
 life of profligacy and self-indulgence. But here 
 he was anything but satisfied. And what man 
 ever was ? Who ever found a life of evil to be 
 other than one of wretchedness t " The way 
 of transgressors is hard." Only in the fulfilment 
 of the ends of being is contentment realized. 
 The heart has rest only as the purposes 
 of life are accomplished. Cyprian might have 
 as companions the fashionable and gay, and see 
 his lectures appreciated and applauded by large 
 and enthusiastic audiences ; but he was far from 
 being happy. He found neither in his religion, 
 nor his indulgences, what he felt he required and 
 longed to possess. He would have gladly, there- 
 fore, exchanged his experience for that of many 
 whom he despised. He found in self-gratifica- 
 
176 CYPRIAN. 
 
 tion only disappointment and an increase of the 
 appetite which he was unable to appease. 
 
 There were others who regretted the course 
 he pursued as well as himself. Among these 
 was one Csecilius, who, though once a pagan 
 and an [idolater, was now a preacher of the 
 Gospel of Jesus Christ. In what relation he 
 stood to Cyprian we are not informed, but he 
 made him the object of his deepest Christian 
 solicitude, and used every means he could com- 
 mand to bring him to Christ. And he had the 
 joy of seeing his efforts crowned with success, 
 and the high talents of his friend all consecrated 
 to the service of Jesus and the furtherance of 
 His Gospel in the earth. Would that there were 
 more of this ! [that believers made individual 
 souls the object of their care, and bent all their 
 energies to the task of bringing them to the 
 Saviour. Such labour would not be in vain. 
 Men whose salvation is so sought for is generally 
 secured. It may not be so at once. Years of 
 
CYPRIAN. 177 
 
 prayer, anxiety, and effort may be necessary to 
 secure its accomplishment. But what then ? 
 Is not the salvation of a soul worth all that ? 
 Caecilius did not think a lifetime of prayer and 
 pious exertion too much to win Cyprian to 
 Jesus Christ. You know what the salvation of 
 men, aye, of each individual man cost the Lord 
 Himself; then let no effort be deemed too great 
 by us to bring a brother, a child, or a friend 
 within the circle of the Divine family. 
 
 The conversion of Cyprian was in the year 
 246 A. D., and was followed by acts which left 
 no doubt of its reality. He employed his 
 wealth for the relief of needy and persecuted 
 Christians, dissociated himself from those who 
 had been his companions and who still adhered 
 to their idolatries, and issued a treatise in which 
 he maintained the unity of God, showed the 
 absurdity of paganism, and set forth the pur- 
 poses of the mission of Jesus Christ. 
 
 The Scriptures now became his earnest, and 
 
 M 
 
178 CYPRIAN. 
 
 constant, and prayerful study ; and he soon 
 became efficient in the knowledge of their con- 
 tents, and one of the most successful defenders 
 of their claims. 
 
 His success as an expounder of the Word 
 of God, and the power with which he pressed 
 upon Christians their duties, and defended 
 their rights, soon led to his investment with the 
 ministerial office. So efficiently did he meet the 
 requirements of that office that by the end of two 
 years from his conversion he was called by the 
 unanimous voice of the North African Church 
 to the position of bishop or chief pastor. He 
 would have gladly escaped the duties and 
 responsibilities of such a post, and did all that 
 he could to get them devolved upon another. 
 But the multitude of the believers refused to 
 accede to his wish. He was therefore 
 obliged to accept the position to which the 
 people called him ; and soon gave evidence 
 of his fitness for its duties. " Such grace and 
 
CYPRIAN. 179 
 
 holiness beamed from his face," writes Pontius, 
 his biographer and fellow-labourer, "that he 
 inspired with respect all who beheld him. His 
 countenance was at once frank and thoughtful : 
 he was grave without dulness, gentle without 
 weakness, and combined all these various 
 qualities in such a manner, that it was difficult 
 to say whether he was the more to be loved or 
 revered ; indeed, none could doubt that he was 
 worthy of both love and reverence." 
 
 " It would have been impossible," says De 
 Pressense, " to withhold affectionate respect 
 from so disinterested and generous a bishop as 
 Cyprian. He showed unwearied devotedness 
 to all the sufferers of his flock : he hesitated at 
 no sacrifice which could bring solace to the 
 poor or to the prisoners. He had sold all his 
 possessions soon after his conversion, that he 
 might distribute to such as had need. A 
 country house with which he had parted came 
 back into his possession by some circumstance 
 
i8o CYPRIAN. 
 
 with which we are not acquainted ; he would 
 have sold it again, but that he feared to attract 
 the attention of the persecutors : it was soon 
 known, however, what became of the income 
 he derived from it. Almost the whole sum 
 was divided amongst indigent members of the 
 Church. ' I implore you,' he wrote to his 
 clergy, 'take peculiar care of the widows, the 
 sick, and the poor. If you find some in needy 
 circumstances among the strangers, take all the 
 sums necessary from the money which I left 
 with Rogatian, our fellow-labourer in the priest- 
 hood. Lest that fund should be exhausted, I 
 have sent you a fresh supply by the acolyte 
 Maricus, that you may be able promptly and 
 generously to succour our brethren in distress.' " 
 It was, however, but for a short time that he 
 was allowed to pursue in peace his career of 
 Christian benevolence and service. He was 
 led by the severity of the Decian persecution to 
 withdraw from the scene of his labours, and 
 
CYPRIAN. i8i 
 
 seek for safety in a retreat of secrecy. But 
 here he remembered his brethren in the faith, 
 and sought by letters that he addressed to them 
 to instruct and comfort them, and maintain them 
 in the loyalty of their attachment to the person 
 and cause of Christ. Permitted by an abate- 
 ment of the persecution to leave his conceal- 
 ment, he reappeared among his people, and gave 
 himself with renewed activity and earnestness 
 to the duties of his office, the maintenance of 
 sound doctrine, the purity of the Church, the 
 encouragement of the faithful, and the excision 
 from the community of the saved of those who, 
 in the hour of danger, had offered incense to 
 heathen gods. 
 
 The day for the full testing of Cyprian's 
 own faith at last arrived. But it stood the 
 trial. Nothing could move him from the hope 
 of his calling. He maintained with openness 
 and steadfastness his profession. Banishment 
 was the result. This was soon superseded 
 
1 82 CYPRIAN, 
 
 by martyrdom. On a new imperial decree 
 appearing, ordering apostates from the religion 
 of their fathers to be punished with death, 
 Cyprian was summoned before the proconsul of 
 the district, and as he persisted in confessing 
 Christ, and declaring Him alone entitled to 
 worship, was condemned to death. Led to 
 a field belonging to himself, he was there, in 
 the midst of crowds of weeping friends, and of 
 thousands of onlooking pagans, beheaded and 
 passed to his martyr-crown. 
 
 Like many of his times Cyprian held views of 
 Christian doctrine and practice which probably 
 few in these days would fully accept, but of his 
 loyalty to Christ, and faith in Scripture as the 
 Word of God, there can be no doubt. Then he 
 was as eminent as a scholar as he was devout 
 as a Christian, and in every way qualified to 
 witness to the truth of the Gospels, and bear 
 testimony to the verity of Revelation. 
 
ATHANASIUS. 
 
" This is the true God, and eternal life." — i John v. 20. 
 
ATHANASIUS. 
 
 God has, in every age, shown His care for His 
 Church by the men whom He has raised up 
 for her instruction in pure doctrine, to check 
 the advances of error, defend her from the en- 
 croachments of kings and prelates, and lead her 
 on to fresh enterprises and triumphs. 
 
 Among such men Athanasius occupied a 
 conspicuous place. He was born at Alexandria 
 in 296 A.D., of parents in moderate circum- 
 stances of life. From his comparatively humble 
 condition he rose by superior ability, persever- 
 ance, and piety, to occupy a commanding posi- 
 tion of influence, do more for the orthodox faith 
 than any other man of his time, and leave 
 behind him a rich legacy of instruction to the 
 Church of the future. 
 
1 86 ATHANASIUS. 
 
 " His first appearance is in a well-known 
 story, which, though doubted in later times from 
 its supposed incongruity with the dignity of a 
 great saint, has," says Dean Stanley, " every 
 indication of truth. Alexander, Bishop of 
 Alexandria, was entertaining his clergy in a 
 tower or lofty house overlooking the expanse 
 of sea beside the Alexandrian harbour. He 
 observed a group of children playing on the 
 edge of the shore, and was struck by the grave 
 appearance of their game. His attendant 
 clergy went at his orders to catch the boys 
 and bring them before the bishop, who taxed 
 them with having played at religious cere- 
 monies. At first, like boys caught at a mis- 
 chievous game, they denied ; but, at last 
 confessed that they had been imitating the 
 sacrament of baptism ; that one of them had 
 been selected to perform the part of bishop, and 
 that he had duly dipped them in the sea, with 
 all the proper questions and addresses. When 
 
A THANASIUS. 187 
 
 Alexander found that these forms had been 
 observed, he determined that the baptism was 
 valid ; he himself added the consecrating oil 
 of confirmation, and was so much struck with 
 the knowledge and gravity of the boy-bishop 
 that he took him under his charge. That little 
 boy was Athanasius," who, under the bishop's 
 roof and supervision enjoyed advantages 
 which he greatly valued. These, from his 
 love of knowledge and religious zeal, he made 
 the most of, and soon attained to distinction 
 in learning and piety. So satisfied was his 
 generous patron with his fitness for office in the 
 Church, that he made him, even before reach- 
 ing full manhood, his archdeacon. From his 
 appearance, as well as youth, Athanasius was 
 thought by many to be without the qualifica- 
 tions necessary for the office to which he had 
 been raised. He was in stature a mere dwarf, 
 although in face and expression, according to 
 one of his earliest biographers, was beautiful as 
 
1 88 ATHANASIUS. 
 
 an angel. But the result proved the soundness 
 of the judgment which his bishop had formed of 
 him, and the wisdom of the choice he had made 
 for the vacant office. He found in Athanasius, 
 even a more efficient helper in the fulfilment of 
 his episcopal duties than he had counted on. 
 Fertile in resource, quick in apprehension and 
 accurate in calculation, the archdeacon was 
 everything to him in emergencies that he 
 needed, and he more and more appreciated 
 and loved him. 
 
 The Church was now being rent by the 
 Arian controversy. Anxious to put an end to 
 a state of things that was imperilling the peace 
 of the Empire, as well as doing irreparable harm 
 to religion, Constantine summoned a Council 
 of all the Churches of the Roman Empire 
 at Nicaea in Bithynia to settle the questions 
 in dispute. This was in the year 325 A.D. 
 Some three hundred bishops, besides deacons 
 and presbyters, responded to the invitation, 
 
A TB A NASI US. 189 
 
 and discussed the doctrine of the Godhead of 
 the Son of Man. Athanasius who was present 
 with his bishop, specially distinguished himself 
 in the part which he took in the debates, and 
 largely contributed to the result in the adoption 
 of the Nicene Creed. From that time he was 
 the object of Arian hatred and persecution, and 
 subjected to untold annoyances and troubles. 
 
 The year after the Nicene Council the 
 Bishop of Alexandria died, and Athanasius was, 
 sorely against his will, raised to the vacant See. 
 This he held for the long period of forty-six 
 years. Scarcely, however, had he entered upon 
 his more responsible duties, when the first of 
 the persecutions assailed him, which drove him 
 again and again into exile, and compelled him 
 to pass twenty years away from his diocese. 
 
 Under the influence of his sister, who had 
 come under Arian influence, Constantine 
 commanded Athanasius to restore Arius to his 
 place in the Alexandrian Church, of which he 
 
I90 ATHANASIUS. 
 
 was a presbyter. This the Bishop refused to do, 
 and was banished in consequence to Northern 
 Gaul. The following year, in 337, Constantine 
 died, and Athanasius was restored by the new 
 Emperor, Constantius, to his beloved Alexan- 
 dria. "The population of the over-joyed city 
 poured forth," as has been related, "to meet 
 him, not as was their habit on such occasions, 
 in the indiscriminate confusion of a modern 
 populace, but in a certain stateliness of arrange- 
 ment. Each trade and profession kept its own 
 place. The men and women, as in Oriental 
 countries, were apart. The children formed a 
 mass by themselves. As the mighty stream 
 rolled out of the gates, it was as if the Nile at 
 the height of its flood, scattering fertility as it 
 went, had turned in its course and flowed back- 
 wards from Alexandria towards the first outpost 
 of the City. As now, so then, the usual mode 
 of moving to and fro along the roads of Egypt 
 was on asses Branches of trees were 
 
ATHANASIUS. 191 
 
 waved aloft around Athanasius ; carpets of the 
 gayest colours and richest textures were spread 
 under his feet. There was a long unbroken 
 shout of applause ; thousands of hands clapped 
 with delight ; the air was scented with the 
 fragrant ointments poured out; the city at 
 night flashed with illuminations ; public and 
 private entertainments were given in every 
 house." Such a reception greatly galled his 
 Arian adversaries, and excited them to renewed 
 efforts to gain their purpose with regard to him, 
 to secure his deposition, and final banishment to 
 some remote place of exilement. Charges were 
 soon framed and brought against him, and on the 
 ground of these, false and flimsy as they were, 
 he was condemned and driven into exile. On 
 four or five different occasions this was the case, 
 but the ends sought for by his enemies were far 
 from being secured thereby. They saw that 
 the Word of God was not to be bound, and 
 that the more the leaders of the orthodox faith 
 
192 ATHANASIUS. 
 
 were persecuted the more the truth, for which 
 they suffered, was valued and diffused. Besides, 
 Athanasius did more for the spread of Trinitar- 
 ianism during his years of forced quietude than 
 during those of his active public life. It was in 
 exile that he wrote his best defences of the 
 Divinity of Christ, and the most of his com- 
 mentaries and other works. The wrath of man 
 was thus made to advance the Divine praise, 
 and what was done to discredit the doctrine of 
 the Saviour's Godhead was over-ruled by the 
 Most High for its fuller elucidation and 
 establishment. 
 
 Then that which Athanasius defended and 
 maintained at such cost was his support and 
 comfort in every exilement and trouble. He 
 had evidences of the Oneness of the Son with 
 the Father beyond what he met with on the 
 inspired page. He had experience of it in his 
 loneliness and suffering. Christ's words were 
 verified to him ; " he that loveth me shall be 
 
ATHANASWS. 193 
 
 loved of my Father, and I will love him and 
 will manifest myself unto him." 
 
 Yes, there are other testimonies to the 
 divinity of Jesus than those that are supplied by 
 the pages of Scripture, — and testimonies that 
 are not to be confuted by any arguments that 
 opponents of the doctrine may adduce. No, 
 you cannot reason me out of my experience. 
 You may silence me as to many of the argu- 
 ments I bring forward in support of the truth of 
 Revelation, but I know that Christ is what He 
 claims to be, from the repeated consciousness I 
 have had of His presence, the consolation and 
 strength I have realized in communion with 
 Him, and the answers I have had to the prayers 
 I have offered. 
 
 But Athanasius was more than a teacher of 
 the Divinity of Christ, he bore, by his writings 
 and oral discourses, full and definite testimony 
 to the Scriptures, in their entireness, as the 
 Word of God. " That testimony," as Dr 
 
 N 
 
194 A THANASIUS. 
 
 Lardner observes, " is very valuable. As we learn 
 from his works, he received the books of the 
 Old and New Testaments as alone of authority, 
 and in which the doctrine of religion is taught 
 with absolute certainty. And, considering the 
 time in which he lived, the acquaintance he had 
 with the several parts of the Christian Church, 
 and the bishops of it, in Egypt, Europe and 
 Asia, and the knowledge he had of ancient 
 Christian literature, his testimony must be 
 reckoned of great use to satisfy us." 
 
 Such, then, was the position which Athanasius 
 occupied in the church, and the service* he 
 rendered to the cause of truth. Few men ever 
 lived a more chequered life, enjoyed a wider 
 celebrity, and were more intensely hated by 
 enemies and loved by friends. Whilst his zeal 
 for orthodoxy, and natural impetuosity of 
 temperament frequently led him beyond the 
 limits of Christian moderation both in language 
 and acts towards opponents, yet he was 
 
ATHANASIUS. 195 
 
 sincerely honest in his convictions, and pos- 
 sessed a power in argument and debate rarely 
 exceeded. But withal, he was amiable, gener- 
 ous, and self-sacrificing. There was no service 
 he was not ready to perform, nor self-denial 
 to practise for the help of those whose good 
 he sought, and the maintenance and spread 
 of the doctrines he believed. He was pre-emi- 
 nently a man for the times, and fitted for the 
 work for which Providence had evidently raised 
 him up. Hence the admiration in which he 
 was held by those who personally knew him, 
 and the estimate put upon his character by men 
 of after times. Gibbon and Stanley, early 
 religious writers and subsequent historians, use 
 very much the same language of eulogy in 
 reference to his attainments and services. 
 
 After persistently and intelligently bearing 
 for half a century testimony to the central truth 
 of Christianity, and the verity of the Scriptures, 
 he was permitted to pass the last five years of 
 
196 ATHANASIUS. 
 
 his life in the city of his birth, and among the 
 beloved people of his flock. His life had been 
 a martyrdom, and he did not therefore need to 
 die at the stake or under the executioner's axe 
 to be entitled to the martyr's reward. With 
 words of thankfulness upon his lips, and in 
 peace, he passed, in 373, into the joy of his 
 Lord. 
 
 But Christianity went on conquering and to 
 conquer. Being of God it was not to be arrested 
 in its progress. It was in vain therefore, that 
 men attempted to frustrate His purpose with 
 regard to it. Dr Farrar has eloquently put 
 the matter in the following passage, with 
 which I shall close the present chapter : — 
 " Christianity spent her first three centuries in 
 one long, legalized, almost unbroken persecu- 
 tion. Some of her holiest bishops — an Ignatius, 
 a Polycarp, an Hippolytus; some of her greatest 
 writers — a Justin, an Athanasius, an Origen ; 
 even her poor female slaves — a Blandina, a 
 
 I 
 
ATHANASIUS. 197 
 
 Filicltas, a Potamiaea, endured the rack or the 
 prison, perished by the sword or flame. * Yet 
 they stood safe,' said Cyprian, * stronger than 
 their conquerors ; the beaten and lacerated 
 members conquered the beating and lacerating 
 hooks.' ' The nearer I am to the sword,' said 
 Ignatius, *the nearer to God.' *We were con- 
 demned to the wild beasts,' wrote the youthful 
 S. Perpetua, 'and with hearts full of joy re- 
 turned to our prison.' 'Call us,' said the fervent 
 TertulHan, 'call us Sarmenticii and Semaxii, 
 names derived from the wood wherewith we are 
 burned, and the stakes to which we are bound ; 
 this is the garment of our victory, our em- 
 broidered robe, our triumphal chariot' Such 
 was their 'tremendous spirit;' and when the 
 very executioners were weary, when vast holo- 
 causts had been offered to the expiring divini- 
 ties, then finding, as has been finely said, that 
 she had to deal with a ' host of Scaevolas,' the 
 proudest of earthly powers, arrayed in the 
 
198 ATIIANASIUS. 
 
 plenitude of material resources, humbled herself 
 before a power founded on a mere sense of the 
 unseen.' 
 
 "Yes, it was of God, and they could not 
 overthrow it ; the catacomb triumphed over the 
 Grecian temple ; the cross of shame over the 
 wine-cup and the Salean banquet, the song of 
 the siren and the wreath of rose. These 
 obscure sectaries, — barbarians, orientals, Jews 
 as they were, — fought against the indignant 
 world and won. ' Not by power, nor by might, 
 but by my Spirit, saith the Lord of hosts ;' by 
 heroic endurance, by stainless innocence, by 
 burning zeal, by inviolable truthfulness, by 
 boundless love. The world's seductive ideals 
 and intoxicating joys, the world's enchanting 
 mythologies and dissolute religions, all fled 
 before a cross of wood ! " 
 
BASIL THE GREAT. 
 
' ' He liveth long who liveth well ! 
 All else is being flung away ; 
 He liveth longest who can tell 
 Of true things truly done each day." — BONAR. 
 
BASIL THE GREAT. 
 
 "As Athanasius was the great champion of 
 the Catholic faith, while the Arians were in the 
 ascendent, so," says Dr Newman, "Basil and 
 Gregory Nazianzen in the East, and Ambrose 
 in the West, were the chief instruments of 
 Providence in repairing and strengthening its 
 bulwarks, by word, writing, and deed, when the 
 fury of these assaults was spent. I am not 
 concerned just now with the great Western 
 luminary, Ambrose, but with Basil and 
 Gregory. Of these two, one had to contend 
 with an Arian sovereign, the other with an 
 Arian populace ; and they gained the victory 
 each on his own field of battle, the one with the 
 loss of his See, the other at the sacrifice of his 
 life. Premature death, and a solitary old age 
 
202 BASIL THE GREAT. 
 
 were the contrary destinies of the two great 
 saints and dear friends ; the labours of Basil 
 were cut short and the sufferings of Gregory 
 were lengthened out. The scene of Gregory's 
 struggle was the imperial city of Constanti- 
 nople ; of Basil's, the length and breadth of 
 Asia Minor, and the adjoining provinces." 
 
 Basil was the son of Christian parents, who 
 were members of noble and wealthy families, 
 and was born A.D. 329, at Csesareia, the capital 
 of Cappadocia. As a man of learning, and 
 occupied with teaching, Basil, the father, meant 
 that his son, who began to show at an early 
 period the possession of superior mental 
 powers, should have the best education the 
 times afforded. He accordingly sent him 
 from one school to another, and was not dis- 
 appointed with the results. Basil made the 
 best use of the advantages his father secured 
 for him, and soon became celebrat^ed for his 
 attainments. He settled in his native city as 
 
BASIL THE GREAT. 203 
 
 a teacher of rhetoric, and drew around him by 
 his eloquence and learning large numbers of 
 the better class of young men as pupils. In 
 his eager pursuit of knowledge and fame he 
 forgot, however, the religious instructions of his 
 early home life, and puffed up with the pride 
 of philosophy and science stood aloof from the 
 Christian community, and refused to occupy 
 himself with the study of the Scriptures. He 
 was unable, however, to resist his mother's 
 prayers and appeals. Won by her at last, to 
 the faith of Christ, he threw himself with all 
 the force of his earnest nature into the cause 
 he had been led to espouse. Christianity was 
 now everything to him, and there was nothing 
 he was not prepared to undertake and sacrifice 
 to farther its extension. Ordained to the office 
 of the ministry, he preached the Gospel with 
 faithfulness and fervour, and set his face like a 
 flint against the errors in doctrine and practice 
 that were only too prevalent. 
 
204 BASIL THE GREAT. 
 
 Led by the jealousy of his bishop, and the 
 falling away from the truth of some whom he 
 was unable to recall to the faith of Christ, he 
 withdrew to a remote and secluded district in 
 Pontus, where he passed some years in retire- 
 ment, the practice of the severest asceticism, 
 and the establishment of monasteries, hospitals 
 for the poor, orphanages, and other homes of 
 beneficence. 
 
 Returning to his native city, in Cappadocia, 
 to help to stem the tide of heresy, and protect 
 the Church of his fathers from the evils with 
 which it was threatened, he was soon, in con- 
 sequence of the death of Eusebius, raised to 
 the bishopric of the diocese. His opportunities 
 of usefulness were now greatly extended, and 
 he availed himself of them to the utmost of his 
 strength. His life was one of incessant activity, 
 yet in the midst of manifold engagements he 
 made time for the closest and most critical 
 study of the Word of God. An almost un- 
 
BASIL THE GREAT. 205 
 
 broken stream of works proceeded from his pen, 
 and, for the most part, on subjects of profound 
 importance and practical worth. He is said to 
 have written, in addition to the pubHcations 
 referred to, commentaries on almost all the 
 books of Scripture. 
 
 His testimony to the authority and genuine- 
 ness of these books might be argued from the 
 value he set upon them, the timxe he gave to 
 their study, and the pains he was at to make 
 them intelligible and attractive to others ; but, 
 in addition to this, we have his own unmistake- 
 able words as to their importance and suffi- 
 ciency as a rule of faith and practice to men. 
 His language, in a homily upon the first Psalm, 
 according to Laraneris is: "All Scripture, given 
 by inspiration of God, is profitable, and for that 
 end was written by the Spirit, that, as in a 
 common treasury of medicines for souls, all men 
 might find what is proper for the healing of their 
 several maladies. The prophets teach some 
 
2o6 BASIL THE GREAT. 
 
 things, the historical books other things, the law 
 others : and the Proverbs have instructions for 
 regulating our manners. The book of Psalms 
 contains whatever is useful in all the rest." 
 
 Again : " The best way to know our duty is 
 to meditate on the divinely inspired Scriptures : 
 here are instructions concerning our conduct ; 
 and the examples of good men recorded 
 therein, are as it were living patterns, set 
 before us for our imitation. And whatever 
 malady any man labours under, if he acquaints 
 himself with the Scriptures, he will there find a 
 medicine suited to his case." 
 
 Such testimony from a man of Basil's attain- 
 ments, piety, and position, is of great moment 
 and value, and forms an important link in the 
 chain of the Christian evidences here supplied. 
 I therefore give it a place in the present series, 
 and feel that in doing so I am serving the cause 
 I am seeking to promote. 
 
 Basil was far from being allowed to pursue 
 
BASIL THE GREAT. 207 
 
 uninterruptedly his life of activity and useful- 
 ness. Charges were often trumped up against 
 him by the Arian bishops around, and 
 difficulties put in his way. Those who ought 
 to have been the first to stand by and assist 
 him in his eifbrts to heal the divisions by which 
 the Church was rent, and put down the heresies 
 that prevailed, often stood aloof, and left him 
 to bear alone the brunt of the assaults of many 
 foes. Yet he felt that he was not alone. 
 The arm on which he leaned was his support. 
 The Saviour he trusted did not leave him with- 
 out the evidence of His presence, approval, and 
 help, and he was kept from the fear of man, and 
 any halting in his career. 
 
 What Ambrose, in the West, was, in Chris- 
 tian intrepidity and adherence to duty, that 
 Basil was in the East. Accordingly, when the 
 Arian Emperor Valens made a tour through 
 Asia Minor, with the fixed resolve of exter- 
 minating the orthodox faith and establishino- 
 
2o8 BASIL THE GREAT. 
 
 in its place the creed he professed, Basil 
 awaited his arrival at Csesareia with as fixed 
 a resolve to oppose his purpose, and resist 
 his imperial authority. Of this Valens was 
 informed at Csesareia, and from other things 
 he had heard respecting Basil's popularity and 
 power, was led to moderate the demands he had 
 intended making. " To bring matters, however, 
 to an issue, the Emperor on reaching the city, 
 presented himself among the worshippers in 
 the Church in which the bishop was, at the 
 moment, conducting a service. He found the 
 place crowded with people, and their chanted 
 psalms pealing forth like thunder. Basil was, 
 at the instant, celebrating the eucharistic 
 sacrifice, standing, according to the primitive 
 custom, behind the altar with his face to the 
 congregation, supported on either hand by the 
 semicircle of his attendant clergy. ' The 
 unearthly majesty of the scene,' the rapt 
 devotion of the Archbishop, erect like a 
 
BASIL THE GREAT. 209 
 
 column before the holy table, the reverent 
 order of the immense throng, ' more like that 
 of angels than of men,' overpowered the weak 
 and excitable Valens, and he almost fainted 
 away. When the time came for making his 
 offering, and the ministers were hesitating 
 whether they should receive an oblation from 
 the hand of a heretic, his limbs failed him, 
 and but for the aid of one of the clergy he 
 would have fallen. Basil pitying his enemy's 
 weakness, came forward himself and accepted 
 the gift from his trembling hand. The next 
 day, Valens again visited the Church, and 
 listened with reverence to Basil's preaching, 
 and made his offerings which were not now 
 
 rejected An interview followed, and 
 
 the Emperor retired so well pleased with what 
 he saw and heard that he made Basil a grant 
 of lands for the poorhouse he was erecting." 
 
 Worn out by his manifold labours, various 
 trials, and severe austerities, Basil, though only 
 
 o 
 
2IO BASIL THE GREAT. 
 
 fifty years of age, succumbed to the disease 
 which had long afflicted him. " His deathbed 
 was surrounded by crowds of the citizens, 
 ready," writes his friend Gregory, " to give part 
 of their own hfe to lengthen that of their 
 bishop. He breathed his last with the words, 
 'into Thy hands I commend my spirit' His 
 funeral was attended by enormous crowds, who 
 thronged to touch the bier, or the hem of his 
 funeral garments, or even to catch a distant 
 glimpse of his face. The press was so great 
 that several persons were crushed to death ; 
 almost the object of envy because they died 
 with Basil." " They carried him to his grave 
 and made great lamentation over him." 
 
 So lived and died one who neither courted 
 the smile, nor dreaded the frown of man ; whom 
 nothing could drive nor draw from the path 
 of duty, and who as "the minister of Jesus 
 Christ to the Gentiles, ministered the Gospel of 
 God, that the offering up of the Gentiles might 
 
BASIL THE GREAT. 211 
 
 be acceptable, being sanctified by the Holy 
 Ghost." By his life he illustrated the trans- 
 forming power of the Gospel he believed and 
 preached, and by his death its sustaining 
 consolations. But what Christianity was to 
 him it may be to writer and reader alike, — 
 the Power of God to Salvation. 
 
AMBROSE. 
 
*' The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered, 
 Nor to rebuke the rich offender feared ; 
 His preaching much, but more his practice wrought, 
 A living- sermon of the truths he taught." — Dryden. 
 
^ AMBROSE. 
 
 God never calls his servants to posts of diffi- 
 culty and high responsibility in His Church 
 without preparing them for them. They may 
 not themselves be conscious of the process of 
 which they are the subjects, nor have any idea 
 that they are being trained for another than 
 the way of life they have chosen, — but the 
 purpose of God with regard to them is mean- 
 while being fulfilled. He fits them, as has 
 sometimes been the case, by the exercise of 
 civil authority for being spiritual rulers in His 
 kingdom, and by the work of instructing men 
 in matters belonging to the present life for 
 being the teachers of righteousness and truth. 
 So Ambrose, who was born in 340, and of 
 parents of high rank, was prepared for the 
 
216 AMBROSE. 
 
 position he afterwards occupied. His father who 
 was Prefect or Governor of Gaul, — including 
 France and Spain, and Great Britain, — dying 
 in early manhood, the widow settled in Rome, 
 for the purpose of obtaining the best possible 
 education for her two boys and only daughter. 
 Possessed of means she spared neither money 
 nor pains in carrying out her wish with respect 
 to them, and she had the satisfaction of seeing 
 her desire gratified. 
 
 Ambrose chose the profession of the law, 
 which was then, as Gibbon says, the usual path 
 to the highest civil offices. When he had 
 completed the round of the studies deemed 
 necessary as a preparation for the office of an 
 advocate, he commenced the practice of a 
 pleader in the Court of the Praetorian Prefect 
 of Italy. Here he soon reached the highest 
 position the Court had at its disposal. But at 
 this point he did not stop. So impressed was 
 the Prefect with his abilities and integrity that 
 
AMBROSE. 217 
 
 he made him Governor of the provinces of 
 Liguria and ^meHa, with his head-quarters 
 at Milan. 
 
 How long this civil post was held by him we 
 are not Informed, but the testimony of those 
 who had every opportunity of forming a 
 correct judgment was, that "he made an 
 admirable magistrate, and became known to 
 the people of the regions he ruled, as a high- 
 minded conscientious and religious man." 
 
 The story of his translation from a civil to an 
 ecclesiastical office has often been told — and is 
 this : Auxentius, the Arian bishop of Milan 
 dying in 374, a warm contest arose between 
 the Arian and orthodox parties, as to his suc- 
 cessor. The strife becoming more and more 
 violent, and fearing its issue, Ambrose appeared 
 in his character of Governor, where the parties 
 were assembled, and addressed them so calmly 
 and Christianly, with the view of allaying 
 irritation and leading to a peaceful result, that 
 
21 8 AMBROSE. 
 
 he no sooner resumed his seat, than a cry arose, 
 " Ambrose for bishop ! " The cry was taken 
 up by both parties, and by an unanimous vote 
 his election to the vacant See was proclaimed. 
 No one was so much surprised at the issue of 
 his appearance on the scene to keep order as 
 himself He persistently and absolutely refused 
 to accept the proffered honour. It was true 
 he was a Christian, but he had not even been 
 baptised, was the merest novice in religious 
 knowledge and experience, and wholly there- 
 fore unfitted for the position to which he was 
 called. But the people would not be refused. 
 The Emperor confirmed the election, and in- 
 sisted on Ambrose acceding to the wish so 
 earnestly and unanimously expressed. Yield- 
 ing, at last, to the arguments and solicitations 
 addressed to him, he gave himself to the 
 task of preparing for the duties of the Epis- 
 copal office. That he might not be impeded 
 in the performance of these duties by any 
 
AMBROSE. 219 
 
 external encumbrance he distributed a large 
 amount of his wealth among the poor of his 
 diocese, provided for the support of his sister, 
 and handed over what remained to the manage- 
 ment of his much loved brother, Satyrus. 
 
 As has been said " the vox populi was never 
 more thoroughly justified than in the election 
 of Ambrose to the vacant diocese of Milan. 
 He was exactly fitted to become a great 
 bishop. .... The foundation of his excellence 
 was laid in a singular and unsullied purity of 
 character; he had a natural love of teaching and 
 governing, warm sympathies, eminent practical 
 abilities, an undaunted courage, stimulated by 
 the ambition of martyrdom, and a religious 
 spirit so devout and eager that the only faults 
 with which he can be charged may be 
 attributed to an excess of Episcopal zeal." He 
 found in his See precisely his place, and 
 laboured for the period of twenty-three years 
 in the fulfilment of its duties. 
 
220 AMBROSE. 
 
 He was at the same time an ardent student 
 as well as a hard worker ; searched the Scrip- 
 tures with daily and prayerful painstaking, and 
 never was content to ascend the pulpit without 
 having, for his hearers, what was fitted to 
 deepen their interest in the Word of God and 
 quicken them in the ways of righteousness. 
 
 "He studied," as has been said, "in order to 
 teach, and he taught with a constant eye to 
 edification. One would say that he was always 
 thinking how he could give the best instruction 
 to the flock committed to his charge, from the 
 Emperor to the lowest of the people, so as to 
 train them in soundness of faith and purity of 
 life. His intellect was quick in perception and 
 fertile in illustration. In doctrine he followed 
 reverently what was of best repute in the 
 Church in his time, carefully guarding his own 
 and his people's orthodoxy from all heresy, 
 and urging, but with wholesome, if not always 
 consistent qualifications, the ascetic religious 
 
AMBROSE. 221 
 
 perfection which the best Christians were then 
 pursuing." 
 
 But the time that he could spare from the 
 pubhc and official duties of his position was not 
 all occupied with reading and increasing his 
 resources in knowledge, much of it was given 
 to writing. A large number of works therefore, 
 in the form of commentaries, treatises, and 
 sermons passed from under his hand. 
 
 Yet he was subject to many interruptions. 
 The times in which he lived, and the extent of 
 the diocese he ruled, made great demands upon 
 him. Arianism was moreover ever placing 
 obstructions in his w^ay, and requiring to be 
 dealt with. Such occasions were never, however, 
 evaded, nor did he ever cease to oppose by 
 spoken and written discourse the Christ-dis- 
 honouring system, till he had cleared his diocese 
 of it. It mattered not what was the form under 
 which it appeared, or the persons by whom it 
 was upheld, he had nothing for it but strongest 
 
222 AMBROSE. 
 
 argument and sternest denouncement. His 
 reply to the Empress Justina, the mother of 
 the reigning Sovereign, accordingly was, when 
 asking for a Church in Milan to be given to 
 the Arians for worship, " Palaces are for Kings, 
 Churches are for Christ, and, as His servant, I 
 refuse to accede to any such wish." The refusal 
 filled Justina with wrath, and the determination 
 to have her revenge, but Ambrose was in no 
 way disquieted by her threats. The honour 
 of Christ was more to him than the favour 
 of princes, and nothing could induce or drive 
 him to do anything derogatory to the claims 
 of his Lord. 
 
 But his courage for truth went beyond 
 opposition to the will of the Empress. When 
 Theodosius, who wielded undivided sway over 
 the Roman world, was guilty of the crime of 
 ordering the indiscriminate slaughter of thous- 
 ands of the inhabitants of Thessalonica, in 
 consequence of the murder of several of his 
 
AMBROSE. 22-, 
 
 officers in a popular outbreak, Ambrose not 
 only reproved him in a letter he addressed to 
 him, and condemned in severest terms the act 
 of which he had been guilty, and by which so 
 many unoffending and innocent persons had 
 lost their lives, but, for eight months, closed 
 the Church against him, and deprived him of 
 all its privileges. 
 
 "On the feast of the Nativity, Theodosius 
 entreated to be admitted (and restored to 
 Christian privileges). Ambrose replied 'The 
 Emperor might kill him, but only over his 
 body could he pass into the Church.' The 
 Emperor answered, ' Remember David, who 
 was the man after God's own heart, and yet 
 committed murder.' Ambrose replied, ^ Thou 
 hast imitated David in his sins ; imitate him 
 also in his penitence.' At length," adds the 
 Rev. A. Reed, " Theodosius was restored, on 
 condition of his public penance, and of his 
 issuing an edict prohibiting all capital punish- 
 
224 AMBROSE. 
 
 ment for thirty days (after the sentence of 
 death had been pronounced). 
 
 " The great ruler and conqueror, after the 
 long delay, obtained the desired absolution, and 
 entered the place of penitents, disrobed, pros- 
 trating himself, beating his breast, tearing his 
 hair, and watering the ground with his tears. 
 The whole world admired this rigorous justice 
 of the Church, by which an Emperor was made 
 to humble himself like the meanest trans- 
 gressor." 
 
 Ambrose had the honour of being, under 
 God, the means of the conversion and admis- 
 sion into the Church of the greatest of the 
 Christian Fathers — Augustine. The proba- 
 bility is that he foresaw, from his intercourse 
 with the learned and eloquent teacher of 
 rhetoric, something of the service that he would 
 render to the Church were he to become fully 
 decided for Christ, but doubtless had no idea 
 of the extent of the service which Augustine 
 
AMBROSE. 225 
 
 actually rendered to the truth. No, we never 
 know where the word we speak for our Lord 
 may travel. The influence we put in motion 
 for Him may never pause till it reaches the 
 ends of the earth. The soul you bring to Jesus 
 may be the blessed means of leading many 
 others to Him. The young man you induce to 
 join a Bible Class, or to become a listener to 
 the Gospel of God's grace, may, before many 
 years have passed, be like a Whitfield or a 
 Williams, the bearer of the glad tidings of 
 salvation from island to island, and continent 
 to continent. At all events to '' convert a 
 sinner from the error of his way is to save a 
 soul from death, and hide a multitude of sins." 
 
 Although Ambrose's interpretations of 
 Scripture are not always to be depended 
 upon, owing to his fondness for allegorical 
 expositions, yet few men, of early times, did 
 more to maintain the orthodox faith, — the 
 Tri-unity of the Godhead, the Divinity of the 
 
 P 
 
226 AMBROSE. 
 
 Lord Jesus, the necessity of the Spirit in 
 regeneration, the authority and sufficiency of 
 the Word of God, the salvation of men by grace, 
 and the practical character of faith, or bore a 
 fuller and better testimony to the claims of 
 Christianity. He laid the Church, not only of 
 his own times, but of future generations under 
 great obligation, by the stand which he made in 
 writing and oral discourse for her prerogatives 
 and the doctrines of the cross, and against 
 Arianism and other prevailing forms of error. 
 He lived to honour God and God honoured 
 him, by the success with which He crowned his 
 labours, the extent of service for the Church 
 He enabled him to render, the joy with which 
 He filled the cup of his daily experience, and 
 the serene and trustful death He gave him to 
 realize. 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
"An eloquent man, and mighty in the Scriptures." — Acts 
 xviii. 24. 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 No figure stands out with greater distinctness 
 and attraction on the canvas of the Church's 
 early history than John of Antioch, or Chrysos- 
 tom of the " golden mouth." 
 
 The question, how he came to reach the 
 extraordinary position he occupied and the 
 lofty reputation he acquired, has been differ- 
 ently answered. He was not always wise in 
 the plans of action he adopted, and considerate 
 in the spirit he displayed. He was an ascetic 
 in his habits, and in the opinions he, from time 
 to time, broached was contracted and erroneous. 
 ** Yet the fact is beyond dispute that he earned 
 imperishable glory, wrote books that can never 
 die, filled the world with his fame, and, at this 
 hour is more widely known than ever." 
 
230 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 The explanation of this is probably to be 
 found in the position he occupied, which ad- 
 mitted of his singular qualities having the 
 fullest scope ; and in the fact, that he was 
 possessed of " a fine genius, high mental cul- 
 ture, ardent piety and surpassing eloquence ; 
 above all, that the Spirit of God dwelt in him 
 in an extraordinary measure, and worked in 
 him with marvellous power. Hence his rare 
 insight into the meaning of the Word of God, 
 and his realizing sense of its power and glory. 
 His soul enjoyed a perpetual illumination, and 
 the holy fire which burned in his heart was fed 
 continually by an unseen hand. Hence it was 
 with him as with Paul, when he said, *0 ye 
 Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you, our 
 heart is enlarged.' Out of the abundance of 
 his heart his mouth spoke. The one was ever 
 full, and therefore the other was ever open. 
 He was constantly receiving, and therefore 
 was constantly giving out. * And, moreover, 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 231 
 
 because the preacher was wise, he still taught 
 the people knowledge ; yea, he gave good 
 heed, and sought out, and set in order many 
 proverbs. The preacher sought to find out 
 acceptable words ; and that which was written 
 was upright, even words of truth. The words 
 of the wise are as goads, and as nails fastened 
 by the master of assemblies which are given 
 from one shepherd.' " 
 
 Chrysostom was born at Antioch in the year 
 347 A. D. His parents were of noble rank 
 and connected with the best families in the 
 city. His father, Secundus, filled a high 
 military post, but died soon after his son's 
 birth. Bereaved of her husband at so early a 
 date after marriage Anthusa, who was at 
 the time only twenty years of age, devoted 
 herself to the well-being of her fatherless 
 boy, and especially, as an earnest Christian 
 woman, to his religious training. To that train- 
 ing Chrysostom owed in no small measure, 
 
2:;2 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 under God, the usefulness and celebrity of after 
 years. 
 
 Christianity has in every age been indebted to 
 mothers of piety for men of usefulness and power. 
 The case of Monica, the mother of Augustine, 
 is too well known to be dwelt on. But what 
 Anthusa was to Chrysostom, and Monica to 
 Augustine, Nonna was to Gregory of Nazian- 
 zen, and Emmelia, his grandmother, to Basil 
 the Great ; Doddridge's mother was also to him, 
 and John Wesley's to her two eminent sons. 
 
 But what these and many other mothers 
 were to their sons, those whose eyes fall upon 
 this page may be to theirs. Yes, Christian 
 mothers, you may be the means, by the prayers 
 you offer for them, and the religious instruction 
 you give to them, of preparing your children 
 for lives of highest usefulness and influence 
 in the Church of God. 
 
 Possessed of wealth Anthusa gave to Chry- 
 sostom the best education she could command 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 233 
 
 for him. She placed him under the most distin- 
 guished teachers of his native city. Proficiency 
 in every attainment he pursued was soon ac- 
 quired, and the highest expectations were formed 
 of him by those who marked his career, and felt 
 interested in his future. Destined for the profes- 
 sion of the law, he commenced practice as an ad- 
 vocate as soon as his course of study for such a 
 position closed. "His gift of eloquence speedily 
 displayed itself His speeches were listened to 
 with delight and applauded by all. A brilliant 
 career was opening before him, leading to what 
 multitudes most court, wealth, fame, and high 
 place. But a change gradual, but mighty, came 
 over his spirit, and like another student of former 
 days, 'the things that were gain to him he counted 
 loss for Christ.' " Quitting the law, he resolved 
 to give himself to religious pursuits, and that he 
 
 might do so with advantage determined to leave 
 
 • 
 
 the city with its distractions and temptations, 
 and retire to one of the remotest hermit- 
 
234 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 ages of Syria. To such a step his mother 
 refused to give any countenance, and pleaded 
 so earnestly and beseechingly with him to 
 renounce his intention, that he meanwhile 
 abandoned it, and became under the direction 
 of the Bishop of Antioch a public reader of the 
 Scriptures. His earnest craving for retirement 
 was at length however gratified. He joined a 
 band of monks who had taken up their abode 
 in a group of solitary hills a few miles from 
 the city. Here he remained nearly six years, 
 passing his time in the study of the Scriptures, 
 the fulfilment of services for others, and 
 meditation and prayer. Returning at the end 
 of that time to Antioch, broken in health and 
 weakened in constitution by the privations to 
 which he had voluntarily subjected himself, he 
 was after a while ordained to the office of deacon, 
 and then to that of presbyter. In the latter 
 character he was associated with the bishop or 
 chief pastor of the Church in ministerial work. 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 235 
 
 He was now in his true place, and had the oppor- 
 tunity of pouring forth the truths " that had 
 for years been pressing for utterance, but for 
 which no sufficient outlet had yet been ob- 
 tained. The sluices were now opened, and 
 the pent up waters broke loose with all the 
 force and fulness of a tidal current." 
 
 Already known for his talents and eloquence, 
 a thronging crowd greeted his first appearance 
 in the pulpit. Dr Macgilvray, in his excellent 
 life of the Christian father, thus describes the 
 scene : " The devotional exercises being con- 
 cluded, Chrysostom opened the manuscript 
 Bible that lay on the desk before him, from 
 which he read out his text, and began his 
 exposition in a calm, measured, deliberate style 
 of speech, for which he was afterwards famed. 
 The tones of his voice, rich and sonorous, were 
 laden with meaning, and betrayed in their 
 tremulous falls 'the motion of a hidden fire.' 
 This, along with that metallic distinctness of 
 
236 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 utterance which always marks out the natural 
 orator, and which conveys the force, not only 
 of every sentence, but almost of every syllable, 
 arrested at once the attention of the audience. 
 As he advanced from exposition to illustration, 
 from Scriptural principle to practical appeals, his 
 delivery became gradually more rapid, his coun- 
 tenance more animated, his voice more vivid 
 and intense. The people began to hold in their 
 breath. The joints of their loins were loosen- 
 ing. A creeping sensation, like that produced 
 by a series of electric waves, passed over them. 
 They felt as if drawn forwards toward the pulpit 
 by a sort of magnetic influence. Some of those 
 who were sitting rose from their seats ; others 
 were overcome with a kind of faintness, as if 
 the preacher's mental force were sucking the 
 life out of their bodies ; and by the time the 
 discourse came to an end, the great mass of 
 that spell-bound audience could only hold their 
 heads, and give vent to their emotion in tears. 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 237 
 
 For a while at first, they looked at each other 
 with glances of wondering delight, and clapped 
 their hands in ecstasy; but the speaker, as 
 if rather interrupted than gratified by these 
 tokens of their admiration, rushed on and bore 
 down their attempts at applause; and long 
 before he was done, admiration gave way to 
 such intense emotion that they were no longer 
 able to express their feelings in the customary 
 form. In fact, the speaker was lost in the 
 splendour and power of his speech. His 
 hearers were past thinking of him, by the 
 very force with which he turned their thoughts 
 in upon themselves, and on the vital and 
 almost visible truths with which he seized, 
 filled, and mastered their minds. His person 
 vanished, as it were, into a voice ; and from the 
 utter stillness that prevailed, it was like ' the 
 voice of one crying in the wilderness,' and an- 
 swered only by the sighing winds of the waste." 
 As Chrysostom began his public ministry. 
 
238 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 SO he continued it, and for the next ten years 
 in Antioch attracted crowded audiences as 
 often as he ascended the pulpit, and electrified 
 them by his eloquence. But what he addressed 
 to the thousands that almost daily listened to 
 him were not merely oratorical harangues, but 
 the most solid and practical instruction. He 
 publicly expounded, it is said, during that time 
 the entire Word of God ; while seventy-five 
 homilies or sermons on the book of Genesis ; 
 one hundred and forty on the Psalms ; seventy- 
 seven on the Prophets ; fifty-four on the Acts, 
 and two hundred and forty-four on the Epistles, 
 still exist to show how persevering was his 
 industry, and what pains he took to ground his 
 audiences in a knowledge of Scripture doctrine 
 and Christian duty. 
 
 He manifested his appreciation of the 
 Scriptures, and bore testimony to their truth, 
 by the diligence and delight with which he 
 studied them, and the faithfulness and fulness 
 
CHRYSOSTOM, 239 
 
 with which he expounded them both by pen 
 and in oral discourse for the instruction of men. 
 
 But the course he pursued, as was certain to 
 be the case, gave offence to many. The way 
 in which he grappled with men's consciences, 
 laid bare the secrets of their hearts, and 
 rebuked and denounced their superstitions and 
 sins, excited against him on the part of 
 numbers, the deepest hostility and dislike. 
 While they could not but admire him for his 
 eloquence, and respect him for his generous- 
 ness and honesty, they hated him for the 
 severity of his reproofs and the strictness of 
 the morals he enforced. 
 
 And the men who thus felt towards Chry- 
 sostom were not of the hundred thousand 
 in the city who still professed and practised 
 idolatry, but more largely of the other hundred 
 thousand who avowed Christianity. But God 
 often withdraws the gifts from men which they 
 fail to value ; extinguishes the light in which 
 
240 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 they refuse to walk, and removes the power 
 which is allowed by them to lie in abeyance. 
 " From him that hath not He taketh away even 
 that which he hath." So he acted by the men 
 of Antioch. He transferred to another people 
 the ministry they failed to appreciate and profit 
 by. And so he may act by the reader. Yes, 
 you may, dear friend, lose what you have ; see 
 the privileges you enjoy passed on to others 
 through not being valued and used by you, and 
 the door that now invites your admission finally 
 closed against you. ''Walk then in the light 
 while ye have the light, lest darkness come 
 upon you." " Seek the Lord while He may be 
 found; call upon Him while He is near." ''Let 
 no man take thy crown." 
 
CURYSOSTOM—conimued. 
 
" Continued stedfaslly in the Apostles' doctrine." — Acts ii. 42. 
 
CnKVSOSTOM—contvmed. 
 
 The fame of Chrysostom as a preacher 
 travelled far and wide. Men were drawn from 
 all parts by what they heard of his public 
 discourses to be listeners to his eloquence. His 
 majestic utterances, burning words, and sweep- 
 ing oratory seem to have impressed very much 
 alike the different classes of his audience. 
 
 Among those who heard him and were deeply 
 impressed with his superior abilities and 
 masterly command of language, was Eutropius, 
 principal chamberlain and prime minister at 
 the imperial court of Constantinople. From 
 the hour he was so favoured he made up his 
 mind to have the great preacher transferred to 
 the Capital of the Empire. The opportunity 
 
244 CHRYSOSTOM, 
 
 for Eutropius carrying out his intention soon 
 presented itself by the death of the then Arch- 
 bishop of the MetropoHs. To none was his 
 appointment to the vacant See more a surprise 
 than to Chrysostom himself. He declined the 
 honour and responsibility, preferring a thou- 
 sand times over to remain where he was, 
 notwithstanding the difficulty which the fri- 
 volity and luxury of the population around 
 him offered to his successful fulfilment of his 
 ministry, and the hatred and opposition which 
 his faithfulness had drawn forth against him. 
 But Eutropius, and those who were of the same 
 mind with him, were not to be baffled in their 
 intention. They resolved that Chrysostom 
 should be brought if he would not come. 
 Enticed out of Antioch, under a false pretence, 
 he was forced into a carriage waiting for him, 
 and driven off. In due time he reached the 
 scene of his future labours, which he found to 
 be anything but a field of easy cultivation and 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 245 
 
 remunerative labour. It was the seat of govern- 
 ment for the Eastern Empire, and the abode 
 of royalty, a proud aristocracy, and a large 
 and mixed population. Whatever were the 
 hindrances he found to the spiritual success of 
 his ministry in Antioch he found them in- 
 tensified and extended in the Capital of the 
 Empire. 
 
 From the beauty and advantages of its situa- 
 tion, the pains which Constantine, its founder, 
 took with its construction and adornment, and 
 the presence of royalty, the Court, and all the 
 high officers of state, Constantinople soon drew 
 to itself a large population, and rose to great 
 power and wealth. 
 
 It not only stood on the confines of Europe 
 and Asia, by the straits of the Bosphorus, and 
 within sight of some of the most interesting spots 
 and objects on the face of the earth, but, like the 
 Rome it was intended to surpass in magnificence 
 and splendour, " was built on a group of seven 
 
246 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 hills, rising above each other in regular succession, 
 five of which were inclosed by the walls. Its 
 length was about three, and its circumference 
 about fourteen Roman miles. The streets and 
 buildings were designed on the most sump- 
 tuous scale ; and if the reign of Constantine 
 produced no such artificers as the men who in 
 the days of the early Caesars executed those 
 works of art which all succeeding ages have 
 admired and sought in vain to rival, the 
 Emperor stripped the cities of Greece and 
 Asia of their noblest monuments, so as by 
 means of them to enhance the splendour of his 
 new metropolis. Besides a variety of pillars, 
 obelisks and other remains of ancient art thus 
 appropriated, we are told that among the 
 Grecian statues with which the forum was 
 adorned was a famous one of Apollo — the work 
 of the celebrated Phidias. It was of bronze, 
 and stood on a pillar a hundred and twenty 
 feet high, composed partly of white marble and 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 247 
 
 partly of porphyry. The palace was a magnifi- 
 cent edifice, which scarcely yielded to the 
 residence of Rome itself, and which, together 
 with the dependent courts, gardens and porti- 
 coes, covered a large space of ground." Many 
 of the public buildings and residences of the 
 nobility around were of a style to match. 
 Constantinople was thus, only a few years from 
 the time it was founded, the pride of its 
 inhabitants and the admiration of all who 
 saw it. 
 
 Such was the city, with its gaiety and 
 grandeur, abundant wealth and manifold plea- 
 sures, mixed populations, and men of all creeds 
 and characters in which the lot of Chrysostom 
 was now cast. 
 
 But the circumstances in no way affected 
 him, either as to his habits, style of living, 
 or manner of preaching. He was therefore 
 in the pulpit at Constantinople what he had 
 been in the pulpit at Antioch. Faith, humility. 
 
248 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 and purity, were insisted on with the same ear- 
 nestness; and the sins of worldhness and self-in- 
 dulgence denounced and condemned with the 
 same unsparing severity. He fortified all, how- 
 ever, he said by the authority of Scripture. His 
 ministry was emphatically one of the Word of 
 God. He preached what he believed ; con- 
 demned what Holy Scripture forbade, and 
 encouraged what it commanded. His ministry 
 was thus a daily testimony to the truth and 
 authority of the Bible, and a reflexion of the 
 mind of Christ. Multitudes felt it to be so, 
 and, as such, a means of life and blessing to 
 them, and they supported it, and cherished great 
 personal attachment to him who exercised it. 
 But what was a savour of life to many was a 
 savour of death to not a few. There were 
 those who disliked and decried the ministry 
 of Chrysostom as well as those who every- 
 where, and in the highest terms they could 
 employ, commended it. In the case of the 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. '249 
 
 former, it rebuked their sins, and excited their 
 wrath ; in the case of the latter opened to them 
 the Scriptures, and filled them with gratitude 
 and joy. 
 
 Many who had envied the great preacher his 
 elevation, and felt condemned by the life he 
 lived and the ministry he fulfilled, were 
 determined to find an occasion for depriving 
 him of the support of the court, and securing 
 his deposition and banishment from the capital. 
 The occasion was soon found. It was reported 
 to the vain and impetuous Empress Eudoxia 
 that words of a depreciatory character which 
 he had uttered were meant for her, and that 
 she was being publicly held up by him to the 
 contempt and indignation of the populace. 
 Charges of heresy were also alleged against 
 him. A council was summoned, and he was 
 condemned and deprived of his See. 
 
 The news of Chrysostom's deposition threw 
 the city into a state of the utmost excitement. 
 
250 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 and great fear was felt as to the result. 
 " The government had hardly realized the 
 immense influence which Chrysostom had 
 gained at Constantinople. For three days the 
 people crowded to the church to hear his fare- 
 well addresses. At length he feared a tumult 
 would be excited, and yielded himself to those 
 who were sent to arrest him. The escort took 
 him to a boat, and he was quickly ferried 
 across the Hellespont ; but next morning the 
 whole city was in an uproar. An earthquake, 
 which occurred the same night, was sent, they 
 were persuaded, as a judgment for the removal 
 of their teacher. So threatening was the 
 appearance of affairs, that the Emperor at 
 once ordered his immediate recal from banish- 
 ment. His return was a perfect triumph. 
 A thousand ^boats thronged the Straits with 
 music and banners and torches ; and, on 
 his arrival, the multitude bore him to 
 his throne, and would not disperse until 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 251 
 
 he had preached them a sermon on the 
 spot." 
 
 Chrysostom resumed his duties, and for a 
 while pursued them in peace. Nor did he fail 
 to make the best use of such a season for the 
 accomplishment of the true ends of his ministry. 
 He had the joy of seeing the object at which 
 he aimed largely secured. Success of the most 
 vital and spiritual kind attended his discourses. 
 " It was a time," as has been said, " of real 
 refreshing both to himself and to multitudes of 
 his attached flock. The bruised reed was 
 recovering its elasticity, and waving its head 
 above the wind ; the smoking flax was again 
 breaking out into a bright, glowing, and far- 
 shining flame. The people at Constantinople 
 as they listened to the * old man eloquent ' day 
 after day, and felt that he was speaking 'in 
 demonstration of the Spirit and of Power,' 
 became more and more exasperated against 
 the treacherous men who had combined 
 
252 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 together for the purpose of destroying his 
 character, and driving him from the Episcopal 
 chair of the metropolis." 
 
 It was, however, impossible for Chrysostom 
 to escape the plots of his enemies for his 
 destruction. Their defeat in their recent 
 attempt made them only the more determined 
 to carry their design, with regard to him, into 
 effect. Hating his doctrine, and feeling them- 
 selves reproved by every sermon he delivered, 
 they were resolved that he should not escape. 
 And they were only too soon successful. 
 Believing the charges that were trumped up 
 against him, the weak-minded and unworthy 
 Emperor, Arcadius, ordered him to quit his 
 Episcopal residence and leave the city. He 
 was commanded to be conducted by the 
 soldiers, to whom he was entrusted, in the 
 first place to Nicaea in Asia Minor. Here he 
 remained a month, awaiting the farther orders 
 of the Emperor. These arrived at the end 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 253 
 
 of that time, banishing him to Cucusus, a 
 wretched place, on the distant confines of 
 Armenia. Here the hardships and sufferings 
 he endured told greatly and painfully upon a 
 constitution already weakened by fatigue, and 
 the labours and privations he had undergone. 
 Yet friends gathered around him, and did all 
 that lay in their power to ameliorate his con- 
 dition. He drew his highest comfort from that 
 Word which it had been his delight to expound 
 and defend as God's all-sufficient revelation of 
 mercy and truth to man, and from communion 
 with Him whom he had long known as his 
 Saviour and Friend, and whom he had made 
 the sum and substance of a thousand addresses 
 to the multitudes that had gathered around 
 him both in Antioch and in Constantinople. 
 
 The very mitigation of his sufferings by his 
 friends but inflamed yet more the fury of his 
 enemies, who succeeded in getting him driven 
 to a still more distant place of exile, at Pytyus 
 
254 CHRYSOSTOM. 
 
 on the Euxine or Black Sea. He died on the 
 way, breathing out his spirit with the language 
 of joyful exultation upon his lips. His last 
 words were those that often fell from him ; 
 " Glory be to God for everything." This was 
 on the 14th of September 407, and in the sixty- 
 first year of his age. 
 
 Such were the circumstances under which the 
 greatest teacher of the age, and one of the 
 ablest witnesses of early times to the genuine- 
 ness of Scripture and the truth of Christianity, 
 ended a glorious career, and passed into the 
 joy of his Lord. As has already been said, he 
 might not be always wise, and the first in every 
 department of Christian work and doctrine, but 
 few men ever made so deep an impression for 
 good upon their age, more grandly advocated 
 the claims of the Gospel, and more manifestly 
 and beautifully illustrated by their life the 
 transforming power of Divine truth : well, 
 therefore, does he deserve the position that has 
 
CHRYSOSTOM. 255 
 
 always been assigned to him among the early 
 witnesses to the genuineness of the Gospel 
 and the supernatural character of the Holy 
 Scriptures. "The righteous shall be in ever- 
 lasting remembrance." 
 
AUGUSTINE, 
 
 R 
 
"Justified freely by His grace through the redemption that 
 is in Christ Jesus." — ROM. iii. 24. 
 
AUGUSTINE. 
 
 The grace of God never was more magnified 
 in men's salvation than by the conversion and 
 Christian Hfe of Aurelius Augustine. It raised 
 him from the lowest depths of depravity to 
 occupy a place among the princely and pure 
 in the kingdom of God, rendered him the first 
 of the uninspired writers of early times, and 
 made him a pre-eminent witness to the freeness 
 and power of Divine love. By no one was a 
 more effective breakwater presented to the 
 inflowing errors of his day, nor the Church of 
 subsequent times laid under greater obligation. 
 He was born at Thegaste, not far from 
 Carthage, in the kingdom of Numidia on the 
 13th of November, 354 A.D. Monica, his 
 
26o AUGUSTINE. 
 
 mother, was a woman of eminent piety and 
 prayer, who sought by every means in her 
 power, to lead him in early life to know and 
 love the Saviour. But it was not till he was 
 thirty years of age that she saw the desire of 
 her heart with regard to him fulfilled. She 
 never, however, ceased to wrestle with God on 
 his behalf, and to believe that the day for which 
 she so longed, in which he would make a full 
 decision for Christ and wholly devote himself 
 to His service, would arrive. And she was not 
 disappointed. A holy mother's tears and 
 prayers on behalf of a son are what God never 
 disregards. The answer, as in the case of 
 Monica, may long be delayed, but is never 
 entirely withheld. Hence the numbers of 
 believers, in every age, who have attributed 
 their salvation to the means employed by pious 
 mothers for that end ; and hence, too, the men 
 of eminence in the Church whose decision for 
 Christ has been the fruit and reward of earnest 
 
AUGUSTINE. 261 
 
 and continued maternal intercession. No, ye 
 mothers in Israel, you have no cause for despon- 
 dency and discouragement. Others, situated 
 as you are, have prevailed and had the joy of 
 seeing the sons for whose salvation they have 
 travailed as in birth, wholly devoted to Christ. 
 And so it will be with you if equally persever- 
 ing and expectant in your supplications. 
 
 Monica's prayers, as we may believe, were 
 often hindered by the spirit and conduct of her 
 husband. Patricius was a man of violent temper, 
 and a devoted idolater. As such he was, no 
 doubt, often an obstruction to the mother in 
 her approaches to God on behalf of her child. 
 But hers was no isolated experience here. The 
 prayers of wives have often been hindered by 
 their husbands. Forbidden marriages are far 
 from being uncommon. But O how fruitful 
 of evils they are ! The piety of those who con- 
 tract them invariably suffers, influences for good 
 that are sought to be exerted are neutralized, 
 
262 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 and prayer is restrained, if not hindered ; chil- 
 dren are misled by the divided opinions 
 of their parents, and the order and peace that 
 otherwise would mark the home are far absent. 
 As Augustine indicated, at an early age, the 
 possession of superior mental powers, Patricius 
 resolved that he should have the best education 
 his means would allow. The boy was sent 
 to a school in his native place ; and when 
 possessed of all that was to be acquired there, 
 was sent to a superior educational establishment 
 at Madaura, a neighbouring town. From' 
 thence he passed before long to Carthage where 
 he enjoyed still higher advantages. Here the 
 evil tendencies which, to the great sorrow of 
 Monica, he had shown even in childhood, found 
 scope for their development, in attendance on the 
 stage, and at the circus, and in association with 
 the bad companions to whom he allied himself. 
 He plunged into every excess of evil. There 
 was no broadway of sin he did not follow, nor 
 
AUGUSTIXE. 26-, 
 
 any unhallowed or corrupt passion of his 
 nature which he did not gratify. He found, 
 however, no satisfaction in the course of unre- 
 strained lawlessness and self-indulgence he 
 pursued. And who ever did ? What man 
 ever found the way of transgressors to be other 
 than the Scriptures describe ? You but in- 
 flame the passions you gratify, and quicken 
 unsanctified appetite by what you minister to it. 
 So it was with Augustine. He found no satis- 
 faction in the pleasures to which he gave 
 himself up : " he was stricken down by an 
 illness which could find its cure only at the 
 foot of the cross. He endeavoured to find 
 peace in literary pursuits, and threw himself 
 into that direction with intense energy. The 
 longings of his soul were, however, not appeased ; 
 nor was he a man who would seek in rhetoric a 
 compensation for the loss of faith. . . . He 
 endeavoured to find in the theatre and amidst 
 the games of the circus a kind of intoxicating 
 
264 A UGUSTINE. 
 
 forgetfulness, but the only result was that his 
 evil passions received thereby a fresh impulse. 
 Even friendship proved to him an insufficient 
 remedy ; it became the source of his bitterest 
 sorrows, and the loss of a friend rendered life 
 insupportable." 
 
 In addition to the grief caused her by the 
 life of wickedness led by her son, Monica 
 had the further sorrow of losing at this 
 time her husband. She had the comfort, 
 however, of knowing that he died a Chris- 
 tian. His salvation had been as much a 
 a burden to her as that of Augustine ; but a 
 year before his death he gave evidence 
 of being the possessor of the mercy she had 
 so long and earnestly sought for him. That 
 evidence became fuller and clearer during 
 every succeeding week of his life, and filled 
 the heart of his pious and devoted wife with 
 thankfulness and joy. 
 
 Apprised of his father's illness, Augustine 
 
A UG US TINE. 265 
 
 hastened to Thegaste, but arrived too late to 
 find him alive. The impression for good which 
 the bereavement made upon him, now in his 
 seventeenth year, was of the most temporary 
 description. He accordingly continued his life 
 of dissipation and debauchery, going from bad 
 to worse, and sinking lower and lower in the 
 \ mire of corruption. His own account, in his 
 " Confessions!' of the life he led at this time is 
 of the most astounding and saddening character. 
 He speaks of himself as " walking the streets of 
 Babylon, with companions as bad as himself, 
 and wallowing in the mire thereof, as if in a bed 
 of spices and precious ointments ; " as '' having 
 the briers of unclean desires growing rank 
 over his head ; " " plunging into every excess of 
 sensuality and crime," and as "treating his 
 mother's words of anxious solicitude and whole- 
 some counsel as womanish devices." 
 
 In the midst of the course of folly and sin he 
 was thus pursuing, Augustine was somewhat 
 
266 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 arrested by the perusal of Cicero's Hortensins, 
 which spoke to him in beautiful language of 
 God and immortality, and led him to make 
 higher themes the subjects of his study than 
 had previously occupied his thoughts. He 
 turned to the Word of God, but doing so more 
 in the spirit of a philosopher than of a little 
 child, did not find in it what he needed and 
 desired. Brought at this time, when he was 
 beginning to thirst for the truth which alone 
 could appease his cravings, and give him rest 
 of soul, into connection with the sect of the 
 Manichaeans, w^hich professed to have the last 
 revelation of God to men, to know that matter 
 is the source of evil, and to be able to put all 
 inquiring and troubled souls into the possession 
 of what purifies and satisfies, he joined himself 
 to them, and continued one of their number for 
 the next ten years. 
 
 " He was flattered by the eagerness with 
 which they welcomed him as a disciple. He 
 
AUGUSTINE. 267 
 
 rejoiced to escape the humiliation and the 
 shame of coming as a sinner to beg for salva- 
 tion, which he was unworthy to receive, and 
 which God bestows solely from his undeserved 
 grace and love. No man afterwards grasped 
 the truth, ' By grace ye are saved,' more fully 
 than did Augustine. He had, however, yet to 
 learn by painful experience how worthless are 
 all grounds of hope or expectation that exist 
 not in Christ alone. 
 
 "For a time he boldly avowed his new 
 opinions. It was a fresh source of grief to 
 Monica. Would her gifted but unhappy son 
 never arrive at the truth } In a dream she saw 
 herself standing on a certain wooden plank, and 
 a person approaching with a cheerful and smil- 
 ing countenance, whilst she herself was over- 
 whelmed with sorrow. 'Why do you weep.?' 
 he asked. ' I bewail,' she answered, ' my son's 
 perdition.' He bade her take courage, telling 
 her to look and see that where she was, there 
 
268 A UGUSTINE. 
 
 he was also. When Monica, in her joy, related 
 her dream to Augustine, the latter interpreted 
 it to mean that she would one day adopt his 
 opinions. * No,' she answered promptly, ' it 
 said, not that I was standing where you do, but 
 that you were standing where I am.' Her faith 
 moved him more than the dream itself. 
 
 "Augustine tells us that at this period his 
 mother called upon a pious bishop and begged 
 him to speak to her son. * Do see him, refute 
 his errors, unteach him the evil, and teach him 
 the good.' * Let him alone,' the old man 
 answered, 'he is as yet unteachable and puffed 
 up with the novelty of this heresy ; only pray 
 for him, and he will find his way out of that 
 error as I have done.' She urged her petition 
 with many entreaties and tears. ' Go, and take 
 heart,' he answered ; ' it is impossible that the 
 son of these tears should perish.' " 
 
 Augustine at last discovered that the Mani- 
 chaeans were anything but what they professed, 
 
A UGUSTINE. 269 
 
 and far from being superior to those around 
 them. Leaving Carthage he went to Rome in 
 the pursuit of his profession as a teacher of 
 rhetoric, and thence to Milan, where a better 
 appointment was offered him. Hither he was 
 followed by his mother, who was over-joyed to 
 learn from his own lips that he had left the 
 Manichaeans, although he added that he was 
 not yet a believer, and almost despaired of ever 
 finding the truth. Monica felt that God having 
 delivered him from the error in which he had so 
 long lived would not fail to lead him to the foot 
 of the cross and into the true doctrine of His 
 Son Jesus Christ. She saw, moreover, in the 
 state of mind in which Augustine now was, a 
 first answer to the prayers she had offered, and 
 was encouraged to continue her intercessions, 
 and to believe that the day of her son's salva- 
 tion, which she had never ceased to look for- 
 ward to, was at hand. 
 
 Augustine was not long in Milan until intro- 
 
270 A UGUSTINE. 
 
 duced to Ambrose, the bishop, who received 
 him, as AureHus himself tells, with paternal 
 kindness, and manifested the greatest interest 
 in him. Won by his graciousness in manner 
 and spirit, Augustine became an attendant on 
 Ambrose's ministry, and was led to a reconsid- 
 eration of the doctrines he had maintained and 
 the life he had led. The result, in the first 
 instance, was the abandonment, as already 
 mentioned, of the errors of Manichaeanism. 
 But he was not content to be without a belief. 
 " Touched by Ambrose's eloquence, his heart," 
 as he himself records, "opened itself to the 
 truth of what he said." "The life of the 
 Bishop spoke, however, more clearly than the 
 sermons he preached. Augustine resumed 
 with profit the study of the Holy Scriptures : 
 he had a kind of foretaste of the beauty and 
 majesty of his mother's religion ; he was drawn 
 towards it, and almost won over to it. If 
 conversion had not yet come, it was because 
 
AUGUSTINE. 271 
 
 he had not yet learned to be subdued. The 
 difficulties which stopped him seemed solely of 
 an intellectual kind ; but they were really 
 moral ones ; he did not believe because he 
 would not believe ; and if he would not, it 
 was because he felt at what cost he must follow 
 Christ. He still kept dragging along the chain 
 of his guilt, and, in order to deceive himself, 
 he opposed to the Gospel objections of a meta- 
 physical kind. Meanwhile the call from above 
 resounded with increasing strength. Augustine 
 was at the same time roused and irritated, 
 attracted and repelled. At last a violent 
 crisis came, a struggle even unto blood, which 
 he has himself described to us with sincere and 
 impassioned eloquence." Nor was the struggle 
 of short duration. He had too many questions 
 to answer, too many prejudices to lay aside, 
 and too much pride in firm enthronement in 
 the heart, to make it an easy thing to take the 
 place of a httle child at the feet of Jesus, and 
 
272 A VGVSTINE. 
 
 be taught as one knowing nothing. But truth 
 is stronger than error, and at last gained the 
 victory, and he passed from darkness to h'ght, 
 and from agitation to tranquilhty. 
 
AUGUSTINE— co7amued. 
 
" Ijythe grace of God I am what I am." — I COR. xv. lo. 
 
AUGUSTINE— continued. 
 
 It is often by very simple means that God 
 quickens into life those who are dead in tres- 
 passes and sins, and gives rest to troubled souls. 
 The word of a little child, the repetition of a 
 single verse of Scripture, and the perusal of a 
 religious tract have, in the hands of the Divine 
 Spirit been sufficient for the accomplishment 
 of such ends. 
 
 During the struggle just referred to, a point 
 was reached, in which Augustine felt that he 
 could bear himself no longer. Quitting the 
 presence of his friend Alypius, he withdrew to 
 a secluded part of the garden, where they were 
 at the moment, that he might all the more 
 freely cry to God for the mercy he needed, and 
 for relief from his agony of soul. Throwing 
 
276 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 himself under a fig-tree, he gave vent to his 
 fcelingfs in a torrent of tears. He cried in his 
 distress for pardon and help. *' How long 
 Lord wilt Thou be angry with me t Be not 
 mindful of my old sins. How long .'* How 
 long } To-morrow, and to-morrow } Why 
 not now } Why may there not be in this hour 
 an end of my uncleanness V He was thus 
 speaking and weeping in the intense bitterness 
 of his repentance, when suddenly he heard a 
 child's voice from the next garden, singing over 
 and over again, " Take and read, take and 
 read ! " " The words, so peculiarly suited 
 to his state, arrested his attention, and 
 he began to consider whether children were 
 used to sing such words in any of their games. 
 He could not recollect that they were, and so, 
 returning to Alypius, he took up the manu- 
 script of S. Paul which lay by his side. In 
 silence he read these words, on which his eye 
 first fell : * Not in rioting and drunkenness, not 
 
AUGUSTINE. 277 
 
 in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and 
 envying ; but put ye on the Lord Jesus Christ, 
 and make not provision for the flesh to fulfil 
 the lusts thereof As he read these words, 
 light seemed to break in upon his heart, and 
 the peace which passeth all understanding stole 
 gently over his soul. When he told Alypius 
 his joy, 'Let me see,' he answered, 'what you 
 have been reading ; ' and when the place was 
 pointed out to him, he went on with the next 
 sentence, ' Him that is weak in the faith receive 
 ye ; ' and, applying them to Augustine's case, 
 confirmed him in his persuasion that his peace 
 was from the Lord. 
 
 "The two hastened to the house and told 
 Monica the joyful tidings. Who can describe 
 her happiness at thus learning the answer to 
 her prayers t As Augustine afterwards recorded 
 this history of his conversion, his heart burst 
 forth in grateful praise : * O Lord, I am Thy 
 servant; I am Thy servant and the son of Thine 
 
2 7S AUGUSTINE. 
 
 handmaid ; Thou hast loosed my bonds ; I will 
 offer to Thee the sacrifice of thanksgiving.' All 
 my bones shall say, Lord, who is like unto Thee ? 
 Oh, say unto my soul, I am thy salvation ! " 
 
 Augustine was no sooner possessed of the 
 peace which is the accompaniment of faith, and 
 assured of his personal salvation, than he 
 withdrew into solitude to prepare for a public 
 avowal of Christ as his Saviour and Lord. He 
 was now thirty-three years of age, and was joined 
 in the reception of baptism by his friend Alypius, 
 and '' his son Adeodatus, the monument of his 
 sins and of the grace of God." 
 
 Resigning the position he held as professor 
 of rhetoric, and settling his affairs at Milan, he 
 started at the end of a few weeks for Africa, 
 accompanied by his mother and son, and three 
 intimate friends. They had reached as far as 
 Ostia, the port of Rome, when the greatest 
 earthly affliction befell Augustine. The mother 
 to whom he owed so much, and whom he loved 
 
A UGUSTINE. 279 
 
 as his own soul, sickened and died. His 
 account of the event is one of the most touch- 
 ing and tender narratives on record. He 
 speaks of the heavenly frame of mind she was 
 in, the blessed hours they passed together in 
 communion on their common heritage of bless- 
 ing and glorious hope, during the two or three 
 days that preceded the fatal seizure, and the 
 earnestness of her longing to be with her Lord. 
 *' Son," she said solemnly, as they were about 
 to part for the night, after one of these seasons 
 of heavenly converse, "for mine own part, I 
 have no further delight in anything in this life. 
 What I want here farther, and why I am here, 
 I know not, now that my hopes in this world 
 are satisfied. There was indeed one thing for 
 which I wished to tarry a little in this life, and 
 that was that I might see thee a Catholic Chris- 
 tian before I died. My God has exceeded this 
 abundantly, so that I see thee despising all earthly 
 felicity and made His servant, — what do I here.''" 
 
28o AUGUSTINE. 
 
 Burying Monica, according to her own ex- 
 pressed wish, where she died, Augustine resumed 
 his journey with his friends, and in due time 
 reached Thegaste, his native place. Here he 
 passed three years in retirement. "With his in- 
 timate friends Augustine led a very simple and 
 frugal life. Much of his time was devoted to the 
 study of the Word of God, and the evidences 
 for the truth of Christianity. His soul grew in 
 the grace and knowledge of Jesus Christ, and 
 became daily more rooted and grounded in love. 
 His works on Genesis^ on True Religion^ and on 
 Mtisic belong to this period." 
 
 Paying a visit at the end of these three years 
 to his friend the imperial Commissioner at 
 Hippo, Valerius, the bishop of the place, pre- 
 vailed upon him to stay, ordained him a priest, 
 and in the course of two years associated him 
 with himself in the Episcopate. Augustine 
 now occupied a position where his talents had 
 every scope, and whence his influence extended 
 
AUGUSTINE. 281 
 
 far and wide. He gave himself to the duties 
 of the office in which he soon succeeded 
 Valerius and which he held for thirty-five 
 years, with prayerful earnestness and undivided 
 zeal. Specially called to the defence of the 
 Gospel, and eminently qualified for such a task, 
 not a little of his time was spent in confuting 
 the errors of Arius, Manichee, and Pelagius. 
 The pulpit, however, never ceased to have his 
 regard. There, he felt, that much of his strength 
 lay, and that he had the largest opportunities 
 for usefulness, and the fulfilment of what he 
 regarded as specially his mission. Men of all 
 classes, and from all parts, attended his minis- 
 trations, led to do so by the lucidity and 
 earnestness with which he unfolded the 
 meaning, and enforced the claims of the 
 Word of God. Several hundreds of the dis- 
 courses thus listened to and appreciated have 
 come down to these times, but his greatest 
 work, though less popular than " The Confes- 
 
282 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 sions," was his " City of God," which occupied 
 thirteen years of his Hfe, and in which he 
 defends Christianity against the charge of 
 being the occasion of the Goths storming and 
 sacking Rome. " It is the last and greatest," 
 as has been said, "of the Christian Apologies. 
 You do not find in it the indignant eloquence, 
 or the mere verbal pictorialism, of Tertullian, 
 the massive and immense learning of the Alex- 
 andrian Clement, or the careful and cultivated 
 composition of Lactantius. But in thorough 
 grasp of the difference and the contrast between 
 nature and grace — of man without Christ, and 
 man in Christ — of the historical, social, philo- 
 sophic aspects of human nature unredeemed 
 and unrenewed, and of the immeasurable 
 superiority which the new birth has occasioned 
 in every view of man for this life and the life 
 to come, the * City of God ' stands unrivalled 
 by any production of Christian antiquity. Nor, 
 indeed has any modern work of a similar kind 
 
AUGUSTINE. 283 
 
 approached its blended intellectual and moral 
 grandeur. It still remains the first historical 
 comment on much of Holy Writ. ' Glori- 
 ous things ' have been ' spoken of thee, O 
 city of God.' It should be read by every 
 classical scholar, as the best commentary on 
 the First of Romans ; and as the yet fullest 
 and noblest estimate of the utter moral inade- 
 quacy of Pagan philosophy and polity, super- 
 stition and art, to raise the individual or family, 
 the neighbourhood or the nation." 
 
 I have said that Augustine was called to the 
 defence of the Gospel. It was for this, I take 
 it, that he was so divinely enlightened and 
 sanctified, and inflamed with such burning 
 love to Christ and ardent zeal for the salvation 
 of men. Hence the spirit in which he spoke, 
 the pains that he took with his pulpit prepara- 
 tions, and the Apologies for Christianity that 
 proceeded from his pen. He was far from 
 being perfect. There was sometimes a want 
 
284 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 of fairness in his dealing with those who 
 differed from him, and an undervahiing of the 
 claims of conscience. Naturally ardent and im- 
 petuous, he could do nothing by halves, and so 
 went often from one extreme to another. He 
 thus passed from dissoluteness to asceticism, and 
 from unrestrained licence to the most stringent 
 system of authority. Yet he was, withal, the 
 most illustrious of the Fathers, as generous in 
 act as he w^as holy in life, and a grand incontro- 
 vertible witness to the verity of Scripture and 
 the doctrines of grace. He maintained the 
 plenary inspiration of the Bible, and received as 
 canonical, or of divine authority, the books of 
 the Old and New Testaments. 
 
 I regard the testimony as of the highest 
 importance from Augustine's thorough con- 
 scientiousness, commanding abilities and infor- 
 mation, painstaking study of the Word of God, 
 and special qualifications for testifying to its 
 truthfulness and claims. Few men ever had 
 
AUGUSTINE. 285 
 
 more favourable opportunities for arriving at a 
 correct judgment on such a matter, and none 
 ever made a better use of them. His may fitly, 
 therefore, be the closing link in the chain of 
 testimony to the certainty of Christianity now 
 adduced. Augustine's testimony seems a 
 summing up of all that preceding writers 
 furnished, and with it the witness-bearing of 
 these pages may properly end. 
 
 Smitten at last by fever Augustine, at the 
 age of seventy-five, and with a constitution 
 shattered by early dissipation and long and 
 laborious Christian labours, was without the 
 power of throwing it off, and sank under it. 
 " But if ever sick-chamber was lighted with a 
 heavenly glory, it was the humble apartment 
 
 where the illustrious Church-father lay 
 
 As the celestial city with its bright glories 
 rose before his eye he was quite unable to 
 restrain the ardent longings of his soul to meet 
 his Lord. * My God,' he would say, ' how I 
 
286 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 long to hear that transporting music, and those 
 divine songs, which publish the mysteries and 
 glories of the blessed Trinity ! My God, how 
 honoured to be so soon admitted, not only to 
 hear, but myself to join in the concert with the 
 sons of God who sing to their Christ and King 
 the pleasant songs of Sion ?' 
 
 " With an eye undimmed, and with a certain 
 divine halo on his calm brow, the aged saint 
 lay, day after day, surrounded by weeping 
 friends, and his heart already half in heaven. 
 *0 the ravishing entertainment,' he would 
 whisper, 'of those harmonious hymns, the 
 melody of angels, and the sweet notes of songs, 
 in concert, sung by each member of the 
 heavenly choir ! No mixture of bitter pollutes 
 those holy joys, no railing or revelling, no fear 
 or disquiet, no doubt or uneasiness or mutual 
 distrust ; but perfect peace and love, eternal 
 praise and thanksgiving, unbroken rest, and joy 
 everlasting in the Holy Ghost.' " 
 
A UGUSTINE. i%>i 
 
 Yet tears of sorrow, as well as of joy, were 
 shed by Augustine on his deathbed. He never 
 forgot the years he spent in folly and wicked- 
 ness, and the remembrance of them always 
 filled him with grief and regret. A keen 
 recollection of them possessed him during his 
 last illness, and that he might ever have suitable 
 words in which to express the feeling then 
 experienced, he had the seven penitential 
 psalms inscribed on the walls of his chamber 
 opposite to where he lay, that, as often as his 
 sins came to mind he might read them, which 
 was frequently the case. 
 
 Another cause of disturbance to him was the 
 siege of the city at the moment by the 
 Vandals, and the miseries that were being 
 inflicted on many of the inhabitants. Yet the 
 abundance of his joy far exceeded his sorrow : 
 his peace in God was too deep to be destroyed 
 by any remembrance of the past, or any of his 
 surroundings. His prospects, therefore, re- 
 
288 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 mained unclouded, and his peace unbroken. 
 As the last night of his earthly life drew on, 
 he spoke once more to the friends who had 
 gathered around him to unite with him in 
 prayer, and minister to him any alleviations 
 they were able to supply, of ' an inextinguish- 
 able burning of vehement longing ' after the 
 immediate vision of his Lord. "And thus 
 consumed," as his friend and biographer, 
 Possidius, who was then with him, says, "in 
 the flames of love, he was wafted upward 
 in the fire-chariot, to see Him as He is." 
 
 The object I had in view, in penning the 
 preceding pages, renders it unnecessary to 
 extend farther the testimonies that have been 
 given to the verity of the Scriptures, or draw 
 them from times later than those of Augustine. 
 It would be easy to do so, but sufficient have 
 
AUGUSTINE. 289 
 
 been adduced to meet the necessity I have 
 aimed at supplying. 
 
 However scanty may be the Christian 
 Hterature of the first centuries, the chain of 
 evidence for the genuineness of the Gospels is 
 to be traced back, without break, from the 
 days of the Bishop of Hippo to the times of the 
 Apostles. The links may not all be of equal 
 strength, but all are there. 
 
 But here the evidence for the truth of our 
 Holy Religion does not stop. There is that 
 which is higher and even more conclusive than 
 the historical. The Bible speaks for itself Its 
 language is manifestly that of truth and of God. 
 The influence it exerts is obviously super- 
 natural. Only what is from God can make 
 Godlike. That which renders men who are 
 worldly, spiritual, — who are unholy, pure, — 
 who are churlish, sweet-minded, — and who are 
 selfish, generous, can only be from Him who 
 is the Father of lights and the God of love. 
 
290 AUGUSTINE. 
 
 "Then there is a productive energy in 
 the Bible that rewards a hundredfold all who 
 labour for Its circulation, and that also demon- 
 strates its divinity. The triumphs of the 
 Gospel are a testimony to its power." " No 
 sooner, therefore, was the Word of God 
 liberated," as was observed by a speaker at the 
 recent Anniversary of the British and Foreign 
 Bible Society, " from the trammels which 
 confined it among the Jews than it manifested 
 its power. Not only did it win converts and 
 secure martyrs, but it * shook from their thrones 
 the very gods of Olympus,' and broke for ever 
 their captive spell. These gods and goddesses 
 fell before it, like Dagon before the ark, and 
 passed away from their temples and the hearts 
 of men as if they had been the phantoms of a 
 dream. And at the Reformation, the grand 
 instrument in opening the eyes of benighted 
 Christendom, and terminating the reign of 
 Papal darkness, was not so much the zeal and 
 
AUGUSTINE. ic^\ 
 
 toil of men who agonised for the Church's 
 deliverance, as that Word which, freed once 
 more from perversion and restraint, arose like 
 the sun upon the earth, with healing and 
 victory in its beams. And where is hope for 
 the w^orld but here ? What is to quell its feuds, 
 secure its peace, and promote its universal 
 brotherhood ? To what are we to look for the 
 overthrow of its strongholds of superstition and 
 vice, and the turning of its moral wastes into 
 fields of fruitfulness and beauty — to what but 
 to the Book of God, which has done so much 
 for us in the past, and which in our own day, 
 notwithstanding the malignity with which it is 
 assailed, is multiplying itself into every lan- 
 guage and gathering its trophies from every 
 land ? It shall continue to advance. Never 
 shall man be able to arrest its progress or 
 silence its testimony. Never ! till in the light 
 of millennial glory its universal triumph shall 
 demonstrate that where the Word of God is 
 
292 A UG us TINE. 
 
 there is the manifestation of God's power. Be 
 stirred, then, to do more than ever for the 
 Society. Your past successes and achieve- 
 ments only lay greater responsibility on you 
 for the future. Never was the call to circulate 
 the Scriptures louder or more urgent than now. 
 And while we hear much at the present time of 
 what is called ' the attitude of England ' — some 
 affirming that it is an attitude ever changing 
 and not easily understood, — let us make it clear 
 that in one respect, at least, the attitude of 
 England never changes and cannot be mis- 
 understood, — not in standing with sword half 
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AUGUSTINE. 293 
 
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12 
 
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 13 
 
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14 
 
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26 
 
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 27 
 
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