C. A. R.Janvier 
 
 Hlstcrlcal Sketch of the 
 Missions In India 
 
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INDIA. 
 
 Till-: LAND AND ITS l'I%OI»Lt:. 
 
 India is geographically the Italy of the Asiatic continent. 
 Historically, too, she is Italy's counterpart in at least one 
 respect. What the one, with her bountiful streams and sun 
 Ht plains, wa^ to the coucpieriu^ adventurers from northern 
 Iuiroj)e, that was the other to tlie successive hordes of liardy 
 invaders, who, looking across at her fertile i)lains from the 
 bleak table-lands of Central Asia, swept over her lofty 
 mountain barriers and took possession of her treasures. 
 Kolarian, I )ra vidian, Aryan, Persian. Grecian, Hactrian. 
 Parthian, Scythian, Hun and Afghan, Tatar and Mongolian 
 — all these and others have had their share of India's spoils, 
 some scarce more than touching her borders, others leaving 
 their permanent impress on her life and character. 
 
 He is a rash man who would attempt to tell the exact 
 details of these successive invasions. The Kolarians. as 
 exemplified to day in the Santals. for instance, are often 
 spoken of as aborigines : but the probability is that the real 
 aborigines were Negritos, specimens of which race are still 
 to l>e found in the Andaman Islands, and that the Kolarians 
 were themselves invaders, coming through the northeast 
 passes — preceded possibly by still other invaders from the 
 same direction. 
 
 The northwest passes were thereafter the way of access, 
 the first to use them being the Dravidi.ins. The when and 
 the whence of their movement no one knows : though as to 
 the whence, it may l>e safe to include them under the general 
 name Turanian, and to point to significant similarities 
 between certain Dravidian dialects and mo<lern Korean. 
 
 Next came the Aryans. From their original home, 
 probably in the region south of the Aral Sea. they had 
 divided into two in'eat streams, one flowing northward and 
 westward to people the Iuiroj>ean continent, and the other 
 pouring southward, and sulxlividing into Iranian ■ Persian) 
 and Indian branches. The time, too, of the movement into 
 India is a matter of conjecture. History there is none. 
 
I HISTORICAL SKKTCII Ul 
 
 The sole literature of the period is the Rig- Veda, from the 
 ;i>inns of which only the vaguest conclusions can be drawn. 
 I )ates varying from one another by a thousand years or more 
 nave been assigned by various writers. Mr. W. St. Clair 
 Pisdall-' infers from the connection between the language of 
 he Rig- Veda and that of the A vesta (the sacred book of 
 mcient Persia) that B. C. 1500 is the earliest likely date. 
 It is. however, probably safer to place the Aryan invasion 
 not much later than B. C. 2000 
 
 The word .?///</////, the Sanscrit for " ocean ' or " large 
 •ody of water,'" was probably the name given by the Aryans 
 hemselves to the first great river they reached in their 
 uuth-eastward progress. From this name, SiudliK, Hind or 
 indns, come both India and Hindustan, the one through the 
 (ireek and the other through the Persian. The two are 
 generally used synonymously, but Hindustan is more pre- 
 cisely api)licable — and is applied by the people themselves 
 to-day — to the northern half of the peninsula, the valleys of 
 the Indus and the ("ianges ; while India is now often made 
 to take in the entire Indian lunpire, including Burmah. 
 
 The invasion of India by the Aryans was not a sudden 
 inroad, but a long continued movement. Resting first on 
 the Indus, the invaders gradually spread eastward, every- 
 where ])ushing back their predecessors, whom they called 
 dasyi/s Tenemies or 'ruffians). They counted these dark- 
 skinned savages as little better than wild beasts, whom it 
 was a virtue to destroy. The Dasyus, however, were not 
 all uncivilized. Some had forts and cities, and no small 
 wealth. But they could not stand before the superior 
 strength and civilization of the Aryans. Those who were 
 not .slain were either reduced to a position akin to slavery. 
 or forced further and further back to the .south and west. 
 This process continued through perhaps eight or ten centu- 
 ries , till the .\ryans had overspread the whole of northern 
 India, to Behar on the east and the \'indhya Hills on the 
 south. This region they called .'//r</-:v/;/(^ as distinguished 
 from Mlt'fhha-dtsa. "the land of the unclean,' the region 
 that lay beyond. 
 
 Then began a somewhat different movement toward the 
 south, more a colonization than a complete comjuest. " It 
 was." to quote a recent wrileri, "a social rather than an 
 ethnical revolution. The aborigines were not hunted down, 
 nor even dispossessed of the land, but, coming under the 
 
 • "India : Its Hislory, DaikncM* and Dainii," p. i. 
 \ C. V. <le la Fosse, "HiHory of India." p. .^o. 
 
THH MISSIONS IN INDIA 5 
 
 influence of a stronger race, they learned to adopt its civili- 
 zation and religion In the mixed race that arose, 
 
 the preponderating element was naturally the Dravidian. 
 The mass of the people continued to use their own tongue 
 then, as they still do, in Southern India ; and here and there 
 scattered tribes, far removed from civilization, remained in 
 the enjoyment of their primitive habits and beliefs." 
 
 Attempts to fix even approximate limits of time have so 
 far been largely guess-work. The dawn of real history is 
 to be reckoned from the invasion by Darius Hystaspes 
 (about 500 B. C), who probably extended his conquest 
 almost to the borders of Rajputana, yet made no permanent 
 impress on the country. Then comes the first unquestioned 
 date, 327 B. C. when Alexander the Great conquered Porus, 
 the greatest of the Aryan over-lords of that time, and carried 
 the Grecian standards as far as the Sutlej. He again estab- 
 lished no permanent control ; and yet the contact between 
 Greek and Hindu was not without its influence on the phil- 
 osophy of the one and the science and art of the other, 
 
 Seleucus I., the first of the Graeco-Bactrian kings, failed 
 soon after this in an attempt to subdue India, but at least 
 succeeded in forming an alliance with Chandragupta, who- 
 as King of Magadha (approximately the modern Behar and 
 Oudh), had extended his dominion over the entire Panjab. 
 To Megasthenes. Seleucus' ambassador at the Magadhan 
 capital, we owe most of our knowledge of the India of that 
 day. Second in succession to Chandragupta was his grand- 
 son. Asoka the Great, the famous Buddhist king, who 
 extended his strong and beneficent sway over almost the 
 whole of India (B. C. 263-223). 
 
 Of the next nine or ten centuries our .sources of history 
 are scant. There were invasions by the Graeco-Bactrians. 
 the Parthians, and the Scythians, the last-named continuing 
 their successive inroads well into the Christian era, and 
 making a permanent impression on the life of the country. 
 Next followed the Huns, who, under their dread leader, 
 Toroman, came near shattering the Aryan power. Toro- 
 man's death and the defeat of his son Mihirakula by Yasod- 
 harman. King of Ujjain (Central India), delivered the land 
 from this devastating influence (533 A. D.). 
 
 Soon after this there came to power the Rajput race, who 
 claimed to be Aryans of the Kshattriya or Warrior caste. 
 Warriors they were, but probably of Scythian,''' not Aryan, 
 
 • See de la Fosse's " History of India," pp. 58, 59. 
 
6 HISTORICAL SKETCH OK 
 
 origin. Their ascendancy brought with it the fall of Bud- 
 dhism and restoration of Hinduism. But already in the 
 north-west were heard the first mutterings of the storm of 
 Mohammedan invasion that was to overwhelm the Hindu 
 ])0\vcr. First came the Arabs, who made desultory inroads 
 during the seventh century, conquered and occupied Sindh 
 during a part of the eighth, and were finally repelled by the 
 Rajputs early in the ninth. Meanwhile, however, another 
 Moslem power, of Tatar or Turkish origin, ^^ with (Uia/ni in 
 Afghanistan as its capital, had lisen to prominence : and in 
 the closing years of the tenth century, Sabaktagin, followed 
 later by his more famous son, Mahmud of Ghazni, swept 
 over the Panjab, establishing what is known as the Pathan 
 (or Afghan) Empire, whose various dynasties covered the 
 next five hundred years. It was a period of almost continu- 
 ous warfare. Not only did the Afghans find formidable 
 opponents in the Rajputs and other Hindu neighbors to the 
 south, but they soon had to begin to deal with the inroads 
 of the all conquering Mughuls or Mongols, the third set of 
 Moslem invaders of India. P'irst among them came the 
 " World stormer." Chengiz Khan, who, early in the thir- 
 teenth century, pierced as far as Peshawar, and then turned 
 back into Afghanistan, which he had previously overrui>. 
 Nearly a century later Timur, or Tamerlane, of the same 
 fierce race, carried his conquest as far as Delhi : but it was 
 left to Babar early in the sixteenth century to make a 
 permanent concpiest of the Panjab, and later of almost the 
 whole of Northern India. The three most famous emperors 
 in this Mughul line are Akbar the ("ireat. ( 1536- 1605;, who 
 extended his em])ire through Bengal and Orissa on the east 
 and Binir on the south, and who, tliough he overthrew the 
 Rajputs, the great defenders of Hinduism, yet by his con- 
 ciliatory statesmanship gained the friendship of the Hindus ; 
 Shah Jahan, (1^)27-1658), under whom the Moslem lunpire 
 reached the /.enith of its glory — not unfitly marked by the 
 erection at Agra of that triumph of architectural skill, the 
 Taj Mahal; and Aurungzeb, (1658-1707). whose long 
 reign, begun in bloodshed but marked by no small degree of 
 effort after justice, ended in that general disorder which 
 ushered in on the one hand the decline of the Mohammedan 
 ascendancy, and on the other the partial return of Hindu 
 power under the Mahrattas in tl;e south and the Sikhs in 
 *he north. 
 
 katzil s " History of Mankiud," p. 361. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 7 
 
 Meanwhile a new and potent factor in the problem of 
 India's development was beginning to make itself felt. The 
 liast India Company, granted its first charter by Queen 
 Klizabeth in 1600, had by the end of Aurnngzeb's reign al- 
 ready grown, largely under the force of circumstances beyond 
 its control, from a quiet trading concern into a complex civil 
 and military organization, with prosperous fort- protected 
 towns at Madras, I^ombay and Calcutta. The limits of this 
 sketch forbid the telling of how, while the Mahrattas en- 
 croached upon and finally humbled the Mughuls in the 
 north, the English overcame in the south their rivals, tlie 
 French, allied with the Nizam of Hyderabad (battle of 
 Plassey, 1757) ; how the issue as between the Mahrattas 
 and the English was settled by the great victory of Assai 
 (September, 1S03); and how the Sikhs in their turn were 
 vanquished in the wars of 1846 and 1S4S, leaving the 
 British in undisputed possession of practically the whole of 
 India. 
 
 Next came the awful mutiny of 1857. The Sepoys, the 
 trusted native troops of the East India Company, rose in 
 rebellion in almost all the military centres of Northern 
 India, taking as their pretext the serving out of a cartridge 
 supposed to be greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Had 
 the uprisings been simultaneous and under the control of 
 leaders of capacity, India would have had to be re con- 
 quered. But the natives had no real generals, while the 
 handful of British were led by such men as Havelock. Out- 
 ram, Colin Campbell and Nicholson. The sieges of Cawn- 
 pore and Lucknow, the one ending in massacre and the 
 other in final relief, are only paralleled in thrilling interest 
 by the heroic storming of Delhi — 7,000 in the open against 
 30,000 behind the massive stone walls. The end was com- 
 plete victory for the British. But as a result the East India 
 Company was dissolved, and the administration of the 
 country was transferred to the Crown — an act which cul- 
 minated in the formal proclamation, in 1877, of Victoria as 
 Empress of India. 
 
 Whatever may be said of the not infrequent blunders, 
 intrigues and excesses which marked the early history of the 
 East India Company, or even of some of the methods 
 followed in the period of its more firm and just administra- 
 tion through Governor-generals (beginning with Warren 
 Hastings in 1774), there can be no (question as to the general 
 character of British rule since the mutiny. It is systematic, 
 enlightened, uncorrupt and truh' altruistic. Never under 
 
8 HISTORICAL SKKTCH OF 
 
 any other rjjle have taxes in India been less oppressive, or 
 the benefits given in return more generous. Schools, tele- 
 graphs, railroads, unsurpassed postal facilities, all speak for 
 themselves. The fruit is the loyalt\' of the great majority 
 both of the feudatory princes and of the enlightened classes, 
 and the passive acquiescence of the masses. No one who 
 knows India at first hand, however he may criticize some 
 features of the government's policy, can question the general 
 beneficence of British rule/'' 
 
 The attitude of the authorities toward Christianity has 
 varied greatly at different periods. Carey, when he first 
 reached India (1793), was not only forbidden to enter British 
 territory for missionary purposes, but not allowed to remain 
 even as an indigo-planter, and had to begin his work in 
 Danish possessions (Serampore) near Calcutta. Opposition 
 diminished under Lord W'ellesley ( 1798-1805), butreached its 
 climax after his resignation, when the Court of Directors of 
 the East India Company frankly avowed their advocacy of 
 Indian heathenism and took the ground that missions threat- 
 ened the security of the Indian Government.* In 18 13, 
 however. Parliament, moved by the untiring efforts of 
 Wilberforce and others, inserted in the renewed charter of 
 the Company the so-called " pious clause, "^ which put an 
 end to all open opjwsition to missionary enterprise, friendli- 
 ness or unfriendliness being thereafter a matter of the atti- 
 tude of the individual ruling officer, local or supreme. The 
 final stage was reached in the famous proclamation of 
 political liberty and complete religious toleration issued by 
 Queen \'ictoria at the time of the assumption of the gov- 
 ernment of India by the crown (November i, 1857). This 
 proclamation, while it guaranteed ]:)rotection to all the 
 Queen's subjects in the fulfillment of their religious convic- 
 tions and promised ab.solute neutrality on the part of Gov- 
 ernment in all such matters, was essentially a Christian 
 document, >^ one paragraph being ])refaced with these words : 
 ** Firmly rely nig ourselves on the truth of Christianity, and 
 acknowledging with gratitude the solace of religion. ' The 
 
 •The proRi-ess in mutfUiil things i.s hinted at by ihc following figures: Rail- 
 
 w lys in India, end of '53. 20 miles : end of '77. 7,322 miles : May 1, 'ol. 25.378 miles. 
 
 In '81. 20,34*1 iiiile.s of telegraph line in operation, and a little over 1 ,000.000 private 
 
 messages de.spatched ; in 01, 5=i.055 miles, with 3,750.000 messages. Money orders 
 
 '01 nearlv Si .001.000. 
 
 Warneck, " History of rrolestant Missions,'* p. 252, fl". 
 
 The clause is as follows : " It is the duty of this country to encourage the in- 
 :ro>luction of useful knowledge and of religious and moral enlightenment into 
 India, and in lawful ways to atTord every facility to such persons as go to India 
 and desire to remain there for the accomplishment of such benevolent putposes " 
 
 ■^ee Graham's " Missioaaiy Kxpansion of the Reformed Churches," p. 108. 
 
THE MISSIONS IX INDIA 9 
 
 following out of the policy thus proclaimed still depends 
 somewhat upon the bias of the individual officer ; but on 
 the whole the government's attitude has been and still is 
 one of friendly neutrality toward Christianity. 
 
 Turning to some of the geographical features of the 
 
 country : British India, inclusive of Burmah, has an area of 
 
 1,560,159 square miles, (595,167 square miles of this is the 
 
 territory of the feudatory native states, such as Hyderabad, 
 
 Mysore, Kashmir, Gwalior, Baroda, etc.), being about as 
 
 large as the United States east of the Mississippi. It lies 
 
 mainly between ten and thirty-five north latitude. The whole 
 
 of it is tropical or semi-tropical, variations of temperature 
 
 depending on altitude rather than on latitude. The onl}- 
 
 places of escape from the heat of summer are the various 
 
 sanitaria, located at heights of 4,000 to 7,000 feet above sea 
 
 level on the different mountain ranges. The climate during 
 
 the four or five winter months — from November to March — 
 
 are delightful, not unlike an American October. The rest 
 
 of the year is divided between the dry hot season and the 
 
 rainy hot season, the thermometer during the former often 
 
 reaching temperatures ranging from 110° to 125° in the 
 
 shade. '=^ The intensity of the heat, however, is far less 
 
 trying than its persistency. 
 
 The soil is exceedingly fertile in most parts of the coun- 
 try, yielding, in spite of crudest methods of cultivation, 
 large and frequent crops (as many as three and four in a 
 single year in some cases). The main products are wheat, 
 rice, cotton, opium, oil-seeds, tea, indigo and (in the north) 
 potatoes. The staple diet in the southern and eastern 
 regions is rice ; in the north, wheat for the upper classes, 
 and corn, barley and the coarse millets for the poorer. 
 Meat is a part of the regular diet of such Mohammedans 
 and Christians as can afford it ; it is not uncommon, es- 
 pecially goat's meat, among some classes of Hindus. 
 
 The population, as given by the census of 1901, is 
 294,362,676, which includes Aden as well as Burmah and 
 Ceylon . 
 
 The sketch of the early history of India has in some 
 measure indicated the diversity of the race elements which 
 have gone to make up its population. The languages in use 
 give even greater evidence of this diversity. Recent inves- 
 
 •Here is a day's record for Allahabad, taken entirely at random from the 
 period (March 28th) between the cool and the hot seasons : Maximum temperature, 
 in shade, 106.4 ; maximum, in sun, 15^} 6 ; minimum in shade, 69 ; mean tempera 
 ture, 87.1 ; normal mean temperature, 81.3. 
 
lO HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 ligation by a Government expert ( Mr. Grierson) reveals the 
 existence of no less than 707 languages and dialects. Some of 
 these differ far more widely from each other than they do from 
 the languages of Europe. They fall in general into four 
 groups: Semitic, Aryan, Dravidian and Kolarian. Those 
 of the last group are spoken only by aboriginal hill tribes. 
 The main Dravidian languages are Tamil (spoken by up- 
 wards of 15.000,000) ; Telugu, (20,000,000) ; Kanarese, 
 (10,000,000), and Malayalam, (5,000,000). The Aryan 
 group includes among many others Bengali, (41,000,000) ; 
 Hindi, (85,000,000); Panjabi, (18,000,000); Gujrati, 
 Cio.ooo.ooo), and Uriya, (9,000,000). Hindustani or Urdu 
 is usually classed wuth this group, but might more properly 
 be called an Aryo-Semitic language. It is one of the most 
 curious linguistic hybrids in the world, having been pro- 
 duced by India's Mohammedan conquerors, who forced 
 Hindi into combination with Persian and Arabic. It is the 
 most widely diffused language of India, being spoken or at 
 least understood, not only by most of those who speak Pan- 
 jabi or Hindi, but by almost all Mohammedans the country 
 over. It is safe to say that nearly half the population of 
 India can be reached through it and Hindi, its next of kin. 
 
 THE RELIGIONS OF INDIA. 
 
 I. Axi.MivSM. — The religion of the al^origines of India 
 seems to have been a sort of animism or spirit- worship — the 
 spirits being evil spirits. All natural phenomena, and 
 especially all untoward events, were referred to the agency 
 of these demons, who were propitiated by incantations and 
 bloody sacrifices. It is exceedingly difllcult to draw the 
 line accurately between Animists and Hindus to-day ; for 
 the worship of the latter has been largely modified by the 
 ])eliefs of the former, and the former have in many cases 
 added to their demon worship the polytheism and idolatry of 
 the latter, and have often actually classed themselves as 
 Hindus. •• The census of 1901 gives the luimber as 
 10,000,000. 
 
 II. Buddhism, though it does not come next chrono- 
 logically, may well be disposed of at this point because ot 
 its present insignificant position among the religions of 
 
 •It is related by a mi.ssionary of the Madras Pre.sidency that in one village the 
 Animists adoptetl the sujjjit'stion of Hindu neiRhbors and ninrried their female 
 demons to Hindu gods, and thereafter complacently worshipped them all. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA II 
 
 India. It has now only 7,000,000 adherents, and these con- 
 fined ahnost entirely to Burmah and Ceylon. Yet once it 
 controlled India. Siddharta Gautama, '•'' its founder, son of 
 Suddodhana, King of the Sakyas, was born about 560 B. C, 
 at Kapilavastu, a hundred miles north of Benares. Bur- 
 dened with the sense of life's sorrows and mysteries, he 
 turned his back on worldly prospects, and after years of 
 vain searching for peace by means of Hindu asceticism, he 
 finally attained " enlightenment,'' and propounded the basal 
 doctrine of his system, that " suffering is 10 be got rid of by 
 the suppression of all desires and by extinction of personal 
 existence." Principal Grant, in "The Religions of the 
 World," well describes Buddhism as " a system of humani- 
 tarianism with no future life, and no God higher than the 
 perfect man." It won its way to power partly because it 
 was on the one hand the logical outcome of certain phases of 
 philosophic Hinduism, and on the other a protest against its 
 utter formalism and the tyrannj^ -of its priests, and partly 
 because of the attractiveness of its moral code and of its 
 comparatively unselfish teachings. t 
 
 Buddhism reached its zenith under the Emperor Asoka 
 (263-223 B. C), its "golden age" continuing till toward 
 the end of the reign of Kanishka, one of the Indo-Scythian 
 Kings, who came to the throne in 78 A. D. Thencefor- 
 ward Brahman influence gradually regained its place, till by 
 the end of the tenth century it had practically driven Bud- 
 dhism out of India, confining it, as now, to Ceylon and 
 Burmah. 
 
 III. JainismJ is nearly related to Buddhism, arising at 
 the same period (possibly an earlier) and out of the same 
 conditions. Like it, it is practically atheistic. Its moral 
 code is closely allied to that of Buddha, and consists of five 
 prohibitions (against killing, lying, stealing, adultery and 
 worldliness) and five duties (mercy to animate beings, alms- 
 giving, fasting, and veneration for sages while living and 
 worship of their images when dead. Its most conspicuous 
 feature is its zeal for the preservation of animal life. Its 
 adherents, though numbering only about a million and a 
 half (mainly in Bombay Presidency), have no small influence 
 in India, chiefly because of their wealth and comparatively 
 high degree of education. 
 
 *GautAma was the family name, Siddharta the persoual. Buddha means " the 
 enlightened." He was also called Sakya Muni, "the sage of the Sakyas." 
 tSee sketch in St. Clair Tisdall's " Religions of India," pp. 66-76. 
 jSee Murdoch's " Religious History of India," p. 85, ff. 
 
T2 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 IV. Hinduism . — To give a brief and yet complete 
 account of Hinduism is an impossibility. To give an 
 authoritative account of it, no matter at what length, is 
 equally an impossibility. It is difficult to find any two 
 writers — especially any two Hindu writers — who agree in 
 their statement of even its essential features. Not only has 
 it been constantly changing through the centuries, always 
 for the worse, but at no time has it been the same in differ- 
 ent parts of India, nor even self -consistent in any one part. 
 The most that can be done here is to outline the develop- 
 ment of its complex system, and to present some of the 
 more conspicuous of its modern characteristics. 
 
 As a preliminary, a brief statement as to the sacred books of the 
 Hindus is necessary. These are classed under the two heads Sruti* 
 ("that which has been heard" from the Divine voice), the fully 
 authoritative, and Smriti, ("that which is remembered"), less 
 authoritative writings, based upon the Sruti. To the former class 
 belong the Vedas alone. These are four in number: Rig, Sama, 
 Yajur (the Black and the White) and Atharva : and each consists of 
 three parts, Hvnins {Sanhita or Mantra), Pitual [Brahmana] and 
 Philosophical Tieatises ^Upanishad, included with Aranyaka or 
 " Forest Treatises.") The 6'a«/n/tfi^ are the oldest portion (variously 
 placed by different authorities between the dates 1800 and 800 B. C.),t 
 and consist of versified prayers and praises ; the Brahnianas come 
 next (falling approximately between 900 and 500 B. C), and are com- 
 mentaries, mostlvin prose, explaining how the Mihitras [Sanhiia) are 
 to be used in the performance of religious rites; and last come the 
 Ara)ivaka5 and l^panishads (the earliest of them probably dating 
 from ' about 600 B. C), consisting of philosophical inquiries on 
 religious themes, ostensibly based on the Mantras. The term Veda is 
 sometimes applied exclusively to the Hymns, and yet, as Dr. Murdoch 
 well says ("Letter to Maharaja of Darbhanj^ah," p. 19), not only are 
 the Brahtnanas and (Jpanlshads as much Sruti as the Mantras, but 
 the I'panishads " are practically the only I'eda studied by thoughtful 
 Hindus of the present day." 
 
 The term Smriti \9, more elastic, its content varying more or less 
 with the view-point of the individual sect of Hindus; but it may be 
 said to include among other books the following : 
 
 I. The Darsanas or systematized " exhibitions " of the philoso- 
 phy of the (Jpanishads. These are six in number, each serving as the 
 basis of a separate ])hilosophical sect: A^yaya, I'aiseshika, Sankhya, 
 }'oga, iMimansa and / 'edanta. Their date it is impossible to fix with 
 exactness, further than to say that they are probably contemporary 
 with the rise of P>uddhism, but did not take their present fi'rm much 
 before the Christian era. 'X\iKt Sankhya, )'(>i,'(7and / V^A/w/a have been 
 the three most inilucntial schools of thought, the last the most influ- 
 ential of all. 
 
 *See Mitchell's " Hinduism, Past and Present," p. 13, ff 
 tThe Atharva Veda is probably of much later date. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 1 3 
 
 II. The Laws of Manu, or Mdnava Dharnta Shastra, a treatise on 
 religious jurisprudence, bearing somewhat the same relation to the 
 Brahnianas as the Darsanas do to the Upanishads, and belonging to 
 the period between 500 and 300 B. C* (Other similar treatises followed 
 later.) 
 
 III. The Epic poems, Raniayana and Mahabharata, which 
 include legends of a remote age, but may in their present form safely 
 be placed in the early centuries of the Christian era.t 
 
 IV. The eighteen Purtmas, a kind of versified encyclopaedia of 
 religion, philosophy, science and history, belonging, in their collated 
 form, to the period between the twelfth aud seventeenth centuries, A. D. 
 
 V. The Tantras, somewhat similar to the Purdnas, but belonging 
 probably to a slightly later period, and setting forth the principles of 
 Sakti worship. (See p. 17). 
 
 The stages in the development of Hinduism are marked 
 by these religious books, which are, each in its turn, expres- 
 sions of the thought of one period and controllers of the next. 
 These stages overlap as the writings overlap ; their chro- 
 nology is as wholly uncertain as are the dates of these 
 writings. In general, however, the following stages of 
 development are traceable : 
 
 I. Vedic Hinduism, (1800 to 800 B. C), exhibited 
 especially in the Rig- Veda. It was polytheistic nature icor- 
 ship. ' ' Thrice eleven ' ' deities are frequently mentioned ; 
 once (III, 9, 9), we have a much larger number. The 
 most prominent were l^aruiia (Greek Oiiranos), the encom- 
 passing firmament; Indra, the rain god ; Agni, the god ot 
 fire ; Surya, the sun god, and Dyaus Pita?-, who is unques- 
 tionably the relic of an original monotheism, and of whom 
 Prof. Max Muller forcibly says : 
 
 If I were asked what I consider the most important discover} 
 which has been made during the nineteenth century with respect to the 
 ancient history of mankind, I should answer by the following short 
 line: 
 
 Sanskrit Dyaush-Pitar = Greek Zeus Pater = Latin Jupiter ^ 
 Old Norse Tyr. 
 
 Think what this equation implies ! It implies not only that our 
 own ancestors and the ancestors of Homer and Cicero i^the Greeks and 
 Romans) spoke the same language as the people of India — this is a 
 discovery which, however incredible it sounded at first, has long ceased 
 to cause any surprise — but it implies and proves that they all had once 
 the same faith, aud worshipped for a time the same supreme Deity 
 under exactly the same name— name which meant Heaven-Father. 
 
 *Sir W. W. Hunter's " Brief History," etc., P- 66; Mitchell's "Hinduism," p 
 82, ff. 
 
 tDr. Mitchell places i\\e Mahabharaia in its present form in the sixth or seventh 
 century, A. D. 
 
14 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 The following extracts well exemplify two extremes in 
 the hymns of the Rig- Veda : 
 
 "Drinker of the soma juice ilndra^ wielder of the thunderbolt, 
 bestow upon us ahuncauce of cows with projecting jaws." 
 
 "Whenever we men, O Varuna, co-.niit an offence before the 
 heavenly host ; whenever we break thy law through thoughtlessness ; 
 have uiercy, Almighty, have mercy ! " 
 
 2. Brahmanic Hinduism,* (900 to 500 B. C). — As 
 time passed the number of the gods greatly increased. Fear 
 of evil spirits became conspicuous, perhaps under the in- 
 fluence of aboriginal cults. Religion began to be stereotyped. 
 P'ormulas took the place of worship, and the influence of 
 those who learned and repeated them increased accordingly. 
 Success in dealing with supernatural powers depended upon 
 the proper selection of mantras and absolute accuracy in 
 their repetition. The very formulas themselves were deified. 
 The literary fruit of this development was the Brahvianas of 
 the Vcdas and later the code of Manu ; and its main re- 
 ligious and social fruit was the supremacy of the priest 
 class (the Brahmans) and the complete organization of the 
 caste system. This was beyond doubt primarily a matter of 
 race (as hinted at in the original word for caste, varna, color). 
 Aryans separated themselves from the despised non-Aryans 
 and from those of mixed parentage. At the same time they 
 divided off among themselves according to their occupations, 
 which naturally tended to become hereditary. Priests 
 {Bra/i7?ia?i), warriors {K's/uittriva) and tillers of the soil 
 {Vaisya) formed each their own caste; and gradually, 
 though not without a struggle, which between the Brah- 
 nians and Kshattriyas seems to have been a bitter and bloody 
 one, they established the above order of priority. To the 
 non-Aryans, who made up the Sthira caste, were left all the 
 trades and menial service.!" Just as the Hindu religious 
 writings contain no less than fourteen different accounts as to 
 the source of tlie Vedas, so do the}' offer a generous choice 
 regarding the origin of caste. | The most commonly ac- 
 cepted view is that set forth by Manu (Bk. I., 31) that 
 Brahma, the parent of worlds, after his birth from a golden 
 ^gg, peopled the earth by producing the Brahman from his 
 mouth, the Kshattriya from his arms, the latsya from his 
 
 *The term Brahmanism is to be avoided, partly because it is a word never used 
 by any one in India to describe his own religion, partly because it is inaccurate, 
 there being no such thing as Brahmanism distinct from Hinduism, and partly 
 because its very derivation is doubtful, {B/ahrn. Brahman or Bra/imatta). 
 
 tSee de la Fosse's " Historv of India,'' pp. 11, 12, and Murdoch's " Religious 
 History of India," p. 48. ff. 
 
 See Murdoch's " Letter to the Maharaja of Darbhaugah,' p. 50, ff. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 15 
 
 thighs, and the Siidra from his feet.''' Whatever the origin 
 of the system, of the Brahman's complete and permanent 
 supremacy — amounting to deification — there can be no 
 question. 
 
 3. Philosophic Hinduism (600, B. C, to Christian 
 Era). The inevitable reaction from the elaborate ritual, the 
 empty formalism, the endless and meaningless sacrifices of 
 Brahmanic Hinduism came in the wave of philosophic 
 speculations which produced first the Upanishads and then 
 the six Darsanas professedly based on them. The thought 
 of this period was mainly pantheistic, though in one or other 
 of these six schools we have apparent afiirmations of atheism, 
 polytheism and even monotheism. In the Brahmanic period 
 the way of deliverance had been the karma-mdrg or ' ' path 
 of works (or ritual) " ; in the philosophic it was the jiuhid- 
 mdrg or "way of knowledge." To know one's identity 
 with the true, infinite and eternal self,t this was salvation. 
 Transmigration of souls had come now to be an essential 
 feature of Hindu thought,! and the one idea of salvation 
 was that of deliverance from endless rebirths (8,400,000 is 
 the popular conception). The six systems professing to set 
 forth this way of deliverance, though all appealing to the 
 Vedas, and all accepted to this day as wholly orthodox, were 
 utterly opposed one to another. The Bhdgavad Gita, that 
 remarkable production which comes as an obvious interpola- 
 tion in the great epic, the Mdhdbhdiata, is an attempt to 
 harmonize three of these systems, and belongs properly to this 
 same period of Philosophic Hinduism, in a later stage. 
 
 4. PuRANic Hinduism (A. D. i to 1700). — The char- 
 acteristics of the successive stages of this period are to be 
 traced in the two great Epic poems, and in the Purd?ias and 
 the Tdntras. During the centuries of Buddhist supremacy the 
 Hinduism of the masses, partly probably under the accentu- 
 ated influence of southern India and its Dravidian cults, 
 partly possibly through the deliberate purpose of the Brah- 
 
 *Caste has been subdivided until the four original castes now number many 
 thousands. It is estimated that the Brahman caste alone is divided into 1 866 sub- 
 castes. The lower castes are still more complex Hindu custom forbids inter- 
 cour?e between persons of different castes. The touch and often the shadow of a 
 low-caste man defiles. The Brahmans from different provinces in many cases will 
 not eat together. ^ ., j -t- . 
 
 tThe two " great sentences" were Br.ihmdsmi, I am Brahma, and lat- 
 /rf'awz <*.j/, " It thou art " 
 
 tThere can be little or no question that this doctrine was taken by Buddha from 
 Hinduism, not by the latter from Buddhism, as is sometimes stated. (See " Hin- 
 duism, Past and Present," pp. 50, 132; de la Fosse's "History of India," p. 28 ; 
 Tisdall's "India : Its History, Darkness and Dawn." p. 5^)- Indeed Buddhism may 
 be said to be but the extreme development of the Sankhya Philosophy. 
 
I 6 HISTORICAL SKETCH OV 
 
 mans to offset tlie power of Buddhism by popularizing 
 Hinduism along evil lines, developed decidedly in the 
 direction of a grosser polytheism, and at the same time 
 adapted itself to Buddhistic thought by putting sacrifice 
 further into the background and inculcating a great regard 
 f(;r animal lile. 
 
 One of the main features of this j)eriod, with its 
 330,oc)<:).ooo divinities of sorts, is the triad of gods (or 7V/- 
 f/nir/i), /yra/imd, I'tshftu, .S7//iV7. represented as the mani- 
 festation of the great original IT or Ihahm. The sacred 
 monosyllable Om, whose proper utterance is supposed to 
 secure marvellous results, is made up of the letters rei)resent- 
 ing these three names. />;v7//;//</ attracted few followers, and 
 \'ishnu lx.'came the more popular of the remaining two. A 
 second new and conspicuous feature was the doctrine of 
 incarnation"-. Ten incarnations, all of Vishnu, are u.sually 
 recognized. The seventh, eighth and ninth were Ram 
 ' hand) a, the hero of the Rdmayana, Krishna, the hero ot 
 he Mdhiibhiinita, and especially of the Bhiii^avada i.ita, 
 A\(\ Buddha, skillfully ado])ted as a compromise with Budd- 
 hism. The tenth, yet to come, is. most significantly, to be 
 a .s/;//<'i5 incarnation, is to be born of a virgin, and, riding 
 >n a white horse, is to destroy all the wicked with his 
 Mazing sword. The source of this striking conception can 
 lardly l:>e (questioned, if the Scripture accounts of the first 
 md second Advents be in imagination run together. A 
 liird feature was the introduction of hliakti, or adoring 
 vorship of divinity, as an alternative spiritual "path." thus 
 i.lding the hhakti-fniUx to the /fiihui of the Philo-sojihic and 
 he karmd of the Brahmanic ])eriod. The most pojnilar 
 •bject of this bhnkti was Krishna (it is in the Bluigavada 
 .ita that bhakti first appears), and it was partly at least 
 wing to the evil character of that incarnation that a thought 
 () true soon iKcame low and gro.ss. i A fourth feature of 
 his period is the idea (which Dr. Mitchell traces to 200 B.C.) 
 • t .sacred ])laces, e.specially rivers, and of i)ilgrimages thereto. 
 hirst the Indus, then the Saraswati. then the Ganges: 
 among cities, Pryag (Allahabad). Kiishi ( B.enares\ Dwarka, 
 I'.indraban: these are a few of the hundreds of lirlhns 
 
 • Thlw doctrine U iiometline»» tmced to Huddhint influeocr ("Hinduism Vm^X 
 Hid Prmtnt." p mj). hut It ih n qur^tloii whether it mnv not have «»ern ^imply « 
 t^iote»«iiic ni.inifr>»t«tlon of B deep I v in k truth, possibly a truth learned In part 
 ttoni Christian nources. 
 
 t See •• Hindulnm : Pnut and Pre»»ent." p. m6 ff. It i* to t>e noted that the 
 >tshHa of the flh.igaf.id Gita \% ii vantly higher conception than the h'ftskma of 
 le rest of the .V.iA.7/>A.i»a/a and of the Pu*.inas. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA IJ 
 
 (sacred places; whicli gradually came into ])romiiience as 
 merit bestowing; j)oiiits of pilgrimage. One other character- 
 istic demands reluctant notice — the .Sa/v7/- worship of the 
 Tdutras. Sakti means power, the power of the gods, per- 
 sonalized as the wives of the gods, especially of the great 
 triad. The rites connected with this worship, especially 
 among the " left-hand " devotees, are obscene and horrible 
 beyond belief. "'^ 
 
 5. MoDKRN Hinduism (1800-). — The outlining of 
 the previous periods has been worth while mainly because 
 modern Hinduism is simply a composite of all these periods, 
 with the possible exception of the first. Almost everything 
 that ever has been, still is. The Brahman still makes the 
 extravagant claims of the Hrahmanic period, and the people 
 bow in submission ; the educated classes still hold to the 
 philosophies of the Darsanas, and the masses still delight in 
 the stories of the Epics and Purdnas, and grovel before the 
 divinities they celebrate. Dr. Mitchell well says ("Hin- 
 duism," p. HV) ): 
 
 As to belief, Hiiuluisni includes a quasi-nionolheisin, pantlicism, 
 polythcistn, polydenionisni, and atheism, or at least ajjnosticisni. As 
 to Ivor ship, it includes meditation on Rrahm, the One, the All — with- 
 out external rites or mental homage — imaj^c-worship, fetish-worship, 
 ghost-worship and demon- worship. But, again, a man may be a good 
 Hindu, who avows no belief at all, provided he pays respect to Brah- 
 mans, does no injury to cows, and observes with scrupulous care the 
 rules and customs of his caste. 
 
 This may well be supplemented by a quotation from 
 Guru Prasad Sen's "Introduction to the Study of Hindu- 
 ism" (pp. a, 3) : 
 
 Hinduism is not, and has never been, a religious organization. 
 It is a pure social system, imposing on those wlio are Hindus the 
 observance of certain social forms, and not the profession of particular 
 religious beliefs. It is perfectly optional with a Hindu to choose from 
 any one of the ditTercnt religious creeds with which the Slulstras 
 abound; he may choose to have a faith and a creed, if he wants a 
 creed, or to do without one. He may be an atheist, a deist, a uiono- 
 theist, or a polytheist. a believer in the Vedas or SliAstras, or a sceptic 
 as regards their autlu)rity, and his position as a Hindu cannot be 
 questioned by anybody because of his beliefs or unbeliefs sc long as 
 he conforms to social rules. 
 
 In all this diversity, however, two general trends of 
 religious thought — not infrec^uently found, strangely enough, 
 in the same person — may be traced : Among the more intel- 
 
 • Ibid, p. 136 ff. 
 
1 8 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 ligent the pantheistic philosophy of the Upa7iishads, espe- 
 cially the Vedanta, is uppermost, with a constant tendency 
 to diverge in one of three directions — polytheism, agnos- 
 ticism or theism ; among the ignorant, polytheism is upper- 
 most, with an invariable pantheistic tendency. Pantheism, 
 with its corollary in the transmigration of souls, is thus 
 common to all. This as a creed, caste as a social system, 
 and grossest idolatry as the commonest expression of the 
 religious instinct, constitute the real Triad of Hinduism 
 to-day. 
 
 V. Reform Movements from within Hinduism.— 
 Buddhism might in a sense be called the first of these. The 
 system preached by the great Shankara Acharya of the 
 eighth century might be another candidate for a place in 
 this category, except that it was after all but a re-statement 
 of the philosophy of the Vedanta Darsana. Probably the 
 first place rightly belongs to 
 
 1. Aa/7/>.— He flourished early in the fifteenth century, 
 lived in or near Benares, and, influenced largely by Moham- 
 medanism, proclaimed a modified pantheism that came very 
 near to monotheism. His verses, pointed, suggestive and 
 often full of truth, are popular all over northern India to 
 this day. Says Dr. Mitchell (" Hinduism,'' etc., p. 156) : 
 
 In many respects Kabirism departs widely from Hinduism. It 
 rejects caste, denounces Brahmanical arroj^ance and hypocrisy, and 
 ridicules the vShastras. Idolatry is sinful. The temple is only a place 
 for men to pray in. Renunciation of the world and contemplation 
 are enjoined. The system runs easily into quietism and mysticism. 
 One noble characteristic of it is the inculcation of moral purity ; 
 while of ceremonial purity and outward forms of worship it takes 
 little or no account. It looks on life as almost sacred, and inculcates 
 universal kindness— in this respect reminding us of Buddhism. 
 
 Kabir's followers are called k'abhpantJus {panth means 
 path ); and while they are fairly numerous in West Central 
 and North Central India (213,909 in the United Provinces 
 in 1901). they have so largely conformed to Hinduism, at 
 least in all outward forms, that they are classed simply as a 
 Hindu sect. 
 
 2. Sikhisvi. — A more radical movement on lines similar 
 to Kabir's was led a century later by Xanak Shah, a Hindu 
 from near Lahore. His evident aim was to coml)ine Hin- 
 duism with the tenets of Islam — with naturally unsatisfac- 
 tory results. The creed of the Sikhs ("disciples") has 
 been described both as deism and pantheism : it certainly is 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA I9 
 
 not monotheism. Their sacred book, compiled mainly by 
 Guru ^(teacher) Arjun, fifth in succession to Nanak, is called 
 the Adi-Granth ("the basal book"), and has, in the course 
 of the centuries, been deified— is in fact their distinctive 
 object of worship at the present day. Had it not been for 
 persecution by the Mohammedans (especially Aurangzeb) 
 and consequent development into a great political and mili- 
 tary power, Sikhism would probably have long ago faded 
 away. As it is, it numbers more than two million adherents, 
 mainly in the Panjab. The Sikhs are, however, more and 
 more remerging in Hinduism, so much so that the census of 
 1 89 1 says : 
 
 The only trustworthy method of distinguishing this creed was 
 to ask if the person in question repudiated the services of the barber 
 and the tobacconist ; for the precepts most strictly enforced nowadays 
 are that the hair of the head and face must never be cut, and that 
 
 smoking is a habit to be absolutely avoided Not only is a true 
 
 Sikh generally called a Hindu in common parlance, but manv of those 
 who are spoken of as Sikhs are not true Sikhs, but Hindus. 
 
 3. The Brahmo Savidf-. — Its founder, Ram Mohan Roy, 
 a Brahman of Bengal, beginning with a strong antipathy to 
 idolatry t, passing through a period of Vedantism, and 
 finally, through contact with Christianity and the Scriptures, 
 reaching a definite theistic belief, organized the Brahmo 
 Sa7mij\ and in 1830 opened the first Hindu Theistic church. 
 He went to England in 1831 and died there in 1833. He 
 was followed by Dabendra Nath Tagore, under whose 
 leadership the Samaj in 1850 definitely rejected the infalli- 
 bility of the Vedas. 
 
 In 1857 Mr. Tagore was joined by the famous Keshab 
 Chandar Sen, ' * whose religious views, as we heard from his 
 own lips," says Dr. Mitchell, "were drawn in the first 
 instance from the Bible and from the writings of Dr. Chal- 
 mers" t- For a while the two leaders worked cordially 
 together, but Tagore' s ideas were more or less reactionary, 
 while the younger man was eagerly progressive and seemed 
 to be drawing nearer to Christianity: so that in 1866, 
 Mr. Sen and his friends separated themselves and formed 
 the ' ' Brahmo Samaj of India, ' ' the older branch being 
 known as the ' ' Adi (original) Brahmo Samaj . ' ' Another 
 split occurred in 1878, when as the result of controversies 
 growing out of the marriage of Mr. Sen's under-age 
 
 * Samaj simxily means an association. 
 
 t Under the influence, it has been suggested by some, of the teachings of Islam. 
 
 X "Hinduism," etc., p. 217. 
 
20 HISTORICAL SKKTCH OP 
 
 daughter to the Mahdrdjd of Kiicli Hehar uvho was not a 
 Hrahmo). twotliirds of his followers, incliuling some of the 
 Ixrst men in the Samaj witlulrew and formed the SaJharan 
 (Universid) Stim.i/, leaving their former leader to call him- 
 self and his remaining adherents "The New I)is|>ensation.**' 
 On Mr. Sen s death in 18S4, Mr. P. C. Mo/.nmdar, not 
 without protest from the "twelve apostles" whom the 
 former had appointed, succeeded to tlie leadership of the 
 " Church of the New Dispensation." and has since l)een the 
 best known exponent of Ikahmoism. 
 
 To accurately characterize this movement is very diffi- 
 cult. Mr. Sen made much of the distinctly Christian doc- 
 trines of the Fatherhood of G«j(1 and the brotherhood of 
 man. and he once used the remarkable words, " None but 
 Jesus, none but Jesus deserves this precious diadem, India : 
 and none but Jesus .shall have it." But at the same time 
 he declared all religions to be true, and ended by claiming 
 distinct in.spiraticm for himself and introducing all sorts of 
 extravagances both of doctrine and ceremonial. The most 
 that can Ix; said for Brahmoi.sm is that it is a theistic eclecti- 
 cism, and constitutes a va.st advance on orthodox Hinduism, 
 in matters social as well as religiousf. What with its lack 
 of definite l^liefs, and its endless sub-divisions, it is no 
 wonder that it is making small progress, passing only from 
 3,051 in 1 89 1 to just over 4.000 in 1901. 
 
 4. T/if Ana Samdj.—VWQvXy different in many respects 
 from the preceding is the movement staned in 1863 and 
 formally organized in 1875 by a Hrahman from Kathiawdr 
 (born 1827), who, after his initiation as a Sanydsi Hlindu 
 ascetic), was known as Daydnand Saraswati. and who l)efore 
 his death in 1883 had gained a large following. The 
 leading tenets of the sect he established aret : i . The four 
 Vedas alone, and of them only the Sanhitas or Hymns, are 
 inspired. 2. There are three eternal substances— (»<kI, 
 Spirit and Matter. 3. The soul is incor|K)real. but is always 
 I>erfectly distinct from (kkI. 4. The soul is subject to re- 
 birth, which may l)e in the form of a human iK-ing or an 
 animal or a vegetable. 5. " Salvation is the state of eman- 
 ci|)ation from pain and from subjection to birth and death, 
 and of life, lilx-rty and hajipiness in the immensity of God." 
 
 • IB • letter to Mas MQIIer hrdo^rlbr* U ••'•■ new HliidiiiBm which oomhiBCS 
 Koaro ""■' '■*'^" "" ' ' •" "•■" i*hriM»«nUjr which bleoda togethrr At>oMoltc«l 
 r»iih nil rnc« •• .. -. 
 
 t F -r •■ HindnUni fast and I*r<»ent." |». «ti ffl; 
 
 •Uo Mu; ... ..^. ; . uf IndU." p. 143 ■" 
 
 : Taken mainly Iron* VoJ. .\V1. of the Cennaii of India. 1901. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 21 
 
 To the credit of the Arya Samaj it is to be noted that it 
 is opposed to caste, to idolatry, to child-marriage, to lavish 
 expenditure at weddings and to pilgrimages : all of which 
 points are unfortunately to be discounted by the fact that 
 much of this opp<3sition. especially as to caste, is theoretical 
 only. The positive weaknesses in it are tliat it is practically 
 deistic rather than theistic ; that it is utterly illogical, Ix'ing 
 based on the most fanciful and pre])osterous inter[)retation 
 of the X'edas:- — Sanskritists of a/iv faith l)eing the judges ; 
 that its advocates have in their discussions been largely 
 marked by a spirit of conceit, narrowness, bigotry and bitter- 
 ness seldom surpassed ; and that they have devoted their 
 strength to attacking Christianity rather than the errors of 
 Hinduism, the correction of which is their avowed raison 
 
 The growth of the Aryas has been remarkable, especially 
 in their stronghold, the North-west Provinces,' where in 
 the decade 1S91 to 1901 an increase of 196 per cent, was 
 recorded — the increase in native Christians within the same 
 limits being just under 199 per cent. The explanation is 
 probably to be found partly in the aggressive activity of 
 their i)ropaganda ; partly in their imitation of Christian 
 methods, not only in the use of tracts and ]\ii(l and volun- 
 tary preachers, but in the establishment of schools, orphan- 
 ages and colleges} ; and partly in the fact that while 
 reforming certain abuses of Hinduism of which intelligent 
 Hindus themselves are ashamed, they still appeal to Hindu 
 pride in that they retain the old philosophy and cosmogony 
 and the doctrine of the inspiration of at least a portion of 
 the Vedas. Their progress is in spite of division ; for strife 
 has waxed fierce between the consei"vatives, or vegetarians, 
 and the liberals, or meat-eaters>5. In any case thev are a 
 force to be reckoned with in the present missionary situation. 
 It will take all the wisdom of Christian workers to meet 
 their sophistries, all their gentleness to meet their exasper- 
 ating tactics. 
 
 5 Thcosophy. How far this can l)e called a reform 
 movement is open to (juestion. Of its po]nilarity under its 
 present high-priestess and interpreter, Mrs. Annie Besant, 
 
 • The Aryiia cUim lh»t the Vedaii are the repositories of all knowledxv.aecuUr 
 an well at religious: they read iato them the telegraph, the ftteain-etiKiae, and 
 even the X-ray* ' 
 
 ♦ Now more sircursteW re-nante<i the "I'nited !*rovlncr» of Ajfra and Oudh " 
 
 : They hA ' i:e« at Bareilly. CawDt>ore nnd Allahabad, a Hieh School 
 
 ■ IMrrriit.a* 'lore. and a number of <icattered achoolt* of lower fcrade, 
 inclU'iinK a ',• 
 
 t Ckiisfi ■!) irra-vHiea" and "fleshicA* ) they derlslvclv rail e.nch other • 
 
22 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 there is no doiiht. It may be called Hindu Pantheism Up 
 to Date, or the six systems based on the I'panishads, the 
 Yoga is its prototype. It differs from the \'ed»'inta in that 
 the latter rejects tlie external universe as illusion ' miivti), 
 while Theosophy re^^ards it as the manifestation of the Uni- 
 versal Soul, just as the body is the manifestation of the 
 individual soul. The great goal is the a])prehension of the 
 identity of the individual self with the World-Self. Of the 
 latter Mrs. Hesant says : * 
 
 Theosophy postulates the existence of an eternal Principle, known 
 only through its ctTects. No words can describe It, for words imply 
 discriniinalions, and This is Al.L. We murmur, Absolute, Infinite, 
 Unconditioned, — but the words mean naught. Sat. the Wise speak 
 of: Bk-ness, not ev?n Being nor Existence. 
 
 Transmigration of souls is one of the postulates. Of the 
 post-tuortevi self she says: ("The desire for sentient life, 
 for objective expression, that desire which set the Universe 
 a-building, impels the Kgo to seek renewed manifestation : 
 it is drawn to the surroundings which its own past has 
 made necessary for its further progress." 
 
 To the modified Yoga system modern Theosophy has 
 added, among other things, a most thorough-going applica- 
 tion of the doctrine of evolution, and as thorough-going an 
 ada])tation of the essentially Christian doctrine*— not even 
 hinted at in the Upanishads — of the Fatherhood of God and 
 the Brotherhood of man.t; To the skilful use of these bor- 
 rowed features, combined with a whole-souled adulation of 
 everything Indian (including even idolatry, as a kind of 
 kindergarten), is largely due the popularity of this cult — a 
 popularity which has found marked manifestation in the 
 establishment of a Hindu College at Henares. 
 
 Doubt as to the reality or permanence of this reform, if 
 reform it can Ix; called, is deej^ned by the fact that the writ- 
 ings of .Madame lilavalsky. whose gross imi)ositions in con- 
 nection with the magical side of Theosoi>hy were shown up 
 in 1884 by the Madras '* Christian College Magazine. ">i are 
 accepted! I as a part of the authoritative basis of Indian The- 
 osophy. 
 
 V. MoHAM.MEDANiSM or Isi. \M,* the religion of sixty- 
 two millions of the inhabitants of India, is an eclectic sys- 
 
 • " RcliKiout STNtcmii of the World .*• p. f^43. 
 
 t n)Jd. p '.4V 
 
 : Srr p«iK'r bv Dr. A. H. Kwinji, lead txrfore North India Conference of ChrU- 
 tian Workem. 1<K)2 
 
 y Srr «1ho c.nrretf i« " \%\* Very .Much I'nx'eUed." 
 
 I •The Srlf and \\* Sheathn." p. 3 
 
 *.So-ciillcd after \K» chJefdiily. tfittnatxon to Alla>t Much of thr foUowmg 
 aketch in taken from Dr. rhilip SchafT iSchafT-Heriog Kncyclopre^dia). 
 
THK MISSIONS IN INDIA 23 
 
 tein. originally composed of Jewish, heathen and Christian 
 elements, which were scattered through Arabia l>efore Mo- 
 hammed. It borrowed monotheism and many rites Ce. g. 
 circumcisionj and ceremonies from the Jews. Professedly a 
 restoration of the faith of Abraham, it traces its line tlirough 
 Ishmael. In relation to Christianity it might Ixf styled the 
 great Unitarian heresy of the ICast. Christ is acknowledged 
 as the greatest prophet next to Mohamme<l, whose coining 
 he is claimed to have predicted when he promised the Para- 
 clete. His birth from a virgin is acknowledged, as also his 
 second coming to judge the earth; but tlie doctrine of his 
 divinity is regarded as blasphemy -still more the doctrine of 
 the Trinity. The inspiration of the Pentateuch, of the 
 Psalms, and of the (losj^ls, is admitted; with these two 
 (pialifications, that all have been superseded by the Ouran, 
 and that the Gospels have been largely interpolated by 
 Christians. The crucifixion is rejected. It is held that 
 Christ was caught up alive into the fourth heaven after his 
 arrest, and that someone — probably Judas — was crucified in 
 his place. The Christian elements in the (Juran are obvi- 
 ously taken from apocry]>hal sources, not from the Gospels. 
 With these inaccurate Jewish and Christian traditions Mo- 
 hammed mingled, with some modifications, heathen sensual- 
 ity, polygamy, slavery, and even an approach to heathen 
 idolatry in the superstitious veneration of the famous black 
 stone in the Kaaba at Mecca. 
 
 Starting with the fundamental iloctrine, "There is nt) 
 God i)ut Allah, and Mohammed is his j)rophet," Islam has 
 six articles of faith. — God. fatalism (under the guise of pre- 
 destination), angels, sacred books (especially the Ourdn). 
 prophets, resurrection and judgment (w'nh eternal reward 
 and punishment". Absolute submission to Allah's will is 
 the first duty of the Moslem. Prayer, fasting, almsgiving 
 and pilgrimages are enjoined. Not onl> ]>olygamy. but 
 concubinage, is permitted, ordinary Moslems being restricted 
 to four wives, pashas and sultans being allowed as many as 
 they please." Believers are promised a sensual paradise, 
 with special rewards for those who die fighting for the 
 faith. 
 
 The Mohammedan era dates from the Hegira (more cor- 
 rectly, Hijrah I, July 15th, 622 A. D., when Mohammed fled 
 for his life from Mecca to Medina. Beginning as a poor 
 caravan -attendant, or camel-driver, and marr>'ing in his 
 
 The prophet hiini(«irbad fourteen t\ ives, besides concubines. 
 
24 HISTORICAL SKETCH Oh' 
 
 twenty-fifth year the rich widow Khadijah, he received at 
 the age of forty-two (A. D. 612) what he believed to be his 
 divine call, through Gabriel, to the prophetic office. He 
 had but little success in securing adherents until the perse- 
 cution he provoked compelled him to flee to Medina. There 
 he was accepted as the prophet of God, took the field with 
 an ever-increasing army of followers, and eight years later 
 entered Mecca in triumph. Of the sincerity of his original 
 purposes there can be little question. He was a zealous re- 
 former; a morbid imagination, combined with the seeming 
 need of supernatural sanction for his reforms, did the rest. 
 Then with success came ambition, with power came sensual 
 passion. The reformer of Mecca became the conquest- 
 seeking autocrat of Medina. 
 
 The Quran Mohammed professed to have received from 
 Gabriel piece by piece. A year after his death his amanu- 
 ensis, Zaid, collected the scattered fragments "from palm 
 leaves, and tablets of white stone, and from the breasts of 
 men." The 6,225 verses are arranged in 114 Suras, and re- 
 motely resemble Hebrew poetry. It contains injunctions 
 and warnings, interspersed with narratives about Adam, 
 Noah, Moses, Abraham, Ishmael, John the Baptist, Jesus 
 and many others. It abounds in historical blunders and 
 tedious repetitions, but has also passages of great poetic 
 beauty. It is pointed to as Mohammed's one and conclusive 
 miracle, though he is also sometimes credited with having 
 cut in two the moon and then restored it. 
 
 There can be little doubt that the spread of Islam in 
 India was mainly due to the power of the sword, especially 
 during and after the reign of Aurangzeb. Tippoo Sahib, 
 for instance, Sultan of Mysore, secured 70,000 " converts " 
 in a single day. At the same time, other motives than fear, 
 some of them not more worthy, have contributed their quota. 
 The resultant Mohammedanism bears the marks of its mixed 
 ancestry and its Hindu environment. Tlie account in the 
 census of India for \)i (v. 16S) is instructive : 
 
 Shiah andSuiini* joined issue without recourse to arms. The 
 ^'ood men amongst tlie teachers (the Islami/ed Hindus) received 
 divine honors as if thev had never left the Hrahmanic fohl; and in 
 default of the pil^rima^e to Mecca, whirh was beyond the reach of 
 the majority, resort was had to the tom])S of the canoni/ed, where 
 fruit and flowers are olTcrcd, as to one of the orthodox pantjieon, and 
 
 •The Shfahs. who are jrreatly in the minority in Iiuha (in f«ct everywhere 
 except in Persia) maintain that .Mi . son in law of Mohammed, was his first l«'KHi- 
 mate successor, and so reject the first three Caliphs accepted by the Sunnis. Ordi- 
 narily the strife between the two sects is hitter to a degree. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 25 
 
 often by Hindu and Moslem alike ! Saints are the special feature 
 of the Indian development of Islam, and the worship of relics follows. 
 In some places there is a hair or two. in others a slipper, elsewhere a 
 foot-print, of the Prophet, to which the devout pay homage, and are 
 rewarded by miracles. Even where the two religions do not partici- 
 pate in the same festival, the more simple has borrowed for Indian 
 use some of the attributes of the more elaborate, as in the case of 
 the procession of paper tombs at the Muharram*, and the subsequent 
 dipping of the imitation fabrics in water, as in the Durga Puiat of 
 Bengal. 
 
 At the opposite extreme from the conservative though 
 somewhat Hinduized majority, there is a small but influ- 
 ential progressive party formed by the late Sir Saiyad 
 Ahmad Khan, and finding its best expression in the splendid 
 college founded by him at Aligarh. The important conces- 
 sions made by this party are the recognition of reason as 
 having a place in the interpretation of the Quran, and the 
 rejection of the^ great mass of Moslem tradition 
 
 Viewing Islam in India as a whole, the closing sentence 
 of Mr. Tisdall's able chapter on this theme {'' hidia, lis 
 History,'' etc., p. 77, ff.) compels assent : 
 
 In spite of its many half truths, the existence of which we mis- 
 sionaries thankfully acknowledge, and upon which we base our at- 
 tempts to induce Moslems to accept the full li^lit of the Gospel, it is 
 not too much to say that, in the life and character of its Founder, the 
 " Chosen '' of God, and His ideal for the human race (as held by Mos- 
 lems), Islam has preserved an enduring and ever active principle of 
 corruption, degradation and decay. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY IX INDIA. 
 Missionary Bec;innin(;s. 
 
 The earliest known Christian missionary to India, sent 
 apparently at the request of certain Indian' merchants, al- 
 ready Christians, was Pantaenus, the Principal of the Chris- 
 tian College at Alexandria (about A. D. iSoi. Theophilus 
 Indicus, paying a passing visit to India in Constantine's 
 time "found a flourishing Christian Church; and among 
 the Bishops at the Nicene Council (A. D. 325) was John, 
 the Metropolitan of Persia and ' of the Great India.' " Of 
 the further history of these Christians, and of the Roman 
 Catholic movement later on, Rev. J. A. Graham, in his 
 
 * A great Mohammedan festival, which with the Shiahs is a memorial of the 
 death of their martyrs, Hasan and Hussain, whose tombs thev carry in effiKv 
 
 t Durga V\\]A is the great Hindu festival in honor of Durgcl or Kk\\ the cruel 
 wife of Shiva. " 
 
26 HISTORICAL SKKTCH UV 
 
 "Missionary Kxpansion of the Reformed Churches," says 
 (pp. 1 02, 103) : 
 
 Later they came under the inlluencc «>f llic Nestorian Church of 
 Tersia, and when it was destroyed by the Moliauuncdati conquest, the 
 isohilcd Churrh in India grew ij^norant and impure. Vasco da Gama 
 found these Christians enjoying much ])olitical inHucnce, and the 
 Portu>^uese, in cxtenrhn^ their dominions from Goa alon^ the west 
 coast, tried to force them into ecclesiastical subjection to Rome. 
 With the help of the Infjuisition they succeeded for a time with the 
 communities in the coast villavjes. and these, numberin>» perhaps 
 150,000* are still known as Syro Romati Christians. Claudius Bu- 
 chanan, who visited those who still adhered to the Syrian Church and 
 looked to Antioch as their centre, i)ersuadcd them to Irai.slate the 
 <TOspcls into their Malayan vernacular, and at his suggestion the 
 Church Missionary Society sent missionaries in 1.S16 to encouraj^e the 
 Church and aid it to reform itself. The alliance, which lasted for 
 twentv-onc vears. had ^ood results, and there is now a considerable 
 partv of reform within a Church of 2<«o,ooo" (248,737 in census of 
 1901 ). 
 
 Of the work of the Romish Church, to which the census 
 of 1901 j;ives 1.122.27S adherents, the same author says 
 (p. 103) 
 
 The best trailitions of Roman Catholic Missions cluster around 
 the name of the ^reat and devoted Jesuit, Francis Xavier, who landed 
 at Goa in 1542, and of whom Bishop Cotton wrote to Dean Stanley: 
 " While he deserves the title of the Apostle of India for his enerj^y, 
 self-SHcril'ice. and piety, I consider his whole method thorouj^hly wrong, 
 and its results in India and Ceylon deplorable, and that the aspect of 
 the Native Christians at (.foa and elsewhere shows that Romanism has 
 had a fair trial at the conversion of India, and has entirely failed " 
 
 In this connection the following from Mr. Tisdall 
 (" India : Its History," etc., p. i;;), is of interest : 
 
 The corrupt and merely notninal Chri«tianitv of many of these 
 Roman Catholics often brings discredit on their Christian profession, 
 and is the main reason whv Huropcans tliiiik they have grounds for 
 coiidemninv; Christian servants as often more dishonest aufl unscrupu- 
 lous than Hindu and MohHuimcdan servants. Comparatively few Pro- 
 testant Christians arc to be found as the servants of Ivuropcans. 
 
 Of Dutch religious enterprise, which began soon after 
 the overthrow of the Portuguese by that power (Ceylon, 
 1658, India, 1663), little need be said, except that the work 
 was strangely superficial, no earnest attempt l)eing made to 
 bring the Hible or si)iritual traching within the reach of the 
 people. Though more than half a million converts were 
 reported in Ceylon alone, Protestant Christianity had prac- 
 
 *This i<« .nn iiicxplicablr unc1er-«iitim«tr. Tot the c^mua or 1901 Kives 322,663. 
 
THK MISSIONS IN INDIA 2'] 
 
 tically ceased to exist in the isUiiid in twelve years after 
 the Dutch pcjwer had passed ( 1794J from control ! 
 
 To Denmark and to Frederick IV.. under the influence of 
 Dr. Liitkens, the court chaplain, belongs the honor of send- 
 ing to India the first Protestant missionaries, Ziegenbalg and 
 Pliitschau, who reached the Danish colony, Tranquehar ion 
 the Coromandel Coast, south of Madras City;, on July 9, 
 1706. The greatest of the Danish-Halle missionaries — and 
 one of the greatest the world has known — was Christian F. 
 Schwartz, whose service (Tramiuebar, Trichinopoly and 
 Tan jore), extended from 1750 to his death in 179S. "He 
 was," says Mr. Graham,-^' " indefatigable in his missionary 
 tours, and wherever he went his devoted, modest and unsel- 
 fish life, his care for the poor, his scholarshi]) and knowl- 
 edge of the native languages and thought, and his marvel- 
 lous personal influence fascinated luiropeans and Indians." 
 In illustration of his influence with native rulers it is worth 
 recording that the Hindu Rajah of Tanjore on his death-bed 
 entrusted to Schwartz his adopted son Serfojee, with the ad- 
 ministration of all the affairs of his country : and that the 
 powerful Mohammedan Prince. Haidar All, of Mysore, 
 when treating with the British said: " Send none of your 
 agents ; send me the Christian missionary, and I will 
 receive him." 
 
 British missions in India began with William Carey, 
 "the consecrated cobbler. ' Overflowing with enthusiasm 
 for the cause of missions, and filling his brief pastorates at 
 home with prayer and preaching along this line, he finally. 
 in 1792, by the preaching of tlie famous sermon on Is. 
 LIV : 2, 3, with its two-fold division, " Ivxpect great things 
 from God: attempt great things for God," brought about 
 the organization of the Baptist Missionary Association, 
 and himself became its first missionary. Arriving in 
 India T 17931 during the period of the I^ast India Company's 
 bitterest opposition to missionary enterprise, he spent six 
 years in Calcutta and Dinajpore ostensibly as an indigo- 
 planter, and then was compelled to take refuge, together 
 with Marshnian and Ward, who had been sent to re-inforce 
 him. in Serampore, a town under Danish rule, thirteen 
 miles north of Calcutta. The first care of the " Serampore 
 Triad " was the translation and printing of the Scriptures. 
 The result was the production of parts or the whole of the 
 
 •'* Missionary Bxpaosion," etc., p. 57. 
 
28 HISTORICAL SKKTCH OF 
 
 Bible in nearly fortv'^- languages and dialects, twenly-fuur 
 of them of India.' Education, too, had a large place 
 in their work. Not only were vernacular schools estab- 
 lished, but out of the earnings of the missionaries them- 
 selves the splendid Serampore College was built. 
 
 Not the least of Carey's services was the missionary fire 
 which he kindled outside of his own denomination. The 
 London Missionary Society, founded in 1795, was a direct 
 fruit of his enthusiasm ; and the Church Missionary Society, 
 now the greatest in the world, owed its inception ' 1 799)1' 
 in no small degree tu the interest he aroused. 
 
 The " Hay-.stack prayer-meeting ' at Williamstown, 
 Mass., did for the United States very much what the work 
 and prayers of Carey did for England, and bore its first 
 manifest fruit in the organization of the A. B. C. F. M. in 
 iSio, and then in the departure for India in 181 2 of Judson, 
 1 1 all. Xott. and two others. Refused the right of residence in 
 Calcutta, Judson, who had meanwhile become a Baptist, 
 ,ent «m to Burmah. while Hall and Xott began the great 
 \ork of the American P.oard in the region of Bombay. 
 
 This enumeration of ])eginnings leading up to the establish- 
 ment of American Presbyterian Missions would not be com- 
 plete without mention of the famous Scottish ** Educational 
 Trio." Duff, Wilson, and Anderson. The last two founded 
 nstitutions in Bombay and Madras respectively, following 
 ines laid down in Calcutta in 1S30 by the first. Of him 
 Mr. ( Graham says ' ' Missionary Ivxpansion," etc., p. 113): 
 Alexander InilT was iljc epoch-making missionary, who. ihongh 
 Nlouily opposed bv the use and prejudice of ihe day proved that the 
 I'.n^ili'sh language was 'the most cUeclive medium of Indian illumina- 
 tion." * * • » * He opened his school in 1S30 with five pupils. 
 Hv the end of the first week he had 300 applicants for admission. 
 N'ine years afterwards the five had become Soo, and the (Kuernor- 
 t;eneral declared that the system had produced "unparalleled results." 
 Notable converts were won from the ujipcr classes, among them Knsh 
 na Mohan Hanerjee, a Brahman of high social position and the ac- 
 complished editor of the /m/uirer, who was, until his death a few 
 vcars ago, the recognized leader of the Native Christian community of 
 Hcngal. /\n idea of the influence of this work may be foimcd from 
 Sherring's statement tliat in 1S71 nine of Duff's educated converts 
 were ministers, ten were catechists, seventeen were professors and 
 higher grade teachers, eight were Government servants, and four were 
 assistant surgeons and doctors. One of them, the Hon. Kali Charan 
 Hanerji. LL. B . was i 1S97) appointed by the Senate i>f Calcutta Ini- 
 versity as their representative on the Bengal Legislative Council. 
 
 •Dr. C.corKc Snuth'h ■" Conversiuii of India." p. 180. They enlit.tf<l in tiic work 
 the services also of the devotetl Chn plain*, Heury Martyn and Thoniiihon. HDd even 
 of n Roman Catholic priest. 
 
 IHeKun as " Society for Missions tu Africa uud the h.a»t," and changed to ' C. 
 M. b." in 1812. 
 
the missions ix india 29 
 
 The American Prksmvtkrian Mission. 
 
 It was before the organization (1837) of the present 
 Foreign Board, and while the Western Foreign Missionary 
 Society (formed in 1831 by the Synod of Pittsburgh; was 
 still in existence, that the Rev. John C. Lowrie, afterward 
 for fifty- five years one of the Secretaries o( the l^oard. and 
 the Rev. William Reed, with their wives, were sent to India 
 to lay the foundations of the work which the Presbyterian 
 Church had resolved to carry on in that land. The selection 
 of the particular field in which they should begin their labors 
 was left to their judgment after consultation with friends of 
 the work in India. Leaving America, (Xew Castle, Del. j, 
 in May, 1833, the}' reached Calcutta in October of the same 
 year, and after getting the best information available, they 
 decided to begin the work at Lodiana, then a frontier town 
 of the Northwest Provinces. It was the gateway to the 
 Pan jab, a territory at that time under Ranji't Singh, the 
 famous ruler of the Sikhs. Dr. Lowrie, in his "Two Years 
 in India," after stating some more general reasons which 
 intluenced his colleague and himself in their decision, says : 
 
 Having now the history of nearly seventeen years to confirm 
 the opinion, I have no doubt that Lodiana was on many accounts 
 preferable to any other as a point from which to commence our efforts. 
 Other cities had a larger population, and could be reached in less time 
 and at less expense, but at no other could more favorable introducing 
 intUiences have been enjoyed; at no other could our position have 
 been more distinctly marked, nor our characters and object more accu- 
 rately estimated by the foreign residents of the upper provinces; 
 at no other were wc less likely to find ourselves laboring " in another 
 man's line of things made ready to our hand," or to occupy ground 
 that other bodies of Christians would shortly cultivate ; and, not to 
 insist on the important consideration of health, no other place could 
 be more eligible in its relation to other and not less dark regions of the 
 earth in its facilities for acquiring a number of the languages chiefly 
 spoken in those parts. 
 
 While Messrs. Lowrie and Reed were detained at Cal- 
 cutta, it became evident that Mrs. Lowrie "s health, which 
 had been impaired before leaving America, was rapidly fail- 
 ing, and on November 21st she was called to her rest. Soon 
 after this Mr. Reed, too, began to fail in health, and, reluct- 
 antly turning toward America again, died on board ship and 
 was buried in the Bay of Bengal. The solitary remaining 
 member of the band, as soon as arrangements for the toil- 
 some journey could be completed, turned undismayed 
 toward the far north-west, and, journeying by boat up the 
 Ganges to Cawnpore, and over four hundred miles further 
 
30 HISTORICAL SKKTCH ( )1- 
 
 ill a palankeen, reached Lodiana on the 5th of November, 
 1834. Reinforcements, consisting of Rev. Messrs. John 
 Newton and James Wilson and their wives, arrived a year 
 later-'- — only just in time to relieve Dr. Lowrie. whose 
 broken health forbade longer stay in India. 
 
 In the course of time not only did this one station grow 
 to be an extensive mission, but two other missions were 
 added, the Farukhabad or United Provinces Mission in 
 1838, and the Kolhapur or Western India Mission in 1870. 
 The missionaries of each of these missions are organized 
 into a separate body, meeting annually, and controlling the 
 location of its own members, the appointment of preachers, 
 teachers, etc., the administration of the funds received from 
 home, and the work in general, all under the superintend- 
 ence and sanction of the Board in New York. The two 
 northern missi(jns are so closely allied, both geographically 
 and linguistically, that, in addition to the annual meeting of 
 each, they meet in joint session triennially, and have the 
 privilege of transfer of missionaries from the one to 
 the other without reference to the Board. Details of 
 the work of these missions can be best obtained from 
 a brief survey of the individual stations. 
 
 TiiH P.\NjAj{ (Lodiana) Mission. — As already inti- 
 mated, Mr. Lowrie's objective, when, after consultation with 
 missionaries at Calcutta, including Carey, Marshman and 
 DufT, he started up the Ganges, was the "Land of five 
 rivers '" i/\n/J, five and <id, water), then in the hands of the 
 Sikhs. While waiting for the opening, however, the mis- 
 sionaries laid foundations at Lodiana as broad and deep as if 
 no further point had been in mind ; so that to 
 Lodiana this day Lodiana is one of the most important 
 
 stations of the mission. One of the first per- 
 manent agencies e.stablished was the Press. Two presses 
 and fonts of type were early on the .scene, and a practical 
 printer, who went out in 1S3S, soon trained a corps of 
 efhcient native workmen. The fruit of this work has been 
 over 350,ooo.oo<i page< of Christian truth. 
 
 The Anglo- Vernacular High School here was the first 
 started in North India, and has been doing efficient work 
 through all the years. Much later (1877) a school for 
 Native Christian boys was brought here from Lahore, and 
 after a four years' suspen.sion for lack of an available mi.ssion- 
 
 •II took this party five and a half mouths to make the journey from Calcutta- 
 three months in a bont to Faiehgarh. the rest of the way in a ' palankeen drawn 
 by oxen." The journey require* forty hours now ! 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 3 1 
 
 ary to manage it, was re-opened in 1883 by the Rev. K. M. 
 Wherry, D. D., in a building provided by the W. F. M. S. 
 (Philadelphia). An industrial department was added, with 
 instruction in shoe-making, carpentering and weaving of 
 Turkish rugs ; and it is now one of the most important 
 institutions for Christian boys in all North India. 
 
 From the first, energetic evangelistic work has been 
 carried on both in the city and in the great out-lying dis- 
 trict/'- A part of the result is to be seen in the Lodiana 
 church, and in the hundreds of Christians scattered through 
 the villages and organized into several small churches. 
 Ivffective work for women also has always been a marked 
 feature in this station, and Jagraon, an out-station, has 
 become an important centre for work among village women. 
 At Khanna. another out-station, is a training school for vil- 
 lage preachers and teachers, founded by Rev. E. P. Newton. 
 
 During all the earlier years the missionaries were hoping 
 and praying for the opening of the Panjab. With the close 
 of the second Sikh war, in 1S49, tlie opening came. Ranjit 
 Singh, dying in 1S39. had left no successor capable of 
 wielding his iron sceptre, and the Sikh council of Sirdars 
 had rashly embarked on two unprovoked and disastrous wars 
 against the British power. The second ended in the annexa- 
 tion of the Panjab ; and almost on the heels ot 
 Lahore the British forces, Messrs. John Newton and 
 
 C. W. Forman entered Tahore, the capital, and 
 began mission work. From the very beginning the mis- 
 sionaries received the cordial sympathy and support of such 
 distinguished Christian otTicers as Lord Lawrence, Sir Donald 
 McLeod, Sir Herbert Edwardes and Sir R. Montgomery. 
 A school was opened and street preaching begun soon after 
 the arrival of the missionaries : and in this work these 
 brethren were permitted to continue, Dr. Newton for forty- 
 two and Dr. P^orman for forty-five years. Their influence 
 upon the life and thought of the entire province was very 
 great and still abides. It is of interest to note that the one 
 lived to see all his four sons and his one daughter ( Mrs. 
 Forman) in the mission field around him, and the other, 
 three of His sons and two of his daughters. 
 
 The boys' school, now known as the Rang Mahal 
 School, founded in the early days of the mission, and pre- 
 sided over by Dr. Forman till his death in 1S94, is one 
 of the largest and best known in the Panjab. In connection 
 
 •It was at Auandpnr in the Rupar district, attached to I.odiana Station, that 
 Rev. I^vi Janvier, then stationed at SabAthu, was murdered in 1S64. 
 
32 HISTORICAI. SKKTCII OT 
 
 witli it, in i.s^)4, a Collegiate department was opened, which 
 was later atTiliated with Calcutta University, with Rev. J. 
 A. Henry as its first President. Five years later, owing to 
 the death of Mr. Henry and the reduction of the Mission 
 staff by sickness and death, it was indefinitely suspended. 
 In 1886, however. College classes were re-opened by Dr. 
 Forman and Rev. H. C. Velte. The institution was known 
 simply as the Mission College, but at the death of Dr. 
 Forman, who was succeeded as President by Dr. J. C. 
 R. Ewing, it was appropriately named the Forman Christian 
 College. It opened with a roll of fifteen students, but has 
 grown to be the most largely attended College — Government 
 or Missionary — north of Calcutta. The enrollment was 368 
 in 1902. The President and four of the Professors are 
 Fellows of the Panjab University, and have had no small 
 share in shaping the educational progress of the province. 
 In 1889 commodious buildings, which had been erected on 
 a site valued at 20,000 rupees, given by the Government, 
 were formally dedicated, Lord Lansdowne and other dis- 
 tinguished guests l)eing present The total cost of the 
 buildings was 56,000 rupees, of which 20,000 were a grant 
 from government in addition to the site. Substantial addi- 
 tions to the property of the College have been made from 
 time to time. These have been provided through the gifts 
 of individuals and government, at a cost of about 100,000 
 rupees. The income annually from tuition fees is about 
 23,000 rupees. This, together with 54,000 rupees from 
 government, provides for the salaries of all non-missionary 
 profes.sors, general ex])enditure upon laboratory, library, 
 repairs, etc. and covers as well a considerable portion of the 
 salaries of the four mi.ssionaries. 
 
 Evangelistic effort finds its opportunities in the Lobar 
 (rate Chapel and in an extensive district work. Woman's 
 work, which has been earnestly prosecuted, has its main 
 centres in two large .schools and a dispensary. Labours in 
 behalf of luiropeans have borne fruit in a strong Scotch Pres- 
 byterian Church ; and perhaps the best result of all of the 
 seed-sowing of every form is the self-supporting Native 
 Presbyterian Church of Xaulakha, Lahore. 
 
 Saharanpur was one of the first cities occupied 
 Saharanpur by our missionaries. Here labored for half a 
 
 century the mi.ssionaries of the Covenanter or 
 
 Reformed Presbyterian Church. Here was established in 
 
 183S a Boys' Or])hanage, from which have gone forth some 
 
 of our most distinguished evangelists. Tiiis institution has 
 
THE MISSIONS IX INDIA 33 
 
 in recent years been greatly enlarged, and industrial training 
 on an extensive scale is being carried on under the suptr- 
 vision of Rev. C. W. Forman, M. I)., whose latest addition 
 to the course is a business department. There are now 
 (1903) 160 boys in the orphanage, about half of whom are 
 the ingatherings from the terrible famines of 1897 and 1899. 
 Here, too. is the Theological Seminary of the Synod of 
 India (established in 1S84). where have been trained not 
 only many of the most effective preachers of our own mis- 
 sion, but some of those of the Scotch Presbyterian Mission 
 in Rajputand. A school for the wives of the students has 
 also rendered valuable service ; and woman's work in 
 general has one of its largest and best organized centres at 
 this station. A general dispensary has long been in opera- 
 tion, where, in 1900, 21,900 patients were treated; and 
 under mission management is the Municipal Leper Asylum, 
 where 19 out of the 32 inmates have become Christians. 
 
 Ambala, situated in the centre of a splendid 
 Ambala rural district, and the headquarters of the 
 
 great military district of Sirhind, was early 
 chosen as a mission station . and good work has been done 
 both in the city and at the Cantonments four miles away. 
 The Boys' High School in the former has maintained an 
 excellent stand for scholarship, ranking second in the prov- 
 ince in some years. Two-thirds of the inmates of the Leper 
 Asylum, which was established in 1848, are now Christians. 
 In connection with the well-equipped " Philadelphia Hos- 
 pital for Women,"' there were during the year 1900, 210 in- 
 patients and over 18,000 out-patients. Extensive zenana 
 work is carried on. and village work on a large scale at five 
 main centres in the district. 
 
 The city of Jalandhar has the distinction of 
 Jalandhar being the first point occupied within the terri- 
 
 tory over which the Sikh Raja Ran jit Singh 
 held sway. No' sooner had the victory of the Knglish in 
 the first Sikh war been announced than the missionaries at 
 Lodiana sent one of their number. Rev. Joseph Porter, to 
 inspect this field and to arrange for the location of an assist- 
 ant there. This assistant was the Rev. Oolak Xath, the 
 first convert baptized at Lodiana, and the first native minister 
 of our Church in India. He went to Jalandhar in 1846, 
 and there he labored wisely and faithfully for nearly half a 
 century. For several years before the death of Mr. Golak 
 Nath and for all the years since, this station has been occu- 
 pied by American missionaries, who carry on the three-fold 
 
34 HISTORICAL SKKTCH OF 
 
 work of ew-ingelistic preaching in city and surrounding 
 villages, educational work in scliools for h>oys and girls, and 
 work among the women in the zenanas. The Rev. Dr. 
 C. B. Newton has for many years been in charge, and has 
 conducted extensive work among the low caste population 
 of the outlying districts. A son of the first preacher in 
 Jalandhar is in charge of the work at Phillour out-station. 
 Kapurthala. too, a native state, where work had been sus- 
 pended for thirty years, has recently been re-occupied as an 
 out-station, with the full consent of the friendly Maharajah. 
 
 The work in Dehra Doon was begun in 1S53, 
 Dehra by Rev. J. S. Woodside. The Dehra Valley 
 
 CDoon) lies between the first low range of 
 mountains called the Sewaliks and the higher range of the 
 Himalayas. It is the seat of a famous shrine of the Sikhs, 
 and is visited by many thousands of devotees every year. 
 It is also a military cantonment where the Gurkha or Xe- 
 palese soldiery of the British army are stationed, thus 
 affording an opportunity to evangelize a class quite inaccess- 
 ible as yet in their native land. Since the establishment of 
 the mission, Dehra Doon has become famous for its Chris- 
 tian girls' boarding-school, which, from very small begin- 
 nings, has grown not only to a splendid size, but to a posi- 
 tion of large influence in the Native Christian community 
 of Northern India. Its present prosperity is, under God, 
 largely due to the wisdom and self-denying zeal of the two 
 ladies at first connected with it — Mrs. Heron, the wife of 
 the Rev. David Heron, and Miss Kate L. Beatty. 
 
 It is of interest to note in this connection, as .setting 
 forth the principles that underlie all such work in India, 
 the purposes sought by this school, as presented by Mr. 
 Heron in a paper read before the Allahabad Missionary 
 Conference : 
 
 ist. To j^ive the children the comforts and advantages of a home. 
 
 2d. To ^\\c thcni the highest intellectual culture that they are 
 capable of receiving. 
 
 3d. To bring tlicni to Christ, and to cultivate in them the Chiis- 
 tian virtues. 
 
 4th. To lead the native Christians to value the education of their 
 daughters by making them pay for their children's support when they 
 are able to do so. 
 
 The girls' school has for some time j^ast had over one 
 hundred pupils, and has recently been raised to the lower 
 College status, /. e., teaching to the First Arts examination. 
 Other activities include a successful High School for boys 
 
THK MISSIONS IN INDIA 35 
 
 extensive zenana and district work, and both a Native and a 
 European Church. 
 
 Mussoorie or Landour Station, a delightful 
 Woodstock, sanatariuni, thirteen miles from Dehra and 
 Mussoorie 6,000 feet above it (at an elevation of 7,000 
 
 feet), is mainly of interest as the seat of Wood- 
 stock School. It was started in 1847 through the influence 
 of the Dehra missionaries, and was moulded into its present 
 effective form largely through the executive ability of Mrs. 
 J. L. Scott, for many years its Principal. The primary 
 object of the institution was to furnish an education for the 
 children of our missionaries. The shape that it finally took 
 was a school of the higher grade, for the instruction not 
 only of the daughters of missionaries (and the sons also, up 
 to a certain age), but also for European, Eurasian and 
 native Christian girls. The largest number of pupils is 
 from the second of these classes, of mixed luiropean and 
 Indian descent — a class greatly needing the care and training 
 afforded by such a school. 
 
 The school was some years ago raised to the College 
 standard, and commands to a marked degree the confidence 
 of all ranks of Anglo-Indian life. The longest principal- 
 ship since that of Mrs. Scott has been that of Rev. and 
 Mrs. H. M. Andrews. 
 
 Very early in the mission's history (1836) 
 Sabathu Sabathu, on the lower range r4,500 feet) of 
 
 the Himalayas, was occupied, partly with a 
 view to its usefulness as a sanatariuni for invalid mission- 
 aries, partly as a centre for work among the Hill tribes. In 
 the former regard it has not been valuable, but good work 
 in the other line, and on general educational and evangelistic 
 lines, has been done there. It is best known, however, as 
 the home of one of the largest leper asylums in India, with 
 which the names of the late Dr. John Xewton and of Dr. 
 M. B. Carleton are most intimately associated. 
 
 In his "History of the American Presbyterian 
 Hoshyarpur Missions in India " Dr. Xewton says: 
 
 Hoshyarpiir was occupied in 1S67. It contains 
 20,000 people and is the chief town, after Jalandhar. in the country 
 l)'ing between the Sutlej and the Beeas. It is within half a dozen 
 miles of the lower hills which flank the great Himalayan range of 
 mountains, and much of the civil district of Hoshyarpur, with a 
 population of 900,000, lies among the hills. Of the inhabitants of 
 this district, 550,000, according to the late census, are Hindus, 290,000 
 Mohammedans, and 59,000 Sikhs. The Station was occupied in the 
 first instance by the Rev. Guru Dass Moitra, who very soon, however, 
 gave place to the Rev. Kali Charan Chatterjee. 
 
T,^' iiisTOkicAi. ski:tlh of 
 
 Tlie peculiar interest attaching to Hoshyarpur district is 
 the fact thai it has been entirely under the control of native 
 workers. Its development along evangelistic lines has fully 
 justified the confidence placed in those in charge. Prosjxr- 
 ous Christian coninuinities have grown up in various towns 
 and villages in the district. The Christians number over 
 one thousand. 
 
 Dr. Chatterjee has been in charge of this station for 
 more than thirty years. A ('.iris' School and Orphanage 
 was established in iSS8, which continues under the eflicient 
 charge of Mrs. Chatterjee. Medical work has been recently 
 l)egun by Miss Dora Chatterjee. M. D. 
 
 This promising field was occupied by Dr. F.J. 
 Fcrozepur Newton in 1 882. and extensive district work has 
 
 been a marked feature from the beginning. 
 A Woman's Hospital was erected in 1893, chiefly through 
 the exertions of Mrs. Newton. Attached to Ferozepur as 
 an out-station — soon to be made a separate station — is 
 Kasur, the centre of a large and ]iromisin.- village work. 
 
 Tm: F-VRiKiiAHAi) ok United Provincks Mission. — 
 The upsetting of a Ganges boat and the consequent loss of 
 some parts of a printing press led to the establishment of a 
 new mission. Rev. James Mcl^wen, of the Lodiana Mis- 
 sion's re-inforcing party of 1S36, was left at Allahabad, the 
 capital of the North-west Provinces, to replace 
 Allahabad the loss, and the opening for work seemed so 
 
 ])romising that it was decided that he should 
 return and settle there. When Rev. Joseph Warren came 
 in 1839, a press was established in a bath room in his house ; 
 and a native boy, who had been cared for by the mission, 
 was instructed in the art of printing, and later became not 
 only one of the proprietors of the press, but an elder in the 
 Presbyterian Church. The same year with Mr. Warn-n 
 came Rev. J. H. Morrison, who. after his first furlough, 
 joined the Lodiana Mission and filled t)Ut forty-three years of 
 service. It was at Allahabad that Dr. A. A. Hodge, too, 
 afterward the great Princeton theologian. s|x}nt his two 
 years of missionary life. 
 
 Next after the press, educational work was taken up, and 
 has always l)een a prominent feature. The Jumna Nlission 
 High School was one of the earliest in the province, and has 
 done effective work through all the >ear> of its history. In 
 connection with it a College department, with Rev. A. H. 
 Kwing, Ph.D.. as its first Principal, was opened in i^>o2, to 
 
TIIK MISSIONS IN INDIA 37 
 
 » meet llie obvious need, not only for a mission college at tlie 
 Provinces educational centre, but for an institution to do for 
 this mission somethiui^^ of the same splendid service that has 
 been rendered by h'orman Christian College for the Panjab 
 Mission. 
 
 Meanwhile (in 1SS7', under the initiative of Rev. J. J. 
 Lucas, a boarding school for Christian girls, somewhat 
 on the lines of the one at Dchra, was opened at Allahabad, 
 teaching girls up to the University Entrance standard, and 
 calliu);^ for the services of three missionary ladies and several 
 assistants. It has twice outgrown its quarters, till now the 
 munificence of the Hon. John Wanamaker has provided new 
 and commodious buildings in another part of Allahabad, at 
 the same time setting free the old buildings and grounds for 
 the new college. 
 
 Another conspicuous feature at Allahabad has for some 
 years been the " Sara Seward Hospital for Women,'' grow- 
 ing out of work begun by the medical missionary for whom 
 it was named, and reaching with its message of physical and 
 spiritual healing thousands of women every year. ( )iher 
 efforts for women have of course been carried on. including 
 a s::hool for Hindu girls and not a little zenana leaching. 
 
 Allahabad station is a double one, including the Jamna 
 mission, on the bank of that river, not far from its con- 
 fluence with the Ganges, and Katra station, a separate section 
 of the city, three miles away. At each there is an organized 
 church with a comfortable house of worship. Half the 
 funds for the one at Katra, erected in icjoo. were raised on 
 the field some years before, largely through the elTorts 
 of Rev. J. M. Alexander. Still another church building, 
 erected in 1888 in the heart of the city, is used for nightly 
 evangelistic services, while its upper floor has been made 
 over to the V. M. C. A. as a reading-room. 
 
 A lilind Asylum and a Leper Asylum, both supported by 
 Municipal and other non-mission funds, have always been 
 under a missionary manager, and have been the spiritual 
 l)irth-place of many devoted Christians. 
 
 Shortly after the occupation of Allahabad, 
 
 Fatch^arh- Fatehgarh, • with the native city, Farukhabad, 
 
 Farukhabad three miles, away, was opened (183S) as a 
 
 station, with a boys' orphanage, the fruit of 
 
 the great famine of 1837, as its main work. The seventy 
 
 •Fatehjfarh is the civil station, within the limits of which is fiaiha, with its 
 orphanaRe, Christian village, etc. just outside of Farukhabad Cityisthe village 
 of Barhpur , where arc two mission houses, boys orphanage, etc. 
 
3<S HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 orphans had previously been cared f<jr (slI Fatchgarh and 
 Faiehpur respectively; by two devoted Christian British 
 ofticials. Out of and around this orphanage grew up 
 an eminently successful tent factory and a flourishing Chris- 
 tian \illage. The former, passing through many vicissi- 
 tudes, finally disappeared ; the latter, too, failed of per- 
 manent success and is greatly reduced. The boys' ori)han- 
 age was many years ago united with the one at Saliaranpur. 
 and was replacetl by a girls' orphanage, where there are now 
 about one hundred and fifty girls, mainly waifs rescued 
 from the famines of 1897 and 1899. As a result of these 
 same famines a boys' orphanage was opened by Rev. C. H. 
 Handy (a portion of the boys having been gathered by Rev. 
 A. G. McGaw at ICtawah), and eighty boys have there l)een 
 receiving mental, industrial and spiritual training. 
 
 There are four small church organizations in this double 
 station : Rakha, Fatehgarh, Harh])ur and Farukhabad : 
 l>esides one at Bahadarpur. just across the Ganges from 
 Farukhabad. This last is a part of the extensive village 
 work of the di.strict. with out-stations at four centres. In 
 this work Rev. J. X. I*'orman was for many years a leader. 
 Much of the most successful elTort, both in city and district, 
 has ))een among the low-caste and out-caste community. To 
 meet the demand for workers in this and other similar fields, 
 there was established in Barhpur in 1893 a Training School 
 for village preachers and teachers. Tlie results have abun- 
 dantly justified the hopes of its founders. 
 
 In Farukhab^^d city is a large and successful lioys' High 
 School, as well as a X'ernacular School for Hindu and Mo- 
 hammedan girls, and. in the neighborhood, several vernacu- 
 lar schools for l>oys. Zenana teaching and ba/aar preaching 
 com])lete the outline of the main features of this station. 
 
 Gf the many points at which serious damage was done 
 during the dreadful Mutinyd 857), Fatehgarh was the only one 
 where there was actual s;icrifice of the lives of our mission- 
 aries. Messrs. Freeman, Mc Mullen and Campbell, with 
 their wives and two little children of the C impl)ells, joined 
 the luiglish residents in an attempt to escajx* down the Gan- 
 ges from the unsjife fort at I'atehgarh to supposed safety at 
 Cawnpore. They were ca])tured at Bithur. marched eight 
 miles to Cawnpore, and shot on the parade-ground next day 
 with a hundred others, under the orders of the infamous 
 Nana Sdhib. The sjHrit in which they face<i death is 
 best shown by an extract from a letter written by Mrs. 
 Freeman just l>efore the end : 
 
THK MISSIONS IN INDIA 39 
 
 We are in God's hands, and we know that He reigns. We have no 
 place to flee for shelter but under the covert of His win>js, and there we 
 are safe. Not hut thnt He may suffer our bodies lo l)e slain. If He 
 docs, we know that He has wise reasons for it. I sometimes think 
 our deaths would do more goo<l than we would do in all our lives ; if so, 
 His will be done. Should I be called to lay down my life, most joy- 
 fully will I die for Him who laid down His life for me. 
 
 Meanwhile work had been beijun in two other cities. 
 Mainpuri, forty miles from Katehgarh and even now thirty 
 
 miles from a railway, a city of 30,000 inhabit- 
 Malnpuri ants, thecentre of a district of over 8ofj, 000, was 
 
 occupied in 1S43. A Hoys' High School has 
 exerted a wide inlluence in the comnitmity. In its main 
 liall a Sunday evening service in English for Hindus and 
 Mohammedans has been held from time to time in recent 
 years, and has been largely attended. There are vernacular 
 schools both for boys and for girls, and extensive zenana 
 work. X'illage preaching has been prominent, and perma- 
 nent centres have been established at Sliikohabad and 
 Karauli. There is an organized church in Mainpuri. 
 
 The other city occupied before the Mutiny was F'ateh- 
 
 ]n'ir, (1853J. with a district similar to Main- 
 Fatchpur pi'iri in size and character. It lies on the ICast 
 
 Indian Railway, seventy-five miles from Alla- 
 habad. It has a small Christian community and church. 
 The work is wholly evangelistic, and as in Farukhabad and 
 Mainpuri, ours are the only foreign missionaries in the 
 entire district. 
 
 Just stich another city and district came under Christian 
 
 intUience when hUawali was occupied in 1863. 
 Etawah Here, too. evangelistic work, especially among 
 
 the villages, has been a prominent feature. 
 Woman's work has been energetically pushed, especially by 
 Miss Helz, who after thirty years of constant preaching to 
 women, in city, village and mela. was in 1902 called to 
 higher service. The little church in the city has its own 
 pastor, and. like several others in the mission, has been mak- 
 ing progress toward self-suj^port. 
 
 The mission's only station in a Native state was occupied 
 
 when Rev. J. Warren in 1876 began work in 
 Morar, Gwalior Monir. the capital of Gwalior. ruled by the 
 
 Maharajah Sindhia. Mrs. Warren contintied 
 Sabbath School and evangelistic work through all the years 
 after Dr. Warren's death till her own, refusing to leave even 
 when the British troops were withdrawn from Gwalior terri- 
 
lory. Our mission is almost alone in ihis great State, 
 and greatly neede<l the reinforcement recently sent. 
 
 In IS86 work was l>egun by Kcv. J. K Holcomh at 
 
 Jliansi. an imj>orlant railway centre, and sur- 
 Jhami rounded by a vast unoccupied field. One of 
 
 the prominent features has lx?en a large and 
 efficient school for liengali girls, manage<l by Mrs. Holcomb, 
 as is also the extensive zenana work. A well e«iuipi>e<i 
 reading-room has exerted a good influence, and alongside of 
 it there is a commodious building for the little Christian 
 congregation. Much district work has l>een done, with 
 encouraging results at the out-station of Mau Ranipur 
 
 It if-ni (ins to speak of the station at which far the largest 
 
 numerical results in all this mission have been 
 htah secured. laab, which adjoins Fatehgarh, 
 
 Mainpuri and I'Uiiwah, was for more than 
 twenty years an out-station, sometimes of Mainpuri. some- 
 times of Fatehgarh. In i S9S there began to l>e an in gath- 
 ering from among the out caste community, a part of the 
 mass movement toward Christianity from which the Metho- 
 dist Mission's workers had already been gaining such large 
 results. In a year and a half, mainly under the leadership 
 of Rev. H. Forman. the Christians in the district 
 increased from twenty-five to more than five hundred. 
 Accordingly in HfOiy F!ltah was made a full station, and a 
 mission house and buildings for a lx)ys Injarding sch(K>l of 
 the lower grade and for a training class for village teachers 
 were sanctione<l. These were erected in hm»2, but are inade- 
 quate to the rapidly growing need. For at the close of u^2 
 there were alx>ut fifty Ixjys in the boarding-sch<K)l. and 
 iwenty-eight young men in the training class ; while larger 
 or smaller Christian conununities. aggregating over a thou- 
 sand, are found scattere<l through seventy villages. In 
 ihejie villages are twenty five ])rimary schools f»)r Christian 
 Ixjys and six or seven for girls. F'vangelistic work for 
 Hindus and Mohammedans, in both city and village, is also 
 carried on. 
 
 CK»st-lv connected with this movement is the (x:cu|>ation. 
 
 in 1901, of Cawnpore. "the Manchester of 
 Ciwnporc North India." where more than forty thousand 
 
 hands are employed in the various mills and 
 factories It was occupied partly to meet the neetl of our 
 converts already there, gatherexl from various stations but 
 mainly iK-cause of the »»plendid < -ly 
 
 in the way of employment for v s. 
 
Tin* MISSIONS •'••'••• 41 
 
 hut for the estabUshnient of an imliisinai school for lH)ys. 
 whether from the villajjes or from the hatehgarh orphanaj^c. 
 Tliis industrial school is one of the urji^ent needs of the mis- 
 sion, for aloii).; this line unquestiona!>ly lies one of the 
 solutions of the problem of providing? for the Rowing 
 Christian community. 
 
 Thk \Vi:sti:kn India Mission The region occupied 
 by the Western India Mission lies in the Deccan, south ot 
 Bombay. The (ihdts, a range of mountains forty or fifty 
 miles from the coast, cut the field in two. The Kolhapur 
 State lies east of this range, and has a population of 
 802.691. The adjoining districts, in which are no mission- 
 aries, have a pijpulation of i.jocDivx); add to this the 
 Konkan, or the portion between the (ihats and the sea. and 
 there is a total of 4,0()0.(xx) who are to l>e reached with the 
 truth. The principal language is Marathi. The Kev R. G. 
 Wilder began the work in 1852, but it was not till 1S70 
 that our Board assumed charge of the Mis.sion. This 
 pioneer missionary entered into rest in 18S7. His wife and 
 daughter still continue their connection with the work to 
 which he gave his life. 
 
 livery phase of the life of the mission has been more or 
 less affected during recent years by the terrible scourges of 
 famine and bubonic plague, which. iK^ginning in 1H96, 
 attacked this region in full force. Famine left as its legacy 
 over one thousand waifs, most of them orphans: and both 
 famine and plague, with all the burdens they brought upon 
 the missionaries, gave wonderful opportunities for exempli- 
 fying the true spirit of the (*osi)el. ( >nly one missionary 
 (Dr. Williamson, of Miraj), took the plague, and he 
 recovered. 
 
 Kolhapur. where Mr. Wilder laid the founda- 
 Kolhapur tions in 1852, is the capital of the State of the 
 
 same name, and has a population of about 
 45.000. It has to the Hindu mind a high reputation for 
 sanctity, a common legend l>eing that the gods in council 
 once pronounced it the most sacred spot on earth. 
 
 Famine necessitated relief works here as elsewhere : the 
 people quarried stone, burned brick, dug wells, repaired 
 roads and built small school-houses in out-stations, receiving 
 about five cents a day for their lalMjr. Sometimes during 
 the rainy season of 11700 there were five thousand present at 
 the semi-weekly distribution of grain to the starving. 
 
42 HISTOKICAI, SKKTCII OT 
 
 Diirin^^ the faniiiie of 1S76 an orphanage liad been es- 
 lal)lishecl al Kolhapi'ir. from which in 188S the hoys were 
 reni()\ed to Sangli to form the nucleus of a boarding-school 
 for Christian boys, while the girls were retained as the be- 
 ginning of one for girls. There are now over two hundred 
 girls in the institution, receiving training not only along 
 s]Mritual and intellectual lines, but also in all domestic 
 industries. In July, u^o2. new dormitories and a fine 
 school building, caj^able of accommodating three hundred 
 girls, were added. 
 
 The fruit of the years of missionary labor is seen in a 
 church of 246 members (1902), with 225 at Wadgaon out- 
 station. To the training of these Christians, Rev. and Mrs. 
 J. M. Goheen, ably seconded by Pastor Shiveramji, have 
 largely devoted their lives. Another pair of names closely 
 identified with the progress of this station are those of 
 Rev. and Mrs. (lalen \V. Seiler. the former of whom, after 
 thirty years of successful service, broke down under the 
 strain of 1900, compelling their return to America in 1902. 
 Among other things for which Mrs. Seiler will be gratefully 
 remembered is the establishment of the first self-supporting 
 industry in the Mission — ''Daniel's Bakery,' which sup- 
 plies bread to all the Deccan stations. 
 
 It is of interest to note that a V. M. C. A. has been a great 
 means of usefulness among iMiglish-speaking young men. 
 
 Ratnagiri was o]iened as a station in 187"^, but 
 Ratnagiri it was never fully manned till, after being 
 
 virtually abandoned for a while, it was re- 
 occupied in 1891. It is a city of 15.000 inhabitants, and 
 situated on the coast about 80 miles south of Bombay. It 
 is the most isolated station in the Mission, and the only one 
 in British territory, the others l)eing in the feudatory States. 
 It is the centre of work for the Konkan, a strip of territory 
 alxjut 2i<) miles long by 40 miles wide, and densely jiojui- 
 lated. There are no other mi.ssionaries within seventy miles, 
 except the ladies of the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission, 
 who work in co-operation with our Mission. Much touring 
 has l)een done in this district, sometimes including villages 
 where people fled at the approach of the first white visitors 
 they had ever seen. 
 
 The church reports a memlx?rshij) of sixty, and there 
 are about a hundred children in the day-schools. 
 
 \'engurle, *v() miles south of Ratnagiri on the 
 Ven^urlc coast, was occu]Hed in igoo; and Rev. and 
 
 Mr^. \Vm. IT Haniinni and Rev. and Mrs. T. 
 
Tin- MISSIONS IN INDIA 43 
 
 M. Irwin have done pioneer work in the midst of much 
 opposition. An Industrial School of 42 famine lads is the 
 most hopeful work here. A church organized in 1902 
 reports 27 members. 
 
 Sangli, the ca])ital of a small State of the same 
 San^li name, was oj^ened as a station in 18.S4. The 
 
 plague was so lerrible here that in less than a 
 year 5,000 died, or about one-third of the population. The 
 next year came the famine, leaving forty-four waifs as its 
 legacy to the Mission. The Boarding-school has nearly 
 two hundred boys in a fine modern i)uilding, with a well- 
 equipped Industrial department. An organized church of 
 forty members is housed in a good building, and has a large 
 Sunday-school. 
 
 Kodoli is a small market town, about 14 miles 
 Kodoli, north of Kolhapur. When the station was 
 
 Panhala opened it was thought that Panhala on the hill 
 
 would be a more healthful location, but ex- 
 perience proved that Kodoli was a better centre for reaching 
 the people. A post-ofhce has been recently established wnth 
 a Chrisfiau postmaster, one of the Mission schoolmasters. 
 The patient labor of more than twenty years in this field, 
 crowned by the charity and self-sacrifice displayed in caring 
 for the starving and plague-stricken, was rewarded by a 
 wonderful blessing. In 1900 over two hundred adults, 
 representing twenty- five towns, were baptized within a few 
 days. The good old native pastor, since called to his 
 reward, said: "The growth of the Christian religion de- 
 pends upon the lives of the Christians : seeing the com- 
 passion of the missionaries, the poor and the great were 
 convinced that they were the .servants of the true God." 
 
 The following extract from a report from Miss Brown in 
 1900, gives a vivid picture of many phases of the work of 
 the station : 
 
 The village visiting, which I, with mv family of five hundred 
 orphans could not ilo, the women of the church took up, and for pure 
 love's sake they trampeil and they preached, ten of them, in fifty-one 
 different towns. They went iu twos ; those who could not sing took 
 two or three school-girls who coukl. Those who could not write the 
 names of the villages, took a string and made a knot for every village 
 visited. 
 
 Five schools for girls and women have been going nearly all the 
 year. Mv school for widows (thirty of them) takes the girls' verandah 
 out of school hours. The teacher has to bring her baby, which is 
 handed around while she teaches. 
 
 The weaving house built for the relief work last year is still 
 turning out large quantities of coarse cloth, which we use for sheets 
 
^4 HISTORICAL SKETCH ol 
 
 md boys' clothing, and many towels. All the l)oys' clothes are made 
 HI my verandah by the boys themselves. A flock of sheep supplies 
 wool for blankets ; fourteen arc woven each week by six boys. 
 
 In January, 1901, I had five hundred and fiflv famine children. 
 Afterward the number reached seven hundred and thirty. In Septem- 
 ber two hundred were returned to their parents. We hope they may 
 carry the light with them. One hundred and seventy-five who came 
 to us as Hindus have been bafStizejl by their parents' desire. Nineteen 
 »f the older boys and girls were received into the church. 
 
 The Cluirch reported 557 members in 1902, and there 
 were then 600 cliildren in the Brownie Orphanage. There 
 is a little hospital, built by Dr. Wilson, and a dispensary 
 built by Rev. Geo. H. Ferris. 
 
 Miraj, occupied in 1892 by Dr. Wanless, is an 
 Miraj important position, because of its railway con- 
 
 nection and its poptilation of 25,000. The 
 medical work is prominent. By the generosity of Mr. J. H. 
 Converse, of Philadelphia, a fine hospital and dispensary 
 were opened in 1S94, and in 1902 " The Bryn Mawr Annex" 
 provided one of the finest operating rooms in India, a lecture- 
 room and laboratory for the Medical School, and accommo- 
 dation for six private patients, one of the wards being for 
 Europeans. The hospital has 50 beds. In 1901, 773 in- 
 patients were treated, and 29,000 in the two dispensaries. 
 
 Says Dr. Wanless : 
 
 There is scarcely a class or caste in Western India not repre- 
 sented among our patients. Many Christians come from a distance, 
 and llicir influence has alwavs been for good. Hospital work is a 
 growing leveller of caste. It is an education in itself for these people 
 to come into a place where Hrahtnans and out-castes arc treated abso- 
 lutely alike. 
 
 A Leper Asylum, built with funds from the " Mission 
 to the Lepers in India and the Ivast," was opened in 1901, 
 and ten of the inmates were baptized in 1902. 
 
 In 1899 fo"^ missionary ladies went out with 
 The Viilajjc the purpose of settling in some desirable centre 
 Settlement whence they could ha\'e easy access to the 
 
 villages, and infiuence the women's lives by 
 daily contact. This plan could not be carried out during 
 the prevalence of the ])lague. and they have been assisting 
 the different stations as need arose. 
 
the missions in india 45 
 
 Special Phases of Mission Work. 
 
 While the one supreme and definite aim of all missionary 
 effort in India — as the world over — is so to present Christ 
 crucified to men and women as to enable them to know Him 
 personally and accept Him as their only Saviour, yet the 
 lines along wliich and the methods by which that effort is 
 made are not only widely various, but some of them are 
 more or less peculiar to particular fields or particular mis- 
 sions. Some points, accordingly, in connection with the 
 work of our church in India, call for special mention : 
 
 I. llo7/ian's Work for 11 07Na?i.— The seclusion ot 
 women, with its underlying assumption of the extreme 
 fragility of feminine morality, is the rule among Hindus and 
 Mohammedans alike, especially in North India. \'illage 
 women are comparatively more free than those in cities and 
 towns, and low-caste women and menials have a larger degree 
 of liberty everywhere. But in no case can women be reached 
 wuth the men or by men. The work, if done at all, must be 
 done by women. Of its importance there can be no question. 
 The ignorance, bigotry and superstition of the women are 
 almost past belief, and constitute one of the greatest obsta- 
 cles to the progress of Christianity. Dr. Kellogg^' tells of an 
 educated Hindu who expressed his cordial conviction of the 
 truth of Christianity, and who was found to be kept back 
 from becoming a Chri.stian by the bigotry of the women of 
 his household. Such illustrations could i)e multiplied indefi- 
 nitely. On the other hand the winning of the women means 
 the winning of the home : the winning of the home means 
 the winning of the next generation. Work for women, 
 therefore, especially if carried out in systematic co-operation 
 with that for men, is one of the most important factors in the 
 evangelization of India. 
 
 In the early days, owing to the unsettled state of 
 the country, the way was not open for the work of single 
 women. But missionaries were almost invariably accom- 
 panied by wives, who became zealous co-workers in the pro- 
 pagation of the faith. They sometimes obtained access 
 to the women in the homes of Hindus and Moslems, and 
 were able to witness for the pure gospel of Jesus by words 
 and deeds of kindness ; and they always had a sphere of 
 missionary labor in the environment of their own homes, 
 and in the homes of native Christians, in the education and 
 training of orphan children rescued from death by famine 
 
 *** Church at Home and Abroad," April, 1896. 
 
46 HISTORICAI. SKKTCH OF 
 
 and neglect, and finally in the ])eginning of work for 
 heathen girls and women in school and zenana. ■•'• For the 
 edncation of men soon led to a desire for or, at least, a tol- 
 eration of, female education, and thus to the opening of 
 many homes to the missionary and her assistants. To-day 
 hundreds of single women find a special sphere open to 
 them in all parts of the land. They conduct the schools 
 and orphanages for both Christian and non-Christian girls. 
 They undertake the work of systematic teaching in the 
 homes where women are secluded in zenanas. They do not 
 hesitate to go into isolated towns and villages and undertake 
 work far away from the abodes of European neighbors. 
 Many of them have gone out with special medical train- 
 ing, and have established hospitals and dispensaries for 
 women and children, where thousands of patients have 
 received medical aid and been nursed back to health. 
 
 The recognized pioneer in zenana missions was Miss 
 Cooke, of the C. M. S., who, in 1821, opened a school for 
 Hindu girls in Calcutta. Miss Wakefield seems to have 
 been the first (1835) to gain actual access to zenanas ; while 
 systematic work in this line, begun in 1840 by a suggestion 
 from Prof. T. Smith, which was carried out by Rev. and 
 Mrs. John h'ordyce (all of the Free Church of Scotland), 
 was fully developed some years later by Mrs. Sale and Mrs. 
 Mullens (of the Baptist Mission). The pioneer in medical 
 
 ork for women was Clara Swain, M. D., of the American 
 Methodist Mission. The beginnings of work for women in 
 :ie American Presbyterian Mission date from the early 
 lifties. when in the girls' orphanage at Lodiana, with which 
 the names of Mrs. IClizabeth Newton, Mrs. Rudolph. Mrs. 
 Mary R.Janvier and Mrs. Myers arect)nspicuously associated, 
 
 tlective work was organized. 
 
 The results of woman's work in India are well stated by 
 Mr. Ciraham, in part, as follows:! 
 
 The cruelty and iinmoraHty connected with child niarriaj^e have 
 been so far mitigated the hv raisinj^ of the legal "age of consent" to 
 twelve years. The deplorable position, sometimes amounting to a 
 iving death, of the 2, cxx), 000 child- widows is being ameliorated. Some 
 >f them have been re-married, and others have escaj^cd from the Ict- 
 ors of centuries bv confessing Chri.st and taking refuge in such homes 
 or widows as Ihat'of Pandita Ramabai at r»)ona. l-jghty years ago 
 lot one female in 100, ocx) is s.ii<l to have been able to read and write, 
 ut now I 1S98), through the missionary and Government schools, the 
 .iroportion of literates and learners is six per thousand. • ♦ ♦ 
 
 * Zenana (more properly -ari.trt.i from Persian xan, a woman), meaoi tlie 
 women's portion of a ho»ise. as maKi.in.i means the men's. 
 t" Missionary Expansion," etc.. p. 117. 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 47 
 
 The regular visits of 700 foreign ami Eurasian^ and ;>,ooo Native 
 Christian women to 40,00(3 houses are profoundly influencing the 
 home life of India and preparing the way for a mighty change. 
 
 Possibly even more significant are the words of an 
 enlightened Hindu paper ( The IndiaJi Social Reformer^ 
 March 15, 1903), which says : 
 
 Though cut off from the parent community by religion and by 
 prejudice and intolerance, the Indian Christian woman \ herself the 
 fruit of icoman's :cork\ has been the evangelist of education to hun- 
 dreds and thousands of Hindu homes. Simple, neat and kindly, she 
 has won her way to the recesses of orthodoxy, overcoming a strength 
 and bitterness of prejudice of which few outsiders have an adequate 
 conception. * * • To these brave and devoted women, wherever 
 they are, friends of female education all over the country will heartily 
 wish " God-speed." 
 
 2. Christian Literature. — The preparation of Christian 
 literature, including the translation of the Bible, has natur- 
 ally had a conspicuous and early place in the liistory of all 
 missions— notably so in that of our missions in North 
 India. Dr. Sherring, of the London Missionary Society, 
 and Dr. Murdoch,! of the Christian Literature Society, 
 agree in giving to our missionaries the first place in this 
 regard in all northern India. The mechanical part of the 
 work has been done by the two great mission presses at 
 Lodiana and Allahabad. These have long since passed out 
 of mission management into tlie hands of Native Christian 
 proprietors, but are still doing the same eflicient work in 
 the sending out both of God's Word and of general Chris- 
 tian literature. 
 
 The literary end of the work has called forth the activi- 
 ties of many of the best minds among the missionaries, and 
 good service has been rendered, too, by some of the leaders 
 of the Indian Church. The range covered has been wide, 
 and includesj: the following: {a). fUble Translation, in 
 which department the conspicuous names are John Newton, 
 Levi Janvier and H. P. Newton in Panjabi : Lowenihal in 
 Pushtu (the language of the Afghans) ; James Wilson in 
 Urdu ; and Owen, I'llmaim and Kellogg in Hindi. < b). 
 Commeiitaries. — Here the work has not much more than 
 begun, being limited to portions of Genesis, the Psalms, 
 Isaiah, Jeremiah, portions of the Minor Prophets, the Gos- 
 
 *Of mixed Kuropean and native parentage. 
 
 tDr. Murdoch, who reached India in 184-1, has himself done far more than any 
 other one man for the creation of Christian literature tor the English speaking 
 community 
 
 ISee also article by Rev. J. J. Lucas, in IndianETargelical Revifw for July and 
 Octot>er, 1886. 
 
4S HISTORICAL sKi:Tcn oi- 
 
 pels, First Corinthians, Ivphesians and Colossians. =' Almost 
 all of these are in I'rdii (Roman character), Jeremiah alone 
 being in Hindi ; and the writers are John Newton, vSr. and 
 Jr., Scott, Owen, \V. F. Johnson and Lucas. In < r) Tlie- 
 oio^q;]', the two prominent writers are Rev. Messrs. Ishwari 
 Das and J. J. Caleb, the latter having translated Hodge's 
 "Outlines of Theoloj^^y." {d). Coutrovcrdal -icritiuirs. — 
 Here the out-put has naturally been large, covering both 
 Hinduism and Iskim and ranging from extensive treatises in 
 hjiglish, {e. ^. Wherry on the Ouran) for the use especially 
 of missionaries, to four-page leaflets in the vernaculars for 
 gratuitousT distribution to Hindus and Mohammedans. In 
 this department one of the most effective tracts ever sent 
 forth in any land is Mr. Ullmann's D/iarm Tula, to the 
 reading of which many a convert in every part of North 
 India traces his conversion, {e). Periodic Literature. — 
 Two religious papers are published by our missions : the 
 Makhzan-i-Masilii ("Christian Treasury,") a fortnightly 
 paper, established in 1S67 at Allahabad, and the Xur-Af- 
 shdn f" Dispenser of Light," ) established in 1872, at Lodi- 
 ana ; both are intended for the building up of the spiritual 
 life of the church, though the Nur A f shdn enters also 
 the controversial field. (/. ) Misallamous. — Hymnology, 
 Church History, Literature for the Church at home and 
 many other lines of effort might well be enumerated, but 
 space permits the mention of but two books more, Kellogg's 
 Hindi Grammar, which has become a classic, and Zabur aur 
 Git, a splendid collection of hymns, which has been adopted 
 not only by our own churches, but by some of those of the 
 London Missionary Society, and which includes not only 
 448 translations (from lx)th Knglish and German) and origi- 
 nal hynnis in foreign metres, but nearly a hundred original 
 hymns {bhajayis and _i:/iaca/s) set to native airs, besides a 
 selection of chants. Among the authors are both natives 
 and foreigners. Rev. I. iMcldbrave's name leading the van in 
 the former class, and Mr. Ullmann's in the latter. An edi- 
 tion with music— the first musical book ever printed in 
 India — was is.sued in 1898. 
 
 It is to be noted that since the organization of the Panjdb 
 and North India Hible vSocieties and Tract Societies and the 
 Christian Literature Society of Madras, the main part of the 
 
 •The style «nd linfirufiKe of Dr John Newton. Jr.'« commentary on ColoMlana 
 
 are so admirable that thr hook ha.-* been made a teitlwok for new misRionanea. 
 
 fit is the unifurtn policy to seU all bookn and tracts, though at a nominal price. 
 Only these lenflets arc given away. 
 
Tin-: MISSK)NS IN INDIA 49 
 
 literary work of our missionaries has ])een done in co-opera- 
 tion with those agencies. 
 
 ,V Medical Work and Asylums. — Although India is sup- 
 plied with a well-equipped Government Medical Department, 
 with hospitals and dispensaries in the chief cities and towns, 
 there is still a large sphere for medical missionaries, espe- 
 cially for women. Sometimes the work is done while tour- 
 ing through towns and villages, more often it is localized at 
 hosjMtals and dispensaries in large centres. In either case, 
 not only is prejudice removed and God's love made tangible, 
 but constant opportunity is given for the direct proclamation 
 of the Gospel. Ivvery patient hears the message from either 
 missionary or assistant, and usually takes home on the back 
 of the very dispensary ticket some portion of truth from 
 Gods Word. Hospitals or dispensaries, the majority of 
 them for women and children only, are to be found at 
 Ferozepore, Lahore, Ambdla, Sabathii, Jagrdon, Saluiranpur, 
 Allahabad, Fatehgarh, Kodoli, Miraj. and at certain sub- 
 stations. There are twenty-two in all, at which in 19(32 no 
 less than 121,686 patients were treated. 
 
 Our missionaries have not been unmindful of the lepers, 
 of whom there are about 250,000 in the Kmpire. Six 
 asylums-'- are at present under Mission management, though 
 the funds are provided partly by Government, partly by 
 voluntary contributions on the field — sometimes from non- 
 Christians — and still more by donations from the Edinburgh 
 " Mission to Lepers in India and the I^ast." The asylum 
 at Ambala was built in 1858 with funds contributed by 
 Europeans in the Cantonments. Of the one at Sabathu, 
 which was begun as a general poor-house by the British 
 officers and men who returned from the Kabul war in 1844, 
 and to which a department for European lepers was added a 
 few years ago, Rev. John Newton wrote : 
 
 It grew into an institution of importance after Dr Newton (son 
 
 of the writer! was posted to that station He built a number of 
 
 houses at a short distance from the Mission House, that he miglit have 
 the objects of his benevolent attentions near him. He rej^anled them 
 not as medical patients only, but as emphatically the poor who need 
 to have the gospel preached to them. So there was a small building 
 erected which answered the double purpose of a dispensary and a 
 chapel. Here the lepers voluntarily assemble every day for worship, 
 besides coming for the special service on the Lord's Day. 
 
 4. Educational Work. — The Gospel and education have 
 always gone hand in hand, especially where the bearers ot 
 
 * At Sabdthu. AmbAlA, Dehra Dun. Saharanpur, Allahabad and Miraj. 
 
50 HISTORICAL SKKTCH OF 
 
 the Evangel have been Presbyterians. But education is not 
 looked upon as an end : it is a means to an end. In the 
 case of Christians it is to make them an effective instrument 
 for the uplifting of their countrymen, in the case of Hindus 
 and Mohammedans it is to bring them within the reach of 
 the truth. The pupils in both school and college not only 
 have the Gospel preached to them in the opening religious 
 exercises of every school day, not only are they daily 
 taught a lesson irom the Bible by competent Christian 
 teachers, and so grounded in the fundamentals of Christian- 
 ity, but they are brought into constant personal contact, 
 during the most impressionable period of their lives, with 
 men of Christian faith and character. 
 
 The importance of this work, especially in the higher 
 grades, is emphasized by the present-day crisis in the reli- 
 gious attitude of educated young India. Higher education 
 has largely been Government education, which again has 
 necessarily been religiously neutral, and therefore always 
 irreligious and practically antitheistic. lulucated young men 
 can seldom continue to believe what their fathers believed. 
 They have cut loose from the old moorings, and are drifting 
 out into the darkness of materialism and agnosticism. A 
 Christ-fdled educational system, side by side with the effect- 
 ive work of the Y. M. C. A., seems the one solution of the 
 problem. Said Dr. Chatterjee, of Hoshyarpur, recently : 
 " I can testify after an experience of forty yeais' service in 
 missionary work — educational as well as evangelistic — that 
 I consider a Christian college, which has as its chief aim the 
 conversion of its students, to be the best evangelistic agency 
 we have in connection witli our Mission" — this although the 
 imniL-diate results in baptisms are so small. 
 
 All this has been increasingly api)reciated by our mis- 
 sionaries : all the stations have primary schools, several have 
 high schools, the college at Lahore has been doing its work 
 for nearly forty years, and recently the one at Allahal)ad has 
 been started on a similar career of usefulness. In all 173 
 institutions are reported, with over eight thousand pu])ils. 
 
 5. ll^orA- iinioui^ the Outcastcs. — Another crisis of a very 
 different sort has marked recent years The "submerged 
 fourth" of the Hindu population began in the eighties to 
 reacli up toward the light. The American Methoilists in 
 the United Provinces were the first in Northern India to 
 gather in large numbers from this community. Tlieii the 
 movement extended to the Panjbd, till, in 1891. Mr. \'elte 
 could sav that in six vears three mission^ ' Scotch I^stab- 
 
THK MISSIONS IN INDIA 5I 
 
 lishecl, American V. P. and our own) liad baptized i2,(XX) 
 Chuliras.-' The work spread to almost every district of the 
 Panjab Mission, and later to the Ktah (see p. 40 and Faru- 
 khabad districts of the United Provinces Mission. 
 
 That mixed motives lie back of such a mass movement 
 is unciuestionable. ! On the one liand these out-castes have 
 comparatively little to lose in becoming; Christians — though 
 they, too, are liable to serious persecution — and they have 
 much to gain. They see that Christianity means u/)/i// — 
 intellectual, social, financial as well as spiritual — and it is 
 little wonder that the highest motives are not always upper- 
 most. But back of the whole movement God's Spirit is 
 undoubtedly working. Vast possibilities for the Church lie 
 in it. Careful teaching, cautious admission to baptism, and 
 subsefjuent patient and loving, yet firm, discipline, are the 
 requisites. For all this the urgent call is for a vastly in- 
 creased force of workers. The fields are white and the 
 harvest plenteous : the lat3orers are pitifully few. 
 
 6. T/ieohi^ica/ Schools. — In the early days candidates for 
 the Ministry received ])rivate instruction from individual 
 missionaries. But as the number of candidates increased, 
 the lavish expenditure of time involved in this method made 
 it abviously expedient to set apart certain men for this work 
 at a central point. A theological class was formed at 
 Allahabad under Messrs. Brodhead, Wherry and Wynkoop. 
 Later (1S84) the Synod of India took the matter into its 
 immediate control and established the Seminary at Saharan- 
 pur, with Messrs. Wherry and J. C R. lowing as the first 
 teachers. The work has gone on uninteruptedly though 
 under various leaders — Rev. A. P. Kelso and capable 
 Native assistants having had charge during recent years. 
 
 The need for workers with less elaborate training, for 
 work in the villages, has led to the estal^lishment of theolog- 
 ical schools on a humbler scale, one at Khanna and the 
 other at F'atehgarh. Both these training .schools have done 
 good work in their special line. 
 
 As many of the students are married men. and come to 
 the schools accompanied by their families, a grand field for 
 work is opened tq the wives of the Professors, which they 
 do not fail to improve. While our future native pastors are 
 being fitted to ])reach the gospel to their own people, their 
 wives are being trained to become not only more intelligent 
 
 •The Chuhras of thePanj ab correspond to the M ihtars further to the south-east. 
 +See "Missionary Expansion," etc., p. 126. 
 
52 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 Christians, but better lioiise-keepers and more useful 
 members of society. 
 
 The hope of church extension in India lies in the develop- 
 ment of the church from within. These schools are rapidly- 
 preparing ministers and evangelists for the great concjuest 
 of the land. Many faithful preachers have already gone 
 out into the great harvest field and much of the large 
 ingathering of recent years is to be traced to them. 
 
 7. llic Indian Cliurcli. — From the very first, wherever 
 the number of converts warranted, churches have been or- 
 ganized. The pastoral duties were long performed by mis- 
 sionaries, and still are in some cases ; but the securing of 
 pastors from among themselves has always been the goal 
 presented to the churches, and in recent years marked 
 progress has been made in this direction. Self-support has 
 also been urged — though not perhaps with all the emphasis 
 possible : and in this direction, too, good progress can be 
 recorded. For instance, in the Panjab Mission, in addition 
 to about ten churches in the scattered village communities 
 (churches not always fully organized), each station has at 
 least one fully organized church, which in nearly every case 
 has its native pastor, largely supported by the members 
 themselves. In addition to this local self-support, the 
 churches in this Mission contribute increasingly (they 
 began in 1897) toward a Home Mission fund in the hands 
 of the Presbytery of Lahore or of Lodiana, as the case may 
 be. This fund is supplemented by the Mission on a .sliding 
 scale (beginning with S^.oo, to $1 .00 given by the churches), 
 but is managed wholly by the Presbytery, the native breth- 
 ren taking a leading part. The same plan is also in o]iera- 
 tion in the Presbyteries of Allahabad, Farukhabad and 
 Kolha])ur, tliough with differences in detail {e. x'., Allaha- 
 bad began with a grant of $2.00. to Si .00 contributed by 
 the churches J. 
 
 Such movements as these have helped to prejiare the 
 way for the formation of the United Presbyterian Church of 
 India, the goal toward which the Presbyterian Alliance of 
 India has so long been working. The South India Fnited 
 Church has already been formed by the union of the Arcot 
 Dutch Ref. j and the I'nited PVee Church of Scotland mi.ssion 
 churches, and the i^reliminary steps toward the larger union 
 which will include almost every one of the twelve Presby- 
 terian bodies in India, have recently been taken. The 
 latest statistics of the Alliance indicate as the constituents 
 
THK MISSIONS IX INDIA 5.^ 
 
 of this united Church, 7 Synods, 33 Presbyteries, 324 min- 
 isters, 139 licentiates, and 21,121 communicant members 
 ( over one-seventh of these from the churches of our Mis- 
 sionsj, besides 31,305 adult adherents. While this body 
 will control all the ecclesiastical relations of the Presby- 
 terian churches in India, it will not affect their financial 
 relations to the home churches, nor the relation of the mis- 
 sionaries to their respective Boards or Committees. There 
 are not a few who hope and pray that even this splendid 
 consummation is not to be the end of the union movement : 
 that some day, even this side of the heavenly union, there 
 shall be for all Christian India but one fold, as there is, 
 thank God, but one Shepherd I 
 
 A practical question that suggests itself, calls for a fair 
 answer : What is the character of the Indian converts ? 
 Here is the answer of a careful observer :'■' 
 
 It would be easy, on the one hand, to take individual cases of 
 men and women who have exhibited the ripest fruits of Christian 
 experience, and who, in Apostolic fervour and patient sutTering for 
 Christ's sake, niijjht be placed in the front ranks of Christian saints. 
 On the other hand, we might point to large numbers but yesterday 
 out of the thraldom of grossest idolatry or debasing devil-worship, 
 who as yet are ignorant and weak, and on whom the shadow of the 
 
 old customs still rests As far as criminal statistics go, they tell 
 
 in favor of the Christians; for in a return for Southern India, it was 
 stated that, while there was one criminal to every 447 and 728 of the 
 Hindu and Mohammedan population respectively, there was only one 
 in every 2,500 of the Christians. 
 
 To which may be added Sir Wm. Muirs testimony that 
 ' 'they are not sham nor paper converts, as some would have 
 us believe, but good and honest Christians, and many of 
 them of a high standard." No better confirmation of this 
 can be found than in a brief sketch of a life just closed in 
 Kodoli ( W^estern India Mission):! 
 
 Twenty-five years ago, Satoba Ranbhisi, a guru of his caste, came 
 to the Rev. Mr. Hull at Kolhapur, asking to be taught the religion of 
 the Bible. He gave up to him the strange collection of heathen 
 books, in the studv and recitation of which he had spent years, saying , 
 " It has been like trvinti to get a fist full of water : nothing remains 
 after all my effort. "' For some time Christian truth, too. seemed of 
 but little avail. But soon there came a change: the last chapters of 
 John's Gospel reached his soul, and a life principle was implanted. 
 Originallv of one of the lowest castes, in time he won the respect of 
 all classes— even of the Brahmans. When he first went back to his 
 village after baptism, his own family kept him out of his home and 
 
 *Mr Graham in "Missionary' Expansion," p 1 2S. 
 
 fThe facts are taken partly from Mr. J. P Graham's account in the Mission 
 Report IM2. partly from an article by Miss Brown in Woman' i Work fot Woman. 
 
54 mSTORICAI. SKKTCH OF 
 
 refused him a drink of water ; the j>eople of the village drove him out 
 of it. For months he lived in the fields near by, subjected to the jeers 
 and taunts of his former friends. But throuj^h it all he remained loyal 
 to the Master, and bore insults and persecution without complaint. 
 In that same community he became pastor t)f the largest church in the 
 Mission, with most of his relatives and neighbors on the membership 
 roll! 
 
 He was " on fire for souls. In his home, in the fields, on tour, his 
 one thought was to make men accjuaintcd with Christ. He had found 
 One whom his soul loved, and he would burn out his life till he had 
 made every one else love Him. The miles he walked, the sermons he 
 preached are past our counting. Often, breakfastless, lie was off to 
 villages preaching ; returning hungry at noon, his faithful wife would 
 have to lock him and his dinner into the little study, or he would have 
 given it all to soii.e one hungrier than himself. So loving was he, 
 that infliction of church discipline was his hardest duty, yet he en- 
 forced it, even in the case of his own nephew. The Bible was his one 
 book, praver his vital breath. His little 6 x 3 study in Kodoli, where 
 he could get a man alone with God, was the gate of heaven to many 
 a soul. On the day of greatest in-gathering to the church, October 7, 
 1900, he baptized 161 adults, on the following Sabbath 51; and to the 
 day that God took him, the church grew." 
 
 Just before his fatal illness, he had a juemonition of death, saying, 
 e.xultaiitly, " I am going to my Father;" and when visited near the 
 entl bv Mr. Graham, he begged him not to pray for his recovery. 
 Never'has Kodoli witnessed such a scene as the throng of hundreds of 
 men, women and children — Hindus as well as Christians— that fol- 
 lowed hisbodv, wrapped in white muslin and laid on a stretcher, to 
 the cemetery 'outside of the town. At the start, the wailitig of the 
 crowd, after the demonstrative manner of the F^ast, was terrific ; but 
 soon the scores of school children began singing " vShall we gather at 
 the River." and all the way to the grave hymn followed hymn, till 
 the funeral procession became a triumphal march. 
 
 Is it worth while to send and carry the Gospel to win 
 such lives ? 
 
 S. The Foras iu the l-'icld and the rromisc for the Future. 
 —It will l>e remembered that the " Week of Prayer " had 
 its origin in a call issued, after three days spent in earnest 
 l)rayer, by the Lodiana Mission in 1858. It is worth while 
 to reproduce that call at this point : 
 
 " WhkrkaS, Our spirits have been greatly refreshed by what we 
 have heard of the Lord's dealings with His people in America, and 
 further, being convinced from the signs of the times that God has still 
 larger blessings for His people and for our ruined world, and that 
 He now seems ready and waiting to bestow them as soon as asked ; 
 therefore, 
 
 '•/\V5^/:r</, That we appoint the second week in January. 1.S59, 
 beginning with Montlay the Sth, as a time of special prayer, and that 
 all Go<rs people, of every name and nation, of every continent and 
 islaiul, be cordiallv an<l earnestly invited to unite with us in the peti- 
 tion that God would now pour'out His Spirit upon all fiesh. so that 
 all the ends of the earth might see His salvation." 
 
THK MISSIONS IN INDIA 55 
 
 A part of the answer to the prayers that have gone up 
 in response to this call is to be found in the vastly increased 
 force now engaged in the work in India. A careful exami- 
 nation of Dr. Husband's "Protestant Missionary Directory" 
 for 1902, yields the following figures for the force actually 
 on the field : Separate societies (a few of them employing 
 only one foreigner), 84, besides 48 "independent mission- 
 aries: ' ' and total of foreign missionaries, 3.536, of whom i ,064 
 are ordained.-' Of the entire number about three- fifthsr are 
 women, of whom again two-fifths (or one-fourth of the total) 
 are wives of missionaries. The native force engaged in direct 
 missionary work is i)laced by Mr. Heach at 23,000. To these 
 are to l)e added lumdreds of earnest Christian luiropeans and 
 thousands of earnest Native Christians, who for at least a part 
 of their time are directly or indirectly engaged in missionary 
 work. There were at the end of 1900 no less than 5,362 
 organized congregations, with 274.402 scholars enrolled in 
 6,888 Sabbath-schools. Surely this is no small army that 
 is arrayed under the baiuier of the Cross I 
 
 The promise for the future is to be found partly in the 
 presence of the forces just enumerated; partly in the grow- 
 ing loyalty of the land to a Christian government, and the 
 people's growing friendliness and accessibility to the mis- 
 sionary — due in no small measure to the services rendered 
 in the awful stress of famine and plague ; partly in the 
 movement from among the low castes and out-castes ; partly 
 in the marked sjMrit of in(iuiry among educated young men : 
 partly in the religious unrest and spiritual discontent among 
 many classes — as evidenced, for instance, in the numerous 
 modern reform movements; and partly in the results already 
 accomplished. Many of these results defy tabulation. 
 They lie as completely hidden as the waters in the moun- 
 tain's heart : but they will as surely leap forth one day to 
 refresh the land. Results capable of tabulation are shown 
 partly in the following figures : 
 
 PROTKSTANT CHRISTIANS IN INDIA. 
 
 185 1 91.092 
 
 1861 138.731 
 
 1871 224.258 
 
 1881 417.372 
 
 1S91 (including Burniah 1 559.661 
 
 1901 868,283: 
 
 • The fieures given by Rev HP Reach in his "Geography and Atlas of Protestant 
 Missions," are 93 missions, and 3,8;6 missionaries The discrepancy in the former 
 figure is probably due to the inclusion of some whom Dr. Husband counts as 
 "Independent Missionaries," and in the latter to the fact that Mr. Beach included 
 niis«!ionaries on furlough. 
 
 t 1.304 single women and 89^ married, as given by Mr. Beach. 
 
 J Mr. Beach's 6gure is much larger — 1,102,458. 
 
5^-> HISTORICAL SK1:TCH O!- 
 
 The total Christian population ^ foreigners and natives, 
 Catholics and Protestants), as given by the census of 1901, 
 is 2,923,349, or almost exactly one now in every hundred 
 of the general po])ulation. While the Hindus slightly de- 
 creased between 1 89 1 and 1 90 1 (the main cause being plague 
 and famine J, and the Mohammedans increased 9 per cent., 
 Christians increased 30 per cent. ( to 2 ,664,3 1 3 ^ ^"^ Protestajit 
 Christians about 60 per cent.! And, finally, the strongest 
 ground for confidence lies, asever, in something yet more re- 
 reliable and encouraging than numerical results. To the (jues- 
 tion, " What are the prospects in India i* ' ' the answer still is, 
 " Bright as the promises of God I ' 
 
 But on the other hand, this well-grounded optimism must 
 be backed up by tremendous effort. God still works by means. 
 The force in the field is absolutely inadequate to the task 
 set before it. Two and a half millions have been Christian- 
 ized : what of the remaining two hundred and ninety-one 
 millions?* The recent Decennial Conference of Missionaries 
 in India made no extravagant demand when it asked that 
 the present force should be quadrupled within ten years. 
 Let the Churcli in America listen to their cry : 
 
 "In the name of Christ our common Lord — for the sake 
 of those who. lacking Him. are as sheep without a shepherd, 
 we ask you to listen to our appeal. You, under (lod, have 
 sent us forth to India. We count it a privilege to give our 
 lives to this land. For Christ's sake and the Gospel's, 
 strengthen our hands, and enable us to press on toward the 
 goal of our great calling, when the kingdoms of the world 
 shall become tlic Kingdom of the Lord and of His Clirist." 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INKIA 
 
 STATISTICS— IJOJ 
 
 Ordained Missionaries. 
 
 Lay Missionaries 
 
 Wives of Missionaries. 
 Single Women 
 
 Native Ministers and Licentiates 87 
 
 Other Native Workers 140 
 
 Churches 20 
 
 Meeting Places 38 
 
 Communicants 2,109 
 
 Adherents 4i433 
 
 Boarding-schools 6 
 
 Other Schools 56 
 
 Pupils 5^^^5 
 
 Hospitals 4 
 
 Dispensaries S 
 
 I'atients. 1901 -1902 60,64s 
 
 20 
 (3 M.U.] 
 3 
 
 [I M.D.] 
 18 
 
 [I M.D.I 
 20 
 
 (4 M.D.I [2 M.D ] 
 
 45 
 [6 M D ] 
 
5^ -HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 STATIONS, 1903 
 
 PANJAB MISSION 
 
 LoDiANA ( 1S34) : near the river Sutlej, 1,100 miles northwest of 
 Calcutta. Rev. Edward P. Newton and Mrs. Newton, Rev. V, S. G. 
 Jones and Mrs. Jones, Rev. K. M. Wherry, D. D., and Mrs. Wherry, 
 Rev. F. O. Johnson and Mrs. Johnson, Rev. A. B. Gould and Mrs. 
 Gould, M.I)., Rev. Robert D. Tracy, Miss Carrie Clark i At Japraon) : 
 Dr. Maud Allen, Miss J. E. Jenks, Miss h:mnia Morris, Miss Harriet 
 Savage, Miss S. M. Wherry, Miss G. O. Woodside. 
 
 Saharanpur (1836^ : 130 miles southeast of Lodiana. Rev. Alex- 
 ander P. Kelso and Mrs. Kelso, Rev. C. W. Forman, M.D., and Mrs. 
 Forman, Miss Alice B. Jones. 
 
 Sahathu (1836) : in the lower Himalaya Mountains, no miles 
 cast of Lodiana. Missionaries — M. B. Carleton, M. D., and Mrs. 
 Carleton. 
 
 Jl'LLUNDUR (1846): 120 miles east of Lahore, 30 miles west of 
 Lodiana. Missionaries— Rev. C. B. Newton, D.D., and Mrs. Newton, 
 Miss Caroline C. Downs, and Miss Margaret C. Given. 
 
 Amhai^.a ( 1848) : 55 miles southeast of Lodiana. Missionaries — 
 Rev. Reese Thack well. D.D., and INIrs. Thackwell. Rev. W.J. Clark 
 and Mrs. Clark, Mrs. William Calderwood, Miss J. R. Carleton, M.D.. 
 and Miss Mary E. Pratt. 
 
 Lahork (1849): the capital of the Punjab. 1,225 mile 
 northwest of Calcutta. Missionaries — Rev. J. C. Rhea Ewing, D.I)., 
 and Mrs. FCwing, Rev. J. Harris Orbison, M D., and Mrs. Orbison. 
 Rev. Henry C. Vclte and Mrs. Velte, Rev. H. D. Griswold and Mrs- 
 Griswold, Prof J. G. Gilbertson and Mrs. Gilbertson, Mrs. Jno- 
 Newton, Jr., Dr. Emily Marston, Miss Christine Herron, Rev. F. B- 
 McCuskey and Mrs. McCuskey. (At Waga): Miss Clara Thiedc. 
 
 Dkhra (1853) : 47 miles east of Saharanpur. Missionaries — Rev. 
 W. J. P. Morrison, Miss Elma Donaldson, Miss Jennie L. Colman, 
 Mrs. Abbie M. Stebbins, Dr. Sarah Vrooman, Miss Si. Iv Rogers. 
 
 Hoshyarpur I 1867): 45 miles north of Lodiana. /^rv. A'. C. 
 Chatter jee, D. D., and Mrs. Chatter j^c. 
 
 Woodstock (1S72) : in Landour, 15 miles cast of Dehra. Rev. 
 II. M. Andrews and Mrs. Andrews, Rev. J. vS. Woodside and Mrs. 
 Woodside, Miss Alice Mitchell, M. D., Miss .Anna K. Paving. 
 
 Fkro/kpork (1882) : 50 miles southwest of Lodiana. Mission- 
 aries—Rev. I'. J. Newton, M.D., and Mrs. Newton, Rev. J. N. Hyde. 
 Mrs. C. W. Forman. 
 
 Kasur: Rev. Robert Morrison and Mrs. Morrison. 
 
 UNITED PROVINCES MISSION 
 
 .Ar.LAHAHAn (^i.S3h : at the junotiou of the Ganges and the Jumna, 
 506 miles northwest of Calcutta. Rev. J. J. Lucas, D.I)., and Mrs. 
 Lucas, Rev. Arthur H. Ewing, Ph.D., and Mrs. Ewing, Rev. A. B. 
 Allison and Mrs. Allison, Mr. P. H. Edwards, Miss Hester McGaughey, 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 59 
 
 Miss J. W. Tracy, Dr. Margaret K. Norris, Miss Caroline E Ewing, 
 Miss M. P. Forman, Rev. J. J. Caleb, Rev. I. l-ieldbrave. 
 
 Etawah (1863) : on the Jumna, 30 miles southwest of Mainpuri. 
 Rev. W. F.Johnson, D. D., Miss Mary Johnson, Rev. Farm Sukh. 
 
 1'atehgarh-Farukhabad (1837) : the former the civil station 
 and the latter the native city, 733 miles northwest of Calcutta. 
 Rev. C. H. Bandy and Mrs. Bandy, Rev. Ray C. Smith and Mrs. 
 Smith, Rev. J. H. Lawrence and Mrs. Lawrence, Miss M.J. Morrow, 
 Miss Mary Fullerton, Miss Josephine Johnson, Rev. k'edar Nath, 
 Rev. Abdul Qi'idtr. 
 
 Fathhpur ( 1853) : 75 "liles northwest of Allahabad. Mission- 
 aries—Rev. Thomas Tracy and Mrs. Tracy, Rev. C. H. Mattison 
 and Mrs. Mattison. 
 
 JHANSI (1886) : 250 miles west of Allahabad ; population, 52,000. 
 Rev. James F. Holcomb and Mrs. Holcomb, Rev. Nabi Hakhsh, Rev. 
 Dharm Singh. 
 
 Mainpuri (1843) • 4° miles west of Fatehgarh. Rev William T. 
 Mitchell and Mrs. Mitchell, Rev. Gulam Masih. 
 
 Morar (1874) : capital of the native State of Gwalior. Rev. J. 
 S. Symington, M.D., and Mrs. Svmington, Mrs. B. D. Wyckoff, Rev, 
 Sukh PiU. 
 
 Etah (1900): Missionaries— Rev. John N. Forman and Mrr?. 
 Forman, Rev. A. G. McGaw and Mrs. McGaw, Rev. Henry Forman 
 and Mrs. Forman. 
 
 Cawnpore (1901) : Rev. S. M. Gillam. 
 
 WESTERN INDIA MISSION 
 
 KOLHAPUR (1853) : 200 miles southeast of Bombay; 45.000 in- 
 habitants. Rev. Galen \V. Seiler and Mrs. Seiler, Rev. Joseph M. 
 Goheen and Mrs. Gohecn, Mrs. R. G. Wilder, Miss Esther Patton, 
 Miss Grace E. Wilder, Miss C. L. Seiler, Rev. E. W. Simpson. 
 
 RaTnagiri ( 1873) : 82 miles northwest of Kolhapur, on the coast- 
 Rev. A. L. Wilev and Mrs. Wiley, Rev. R. C. Richardson and Mrs- 
 Richardson, Miss Emily T. Minor, Miss Amanda M.Jefferson, Miss 
 Bertha Johnson. 
 
 KODOU (1877): 12 miles north of Kolhapur. Rev. Lyman R. 
 Tedford and Mrs. Tedford, Rev. J. P. Graham, Miss F. Isabelle 
 Graham, Miss A. Adelaide Brown, Dr. Victoria McArthur, Miss M. J. 
 Thomson, Miss E. E. Sheurman, Miss Alice S. Giles, Dr. Winifred 
 Heston (village settlement 1. 
 
 Sangu (1S84) : 30 miles east of Kolhapur. Mr. John JoUv and 
 Mrs. Jolly, Rev. Edgar M. Wilson and Mrs. Wilson, Miss Grace 
 Enright. ' 
 
 MiRAj(i892): 6 miles south of Sangli. William J. Wanless, M.D.. 
 and Mrs. Wanless, Alexander S. Wilson, M.D., and Mrs. Wilson, Rev 
 R. C. Richardson and Mrs. Richardson, J. Rutter Williamson, M. D., 
 Miss Elizabeth A. Foster, Miss Patterson. 
 
 Vknguri-p: (1900): on the coast, 85 miles south of Ratnagiri. 
 Rev. J. M. Irwin and Mrs. Irwin, Rev. W. H. Hannum and Mrs. Han- 
 num, Rev. A. W. Marshall and Mrs. Marshall. M. D. 
 
[IISTORICAL SKHTCH Ol" 
 
 Missionaries in India, 1833-1903 
 
 •Died. Figures, Term of Service in the Field. 
 
 Alexander, Rev. J. M., 
 
 n.D., 1S65-1903 
 
 Alexander, Mrs., 1865-1903 
 
 Allen, Maud, M.D., 1894 
 Allison, Rev. A. B , 1902 
 Allison, Mrs.. 1902 
 
 Andrews, Rev. H. M.. 1890 
 Andrews, Mrs. (Miss 
 S. S. Hutchinson, 
 1 879- 1 885), 1890 
 
 Rabbitt, Miss Bessie, 1888-1891 
 Bacon, Miss J. M., 1872-1882 
 
 Bailv, Miss Marv E., 1889-1901 
 Bandy, Rev. C. H., 1894 
 Bandv, Mrs., 1894 
 
 Barker, Rev. \V. P., 1S72-1876 
 Barker, Mrs., 1872-1876 
 
 "Barnes, Rev. Geo. O., 1855-1861 
 Barnes, Mrs., 1855-1861 
 
 *Bcattv, Miss C. L., 1S62-1869 
 
 Bell, Miss J F., M.D., 1884 -1888 
 *Bel/., Miss C, 1872-1903 
 
 Bergen, Rev. G. S., 1865-1883 
 Bergen, Mrs., 1869- 1883 
 
 Braddock, Mrs. E H., 1892-1900 
 Brink, Miss I'.A.,M. I). ,1X72 1874 
 •Brodhead, Rev. Aug., 1.S58-1878 
 Brodhcad. Mrs., 1858-1878 
 
 Brown, Miss A. A., 1894 
 Butler. Miss J. M.. 1S80-1881 
 
 ^Calderwood, Rev. Wni. ,1X55-1889 
 • Caldcrwood, Mrs. L.G., 1855-1859 
 Calderwood, Mrs. E., 1863 
 "^Caldwell, Rev. Joseph, 1838- 1877 
 Caldwell, Mrs , 1838- 1839 
 
 "Caldwell, Mrs , 1S42-1878 
 
 Caldwell, Bertha T., 
 
 M I) . 1894- 1902 
 
 "Campbell, Rev.Jas. R., 1836-1862 
 
 ♦Campbell, Mrs., 1836-1873 
 
 ♦Campbell, Rev. I), l-.., 1850-1857 
 
 *Cam])bell, Mrs., 1850-1857 
 
 Campbell, Miss Marv A. 1860-1863 
 
 Campbell, Miss A., ' 1S74-187S 
 
 Campbell,!.. M.. 1875-1878 
 
 *Carleton, Rev. M. M., 1.S55 1S98 
 
 *Carleton, Mrs.. 1855 18S1 
 
 Carleton, Mrs., ivS84 
 
 Carleton. Marcus B , 
 
 M.I)., 18S1 
 
 Carleton, Mrs., 1.SS7 
 
 Carleton, Dr. Jessie R , 1886 
 
 Clark, Rev. W.J., 1893 
 
 Clark, Mrs., 1893 
 
 Clark, Miss C. R., 1895 
 
 Colman, Miss J. L-, 1890 
 Condit, Miss Anna M., 1886-1888 
 *Craig, James, 1838-1845 
 
 *Craig, Mrs., 1838-1846 
 
 *Craig, Miss M. A., 1870- 1890 
 *Davis, Miss Julia, 1835-1836 
 
 Davis, Miss M. C, 1895-1897 
 
 Donaldson, Mi-s Elma, 1.SS9 
 Downs, Miss C. C, 1881 
 Edwards. Preston H., 1902 
 luiright, MissG. L., 1902 
 Ely, Rev. J. B., 1896-1901 
 
 Ely, Mrs., 1896- 1901 
 
 Evans, Miss Clara, 1901 
 •Ewalt, Miss Marg't L., 1888-1892 
 Ewing. Rev. J. C. R., 
 
 D.D., 1879 
 
 Ewing, Mrs.. 1879 
 
 I<:wing,Rev.A.H.,Ph.Di89c) 
 lowing, Mrs., 1890 
 
 lowing. Miss C E., 1901 
 Ewing, Miss Anna K., 1901 
 ♦Ferris, Rev. O H., 1S78-1893 
 Ferris, Mrs., 1878-1900 
 
 Fisher, Rev. H., Ml)., 1889-1899 
 Fisher, Mrs.. 1896-1899 
 
 ♦Forman, Rev. C W., 
 
 D.D., 1848-1S94 
 
 ♦Forman. Mrs. ^^Miss 
 
 Margaret Newton), 1855-1878 
 Korman, Mrs. G. S., 1884 
 Forman, Rev. Henry, 1.S84 
 ♦Forman, Mrs. (Miss A. 
 
 K Bird. 1888), 1889-1896 
 
 Forman, Mrs. (MissC. 
 
 vS. Newton^, 1898 
 
 Forman, Rev. C. W., 
 
 M.D., 1883 
 
 Forman, Mrs., 1888 
 
 Forman, Rev. John N., 1S87 
 Forman, Mrs. 1 Miss K. 
 
 M. Foote. i8S6\ 1890 
 Forman, Miss Mary P.,|.SJ>7 
 I'ortnan.Miss I^mily N. 1892 
 I'Osler. Miss E. A., 1897 
 •I'recnian. Re V.John l'". .1838-1.S57 
 ♦iMceiiian. Mrs. M. A . 1.S38-1849 
 •Freeman, Mrs Eli^.. 1851-1857 
 ♦Fullerlon. Rev. R. S., 1850- 1865 
 
THE MISSIONS IN INDIA 
 
 6l 
 
 *Fullerton, Mrs., 
 
 1S50- 
 
 1866 
 
 Fuller tou, Miss M. 
 
 
 
 1877-188S, 
 
 '1H95 
 
 
 Giddings, Miss C. C, 
 
 1889- 
 
 1897 
 
 GilhcrtsoH, Prot. J. G., 
 
 1889 
 
 
 Gilbertson, Mrs., 
 
 1889 
 
 
 Giles, Miss Alice L., 
 
 1899 
 
 
 Gillam, Rev. S. M., 
 
 1900 
 
 
 Given, Miss Marg't M. 
 
 ,1881 
 
 
 (iohecn. Rev. J. M., 
 
 i>^75 
 
 
 *Goheen, Mrs., 
 
 1875- 
 
 1876 
 
 Goheen, Mrs. (Miss A 
 
 
 
 B. M'Ginnis, 1876 1, 
 
 1879 
 
 
 Gould, Rev. A. B., 
 
 1900 
 
 
 Gould, Mrs., M.D. (Miss 
 
 
 Helen Newton, '93) 
 
 ,1902 
 
 
 Graham, Rev. J. P., 
 
 1872 
 
 
 *Grahani, Mrs. 1 Miss M 
 
 
 
 Bunnell;, 
 
 1872- 
 
 1901 
 
 Graham, Miss F. I., 
 
 1900 
 
 
 *Green, Willis, M.D., 
 
 1842- 
 
 1S43 
 
 Griffiths, Miss Irene, 
 
 1S79- 
 
 1890 
 
 Griswold, Rev. H. D., 
 
 
 
 Ph.D , 
 
 1890 
 
 
 Griswoid. Mrs., 
 
 1890 
 
 
 Hamilton, Miss Mary, 
 
 1901 
 
 
 Haniuini, Rev. W. H., 
 
 1890 
 
 
 Hannuni, Mrs., 
 
 1890 
 
 
 Hanlie, Miss M. H., 
 
 1874- 
 
 1876 
 
 *Hav, Rev. L. G., 
 
 1850- 
 
 1857 
 
 Mla'v, Mrs.. 
 
 1850- 
 
 1857 
 
 *Henry, Rev. J. A.. 
 
 1864- 
 
 1869 
 
 Henry, Mrs., 
 
 1S64- 
 
 1869 
 
 ♦Heron, Rev. David, 
 
 J«55- 
 
 1886 
 
 'Heron, Mrs. (Miss M 
 
 
 
 L. Browning, 1855), 
 
 1857- 
 
 1863 
 
 * Heron, Mrs., 
 Herron, Miss C. B 
 Heston, Dr. Winifred, 1902 
 Heyl, Rev. Francis, 1 867-1 88 1 
 
 * Hodge, Rev. A. A., 
 
 * Hodge, Mrs., 
 Holconil), Rev. J. F 
 Holconib, Mrs., 
 
 •Hull, Rev. J. J , 
 
 Hull, Mrs., 
 
 Hutchison, Miss S., 
 
 Hvde, Rev. J X., 
 Mn'glis, Rev. T. E., 
 
 Inglis, Mrs., 
 •Irving, Rev. David, 
 ^Irving, Mrs., 
 
 Irwin, Rev. J. M., 
 
 Irwin, Mrs., 
 
 Irwin, Miss Rachel, 
 ^Jamieson, Rev. J. M 
 
 I 868- I 874 
 1896 
 
 1 848- 1 850 
 
 I 848- I 850 
 
 1870 
 
 1870 
 
 1872-1881 
 
 1S72-1891 
 
 1885-1894 
 
 1S92 
 
 1 884 -1 89 2 
 
 1884-1892 
 
 1846-1849 
 
 1846-1849 
 
 1890 
 
 1890-1898 
 1836-1856 
 
 *Jamieson, Mrs. R.. 
 
 *Jamieson, Mrs. E- McL 
 
 '^Janvier. Rev. Levi, 
 
 *Janvier, Mrs., 
 
 ^Janvier, Mrs. (Mrs. M. 
 
 R. Porter, 1849), 
 Janvier, Rev. C. A. R., 
 Janvier, Mrs., 
 JcfTerson, Miss A. M , 
 Jenks, Miss J. H., 
 
 *Jolinson, Rev. A. O., 
 
 *Johnson, Mrs., 
 Johnson, Rev. William 
 F., D.D., 
 
 *Johnson, Mrs., 
 Johnson, Miss Bertha, 
 Johnson, Miss M. E., 
 Johnson, Rev. h\ O., 
 Johnson, Mrs., 
 Johnson, Miss J. C, 
 JoUv, Mr. John, 189 
 Jolly, Mrs , 189 
 
 Jones, Rev. V. S. G., 
 Jones, Mrs., 
 Jones, Miss Alice B., 
 
 ^Kellogg. Rev. S. H., 
 1865-1876; 
 
 *Kellogg, Mrs., 
 Kellogg, Mrs., 
 Kelso, Rev. A. P , 
 Kelso, Mrs., 
 Lawrence, Rev. J. H., 
 Lawrence, Mrs., 
 Lawson, Miss Marv B , 
 
 *Leavitt, Rev. E. H., 
 
 *Lowenthal, Rev. I , 
 
 *Lowrie, Rev. John C, 
 
 *Lowrie, Mrs. Louisa A., 
 Lucas, Rev. J. J.,D D., 
 Lucas, Mrs. ( Miss Sly), 
 Marshall, Rev. A. W., 
 Marshall, Mrs., M.I). 
 (Miss M.J. Stewart 
 Marston, Emilv, M.D., 
 Martin, Rev. E. D., 
 Martin, Mrs. ( Miss C 
 
 Hutchison 1, 
 Mattison, Rev. C. H., 
 Maltison, Mrs. (Miss 
 
 Lincoln), 
 Mc.'\rthur, Dr. Victoria 
 
 *McAulev, Rev. W. H., 
 
 *McAule'y, Mrs., 
 McComb, Rcv.Jas. M. 
 McComb, Mrs., 
 McCuskey, Rev. F. B . 
 
 836-1845 
 848-1856 
 841-1864 
 841-1854 
 
 856-1875 
 
 887-: 1 901 
 
 887-1901 
 
 891 
 
 9J1 
 
 855 -'857 
 
 855- "857 
 
 860 
 
 860-1888 
 
 902 
 
 891 
 
 897 
 
 897 
 
 9Ji 
 
 -'94 ; '97 
 -'94 ; '97 
 
 888 
 
 893 
 898 
 
 892-1899 
 865-1876 
 892- 1 899 
 S69 
 869 
 901 
 901 
 887- I 888 
 
 855-1857 
 855-1864 
 833- '836 
 
 833-1833 
 870 
 871 
 900 
 
 900 
 891 
 893-1901 
 
 891-1901 
 901 
 
 901 
 
 899 
 
 840-1851 
 
 840-1851 
 
 882-1898 
 
 882-1898 
 
 902 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF 
 
 McCuskey, Mrs., 
 
 1902 
 
 
 *C)rbison, Rev. J. H., 
 
 1850-1869 
 
 McKweu, Rev. James, 
 
 [836- 
 
 1830 
 
 ♦Orbison, Mrs. Agnes C. 
 
 .1853-1855 
 
 Mcl\weu, Mrs.. 
 
 [836- 
 
 1838 
 
 Orbison, Mrs., 
 
 1859-1869 
 
 McGaughey, Miss H., 
 
 1898 
 
 
 Orbison, Rev. J. H. 
 
 
 McOaw, Rev. A. G., 
 
 1894 
 
 
 M.D., 
 
 1886 
 
 Mciiaw, Mrs., 
 
 894 
 
 
 Orbison, Mrs., 
 
 1886 
 
 McMullin, Rev. R. M., 
 
 [856- 
 
 1857 
 
 Orbison, Miss Agnes L. 
 
 1889-1896 
 
 McMullin.Mrs., 
 
 856- 
 
 1857 
 
 ^Ovven, Rev. Joseph, 
 
 1840-1870 
 
 Meek, Rev. C. C, 
 
 895- 
 
 1896 
 
 'Owen, Mrs. Augusta M. 
 
 1844-1864 
 
 Millar, Mrs. S. J., 
 
 873- 
 
 1877 
 
 ( )wen, Mrs., 
 
 I 867- I 870 
 
 Miller, Miss Bertha, 
 
 [901 
 
 
 Patterson, Miss D. ¥,., 
 
 1902 
 
 Minor, Miss E. T., 
 
 [891 
 
 
 Patton, Miss E. H., 
 
 1880 
 
 Mitchell, Dr. Alice, 
 
 ^95 
 
 
 Pendleton, MissE. M., 
 
 1882-1889 
 
 Mitchell, Rev. W. T., 
 
 [896 
 
 
 Perley, Miss P\, 
 
 1879-1882 
 
 Mitchell, Mrs., i 
 
 896 
 
 
 Pollock, Rev. Geo. W., 
 
 1881-1887 
 
 Morris, Rees, 
 
 [8^,8- 
 
 1845 
 
 Pollock, Mrs., 
 
 I 88 1-1887 
 
 Morris, Mrs., ] 
 
 838- 
 
 1845 
 
 ♦Porter, Rev. Joseph, 
 
 1836-1853 
 
 Morris, Miss Kmma, 
 
 [892 
 
 
 ■Porter, Mrs., 
 
 1836-1842 
 
 Morrison, Rev. John H. 
 
 837- 
 
 1881 
 
 Pratt, Miss M. E., 
 
 1873 
 
 * Morrison, Mrs. Anna M. 
 
 ^837- 
 
 1838 
 
 *Rankin, Rev. J. C, 
 
 1840-1848 
 
 •Morrison, Mrs. Isabella, 
 
 ^839- 
 
 1843 
 
 *Raiikin, Mrs.. 
 
 1840-1848 
 
 ♦Morrison, Mrs. Anna, ] 
 
 846- 
 
 i860 
 
 -Reed, Rev. William, 
 
 1833- 1834 
 
 ^Morrison, Mrs. E. A., 
 
 870- 
 
 1 888 
 
 ♦Reed, Mrs., 
 
 1833-1834 
 
 Morrison, Rev. W.J. P., 
 
 865 
 
 
 Richardson,Rev. R.C., 
 
 1901 
 
 ♦Morrison, Mrs. (Miss 
 
 
 
 Richardson, Mrs., 
 
 1901 
 
 Thackwell, 1S77-), ] 
 
 879- 
 
 1888 
 
 ^Rogers, Rev. Wm. S., 
 
 ift36-i843 
 
 ♦Morrison, Mrs. 1 Miss 
 
 
 
 ♦Rogers, Mrs., 
 
 1836-1843 
 
 Geisinger, 1882-), 1 
 
 892- 
 
 1898 
 
 Rogers, Miss M. E., 
 
 1899 
 
 Morrison, Miss H., 
 
 865- 
 
 1876 
 
 *Ru(iolph, Rev. A., 
 
 1846-1888 
 
 Morrison, Rev. Robt., 
 
 883 
 
 
 ♦Rudolph. Mrs.. 
 
 1846-1849 
 
 Morrison, Mrs. (Miss 
 
 
 
 ♦Rudolph, Mrs., 
 
 1851-1855 
 
 Annie Heron, '79-), 
 
 [884 
 
 
 Savage, Miss H. A., 
 
 1888 
 
 Morrow, Miss M. J., i 
 
 890 
 
 
 Say re, Rev. E. H., 
 
 1863- 1S70 
 
 ♦Munnis, Rev. R. M., 
 
 846- 
 
 1861 
 
 Sayrc, Mrs., 
 
 1863-1870 
 
 •Muiinis, Mrs., 
 
 851- 
 
 1861 
 
 Sciieurman.MissE.E., 
 
 1899 
 
 *Mvers, Rev. J. H., 
 
 S6s- 
 
 1869 
 
 ♦Scott, Rev. J. L., 
 
 
 ♦Myers, Mrs., 
 
 865- 
 
 1875 
 
 I 838- I 867 ; 
 
 1877-1880 
 
 Nelson, Miss J A., 
 
 871- 
 
 1878 
 
 ♦Scott, Mrs. CM., 
 
 1838-184S 
 
 ♦Newton, Rev. John, 
 
 835 
 
 1 89 1 
 
 ♦Scott, Mrs. J. L., 
 
 
 ^Newton, Mrs.Elizab'th, 
 
 835- 
 
 •857 
 
 1853 ; 1860-1867 ; 
 
 1877-1892 
 
 ♦Newton, Mrs., 
 
 866 
 
 1893 
 
 Scott, Miss .\nna E., 
 
 1874-1892 
 
 *Newton, Rev.Jno., Jr., 
 
 
 
 ♦Seeley, Rev. A. H., 
 
 1846-1854 
 
 M.D. 
 
 1860- 
 
 1880 
 
 ♦Seeley, Mrs., 
 
 1846-1853 
 
 Newton, Mrs., i86i-'82; 
 
 1888 
 
 
 ♦Seclcy, Rev. (;. A., 
 
 1870-1887 
 
 Newton, Rev. C. H., 
 
 
 
 Seelcv, Mrs., 
 
 1879 1887 
 
 D.D. 
 
 867 
 
 
 ♦Scelcy, Miss !•;. J., 
 
 1879^887 
 
 ♦Newton, Mrs. Miss M. 
 
 
 
 Scilcr, Rev. C \V., 
 
 1.S70 
 
 B. Thompson, '69), 
 
 1871- 
 
 1897 
 
 Seiler, Mrs., 
 
 1881 
 
 Newton. Mrs. (Miss J. 
 
 
 
 ♦Seward, Sara C. M.D. 
 
 1873- 1891 
 
 F. Dunlap, 1889 1, 
 
 900 
 
 
 Shaw, Rev. H. W., 
 
 18 so- 1855 
 
 Newton,Rev.E.J.,M.I). 
 
 1.S70 
 
 
 Shaw, Mrs.. 
 
 1850-1855 
 
 Newton, Mrs., 
 
 870 
 
 
 Sherman, Miss J., 
 
 1889-1899 
 
 Newton, Rev. E. P., 
 
 873 
 
 
 Simonson, Rev. (i. H., 
 
 1893-1900 
 
 Newton, Mrs., 
 
 1874 
 
 
 Simpson, Rev. E. W., 
 
 1902 
 
 Noble, Dr. Mary R.. 
 
 902 
 
 
 Smith, Rev. Ray C. 
 
 1900 
 
 Norris, Dr. Marg't R., 
 
 900 
 
 
 Smith, Mrs.. 
 
 1900 
 
THK MISSIONS IX INDIA 
 
 63 
 
 i«93 
 
 1888- 
 
 1902 
 
 1902 
 
 1880 
 
 1880 
 
 Stebbins, Mrs. A. M. 
 Symes, Miss Mary L. 
 Symiugton, Rcv.J.S 
 Syiiiington, Mrs., 
 Tedford, Rev. L. B.. 
 Tedford, Mrs., 
 Tenipliu, Dr.Kuima L.,1893 
 Thackwell, Rev. Reese, 
 D.D., 1859 
 
 * Thackwell, Mrs., 1859 
 
 Thackwell, Mrs. (Miss 
 
 S. Morrison, 1869), 1875 
 Thiede, Miss Clara, 
 Thomson, Miss M. J., 
 Tracy, Rev. Thomas, 
 Tracy, Mrs. (Miss N 
 
 Dickey), 
 Tracy, Miss J. W., 
 Tracy, Rev. Robt. D., 
 
 *Ullman. Rev. J. F., 
 
 *Ullmau, Mrs., 
 
 1894 
 
 1894 
 i«73 
 
 1873 
 1899 
 iSb9 
 
 1896 
 I S90 
 *Vanderveer, Miss Jane, 1840-1846 
 
 1870 
 
 1898 
 
 1901 
 
 1848- 
 
 1848- 
 
 Velte, Rev. H 
 
 Velte, Mrs., 
 
 Vrooman, Dr. Sarah, 
 
 Walsh, Rev. J. J., 
 *\Valsh, Mrs., 
 
 Walsh, Miss Marian, 
 *Walsh, Miss Emma, 
 
 Walsh, Miss Lizzie, 
 
 Wanless, W. J., M.I) 
 
 Wan less, Mrs., 
 * Warren, Rev. J., 
 
 1838-1854; 1873- 
 *Warren, Mrs., 
 ■Warren, Mrs., 
 
 Wberrv, Rev. E. M., 
 D D., 1S67-1889; 1898 
 
 1882 
 
 1692 
 
 1901 
 
 i''^43- 
 
 1843- 
 
 1864^ 
 
 1868- 
 
 1870- 
 
 1889 
 
 1889 
 
 i»73- 
 1838- 
 
 i«73- 
 
 1873 
 1873 
 1866 
 1869 
 1882 
 
 1877 
 1854 
 1901 
 
 Wherry, Mrs,, 
 
 I 867- I 889; 1898- 
 Wherry, Miss S. M., 1879 
 *Wil(ler, Rev. R. G., 1870-1876 
 Wilder, Mrs., i87o-'76; 1887 
 Wilder, Miss Grace E., 1887 
 Wilder, R. P., 1892-1895 
 
 Wilder, Mrs., 1892- 1895 
 
 Wiley, Rev. A. L., 1899 
 Wiley, Mrs., 1899 
 
 *Williams, Rev. R. E.. 1852-1861 
 Williamson, Miss C. J., 
 
 1882-1884; 1895 
 Williamson, J. Rutlcr, 
 M.D., 1902 
 
 ♦Wilson, Rev. H. R., 1838-1846 
 ^Wilson, Mrs., 1838-1846 
 
 *Wilson, Rev. James, 1838-1851 
 nVilson, Mrs., 1838-1851 
 
 *Wilson, Miss M. X., 1873-1879 
 Wilson, Rev. Ivlgar M.,1894 
 Wilson, Mrs., 1897 
 
 Wilson, Alex S.,M.D., 1896 
 Wilson, Mrs., 1896 
 
 Winter, Dr. Sarah E., 1893 1S95 
 Woodside, Rev. J. S., 1848 
 *Woodside, Mis., 1.S4S-1888 
 
 Woodside, Mrs. (Mrs. 
 
 Leavitt, 1856), 1890 
 
 ■^Woodside, Miss J., 1868-1889 
 
 Woodside, Miss G. D., 1902 
 *Wray, Rev. John, 1841-1849 
 
 *Wrav, Mrs., 1841-1849 
 
 *Wyckoff, Rev. B. D., 
 
 1860-1875; 1883-1896 
 Wyckoff, Mrs.. 
 
 1860-1875: 1883-1896 
 Wynkoop. Rev. T. S., 1868-1877 
 
BOOKS OF REFERENCE 
 
 Among India's Students. Robert P. Wilder. 
 
 Asiatic Studies. Sir Alfred Lyall. 
 
 Bits About India. Helen H. Holconib. $i.oo. 
 
 Rrahnioism : a History of Reformed Hinduism. R. C. Bose. 
 
 Buddhism : In its Connection with Brahmanism and Hinduism, Sir 
 
 Monier Williams. 
 Conversion of India. George Smith. $1.50. 
 Everyday Life in India. Rev. A. D. Rowe. $1.50. 
 From Da'rkness to Light (Telegu Awakening). J. K. Clough. 
 Hinduism and its Relations to Christianity. Rev. John RoVjsou. 
 Hinduism : Past and Present. Rev. J. Murray Mitchell, LL.D. |i.6o. 
 Historv of A. P. Missions in India. Rev. J. Newton. $1.00. 
 History of India for High Schools. C. F. dc la Fosse, M.A. 
 History of India. James Grant. 2 vols. |iooo. 
 History of Protestant Missions in India. M. A. Sherring. 
 India and Indian Missions. Alexander Duff, D.D. 
 India: Historical, Pictorial and Descriptive. C. H. Eden. $200. 
 India : Its History, Darkness and Dawn. Rev. W. St. Clair Tisdall. 
 India Missions, Scmi-Ccntennial Celebration, 1S84. 
 India. Sir John Strachcy. 
 Indian Buddhism. T. W. Rhys Davids. 
 
 Indian Missions. Sir Bartle F'rere. 
 
 Indian Mutinv. Alexander Duff, D.D. 
 
 India's Proble'm : Krishna or Christ. John P. Jones, D.D. f 1.50. 
 
 Life and Travel in India. A. H. Leonowens. 
 
 Life by the Ganges. Mrs. Mullens. 80 cents. 
 
 Life iti India John W. Dulles D.D. $1.06. 
 
 Life of Alexander Duff. G. Smith. ^2.00. 
 
 Life and Times of Carey, Marshman and Ward. 
 
 Life of Wdliam C. Burns. Islay Burns. 
 
 Lux Christi. Mrs. C. A. Mason. 
 
 Martyrs of the Mutiny. 50 cents. 
 
 Memoirs of John Scudder. 51.25. 
 
 Memoirs of Rev. Joseph Owen, D.D. J. C. Moffatt. 
 
 Men of Might in Indian Missions. Helen H. Holcomb. 
 
 Missions of A. B. C. b\ M in India and Ceylon. S. C Bartlett. fi.50. 
 
 Missionary Expansion of Reformed Churches. Rev. ]. A. (iraham. 
 IS. 6c/. 
 
 Missionary Life Among the Villages of India. T. J. Scott. So cents. 
 
 Modern India and the Indians. Sir Monier Williams. 14.^. 
 
 Modern Hinduism. W. J. Wilkins. i6s. 
 
 Our Sisters in India. Rev. bv vStorrow. I1.25. 
 
 Pandita Ramabai. Helen S. Dyer. $1.25. 
 
 Religions of India. 1'. Max Miillcr. 105 6d. 
 
 Scenes in Southern India. Mrs. Murray Mitchell. $1.00. 
 
 Suwarta. Miss Annie H. Small. 
 
 The High Caste Hindu Woman. Pandita Ramabai. 75 cents. 
 
 The Cross in the Land of the Trident. Harlan P. Beach. 50 cents. 
 
 Two Years in Upper India. Rev. John C. Lowric. f 1.50. 
 
 Village Work in India. Rev. N. Russell. #1.00. 
 
 Wrongs of Indian Womanhood. Mrs. M. B. IniUcr. J 1.25. 
 
Stockton, Calif. 
 
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