'." ' vf. «<«' ■'^- x^ ,1 •■ ^^^J LIBRARY OP THE Theological S eminar y, PRINCETON, N. J. Shelf, ..slc. ^M3 BooJCf_ ^ [ 15] TRODUCTION, i I J Bcfcription of the Figure and Motion of the Earth. E F O R E I begin the Elenidntary Part of Geography, it feeras recelTary to fay fomething concerning che Figure and Motion ot" the Earth. IVnaximancier, who lived about the 58th Olympiad^ imagined the Earth foW Cylindrical: Leucippus held it to be in the Form of a Drum:; but fhdchief Opinion was, that it was i vail extended Plane, and that the :iob.zon was the nrmoll Limits of thjc Earth, and the Ocean the Bounds /of Le Horizon, and that all -beh-eijth the Ocean was Hades. Of the fam\ Opinion were many of the ancient Poets, and Philofophers ; and alio Vome of the Chriilian J-athers, \\ is faid, went fo far out of their Province, as to pronounce it Heretid-d for any Perfon to declare there was fach a Thing as thQ Jntipodes. J*»y which it is plain, they thought that the Earth was not Spherical. Ifhis was the general Opinion,"'as to thp Figaro' of the Earth, in the Infancy of Al-cronomy ; but when, by the Indu/try of fucceeding Ages, It was brought to a tolerable De- gree of Perfedion ; and when'tlicy began to obferve, that the Moon was frequently feen eclipfed. by the Shkdow of the Earth, and that fucii Shadows always appeare.: circular vvhim Way foever it was projeded ; they could no Ipnger doubt of .the Earvh^s being fpherical : For, fince the happy finding of the Mariner's Lbmpafs, the Argument of the Sphericity of the Earth is become irrsfl:igabie to all Sorts of People. Ihis is evi4cnt from the circular App.eria'nce of, the Sea itfelf, as well ns from the ^reat Number of Voyages that have b^en made round it from Eaft to Wert, iiril, by. A/'/rg'^Z^'^/i's SAip, in, the Years 15 19, 1520, and 1521, U 1 1 24 Days; hy ^ir Franks Drdke, in the Years 1577^ 15-8, 157^,- and 1580, in 1056 Day? A and, jlaftly, by Commodore [la-.Q hovdyjtijcn, who, on the 1 5 th of _7/^^r, |i744, finiflied his long Voyage of near four Ycais. I After the learned World v.'ere cnvinccd of fche fpherical Fic-ure of the Eartii, they induftrioufiy fet thcmfelves to liicaiure the Quantity of a Degree ; among ethers, our Conntrymrvn l\U-Hvood, hy an accurate Meniurarion of the Diihuice between Lnd^-nd^ni Tork-, found the Quan- tity of a Degree to be about 59 '- Evghj:: Mile^. When Philofopliy and Mathematics had ariiji-cd at a flill higher De- gree of Perfeelion, there feemed to be very fufiici.;nt Reafon to the fiiilofopliers of the lail h^^^ to confider the Earjh as v,oi truly f^bhrricaly among 1 6 A Defcriptlon of the Figure and Motion of the Earthi amono- thefe Sir Ifaac Nenxjton and Cajfini \qA the Van. They both imagined that the Earth was a Spheroid^ but diiFered in this ; Sir Ifaac Ke-i'jtofi endeavouring to prove it an Oblate Spheroid^ and CaJJini flrongly C(Jn tended, that it was a Prolate Spheroid. Sir Ifaac affirmed, t at the Poles were flatted like an Orange, and that the Axis of the Farth wa.^ fliorter than the Eciuatorial Diameter, in the Proportion of 688 to 692. Cafjini thought quite the contrary, and that the Eqtiatorial Diameter was fhorter than tjie Axis of the Earth. Each Opinion was ftrongly efpoufed, and wajmly defended ; each Party, by Turns, claiming the Vidlory. At lart it was put to the only jail Decifion, that of an aftual Mcnfuration of a Degree of the Meri.iian, which was done at the Expence, and by the Dire6lion of the King of France, who, in the Year 1736, fent a Company of very able Mathematicians, in ordc to meafure a Degree of the Meridian at the Polar Circle in Laplan6» who, after a long and tedious Journey, made a very accurate and fati- faftory Menfuration, which has been publifhed fome Time fince'ly Monfieur Maupertuisy in his Book of the Figure of the Earth. T-^e Refult of this Undertaking turned out moft exadlly in Favour of J|r Jfaac's Opinion. Caffini has retraced what he had advanced, and we lieuotc7iian Philofophy {lands confir;ned beyond Contradi6lion. '/ Another Party of Mathematicians, compofed of French and la- niards, was fent to the Equator, in order to meafure a Degree of the Meridian in thofe Parts, fo that a Comparifon might be made betveen that and the Polar Degrees. But though they were out between nine and ten Years, and their Menfuration v/as attended with tolerable Soccefs, yet, near the Tim6 of parting, fome unhappy DiiFeiences arifing between the Gendemen of the two Nations, they have fc much difagreed in the Accounts that: have been publillied of their Expedition, that they are.uot in the lealt to be depended on. Though it appears from hencf , that the Earth is not truly Spherical, yet the Difference from that Figure is fo very fmall, as to make no fenfible Error in performing coirmon Problems on the Globe, as though it was really fo. As to the Motion of the Ea^fh, though it was denied in the very early Ages of the World, yet as foon as Aftronomica] Knowledge began to be ftudied, the Motion of the Earth was afferted, and re- ceived fuch Force of Demonftration from the Wiitings of Cop micus, as in a gr at Meafure to put it out of Doubt, by fhewing its great Ufe and Advantage in Aflronomy ; and which appeared fo ve y reafonable, that all the Philofophers and Ailronomers t)f his Time, who dunt thir.k diflerently from the Crowd, and were not afraid of Ecclefiallical Get fure, were on his Side. The Afironomers of the lail and pre- fent Age have produced fuch Variety of flrong and forcible Argu- ments iu Favour of it, as mufl eft'edunlly gain the Affent of every fair and impartial Enquirer. Among many Reafons for the Motion of the Earth, I (hall produce two or three, i;/x. If the Earth does not move round the Sun, the Sun muil: mr ve with the Moon round the Earth : Now as the Diftance of the Sun to that of the Moon, being as 10,000 to 46, and the Moon's Feiiod being lefj than 28 Days, the Sun's Ptricd wculd be found no kfs than 24.2 Years ; whereas r^ 3 -1 tr- ^ ^ 1 ... o ZJ o c J t3 .., ■>; 0) Ceographkal Definitions. I y v/hereas, in faft, it Is but one Year ; which fingle Confideration Mr. ' U hjicn thinks of Weight enough to ellablilh the Morion of the Earth for ever^ Again ; If the Earth be at Reft, and the Stars move, the Velocity of tnefe latter tnult be immenfe ; and yet all the fame Purpofes aie fully anfwered by a moderate Motion of the Earth alone. Further, If we fuppofe the Sun to move, and the Fa"th to be fixed, obferve the Confequence that flows from it : The Sun's mean Diftance from the Earth, is ix^ooo Diameters of the Earth, or -j^ Million of MJles ; confequently the Sun's diurnal Progrefs, when in the Equator, muft be 470 Ivlillion of Miles ; and therefore he muft move above 320,000 Miles in the Space of one Minute. And to fuppofe the Earth ai Rell in the Center of the Syftem, would introduce fuch Confufioa and Diloider in the Science of Aftronomy, as to confound all the Cal- culations already ellabliihed, and in the End deftroy all that beautiful Order and Harmony, which is vifibie in the whole Creation. Geographical Definitions. Geogrophy yr^^"^ Geography is underllood a Defcription of the 4eftued,\ 1 ^ Surface of the natural Terraqueous Globe, confiding i"^ of Earth and Water, which is reprefented by tlie J^> Artificial Globe. Circumfe'i-ence and Diameter of the Glohe?^ The Circumference of the Globe is divide-d iiito 360 Parts or Degrees, every Degree containi*^ 60 geographic Miles; confequently the Globe is 21,600 fuch Mile^ round ; and the Diameter almoit a ihird Part of the Circumference, or 6900 Miles. Bi.it ai 6c geographic Miles are above 69 Miles Britijh Meafure, the Circuit of the Globe is therefore 24,840 Endijh Miles, and the Diameter almoft a Third, or 7900 Miles. Circles, Axis, Poles, Zenith, ^^w.^/Nadyr.] The Circles upon the Globe aie, i. 1^\).^ Equator^ and the Circles parallel to it. 2. The Braxcii Meridian, and the reft of the Meridional Lines, 3. The Zodiac^ including the ^r/V/^/V. 4. The Hcriizcn. 5. The two Tropics of C^»- cer and Capricorn ; and 6. The two Polar Circles, And a Line paffes through ihe Center of the Globe, called its Jxisy on which it turns round every twenty-four Hours. The Ends or extreme Points of this Jxis are called l\\c Polei of the Earthy the one i\iQ Artie , or North Pole-, the other the Antartic, or South Pole. The Poles of our Horizon are two Points, the onedireftly over our Heads, called the Zenith ; and the other oppofite to it under our Feet, called the Nadyr. Equator.] The Equatcry called alfo the Equine f:ial Lt7ie, divides the Globe into two equal Parts, or Hemifpheres ; the one North, and the other South -, on this Circle the Degrees of Longitade are marked. Parallels,'] The Lines parallel to the Equator zxe iq Degrees or 600 Miles afunder; and there being 90 Degrees between the Equator and either Poky or nine Times 600 Miles, coniequently there are 5400 geographic Miles between the Equator and Uie P*/^, which is a fourth jPart of the Circuauference of the Globe. 1 8 Gecgraphical Definitions, Brazen Meridian.] 2. The Brazen Meridian feparates the Eaflern from the Wcl'tern Hcvtifphcre^ dividing the Globe alio inlo two equal Parts, upon which Circle are marked the Degiees of Latitude. The Meridio7inl Lines areufaajly 34., being 15 Degrees, or one Hour afunder. A Place, 15 Degrees Weil of us, has the Sun an Hour after us. (By the Sun here is meant the Noon-Day Sun, which appears always on the fame Line at Noon-Day ; on the contrary the Sun never appears to rife or fet two Days at the fame Point. Hori7>on.] 3. The IVooden Horizon^ in which the Globe hangs, di- vides the upper from tlie lower He-mifpherey terminating our Views every Way. There are 90 Degrees between the }iorix.on Ki\A the Zenith ; when X\it Sun comes within 90 Degrees of the Zenith, it becomes vifible there, and their Day commences : When it is defcended 90 Degreej from the Zenithy it becomes invifible ; then Night commences, becaufe the Sun is then under the Horizon, Zodiac ^W Ecliptic] The ZaUac is a broad Circle, that cuts the '^Bquator obliquely ; in which are the Conllellations, or Stars that form the refpedive Signs. The Ecliptic is a Line pailing through the Middle of the Zodiac y and Ihews the Sun's Path, or annual Courle, advancing or retiring 30 Degrees in every Month. The twelve Signs are, I. Juries Y — — . March 7 ■ Libra =Ch — - Septcynber 2. Taurus ^ — — . April 8. Scorpio tlX — — Odoher 3- May 9' Sagittarius t — No-vemher 4- Cancer 25 —— June 10. Capricorn Vf -^ December 5- Leo SI ' >ly 1 1. Aquarius XCJ" — January ' 6. Virgo vrji — - Auguji 12. Pifces H February. Tropics, Cancer, ^zW Capricorn.] 5. The '/ro//Vj fhew how far the Sun declines from the Equator, at the Solllices, North or South : The Tropic of Cancer, or the Northern Tropic, encompaffing the Globe 23 i North of the Equator', and the Tropic of C/z/jr/c bffZi 9 lo II 12 13 H 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 S9 58 58 58 58 5^ 57 57 57 56 55 55 54 54 54 53 53 52 51 o Uh 96 54 52 46 40 37 24 10 00 52 40 28 12 00 40 20 4 44 24 00 36 12 41 24 GO 28 GO 28 56 0 . CO a2g fi c. S 0 U-, \0 -s 3» 51 24 32 50 52 33 5'=> 20 34 49 44 3S 49 ii 36 48 32 37 47 5^ 3« 47 16 39 46 36 40 46 00 41 45 16 42 44 3^ 43 43 51 44 43 ii 45 42 24 46 41 40 47 41 00 48 40 8 49 39 20 50 3^ 32 51 37 44 52 37 GO 53 36 08 54 35 26 55 34 24 56 33 32 57 32 40 58 31 48 59 31 00 60 30 00 u^ 0 . -t^ «3 ,_ 0 b •-< r^-^ rt "-. -5 C-. 61 ^ 0 u* •^ 0 2Q 04 62 23 08 63 27 12 64 26 16 ^^ 25 2t? 24 24 67 68 23 28 22 32 69 21 32 70 20 32 71 ^9 32 J 72 18 32 73 17 32 74 16 32 75 ^5 32 76 H 32 ■ 77 V3 32 , 7« 12 32 1 79 U 28 80 10 24 81 09 20 Sz 08 20 83 07 2G ^4 06 -1 12 ; ^5 ^5 «i6 04 12 «7 ^^3 IZ Ho 02 04 1 89 01 -4 i go 00 00 i S3 F .' r S Cv' . Geographical BefinitiGm, FIVE ZONES. THE Zones are five broad Circles, which encompafs the Glcht^ and are diftinguiliied chiefly by the Temperature of the Air. Torrid Zone. ^ I. T\it forrid Zone contains all that Space between the two Tropics, fo called from its exceffive Heat, the San being Ver- tical twice every Year to all that inhabit it. The Circle is /^j Degrees broad. Te:nperale Zona.'j 2. The two Te^mperate Zcnesy fo denominated from their lying between the two Extremes of Heat and Cold, 'z;/;^:. between the 7" when we draw inclining Lines (like Meridians) upon Paper, without carrying cur Ideas any further. ^ofmd what Parts of the Earth an Eclipfe of the Moon will be vijihle. Bring the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic (at the Hour the Moon is eclip- fed) into the Zenith, then the Eclipfe v»'ill be vifiblein all thofe Places that are under the Horizon : And if the Antipodes to the Place where the Sun is vertical be brought into the Zenith, then th€ Eclipfe will be feen in all Places above the Horizon, PARADOXES, IT may polTibly be deemed a Defeft, if Paradoxes are Intirely omit- ted in a V7ork of this Nature ; but I Ihould think myfelf more liable to cenfure, if I took up much of the Reader's Time in examining a Multitude of trifling Riddles, which have no Relation to Geography, aslorne have done. For Inftance, they tell us, 1. There is a Place on the Globe of the Earth , of a pure and nvholefome Air, and jet of fo Jlrajige and detejiabh a ^.ality, that it is inipojjjbk for tnvo of the beji Friends that ever breathed to continue in the fame Place in mutual Lcve and Friendfoipfcr t'lxo Minutes. SOLUTION. Two Bodies cannot be in the fame Place. 2. There is a certain Village in the South 0/ Great Britain, to <^hvfe hi- habitants the Body, of the Sun is lefs 'vifbk about the Winter Sol/lice, than t9 the Inhabitants of Iceland. SOLUTION. This fuppofes the Britifh Village to ftand under a Hill, which covers it from the Sun all Winter. 3. There is a certain Country in South America, nvhofe Sa'vage Inha^ hitants are fiich C^annibals, that they not only feed on human Flejh ', but usually eat themfel^es, and yet fur^n^ue this ftrange Repaf. SOLUTION. By eating the7nfd-ves, is meant no more than that the People them-* {e\ve$ eat. There Gecg'raphical Paradoxes. 3^ There are two or three Paradoxes, however, that may be thought worth repeating. 4. 'There is a certain Jf.cjid in the T^gean Sca^ cnivhich, if tvjo Chil- dren njjere born at the Jatne hijiant, and Jhould li-oe fe--veral Tea.rsy and both expire on the fame Day, the Life of the one ',- Torhay, '-£c. C 2 ' A Streigh^ -. 5 i^to Land and Water. A Streight is a narrow Paflage out of one Sea into another, as the Streio;ht of Gibraltar, or that of Magellan. A Lake is a Water furrounded by Land, as the Lakes oi Gene'va and Ccnjlatice. ' A Peninfula, or Cherfonefe, is a Country almofl furrounded by the Sea, 2.S, Jrabia, xhtMcrea-, Jutland, and Crim Tart ary. An Ifthmus is a narrow Neck of Land, which joins a Peninfula to fome other Country, as the lilhmus of Suez, which joins Africa to Afia', the Ifthmus o{ Darien, which joins North and South ^/.7i?r/V<« j And the noted Ifthmus of Corinth. A Cape, or Promontory, is a Point of Land extending a confiderable Way into the Sea, fometimes calkd alfo a Head-Land, or Nefs. Rivers are defcribed in Maps by black Lines, and arc wider near the Mouth than towards the Head or Spring. Mountains are defcribed by Eminences like Hills ; Forefts and Woods by a Kind of Shrub ; Bogs and Morailes by Shades. Sands and Shallows are defcribed by fmall Dots ', and Roads ufually by double Lines. Near Harbours, the Depth of the Water is ufually cxprefTed by Fi- gures in Maps, as 6, 7, or 8, the Water being fo many Fathom deep. Ifafids, Mountains, 'dc.} The Iflands, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, t^c. v;ill be particularly defcribed in the feveral Quarters of the World to which they refpeftively belong. Length o/Daysfeen in the Table of Climates.'] As to the Climates and Length of the Days in every Country, thefe will be found in the Table of Climates in Page 23 ; where it is only obferving what Latitude the Place is in, of which you would enquire the Length of the Day ; and even with it you will find how many Hours the Day is long in another Column of the fame Table. Cardinal Points.'] The North is ponfidered as the upper Part of a Globe or Map. The South is at the Bottom oppofite to the North. The Eaft is on the Right Hand ; and. The Weft on the Left Hand oppofite to the Eaft. £ U R 0 P Er >^ .,-.\ a:.,'t\^i,-^,^fi\7,f,„i,m . r 37 ; E U OPE. UROPE is fituate between lO Wefi: and 65 Eaft i Longitude, and between 36 and 72 Degrees of North Latitude ; bounded by the Frozen Ocean, on the North ; by Jf.a^ on the Eaft ; by the Mediterranean Sea, on the South, which divides it from Jfrica ; and by the Atlantic Ocean, on the Weft ; being 30CO Miles long, and 2500 broad. The Grand Divifions of Europe^ beginning Weft, are as follow : Aujli'lan minions. Do Subjfifl to Denmark* Kingdoms and States fepain - - - - Portugal - - - 3r ranee - - - - Sltal? - - - ^tidrian Jj^lftljerlanti^ tlniret) |:^rtIj£rlaniicJ - (0?rmanp - - - C Boljcnii'a Croatia Eufli'a - - c DrnrKarfi 1 jBorren)^ (^vx'^il \\\ (£nrope Chief Towns, {Madrid hijhon Farts - » I Ro7ne Bern Bruffels Amfierdam Vienna Prague >< Prejhurg liermanfiat Pofega Carlftat JVarfaw Peterjburg ] I Stockholm Copenhagen Bergen ^Conftantinople, Prmcipal ( 3-S ) Principal European ISLANDS. Creat Britain, comprehending f England — — — ( Scotland Chief Towns. •— — • ) London. »-■ ■ - 5 Edinburgh^ 'and, and the adjacent Iflands, fub^'ed to 7 t>, ,/. rveat Britain - \ Icelaiidi {vh]tQL to Denmark kh^I JreL G, 1. Chief Iffands of the Baltic Sea, 7^eeland Funen Alfen, Longlandf Lalandj Faljier, Mona, Bornholm., Gothland^ — - Aland, — Rugen, " Qjel, . Dagho-, .— V/edom, — ~ H cllhi. ».. , . > fubjeft to Denmark = fubje O U N D E D Weft by Por/«^^/ and the Jdantie Ocean ; X) by the Mediterranean, on the Eail ; by the Bay of Bifcay and the Pyrenean Hills, on the Noith, a'nd by tke Streight ot the Sea oi Gibraltar., on the South. The moft VVeftcily Kingd©m in Europe^ including Portugal, Comprehending Five Diviiions, Northern Divifioh. Eaftern Divifion. Southern Divifion. Middle Divifion. Spanijh Iflahds. The Northern Divifion. The Eattern Di^ ifion. The Southern Divifion. The Middle Divifion; The Spanijh lilands* Provinces. r Gallicia \ Mfiuria L Bijhiy Navarre Arragon Catalonia Vakntia Murcia Granada Andalujia Sold Cajiile Ne-tu Ciiftile Leon EJiremadura I-jica Majorca ] Chief Towns. C Compcficlla. X O vie do. I Bilbo a. r Pamfelvnn, \ SaragoJTfi. (, Burceiona. i I'alentia, Murcia. Granada. Seville. Burgos. Madrid. Lec». i\Ifrida. Minorca, fabjeft to Great Brit w. Great Bn*ai Of. taken by the French iu Jipw, 1756, ( \ ^., reilored to late Peace (a ./riUT.' C + 8 40 SPAIN, I. GALLIC I A, Kingdom, North-Weft. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. ] r N. Lat. 43. r Mond'onedo « (J Mondonedo. EifllOprics of \ Lugo •• J ] Lugo. L Ortenfe — \ / Ortcife, Territory of Tuy <. -^ ^ Tuy. Other confiderable Towns in this Province, Cortinnay Ferroly Vigo, Beianzos, and Ri-vada-jia. 2. ASI"U RIA^ Principalities y North, Subdivifions. Chief Towns. Q Afruria de O'vtedo - 1 QOvipdo^ W. Lon. 6-40. Principality of < l j ^~' ^^' '^3"3°' ^ AJluria de Sayitillana 3 ^ S ant i liana. Other confiderable Towns in this Province, J-vihsy and St. Vincent, 3. BIS CAT, LordJJjip, North-Eaft. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. ^//r^ proper • • *J CBilboa, W. Lon. 3. ( ) N, Lat. 43-30. Guipufcoa I I 9'holofe, or Tholofa, AlaHja *• ■ J (_ Fittoria. Other confiderable Towns in thir, Province, Port Pajfage, St. Sehaf- tian, Fontcrahia, St. Anderc, Laredo, Ordumia, and Placentia. 4. NAVARRE, Kingdom, North-Eaft, Subdivifions. Chief Towns. ■ Pavipcluua -— ^ ^Pafirpeluva, W. Lon. I -30. I I N. Lat. 43-15. ^ , . rt . c J 0///<3; I 3 Qlita Majorfhipsof \ c^-^^^i^ _ \\rudela EJiella . \ / EJiella Sangucfa — "^ Sanguefa. 5. ARRAGON, Kingdom, Eaft, Subdivifions. Chief Towns. Archbilliopric of iS^r/^jry)^^ — "^r SaragrJ/a, W. Lon. 1-15. A N. Lat. 41-32. yaca - • •"' / \'J'aca. Huefca ■ I jHurJca. Balbajlro ■ y^BalbaJlro, BiHloprics of \Taracona — -• I 1 7"'^r/2f o;:^z. Albarajln — — • \ / Alharajin. Teruel — — \/ T'erucl. 80b ay-he • J\^Ai/i/a. Other confiderable Towns in this Province, Catataiud, and ^c;-/^, 6, c^^r^^ SPAIN, 4t 6. CATALONIA, Prhuipality, Eaft. Subdivifions. ' Barcelona Urgel Balagucr Lerida Tort of a Dillrids of ^Girone Ta.rrazona Lampredan Vich Cardonna Soljonna Puycerda Chief Towns. Barcelonuy E. Lon. 2« N. Lat. 41-20. Urgel. Balaguer, Lerida. Tort of a. ).'^ Girone. Tarragona* Rofes. Vich. Cardonna^ Solfojma. {^Puycerda. Maurefa is another confiderable Town in this Province. 7. VALENriA, Kingdom, South-Raft. Subdivifions. Chief Towns, ^ Xucar — "1 CValentiay W. Lon. ^5 M. Diftrias of i „.,, \\rr^,-]t'-T^°- I MiUaros — T I Villa Hermofc. (^ Segiira — J ^ Origuela. Other confiderable Towns in this Province, Segorhe, Xatlvay AU- canty Denia, Gandia, MorviedrOy Villareal Alcira, and Altca. 8. MURC I A, Kingdom, South, Subdivifions. Chief Towns. Murci a -proper *— "^^Murciay W. Lon. l-i^. Diftrifts of N. Lat. 38-6. SLorca — — • \--lLorca. Carthage7ia — 11 Carthagenay Lat. 37-40^ Lon. W. 1-12. Other confiderable Towns in this Province, Caravaca and Mula, 9. GRANADA, Kingdom, South. Subdivifions. Chief Towns, Archbiihop of Gr^«^^<3: — "J C Granada, W. Lon. 3-40. / \ N. Lat. 37-15. ? Malaga — > < Malaga, Aimer i a — ' \ I Aimer ia. Guadix -— J i^Guadix, Other considerable Towns in this Province, Ronda, Antiquera, Baza, and Loya, 10. AND A' 42 SPAIN. 3 o. AND ALUS I A, Province, South-Weft, Subciviiicns. Archbifhopric of SeTjille — Biftiopricsof 1^'^^;^^ "1 Dutchy of Medina Sidonia Chief Towns. iSenjilh, W. Lon. 6. N. Lat. 37-2 >. Jaen. Cognuha. Medina Sidonia. Other confiderable Towns in this Province, Cadiz, Gibraltar fub- jedt to Great Britain^ Port St. Mary^ Ez,eja, Baez^a, OJjuna^ St. Lucar^ ^4nduxar, Cannona, Alcalareali Lucena, Arcosy MarchenUy Aya?nont^ Vbeduy 2,Vi^ Mogutr, II. OLD CASTILE^ Proving, near the Middle, Chief Towns. urgos " *" " Subdivifions. f^But Rioxa — — . Calahorra — Riilrids cf < *?(7^ — X Valladohd ■ Seo;o^z)ia — A-z>ila — {^Siguenfa — J ''Burgos, VV. Lon. a-c, N. Lat. 4.2-30. Lcgranno. Calahorra, Sort a. Ojma. ralladolid, SegO'via. A'vila. Siguerifa. Other confiderable Towns in this Province, Roa^ Aranda, Calzada^ ^agira, ar*d 6"/. Demingo, 12. NEJV CASriLE, in the Middle. Subdivifions. North of the Tajo — ? "Upon the Tajo • •Eall of Toledo — — ■■ On the Guadiana Kail of Madrid On the Frontiers o? Valentia iNorth-Weil of /^/ri^/r/W - — North-Eaft of A/Wr/V North-Ealt of Madrid La Mancha South . La Sierra Eaft ~ - ■■ Oil the Guadiana . On the Fronticrt> of Valcntia X Chief Towns. '"Madrid, W. Lon. 4-15-1 N. Lat. 40- jQ. Tele do. Cuenca. Ci'-vidad Real. Alcala de Hcnarez. Almanza. Efcicrial. Guadalaxara., Brilmega^ Galatrava. [^yjlena Re^nena T^ L EOK. SPAIN. 13. LEON, Kingdom y North-E^Jf. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. ^ r Leon, W. Lon. 6-5. N. Lat. 43. / \ Palenciap or I'lacmtia* ^ North of Douro — > < ~ioro, V \ Zatnora. ylJjiorgo. KiSalamanca, Alva. Ci-vidad Rodrigo. 14. ESrREMADURA, Province, South-mjl. Sudivifions. Chief Towns. Oti tht GuaMana - \\ff"' W. Lon. 6-32. N, ^ I Badajox. [Lat. 38-55. North of the r^> - H ^^^^^«^^«- Between the Tajo and 1 { rr- .„ ■ n J- " • r "S druxtllo. k3uad:ana — J ^ South of the Guadi- 7 ^ ^ -rn - „ Y < Leneruy or tltcncra, ana — ~ ■ I 7 . On the Tajo 5 \ Alcantara. pn the Guadi ana — \ \ Medelin. IS' SPANISH ISLANDS, Eaft, ftf . 1 { Majorca, E. Lon. A%.r.« -_ — J I jj_ ^^^_ ^^_,^^ Mifiorca, fubjeft to Great Britain, ^3 I taken by the /^r^^,- after^ | I c//^^/^; f 7 L brave Defence in June, 1756, I j j^ t j. made by the Lord Blakeney, f ) Port'ulhon, reltored to Great Britain by the Jail Treaty — < — on. 'vica Mountains.^ I. Pyrenees divide France, from Spain, extending 20© Miles from the Bay ofBi/cay to the Mediterranean Sea. 2. Cantahrian Mountains on the iV. run from E. to W. from the Pyrenees to the At- lantic Octiw. 3. Sierra Molina 2in for then it comprehended the Southern Provinces of i*><2/zrr, 7i\\ Spam atnd Mauritania in J/ri.a; but about the Year 713, Roderic, then King of the Goths, having committed a Rape on Fhr/nda, Daughter of Count Julian, Governor of Gothic Mauritania, that difgufted Lord entered into a Confpiracy with the Saracens or Moorf to invade Spain; and having, with their united Forces, gained a dccifive Vidory, tlie Saracens ftlb- dued all Spain, except the Northern Provinces, whither Pelagii-s a noble Spaniard rciired ; and, having lecovercd Leon from the Inhdels, took upon him the Title of King of Leon. From this I'ime the G&/>^j,"fupported by other Chrif.ian Prince?, made War upon the Moors with various Suctefs. The Moors were not entirely lubducd until the Year 1491, when tl^e City of Granc.daw\% taken by Ferdinand z.r\d Ifahella, who had united all the petty Kingdoms of Spain into one, by their Marriage, and were fuccecded in their united Kiiigdom by their Grandfon Charles V. Archduke of /L.Jiria, and af- tei-wards Emperor of Germany, By s p J I if. 51' Ey the Articles for the Surrender of Granadn, BoahdU King of the Mcorsj with his Subjscls, lubmitted to do Homage to Ferdinand and I/gtbellai on Conditiv)n they might retain the Poffeirion of tht'ir Eitates, be governed by their own Laws, and have the free Exe/cife of their Religion. However, all the Moors in Spai?i wore compelled to turn ChrTjiiansj or leave the Kingdom ; \Vhereupon feveral hundred thou- fands of them tranfportcd themfelves to Africa, and their Je^vjijh Sub- je(5ls v/ere banished to Portugal. And in the Reign of Philip III. 1609, a Million more of the Moors were banifhed, and the new Converts, that remained behind, perpe- tually perfecuted and tortured by the Inquifition. S'^^a.m di'vided into fcvcral Kingdoms. 1 Spain was divided into many Kingdoms and Principalities ; as it was recovered from the Mcorsy every General almofi: fet up for a Sovereign with the Confent of the People, to v/hom they granted great Privileges ; nothing- of Impor- tance was tranfaded in the State without the Confent of their refpeftive Cortes or PaHiaments ; but Charles V. the mod powerful Sovereign of that Age, partly by Places and Penfions, and creating Divifions among the Chiefs, and partly by Force, induced the feveral Cortes to part with their Privileges, and Spain has ever fmce been an abfoluts Monarchy. The Year after tile Mccrs were fubduedj America was difcovered by Columiusy and within thirty Years after, the Em.pires of Mexico and Peru v/fere conquered, whereby Charles V. became poffefied of the moll extenfive Dominions that ever any Monarch enjoyed, tlis Atnerican Hip- pine lilands in Ajia, and feveral Places in Africa. The Spaniards made feveral Efforts for the Recovery of their Rights and Privileges, which were denominated Rebellions by the Court; but noble Struggles for the Recoveiy of their loft Privileges by the Siibjed;. Thefe Infurredlions being fupprefTed, ferved only to ilreno-thea and confirm the unlimited Power of the Emperor, who was engaged moft Part of his Reign in a foreign War v.'ith Francs, or vvim his Pfotejlant Subjects of Ger/72a?2y, in which he was not fo fortunate in the Decline of Life, as he had been in his Youth ; whereupon he re- figned the Crown to his Son Philip II. A?:no 1556, and iliut himfelf tip in the Monaftery of St. fujl in Spain, where he died two Years after. His Son Philip II. attempting to govern as arbitrarily in the AV- iheriands as he did in Spain, and at the fame Time introducing a Kind of Inquifition for the Suppreffion of the Protefants, who were Very nu- merous there, occafioned a general Infurredion of the Flemings, and a Civil War commenced, in which the Duke of Aha, the ILing of Spain^s General, excrcifed great Cruelties ; but was not abie entirely to fubdue them, as they were aiiifted by the Queen of England (Elizabeth) as well as France. Philip therefore fitted out the moft powerful Fleet that ever rode upon the Ocean, lliled The Inojincible Armada, Anno 1588, v.ith which he attempted to invade England ; but by the Bravery and Strata- gems of the Englijh, and the Storms they met with, the greateft Far; ei iiiQ Armada \\a.s deih-oyed. 52 SPAIN. He afterwards entered into a War with France, with no better Sii<*-=» cefs : But, upon the Death of Henry King of Portugal, Anno 1579, he invaded that Kingdom, which he claimed as Son and Heir oi Ifabellay Daughter of ^/^««W King oi Portugal; and though the Braganza¥2i- rnily were thought to have a better Title, they were not flrong enough at that Time to oppofe Philip's Ufurpation, whereby he became pof- feiTed of the Spice Wands, and other Settlements of the Portuguefe .in the Eajl Indies, as well as of Guinea in Africa, and Brazil in South America. This Prince put his eldell Son Don Carlos to Death, under Pretence he was engaged in a Confpiracy againft him, though fome have fug ♦ gelled it was with a View of marrying the Lady Ifabella, to whom Don Carlos his Son was contracted. This Philip II. married Mary Queen cf England, and after her Death courted her Sifter Eli%abeth. The Spaniards, in order to diftrefs the difafFefled Netherlands, hav- ing prohibited all Commerce with them, the Dutch fitted out Fleets, and made themfelves Mafters of the moft confiderable Settlements the Portugue/e had in the Eajl Indies, while that Kingdom was under the Dominion of 6'/<2/« •• They alfo fubdued Part of Brazil, and fo dif- turbed the Navigation of the Spajiiards to America and the Eajl Indiesy that Spain was contented to grant a Truce to the Se^ven United Pro'vinces of the Netherlands, which had thrown off the Spanijl:) Yoke, Anno 1 609 ; the other Ten Provinces having; been reduced ag-ain under the Domi- mon oi Spain, by the Duke o^ Alva, and other Spa?2ijh Generals. The Spaniards renewed the War with the Dutch, Anno 1622, which continued until the Year 1648, when the Dutch were acknowledged In- dependant States at the Treaty of Wejiphalia. In the mean Time the Catalans revolted to the French, Anno 1640. And in the fame Year Portugal revolted, John IV. Duke of Bra-- ganza, having found Means to expel the Spaniards, and afcend the Throne. Naples was almofc loft in 1647, MaJ/inello, a Fiftierman, raifing an Infurrei5lion on Account of fome Duties that were hiid on Fifti and Fruit, reduced the whole Country to his Obedience : But the Spanijh- Governor found Means to get him taken off, and Naples was again reduced to the Obedience of Spain. In 1655, the E-ngliJh invaded the Iftand of Jamaica in America, and- look it from the Spaniards. And in -1658, the Englijhy with the Affift^nce of the French, took "Dunkirk from Spain. The Spaniards being engaged in a War with France, in the Reign of Philip TV. loft the Province of Artois, and feveral Towns in the Nether^ lands. And at a fubfequent Peace, made An7io 1660, called the Pyre-* Tiean Treaty, Artois was confirmed to France, together with St. Omers; Aire, Granjelin, Boitrhiirgh, St. tenant, Landrecy, ^efnoy, Avefne, Ma^ rienberg, Philip^ville, Thiu/i^nlle, Montmedy, I^joy, and Dam^villers ; and the French Kin?, Lei-vis XIV. thereupon married the eldeft Infanta of Spain, Maria I here/a ; but they both renounced all future Pretenfions to the Succeffion of the Spanijh Monarchy for them ant their Heirs. However, it was not long after that Le~Mis XIV\ invaded the Spanijh Netherlands again, reduced Franche Compte or Burgundy, took Lijley ^I'oxirnay, Charleroy, Douaj, Qudenard, and feveral more. Lijk, Tour- r.oy, DcuQy, Oitdenard., and Charleroy ^ were confirmed tO France by the l^tAiyoiAixlaChapelk, 166S. , 'The SPAIN. -53 The War between France and Spain being revived in 1672, the Spa" fiuirds loft Condcy Valenciennes., Camhrajf Tpres^ St. Omersy Boucbainy Aire, and Mauheuge^ with all Franche Compte ; which were confirmed to /"r^wf^ by the Treaty oi Nimeguen, 1678. War commencing again in 1683, ih.c French took Courtrayy Dixmude, and Luxemburg , which lafh was confirmed to France by a fubfequent Treaty ; but Courtray and Z>/>- mude was reftored to Spain, In 1689, 5/- fnude, bombarded Brujjels, and made 14 Battalions of the Allies Pri- foners of War. In 1697, ^^ French took Ath in Flanders, and Barcelona the Capi- tal of Catalonia in Spain, and plundered Carthagena in America of much Treafure : However, they thought fit to confent to a Peace the fame Year, to reftore Catalonia and Luxemburg, and all the Places they had taken in Flanders in that War, to the Crown of Spain ; which Peace was concluded at Ryf-oAck, i^gj, Charles II. King of Spain, being at this Time in a declining State of Health, and the Dutch being appreheniive that Le-tvisXiY. would feize on Fla7iders, and the whole Spanijh Monarchy, upon the Death of his Catholic Majefty, perfuaded the King oi England, William III. to enter into a Treaty with the French King, for a Partition of the Spanijh Dominions, between the Emperor, the Duke of Bavaria., and his moH Chriftian Majefty ; who all of them pretended a Right to the SuccefHon ; which foming to the Knowledge of his Catholic Majefty, he made his Will, and gave the entire Spanijh Monarchy to Philip Duke o? A?7JoUf fecond Son of the Dauphin of France, and Grandfon to Le^-wis XIV. and dying not long after the making this Will, in the Year 1700-01, Leivis XI V^. immediately feized on all the Spanijh Dominions for his Grandfon Philip, and caufed him to be proclaimed King of Spain* The ImperialiJiS on the other hand infiftcd that Charles^ o, Will was forged, or executed when he was Non-co?npos, and marched an Army over the^.^^ into Italy, in order to recover the Spanijh Territories there, out of the Hands of France. The Allies were very fucccfsful in this War in Italy and Flanders, and the Emperor Leopold 2ivA his Son Jcfephy having made a Refignation of their Intereft in the Spanijl:> Mona^rchy to the Archduke Charles, the Emperor's fecond Son, he was pro- claimed YJuigoi Spain, and convey'd to Portugal by the Briiifo YXztty^ J 703. Twelve thoufand Englijh and Dutch afterwards embarked on board the Fleet, in order to join the Portu^ueje^ and invade Spain on that Side. i>$ Tl»« ^4 SPAIN. The Confederate Fleet, commanded by Sir George Rook, took (?/^- T£iltar on the nth of July 1704, and on the 13 th of JuguJ? defeated the French Fleet near Malaga. In the mean Time the Hungarian Ma]econt?nts, and the Duke o^ Bavaria, joined by Pan oi xX\^ F rsnch Army, greatly dilbefied the Em- peror and Empire. Whereupon the Duke of Marlborough, who com- manded the Confederate Forces in Flanders (where he had taken fo pany Towns, that the Dutch were in no Danger of being furprj{ed m his Abfence) marched to the Banks of the Danube, and obtained that memorable Victory at H^chflet in 1704, where the French and Ba~ I'aridns |oll 40,000 Men, Prifoners included ; and the Eledor of Ba- varia being driven out of hia Doiiiinions, the Imperialijls took Polfef- fion of them. But the French were fuperior in Italy, and took the Towns of Verit.ey Fercoil, Nice, Sufa, and nila Franca, from the Duke of Savoy. On tke 5 th oi May ijc^, N. S. died Leopold Emperor of Germany, and was Succeeded by his elaeft Son Jofeph, King of the Romans, On the 23d 01 July, 1705, King Charles and the Prince qI Hejfe Darmjiadt, with a JbJody of Land Forces, embarked with a Confederate Fleet at Lijhon^ commanded by Sir George Rook, and landing at Barce- lona, attacked and toqk the Fort of M5;//'ov, after which the City fur-r rendered to King Cherries ; but the Prince hi' HeJJc was killed in the /At- tack of the Fort. The whole Province oi Catalonia foon after declared for King Charles, as did the Province oS Valcntia, on the Earl oi Peter- ^rro^/^/^'s marching thither. Th? next Spring, 1706, King P/->/A). laid Siege Xo Barcelona, in which King Charles remained ; but Philip v/as obliged by the Earl o^ Peterborough to raife the Siege, and fly precipi- tately into France. Whereupon the Allied Army, on the Side oi Por- tugnl, marched to Madrid, where they proclaimed King Charles III. and invited him to come and take PoiTeMon of that Capital ; but thq province of .<^rr^^;o?/ declaring for King C/^^^r<^j at the fame Time, he inarched thither, where hp fpent fo much Time, that King Philip te- tiirned fi-om Frame with a powerful Army,' and obliged the Allies to ■^tnvc^rcvp. Madrid. The French 'h^v'iTiO;^ taken every Town of the Duke of Savoy^s, ex- iC^l Turin, Uid Siege to the Capital; whereupon Prince Eugene, hav- ing joined the Duke, attacked the French, who v/ere comnianded by the Duke of 'Orleans, in their Trenches before Turin, and gained a :poil compleat Viaory, September 7, 1706. And the French v/cre foon after compelled to evacuate Sai>oy, Piedmont^ Milan, and all the North of Italy. ' ' In the mc^^n Time the Allies, commanded by the Duke of Marl- i>orough' in' the Netherlands, entirely defeated the French, commanded \y the Dukes gT Ba-varia and Vilhroy, at Ramilies, on the 12th of Maj : whereupon BrKjJ'ds, Lowvain, Mechlin, Ghent, Bruges, Oudenardl Jnt of Aire and* St. Fenant in Flanders weie taken by the Allies this Campaign. The French plundered the Town of St. Sehajlian, and feveral other r«ch Settlem.ents of the Portuguefe in Braz.il, Jnno 171 1 : Whereupon the Portuguefe thought fit to enter into a Treaty of Peace with the French, without the Concurrence of their A^llies. This Campaign the Allies made chemfelves Mafiers of Bcuchain in the Netherlands; and the following Winier the French made Propofals of Peace to the Brit^jh Court; about v.'i.ich Time the Emperor yo/ Dominions in Jtaly^ by not delivering up C^it a Ionia and the Ifland of Majorca to King Philip, invaded and fubdued the Ifland of Sardinia in 17 17; and the next Year invaded Sicily , and reduced the greateft Part of the Ifland : Whereupon the Emperor, Great Britain., France, z.wd. Holland, entered into a Confederacy againfl: Spain, which was called the Quadruple Al- liance ; and the Englijh Admiral, Sir George Byng, was fent into the Mediterranean with a ftrong Squadron, to prevent the entire Lofs of that Ifland. The Admiral coming up with the Spanijh Fleet In the Streight of MeJJtna, Jidy 17 18, took eleven and burnt fix of their Men of V^.2x. He alfo tranfported a Body of Germans to Sicily to oppofe the Spjmjb General the Marquis de Lede ; and feveral fmart Engagements hap- pened there between the Germans and the Spaniards, In the mean Time the French invaded Spain on the Side of Guipufcoa^ took Port-PaJJage, and burnt feveral Spanijh Men of War; they after- terwards took Fontarabia and St. Sebajiians, and reduced the whole Pro* \inzQ of Guipufcoa. The BritiJ/:? Forces, commanded by Lord Co<&;^/z«?, alfo made a Defcent into Spain, took and plundered Figo, and then reimbarked. On the other Hand, the Spaniards imbarked 300 Men under the Command of the Earl of Scaforth, who landed in Scotland, and v/as joined by two. or three xkiOVL^diXidi Highlanders -, but they were (defeated in June 17 19, by QeneTzS^Wightman, and moll of the Spaniard^ made Prifoners of War. ^ The French were induced to enter into this War with Spain., it is faid, by a Projeft Cardinal Alheroni had formed, in Concert with the French Nobility, to deprive the Duke of Orleans of the Regency, and defeat his Expedlations of fucceeding to the Throne of Franccy ini Favour of King Philip-, but however that was, King Philip iindin^-^ himfeif unable to reflll fo potent a Conftderacy, entered into a Treaty, with the Allies ; confented to evacuate Sicily and Sardinia : And Sicily was thereupon allotted to the Emperor, and the late King of Sicily made King of Sardinia ; and the French rcftored to Spain all their Acquifltions in Guipufcoa, Cardinal Alberoni, who had been the Oc- cafion of this War, was foon after difgraced, and obliged to return to Italy. The French King being a Child of a weakly Confl:itution, on whofc Death, without Iffue, the Duke of Orleans was to have fucceeded to that Crown, the Duke thought fit to marry him to the Infanta Maria, eldeft Daughter to the King of Spain, then in the fourth Year of her h^z, from whom no Iflue could be expefted in many Years. The Re- gent alfo married his own Daughter Madamoifelle de Montpenfjer, to the Prince of Ajlurias the King of Spain^s eldeil So i ; and flre was fent t» the Court of Spain. At the fame Time the Infanta came to reflde in France, where flie bore the Title of Queen for fome Time; but the Regent dying in 1723, the French began to ^hink offending back the Infant? 58 SPAIN. Infanta Qiieen, and marrying their King to fome Prlncefs from who at they might hope for IiTue. In the mean Time, {t'i^. January i6, 1722.) Philip Y^invo^ Spain thought fit to abdicate hib Throne in Favour of his eldeft Son Lezvisy who was accordingly proclaimed King at Madrid ', but the young King dying of the Small 'i*ox in Augujl following, Philip was prevailed on to re-aicend the Throne. The fame Year the Frejich Miniftry fcnt back the Infanta Queen to Spairty and married their King to the Princefs Lezenjki, Daughter of S^fanijlausy once King o^ Polr.nd; at which the Spaniards being incenfed, the Baron Riperda, the Prime Minil^er at the Court ol Spain^ and for- merly Ambaffa or from the States-General, negotiated a feparate Peace with the Emp^sror : Whereupon the Congrefs, that had been held at Camlrajy chiefly to adjufl Matters between the Courts of Vienna and Spain, broke up. The Emperor was induced to enter into a Treaty with Spain, (which obtained the Name of the Vienna Treaty) by the Endeavours which had been ufed by the Maritime Powers to fupprefs the Eaji-lndia Company he had erefted at Oflend. By this Treaty it was Aipulated, that Francs and Spain faould never be united under one i^ead; that Philip fhould renounce all Pretenfions to Sicily, Naples, Milan, and the Netherlands ; that Don Carlos, the Queen of Spain^s eldeft Son, (l^.culd fucceed to TuJcany, Parma, and Placentia, on the JCeathof the rcip-ning; Dukes v/ithout Iliue ; 'C'htlX. Levhcrn fnould remain a ^Vee Port, and Sardinia be confirmed, with the Title of King, to the Floufe of Sa^voy : And the Emperor relinquiflied all Pretenfions to the Spanijh Territories in the Pofleflion of Philip. A Treaty of Com.merce aifo was concluded between the Parties, whereby it was agreed to fupport the Ofiend Eafi-lndia Company, who were permitted to fell the Produd of India in the Forts of Spain., In Cppofition to the Vienna Treaty, Great Britain, France, and Prujta^ concluded another ?i.l Hano^ver ; whereby they guarantyed each otiier's Dominions', with their Rights and Privileges in Traffic ; to which tlie Dutch accecded with abundance of Rcftriftions ; whereupon the King oi Prujjia withdrew, declaring that he would not be bound by it. Baron Riperda, who had concluded the Vienna Treaty, on his Re- turn from thence was created a Duke ; but his Adrninillraticn not be- ing approved by the Grandees, whofe Refentment he dreaded, he re- figned his Poll: of Prime Miniller, and tooik Pvcfuge in the Houfe of Mr. Stanhcpe the Britijh Ambaflador at Madrid, from v/hcnce he was taken and imorifoned, but found Means to efcape. The Emperor proceeded to prohibit all Britijh Merchandize to be imported into Sicily, or any other Part of his Dominions. And his Ally, the King ox Spain infilling on a Promife from the King of E?!gland ror reiloring Gibraltar, on his acceeding to the Q^iadruple Alliance, laid Siege to that Fortrefs : Whereupon the Court of Greaf Britain commanded Ad- miral Hojier to block up Porto Bello with a Squadron of ?vlen of War, and ordered another Squadron to lie upon the Coail of Old Spain, to prevent the Galleons returning to Europe; which they were not, how- ever, able to do. Admiral Cajlagnetta, with twenty Sail, getting into Cadiz about this Time ; and as for thofe at Porto Bcllo, they thouplit fit to unlade their Treafure, and fecure it on Shore. Jn thie mean Time Admiral Hojier died in that unhealthy Climate, and his Men were fo fickiy, that the Fleet was forced to be remanned from Ja~ mai<.a^ SPAIN, 59 piaicai tlie Ships were Worm-eaten, and rendered unfit for Service; and the Bn'ti/j T'ade fuflered greatly in that Part of the World. A Treaty of Pacification between Great Britain^ the Emperor, and Spain, being fet on Foot in the Year 1727, it was agreed that the Siege of Gioraltar fliould be raifed, that the OJicnd Trade to India fhould be fuf pended, and that the Britijh Squadrons fhould return from Porio BelU^ and the Coafts of Old Spain, By a fubfequent Treaty between Great Brit oiuy France, and Spain, in 1729, Great Britain engaged to furnifli the Spaniards with a Squadron of Men of War and Land Forces, to convoy Don Carlos and 6000 Spa- niards to Italy, to fecure the eventual Succelfion of that Prince to the Duchies of Tufcany, Parma, and Placentia, and to pay a certain Sum for the Ships which Admiral By7?g deftroyed : And Spain agreed, that Great Bptain Ihould have Satisfadion for the Depredations of the Spa- niards in America ; and a Congrefs was appointed to be held at SoiJ/ons^ to accommodate fach Differences as remained. In the mean Time a Marriage was agreed tipon between Ferdinand Prince of x.\\q Ajiurias, and the Infanta of Portugal', and another be- tween the Prince of Brazil and Mary the Infanta of Spain, who had been contradled in Marriage with Le-wis the XV th ai Frr.ncc. The Emperor being greatly alarmed at that Article in the Treaty Ci{Sen.nlle, for introdu1:ing Spanifo Forces mtci Italy, proteited again it it, forefeeing that this \vould endanger the Lofs of all his Italian Do- minions; and marched a good Body of Troops into Italy to guard againft this fatal Meafure, whereby the Execution of it was Aifpended for a Year or two ; but the Britijh Fleet commanded by Sir Charles Wager, with Land Forces on board, joined that of Spain in the Year J731, convoyed the 6000 Spaniards to l.eghc>rn, which the Emperor feemed to confent to, upon the Maritime Powers guarantying to him the PofTefTion of his Iialian'Dom'nv.ons ; which flood him in little Stead, as appeared two Years after ; for Auguftits King ci Poland dying in the Year 1733, and Sta?ii/laus, Father-in-law to the King of /'rrt;?r£, be- coming a Candidate for that Crown, which he had formerly poiTeiied. and the French King efpoufmg his Intereft, he was oppofed by I'^^Q Eleflor of 6Vv5«>', fupported by the united Intereds of the Courts of Ficnna and Rufjla, who fixed the Eleaor, Augufius the Third, upon the Throne o^ Poland; which the French King pretended was fuch an Af- front and Injury to him, that, making an Alliance with Spain and 5^;-- dinia, he invaded the German Dominions in Italy, carried the War into Germa;yy, and took PhiUpfotirg, where the Duke of ^^rw/V/^ was killed in the Trenches. After feveral Battles between the Allies and the Imperial Forces in Italy, the Emperor was driven out of all his Italian Dominiorts, except Mantua, He' fent Memorial after Memorial to the Maritime Powers; that had guarantyed theie Dominions to him ; but they contented them- felves with oitering their Medi.ition, and did not think fit to concern themfelves f^irther in his Quarrel. Whereupon the Emperor was com- pelled to confirm Ivaplcs and Sicily to Don Carlos, who had already takea Polfeffion of them, and been proclaimed King, on Condition that the Allies Ihould rellore the Milanr/e and Mantua, and c^de Parma and P/«- (cntia to the Emperor. And it was further agreed. That the Duke of Lorrain fnouid make a CefTion cf that Duchy to King Stanifiaus, which oa So SPAIN. on his Death fhculd be united to the Crown ofFraMce ; and that in Lieu of it, the Duke oF Lovrain ihould enjoy the Duchy oFTu/cafiv. The Spaijiards continuing to fearch and plunder the BritiJJ:> Ships in " America, and feize the EiFefts of the South-Sea Company on that Side, heavy Complaints were made to the Court of Spaifi on thefe Heads, which Teemed to confent, that Satisfaction fhould be made for all unjuil Captures, it being made abundantly evident, that the Spaniards had taken and condemned a great many Britijh Ships that had never at- tempted to trade with Spanijh America. Whereupon Commiflaries were nominated to adjuft the Lofles on both Sides ; the Evglifh Demand being reduced by them to 200,000/. whereof 60,000/. was deducted for the Spanijh Men of War deiboyed by Admiral Byngy purfuant to an Article in the Treaty of Seville ; by which, and other Abatements, the De- mand of the Engltjh was reduced to 95,000/.. and though 68,000/. was acknowledged to be due to the Sotith-Sea Company, on Account of the Seizures the Spaniards had made of their Effedts, yet the Spaniards pre- tended a much greater Sum was due to them from the Company, which they infifted Ihould be dedu-icdout of the Balance that appeared due to England ; to which the Englijh ComrailTaries agreed and figned a Con- tention to that Purpofe in January 1738-39, leaving the Affair of vifit- ing and feizing the Merchant-fhips oF England to future Conferences. Which Treaty the Court oF Great Britain ratified ; and it was approved of in the Houfe of Commons by a Majority of 28 Voices ; but the Spa- niards neglecting to pay the 95,000/. at the Time appointed, and the Merchants oi England in general petitioning againft the Convention, the Court was compelled, in a Manner, to enter into a W^ar with Spain, which was begun by granting Letters of Marque, in order to make Re- prifals for the Lofl'es the Merchants had fuilained ; and, on \he 23d of Odobcr following, War was declared againft Spain. In theProfecution whereof, without reckoning the fmall trading Ships loft on either Side, the Spaniards fiiftered at leaft Twelve Millions Ster- ling Lofs in Capital Prizes and Men of War ; and a Peace being con- cluded in 1748, it v^as agreed by a fubfequent Treaty in 1750, That his Catholic Majefty fnould pay to the South-Sea company ioo,oco/. And, to prevent any illicit Trade, and all Difputes arifing therefrom, the Company's Right of fending the annual Galkon fliould entirely ceafe and determine. During this War, 'viz. June 29, 1746, died PhilipY . King Oi Spain, and was Succeeded by his eldeft Son Ferdinand. The Spanip Fortrefs of Ceuta, upon the Barhary Coaft, having been long blockaded by the Moors, the Garrifon made a Sally Dccemher 17, 1753, and obtained a compleat Viftory over the Moorijh Army. Augiiji 10, 1759, died Ferdinand \'\. King of Spain, having never pcrfedly recovered from a State of Melancholy he had been thrown into by the Death of his Queen, who had died Auguji 27, 1758. H^ was fucceeded by his Brother Don Carlos, then King of the Tw£? Sicilies, who, on the 17 th of OSlober, arrived at Barcelona with his whole Family, except his third Son, whom he had left at Naples as his Succeftbr in that Kingdom. But his Queen did not long furvive he^ mew Dignity, fhe having died at Madrid 27 Dece7nber, 1760. This King, now called Charles IIL feemed for feme Time tcFoIvc^ to obferve the pacific Maxims of his Predeceflbr ; but foon after the iif^ipuing of Vj6\i hal tier- wife, and pointed Sable, for Portu^jaL The Shield bordered Guics, charged with fevcn Tov\ers, Or, three in Chief, and two in each Fianch. The Creft is a Crown, Or, under the two Flanchci, and 't..e di P 0 R r u G A L the Bafe of the Shield appears at the End of it ; two CroiTes, the firlt Flower-de-luce vert, which is for the Order of Avis, and the fecond Pattee Gules, for the Order of ChriH ; the Motto is changeable, each Xing affuming a new one ; but it is frequently thefe Words, Pro Rege ^ GergCy (viz.) For the Kiiig and the People. Nobility. '\ The Degrees of Nobility are the fame as in Spain. Orders of Knighthood.'] Their four Orders of Knighthood are, i» That oi Anjis. 2. The Order of Chriji. 3. The Order of St. James ; and, 4. The Knights of St. John ; who have all Commanderies and Ellates annexed to their refpedlive Orders, as in Spain. Forces.] Neither their Fleet or Land Forces are very formidable ; they are now the moil: inconfiderable of all the Maritime Powers ; and their Land Forces are the worft Militia in Europe. Re«/?z, of which they were a Province. Their Religion is the fame, and tl. ere are a proportionable Number of Con- vents. A Patriarchate has lately been ere(^ed at Lijhon, which is the only Difference between the EcclefialHcal Government of Spain and PortugaU Language.] The Portuguefe Language does not differ much from that of Spain. It is univerfally fpoken on all the Coalls of Africa and Afia^ as far as China\ but mixed with the Languages of the feveral Nations in that ejitenfive Trad of Country. Their Pat&r-Nojier runs thus : Padr& PORTUGAL. 6s padre nojfo que ejias nos Ceos, SanSlificado fe'to o tu ncme ; Ve7iha a nos ten reyno : Seiafeita atua 'vonfade, ajjt nos Ceos, comma nu 'Terra. O paonoj/h de cadatia, dano lo oie n'ejiodia. E perdoa nos feuhorj as nojfas diiiidas, njji como nos perdoa?nos a os nojfos de-uedores, E nao nos dcxcs cahir cm ten- tatioy mas libra nos do mal. Amen. La<^vs.'] The Laws of this. Country are all contained^ in three Volumes Duodecimo ; and founded on the Civil Law, and their particu- lar Cuftoms. Religion.'\ Their Religion is Popery ; and they have a Patriarch, as well as Archbifhops and Biiliops, but all under the Influence of the Pope. The Inqullition reigns herewith as great Fury as in Spain; the De- fcendants of the Jeivsy who were compelled to profefs Chrifaanity, are ufually the unhappy Sufferers, on Pretence they are not fincere, but remain Jen^^s ftill in their Hearts, which occafion.; great Numbers of that Nation to fly into England and Hcllajid with their Effe6ls. Preten- ders to Witchcraft and the Black Art are alfo frequently roalled with the Jenvsy at their Auto de Fe, annually. Archhijhoprics and Bifijoprlcs.'\ The Archbiflioprics are, i. Lisbon. 2. Bragaj and 3. Ebora. There are alfo ten Biflioprics. Uni-verjities.1 The three Univerfities are, i. Lijhon, z, Ebora, And, 3. Coimbra. Gold Coins o^ PORTUGAL. I. s. d. Tlie double Moeda new coined — — i 610 The double Moeda's as ihey come to Engla^td » 169 Johns — «-' 3 12 o The Half and Quarter of thefe in Proportion. Silver Coins o^ PORTUGAL. The Crufado, or Ducat ■ o 2 10 The Patac, or Patagon ■ ^ 034 in Portugal, Accounts are kept in Rea's, an imaginary Coin, a Thoufand whereof make a Milrea. A Crufado of Silver is 480 Kea's. Revolutions and 7ne772orahk Events, THE Hlilory of Portugal is blended with that of Spain, until it was recovered from the Moors. Alphonfo, fixth King of Lecn, having made a Conqueil of the Northern Provinces of Portugal^ con- ftituted Hemy oi Burgundy, a noble Voluntier, in thefe Wars, Earl of Portugal, Anno 1 095 ; Alphonfo, Son of Henry, afliumed the Title of King, Anno 1139, having recovered fev^ei-al other Provinces from the Moors ; and his Succelfors continued the War with the Infidels, till they had reduced all Portugal. The Crown continued in this Line until the '^zxgxioi Ferdinand, upon whofe Death John his Ballard Brother ufurped the fhrone, Anno 1385. This Prince invaded Africa, and took the Port Town of Ceuta from the Moors. The Madeira Iflands, and th"^ Azores or Weftern iflands, alfo were difcovered in this Reign, and added to the Kingdom of Portugal, with the Coaft of Guinea ; and, after a glorious Reign of near fifty Years, Jo/jn left the Crown to his Son Edvjard, His Grs^ndion Alpbcn/o invsLd^.d Morccco, and took the Town ^ E of 66^: PORTUGAL. oi^i'aiipErf Ar^lllay JlcaJ/ar, and feveral others on the Coajfl o^ Jjrtat, ffom the Moors. , ' Joknll. v/ks the jRrft Prince who endeavoured to trace cut a Way to ikcEcj}- Indies, round the Coafl: of ^r/r« ; leaving no Children, he v»'as. fucceed'ed by his Coufm 'Emmiud, who baniihed many of the y^aw and Moors o\iX. of Partugal-, -and compelled thofe that remained there to pro- fefs ChriJfiAmfy on P'aih of*, being made Slaves. It was in this Reign that For-i'jgal arrivM' at the highell Fitch of Glory, for their Fleets •^2L'^^^l\\.QCap of Good Ho^e^ the moll Southern Promontory of ^:^;-7Vtr, and planted 'Colonies in the Eajl-hidies, whereby they became fole Mafters of the Traffic between India and Europe ', which was before carried on through Egypt and the Turkifi Dominions, from whence the Venetians^ Gcnoe/e^ and other Maritime Powers in the Mediterranean, ufed to tranfport the Indian Merchandize to Europe^ and grew im* menfely rich and powerful by that Traffic ; but have declined ever fince the Porfugueje brou^.ht the Riches of India to Europe by the Way of the Cape. I'he Pcrtugucfe alfo polieiTed themielves of the rich Country of Brazil in South Jimerica. John III. the Son o{ Emanuel ^ fent cut a Multitude of MiiTionnries to convert the Eajfern Nations, and, among the rCll, the famous Francis Zwvir, who planted the Chriftian Religion in India, Pcrfia, China, and Japan; as.v/ell as on the Coaft oi Africa , where the PcriiigMJe have ll:ill numerous Plantations and Settlements ; and he fent other Mifiionarics to Br axil in America. ' His Gianclibn Don Scbaflion tranfported a powerful Army into Africa^ at the IilDance qX Muley tiamst King oi Morocco^ who had been depofsd Ijy Midry MoIkcco \ and joining Muky Haniei, they attacked the Uiurper with'Their uniced-Fcrces, but we'e defeated. Don Sehajiian, and moil of the Porti'gwfe Nobility, together with Muley Hamet, the ciepofcd Priiiice, being killed in the Field of Battle. Muley Molucca the Ufurper died of a Fever the fame Day. Don Sehajlian leaving no Ifiuc, wa;> fucceeded by Cardinal Henry his Uncle, the only furviving Pvlale of the Royal Family ; and he dying after ti fhort Reign of two Yeax^s, Philip II. of Spain, poileired himfelfof the Kingdom of Portugal, Anno 1580, which he claimed in Right of his Mother, though the Braganxa Family were deemed to have a betfjr I'itie to the Crovvm. Portugal remained up.der the Dominion o{ Spuln fixty Years ; during which '1 ime the Dutch, having fliaken oil' the Spanijh Yoke, poHefied fhemfclves of the bell Settlements the Portuguefe had in the Eaji-Indies^ Africa, and America, which the Portuguefe had enjoyed without a Rival for upwards of an hundred Years ; but the Portuguefe afterwards reco- vered again the Provinces the Dutch had reduced in Brazil. Spain being weakened by a long unfaccefsful War with France, and the P.cvclt of Catalonia, the Poriugucjc alfo revolted. Anno 1640, and a/ivanced the Duke of Braganxa to the Throne, who, having reigne I lixtcen Years, left two Sons, named Don Alphonfo and Don Pedro, and a Da^aghter named Catharine, afterwards mar:ied to Charles II. King 01 England. Philip iV. of Spain reviving his Claim to Portugal, in- vadecfthat Kingdom ; but the Portuguefe being fupported both hy Eng- land and France, obtained a decifive Vidory over the Spaniards at ViV.a I'icifa, Anno 1666, and obliged Philip to lenounce ail Pretenfions to the Crown of Poru'^uL Alphcnfoy PORTUGAL: 6f Alphonfoy King of Portugal, was very unfortunate in the latter Part bf Kis Reign, for, having married the Princefs o^ Nemours, Ihe and his Brother Don Pedro confpiring againit him, depofed the unhappy King, and fent him Prifonerinto the Iflands oi Azores. After which Pea'ro pro- cured a Difpenfation from the Pope, and married his Brother's Wife in his Life-time, taking upon himfelf the Adminiftration of the Go- vernment in his Brother's Name till he died, J/tno 1683, and then Doil Pe(/ro caufed himfelf to be proclaimed King, and governed in his owa Name. In the firft War between the Confederates and France, which com- inenced Anno 1689, Portugal flood neuter. In the fecond War, the Portiigiiefe Came into the Grand Alliance, Anno 1 703, on the follow- ing Conditions, ^i%. That the Archduke Charles (who had been pro- claimed King oi Spain by the Emperor Leopold his Father) fhould com.e over to Portugal with 12,000 Englijh and Dutch Troops: That the fame Maritime Powers fhould take into their Pay \.i,ooo Portuguefi, and fit out a large Bleet to protect the Coaft of Portugal. And King Charles was accordingly convoyed to Portugal by the Confederate Fleet, ^vith the Forces agreed on ; biit there was not a third Part of the Horfes provided for remounting the Ejjgli/Iy Cavalry, as they had promifed. They infilled alio, that the Forces of the Maritime Powers Ihould be commanded by every Governor of a Province through which they hap- pened to march, and that the Portugti.'fe Forces fhould take the Right- hand of the Allies. Nor would they fuffer the Englijh and Dutch to remain in one Body, but they were difperfed in their defencelefs Fron- tier Towns, where they were frequently made Prifoners by the Enemyo Whereupon Duke Schomberg, General of the Englijh, defired to be re- called, and the Earl 01 Gahvay, another £,>;g///^ General, was fent over in his PvOom, who fubmitted to all the Indignides the Portuguefe were pleafed to impofe upon the Forces of the Maritime Powers ; and, as the Portuguefe did not bring into the Field half the Forces they had en- gaged to furnifh, and their Horfe ufually ran av/ay, (as they did at Ahna?ixa without Handing a Charge) this proved a very unfortunate War on the ^'16.^0^ Portugal, Don Pedro dying Anno 1706, was fucceeded by his Son Don John his late Majelly, in the firfl Yearof whofe R.eign the Battle oi Almanzcc was loft. And Don John dying in 1750, was fucceeded by his Son Don JofcphhAS prefent Majefty. September 3, 1760, the King was attacked and wounded by a Num- ber of Afiaflins, in a folitary PUce near Belem, as he was returning to Lrjbon ; for which f')me of the chief Nobility were foon after con- demned and executed ; and it having been found that the Jefuits were concerned in this Confpiracy, they were banilhed out of every Part of the Portuguefe Dominions. As the prefent King of Portugal has no Son, and as the Portu- guefa. are extremely jealous of their falling under the Dominion of any foreign Prince, the King's eldeil Daughter was, June 7, 1760, married- tc) Don Pedro, her own Lfncle, the King's younger Bro- ther, by Virtue of a Difpenfation from the Pope ; and, the I'pth of Ai'guji 1761, the Princeis was brought tu Bed of a Son, filled Prince ol B''\ra. r. z 68 P R A N C E. Upon thd Rupture between Sj^ain and EuglanJ in 1762, the King oi Portugal was follicited by both the French and Span'ijh Courts to join with them againft ^;/^/^^W, and, to encourage him, they offered to gar- rifon 4II his Sea-port Towns with their Troops ; for which Purpofe the ^panijlj Troops began to enter his Frontiers without afking his Leave. At this his Majelly' was fo much and fo; ultjy oftended, that, May i8-, he declared War againft Spain ; upon which, War was declared againi't him both by France and Spain, and the Spanijh Troops being joined by a Body of French, Qot only began Hoftilities, but made themfelves Mailers of almoft the whole Province of Tralos Mantes without much Refiitance ; but a large Body o{ Britijh Troops having arrived in Por- tugal, from them the Spaniards met with fuch rough Ulagein fome Skir- milhes, that they found it neceffary to proceed with Caution, fo that they had made very little further Progrefs before an End was put to the War ; for which fee the Memorable Events of England. Prcfent State,^ The Civil Government o^ Portugal e^a6lly refembles that of ^/^/w. The Court of Z//2w/ afFedls to conform itftlf to that of Madrid, or rather to fhew that Hie is no Way inferior to her Neigh- bour. Others obferve, that the Kings o^ Portugal do in Reality look upon themfelves as the only rightful Sovereigns of all Spain, and there- fore chufe to imitate the Cuftoms of that Country ; they affirm, that the Females oi Cajiile cannot transfer the Succeffion to a foreign Prince by Marriage, and confcquently the Princes of the Houfe of Portugal, who are not deemed Foreigners, ought to have fucceeded to the Crown ci Spain, when the Male Branch in that Kingdom became extinft. The Citv oi Lijhon was entirely deftroyed by a terrible Earthquake, followed by a Conflagration, on the lil of No--uembcr 175 5, being the Feaft oi Jll Saints. By this Misfortune many thoufands of the Inha- bitants loil their Lives and Fortunes. As foon as an Account of this melancholy Accident arjived in Eng- land, the Parliament voted the King 100,000/. for the Relief of the Sufferers. • St. Uiihss, not far from Lijbon, was alfo dellroyed. The Shocks continued for fevcral Days after, and were felt in mofl Parts ci Europe. And the Waters were agitated in many Places in a moll furprizing Manner. The Cities of Fez and Morocco alfo received confiderable Damage from the fevere Shocks they had in thole Parts, where Numbers of the Inhabitants were likevvife deftroyed. FRANC E. Situation and Extent, f 5W. ? ^ I- Between \ and > W. Lon. j I 600 Miles in Length* '^r 5 j Being] Between < and C N, Lat. J / 500 Miles in Breadth. Boundaries A s7eH"aW I^^^'^^" iTi:KiiAyr.Ay .Sea f ' ^»^I■/~/»:4^1,^^l I am^ FRANCE. JSvundaries ,'] "TJ^R JNCE is bounded by the Englijh Channel and JP the Netherlands^ on the North ; by GerTnany, S-voitzer" landy and Italy , Eaft ; by the Mediterranean, and the Fyrenean Moun- tains, South ; and by the Bay of Bi/cay, Weft. This Kingdom may be thrown into four grand Divifions, qjiz* 1. Picardy 2. IJle of France I. < 3. Champaigne 4. Normandy 5 . Bret any , C 6. 0, ■ I 7- Li Grleanois onois On the North. In the Middle. 3 i 10 Provence Languedoc C Guienne and ( Gafcony . Dauphine , Burgundy . Lor rain Al/ace / On the rSouth, On the Eaft. Netherlands French, will be found under the Title Netherlands, P IC ARD T is divided into the Higher on the Souths f.rtd the Lower on the North. Higher contains Lower contains Subdivisions. Amienois — ■■ ■' - Tierache — — Vermandois ■ ■ ' Santerae — — iPonthieu — ■■ Boulognois — — — Arders — __— _ Reconquered Country Chief Towns. Amiens., E. Lon. 2-30. N. Lat. 49-50. Guife St. ^intin Peronne 1 CAbbe^ville l\ Boulogne Q Ardre J (, Calais, Cre£y, Gui/nes, NO RM AN BY 4S divided into the Higher on the Eajl^ mid the Lower on the Weft, Chief Towns. Lon. 1-6. N. Lat- 49-30. Higher contains Lower contains Subdivisions. f Rouenois — ) Pais Caux — , I Enjreux — (^ Bray ! Rouen, E Gaudehec E'vreux Gourny Caen, W. Lon. 25 Min. N. Lat. 49-20. Lijieux Bayeux Cautance Anjeranche Seez Ale neon f Iflands, Guerfi/ey, Jerfey, and Alderney, fubjefl to Great Britain. Port Towns Diep, Ha.es, Verfailles, Marii, Fontainhkau, and St. Gcrmains, Chief Towns. Paris, E. Lon. 2-25 ( N. Lat. 48-50. Sen lis f Cr^py Pontoife Beau'vois Soijfons L(ion MeauXj Lagny Melun HMants Nemours. BRETANTis divided into the Higher on the Eaft^ and the Lower on the Weji, Subdivifions. Rennes JTtgher pn tuny cont'd Lower Gontains ^\antois 'ieux Malo Dele r Vannes y 7riguer ins J Br. / St. Pol de Leon /-■>, 'iiwper Loreniin Chief Towns. Rennes, W. Lcn. N. Lat. 48-5. Nanfs Brieux St. Malo ■Dole Vannes Trig lie r Br.J} ^uimper I- 4S' I'ort Towns, Uoriaix, Port Louis or Blavct, and Pert VQrient. L^^nds, Ujhant, Beliifle, and Poir Mourtier. ORLEJNOIS FRANCE. 7' Q RLE A N 0 IS is divided^ i . into the Provinces which lie upon the Loire •, 2 . ihofe which lie North of Loire *, andy 3 . thofe South of the Loire. Subdivlfions. Provinces on the Loire. Orleanois Proper — — Blafois — — . — ^rourain - ••» — A?IJGU I II BiAufcrty from w / \ / Duke of Beau I \l his Title. ' K^Ni'vernQis »— •*— ^\,Ni'vers Chief Towns. Orleans^ E. Lon. N. Lat. 47-35. Blois Tours Angers 2. hence the ifort takes r Maine Provinces \ P ere he North of the J Beauce Loire, (^ Vendofmois — r Poi8u — y Luconois ' ■ ' ^oumois Provinces \Aunois — South of the < Loire, SMans Nugent Chartres Vendojme Poitiers Lucon Angouhfme \RdcI .Jh Rochefort Auhigniy from whence the Duke o£ Bevy Richmond takes hlJ in France. Bourges Moutargis Title of Duke Gajienois, Fart Other great Tovyns, Saumur^ Richlieu, lilarwis, Olercn, Ree, and Oje, L 10 NO IS is divided into Eaft and Wefl, Eaft Licnois contains Subdiviiions. Llonois Proper — ' Beajolcis Fcrez C Au'verzne Hig-her x\r en ' .3 Au-ver^ W eft Licnois \ n , Bourbonnois Marc he - I g-ne Lower Chief Towns, Lions y E. Lon. 4-5 5 ♦ N. Lat. 45-50. Beavjeu Ftiirs 1 Clerfnont 3 St. Flour j Bourbon Archlhaitt [^ Gueret* E4 PROVE VC 72 FRANCE. P ROV ENC E is divided into the following Biocefcs, Chief Towns. ^Jixj E. Lon. 5-25. N. Lat. 43-30. Riez. "I Senex i in the Middle of Pre Vinmrais \ Vday — Chief Towns. 'Thoulou/e, E. Lon. 1-5 N* Lat. 43-40. y^iby Foix ]Perpignan Lauragais ^Nar bonne Beziers Ni/mes J Montpelier Mcnde Viziers Puy, \ CU I EN N E is divided into eight Provinces ^ four Souths and four North. Chief Towns. r .Bourdeai.'x, W^^J^on. 40 Min,. \ N. Lat. 44-50. \ Ba:zas I Agtn I Rhodes (^ 3 Pcriguex \ ] l^-^^noges — J {, Cahers. GJSCONT Subdivifions. ' Guienne Proper — South Gui ^z:;?fContaiiis J . I Agenois L. Ro-vergne r Santoio^n J^orth Gi*i- \ Perigort ^/;;i«i?CPntains J Limojla FRANCE 7% GASCONTis divided into three Parts \ i. I'hat North of thi Adour-, 2. "That upon the Adoviv \ and 3. ^hat South of the Adour. Subdivifions. ' Armagnac — — — Ga/co7iy North of the Jdour Upon the jldour South of the Adour V Elands — — Albert Condomois • Guare • C Lai cur or Bafquets \ Gafcony Proper I Ejhrac - (_ Cominges Lower J^a'varre Soule « Bearne — Bigorre — — Confer ans — - Chief Towns. ' Augh or Aux, E. Lou, 1-20. N.Lat.4j-40« D' Acq's ox Dax Albert Condom Verdun "J r Bay onus l\ Ayre r I Mirande J y^Lombes !St. Palai Mauleom Pau Tarbe St. Lizir. DAUPHINE may he divided into North and South, Subdivifions. Fiennois, between the Rom and the I/ere — Valenctonnois — Grefanjaudan — N»rth Dauphine Gapenois - Embrunois ■■ South \ Diois '• Daupfjine j The Baronies — St. Paul Tricajiin — [ Brianconois — — Chief Towns. ^X \ E- Lcn. 4-44. "^.t S N. Lat. 45-35. Valence on the Rhone Grenoble on the //^r^ Gap Embrun Die Buis St. Paul Briancon* BURGUNDT is divided into the Duchy and County ef Burgundy. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. Puchy of JBur gundy Di 'ijonois Autunois Chalongis J Auxois "^ Auxerrois Charolois Briennois Maccinois ^TJje Mountains — ^ 'Dijon, E. Lon. 5-4, N, Lat. 47-15- Autun Chalons on the Zoant I . Semur '^ Auxerre Charolles Semur Macon Chatillon iobdivifions* si F Subdivifions. RAN C E. Coiinty of ■^urgun(fy or Franche Compte 1 . Bailage of Dole 2. B&i\a.gc o£ j^mont ]\[ J 5. Bailage oi Aval Brejle • Beugey j Dofnhes Proper — I Mombelliard — L Chief Towns, Doky E. Lon. 5-25, N. Lat. 47-10. Befancon {Vejoul Salims \ Poligny >< I St. Claude j Bourgh I Belley Gepc Tre'voux Montbelliard, fubje£l to ^ Duke of IVirtcmberg. the Z.ORR AIN is divided into the Duchy of Lorraia Proper^ on the Souths cmd the Duchy of Bar-le-duc, on the North, X)uchy of Lcrrain Proper Duchy of Mar-h- Subdiviilons, Nancy ' Vauge •— Vaudrc'vange f ^ Bar-le-D lie St. Michael Fontamoujorif Clermont Mets ■ Toul ^"^ Verdun >\ Chief Towns. S Nancy i E. Lon. 6. N. Lat. 48-44. Mirecourt Faudren;angef Sarlois, and Sarbruck. ~ Bar-le-D lie, E. Lon. 5-1 5« N. Lat. 48-40. Michael on the Maefe Fontamovfon on the Mo/clU Clermont, Weft ^ J > on the Mofelh ^Verdun on the Mac/e. ALSACE is divided in the L^wer Alf^ce on the Norths end Upper Alface on the Spiith^ and the Suntgow. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. 'Strasburg, E. Lon, 7-35. N. Lat. 48-38. Hagenau Fort Lenvh Weijfenburg Landav, JT f Colmar ( \ Schlecjlat J Munjier \_Murbach Lower Jlfaci Upper Alfau In the Suntgo-j) •J I Pfirt or Fovitie i Mulhaujen Befort Hunni?ig€m Mountains/} FRANCE. ys Mountains.'] 1. ^\iC Ahs^ which divide France ^rom Italy . 2. The Pyrenees, which divide France from Spain. 3. Vaiige, which di'.'ide» terrain from Burgundy and Alface. 4. Mount "Jura, which dividet Franche Compte from Sivitzerland. 5. The Ce-uennes in the Province of Languedoc; and, 6. Mount Dor in the Province cA Awuergne. Rivers."] I. The Rhone, which rifes in Switzerland, and at Lyons i% joined by, 2. The Soane ; then dividing Dauphine and Province from La7zguedoc, fall into the Mediterranean below Aries, receiving the Ri- vers//^r^ and D;/r^«c-^ in its PafTage. 3. Garonne, which rifes in the Pyrenees, runs N. W. and falls into the Bay of Bifcay below Bourdeaux, receiving the Rivers Lot and Dordcnne. 4. Charante, which rifes ia Limojtny and running Weflward, falls into the Bay of Bifcay towards Rochfort. 5. Loire, which, rifing in the Cevennes, runs N. and after- wards W. by Orleans, falling into the Bay of Bifcay below Nantz, re- ceiving in its Paffage the Jller, the Cher, the Vienne, the Litih Loire^ the Sarte, and the Mciyenne. 6. Seyne, which rifes in Burgundy, and yuns N. W. by Paris and R.ouen, falling into the Englijh Channel at Ha^vre de Grace, receiving in its Paflage the Tonne, the Aube, the Marne^ and Oyfe. 7. The Rhine, which rifes in S^ivitzerla7id, and runnin*** N. W. divides Alface /rom Suabia, being the Boundary between the Territories oi France and Germany, towards the Eaft, and continuing^ its Courfe N. through the "Netherlands, there divides itfelf into three Streams, receiving the Mofelle and the Sarte in its PaiTage. 8. Ths Maefe or Meife, which rifes in Champaigne, and running N. through Lorrain and the Netherlands, falls into the German Sea below the Briel., having received the Sambre at Namur. 9. The Schelde, which rifing on the Confines of Picardy, runs N. 2- through the Neiherlan.ds, and then running W. falls into the Gernian Sea at the Illand of Walcheren, receiving theZ,// at Ghent, ar^d the Scarpe below Conde. 10. The So?nme, which runs N. W. through Picardy, and falls into the EngUfo Channel belov/ Abbe--uille. 11. Var, which rifes in the Alps, and runs S. divi- ding France from Italy, falls into the Mediterranean W. of Nice. 12. Adour runs from £. to W. through Qajcoigne, and falls into the Bay of Bifcay belov/ Bayonne. Ports, Bays, and Capes.] The principal Ports and Bays are the Ports df Calais and Bologne in Picardy, now almoft choaked up. The Port of jD/V//!^ in NoRt^iANDY. The Forts of Ila^re de Grace, Hcnfleur, and Harfieur, at the Mouth of the Seyne, ?.nd the Capital Town and Port oi Rouen, higher up the fame River. The Ports of Caen, Bayei:x, Cher- burg, Coutance and Avranches, with the Capes of Barjleur and La Hogue, are in the fame Province. The Harbours or Bays of St. Maloes, Brieux, Tregusr, Morlaix, Brejf, Audiern, Port L^Orient, Port Louis, Va-nnes and Nantz, ic\ Bretany. The Ports of 7'^of/^£'//?, Rochfort, vo. h\5n\%, Bourdeaux Zfid Bayonne in GuiENNE and Gascony. The Ports or Bays of N^arbonne and B.cJ/iers in Lancuedoc ; and the V oris of Marfr lies, Toulon, Sind. Antlbes, in Provence. Air.] The Air of France is temperate, neither (o cold as the King- doms of the North, nor io hot O-S Spain Rnd. Italy. Soil a7id Produce.] It produces excellent Corn, Wine, and Oil, and every Thing almoil defirable iivLife ; but they have neii-ber fuch Plenty of Corn or good Pai]:ure as we h^.ve, the Suiiitner H-jats in mai^y Places 76 F R J N C 'E. Places burning up the Grafs, and making the Fields look like a Tandy Defert ; but then they abound in Fruit which has a more delicious Fla- vour than ours. The South of France about Montpelier has the Reputa- tion of being the moll healthy Air in Europe y Gentlemen from every Nation reforting thither, when they find themfelves iniifpofed. Animals.] Their Animals are the fame with ours, except Wolve^ and Chamois Goats on their Mountjtins ; but neither their Horfes oF Neat Cattle are fo large or fo ferviceable. ManufaSiures.'] Their principal Manufadlures are Lawn, Lace, Cam" brie, Tapeftry, Woollen and Silk Manufaftures, Velvets, Brocades* Alamodes, Leather, Hard-Ware, That of the Princes of the Blood, z. The higher Nobility. 5. Theordi- iiary Nobility ' and 4. The Nobility lately made. He is denominated firft Prince of the Blood, who ilands next die Crown after the Kin-r^'s Childiec. The FRANCE. 77 TKe Dukes and Counts, Peers of France^ after the Princes of the Blood, have the Precedence among the higher Nobility. Anciently there was but fix Ecclefiailic and fix Lay-Peers ; three of the Ecde- iiaRics were Dukes, If^c. the Archbifhop of Rheims, and the Biftiops oi Langres 2ininces, vi%, Gallia Nar- hcnenfis, fo called from the City o^ Narbome, comprehending La^ivuedoc, Pronjenccy Dauphi^ie, and Part of i'^-x/oy. 2. Aquitanicay fo called frorATi the Capital Aqua Augujla, now Dax, com.prehcndino- the Provinces liQxt t\it Pyrenees. 3. Celta, which Vv'as the largeft, containing Z/cw/V, Orleatioisy Tourjiois, Burgundy, Part o^ Champ aigne, the lile oi France, Normandy, and Bretagne ; and, 4. Belgica, containing Picardy, the reit of Champaigne, Franche Co??ipte, the Netherlands, and all that Part of Germany which lies Weft of the River Rhine. The Romans continued in the PoiTefTion of this Country until the Year 400, or thereabouts, when the Northern Nations broke in' upon the Empire,' ^cix.. the Gcths^ Fatidals, Sue'vi, and at length the Franh, A German Nation, which cajne from Franconia, fixed themfelves in that Part of GW which lies North of the River Loire, and gave it the Name ©f Frankenland, now France. The Burgundians, another German Na- tion, pafFed the Rhi-ne about the fame 1 ime, and having pofTeiled the South-Eaft Parts oi Gaul, gave the Name of Burgundy to their Con- quell, the Goths ftill remaining poileiled of the South-Weft Provinces di Gaul. Pharamondh faid to have been the iirft King of the Franks iu Gaul, and to have begun his Reign about the Year 420 ; and Merc-vee is reckoned their third King, from whom the frft Race of their Kin^s is denominated the Mero-uznianhinQ.; but Vzih^v Daniel, one of the bell Hiftorians, is of Opinion, that Clevis was their iirft King, who began his Reign Anno 486, being alfo the jirft Chrijiian Monarch of that Nation ; at whofe Coronation they relate the holy Oil, kept at Rheims, for anointing their Kings, was brought from Heaven by a Dove. ' F The ti PRANCE. The Generals of the Franks, on the Conquefl of Gauly dillril>ute4 the Lands amono; their OfKcers, and thefe, with the Clergy, confti- tutcd their hril great Councils or Parliaments. The £rll: Gov^ernment here feems to have been a' kind of mixed Monarchy, nothing of [vlo- inent bei'-.g tranfafted without the Concurrence of the Grand Council, confilting of the principal Officers, who held their Lands by military Tenures ; But as to the conquered Gauh^ their liiftorians are of Opi- nion, they were reduced to a State of Servitude, and only manured the Lands for tJieir Mailers the Franks^ having nothing they co-uld call their own. This was the Conftitution of the Government during the- firll Race of their Kings, until Charles Martel afurped the Sovereignty^ A/mo 732. This Nobleman was MafdiaT of France^ Or Mayor of the Palace, and long- exercifed the Sovereien Power in the Na;me of Kins Chil- aerie, a weak ignorant Prince, as many of his PredecefTors had been ; and the Saracens, who were at this Time Mailers of the South of France, penetrating into the Heart of the Kingdom, were eji'lii'ely de- feated by Charles Martel ; which rendered him {o popular, that, with the Conlent of the People, and the Pope, who looked upon him as the Deliverer of Chriftendom, he afiumed the Dominion of France in his-- own Nair.e^ lliling himfclf Dake of ail Fraitce.', and having a vicloriou-3 Army at kis Devotion, did not only depofe the King., but altered the Conilitution, depriving both tlie Nobility and Clergy of their Share in the Government, rendering himfelf an abfolute Prince. And his Son Pepin took upon hira the Stile, as well as the State, of a King ;: however^ he rellorcd the Nobility and Clergy their ancient Rights and PriviU^ges, on their agreeing 10 connim his Ufarpaiion^ and fetting, afide the fi:ll: Race of their Kings. He a!fo divided the Provinces amongfl his principal Nobility, allow-' irig them to exercife Sovereign Authority in their refpeitive Govern- Bients, until they at length alTumed an Independency, (as the German Princes do at this Day) only acknowledging the King their Head ; vvhich Vv'as the Rife of thefe numerous Principalities, and of their ftve- ral Parliaments, for every Province retained the fame For.ta of Govern- ment as had been exercifed in the Whole. No Laws were made, or Taxes nlifed, without the Concurrence of the Giand Council, confiit- ing of the Clergy and Nobility. Charlcinaign, the Son of Pepin, conquered lialy, Germany, and Part of Spain., and was crowned Emperor of the Rofnans by Pope Leo, Anno 800. And from him this Race of Kings was called the Carlo- 'jjlnian Line : He died 814, and left the Empire to his Son Ls-ivzs» The Empire was divided from France about fourfcore Years aKei wards ; VA\d France fuffered veiy much from the Invafion ot the Nor mans ^ who ravaged" the whcle Coli: t y, and laid Siege to Paris : Whereupon the F'rench agreed to yield up Normandy and Erciagne to Rdlo their Com* maiider, ab.ut the Vtar 900, on conditioii he would vvithdraw his Troops out of the other Provinces ; whicli he did ; and marrying Gifela, the French King^s Dauglitcr, he was pcrfuaJcd to profcfs himieif a Chriftian. The CaFo'vinian Race of Kin^s- continued Sovereigns 0^ France ww- til the Reign of L ivis V. Jnnt, ()%';, whe:i H:j^h Capa', a popular Nobleman, ufu fCi the Throne, and be^an a new Line of ?vionarchs, called the Cy-e ,ne Liuc. - Some P R J N C £> 8? . Sdm^ few Years after, 'vit. Anno 1066, PFi HI am "Duke of Kor>f!andy invaded Enzlaitdy and havincr defeated Kino- Harcld^ who was killed in the Battle, mounted his Throne. Crufado's, or Expeditions to the 'Holy Land, for the Recovery of Jerufalem from the Saracens, being preached up by the Orders of the Pope at this Time, the Princes of every Kingdom ih Europe, with many of their Subjefts, engaged in. th'eie Holy Wars, as they were called, in which many thoafand People perifhed ; and though they took Antioch, Jerufalem, and feveral other ilrong Places in Pale/iine, they loft them all again within 200 Years. Le-xvis IX. with moil of the Nobility of France, were taken Prifoners in one of thefe Expeditions, (ih Egypt) and it coft them an immenfe Sum to obtain their Liberty. The Pope introducing the French into Sicily, in the fame Reign^ they were mafi'acred and expelled by the Sicilians in the next, s, and the River Farj which di- vides it from Franccy on the Weil. fl'A L T is nfnally thrcmn intQ three Grand Bivi/ions^ viz. Grand Diviixons. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. Chamherry I The Upper or Nor- \ thernDivifion com-y .^ prehending LQ?n hardy. The Middle Bjvi- fion contains /* Sa'uoyy Dukedom \ Piedmonty Principality •— ! ^ "*-* '^ Mont for rat ' - Milanefe — Parmejan • Mcdeneje — Ma7itua — - Venice """■ ■ p^ ( GenQa — — T life any y Dukedom Pope's Territories Tj \ Lucca — ^^^'X'St.Marir ^ino TheLowerorSouthf ^^^^^^' Kingdom < now called L ^icih Turin Cafal ] Milan Parma I Mcdena Mantua Venice Genoa C Florence* J Rome j Lucca (^ St. Alarino r Naples Divifion contains Subdivi/ions. iLy, Savcyy Proper §a"JQy.i Buchy, fub- j eel to the King o£<{ ^^rdinia* \ Geneva, C. Chablaisy C. ITarantajfe Mauriennc Valley Chief Towns. p Chamberry , E . Lo n . 5 -4^ 1 I N. Lat. 45 -4c Montmeiian .0. \, Annecy ' ! Tonory or Thonon Moiijlriers I St. John de [^Bonnc-ville Mauriennc Iv^/Io^;. 7\ 'c7 '^Ti.astp-crin ZoiiJcn ■ liitmniiiiM" iriiiinniil — 40 ^9 ~^~ iSii^'O ^^\kmmni mmim )mhii„t. i-——_ i,,,,,, i,ii,a,.iM,i. iiiiiiiiiiiiillil iiniiillii iiiiniiiiiii I'lin'g ^7! ^a otf /•< v/2 Lo/u 7o/i ^/ Ti E ii M 'i ^ \" U - />. .'-.X.i.rnr,.; /:,vUv, ITALY. 87 Subdlviiions. Piedmont Proper Verceil, Lordfhip MaJJeravy Pringip. Lurca^ Marq. jp, C. ^ufa, Marq. ^a}u-^%a^ Marq. Vaudois Vallies Nics^ or Nizx,ay T. 1 enaCi v^. \^Acup, C. Mentferrat, Dutchy, fubjeit to the King of Sardinia, Pied/nfinti Principa- 11 ty, fubjed to the<( King ot Sardinia. >< Chief Towns. "Turifiy E. Lon. 7-i6, N. Lat. 44-50, Pignerol Carignait Vcrceil MaJJeran I^orca J3 ^Milanefe Proper < Subjed to the Queen of Hun- gary Subjed to the King of Sardi- nia, Cmoa, Weil Coaft Subjcft tp its Prince Eaftern Coafl Parma, fubjedl to Don PhiUp ISUdcna, fubjed to its cwn Ditke. Pa.'vefan — — No^vares — — ComaJ'co "- Lodejan — Cremonefe -— Toricncje Alexandrln Lamnellin ' Genoa Proper Savona., Ter. radoy Ter. AW/, Ter. . Final, Ter, ^ Jlbevga, Ter, Onegiiai Ter. St. Re7n0y Ter. Vinti7nigliay 1 Cf . ^Monaco y Pr. r Rapalloy Ter. \ Lavigna, Ter. ' Spezia, Tef. r Parmefan — L PJacentiay D, 'Niodena^ D, Mirandola, D. RhrgiOy D. 1? . 1 ^A Saluzzsy Coni PragiLaSj Of C/n/ok Nice Tcnde / Aoujh Co.faly E. Lon. 8-35» N. Lat. 45. Aqili 'Milan, E. Lon. 9, N. Lat. 45-25. Pavia Novara . , Como >^,Lcdi I I Cremona Tortona Alexandria LaumeUo ' Genoa, E. Lon. 9-3. N. Lat. 44-30. - * Savona Vado Kelt Final Albenga \.\ Oneglia, fubjed to tkc King of Sardinia, St. Re?no Vintijnizlia, Monacq R alalia La'vigna. Spc^ia T C Parma, E. Lon. 11. KX N. Lat. 44-45. J { Placcntia ' Modena, E. Lon. II-?©. N. Lat. 44-4$.* Mirandola Rbigio Bordello Carfi 8S I r A L T. Subdivifions. f Mantua Proper Guafialla, D. C Fenicey D. Venice Republic Paduan Veronsfe Brefciano BergamafcQ J Cremafco * Viceniino Ro'vigno I J. re-uigiano Bcllunefe Friuli Udiiiefe \_IJlria, Part. ^ ^_. ^^ .. lilands In and near the Gulph of Femce; Cherfo^ O/ero, Vegia, Arhe, P^.^o, LongUy Brazzay Lejlnay Curzolaj Chethaionia, Corfu, Zant, La Fraga, ^ Chief Towns. C Mantua, E. Lon. 11-15^ I N. Lat. 45-20. I Guajialla, fubjeft to the j Prince of Parma I CaJiigUone l^Luzzara "Venice, E. Lon. 13. N. Lat. 45-40. Padua Verona ire/cia Bergamo . . Crema ' * Vicenxa Ro'vigno Trevi/o Belluno Aquileia TJdina J y^Cabo de IJiria. Subdivifions. Venetian Towns on the Coaft of Dalmatia Morlachia ■ . . . Florentino, D. ^vfcany. Grand Duchy, fubje^V to -^Siennefe, D. the Archduke Leo- \Pifan \ fold. Maffa Carara, Principality, fubje<^ to its Prince ». — — Lucca Republic ■ Chief Towns. Zara, E. Lon. 17. N. Lat. 44. Nona Spalatto Sehinico Segna r Florence, E. Lon. \ 12-15. N. Lat. ) 43-30- Siejina \P:fa Leghorno 7 fubjefttothe .Pio}nbino\ Archduke. I \MaJa \ \ Lucca, E. Lon. II-2Q. N. Lat. ^y^S' Coaft del Prejidii, or the Garrifons fubjed \ S r^ 1 ii to the King of the T^u^o Sicilies — J I ^rbitello Subdivifions. I T A L Subdivifions. Campania oi Rome St. Pstcrh Patri- mony — Pope's Texritones ^ $t. Marino^ Republic L Omhria ov Spoletto Ancona, M. — Urhinoy D, •— . Romania — Bolognefe — Ferrarefe — — — Ultra, Princip. Citra, Princip. Mcli/e ~ N^p^es, now called , o •. ^^/? ^j t ■ ' c- // % 'J^//'<2 Lalabria " JJlt. Calabria 'Lwvoro -— JJlt. Abruzzo Citra Ahru%%o Capitinat, Ox Apulg. Barri — r. Chief Towns. ^c'ZTZf, E. Lon. 13, N. Lat. 41-4.C. Tivoli Frefcatti Ojiia Albano Viterbo Ci'vita Vecchia Bracciano Cajiro Or'vietto Aquapendenti "J ^Spoletto I \ Narni f I 7'erni HAncona Loreito Urbino Pefaro _ Semigalia URai^emia Rimini Bologna HFerrara Comachia St. Marino \' Naples, E. Lon. 15, N. Lat. 41. Capua Gaieta Bene'vento Salerno Bojano Cerenzd ^ -^ Co/enzc^ Rheoio o Aquilla Chieti Manfredonia Barri Otranto 89 w < Brundiji Tarmta ITALIAN 9^ I r A L r. ItALIAN ISLANDS. pdl^ — Sardinia Corfica Subdivifions. Val de Mazara Valde Demona Val de Noto Calo de CagUari Caho de Logodari Maltay fubjea.tO the Knights of St. John Jerufalem - — ^ i Li pari Strctnbulo — — Parana ■ Elicuja I" Capri — — Ifchia — of IHands o?2 the Weft Coail of Italy < . Penza Gi^lio Etba Piamofa •— r Capraria Go7'sona Chief Towns. 'PalennOy E. Lon. 13. N. Lat. 38-30. Mejftna Catania Syracufe Noto CagUari , E. Lon. 9-12. N. Lat. 39. Orijiagni SaJJari Cajlcl Aragonefe Bajlia, E. Lon. 9-40^ N. I-at. 42-20. Bonifacio ' Mahay or Faleltay E. Lon. 15. N. Late Lipariy E. Lon. 15. N. Lat. 39, 'Capri, E. Lon. 14-50. N. Lat, 40-45. Ifchia, E. Lon. 14-40. N. Lat. 4. i . Porto Longone, E. Lon. f'^ 11-30. N. Lat. 42-35. fubjed: to Sicily. Porto FerraiOf fubjeft to ^ufcany. Gorgona, E. Lon. 10-50. N. Lat. 43-20. mpuntains.'] i. The /Jps on the North and Weft. 2. The j^Jpenim^ which run the whole Length of Italy, from the N. W. to the S. E. 5. ycfwvius, a remarkable Volcano near Naples. Lakes.'] l.Maggicr. 2. Lugano, -i^. Ccrno. 4. Ifco. 5. G^r^^inthe North, b, Perugia, oi' 7lrafinc?ie. 7. Bracciano. 8. Terni. And, 9* Celaiioy in the Middle. Ri-uers.'\ I. The Po, which rifes in fiedmo7Tt, and running North, paaes by rurin and Chi^-uas, then turning Eaft runs tlirough Montferraty %h^ Milanfife, aiid the Territories of Venice, lallmg into the uidriatic or Gulph of Venice by feveral Channels, and receiving in its Courfe Che two Dorlas, the Stura^ SeJJia, Tejfnoi Ohna, Adda, Oglic, Mindoy^ Qfl. I T A L f. ^i on tlie North ; and the Tanaro, Trebiuy Taroy Sechia and Fartnay oa the South. 2. The Far, which rifes In the Alps, and, running South, falls into the Mediterranean below Nice or Nizza. 3. The Jdige, which rifes in Tirol, and runs South by the City of Trent, and turning Eaft to Vcrons, falls into the Gulph of Venice. 4. The Taglia77ienta. 5. The Piamples, Triumphal Arches, Baths, Aquedu£ls, Fountains, Catacombs, Obcliflcs, Cirques, Sepulchres, Bridges, Churches, Palaces, Statues, Paintings, Piazza's, Colleges, and Hofpitals. The City is generally magnificently built; the Streets fpacious, adorned with 300 Churches, and the elegant Curiofities above recited. The Church of St. Peter is the finelt Struc-^ ture of the Kind on the Face of the Earth ; St. Pai'l\ in London was taken from that Model, but that of St. Peter is vailly larger, and better adorned with Statues and Paintings. 1 he Amphitheatre zt Verona is almofl entire, and it is computed would hold Twenty- four thoufand Spedators. The Catacombs of Naples are very great Curiofities, Thefe are vaft long Galleries cut out of a Rock, three Stories of them one above another, about twenty Feet broad, and fifteen Yczt high, and are faid to run feveral Miles under Ground. 'I'hey are fuppofed to have been the Buiying-places of the Ancients, both at Rome and Naples. Tntre 2^, a noble Scene of Antiquities at Puzzoli near Naples, parti- culnrly a fpacious Highv/ay dug through a Mountain, halt a Mile in Length, at the Entrance whereof is Virgih Tgrnb^ and near this is ITALY, 95 the Grotto del Cane, remarkable for Its poifonous Steams, that kill any Dog that enters it, or Men if they Hoop to the Ground. T'he Via Jppia, the Via Flami^aa., and Via Emilia., Stone Caufeways; which run half the Length of Italy, are noble Remains of the Roman Grandeur. Language, '\ The Italian is the old Latin, corrupted by the Goths and other Northern Nations, which demoliihed the Roman Empire. The Lord's Prayer in this Language runs thus : Padro 77oJlro che J'ei ne Cieliy Jja fantlificaio il tuo nonie ; // tuo regno 'vcnga ; la tiia "volunta fia. fatia, Jt come in Cielo coji anche in terra ; dacci hoggi il nojlro pane cotidiano ; cremitticii nojlri dehiti, Ji cojne noi anchora remittiamo a nojhi debitori ; e non tndtirci in teniatione, ma liber aci dal 7naligno ; pcrchioche tuo e il regno, e la potenza, e la gloria in Jempiterno. /imen. Religion of Italy.] The principal Points wherein the Church of Rorrn differs from the ProteJfa?7t Churches, are, 1. The Infallibility of the Pope. 2. The Belief of five Sacraments more than the Protejianis allow, 'viz. Confirmation, Penance, Extreme Undion, Orders, and Mar- riage. 3 . In conf@rming to the Decrees of the Council of Trent, 4. In Tranfubltantiation. 5. In the Dodlrine of purgatory. o. In praying to Saints and Angels. 7. In the Worihip of Images. 8. In the Pope's Power to grant Indulgences. - 9. In believing the Pope to be the SucceiTor of St. Peter, and Vicar of Chrill. 10. In believing all that the Church of 7?/9«?f believes. Gold Coins in ITA L T. , The Sequin, or Chequin, o^ Venice — — . The old Italian Pillole Double Ducat of Genoa, Vendee, and Florence • ■ Single Ducats of the fame Places . . Silver Coins in / TJ L K The old Ducat of Venice The new Ducat • — — . — — . The Ducat o^ Naples — - The Tarin » ■ . /. s. d. 0 9 / 0 10 7 0 18 7 Q 9 3i 0 3 4 0 1 y 0 3 4 0 0 8 0 0 4 0 I b 0 5 4 The Carlin, or Tenth of a Ducat . . The Teflon of Rome, or 3 Julio's - . The Ducat of Florence, or Leghorne ■ ■ Sardinia. King's Titles.] The King of Sardinia^ Titles are, Vislor Amadeus, by the Grace of God, King of Sardinia, Duke of Sa^uoy, Cbablais, Aoujh, Gene^wis, and Montferrat, Prince oi Piedmont, Ache'ia^ Morea, and Oncglia : Marquis of SaliiJJes and Su%a ; Earl of AJl:, Geneva, Nice, Tende, and Rornont, Baron of Faud i, Lord of Verceil^ FriLurgh, Marro, Piella, and No-vclla ; Prince and perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy, and King o{ Cyprus, Scq. Ai the King of Sardinia is a Member of the Empire, he has a SsiLjn in their Dyets, amongft the Princes of the Circle of the Uppcir RJnjie, and contributes his Quota to a War againil the Turks ; but F til' r.ot find he is fubject to the Lavvi and Con§itations of the Empire io. S4 I T A L r. in other Refpefts, nnlefs it be, that he receives the Inveftittlre af fuch Territories as he enjoys in the Montferrat and Mila-nefe from the Emperor. Forces.] He is always obliged to have a good Body of Troops in Time of Peace, to ga^rri^on his Frontier Towns againrt France and the Milane/e ; but he does not feem to be governed %y the Gennati Prin- ciple of keeping up twice as many Forces as he can maintain. It is >vith Reludlance that ever he is drawn into a War either bir France of t^at Empire ; and, v/hen he finds it unavoidable, and that he mail de- clare for the one Party or the other, he takes Care to make an advan- tageous Bargain 5 to have fuch Sams advanced, and Penfions annually paid him, that he has little Occafion to burden his Subjefts with ex- traordinary Taxes. In all that long and terrible War he was engaged in far thirty Years, till the Peace of Utrecht y I quellion whether he paid Ten thoafand Men with his own Money. '^i^voy Knights.] The only Order of Knighthood in this Prince's- Dominions, is that of the Ajiminciada, Q>Ydi2iiiit\ hy A7nddee the firfl Duke, at which Time he defended Rhodes againft the Turks, Anno 1409. Their Collar is of fifteen Lirks, to fliew the fifteen MyPceries of the Virgin ; at the End is the Portraiture of our Lady, with the Hiilory of the Annunciation, inftead of a Motto, thefe Letters FERTt id efr, Foriiiudo ejus Rhoduni Tenuity are engraven in every Plate Qi Link of the Collar; each Link being intervv'oven one within the other,- jn Form of a true Lover's Knot. The Number of the Knights are l''ourtcen, behdes the Duke, who Is the Sovereign of the Order. The Solemnity was held anciently on our Lady- D ay, in the Caftle of St. Peter in Turin-, but of Lite in the '^'i^Q\V)\oi An7naiciaday from thence- io denominat-ed. Arms.] Arms of Sa^oy are G, a Cfofs, A. This being the CrofJ of St. John Q)ijenifal:iny whofe Knights at that Time were Owners o* Rhodes* Whereas before the Arms were Or, an Eagle difplayed with two Head3, Sable, armed Gules fupporied in FefTe, an EicUtcheon of Saxony, that is barwife, fix Pieces Sable and Or, a Ber.d flowered \ ert ; a Coat belonging to the Emperors of the Houfe oi Saxo7iy, from wliom the £jII Earls oJ[ Sa't'oy did derive thcfiifelves. Geneva and Genoa Forces.] The P.cpubllcs of Geneva and Genoa are as much inferior in Strength to his Sardinian Mujeliy, and as ap-* prehenfive of his Defigns againil them, as he is of Fraiucy or the Em- peror ; and were they not protected by their refpedlive Allies, would be in Danger of falling under his Power. Geneva Arms.] The Arms of Geneva, when und6- the Command of the Earls thereof, were Or a Crof^ Azure. ^^a;^;/^^^ o/' Sardinia.] The ordinary Revenues of this Prince are ufually computed at Five hundred thoufand Pounds ^\^\\\\\g per Annum'., but^this feems to he no more than an uncertain Gucfs : However, as he is poflefled of feveral rich and fertile Provinces, they mull be very confiderable ; and as lie is abfolute in his Dominions, he can augment them at his Pleafure. 0/ Milan.] The conHant Revenue of the Duchy of Milan are computed at Three hundred thouf^nd Pounds per Annum \ and the Complement of Forces for this Duchy are about 1 hirty thoufand Men thcugj, I r A L, r, 95 tiiougK there are fcarce half fo many in aftual Service, flue OfHcei-s* putting great Part of the Pay in their Pockets, which is affigned for that Service ; at leaft this was the Cafe v/hile they were itnder the Do- minion of Spaim Gemus of the Gencefe.j The Ce?ioe/s are elieemed a cunninn; indu-- firious People, and more inured to Hirdfliips than the reit of the Ita^ liansi which was the Charadler of their Anceftors, the -ancient Z/j^j«- rians. As the Barrennefs of the Country continue.5, no Wonder that their Manners are the fame ; for nothing makes Men's Wits Iharper than Want, But there may be this further Reafon given for their Sa- gacity and Dexterity in Bufinefs, namely, that all their Nobility and Gentry apply themlelves to Trade, and are better acquainted with the Myfteries of over- reaching and cozening thoie they deal with, than the €entry of other Countries. The Quality in Genoa are ufually cloathed in Elack, and wear no Swords, but throw a cloak over them when they go out, notvvith- fianding the Heat of the Count, y. As for the poorer Sort of People, iuch as Labourers, Piuibandmen, l^c. they fcarce wear any Cloaths at all, nor Jiave Occarion for any, the Weather is fo warm. The Peopre of a middle Rank folicw f me the cpanijhy and others the French Modes, according as they are afTeded. The Womens PetticoatS4» who are plcafcd with the Spanijh FaHiions, are ftuBed out Vv'ith Fardingals ^ while the Men v.ear broad Hats, lon« v/aifted Doublets with Hano-ins- jfiecves, and itrait Breeches, bucklipg themfelves \iv> with broad Lc-a-- ther Belts. Milan Societies cf frit.'] At MiJan^ an-d ather Towns, s^re Acade- mies or Clubs of Wits, v/ho ftiie thcmfcives A^/fo.^//, that is. Hidden cr Secret. At their public Meetings tiiey entertain each other with Rhetorical, Moral, or Pliiiofophicai Difcourfes, and fcmetiraes v/itk Politics ; for Travellers relate, that there is no Place where the com- mon Peoi)le enquire into State AnV;irs, and entertain one anothcf with PoiiLical Remarks, more than m tiiis Country. Trajic in Mantua.] The Town of Ma7jina is a Place cf good Trade; their Silk Manufadure particularly lias a great Reputation all c\Q.r Eurcpi: : Jt is from this City thofe gloiiOMS Italian Silks, called Maniiui'sy take their Name, which our Countrymen £nd more Difiicuky in imitating th::n any other. Tufcany Troflc.'\ The principal Trade of the City of Flonncf, befides V, i«e, Oil. Fruits, and other Produce of the Country, confiiis^ in Wrought Silks, Gold and Silver StuiFs. The Nobility and Gentry do not think it beneath them to apply themfeives to Trade ; and the late Great Duke was faid to be «ne of the mo'l: coniiderabic Merchants in Europe: 1 he G.ntry fell their own Wine by Retail out of Doors, though not in their Houfes, and even hang out a broken Flaf^: lor a Sign at their Cc/urt Gates. Their Cuftomers come no further than tlie Cellar 'V\ividcw however, where they take and return their Hafks to th'e Butler without diliurbing the Houfe ; at the fame Time they lock upon it as a great Dilparaeement to educate their Children in tiie Profcilion. cf Phyfic. Lucca Traffc-I The Diligence of the People cf the City of Liaca has given it the Name of l,ucca the leaiitftriciu : Thc^ir iVJaaufadures con fill g6 t r A L r. confift chiefly in Silk, and Gold and Silver StufFs. The Olives an^ Oil produced in their Territories are very much eileemcd : They have alfo Plenty of Wine, but not Corn fufficient for their Subfiflence ; the common People eat Chefnuts frequently inllead of Bread, as they do in many other Parts of Italy, Animals and Produce o/' Venice.] The Territories of Venice are as fruitful as any in Italy, abounding in excellent Arable and Paiture, Vineyards,* and Plantations of Mulberries. The Road between Verona and Padua is ^l^^mely pleafant, being planted thick with white Mul- berry-Trees in*^|Luares, which do not only furnifh Food for great Quantities of SilK\ll^rms with their Leaves, and feed the Swine and Poultry with their -R^iit, but ferve as fo many Stays for the Vines,- which hang all along fB|^Garlands from Tree to Tree; and within the feveral Squares are iWads of Corn, which in thefe hot Countries lipens much better in the Shade of the Mulberry-Trees, than if it were expofed to the Sun : On the other hand, it is too cold for their Oranges and Citrons in the V/inter, when they are forced to cover ihem : Whereas to the Southw'ard of the Atpenins, they have no Occa- fion to ufe fuch Precautions. There is alfo Plenty oi Cattle of all Kinds in the Venetian Territories, which Travellers obferve are either Grey or White ; but that their Hogs are ufually Black, and their Fiefh much better than in France or England, which is fuppofed to proceed from their Food, living much upon Trufiics, (a delicious Root) the Hufks of the prelled Grapes, Chefnuts, Mulberries, l^c. The Sheep cf the Paduan afford a good Sort of Wool, little iriferior to that of England', and there is no where a greater Plenty of Fifh and Fowl;j' and all Manner of Game, than in the Territories of Venice, Di'verJionsajidCiiJlorpisofYGvncc.'] Concubinc^ge is fo much coun- tenanced here, that the Wife generally lives in good Correlpondencc with the Partners of her Bed. The Ladies arc io inQiilrrt;;r-t to their Sons, that as foon as they obferve in any of iliem an Inclination for the Fair Sex, they bargain v/ith fome of their poor Neiojhbours for one of their Daughters to be his BedfcUov/ j vs'hcreby tl}ey prevent his marrying to Difadv^antage, or contrading a naufccus IMltemper by cohabiting with common Women. The Friends and Relations of the Girl, who is to be the young Gentleman's rviilTjefs, qou\q fre- quently to wifn her Joy upon the Occafion, as if ihe was roally mar- ried to him. They contradl for a Month, a Year, or more, as they •can agece. This Commerce is taken to be fo little criminal here, that they icarce ever mention it in Confeflion ; and if they do, the Priclt tells thcin, he will not be troubled with fuch Tiiflcs. Thofe who can- liot afford to keep a Mifs for their particular Ufc, join with two or three Friends, and have one in common amongit them : There are whole Streets of Wenches who receive all Comers ; and as the Habits of other People are black and difmal, thefe drefs in the gayell: Colours, with their Biealis open, and their Faces painted, flanding by Dozens at the Doors and Windows to invite their Cullomcrs. As to the Wives of Venice, if we are to credit Dr. Burnet^ they are b:ed up in fo much Ignorance, and converfe fo liitlc, that they knew nothing but the dull Superftition of Holy- Days, on vvdvich th.ey iLiy in the Churches as long as they can, and fo prolong tho little Liberty they have in going abroad on thofe Davs, as Children do tiicir Hours of T r A L r. 97 of Play, They are not employed in domeftic Affairs, and generally underlland no Sort of Work, but are the infipidell Creatures imagi- nable ; which does not feem to agree with what other Travellers re- late of the Wit and fprightly Converfation of the Venetian Women, unlefs we are to underftand it only of common Women, whom the Dodor would perhaps infinuate have ingrolTed all good Senfe. The married Women do not wait the ufual Form of Courtfhip, but de* fcend at once to downright Lewdnefs with their Gallants ; the firll Step with them, without any Preamble or Preparative, is Confiim- mation. As to the Entertainments and Diverfions of the Men, Mr. Addifon obferves, that thoucrh they live in a very moift Air, Drinking is not at at ail in Fafnion with them ; nor have, they^.ny fuch Amufements as Bowling, Hunting, Vv^aiking, Pviding, or other Exercife, to employ tlicm without Doors. At the Carnival, a Time devoted for Pleafare, the great Diver^on of the Place, as at all other Times of Rejoicings is Mafquerading. The Fsnetiansy who are naturally grave, however give into the Follies and Extravagancies of fuch Seaibns, difguifed in a falfe Perfonage. They are indeed under a NeceiTity of iinding out Diverfions that may agree with the Nature of the Place, and make Amends for the Lofs of feveral Pleafiires which may be met with on the Continent. Thefe Difguifes give occafion to abundance of Love Adventures ; for there is lomething he obferves more intriguing in the Amours of Venice^ than thofe of other Countries. Operas are another principal Entertainment at this Seafon j but the Poetry of them is generally as bad as their Muiic is exquifitely good. Another Diverfion during the Carnival, is gaming in Places called the Ridotti, which are Apartments in the Noblemen's Houfcs, where none but Noblemen keep the Bank ; they difmifs the Gameflers when they pleafe, and always come off Winners^: They are ufually ten or twelve Chambers on a Floor, with Gaming-Tables in them, and very great Crowds of People ; a profound Silence however is obferved, and none are admitted v.'ithout Maflvs. Here you meet Ladies of Pica- fure, and married Women of Quality, who, under the Protedlion of a Malk, enjoy all the Diverfions of the Carnival, but arc ufually attended by the Hulbandj or his Spies. Befides the Gaming-Rooms, there are others for Converfation, where Wine, Limonade, and Sweetmeats are fold. Here the Gentlemen are at Liberty to rally and addrefs the Ladies, but muft take Care to keep within the Bounds of Decency, or they may meet with a fevere Refentm.ent from the injured Hufbands, who too often employ Bravo's or Aflaffins to procure them Satisfadlion, as it is called, for Affronts of this Kind ; but thefe Pradices are not fo common as formicrly, the State having in a Manner extirpated this Race of Villains. Venice Nobility and Knights.'] The Nobility, though they have the Legiflative Authority in their Hands, Hand fo much in Awe of the State Inquifition which they have eftablifhed, that they dare not enter into any familiar Converfation with Foreigners, or even with their own. Order, for fear £)f being charged with Defigns againft the State : Nay, it is held criminal to talk of public Affairs, v/hen they are not afiembled in the Eroglio or in their Councils. They are not permitted to carry any Aims about them, or to wear Silver or Gold Lace, or Fringe oii G thek 98 I r A L r. their Clothe^, e." out of ihefe that the Doge and his Council of Ten are generally chofen. Orders of Knights at Venice*] Befides the Nobiliryj there arc three Orders of Kniohthood : i. That of the Golden Star, which is conferred only on thofe of the firft Quality, who have merited of the CTOvernment ; they wear a Srar bordered witli Gold Lace. 2. The Knights of St. Mark 'i v/hich Honour is ufually conferred oil the Ofilcers in the Sea or Land Service^ who have behaved well, to which is ?ainexed a Fenfion .of icoo Ducirts pci- Annian. They wear a Medal vvith the Figure of St. Mark on one Side, and feme other Device of the Senate's appoint- ing, upon the Reverfe. 3. The Doge's Knights j who arC called fo on Account of their beino- created bv him, and beRowed on foiei'j-n Offlcers in their Service. There are ftill feverat Orders of Nubility, as Coimts, Marquiiles, l.Zic. on lY.e-Teira Firma in the Venetian Territories^ who are not at all efteemed for their i'itles at Venice \ and thefe are the Heirs and Defcen- dants cf fuch Noblemen as were created by foreign Princes, before theie Provinces were conquered by the Republicj who have loit their Privi- leges, and new enjoy no more than the Titles of their Ancei^ors. Thefe the Venetians endeavour to humble and diib-efs by all the Ways imagi- liaLIe, that they may render them incapable of carryiiig on an/ Defigas againil the Government. They create other Noblemen with the like Titles, ofwhofe Fidcliiy they are allured, in ardcr t«» balance tlie Pow<^ of the ancient Nobility, and are perpetually fomei.tir.g and encouraging their private Quarrels, that they may be diverted horn any Pradtices againlt the State. Another Piece of Policy is to difcountcnaticc ciU that are eminent and remarkable for their Virtues of any ICind whatever. A briive Man is fure to be brow-beaten ; and if a Peribn is a little more liofpitable or charitable than his Neighbour?, he is in Danger of the Siate-Inquihtion, left thefe VirtucSj crthe Appearance of them, (hould render him popular, and the GovcrnniCRt be endangeied thereby. Bur, Jifnon^y the Liberties oi Venice y there is one 1 have ilill omitted : This, fays Mr. Addijon, is perhaps the only City in Ewcfei where Painters rnay bcft lludy the P>eautiey of Nature ; for there are two Academies, where there are always naked People of both Sexes to be drawn, who are often upon the Stage together, in what Pollute they pleafe t.-^ put them ; and ariy Man, for the Vdlue of Sixpence or a S.hillino-, rnrry come in and ta e a Vitvvof tlicm : Nor is it to "be conceived sviui v.ha't Afiurztnce thefe young Crcataits will iuiicr thwiiiiclvcj 10 be gazed .crt by all the Wciid. Venice ITALY. 99 Venice C&;^x'^,7/ J.] The Nuns o^ Venice, particularly thofe of St. "achary and St. Lcii.vrcncSy where only noble Venetians are admitted, d*" not fo much as pretend to retire for Devotion; but the Nobility fend thtir Daughters thither to fave their Eftates, it being the eafieil: Pro- vifion they can make for them, Thefe, according to Dr. Burnet , are not veiled, neither do they cover their Necks or Brealrs, and receive Variety of Company ; though he acknQwIedges, that thofe he fuv ufed the fame Precautions they do in other Nunneries, and had Grates in their Parlour?, beyond which their Male Friends were not admitted to come. They talked much, he obferved, loud, and very ungracefully, and allowed themfelve^ a Liberty ia rallying, that other Places could not bear. The Patriarch intended to have reftrained the Liberties of theie Houfes, and began with the Nuns of St. La^vrence ; but they told him plainly, they were noble F^//^//W/, who had chofen that Way of Life,^ as moll: convenient for them, but v/ould not be fubjeft to his Re- gulations ; and, upon hia attemptiag to (hut up their Hcule, they were about to let fire to it : Whereupon the Senate interpofed, and required the Patriarch todefill. Mr. Addifon relates alfo, that the Venetian H\i.xi%- are famous for their Liberties ; that they have Operas within their Walls, and ohiw go out of their Bounds to meet their Admirers (if they are not mifreprefented) and their Lovers converfe with them daily at the Grate of tlieir Parlour. Sicily, Kifig^s Titles and Jrms.] The King's Titles are, Kin^ of the Tivo Sicilies, i^c. His Arms, Or, Four Pellets Gules, between two Flanches Argent, charged with as many Eagles Sable, membered,^ beaked, and crowned. Azure. Pcpe*s Arms,"] The Pope, as Sovereign of the Lands of the Church, bears for his Efcuicheon Gules, confifcing of a long Cape or Head-piece Or, furmounted with a Crofs pearled and garniilied with Three Royal Crowns, together with the two Keys of St. Peter placed in Saltier, Venice ^;7^j.] Thofe of Awtr are Azure, a Lion winged. Sejant, Or, holding under one of his Paws a Book covered. Argent. Genoa Arms.l^ Thofe of Gf;.'c^ are, Argent^ a Crofs Gules, with a Crovv'n clofed, by reafon of the Kland of Ccrf.ca belonging to it, which bears the Title of a Kingdom, and for Supporters are two Grifrins, Or. Tufcany KnighisS^ The only Order of Knighthood in this State is that of St. Stephen, ir.fiituted by Co/mo di Medicis, Anno 1561, and dedi- cated to St. Stephen; becaufe, upon the Feilival of St. Stephen, Pope and Martyr, being the 6th of ^W^//, he won the famous Battle of ;'/ being 476 Years after the Building of Re me. The firft foreign War the Remans entered upon was that of Siciljy being called thither by a Parcel of Rebels and Banditti, who had feized oft MeJJina, and defended it againll the Syracujians and Carthaginians y then the principal Powers in that Illand, who had united their Force? to fupprefs this Nell of Robbers ; but the Romans tranfporting an Army into Sicily, defeated the Syracujlans and Carthaginians, and compelled them to raife the Siege ; and the Romans, having made Peace with Syra-^ cufe, took no lefs that fifty Cities from the Carthaginians in Sicily, and afterwards drove them out of the Iflands^ of Sardinia and Corjtca. Thei^i they carried the War into Africa, but were defeated there by the united Forces of the Lacedamonians and Carthaginians, fifteen thoufand of their Men, with Regulus the Ccnful, being made Prifoners, befides many thoufands which fell in the Battle, However, the Ro?nans being afTifted by fome of the States of Greece, with their united Fleets, defeated that of the Carthaginians ; and thereupon a Peace was concluded betweeit Rome and Carthage, whereby the Italian Iflands, 'as a-^igned to Crq//us, who perifhed there in a War agalnft the Parthians. Cafar^ on the contrary reduced all ^ranfalphie Gaul under the Dominion of the Remans ; while Pompey re- mained at Rome, committing the Government of Spain to his Lieuieiiants. C^rfar'^ amazing Succefs giving Pcmpey and the Senate a jealoufy of him, when he petitioned for a fecond ConfulOiip, they commanded him to difband his Army, and appear as a private Perfon at the Election ; but he, finding himfelf at the Head of the greased Body of veteian .Troops in the Service of Rome, and being ariived at the highcft Pitch of Glory and Popularity by his late Conquerh of Gaul and Britainy inarched diredly to Rome, after he had paiied the Rubicc?i, the uimoll Limits of his Province ; being determined to obtain that by Force, v/hich he knew the Senate would never voluntarily <:onfcr upon him. The Senate receiving Advice that C^far was advancing- towards Ron;c\v\\}.\ his Army, tlie greateil Part of them lelt Rcmc-> and ieti:ed to Greece \ and Ca^jar entered the City without Oppofition, obliging that Part of the Senate which ilaid there, to declare him Conful and perpe- tual Dictator. Cajcr followed Pompey into Greece, where he had afTemblcd a nume- rous Army, but was Gefea.ted at Phar/alia, and, flying to %>>//, was there beheaded by King Ptolemy. Whereupon C^j'ar afiumed the iJcminion of. the whole Empire, and, though cgrcgioufiy flattered by the I r A L T. 103 tlie Senate, and ftiled the Father of the People, he was dabbed in the Senate-Houfe, before he had enjoyed his ufurpcd Dominion fix Months. Upon his Death two Parties arofe, one to revenge his Death, and the other to rei^ore the Comrnonwealth : Mark Anthony and Odanjhis were at the Head of the firft, and Brutus and Caj]his of thelaft. Brutus and CaJJiiis being defeated and killed at Philippi, Ocla^jius, Mark Ari' thony, Xi\d Lepidus, formed another Triumvirate, which continued ta go- vern t' e State ten Years. After which hepidus was laid ailde, and a Mifunderil:anding arifing between OSla^vius and Antho7ty, they had P^e- courfe to Arms : Anthony was defeated in the Sea-Fight at Aclium and l^ed with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt ^ his Miftrefs, to Africa; whither being purfucd by Odavius, boih Anthony and Cleopatra killed thenj- ftlvcs. But I Ihould have remembered, that, during the laft: Trium- virate, a Profcription was agreed on, v/hereby each of the Parties fa- crificcd fome of their bed Friends, andworthiell Senators, among vvhciji v/as the celebrated G.-ccro. Oc7«W?/i having- now no Partner or Rival in the Government, the fupreme Power fell naturally into his Hands. He rejedled the Tide of King hovvcver, as well as that of Didaior; though he alTumed an Authority equal to that of his Uncle Julius Co-far t and is ellcenied the Founder of the Ro?nan Empire. Ccnfaritins removed the Seat of the Empire to Confantinople. It was afterwards divided into two Parts ; the one called the i^cA/^/f Empire, the Emperor whereof refided at Rc77ie % and the other the Grecian Em- pire, the Emperor whereof refided at Conflantinople : But in the fifth Century, Xkvft Goths ^ Vandals, and other Northern Nations, broke into the Rc7/ian Empire, and divided It amongll them ; the North Part of Jtaly fell at Length to the Share of the Lofnhiirds, and Ra-ucnna and K/^'plt's were pofieKed by the Grecian Emperors a confidcrable Time after the Defu udion of the Empire of Rome, of which Augufus was the lai]: Sovereign, Anno Dcm. 473. The Lcmhards fiibduing the Exarchate of Ra^emia, and afterwards laying Siege to Rc?ne, Pcpm, Kiqg o^ France, raifed the Siege, and re- covered i^^'L'f/??/^ fiom the Lombards; which, with the Territory about it, .he conferred on the Pope, who thereby became a Temporal Prince. The Lombards, endeavouring to recover Ra-uenna, Charlcmalgne, the Sow o^ Pepin, invaded Loynhardyy took Didier, the iall King, Prifonei', and put an End to that Kingdom about the Year 774 : After which he confirmed the Exarchate o^ Ravenna to the Pope, and added the Mar- quifate of ^?/<:o/7^?, and the Duchy oi Spoktio, iixUmbria, to the Pope's Territories : In Pveturn for whigh Favours, the Pope crowned Chark- maigns Emperor of the Romans, A. D. 800 ; and thus a new Empi:e was fmnded in the Weft, which comprcijended Germany, Franfe, Italy, ^ni Part Oi Spain. The Emperors refiding in Gertnany, divided 7/^,^- into feveral Govern- ments, the Governors v.diereof at length afTumed Scver-ign Power. And thus a great many fmall Principalities and Statis were crevftcd, which ftill profeficd however to acknowledge the Emperor their Head ; and many of them procured Grants from the Gentian Emperors to coiifiiia their refpe£live Titles, which they purchafed with Sams of Money. The Pope for a confidcrabre lim:; acknowledged, tliat he held his Territories of the E^ipcrcr, vvhowas ilikd the Pution aiid Dcfcnde ^ G4 o I04 1 ^ A L r, pf the Church, until the Reign of the Emperor Henry IV. when the Popes, weary of the Subjeftion to the Emperors, who refufed fome- times to confirm the Eleftion, and at others turned them out of tlie Chair, endeavoured to enjbroil the Emperor's Affairs in Genna^iy and Jtaly, and incited Infurreftions againll them ; and when Henry IV^ afferted his Right of invefting Bifhops in their Sees, Pope Gregory VII. excommunicated him, and compelled the Emperor to part with that Branch of his Prerogative ; and at Length affumed an Authority to judge of the Emperor's Actions, as well as of other Princes, receiving " Complaints from their Subjedls, reverfing their Decrees, and, if they disputed his AuthoriW, abfolved their Subjects from their Allegiance> depofed them, and trllasferred their Dominions toothers. Thefe Ufurpations oS^the Prerogatives of the Emperors, occafioned irequient Wars between theJEmper-^jsand Popes, in which the Princes oi Italy were divided, fome fidin^'Wm the Pope, and others with the Emperor ; and in thefe Struggles procured their Independency on either to be eUabliihed. 'The prefent Slate of the Pope^s Power and Influence. THE Popelofl great Part of his Power and Influence at the Refor- mation, but flill he remains a confiderable Temporal Prince, and and is abfolute in his Dominions. He holds a Confiftory of Cardinals on Ecclefiallical Affairs, but the Cardinals do not intermeddle with his Civil Government. The Cardinals are Seventy in Number when com- plete, appointed by the Pope on a Vacancy ; and he takes Care always to have a Majority of Italian Cardinals, that the Chair may not be re- moved from Romey as it was once to A=vigjion in France. The Pope's chief Minifler is the Cardinal Patron, ufually his Ne- phew, y/ho amaffes an immenfe Ellate, if the Reign be of any long Duration. The Campania oi Rome is under the Pope's immediate Go- vernment. The other Provinces of the Ecclefiallical State are governed by Legates and Vicelegates, and there is a Commander in Chief of the Pope's Forces in every Province, The Pope monopolizes all the Corn in his Territories, and it is purchafed of his Agents at the Price he fets upon it. The Pope's Territories are bounded by the Territories of Fejiice^ on t}\t North ; by the Gulf of Fenice, on the North-Eaft ; by Naples, on the South-Eaft ; 'by the Tu/can Sea, on the South-Weff ; and by the Duchy of Tiifcany, on the Ncrth-Wefl: j being 240 PJiles long, and their greateil Breadtli 120 Miles; generally a fruitful Soil, producing Qoxw, Wine, Oil, Silk, and excellent Fruits, proper to a warm Cli- mate. The Walls of i?c;.'2^, his Capital City, are 12 Miles round, and thofe of old Rome were no more : l^here is not a third Part of the Ground within the Walb built upon at prefent, the reft is taken up in Gardens and Vineyards. The Inhabitants thereof do not' amount to 120,000, whatever they might do in ancient Rome. There are iive Bridges over the River ftill remaining, twenty Gates, and 300 antique Towers. The Caille of St. Angela 1% a modern Fortrefs of no great •Strength. Modern Rorne ftands much higher than ancient Rome, being built upon its Ruins, infomuch that the Tarpeian Rock, from whicll Malefactors ufed to be thrown, is not now twenty Feet high. it I "T A L r. 105 -It IS ubferved, there is more Liberty allowed to People of all Keligians at Ro?ney than in any other Roman Catholic Country. I'he Pope's Revenues, as a Temporal Prince, may amount to about .one Million Sterling /^r Jnnu'm^ jraifed chiefly by a Moijopoly of Corn, the Dades en Wine, and oth^^r Provifions. The only Port almoil he has of Confeqnence is that of Ci-vitfl Vecchia, on x}i\zTufcan Sea, whicli is Ib'ongly fortified, and has lately been made a free Port ; but the fo- reign Trailk of the Pope's Territories is not confiderable, any more than his Fleet, which only confifts of fome Gallies. The Pope's Ecclefiallical Dominion far ejiceeds his Temporal. It is computed, .tha,tthe Monks and regular Clergy, which are abfolutdy at his Devotion, do not amount to lefs than two Millions of People, difpcrfed through every Country of the Wofld, to ailert his Supremacy over Princes, and promote the I«i^ereil: of the Church. The Revejiues thefe Monks draw frc;n the Roman Catholic Countries, do not amojipt 10 lefs thi^u twenty Millions Sterling J>er Jf:num, beiide the cafual Pro- iits ariiing from Oiierings, and the People's Bounty to the Church, wJio ai-e taught, that thejr Salvation depends on this Kind of JBenevolence. S A V O T. SAFOT \y?.s anciently poiTefTed by the Jllobroges, and reduced under the Obedience of the Romans in the Reign oi Augnjiiis ; and, having l5een fucceflivcly fubjeft to the Northern Nation's wiiich de- ilroyed the Reman Empire, it was at length incorporated with the Kin^-- i Sardinia-,) Mury Adelaide^ 'Mother of the prefent French King Lenjjis XV. and Mary Lcui/a Ga- ii^^Ja, who married Philip V. King of Spain, by whom ihe had liTiie iJie late King Ferdinand. The late Duke of Sa^voy coming into the grand Alliance againft France, An72o 1702, loil all his flrong Towns ; and Turin, his Capital, was upon the Point of being taken, when the Allies marched to his Relief, and railed the Si^ge, utterly deliroying the French Army that lay before it, Anno 1706 ; and, at the Peace oi' Utrecht, 1713, he was m^ijde King of Sicily, for the Service he had done the Allies in that Wrr. He .iftcrwaisls exchanged ^S/c/Zv for the Crown of Sardinia, Anno 17 1 g, of which liis prefent Majefty remains poilefTed. Ihe t)uchy of Mcntferrat, the Alexandrin, Vige^oancr, and Laumelia^ have f4t>ry been ceded" to the King of Sardinia by xk\.^ AuJ}riai2s, whick are very valuable Additions to hisl)oiniuion's. The Iving of Sardinia is an abfolut;^ prince, and the Crov/n here- ijitary ; but tlic Adminiiiration of the Goyernment, in the fe ver a 1 Ter- ritories h6 poliefles, is comimit-ed to as many Councils, and they are governed by their refpeftive Laws, where the King does not interpofe. Sa-joy is but a barren Country; and, lying on X^ii^ French Side of the Alps, wJicii^v^i a vVai breaks cut, is iioinediattly ^ir^zed by tk^Prench ; io6 I r A L r. "but ufualiy reftored upon a Peace, Piedmont is a fine fruitful Co\:^niTY, and abounds in excellent Silk, of which the Englijh have purchaied to the Value of 200,00c/. feme Years. Picd?7ic7it is naturally fortiiied jgainll Invaders , by the Alps, ?nd has been very much ftrengthened by l-crtreiTes, againft wliich the French loft many thoufand Men in the Reign of Queen Anne, efpecially at Turing which they were forced to abandon after ten Weeks Siege. The King of Sardinia may now be looked upon as a very formidable Prince, by the Acquilition of that Jiland, Mcntfcrrat, and a confiderable Part of the Milaneje ; but, what-r ever his Forces may be by Land, he has fcarce any Fleet at Sea : Fie has but three fmall Ports in Italyi fiz. NiiS, P'illafranca., and Omglla : In Sardinia indeed are feveral good Ports, but their Princes have not as yet applied themfelves much to Navigation. Turin, the Capital of the King of Sa^-dinia''^ Dominion?, is fuuate on the Rivers Po and Doria. It is of a fquare Form, three Miles round, and admired for its fpacious Squares, Piazza's, and Street?, and particularly the King's Palace, which, for the Beauty of the Apart-r jRCnts, the Richnefs of the Furniture, the elegant Paintinps, Cabinets of Cuiiofities, and Library, is fcarce to be parallel'd. The Chapel of the Holy Handkerchief, built of black Marble, is much admired. This Handkerchief, Tradition fays, was prefcnted to our Saviour by a compafiionate Virgin, as he was going to his Crucifixion ; and tWat «ur Savioclr, having wiped his Face with it, returned it with his Pid-UiQ imprinted On his Handkerchief in the mcll- lively Colours. The Religion of the King q{ Sardinia' ^ Subjefts is generally Popery; thoi-.gh there are fome Proteftants in the Vailies cf the Vaudois, who have undergone feveral fevcre Perfccutions ; but, by the Mediation of the Protcilant Powers, are fometimes fuffered to live at Quiet. M I L A N. THE Duchy of Milan conftituted the North Part of the ancient ^^ Li^uria, and was inhabited by the Ivjiwrcs, when the Rc?nans reduced it under their Dominion. I1ie Goths miade a Conquelt of it 5n the fifth Century, and were difpoffefied by the Lcinbards in 572. Milan compofing the bell Fart of the Kingdom oi' Lcn:onrdjy which was fubdued by Charlcmaigne the Emperor about the Year 800; but in the Wars between .the Emperors and the Pope, M/7^?k withdrew her Alle- oiance, and afTumed an Independency, iomctimes in the i'orm of a Kepublic, and at others governed by Dukes : And it long ferved as <| Bone of Contention between the Emperor and the French, till Charles the Vth expelled the French about the Year 1525, and gave it, with Spain, to his Son Philip ll> To which Crown it tfcmained fubjei^, un- til the Imperialijis, with the Affiftance of their Allies, drove the French ()Ut en' haly in 1706. The Spaniards and French recovered it from the Imperialijts in the Year 1743 ; but by a iubfequent Peace it was reftore4 to the Emperor, on his ceding Katies and Sicily to the piefent King of Spain ', and the Auftrians remain poflelled of the Duchy oi Milan to this Diiy, the Emprels Queen governing it by her Viceroy or Vicar, M A N T U A^ 1 t A L r, roj MANTUA THE Duchy af Mantua alfo was Part of the Kingdom o? Lomhar/fy, and conquered by Charlcmaig/ie, Anno 800 ; but in the Wars between the Pope and the Emperor, a^umed an Independency, and fomedmes chcfe a Republican Form of Government, and at others was governed by Dukes ; the laft were of the Family of Gi?;/^^^^, who held it until the Year 1703 ; when Ferdinand-Charles ., the laft Duke, adhering to the French againft the Houfe of Aujiria, the Emperor feized on this Duchy as a Fee of the Empire; and the Duke dying without IiTue, Jnno 1708, the ^///?rm»j ftill keep PofiePuon of it ; only by the Peace of jlix-la-Chapelky concladed in the Year 1748, Guaf- lalla. Part of the Duchy, was allotted to Don Philip ^ together with the Duchy of Parma. PARMA, PvfT^iif^ underwent the Fate of the reft of Italy, until it became fubjeft to the German Emperors ; it afterwards became fubjecl to the Pope, the Venetians^ the Milajicfe^ and ths French, fucceffively. Pope Julius II.' Anno 1545* reduced it under the Obedience of the See q{ Rc7nc % and Pope Paul III. created his natural Son, Peter Lcujis Farncfc, Duke of Parma ; but the Male Line failing, the late E.mperor Charles VI, granted it as a Fee of the Empire to Don Carlos, the pre- feat King oi Spain, and, in Right of his iAotlier the Queen Dov^-ager, Heir of the Houfe o^ Parma, againll which the Pope proteaed, efteem- ing it a Fee of the Holy See- Parma WRS afterwards relinquinied by Don C^irlos, on his b ingad^ vanced to the Throne of Sicily ; but, by the late Treaty of Aix-la-Cha- pflle, Parma is allotted to the Infant Don Philip his Brother, together with the Duchy o^ Guajlalla m Mantua. M 0 D E N A. THE Duchy of Modena underwent the like Revolutions with the adjacent Countries, until it was annexed to the iVlarquifate of Ferrara. It Was polTefled alternately by the-Pope and the Family of D'E/le, until the Year 1597, when the Pope and the Duke agreed to divide the Country between them. The Pope accepted of Ferrara, and. the Family of WEjQe the Duchies of Modena, Rhcgio, and Mirandcla. The prefent Duke adhering to the Spaniards againll the Aujhians, ia the late V/ar, was expelled his Dominions ; but was rellorcd by the Treaty oi Aix-la Chapelk in the Year 1748. VENICE, THE Iflands on which the City of Fenice {lands, were formerly fubje'5l to Padua, when the Goths and the other Northern Na- tions invaded Italy in the fifth Ccutury, the Inhabitants of Padua^ Aquileia, and other Cities on the Continent, fled to thefc Iflands for Shelter, and formed a Republic. They elefted a Durke, or Doge, veiling him with abfolute Power : but within a few Years the principal Citizens abridged his Power to that Degree, that they left him only the Name of Doge, or Sovereign Duke, veftmgthe fupremc Au- 'thoiity in the principal Families, and their Male iiiue, who axe pcnv jUled los I r A L r. filled noMe Venetians, and amount to above 1500 ; but do not fuffei- the Nobility in their Territories on the Continent to have any Share in the Government. The Seniory confifts of the Duke and fix other Members, chofen by the Grand Council of the Nobility, and of the three Chief Judges of the principal Courts of Judicature ; thefe are called the Council of Ten, in whom the Executive Power fcems to be lodged ; and this Council elecl three of theiiwpwn Number every three Months, who are a Kind of State Inquifitors,\ted the Wall on the Illhmus of Corinthy which defended the Morea. The Pope, Francey and Spainy alfo joined in a Confederacy againft the Ve- netians, and took from them their Dominions on the Continent in ths Year 1509; but the Pope and Spain changing Hands, they recovered their 1 erritories on the Continent again. Their greatell Lofs was that of the India Trade, which was ruined by the Fartuguefe Difcovery of a Paflage to India round the Cape of Gccd Hope ; for, before this Difcovery, the Venetians purchafed the Mer- chandize of the Eall at Alexandria, and the Ports of Turkey in the La- 'vanty and difperfed them all over Europe, by which they grew im- menfely rich and powerful, but have declined ever fince they loft that Trade. The Turks took Cyprus, Candia, and all ,the Iflands in th^ Archipelagoy from them ; and at length they loft the Morea, in the Year 3715. However, they are ftill the greateih Naval Power in liaiy, and have feldom lefs than twenty thoufand Men in their Pay in Time of Peace, moft of them Foreigners, both Officers and. Soldiers. And the Revenues of the State are computed at 1,200,000/. per Atinum, The Doge annually, every A/cenJim-day, formally efpoufes the Sea, ??i G)i\^\ioi Venice, by throwing a Ring iirito it ^ being atteii4ed bj> I T A L r, 109 three ar four hundred of the Nobility in their Gallies, with a vaft Num- ber of Barges and Gondola's, richly adorned. As to the Religion of the Venetians y they are the lead fubje^l to Bigotry of the People that profefs Popery, if they may be faid to pro- it{s it, while they rejeft the Pope's Supremacy. Their Church is go- verned by the two Patriarchs of Venice and Aquileia, but fubjedl to be controuled by the State ; and the Pope is efteemed little more than a Temporal Prince here. The Priefls and Monks make Parties at the Mafquerade during the Carnival ; they are allowed to keep Concu- bines, fing on their Stages, and take any Liberties almoft, fo as they do not meddle with the State : Nor have the Nuns at Venice a much better Reputation, particularly in the Nunneries of St. Zachary and St. Laurence., where only noble Venetians are admitted; here they clo not fo much as pretend to retire for Devotion. They are not veiled or cover their Necks or Brealls, and admit of Variety of Company* according to Bilhop Burnet, GENOA. GENO4, Part of the ancient Z:/Vzfr/^7, continued under the Domi- nion of the Romans, until the Ruin of that Empire by the Goths, and other Northern People ; after which it made a Part of the Kingdom of Lombardy, and then of the German Empire, and at length fet up for a Sovereign State. It was afterwards fuccelTively fubjed to the Archbifhop oi Milan ^ to the French; to the Marquis oi Montferraty and the Duke q{ Milan. The celebrated Andre^jo Doria refcued it out of the Hands of their powerful Neighbours, and eftabiiihed the pre- fent Conftitution of their Government. Their Doge, or Duke, is eledled only for two Years, though he 15 crowned King of Ccrfica, The Legiflative Authority is lodged in the Great Council, ccnfirting of 400 Noblemen and Citizens of Fortune, eleded annually out of the Freemen j four Parts in live of this Council muft agree to every Law that is made. Their Naval Force is now reduced to fix Gallies, though formerly their Fleet rivalled that of Vefvice, and obtained many Victories over the Turks, Venetians, and Spaniards, and fettled Colonies in Ajia, arid on the Shores of the Euxine Sea. They had alfo a great Share in the Le'vant Trade, purchafing the rich Merchandize of the Eaft in Turky^ and exporting it to Europe: Their Forces by Land v»'ere inconfiderable until the late War ; in which even their capital City of Genoa was taken by the Aujlrians, who laid it under very heavy Contributions, and threatening to raife them by military Execution, fo enraged the Inhabitants, that they rofe in great Numbers, and having mafiacred many of the Aujirians, drove the reft out of their Capital; thus bravely recovering their Liberties and their Dominions, which v/ere afterwards confirmed to them by the Treaty o^ Aix-la-Chapelle, in the Year 1748. Their public Revenues are computed at 200,000/. per An?tum ; but as yet great Part of their Eftates lie in Naples, they feem to be under a Neceffity therefore of taking the Part ot that Prince, who is Sovereign, of Napks, in every War. Their chief Manufa6tures are Silks, Bro- cades, Gold and Silver Stufts, and Velvets, of Vv'hich they ufed to export a great deal, as well as Paper, Wine, Oil, Fruit, Sweetmeats, Anchovies, and feveral Sorts of Drugs ufed in Phyfic and Painting. ruscANr. sm -T •2' A L r. T u s c J N r. THE Duchy efTu/ca^yy known anciently by the Name 0!° Om- bria.y Tyrrhenian and H.truria, fell under the Dominion of the itQfna72s about 455 Years before Chrift. The OJirogoihs pofiefTed it in the ijfth Century, and then the Lo-mbardsy v/ho were expelled by Chdrle- maignSf Anno 800 ; after which it became fiibjeft to the Gcr?nan Em- perors, who appointed the Governor, until the Pope encouraged thefe Governors to render themfelves Independent, and accept of his Pro- tedtion ar^ainft the E-mperor. There were two potent Faflions in Tuf- cany at this Time, 1 240, which divided the whole Empire, and occa- ifioned a very long and Civil War, both in Italy and Germany ; thefe Fadlidns went by the Names of the Guclphs and Gibellincs ; the firft ap- pearing in the intereft of the Pope, and the otlier in the Emperor's Intereil. During thefe Contentions between the Emperor and the Pope, the Cities of FkrencCy Pifuy Sienna, and feveriil others, with- drew themfelves from the Dominion of both, and eresTled fach Go- vernment as they faw fit ; and John de Medicis, a p puhr Nobleman, fo innnuated himfelf into the Favour ci the Fkrentines, that they in- vefted him with Sovereign Power. Pope Pius V. conferred the Title oi Gr:z.rAT>\ike oi\ Co/mo de Medicisy Anno 1570; and it continued in this Family until the Death o^ GaJIon de Medicis, the Lift Duke, with- out Iflue, 1737 ; when it was transferred to the Duke of Lorrain, by the Confent of tl>e late Emperor Charles VI. (who efteemed it a Fee of the Empire, as the Pope did of the Floly See) in Lieu of the Duchy of Lorrain, which was ceded to i^r^//r? by the Treaty of Peace at the Conclufion of the War between the Empire on one Side, and France and S^)ain on the other. The Great Dake of Tufcany (now Emperor) is abfolutc in this Duchy; his Revenaes are computed ?it ^00,000 L per Annum, arifing chiefly from the Tenth of all Eitates that are fold or alienated, and the Ground-rents of the H.ufes in Leghorn, ar.d the Duties on almoft all JVlanner of Provifions. _ , The ftandinp- Forces of this Duchy confift only of two or three Recriments of Guards, and the Militia. In Cafe of a War they hire Troops, pariicuLirly S-jvifs ; and though here is a large Sea Coail, there were no Veilels of any Force, only.Gallies, until the prefent Emperor of Germany built four Men of War, afld llationed them on the Coalt (jfTujcany. Leirjjof'n is a free Port, anl has the greaiell Foreign 1 rade of any Town in 7/<7/y, but chiefly in Foreign Bottoms : They have not many Merchant-fhips of their own : Their Exportation confifts chie.Hy ijn raw and yvrought Silks, Wine and Oil. LUCCA, LUCCA Republic ufually followed the Fortune of the neighbour- ing Cities in 'J'ujcany, until they purchaied tlicir Indeper.d^'ncy of the EiDpcror Rcdoiph, for 10,000 Crowns, in 1279, and have con- tinued a free People ever fmce. Lucca and Pi/a were once very confi- cierable StHtc.^ ; tney had a great Navul Force and extenfive Traffic :• Bui Pi/a is now fubjccl to Tv/cany, and Lucca has no Ships of any |»'orce : Their Expori.s confill cinciiy of Oil, and other Produce of Italy. St. MA- t r A L r. Ml St. MARINO, T. Marino is a little Republic furrcunded by the Pope's Tcrrito- I ri'?s, and fituated on a Irtovvy Mountain, mttch admired by Mr. Aa- dij'on for enjoying their Liberties, and not fubmitting to the Tyranny of the Pope ; though it leems they very lately deflred his Holiaeis would take them uader his Protedion, being diilra<2led with f avUoaa amcnp- themielves. NAPLES. NAP L E S, the South of Itafy^ was probably firft peopled front Greece, which lies but a little t6 the Eaftward of it ; certaift i^ is, the Greeh fent feveral Colonies hither afterwards, and gave it the "^^Rme of Magfia Gracza. This, with the reil: of //-s/>?, was fuhdue^^ .„« S Modenuy Reg-io, Partna, Placentitty Crema, Carpi, ^r.W/>/»/ Bologna I £,rg,, gf. Dc.h.go. f Como, . Ferona, Fice?tzay Padi/a^ q/*AquileIa Patriatch < €?/" Genoa €)/" Florence -\ Bur go, St, Se- V _ ^7mngt Noliy BrugnatOy Albegnay Bohto. Volterruy Pijioiuy Fiejdliy Collcy pulchroy Citta de Sole. uccay Li'vonay Sagonay Ahriay Majja, Pienzo^. GroJfetOy Chiujiy Siennay Mont-Alcinoy PiofnbinOy Alazza. St. Lion, Pefdroy Seinigaliiiy Cagliy Engubio, Fof- fambruno. f Mont alt Oy St. Se'verinOy Telentini Macerati, Ri- \ fatranfomey Riminiy FeneJlr'iAy Cer^viuy Imolay Sarjino, Co- fen%ay Furliy RonjigOy Comachioy Faenza, Bri- tinioro. Po%zulo, Ifchiay Noloy Cerra. Gaietay Aquirty I/ermia, Caferta, Tiatto, CaJazzOp Sejpiy Monte-CaJJanOy Calviy Carnioltty Vena- froy Fondi. PolicaJirOy Sarnoy Catfipanidy Capaccioy Nufco, Marjioy NonjOy Nccera de Pagniy Acerno, Litteriy Capri, Minori, MaJJuy Cajhla Mare de Stabbiay Vico, CadogftUy SatrianOy MiirOy CangiayiOy Bifefica. nay Volturatay Dragejraray 'Toribolenzay Bo- ^inoy Monte-Mar anoy BoianOy A-vellinOy Fricenti, Arianoy Sty Agatha, Teleziy Afcoly Fierenzula, Guardia, D''Al/ieresy Tremoliy Lefnia* \ Ci'vitta de Pe?ina, Call, Sermona, Campti, Qrtcna \ de Mare. None. St. Se E. Lon. | \ 170 Miles in Length, Between < and \ N* Lat. 1 1 100 Miles in Breadti. C 39 3 -^ Divided from Italy by the narrow Streightof7^f<^;/^, which is not fever? Miles over. Provinces. Chief Towns. Val de Mazara, Weft, 'J C Palermo y E. Lon. 13. N. Lat. 3S-30. ( J Mazara and Trapano. Val de Demtna, Eaft, f^MeJ/?na, Me!azx.o, Catania, T.nd Niccjic:. Val de Noto, S. E. J l^Syracufe and Note. AlouHtains.] The moil noted Mountain, in this Ifland is that of j^tna, now called Mount Gibello, a terrible Volcano, fituate in the Province of Val Demona. This Mountain is fixty Miles in Lircumfe- rence, and at tjie Top there is a Bafon of burning Sulphur fix Miles tound, from whence foinctimcs illue Rivets or inelteJ. Minerals tl at run down into the Sea. The Kill is fo h^gn, tliat round the Bafon there i> a Circle of Snow gieat l^irt of the Year. iiefo:c any oreat Vi Eiu;>uJii ir4 I r A L r. Eruption there is generally an Earthquake. The Port Tdwn of C.r/^- Tiia \\2.s overturned by an Earthquake in 1693, and i8>ooo People periflied in it. Syracufe, Once the greateft City of the Ifland, has been fo often demolifhed by them, that veiy little of it remains at prefent. Ri-vers.'] Here are feveral Rivers and good Springs, but few of thefe Rivers are navigable, having but a fhort Gourfe, and defcending pre- cipitately from the Mountains. The CKicf are, i. Chantera, v.hich rifing in ViQ\xx\t ALtna^ falls into the Eaftern Sea r\i^?ix Taormina-, 2. The taretay which runs from Weft to Eall, and falls into the Bay of Catania \ and, 3. t'he River .S^^, which rifes in the North, and runs South almoft crofs the Ifland. Harbours. '\ The chief Harbours are thofe of MeJ/Jua and Syracufe on the Eaft Coaft, Palermo and Me/azzooii the North, and Trapano on the Weft. Jir.'] It lies in a warm Climate, but the Air is healthful, being refjeflied by Sea Breezes on every Side. ' ' Soil and Prod ucg.'\ Both Hills and Vallies are exceeding fruitful, na Country producing more Corn, Wine, Oil, and Silk, in Proportion to its Dimenlions j from whence old Kerne was principally fupplied with Provi/ions, when it abounded with People. Mtp.riufaciiLresandTrafic.'\ Thefc are chiefly Silk, which, with the other Produce of the llland, a^:^ exported in large Quantities from MeJJina, where a Conful froni every Islation. of ^/.ro/ii? ahnoft 1 elides, ta manage and proted: the Trade of his Nation ; and of lace the Sicilians have traded with Tiirky and the Coall of Barbary., which they never did before Don Carlos afcended the Throne. IJlandi belonging to Sicily.] There are eight fmall Iflands, which lie near the North Lcaft of Sicily, to which the Ancients gave the Names of A^oli^e, and Fulcajiia^, feigntd by the Poets to be the SeaLs of ^■Eolus and Vulcan, the Chief of which is Lipari, from whence they are uiually called the Lipari Iflands. Two of them are Volcano's, 'vi'z,, Strumbclo, and Flier a, The frnall Iflands of Lcvan^o, Muritimu, and Favagnanay lie at the Weft End of the Ifland of Sicily. Revohiticns and prefent CmifiUution of the GcTcrnmcnt. OTH. Naples and Sicily, (or x\-\t-T-Lvo Sicilies) were probably firfl planted by the Greeks j asthey lay next thefb Countiies on the Eaft, smd gave Naples the Naihe of Magna Gra-cia : lliey obtained alfo the 'Name of the T^l'.-o Sicilies, Naples was called Sicily on this Side the Pharos, or Streipht oi MeJ/lna, and the Ifland oi Sicily beyond the Pha- ros : The Iftand alfo was called JifvVz<^«vv', in lieu of the Kingdom of Sicily, in 17 19, and his Son, the prefent King of Sardinia, is now Sovereign of this Ifland ; the Revenues whereof will not do much more than defray the Charges of the Government, their Traffic being very inconfideraJDle, and their Forces by Sea or Land fcarce mentioned by any Writer. They have been governed by Viceroys fome hundred Years. The King feldom or never vifits them. CorHca. Situation. Between \ and i E. Lon. | f 110 Miles in Length. ^ ^^ J S Being Between < and l N. Lat* \ I 50 in Breadth. Lving 100 Miles South of Genoa, and 60 South- Weft of Leghorn in Tufcany, feparated from Sardinia by the narrow Streight of ^c^^^a^. Chief I'owns. North Divifion 1 C Bafia, E. Lon. 9-40. N. Lat. 42-20. V -? Corte and Calvi. Soutii Divifion — — 3 ^ Bonifacio and Jjazzo. Mountains.] It is a mountainous, rocky Country, covered with Wood. Jir, Soil, and Produce.] The Air is better than in Sardinia, but a barren Soil. It does however produce Corn and Wine enough for the Native??, but has very little to traffic with. Language.] The Language of this llland is Italian, it being fub- jed to the Genoefe. Revolutions, /~y^HR*Ifiand of O^^.vi underwent the like Revolutions as Sardiy% J[ ^-'^ ^i^» until the Saracens were driven out of it. by the Genoefe aud Pifc^ns, who divided it between them foi fome Time : But at length the I t A L r, 117 the Gemefe expelled the Plfansy and remain in PoiTeffion of the whole Ifland at this Day, which theyftilea Kingdom, and their Doge, at his Acceflion, is formally proclaimed and crowned King of Corjica. THERE are ftill feveral other fmall Iflands on the Coafts of Kapler and Tu/cany ; the Chief whereof are, i. Capriy ox Caprea. 2. Jfchia. 3. Procita, 4. Panxa, 5. Giglio. 6. Elba. 7. Piaiiofa. 8. Capraria. 9. Gorgona, And, 10. Maloria. Of thefe Capr't is much taken Notice of for the noble Ruins upon it. It is fituate at the Entrance of the Gulph of Naples, about three Miles from the Continent, being about four Miles long, and one broad. This was the Refidence of the ^va^iox: Augujius for fome Time, and afterwards of 7"//^m2/j- for many Yeare^,., The moft confiderable Ruin, flands at the Extremity of the Eallern Promontory, where there are flill feveral Apartments left, very lofty and arched at the Top. Some Years ago there was difcovered a paved Road, running under Ground from the Top of the Mountain to the Sea-fide. What recommended' this Ifland to Tiberius was, the temperate^ healthful Air, being warm in Winter, and cool in Summer, and its inacceffible Coaft, which is fo very fteep, that a fmall Number of Men may defend it againft an Army. And here it is conje6lured that Emperor had Gifierent Refi- dences, according to the different Seafons of the Year. The whole Ifland was cut out into eafy Afcents, adorned with Palaces, and planted with as great ti Variety of Groves and Gardens, as the Ground wouid admit. And the Works under Ground were more extraordinary than thofe on the Surface, for the Rocks were all undermined with High- ways, Grotto's, Galleries, Bagnios, and Tub terraneous Retirements, which fuitedthe brutal Pleafures of that Emperor, and were afterwards demoliflied by the Remans, in Detellation of the i^nnhtural and lafci- vious Scenes which had been adled there. The Ifland oi Elba is fituate fifteen Miles Weft of the Coaft of Tiif- cany, about forty Miles in Circumference. At the Eall End of it is a little Town and Harbour called Porto Longojic, belonging' to the Kino- of the Tnjjo Sicilies, and another Town and Elarbour on the North Side of the Ifland, called Porto Ferraio, belonging to the Dutchy o^ Ttjjlany. The reft of the Iflands on the Coaft do not merit a particular De- fcription, * % M A Lc^^^A. THE Ifla-d of Malta lying but' a little to the South of Sicily, I fliall take the Liberty of comprehending it anion o- the Italian Iflands. a -i iit\ -^ril ^ Malta, olim Melita, is fituate in '15'Deg. E. Lon. and 4:; De^. i^ Min. N. Lat. 60 Miles South of Cape Pajfaro in Sicily, and is of an oval Figure, 20 Miles long, and 12 broad. The Air is clear and healthful, but exceflive hot, when ic is not cooled by the Sea-Breezes. It is all a white, foft Rock, covered with .a Foot of good vegetable Earth. It produces great C^antities of Cot- ton, Indigo, Orannes, Lemons, Olive?, Fi^;s, and other Fruits, w'lih great Plenty of Fulfe, Peafe, Beans, Roots, ^Herbs, and other Garden Stuff; but ihev hra'e very little Corn or WinC;, wiih which th^/v are H 3 f\:ppl:ad ii8 SWirZERLAlSID. fupplied cKicHy from Sicily ; nor have they any Wood, except Fruit* trees, on the Ifiand. The Town of Malta, or Valeitia, is magnificently built, ftrongly fortiiied, and has an excellent Harbour, Charles V. Emperor of Ger- many, and King oi Spain, gave it to the Knights of St. John o^jferu- acetn, in 1530, whofe Predecsilbrs dillinguilhed thcmfelves in the Dei fence of the Holy Land, and the Protection of the Pilgrims who re- ibrted thither. When the Cbn/lians were driven out of the Holy Land by the Saracens, thefe Knights retired to Cyprus. They after- wards took the Iflnnd of Rhodes from the Infidels, and defended it againll all their Power for tv/o hundred Years, and then, furrendering at upon honourable Terms, retired to Malta, which was conferred on them by the Emperor Charles V. as has been related ; and when Soly- man, the Tljt;-/^///^ Emperor, invaded Mi?///?; they obliged him to abandon the Ifland, after he had lofl twenty thoufand Men before their Vv''alls. Thefe Knights confifl of feven feveral F.oman Catholic Nations : They arc all of ancient, noble Families, The Grand Crofles, as they are called, are the Heads of each Nation, and are ftiled grand Priors, Fr+ch of them has his Convent of Knights, and they have Eftates, or Conimandcries, in the refpedive Nations to which they belong. Thei Priors eled a Grand Mailer, who is the chief Commander in the Ifland. They have a Squadron of Men of War, and Land Forces ; and areea- o-^o-i _ :d in a perpetual War agamft the Turks, Jlgeriius, and other Ma- hc?nctnn Powers. The Knights make Vows of Celibacy and Chaftity ; notwithwanding which, every Man keeps as many Concubines as he rleafes, who are, for the moll Part, Grecian Beauties, which they take m the iilands oi Archipelago, fubjeilil to Turky, SV/JJ'Z £ RIJN D, olim HELVETIA Situation and Extent. Between -! and V |i. Lcn. 1 \ 260 Miles in Length* I 1 i -Jo Being Pet.vcen < and > N. L''it. \ •' / 100 Miles in Breadth. C 4B 3 J^o7^nc -J Zunck C Appenzely Proteftant — j I, Jppenzel zug, Popifh — 1 r ^^^ Sivf/sy Popifh j \ Sxv///e Glarisy Proteftant — > < Claris Uri, Popifh I iMtorf Under-zvaUj Pqpifh — J \^Stantz. Allies of the Swkzers. Gr/^o;? Leagues — ^ f Cfl/V s 'Turgo-i.ij Rot-iJueii —— 3 C Rotxveil hugano — — "7 r Lugano Lucarno — — . K -^ L near no B clients " \ I B clients. \ S. E. The Towns o{ Baden, Bremgarten, Mellengen, Raper/vjell, and Fra- f tnc Year, and their Lakes and Rivers frozen, the Air is very cold m Win- ter ; and> when the Hills are cool in Summer, the \ allies are ve:y warm. It is Winter on the North Side of a IVJountaiii foractinie;, when it is Summer on the other ; and the liaveil-time o^ ihc one i'- the Seed-rime of the othe* . .So/7 and PiCiiucs.^ The Mountains produce good Timber and Vz^i- tare ; anJ they have large Flocks of Cattle, wi^h Game, Filh, an-i Fowl in Abundance, but very little Corn or Wine. H 4 lUwijaSIzr£s,\ 120 SWITZERLAND, Manufactures a7id Trafic.'] Their Manufadlures and Traffic are v^'i^ inconfiderable, and confequently they are very poor; and for that Reafon prohibit all Lace and Jewels, and are extremely frugal. They lay up Magazines of Corn in every Province aim ft. againil a Time of Scarcity. There is a confiderable Linen Manufa6lure lately efta- blifhed in the North-Eaft oi S^j'ttzerland^ near the Abbey of St. GalL C/ja-aJIer.] They 4re a brave, hardy People, and the whole Country is regimented, and l^t"? by Turns in foreign Wars, where they get mere than by .any Em'ploymcn^^t home, G>-Jt'r;277!en:f.] The generaPfjTet, which reprefents the Helvetic Body, confiils of two Deputies from each Canton ; befides which, the Abbot of St. Gall, and the Cities of St. Gall and of Bienne, fend Deputies as Allies ; and a general Diet is ufually held at Badtn on the Feait of St. jcl^n Baptilt annually, which feldom lalts longer than a Month. Befides the Gcner::! Dict^, their Differences jn Religion have, fince the Reformation, occafioned partial Diets : The mutual Confidence between the Cantons, feerns in fome Meamre loil, through the Zeal of each Party f)r their particular Opinions. This entePvS more or lefs into all their public AciiouG ; and though their general Diets arc Ihll continued to regulate the, Affairs of their common Eailiages, all other Matters of Importance :he treated of at particular Diets of the re- fpedive Religions ; that of the Piotellants being held at Jn-a^w, and that of the Rowan Catholics at Lucern ; which being the moit potent Catholic Canron, asfts as their Kead ; as that o^ Zurick does as Head c)f the ProLeftants. Thefe Diets are famnioned whenever either of the Parties plcafe : The thirteen Cantons do not make one Commonv.-ealth, but are To many independent States, united tog^fther by ftridl Alliances for theii mutual Defence. The Government of fome of the Cantons is Ariflocratical, and in TOthers Dem.ccratical. The feveral Arillocratical Cantons are thofe of Z.urkky Berney Lucern, Bazilf Friburg, Soleurdy and Scho^hutifen, the Other fix are Democratical. Anjis.\ The Arms of Gene'va are Or, a Crofs Azure, and every Town almoft has its particular Arms, which this Epitome will not ad- mit of enumerating. Fcrces.\ The S^juitzers let out their Troops for Hire, to ferve any Caufc. They furnilh Nations that are Enemies with feparate Bodies, whereby it comes to pafs, that the neareft Relations, Father and Son, Brother and Brother, are frequently engaged, it is faid, againft each other, and beat out one another's Braips, as it were, in Sport, when they have no manner of Concern in the Quarrel. But this, fay fome, is a groundlefs Charge ; For, i. They never grant their Troops to i:ny Prince or State, but by virtue of fome preceding Alliance. 2. They grant Troops only for the Defence of the Nation they are given to, and not to aft oifenfively ; fo that the Sn.vifs Troops, ii^ the French Service, are never fuffered to invade the Empire, or Holland -, nor, on the contrary, the S'-i^l/s, who are in the Service of thofe two Powers, to invade France. And, 3. The Sovereign never receives any Sul>« fidy cr Perquifite from the Prince or Stcite to whom their Troops are granted, contenting themfelves with procuring a beneficial Service to their Subiefts, without referving any Profit to thejnfelves. But what is S W I r Z E R L 4 N B. 121 is oiFered on this Subjedl, ought to be reilrained chiefly to the Prote- flant Cantons ; for it is acknowledged, that the ConduCl of the Ca- tholic Cantons, and efpecially thofe called the Petty-ones, have too often given Occafion for dravring Reproaches on the whole Nation, from thofe who do not diftinguifli between one and the other : So that it feems the Charge is true in Part, though not univcrfally. Standing Forces have ever been thought inconfillent with the Wel- fare of thefe Republics^, fmce their Inftitution ; but. there is no where in Europe a better regulated IVIiiitia: Every Male from fixteen to fixty is enrolled, and about one third of them regimented. Re-oe7iues .'\ It is computed that the Revenues of Bern, the largell Canton, amount to 300,000 Crowns a Year, and that of Zurick to 150,000; of which two thirds are expended in the Charges of the Governinent, and the reil: laid up in the Treafury. The Revenues ©f the other Cantons are much lefs, but they ail lay up fomething in Bank. Taxes.'\ Their Revenues arife, i. From the Profits of the Demefne Lands, which belong to the State. 2. The Tenth of the Produce of all the Lands in the Country. 3. A certain Tax upon Lands, v/hich are not the Property of the Gentry, called in French^ Cenfes Fonderes. 4 Cullorns and Duties on Merchandize. And, 5. The Reveaues ari- sing from the Sale of Salt. From the laft they raife the greatell Sums, for the States alone retail it to the Subjefls, and impofe what Price: i'hey pleafe. There is another cafual Tax arifing from the Sale of all Eitates ; the Sovereign being entitled to a fixth Part of the Value upon every Alienation. Perfcns and Habits.'] The S-vIfzers are generally good Bodies of Men, tall, and well made, and, living in a cold, mountainous Country, where Hunting over the Rocks and Precipices is their principal Diver- fion, are a very hardy Race ; but, as they are frequently cxpofed to tempeiluous ftormy VVeathcr, their Complexions are not the beft; niol^ofthem wear tlicir FTair, and in fome Places long Beards are fiill in Falhion ; but few of them care to part with their darling Whificers, The Women are handfome, and well fnaped, and want no Charms in their Pcrfons or Converfations ; but all iine Cloaths, with Silver or Geld, Jewels, or Lace, are prohibited both Sexes, Jnfiquities and Curiojifies.'] Mr. Addifon relates, that at Laufanne he viewed the Wall of the Cathedral Church, which was ope*ied by one Earthquake, and clofcd fome Years afterwards by another. About five Miles from Kyon-, are the Ruins oi Crpfar\ Wall, which extended eighteen Mih^s in Length, -x,/;:;.* from Mount y-ura to the Banks of the Lake of Qene-ja, as Co-far has dffcribcd it in the Hrll Eook of his Commentaries. The Situation of F/v/^//r^, the Capital of that Canton, is fo irregu- lar, among Rocks and Precipices, that they are forced to climb up to ffvcral Parts of it, by Stair-cafes of a prodic^ious Afcejit. The Col- lege of jefuits here, is faid to be the fineft in S-'.'it^erland, from whence rhere are feveral beautiful Profpei5ls. And they have a Collection of Pii-lures, rcprefcnting moll of the Fathers of their Order, among ^vhcm are fome Narives of England^ by us fiiled Rebels, and by them Martys, The InfcripUon under Henry Garnet relates. That when th? 122 SWITZERLJND. the Heretics could not prevail on him, either by Force orPromires, to change his Religion, they hanged and quartered him. Two Leagues from Friburg there is a little Hermitage, efteemed one of the greateil Curicfities in SiL-itzerland. It lies in the prettieft Solitude imaginable, among Woods and Rocks, which, at ftrft View, incline one to be fe- rious. The Hermit had lived here five and twenty Years, and with his own Hands wrought out of the Rock a pretty Chapel, a Sacriftie, a Chamber, Kitchen, Cellar, and other Conveniences. His Chimney is carried up through the whole Rock, notwithllanding the Rooms lie \eiy deep ; and has cut the Side of the Rock into a Level for a Gar- den, to which iie brings the Earth he finds in the neighbouring Parts, and has made luch a Spot of Ground of it, a-s furnifhes out a Kind of Luxury for an Hermit'; and, as he obferved the Drops of Water dillil- ling from feveral Parts of the Rock, by following the Veins of them, he made himfclf two or three Fountains in the Bowels of the Moun- tain, which ftrve his Table, and water his little Garden. 1 he public Walks by the great Church at Bern are worth the view- ing : 1 hey are raifed extremely high; and, that their V^ eight might not breakdown the Walls and Pilafters which furround them, they are built upon z'^^rches and Vaults. 7'hefe Walks afford the nobleil Sum- mer Profpeds in the World j for here you have the full View of a huge Ran<;e of Mountains that lie in the Country of the Gri/onsy and are covered Vvith Snow. 1'hey are about fourfcore Miles diftance from B^:in ; but iheir Height ?nd Colour make them feem much nearer. '1 lie Cathedral ftands on one Side of thefe Walks, and efteemed the aioil magnificent Prcteltant Church in Europe, out o^ Etiglanci. Jn the Jlps^ the Diftcrence of Seafon in one and the fame Climate is very remarkable ; for 1 rnvcllers may in one Day meet with Winter c«i the Tops of the Mountains, the Spring on the lower Part of them, with pleafint green Failures ; and Hay-time andHarveil at the Foot of vhe Mountains and in the Vallies. "-• • Some of their Animals, fuch as Bears, Hares, and other Game, are white in Winter. And here are the Pyrites ^rei, of a globular Fo.rm, licing a Sort cf Marcafites found on the Tops of the Alps ; and fome- times walhed down by BrooUs. They refemble our Englijb Ruft Balls ; and, when broke, are full of Streaks from the Circumference to the Center, winch fiiine like Gold and Silver, j 2. Their falfe Diamonds are Pieces of the pureil Cryllal, with great Variety of Corners, and moil of them have ill or t fmali Columns in the Middle. T,, Stones refembling Pieces of Money, marked with Strokes, con- vex on botii Sides, and look like Glafs ; the Surface of which looks as if covered all over vvitli Pieces of Coin. 4. Elack iliining Cryllal Stones like Hexngon Pyramids, fome of wliich contain bhick Antimony cryllalHzcd. Veins of Silver, Copper, Lead, 'Falc, and Sclenites of Cryilal with Spots, which increafe and dcc/cafe with the Moc n. 5. Plenty of black IvJarble with white Veins and Spots, Symptoms ofCjold black Pvritcs, Veins of Silver Vitrjol, black FciTile Stone. 6. A Well, Vv hich ebbs and flows once a Day ; and ancthcr which fiows three Months, and is dry tho^inher three. Cciiis ^^ 'ihofy cf Gi'/v/;^?^', France^ and/r^/^, arc current here. He'VQluU^m SrVI'TZERLAND. ;i2 j Revolutions and prefent Conftitution: TH E Helvetiansy or Siviizers, were brought under the Dominion of the Roma?u by Julius Cafar^ who added it to their Province of Ca^h They were afterwards Part of the Kingdom of Burgundy ; then fubjeft to France, and then to the German Empire : But, being op- prefTed, they threw oiF their Allegiance, and erefted feveral indepen- dent States ; and at the Treaty of Wejiphalia, 1648, th^y were ac- knowledged free and independent, as the United Pro^vinces were at the fame Treaty. In 17 12, a War commenced between the Proteftant and Popifli Cantons, wherein the Catholics were unfuccefsful, lofing Ba- den and other Territories. In this War the Canton of Bern alone brought Forty thoufand Men into the Field, Thefe Cantons were much more confiderable before they were difunited by their Differences about Religion. Bern and the larger Cantons are Ari^ocracies. In Bern, which is the largeft, the Legillative Power is lodged in the Great Council, or Diet, Gonfifting of 299 of the moft fubllantial Inhabitants ; and the Executive Power in a Senate of 27, elefted out of the Great Council. In the little Demccratical Cantons, the Legiflative Power is lodged in the diffulive Body of the People ; and every Male above fixtcen, whe- ther Mafter or Servant, has a Vote in making Laws, and in the Choice of MagiHrates. There is a General Diet of all the Cantons held at Baden, at Mid/ummer, annually. The Proteftants alfo have a General Diet of their Perfuafion, and the Papifts another of theirs; but they fcldom fit longer than a Month. The Proteitant Cantons are all Cal-uinijis, or Prelbyterians, and io aire their Allies of Geneva. .ft '^■^ *•• The City of Gene-ua is fituate on the River Rhone, at' the Well End of the Lake Lemain, feventy. Miles South- Well 01 Bern, and fixty Miles North-Eaft of Lions in France, and is about two Miles in Circumference ; admired for its Situation on the Lake and River, and the fine Profpeds it affords. The Territories of France and Sav(y come up to the Vv'alls ; and they would long fmce have been reduced under the Dominion of the one or the other, if they had not been under the Proteftion of the Si.ijifs Cantons. The Inhabitants of Gsne^ja are faid to amount to about Thirty thoufand Souls. Hither the Calvinijh from England ^ France, and Hclla?td, frequently refort for Edivcation in the Univerfity ; as others do to Laufannc, another City and Univerfity, fituate in the Canton o^ Bern, on the North Side of the Lake Lemain, and fubjed to X\xQ C2.nX.0n0f Ber?2. The Legiflative Power at Gene^'a is lodged in a Council of 200, and the Senate, confifting of 25 Members, have the Executive Pov/er. The Clergy here have neither Glebe or Tythes, but a Pvcvtnue of fifty Pounds/i?r Jnnum^2i\d by the Srates ; and there are no Salaries allowed to their Fellows or Profeffors in the Univerfuies, wlio aie maintained chieHy by their Pupils^ The Language in S.ziHtz.erJand is either High Dutch, French-, or lia- lian, according to the Countries which lie next to them. At Gene^.;a^ it is faid, they fpeak good French, but in other Parts of S-ixiiixarland \t is very m^uch corrupted. The Country of the Grifons vv^as Part of the ar.cient "Rhcciia, and confiils of tluee Diviilcn'?, i. l.\i^ Gfijcns, or Grey League, 3. The League 124 N E r H E R L A N D S. League of the Houfe of God ; and, 3. The Ten Jurifdifllons : And thefe are fubdivided into feveral lefier Communities, which are fo many Democracies, every Male above fixteen having a Vote in the Governmentof the State, and elefling Magillrates. And Deputies or Rqf»refentatives from the fevertl Communities, conftitute the General Diet of the Grifon Leagues, which meet annually, in March, at the Capital City of Coire ; out th^y can conclude nothing without the Coti- fent of the ftvcral Communities which fend them. Two thirds of the Subjc6ls of the Grifon Leagues are Proteftants, of the Seft of Cal-vin. The Valteliney with |the Counties of Bormio and Ckia'vtnna, were formerly Part of the Duchy o{ Milan, and ceded to the Grifons by the Sforzas^ Dukes of Milan, in Confideration of their Services in Defence of that Duchy ; but it was provided, that the Popilh Religion only fhould be profeffed there. Thefe are fruit- ful Countries ; and the Valteline., being a Valley by which Germany has an eafy Communication with Italjy the Poileflion of it has been much contended for by the Germans and French, in their Italian Wars. The reft of the Allies of the Sauitzers, 'viz. the Calais, St. Gall, and Tockenburgy are fo many diftinft Republics ; and fo is Neufchattely though the King of Frujfic^ is llilcd Sovereign of that Territory. P NETHERLANDS. ART of the ancient Gallia Belgica, and afterwards of the Circle of Behiiwt. Between Between Extent and Situation oj the Seventeen Provinces. < and t 54 E. Lon. N. Lat. I Being \ 400 Miles in Length, from North to South. 500 Miles in Breadth, from Eaft to Well. Bo:^ndaries.'\ TJOUNDED by the German Sea on the N. by X3 Germany, E. by Lorrain and France, S. and by the Britijh Channel, W. containing, I. The Seven United Provinces, North, Gpand Diviiions -^ 2. The Aujlrian and French Ne- \ - 1 -\ therlands ! United r R A N G E wmilllllll umium arimiim lllllimmi Tin jm ■ imimii im - Ayrr,::- E,L.tJ^h.fi,-r„Z,;^,.,i Till] ml OTij igj mr] IS! E T H E R L '^A N B S. United NETHERLANDS. ^H Provinces. I. Holland 2. Zealand — The Seven United^ Pfovinces are. Friejland Groningen Overyjfel Chief Towns. ^Amjierdaniy E. Lon. 4-3 O. N. Lat, 52-20. Hague Middleburgh FluJJnng xj Lenvarden f"^ Gro? 6. Gelderland and ZiUtphen \j]. Utrecht — . The upper Part oi Gelderland is fubjeft to the King oi Frujfiay and the Capital City Gelder. ntngen De'venter Znvoll Nimeguen Arnheim Utrecht. Situation and Extent, Between < an Between \ \ H 'A \ 3 5 an 54 E. Lon. N. Lat. Being 150 Miles in Length. Almoft as much in Breadth. Bounded by the German Sea on the N. and W. by Wejlphalia In Germany E. and by Flanders, Brabant, and the Duchy of Clenjes, S. They lie 90 Miles Eaft of England, at the Mouths of feveral great Ri- vers, being flat Low-Lands, from whence they received the prefent Name of the Lcnp Countrifs^ or Netherlands. The Zuider Sea divides Holland from Friejland, and there is a Lake in Holland called Haetlent Meer. They have Dykes to defend them againil the Inundations of the Sea and Land Floods, feventeen Ells thick. I. HOLLAND. Subdiviilons. South Holland — . < Chief Towns. ' Amjlerdam, E. Lon. 4-J0. N. Lat. 52-20. Rotterdam Delft The Hague Haerlcm Ley den IDort Williarnjr&di I Naerden \ Gorcum l^Hcu/dsn, SiibdivinonSi izS N E^ H E R L J N T) S: Subdivifions* Nt)rtn Holland Chief Towts^ Saardam Edam Hoorn ^ Enchufen IAlketnaer Monckdam \^Punnerent, \ oorn IJlands dJ Holland — ijlands of Mr. ^/Holland M £. o/" Holland E. of the Zuider Ifemond JGoree \0'verjiake jTexel Ivlie Sc helling Uriel Heluoetfuyi Goree Somerdyke Burg Two Villages only Five Villages. 2. ZEALAND. s Subdivifions, ' Walchercn — Schonven • N. Be'veland S. Beah<. There are- fev/ Harbours in the United Provinces ; the belt zrc Rcitadr^m, Helznet- fuys and Flufnng\ as xo Jwfcrda?.n\ though it be one of the greatelt Forts in Europe, it is fituate on fo fhallcv/ Water, that loaded bhips can- not enter it, Air.'\ The Air of thefe ProvinGes is, very thick and fcg?-)% until it is purified by the Froil in V/intcr, when the Eall: V/ind uiuaily fets in for about four iVlo«ths ; then their Harbours are frozpn up, v/hich is a Difadvantage to tl.eir Foreign Trailic, Jjiip, yc^y neceffary 'ioi'! their Health. The Winter is much cclder than with r,s,^ who lie undoc the fame Parallel, yet their Summe^-s arcliottcrv; The r.»ioirture of the Air caufes Metals to mil:, and Wood to mould, .nicrc ttinn in any Country; which is the Reafon of their perpetual Rubbing and Scouiing, and the Brjghtnefs and Cleanlinefs in their Houfesyv fo much taken Notice of. The neiohbourinor Sea Salt-?v/IarPn*s and Eo '•s occafipp this Country to be very unhealthful in Spring and Auta.iiin.'' Their Difcafcp, are chiefly the Scurvy and Gout, and they feldom efchpe iT!:^lignant Fevers in dx\ Summers ; an eld Man isj'eiduin known i^^ thn Country ; both ' •n. It 128 NE'THERLANB S. Men and Women foon grow corpulent ; and perhaps lliorten their Lives try- Spirituous Liquors : Another Reafon of their ill State of Health may he their ufmg no Manner of Exercife either on Horfeback or on Foot, for they go from, one Town to another in a covered Boat, in whith they are icarce fenfible of any Motion. Soil and Produce.'] As to the Soil, they have made many of their Bogs good Tvieadows, Ly draining them ; and their Cattle, which they buy lean in the North of (7^r«^;/v and Denmark, grow to a prodigious Bulk ; they make a great deal of good Butter and Cheefc, but their Country produces but little Corn : However, here is the greatcll Plenty of Corn, as well as the Produce of every Country almoit, that is to be met with any where : The United Provinces are the grand Magazine o^ Europe ; Goods may be frequently purchafed here cheaper than in the Countries where they grow ; though Butter, Cheefe, Filh, and Wild Fowl, are all that the Country itfelf aftbrds. They have no Timber growing, and yet Plank and Materials for Building may be purchafed cheaper here than any where j they have no other Firing but Turf ; moil of their Coals they receive from England', their Turf they burn chiefly in Stoves, and a Fire is feldom feen in a Room. Animals ] Here are the fame Animals as in England \ their Horfes and neat Cattle are of a larger Size than in any other Nation oi Europe ; they have alfo Wild Boars and Wolves, and Multitudes of Storks which build and hatch on their Chimneys, and they will not fuffer them to be deiboyed ; the Storks leave the Country about the Middle Qi{ Auguji with their Young, and return the February following ; Their Sea and River Filh are the fame as ours, only it is obfervable that they have neither Herrings norOyflers on their Coafts. ManufaSiures ayid Trajic^ There is not a Manufaflupe in Europe but is managed to Advantage here ; nor a Place in the World but they vifit uith their Fleets. They have fome Advantage in thfir Traffic, which the reft of the World cannot rival them in, particularly in the Sale of the fine Spices, which they have monopolized thefe hundred Years ; and in the Herring and Whale Fiiheries, by which they acquire im- menfe Wealth. The Reviplutions aj-id Memorable Events, in tJieir Hiilory, will be found after the Defcription of the Aujlrian Netherlands. I proceed now to enquire into the Conflitution of the Government in the United Provinces. Ccnjlituticn.'] In thefe Provinces are a great Number of PvCpublics independent of each other, united for the common Defence. The States General confill of Deputies from every Province, and are bifually about Thirty in Number j fome Provinces fend Two, others jnore ; but every Province has no more than one Voice ; and v/hatever Refolution the States General take, muft be confirmed by every Pro- vince, and by every City and Republic in that Province, before it has the Force of a Law. The ]3eputies of the Eighteen Cifies, and one Reprefentative of the ,lMobility conftitute the States gf the Province of //o//^;;^. Amjicrdamy and every one of thofe Eighteen Cities, are feparate and independent Republics. In Amjlcrdam the Legiflative Povvcr is lodged in Fhirry- fix Senators, who continue Members of the Senate for Life, and when one dies, his Place is filled by the Survivors ; tne Senate alfo ele6l the .Deput-ies to reprcfent tjie Cities in the Province of Holland, The Peo- ple p!e have nothing to do, either in the Choice of their Repi or their Mag-iilr-ates ; what Alteration the Conflitutlon^may j NETHERLANDS, 129 refentatives, may receive from their late Struggles for a Stadthoider, is but uncertain ; but the Prince oi Orange feems to be impowered either dire(5lly, or hy his Influence, to change both the Deputies, Magillrates and Offieers in every Pro- vince, and City : He is Prefident in the States of every Province^ though he has not fo much as a Seat or Vote in the States General ; but as he influences the States o^ each Province to fend what Deputies he pleafes to the States General, he has in EfTefl the appointing the Perlons that conlHtiite the States General, and may be deemed Sove- reign of the United Provinces. The Stadthoider had once a very great Povver ; we &a\A one of their Stadtholders appointing what Towns ihould fend Deputies or Members to the Affembiy of the States o'i Holland _\ but the Scadtholderihip was never Hereditary till now. It is obferved, that the States pafled by the firft Stadtholder's eldeft Son, and appointed his younger Son, Prince Maurice^ their Stadthoider. And at other Times they have fupprefl!ed the Stadtholderfliip entirely. The late Stadthoider William Charles Henry i^r/^j died the lith of OSioher 175 I ; he was borri hereditary Stadthoider of i'V/^aW the 21ft of Augicji 171 1, ele6ied Stadthoider of Gelderlandy Zutphe7t and Groningen the 12th o^ "June 1733 ; he married An^ie Princefs Royal of Great Britain the 14th of March 1733-4, ^"^ whom he had liTue the Princefs Caroline the 17th oi Febriiary 1742, and his Son William, the prefent Stadthoider, born the 8th of M^zrrZ', 1747-8, This high Office was fettled on his Iflue Male, and in Default thereof on the Female Iffue ; and their ?vlother the Princefs is con.Htuted Re* gent or Governante, till they come of Age refpeclively ; bilt If the Princefs marries or dies, the States are to be Guardians of the Minors. . There is a Council of State, confifting of Deputies from the fevera! Provinces ; to which Holland fends three ; Gelderland, Zealand and Utrecht two a-piece, and the Provinces of Friejland and Gro-ainp-en each, of them one. In this Council they do not vote by Provinces, as in the States General, but by perfonal Vo-'ces j and eyery Deputy prefides by Turns, and the Stadthoider, when there is- one, has a decifive Voice in this Council, where the Votes happen to be equal. This Council calculates v/hat Taxes or Forces v^ill be neceflary for the Current Year^ and prepares other Matters for the Determination of the States Gene- ral. In an Aflembly of the States of a particular Province, one dif-> fenting Voice prevents their coming to any RefolutiOn. Arms\\ The Arrris of the Seven Provinces arey Or, a Lion Gules, holding a Scymeter in one of his Pa\^s, and a BUndle of Seven Arrows in the other, with this Motto, Concordia res par^'ce c'refcunt. Ff)rces.'\ Their Forces, in Time of Peace, ufed to be about Forty Thoafand, 25,000 wheredf were in the Barrier Towns, and paid by the Revenues arifing in the Territories about thofe Towns, granted by tiie Barrier Treaty in 1715. . , No Nation in Europe, except E};glaxdy can fit out a more formidable Fleet of Men of War thaa the Dutch ; they have always fo much Tim- ber prepared for building Ships at $ardam, and all other Materials for rigging them, that they can, f^r many Days, b'uiid a Man of V/ar every Day, if they pleafe, and uo Nation L better furnifned yfhh. Seamsa t@ man tliem.- jl The *■ 'JO 4 NETHERLANDS. The Dutch employ great Numbers of Foreigners in their Service, efpecially Sn.vifs and Sects ; they durft not trull the Government entirely to the Natives, while they were guilty of fuch OpprelTions,; no Govern- ment ads more arbitrarily than the Dutch Republics, they can put any Man to Death without bringing him to a Trial, as they have done many, if he confeffes his Crime, in which Cafe he forfeits no Part of his Ellate. In levying tlieir Taxes, the Province of Holland Ta.\iCs almoft as much as all the rell, their Trade, and confequently their Wealth, being equal to that of all the other Provinces; and as the City qI Atjijierdam and their Eaji-lndia Company ufually influence the Province of Hollandy fo ^ ; Holland has a very great Influence on the reft of the Provinces, and in a Manner aft the Part of Sovereigns when there is no Stadtholder, and for that Reafon ufually oppofe the creating a Stadtholder. Taxes.'] The States ufually raife between two and three Millions annually, by an almoft general Excife, a Land-Ta.v, Poll-Tax and Hearth-Money; but every Province and City may vary in the Manner, and lew their refpeftive Quota's of Taxes as they fee fit. The Duties on Goods and Merchandize are exceeding low ; Holland is a Kind of ^ Free Port, which is the Source of their vaft Trafiic. Their wealthieft Merchants therefore pay little more towards the Support of the Govern- ment than the common People. The Oppreflions of the great Men, in taxing their Subjefts, gave rife to the late Infurreftions and Alteration in their Conftitution. Ferfons and Habit sJ\ The 2)?j/r/^ are tall and ftrong built, but both Men and Women have the grofleft Shapes that are to be met with any where, or rather no Shape at all. Nor is their Motion lefs difagreeable than their Shape; they move heavily and aukwardly. Their Features and Complexions are not to be found fault with, except among the Boors and Seafaring Men, who are very numerous ; but the Badnefs of their Complexion is to be afcribed rather to their being expofed io the Weather than any Thing elfe, Their Garb is exceeding plain among all Sorts of People, except the Office vs of the Arm} , and fome few others who aftedl to follow the French Modes, otherwife they change their Falhions as rarely as in Spain. Their Coats have neither Shape nor Pleats, and their long Pockets are fet as high as their Ribs ; but that of the Women appear fomething odd to us, their Coats coming no lower than the Middle of their Legs : As to Hcad-dreflcs they have little or none, m.any content themfclves with tying up their Hair, and wearing three black Knots upon their Heads, one on each Side, and the other on the hinder Fart of the Head, and perhaps a Hood over all \ when they go cut. Genius and Temper.] The Boors or Huft)andmen are a People induf- trious enough, but flow of Underftanding ; not to be dealt with by hafty Words, but eafdy managed by foft and fair, and yielding to plaia Reafon if you give them Time to underftand it. Their Seamen are a plain, but rough People, furly and ill mannered^i which is ufually millaken for Pride, but fuppofed by Sir William Templi to proceed from their converfing v/ith Winds and Waves, that are no to be wrought upon by Language. They feldom ufe more Words tha is neceflary about their Bunnefs, and as for their Valour it is rathe paflive than a^^ive, not being a very enterprizing People. Thei: NETHERLANDS.. r^x. Their Tradefmen are romething iharper, and make Ufe of all their Skill to take Advantage Of the Folly and Ignorance of thofe they deal with ; and are great Extortioners where there is no Law to reftrain. them ; but where they deal with Men of Skill, and apprehend them- feives within the Reach of the Laws, there they are the plaineft and bell Dealers in the World. Every Clafs of Men are extremely frugaL Every Man fpends lefs than his Income, be that what it will ; all Appetites and Paffions run lower and cooler here than in any other Country, Avarice excepted ; Quarrels are very rare, Revenge feldom heard of, and Jeaioufy fcarjce ever known. Their Tempers are not airy enough for foy, nor any ufual Strains of pleafant Humour, nor warm enough for Love. This indeed is fometimes talked of among their young Fellows, as a Thing they have heard of, but never felt, and as a Difcourfe that becomes them rather than affedls them. It is very rare for any of them to be really in Love ; nor do the Women feem to care whether they are or no : The Men are addided to Drinking, which fome think neceiTary in this foggy A.ir, for their Health as well as the Improvement of their Underftandings. Di'verjions.'] The Diverfions of the Hollanders are Bowls, Billiards, Chefs and Tennis, as with us ; bat they do not feem fo much addicted to the Games of Chance, unlefs that of Verheeven, or Trick-track re- verfed: Shooting v.-ild Geefe and Ducks in Winter, and Angling in Summer, make another Part of their Paftimes. In the moft rigorous Seafon of the Year, Sledges and Skates are a great Diverfion. Bandy is another Play much uied when the Earth is covered with Ice and Snow, at which they are very dextrous : They feldom play for any Thing but Drink, and the Tavern v/here they fpend their Winnings always concludes the Diverlions of the Day. Ha-ns never cares to go to Bed without his Dofe. In Summer we fee Multitudes of People vvalk- ino- cut of Town on the Banks of fine Canals, Vv'ell planted with Trees, or by the Sea Shore, or perhaps in the public Gardens ; but the End of every Walk is the Tavern, where they do not fail to meet with a thoufand little Amufements and agreeable Entertainments, as cool Summer-houfes and Grottos, excellent Wines, and other Liquors, Fruit, Cakes, and j-elifhing Meats ; and here you meet with Mufic of all Kinds, Vocal and Inftrumental. Thofe Diilindlions are not kept up between the wealthy Traders and the Mechanics in Hollandy as in other Countries. They converfe pret- ty much upon the Level, and it is not eafy to know the Man from the Mailer, or the Maid from her Miilrefs, fucli Liberties do they allow their Servants, who may not be ftruck or corieded by them, but the Difpute mull be left to the Magiftrate. Ciiriojities.'] Among their Curiofitics may be reckoned their Dykes (made to protect them againft the Sea and Land rioo'Js) which are feventten Ells thick, and yet have not been found fufficient to reiifl the Torrent. Lvirge Tradlis of. Land were iwallowed up on the 5th of Nonjen:.ber 1530, when the Sea overflowed a great Part of 7.ealand, Strada mentions another on All S aims I^yq^ in 1568, when the Sea fwelled fo high, that it broke fome Banks, and overllcvvcd others, with fuch a fudden and unheard-of Inundatio:i, thai it covered fome Iflands ^ A Zealand} great Part of the, Coait of HoUandj and almoll all Fii-fltnid ; X 2 '' was 132 N E r II E R L A N B S, was higher by a Foot than that which happened in 1530, and fvvalU lowed up 72 Villages ; and in Friejiand alone deilroyed above 20,006 People, whole Bodies, with thofeot their Cattle, their Houfhold Stuff, and broken Veiiels, floating upon the drowned Country, gave thofe th.'it eicaped a lively Reprefentation of Noah^s Deluge. Many People ge'.ting up to the Tops of Trees and lifing Grounds, were in Danger of being famifhed, till they were brought off m Boats by the Care of the Magillrates. Th«y fuffered likewife much by an Inundation in 1655 ', but more by one in No-j£7nhcr 1665, which drove in the Sea" with fuch incredibde Violence, between the Texcl and the Helder, that it carried Fart of the Village o^ Huyfduynen quite away, and laid all ther Country between IJlring and Zyp under Water ; the Dyke near Horns was broke in two Places ; the Water came to the Gates of Medemblicky cveiflowed many Viiiages, and of a fudden turned a large Tra6l of the Country into a continued Sea, which deftroyed much People and Cat- tle. 1 he Dyke of Meydenburg was alfo broke down : {o that all the Country round Kaerden., Mtiyden, and IVe/op, as far as Loren in Gojiand, gnd Baleccrm in the Province oiUir.cht^ was under Vv'ater. The Gates and Ramparts oi Nacrden \ytvQ, x\x\s^q^\ and that frong Rampart of ^tone, called the Afs's Back, built to repel the Waves, was hurried away, leaving a Hole where it flood of 36 Feet deep. In Amjierdam^ the Ncvjen Dyke, v.'it!i the Street upon it, and the neighbouring Mar- het Place, was quite overflowed. The Dyke betwixt Amjhrduin and- Haerlcm was bjoke in the Middle for 30 or 40 Pvods, fo that there was. ^.b)ut 33 Feet Water in thofe Paits. There were man v other Dykes had the fame Fate ; the Country in many Places, and particularly a great Fart of Waeer - Land^ y< z.% entirely fwallowcd up. Language. '\ Their Language is a Dialedl of the High Dutch or German, but I'rench is generally fpoken by the better Sort, 'i'he Lord's Prayer in DiiUh ii as fellows. On/e Fader , die in de hemelin : zoit anveu nacm ivorde gehe\llght : ui'/koninckrye ch kome : uxven HJcille gefchiede gclyck in den hemel i/JJ'o oock op den ard.Uy ons dage licks broct geef ons baden^ ende Hjer- geejl onjs Jchulden golyck cock <^j-:y ^-vcrgc-vcn onfe fchuldcttaren : inde en hpt eas nei* in njcrjccr ktngemaer 'UCHGji on ujati den hoc/en. Amen, Religion.'] The eftabliflied Religion in Holland h the Prejhyferian or C(alvi>iijl\ none are admitted into any Office or Poll in the Govern- ment but Prefvytcriam ; but ail Religions and Sedh almo/l are tolerated^ and hava their refpedive Meetings, or Aflemblies for religious Woi^ ihip, amoi'.g which none arc more numerous than the Papijls. ' Bifr:Gprics.'] The;e was formerly an Afchbifiiopric at Utrecht, and the Pifhops of De-vent eery Grcningen, Middlihurg, Haerlcm and Le-ward-'ny nerc his Suffragans and there may be fome Fitular Popifo Bifiiops Hill, but they have no Authority in this Country^ m Cni-^rrfi.'ic-.^ There are fcv6ral Univerfities, one 2it Lcyden^ another r.t L'irecht, which are the Chief; but none of the Students there wear anv diiiinguifliing Habit, or live in Colleges, but board in Town where? ihey pleaie. Gentlemen of the Difienting or Republican Strain, often' iend their Sons from England to theie Univerl;ties for iulncation, tho* there a'-e no Exhibitions or Preferments^to be cxpeftcd here. It is com- j-utcd there are about 2000 Students in the Liniverflty of Utrecht: Fra- xdcr, Grcningen^ and Uardendckj are inconfiderabie Univerfities. D U T C H NETHERLANDS. DUTCH Gold Ccins. DUTCH Silver Ccins. ■A-t. ^n /. s. d. o 9 3 o o o o 5 3 4 4 5 2 I 8 o G S 2 3 7 Ducat af Holland Ducatoon of Holland Pata'TOn, or K.ix- dollar of /rV/^j?^ " — — —— The Crown Piece of Holland^ or 6o' Stivers -■■ The Guilder, cr Piece of 20 Stiyers /, > The Ten Schelling Piece of Zealandy |pr Piece of 60 Stivers The Lion Dollar of Holland J-—' T'he Schelling is a bafe Coin not worth a Penny, but g«)es for Six-pence. DUTCH Copper. An Orke, the fourth Part of a Stiver or Penny. The Revclutions will be found in the Defcriptioji of the Aujlrian Netherlands, Auftrian and French N E'^T H E RL A N B S. Provinces. Chief'Towns. I. Brabant, — . .. c "^ cBriiJ/cls^ E. Lon. 4 Dzg. 6 Min» N. Lat. 50-50. fflT-^ I in the Middle. me c htm ) Limburo-y E. ^•^ Luxemburg y S. E. Namury S . j Manjy in the Middle. C amir ay i S. W. A:'-ra.Sy 'S. W. J IGbint, N. 2. Antiverp 3 . Malhtes ». 4. Limburg 5. Luxemburg 6 . Kamur y . Hainault 8 . Cambrefis p. Artois JO. Flanders Between Extent and Situation cf the Auftrian ^;?i French NETHERLANDS. { 2 1 and J. E. Lon. 7 3 49 200 Miles in Length* Ue^tween < Boundaries. "[ an N. Lat. Being i?o Miles in Breadth, O U N D E D by the United Provinces on the North ; by Germany f Eall j by Lorraln, Champaign^ and Fi~ cardv in France, South j ^nd by iinother Part of Picardy, and the ^tg^ lijh'^^d.y Well. I. Vrov'mcQ of BRABANT. Subd^vifioni. |. Dutch BralaniE \ N. Chief Towns. . Boijledut Breda Bergen -of -Zoom Maejir-icht, S. E, Grave y N. E. ^'■^'^^ , I N. W. ^teenbirgen ^ j[ 4 2, AuHrlah 134 N E'T HE R L A N D S. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. -^ r Bru/elsy E. Lon. 4 Deg. 6 MIn. I \ N. Lat. 50-50. 2. AuHrian Brabant • y-^ Lou-vain 1 I / Vilvcrden > in the Middle. J {^Lande?i j 2. ANTJVERP ', and, 3. MALINES, are Provinces independent of Braba?2t, though iurrounded by it, and fubjed to the Houfe of Auflrta. 4. Province of LIMBURG. S. E. Limhurgy E. Lon. 6-5. N. Lat, 50-37. fubjeft to Aujiria. Chief Towns ■ \ \ Dakm Valkenhurg^ T. / fiib]e£l to the ^aucusmont, or > 7^ -^ , ' 11 1 I Dutch. 5. Province of LUXEMBURG. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. ^ . _ , 7 S Luxemhurp;, E, Lon. 6-^. Auftrian Luxemburg J| N. Lnt 49-45. French Luxemburg J | M.;;//^.^ J ^- ^• 6. Province of NAMUR, in the Middle, fubjea to Aujiria. 1 f Namur, on the Sambre and Maefe^ Chief Towns ■ f S E. Lon. 4-50. N. Lat. 50-30. 3 1^ Charleroy on the Sanibrs. 7. Province of HAINAULT. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. "J r2?f^;7j, E. Lon. 3-33. "] , ^ . __ . , ( J N. Lat. 50 34. I In the Auftrian Hamault >^ Aeth fMiddk Engnien \ nValencie7i'iies S ^Condr [^•^'- Landrecy J 8. Province of CAMBRES IS. Chief Towns. *) r Cambray, E. of Arras, H. Lon. 5«<^yV^? ^fl France -— >\ 3 - » 5 • N . Lat. 5 o- 1 5 . 3 C Creveccur, S, of Camhray. 9. Province NETHERLANDS. 135 Suhjecl to France Province of A R T O I S. /^Arras, S.W. on theScarpe, E.Lon, 2-50. N. Lat. 50-20. \Sf. OmcTi E. oi Boulogne Jlire, S. oi St, Omer \St. Venant, E. Q^ Aire Bethune, S. E. oi Aire Teroueju S. of St. Omcr, 10. Province of FLANDERS. Subdivifions. Dutch Flanders Auftrian Flanders French Flanders Chief Towns. S/tiys, N. Axel, N. Hul/i, N. Si2s -van Ghe}!t, N. f^ Ghent, on \.\iQ ScheU, E. Lon. 3-36. N. Lat. 51. Bruges '} OJiend t N. W. near the Sea. Ne-tvport 3 )>«^ Oudenard on the Scheld, p.. / J. on the L's Utxmude } 2/rf^, N. of Lif.e Tournay on the Scheld [_Me?nn on the Lis. ^Lijle, W. of Tournay '\.Di(7ikirk, on the Coafr 5^. of I Calais <^Dc?iayy W. of Arras t Mar dike, \N . oi Dunkirk [ Sr. Amand, N. of Falencle7ines ^.^Grwvdin, E. oi Calais. Mountains.] There are none very confiderable in thefe Countries : Flanders is aflat Country, not a fingle Hill in it: Brabant and the red' of the Provinces confiit of little Hills and Vallies, Woods, inclofecl Grounds, and champaign Fields 3 the Foreils of Ardenm and Soignies r.re the moil confiderable Woods. Ri^jers and Canals.] I. Maefe% z.Samhre% 3, Demer \ 4, l^yJe \ 5. }\cthc \ 6, Gect \ 7. Sanne\ %.Rupple\ 9. Scheld: JO. Lis ; ii. Scarpe ; 12. Deule; and, 13, Dender ; vvich Abundance of extenfive Canals, particularly thofe of BruJ/els, Ghent and OJlend. The moft confiderable of thcfe Rivers, into which the 'si::'\x fall, are the Maefc and the Scheld, Tlie Macfc rifes in Burgundy, and runs NortJ; through Lcrrain s.nd Champaigne into the Netherlands ; having pafled by Verdun, Sedan s.nd Dinant, it receives the Sa?nbre at Namur, then runjj N. E. by Liege, Maejiricht, Venlo and Gra-ve ; and having joined tho ifaal, difcharges itfelf into the Seaoppofite to England. The Scheld, riling on the Confines of Picardy, runs N. E. by Cam-* brax. Vakiicicnncs, Conde, T'ournay and Qudcnard^ receiving the Lis at ■i 4 Qhcnty i-^S NErUERLANDS. Gheniy and continues its Courfe from thence, as mentioned in th$ United Provinces. ^/>.] The Air of the Auflrian and French Netherlands, is generally much better than that of the United Provinces, except it be on the Ccaft of Flanders and Br ah ant , which is as unhealthy as any Part of JloUand. Their Winters are ufually more fevere than ours, but then they have more conilant fettled Weather, both Winter and Summer, in the inland Part of the Country, than we enjoy here. Boil and Produce. '\ The Soil of this Country is very different, in fome Parts a deep rich Mould, in others a barren Sand ; in the former are large Coru Fields, Pafture Grounds', and Plenty of Foreit and Fruit- ^I'rees ; and tliat which was formerly eileemed a barren Soil, is equal, if not preferable, to the former at prefent, as it produces the bell Flax." ManufaBures and'TraJjic'l Their principal iManufadures confiil of fine Lawns, Cambric, Lace, and Tapeilry, "with which they carry on a very advantageous Trainc, efpecialiy with England, from whence it is computed they receiye a Balance cf half a Million annually in Time of Peace. Gcverfimeni .'] The Emprefs Queen is Sovereign of thcfe Provinces ; aiid in her, or her Viceroy, and the Convention of the Eftates of the refpeftive Provinces, is the Legillative Power in each lodged, fiere new Laws are enaCled, and by their Afient alone is Money'levied,' and the whole Affcmbly mull: be unanimous in Pafhng of an A61. 'J he AiTembly or Parliament of each Province confiils, i. Of the Bifhops, Abbots, and dignified Clergy. 2. The Nobility and Gentry; and, 3. The Deputies or Reprefentatives of their chief Towns. Thefe meet at BrufJ'clsj except thofe of Luxemburg and Guelders, who, by their an- cient Privileges,' cannot be fummoned out of their refpeflive Provinces, any incre than the States o^ Brabant : Neither do the States of the feve- ral Provinces, which meet at Brztijels, affemble in one Houfe, but each of them apart, and make diftinft Laws for their refpcdive Countries.' Eefide" the Regent or Governor-General, every Province hath its pardcu'ar Governor fubjeft to the Regent ; and in every Province are Courts of Juftice ellabliihei for the Trial of Civil Caufcs. LiTwj-.] T^Q Civil and Canon X^aw are in Force here, vy!iere they do not interfere with the particular Laws of the Country ; and from the Civil Courts of eve|-y Province, there lies an Appeal to the Grand Council 'citMcchlin. As to Criminal Matters, there is ?.n' Officer called the Provoll, in every Province, who, with his Allbciate, hath the De- ter rninatiop of t;hem, 'pat accountable;, however, to the Grand Provoil, or Chief jiifdce. Forces.'^ The Forces in the Auflrian NciherJandsj after the Peace qf Utrecht, were to have been 30,000, and on the Appearance of a War 4C,ppo, whereof the Imperialilis were to maintain three Fifths, and the Dutch two, for the Defence cf the Barrier. Renjeniies.'\ The Revenue^' of the Netherlands, when under the Do- minion of the SparJards, were not fufticient to defray the Charges of the Civil Government (1 mean fm.c the Revolt of the Seven Provinces, and the Decay of their Commerce) for in their fioariihing State, when Ant-v^erp.v^diS the Center of Trade, there was not a Kingdom in Europe^ •.-•"■ .... .. vvhith NETHERLANDS, 137 jx'hicli yielded a larger Revenue to its Princes. But their Finances having been better regulated by the Imperialiils, and their Trade fome- J:hing revived by the vail Demand of late for their fine Linen and Lace, they are not fo great a Burden to the Imperialilh, as they were to Spahi : However, it is ftill a Queftion, Whether the Public Revenues will maintain the Charges of the Government, even in Time of Peace. The ordinajy Revenues of the Government are either thofe arifmg from the Demefne Lands, or from the Cufloms. If there be an ex- traordinary Tax to be raifed, it is demanded of the States of the re- fpective Provinces, with whom the Court ufually maintains fo good a Correfpondence, as not to meet with frequent Denials. But the Sup- plies mull be much more precarious there than with us, becaufe the Confent of every fingls Member is requifite to compieat the Grant. Habits and Genius. '\ As to the Habits, Genius and Temper of the flemingSi thofe under the French Government, as lie near the French Territories, refemble the French fo much, that they are not to be dif- tinguilhed from them, and thole that live in Dutch Flanders or Brabant are meer Dutchmen. Curiojities.'] Their great Curiofities are their Manufadlures of Lawn, Cambric, Lace and 1 apelby, in which they exceed all the World. Here are fome Reman paved Pligh-ways ftill entire. Language.l^ As thefe Countries contain a Mixture of Dutchmen^ Frenchy and Flemings, thofe on the Frontiers of Holland very much re- femble the Dutch, and fpeak the fame Language ; and the Provinces iubjeft to France ufually^ fpeak French, and refemble them in their Manners ; the reft are a Mixture betv/een both, and their Language a different Dialedt of the Gertnan from that of the Dutch. Their Lord's Prayer runs thus : Nos Pere, qui et aux cieux, fanSiifie foi te mm ad^veen tou rejam : ta Generals : However, their ancient Privileges v/ere in a great Meafure reflored ; every Province wis al- lowed its great Council or Parliament, v/hofe Concurrence vvas re- quired to the making Laws, and rai/ing Money for the Government, though thefe Aiiemblies were too often obliged to follov/ the Dictates of the Court, and for thofe who have been reduced under the Govern- ment of France, they are now under the fame arbitrary Dominion as the reft of the Subjects of tliat Crown are. Flanders, 300 Years ago, was tlie Center of the Trade of Europe \ iht Englijh Wool was all manufactured there ; they had a moft exten- five Traffic until the Dutch built Forts at the Mouth of the Scheld, and removed the Trade to Amjlerda?n and Rotterdam. The Aujlrian Kcther^ lands having been the Scene of War for upv. :irds of an hundred Years, their Revenues will fcarce bear the Charges of the Government ; and, if it was not a very plentiful Country, it could never have fuftalned fuch numerous Armies, as almofl every Year deilroy the Labour of the Hufbandman . And it may be proper here to obfcrve, that there are more flrong Towns in the Netherlands than in all the rell of Europe ; and every Gentleman's Houfe is a Caftle or Chatteau, 7'he Spaniards remained pofleiTed of almoil eight of thefe Provinces, until the Duke of Marlborough, General of the Allies, gained that me- morable Viftory of Ramilies. Afier which BruJJels, the Capital, and great Part of thefe Provinces acknowledged Charles VI. (afterwards Emperor) their Sovereign ; and his Daughter the Emprefs Queen re^ mained jpoiTeiTed of them until the late War, when the French made an entire Conquellof them, except Part of the Viovii-izzol Luxemburg', but; they were rcllored by the Peace oi Aifi la Chaptelkj in the Year 1748, And G E R M A N T. 139 And the French retain only Artoisy Camhrsfis, Part of Flajidcrs^ Part of Hainatilt, and Part of LuxcT/iturg, of which they have had the Dominiou near fourfcore Years. I Ihould have remembered, that JVilliafny Prince of Orange, firil Stadtholder of the United Provinces, was aflaiTinated by Balthazar Gerhardi a Papill, in his Palace of 'Delft, as he fat at Supper, Aniw 1584. G E R M A N T. Situation and Extent, Between < and > E. Lon. 1 \ 600 Miles in Leng-th. I 19 S (.p 3 C 4S 7 f ) Between < and V N. Lat. I / 500 Miles in Breadth. t 55 3 -^ ^ Boundaries. ']'Ty O U N D E 3 by the German Sea, Denmark, and the J3 Balticky on the North ; by Poland, Bcheynia and /// 5'* ^^'^''* {_o~o:edijh Pomerania, IN. W. ^htraljund Brandenburg in the Middle, 1 Altmark, Weft J C Stendel Subjedl to its own Eleftor^ Middhmark t < Berlin, Pot/dam the King qI Prujjm {_ ISe'-wark, Eaft 3 / Francfort, Cujlrin, ! Dutch y of Saxony, N. "^ T IVittenburg Litfatia, Marq. Eaft — I \ Bantzen, Gcrlits Uifnia, MarcJ. South K^^Drejdcn, E. Lon. 15. I / 36. N. Lat. 51. J IJ^'ItJein. J40 G D-ivifions. ^'huringia Langr. V/ell E R M A Subdiviiions. 'r'Sa^ Meiningen \ Sax€ Zeits — j6'«2Ar^ Altenburg, S, E. The Dutchies ^^ ISaxe Weimer, Weft ^ \Saxe-Gctha, Weft { Is axe Eijhach, S, W. — L ^ r. Chief Tov/ns. Erfurt ty fubjed to the iLledor of Mentz. Meinincreit o Altenburg Weimsr IGotha Eifnach L Saaljield \ 3ch^jartjhurg Belchilgen Man field Hall JSautnburgi Principality of Bifhopric of — Dutchy of Hohenjisiriy Weft - 'Anhalt, North — ( ( A orthhaiifetu K Dejfau, ZerhJ} Stolburg Bcrnberg, HalL Kolhefts. - Saxe Hally Weft •— - — Voiztland, South, fubjeft to the ? „, lilector or haxoiiy — J 5 Merjierg, Middle, fubjedt to the ) ,, ^ I Utaor oi Saxo^)> — y\lerjt,erg. 2o Lower S A XO N T Circle. Divifions. HoJflein D Subdivifions. ' HolJieinVYO^QVj N. [ Difmarjh, Weft- North of^ Stormoi'ia, South ^ the Elbe j Hamburgh a Sove reign State o § ^ ^ Chief Towns. {Keil, fubjedt to Holjicin I Gutorp Meldorp J^Subjedl to \_Wagerlandy Eaft — La-ujCHburg Dutchy, North of t Hano^'cr '(^> ffi'Ufjftvic JO "^ ft C5 <(' Glucjlat \ Denmark ^ Hamburg, E. L. 9-40. ■•^ ^ o "-S N.L.54. an Imperial City L Lubecy an Imperial City le Elbe, fubjedl: to ^ , , •^ < La'voenburg. Sub. to the Duke of Brunjhvick Wolfaab utile. Sub. to theElec-^ ? Proper J. Middle T) AVolfembuttle \ C. Rheinjleeuy SoJC — — C. Blachenberz tor ofHano-ver, King of Gvijr;/ B-yitain. D. Calenburg ■ — — X D. Grubbenhagen Gottirigen* J Brunf-wicy E. L. 10-30. N L.52- Wolfenbuttle Rheinjlcen Blackinburg Hano^oer Grubbenhagen Gotteno-en. 30^ Divifions, Blvillons. Lunenburg D. fub to HanO'Vir. GERMAN Subdivifions. D. of Lunenburgi Proper ■1 Chief Towns. D. Zell ]\ Bremen D. and Verdsn Y>. HuHo-jer^ iNorth fub. to Lunenburg Zelly E. Lon. lo. N. Lat. 32-52. ^Bremeny E. Lon. 8-20. N. Lat, < 53-25. an Imperial City. f Verde'n, Itlecklenhurg Duchy - D. S-iverin, North, lubjed to its Duke . D. Giijiro^iv, North, fubjefl to its Duke Snverinj E. Lon. II--3Q, N. Lat. 54. Gujiro^oj^ Hildcjheifn Bifhopric, in the Middle, fub- \ i Hildejheimy an Iiaperiai jeit to its Bifliop ^ / City. Magdeburg Duchy, South-Eaft, fubjeft to the King of PruJJia halberfiat, Duchy,, fabjea to PruJJIa, 5outli-Eail > \ Magiklurg. \ \ HalberJIat. Middle Divilion Weftern Divilion 3. JV E S CO 0) o o .3 n c <:^ O O 1. Rhine field Wo 7? field, DiUenburg Diets Hada7nar Kerberg Sieg€?i -{ Id/lein JVeilbiirg Wifbaden Biclflein Ot-joeiler L Ufmgen. Frankfort on the Maine, E. Lon. 8-30. N. Lat. 50- 1 o.anlmperialCity. -Territory of Frankfort, a Sovereign State County 0^ Erpach, fubjedl to its own Count — Erpach Ealt I5:fu«^^-^ ^c c^ • c • c ^« S Spire on the Rhine, a l5ilnopric ot. i^i!;^, a Sovereign State — — ") r • 1 p% Duchy of Zw^^r:/^^^^^^;/, or Deuxponts, fubjedli r>.^v*„,,., hi the Palat to the Duke of Deuxponts \ ^'^""P"''^' i" ^tie ralat. County of Catzenelbogen, fubjcdl to Htffe i Catz.enelbcgen on the Cajfel 1 Lhcn. Counties of^CxSoyn Wied r Waldec, fubjeft to its own Count \ /- Waldec I Sohnsy fubjcd to its own Count \\ Solms \Hannu, fubjc6l to Hef/e Cafjcl — / \Hanau jFyfenberg, fub. to its own Count f \Eyfenberg JVitgcnflein Haizfield . Weferberg Abbv of Fuld, fubjeil to its Abbot Hirchfield fubjea to Ueffe Cajfel ^ Sayn Wied W itgcnflein Hatzfeld JVefterberg. Fuld. Hirchfeld. 5. Lozver Divifions. Palatinate of the Rhine, on both Sides that River, fubj eel to the Eledor Palatine RHINE Circle. Chief Towns. Heidclburg on the y\>f/('«r, E. Lon. 8-40. N. Lat. 49-20. Philijlurgf Manheifn, and Fran^ kcndal on the Rhine. 11 Piviiions. G E Divirions. C Cologti HS Archblflioprics and . Eleftorates of Me-iifz Triers Bifhopric of Worms ^ *a State R M A N r. Chief Towns. Cologne, on the x^/3/«^, E.Lon. 6-40. N. Lat. 50-50. Bonn, on the Rhine, Mentx, on the Rhine^ Afchaf- fenbiirg^ on the Maine, 7'riersy oil the Mo/elle. Worms, on the Rhine., Imperial City. Sovereign o <" CO an Duchy of Simmeren, fubieft to its own C o. Duke Counties of ' Rhinegraijejiein • • Meurs, fubjed to Prujfia Veldenti, fubjedl to the Elefftor Palatine Spanheim ■■- ■■- Leymingen ■ ^ binegra-vejlein Mcurs Veldents Creutznach Leytningen. 6. FRANCONIA Divifions. Chief Towns, ibjedl to their re- f ) „ ^ / ^ r ' • n . ^1. • 7 C CuUenback buDject to their re~ I \ fpedtive Marg-raves \)r\r. j J L Onjpach, ■ Hennehurgh, Duchy of CoZvr^, North, fubj eft to its Duke Cob:rg. Duchy oi Hildburghaufen, fubjeft to its Duke ■ Hildburghaufen. Burgravate of Nuremburgy S. E. an independent J Nuremburg, an State ( Imperial City, Territory of the Great Mailer of the Teutonic Or- C , - , , der, Mergentheim, S. W. \ ^^rgenthetm. ^ Wurtjburg, W . Biihoprics of < Bemberg, N. ( Aichjlat, S. C CuUenback, Marquifates of < North Eafl: ( Onfpach, S. Principality of //^/z/zf-i^z^ro-/^, N ^Reineck^ W. . Reins ck i\eiritcK^ vv . ■ ■■ ^ J^einecR. C Bareith, E. fub. to its own Margrave ) \.Bareith \Papenheimj S. fub. to its own Count/ \Papenheim Counties of W'^'^^^'^^y W. V. JWertheim v^ountiesot fines of Italy and Trent \ S-voitzei'land. 8. BAVARIA Circle. Subdivifions. Duchy of Bavaria Proper, on the Danube jSL>br< Palatinate of Ba-uari 'I eft to thf Eledor of Ba- "variU' Treifiyigerty fubjc£l to its Bifhop • - Bilhopric of Bajfauy fubjefl to its own ? Billiop , — — --.-^ S Duchy of Neuhurgy fubjeft to the Elec- 7 tor Palatine ' \ Archbifliopric of ^altjkurgy fubje^l to its ) own Archbiihop . J Chief Towns. Munich y £. Lon. 11-3^. N. Lat. 48-5. Landjhut; IngoUjhity N. W. Dona- iverty [Raiijion] N. an Im- perial City. Ani/^ergy [Sultjbach] N. of the Danube, fubjed to the Ele6i:or Palatijie, FrelJJtngen. Pajfauy E. on the Danube* Neubergy W. on the Danube^ Sahfjurgy S. E. Hallen, g. S IV A B I A Circle. Subdivifions. Chief TovvHS, ") Stufgardy -E. Lon. 9, . 0 On or >near tl 3 Necker. \ Baden Baden Vf^^^J\i^'l'\^ I ^^'denDourlach \ ^g^a/es. \ ^^^''' ^''^''' ] ilhopric of Aiigjburgy fubjeft to its own J ^^^^iocta'^t ^ (, near the Territory of XJlmy a fovcreign State \ Duchy of Wuftenrburgy fubjedl to , ^-^ ^at. 48-40. the Duke ofV/urtemburg Stutguard ^ :^^^i,i„^,„^ Hatlbron ^^ar- C r, , 7, , irubje(?t to their C ^ , y. , , ) On or . ^ 3 Baden Baden I ^ r „a;,,^ J BadenDourlach [ „^^^ .. ^ qui.ates< « , 7^ , , >own relpective < n j jrr .1 i>near the tc I BadenDourlach \^^ „,^., \ Baden Weiler \ n/- , ot / \ Marerayes. {_ j ^f^^^^^- an Imperial City, Bletiheiniy On or Danube. Uhn, on the Danuhiy an Im- i3" ( perial City. Bilhopric of Co/^fl,^rf, fubjed to its own j Co;;//^?;/^^, on the Biihop under the Houfe of Aujlria \ Cat/lance. Princi- f Mmdelhctjn ') Subjedl to their ^Mindelheim; S. of paliciesr < Furjhmburg \ relpcdive < Furjtenbtirgy S. of ^ Hcben%cllcrn j Princes (_-Ho/jcnzclIcrny S. ( Oeling ■ 1 f Qetingy Eail Koningfe:h *— > < Koni fig feck. South Eafl Hohenrichbur'T — - \ / Gemundy North Lake of Augfiurg Counties of Baronies of J Waldburg \ Limpurg - w WaUbur^y South Eaft '^■> Limpurg, North. Subdivifions'. GERMANY. 145 Subdivifions. Chief Towns. C Kempten < "J CKe7n.pteny on the Il/er AKK* f 3 -^^<^^^^'^ (.J ^v.chanvy S. of the Danube ADDies ot < ^y^^^^.^y >S u.,davj, on the Lake of L J L C(?«/?tf7?(r(?, Imperial Cities. SNordliitgen, North of the Z>fJ- Memminghen, Eaft Roiwell, on the NtckaVi an d many more. ! Black Foreft, N. W. 5 p/,- x/v i r ^7 Marquifate of Btirga-zv — Bufga^iVf Eaft. Territory of Bril's-oiv. % r l i 1 r> •/- on the Rhine _ \ ^"^■"'Sk and £n>. 'Mountains,] The principal Mountains are thofe of the ^^i in the South, vvhich divide Germanj from Italy. Ri-vers.'] The Danube or Donau^ fo called from the Swiftnefs and Force of the Current, and by the Ancients fometimes Ijiher, rifes iii the Black Foreft, in the South- Weft Part of S^vabia^ runs North- Eaft, thi'ough Stvabia and Ba^varia, to E.atiJhon, then almoft due Eaft: to Vicmiay and then, dividing Hungary in two Parte, runs South-Eait to Belgrade in Serbia, and from thence running Eaft, through Turky^ falls into the Euxine or Black Sea by feveral Channels ; being fo wide and deep from Viemia to Belgrade, that Fleets of Meri of War havd engaged upon it in the late Wars between the Chriftians and the Turks^ The Rivers which fall into the Danube on the South Side are, the llkr or Ifer^ which joins it at Ulm ; the Lechy which paftes hy Augjhurg^ and falls into the Danube near Donaivert ; another I/ar., which paf- iing by Munich and Landjhuty falls into it oppofite to Deckeyidorf\ the Inn, which rifes in Stvitzerlandy pafTes by Infpnccky and falls into th^ Danube at Pajfavj ; the Ens, which falls into it at the Town o^ Ens ; the Dra-ve, a large navigable Pviver, which falls into the Danube at EJ/eck'y the Savvey which falls into it 'Xt Belgrade ; and the Moraijdy which runs from South to North through Scr^jiay and falls into the Danube at Semendria. The Rivers which fall into the Danube on the North are, the Re^en^ which joins 'it at Rati/bon ; the Naby vvhich runs from North to South^i through the Palatinate of Ba-variay and falls into the Danube alfo near Ratijbon ; the TheyJJe, which rifing in the North of Hungaryy falls intoi the Danube oppofite to Salankamen ; the Atlantay Vk'hich in Part divides Chrijlendnm from Turky on the Eaft, and falls into the Danube between Widh and Nicopolis ; the Pruthy which rifes in the North ol Molda^-jlai and, running South, falls into the Danube on the Eaft of Bulgaria. There are feveral Catarads in the Danube, and fome unpaifable in that Pai't which runs through Turky, vv^hich interrupt the Navigation to the' Black Sea. The Danube runs a Courfe of a thoufand Miles, or there- abouts, comprehending all its Windings; ' The Rhine rifes in the Grifon Country^ and funs North to the Lake of Conjlancey then Weft to Bajily afterward Ncrth, between S-zvabia and MfacCj then thro' the Palatinate and Eleffirate of Cologn, and, entering: 14^ G E R M A jSf r. the Methrlands, is divided into feveral Branches, as related already iri the Defcription of the Ki^iherlands. The Rivers which fall into the Rhine are, the Neckar, which runs from South to North through ^^vabiuy and falls into the E.hine at Manhehn in the Palatinate ; the Maine, which runs from Eaft to Weil, and falls into the Rhine at Mcnt:z. ; the Lhojiy which runs from Eaft to Weil, and falls into the Rhine below 'NaJJau ; the Rcer, which runs from Eafl to Well through VVcJiphaliay and falls into the Rhine at Duyf- burg ; the Lippe, which runs parallel to the Rcer, and falls into the Rhine at Wejel. The Elk,e, which rifes in the Confines of Sllcjta, runs North- Well \}[iXQ>\x^ Bohemia^ Saxony^ and Brandcnhurgh, and then di\dding the King of Great Britain s Gerinan Dominions from Hol/Inn, falls into the G<'r« »z^« Sea about feventy Miles hcXow Hafnburgy receiving in its Paflage the Mtddatv, which falls into it below Prague ; the Sala which falls into it below Deffau ; the Ha,^ It was confirmed by Pope Clement ; the Bifhop of Vienna is their fpiritual Infpe£lor, and the Emprefs their Protectrefs. She made feventeen La- dies of the Order in May 1698. As for the Title of Armiger, or Efquire, it is not known in the Empire. A Gentleman in Germany is called Eddellute^ and fignifies fuch as, from the Blood of their Anceftors, the Favour of their Prince, or their own Merit, are raifed above the Multitude ; fome of thefe . Gentlemen in Franconia, Sivabia, and upon the Rhine, are free from Taxes, and fubjedt to no other Courts but the Emperor's, a^d have the Title of Free Gentlemen, or Ordo Equcjiris. As the Princes of the Empire took Advantage of the Necelllties or Indulgence of the German Emperors, to erect the Governments they held in the Capacity of Viceroys, or Governors, into independent Principalities ; fo did the Cities now called Free and Imperial. The Emperors, frequently wanting Supplies of Money to carry on the Wars, or tor other Occafions, borrowed large Sums of the wealthy Trading^ Towns, and paid them again in munificent Grants and Privileges, making them free States, and independent of the Governors of the Provinces where they flood : Accordingly, theie Cities exercife nil Kinds of Sovereign Power; they make Laws, confdtute Courts of JulUc.% coin Money, raife Forces, and enter into Alliances and Confedera- cies for their Defence. They have alfo their Seats in the Diet, as has been obferved. only acklowledging the Emperor for their Supreme Lo.d, and contributing their Share towards the common Defence of their Country. Forces.'\ There is a Matriculation-Book, or Regiller, kept by the Eleaor oi' Mentzy Chancellor of the Empire, containing the Names of all the Princes and States who are Members of the Empire, with the Time of their Inveftiture ; the Forces and Treafures every one is obliged to contribute for the Defence or Support of it. Here alio are entered the Admiffion of all Perfons to Honours or Offices m the Em- p're, which is called a Matriculation, and gives them the PoiTe.TiOn of their Eftates and Dignities. K3 ^ 50 G E R M A NT. ^j this Matri Cilia e-uery Ch'cle^ nvas a\jirfi obliged to contrihute the fol^ Icuuin^ Forces, or a "Sum cf Money in. lieu of them, viz^ The a he The The rrLe The The Ihc Circle of Ju/l)^q v>i Ba Men of every Nation : And it is no Wonder if it produces moil accompliihed Generals, being perpetually engaged in Wars either with Chrlfilans or Turks, Germany is extremely welVpeopledj poiTibly there may be twice the Number there are in France y and would alone be an Overmatch for that Kingdom, if they were united under one Head as France is : But, if they do not make fo great a Figure abroad, there is no Doubt they are much happier at Home : Tliey have more Liberty, and live in greater Plenty than the French. ■ Few of the Territories of the German Princes and States are fo large as to be afiigned to Viceroy!^, to be opprefled and fleeced at Pleafure : Nor are they without Redrefs when they fuffcr any Grievance ; they may appeal to tlie General Diet, or Great Councils of the Empire, for ileiief : Whereas in Frai.ce the Lives and Fortunes of ti e Subjeds are entirely at theDifpoial of the Grand Monarch. The Germans are efteemed now, as they were formerly, an honell, hofpitable People, and they may be naturally fo ; and no Wonder if they are pretty free and o^-en, when they have eaten and drank plenti- fully ; Men are ufually off their Guard at fuch Times, and frankly com- municate their Thoughts, v/hich may poflibly be looked upon as the Overflowing of an honeil Heart; but wife Men will not recommend fuch Excefles, efpeciaily when the Liquor is forced, and no Man fuf- fercd to go av/ay fober. The moft impenetrable Skull, that can bear moft Liquor, may appear the wifell at fuch Times ; and the Germans, who are taught to drink from their Cradles, will have the Advantage of every Soutliern Foreigner ; which may be very good Reafon >vith them for cranfading Affairs of State, as well as private Matters, over a Bumper, as they do even when a General Diet or States of the Empire meet ; near half of their Time is fpent in Drinking. Difucrftons and Cujiojns.'] The Inhabitants of Vienna live luxurioufly, and arepretty much addi<5led to Feafling and Caroufing; Dancing and Fencing are their ordinary Recreations within Doors ; and in the Win- ter, when the feveral Branches of the Danube arc frozen over, and the (yround covered v/ith Snov/, the Ladies take their Recreation in Sledges rf different Shapes, fuch as Griffins, I'ygers, Sv»'ans, Scollop Shells, ijc. Here the Lady fits dreffed in Velvet lined with rich FUrs, and adorned with Laces' and Jewels, having on her Head a Velvet Cap ; and the Sledge is dravvn by one Horfe, let off with Plumes of Feathers, Rlb6ons, and Bdls. And, as this Diverfion is taken chiefly in the " ■" ■" ■■■■"' ~ ■ ' ■ Nigh:-' € E R M A N r. 153: Night-time, Footmen ride before the Sledges with Torches, and a Gentleman, fitting on the Sledge behind, guides the Horfe. CurioJit}es,'\ Some of the Curiofities we meet with hete, are the Baths and Mineral Waters ; the Baihs of Jix-Ia-C^apelief sindthok of £aden, have been reforted to for many Ages ; and the Waters of Pyrmont and the Spa are drank in all the ations of Eitrope ; and they have innu- merable Salt Springs, particularly in Saxony, and the Archbiihopric of Saltjlurg. The Zcrkniizer Lake in Carniola is much taken Notice of, from whence the Waters retire in 'June, and it becomes good Failure ; and after Michachnas the Waters return again with great Fury, fpouting out of the Ground a Pike's Length. — After their VVaters, we may men- tion their Wine. The Tun of Heidelburg is ufualiy taken Notice of ^mong -their Curiofities, which holds 800 Hogiheads, and is generally full of the bed Rhenijh Wine, from which Foreigners are feldom fuf- fered to retire perfectly fober. — Vienna itfelf is a Curiofity ; for here you fee the greatefc Variety of Lihabitants that is to be met with any where, as Qreeks, Iraiijyl-oanians-, Scla^onians, 7urks, Tartars, Hun- garians, Croats, Germans, Polanders, Spaniards, French, and Italians p m their proper Habits. The Imperial Library at Vienna is in great Efteem, containing upwards of Eighty thoufand Volumes, amongft which are many very valuable Manufcripts in Hehretv, Syriac, jdrabic^ 7'urkijh, Armenian, Coptic, and Chinefe. There is a fair Manufcript of the New Teilament in Greek, written 1500 Years ago, in Gold Let- ters, upon Purple. Here are likewife many thoufand Greek, Roman, and Ctvthick Coins and Metals, with a vaft Collection of other Curioii' ^ies in Art and Nature. Language.] The Language of the Germans is High Dufch, of which, there are many Diale<5ls fo different, that the People of one Province fcarce undcriland thofe of another. Latin and French are faid to beth^ moil ufeful Languages for a Foreigner travelling through Germany, every Servant almoit in their Lins being able to exprcfs himfelf intelligibly in one or other of thofe Languages. Tlie German Fater-Ao/?er is as follows : Un/er Nater, de du hijl in himtnel ; geheiliget ^wer dein nahme : zukomm uns dcin reich : dein njuille gejchete auf erdtn, nvie in hi?nmel > unfer tieglich hrod gib 7ins heut \ -und nftrgih uns unjer fchidd als 'Vjir ns, Strajkurg, IFurtfiarg^ Aichjlat, Fer-: ' ken, Chur, Hilde.Jheim, Fiiderbor i^ Conjlance, Hah hsrjlat and Bcvnlurg, Idctic, Toiil and Vsrdinu Arch- 154 G E R M A N r. Archbifhoprlcs. Suffragans. Cologn — Liege, Munjier, Minden and Ofnabrug, Ma^debure \ ^^^if"^> Maejburg, Naumburgy Brandenhufrg and Ha^eU ^ ' o I Surg, C Friefmghcn, Ratijlony FaJJauy Chie7nfey Seckau, La- Saltfbarg — < 'vanty Brixcriy Gurky and Neujiat, Viennay ex- C empt. Bremen — Lubecy Ratjhurg and Schnverin, The Archbljfhoprics and Eilhoprics have many of them been fecu- Isrized fince the Reformation, and converted into Duchies, particularly Bremeny Verderiy Magdeburghy Halberjlaty Minde^i, Ofnabrug and Lubec. Vienntty MentZy Cologny Triers, Liigc, Heidclburg^ Leipjlcy Erfurty Friburgy Ingoldjlat, Tubingeriy Univerfities — \ Rojiock, Wittemhurgy Frankforty Strcjburgy Grip/- nvaldy Dillingheny Jena, Lc-xvengheny Hehnjiaty Sigcijy Paderboruy Altorf, Giejfeiiy Keily Gratzs^ and Got tin gen. No People apply themi'elves more clofely to tlieir Studies than the Germans; und the Hebreiv is no where fo gener^illy learnt, or better undcrllood. Printing is encouraged to a Fault, every Man of Letters ia an Author ; they, multiply Books without Number ; Millions of Sup- pofitions andDifputaticns are annually pabliilied, with which theyover- ftock the Fairs of Frankfort and Leipfic ; for no Man can be a Graduate in their Univerfities, whahas not publifhed one Difputation at leaft. GERMAN Gold Coins. I>ncnt of the Bifliop of jS^w^^r^ l>oable Ducat of iY««0'x;^r «.„_ — — Ducat of Hano^vsr * ■ Ducat of Brandenbtcrg — — JBfouble Ducats of feveral Fojibs in Germany • Single Ducats GERMAN Silver Coins. Dncatoon of Cologn ., ■ Rix Dollar, or Patagon of Cologn Rix Dollar, or Patagon of Z/V;^^ ■ . Rix Dollar of 7l^^»/2: — Kix Dollar of /"r^^/^r/ ■ ' Rix Dollar of the Palatinate ■». ■ Rix Dollar of Nuremberg ■ Rix Dollar of Lunenberg — * Old Rix Dollar afi7^;^&i'^/>, un- der his Dominion. The Pofterity oi Charlemaigne inlierited the Empire until about the Year 880, when the Princ€;s and States of Germany rejeded the French C arlcvi nian Ka.ce, ^nd els£ied Arnulph, the Son of Carolo/nan, King of Ba^varia, their Emperar, but the Carlo-vinian R^ce ftill inherited the Kingdom oi France. In the Reign of O* ho III. 9S4-, the Electors wei«e reduced to {even. The Emperor of Germany ftill pofieiTed great Part of Italy a* well as Germany, and the Saracens having invaded the South of Italy in the rinth Century, were expelled again by the Emperor Hmry III. in the ekventh Century, The 15^ GERMANY. The Pope, in the mean Time, incited Infurreftions againfl the Em- peror, both in Germany and Italy^ and perfuaded the feveral Princes to render themfelves independent, which occafioned long Wars between the Popes and the Emperors, the feveral Princes adhering to the one or the other, as their intereft led them. The Occafion of this Quarrel between the Popes and the feveral Emperors, was purely the Pope's Ambition ; for Charlemaigmy and his Succeflbrs, for fome Time, ap- pointed, or at leaft confirmed every Pope in the Chair, and granted the Inveftiture of all Bifhoprics, till the Popes incited their Subjects to rebel, and compelled them to relinquiih thofe Prerogatives ; and at length afiumed a Power of depofmg Emperors and Kings, and tranf- ferring their Dominions to fuch Princes as would acknowledge their Supremacy, which they exercifed with a high Hand till the Reformation ; but they have fmce loft much of their Influence, In the Year 1440, Frederic III. Duke oi Aujiriay was ele£ted Em- peror, (and his Pofterity had the Addrefs to continue the Empire in their Family for 300 Years, notwithftanding the Empire is eleclive ; namely, to the Year 1740, when they loft it only for want of a Male Heii' in the Family). Maxmilian, who fucceeded his father Frederic, Anno 1493. married the Princefs M jfooner afcended the Throne, but he feized on the Town of Her ft all vs\ the Territory of Liege, and obliged the Bilhop to pay him 200,000 Crowns before he quitted it. The Emperor Charles VI. died the 28th of Oiiober following, 1740 : "Whereupon his Daughter, the eldell Archduchefs Maria There/a, Con- fort to the Duke oiLorrain, was recognized Queen of Hungary and Bo- hemia, and Heirefs of all the late Emperor's hereditary Dominions. And, notwithflanding her Right had been acknowledged and guaran- tyed by the King ofPruJJia, France^ and moil of the Powers of Europe^ the King of PruJJia immediately invaded Silefea without fo much as proclaiming War ; but publiflied a Declaration, importing, that he Bad no ill Defign againft the Court of Vienna ; that he only intended to vindicate the Rights of hi.'^ Family to that Dutchy, founded upon ancient Conventions between his i\nceftors the Electors of Brandenburg and the Princes of Silefia ; but that he was ready, with all his Forces, to guaranty and defend the Dominions of the Houfe of Auftri a againft all Invaders, and that he would ufe his Intereft to procure the Imperial Dignity for the Duke of Lor rain : However the PruJJians advanced to- wards the South of Silefia, taking one ftrong Town after another ; and the Aiiftrians encountering the Frujjians at Mohvitz., on the 10th of April I J ^li were defeated. The Eh ttor of Bam) aria having married one of the ArchdutchefTes, (Daughter of the Emperor J'o/eph) fet up a Claim alfo to the hereditary Dominions of the late Emperor, ?nd, aflifted by the French, invaded the Queen of Hungary's 1 erritories, and compelled the Eledlors to promife their Votes to fet him on the ImperiM Throne ; and he was accordingly elcded Emperor at Frankfort, by their unanimous Suiirages> on the 2ift of "January 1742. And, as the French and Ba-varians invaded the Queen of Hnngary^s Dominions, the Imperial Genc'als, on the other hand, invaded Ba-^ njaria, and reduced it ; and, after feveral Battles fought, wherein the King of Prujfta was generally vidorious, the Queen of Hungary thought fit to yield up all Silefia to him, except the Datchies of Troppaiv and ^'efchin. She likcwile ce. ed to him, by the fame Ireaty, the County of Glat^ in Bohemia, on Condition his Prufiian Majeity would ftand neuter, Vv'hich he agreed to. Soon after which the French, who had poirefled themfeives of Pragti: and all Bohemia) Wwre driven out of tha,t Kingdom by the Auftrians. In the Year 1742, Great Britain declared for the Queen of HuJigary^ and the next Year th-; Dutch "^xomxftd. to join the Briti/l:> Yotce^, but marched at an humble Diftance from- them into the Territories of ^L^-t'. And, when the Britijh and Hano'i-erian Trvopi engaged the French at Dettingsfi, GERMANY. j^^ Dettingeuy on the Banks of the Maine, June i6, 1743, the Dw/ri' Force* were at a good Diila nee from the Field of Battle ; however, the French were obliged to repafs the Maine^ and tlie Britijh Forces marched to Hanau, where they were furnilhed with Provifi®ns, of which they had been in Want for Ibme Time ; and if the French had fecured the Pafies to that City, as was intended, great Part of the Allied Army mail have perifhed without fighting. After which the Lonx) Countries became the Theatre of the War; of which ail Sides being at lail tired, a Peace was concluded at Aix-la'- Chapelk on the 7th Qi Odiober 1748, whereby Reititution of all Places was made on all Sides. Notwithfianding this Peace, a Plan was formed in the Year 1756 by Aujhia^ RuJJta, and Saxotiy, for difpoirtriTing the Y^ing of P rujjia of greiar Part of his Dominions, but efpecially cf Silefia ; of which his PruJJian Majelly being informed, he immediately put his Army in Motion, took PoileiTion o{ Saxony^ and defeated Marllial Bro^vn, O3oher i. at Lo^.uo- Jit%, In this Action the Aujirians loll 7000 Men, and 1000 Prifoners, among whom was Prince Lobco-vifz.; and the Prujftans loft 2000 Meji. On the 6th of May 1757, he defeated Prince Charles of Lorrain and Marlhal Bro-v:n near Prague, when 20C00 Aujirians were killed, wounded^ and taken Prifoners, with only the Lcfs of about 4000 Prujjiajis. He afterwards attacked Marfhal Dmm in his ftrong Entrenchments near Colin ; but not being able to force them, he quitted Bohemia. No^z>emher 5, he attacked the combined Army of France and the Empire at Ro/- hachy and gained a compleat Vidory, having killed 5000 French and Imperialiftb, and taken 1 2000 Prifoners, v,'ith all their Bap-o-iiae, and 164 Pieces of Cannon, with t\^^ Lofs only of 500 Men. Yixwz^ Souhifi, the French General, and th^ Trince of Hi Ueb if rghaujlny General of the Army of the Empire, took different P.Guts with the Remains of their refpeiSiive Armies, and never joined aftervvards^. On the 5th of Ds- cember following he came up with Prince Charles of Lorrain, and ths Marfh.ds Daun and Nadaftiy at Lijfay when a bloody Battle enfued, in which the Aujlriatis were entirely defeated. Jn this Battle i\iz Aujiriam had 1 2000 Men killed and wcunded, and 20,000 taken Prifon-ers, be- fides 168 Pieces of Cannon, 43 Colours and Standards, and 3000 Bap-- ga^e and Ammunition Waggons. The Lofs of the PruJJiansr which. will hardly be credited, was only 2000 killed and woanded. This Battle ended the Camp-iign 1757. About the Time of the Battle of L'J/a, the Campaign opened on the Side of //i2«oi;^, though it was then the Depth of Winter, and thir Vv^eather exceiTive ftytm. The French havuig the Summer before re- pulfed the x'\llied Army under the Command of the Duke of Cumber- land y at Latfordy on the 27th of July l7S7i ^O'^'^^ PolTeffion of Han^-uer en the 9th ofAugnJi. On the 8th or" S..ptemhe.r a. Neutrality was fignedy whereby the Allied Army was ccii.fi ned to die Country ab^nt Stadt, But the beginning of December foilowinr^, the Hanoueriansy havino- been joined by a body of Pruffians, ana hz\\,g fired with Indignation at the many Cruelties committed by the French in tiieir Country, marched from Stadi under the Command of the Prince of Brnn/jvici ; and, in the ' Conrle of about three Months, drove the French, in a rnofL wretched Condition, not only out of ail the Eleftorate cf Hono^uery but out cf all Germany ; the French having loil near 60,000 Men in thac Country by SickneVs, and the Severity of the Climate. JvTse i6o G E R M A N r. yufie 23, 1758. The AlHed Army, commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Brunfnvicky attacked (near CrfW/) the Fr^;? E. Lon. \ \ and Cn. Lat. J 500 Miles in Lengths 250 Miles in Breadth, BOUInDED by Saxony and Brandenhitrg^ on the N. by Po/-^«^and Hungary, on the E. by Atijiria and Ban.mria^Z. and by the Pr.latinate of- iia^-^r/^, on the W. compre- hending, 1. Bohemia ?v' '"''^;', ^^ ''"^ f ■) G/«/.^: K. iui>jccl to the King oi Prufra-. Brcjlauy E. Lon. 16-50, N. Lat. 51-15. 2. ^/.^/rt, Eaf^, moflly fubjeft to die Iving of FruJJia. Glooa^M, Crofen, N. JagendorJ, S. "■fropanjj^ S. fubjeft to the Houfe ofJuJIria. Tejchcfiy S. fubjeft to the Hoafe oi Aujivia^ Qlmtitz, E. Lon. 16-45,. ■^'^* ^'^^* 49-4°* J?/-/V/, Middle. lola, S. W. 3. Mcra-uiay Souths c^n- tirely fubjedl to the Koufe of ^«/?r/«. Mcuntains.] Bohemia is fiirroundcd by high Mountains and Woods? and every Province divided from another,- by a Chain of Moantains. RinjersP^ The principal Rivers are, 1. The Elbe \ 2. The Oder: and 3. The MulJa, \vhich generally run from S. to N. th;ir Courles hav' ing been dcfcribed already; 4. The Eger, which runs from W. to E. and falls into the Etbe ; 5". Th^ Mo-a-zv., which runs fom N. to S-- through Mcra^'ia, and falls in«> l\x Danube ; 6. The Iglih ^rid 7. The Teya., which run from E» to W. a-nd uniting their Waters, fall into tb-e Morai'j. Air and /r.] The Air of this Country is ef^ecmed' unheDlthfu}, the Woods Mountains/ v.r'hich furroiind it, notTeaving a free Pallage to the Air. . Soil and Produ'ce.'] Tha Soil produces Corn, Wine, Hops, Flax, H?mp,- Wool, Timber, and Emit in Abundance: th.cy iiAve a good Breed of Elorfes^ which are often bought up to remount I'hs French Cavalry ; -and they have great Plenty of Game and Wild Fowl. There are rich Pallures in their Vallies, buf fome of their Mountains arc tear- fen Rocks. Mi~fies and Manuf azures.'] No Country \n Europe has richer ?vIineS' *f Silv;er,. Quickiilver, Copper, Iron, Lead,. Sulphur, and Salt-petre. ^ 0 H k M 1 a: 'i6^ Their principal Manufa£l:ure is Linnen, of whxich they export (^reat Quantities by the El^e ; and have confiderable Manufaftures of Coptjer^ Iron, and Glafs. CpnJiitutton.'\ The Conlliltution of the Govisrnment is at prefent an abfolute hereditary Monarchy, of which the Emprefs Queen is now the Sox'ereign. The States o{ Bohemia indeed are funimoned, for Form Sake, every Yearj by the Command of the Queen, and meet at Prague ; they confiil of the Clergy, Nobility, Gentry, and Reprcfentadves of the Towns. Here a Commiriioner from the Sovereign lays before them the NecelTKy of granting fuch Supplies as the Court demands, which ufually avPxCunt to a very great Sum ; and thefe are granted without Heiita- tion or Examination, only they fometimes exprefs their Concern at the Abfence of their Prince, and feem grieved that their Country is exhaulted to enrich the Aujlrians, for whom they have an implacable iiverfion. Arfns,'\ The Arms of Bohemia are Argert, a Lion Gules, the Tail moved, and palTed in Saltier, crowned, languid, and armed Or. Nobility and VaJJaUi'\ There are the fame Degrees of Nobility here ns in Germany^ but the Farmers and Huibandmen on their Efiates ar» VafTals. Here is no middle State, every Lord is a Kind of Sovereio-n, find their Tenants little better than Slaves, having no Property in the Lands they manure. Queen of Bohemia fs one of the Titles of the prefent Emprefs. Re^'uenues-'\ Her Revenues are ralfed by the States of the Kingdom^ who are aflembled annaally at Prague ^ to provide fuch Sums as the Emprefs demands of them, over and above the Cuftoms and Duties flia is intitlid to by her Prerogative. Genius, Perfons, ^c] As to the Perfons and Habits o£ ih^ Bohe-^ viiajts^ they differ but little front the Gerfitans \ their Gentry are natu- rally brave, and more inclined to Afms than Arts : They are of an opet> and agreeable Convei/ation ; but the Boors or Pejtfants are faid to be A brutifh Generation, and very much given to pilfering and plunder- ing their Neighbours. The whole Nation is charged with Intempe- rance, as well as their Neighbours the Germans : They ztz alfo ex-* cccding credulous, abounding in Stories of Spectres and Apparitions, efpecially in their Mines. This kingdom is frequently defcribed as Part o^ Germany, but with very little Reafon; for it is not in any of the nine Circles, neither does it contribute any thing towards the Forces or Revenues of the Empire, . or is fubjeft to any of its Laws. What gives fome Colour to this Miliaka is, that the King c^ Bohemia is the firll Secular Ele-ilor of the Empire, and tlieir Kings have been Emperors oi Ger?nany for many Years, Language.'] The proper Lang^uage is a Diale*^ of the ScIa-v€ jejkt kraJ^'O'J'Jki'yi i mocTC iJz.la^oanct '9€^' A;u«u-, I- * ' Jl^Iigion.'l 164 BOHEMIA Religion.\ The eftabliflied Religion in two of the Provin-ces, a-/^* o^ Bohemia Proper, a.nd Mora-vz a, is flill Popery ; though there are a Multitude of Se£ls that call themfelves Proteilants in Mora-via, fome of whom entertain very Ihocking Notions of the Chrijlian Religion, and have lately made Profelytcs in Great Britain. They have a Meeting- houfe in London^ and have obtained an Adi of Parliament for a Settle- ment in the Plantations. Archhijhoprics and Bijhoprics,'] The only Archbiflioprlc in Bohemia is that of Prague ; and the EilTioprics are thofe of KoningsgratTiy Brejlau^y and Qlmiitz. TJni though tie Emperor had given them his Protedion. This occafioned an Infurreclion x^a Bohemia: The People of P/'^^i/t' threw the Emperor's Officers out of the Windows of the Council- Chamber, and broks their Necks ; and the famous Zifca, aifembling an Army of 40,000 .5oi^,W.??z^,- defeated the Emperor's Forces in feveral Enp-agements, and drove the hnperialijis oat of the Kingdom. Nor was the Emperor able to recover that Kingdom from the Hujptesj till they were ruined by their own Diviiions ; afteach of them weighing two or three Crowns apiece, which had on one Side the Image of LyjimaJjusy and on the.Re.verfe, V.i5loria ; and with ihe Medals v/as found a Golden Serpent. tuanguage.'\ The Language of the Hu'?-garii?,ts is pecul'ir to thij; Country. It comes the near^eft the Hebre^.Vs which is governed bv Points and Accents as this is ; but the meaneft of the People fpeak a Kind of barb?,roi2S Latin, by wiiich they entertain a Correfpondence with the Poles v.ii6. Germans. Th.Q Pater- nojicr in tlio. Hungarian L'dUf guage is as follows: i\-U at yank ki ^vagi a 2n:'nnvekhcnjhsnteitf'Jjekme^£ te n£-ved jaJj.'t'n el a tc orjz.n.god leg yen m:g ate akeratod rnmt menyben u7t itt e f.sui^}iis a 7ni mindennapi k^nyeruiket ad me^ ne'iun: "ma^i es hocjajd meg' a tni 'Vetkeinket mikeppen mijis meg, bohjatunk a'z.oknak a kik mi ellcnjunk -vetcnek es v.e -"vigy nankst a Kifiriebo Jzabadics meg yninkct a ganoj-ztut rrser: tieu az, orpzag C'.z batolorn es diefnfeg- mind a^rakke. Amen. ReligicH.] The eftabliihed Religion here is the l^nyna-t C.7thc'ir z but l\iQ HuJJxtes oi Bohemia, propagating their .Religion. here : a the fjf- teeath Centary, .and the Lutherans in th^ fixteccih, thc-re are a q-eac L 4. Nuuiii:;* 1.6.8 HUNGARY. Number of Proteflants in this Kingdom, divided into a Multitude of Seas : However, " they ufually unite againft the Government, by which they have been feverely perfecuted for many Years. They fel- dom fail to join the Turks againll: i\iQ Cbrijiiansy receiving better Quar- ter from LifJels than from" biggotted Papifts, until the prefent Reign ; but the Empref:3-Queen having promifed the Hungariam a Reftoration of their ancient Rights and Privileges, and the Proteftants a Tolera- tion of their Religion, they exerted themfelves in her Defence in the War of 174.2. Archbifhoprics.] Pre/burg^ Gran, Colocza. Bifhoprics'.] i. Great Waradin ', 2. Jgria; 3. Fe/prin; 4. Raab i and, 5. Fi^e Churches. Gold Coins Qi HU NG ART. Is. d. Double Ducats — — ■ — 0187 Single Ducats —^ ' P 9 3i Silver Coins, the fame as in Germany, Revclutlons and memcrahle Events. THE Huns, 3. Scythian l^Sition, pofTefied themfelves of this Coun- try in the third Century, and communicated their Name to it, being then Part of the ancient Pannonia. It was at firfl divided into many little Principalities and States, which at length united under one Plead, who had the Title of Duke ; the lafl: of thele Dukes was Geyfa, who, becoming a Profelyte to Chrif-- tianity, was baptized ; after which he refigned the Government to his Son Stephen, vj\\o took the Title of King in the Year 1000. It was i\x\ eleftive Kingdom many Years, but generally in one Family; Charles ^^Z'^r/ afcended the Throne, Anjw 1310, Z-vA {wh^v.tdi Bulgaria, Sera^ia^ Croatia, Dalmatia, Scla^-jonia, and many other Provinces, which he annexed to his Dominions, fome whereof the Venetians recovered froiij him. The Turks invaded Hungary in the fifteenth Century, in the Rei^n of L/^^///i?/^j, an infant King, but were bravely repulfed by th^ celebrated Hunniadcs, who was Regent of the Kingdom during the Minority o\ Ladifiaus.' hx^^ on the Death of Ladl/laiis, t\it Hunga- rians^ in Gratitude lor the Father's Services, elefted Mathias Coruinus, ithe Son of Hunniades, iheir King, Juno 1 438. Lodoauic^ King of HuJigary, engacring Solyman Emperor of the Turks, with very unequal i'v umbers, was defeated and killed in the battle, A7tno 1526, and «■ reat prat of Hunsrar'^Xo'^. 'John Wcynx:ode, oiTranfyhvnnia, afcended tlie Throne of Hungary, Anno 1526; but was depofed by Ferdinnncty Bi other of the Emperor Charles V. Soly?nan rellored King John ; ;ind at this Time began the Wars between the German and Turkijh Kmperors, for the Dominion of Hungary, which lalled near two hun- dred Years. , • - • ' Ferdinand, Archduke of Aujhia, was advanced to the Throne of Hungary^ Anno 1527 ; and the Aujirians have iDeen able to influence the Elections in fuch a Manner, as to keep the Crown in their Family Being < Between -j and J- N. Lat. \ 1 12s Miles in Breadth, boundaries.] ^^ OUNDED by the Carpathian Mountains, whlcl^ divide it from Poland^ on the N. by the Irongate Mountains, which divide it from Turky, on the E. by another Part of ^urkyi on the S. and by Hungary on the W. Chief Towns. Her^nanjladt, E. Lop. 24. N. Lat. 46 •321 Saltzenhurgh, In the Middle. 'Cronjia^, E. on the Frontiers diTurky. Bejiriciay near tjie Gold Mines, N. W, Claufenburg, W, VFeiJJenburg, in the Middle, fituate on the Merifi, De^/ay S. a noted Pafs on the River M^r//^. Mountains and Forejis.] This is a very mountainous Country, of which the Carpathian Mountains in the North, and the Irongate Moun- ).ains on the Ea,fl, are exceeding high, and covered with Snow great Part of the Year ; the Inland Country alfo is mountainous and covered ivith Woods, as the Frontiers towards Turky alfo are, from whence the halin Name of Tranjylvania was given to it. Ri'vers.] The chief Rivers are, i. The JIaufa, which forms Part of the Botindary againft Turky on the Eall, and running from North to South, falls into the Danube. 2. The Meript which runs from North to South, through the Middle of the Country, and then, turn- ing Weft, falls into the TheJJe, oppofite to Segedin. Air.] Thie Air is warm here, but not fo unhealthful as that of Hungary Sod and Produce] The Soil is fruitful, abounding in Corn, Wine, Cattle, and rich Paflurcs ; and the Mines and Sands of their Rivers afford Gold, Silver, Iron, and Salt. MannfaSiures a^id Traffic] Their principal Manufaflures are Cop- r>er and Iron Utenfils ; their foreign Trade is inconfiderable, and though the Soil is rich, it does not yield fo much Profit to the Sove- ^Tcig'n as might be expe«5led, it being a Frontier Province, and fre- quently ravaged and plundered by Friends and Foes ', which is the Ke'iifcn alfo that it b not populous. I -(5 r R A N S r L.y A N I A. Language.'] Their Language is the Scla^voniany of which I Ihalf tske Notice in the n^xt Province, which flill bears the Name of Zcla'V07iia. Religion."] The ci^aMifked Religon hsre^ as tvell as in Hungary^ is Popery ; but there are a great Number of Protellants^ who were perlecuttd as the Hungarians were, and ufually joined the Malecontents of that Kingdo^n, and the Turks who protetled both ; but the Tranfyl- manians are now fome of the moll faithful Subjects the Queen oi Hun- gary has. BtJhopric.'\ The Bifhopric of Hermanjladt is the only Biihopric I meet with here -, and there are no Univeffities mentioned in tneir Hiitory. Coim.] The German Coins are current here; I do not £nd they have any peculiar to this Province. Revolutions mid mcmorahk Events, TRANS TLFANIA Part of the ancient Dacia, is faid to have been fubdued by /^^//a'^/^A'^, one oi Alexander'' s Generals. Julius Ctefar repulfed the Dacians^ when they palfed the Danube, and inr vaded the Roman Empire. Augujius forti£ed the Southern Shore of the Danube, to prevent their Incurfions. The Emperor Trajan fubdueci them, and reduced Dacia to the Form oi a Province. It was over- run by the Gcths on the Decline of the Roman Empire, and the Gcths were expelled by the Hunc. Stephen L King q{ Hungary fubdued Tran- fxlvtunia, and introduced the Chriftian Pleligion there, Anno looo. IVom that Time Tranjylvaida was a Province cf Hungaria, and go-r verned b,y an Hungarian VicCiOy, called a Vaixiid, and their Fa-voids at length fet up lar themfelves, and affiimed an Independency. In the Year 1526, two rival Princes contending for this Principality, one of them v/as fupported by the Gerinaji Emperor, and the other b"/ the T'/zrit'; whereupon this Country became the Seat of War for many Years. The Priwces of the Honfe o^ Ragotjki were at the Head of the Pror teftant Faction, and fupported by the Turks ; but being at length ob- liged to cjuit TraiiJ]lvania by the Aujirians, Ragotjld fled for Refuge XfiXoTurky, And at the Treaty of Ci2/-/ow//z, Anno \(j()(^y this Country was conhrmed to thelioufe ci Auftria by the Turks. It is at prelent inhabited by three" different People that have little P>. elation to each other, hjIt:., 1. Saxons', 2. Huns', and, 3. Cingars, The Saxons have near Two Thirds of the Country; the Pofterity of the Huns are firuate on the North- Eaft, and the Cingars, who are Gypfies, live in Tents, and encamped all over the Country, and the fe chiefly manage the Hardware \'l iifi^flure. J BCIAFONI A. r i6 Bietween < and l 22 Between < and L 47 Boundariss.'] B ( 171 ) SCLAVONIA. {SiihjeB to the Hcufe of Auilria.) Extent and Situation, > E. Lon. I \ 2CO Miles in LengtW J i Being \ C N. Lat. 1 I 60 Miles in Breadth. • O U N D E D by the River Dra've on the N. by the Danube, E. by the -S«^^^, S. and by iS/Zr/iz in uf^«» Chief Towns. Pofega, E. Lon. 18-42. N. Lat. 45-35- fFalpOy N.'E. EJJeck, N. E. at the Confluence of t\\^ Dra^ve and Danule* Zagrab, V/. on the ^anje. Peterixjaradiny S. E, Salankarnen, E. Carlo^jjitz, E. Walco'xoar, E. Gradijka, S. on the ^S^i;^. Ratzen, E. Ratxia is the South-Eafl Divlfion of this Province, fo denominated from the chief Town Ratzai ; the People are called Ratzians or i?^y^ r/^;^j ; their Militia being Part of the irregular Troops that have done their Sovereign, the Que.n c^ HKugary, fuch Service in the late Wars. Soilj Produce i afid Mamifadures.'\ Sclavonia \^ z. level Country, not incumbered by Woods or Mountains, well watered by thofe fine navi- gable Rivers, the Danube, Dranje, and Sa-uet and other lefier Streams, which render the Soil exceeding fruitful, producing Corn and Wine in Abundance, where it is cultivated ; but being a Frontier between the Turks and Cbrijiians, and frequently eaten up by Friends and Ene- mies, the Hufbandman has little Encouragement to improve his Grounds,, or the Mechanic in his Manufadlures. Per fens of the Nati-ves.'] The Natives are of a good Stature, a brave hardy Race, Soldiers from their Cradles, their Country having been lung the Seat of War. Language.'] The Scla^-ucnian is one of the four original Languages of Eurcpc, and is flili fpoken by the Pclesy Rujjtansy Hungarians^ and Turk:. Some have reckoned up f:xty Nations that fpoke this Language, Their P/2/tr-.¥5/?fr follows, 'viz. Otfche nas, ife jeJinanebeBc.ch \ da jkvia- litfo, iviia tnjj^'ie '■, da perijdet izaJiT-'-^rjc t~uJOie', da budet "volja tn.vrija jako nanebefi i na zenili ; chlieb nas nafu.Jshnij dajid nam dnies j jojia-vi nam dolgi no.Ja jacQ iniij ofia-oilanjem doljnlkom najh'irn ; ine ^iv-ivedi nas "jjcAjkuf- chenie\ no ijbu'xvi nas of luJza>wago \ jako i-xvciejef tzarf'ivije i Jila ^ujo i Jlaxva HAjieki. Amen ReIigic■n.^ The Religion cftablifhed here is Popery, but there is 3 ^Uturs oi Greek Chri.dan^ amongit them- as well as Ji;tjs. Bipoprickl .^•;2 CROATIA. BvH^cfrhs end Uni'verjjties.'] The only Biflioprics are the Cities jr^( Po/e^a !ind Zagrah ; and ?s to Univerfities they have none : Neither Arfi or Traffic can flourifliin a Country that is perpe^tually the Seat of War. Cavs.] As to Coins, there is no Mint in this Coun:.ry ; but the Ger?nan andTnrkiJk Coins are current here. Isame and Revolutions.'] The ancient ocla^vonia contained many larg.? Countries ; fome have extended it from the Adriatic to the Euxim Sea. It is faid to have taken its JsFarne from the Scla^l, a Scythian Nation, which fubdued Greece^ as well as this Country, in the Reign of the Kmperor 'Juftinian.' Tlic Venetians ms.d.Q. a Conqueil of Scla-voJiiay and ccmpeJled the Natives to fubmit to the vileft Drudgeries, infomuch, tiiat Tome derive the V^crd Sla'i'e from this People, thus opprefTed and abufed by their Conquerors. The Hungaria^is and Venetians poij'efied this Country alternately. The King of Hungary was Sovereign of Sclanjcniay when the Grand Signior Solyman the Magnificent invaded and reduced it, Anno r540 ; and x\\^'Tvrks remained poflefled of it till the •Year 1687 \ foon after which they loft this, and all the Territories the /iujirians pofTefs North cf the Swve and the Danube. C R 0 A r 1 A. {Siihjc5i to the Hctife of Au^ndi.) Situattcn and Extent, C IS 1 -> r Between < and > E. Lon. I \ 2>d Miles In Length. € 17 J ( 13 • ) ( 44 7 I ) . Between < and v N. Lat^ I I 70 in Breadth. C 47 J "^ Boundaries.] TJOUNDED by the River Sa'vCy which divides J3 it from Scla-vonia, on the North ; by Bo/nia, on the Enft ; by Morlachia, on the South ; and by the Dutchy of Cartjiohy oq the Weft. Chi°f Towns. Ca-rlfiadty E. Lon. 1.6. N. Lat. 46-5. Sifegy fituate on the Sa've, Eaft of Carljiadt, Cnfiano-vits, fituate on the Uniia, Eaft. Aify Soily Religion, and Re'volutions.] This Country, as to the Aif, v^oil, and Produce, fo much refemjbles Scla-ooniuy that there is no Xecefiity of repeating thefe Articles ; Their Religion alfo is the fime, and they have undergone the fame Hevolutions as Scla-vonia ha3 cone. Pcrfi-jns.] The Croafsj or fCrahats, are of a good Stature, and efteemed brave, hardy Soldiers, on vyhich Account feveral Germar^ Princes entertain them for their Guards. Go-uernTnents, Bijhopricks, Uni-verjifiesy and Coins.] As to Govern- ir:enrt, thefe Frontier Provinces having all been reconquered from the 'Jurks by the Hcufe of Jufiria^ they arc all (ubjedl tQ that Houfe, VJ1 ruck* or tafsf lu i» the Oil of an ni. .nd )n. •3. F O L A N B: X7J ind under a' defpotic abfolute Dominion, having no Laws but fucht- SLs the Conquerors pleafe to impofe. 1 meet with no Bilhoprlcs or tJniverhties here j and the Coins which pafs here are thofe oi Gerfnarof or Turky. Language. ^^ The Language is the Scla^onian, Between between Boundaries. '\ M O R L A C H Situation and Extent, E. Lon. Being N. Lat. / A. loo Miles in Length* 30 Miles in Breadth, B O U N D E D by Camiola and Croatia^ on the ^^_^___ North ; by BoJ/iia, on the Eaft ; by Dalmatian on the South ; and by the Gnlph of Venice^ on the Weft ; formerly, fubjed to the Aujhiansy but now to the I'^'etutians. Chief Town. Zegnay or Zeng, fituate on a Bay of the Sea in the Gulph of Venke., E. Lon. 16. N. Lat. 45-20. the See of a Biihop, Suffragan of Spalatto. POLAND. Between Between Boundaries. '\ Situation mid Extent. E. Lon. / \ 700 Miles in Length. Beini N. Lat. 680 Miles in Breadth. O U N D E D by the Baltic Sea and Li-voniay on the North ; by RuJJia, on the Eaft ; by Turky and Hungary, on the South ; and by Pomerania^ Brandsnburghy Zilefta^ and Morauia, on the Weft. Divided into thirteen Provinces, fubdivided into Palatinates. Provinces, Palatinates. j. Great Poland., on the Weft. ^Pcfnaniu Kalijh Brejly Wladijla^-w -^ Dobrxin Plocjko Rwva Ltricicia Bar ad I a ^lao'^jj-loi.TH ;Com Cuja' Compr._ iijia. Chief Towns. ^Pofna Kalijh J Gnefna, E . Lon, 18. N. Lat. 53. . Brejiy Wladijlavi )>^ Dohrzin Plvcjk(^ Ra^a Lencicia. Saradia InoiKikiZ Provinces. Provinces. t. Little Tolandy on ) the Well. 0 L A Palatinates. r Craconx) -* N J ^andcinira (_ Lublin ^. Prv/Jia "RoyaU N. W. ofthe/r/^- ^/or Vijlula^ moft" of it fub. to Pola^jd 4. Pr7^^,DucaI,E' of the Vijlida, fub- je6l to the King" • Qi PrvJJIa^ £. Samogifia, North ) ' —■ 6. Co//r/fi/?^, North,- f ^ j 7 p^„„_„ r ^ ' c^ • \ Lourland r roper lubiect toit5ovv'n< c • ;• Duke. \^Zcm:gcdta ^ ffnL na J^Jortk-Eall. j Brajlanx} I Polefko ^ Wfptejk T'roki MinJId N-o^i ideck —^ %. Warfo'via, or MaJfoHjia in the< Middle. ■5. Polachiay in the Middle. Czerjko Bieljk 50. Chief Towns, Craccn.Vy E. Lon. 30. N. Lat. Sandomi};a Ijjihlin \ [Dantxic, a free City-, il under ihe Prctedion o^ Poland, E. Lon. V J 19. N.Lat. 54. '^ j^ Elbrng Marieiihurg I Culm horn 21. N. Lat 54 40, Memd 1 f KoningJImrgj E. Lon» !j Rcficnne X Midnick I [ Goldingen MHtaix) [Wihc, E. Lon. 25-15* iLat 55. • - BraJla~M Pohf^o }\ Wiptcjk Trokiy Grodnd Uinjki MJdp.nv I. No'-jogrodeck ' Warjanv, E. Lon. 2N 5, Lat. 52-15' C^erjho No^voprod o BieJJk 10. Polejia, Middle. m the Brejjlci {Chelm fc - J^el^ . , Letnherg — '- \ Upper Podolia — — \ Lower Podolia — \ Upper Volhinia - — "^ Lower /'c//'/;r/irz Rivers are, i. The Dnjoina. 11. Red RuJJtat South-Well. 12. PodoUay South-Eafl. J 'X . Volhinia^ i>outh Eall. Ri' and Tranfyl-jania on the South ; anxi there are forne large Fcrefls of Pines and Firrs in Li- thuania. The only Sea that borders on Poland is the Ba^hic, Soil and Produce. "^ The Soil is fruitful^ efpecially in Corn, xh^ Dutch loading feverai hundred Ships here-every Year with it. They iemport from hence alfo Hemp, Fla.Y, Leather, Furr^, Timber, Pitch, Tar, Turpentine, Hops, Wax, pDt-afke governed by its ov/n Magiihates ; and. the common People live in a State of Freedom in this and other trading Tov/ns,. if compared to iKe Vafials of the Polijh Gentry. Cotjlituficn.'] Poland does net onl-y refemble a Republicy but is reslly ■fo, and ililed fuch by the Poles themfeh'cs in their A6ts of Stats ; {ov the Legiflative Power is lodge«i in the States, and the Executive Power in the Senate, of which ttieKing is only Prefident when he is prefent, and they can meet and confuk without him.. The King is elefted by the Clergy and Gentry in the Plains of Wtirjai,-' nate, or County, make Laws, which mult not however be contrary to the general Laws of the Republic, enadled by the Diet, or General Aifembly of the States. Poland ?r6per, and th'e grand Diitchy of Lithuania, are fo diilinfl, that each of them have their Crown-General, and other great Officers of State. Dantzicy and fome other trading Towns, are dillinfV Republics, governed by their refpeftive Magiftrates. Ducal PruJJid is fubjedl to the King oi Pri'jjla, and the Dutchy oiCourland to its own Duke. King's Titles.'] King of Poland, Great Duke of Lith'iuiia, Duke ci RuJ/ia, PruJJia, MaJfoE. Lon. 1 \ 1500 Miles in Length, Between < and J.N. Lat. I I 1 100 Miles in Breadth. Boundaries.] |3 O U N D E D by the Ice Sea or Frozen Ocean on iJ the North ; by A/atic RuJJta, on the Eaft ; by Little Tartary and Turky, on the South j and by Poland, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden, on the Well. M 3 Provinces. iSz Northern provinces Middle Provinces JIaPiern Provinces Weflern provinces Samoieda Bellamorenjkoj. x^ Mefeen Syrianes Permla Rubminjki ^ Belacjeda fRezan or PeraJIaf j Belc%ero 1 Wolog^da ^ J^rejlaf Mofccvj RUSSIA. Provinces. Chief Towns. ^Lapland "] fKala, E. Lon. 32-35. I N. Lat. 69. I .9/7#w/„V///T I Golatina j Ke7ni ).^ Mefeen Archangel Kanroc od o I/ma Kcirgapol Vitegre. \ Raxenjhoi Belozero Wolo^da 'T^veer Belgorod fBuIgar 1 Kajan * CiceremiJJi Little Noiiogrod Don CoJJacs Territory f Great No'vogrod. I Ruffian Finland "^ Kexholtn Kaleria Ingria, J 1 ^Liiicnla I Mofco^v, E. Lon. 38. I N. Lat. 55-45. \WoronctZj or Veronefe. Bulgar Kojan, E. Lon. 48. >< N. Lat. 55. II Proleckarja I Nife-No'vogrod J L Denetjkoi. Noojogrody E. Lon. 34. N. Lat» 58. TVyburg r\ Kexhohn 'I I Notteburg I I Peterjlurgi E. Lon. 31. J L N. Lat. 60. 1 ^ Riga, E. Lon. 24. N. Lat, I I 57. Nar'vay Re'\ RUSSIA. 1^3 Lakes."] There are Lakes of vaft Extent in the North of RuJJla^ 'vi^. 1. the Lake Z,^', and falls into the Frozen Ocean. 3. The Pezara or Pt'tz.ora, which rifing in Permia, runs from South to North, and falls into the Frozen Ocean. 4. The D-ivif:a, which, rifing in Wologda, runs North, and falls in- to the White Sea below Archangel. 5. The Wolga, olim Rha^ which, rifing in Pelozaro, runs South E aft through European Pai/Jtay receiving the Rivers Mcligo, Mofco-iv, Kifrruiy Ocka ?.vA Samar y then JDending its Courfe fiill Soutn Eaft, runs through Afiatic RuJJia, and falls into the Cafpian Sea below JJIracan, by feveral Criannels, being the largeil and deepeft River in this Continent ; and yet fo landed u]5 at the Mouth, that great Ships cannot pais from AJiraca-n into the Cafpian Sea. 6. The River Douy olim Tanaisy v»'hich rifing in the Middle of A'/vv^'^^ receives the WoronetZy and then runs South- Eaft to Kamijinkay then turning South-Weft, falls into the Sea of Azcphy or Palus M^oiisy re- ceiving the Donets above A%oph. n , The NiepeKy olim Borifihenesy which, rifing in the Province of Mo/co^Vy runs South- Weft through Poland^ then entering Mo/Vc-i/v again, and palling by Kiofy runs South-Eaft through the Ukrainy and then due South through Tariary, falls into the Euxine Sea at Oczakoiv. 8. The Lov.er Dzuinuy which, rifing in the Province of Mofcovjy runs Weil through Polandy and then, dividing Poland from Li^uomay falls into the Baltic below Riga. Air and Soil.] It lying in fo many diirerent Climates, the Air mull - of Courfe be as different. The North is covered with Snow nine Months in the Year, and fcarce habitable : The Middle of the County is tem- perate, and the Southern Provinces warm. And as the i\ir, fo the Soil is very different. In the North, Foreils, Morafllss, Bogs and barren Sands, few Inhabitants, and not m.-ny Animals. The Middle of RuJJias declared Heir, and RUSSIA 185 and wKo had indeed a prior Title, (he keeped in her Palace, and ne- ver fuiFered him to llir out without her. Czar Peter'j Reformation-] Never any Nation received fo entire a Change as this did in the Reign of Peier the Great, as to their Habits, Improvement in the Sciences, military Difcipline, and Navigation- They formerly wore Caps in the Form of a Sugar- Loaf, turned up with Furrs, a Kind of Veil and Gown down to their Heels, like the Afia- tla, and were very fond of long Beards ; but Peter I. obliged them to cut off their Beards, and imitate our Drefs. They defpiled all Arts and Sciences, and looked on every other Na- tion with the utmoll Contempt, never imitating any of their Improve- ments, or travelling amongit them. Their Armies were a confufed Multitude, and they had not a fingle Ship on their Coalls ; when Peter 1, travelling tl^rough all the polite Nations in Europe, in the Beginning of this Century, obliged his Subjects to do the fame, and be inltrud:ed in every Art and Science. He alfo eilablifhed Academies at Peterjhurg^ and brought leanied Men thither from every Nation in Europe. This City he built in the Year 1703, and made it the Capital of his Empire. Nor did he only encourage the Sciences, but introduced all Manner of Diverfions pratlifed in other Cities ; as Plays, Operas, Concerts of Mulic, l^c. But nothing did he endeavour with greater Application, than the difciplining his Troops, and raifing a Royal Navy. His Forces, v/hich were the Contempt of all his Neighbours, he made equal to the beft Troops in Europe, and his Fleet, in a few Years, be- came an Overmatch for that of S-xveden. And as the Ruffians are Mea of good Stature, hardy and robuil ConlHtutions, if the fame Difcipline is kept up, which Peter the Great introduced, they cannot fail of making a confiderable Figure in this Part of the World in a few Years. The Titles of the So'vereign and Nobility.] Peter the Great ^W^di him- self Emperor of all the Ruffias, and having enumerated moft of the Pro- vinces of the Empire, added Czar of Z)^o«r and Sa?noieda, Commander and Lord of the In^verjion Countries, the Kartalinfchian, Griifnchiati and Kaberniafchan Dominions of Circafffia and Georgia, and many other Countries Eaft, Weft and North, the Inheritance of his Anceilors ; but being wearied with the tedious Recitals of his Titles in AddrefTes and Afts of State, he ordcicd that the following Words only Ihould be ^fed in fuch Inflruments, Territories, have been mentioned already. Mofconx) itfelf is one of the greateil Curiofities in the Rujjlan Empii;c. This City comprehends four Towns united, as London does three ; and is adorned with three Royal Palaces ; tiiree Caftles regularly fortified, and more than 1 2C0 Churches, beiides a magnificent Cathedral, de- dicated to the blened Virgin, and 400 Nobleraens Palaces. The Whole is of a circular Figure, thirty Miles in Circumference, The River Mofcovj runs through it, and they have a Bridge over it one Third longer than London Bridge : There are between twenty and thirty fine Monafteries in and about the City. Lan^ua^eA Their Lanp-uap-e is a Mixture of the Sda'voman and Polijh. "i"he Rujjian Pater-Nojhr is as follows : Orjhe najk, ije eft na nehefech ■:, da fuetitjia iinia t-t'oie ; da pridct tz-arjl-vle t^vole \ ia budet Hjiola ti Anhalt Z^rbjiy bv whom he hath ifiue a Son, named Paul Petronvitz, for whofe Birth great Rejoicings were made in England and other foreign Countries, as -vvell as at Peterjlurg the Capital of Rujfia. la & tJ S S I J. "T93 . tn the mean Time a War breaking out between Rufjla and Snvedeny the S-zuedes were defeated, and the Ruffians mz.d.Q an entire Conqueft of Finland', moft Part whereof, however, they relinquifhed at a fucceed- ing Treaty, the EnJJians retaining only Wyburgt and feme other Ter- ritories Eaft of the River Kymcn. September 30, 1755. "^^^ Emprefs o^ RuJJia concluded a Treaty; ivith this Nation, whereby jfhe agreed to keep in Readinefs for foitr Years, for the Service of his Britannic Majelly, a Body of 40,060 In- fantry, and 15,000 Cavalry J and in Confideration thereof his Majelly agreed to pay her for that Term 100, coo /. per Annum, tintil her Troops were demanded, ^00,000 1. per Airmim 2.ix.ti' they were demanded, and had palfed liei* own Frontier. But, upon our concluding a. Treaty ■with PrtiJJia in 'January 1756, and the Court of Fie-nna's concluding a Treaty with France, her Rnljian Majefty declared off from the Treaty fhe had made v,'ith us, rejedted our promifed Subfidy, and acceded to the Treaty between France and Vienna', in Confequence whereof (he openly declared againft the King q^ Pntffia before the End of that Year; and next Year her Army, commanded by General Appraxin, entered the Fruffian TerriLories, and on the 4th of July made themfclves Maflers. of Memel. Aiigujl 30, 17^6. There was a fmart Battle betwixt this R^iJJiart Army, and the Prujfian Army under Marflial Lehivald, who, with aa Army of only 30,000 Men, attacked the Ruffian Army of .80,000^ ili-ongly iiitrenched at Orofs Jaggerfdorf, and, at the Beginning, with, great Succefs ; but, finding it impoffible to fofce all their In trench- Inents, he Vvas at lail obliged to Retreat to his old Camp at Wehlaui and though the RuJJians boalled of their having obtained a compIea£ Viftory, yet they began to Retreat, September 13, and retired into Vv''inter Qiiarters about Mr, ^vf/, and in Ccurland. Jntiuary 1 6, 1758. The Ruffian Army, now commanded by Gene- ral Fermer, having again entered PruJJia, they miade themfelves Mafters of that whole Province without Oppofition ; and in July they entered Germany, amohg the Events of which Country their Progrefs may bs fetn. January 5, 1762. Died Elizahfih Emprefs of RuJ/ia, and t'/as fiic- reeded by the Grand Prince of Rujjia, Duk-s of Holjiein, by the Name of Petsr III. who prefently agreed to a Sufpcnfion of Arms with th« Xing of Prujpd ; and foon after concluded not only a Peace, but an. Alliance with that Prince ; in Confequence whereof the Ri'JJian Armyi in Siltfia left the A'ujlrian, and on the 29th oi June joined the Prujffari Army. But, July 9. Peter III. was dftpofed, and his Emprefs Confort raifed tol the i hrone, bv the Name and Title oi Catharine II. Emprefs, Auto« cratrixcf all the i^r{/!^r"/z/, &c. And, Jul'i']. The unfortunate P(?/£T III. died in Prifon 2XPeterJhoff, aft was faid, of an Hemorrhoidal Accident. In Confequence of this Revolution the Rujjian Troops evacuated Colberg on the ioth of Augufly and all the Pmjjian Territories before ^the lind of that IVIonth ; and thofe that were in Silcjia repaffed the Vip.ula^ in order to return to their own Country, as the new Emprefs had reiolved not to engage unneceliarily in any foreign War. N S IV E D E N. ( 194 ) .SWEDEN. A RT of the ancient Scandinaz'iay which comprehends S-wede?tt Denmark J and Nornx)ay, Situation and Extent. Between Between E. Lon. N. Lat. i Being 800 Miles in Length. 500 Miles in Breadth. ^(jaW^nVj.jTJ OU ND ED by Nornvegia?z Laplandy on the North; j3 t>y Ruffta, Eait -, by the Baltic Sea, which divides it from Germany, on the South ; and by the Seas called the Sound and the Sc agger ac, with the Dcfrine Hills, which divide it from Denmark and Nornjoaj/i on the Well. Grand Divifions. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. Lapland and 'Thorn Lapmark — Thome y E. Lon. 22-45. N. Lat. 6 Kimi Lapmark ' — Weft Bothmaf{ Lula Lapmark -— Isloith. Plthia Lapmark — I Uma Lapmark — \JVeJl Bothnia — — Vplandia -^-*" Stidermania — — Wejimania *-* ^.S^vedenVro^^Yyj Nericia \^ ■45- jn the Middle. ^ Geftricia IL'lJtfigia •• Dalecarlia — Medelpedia Anger7nania • ^ jfemptia — — fEa^ Gothland — j ITe^ Gothland — i Smal^nd — r> A7/7»// J V/ermeland — Schonen - '■' ■ Bleking * Jialland Kimi )><( Lula Ij Pithia ^ {Stockholmy E. Lon. ig!, I N. Lat. 59-30. Nikopping Arojia Orehro Gejie Diljho Hedmora Judal Hernofand J L Re/lundt Norkoping Gottenhergy "E. Lon. H-3© N. Lat. 58. Cal/nar J Caroljladt ' ^ Daleburgy Malmoe Lunden Chrijiianjiadt^ Carol' /croon ^Helmjlsd Grand j" ijs «wwwt\ wwmw^ wmm Awto nmiinm limimnm — ' TrnXonJon . 8 TF E B Grand Divifions. Subdiviiions. '^EaJ} Bothnia » — Cajania —— SwvGloxia — . . . . Nylatid -^ 4. Finhnd — -< c^^^^^^p^ — Finland Proper — 1 E N. 1^5 Chief Towns. {" Nakarleby i' Cajanburg Kojkimpe V J Heljingfort I I Tra-vajlius I Abo^ E. Lon. 21-30. N^ I I Lat. 66-30^ J {,Rafeburg. The Remainder of Finland, viz. Kexholm and Ca7'eUas, of which Wyhurg is the Capital, have been meniiioned in the Defcription of RuJ/ia, to which they belong at prefent. CWeftern Pomerania, Part . 5. Territories in Germaayy lately belonging to S^xvedeii — \n Mecklenburg — Brcme7t and Ferden, now annexed to the Elecl. Oil Ha never "^ Deuxpcnts, or t^irbrug- gen in the Palati- nate,nowbelonging to its own Prine-e, who was, in 17595 I Generalin Chief of j the Imperial Army. J Gothlands - ■ [Stral/und, E. Lon. 13-22. N. Lat. 54-23. Wifmar Bremen y E. Lon. 8-20, N. Lat. 53-25. Fsrden )»<( Deuxponts, E. Lon. y-l/* 6. Snvedijh Iflands — Oeland Aland Rug-en N. Lat, 49-25. r/^?7/2j, E. Lon. iS. N. V Lat. 57-30. •< Bornholm I Cajlleholm \^ Bergen Mountains.] The moft noted Hills are the /)c/?7W Mountains, which run from North to South, between S-zveden and Norivaj, for many hundred Miles. Lakes.] There are Abundance of Lakes in Svjedeny of which the Chief are, i. The Mellar Lake, on which Siockhohn Hands; 2. the Wener \ 3. \}^t Wetter ', 4. Cajania', and 5. Jende, Rin}ers.] There are a few navigable Rivers, but a Multitude of Torrents, which defcend precipitately from their Mountains, The chief Rivers are, i. Torne, which riles in N&r-uuegian Lapland, and, running from North to South, falls into the Bottom of the Bothnic Gulph. There are a great many Copper and Iron Mines near the Banks of it, and abundance of Mills on the Stream, and Forges for working their Metal. Their Fifhermen, who live on the Banks of this River, exchange their falted and dried Filh, Furrs, and Skins, with their Southern Neighbours, for Cloathing and Provifions, the Soil of Z,<^/'/fl«rf' producing but little Corn or Vegetables. Inftead of Corn, they grind the v/hite inward Bark of Firr-Trees, of which they make a kind of Bread; 2 The River ^fiT/W ; 3. Lula', 4J P/V thia\ and 5. Vmay all fall into the fame Bay of Bothnia', 6. the River Dalccarlia, rifes in the Dcfrine Mountains, and, running from Weft toEa*l, fdls into the Bothnic Gulph between the Provinces of Uplayid and Gefiricia ; 7. the River Keymen'v^i Finland rwns from North to South through ths Lake of Jinde, and falls into tlie Gulph oi Finland. . N ;2 Ssas,] 19^ S F/ E D E N. Seas.] Their Seas are the Baltic, and the Gulphs of Mothnta and Tinlandy which arfe Arms of the Baltic ; and on the Weft o{ S^iieden are the Categate Sea and the Sound, a Streight about four Miles over, which divides S~ojeden from Der.fnark. Thefc Seas have no Tides, and are frozen np ufually four Months in the Year ; nor are they fo fait as the Ocean, never mixing with it, becaufe a Current fits always cut of the Baltic Sea into the Ocean. Face of the Country and Air.] S-iveden abounds with barren Rocks and Mountains covered with Snow near nine Months in the Year, which, with its Northern Situation, occafions this Country to be excefiive ccld in Winter ; though the little Summer they have is warm enough. Soil and Produce.] This is generally a barren Country, though there are fonie fruitful V allies. It does not produce Corn enough for the Inhabitants; they import it ihcx^^oit. hom Poland or Livo?2i a. Their Mines of Copper and Iron make them fome Amends, being very rich, particularly in the Provinces of Tome and Dalccarlia. '1 hey abound in Furrs and Skins, as ihey do alfo in Fitch, Tar, Fiir Timber, and other Naval Stores. Animals ?\ Their Horfes and neat Cattle are but fmail, but their Horfes are fo hardy, that they v\ill be.ir the Icngefl; Journies, and are, on that Account, clleemed more than tlic largeft German Horfes. The "Wool of their Sheep is coarfe, andoi ly ht for the Cloathingof the com- mon People. Their wild Bealts are Beais, Wolves, Elks, Deer, Foxes, Hares and Squirrels, of which the three lail'turn white in Winter, a& they do in Kujp.a. They have Plenty of tame and wild Fowl. The Rcder is a Fowl as big as a Turkey, and the Flefli much admired : I'he Orras is as big as a Hen ; and there is a Bird called the Yerper, much like a Partridge, and another beautiful Bird the Size of a Ftldifare, the Feathers tipped with Scarlet ; there are few Pigeons, the Northern Countries abounding with Birds of Prey, fuch as Kagies, Flavvk, ^r. Vvhich deilroy the BiCed. There are the lame Filh in their Seas, and fredi Waters, as we have, many of which they fait up, and thefe ferve for Part of their Winter Provifion. MamtfaBnres and Traffic] Their principal Manufatflurcs are thofe of Hardv^are, Braft, and Iron, of which tliey export a great deal, wrought and unv^rought ; but to no Countries di-i they export greater Quantities, and to greater Advantage, than to England^ from whence they receive Silver, and fometimes Crown Pieces, for their Iron, it is faid ; though the ^?i^//^'^ might receive the fame Articles from t'leir Plantations, and exchange their own Man ufadures for them. Of this a former Parliament were fo fenfible, that they made an Ad for import- ing Pig-iron from the Plantations, Duty free, into any Part of Great Britain ; but Bar- iron is only to be imported to London. As to the French, tney exchange their Sugars, Wines, and Silk, for the Produce of S^vedcTTy as the Dutch do their Spices. And. the Sivedc's do not only fell the Southern Nations Naval Stores and Timber, but Ships re;!dy rieg d, part'icnlarly a large Squadron of Men of War to the French in the Year 1748. Royal Stile.] The King's Stile is, King of the Goths 3.nd P'andals, Great Prince of i'7/;/i<«./, Dnkcof Schcnen, PoiKcren, 8cq, . . /^rms Royal Navy confifls of about 40 Men of War of the Line. Re--venues and Species of Taxes. ^ The Revenues of the Republic are computed to amount to about one MiUion Sterling per At.num, arifKig from the Lrown Lands and Cuftoms ; the Silver and Copper iMines ; Tythes, which the Crown deprived the Clergy of at the Reformation ; Pole-Money Fines ; flamped Paper, and oiher Duties payable on Pro- ceedings at Law. The Poll-Tax, levied only on the Peafauts, js Twelve-pence /^r Head for all above fixiean and under fixty Years of Age. 'I'he gieateft Opprefiion exercifed in the Reipn o'iCt.arles Xi!. was the compelling the People to bring in their Silver and Coppei- Money, and exchange it for Copper Pieces of little intriniii; Value ; ;i piece not worth a Halfpenny was valued at Haifa Crowu. H^'he Peo- ple alfo were obiioed to take Government Nones and Debenture:-, though no Funds were aligned for the Dilcharge of thciu. And tt j'i fald Earon Gcr/K was facrificed to the Fury of th« Peopl'.-, as the An- {;hor of thefe Oppreiuons, in the next Reign. N 3 Ftrfi*^' ipS SWEDEN, Perfons and Hahifs.'\ The Snvedes are generally of a large Stature, robuft Conftitutions, and bred very hardy. Their Hair ufually incline to Yellow, like that of other Northern People. The Women, that are not much expofed, have good Complexions, and tolerable Features ; but the Peafants, and the lower Rank of People, are coarfe enough ; foi the A'len make their Wives and Daughters do all the common Drudgeries in Hufbandry, and the mod laborious Employments. The Womxeji go to plough, thrafh out the Corn, row upon the Water, ferve the Bricklayers, and carry Burihens. . Cloathing.'] The Cloathing of the better Sort of People in Winter is Furrs, and the common People make their Cloaths of Sheep-fkins, with the Wool on : Such warm Cloathing is very nccefiary here, for thofe that want it fometimes lofe their Limbs by the Severity of the Weather. The ufual Remedy for frozen Nofes or Fingers is to rub them with Snow; for if they come near the Fire, or into their Stoves, they endanger the Lofs of them. As to the Fafhion of their Cloaths, ifc differs but little from that of the ^Ger7nans or Qur ov/n. And as they want Heat in this Country, fo they do Light, for they have fcarce five Hours Day-iight in Decc?nber. Genius and Tempej-.'] As to their Genius and Temper, their Hifto- rian P/^/,'^o ; and thofe fcaice ever frequented by People of Diftjnftion ; the Z^M.uiJb No- bility and Gentry delpifing all Learning as Pedantry. COINS. I. s. d, A G'^ld Ducat of S-xveden is ' ■ 093 An Eijht Mark Piece cf Silver ■ • — ' 052 A Four- Mark Piece • > 027 There are Copper Coins (fome as big as a Man's Hand) offeveral Values,' and as they frpquently pay foreign Merchants in Copper, the Merchants take Wheelbarrows with them, inllead of Bags, when they a.re to receive Money. Revohtions avd memorable Events. THE Goths, the ancient Inhabitants of this Country, have had the Reputation of fubduing all the Southern Nations in Europe, but it ii not to be fuppofed that this Nation fingly could effect thofe mighty ConqueHsj they were, no doubt, ]omQ6.hyl\\& Normans, Da?tes, Saxons, Vandids, and other People, and by many Adventurers in Germany, and other Countries through which they pafied, in Hopes of iliaring the Plunder oi the World with them, and pofieffing v/armer Climates. It appears that the Countries of Scundinanjia, {Stvedcn, De-n?nark and Norivay) were fometimes under the Dominion of one Prince, and at other 'i imes had each of them their refpedive Sovereigns. In the Year 3.-23, S-xvedcnhQmg fubje£l to Denmark, Gujianjus Erickfon, a S^-wedijh ^Nobleman, aflembled the Miners oi Dalecarlia, with whom he had Ived under Ground for fome 7 ime, and joining other Advocates of" J^iberty, raifed fuch a Force, that he expelled the Danes out cf this Kingdom; in Gratitude for which Service, the S-ivedes firft eleilcd hini' their King, and afterwards made the Crown hereditary in his Family. Giiftan)us Adolphus, who afcended this llirone. Anno 1611, the moH powerful Proteftor of the Protefcants in Germany, fubdued Ingria, Li-vo- 7i:a and Pcmerania, but was killed at the Battle of Lutz.:n near Lcipfick^ QvLQen Chri/Iina, his DauQ;hter, fucceded him ; in whofe Reign the Treaty o^ Wejlphajia was concluded (164.S) whereby Brernen, Verden and Funerania, in Gehnany,'^ \Me\'Q ceded and confirmed to S-xveden, Q^Lieen Chriflina refigned the Throne, changed her Religion, and re- hired into a Convent at RovieiTi 1654. Charles Gujia'vus, her Nephew, vvho facceeded her, drove the Danes out of the Provinces of Schcneny Snialla'nd.^ Rallayid and Blcking, in ^oiiih Gothland. Charles X\. his Son, fucceeding him in v6>5o> and being fuccefsful in Lis Wars againll: i\\Q Danes, the States of ^iat;.?^^^ agreed to fiirrender all their Plights a^d Privileges they had not parted with before to the King, and make him abiblute. Charles XII. his Son, fuccccding him in 1697, the Pclcs, Danes, Ruf- Jlans and Pn{(/ians entered into a Confederacy, and invaded h^s Terri- tories in 17CO,' on all Sides, ouiir.g his Minority; but the Englijh and Dutch fending a Squadron of Men of War to the Affiilance of the S-vjsd^Sy the bams weie compelled to make Peace with Charles, After • ' which S IF E D E N. 20t which he tranfported 20,000 Men into Li'voniay and defeated Peter the Great, who was befieging Narim with 100,000 RuJJtans. And the fame Year C^W^j diQiesiX.Gd Jugujius \l. King oi Poland, who was be- iieging Riga. He afterwards depofed Jugujiiu, and fet Stanijlaus upon the Throne o^ Polatid in 1704. Then ke followed Augufius into Saxony y and laid his Country under Contribution. After his Return into Po- latidy he penetrated i?ir into RuJJl a-, with a Defign to depofe the Czar, as was apprehended ; but Part of his Army that was following him with Supplies being cut off by the RuJJtanSf he was himfelf defeated by the Czar, as he was befieging Pulto'wa, and fled into Turky^ where he refided many Years ; nor could the Turks force him to return Home, till they fired the Palace at Bender about his Ears, which they had afTigned him for his Reiidcnce. At length he returned through Germany to Siralfund in Pomeranian where he was befieged by the fame Allies that begun the War againft him ; and, having defended the Town feveral Months, when it was no longer tenable, embarked for Stockhohn. He afterwards meditated the Siege of Copenhagen y but was prevented by the Britifo Fleet, either to fruftrate his Defign of recoveririg Bremen and Verden from the Eleftor o^ Hanonjer, or to difappoint an linTafion of 5r/M//z, Vv'hich he was fup- pofed to have defigned in Favour of the Pretender : V/hereupon he in- vaded Norioayy and laying Siege to Frederick/hall, on the Frontiers of that Kingdom, he was killed in the Trenches by a Mulket Call in 1718. The Conjlitntion changed.'\ The Snjjedes, weary of an arbitrary Go- vernment, upon the Death of Charles, eledted Ulrica Eleo^xora, his youngeil Sifter, Queen ; in which Choice they were fupportcd by the Army, which was commanded by the LaRdgrave of Hejfe CaJJei, her Confort ; but it was upon Condition flie would transfer the lapreme Power to the States, and acknowledge fhe held the Kingdom of them, which fhe fubmitted to ; and, having reigned two Years, fhe refigned the Crov/n in Favour of her Confort the Prince of HeJ/e, who was ele6ted King in her Stead, on the like Condition as fhe had been advanced to the Throne. But this Prince was not able to defend the Kingdom againft the i?«^^;2j, who invaded *9wi?<:/f«, plundered the Country, and deftroyed their Copper and Iron Works : Whereupon, at the Requeft of the S^vedes, a Fleet was fent into the Baliic by the King of Great Britain to protedl that Kingdom. The Queen of Sweden dying without LTue, the S-vedes ele£led the Duke oi Hcljiein Gottorp, Son of the elder Sifter of Charles XII. to fuc- ceed to that Crown after the Death of his late Majeft.y ; but the Duke, rendering himfelf incapable of the Crown ai S'vjeden, by accepting the Reverfion of the RjiJJian Empire, the .S'•^yr^/^i made Choice of the Duke ci Holfiein Eutin, Bilhop 0\ Luheck, who is now upon the Throne. The Conditions on which the Prince of Hejfe was advanced to the Throne oi S-voeden were, That he fhould renounce Cal-vinifm, m whicli he was educated, and all Soveerign Power, and acknowledge he held the Crown of the States j and declare that Luiheran'Jin was the qnly true Religion, and that he fljould not confent to the Toleration of any other; that the Legiflative Power, the rai/ing Taxes, and makiivg Lav./?, fnould be veiled in the States only, as well as the Power ot inaking Peace and War j tliat the Executive Power fiiould be lodged in '"" ■. ■ '■ ■ ■ ^. : jV>;j2-tQpj^ ;2a2 SWEDEN. fourteen Senators chofen by the States, or Diet, of whom the King Ihould be Prefidentj but that he ihould not meddle with the Public Money, or difpiore of any CommilTions, Civil or Military, without the Confent of the Senate. The like Articles the Duke of Holjlein Eutin fubfcribed and fwore to when he was declared Succeffor to the Crown of Snveden. Their Kings were eleftive for many hundred Years, and as much retrained and limited as at prefent, till the States made feme of their vidorious Kings a Compliment of their Liberties. The Snxiedes likewife joined in the lall "War againfl: the King oi Pruf- fa ; for haviag, in 1757, fent a Body of Troops to Stralfund, under the Command of General Hamilton, they invaded the Prujjran Domi- nions in Septetnher, and publilhed a Manifefto, dated Oaober ic, de- claring, that the King of Sxveden, as Guarantee of the Treaty oHVeJi- fhalia, could not difpenfe with himfelf from attacking the King of Pruffia\ it being now the Falhion among the Potentates of EuropCj firft to give the Blow, and then to give the Reafon. But as the War was difagreeable, not only to tlic People, but alfo to the King of S-voedeUy that Nation never made fo mean an Appearance as they did in the laft. The King of Pruffia being furrounded with Enemies, he could not fpare to keep an Army conftantly in Weltern Po?nerania, therefore the S^ivedes every Summer made feme Irnprefllon upon his Territories ; but as foon as he had repulfed his Enemies in other Parts, or they had retired into Winter Quarters, he fent an Army thither, upon whofe Approach the Snjuedcs retreated into Stralfund, fo that no general Engaoement happened during the whole War ; and, upon B^uJ/ui's making Peace with the King of PruJ/ia^, the Sivedes likewife made their Peace, which v/as con- cluded Jpril 7, 1762, upon the Terms of leaving all Things as they ilood at the Beginning of the V/ar. Prefent State.] As to the prefent Conftitution of their Government, it confilts of four Eftates, with a Prince at their Head, who has the Stile and State of a King, but very littlcof the Authority of a Sovereign. The four EUates are, i. The Nobility and Gentry ; 2. the Clergy; 3. the Burgelles ; and 4. the Pcafants. With the Nobility and Repre- fentatives of the Gentry, the Colonels, Lieutenant-Lolonels, Majors and Captains of every Regiment, fit and vote. 2. The Clergy eledt one from every rural Deanry (coniiiling each of ten Parifhes) which, with the Eiihops and Superintendants amounting to about 200, rcprefent that Body. 3. The Magiftrates and Councils cf every Corporation eledl the Burghers to reprefent them, of which there are four for Stockholmy and two for every other Town, amounting to about 150. 4. The Peafants chufe one of their own Number, and not a Genr- tleman, to reprefent them, out of every Diltrid, amounting to about 250. All thefe generally meet at Stockholm, and, after the State of Affairs has been reprcfented to them from the Throne, they leparate and fit in four feveral Chambers or Houfes, in each whereof the \ otes of the Ma- jority conclude the reft j biit every Chamber has a Negative in the palling any Law. The Senate, without whom the King can determine nothing, are re^ duced by the laft At\ of Settlement to Fourteen, and are elected in the foibwing Mi^nner ; Twenty-four of ;he Nobility or Upper Houfe, ' . twelve DENMARK, 20^ twelve of the Clergy, and twelve Burgefies, choofe three perfons, oa 3 Vacancy, and prefent them to the King, who appoints one of them to fapply the Vacancy; but two of a Family cannot be of the Senate at the fame Time, and the Peafants have no Vote in the Eledion of a Senator. When the King is abfent or fick, the Executive Power is lodged in the Senate ; (and the King has no more than the calling Vote when prefent) but they are accountable to the Dyet for their Admin iibation. Every o-ie of the fuperior Courts of Juftice has a Senator for its Pre- iident ; and there are Councils or Boards eftabliOied to manage the Pub- lic Revenues. A War- Office, Commiiiioners of the Admiralty, others for the Mines, for Commerce, and every other Branch of Buhnefs. Law-Saits concerning the Titles of Eftates are but of ihort Contina* ance, all Sales and Alienations of Lands being regiilred, as well as the Incumbrances on them. People are allowed to plead their own Cauics ii they think fit; and in fo little Reputation is the Frofeffion of the Law in S^uocden^ that no Gentlsman will undertake it. Criminal^ for fmall Thefts are condemned to labour in the Public Works, Forti- fications, Buildings, Elighways, ^c. And what is peculiar to this Country, they have Courts of Honour erefted, where, if any Gentle- man has received an xA.ffront he may have Satisfaction awarded him. The PunifhA^ient of Popiih Friefls here by Cailration, I have not met with any Inftance of. D E 'N M A R K. ^ I ^ H E King of jD^-^w^ri's Dominion confifts of, i. Denmark Vno^ J^ per ; 3. Ncrnvay ; 3. His German Territories ; and 4. Eail and Well Greenland y and the Iflands in the Atlantic Ocean. DENMARK Proper. Situation and Extent* Between \ and ^ E. Lon. / \ 240 Miles in Length* Beino; •Between \ and S- N. Lat. 'I / 180 Miles in Breadth* ^ 58 i J «- Boundarics.'\ TJOUNDED by the Scaggerac Sea, which divides X3 it from Nor^njay^ cm the North ; by the Somid^ which divides it from S^weden, on the Eafl: ; by Germany and the Baltif^ on the South ; and by the German Sea, which divides it from Greai Britain^ on the Well, Provinces. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. ^ Alhurg Jutland, on theCon- j tinent, feparated j Jfyburg from the Iflands^^ Aarhufen - ■ )•<( Aarhiifen ^ Alhurg^ E. Lon. io« I N. Lajt. 57. Wyburg by aStreight cal- led the LeJerBeh. j Siefvjick Rypen Rypen Sle/ivick, E. Lon. 9-45. . N. Lat. 54-45- Provinces* io4: Provinces, inands at the En- trance of the ^^a/- /ic Sea ; Xealand, the Chief,is divi- ded from Siveden by a Strait called / Lalatid the Sound, and I Falftetr from Etimn by a- \Mona jnother Strait cal- Wemeren led t\iQ Great Belt. '^ Aljm D £ N M 4 R K. Subdivifions, Zealand — ^ Funen Langland Chief Towns. Copenhagen, E. I.on. I?, N.Lat. 55-30. Elfenore I Odenfee ' Rut copping Naxho-vj \ Ny copping Stege Borge ' So7iderherg %lL%M^m.1il %%^''A%%%% iL'^^&^tM^MS^^'^M.^ ^j 17^ N O R TV A 2\ Situation and Extent, Between Between jBoundaries.'\ { 4 and 58 and E. Lon. N. Lat. I Being 1000 Miks in Length, 900 Miles in Breadth, OUNDED by the Frozen Ocean, on the North; by S^Tveden and RuJjia, on the Eaft ; by the Scagoemc $ea, v^hich fcparate it from Denmark, on the South ; and by the Jttamic Ocean, on the Wefl. Subdiviiions, Wardhuy-, or Nornxegian Lapland, Drontheivi, and Divifions. North Divifion. — J !! Middle Divifion - -I Bergen Southern DivIiion.< Jnjlo oy Jggerhuys Chief Towns. Wardhuys, E, Lon. 28. N. Lat. 71. r Drotitheim, E. Lon. 10- \ 30. N. Lat. 64. < Bergen, E. Lon. 6. N, / Lat. 60. ( St 0.-0 anger ' -Jggerhuysy E. Lon. 11. N. Lat. 59. Fre- dericjiadt, Anjlo, QyX Chrilliana. Hol/lein,AWiAed be- tween the Kino- of Denmark, the Dukesof//(^^r/>/, and the Imperial Cities of Ha?n- burgh and Lubec, already mention- ed in the Circle ^f Lovjer Saxony. Danifh territories in Germany. [Kiel, E. Lon lioljlein Proper > Ditmarjh Stortnar Wai ria. 10. N. Lat. 54-33. fubj. to the Duke ^i Holftein Qottorp. Meldorp, fnbjed to Denmark^ Ha?nburgh, E. Lon. 9-4Q. N. Lat 54. Imperial; and Ghtcjlat and Ahena, fub- jed to Denmark, Lubeck, E. Lon. 10-3 y N. Lat, 54"20. Imperial ; and Oldijlo'T'j and Phen^ fubj. to the Duke oilkljlein Ploin. Divxlions, t> E TJ M 'A R t. -20^ Divifions. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. y T^r n 1 7- TTr n.C OUenburz, ^ 7 C Oldenhuro, E. Lon. 7-32. N. ^"^^'/fiP^^t^^.^^^X \\ Lat. 5^v35. and Aw- of the //-.>. ^ it hurji,k\;i\^ Denmark, Capes cr Prc7nontoyies.'\ I. The North Cape in Norivajy the mcli Nortlierlv^ Promontory of Europe, 2, The A^^xu?, another Point or Cape in the South oi Norivay : And, '^. Th.Q Schaggerrif, the North Point of Jittla7id. ■ Rivers.] 1 here are innumerable Rivers, or rather Torrents, in JSornvay^ which, falling precipitately from the Mountains, and run- ning but a fhort ^ourfe, are fcarce any of them navigable beyond their Mouths. Eaji and Wefl GB.EE NL J N D, and the ISLAND S^ in the Atlantic Ocean, Eaji GREENLAND, JS fituate between 10 and 30 Deg. E. Lon. and 76 and 80 Dej^. N Lat. Claimed by Denmark^ but uninhabited. The chief Whale Fiihery is on this Coall, which the Dutch have in a great Meafure mo- nopolized. IFeJl GREENLAND, T S fituate betv/een the Meridian of London, and 50 Deg. W. Lon, X 'T-nd between 60 and 75 Deg. N. Lat. inhabited by a barbarous People, among whom the Dafies have lately fent Miffionaries to con- vert tlijpiti to Chriftianity ; but I meet with no Towns in the Country, cr any Produce th.Tt will tempt Strangers to trafiic with them i but they have a very valuable Fiihery on this Coaft. ICELAND JJland. IS fituate between 10 and 20 Deg. W. Lon. and 6'i, and Sy Deg-., N. Lat. The chief Town is Skalhoh, where the DanJjh Governor rcfides. It is a poor barren Country, and yields the Sovereign little Profit. The moll: remarkable Thing in it io the Vclcaric of Mount Hcckla, "The FARO IJlands LI E between Iceland and Scotland., and are fubje£l to Denmark-, Thefe are very fmall, and lie in 7 De?. W. Lou. and 64 Yi^%, N. Lat. There are alfo a great many fmall Iflands on the Coaft of Nor'wajt . the Chief whereof are Maljlrom and Flijieren. Lakes and Rivers.] There are fome Lakes in Zealand and Jut" land ; but fcarce one navigable River there, till we come to Slej'hvic oc Zouth Jutland, where we meet with the Eyder and the ^ron : Thefe run a (hcrt Courfe from Eall: to V/ell, and, uniting their Waters, fall 5 into the German Sea below Tonningen. The River Tra-js rifes \\\ the Dutchy oi Holjiein, and running Eall, falls into the Baltic below Liihcc, ■ Seas.] The Seas bordering on the Danijh Territories are, the Qer- man Ocean, the Baltic, x\s.^ Sc agger ac ^^-^l, the Sot/ nd, which divides Zealand from Schoncfi , the Great Belt, wlach divide Zealand from Fumn\ 156 DENMARK. Funen ; and the LeJ^r Bch, which divides Funen from the Continent or 'Jutland. At Elfenore, which lies upon the Strait called the Sound, be- ing about four Miles broad, the Danes take Toll of all Merchant-Ship^ that pafs to and from the Baltic. Air.'l As Denmark Proper is a Aat Country, abounding in Bogs and MoraiTes, and furrounded by the Sea, they ai'e extremely fubjcd to JFops and bad Air. Scil and Produce of Denmark Proper. 1 Zealand^ the Chief of the Iflands, and the* Seat of the Government, is a barren Soil. No Wheat will grow here, and they have but little good Pafture ; grsat Part of it is a ForeH, and referved for the King's Game. Funeny the next largeft: liland, has barely Corn fufficient for the Inhabitants. The Ifland of haland is a fruitful Soil, and fapplies Copenhagen with Wheat. The Iflands of Landland, Faljiery and Mona, are indiflercntl'y fruitful. The Continent of Jutland has Corn fufficient for the Natives, and abounds in Horfes and neat Cattle, which are purchafed by the Dutchy and grow to a prodigious Size in their fat Paftures. Slefwicf or South Jutland, and Hclftein, abound in Corn, Cattle, and rich Paftures ; but Stormar and Ditmarfi>, lying near the Mouth of the Elbe, are fubjeft to Inundations. Soil and Produce o/' Norway.] Nornjoay is incumbered with Rocks and high Mountains, covered with Snow a great Part of the Year, the Chief whereof are the Dofritie Hills, which divide Norn-vay from Snve- den.. It produces, however, a great deal of good Firr Timber, and Oak, Pitch, Tar, Copper, and Iron, and their 6'eas abound in Fifh, which they dry upon the Rocks without Salt, and fell them to moft Nations in Europe, to vidtual their Ships in long Voyages. Soil and Produce of IcelcLXid and FtLTO.'] The Iflands of Iceland znd Faro are as barren as Norivay ; Corn will fcarce grow in any of them. They feed on the Flefli of Bears, Wolves, and Foxes, and make Bread of dried Fifh- ground to Powder. Scarce any Trees gro^ in' heland but Juniper-Shrubs, Birch, and Willow. Their Fifli, with their Roots and Herbs, are their greateft Dainties. Seil and Prc^«c£' o/" Greenland.] Wefi and Ec.Jl Greenlajid ^roduze fcarce any Trees or Herbage. The Fifheries on the Coalt are what renders them moil valuable, and th'efe the' Dutch have the greatelt Share of. Animals. 1 The fame as in S-iveden. Manufadures and Traffic. '\ The Manufa£iures of thefe Countries are cliiefly thofe of Hardware, unlefs the dried Stock-Fiih of Norvoay may be reckoned among their Manufadures. The Territories of Den- mark are extremely well fituated, on the German and Baltic 5'eas, for Foreign Traffic ; but the two Imperial Cities of Hamhurgh and Uibec feem to have monopolized moft of the Foreign Traffic on this Side. The Danes, indeed, have fome Trade v/ith Gainea and the IVeJl Indies^ and very good Settlem.ents in Eaji-India ; and the King of Denmark has long been endeavouring to draw the Trade fron Ha7nburgh to his Town of Jltena, which lies within a Mile of it, but does not meet with any great Succefs in this Projeft. Prcfe^it Con/lifution.'] Before the Year i66b, t\\Q Legiflative Pov.»er was lodged in the States, and the Ex:<^cuiiye Power in die Senate' ;- of which DENMARK. 207 wiiicK the King was ^10 more than Prefident. In Time of War, in- deed, he was General of the Sea and Land Forces ; but he could nei- ther raiie Men or Money, or make Peace or War without the Con- currence of the States ; but the King of Denmark is now as abiblute as the Kino; of F ranee i ^tile.'\ The Stile of this Prince is, King o^ Denmark and AVway* of \h SILVER COINS. The old Bank Dollar of Hamburg ■ - The old Bank Dollar of Lubec The Four Mark Piece of Dentnark — — A Pvix Mark — • A Slct Mark — — — ^ _ Befides which, they have Copper Coins of feveral Values, from a Farthing to a Crown and more. Revolutions and memorahle Events. THE firft Inhabitants ol Scandina'via {zQnv^x€tiQ.xs.6\vi^Denmarkf^ Nor-dcay, and S^tveden) defcended from the Scyihia?is, who had no fixed Habitations : When they firft fettled in Towns is uncertain^ The Cimhrit a German Nation, next poffeffed themfeives of Jutlandy which from thence obtained the Namrc of the Citnbrian Cberfonefe. The Teuto7iesy another Tribe o£ Germans ^ reduced Zealand, Funen, and the reft of the Da?iijh IQands. The Jues 2i\-iA ^v^/^j- fucceeded the Qimhri in the Chcrjonefe^ and from the Jutes the Peninfula obtained the Name of Jutland. And in the fourth Century we find tlie Inhabitants of thefe Countries and the North Weil oi Gerrnany, crxlled Saxons, a Fecpie very terrible to the Roman Provinces oi Gaul and Britain. They invaded and plundered the Sea Coalts, and obliged the Romans to fta- tion their Forces on thefe Coalls, .which were commanded by an Offi- cer fciicd. Comes litoris Saxonici : But the Saxons wcyq not able to fix themfeives in Britain until the Decline of the Reman Empire, when . Vortigern, King of South Britain, invited them over about the Year 450, to defend his Counti^ againlc the PiSts z.vA Scots. After they had repuHed thofe Northern invaders, they quarrelled wllh the Bri- tains who called them in, and at length made themfeives entire Mailers oi South Britain, Saxony, of uhich Denmark was then deemed a Part, was at that . Time divided among Abundance of petty Sovereigns and States, v/hlch were ail united under Gr/f;///; their hrft King, about the Year 797- Th( h E. N M 'A R K. Ill *rhe Danei and Normans j or Nornvcgiansy invaded and harraiTed the Coafts of Gaul and Britain in the eighth Gentur}^ and continued ■ their Incurfions until the Year 1012; when Sn/jair., King of De?2~ mark, made an entire Conqueft of England, and left it to his Soa Canute, who was King 6^ England, Demnark, Ncrivay, and S-zvedcny Anno 1020. The Danh arid Normans alfo invaded France, entered the Rivers Seyne and Loire in their Boats, burnt and plundered the Country to the ' Gates of Paris, about the fame Time they reduced England ; and the Fre7ich \Vere at length obliged to yield up Normandy and Britany to Rollo the Norman General, to preferve the rell of the Kingdom. The Kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, were after this governed by dillinft Sovereigns j but Denmark and Nor^jay became united again by the Marriage of Aquin King of Norway, with Margaret^ . Daughter and Heirefs of Waldemar King o^ Denmark, Amto 1376. •' Margaret II. Queen of Denmark and Nornvay, fubdued S^veden about the Year 13^0 ; and Sweden was fubjeft to Denmark till Gtijla^uus Erick*^ Jon refcued his Country from their Dominion, Atmo 1525. Chrijiian II. vtras then upon the Throne of Demnark, and had drawn upon himfelf the Contempt and Hatted of the Danes as well as the S-xoedes, on Ac-' count of his fuftering himfelf to be governed by his Concubine and an. old Dutcl; Woman her Mother, and was at length depofed, his Uncle, Frederick Duke of Holftein, being eleded and advanced to the Throne of Denmark in his (lead. Chrijiian IIP. who fucceeded Frf^mr^, Anno 1 533, was a great Pro* moter of the Reform.ation, in which being oppofed by the Bifhops, he feized on the Lands and Revenues of the Church, and added them to his own. . In the Reign of Frederick III. his Son, the Swedes invaded Den^ mark, and beheged the capital City of Copenhagen ; whereupon the Danes were compelled to cede thofe fine Provinces of Schonen, Blekin^^ ?.nd Holland to S'lveden ; but how unfuccefsful foever Frederick was ia his Wars, he fubdued his own Subjeds, and rendered himfelf an abfo- lute Monarch. The Commons, it feenis, were extremely difcontented with th(S Taxes and other Oppreffions of the Nobility and Gentryj which they had fufFered during a long War with Snvsden, and concluded^ that their Condition could riot be vvorfe under the Government of a fmgle Per- fon, than under fuch a Variety of Tyrants. The Clergy were no lefs exafperated than the Commons, whom thft Nobility ]iad deprived of their Share of the Admaniftraticn (though they conflituted one Cham- ber of the States) and when the Commons reprefented to the Nobility, that they had the Profits of the Lands, of which' themfelves were but the Occupiers and Farmers, and therefore it v/as but reafonable they ftiould bear a Share in the public Taxes for the Support of the Go- vernment ; the Nobility replied. They had always been exempted from Taxes, and looked upon their Tenants to be their Vaffals and Slaves ; whi^li was fo refented by the Commons, that they withdrew from the "AfTembly, and, uniting with the Clergy, attended the King in a Body, offering him their Aliillance to make him abfolute ; with whom the King clofed, and the Nobility, being in a fortified Town, garrifoned fey the King's Troops, were compelled to corns ifito the umeMea- ^ * Jfu/es, • 212 i) E N M A R K. fures, and pafs a Law to render their King an absolute Monarcli. After which the King received the Homage of all the Senators, No- bility, and Clergy, in the Sight of the Army and Burghers, who were under Arms to grace the Solemnity, and prevent any Difturbance or Oppofition that might be made to this Change in the Confcitation. Gerjuorf, a popular Senator, being the only Man who fpoke againft it, and heaving ihewed his Concern at the Approach of their expiring Li • berties, concluded his Speech with a Compliment to the Throne, that he was confident his Majeily only defigned the Good of his People, and not to o-overn them after the Turki/h Model. Thus was the Kino-- dcm of Denmark changed in four Days Time, A7tno 1660, from an Ariftocracy to an abfolute Monarchy ; the ^Commons, inilead of en- joying the great Advantages the Court had promifed them, had only the Satisfaftion of feeing their former Oppreffors in as miferable a Con- dition as themfelves. — The Kino-s of Denmark and the Dukes of Hol~ Jiein have a divided Sovereignty in the Duchies of Holjiein and Skf^ twic; for Chrijiian IV. gave a Moiety of them to to his Brother Vlric, about the Year 1600, from whom deicended the Families of Holjiein Gottorp,, Eutiiiy Ploen, &c. But tlie Kings of i^t'^w^^ri have oftentimes feizcd on that Part belonging to the Dukts of Holjlei}!, which they have as often been obliged to feilore by the Sivedes Z-wA other Allies of Hol- jiein. Charlesy Grand Prince of Rufjia, is now the eldeft Branch of the Holjiein Family, and Sovereign of a Moiety of the Duchies of Hoi- jiein and SJejhvic. Jt has been obferved already, that Frederick IV. King of Denmark, had been compelled by the Maritime Powers to conclude a Peace with Charles XIL King of Snjueden, in the Year 1701 ; but he no fooner heard of Charleses Defeat at Pulton: a^ than he joined his old Confe- derates, and declared War againil S^weden again. His firil Enterprife \yas the Jnvafion of Schonen, but in this he did not fucceed ; he was defeated, and compelled to retire over the Sound again : But he met with better Succefs in his Invaiion of Bremen and Verdeny which he made .an abfolute Conquefl of. And now the King of Great Bri- t€iin, as Elector of Ham^ver^ entered into the Confederacy againft Siveden^ and, in the Year 1715, concluded a Treaty with the King of Denmark for the Purchafe of Bremen and Verden^ v/hich the Danes had taken from the Stvcdes. About the fame Time the Confederates re- duced Siral/und and all S^iuedijh Fomerania, which was put into the PoffeiTion of the King of Denmark, except Steiin and the Territories a- bout the River Oder, which the King of PruJJIa poiTefled himfelf of. By a fubiequent Peace the Da7ies reftored StralJ'und, and that Part of Fomerania he had taken from the S'wedes ; but Bremen and Verden were confirmed to Hano-ver by Siveden, in Confideration of the Protection t\iQ Britijh Fleet afforded the S^ojedes whtn the i^A^'^<;2«x invaded them, ^nd perhaps for other valuable Confiderations ; and the Sn.vedes v/ere obliged to confent to pay "J'oll to the Danes on paifing the Sound, as well, as other Nations. His Isite M3.]ei\:y' Frederick Y . King of Denmark, was born the 31ft ef March, 1723, and married the Princefs Z<7«//^, youngeft Daughter .of his late Majeily George IL King of Great Britain, in 'November 1743, by whom he has a Daughter named Sophia Magdalena, born Jidy 3, J.746J another Daugl^tej named J'Filkhiiina-Ciiirolim, born Jidy 10, t 1747 J 750. t^ f or intic ince, d-e- In- hcir en- mt- re, by les t th. id E N G L A N T>: iij 1747 ; a Son named Chrijiiany now King of Dc?2mark, born January zg, 1749; and a third Daughter v a.med Loul/h, horn "January -^o, 1750. Her Majefly dying foon after, the King married the Princefs Joanna, Daughter of the Duke of Brufvjic Wolfenbuttle. B R I t I S H ISLANDS. Situational '^ j ^ HE SE lilands, coniiR'mgof Great Britain, Ire/and, iX the liles of fFigit, Sallys Man, the Hebrides or Weftern Hands of Scot/and, and the Orr^^^j, are fituate in the .Jtlantic Ocean, between 50 and '60 Deg. of N. L. a very little North of France, and Weil: 0/ Garmanj and the -Netherlands. Namc.l • The Name of Britain, according to Mr. C.amlden, is de- rived from the Word Brit, which, in the Language of the ancient In- habitants, {i-gnifizd. painted ovjiained ', the Natives ufing to paint their naked Bodies, and wear no Cloaths over them, when they v/cre en- gaged in- any laborious Employment or Exercife, particularly in Hunt- ing, and in the Field of Battle. Di-vi/ipn.] Great Britain being divided into South and North Bri^ tain, or into the Kingdoms of Enrla?2d zrA Scot/and, I fhall begin with, the Defciiption of England, and tix the firft Meridian at London* ENGLAND. Situation and Extent, Between \ and y E. Lon. f \ 560 Miles in Lenc^th, Y^-^S ) Being) Between < and V N. Lat. J / 300 Miles in Breadth, C 56 o S ^ ^ Form and Boundaries. '\ 'Tj'NGLJND is of a triangular Figure, J_v bounded by Scotland, on the North ; \y/ .the German Sea, on the Eaft ; by the Englijh Channel, which divides it from France, on the South ; and by St. George's, or the JriJ/;> Chan^* nel, on the Weft.^ N.^me.'] England receives its Name from the Angles, or uinglo-^ Saxons, who- came from Slefiuic, or South Jutland, in Denmark, and^ with their Brethren of iWe-'^', fubdued great Part of Britain in the iifth Century ; having been called in by Vortigern, King of South Britain^ to oppofe the Incurfions of the Bids and "Scots. Ancient Divifton of England, Grand Divilions, Counties. Chief Towns. I. Danmonii \ ^^''"'^^^^ ^"^ \ 5 I^^a Danmoniorum, ( Devon 3 \ Exeter. %s Durvtriges — Dor/ct I j ^-J^^novaria, Dorchef-^ O \ Grand Part of HanfSf and the > < Aquas Solis, Bath. Ifle of Wight — Berks. «i^ ENGLAND. Grand Divifions. Counties. Chief Towns. ( Sojnerfet) Wilts, the North } 3. Belgee 4. AtrzJpcitii 5. Regni 6. Cantium — Kent 7. 'Trinohantp 8. /f^»/ Surry ^ SiiffeXy and the South Part of Hanti 9. Catieuchlani 10. Dchuni 1 1 . Silures 1 2. "Dlmette 1 3 . Ordo'^ices 14. Corna'vii 15. Cqritani 16. Briganics Middle/ex and i^.r f SLiffolk-, Norfolk, Cam- \ bridgCy and Hunting- (^ don - '•" j Bucks, Hertford, and 7 Bedford — — — . {Gloucefer, and Oxford '• • '• '■ f Hereford, Mcnmcuth, < Radnor, Brecon, and £ Glamorgan f Caermarthen, Pembroke, \ and Cardigan — Flint, Denbigh, Merio- neth, Montgomery, Ca- ernar^uon, and the I fie of Anghfey Chefier, Salop, Stafford, Warivick, and /i^or- Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Lieice/ier, Rutla?id, and Ncrihr enta Icenorum Cailer, Nor j Glevum, Gloucefer, I 1 Ifca Silurum, C«^r- \ \ Maridunum, Gaet^- S 1 mart hen. Segointum, nigh ^ Caernar'von. ampton r York, Lancafcr, Weftmor- I land, Cumberland, and \ Bilhopric of Durharn 17, Ottadini ^-^^ Korthutnherlandl •— ■ — -^ Deva, Chefer. Linduni, Lincoln* Eboracum, Tork. Axelodunum, Hexham^ Roman Biviftcn of Englan nCorti^-wall —--'■■■■ \ Deqjon m-' i . Wor/et « ^.Somerfet ■- Wilts I Habits '• {^Berh Lancajler • I'ork ■! Durham — — — Wef - SaxonSi founded by Cerdlc in 512, and ended \\\ J 060. <<, Northumherlandt founded by Ida in )Cumberland 574, and ended in 792. \ Wejimorland . Northumberland y 6. Epjl - Saxons f founded by Erche- nvtn in 527, and ended in 746. and' Scotland to the Fryth of Edinburgh EJfex Middle/ex, and Part of Hertford — Gloucefer • Hereford » Worcejier: ■» ■ • Warnxiick Leicejier - ■ ■ Rutland Northampton • ■••- Lincoln — Huntingdon 7, Mcrcidy founded by Cridda in 582, and<( Bedford ended in 874. Buckingham Oxford Stafford Derby Salop Nottingham — — o Chejier And the other Part of f XHertf(>rd J O4 Chief Towns. Canterbury. Chichejlcr Southnjuark. !Norn.vich Bury St. Edmonds Cambridge Ely. ■ 'Launcefon Exeter XDorchefter Bath « \Salifury M'^inchejier Abingdon, Lancajler York iDurham ^ Car life Uppleby ^ Ne'vjcafle, London* Glcucejler Hereford Worcefler Tf'^ari.tjick Leicejier Oakham Northampton Lincoln Huntingdon }i Bedford AUfoury Oxford Stafford Derby Shrenjofiuri Nottingham Chefer I. Hertford, flrS 2l6 ENGLAND, "The modern Biviftcn of England j'k/^/x Circuits, Circuits. Counties. Chief Towns. ' EJ/ex -^— Hertford Kent I, Home Circuit, <^ 2. Norfolk Circuit. ^ Surry »" ■ ■ "• Svfex ^ Bucks — — Bedford . — Huntingdon - Camhridge —— Norfolk Chelmsford, Colchejiery an4 Har-ivich, Hertford, St. Jlhan Sy Roy;? Jtcn, Ware, Hitchen, and I Maidjhney Canterbury ^ Cha^ V ; thainy Rochefery Green^ njoichy W colHJoichy Do^ver^ Deal, and Deptford, Soiithnvark, J^ingfon, Guild- ford, Crnydcn, Epfonii antl Richmond. Ckichejter, Leaves, Rye, l^aji- ■ grimftead, and Haftings, ^ Ale fury ■, Buckingham^ Much rWickh amy and Marlonjj» Bedford, AmpthiJly Wohurn:^ Ounftabhy Lutony and BiggleJ'-wade. Huntingdon, St. Lves, and Kimbolton. Camhridge, Elyy Nevuniar' kety and Roy ft on. Bury, Ipfnvich, Sudbury^ Leoftojj'y and Part of Neiju market, Nornjoich, Thetford, Lynn^ and Tartnouth, >< Circuits* ENGL Circuits. Counties. Ox on Berks 3, 0;^or^ Circuit. ^ A N n, iij Chief Towns. ^Oxford-, B anbury i Chipping- j norton^ Henley^ Burfordy Whitney^ Dorchefter^ and Wvodjtock. Abingdon-, Wind/or, Readings W ailing ford, ■ Nenvbury, Hungerford-, and Maiden^ head. Gloucefter - '■ Worcefter • Monmouth — — Hereford — — Salop — — Stafford • ' p Warnjuick •— Leicefter Derby — — 4-. Midland Circuit. Jt^ Nottingba7n Lincoln • Rutland Northampton T I Gloucefter ^Teivk fury, Ciren- \ J cefter, and Part of BriftoL Worcefter, E'vefham, and Droitnvich. Monmouth and Chepfton>j» Hereford and Lemfter, Shrenvfbury, Ludlo<^jo, Bridg- north and Wenlock. Stafford, Litchfield, and NeiAjcaftle under Line. f JJ^arivick, Coventry, Bir- 77iingham, and Stratford upon A'uon, Leicsfter, Melton-Moivbray, and y:^^ ^^ la Zouch^ Derby and Chefterfield. )• ^ Nottingham, Southnvell, and Ne'ivark. Lincoln, Stamford, Bofton^ and Grantham, Oakham and Uppingham, J Northampton, Peterfborougb, . and Daijentry, Circuits. iiJ t- N G L Circuits. Counties. f Hants fPVis ; 5.. ^y^rr^ Circuit. ^ Dcrfet So/ner/et De'von Cor7iv:all Durham XTcrk .^ AND. Chief Towns.' [IVincheJ^er, Southampton^ Port/mouthy Ando^ver, Bajhia/toke, Chrijichurch, and Nenxjport in the Ifle of IVia-ht, i.NonherRCircuIt.^ Northumherland Lancajler *^ Wejlmoreland — Cumlerland SaliJLuryy Devizes, Marl- horoughy Malmjbury, Wil- tony and Chippenham. Dorchejler, Lyme, Sherborne Shaftfiury, Pool, Bland- . J ford, and Bridport. Bath, Wells, Bri/cl inParty Taunton, Bridgwater, and llchejicr. Exeter, Plymouth, Barnf.a- pie, Biddeford, Tiverton, Dartmouth , TaviJlock,Top- JJnm, and Oakhampton, LaunceJ}on,FaImouth,Truro, SfiUajh, Bodmyn, St.Lves, , Padjl'j^v, and Trego7iy, [York, Leeds, Wakefield, Ha- lifax, Rippon, Pontefraa, Hull, Richmoftd, Scar bo-' rough, Borougrhbridge, Mahon, Sheffield, Doncaf- ter, Whitby, Beverieyy Northallerton, and Bur- lington or Bridlington^ Durham, Stockton, S under -> land. Stanhope, Barnard^ Cafile, and A%ukland. ' ^ Ne--wcafile, Berwick, Tin- mouth, Shields, and Hex- ham' Lancafier, Manchefier, Pre/- ton, Liid'Sf Ha'verford- ivejif Pembroke, Dcnbighy and Milfordhaven, Cardigan, and Aberijlivith* Caermarthen, and Kidnxselly* In ENGLAND, 40 Counties, which fend up to Parliament — 25 Cirics, {Ely none, Londcn four) 167 Boroughs,- two each 80 Knights. 50 Citizens. — 334. Burgefles. 5 Boroughs, y'^/^^tfi;?,^ Bo.-cbu):y,^^B,e^dley,^ 1 ^ BurgefTes. ■ ^ Univeir Ui^^hhaMl crr,£^:, and Moumoutb) one euch zio B N G L A N Ty. 2 Unlverfities, — 4 Reprcfentatlves, % Cinque Ports (Hajiitigs, Douer, San^hvich^ Ro77i7iP.yy Hythcy and their three Depen- ( ^ Barons dents, Rye, Winchelfea, and Seaford) two each, — — ^ . — . 1 TV A L E S. 12 Counties, 12 Knights, 12 Boroughs {Pemhrokc two^ Merioneth none) 1 "R (T one each, 1 ; — — ^ t. SCOTLAND. Shires, « . ■■ ' 30 Knights. 3ofoughs, — • . — — 15 BurgefTes, Total 558 Some reckon the four Towns, which give Name to the four Bi- ihoprics in Wales to be Cities ; but they are not incorporated, or fend, any Reprefentatives to Parliament, any more than Ely. • Ri'vers.'] The principal Pavers in E7igland, are, i. T\v'i.Thamesy compofed of the ^uin^ and IJis^ of Vv'hich the IJts^ the moil ccuiid^r- able Stream, riles on the Confines of Gloucejierjhire., and taking its Courfe E. receives the Ckurm -, then running N. E. to Lechlade in WihJJjire, unites with the Colnr,, and becomes navigable ; continuing to run N. E. it receives the Windmjhy and pafies on to Oxford^ where it receives the Chev^ojclU and turning due South, runs to Abingdon^ and from thence to Dorch'ejiery where it is joined by the Tame ; after which running Eafcward, it pailcs by Wallingfordy Readings Markov, and IVindfor, and from thence to Kingjlon, a little below which it ufcd to meet the Tide before JVeJlmhiJhr- Bridge was built, but now the Tide flows only to Rickinoiid, or a little higher; from, thence it continues its Courfe Eaflward to Londcw, then dividing the Counties of Kent and Ejfexy it falls into the Sea Ix'lov/ Sheerncfs, being navigable for Ships ^s high as Lojidon Bridge, 2. The Med^v^y, which £ills into the Mouth of the Thames, is na- vjgi).b-le for the largeil Ships as far as Chatham, where the Men of War are laid up. 3. The River Se-uerny Sahrina, eileemed the fccond Pvivcr in Eng- la7idy has its Source in Plinlimnmi-Hill in Walesy and running North 'E3.?i to Welch Pcoly becomes navigable there; after which it runs Eaft to Shre^wfouryy afterwards turns bouth, vifiting Bridgnorth, Worceftery and TeHJokfoury , where it receives the Upper Auon ; then pafiing by GloKceJlevy bunds South-Weil, and receiving the /"/j^^ and C}/Z- near its Mouth, difchargqs itfelf into Brijiol Channel near King-Roady where the ^reat Ships lie that cannot get up to Brijiol. This is a very rapici Stream, and frequently overflows the adjacent Country. 4. The Trent rifes in the Moorlands of Staffordjhire, and running South Eail by Nen.vcaftle under Line, divides that County in two Parts ; then turning North-JE.aft on the Confines of Derbyjhirey vifits Nottittg- ham, running the-' whole Length of that Qounty to Lincoln/hire* and being ENGLAND, iii being joined by tlie Oufe, and feveral other Rivers towards the Mouth' obtains the Name of the Humher, falling into the Sea S. E. of Hull. 5. The Oufej which rifing in the North of Torkjhirey runs South by Torkf and falls into the Humber, having received the Wharfe, the Are^ the CauUer, and the Dony which unite their Streams before they fall into the Oufe : The Dern.m7it alfo runs from North to South, and falls into the Oufe. 6. Another Oufe, which, rifing in Bucks, runs Eaft through Bedford" Jhire, Huntingdonjhire, and the Ifle of Ely, and falls into the Sea near Lynn in Norfolk. 7. The River Cam rifes in Hertfordjhire, and running North-Ea{t\ through Cambridge, joins the Oufe in the Ifle of Ely, the united Stream falling into the Sea at Lynn in Norfolk. \ 8. The Tyne runs from Weft to Eaft through Northumberland, and falls into the German Sea at Tinnwuth below Ne^wcaftle. 9. The Tees runs from Weft to Eaft, dividing Durham from Yorkjhiref and falls into the Germa-a Sea below Stockton. The T'weed runs from Weft to Eaft on the Borders of Scotland, and falls into the German Sea at Ber'vjick. 10. The Eden runs from South to North through Weftmorland and Cumberland, and palling by Carlife, falls into Sol-way Fryth below that City. 1 1 . The Lo^er Avon runs Weft through TViltJhire to Bath, and then dividing Somerfetpire from Glouceferf>ire, runs to Brijiol, falling into, the Mouth of the Seruern below that City. 12. The Dcr-xvent, which runs from Eaft to Weft through Cumber^ land, and palTing by Cockermouth, falls into the Irip Sea a little below. 13. The Rihble, which runs from Eaft to Weft through Lancajbire,. and pafling by Prejion, difcharges itfelf into the Irifr? Sea. ' 14. TheM^r/^, which runs from the South-Eaft to the North- Wed through Chefiire, and then dividing Che/hire from LancaJJoire, paffes by Liverpool, and falls into the Irtjh Sea a little below that Town, And, 15. The Dee rifes in Wales, and divides FlintfAre from Chefiire^ falling into the Irif> Channel below Chcfter. Lakes. "l There are not many Lakes in England', the largeft are in the Ifle of -fi"/); in Camhridgejhire ; viz. l. Soham Mere ; 2. IVittUfea. Mere ; and, 3. Ramfey Mere : And in Winter, or in a rainy Seafon, all the Fens in the Ifle of Ely are overflowed, and form one great Lake of 40 or 50 Miles in Circumference; and W'ynatider Mere in Wefmor- lund. There are alfo fome fmall. Lakes in La^icafiire, which go by the Name of Dervoent Waters. Capes or Promontories.] Flamborcugh Head in Tcrkjhire ; Spurn Head in Torkfoire ; W inter ton-7icfs in Norfolk ; Eafonnefs in Norfolk ; Or- fcrdnefs in Sufolk ', Wali07i-na%e in EJfsx ; North Forelaiid, South Fore- land, Dwngencfs in Kent ; Beachy-Hcad in Suffcx ; Du7mofe and the Needks on the \{\e of Wight ; Beverel Poi7it in Dcrftffire ; Race of Portla^id in Dorftjhire \ Berry- Pci7it; Start-Point, Bolt- Head,' on the South of ,Z>^- vo>7pire ', Lizard-Point, La7id's-E?id, Trevoza- Point \n Ccrnvjall; Hart^ land'Poi77t, Bag-Poi7it, m the '^oxlh. oi Devonfiire; Najh-Pcint, Worm's^- Head in Glamcrganjkire ', St. Govens-Point, and B'jhop and his Clerh, in PembrckeJ}Are\ Cardigan-Pci?it in Cardiganfhire , S arnahiichPoint in d2i k N G L A N D. in MerionethJJnre ; Brayehilput-F oint in Carnawonjhire ; Holyhead ana Hilary-Point in Anglejey ; (Jrmfhead in Denbighjhire ', and St. Bee^s-Haad in Cumberland* Baths and Mineral IFatcrs.'] The principal Hot- Baths are thofe of 5/3//6 and Brijioi. in Sofnerjetjhiref and Buxton Weils in Derhyjhire. The bell mineral Waters for drinking are thole of Tunbridge, Epfom, Dul- ivichy Northall^ Barncty Hampjiead^ IjVnigtoiiy A6lon, Cobham, Harro^iv gfltey and Scarborough, The laft is become the principal Relbrt in the ikingdom, for People of DilHnftion, in Summer-lime. Air-I The Air is not fo cold in Winter, or hot in Summer, as int Countries on the Continent which lie under the fame Parallel j but then our Air is not fo pure, nor have we that clear fettled Weather that they enjoy upon the Continent both Winter and Summer. The Weather is ever changing here ; a Month of ferene fettled Weather is feldom feen in England -, however, the Air is generally healthful, un- lefs in the Fens and Salt Marfhes near the Sea ;• and we are feldom troubled with great Droughts or unfruitful Seafcnr:. A perpetual Ver- dure is alfo feen on the Surface of the Earth, whereas the Ground is like a barren Defart in other Countries, during the hot Months -, and in Winter the Harbours in Holland and Germany are blocked up with Ice, when ours are open which lie in"the fame Latitude. The Winds fit Weflerly here the greatell Part of the Year ; and thefe are elteemed the moft healthful. I'he Eaft and North- Eall Winds fet in ufually in the Spring, and are often prejudicial to the Fruit as well as Ffealthof the Natives. Face of the Counfiy.] The Coantry towards the South confifts chiefly of little fruitful Hills and Vallies, champaign Fields, inclofed Grounds, Arable, Failure and Meadow, Woods, Forells, Parks and Chaces, ;^greeably intermixed. Wfe have no mountainous Trails comparable to the Alps or Pyranees. The higheil Hills we have are thofe of the Pea/k in Derlyjhirey the Pendle, &c in Lancajhire, the Wrekin in Shropjhirey the IVoids in Torkjhir'ey Cotfvaold in Gloiicejler/hin, the Chiltern in Bucks; Malvern in IVorceJlerJhire^ the Chi-viot Hills, and others on the Borders of Scotland, and thofe of Plinlimmon £nd Snoivden in IValei, Forejis.l As to Forells, it is computed that two Thirds of the King- dom were fuch before King John disforelled P^rt of them. There were in Englandy according to my Lord Coke, no lefs than fixty-nine, of which thofe of Windjory AV-xy Forejiy the F'orefl of Dean and Shir^vocd JForefts, are now the Chief. Foreji Trees."] The Timber growing in this Ifland is chiefly Oak, Alh, Llm, and Beach. We have alio Walnut-trees, Poplar, Maple, jHornbeam, Hazle, Willow, Sallow, Sycamores, Arbeles, and fome other Species of Wood, which are not honoured with the Name of Timber, and yet :^re exceeding ufeful and ornamental. Our llantations of Hops are very ccnliderable ; thefe abound Chiefly in Kent and EJjcx 'y and tiiere are good Quantities of Flax and Hemp fovvn in fom.c Parts of the Kinodom. ~ o Soil and Produce,'] The Soil is generally Clay, but in many Places Qravel and Sand ; the Clays produce good Wheat and Beans, the other Barley and Oats, and both of them good j-'eas. The Clays v.-ere ^itecir»ed mucii the richeit till of late Years; but iince wc found the W^y ENGLAND. 2,23 "Way of improving the light Grounds by Turnips, and thereby pre- paring them for a Crop of Barley, they almoft equal the other, except m very dry "years, when the Grain that is fown on the light Grounds is liable to be burnt up. The Lands of England have been doubled and trebled alfo in their Value of late Years, in manj Places, by in- cloiing and fowing them with Clover, Cinque-foil, Tre-foii, Lucern, and other Grafb- Seeds. Fruits."] Kent is famous for its Orchards of Apples and Cherrks ; but no Counties afford that Plenty of Apples for Cyder as Herefordpire and Devcnpire, where that Liq'acr has a Body almolt equal to White Wine. Befides Apples, Pears and Cherries, already mentioned, we have great Variety of other excellent Fruits, fuch as Peaches, Nedlarines, Apricots, Plumbs, Grapes, Strawberries, Rafberries, Currants, Goofe- berries, l^c. But I cannot fay they have that delicious Flavoar as in hotter Climates, efpeciaily in wet Years ; nor will our Grapes make good Wine. In EJfex and Cambridge/hire ^ we meet with Fields of Saffron ; and in Bedford/hire and Bucks ^ Woad for Dying. Our Kitchen Gardens abound in Artichokes, Afparagus, Colly-flowers, Turnips, Mufhrooms, Carrois, Potatoes, Onions, Cabbages, Peas, Kidney-Beans, Windfor Beans, and Variety of other Pulfe, Spinage, Beets, Lettice, Cellary, and of late Plenty of Brockery, and all Manner of raw and boiled Sallads. ■ ^antity of Corn produced,'] It has been computed, that the arable Lands, fown with Wheat in Efjgland, annually produce thirty-four Mil- lions of Bufhels of that Grain; of which, in good Years, great Quan- tities are exported, and the reft converted into excellent Bread and Flour, and fpent in the Kingdom. There is about the fame Quantity of Barley annually produced' here, according to, Dr Da^enayit, of which twenty-three Millions of Bufhels, are convened firft into Malt^ and afterwards into Ale and Beer; one Million more of Bufhels, made into Malt, is converted into Spirits and Ibong Waters ; and ten Mil- lions, the Refidueofthe faid thirty-four Millions of Bufhels of Barlev unmalted,is either made into Bread, exported Abroad, or uled for Seed at Home. And fmce Dr. Da^oenant vvrote, ereat Part of the licrht Lands, which ufed to be fown with Rye, are Ibwn with Barley, and, by late Improvements, produce as good Crops of that Grain, as the richefl Lands in the Kingdom ; confequently we have much greater Quantities of Barley annually, than when the Do6lor made his Calcu- lations. Of Rye we have the leaft fown at prefent of any Kind of Grain. Our Lands are too good for this Grain, and the comnjon Peo- ple are too dainty Ufuaily to eat the Bread made of it. Of Horfe-Grain, fuch as Peas, Beans, Vetches and Oats, there are large Quantities of Land Ibwn annually, as there are with Wheat, Rye and Barley toge- ther; for the very fame Land that is fown (»i.e Year with thefj Kinds of Grain, is the next fown with Horfe Corn, and every third Year the Land lies fallow in the common Fields ; but in the incloled Grounds, uheic the Hufbandman can dung and improve his Land as he pleales, he has ufualiy a Crop every Year. ' JnimahJ] This Kingdom affords neat Cattle, Sheep, Horfcs, Afre$, and fome Mules, Goats, Ps.ed and Fallov/ Deer, Hares, Rabbits, Dogs, F«xes, Squix-reb,'' Ferrets, V/sasels, Lizards^ Otters, Badgers, Hedge- hoo^s, 224 ENGLAND. hoo-s, Cats, Fole-cats, Rats, Mice and Moles; which being commorl to all our neighbouring Countries, I fhall dcfcribe only thofe in which we are fuppofed to excel. Our Oxen are the largeil: and beft that are to be met with any where : We have a leiler Sort that are bred in If'alcs and the North, and the JFlefh of thefe are as good to be fpent in the Koufe as the former. Our Sheep are to be valued far their Fleeces and Flefh ; thofe of Lin- colnfmre are valHy large ; but the Fle{h of the fmall Down Mutton is moll admired ; and the Wool of both exceeds any in Europe. And as to the Number of Sheep in England^ it is computed there are no lefs than twelve Millions of Fleeces fnorn annually ; which, at a Medium of 2s. a Fleece, makes 1,2.00,000/. and when manufaftured, makes five Times as much, ^iz.. fix Million?* Eighteen-pence, I am informed, is as much as we can value a Fleece at now, confequently we mull de- dud a fourth Part of this Sum. The Horfes for the Saddle and Chace are beautiful Creatures, about fifteen Hands high, and extremely well proportioned ; and their Speed is fuch, that it is an ordinary Thing to run twenty Miles in lefs than an Hour, by five or fix Minutes. The Horfes for l?raught, cither for Coach or Waggon, are fcarce any where to be paralleled ; of thefe our Cavalry in the Army confifts : There are not better charging Horfes in the World ; they have Abun- dance of Metal, a. Fre/2ch Writer obferves, as well as their Mafters. Our tame Fowls are Turkies, Peacocks, common Poultry, Geefe^ Swans, Ducks and tame Pigeons. The wild are, Bullards, wild Geefe, wild Ducks, Teal, Wigeon, Plover, Pheafants, Partridges, Woodcocks^ Groufe, Quail, Snipe, Wood Pigeons, Hawks of various Kinds, Black- birds, Thrufhes, Nightingales, Goldfinches, Linnets, Larks, ^c. and of late we breed great Numbers of .Canary-Birds. Fijh and Fipmes.'] England abounds in a great Variety of excellent River Fifli, fuch as Carps, Tench, Eels, Pike or Jacks, Salmon, Trouts, Perch> Smelts, Gudgeons, Plaice, Flounders, Barbels, Roach, Daice, Shad, Mullet, Haddock and Bream. The Seas produce Cod- filh, Flerrings, Pilchards, Oyfters, Lobfters, Crabs, Shrimps, and all Manner of Shell-fifh : The Herrings and Pilchards are exported to the Straits in great Quantities, and produce verv valuable Returns of th:; Produce of thofe Countries in the Medi- ■terranean ; but the Dutch fend abroad forty Times the Quantity of Herrings the ^nglijh do, efpecially to Germany and the Baltic, though this Fifhery lies clofe to the Coall of Scotland and England, and the Dutch have fcarce a Herring upon their Coall : As this Fiftiery was the principal Foundation of the Dutch Greatnefs, fo it is IHU one of the greatcft Supports of their State. Sir Walter Raleigh was of Opinion, they made ten Millions />^r Annum Profit of this Fifliery in his Time. And the great De Wit aflurcs us, that they employed a thoufand BufTes in it, from ^4 to 30 Tons, which are now encreafed to 70, and fomtf 120 Tons Burthen. Thefe Bufies, with the VeiTels that attend them, and are employed in carrying and difperfmg them all over Europe, amount to many thoufand Sail ; and this Filhery occafions the employ- ino- upwards of 100,000 Elands on Shore, in their Maritime Provinces. This is alfo their great Nurfery of Seamen, and finds Employment for their Poor; and might be of equal Advantage to this Nation, if duly , E N G t J N D, 215 My attended to. , Upon a moderate Calculation it appears, that this Fiihery is worth annually ten Millions Sterling to the Dutch. ^ ,It has been fiifficiently demon (Irated, that Great Britain might carry on this Fiihery cheaper, and to greater Advantage than the Dutch can ; for they are obliged to begin tliis Fifliery every Year 600 Miles from Home, and do great Part of their Bufmefs at Sea. They fend out BuiTes of about 100 Tons, with 14 or 15 Hands, with Provifion for three Months. Thefe drive at Sea, and are forced to cure and pack their Fi(h, mend and dry their Nets, ^r. on Board: So that com- puting the Expence of Wear and Tear, Provifions and Wages, everjr Barrel of Herrings ftands them in fix Shillings per Barrel as foon as taken. ,^ . On the contrary, thefe Shoals of Herrings being on our Coalls, and even in pur Harbours, Bays and Roads, our People may lie on Shore tw^ry Night, and with two of their Boats called Three-men and Five- men Cobles, (having Perfons ready to take off their Fiih to cure and pack them) may take as many Herrings in a Month, as a Dutch Dogger of 100 Tons and 15 Men can do in three, lying out at Sea. Thus our Filhermen, being employed on the Coaft by thofe who will take them off their Hands immediately, may deliver them at Twelve-pence, and fometimes Six-pence the Barrel ; which low Price, in the prime Coft, mult enable us, to underfel the Dutch ^ who are at Six Shillings Charges for every Barrel of Herrings they take, as they fall from the Net. , As to the great Objedion, that we have not the Art of Curing them, and that as fcng as the Dntck Herrings are better than ours, we Ihall never meet with a Market: This is very true ; but are cur People fo exceeding dull, that we mull: defpair they Ihould ever underlland how to cure a Herring ? Or, are there not Dutchmen in Abundance to be purchafed, who would cure them for us, if we could not do it our- Iclves ? There is alfo in the German Sea, a Cod- Fiihery on the Dogger- Banky a Sand between Britain and Holla?!d, v/here both the Englijb and butch take gre^it Quantities of that Ki.id of Filh. Minerals.] As to Minerals, we have the heft Tin- Mines in the World in Comxvall, which have been in great Reputation ever fince the Ifland was difcovered by the Greeks d.i\6. Phcenicians. Until very lately we ufed to fend our Tin to Germany to be manufadured and con- verted into Tin-Plates or White Iron ; but now this is done in Great Britain, whereby the Nation faves a vaft Expence. We have ajfo Mines of Lead, Copper aiid iron, and perhaps Tome of Silver ; but none of the laft worth working fince the Mines of Po- tcfi have been difcovered. We have good Quarries of Free-ftone, and fome of Marble, particularly in Derhyfbire and De-vonjhire. Near P^^ ?nouth there is a Marble, which very much refembles the Egyptian Gra- nate, and has no other Fault but the exceeding Hardnefi of it. Our Allum and Salt-Pits in Ndrtbumhcrland and Chejhire are very confide- I'able ; and our Fullers Earth of fmgular Ufe in the Cloathing Trade. Pit Coal and Sea-Coal abound in feveral Counties ; but the Coal-Pits in the Bilhopric of Durham and in Northumberland, which are (hipped at Ne^McaJlle and Shields, lupply the City of London, and many other great Towns in England, and teyond Sea, with that valuable Fuel. 22G ENGLAND. ManufaSIures and Trafic.^ I'here is fcarce a Manufaflure in Europf but what is brought to great Perfection in Eiigland., and therefore it is perfedlly unneceifary to enumera:te them all. The Woollen Manufac- ture is the moiT confiderabic, and exceeds in Goodnefs and Quantity that of any other Nation. Hard- Ware is aiUOther very great Article j Locks, Edge-Tools, Cams, Swords, and other Arms, exceed any Thing of the Kind ; Houfnold Utenfils of Brafs, Iron and Tewter, alfo are very great Articles ; our Clocks and Watches are in very great EfteeiTj. Thsre^are but few Manufadures we are defedive in. In thofe of Lace and Paper we do not feem to excel, but vvc import much more than we fhould if the Duty on Rritifh Paper was taken off. As to theForeio-n Traific, the WocUen Manufacture is Itill ?he areat rcundation and fupport of it. To Kollundy Germany ^ Rujpa, iurkjr the Ea^ and M'^cJ} hidies, Spain, Portugal and Ireland, we export vait Quantities-, for which we receive the Produce of fevcral Countries in Return ; and from fome Places a Baknce in Treafuve ; but the molt profitable Trairic we have is with our own Plantations jn Jlm:ric:^r which we furnilh with moil of their Cloathing and Furniture,- recerv- mg either Treafurc or Merchandiie froni thence, which produces Lrca- ilire. And thofe Colonies, if duly ei:cou:a'>cd, would in a flrort Time e able to take off all the iVianufattrres wc c uld ipare. Leather, Corny Lead and Coals, are very conliderabh: Articles alio in our Exportation ; but there arc fome Nations itvvoui J be v;ell for us if we never traded with, paiticularly the French, who take but very litiLe of our i'rodud,. and what wc take from them are chiefly Articles of Luxury, w:hich tend to impoveriOi the Nation, a-nd there is a weighty Balance on their Side. Lhe Trade to S-xvcdcn alfo is very prejudicirj, where we barter Silver for Copper and Iron, when wc might haW them froQi our owa Plantations in Amorica, in Return for our ivlanufadures. The late A-ds cf Parliament for importing Pig-iron, and now likewfe Ear- Iron from the Plantations, \>\:i.i-j-{izi^j uail go a great Way towards redreffing. this Grievance. Le Blar.c, fpcakingof the Englifn TrafRc and Manufaiflu-res, obferves, tliat Errgiami, Vv'ithout being more fertile than the Countries about it, is- inhabited by richer Men r That, v-/anting Wood, it covers the Sea wicii its Ships ; produces few Things, and yet has a flouriflung Trade with all the World. 'I'hat Lock-v/orks, whicli is rudely performed iti E ranee, the Patience and Indu.llry of the ii«^///?j bring to great Pcr- fc<^lion ; and the joiners in Country-Towns put their vVork togeXher with as much Exadnefs and Propiiety as a Mailer joiner at Paris, Conflitution.'] Evtry pyidjth Gentleman is fcnfible, that he lives in a Countr)-, wheie Life, Liberty, and Property, are better fecured than in any Kingdom in Europe. The Legiuative Authority (or the Power of making. Laws and rai^jn^r; Money) is veiled in King, Lords, and Commons, and each of thein.. lias a Negative v/hcn iReie Matters are propofed. The Crown is uiade heredilary in the Hano^n- Line by feveral AtSs. ef Parliament, proviVled they_ do not profefs Popery, ma;ry i^apilts, or &bvert the Conilitution. The Peers are crea cd by the Crown, but their Honours are heredi- tary, a.id cannot be Eaken txoin. ih'j::n, any more than their Lives and ■ • Lllate.Sa. 'ENGLAND, 217 E/lates, uillefs forfeited by the GommiiTion of high Treafon ; and they can be tried only by the whole Houfe of Peers, being fubjeft to no other Jurifdithliion. The Houfc of Peers is the laft Refort in all Civil Caufes, unlefs wliere the Privileges of the Commons are affsdled ; and they can try any Commoner on an Impeachment or the Commons, but no Siiit or Pro- fecution can be begun againft a Commoner in the Houfe of Lordsj though they may be poffelled of a Caufe, and determine it 'finally in Cafe of Appeal. Any Bill, for the making a new Law, or altering an. old Law,- may be brought in iiril in the Holife of Peers, except a Money-Bill ; but no Bill relating to the Revenues cr public Taxes can be brought into thq Houfe of Peers firll, or altered when it comes up ffom the Com- mons, though it may be totally rejefled by the Lords. The Houle of Peers can apprehend and commit any Man for a iBreach of Privilege, or Reflexions on their Judicature (except a Member of* tlie Commons) and fuch a CoinmiLment is of itfelf a fufiicient Punifh- ment frequently, being val'tly chargeable ; but fuch Perfons are releafed of Courfe on the Rifing of the Parliament. Every Lord, in his private Capacity, may bring his ilftion o{ Sca?t- dalum Magnatum againfc any Subjedl, in the Court of King's Bench^ ■ and may recover luch Damages for Defamation as a Jury Ihall think proper. I'he Commons are fald to reprefent the People, though they do Hot in Reality represent a fourth Part of them ; for only the Freeholders vote for a Knight of the Shire, and thefe fcarce amount to a Sixth of the Inhabitants of any County ; and in feme Cities and Boroughs there is as great or a much greaier Difproportion, particularly in London^ where there are 300,000 People and upwards, and none bat the Livery- .men, v/ho amount to about feven Thoufand, have a Vote in Elcvftions,' Many great' 7'bvvD.s have no Vote at ail in Eleftions. If there was any Strefs therefore to be laid on that Maxim, That all jvji a-nd legal Po^jjer is derived fro?n the People (from the Multitude) then there has been very few juft or legal Governments in this or any other Nation. The Ladies alfo may think it a Hardlliipj that they are neither allowed a Place in the Senate^ or A Voice in the Choice of what i^ called the Reprefentative of the Nation. ' he French exclude them from the Crown, and though England n^YGx flouriilied more than under Queens, they are not thought qualified to give their Votes for a Re- prefentative. Piowever, their Influence appear to be fuch^ in m.auy Inilances, that they have little Reajbn to complain. In Boroughs, the Candidates aie fo wife, as to apply chieHy to the V/ife. A certain Can- didate for a Norfolk ^^vow'^i'. kiiled the Voters Wives with Guineas in his Mouih, for which he was expelled the Houfe ; and for this Reaf. n otheis, I prefume, will be more private in their AddreiTes to the Ladies. Lc Blan.\ a Foreigner, fpeaking of the Britijh Cdmlittrion, fays, it feems dii\atcd by'Wildom itftir'i but read their Hiilory, and y on will be convinced (favs he) that this Government, fo boalled of, is, like Plato's Republic, but an Ideal Project, not reducible to PraOice^ One of ilie Bjanches of u\& Legiilature conllantly iiiiluences the other two J and if «;iie Crown «an make it app^-ar to be xh-t private hi^creji q{ P i every 228 ENGL A N D. every Individuj^J, that compofes the other Branches, to obey its DiC* tatcs, the Britijh Court may be as abfolute as any Court of Europe* And, if the Crown Ihould aflume an abfolute Dominion, how can this be remedied ? For the Executive Power (the Power of putting the Laws in Execution) and the Command of the Forces by Sea and Land, as vvcll as the making Alliances and Treaties with foreign Princes, are veiled folely in the Crown by Law ; and whoever ihaU enter into a Confpiracy to oppofe or refiit this Executive Power, will infallibly be adjudged a Traitor. We have, indeed, a Privilege, that few other Nations enjoy, of being tried by Juries of our Neighbours j but very much lies in the Power of Sheriii^s to pack fuch Juries as thek Superiors direft. The Subjeft alfo may have his Writ of Habeas Corpus, when he is imprifoned, to be brought to Trial or difchar-ged ; but Phis Aft- is al- ways fufpended on the Rumour of a Plot againft the Government ; and Perfons,, committed by the Commons, have been denied the Benefii: of the Habeas Corpus A61. And whatever the Privileges of the reft of the Subjefts may be, v the Gentlemen of the Royal Navy or Army have very little Pretenfions to them ; they are fubje.r there have been raifed or borrowed near 20 Millions within the Space of a Year. The feveral Species of Taxes are, I. The Land-Tax, often at 4.r. in the Pound. 2. The Malt-Tax. 3. The Cuftoms. 4. 7"he Excife. 5. The Stamp-Duties. 6. Win* dow Tax. 7. Coaches and Chairs. 8. Hawkers and Pedlars* Per/ons.] The Britons of the prefent Generation feem to be a good Medium between the Duich and Fre-ich. They are neither fo large as the Germans, nor of fo diminitive a -Size as their Southern Neighbours-; neither fo heavy as the one, or fo exceeding mercurial as the other, but well fhaped, of a good Stature, and an agreeable Mein, their Mo- tion graceful and becoming; their 'nadve Complexions a Mixture of Red and White, unlefs too much expofed to the We^-ther, or Pains is taken with Wafhes and Paint to fpoil thcnj. Our Town Ladies, it feems, defire no Colour in their Faces ; tiiis, they imagine, approaches too near the Milk- Maid or the Peafant, and, it is faid, will take Phy- fic to procure a pale, fickly Complexion, rather th;in fuller a Blufh upon their Cheeks, which they cannot be ignorant, however, that the Gen- tlemen generally admire, vvhof*? Devotion they moft aitecl. The Ladies Talles, as to Complexion, i am informed, is altered of late; they p 3 aiiea t:^o E N G L A N D. aire 61 a little Red in their Cheeks, and if they have none natural!)''*- they know how to improve it. The Hair of itio& People is a dark Brown, and we have our fair and our black Beauties ; but nothing feems more adm-ired' than a good Complexion adorned with black Hair j nor any Thing more fhocking than golden Locks at prefent, though exceedingly admired the laft Age here, as they Hill uTQ in Denmark, and other iNorthern Nations. The £nTii//j Ladies think fuch Hair the preateft Curfe that can befal them, though uiually it is attended with the beil Complexion ; and fuch La- dies are efteemed the mofi amorous of the Sex. A fine Set of Teeth is much admired, and the more fo, becaufe it feldom falls to the Share of a Southern Beauty of O^iality 5 thefe live too high to preferve their Teeth. A good Set of Teeth is oftner found in a Cottage, or in Nori/j Britain, v/here their Food does not contri- bute to fpoll them. Hahits.l The Ladies now \rear their Hair combed up very fmooth behind, and fome have it braided behind, and dragooned before, or cut fnort, with \Qvy fmall Caps; and, in full Drcls, often have no V3^pS>. They v/ear large Hats alfo, v,'hich they never pull ofl', unlefs the)^ make a formal Vifit. Their Hoops are formed like Bells, and five oy fix Yards in Circumference at the Bottom : The Petticoat is of the /"ame Shape, trimmed up every Seam with Ciold, Silver or Silk Trim- ming. '1 hey wear alfo long Sacks, or Negligees with long Trains-; Their Shoes have- round Toes and French Heels. Hahits of the Gentlemen.'\ The Drefs of the EngUjh Gentlem-en was formerly exceeding neat and f>lain ; a Suit of Broad-cloth or Velvet in Winter, and Silks or Stuffs in Summer ; good Linen and good Wigs, Their chief Extravagance, like that of the Ladies, was in Foreign Thread- Lace, Lawn and Cambric ; but at prefent Lace and embroi- dered Cloaths are much worn, and white Stockings univerfally by La- dies and Gentlemen, in which they are imitated by their Inferiors. Genius and Temper. '\ Foreigners ufually afcribe to the EngUJh a very odd Medley of Virtues and Vices, of Excellencies and Defctls. One of them obferves, that they 'are adive, courageous, thoughtful and devout ; Lovers of the liberal Arts, and as capable of the Sciences as ^ny People in the World ; and that he was fatisiied, from many Years Experience, tpat the more Strangers were acquainted with the Englijh, the more they would love and eireem them. On the other Hand, he fays, they are palTionate, melancholy, fickle, and unfleady ; one Mo- ment applauding vyhat they detefl the next ; and that their good Nature, for which they are fo eminent, lays them open to a thoufand Misfor- tune?. They know not how to deny any Thing they are prcfied to do, |.hough entirely againH: their Judgment and Inclination. ■Le Blanc, another Foreigner, is of Opinion, that the Fogs produce pur melancholy Conftitution, and make us fo violent in our Paffions : Their dejected Souls, fays he, have not Fortitude enough to fufi'er. Their Air is the Source of their Inconfiancy ; but net notwithilanding fhe Engljh, in their outward Appearance, have {c;mething rough, which prejudiced Mgn take for Ferocity, no People have more Humanity, of i^yhich their Enemies are very feuiible. lierCj ENGLAND. 231 Here, as in moll: Kingdoms, fays T)y. Davcnant, the Court has beea a Shop svith W^res in it, for all Kind of Cuiloiriers. There is Hope ibr fonve, which feeds many at a fraall Expence ; there are Titles tor the Ambitious ; Pleafure^ for the Young and Wanton ; Places for the Bufy, and Bribes to be clofciy conveyed, for fuch as defire to main- iaia an Appearance of Honeily, and betray their Truil but now and then in important Matters. With thefe Bates and Allurements, Princes eaiily draw into their Net the unthinking Gentry of the Land, there- by poifon the Fountain-head, and fap the very Foundation of the po» litic InlHtUiion. Before 1 conclude the Charaflcr of the Englijh, I cannot but refleO: on the Injuftice which So!h:erc and fome other Foreio-ners have done us, ]n charging the Englijh with being rude and inhofpilable to Stran- gers, when no People ever received diHreiled Foreigners vvirh greater Xindnefs and Indulgence than we have; done; vvitnefs the Multitude cf fre.xb and others chat have been naturalized, and permitted to let •up Trades in London ; and are grown very rich theie, by the unex- ampled Bounty of the Natives of this Kingdom; for hither they came deltitute of every Thing, and by public and private Charities were ^ut in a Way to provide for their Families ; from the Revolution to ■this 'lime, being eighty Years, fifteen or twenty thoufand Pounds have been paid tj them .annually by Authority, towards the Subfiltance of the Poor. Religion.^ Of the Rdigien pi-ofeiTed in the Brinijh Ides., it may be 'faid as of the Conftitution, that it was originally the beil IniUtuticn in the World, but has been fo metamorphofed and deformed, the Pro- feffors broken into fo many Sects and Parties that bear an implacable Enn;ity to each other, that the Spirit of ChrilUanity is in a Manner Joft ; Vice and Profanenefs reign triumphant; the facred Truths of ChrilUanity are queftioned and difputed ; and a Man that is not aa Ilifidel is icarce allowed to have common Senfe among thole that look -upon themlelves to be the^ polite World, and Patterns for the reft of Mankind to follow : Which feems the more ilrange, fmce no Hiftory was ever better attefted than that of the Gofpel, or better calculated for the Flappinefs of Mankind in this Life: And there are fome_ Evi- dences of the Truth of the Fads related therein, that no other Hiitory can pretend to, particularly the Teitimony of the Jexusy its greatejt Enemies, who are difperfed through every Part of the World : Thefe acknowledge tlie Fails, though they afcribe the Miracles of our Sa- viour to a'^different Caufe than the Chrillians do. The Mahometans alio acknov/iege that Chriil was a great Prophet, and in that Refpeci are lefs Infidels than many thai profefs Chriiiianity amongil us. i\no- ther Aro.u!r.ent, which other liiilories want, is drawn from the tea Pcifecutrons, wherein thouiands of People laid down their Lives to at- te[l the Truth of it, who could have no Views to this World, being iiire to meet with nothing here b.ut Diilrefs and Perfecu'don for pro- felling themfelves Chriilians. Another Evidence is its wonderful Progrefs, without Force, through ikouc 2J2 ' ENGLAND, dence of the Truth of the Cbriftian Religion than this, every rational IVlan muft yield his AfTent to it. ' ' ' An'Epilcopal Chnrch is faid to be eftabliflicd in ^«g-/««^, but fo weakly eftablifhed, that every one is at Liberty to difTent from it, and Ilrike out what Religion he pleafes ; he may declare himfelf an Infidel with Impunity, and thefe are elleemed by fome the beft Friends to th6 "^State. ' ■ ■■ •' = ■■•' ■• ' ' ■ ^ •■ ■ - Religion is the Butt of almofl every Fool, and if he has no other Pretence f) Wit, hi? ridiculing every 'Thing that is fac'red intitles hini to that Denomination, In the Opinion of the Beau Moyide. '■ But notvvithllanding there is too much Truth in this Reprefentation generally, there are (lill many left amOngll u?, that adorn the Chrirtiait l^rofefiion by their exemplary Livx\s ; nor can any Nation equal us in our extenfive Charities. The rich and noble Hofpitals in the Cities of London and B\/iminJ}er^ are the Admiration of Foreigners ; and the private Charities of the: Natives exceed any Thing of the Kind abroad; thefe, we hope, will cover a Multitude of Sins, and prefer ve us fron^ that Delrruftion which the Profanenefs and Infidelity of many give u^ too much Reafon to cxpciSt. ArchbJjhoprics ajid Eijhcprics.^ There are in England two Provinces^ viz. Canterbury and Torkt each of which has its Archbilhop. In the Province of Canterbury d^xo. the Billicprics of i. London^ :?, Winchefler, 3. Elyy 4. Lincoln, 5. Rcchejler, 6. Lit chjield z.nfi C Coventry ^ 7. Hcrefordy 8. Wcrcejier., 9 £^7//^ and t'l-'eUsj 10. SaUJhuryy 11. Exeter, 12. Chichejler, 1 3. Norivifb, 1 4. Gloucejler., 15. Oxford, 16. Feterboi- rough, ly . Brijlot i, and in ff 'ales, iS^ St. Daiyid's, l^. Landaf,' zo, St\, Ajiiph, 2\' Banger. " ' ' In the Province' of Tork are, j. The Bifhopric of Z)«r;6<3;;;, z. Car- hjle, and, 3. Chejler. ' ' • > In all, two Archbilhoprics, and twenty-four Bi/lioprics : To which may be added the Bilhopric of Sodor and Man , but this Bilhop has no Seat in the Houfe of Peers. Uni'verfj:es>'\ There are but two Univerfities in England', Oxford and Cambridge-; but the great Men educated in them, their numerous magnificent Buildings, and rich Endowments, are the Admiration of all Foreigners that vifit them. In OAyJr// there are twenty Colleges and five Halls, and upwards of two thoufand Students of all Sorts. In Ci.mbridge there are fixteen Colleges, and though fome of them are denominated Halls, they are all endowed, and there is no Manner of Difference between a College and Hall in Cmnbridge-, whereas in Oxford the Halls are not endowed, but the Students maintain them- felves. The Number of Fellows, Scholars, and Students of all Sorts, in the Univerfity of C^w^-/^^-, are ufually "about 1 500. There are Profefibrs in all Languages in each of thefe Univerfities, richly endowed ; ^j^nd. King George 1. in the Year 1724, confiituted a Profeflbr of Modern Ilillory and Language in each Univerfity, and on each of them fettled a Revenue of three hundred Fonv.ds per Jn^ kum ') ■ but chough thefe ProfeHbrs have enjoyed their Salaries ever ' ' fince ENGLAND. 233 fince the Year 1724, they never read Leftures in Modern Hiftory; 'nor do other Proteflors read Ledures in the Univerfity. No Univeri- fities have produced Men of greater Learning or Genius, among whora jnay be reckoned the two Bacons, Sir J/aac Nekvton, Mr. Loch, Dr. 'Jtterburu and Mr. Addifon, xkiQ Glory oi Europe ^ and of this Nation in particular. - Language ^^ As to the Language of the EngUjh, it is needlefs to fay any niore of it, than that is compounded of Dutch-, Latins and French^ I do not know whether we retain any of the ancient Britijh Words or Phrafes. COIN S, The Englijh Gold Coin is the Guinea, which goes for twenty-one Shillings, but the intriniic Value is not much above twenty Shillings j isind there are a great Number of Half-guineas and Quarter-guineas "coined. 'The Silver Coins are Crowns, Half-crowns, Shillings, Sixpences^ Groats, ^c, down to a Silver Penny. Revolutions and 7Mmorahk Events, ENGLAND was probably firft peopled from France, (the ancient T'rdnfalpine Gaul) fince it lies within Sight of that Continent, End the Britons refembled the Gauls in their Cuftoms and Manners, sis well as in their Religion and Superllition. The firft tolerable Ac- count received of Great Britain was from Julius Cafar, who invaded it about 50 Years before Chriji. He made two Campaigns here, de- feated the Britons in feveral Engagements, marching thro' the Coun- try, fubdued their capital Fortrels of Verulam fSt, Alban''s) in the Heart of the Country, and obliged the Britons to become tributary,- and to give him Hollagcs, as a Pledge of their SubmiiTion and Fide- lity to the Reman State, which he thought fufficient to prevent a Re- volt, and did hot leave a fmgle Soldier in the Ifland, when he returned to the Continent. From whence fome Hiftorians have imagined, that C^far received fuch Repulfes, and found fuch a Confederacy formed againfl him, that the Reduftion of Britain at that Time was imprafti- cable : But had this been the Cafe, can it be fuppofed the Britons \vould ever have given Hoftages for their Fidelity to the Roman State, and have fubmitted to a Tribute? But if we confider, that C as many Wiyres, and had them all in common, only the Children belcriged to that Man, whofe Wite broiigiit them into the Yv6rld. - It .was* upwards of fourfcore Years af-ter "G^'??^*'s Expedition, before i}^^ Homaus rv;turned to Britain in a hoilile Manner ; namely, in the E>6jgn C)l- Claudius^ in the ^zd^ "Vear of the Chriilian yEra ; duiino; which Interval, there feems to have been a friendly Correfp^ndence corned on betu'een Rome and Bntain. Por Hiliory inform^ us, that ^l-aimstutnisj the Succcilbr of Cajjibilan, who oppofed C^£jar, rnade the Emperor Augnjlus levcral rich Prefents, and that Cu?io5oline, the Son of "icniiantius^ was brought up in the Court of AugujJuSy whole Capital was Camalodunum (now Maldon) as appears by certain Coins ftill re-' jr.ammg. in the Reign of Tihenu> it appears, tluit the Britons enter- tamed leveral Roman Soldiers that were call away upon their C jails, and fcnt tl.cm Home in a friendly Manner. But, in the l-lcign of Claudius^ one Bericiis, a Britijh Nobleman, vvho had incurred the Forfeiture of his Head, for fome traiteious Practices aoainft his Sovereicrn CaraSIacus. lied to Rome, where he in- cited ClauiUus to invade his native Country, probably in order to re- venge hiujfeif on his Enemies in the Court of Car.atiacus. Whcre- tipon Ciaudiu'>y for Want of a better Pretence to invade Britain., in- jiiicd upon their paying the Remains of the Tribute, v/hich had not Iveen ciemanded in many Years. The Britons refufmg this. Flau- nts, the Roman General, was commanded to affcmble an Army, and make a Dcjc?nt on the Ccait of Britain^ which he did without any Oppefition, the BrUons retiring to the moft inaccelhble Parts ai the Country. He.e he attacked their Vv'rrks, and entirely defeated theiij. Aitcr v/J-.'ch he fent Advice to the Emperor Claudius^ that the liland Vv»:s in a Manner fubdujd, and invited him to conjc oyer, that he flra^ht ENGLAND. 235 might have ths Honour of the Conqueft. Whereupon the Empeor immediately embarked with another Army ; and no iooner anived, but the hnnjh Princes came in and made their SubmiiTion. Where- upon the Emperor returned to the Continent, having continued no more than fixteen Days in the liland, and, on his Arrival at Rcmc^ was decreed a Triumph. In the mean Time, Plantius reduced the South Part of Brifair: into the Form of a Roman Province, and, before the End of the Year 48, the. mountainous Country of Wales was conquered, and Caradacvs x\\^ King, with his Queen and Family, carried Prifoners to Rome-, but the intrepid Behaviour of CaraFiacus^ when he was brought before the Emperor, was iuch, that it procured them all a Pardon. "^i he Tyranny and Opprellion of the Remans in this Illand, after the fubduing of Waks^ hovvever, became infupportable ; of' which their Lfaf-e of Queen Bcadicca is a flap-rant Inftance ; Prcfuta ■ Jhricola, to j'ecure his Conqueft as far as Stirlinz, erecled a Line of Forts from the Frith of Edinburgh, to the Frith of Clyde ; all to the South of that Line being civilized, and v^ithin the Roman Pale ; ancl sll beyond, whither the Picis retired, was denominated Cakdenia. The Emperor yidriaii, coming into \Eng land, Aniio jzt, built a Wall between Soi-zvay Frith and the PJver 'Tyne, or from CarUJJe to Ni>tvcaJ}lej which he made the Boundary of the Roman Province. In the Year 18 1 5 Lucius, a Britijh King, v/ho was fufrcred to retain the Stile and State of a King, profeued himfelf a Chrillian, and is generally held' to be the fiiil Chriltian Monarch. - In t!]e Reign of the Empcjor Dioclcjian, Anno 290, hanpcaed the Jaft of the ten PerfeciiLions, which extending as far as Britain, St. Jll- Lan 23^ ENGLAND, ban oiVerulam fuffered Martyrdom in the Place where the Abbey now ftands, which took its Name from that Martyr. Conjiantine the. Greai, it is iaid, v/as born in Britain, being the £rll Emperor that profeffed the Chriftian Religion about the Year 310. In the Reign of the Emperor Honorius^ in the Eeginning of the fifth Century, the Romans withdrew from this Ifiand, carrying over with ^them all the Forces, R.oman and BritiJJ^, leaving the Kingdom expofed to the Incurnons of the PiSls and Scots : V/hereupon the Britons elefted feveral Monarchs fucceffively, who were depofed almoft as foon as they .were advanced to the Throne, until they made Choice of Vortigern^ .whofe Reign was t)f a pretty long Duration. This Prince, by the Advice of his Subjects , invited over the Saxons from Germany, to afiift Jiini in the Defence of his Country againft the Bids and Scots, about ^e Year 447. He'ngijl and Horfa, two Brothers, were the firft Saxon Commanders ^that cam.e over, bringing with them about 1500 Men; and having Joined King Voj-tigern, obtained a Vidory over the Plcts near Stamford in Lincolnjhire. Several other Bodies of Saxons came over afterv/ards, to reinforce or recruit their l^roops, and with them RoiMena, the beau- tiful Daughter of //^Ar^//?, whom King Vortigern married, and affigned \ti Father the County of Kent for his Refidence ; which was afterwards eredled into a Kingdom in Favour of Hengiji, whofe Pofterity enjoyed it many Years, this being the firlt of the Saxon Kingdoms into which that People divided South Britain. It was not long before the Saxons cither found or made jbme Pretence to quarrel with the Briioits, who ^nvited them over, and rnade an entire Conquefi of the Kingdom, ex- cept IValcs and Corn^-.vally whither the Britons retired, who >vere moll tenacious of their Liberties ; the reil, fubmitting to a State of Servi- tude, were employed by their Conquerors, in all Manner of Drijdge- i\ion of the BritijJj Chriftians, bc- caufe they would not comply with him. He was the firft Art:hbifhop %ii Canterbury^ and died in the Year 605 : Kr\^YJiTi^Ethelbert died not long after, on whofe death Rednvaldy King of the EaJI- Angles j reigned fuperior to the reft of the Saxon Kings. It was in the Reign of Ethehvaldy King of Merciaj who made the other Saxon Kingdoms dependent on him, that a Penny was firft leviecT on every Houfe for the Ufe of the Pope, v/hich was afterwards deno- minated Peter-Pence. About the fame Time Ina^ King of the Weji Saxonsy refigned his Crown, and became a Monk in a Monailery at Rome ; and during the Heptarchy not lefs than thirty Saxon Kings, if is faid, refigned their Crowns, and devoted themfelves to a reiicrious Life. Egbert, King of the Wejf Saxons, afcended that Throne in the Year 800, about the fame Time Charhmaign laid the Foundation of the German Empire ; a:nd as the Emperor brought mofV of the Powers of the Continent of Europe under his Dominion, fo Egbert made an entire Conqueft of the reft of the Saxon Kingdoms in this Ifland, and reigned fole Monarch of South-Britain (Wales excepted.) And he it was that firft commanded this Part of the Ifland to be denominated Engle-lcndy or England, in A£ls of State, which it never was before, though fome are of Opinion, it was called {q long before in common Converfation ; But however that v/as, England was no fooner united' imder one Sovereign, but new Troubles arofe ; the Kingdom was in- vaded and plandered by the Danes, who inhabited thofe very Coun- tries the Anceftors of the Saxons ioxTix^rXy enjoyed. Tlie nrft confide- rable Defeent they made was on the Ille of Shepey in Kent, in the Year 832. The next Year they landed in Dorfetjhire with fo formidable an Army, that they obtained a Victory over the Englijh, though com- manded by King Egbert in Ferfon; however, as their l^ufinefs was onty to plunder, they retired to their Ships again : Two Years after thev knded in Cort:ivaU^ and though they were joined by the Britons, King Egbert was fo well provided to receive them, that he drove them out of the Kingdom; the ne?ct Year (836) this King died in ^f'VW^^^^'r, which he mz.dc the Capital of his Dominions, as many of hii Succef- ibrs did afterwards. The Danes continued to harrafs and plunder the maritime Parts ct the Kingdom until the Reign of Alfred^ who afcended the Throne in ihe.. Year 87.1. He fought feven Baules, with the D.n7;c; in a very fhort Time, 23S E, N G L AND, Time, with vrjious Succefs. They did not now content themfelved witli phuidering the Countiy as fofmerly, but adually po^lefied them- felves of the gicateil: Part of" the Kingdom ; and frePii Reinforcements coming over every Year, it was expelled they would have made an entire Conquell of tlie Kland, until King yllfrcd equipped a Fleet, with which he guarded the Shores, and dellroyed the V^^ii'els coming over with armed Troops. However, the Danes were fcill fo flrong, that Alf red WdiS^ forced to come to a Treaty with them; whereby he yielded up the Eailern Countries of England to them, on Condition of their abandoning the reil, Lcndon was one of the Cities the Dames had taken, which was con- firmed to them by this Treaty; but the Danes breaking the Treaty, and bringing over frefli Forces the following Year, the War broke out again, when King ^^')W recovered Lotdon, .awA mofi of the Towns the Danes had poiTeiTed themfelves oi -, and fo often defeated their Fleets, that they did not think nt to invade the Kingdom f Jr feven Years after- wards ; though their Countrymen fettled here, appear to have been aU ino[l- as numerous as the Saxons. Peace v/as no fooner reftored, but ^^^-^^ applied himfelf to the re- iloring Learning, and improving Arts and Sciences; for at this Time there was fcarce a Layman that could read ii"«^////^, or a Frieft that un« derllood Latin : O.r/or^ efpecially was obliged .0 this Prince forrcuoring that Univerfity ; and to this Prince is generally afcribed the dividing Enghi/td into Counties, Hundreds, Tythings and Parilhes. While he was bufied in thefe Regulations, the Danes returned again, and being joined vvith their Countrymen that were here before, fubdued great Part of the Kingdom, and took the City of Exeter, and it W3s as much as Alfred could do to fecure London and Rochejhrf nor was he able to expel the Dajies, though he fought upwards of fifty Battles vvith them, if we may credit Hi (lory. He died at /ifOV^- chejlery in the fifty firll Year of his Age, and the thirtieth of his Reign, Anno C)0O. The Danes continued to plunder and harrafs the Country until the Pvclgn of EihelredW. who finding himfelf unable to rcfiil: them, agreed to pay them a Tribute of 10,000/. per Annuniy on Condition they would in:ike Peace with him ; which they accepted at that Time, but made farther Demands every Year, until this Tribute amounted to 48,000/.. per Annum. During thefe Depredations of the Danes, njiz. about the Year 1000, the Univcrfities of Oxford and Cambridgi: were deflroyed, and no Ex- ercifes performed in either of them for feveral Years. In the Year 1002, our Hiftories relate, that there was a general Mullacre of the Danes throughout the Kingdom ; which is not much 10 be credited, fmce the Danes were then as numerous as the Saxon Inhabitants, and we find them more powerful a little while afterwards.. Si'jarn, King of Denmark^ landed at Sanduoich in the Year 1013, and made an entire Conqueil of the Kinpdom, bv the Affiilance of his Countryn>(,.'n, which wt;re fettled here before ; which ftiews the little Credit that is to be given to the Account cf a general MaHacre. King Ethelredi on his Jnvahon of the Danes, fled, v."ith his Queen and two Sons, Ed-ward tiTi<\ A'fred, to Normandy,- \w\).zi&i\v>0'ri t\\ii Engl/Jl'i a> well as the Danjs^ fuhraitted to S-zva:'/i, r.n,d acknowledged him King of England. He v/as fuccccdcd bv his Sen Canute the G*-£at, and he ENGLAND. '2^9 Jte hy his Son Harold ; who having no Ifiiie, Hardecanute^ his Half- Brother, who was related both to xhQ Danijh and Saxo^j Kings, lucceeded to the Throne ; however, he is ililed the third Z>«/;//^ King, and was fucceeded by Ednxiard the ConfeJJor, Son oi Ethelrcdy in whom the Saxon Line was refiored apain. Upon the Deat 1 of Ed-ivard ths Confe£or, Harold^ Son of the popu- lar Earl Godnx)in, ilepped into the Trone, on Pretence that the Con- fcJJcr had appointed him his Succelicr ; but William Dake of N'ot^- maudy, making the like Claim, invaded the Kingdom, and coming to a Battle with Harold near HaJHngs in SuJJex, defeated his Rival, >vhc> was killed in the Engagement ; and thereupon William I. was pro- claimed King oi Engla-^d iw the Year 1066. He ufed the EngliJJ:> with fome Humanity at his AcceiFion ; but finding them difgufted at his re- warding his AVw^;/ Follov/ers with ii/zg-///?? Eftates, and that they were engaged in continual Plots, to dethrone him in Fav^cur of Edrar Aih-z- ling, next Heir to the Crown, he treated the E?:gl:p. barbaroully, cut- ting off the Hands and Feet of many Thoufands, and deftroying all the North oi England \y'nh. Fire and Sword; and gave avv ay all th^s Lands to his Ncrmans ; inlbmuch, that before he died, there was not an Engliff? Genthjman poirefied of an Eib.te in his ov/n Right. He had no Regard to the Saxon Laws, but introduced the Cuftoms of Koyr,randy as vvell as the Korman Language, and all Pleading-s werC in French ; and io jealous was lie of an infurrefticn, after this Ufaore of the Natives, that he obliged them to put out their Candles and Fires every Evening at Eight o*Clock, on the Pvinging of the Cor feu- Bell. When England was perfeflly fubduedy he invaded Scotland, and compelled Malcolm their King to take an Oath of Fealty to him, and do him Homage for that Kingdom : But v*'hen the Pope reouired the Conqueror to take an Oath of Fealty to him for the CroCvn cf England, he abfolutcly refufed it; though fome of the Saxon Kings had acknowledged themfelves VafTals of the Holy See, and granted former Popes a Tribute, as an Acknowledgment of their Dcpendance on him. In the mean Time, the King's eldefl: Son I^okrt rebelled agalnft him in Normandy, engaged him perforjally in the Field', and defeated him ; obliging the old King to fubmit to luch Terms as he infiiied on in re- lation to that Duchy. One of the lail memorable A. '243 3i?^/^, claiming the Crown, raifed another Inrurre£lion, and made tho- King Prilbner ; the Duke, however, was killed (bon after. 14.61.] Edn.vard\N. eldelt Son oi Richard Yi^^f^^ oi York , obtained i Vi6lory over King Hefirjh Forces, and King Henry was made Prifoner again : King Ednvard was afterwards defeated by the Earl of IVar^-wicky and made Prifoner, aiid King Henry remounted the Throne ; but King Edivard efcaped beyond Sea, invaded England^ and re-afcended the Throne; al\er which King //^;?ry was murdered, 147 1. 1483.] Ed^vardY. eldell Zg\\ oi Ed-xvard W . was imprifoned by his Uncle Richard Duke of Gloucejier, who ufiirped his Throne, and ihurdered both the King and his Brother Richard DUke of York. This Richard V>\x^^ oi Gloucejler was the youngell RichariWU Son of Richard the firfl Duke of Ycrky and was killed at H'^Z' the Battle of J'oftvorthy 1485, by Henry Earl of Richmondy who was thereupon proclaimed King in the Field of Battle, i 1485.] Henry N\\. was defcended from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancajier, the fourth Son of EihOard III. He married Eliza- beih^ eldeft Daughter of Ed.n.vardlW . and thereby united the Houfes of Tork and Lancajier. He defeated the InfurretSiion of Lambert Sym- nely who perfonatcd Richard Duke of Torky and made Lambert Pri- foner j 1487. Perkin Warbeck afterwards perfonated Richard Dtike of Torks atid raifed a Rebellion, but was made Prifoner, and executed 1499. This King extorted great Sums from his Subjedls. He married his eldeft Son, Yx'vciZt Arthur, to Catharine o^ Spain, No^eniher \\, 1502; but Arthur died the id of ^r// following. He married the Princefs Mav garet, his eldeft Daughter, to Ja?nes IV. King oi Scotland, 1504. The Dutch were in this Reign excluded ffom iilhing on the Coaft of Engj' land, by Treaty. 1 1^09.] Henry VIII. the fecond but only furviving Son of HinryYll, by the Lady Elizabeth, eldeft Daughter of -S^w^r^ I Vv fucceeded to thd Crown, 1509. He confirmed the general Pardon his Father had granted ; and pub- lifhed a Proclamation, declaring, That if any of his Subjetfls had been Wrongfully deprived of their Goods, under Colouf of Commiffions for levying Forfeitures, in the laft Reign, they fhould receive Satisfadion* The inferior Agents q,{ Empfcni and Diidley were fet in the Pillory, and knocked on the Head by the Rabble. He folemnized his Marriage with the Princefs Catharine, his Brother Arthur*^ Widow, on the 3d o^ June, and caufed Emp/em and Dudley, the Inftruments of his Father's Extortions, to be conVi(!led and executed as Traitors, 15 10. The Money hoarded up in the laft Reign was foon fquandered away in the Beginning of this, and little or no Satisfaftion made to thofe it had been extorted from. The King, having made Queen Catharine Regent, invaded France in June i^io, with a great Army, in Perfon, and retained the Em- peror Mfl;f?/«//m« in his Pay ; and, having defeated a great Body of French Troops, took Terouenne and Tournay in September. In the mean Time the Earl of 5i^rry, the King's General, gained a great Vidory over t\it Scots at Flodden Field, on the 9th oi September. King James IV. ^i Scotland \itmg killed in the Field of Battle, Cardinal Woljey, tbe i.\2 ?ope*i ;244 ENGLAND, Pope's Leo-ate, Archbilhop of Tork^ and Lord Chancellor ^^ Ing^anii became Prime Miniller in 1515- There happened an Infurrcdion of the Lcndcn Apprentices in 1517, under Pretence of expelling fuch Strangers as carried on Trades in London ; which being lupprefied, 200 of the Rioters were convi,5led of Treafon. and fifteen of them were executed, the rell beinp; pardon. d on. the Interccflion of the Queens oi Evglayid, Ircmce, and S.catland, then refiding in the Court of England. ., „ , ,, , The Sweating Sickrcfs raged this Year> (1517) ufually carrying oil" the Patient in three Hours. In feme Towns half the people were fwept away, and the Terms were adjourned from London ,for a Year and more. Tournay was delivered back to the French^ on a Treaty of Marriage- between the Dauphin and the Princefs Mary, neither cf them two Years old, 1 5 19. King Henry writing a Book againfl Lvtkev, about 1 5*2 1 , the Pope gave him the Title of DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, which his Succefibrs retain to this Day. Wclfcy procurihg Ed^vard Stafford., Dttke of Buckingham^ to be at- tainted and executed for Lligh 1 reafon, the Place of High Steward of jP/?^/i??/^ has never been conferred on any Ferfju i^nce, but upon parti- cular Occafions ; as the Trial of a Peer, v^hcn a High Steward is made for that Furpofe. This King, in Imitation of the Conqueror, ordered arn exa6t Sur- •vey to be made cf the Value of all the Eitates in the Kingdom, 1622. Wcilfty'*^ Legantine Power being continued to him for Life, 1522, he- was thereby empowered to fupprefs the IciTer Munaftciies, to cnablq hjm to found a College at Ipfuuich, and another at Oxfords I'he Cojiege of Phyfici.ins was firft eilabliihed in 1523. Ft-uncis, \.)it French }^n\gy was taken Prifoner by tlie ImperialiUs, at the Battle of P/^^^v/i in i/^j/j', 1524. . King Hejiry^ levying Money on the Sobje^ without a Parliament,, occafioned an Infurredion ; but it was fuppieifed without much Blood- ilied, 15 25. T\i^' Fi:cnch agreed to pay King Hc7iry a Tribute for the Kingdom of France y il'5,27. The Kiijg applying to the Pope for a Divorce, the Cafe was tried befoie /'/-'(^/j/i)' and Cardinal Catnpcgio the Fope'b Legates, 1529; but Queen C*;//;^!?^?,^ appealing to J^tvAi', the Legates did not tliink fit to come to any Determination ; at wliich Henry was fo much exafperated,, that it is fuppofid to be the principal Occafion of Cardinal IVolfty*^- Ruin. 'ilie Great Seal was foon after taken from IVolfy^ and given to Sir Thomas LI ore : And Wclfcy was adjudged to ha^'e iticurred Vi P remit- 7dre, in procuring Bulls fj-cm Rome to execute his Legantine Powers in 1529; and his College- at Oxford and IpJ^Lich were feized by the King in 1530; and he was apprehended at Torky and charged v\ith High Treaicn; but died 'ul LeUeJicry on the Read to London^ the fame Year. The Clergy were afterwards adjiTOg^d to have incurred a Premunirer in applying to the 'Set o^ Rome., and fubmitting to the Lepantine Power in 1531. And now the King thought fit. Lcfcparate himl'elf from Queca i^uihurinei and never fav\ her more.. However,, ENGLAND. 245 However, the King was cited to appear at Rome, to anfwer Queen Car/janne*s Appeal, or lend a Proxy thither ; but he refufcd both. The Laws againft Herefy were put in Execution rigoroully at this Time, and feveral Protcftants burnt. The King, in 1532. mp.rried J/me Bu/le^f fecond Daughter of Sir nomas Bull n, EJarl oi Wittfpire and Ormonde and the Convocation de- clared the King's Marriage with Queen C'Mharim void, 1533. Archbifliop Cranmer pronounced the fentence of -Divorce, and the King's Marriage with the Lady A^ine Bulkn was confirmed ; and be- fore the Year expired, the Qjeen was brought to Bed of a Daugh- ter, baptized by the Name of Eli^abethy afterwards Queen of Ey^g" land, 1553. And now the King and Parli?.ment proceeded to renounce all Sub- jiflion to the See o^ Rome, Anao 1 5 34. And they enafted the fame Tear, That the King was Supreme Head of the Church o^' England , and gave him the Firll-Fruits and Tenths. And Bifhqp Fifher and Sir Thoj:nas More were condemned and executed for High Treafon, in denying the King's Supremacy, in 1535. All Monalleries under 200 /. per Annum were given to the King by. Aft of Parliament, whereby 376 v/ere fuppreiTed, Anno i^^^b. Ten Thoufand Friars and Nuns were turned oiit of tl.e iVlonafteries, without any Allowance for their Subfidence, or very little, the fame Year. Wales was united and Incorporated with England, by A£l of Parlia- ment, this Year. The Bibk was ordered to be tranHated, and printed in Engl'tp, the fame Year. King Henry, in a fhort Time, became jealous of Queen Anne, caufed her to be condemned by the Peers for High Treafcn, in pro- curing her Brother and four others to lie with her; and, obliging her to confcfs a Pre contraft with the Earl of ISorthvmherlandy was divorced by Archbifhop Cra^tmsr^s Sentence j after which the was ex- ecuted in the To-juer^ 1536. The King immediat-'ly married the Lady June Seymour, 'i'he Parliament confirmed the Attainder of -Queert Ann:, and enafted. That both tlie Divorces were legal, and the Ifiue of both Marriages illegitim-ate, and incapable of inheritiog the Crown. The funprcFino- the rvlenafceries occasioned an Infurredion in the North about this Time. Q^ecn Jane was brought to Bed of a Prince (afterwards Ed^ardW.) but tne Q^een died two Days aftsr her Delivery, Anno 1537. Ivianv ot" the greater Monafleries were prevailed- upon to furren^er their Charters ; and the Kin? feized Thomas Becktt'^ rich Shrine, and converted it to his own Ufe, Anno 1538. The Pope proceeded to ahfolve the king's Subjects from their Alie- gi;.nce, decreed him to be depofed, aiid invited all ChiilUan Princes to make War upon him. The Six Articles of Religion were eUablifhed by Aft of Parliament ; and a Statute made, confiimir.g the Seizures and Surrenders of the Abbies, which amounted to tne Number of 645, whereof 1% v.'ers mitred Abbots. Tiiere vveie fupprefied alfo 152 Colleges, r.r;d 129 Hof^iXals, Anno 1539. 0.3 *^^'« U^ ENGLAND, The Bifhops took out Commlfiions from the King, impowering them to ordain and execute the Epifcopal Fundion. Cromivell was abo.ut this TiJT^e attainted of High Treafon by A£l of Parliament without being heard, and beheaded on To^iver-hill the 28th Qfju.y, 1540. _ . ^ The K.ing having mjirried the Lady j^n^ie of Clee've^ Archbifhop Cranmer and the Convocation divorced the King from her, Jn7io 1540, Cn Pretence his Majeity's internal itZQ Confcnt was wanting at the Marriage; and the Parliament p ailed an Ad, confirming the Judgment of the Convocation. Then the King married the Lady Catharine Houuard, Anno 1 5 40, who was accufed by Archbifliop Cranrner of In- continence, and attainted of High Treafon by Aft of Parliament, withr out being brought to a Trial, and beheaded on Toiver-hill on the 13th of February y I 542. It v/as enadted alfo to be High Treafon not to difcover a Queen's Incontinence ; and to be High Treafon in any one to marry the King if fhe was not found a Virgin. Ireland was at this Time, Jnno 1542, ere£led into a Kingdom by the Parliament of Ireland, which was confirmed by an Act of the Bnglip Parliament, and the King thereupon took the Title of King of Ireland. The Litany was fet forth in Englifi^ and commanded to be read in Churches, Anno 1543. The King married the Lady Catharine Parr, Widow of the Lord Latimer, no Virgin daring to truil to his Conftrudion of the Ail he had procured concerning a Queen's Virginity. An A£l was made, limiting the SucceiTion of the Crown (on Failure of Iffue of Prince Ed-ujardJ to the PrincefTes Mary ar^d Elizabeth , and, in Default of IiTue of either of them, to fuch Perfon as the King fhall appoint by liis Letters Patent, or laft Will, An7io 1544. The Council of Trent was opened on the Thirteenth of December ^545- -. , . , King Henry died in the 56th Year of his Age, and 38th of his Reign, An7io 1546, and was buried at Wind/or, where he founded a College for thiriecn poor Knights and two Prieib. As he deftroyed all the religious Houfes, -W^;, 1148, and feized their I^ands, amounting tq 183,707/. i^s. per Annum, he out of them ere6led fix Bilhoprics, qjiz^ Wejtminjltr, Oxford, Peterborough, Brijhl, Chejhr, and Glcucejier ; founded Trinity College in Ca?noridy^e, and ChrijPs Hofpital in London, and refounded Chrijl-Church College in Oxford. The King being impowered to limit the SuccefTion of the Crown by Aft of Parliament, fettled it on the Ilfue of his youngefl Siller Mary, by Charles Brar^don, Duke of Suffolk, in Cafe his two Daughters, Mary aiid Eli'^.abeth, died without Ijiue, to the Exclufion of Margaret his cldeft Siller, vvho had married James IV. Kjng of the Scots. He had by the Infanta Catharine two Sons, Henry, and another not named, who died young, and one Daughter named Mary, afterward? Queen of England. Vie had by his fecond Wife Anne Bullen, the Princefs Elizabeth, afr terwards Queen of Engla?id, and a llill-born Son. He had by hi? third Wife the Lady Jane Seymour, only one Chil4 jiai^ed Ldixard, v.'ho fucceeded him in the Thro^ie, ENGLAND. \xkeo^ Northum€?erland mz.n\edi his Son Guildford Dudiev to the Lady Jane Grey, Grand-daughter to Mary Queen of France, Sifter to Henry Vlll. and prevailed on the young King to fettle the Crown on this Lady, to the Excluiion of the PrincefTes Mary and Elizabeth. This Duke alfo prevailed on him to fign another Commiffion for the Viiita- tion of the Churches ; by virtue whereof he feized on the Remainder of their Plate and Ornaments ; foon after which King Edward died at Greennvich, in the fixteenth Year of his ^^'^i and the Seventh of his Reign, and was buried at Wejijninjier, Anno 1553. In attempting to find out a Pafiage to the Eaji- Indies by the North- Eaft, in the laft Year of his Pveign, the Way to Archangel in Mufconjy, by the North Cape, was difcovered by Captain Chajicellor. The other two Ships, employed with him to attempt a North Eall: Paflage, and commanded by Sir Hugh Willoughhy xh.Q. Admiral, and Captain Duforth, both perifhed with their Commandeis and Crews, on the Coaft of Ruj- Jian Lapland, fuppofed to have died of the Scurvy, Anno 1553. 1553.] Mary I. only Daughter of King Henry VIII. by Catharine of Spain, fucceeded her Brother Ed^vard; but the Council proclaimed the Lady Ja?>e Grey Queen : However, Queen Mary prevailing, the Duke of A'orthumberland, the great Supporter of Queen Jane his Daughter-in- Law, was fent to the To-iver, with three of his Sons. The Popifh Bifliops were reflored, and the Proteftant Bifhops (par- ticularly Co-Vifr^a/^- Bifhop of Exeter, and Hooper Bilhop of Gloucejier) were committed to Prifon for exercifnig their Functions. Arch bilhop Cranmer, Bifhop Latimer, and feveral more of the Pro- teftant Clergy, were committed to Prifon for Treafon, in oppofmg the Queen's Acceifion ; and feveral fled beyond Sea. The Duke of Northianberland was co.ndemned and executed, with feveral others, for High Treafon, in oppofing Queen Mary. An A61 pafted alio, prohibiting the difturbing the Friefts at faying Mai's, or the breaking down Altars or Images. Another A reiigned the Crown of Spain, and all his Dominions, to hh Son Philips the Queen's Confort, vvho thereupon afc ended the Ihrone oi Spain, and the Englify entered into ah Alliance vv'ith Spain againll: France ; whereupon the Queen fent over Scoo Piden to the i^ffiilance of the Spaniids in the Lo^iv Countries, Anno 1557, by whofe Afiiflance they obtained the Vidory of St. i^.inti?:'^ : However, Calais was furprized by the French the next Year, Anno 1558, after it had been in the Pofreihon of the Eiiglip above 200 Years. I'hc Queen oi England, it is faid, broke her Pleart for the Lofs of Calais : She died in the 43d Year of her Age, and the Sixth of her Reign, and was buried at IV'fminfer. 1558.] Elizabeth, the only Daughter of Henry VIIL by Anne Sullen, fucceeded l^er Half-Siucr Queen Mary. King Philip propofed to marry .her,, but his Suit was rcjeiXcL; The Parliament addrejfed the Queen to m.arry, which (lie ever leered extremely averfe to. Ail the . Laws for eftabliihing ;he Popiih Rjligion, vviiich were made by Queen Mary, were repealed. Anno IC59 ; and the Qneen's Supremacy was le- cnaded, and the Ad of Uu;formity palTcd foon after. The Oath of Supremacy being tendered to the Biihops and Clergy, all the Biihops but Dr. Kitchen {Wii^^o-^ ^i Landajf) refufed it, and were committed to Prifon. Robert Dudley, theyoungeH: Son' of the' late Duke c^ Northumberland, was rjt^ade iVtafttr cS the Horfe and Knight of the Garter, and became fo great a Favcuriie, that all .Applications to the Throne were made by him, Anr.o\^6o. Queen Elizabc^th^ Atmo ixdz, afTifted the French Proteflants, who put Hnvre-de-Grace into her Hands as a Cautionary Town. The Ld^dy Cdthanne^Gri^, of the Royal Family, having married the EarJ of Hertford, was divorced from lum by the Queeu's Directions, Anno i{;62, aftei'' they' had two Sons , and they were both impriibned zixvd fined. 'i he 'Ihirty-nine Articles of Relioion were eftabliflied by the Con- vocation about thi=i Time, 'vi'z. 1563. 1 he Queen of Sects married lienry Stuart Lord Dcrnlcy, whom flie Lad lat'dy made Duke of Albany ; and the xif^t D.iy he was publicly proclaimed King, Annoi'^^i^. Daiiid ENGLAND, 249 Da'-oid Rizzio-, an Italian, Secretary to the Queen ^{ Scjits^ was alTaf- finated by the King's Direclion, and, as may be faid, in her Prefence, Anno 1563. 1 he King imagined that Ri%z,io had advifed the Queen to exclude him from the Adm.iniflration of the Government. The Queen of Scots was brought to Bed of a 8on, baptized by the Name of 'James, afterwards King di England, Anno 1566. Ihe King of Sects was not long after murdered, by the Contrivance of the Earl of Murray 2CiA* BcthnjjelU the fame Year ; and Murray, to throw the Odium of it upon the Queen, perfuaded her to marry Both- n>jcll. After which, Murray and the Lords took the Queen Prifoner, and compelled her to refign her Crown to her Son ; but flie made her Eicape, and raiied an Army, Aniw 1568, and being defeated by M^r* ray, {he ?:d intq E??.gland, upon large Promifes of Favour and AfiiA- ance from Queen Elizabeth, who afterwards made her a Prifoner. The Puritans began this Year to create Divifions in the Church, and fet up the Genc'va Difcipline. Several French and Fhviijh Pro!:eil2.iits took Refuge in England about this 1 ime, and much improved our Silk and Woollen M an u failures. The Pcpe, having excommunicated Queen Eliz.aheth the preceding Year, nov/ publifhed his Bull, Auno 1570 ; abfclving her SubjeiSls from their Allegiance, curfed them if they obeyed, and declared jier to J^e depof;d ; which occafioned fome litde Inrurredlions by the Papifis, but they were foon fuppreffed. The Rryal Excha^ige was fmifiied by Sir Thomas Grejham, in NovcmLsr Both Papifts and Diflenters forfook their Pariih Churches, and fepa- rated from the Church of England this Year, 1572 ; though they were generally conformable the firll twelve Years of the Queen's Reign. The Duke oi Ncrfoik was brought to a Trial in 1572, being charged with High Treafon, in treating of a Marriage with the Queen of Sco/Sy confpiring to depoie Queen Elizabeth, 8cc, and was convidled and exe- cuted. A new Scar appeared in CaJ/xopeia's Chair in 1572, exceeding^ J^^pl- ter in Erightnefs, diminilhing after eight Months gradually, till it to- tally difr:ppeared at the End of fixteen Months. The Prince of Orange, and the Prov^inces of Elolland and Zealand, offered to accept Queen Elizabeth for their Sovereign, Anno 1575 ; which flic reiufed. 'Ihree hundred People, among whom was the High Sheriff, died fuddenly at the Affizes at Oxford, fupp fed to be infeded with the Goal Diitemper, by the Stench of the Prifoners, Anno 1 571. Captain Francis Drake returned f\"om his Voyage round the Globe, Anno 1580, having been twelve Days lefs than three Years performing^ it. He fee fail from Plytnoitth \y\l\\ five^Ships, November 15, 1577. The Commons taking upon them to order a Faft, the Qvieen repri- manded them for their Preiumption, Annn ijSi 1 Several Members, abfenting themfelves from the Houfe of Commons, were iined 20/. each, by the Idoufe. x^irticles of Marriage v/ere concluded about this Time, between the QMeen and the Duke of Aujou, Anno 1582.; but the French King re- fuied to ratify them : Whereupon" the Duke returned Home, deipair- ing of Succefs, having continued his Courtlhip to the Queen about ten Years. She accompanied him to Canterbury, Pope ^50 • ENGLAND. Pope Gregory XIII. caufed the Calendar to be reformed this Year, whereby the Englijh, and feme other Proteflant Countries, which ad- hered to the Julian Kalendar, loft ten Days ; and this occafioned the Difference of Old and New Stile, but the latter was ellablilhed by Adt of Parliament in Great Brita'm in the Year 1752. By an Earthquake in Herefordjhire, three Acres of Ground in Black- more were removed, with the Trees and Hedges, and, leaving a deep Pit behind, flopped a Highway, Afjno 1583. An Affociation was entered into, Jjino 1584, by the Englijh, for the Prefervation of Queen Elixaheth, upon fome Pradices of the King of Spain and the Duke of Guife to deflroy her. Queen ^//xrt^^/'y^, at the hiterceffion of the Z)///f/^, Anno 1585, fent the Karl of Leicejier, with 6000 Men, to their Affiftance ; and had the Brill and Flujhing delivered into her Hands, as Cautionary Towns, for the Security of her Charges. ^\x Francis Drake, Amio 1585, with 21 Sail of Men of War, and Land Forcescommanded by the Earl of CarliJI-e, furprifed and plundered St. Domingo in Hi/paniola, took Carthagena, and arrived at Virginia in Florida', where he took on Board Captain Ralph Lane, and a Colony that were in Diflrefs, having been fent thither by Sir Walter P^alcigh, and with them the Tobacco Plant was firfl brought to Engla^id. 1586.] Anthony Babington, and other Traitors, being convi£led of confpiring to depofe and murder Queen Elizabeth, were executed with ibme barbarous Circumflances. The Queen of Scots was charged with promoting and encouraging the Confpjracy, and Commiffions were thereupon ordered to try her at Fotheringay CaiHe in Northampton/hire. The Queen oi Scots not acknow- ledging their J urifdidtion, they proceeded, however, to pafs Sentence of Death upon her as a Traitor to the Crown of England. Another Plot being difcovercd againfl Qneen Elizabeth, fhe foon after figned a Warrant for the Execution of that Princefs, who was beheaded thereupon, Feb. 8, 1587; but Queen ^//x^^^//; blamed her Secretary Da'vjjon for it, declaring that the Warrant was to have lain dormant; ihe never defigned it fhould be executed, but upon the lall Neceffity. And to give a Colour to" this, Daojijon was imprifoned and fined. Admiral Drake burnt and deltroyed a hundred Sail of Spanijh Ships in the Port of Cadiz, about this Time. The Earl of Leicejhr, the Queen's Favourite, having ill Succefs in the ^Netherlands, was recalled ; and Prince Maurice of NaJJau, younger Son of the late Prince of Orange, was contlituted Governor of the United Pro'vinces by the States, 'ihe Queen at the fame Time made Peregrine Lord Willoiighhy, General of the Englijh Auxiliaries in the Netherlands. 1588.] The King of Spain this Year finifhed his Grand Naval Ar-" marnent, for the Conqucil of England; and this Armada, as it was culled, failed from the River Tagus in Portugal, on the 29th oi May ; but, being difperfed by a Storm, rendezvoufed again at the Groine in Galicia, from whence they set fail again on the 12th of July ; and en- tering the Englijh Channel on the 19th, Admiral //ow^r^ fuffered them to piifs by him, following them clofe until the 21ft, when a Battle be- gun ^ and a Kind of running Fight continued to the 27th, when the Spaydarcis came to Anchor in Calais Road, in order to wait for the Duke o\ Parma and his Tr. nfports, with the Land I'orces from Flanders. The E.glijh Admiral, tinding he could make but little Imprelfion on the Armada, ENGLAND. aff ^mada, the Galleons being fo much fuperior to him in Bulk, fent in eight or ten Fire ihips among them in the Night-time, which put the Spaniards in the utmoit Confufion. They cue the Cables immediately, and put to Sea -, and endeavouring to return to the Rendezvous between Calais and Gra^ueling^ the Englijh fell upon them, and took leveral of ;he]r Ships ; whereupon they all bore away for Scotland ^■^^ Ireland. 1591.] Captain Lancajier and Captain Rimer failed to the E aft Indies ^bout this Time, in order to begin a Trade there. Rirtier was caft away, but Lancajier returned richly laden, with only feven Hands on Board. The Queen crefled an Univerfity at Dublin in 1591, which fhe en- dowed with a confiderable Revenue, and the ufual Privileges granted to Univerfities. 1591.] The Lord Admiral Honvard and the Earl o^ EJJex took th? City of C^rf'/is, and plundered it, and deftroyed the Ships in the Har- bour ; the Damage the Spaniards fuilained being computed at twenty Million of Ducats. Sir Thomas Bodley, in the Year 1598, rebuilt and furnifhed the public Library at Oxford, with a vait Colledion of Books and Manufcripts from all Parts of the World. I598>] The Lord George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, fitted out 3 Fleet of Men of War, and made himfelf Mafter of the Iflandof /'or/o- Rico in the Year 1598 ; bi?t was forced to quit it again on Account of the Sicknefs of his Men. 1600.] I'he Englifh Eafi-hdia Company was ere6led this Year, and they efiabiifhed Factories in China, Japan, India, Amboyna, Ja- &, 1602-3, intimated her Defire, that the King of Scots fhould fueceed her, in which the whole Nation feemed to concur; no Mention being ynade of the Suffolk Family, whom her Father Henry Vlll. had appoint- ed to fueceed on the Death of his Daughter Eli%abeth without Iffue. March 2^, 1602-3.] Japnes J. the Son of HcKry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and Mary Queen of Scots, the only Child of J^m'j V. King of Scots^ who was the Son of James IV. and Margaret his Queen, the eldeil Daughter of Henry VII. King of E?:gland, fucceeded ro the Crown. The King arrived at the Charter-Hcufe in London, May 7, 1 603. The Lord Cob ham. Lord Grey, ^nd Sir JValter Raleigh, were tried at Wincheftcr for High Treafon, } wi^h WilliaTn Watfon and WiUiayn Clark, Prieits, ±5^ ENGLAND, ' Friefrs, who were tried with them, were executed, and Sir TValier re^ xiiained twelve Years a Prifoner in the Tc^iver. 1603.] A new Tran/Iation of the liible was ordered to be made, being the fame th'at is in Ufe at this Day. A Frociamation for enforcing the A^ of Uniformity ifiued \ where- upon there was but 49 out of 10,000 iMinillers of f arilhes, that refufed to coiiforn;, and were deprived. 1604.] Torirage and Poundage were granted to the King for Life, as they nad been to his Predsceiiors, from Henry VII. to Queen Eliza- beth, for Defence of t.\\Q RejJm, and the Guard of the Seas. Act;. 5, 1605.] The Pc^o^er, Plot, for blowing up the King and Parliament being difcovered, the Oath of Allegiance was firft required and udminilh'-ed. i6c6.] l"he Confpirators in the Paw^/^r P/o/ were convidled, and feme ol then^ executed at the Weft End of St.. Paul's, More of them were executed^ in the Cld P.-Ia^e-Yard, WejJmitiJler. An Ad palled at this Time, imp{>werin..^ the Crown to levy twenty Pounds a Month QnPcpijh Recufants, abimtlng themfelves from Church, 01 to feize two Thirds of their Lands ; and declared it to be a Premw nire to relufe the Oath of Allegiance, The Ad ior levying Twelve- pence a Sunday, on every one that did not come to Churcn was revived. An Ad pafied, impowering. the Lord Mayor and Aldermen ot J^on- ^cn^to cut the Ciiannei of the AVw RiH.>£r. Sixty-eight thcuiand five hundred and ninety-fix Perfons died in Lcfi- ^on of the Plague the two preceding Years. An /itl paiicd in the fourth, Year of this Reign, repealing all hollile Laws made againll the Scots ; and in Cahhzs Cafe, foon after, it v/as refolved that 2.11 Scotchmen, born after the Accefiion of King y^ywfj' to this Crown, fliould enjoy all the Privileges o^ Denizens. 1608.] Tvjcnly Englijh Pirates were executed about this Time, who had turned Mahometans, and lived in great Splendor at Tunis in Barbary. 1609.] A Proclamation was publilhed againll ereding Buildings on new Foimdatio7:s, within two Miles of this City ; and another prohi- biting Foreign Nations to fifh upon the Coafts of Great Britain. 161 1 .] baronets were firll created by King James I, in May 161 1, in the ninth Year, of his Reign. ,1 j; u, 16.14c] The fecond Parliament of this Reign falling upon their Grievances, 'viz.. The King's Profufcnefs to the Sects, and the Increafa of the Pcpifit Recufants, they were diifolved without paffing one Ad. After whi-ch, the King committed feverai of the Members of the Com- mons, for the Freedom they had taken, and raifed Money on his Sub- jeds by vvay of Benevolence. Sir Thoynas O-verbury was poifoned in the Tonvsr, by the Countrivance of the Earl of Somcrjet and his Countels, And, 1615.] The Murderers were executed : Among whom was Sir Gcr- 'vaje -hl-ojis, whom the Earl had procured to be made Governor of the 'J'onjcer to facilitate his Befign. 1616.] The Earl of Somerfet and his Countefs were tried and con- demned for the Murder,' but obtained a Pardon, A^ino 1617. The King delivers up PhfLi7ig, PMmc/dns, and the Brill, to the States oi Holland, in 1616, for If fs than a tenth Part of the Charges they were to pay for the Affiilance Queen Elizabeth gave them* 1617.] ENGLAND. 25^ 1617.] The Book of Sports v.as pablifhed about the fame Time, allowing innocent Recreations, after E\-ening Prayers, on Sundays ; and the Clergy we.e enjoined to read the Book in their Churches, for Negled whereof, fome of them were profecuted in the Star- Chambcr. Sir Walter Raleigh was made Commander of a Sq,uadron of Men of VVar, and fent to the River Oroonoko in America, in Search of a. Gold Tvline, and attacking fome of the Spanljh Settlements in Terra Firma, he was, at the Initigation of tlie Spa?iijh AmbalTador, executed' (by Virtue of his former Senteuvjc) for high Treafan, on the igih of Ohobsr^ 16 1 7. A Match was propofed between Prince Charles and the Infanta of Spain, and Articles agreed on/, 1618. The Synod of Dort in Holland was held this Year, whither feveral Erglijb Divines were fent, and the Doilrineof ^r;-'z/V//«/ was condemn-' ed by it. 1621.] The third Pa liament of this Reign met on the 30th of January, 1621 ,- in which the Lord Chancellor Bacon was convifted of notorious Bribery, and tre Seals taken from him. The Parliament being diffolved, feveral of the Members of the Commons were committed to Prifon for their Oppofidon to the Court. A Supply was granted his Majefty in this Parliam.ent, to enable- him to recover t .e Palatinate for his Son-in-law the Eledor Palatine ; and they promifed to affiil: him to the utmoft of their Power if he could not recover it by Treaty. 1622.] Prince Charles with the Marquis of Buckingha?n, embarked for Spainy in order to conclude a Match with the Infanta, and arrived at Madrid, March 6, 1622; the Articles of Marriage v/ere apreed on between. Prince Charles and the Infanta of Spai?z in 1623, Xhe Prince, however, returned to England without the Infanta, ths Ma'.ch being abruptly broken off. A fourth Parliament was eddied in 1623, and the Proceedings in the Spanijh Match being laid before them, the Duke of Buckingha?n^3 Conduct in Spain was approved, and they gave the King a Supply to declare War againfl; Spain and the Emperor. In the Year 1624, the Dutch tortured the EngUp Fadors at Am- boyna, to make them eonfeis a Plot againft the Hollanders, and clifpol^- leffed them of the SpiceTflands, which the Dutch have kept ever fince. In the lall Year of the King's Reign, a Match was propofed and concluded between Prince Charles and the Princefs Henrietta oi France, Daughter of Hemy IV. but not confummated until King James*^ Death. 1625^} Count Mansfield was made General of an Army of 12,000 Men, for the Recovery of the Palatinate ; but the Troops being em- barked were denied a Pallage through France ; and moll of them pe- riihed on Board. King Ja77ies died at TheobaWs, in the 59th Year of his Age, and the 22d of his Reign. His Wife was Anne, the Dauc^hter oi FredericW. Kino; of Denmark. His furviving Iffiie were Prince CZ'^^r/^^ who luccceded h .m, and the Princefs ELzabeth, married to the Piince palatine of the / hiitCj ufaally ' itiled 254 M N .G L A N n. ftiled King of Bohemia, who left iflue the Princefs Sophia, from wKanl the prefent Royal Family are defcended. March 27, 1625.] Charles I. the only furviving Son of King'- James I. by the Lady Jnne, Daughl:er of Frederic II. King of Den- mark, fucceeded to the Crown of England, on the Demife of his Fa- ther. ^ The Queen landed at Domer in yune following, where fhe was met by his Majeily, and conducted the i'ame Day to Canterburyj where the Marriage was confummated that Night. The Jirft Parliament of this Reign meeting on the i^x\\ oi JunCi jA 1625, and having made no Provifion for the Civil Lift, xkvz Zpanijb * War, or the Guard of the Seas, the King found himfelf under a Ne- ceffity of ordering the Officers to continue to colkA the ufual Duties Jj of Tonnage and Poundage, fettled on his Predeceifors, by his own ^ Authority. This Parliament was diflblved the 12th oi Auguji 1625. Sir Edward Coke, who had been Lord Chief Juftice of England, was compelled to ferve as High Sheriff; and other Gentlemen were com- pelled to receive the Order of Knighthood. I The Earl of Brijlol, and Bilhop M^illiams of Lincdlnj not being fum- moned to Parliament* the Lords petitioned his Majefty that they might each of them have a Writ of Summons, which was granted. The Earl of Arundel being committed to the Tovjer by his Ma- jefty, during the Selfion of Parliament, without Caufe fhewn, the Lords addreifed the King to'difcharge him (looking upon it as an In- vafion of their Privileges) with which Addrefs his Majefty complied. 1626,] The Commons remonftrating againft the Duke of Bucking-^ barn's continuing in the Adminiftration, and againft the King's taking , Tonnage and Poundage, the Parliament was diftbived without pafling One Aft. The King difmifled the Queen's French Servants about the fame Time, which occafioned a War with Fra^ice. Some Gentlemen were committed for refufing to pay the Money re- quired of them by Way of Loan for the King's Service ; and fome of the inferior People were preftcd for Soldiers on their RefufaL The DvikQoi B ticks, with 100 Sail of Ships of all Sorts, and 7000' Land Foiccs on Board, fct fiil from Portf7ncuth in June 1 627, for thff City of Rochelle in France, where being refufed Admittance, he landed on the Ifte of Rhee ; but not being able to make himfelf Mafter of the Fort La Free, he returned to Engla7id in No'vemher, with fome Difgrace, having loft one Third of his Troops, without eftcding any Thing. Qji .nonr.inoO 1627.] The third Parliament of this Reign meeting, a Petition of Right was preferred to his Majefty, prayings i. That no Loan or Tax might be levied but by Confent of Parliament ; 2. That no Maa might be imprifoned but by legal Procefs ; 3. That Soldiers might not be quartered on People againft their Wills ; 4. That no Com- miftions be granted for executing Martial Law. To which the King anfwered, / 'vjill that Right be done, according to the La^ivs and Cujioms »f the Realm, 1628.] A Fleet under the Command of the Earl of Z)^«<5?]g-^, fet fail from Plymouth for the Relief of Roihelle, but returned without cffeding any Thing. Both ENGLAND: 25 Both Houfes addrefled his Majefty for a fuller Anfwer to their Peti- tion of Right, whereupon they recieved this fatisfadlory Anfwer, ^iz. Soil fait comme il eft defire. The Commons being about to remonilrate againft his Majefty*s re- ceiving Tonnage and Poundage, the King came to theHoufe of Peers^ and paffed the Aft confirming tlie Rights and Liberties of the Subject (as above demanded) and two other Ads, whereby the Clergy and Laity refpeftively granted jfive entire Subfidies. The Duke of Buckinghaniy being at Fort/mouth equipping another Fleet for the Relief of Rochelky was llabbed by John Felton, a difcon- tented Lieutenant. Mr. Chambers being committed for refufing to pay the Duty of Tonnage and Poundage, brought his Habeas Corpus, and was admitted to Bail. John Felton was executed at Tyburn, and hanged in Chains, for the Murder of the Duke of Buckingham. The Parliament meeting again, and falling immediately upon their Grievances, the King declared he did not claim Tonnage and Poun- dage as of Right, but de bene ejje^ and defired it might be fettled on. him as on his Anceftors. The Commons, however, proceeded again on their Grivances, and pretended to be oiFended at the Increafe of the Arminians and Papijis. And Mr. Fym moved. That a Covenant might be taken to maintain their Religion and Rights. The Officers of the Cuftoms being quelHoned for detaining the Goods of Parliament Men for Tonnage and Poundage ; the King fent the Commons a MeiTage, declaring. That what the Cuflomers did was by his Order. The Commons thereupon voted the feizing Mr. Rollei*s Goods a Breach of their Privilege ; and called on the Speaker to read their Remonllrance againft it, and put the Queftion ; but he faid he dared not, the King having commanded the contrary ; and endeavouring to leave the Chair, was held in by Force, and the Doors locked till a Protell was read : That whoever fhould bring in Innov^ations in Re- ligion, or feek to introduce Popery or Jrniiniajiifm ; and whoever fhould advife the taking of Tonnage and Poundage not granted by Parlia- ment, or that Ihould pay the fame, fiiould be reckoned Enemies to the Kingdom. The King fent for the Serjeant of the Houfe, but he was detained, the Doors being locked; then he fent the Gentleman-Ulher of the Black Rod with a MefTage, but he was denied Admittance until the Proteil was read, after which the Houfe, in Confuiion, adjourned to a certain Day. Warrants were ifTued by the Privy Council thereupon, for feizing the riotous Members of the Commons : And Mr Holies, Mr. Coriton, Sir John Elliot, and Mr. Valentine, appearing before che Council, refufed to anfwer for what was faid or done in the Houfe, and were thereupoa committed clofe Prifoners to the Tu-iver. The King came to the Houfe of Peers, and in a Speech declared, that the feditious Behaviour of fome of tiie Commons obliged him to diflblve the Parliament. And it was difTolved without fending for tha Commons up, or any Adil: paHed this Seffion. 1629.] An Information was foon after exhibited in the Star Cham- ber againll the Mtmbefs in Cuilody, v/j^.Sir John Elliot, Ddzil Hollcs„ Benjamin 25G ENGLAND. Betjjgtmin Valentine, Walter Long, Willi am Coriton, William Stroud, yohn Selden, Sir Miles Hohart, and Sir Peter Hayman, for their undutiful Speeches and Actions in the late Parliament. Whereupon the Members brought their Habeas Corpus to be admitted to Bail ; and t'ley were ofFcicd to be bailed by the Court-, on giving Security for their good Behaviour, which they refufed. And, upon an Information preferred againft them in the King^s Bench, they pleaded to the Jurifdidion of the Court : This being over-ruled, they were afterwards adjudged to be imprifoned during the King's Pleafure ; and being offered to be re- leafed on their Submifiion, they refufed, and Sir John Elliotj and fome GtJiers of them, died in Prifon. 1630.] Dr. Leighion, a Scotchman, was profecuted for publifhing a Book in titled, An Appeal to the Parliament, era Plea againji Prelacy y for which he was fentenced to have his Ears cut off, lis JNofe flit, cfc-. Avhich was executed upon him, after having long refufed to make any SubmiiTion. Every Man pofie/red of Lands of the Value of 40/. per An-num, v/as obliged to be knighted, or compound with the Crown, according to an old Law. The Monopolies of Salt, Soap, Leather, Coals, Pins, ^c. were deemed great iStreLches of the Prerogative alfo ; and nothing but Ne- ceffity could juilify thefe Methods of raifmg Money, to which the King was reduced, by the Commons refufing him any Supply, even for the Support of his Houftiold. 163 1.] Mernjin, Lord Audley, Earl of Cafdehauen^ was convi(5led of Sodomy, and of afiifting in a Rape on his own Lady, for which he was beheaded on To-iver-hill, May 14, and two of his Servants hanged at Tyharn, July 6. A Court of Chivalry was erecled for a Trial by Combat, betweea the Lord Rea and Da^ld Ramjiy, Efq; but the King would not fuffer the Duel to be fought. 1632.] The King of Bohemia, Prince Palatine, died, having had KTue by the Princefs Eli-zabeth, Daughter of King James I. fix Sons and five Daufi^hters ; on the younp-elt of which DauMiters, the Princefs Sophia, and her lllue, the Crown of England^ was fettled by Parliament on Failure of iffue of Queen A^^ne. 1633.] The King, going to Scotland, was crovvned ?X Holyrood-Houfe by Dr. Spot/xvoodj Archbifhop of St. Andre-uoh, Tbe Declaration for allowing Wakes, (or the Feafts of Dedication of Churches) and other lawful Sports and Recreations af er Divine Service on Sundry Sy was revived, and ordered to be read in Churches. Mr. Prynne was profecuted in the Star-Chamber, for publifhing his Book called IJiJlriomafiix, being a Libel on the Adminiftration for fuf- fcring and countenancing Plays cind Mafquerades, l5c. For which he was fentenced to pay a Fine of 5000/. expelled the Univerlity of 0;t/^r/^ 2nd Li'ncchi^-Inny difabled to profcfs the Law, to Hand twice in the Piilrry, lofe his Ears, and remain a Frifoner for* Life : Whereupon he cLtained the Name of Cato. Mr. Selden maintained the Sovereignty o{ England rev the Britijh S.eas againft Hugo Grotius. 1631;.] At this Time a Proclamation was publiflied to reflrain the great Refort of the Nobility and Gentry to the City o^ London ; which ^as found to iinpoverilh the Country, and increafe infedious Dif- tempers E N G L A N D: > 257. tempers in the City. And an Information \y?;s exhibited in the Star- Chamber againil ieven Lords, fixty Barorets and Knights, and againft above one hundred Gentlemen, for Non-oblervance of this Acl of State. 1636.] Mr. Seldens Bock, afiertlng the Englijh Soi'erei?rnty. of the Narrow Seas, and Hiewing the Ciiftom of levyiag Ship-money by for- mer Kings, without A/Tent of Pai^liament, was ordered to be kept amono* the Records, one cf them in the Council Cheil:, anoth-n- in the Exchequer^ and a Third in the Court of AchniraUy. The Earl o^ NorfhvJnhvrlakd being made Admiraly commanded a Fleet of 60 Men of War, with which he attacked the Dutch fleet, as they were hfhing on the Englijh CoaRs ; whereupon the Dutch agreed to pay the King 30,000/ for Permiffiv.n to fiih this Year ; and agreed upon an annual i'ribute for the Future. Mr. Richard Chambers, a Citizen .0^ London , and others, difputiilcr . the Legality of Ship-money, the Opinion of the Iwelve Judges was demanded; who unanimoufly gave their Opinion under liieir Hands,- "That the levying Sh2p'?noney v:as la^^'jfid. A Declaration was ifTued 2^;;_o-//2,W, that they caH: oiF all Subjeflion to the Church o? England in that ^^ olony, and eftablilhed t\\Q Independe72t Se6l diere, allovving nO Toleration to any other Se6l, and hanged feveral ^/!«/{rrj. •vV'kI i Henry Burton, Batchelor of Divinity, IViUlam Prynne, the'difaffjsded Barrifter, and Dr. Bafiunck, a Phyfician, neither of them eminent in their Pro feffions, but violent Incendiaries, were Gonvi£xcd in the i"//?;"-* Chamber of compofmg feveral feditious Libels,, and fqntenced to be pil- loried, lofe their Ears, to be fined 5000/. each, j^r^d(,,to be imprifoned for Life. They v/ere ever afterwards Ipoked upon as Conj^effors by the PreJl)yterianSi Jobn Lilburn, a Bookbinder, was conrided iri the;5/^;y|f-^^^}c?f^^r,;- of publifhing and difperfing fedittouS Libeh, fined 5000/.! andjentenced to be pilloried, and whipped from ^he Fleet Yi\{o\\\.oJf^eflr?tmfier-liaH. He was imprifoned for three Years, and, upoji the-T^u^n^qf the Times, he was releafed, and becamean Officer of Note in C(;^2^xtW/'3 Army ; but oppofmg Croni'tvell afterwards, he was^ thrown into Prifon by him, and died a. i^taker. A Book of Common Prayer being prepared for the C'uirch o£ Scot- land, was appointed to be read by the Biihop of Edinburgh, in his Surplis, at St. Gz/t^/'s ; He was interrupted, and had a Stool thrown at his Head; and it wa^ with fome Difficulty that the Magiilrates of Edinburgh difperfed the Mob ; aftf?r which the Service was r^ead through in that and the red of the Churches of Edinburgh: But the Biihop of £^/;/^/fr^/p v/as in Danger ofN being murdered in his Return to his Houfe. R The 258 ENGLAND: The ScDlj immediately after threw off their Allegiance, and entered into a Covenant or Aflbciaiion agrdnil the Government, to which they compelled all Peopje to fubfcribe. Archbifhop Spof/woc^, and feveral odier S^cloh Bifoops, thereupon fled into England. The Cafe of Ship-money, between the King and Mr. Hampdeiif was argaed before all the Judges of England m the Exchequer Chamber ; and Mr. }iau7ipden being cr.ft^^he was adjudged to pay Twenty Shillings, be- ing the Sum he was charged with, towards fitting out a Fleet for the Guard of the Seas. 1638.3 The Bilhops were cited by the Prefhytery of Edinburgh to appear as Criminals at the next General Ailembly to be held at Glaf- gp^v the 2 1 ft of ^o-vemher. The General Ailen>bly, afting in a mo ft feditious and riotous Man- ner, and rejeding the King's Authority, were diiToIved by the King's CommilTioner. "i \\^y continued to lit however, declaring, they would not defert the Work of the Lord, and that to interrupt their Sitting, was to- contramand and prejudge the Prerogative cf Jefiis Chrijly and Xht Liberties of the Kirk. Thcy condemned Epifcopacy as Antkhrifiian, and deprived and ex- commxuiicated the Bifiiopsaud Miaifters that differed from them, by tiieir own Authority. Then they refoived upon a War, and rai fed an Army under LcJIey, whom they fent for from the Gfr/?i<2/? Wars. They made themielves yi-^.lkzTs oi' Edinburgh, and feized the Regalia, and tlie King's Maga- zines of Arms, (Jc. telling the People they were to expeil Popery and Bondaoe, if they did not now quit themfelves like Men. And they addreffcd themfelves to the Frtnch King; as their Sovereio-n, defirinjj ills Proiedion. 16^9.] The King thereupon marched towards the Sects with an Army of 6000 Hdrfe, and as many Foot, attended by great Numbers of the Nobility and Gentry. The King's Generals, t-iie Earls of Arundel and Hclhndy received Letters ^oin the Scots, and gave them Encoui^gcment to advance. The ^Vi?/j preferred a Petition to the King, itill profefllng all Obe- dience and. Submiffion ; whereupon the King confcnted to a Treaty with them, and a Pacification was conclu ed.at Duns\ whereby it was agreed, that all Matters,Ecclefiaftical fliduld be determined by the Kirlc^ and Civil Afthirs'by the Parliahient ; and that a general A61 of Obli- vion fiiould be pafied. That the !^ccjts ftiouid dilhand their Army in forty-eight Horts ; and difcharge the feveral Tables or Councils they had eitabliihed ; and fhoiild reftore the King's Caftles, Stores, l5c. as aUo the Lafids and Goods of the Royalijls they had feized. That the King fiiould recal liis Fleets n:nd Armies, and caufe Refti- tiuion to be made of what had been taken from the Covenanters. The King having difbanded his Army, returned to TJ>e&baLfs, and two Days after to W.hitehall. But the Scon neither difDanded their forces, norobferved any one Article of the late Treaty. The general A/iembly meeting afterv/ards, the Earl oi Trafuair be- ing 'HAgh CenimiiSoner, he gave the Royal Aflent to, and conhrnjed alK the AiU of the late riotous Afiembly at Gla/goiv. Thii Parliament of Scotland having excluded the Bifliops, who were the third Eftate, coniiriaed ail the Ads-of the General /Uremljly, and iniifte h^ E N G L J N D, 459 infilled on fevcral Demands to the Diminution of the King's Preroga- tive; and being prorogued, they protefted againft it, and fsnt a Depu- tation of their Members to the King, who were highly careffed by th^ Malecontents at London^ and incited to enter into a new War with£;;^* landf particularly by the Earls oi EJJex^ Bedford^ and Hollandi the Lord Say, /Mr. Harnpde?:^ and Mr. Pym. The King charged the Scottijh Commiflloners with Treafon, and pro- duced an intercepted Letter, wherein they invited the French King to invade his Dominions, whereupon the Lords Loudon and Colville were committed to the l^c^wer. 1640.] The Letter from' the Scots to the French King, defiring his Proteftion, being read in the Houfe of Lords, and appearing to be written by the, Lord Loudon^ it was thought fit to continue him in the ^oujer. ■' * ,.>:, " His Majefiy fent a MefiagQ by Sir Henry Vane, demanding a Supply fof {ix Subfidies, But Sir Henry, by Miftake, or defignedly, demande4 twelve Subfidies, whieh threv/ the Houfe into a FlamCij then he went to the King, and affured him, that no Money would be granted againfl^ the Scots', which Jiis JMajel'ty giving Credit to, abruptly diiTolved the Parliament, and afterwards raifed an-Army. of 20,000 Men againft '(\\c Scots', towards the maintaining of which the Nobijity, and Gentry advanced him 300,000/. but the City of London refufed .him the Loaa t)f 100,000/. The Earl of Northnmherland was made General of thi^ Army, the Earl of .S/r^^rrf' Lieutenant General, and-^herLqrd Con^ajt General of the Horfe. :!.'!}>:::. i; The Scotch Army entering the Englijh Borders, the King ifTued a Proclamation, declared tliem Rebels, and fnewed, that upon Pretences of Pvcligion, they fought to Ihake off the Regal Government; howeve;*i he ofieied them a Pardon on their Submiiuon. The Scots ilill advancing to Np-wbourn vp.on Tym^y the Lord Can'vjayt who commanded the Van-guard of t)iQ King's Army at Ne^wcajfle^ drew out i?oo Horfe, and 2000 Foot, to difpute the PaiTage of the Tyne ; but was diiven from his Port: by Lejlcy, and forced to retire and abandon Ne'wca/lle,\NhQrt th& .Scots feized the King^s Magazines of Arms and Ammunition^ and within two Days after made themieyes IS/la.uQ.n o{ Durha;n. ■ The King,- who was advanced to Northallerton, upon Advice of thia Defeat, retired to 2'(?r>^ ; v/hereupbn the Scots levied Contribution j in Northumberland and tliQ Biiho^nc of Durhafn, a^iounting to 850/* a Day. ^ • ' ; 0.7 qi ■^.■■. ., , :..; A General Council of the Peers was fiimmoned hy M$ Majeliyr ixf. this Exigency, which being afiembied Rt Tor ^, they ^dvifed him to appoint CommifTioners to treat with the Sects ; With which his Ma- jefty complied; and the Commifaoners met at 7?//»^cj?, andimmedi- ately agreed,: that there flioiild be a CefTation of Arms, and that the Scots' mi^ht remain in that Part" of hngland they v/ere poiTeffcd of 5 and for the reft, the Treaty v.'as adjourned to London,, where the Parr, Jiament of England m^t l^s^hich begun the Civil War) op the .13 th qf /jpril, 1640. T]\e Commons chole William Lenihalj Efq; their' Speaker, and refolved that 100,000/. Ihould bcj raifed for fupplying:'_ l\\fi Scotch Army, whieh was borrowed of the City. And Articles of ImpeaciiiRent for high Treafon were carried up to the Lords by Mr. 26o E N G L AND. Fy?n, ao-ainil the Earl of Strfifford, who was thereupon committed to the J'onjuer. Then the Commons voted, that the levying Ship-money, and the" Opinion of the judges upon it, were illegal, 'i he Judges were threat-' ened, and obliged to put in great Bail. The Commons alfo voted 300,000/. to be given their Brethren of Scotlnm-l. ' A Bill for Triennial Parliaments receiving the Royal AfTent, the Commons thanked his -IVJajeily for it, and laid, Thtre no-uo remained nofhiuT to he doncy but iD tcjlify their De--votion to his Majefiy, and their' only End ivas to Make him a gionou's King. 1641.] A Bill of Attainder againft the Eafl of St rriv Jrthtr HaJ'elrig, and Mr, •S'troude : Whereupon the Commons refolved. That whoever ftiould at- tempt to feize any of their Members, or their Papers, they ftiould ftand upon their Defence. The King thereupon went to the Houfe of Commons, and demanded •the five Members above-mentioiied, but they were not there; then the KinGi ENGLAND. 261 Kino; Iflued a Proclamation for apprehending ihem ; and the fame Day iht Commons voted it a Breach of Privilege. , The City Mob were raifed for their Prote6lion. The Commons ad- journed for feven Days, and ordered a Committee to fit at Guildrhall in the mean Time. I'he Mob growing very dangerous, the King and Royal Family removed from IVbitchall to Hamptcn-Court. And the SheriiFs of LoJidoyi^ and the Train-Bands, with an armed Multitude, carried tlie obnoxious Members in Triumpns to their Seats at Wejlmin- Jier. The Seamen and Watermen, with above an hundred armed Yq{- fels, with Field-Pieces, Colcurs, ^V. as prepared for an Engagement, advanced {Jan. 11.) at the fame Time up the Thames, from Loiidon Bridj^e to IVcJtTtiinJhr -, for which they all received the Thanks of the Commons. March 2.] Upon the Report of the King's refufing to pafs the Mi- litia Bill, the two Hoafes refc^lved. That the Kingdom fnould be forth- v/ith put in a Pofture of Defence ; that all the Lords Lieutenants in England fliould bring in their CommiiTions, and cancel them as illegal ; and ordered the Admiral, (the Earl oi North ujnberland) that he fhould equip the Royal Navy, and be ready to put to Sea in their Service. AH this was done before his Majelly had raifed a fingle Regiment, or taken any Meafures for his Defence. April 23, 1642.] And when he went to Hull, with an Intent to fe- cure his Magazine ther?, he was denied Admittance into the Town by Sir John Hotha/n, who held it for the Parliament. I'he Parliament afterwards proceeded to mufter all the City Militia, confiiHng of j 2,000 Men^ in Finjhury Fields. Thefe were commanded by SkippcHy and fuch other Officers as the Houfe could confide in. They fent alio to the feveral Counties to muller their Militia, purfuant to their Ordinance, afluring thfem of the Protection of the two Houfes againft any that fliould oppofe them. And now tlie King thought it neceilary_ to raife a Guard for the Defence of his Perfon, which confiAed of a Troop of Horfe, com- jnanded by the Prince of WaUsf and one Regiment of the Train- Bands. The Parliament hereupon voted. That whoever fhould ferve or affifl his Majeily, in raifmg Forces, were Traitors : And fent their Serjeant to Tcr/i, to apprehend fome Gentlemen that attended the King there, as DdinqueuLs. May z6.] They publifned a PvCmonilrance alfo, declaring the So- vereign LegiOative Power was lodged in both Houfes ; and that the King had not io much as a Negative. On the other Hand, {yufie 13.) an Engagement w?.s entered into at 2V/-, by forty-fix Lords and Great Ofiicers of State, declaring that they v>ould not fuhniit to the Orders of the two Houfes; but would defend his Majefty's Perfon, Crown and Dignity, againil all his Enemies. And the King iffued a Com- miiiion "of Array, and made the Earl of Lind/ey GencrvJ. {Jujy 12.) The Parliament thereupon voted, that an Army fhould be raifed for the Safety of the King's Per^n, and Defence of both Houfes of Par- liament ; and conllltuted the Earl oi EJfex their Gen«^ral. They pafTed an Ordinance alfo, for the levying; Tonnage and Poundage to their own Ufe ; and applied 100,000/. of the Money, given for , the Relief of Ireland, tov/ards levying Forces againft the King. And Mr. Hamp" din a<^ually drew out the^Militia of the County of Bucks again it the R 3 ^ King, 262 ENGLAND. King. And (Sept, i.) the Nobility and Gentry over the whole Kinjf dom, who would not declare againfl the King, were plundered and imprifoned, where the Parliament prevailed ; and fome of them were kept under Hatches on Board the Ships in the I'hamts. The two Univerlities, about this Time, made the King aPrefentof their Plate ; but the Cambriilge Plate was intercepted by Cromnvellj an4 applied to the Ufe of his Enemies. On Sunday the 23d of Odohery about Two in the Afternoon, was fought the iiatile of Edgehill near Kejnton in War^vickjhirey w^ere the King's Horfe beat the Enemy's Cavalry out of the Field ; but purfuing them too far frcmthe Field of Battle, left the King's Infantry e:«pofcd to the Enemy's Foot, who were more numerous : However, they main- tained their Ground 'till Night parted them* when both Parties drew ciF. ^ Some few Days after this Battle, the Queen landed at Burlington 'Bay in Tor^Jhire, and brought with her Mo'ney, Arms, and Ammunition, for the King's Forces. In the mean Time the two Houfes puffed an Ordinance for a weekl/ AlTefiment, or Tax, through the Kingdom, amounting 1034,808/. per Week, for the maintaining of their Troops. May 25, 1643.] Mr. Pym, from the Commons, impeached the Queen , of High Treafon, for affifting the King her Hulband with Arms and Ammunition'. About the fime Time the AfTembly of Divines met in the Jerufalem Cham.ber, confiiUng chiefly of about 118 P/i!r//^;z Preachers, and. 26 Laymen, v*'ho had 4/. a Day allowed them for their Service. July 5.] Mr. 'Tomkins and Mr. Chaloner, who were engaged witH lAx. Waller^ and feveral other Gentlemen and Citizens of Figure, in a Defign to refiore King Charles L were executed as Traitors ; and Mr. Waller was condemned to die, but reprieved, on paying a Fine of Ten Thoufarid Pounds. . The Parliament ftill being apprehenfive that they fhould not long be in a Condition to oppofe the Royalifts^ fent Sii' William Jrmyne and 3ir Hen}y Vane, junior, to invite the Scots to come to their Affiftance. And (Jug- 28.) the Scots having agreed to invade England, and affill their Brethren at Wejlminfier, the two Houfes confented to take the {q- lemn League and Covenant. And havin? made a new Great Seal, de- f:lared that all Letters Patents and Grants, pafled the Great Seal by the King after May 22, 1642; ftwuld be void ; and that henceforward their pwn Great Seal (hould be of the fame Authority as any Great Seal in England had formerly been; and committed the Cuirody of it to the Earls Oi Bdingbroke and Ke?it, and to Mr. 6"/. J^hn, Serjeant Wild, Mr. Bronvn, and Mr. Prideaux. About the fame Time died Mr. 'John Pym ^^ the Morbus Pedicukfus, or the Loufy Difeafe; who, from his great Pp' ularity and Influ' nee, wa.s ufually Itiied King Pym, / 'i\iQ Scots, ccnfilHng or 18,000 Foot, 2000 Ho fe, and above 500 Pragoons, -^^-Kcd tho.J'^weed Sit Ber^djicj and enterec England in 'B^\\?\i pf the Parliament. On the other Hand, the* loyal Members of Parliament, being fam- moned by the King to appear at Oa/o;-^, affcmbled there to the Num- be: of 44 Lor's, and 118 Commoners. April zo J ^644-] "^^^ Scotch Army joining t^aQ EngliJJj under Ge- rstr2\ Fairfax, Prince i^z/^dd?/"/ engaged their united Forces at Marjlcn- ffloor, and was defeated there, io,ooo of the Royahjh being killed, or ENGLAND. 263 m- mandmenrs, were voted ufelefs ; and an Ordinance ^z^^i^ for turning Chrijimas-day into a Fail. Sir John Hctha?n and his Son, being about to come over to the King, were apprehended by the Parliament, and beheaded on Tovjfr-hill» by Virtue of a Sentence of the Court- Martial. And the Lords being terrified and threatened by thi^ Commons, pafled the Ordinance for attainting Archbifiiop /, The jVL more were diltributed among his I'riends. beveral iVlinilters ot the Kirk leceivcd large Sums i and Duke //«3:;/zz7/- from riW;///y Houfe to the Camp. And the Kin 2: was there- upon brotight to Aeuxjndrkci, vvhere he was permitted his Recreations, and the Gentry refortcd to him, with his Chaplains and Servants ; Crcmkvc'll iriakih'o^.^r^at Prore{filojiSjOf his Loyalty and Rcadinefs to ferve his Maiefty. t»^^ • >- ^^- • ■ • ; ' ' ■ About t{-!e rame'TiiTieihe Army preferred a Reprefentatlon for purg- in^^ the JPiijIiamfnt of all obno:bcycd, thun they liudicd the, general Good of every Individual, of wj)ich themfelves (the People) were Judges.- And, in Purfuance cf thefj Notions, they entered into Confederacies and Aubciations, and jp.ade Propon ions to tiie Parliament, as Vv^eli as to thci- ov/ii Generals, '(O introduce an Equality among all People, and from hence obtained the Name of Le-vtilers ; which, when they faw cppofcd by their Offi- cers, they appointed a general Rendezvous j\t Houh-Jlo-zv- Heathy in qv- sk'i A.Q put an End to all DiiUndions among Men } of which Croin^.vdl receiving ENGLAND. 267 receiving Advice, he appeared unexpeftedly on Iioufifoiv-Heath, wheni tkey were affembled there, at the Head of Tome Troops he could rely- on ; and having demanded the Reafon of their affembling therein fucii Numbers, without his Orders ; and receiving fome inl'oient Anfwers from them, he i<:nocked down two pr three of the forwardeft, and charged them with his Troops ; and having wounded fome, and made others Prifoners, he hanged up as many of them as he thought fit upon the Spot, and lent feycral more to London, to be tried for Mutiny and Rebellion, in a more folemn Manner, and thereby retrained this level-r ing Spirit for the prefent. No^. 30.] The King was at this Time taken out of the Hands of Colonel Ham7nond, and carried by Colonel E^^jer to Hurji Caftle, by an Order of the Council of Ofiicers ; and the Army marched up to Lon- don., and quartered about Whitehall and St. 'James'^. The Commons thereupon declared, That the Seizing the King's Perfon, and carrying him Prifoner to Hurfl Caftle, was without the Advice or Confent of the Houfe. They refclved alfo, That his Majefty's ConcelTions to the Propor- tions, made him in the IJle of Wight, were futricieut Grounds for the Houf;;s to proceed upon for the Settlement of the/Kingdom. Colonel Pride was thereupon fent by the Army with a ftroirg De* -^ tachment to Wejhninjler, where he feized and imprifoned 41 of the Members as they were going to the Houfe, and iioppcd above 160 more from going in; fo that there were not now more than 150 that were permitted to fit, and thefe were moft of them Ofhcers o\ the Arrny. A Detachment of the Army alfo marched into the City, and fei:^ed the public Treafures that were lodged at Goldfmitbs-Hall, and other Halls ; and the Vote of Non-Addrehes to the King u^as now revived. Dec. 23 ] The King, about the fame Time, was brought by Colo- nel Harrijon from Hurft CaiUe at IVitichefier, and fo to Wind/or :. then a Committe of the. Commons met to confide;- how to proceed in a Way of Juilice againft the King. And it was orclered by the Coinicil of War, that the Ceremony of the Knee fiiould be oraitted to the King, and all Appearance of State left off, and that the Charges of liis Court and Attendants faould be leflened. A folemn Fafl alfo was held at Wejlminjrcr, to feek the Lord, and bc^ his Direftion in this Matter. Hugh Peters, the Prcteftor's Chaplain, in a Sermon at St. Margaret*?., told his Audience, he had found, upcn a ihidt Scrutiny, that there were in the Army 5000 Saints, no lefs holy than thofe that now con- verfed in Heaven y/ith God Almighty ; and, kneeling down, begged, in the Name of the People of iiWrt«^/, that they would execute juitice upon that great Barahbas at Wim'Jor. His Text was, Such Honour ha-ve all Saints. And another PalTage lie cited was, They Jhall bind their Kings in Chains, ^c. And infiked that the Deliverance «f the People by the Army was greater than that of the Children ot' Ifracl from the Houfe of Bondavho declared, that flie had a Revelation from God, requiring her to encourage them to go on with their Deiign. The Prcjlytcrians proteiling againll the King's Trial, Crdfhvjell re- torted upon them;, that their endeavouring to take away the King's Life by S)vord and PiUoI, depriving him of liis Authority, and im- prifoning of him, was fxill more againll all Laws Human and Di- vine, than the bringing the King to a legal Trial, before the Repre- fentatives of the People, from whom all lawful Princes derived their Authority. The Commons afterwards refolved. That it was Treafon in the King to levy War againfl the Parliament ; but the Lords rejeded the Crdi- Exmce for the Trial of the King. The Commons, however, proceeded to refolve, y?, Thai the People, under God, al-e the Original of all juft Power : zdJy, That the Com- Eions in Parliament aie inverted with the Supreme Authority of the JSJation, v/ithcut King or Houfe of Peers ; and from this Time refufed to accept the Concurrence of the Lords to their Acls. January 20.] The King being brought from St. Jamesh to Sir Robert Cotton's Houfe in Weffminjler^ he was carried from thence before the pretended High Court of JuUice in Wejiminjier-hall the fame Day; and refafiag to acknowledge their Jurifdrclion, was rem'anded to Cotton Houfe. His Majefty being brought before the pretended Court a fecond Time, objected to their Jurifdit5Vion again. The King appearing in Weftminfier-hall the third Time, Uili pcr- iifted in denying the Jurifdidion of the Court : Whereupon Rradjhaxvy Prefident of the Court, ordered his Contempt to be recorded. I'he King being brouglitinto IVepnlnJter Hall the fourth Day, Brad- Jha^jj made a Speech u;2on the Occafion ; after which, the Clerk was ordered to read the Sentence, Wherein, after feverai Matters, laid to the King's Charge, were enumerated, it concluded, For all -ivhlch Trea- Jons and Crimea, this Co^rt doth adjudge., thai he the /aid Charles Stuart, as a Tyrant:^ ^'raitory Murde'i'er, and a public Enemy, jhall he put to Deaths I Sy Je-uering of hi J head from his Body. ^ The Warrant for tlie King's Execution was figncd by 59 of Jr.s prc'tended Judges ; in which rt was ordered, that he ihoald be put to^ Death on tne 30th of January. About Ten that Morning he walked from St. Jamais to Whitehall under a Gu^ird, where, being allowed fome Time for his Devotions, he was av^tervvards led by Colonel Hacker through the P)anquetting-'hou{e to the Scaffold that was erefte^d in the open Stre.:t before it, ' where, having made a Speech, he faid in the Conclufion, / go from a ''Tempcral to an Eternal Crc^.vn ; and then fub- miccedto the Block. -His Head was fevered from his Body, at one Blow, about Two in the Afternoon, • being thgn in the 49th Year of his Age, and the 24th of his Reign. I;ie was married in the Year 162:-, to the Princefs Henrietta Maria, youngeft Daughter of' /fe'^r/ IV'. King o^ France, firnamed th<* Great, and jiad IlTue by this Princefs j 1. Charles, who died the fame Day,he was born., 2. CharL^, vvho iV-r — h-^ '-■ ^••:*^'-'^- :'vj ^T:^- - of C^rir/<^j 11. , 3. James i ENGLAND. ^6g ^. jfa/^es, who fucceeded his Brother Charles, by the Name of *Jamcs II. 4. Henry, who died foon after the Reiloration of his Brother Charles IL 5. The Princefs Mctry, married to William of Naffau, Prince of Orange, by whom fn^ had Iffue IVilUam of Nojfc.u, Prince of Orange^ afterwards King of England, 6. The Princefs Eiix.aheth, who died a Prifoner in Carijlraok Caftler in l\\c Ijle of Wight, on the &th of 5^/>/^;7f^tT, 1650, in the 15 th Year of her ri^Q. 7. The Princefs ^«»(?, who died about three Years of Age, An'd, S. The' Princefs He7irieUa Marin, born at Excfcr \.\i^. \<^t\ioi yum^ 1644; and married 10 Philip Duke of Anjou, afterwards Duke of Or- leans^ by whom fhe had IfTae Anna Maria, married to ViBor AmadaiiSi late Duke of Sa--voy, and King of Sardinia, Father to the prefent King of Sardinia, who is the ncarell Roman Cathslic Prince to the Crown of England, if the Pretender be illegitimate. 1648-49.] Charles II. upon the Death of his Father King Charles I. became King of Great Britain ; though he enjoyed litile more tlan the Title till the Year 1660, when the King and the ancient Confututioa were reftored together. The Ufurpers pafTed an A61, declaring it High Trcafon to proclaim: the Prince, or any other Ferfon, King of is //g /««./, -without Confent of Parliament : and lliled thcmfelves, The Common-^^ealth cf England -, but were indeed the Dregs of the Long Parliament, ufiially fiiled the. Rump, and did not amou'nt to an hundred Men. 1 hey proceeded to vote the Houfe of Peers ufelefs and dangerous, and therefore to be abolifhed. Ftbruary 7.] They rcfolved alfo, that the OfHce of a Kir^g of this Nation, and to have the Power thereof in any fmgle Perlon, was unn:Te.yary, burdieufome, and dangerous, and therefore ought to be iiboHfhed. A new Oath was ordered to be taken alfo, inftead of the Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, called the Engagement -, whereby the People were obliged to fwear, they would be true and faithful to the Com- moR-wealth, without King or Houfe of Lords. And an A61 palled for the aboliihing kingly Government, and another for abolifhing the Houfe of Peers, and coiiltituting the People of .£V;^/rt?/i5^ a Common- wealth and- Frec State. ' May 21.] An Aft was pafied alfo for the Sale of the Crown-Lands at thirteen Years Purchafe; and for felling all the Goods, Furniture^, Jewels, Paintings, and pcrfonal Ellate of the late King ; a great Part whereof were purchafed by the Kings of France and Spain, and other foreign Princes ; and between three or four hundred thoufand Pounds were raifed by the Sale, for the Service of the new State. And now Cromnvell, tranfporting an Army to Ireland, took Drog^ hcdu hy Storm, and pat the whole Garrifon to the Sword, confiiling of about 3000 Men, moft oi them EngJijh ; only the Lieutenant efcaped. He alfo murdered every Man, Woman and Child of the Citizens that were Irijh. J'inie'27^, 1650.] The King being invited over to Scotland, and arming on the Ciiaft, was compelled to take the Covenant, however, l^efoie the Scots would permit him to come on ^hore ; and tliey com- pdkd ±j6 E' iV G L A N i). pelled him to iign a Declar.ation, approving the Covenant, and renoun- cing his Principles, Friends and Adherents. yifly 22.] In the mean Time Crcm~joell pafTed the T^xveed, and in- vaded Bcotlaizd : Whereupon the Scots deftroyed their Country, and re- tired before him till he came within Sight' of Edinburgh. 'Then they inarched and poireiTed themfelves of a ftrong Carnp near Dunbar ;.• out of which Crcm-vell drew them by Stratagem, and defeated them, (Sept. 3.) killing 3000 of them On the Spot, and taking 9000 Pri- foners, with their Artillery and Amnmnition ; after which he pof- fefied himfelf of ^^^//V/^^/^r^/^. About this Time it was orderedv by the Parliament, that all Proceedings and Procdfs of Law, Patents, Com- miffions, Indidlments, Judgments, Records, l^c. ihouldbe in the Euglijh Tongue only. Tlie King being crowned at Scons^ in Scotland, fubfcribcd the Covenant again, fwore to promcte it, and eilabliih the Prejlyterian Religion. Aug. 6, 165 1.] After v^'hlch his Majcfly entered England hy Car- lijlcy with an Army of 16,000 Men, ^cotob and Englijhy at the Head of | which he was proclaimed King oi Gr'- at -Britain ; but engaging Crotn- Kve/Ps Forces (Sept, 3.), at U orce.fi er., liis Army was routed, 3000 of them killed, and 6 or 7000 taken Prifoners, witiji all their Cannon, Ammunition and Baggage. T/e King efcaping out of the Battle into Staffordjhire, the Penderih (five Brothers) concealed him in the Nightr time in their Barns, and in the Day-time in the Woods, till he had an Opportunity of making his Efcape further. In thefe Woods was a thick Oak, upon which his Majcily olten Hood concealed, and from thence was called The Royal Oak. Od. 16.] After the King had wandered about fix Weeks from the Houfe of one liOyalift to another, he embarked near B right helmfi one in Sujfex, with the Lord tVihnqt, and ai'rived at Fofcan, near Ha^vre-de- Qrace in Normandy, April 2o, 1653.] In the mean Time Crow-xu^// went tcrthe Houfe of Commons with a Guard; and taking a P'ile of Mufqueteers vvith hi^n into the Houfe, he commanded the Speaker to leave the Chair^ r:nd told them they had fat long enough, unlefs they had done more Ciood, .crying out, Yoii. are no longer a Parliameiit •■, 1 Jay you are no Par-^ Liament. He told Sir He?2>y Faney that he was a Juggler ; Harry Mar- tin and Sir Peter WeMi'jortk, that they were Whore-maiiers ; , Tom Qha- I'-^:cr, that he was a Drunkard ; and yillen the Goldfmith, that lie cheated the Public. Then he bid One of his 3cidiers take away that FooPs Bau- ble the Mace ; and Harrifon pulled, the Speaker out of the Chair; and Crcm^jeil having turned them all out of the Houfe, locked up the Doors^ 2nd returned to WhiiehaU. In , the Afternoon he went to the Council of State, told them the Parliament was difTolved, and that this was no Place ior them, and bid ihem be gone. , June 8.] Then he ifiiied his Letters of Summons to about 140 Pcr- fons to -appear -a.^ Whitehall the 4th of ^.v/y, to take upon them the" Adminiftration of tlie Government. And there met in the Council Chamber at Jf-'hitchall, to the Number of about 120; to whom Crcju- 'vjell declared. That they ha'd a clear Call to take Jipcn them the fu- preme Authority of the Common-wealth. Then he produced* an In^- -ftrument under his own Hand and Seal, importing, that he did, with the Advice of his Oncers, devolve and intrtiil the fuprenic Authority and ENGLAND. 271 r and Government of the Common-wealth into the Hand's of the Perfojis met, and that they, or any forty of them, ihould he acknowledged the" fupreme Authority of the Nation; but th^it they ihould fit no longer than the "^dtoi November y 1 654 ; and three Months before their Dillblii- tion, fhould make Choice of others to fucceed them, who were not to fit above a Year. He afTured them, he had not made Choice of one Perfon in vyhomi he had not this good. Hope, that he had Faith in. 'Jefus ChriJ}, and Love to all Saints, The Englijh Fleet, commanded \iy Monk 2Sid. Blahs ^ about this .Time^ fought the Dutch y commanded by Van Trump y upon their ovvn Coaib, and obtained a great Vi£tory, deltroying 30 of the Dutch Men of War, and Van 'Trump himfelf was killed in the En^ayement with a Mu&ft-' Shot. This was the. feventh and iaS: Sea- Fight bet\veen t|>e two Common-wealths, all fought within little more than the Compafji of a Year. Dec. 12.] It being moved in this nevy Sort of Parliament, that their • Sitting, any longer would not be for the Good of the Gemmcn- Vv'-ealth, and that it was fit they {hould reiign their Power to th;; Lord- General ; the Speaker, with feveral of the Members, went to Whits--, hall, where they did, by a Writing,, prefent to his Exc.lh?ncy Crcwr- r^vell 2L Refignation <<)i theii" Powers. But fome of the Members con- tinuing Hill to fit in the Houfe, Colonel I'Vhiie came thither with a Guard, and demanded what they fat therefore They anfwcred, lo Jeek the Lord. Pijh, fays Whke^ the JLord hat not been ,-withln thefi Wall.r the/e tnxjel've Tears ', and then turned them all out: Whereupon many of thefe Members alfo followed their Brethren to iVhliehaU, ^\\ folemnized by l)r. Gilbtrt Sheldony Bifhop OtlLojidon^ at Port/month, v-^hither his Majelly went to meet her. She v/as then about twenty-four Years of Age. Bcfides Tangier on the Ccaft of Barhary, and the IHand of Bombay in the Eaji Indies y the King received with the Queen two Millions of Croi- fadoes ; in Confideration whereof Ihe had a Jointure of 30,000/. per idnmim fettled upon her. Sir Henry Vane, having been convidled of High Treafon, in keeping King Charles II. out of the Poffeihon of the Government, and levyino- Waragainft his Majefty, was beheaded on Tcn-ver-hill, the i^lYiof June. And, on St. Bartholomew''?, Day, the Aft of Uniformity taking Place, 2000 DifientiHg Minifters loft their Preferments. 08. 17.] About this Time the King fold Dunkirk for five hundred thoufand Pounds ; the Council were unanimous for delivering it up* on Account of the great Expence it would be to the Nation to repair the Fortifications, and maintain a Garrifon fufficient to defend it againil the Power of France. The Com.mons enquiring into the King's Revenue, arifing by Cuf* toms, Excife, Crown-Lands, Chimney-Money, the Poft Oflice, Firfl Fruits and Tenths, and Coinage, Alienation Ofiice, l!5c, found ther did not raife eleven hundred thoufand Pounds per Annum. The Dutch incroaching on our Trade at this Time, both Houfes refolved, that the Dutch, by invading the Rights of the Englijh iii tndlay Africa, and elfevvhere, v/ere the greateil Obftrudions to o\xt Foreign Trade, and addrefTed his Majelty to take fome fpeedy and elleftual Courfe for Redrefs thereof 5 affurijig him that they would, with their Lives and Fortunes, afiift his Majefty againft all Oppofuioa v.'hatfoever. Dec. 24, 1664.] A Comet or Blazing Star appeared. The Clergy, obferving that the Crown expcvftcd more from them irl Proportion than from the Laity, were, by their own Confents given in Convocatiouj taxed with the Laity, by which they loft much of their IiiHucnce, and are now feldom fufiered to meet. 'I he Englijhy command sd by the Duke of Tork, obtained a great Viclory at Sea over the D^itch, q^ of Hariviih ; taking eighteen capi- •»d •?hips, and deiiroying fourteen more. Admiral Opdam, who en- S 2 gaged 276 E N G L A N D: gaged the Duke, was blown up by his Side, with all his Crew; the Etiglijh loll only cne Ship. i'he King and. Court removing to Salijhury at this Time, on Ac- count of the Plapue, left the Care of the City to the Duke of Albcrnarky who did great Service in relieving the Sick, and giving his Orders to prevent the fpreading of the Tnieftion. Archbilhop Sheldon alfo re- mained in Town, and performed many fignal Charities in the Time of this Calamity, which carried off 68,^96 of the Inhabitants within the Bills of Mortality. On. 13, 1665.] The Commons voted. That the Thanks of that Houfe be given to the Univerfity of Oxford, for their eminent Loyalty during the late Rebellion. July 25, 1666.] The Englijh and Butch Fleets engaged again, and the E?iglijh gained a complete Victory, deftroying above twenty Dictcb Men of War, and driving the reil into their Harbours. In this A6lion the Dutch loit four of their Admirals, befides 4000 inferior Officers and Seamen , and the Lofs on the Englijh Side was faid ta be inconfiderable. September 2.] And now a third Calamity was added to thofe of War and Pefiilence ; a Fire broke out in London, near the Place where the Monument now ftands, which deftroyed, in the Space of four Days, eio-hty-nine Churches, among v>'hich was the Cathedral of St. Paul, the City Gates, the Exchange, Cuftom- houfe, Guild-hall, Sion Colleo-e, and many public Strudlures, Hofpitals, Schools, and Li- braries, a vait Number of ftately Edifices, 13,200 Dv/elling houfes, and 400 Streets. The Pvuins of the City were 436 Acres, extending from the To^-jfcr alono- the Thajnes Side to the Tetnple Church, and from the North-Eaft Gate, along the City Wall to Holborn Bridge. About the fame Time the Prclbyterians in Scotland Yo{t in Rebellion,, and aflembled a Body of 1500 Men at Pe-ntland-hill, led by their Teachers ; but were defeated by the King's Troops, and 500 of them killed in the Adlion. Jime II, 1667.] A Treaty of Peace being almoi! brought to a Con- clufion ^t Breda, the Dutch failed up the Mcd-xvay, ^s i^Y z.s Chatham, and burnt the Royal Oak, the Royal London, and the Great ya??ies, with feveral other Englijh Men of War, and retired with the Lofs only of two of their Ships, which ran a-ground, and were burnt by themfelves ; and a few Days after Advice came, that the Peace was adually con- cluded at Breda. In the mean Time Mr. Edavard Seymour, in the Name of the Commons, impeached Ed-ivard Earl of Clarendon of High Trea- fon, ^V. at the Bar of the Houfe of Lords j and an Aft pafied foon after for his Banifhment. A Treaty being concluded between Great-Britain and the Stafes-Ge- ncral, for the Prefervation of the Spanijh Netherlands, Snveden acceded to it, from whence it obtained the Name of the Triple League. July 9, 1669.] The new Theatre at Oxford, being the Benefaftion of Archbifhop Sheldon, was opened. Sept. 28.] The Royal-Exchange, being rebuilt, was opened. Both Houfes prefentcd his Majefty with an Addrefs of Thanks in the Ban- quetting-houfe, for iiTuirig his Proclamation for fupprefiin^ Conven- ticles, and defired the Continuance of his Care in that Point: And iis Majefty gave the Royal AfTeut to a Bill, to prevent and fupprefs feditiou^ ENGLAND. 277 fedmous Conventicles. A Cabinet Council was conftituted at this Time, confilUng of nve Lords, nji^. the Dukes of Euckinghcun and Lauderdale ; the Lord Clifford^ the Earl of Arlington, and the Lord JJhley, afterwards Earl of Shafijhury ; which obtained the Name of the Cabal. They were generally thought to be Penfioners to France, and to liave advifed the King to enter into an Alliance with that Crown ; from whence they fuggelled he might be furniflied with Mo- ney without applying to the Parliament, which daily incroachcd on his Prerogative. May g, 167 1.] That daring Villain Blocd, and his Confederates, attempting to ileal the Crown out of the Tozver, was apprehended, but pardoned, though he confeiTed he was guilty alfo of feizing the Duke of Ormottd in his Coach, with a Dcfign to hang him at Tyburn, and of feveral Attempts to murder his Majeiiy. He had alfo a Revenue of 500/. per An?tu?ny fettled on him by the King, and appeared to have a good Litereft at Court afterwards. The King, having Ihut up xht Exchequer by the Advice of the Cabal, publiQied a Declaration, with his Rcafons for fufpending Pr.yment till the laft Day oi December. And, about the fame Time, a Declara- tion of Indulgence was publiflied, for fufpending the Penal Laws againll: DifTenters. April, 1672.] The Z)/^^'r^ behaving with a great deal of Infolence both to Efigland and France, a Declaration of War was publifhed againft the States General. And 6000 of the Britijh Troops joined the French Army, being commanded by the Duke of Momncuth, who aflilled in taking feveral Towns from the Dutch, and vv'as before Utrecht when that City furrendered to the French King; but the Englip made the greateft Efforts by Sea, where the Dutch were defeated, and purfued by the Duke of York to their own Coafts ; but the brave Earl of Sand- ntich, Admiral of the Blue, had the Misfortune to be blown up, and perilled, with moft of the Ship's Company. In the mean Time, the French pofieffed themfelves of the Provinces of Utrecht, Gelderlaiid, and O^-veryffel. July, 1672.] TheDa/f^ found themfelves under the Neceffity of ad- vancing the Prince of Orarigc to the Office of Stadtholder and Captain- General, in which being oppofed by the Pcnlioner De Witt, who had long governed the Affairs of the United Pro^oinces, with his Brother Ruart Van Putt en, they were both torn to Pieces by the Mob. Augujt 16, 1672.] A Proclamation was iflued about this Time, for making his Majelly's Farthings and Halfpence current, and prohibiting thofe made by private Perfons to be paid or received in Trade. Tb.e Englijh, this Year, took the illand oi Tobago, in the Wejl-lndies, from the Dutch. Feb. 1673.] V/rits under the Eroad Seal having been ifTued during the Recefs, for elediing Members to fill up the Hou.fe of Commons in vacant Places, the Commons voted thofe Writs to be irregular, and ex- pelled the Members who had been elefted upon them Th-C Commons alfo addrefTed his Majelly to revoke his Declaration of Indulgence to Diifenters, and to permit the Lavv's to have their free Courfe. And he thereupon promifed to retradt liis Declaration, affuring them, that what he had done in that Particular, fliould not for the future, be drawn into Example or Confe(juence. S 3 March 478 ENGLAND. March 29, 1673.] The Royal Aflent was given to the Tell A^, which required ^ in liis Coach. Five Jefuits being convided at the Old Bailey of High Treafen, in- confpiring to aiTaiTmate the King, and fubvert the Government, were executed at Tyburn the 21ft, profeiiing their Innocence to the laft. The Preihyterians of Scotland raifmg a Rebellion about this Tirqe, the Duke Qi Momnouth defeated them at Both^-well Bridge, and among the Pnfoneis took feveral of the Murderers of the Archbiihop of St. Andren.v%, who were hanged afterwards. Duels being very frequent in England at this Time, a Proclamation was publiflied, wherein his Majcfiy declared no Perfon Ihould be par- done i, who killed another in a Duel, June, 1680.] His Majefty pubiifhed a Declaration alfo, fetting forth, that he was never married to the Duke of Monmouth' % Mother, or any other Woman but Queen Catharine. This was done upon au Opinion, prevailing at this Time, ti atthe King was really married to the Duke's Mother, and that therefore he ought to fuccesd to the Crown before the Duke of York, S 4. Ths 28o ENGLAND. The City of WcJIminJIer, and other Towns, having addrefled his Majcfty, declaring their Abhorrence of the late tumultuous Petition for calling a Parliament, (October 27.) the Commons refolved, that it is the undoubted Kight of the Subjedl to petition for the calling of a Parliament, and that to traduce fuch Petitions as tumultuous and fe- ditious, was to contribute to the Defign of altering the Conllitution. And a Bill was brought in again, for difabling James Duke oi Tcrk to inherit the Crown : Whereupon the King fent a MeiTage to the Com- inons, fhcwing his Readinefs to concur in any Meafuie to fecure them againll Popery, but the altering the Succeffion . However, the Aft for difabling the Duke of Tork to fucceed to the Crown, foon after paffed that Ploufe and was carried up to the Lords by the Lord RnJJcl ; but it was thrown out of that Houfe, at the fccond Reading, by a Major rity of thirty Voices, the King being at that Time prefent in the Houfe. DecS\ The Lord Stafford, being convi£led of the Popifh Plot, was beheaded the 29th : The Lord Ri^el, and fome other zealous People, quellioning the King's Power, to remit the hanging, drawing and quar- tering him, Bethel ?L\\d. Cor n't fijy the Sheriffs of Zr7ion Sidney^ Efq; was arraigned at the King'*s-Bench Bar for High Treafon, in conl^^iring the Death of his Majeity, and confultino^ with feveral other Traitors how to compafs it ; but more particularly for contriving a treafonable Libel, wherein he aflerts all Power to be ori- ginally in the People, and delegated by them to the Parliament, to whom the King was fubjedl, and might be called to Account. He was brought to his Trial, and being convidei of High-Trea- fon, was beheaded on Toiver-hill on the 21ft, glorying that he died for the good old Caufe, in which he had been engaged from his Youth. ' - _ ^ The Duke of Monmouth fubmitted himf^lf, was admitted to his Ma- jcHy's Prefence, and figned a Paper, acknowledging his being con- cerned ENGLAND. 28^ (Cerned in the late Confpiracy, except that Part of k againfi: the Kino's I^ife ; and obtained his Pardon : But relapfmg again, and iniilling th* Paper he had figned (hould be returned him, he was banifhed the Court, and went over to Holland. John Hampden, Efq; being convlded of a Mifdemeanor, in confpir- ing and confederating with other Perfons to make an Infurredion, was fined 40,000/. and obliged to give Security for his good Behaviour duing Life. About the Beginning of December began a very hard Frofl, which continued to the 5th of February^ without Intermiilion, infomuch that tlie Coaches ran upon X^^^Thaiyies from the Temple to Wejiminjier in Hi- lary Term. The Duke of York having brought an Adion of Scandaimn Magna- turn againil "John Dutton^ Efq; the Defendant was convicted of fpeaking the following Words, ^nz, T'he Duke of York h a Papifl, and I n.vill be hanged at my oujn Door before Jiich a damned Popiih Rafcal fi> all inherit the Cro'cvn'y and the Jury gave the Duke 10,000/. Damages. The Lord Chief Juilice Jejl-ries, having perfuaded the City of Lin- ccln, and feveral other Corporations, to furrender their Charters, waited .on his MajeKy v/ith them at Winchejier, and received an AiTurance, that ]they fhouid be renewed with Advantage. Sir fVilliafn Pritchard, the late Lord Mayor, having brought his" Action againil Thomas Papillon, for arreiling and detaining him in Pri- fon, having no jull or probable Caufe of Action, the Jury gave 10,000/. Damages. Dec. 12, 1684.] Twenty- five Corporations in Cor'n^j)ally and fix ia De^-von, having furrendered their Charters, they were prefented to his Majelly by the Earl of Bath. \iA\\^ Charles \1. died at Whitehall ox\. the 5th of Feb. 1684-5, in the 55 th Year of his A^z, and 37 th of his Reign, about 25 Years af- ter his Refioratio.n, and was buried in Wejlminjler Abbey, tie had but one Wife, Catharine^ Infanta of Portugal^ who furvived him many- Years . He left no lime by her, but his natural Children were nume- rous, from vi^hpm the Dukes of Monmouth, Cleveland, Grafton, Ric/^- mo7id, Northu7nbcrland, and St. Albans, defcended. Feb. 5, 1684-5.] James IL the third but only furvivino- Son of King Charles 1. and iirother and Heir to King Charles 11. fucceeded to the Crown ; and went publicly to Mafs at St. Jamcs\ Chapel, thrca Days after his x'^ccemon. Ke alfo publiflied two Papers, taken out of the late King's firong Box, to manifeft he died a Papiji ; though the late Duke of Bucks, who knew the King well, was of Opinion he died a DciJ}. 1685.] The Parliament of Englajtd met on the 19th q>{ May \ v;hea the King aflured th^cm, that he was determined to proteft tlie Churck of Efigland, and maintain the Liberties and Properties of his People. He acquainted them alfo, that Jrgyle v/as landed in ScetJand, and raifmg a Rebellion there ; v/hereupon both Houfes refolved to affiil his Majefty. The King afterwards fent a McfTage to both Floufes, acquainting them, that the Duke ol Momnouth s^'^.^hiW^Q^ 2iX. Lime m Dorfcfjhire, Whereupon they refolved to Hand by him with their Lives and For- tunes, againil the Duke, and all other Pvebels and Traitors j and paf- ied a Bill for attai^iting the Duke of High Treaion. ' ' ' ■ Th« 284 ENGLAND. The Earl of Argykh Forces were difperfed, and himfelf made Pri- foner on the 17th of June. 'i he Earl of Jrgy/e was behead<;d .on the 30th of Jiate at Edinlur2^/ by the Irijfy Troops ; which is generally fuppofed to have been a Stratagem to create in People a Dread oi Fopery^ and of King jamesh PvCturn. The Mob demolifhed and plundered feverd Mafs-houfes, and th^ Houfes of the Reman Catholics in London^ and particularly the Spanijtf Ambaflador's. And the Lord Chancellor Jeferies, being taken irt Difguife at TFapping^ v/as in ^Danger of being pulled to Pieces, if he had not been fent Prifoner to the Tonx-er, and there he died ibon after. Dec. 14.] The King being driven back by confrai-y Winds to Fe- fverfpojnj was taken for a Jefuit, and abufed by the Rabble, but res- cued by fome Gentlemen that knew him ; and, by the Invitation of tite Lords at Lcv.don., the King returned to Whitehall, where he was received with the moil joyful Acclamations of the People. But {Dec. 17,) th© Prince of Oraage^s Forces took PofTeflion of all the Poils about WhitehaU and St. James'' Sy and fent an Order at Midnight for the King to re- move from Whitehall ; which his Majefty fubmitted to, and went to. Rochejler under a Dutch Guard, from whence he made his Efcape, and embarked for France again : Whereupon moll of the Lords and Perfons of Quality figned the Afibciation, that was drawn up at Exeter, to itand by the Prince. The King left a Paper behind him when he embarked again ; whereia he faid, The World could not wonder at his Departure, after the Prince of Orange had made the Earl of Fe^-uerjham Prifoner, whom he fent to treat, with him in a friendly Manner j and had commanded his owii. Guards to take Poffeinon of Whitehall at Eleven at Night ; and fent him an Order at Midnight, when he was in Bed, to be gone. After this, he had little to hope for from one who had invaded his Kingdon^s, and called the Legitimacy of his Son in Queilion, appealing to all that knew him, and even to the Prince himfelf, if they could believe him guilty of io unnatural a Villainy. The Prince having received Intelligence of the King's Departure, publifted ajDeclaration, requiring all thofe, who had ferved as Members in any of the Parliaments held in the P^eign of King Charles II. to rheet him at St. James^ the 26th Inftant, together with the Aldermen and Common-Council of London. Dec. 25.] And foon after the Lords Spiritual and Temporal alTem- bled at Wejiminfier^ addrefied the Prince af Orange to fend circular Let- ters to the feveral Counties, Univerfvties, Cities and Boroughs, to iti\^ Members to reprefent them, to meet and fit at Wefinwijler the 2 2d of Ja-nuary. They alfo addrefTed the Prince of Orangs. to take upon him the Adminifiration of public Affairs, both Civil and Military, and the" Di'pofal of the public Revenue, till the Meeting of the intended Con- vention of the 22d oi January. January 22, 1688-9,] I'he Convention being afiembled at Weji- minjier, the Marquis of Hallifax. was chofen Speaker by the Upper Houfe, and Henry Po^-uJe, Efqj by the Lower Hcufe : And the Com- mons refolved. That King ]a.u\QS il. halving endea^oeitred to fub'vert the Conjlitution, by breaking the original Contra^ bet^jueen King and People ; and by the Ad-oice of Jefuits, and other njjicked Pd-fsnsy hcruing violated the Fundamental LavjSy and haruing by paying three shillings in the Pound, and a Poli-Tax ; fcarce any* of them knew how to retrench their Expences, tliough the Taxes of all Kinds had leflened their Revenues confiderably. And now Leivis XIV. determining to fupport King 'James in Ireland^ the Count de Lauzun and the Marquis de Lery landed in that Kingdom with 5000 Fre?ich, March 14.] In the mean Time the Parliament of Efigland gra.nted to their Majeilies, for their Lives, and the Life of the Survivor of them, certain Duties upon Beer, Ale, and other Liquors ; with other Duties of Tonnage and Poundage, t^c. 1690.] In thefe A6ls were Claufes, impowering the King to anti- cipate and borrow Money on his Revenues, as he had defired in his Speech, which was the Beginning of the Funds fo deilructive to the Nation. The Advice of his pretended Friends was Borro-jj njjhat yo-n cahj the more yea borro-iv, the mere Friends you make'. Inter ejl is a Jlronger Tie than Frinciple. Accordingly the Miiiidry gave whatever Intereft and Prcemiums Were demanded for the Loan of Money; and Naval Stores and Provifions were taken up ac thirty, forty, and fometimeg iihy per Cent . The monied Men, and thofe that Gotfld biiy Stocky doubled and trebled their Fortunes, by buying up Debentures and Go- vernment Securities. An A£l palTd this Seflion for reverfing \\\i Judgment in a ^.0 War* ranto againll the City oi Louden, and for i^cfloring that City to its an- cient Rights and Privileges. Jufj^ 3b.] The French Fleet defeated the united Englipj 2,^^ Dutch Fleets, commanded by the Earl of Torringtort^ this Ye^, q^ B-iachy Head ivi SuJ/lxt 2Q0 E N G L A N D. July I.] A Battle was fouglu between Y^'m^Jiwies and King William^ upon the Banks of the Boyr.c in Ireland. The Irijh Foot did not Hand a Charge, To that King M'illiam gauied an ealy Viftory ; the French and Sn^vi/s^ however, niadc an ordetiy Retreat, and ILing James retired to. Difllin ; and having J^ibferved there wiu. no Dependance upon the IriJh 'ixoops in their own Country, he embarked at Waterford for France. In this Battle Duke Schomoerg was killed, and Dr. ^Valker, who de- fended Londonderry fo bravely. The Tame Day the French, commanded by Marflial Luxemburg^ de- feated the Ducch, commanded by Prince Waldcck^ in the Plains ot Fleury in Flanders. July 2 2.] The French landed fome Troops at Tcrbay, and burnt ^/;?- ftiouth, after their Succefs at Be)zchy'Hcad. And che Nation was in a terrible Conftcrnation for fome Time, expecting an Invafion. No'v. 14.] CciZt.jajncsCo.Tnpbelli Brother to the Earl of ^roj^'Z?, by the Afli fiance 0I Archibald Msnigo7mry and Sir John Johnjiony feized and forcibly married Mrs. Mary Wharton^ a rich Heirefs of thirteen Years of Acre, for which Sir John Johnflon was afterwards hanged : And an A<^ of Parliament paffed, for making void the Marriage between Capt. Campbell and Mrs. Wharton. 'January 16.] At the Congrefs of the Hague, confifling of the Princes of Germany, the Imperial tngli/hy Italian, Spanijh and Dutch Minillers, a Declaration was drawn up ; wherein, i. They folemnly proiefted before God that their Intentions were never to make Peace with Le-xvis XIV. until he had made Reparation to the Holy See, for whatever he had adled ao;ainfl: it; and till he had annulled and made void all thofe in- famous Proceedings againil the Ploly Father Innocent XI. 2. Nor un- til he had rellored to each Party all he had taken from them fince the Teace of Munjter. 3. Nor till he had reilored to the Protejiants oi France all their Polieffions and Goods, and an entire Liberty of Conicience. ,4. Nor till the Eftates of the Kingdom oi France Ibould be ellablilhed in their ancient Liberties ; lo that the Clergy, the Nobility, and the third Rilate might enjoy their antient and lawful Privileges : Nor till their Kings, for the future, ihould be obliged to call together the faid Eftates, when they deitired any Supply, without whom they ftiould riot raife any Money on any Pretence whatfoever ; and till the Parlia- ments of that Kingdom, and all other his Subjects, were reli:ored to their juft Rights. And the Confederates invited the Subjeds ai France to join wich them in this Underial^ing, for reftori ng them to their Rights and Liberties ; threatening Ruin and Devallation to thole that jefufed. Sir Richard Graham, Bart. Vifcount Prejlon^ and John /.fiiDn^ were tried at the Old Bailey for High Treafon, and condemned. N. B. Thefe Genilemen were taken over-againll Grn^vrfcndy in a Smack they had hired to carry them to France^ with Papers giving Intclligerce of the State of the Royal Navy; but only Jljhton v/as hanged. Feb. I.] Dr. Wiliiam Sancroft, Archbiiliop of Canterbury, was de- prived for not taking the Oaths to King JVilUam ; Dr. Thomas Kenn, Bifliop oi Bath and Wells ; Dr. Francis Turjier, Bifhop of Ely; Dr. Ro' bert Frampton, Bifhop of Gloucejier ; Dr., Thomas White, Bilhop of Peter- borough ; and Dr. William Lloyd j Bifiiop Qf J\'»rw:chf were alfo deprived the fame Day, 1691.] ENGLAND. ^gt 1 69 1.] Mc;2s was furrendered to the t'rench the i6th o^ ApriU N. S. The Battle of Aghrim was fought in Ireland ovi the 13th of 'ynly ; where St. Ruth-, the i'rench General, being killed in the Beginning of the Action, the Irift? were defeated,' and General Ginkle. obtained a com- pleat Viilory. Limerick furrendered loon after, with the Caftles of Rofs and Clare, and all other Places and Cartles that were in PolTeflion of the Irijhy which put an End to the War in Ireland \ but very ad- vantageous Terms were gfanted to the Reman Catholics by this Ca* pituladon. The Philofophical R.vbcvt Boyle, Efq; died on the 7th of January^ and left a Sum of Money for eight Sermons to be preached every Year againft Atheifm, now called Boyle\ Ledlures ; which are now preached at St. PauV^. William Fuller, who pretended to prove the Prince of Wales fpurious, and to give Evidence of a Sham-Plot, was voted by the Commons to be a notorious Cheat, Impoftor, and falfe Accufer. Bifhop Burnet obferves. That fenx.^ nvere preferred at this Time, but Whigs, except they purchajed their Places, for the Whigs, he fays, fet enj-ry Thi?ig to Sale. The fame Bilhop fays, That the King*s abolifhing Epifcopacy in Scotland, and fetting up Preibytery there, gave the Clergy of England fome Jealoufy of his Averfion to the Church of Ettgland ; efpecially when they faw Lord Mel-vil, to whom King WilUayn had committed the Adminiibation in Scotland, abandon the Minifters of the Epifcopal Perfuafion to the Fury of the Prelbyterians, though the King had afTured him (Bifhop Bur7iet) and others, that he would reftrain and moderate their Violence. Bifhop Burnet alfo relates, that he complained to King William, about this Tim.e, of the Pra£lice of the Court in bribing and corrupting the Members of Parliament. To which the King anfwered, Ke hated it as much as any Man, but faw it was not poffible to avoid it, confidering the Corruption of the Ap-e, unlefs he would endanger the Wniole. May 19, 1692.] The EngUf:) and Dutch Fleets, commanded by- Admiral RufJ'el, engaging the French Fleet under Admiral Tourwlle^ the French were entirely defeated, and driven to their own Coails ; and at La Hague, and other Places, no lefs than twenty-one of their largeft Men of War were defiroyed within two or three Days after the Battle. Among the reft, the French Admiral, the Ri/ing Sun, was fet on Fire within Sight of the Army that v/as afTembled to have made a Defcent upon England. The Town of Namur furrendered to the French, Jiine 5, 1692 : A Battle was fought at Steinkirk, on the 3d q^ Augufi -, the Confederates were commanded by King William in Perfon, and the French by the "Dvik^ oi Luxe?n^iirgh : The Confederates were forced to retreat with the Lofs of feveral Thoufand brave Officers and Soldiers. Sept. ?,.'] An liarthquake happened in £/z^/ And, (Sept. i\.) the ;peace wys figned between France^ Great Britain, Spain , and Hoaa»d.', z^n^ ratified by King William at Loo the ijih. ^ :.fOfio'.; ^di io^ Kiu'^' William concluded this Peace without the Concurrence of the Eneperor and Empire, and left them to contend, with i^/'^;;'(r^ alone. Dec. 20.] Soon after the Conclufion of the Peace, the Commons re- folved, That in a juil Senff and Aeknowledgraent of what great Things his Majefry had done for the fe Kingdoms, a Sum not exceeding {cvi:.a hundred thoufand ?ov.n6s per Ann. iliould be granted to his Majefly during Life, for the Support of .thp Cjv.ii, Lift j the former Grants be- ing made for a (hort Space of Timi^v-ji hwi: J an. 4.] -^ ^ i''^' happenicd at U'hitehaUiVjhiQh entirely deftroyed that Palace, except the Bunqucltin^^-Houje. Feb. 17.] A Society for the Propagation of the Gofpelin Foreign Parts was about this Time erefled. \, May 1698.] A Complaint being made to the Commons of a Book, intitled, 1 he C^./e of Ireland'^ being bound by ASls of Parliament in Englancl, (written by Wiilicnn Mollineux^ ol Dublin, Kfq;) which de- nied the Dependance of Ireland on England, as to their being bound by En^lijl? Ails of Parliaraen: 3 they addieiTed his Majefty, aiTerting ihe ENGLAND. 295 tlie Dependance and Subordination of Ireland to the Kingdom of Dec. 3.] John Jrchdale, a Quaker, was elc^l^d a M-inber of tills Parliament for the Borough of Chipping IVycomb in Com. Bucks ; but upon his refufing to take the Oath, a new Writ was ilTaed to Wycomuy to chufe another Burgefs. Dec, 16.] The Commons refolved. That all the Land Forces of E^iglnnd, in Englijh Pay, exceeding 7000 Mer^ (and thofe confifiing of his Majeiiy's natural-born Subjefts) be forthwith paid oft, and difbanded; they alfo voted. That all tlie Forces in /m'^A/i/, exceeding i2,oco, fliould be difbanded; and 15,000 Seamen were voted for the Sea Service. Bifhop Burnet, taking upon him to give the Chara6\er of Peter the Great, Emperor of Ruffia., wrio vifited tngland the preceding Winter, fays, He feemed defigned rather for a Ship-Carpenter, than the Great Prince ; though in other Places he admits he was a ereat Genius, and endeavoured to polifh his People. April 14, 1699.] The Sects fettled a Colony at the Iflhmus of Da!» rien, in America., about this Time, and called it Caledonia. Dec. 14.] Tlie Commons, enquiring into the forfeited Efrates in. Ireland, found chat 49,517 Acres of thoie Lands had been granted to the Earl of 7?ow//i^ ; 108,6:53 Acres to the Earl of y^/.^d'//;^r/j' ; 135,820 Acres to the Earl of Portland \ 26,480 Acres to the Earl of Athlone 'y 365 148 Acres to the Earl of G.-^Z-^u-^/ ; and 9^,649 Acres, being tiie pri- vate Eltate of King y.TWc'i, and worth 25,995 /. per Annum, to the Lady Elizabeth ViUiers, Couatefs oiOrkney, a She- Favourite oi' YJin'y Willi ojn^ s i Whereupon they refolved to bring in a Bill of Reiuniptioii, and to apply- all the forfeited Eftates and Literefts in Ireland, and all Grants thereof, and of the Revenues of the CrovVn there, iince the i3Lh of February , 168S, to the Uie of the Public. It was obferved, that the Duke of Qrmond, the Earl of Marlborough,. General Douglas, Gtnersil-I^almdrjh, the Lords Cuts, Cunningham, and other Britijh Generals and OfHcers, who had ferved in Ireland, and. bee4i eminently inllrumental in the Reduction cf that Kingdom, had not a Foot of Land of all-the forfeited Elfates granted them ; only Lord Gahvay, a French Refugee, the Earl of Romney^ and other Dutch Favourites, tailed the Fruits of the Conqaell, except Mrs. ViUiers, the King's Midrefs, who had King yK/?/ifj's private Eltale in /r^/^zW con- ferred upon her. Feb. 21.] The Comriions waited on the King with their Refolii- ticns, in relation to the liijh Forfeitures. InAnfwer to which, his Majeily toid them, he thought himfelf obliged in JulHce to reward thofe who had ferved well, and particularly in the Redudlion of Ire' land, out of the Edates forfeited to him there ;' and that their leflen- ing the National Debts, and reiloring the Public Credit, he thought would belt contribute to the Honour, Interell, and Safety of the Kingdom. The Commons refolved. That whoever advifed his Majedy to return this Anfwer, had uled their utmoft Endeavour to aeate a Mifunder-- Handing and jerdouf.; between the King and his People. A Treaty of Partition cf the Sp-a?iijh Monarchy was concluded between the Maritime Powers and France ; whereby Archduke Charles' was to have Spai?i^ and moil of the reil of the Spanijh T &, Dominions;^ t^6 ENGLAND. Dominions, except l^aphs, Sicily, &c. which were affigned to the Dauphin. Jpril g, 17CG.] The Commons refolved, That an Addrefs be made to his Majefty, that no Perfon, who was not a Native of his Domi- nions, except the Prince of Denmark, be admitted to his Majefty's Councils in England or Ireland:, but, to prevent the prefcnting this Addrefs, the King went to the IJoufe on the nth Inilant, and pro-^ rogued the Parliament to the 23d o{May> In this SeiTion an Ad pafled, to diiToIve the Duke o^ h^orf oik's Marriage with the Lady Mary Mor- daunt, avid to enable him to marry again. July '^o, 1700.] The Duke of GlouceJIer, the only furviving Child of the Prince and Princefs oi Denmark, died at Wind/or, being eleven Years of Age. And focn after, (Nonj. i.) happened the long expelled Death oi Charles II. King q{ Spain, He died in the 3c;)th Year of his A^^, apd 56th of his Reign ; and having been provoked, by the Par- tition of his Dominions by Foreigners, he made his Will, and dif- pofed of his Crown to Philip Duke o^ Jnjou, fecond Son to the Dauphin, cf France ; and Leiuis XIV. caufed him to be proclaimed King at Afa- dridf and put him in PofTefTion of all die Spanijh Dominions ; againll which the Emperor and the Pope protefted. Arvd^ (March 13.) the Englijh and Dutch prefented Memorials to the French AmbalTador at the Hague, requiring his Mafter to withdraw his Troops out of the Spanijh Netherlands, and allow a fufficient Barrier for the Security of England and the States-General: To which the French AmbafTador gave po Anfvver. March 20.] The Houfe of Lord^ addrefTcd his Majelly upon this Event, fhewing the ill Confequence of the Treaty of Partition to the Peace and Safety of Europe, and defired his Majefly, that, for tfte future, he would communicate all Matters of Importance relating to Jiis Britijh Dominions, to a Council of his natural- born Svibjefts, whofe Interell it was to confult the Welfare of their Country ; and whofe Experience and Knowledge of their Country would alfo render thcrn ?nore capable than Strangers of advifmg his Majeity in the true Interell of it. They advifed his Majefty alfo, that, in future Treaties with the French King, he would proceed with fuch Caution, as might carry a real Security. March 22.] The Commons addre/Ted his Mp.jeily on the fame Sub- jf:(51, laying before him the ill Confcquenccs of the I'reaty of Partition. \sA\\'^ William, however, v/rote a Letter to King jP/':7y/>, congratulatinf* Jhin> oa his Accefiion to the Throne of ^/?/« i^.and the States- General ialfo, congratulated him on his AcceiTion.-iMr! -o..;^ Jpril 23, 1701.} The Commons alfo impeached the four Lorc^s thut negotiated this Treaty, and addrelTe^ his Majefty to remove them from his Council and Pre fence for. ever, i'i'«> John Lord Scmers, Ed^ivard Earl of Or/'or(/, Charles Lord Halli/^x, and iVilliani E-. the States-General gave the Command of their Forces to the Earl of Marlborough the Englijh Geheralj who obliged the French to quit the Spanijh Qelderland the firil: Campaign. . y^ Prince Ernejl Augujlusy . youngcfl Brctfier to the Efeury Men brought their Habeas Cor'^m^ and liic Cafe was he.ird in the Court of King^-B^nch ; but tiicy vv^fC remanded to Ne-wgate, aA-.a their Council, Solicitors, ^c, voted guilty of a Breach of Privilege. The Lo'ds, on the contrary, refolved, That the Commons- aaed ar- bitrarily and illegally, and that where aji Oliicer refufed to admit an. tkdor to poll,, he m'ia^^t lawfully bring aa AdUon agaiuit the Officer. 302 ENGLAND. Feb. 8.] The Commons about this Time addrefled her Majefl/, that Ihe would ufe her Intereft with the Allies, that they might next Year lurnifh their feveral compleat Quotas by Sea and Land. The Dutch withdrew a Squadron, Part of their Quota of Ships, jufl before the Battle ^i Malaga^ and employed them in convoying their Merchant Ships, otherwile tnat Vidory had been more compleat. March 14.] An Aft received the Royal Alfent this Seffion, for the better enabling her Majelly to grant the Honour and Manor ^{ Wood- Jiock^ with the Hundred o{ IFctton, to the Duke oi Marlborough and his Heirs, in ConhderaLibn of the eminent Services by him performed to her Majelly and the Public. Admiral Leak furprized the French Squadron, under the Command of Admiral Ponti, before Gibraltar ; took three French Men of War, de- ftroyed feveral others, and relieved the Place a fecond Time ', where- upon the Frcjzch and Spaniards raifed the Siege. May 5, 1705.] Leopold, Emperor of Germany, died, and was fuc- ceeded by Jojeph, his eldeB: Son. ^^^S' 7*] The Duke oi Marlborough being about to attack the French at 0y Way of Diverlion, but lufteied the French to march to the Relief o^ Thoulon, v/itliout giv-^ ing them any Diilurbance on the Side of Flanders. E N G L J N i). 305 06?. 22.] Admiral Shvel, with the Confederate Fleet frorA the Mi?- alterranean, as he was coming home, apprehending himfelf near the Rocks o^ Scilh about Noon, paid the Weather hazy, he brought to, and lay by till Evening, when he made a Signal for failing j what induced him to be more cautious in the Day than in the Night, is not known ; but the Fleet had not been long under Sail, before his own Ship the JJ/bciation, v/ith the Eagle and Romney, were daflied to Pieces upon the iocks, called the Bijhcp and his Clerks, and all their Men loft. No'V.'\ Ellas Marias, John Aude, and Nicholas Facio, Fre7ich Refu- gees, pretending to be Prophets, were conviiled as Importors and Di- fturbers of the Public Peace. March <:^:\ Advice was brought to St. 7^;?/^/s, that the Chevalier de St. George v/as come to Dunkirk, and Preparations v/ere making to invade her Majefry's Dominions ; and foon after we heard that he was failed to Scotland: Whereupon Sir George Byng piirfuedhini thither, and firing a Gun in the- Evening for the Fleet to come to an Anchor, the Enemy, who arrived there a little before, were alarrned, and the next Morning were difcovered ftanding out at Sea; ^u George gave Chace, and took one of the Enemy's Men^of War called the Salijhury, with fe- veual EngliJ]? and French Officers and Gentlemen on Board. Wlay 28, 1708.] Aboiit the fame Time Commodore Wager, with a Squadron of four Engli/h Men of War, engaged feventeen Spanip Gal- leons near Carthagend in America ; of ivhich the SpaniJJ:> Admiral, reck- oned to be worth Thirty Millions of Pieces of Eight, was blown up^ and the Rear-Admiral taken. Commodore Wager's Share only of this Prize amounted to 100,000/. and upon his Return home he was made Rear-Admiral for his Service. Ji^ne 30.] The Affair of the ninth Eleflorate being adjufled, the three Colleges of the Empire refolved to admit the EIe£lor of Hano-ver to fit and vote in the Electoral College, which had been oppofed for fix teen Years.. July 11.] The Dukes of Burgundy and Bcny, and the Chevalier de^St. George, having taken the Field with the Duke of Vendofme, and laid Siege to Oudenardey were attacked near that Place by the Duke of M which lie between AVxu England and Frenth Canada, had an Audience of the Q^geen in April 1 7 10 ; wherein they made great Profeffions of their Refoludons to fupport the Englijh IntereJt againft the French ; and defired her Ma- jefty would fend a Reinforcement of Troops, and Miflionaries to inftru{*l them in the Chrijiian Religion. Ju7ie 15.] The City of Dciiay furrendered to the Allies, after a Siege of fix Weeks, the Allies having loll eight thoufand Men before it. July 2b.] A Treaty of Pacification was entered upon at Gertruden-^ liirg\ wherein ihc Dtitch Minifters managed the Affair for Great Bri^ lain and the reft of the Allies ; but broke off the Treaty, becaufe thd French King refufed to affilt in dethroning his Graiidfon, King Philip of Spain, xhoMfAi he con fen ted to every other Demand ; particularly to acknowledge the Qneen's Title; to give the Dufch, the Empire, and th^ ])uke of Sc.'voy their Barrier, and deliver up four of thfe ftrongell Towns in Flanders-, oii Signing the Preliminaries ; and offered to contribute his Quota of Money tov^ards dethroning his Grandfon, if he refufed to quit Spain ; but BiPiiop Burnet relates, that the Britijh Miniitry wer^ determined at that Time not to make Peace, until France, as well as Spain, fiiould be conqueicd ; which was the Reafon that thefe advan.* tageous Terms were refufed. Aug, II.] The YAr\^oi Spain, Charles III. having obtained a ViC' tory over his Rival King Philip at SaragcJJa, took Poffeffion of Madrid again; but not being reinforced, was obliged to r&tire from thenc6 again, and quit that Capital to his Rival* Sept,'\ The Earl of Godolthin, Lord Treafurer, Lord Chancellor Co-Lvper, and the whole Miniitry were changed at this Time; and Mr* Barley, the Earl of Rochejier^ and their Friends, introduced in their Head. Againft which the Diredors cf the Bank at Home, and the //«« perial and Dutch Minifters from Abroad, reprefented the difmal Con* fequences that were likely to attend this Change, to her Majeity. Dec. I.] The Army of the Allies in Spain dividing in their Retreat from M/2i/r/V towards Catalonia, General Stanhope, vvith eight Eatta« lions of Englijh Foot, and eight Squadrons of Horfe, was furrounded by the French and Spaniards in Brihuega, and made Prifoners ; but Genera! Starcnherg, with the other Part of tlie Army, engaged the French and Spaniards next Day, and defeated them ; after Vvhich Starenberg con- tinued his March to Catalonia. Great Frauds were difcovercd in viftualling the Navy at this Time* the Seamen beino- cheated of half the Provifions the Government al- O lowed them. Mr. Harley was {tabbed by Count Guifcard, a French Refugee, in the Council-Chamber ; but the Wound did not prove mortal. in the V'ear 1711, it was refolved to build fifty new Churches in Lon- d^n and JVejlmiTiJler ; and the Queen promoted the paffing of an Aft of parliament in order to elfeft it. The Prince of Nojlarc, Stadtholder of Friefland, Father of the late Prince cf Orange, was drowned, as he paffed over a Ferry near Mar dyke in his Coach, on the 3d of July, 1711. My. Mc/nagcr ZLtxiy^'di at LQndon frcm France, with P:opafal« of Peace, in Auguji, 17 1 1, 2oS ENGLAND. The fame Year, i;2z. on th;" 12th q{ QjJo ■.•£)-, 171 1, Charteslll. Ki'ii'^ of Spairij was ele«^ed Emperor by the Name of Charles VI. He diC fuaded the Princes of the Empire and the Dutch from enrerincr into a Treaty of Peace vviih France; and Baron i?o/;'vA'^j;-, the Pvliniiler of Hano^ver, prefented a Memorial to t\iQ Britijh Court againft her Majeffy's treating of Peace : Mr. 6*/. 'John., Secretary of State, however notified to the Foreign Miniiters at London^ that the Que^en had appointed the Conferences to begin at Utrecht on the ift ^^ "January^ Q. S. The Commons addrefled her Majefty, and afllired her they had an entire Confidence in her Wifdom and Goodnefs, in fettling the Terms of Peace; but the Lords advifed her to make ao Peace, u-nlefs the French gave up Spaifi and the Wejl-hidies. Dec. z\.^ About the fame Time, the Commons reprefented to her "iVIaielly, that the Duke oi Marlborou'gh had converted to his owi.n Ufe above half a Million of the Public Money; and th;U 'S'w Robert l^Falpole h;;d taken a thoufand Guineas of the Contraftors for Forage in Scotland:- "Whereupon the Duke and Dutchefj o^ Marlhorcugh Vvcre turned out of all their Places, which brought xh^m. in upwards of lixty-two thoufand Vo\v^'.]s> per Jnnunij befides vvhatthe Duke made abroad, which amounted to as much more ; and Sir Robert IJ'u'pok wab expelled the Houfe of Commons, and fent to the T'o^.ver. Prince Eugene o^ Sa-vcy w?.?^ fent over to England, abourt this Time by the Emperor, to diffuade the Queen from coiiclading a Peace. Tv/elve Pt^rs were created or called to the Hcule of Lords, in the Month of D2ce?nBery tha^ the Court might ha.ve a. Majority in that Houfe. The Krii general Conference, on rhe Treaty of Peace^ was held at. Utrecht on the \%x}i\Q^ January ^ 1711-12. March 4.] The Commons reprefented to her Majefty the Injuftice of her Allies, in throwing their Share of the Charges of the War upoa En(r!a7u( ; Ihewing, that our Expence at the Beginning of the War did rot amount to four Millions ; whereas it was now increafed to near fe- ven Millions, by the Deficiencies of her Allies: That the States Ge- neral were frequently deficient two Thirds of their Quota of Shipping, and that in the Kctherdands they were deficient 20.000 Men, and had withdrawn almoft all their Forces from Spain ; and that the Aujirians^ whom it concerned moil, had bat one Regiment there;, whereas the Englijh maintained 60,000 Men in Spain and Pcrtugal ; and the Charges of Shipping for that Service amou^nted to eight Millions Sterling;, and that Enoland had expended, above her Quota in this War, nineteen Mil- lions ; all which the late Miiuilry connived at, and, in many Icilances,. contrived and encouraged upon private Views. March 17.] A Proclamation was ilTaed in this Month, oiFering a Reward of IOC /. to any one that fliould difcovtr 2^ Moha^ok, Genilemen- ib called, who infefted the Streets of London this Spring, and diverted- themfelves with pinking, that is maiming and wounding People in the Street with their drawn Swords. A Nephew of Prince Eugcnehy it is faid, was one of them, who had his Brains beat out by a Chairmaa with his Pole. 17 1 2.] The Duke o^ Ormonde who was confdtuted Gsneral in Flan- ders, in the Room of the Duke olMarlhorcngk, declared tO' Pr>iace Eu- gene, that lier Maielly, having a near Profpect of Peace, had given hirrt Orders not to att,ofi^enrively 5, and oathe 6th oi Jime, 17 12, the (|ueen ENGLAND, 309 •CDmmunicated the Terms of Peace to the Parliament; whereby AVou- foiindland^ Nova Scctia, Ne-xu Britain, and HudJov\ Bay^ were yielded to Great Britain., and Gibraltar and the Ifland of Miyiorca, with Port- Mahon, v/ere confirmed to this Crown : And both the Lords and Com- mons thereupon affured her Majefty, that they relied entirely on her Wifdom to finifli the great Work of Peace fhe had entered upon. The Frcnth having agreed to deliver up Dunkirk to the Britijh Forces, Brigadier Hill was fenc from Enoland with 4000 Men to take PofTemon of it, which he did on the 7thof y^^/y, 1712. Prince Eugene^, with the F-orces of the Allies and the BriliJJy Pvlerce- naries, feparating from the Duke of Ormondes Army on the 5th, the Duke caufed a CefTdtion of Arms between Great Britain and France, to be proclaimed in his Camp the next Day, as the French General, Mar* iQial I'illarsj did in his Camp at the fame Time ; and the Duke of Or- 7?;o;/^/t^, 171 3. 1713.] I'he Scots being uneafy at the extending the Malt-Tax to Scotland, as well as at the Judgment of the Houfe of Peers in Prejudice of their Peerage, demanded, a Diflblution of the Unioi\; which being put to the Vote in the Houfe of Lords, it was carried againfl diilolving the Union of the two Kingdoms, but by four Voices. Upon evacuating Catalonia by the Allies, the Catalans pofTefTed them- felves of Barcelona, and declared War againll (heir Sovereig;n King Philip, rejecling the Indemnity procured for them by the Queen of Great Britain. The Treaty of Peace was figned, between Great Britain and Spain, • on the 1 3 th of July, 1 7 1 3 . The principal Articles of Peace between Great Britain^2.Xid. France were, that the Proteftant Succeffion fliould take Place ; that France and Spain iliould never be fubje6l to the fajiie Sovereign ; that Dunkirk fnould be demolilhed -, that Nf^.v/oundland, Noiia Scotia, Ne-iv Britain, Hudfon\ Bay, and the French Part of the ifland of St. Chrijlophers, fhould be yielded to Great Britain, and that a juft and reafonable Satisfaclioa Ihould be given to all the Allies. The chief Articles between Fr-ance and Savoy were, That the Ifland of Sicily fhould be afiiQ;ned to the Duke of Savoy, with the Title of King; that France Hiould give the Duke of Savoy a fufhcient Barrier, and that, on Failure of Iflue of King Philip, the Duke fliould fucceed to the Crown of Spain. To the Dutch, , France yielded up Luxemburg, Kamur, Charlerfy, 2\lcnin. Tournay, Fumes, Fort J^noque, Leo, Dixmude, and Tpresy for their Barrier ;* ai}d the Dutch rcltored Lijle, Aire, Bethvne, and St. Ve- najit, to France; and the Queen of i:;?^/^^?/.'/ prevailed on Le-^'juis XiV^ U 3 U 016 ENGLAND, to releafe all the Proteftants on board the Gallies, on Condition they tranfported themfelvcs out of his Dominions. A Complaint being made to the Conmions, of a Pamphlet, intitled, The Crijts (of which Mr. Steele acknowledged himfelf the Author) they voied it to be a fcandalous and feditious Libel, highly refleftingon her Mc-^jefty, the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and Univerfities,, maliciouily infmuating, that the Proteftant Succefiion was in ganger; and that Richard Steele, the Author, be expelled the Houfc. Earcn Schuix, Miniller from Hano^icr, demanded of the Lord Chan- cellor, a Writ for fumnioning the Eleftoral Prince, as Duke of Cu7nr bridge, to the Houfe cf Lords ; and her Majefty gave Directions for iiTuing the Writ, but refented the Demand fo highly, that fhe forbid tfhe Baron the Court. Both 'Houfes of Parliament addrefled her Majefty at this Time, ex- preifing the juft Senfe they had of her Majefty*s Goodnefs, in delivering them, by a hlo,, honourable and advantageous Peace, from the heavy Burthen of aconfuming Land- War, unequally carried on, and become ^t laft imprafticable. 1714.] The Princefs Sophia, Eledrefs and Dutchefs Dowager of flano'zer, died in the 84th Year of her Age, May 28, 17 14. Queen ./lm;e died on the iirft oi Aiiguji, in the 50th Year of her Pi^%^t ^nd the 13th of her Reiv^n ; being the fecond Daughter of y^rz/^tj- Dukq of 7*o;\(', (afterwards King James W.) by his-firii: VX'ife the Lady Anne Hyde, Daughter of the Earl Oi Clarendon. She left no iJfue, her Son, the Duke of Glcucejhr, dyiug on the 12th of July, 1699, in the 12th Year of his Age. Auguji 1, 1714] George L Duke of Bruitf^^.ic Lnnenhurg, and Elec-s tor of Hayio-uer, fucceeded to the Crown cf Great Britain, by virtue of feveral Statutes for fecuring the Proteftant Succcllion ; being Grandfon of die Princefs Eli'^:abeth Stuart, Daughter , about Nine in the Morning : The Darknefs was fuch, for about three Minutes, that the Stars appeared, and the Birds and Fowls retired to their Neils, as if it had been Night. The Parliam.ent having obtained a Secret Committee, of which Mr*^ Rchfrt M alpole was Chairman, Mr. Prior was ordered to be made clofe Prifoner ; and Mr. Thomas Harley, and feveral more, were ordered to be apprehended. Then Mr. Robert Walpole moved to impeach the Lord Bolin^hroke of High Treafon, and Lord Coningjby moved to impeach, the Earl of Oxford of High Treafon ; the Duke of Ormond w^ls im- peached of High Treafon, and the Earl of 5/^J.^cr^ of High Crimes and Mifdemeanors : Vv'hich violent Proceedings having made a great Num- ber of Malecontents, the Pretender began to make fome Preparations for v\(nmg Ehghind^ of v.'hich the King thought fit to acquaint the Par- liament, and Money was imm.ediately voted for raifing Forces to op- pofe the Pretender and his Adherents. A Squadron of Men of War was ordered to be equipped, and the Guards encamped in hyde Park. On the other Hand,'the^Earl of Marr retired from Court into Scotland, and aifembied ail the Difaffefted in that Kingdom, and the Duke of O/v^/^/A-/' went over to France: Whereupon the Duke and Lord Boling- broke were both attainted of High Treafon by Ad of Pariiameut, and' feveral Perfons, lufpedcd of Difafieclion, were brought up to London. from all Parts of the Kingdom ; and an Aft paiTed to fupprefs Tumults and Riots, whereby it was inade Capital not to diipei I'e aiter a Proclama- tion Ihould be read for that Purpofe* Two Perions were executed oa ^ that Adt at Worajier. On the I ft of Sept. N. S. lyi^^ died Z^tWi XTV. l^'w.g o^ France y in the 77 th Year ot his Age, and tlie 7-3d of his Keigii, and was fuc- U ^ Qeedcd 312 ENGLAND, ceeded by his Great Grandfon Le^is XV. the Duke pf Or/f^«j aflumr ing the Regency during the King's Minority. Sept. 3.] The Earl of Marry having afTembled a Body of Male-con- tents atJlcyne in S^cotland, proclaimed the Pretender. . About the f-ime Time, the Univerfity of Oxford chofe the Earl of Jrran, Brother to the Duke of Orinond, their Chancellor, in Oppofition to the Prince of Wales, who offered hiinfelf a Candidate. Six Members of the Commons were apprehended on Sufpicion (^ Difaffeclion, with Leave of the Houfe. Mr. Fojier, having accepted a CommilTion from th-2 Pretender to be General, alfembled the Difafiected in Northumberland in the Beginning of Otiloler, and was joined by General M<;?//(?/^, and feveral Scotch Noblemen, with fome Hundreds of Highlanders ; bat marching to Prejion in Lancopire^ they were furroundcd by the King's Forces, and, after a fhort Refiftance, furrendered (Nov. 1 3.) Prifoners at Difcretion. Among the Prifoners were Mr. Fofier the General, the Earl of Der-xvent^^vater^ Lord Widdrington ; the Earls of Nithfdale, Winion, and Carnnvath; Lord Vifcount Kenmure, and the Lord Nairne, with about 70 Englijh Gentle- men, and 140 Scotch Officers and Gentlemen. The fame Day a Battle was fought between the Duke of Jrgyle, aid tlie Earl of M rr at Sheriff Muir, between Perth and Stirling ; 'the left Wing of each Army being beaten, both retired to their rcipedive Camps. Dec. 24.] The Oaths were tendered to all Peopl? in England^ at this Time, and thofe who refufed them were committed to Prifon. Dec. 25.] The Pretender landed at Peterhead m Scotland on the iStli of Dece?nc>er ; but Lord Cadogan being fent down with a Body of Forces, and joined by the Dutch Auxiliaries, he v/as obliged to re-imbark withi the Earl of M<«rr' about a Month afterwards, and returned to France', whereupon the Rebels difpcrfed, and the Prifoners that had been taken were tried, and great Numbers of them executed ; among whom were the Lord Der^vent-ivater and the Loid Ki'irnure : But much the greatefl Part pf the Prifoners pcriihed by the Severity of the Seafon, it being one of the longeft and hardeil Frolls we had known for inany Years. What contributed moft to the Pretender's ill Succefs was, the Inti- inacy betv/een King /^^-^re-^' and the Duke ofOrkms, Regent of Franse, the Regent himfelf declaring to our AmbafTador at the Court of France, that he had prevented feveral Embarkations defig'ned for the Preten- der's Service, and no Doubt advifed the Court of England of all the Prptender^s Motions. May 7.] The Triennial Adl was repealed in this Seffion, and tl^e Time of the Continuance of the Parliament extended tp feven Years, if not diffoived fooner by the Crov/n. The Guards were d'fperfcd in feveral Parts of the Town, to prevent the People's wearing White Rofes on the 10th of June, The King going to Hanover this Summer, the Prince of Wales was conilituted Guardian of the Kingdom. A Riot happening in Saiijlmry -Courts between the Whig and Tory ^obs., the Guards were fent to fupprefs it, and live of the Tories being taken, wcie conyided and executed on the Riot-Adl, at the End of %aliJlury-Court in Fleet-ffmti on t\it zz^ of September, ' ' ' '' ' " " "' ■ ■ ' ■- P^H''^ ENGLAND. 1513 Count GyUanherg, the S-TveiUJh Envoy, and his Papers, were lelzed in the Month of Ja?iuary, on Account of his being concerned in a Confpiracy againft the Government. Sir Jacob Bancksy Mr. Cafar, p.nd others, v/ere taken into Cuilody, on Safpicion of their Correfpond- ing with the Envoy. Feb. 6.] The Regent of France compelled the Pretender to quit A^vignon, and remove to Italy about the fame Time. March 25, 1716.] A Squadron of Men of War was fent to the ^.r/- ticy to prevent an Invafion trom S-zvedeny as was given out. May 3.] The Lower Houfe of Convocation having drawn up a Reprefentation againil Dr. Hoadleyy Bilhop of BaJigors were proroo-aed, by a fpecial Order from Court, and have never been fuffered to do Bufmeis fince. The Earl of Oxford^ having Iain near three Years in the Tcivery moved to be brought to his Trial, and the Commons, who impeached him, not appearing to pvofecute him, he wa^ acquitted. At the Conclufion of this Seffion of i*arliament vv^as pafTed a Gene- ral Adi of Pardon, out of' which were excepted the Earl of Oxford Lord HarcDurty Mr. Priory Mr. Thc?nas Harley, Mr. Arthur Moore, and lome few more. T.vo hundred of the Pr£jlo7i Prifoners were difcharo-ed out of the Caftle at Chejler by this Ad ; but moft of them had beeni made Cripples firfl, by the Hardfhips they endured in the precedino- hard Winter. ^ Dec 4.] Mr. Shippcp.y Member of Parliament for 6'<^//^7/^, was fent to the To-iver for faying, that a Paragraph in the Pling's Speech feenied calculated for the Meridian of GLrnuiny, Y'^lhtj thsin^ov Great- Britain ' and that it was a great Misfortune the King was a 8trano-er to our Language and Conftitution. A Petition of the ComaTiifTioners, for building Fifty New Churches was prefented to the Commons, praying the Duties appropriated for building the faid Churches, might not be applied to the Re-building old ones ; but the Petition was rejected. Jafnes Sheppardy a young Lad, looking upon it as a meritorious Aft to kill the King, had declared his Intention o^ doing it ; and, bein? thereupon convicted of fiigh Treafon, continued in the fame Senti- ments at his.Execution. The Pretender married the Princefs Sobiejli, Grand-Daup-hter of John Sobicjhiy k.te King of Poland, about this Time ; but the Lady was feized, by the Emperor's Order, at hifprucky in her V>'ay to Itai- and kept Prifoner there, till fhe found Means to make her Efcape. The Quadruple Alliance againil: Spaiuy by Great Britain, Germany, France, and the States, was concluded about this Time. A Declaration of War was publillied agalnll: Spain on the i6th of December. A furprifmg Meteor was feen on the 15th of March, about Nine at Night; being a Globe of hire, equal in Dimeufions and Briohtnefs to the Sun, and illuminating the whole Region. It difappeared ia Half a Minute ; but the Streams of Light, which ifiued from it, con- tinued a Quarter of an Hour. The Spa?iiards invading Sardinia and S icily y Sir Georvg Bjk'p- enpap-ed their Fleet near Syracuje, and took and deilroyed fevtraiof thcir'Mcn --pf War. 1719 ] Great Britain, the Emperor, and France, all declar^Bn- War ngainil Spain, the Pretender went to Madrid, where kc was treated a.-] jLinj; 314 E N G L A N D. King of Great Britain ; and the Spaniards landed 400 Men in Scotland^ and joined the Highlanders.-, but comiiig to an Engagement with King George's Forces (June 10.) they were defeated, and the Spaniards fur- lendered Priloncrs at Difcretion. On the other Hand, the Lord Cob- lam made a Delcent at Vigo in> Spain, and the Town and Callle fur- rendering, he found a great Quantity of Small- Arms provided there, which he brouglu to England, The French, at the fame i ime, in- vaded Spain on the Side of Guipiifcoa, and tlie hnperialijis were tranf- ported into Sicily by the Br'mjh Fleet, to oppofe the Spa^dards, who •had made themieives Mailers of treat Part of that Ifland, as well as <:ii Sardinia ; but the Spaniards, finding themfelves overpowered, agreed to deliver up Sardi-nia and Sicily again ; and the French withdi awing their Forces from Spain, a Feiiod was put to this War. ^John Matthews, a young Lad, was convifted of Printing a treafon- abie Paper, ihtitled, Fox Populi Fox Dei', wherein it was declared^ That a Majority of the People defiring a Change of Go-ucrnment, it was lawful to endeavour it upon Whig Principles, He was executed at Tyburn On the 6th of Ko-~jember. The Court of RuJJia publiihed a Memorial the latter End of this Year, complalnino:, that the Kinjj of (^reat Britain had entered into* an Alliance with her Enemies the S-cvedes, and had fent a Fleet of Men of War into the Baltic to their Affuiaiice. To which the Britijh Court replied. That RujJia was in a Confederacy with the Pretender ; and, to induce the S-juedes to make a feparate Peace with RuJJia, the Czar^ Jiad offered the^ Sn-vedss to afiiil thein in recovering Bremen and Ferdcit'. from the Ele«!:tor of Hanoi>er. January i I.] The Higiiways and Streets in and about London, be- ing much infeiled Vv'ith Robbers at this Time, a Reward of 100/. wa.s cflered for taking any fuch Robber within five Miles of the Town, and a Pardon to any one that ihould difcover his Accomplices. Jlpril 7, 1720.] An Ad paiTed to enable the South-Sea Company to increafe their Capital Stock, by redeeming the Public Debts. And another Ati for fecuring the Dependance of Ireland \i])on the Crown oi Great Britain ; and it was declared, that it was lawful to ap- peal from the Courts of Ireland to thofe of England, and particulaily to the Englijh Houfe of Peers. Upon palling the abovefaid Ai^, for redeeming the Public Debts, the South- Sea Stock rofe to 310 per Cent, and on the 28th of April, a Subicription was opened at 400, and by the 2d of June the Stock rofe to 890, and upwards ; but the King going over 10 Hano'ver on the 15th of Jtine, and piany of the Courtiers that went with him, and others, withdravving their Money out of tlie Stocks, they began to fall; However, the Diretiors engaging to make very large Dividends, and declaring, that every 100/. original Stock, would yield c^ol.per Ann, it roje to 1000/. afterwrnds, ana continued near that Price to the End of July almoil ; but, before the End of Septs?nber, the Stock fell to 150/. whereby Multitudes of People were ruined, v/ho had laid cut all the Money tlie/ had, and "all they could borrow ; and a great many all the Money they were entrulled with, to buy Stock at S or 900/. for every 100/. And ihough the Directors only v/ere pubiihed for abufing the People's Credulity, tiiey faid, in their Defence, that the Coiiniers compelled i^xui to proceed in the Manner they did, and ENGLAND. 315 tliat many of them made much greater Fortunes than any of the Di- redlors. The Mijfijfippi Company, erefled In France by Mr. L/xxu, the Yeaf before, vvab much fuch another Bubble ; and there, it is evident, the Court cheated their Subjeds of a great many Millions ; and it was with Difficulty they protefted Mr. La^v, the Pjojeilor of it, from be- ing pulled in Pieces ; but that worthy Gentleman afterwards returned to London, where he was mightily careiTed, after he had ruined Mil- lions of reople ; the greateil Criminals being ufually farthell out of the Reach of Juftice. The Powers, that lately invaded Spain., held a Congrefs at Camhray^ to treat cf a General Peace, in Odober 1720. A Ship having brought the Plague from Turkey to Mar/eJ lies this Yea , Multitudes died of it in that City, and in the South o[ France^ Robert Lo'wther, Efq; was taken into Cuftody for the Tyranny and Extortions he had been guilty of in his Government of Barbadoes, His Cafe appeared fo black, that the Attorney- General, one of his Council, refufed to plead for him. Jan. 22.] Mr. Knight, Cafhier of the South Sea Company abfcond- ing, moll of the Directors were taken into Cuftody. 1721.] An Aft pafTed for raifing Money upon the Eftates of the late South-Sea Direftors, their Cafliier, Deputy Cafhier, and Accomp- tant, arid on the Eilates of John Aijlabie and James Craggs.. fenior, to- wards making good the great Lois and Damage fuftained by the faid Company, and for difabling them to hold any Office or Place of Truil, or to fit or vote in Parliament. * In the Month oi AugujU the Experiment of Inoculating the Small- Pox was iirlt tried upon feveral condemned Criminals with Succefs. June 25.] The Queftion being put in the Koufe of Peers, that the A r ' theii- Towns of isV^i-^, Madras, and E'ori-PfHHam in India. Th^ 3i8 ENGLAND. Th€ Prlncefs Sophia Dorothy, Confort of King George I. by whorii lie obtained the Inheritance of the Duchies of Zell and Lunenburg^ died at the Caftle of Ahlenin the Eledorate of Hano'ver, wliere ihe had been confined many Years on Sufpicion of fome Gallantries with Count Cc7iingfm{irk. The S\vedes\ accoiding to the Treaty of Hano^v-er, had a Penfion of ^o,oco I. per Ann, granted them. The Court of Spain demanding Gibraltar to be delivered up, by Virtue of a Proniife made them by King George, as was pretended, on the Refufal of the Court of Great Britain to comply with it, ordered all the EfFe£ls of the Englijh- Merchants in Spain to be fei^ed, and {^May 20, 1727.) laid Siege to Gibraltar ; but Preliminaries for a gene- ral Pacification were concluded at Paris, between Great-Britain and the States General on one Part, and the Emperor and Spain on the others whereby it was agreed, that the Commerce of the Ojlend Company with India fhould be fufpended for feven Years, that all Privileges of Commerce Ihould be reftored, that Hofiilities fhould ceafe, and the Squadrons of Men of War return Home. The King embarked for Hano--ver the 3d of June, but died in the Kight of the loth at O/nabrug, on his Journey thither, in the 68th Year of his Age, and 13th of his Reign, leaving no other IfTue but Lis late Majeliy King George II. and the late Queen of PrnJJia. June II, lyzy.] His late Majefty King George II. fucceeded his Father ; but King George I. dying Abroad, he v/as not proclaimed un- til the 15 th Inilant. Sir Robert Walpole was made Firfl: Commiifioner of the Treafury, and held the Pcit of Prime Miniller in mofr Part of this, as well as in the preceding Reign. July 3.] It was refolved' by the Commons, in the firft Seffion of Parliament of this Reign, That the entire Revenues of the Civil Lift (which produced 100.000/. per Annum, abote the Sum of 700,000/. granted to George I.-) fhould be fettled on his late Majeily for Life : And four Days after they refolved. That a Revenue of ioa,ooo/. per Jinn, fhould he fettled on her Majeity Queen Caroli?ie durino her Life, in Cafe Ihe Ihculd furvive the King. 15y which Sir Robert, who was the firft Mover of thefe Supplies, recovered and eftablifhed himfelf ia the Royal Favour, which he feemcd once to i-ave loil. Admiral Hojler died, while he lay on board his Ship before Porta- Bello, on the 22d of Augu/i this Year. The Courts oi France and Spain appeared perfectly reconciled at this Time, and entered into the flriileil A^lliance : An Union that has proved of much worfe Confequence to Great Britain, than the Alliance between the Courts of Vienna and Madrid, which we feemed to dread lb much. We might have made a perfcft Separation between the Crowns oi France and Spain, and made Spain our own for ever, when fhe was fo tho- roughly provoked by the Court oi France, in fending back the Infanta Queen to Madrid ; but that critical Hour was unhappily loll, when WQ- joined with France to invade the Spanijh Dominions. April, 1728.] i he Preliminaries between Great-Britain and Spain being fettled, the Siege of Gibraltar was raifed ; and the Miniilers of thofe Powers reforted to Soijons. in France, in order lo conclude a defi- nitive Treaty by the Mediation of France, May.] ENGLAND. 319 May.] Vice- Admiral Hopfon^ who commanded the Squadron before Vorto-Bdlo after Ho/ier, died there alfo on board his Ship. The Fleet loft her Men twice over, and the Ships were eaten through by the Worm, and forced to be rebuilt at their Return to England. The Parliament enabled the King to purchafe the Plantations of C^j- rolina of the Proprietors, about this Time. I'he Congrefs oiSoij[fon> met on the \^i\i of May. The Aflbmbly of the Maf^achufets Colony in iVf xu-iT-^^/^;?^ re fu fed, at this Time, to fettle a Revenue upon their Governor, as the Court of ^wg-Z^r^y required, and Itill perfiil in their Refufal. Dr. Berkley, De:in of Der)y, let fail for Bermudas^ in order to eredl a College there for \\-iQ Inftruclion of the Indians ; but being carried to Ne^ England by an ignorant Pilot, he dropped his Defign, and return- ed to Ireland, where he was advanced to a Bifliopric. Prince Frederic arrived at St. y times' s from Hano--jer this Vv^'inter, and his Royal Highnefs was created Prince of Wales the 9th o^ January. March 18.] His late Majelly's Letter to the King o{ Spain, cxpref- fing his Readinefs to reftore Gibraltar, if the Parliament would confent to it, was read in the Houfs of Peers : Whereupon it was moved to addrefs his Majefty, that, in the prefent Treaty, the King of Spai^ might be obliged to renounce all Claim ahd Pretenfions to Gibraltar and the l^2.n6.oi Minorca, in plain and ftrong Terms ; but the Motion was then rejefted- iyzp.] However, on the 25th of March bo-h Houfes addrefied his Majefty, that he would take eiT'eflual Care, in the prefent Treaty, to prcferve his undoubted Right to Gibraltar and the liland of Minorca. April T^.] The Duke oi Wharton, refiding in Spain, and reported to have been in the Enemies Army before Gibraltar, VN/as proclaimed a Tra.itor. An Aft pafTed for eftablifhing an Agreement with feven of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, fur the Surrender of their Titles and Incereil in that Province to the King. Sept. I.] Sir Richard Steele Ai^A: He publiflied t\\Q Tatlers, SpeBa- tors, and Guardians, and was the Author of feme of them, being affilt^ ed by the moll celebrated Wits of the Age, and particularly by Mr. Ad- dijon. He was Secretary to Lord Cutis, who gave him a Captain's CommiiTion , ?md he afterwards made hib Fortune by marrying- a Welch Lady, who had an Eftaie of 6 or 700/. per A .'.. but always lived above it. He was Member of Parliament for Sfockbridge. Qd. 28.] A Peace was concluded at Se-viile in Spain, on the gth of No~oember f^. S. between Great- Britain, France, 2L]^d Spain ; whereby it was agreed, that CommifHiries iliould be appointed to determine what Ships and EfFeils had been taken on cither Side at Sea ; and that Spain fliculd have Satisfaftion given her for the Men of War taken and ue- ftroyed by Sir George By^ig, nCcLY Sicily, Anno 1718. And \\^2X Spanijh Garrifons fliould be introduced into Leghorn, Parma, and Flacentia, in Italy, to fecure the eventual Succeiiion of Don Carlos^ the King of Spain^s Son, to 7'u/canv and Parma ; and the c:>i!trafting Parties en- gaged to maintain Don Carlos in the quiet PoiTeffion of thofe Territo- ries. December,] This Month was remarkable, i. for Storms ; 2. for a very fickly Time ; 3. for continual Rains and Inundations ; 4. forfuch. a Miilticudc of Street Robberies, that there was no ihrrin^ out in an Evsiiiing; gio E N G L A N D. Evening; whereupon a Reward of loo/. was oiFered for appfeliendin<* any one of them. yuly.'\ Six thoufand Irijh tranfported themfelves to Penfylvanla this Year. Five Indian Kings or Chiefs arrived in Odober^ and made great Pio- feffions of their Loyalty to his Majelly. Rich Diamond Mines were difcovered by th& Portuguefe in Brazil this Year. March^ ^73^-] The. criminal Com'-erration of Father Gjr/2;-//, Rector of the J ef lilts at Thculony wiih. Kitty Cadiere, when 'ii^ii came to Con fef- iion, was the general Difcourfe of Europe at this Time. The Father v/as condemned to be burnt^ but made his Efcape. OB. 13.] T\\z Britip Fleet joined the Spaniards-, and convoyed fix thoufand of the Spanijh Troops to Tufcany in Italy, to fecure that Duchy and Parinato Don Carlos. . ., . , ,^. , Jan. II.] The Pragmatic 5<2:;7^//?«,^ ;t^eing . the Settlem_ent of thei Territories of Aujlria^ on. the, Kmperpj's Female IfTue, was confirmed by the Dyet of the Empire ; when the Eleilors of Ba-jariaj Saxony^ and Palatine protelled againil it. Oci. 13, 1732.] His Majefty granted a Commiffion to the Lords of the Admiralty, impowering them to ere»5l a Corporation for the Re- lief of poor Widows of SeaOihcers, and gave ten thoufand Pounds towards it. N01.'. 8.] James GgL'tborpe, Efq; embarked at Gra-vefend, with feve- ral Families, in order to people Georgia, South oi Carolina. Dece?nber.'] Richard Norton of Hardpjhire, Efq; left his real Ellate of 6000 /. per Jjin. and a perfonal Eilate of 60,000 /.• to be difpofed ta charitable Ufes by the Parliament. Ja7iuary.'\ This was a \ii^' fickly Time in London -y there died 1500 in one Week, ^'ijs. ji^e.t^een jhe ^jd and 33th of January, of a Head- ach and Fever. ',"i^,,p,Vr .v^ .^^.t^*. February. 1 This Month King George II. received the Inveftiture of £re?nen and P'erden horn, the Emperor Charles VL March 14.] The Excife,. Scheme, as it. was called, was Introduced into the Iloufe of Commons, arid carHed 236 againtt 2Co, at the firll Reading. 'This was a Bill for granting an Inland Duty upon Tobacco. But fo many Pctiti,oi?s were prefented to the Houfe againil it, that it was judged proper to put oiF the fe.cond Reading for two A'lonths, and ib the Rill dropt. ._ ,-. i,, 1733.] Uppn his Majefly's acquainting the Commons he was about to marry the Frincels Royal to the Prince of Orafigc, they voted her a Fortune of eighty th9ufand Pounds. May.~\ Afcci- a long D.ifpute between the Sugar Colo;nies and the Northern CoXonKts in Jjuericfi^ , about trading with the French Sugar Co- lonies, an A»^l was made' for encouraging the IVade of the Britip Su- gar Colonies, by laying high Duties on t1ie Produce of the Foreign: Suciar Colonics in:ip(;rted into the Northtrn Britijh Colonies. March 14.] The; Prir>(^e of Or«;^jt''s . Marriage Vv'iih the Princefs* Royal was celebrated in tlie French Ch.apel at St. James's. April '^, 1734-] Five thoufand ^^dMwAi per Ajin. were fettled on thc' Princel's of Orange for Life, befides her Fortune of 80,000/. in Mortey. June.] The Earl of Stair drew up a Proteft, on Account of CoL IlandaJIde's Regiment being drawn up in the Abbey Cloj'e at Edinburghf at E N G L A N I>. 32! at the Time of the Elefticn of the Sixteen Peers, declaring it riot to be a free Elcdion, ^.s they were overawed by tliofe Trocp5. Another Froted \vtis rnaJe by a great Niunber of Scots Peers againil a Liil of Peers to be elef^ed, niade by tne IViinilter, and againit the undue Means that had beerufed to ihduce the Peerb to give their Votes at the Eledion. Others proLelled, that the Elcsftion was void on Aq- count of the undae Influence that Lad Keen ufed. /lug. I.] ToiHo-Chuhiy an iW*/2,v King of the Creeks or A pal achi a hidians, brought from Carolina, by Mr. Oglethorpe, had an Audience of his Majefty, wherein he defired to renew the Peace bet'.vcen his Coun- try and Great- Britain. May 27, 1735.] Sir John Norris failed with the Grand Fleet to LiJloHy to proted the Portuguefei that Kingdom being invaded by ths Spaniards. June 24..] The Court of King^^-Bsrrch made a Rule for a Mandatnus to ifTue, requiring the Vice-Mailer of Trinity College in Cambridge^ to read the Sentence of Deprivation againll Dr. Bentley ; but the Vice- Mafter, being a Friend of the Doctor's, quitting his OfHce, the Sen- tence was never executed. The Doftor remained Mafter of Trinity College till he died. Oci. 13.] Mr* O^/e/;^^^^//' embarked for G X Alfo 322 E N G L A N D, A\\o an A£l for buildine a Brldo^e at W'-flminRsr. 'Jiti'-e 2 2.] Capt, Fortius, who commanded the Guard at EdlnbTirghM and fired upon rhe People who were aiiembled to fee the Execution of ^ ?' Higgler there, -was fcund guilty of wilftil Murder. yuly 14.] Vv'hcn the Court wa. fitting in l^ycjihunjlcr-hally between :..e and 'Fwo in the Aft rnoon, a large Bundle of brown Paper was laid near the Chancery Court, with feverai Crackers and Parcels of Gun- pov.der inclofed, which buril and terrified the People that were attend- ing the Courts oi Chancery and King*s-Bffnch ; and the Explofion threw cut feveral printed Bills, which gave Notice, that this being the lalt Day of the Term, the five following Libels would be burnt in J-Veji- minjler-hall^ between the Hours of Twelve and Two, ws;. the Gin Aft, the Mortmain Afl, the IVeJiminJler-Byic^ge AO., the Smugglers Aft^ and the A61 for borrowing 600,000/. on the Sinking Fund- Sept, 7.] Porteus being reprieved, about Ten at Might a Body of Men entered the Citv of Edlnbiirvh^ and feizcd on the Fiye-Arms, Drums, l^c. belonging to the City-Guard, fecured all the Gates, beat an Alarm, and marching to tl>e Prifon vvhere Capt. Porteus was, fet the Door on Fire when they found they could not break it open, and, hav- ing dragged out Porteus, hanged him upon a Sign Polt > after which they rcLurned the Anns to the Guard-]iOui>, and left the City. '[Jitne 21. 1737.] Two Afts pailed for C\\^?.hYv:ig Alexander M'^ilfon, Efq; late Provolc of Edinburgh, from holding any Office of Magiitracy at Edin'-urgh, or elfewhcre in Great-Britain, and for laying a Fine of 2000 ^ on the City of Edinhm-gh., for nor, preventing the Murder cf Capt. Portjusy and for punilhmg thofe who knowingly concealed the Murderers. Sept. 10.] The King fent a Me/Tage from Hampton-Cowt f) the Prince at Si. Ja/nes's, Ihat it was his Pleafare he (the Prince) Ihoiild leave St. "Ja^na^^ with all his Family. Konj. 20.} At Eleven this Night died Queen Qarciin^y o^ a Morti- fication in iter Bov/els, in the 55th Year of her Age. She was Daughter ®f tiie ?v4arquis of Brandcnhurgh A>:fpack \ married to the Ededoral Pr'nce of n'677;ii^, offe'-ed by P.'Ock;mation for difcovcring any of the Pcjfons concerned in the Murder of Porteus, Ocl. 30. j The Frmcb Ambadadorat ^lockhoh^t iignccV a Treaty v.-'t-h^ the S-zvedip Minilk'r ; vvhcrcby the French K.'um'- promlfei to pay to ti.e^ Crown of Siveden, during ten Yearo, a Sii--?ri 'y of ma iv rhoula<.d IavtQ} pfv Ann. and" Sweden prom ifed not to make aiiyrr'^tty during that 'i'iaie, with any other Power, without the l.onfmt of F;v/wrc'. No-zf. 7.] The definitive Treat v between the Empen-^r and the Fre:::h King was iigned at Fiennrs this VVinte; ; whereby Francs guarariteed the Pragmatic S'Htnt'lion, i. e. the PoifeliSoR- of ali 2iie A-.tjti-iin Dominions JO the FeMiaie Heirsof the Emneror. The ENGLAND. s^j l^he i-ioufe cf Peers addrefTed his Majefly on the Gdnventlon that l^ad been made with Spain ^ thanking him for laying that Treaty be- fore them, and for his Care of the true Interests of 'his People ; ac~ knO'Voledging his MajcJIy's great Prudence in bringing the Demands of his SuhjeSis, fer their Lo/fes, to a jinal Adjujlmcht hy theja'd Con-uention ; re- lying on his Royal Wifdom, that, m the Treaty to be concluded in Purluance thereof, proper Provifions would be made for the Redrefc of the Grievances complained of; particularly ^ that the Freedovi of Kaui->- gat ion in the American Seas^ ^would he fo effeclually fecured, that his Sub' jeds might enjoy unmolnfed, their undoubted Right cf na-vigating and trade- ing frojn one Part cf the Bntilh Dominions to another, ivithcut being liable to be Jloppedy ^vifted^ or fearched : T'hey depended alfo, that, in the I'reaty to be concluded, the utmof P^?gard ^.voidd he had to the adjiifiin^ the Limits of his Majejly's Dominions in America. And gave his fvJajefty the itrongcil Afllirance, that in Cafe his jull Expedlations fhould not be aiifwered, they would heartily and zealoufly concur in fuch Meafures as ihould be neceflary to vindicate his Majelly's Honour, and preferve to his Sobjefts the fuH Enjoyment of thofe Rights to which they were intitled by Treaty and the Law of Nations. The Aifairof the Convendon being afterwards debated in the Houfe of Commons, they refolved to addrefs his Majefty in much the fame 'J erms the Lords had done, and approved the Convention : There were 480 Members prefent, and it was earrrisd by a Majority of 28 to ap- prove of it. May 10^ 1739-] ^'** ^bitfield, i\\t YzlhtT o^ t\\e Methodifts, having vilited the Bntijo Colonies in America, and at his Return preached ia Scotland, and feveral remote Parts of England, came to London, buC was not fulfered to preach any more in the Churches here. 'June I.] The Emperol* and the French King entered into an ofFen* five an : defcnfiVe Alliance this Summer ; the Emperor's Motive f^r it probably was, to exprefs his P.efentraent againll Great- Britain and the bta'es General, who refufed to affiil him the preceding War with France^ Spain, and Sardinia ; but fuffered him to De deprived cf his Italian. Dominions, thoac^h they had guaranteed them to- his Imperial Ma.jeiiy and his Heirs. jfi^ne 24.] An Adi pailed to enable his Ivlajefty to fettle an Annuity of 15,000/. per Annum on the Y>\)ikQ 01 Cumberland zxxd. the Heirs of his Boviy, and an Annuity of 24., 000/. on the Priuceiles Amelia, Carolina^, Mary, and Lou fa. An Ad paifed for granting Liberty to carrv Sugars of the Growth of the Hritiih Colonies^ diredly to Eorciga Countrie.^j without brino-- ing them firll to Great- B-ifain. Augujl I.] I'he Marquis d^ FenAon, the i^r^;?^/^ Ambafiador at the Hfigue, t.-e fame Time declared, that the King his Mafccr v.'as obliged by iVeaties to fend an Army to the AlTiuancc of the King of Spain, n he was attacked by Land, and a Squadron of Men of War, if he was actacked by Sea ; and therefore nc malt look Upvon thcra as his Enemies, who were EriCmies to his Catbolzc Majeiry, and diffuadeJ the States General fr m taking the Part of Great- B/ttain. To wh.ich the Mi^iiler^ of the States anfwered, That they had re- folved to take no Part in tlie DiilereidCes of thole two Powers, but that: t.:ey rnu-ft, however, {€:r\^\ fuch Forces to the Affil't&nce of Grrar- Britain Sg they weie obliged 50 d^ by tiieir TTCatit-i, if they »-'#iM«..ie*^ui^cd. X z An 324 ENGLAND, An AmbafTador arrived at London from France about this Time, and offered iiib Mediation between Great-Britain and Spain ; which not be- ing accepted, he declared his Mailer would afiill the Spaniards. Od 17.] A Charter palled the Seah for eredting an Holpital for Foundling Children. War was declared againll Spain on the 23d. Ihe Lord- Mayor, Micajab Perry, bid the tirll Stone of the M«;?7/J«7«- Houjem Stocis-Maiiet on the 25th. AW. 21.1 A Motion bein^ made in the Houfe of Commons to ad- drels nis Majelty, never to admit of any Treaty of Peace with Spain, unlefs the Acknowledgment of ooir natural and undoubted Right to na- vigate in th.^ American Seas, to and from any Part of his Majelly's Do- minions, without being feized, fearched, vifited, or Hopped, under any Pretence whatfoever, fliall have been firil obtained as a Preliminary thereto, it was unanimoully agreed to ; and it was alfo agreed to defire the Concurrence of the Lords in their Addrefs, which the Lords agreed to at a Conference; and on the Friday following the Addrefs was pre- fented to his Majefty. Dec. 25.] Ab fevei'C a Froit as has been known began on Cbri/imas- Day this Year ; fome People were frozen to Death upon the Thames , and in the Streets and Fields ; feveraf Ships were funk by the driving of the Ice on the Thames. The NecelTities of the Poor and Handicrafts were very great, not being able to work at their Trades this fevere V/cather ; but then never were greater Charities and Benefadions than we bellowed upon the Poor at this Time, J ^hn The Froll ftill continuing, mariy induftrious Labouring Men, were reduced to fuch Want, tliat (beiides the Watermen, who met with feafonable Relief from the Charity of Merchants, dnd other Gentle- men at the Royal-Exchange J the Filhermen with a Peter Boat in Mourn- ing, and the Labourers to Bricklayers, Carpenters, ^c. marched in a large Body through the principal Streets cf the City, with their Tools and Uteufild in Mourning, imploring Supplies for their Neceflities ; which moved a great many Citizens to-contribute largely to their Re- lief. .;:!iJ t\iiv\i-. .otui.. March 13.] Captain Renton arrired Exprefs from Admiral Vernon^ with Advices that the Admiral failed, on the 5th oi' No^-jemhcr lall from Jamaica towards Porto-Bello, on the Ifthmus of Darien ; where he ar- rived on the 20th in the Evening ; and attacking that Fortrefs on the 2 1 11 L^.llant, the Governor capitulated on the 2 2d, and the Seamen had the Plunder of the Place diiuibuted amongll them. March 17.] Mrs. Stephens received the Five Thoufand Pounds, granted her by Pariiament, for communicating her Medicine for the i>$one to the Public. O/i". 1740.] Charles y I. llmperor of Germany, dying O^. 20, N. S. the King of Fruj[Jta declared he would. fupport the Pragmatic Sandlion, but thought fit, however, to invade l\\tQw:.vere defeated. Jan, 31.] The Duke of Cumberland \i2ivm^ marched to Edinburgh^ fet out with his Army to the Relief of Stirling Callle ; upon which ihe Rebels raifed the Siege, and retired in great Confufion by Perth to Montrcfe, which they afterwards quitted, and marched to Invemefs, took PoilefTion of that City, Feb. 18. and laid Siege to the CaiUe of B'air". Feb.] Prince William of HrJJe-CaJJel Hn^hciX in Scotland \yhh 60QO Men, and marched to the P».eliei- of the CalUe of Blair. March 6.] The R.cbcls took fort Jugnjlu^, andTaid Siege to Fort William. April 3, 1746.] ' The Rebels were obliged to raife the Siege of Foit William. Jpril 16.] This Day his Royal Highnefs the Duke of Cumberland obtained a eompleat Viclory over the Rebels near Culloden^ and there^ \}y put an End to the Rebellion ; moll of the principal Officers of the Rebels being killed or taken Prifoners, with about 2500 of their Men, and the rell entirely difperfed ; the Lo'fs of the King's Army being very inconfiderablc, July 30.] Several Pv^ebel OiHcers, amongft: whom were Tonvnley, Fletcher, and Da-ivfon, were executed at Ker.nington Common, for Piighr Treaion ; and the Heads of Tonjonlcy and Fletcher were afterwards placed upon Temple-Bar., and the others fent to be put up at Manchejier and Carlijle. Aug. 18.] The Lords Kilmamoc and Balmerino, who were convicted of High-T'reafon in being concerned in the late Rebellion, were bc- Jieaded on To-^'jcr-hill. Sept.] This Month the yrung Pretender, with many of his Adhe- rents, retired out of Scotland into France. Dec, 8.] Charles Ratcliffe, Kfq; Brother to the Earl of Deriveht- ftvater, v»'as beheaded on To~ajer-hill for High-T'reafon. April c^, ijAj.] Simon Lord Lovat was beheaded on Tc'wer-hill tov Hii'h-Trealon, in beino- ccnccrned in the late Rebellion. A'ay 2.] The Prince of Orange was inilallcd Stadthoider, Captain- cy "eral, and Admiral of the United Pro-vinces, May 3.] The Admirals Anjon and Warren took fix French Men of y^^i, and four Eaji-lmua Ships fitted as Men of Wgti, ENGLAND. 527 y-ciM 17.] An A£l paiTed for aboliihing the heretable Jurifdidlioii* in Scotland- June 2u] A Batth was fouGi;ht at the Villao^e of j^al r\ea.v Maejlricht^ bctvvcen tlie Allied Army and the Fre7uh, wherein the former were defeated, and Sir John Ligonicr taken Fn.ciier, Oci. 14-] Rear- Admiral Ha^vkt took fix large i^rf«t-/6 Men of Wjr. Feb, iS.j -Ail Ad paiTed to revive and make perpe:ual an A(5t tJ pre- vent fiivoious and VLxatio«^ Arreils, March 25, 174S.] A dreadful 1 ire broke out in Cornhill, which con- fumed upward--^ of loo Houles ; for whieh vail CoUei^lions were made by the Merchants, ^r. a^ul given to the SuHereis, Jpril 30.] This Day tne Pteiiininaries for a general Peace were (igiied at Ai:i-la-Ch-apiiU. May 5.] A Preiclamation wns ifTued for ccafmg HoUilkies with France. Juj 1 4.] A Correfpondence was opened again with Francs. yJuguJi.'] 1 his rvith and hiA great Numbeffc of Locufts were fetn in many Parts of England. AugiiJ} 4.] A Proclamation was ifTued for ceafing HoUilities with Spain and Ge/wa. 0.7. 7.] The Definitive Treaty for a geneno.! Peace was signed at Jix-la Chapclky to which all the Powers at War acceded. By which a Reilitutioii of all Places taken, during the War, was t6 be iii^dc on sil Side.->. Fch.^ A Proclamation ifilied for proclaiming a genera] Peace. u^pril z^, 1749.] Vv'as obferved as a Day of public Thankfgiving for the General Per.ce ; and a few Days after the iiiagniiicent Fireworks, prepared on that Occafion in the Green-Park j were played off. Dec. 20.] An A<5t pafied for reducing the Interell of the Nationa Debt from four to three and a half per Cent, for feven Years ; after which the whole to Hand reduced to three /cT Cemt. Feb. 8. and March S.] The Inhabitants of Lvudon and irefiminjler vveie greatly alarmed by a violent Shock of an Earthquake that hap- pened each Day, which however did no coniiderable Damage. Jpril 14, 1750.] An Ad: pafTed for the Encouragement of the Brttip White Herritig Fijhcry. Oti. 5. N S.] A Treaty of Commerce between Great Britain and Spcun was figned at Madrid. Mar^h 20.] His PvOyai Highnefs Frederic Prince of PFales died this Day 2iX. LeiceJier-Hou/e y and was buried at ir€jhni}ij1er- Abbey on the I3tl» of April following. May 22, 1751-] This Day an A£t pafled f^r adopting the New Stile in thi^ Kingdom, by which eleven Days were a:inihilated, tht; 3d of Septe?nber being counted the 14th. June 7, 1753.] An Ad pafied this Day to prevent Ciandefanc Marriages, 1754.] Major tf^aJJringtoH, with a Body of 300 Men, was at Jlrgij-ia defeated by 900 French on the 3d of Julv. March z^^y ^755-1 '^^'^'^ French having; mrxic Encroachments, and creded Forts upon the Poffeilions of the King of Great Br^tairi in hcrth Ametica fmce the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle \ and being then preparing a Fleet of Men of War and Tranlports with Tioop^ fox Amcnca^ iw Oi-der to fupport, at lealL if not extend thefe Encroachments ; tiu- X 4 "^^V 32S ENGLAND. King tiiis Day Tent a Mefiage to his Parliament to acquaint them, tlx:£t he found it necefi'ary to sugmert his Forces by Sea and Land. j4pril 27.] Admiral Bojcaiven failed with a llrong Scjuadron from Plymouth i^r Ncr'h America^ and was foon after followed by Admiral Hcibcurne wilh a Reinforcement. June 10.] Admiral Bofcauom came up with and took t'^o FrenchMtn cf War, part of their vSquadron. July 9.] Gencial BraJdock, who had been fent againft the French with a large Body of Forces, frilling into an Ambufcade o't Fre?ich and Indians in the Woods near Fort Duquefne on the Ohio^ an advanced Party of his Army, confiding of 1200 Men, was entirely defeated, and himfelf fliot through the Lungs. The General, who had five Horfes fhot under him, died in three Days after, which put an End to the Expedition. AuguJ}.!^ An Account of General Braddock\ Defeat arriving in Engr land this Month, an Order was iiTued for feizing all French Ships ; and foon after great Numbers of their Merchantmen were brought into our Ports by our Men of War. &ept. 8.] Major General John/on defeated a Body of French near CroavK Pointy and killed about 1000 of them. March 23, 1756.] The King fent a Mefiage to both Hr>ufes, ac- quaintinp- them that he had received Advice of the Intentions of the French to inVade Great Britain or Irelajid -, whereupon they promiled to Hand by his Majefly v/lth their Lives and Fortunes. Jpril \Z and 19] The F/Twri? landed 11,000 Men in Minorca y in crder to at tack. Fort St. Philip, May 18.] An Account of which arriving in England^ War was this Day dccL'.red againil France. An Aft pafied this Seliion to oblige all Perfcns to pay an annual Duty of 4/. for every 100 Ounces of Silver Plate in their PoiTefiion, up to 4000 Ouiict^s, except Plate ufed for Divine Service. ^/^«^ 29] IMincrca taken by the i^;r»i:/^, ^fter a vigorous Defence made by General Blahcncyy afterwards created Lord Blakency. March 14, 1757.] Admiral John Byrg was this Day fhoton board the Mcnarque in Fort/mouth Flarbour, for not doing his utmoil to engage the French Fleet, commanded by M. Ga^iJJiGnicrc, m xixc Mediterranean. yunc ly.l dnon^l Clive. daitZiti^A Suraja Do%v/^> Nabob of ^^«^^/, Bahar, avid Orixa, and placed Jaffier JUy Ca-ivn in the ancient Seat Qf the Nabobs of then: Provii^ces. iiuraja DoxvLiy who was in xhQ French' Intcreft, was, a few Days after his being defeated, taken by the new Nabob Jafitr Ally C^-.?;.v's Son, and put to Deaih. By tiiis great Ever.t the English Ecjjhbrdia Conrpany, their L'ouncil AX-l^engal^ Colonel Cli-vey &:c. got immenfe Trcafure. Sept. 8 ] A grand E.Vpedition, confiding of thirty Men of Wai:, Bombs, Fircfliips, i^c. with a, great Number of Tranfpprts, having on board 10,000 Land Forces, failed this Day from St. Helenas for Fochfort, with Orde/s to del^roy, if prailicabi?, all Ships, Docks, Ma- gazines, and A-fenali, at, orne^'.r, that Place. 1 his Expedition w^s candufted with fo a^.uch Secrecy, as to engage the Attentioruofall Eu- rcpf.y and ali the Succefs imaginable was expefted fomit; but, on the 6ih cf 0(ftc/rr, Admiral hla^^vke, with the Men cf War and I'ranfports, jreturned to St. Helens^ no Attempt having been m,ade by the 'I roops to land on the Coaf: of Frar,ce j for \yhich Sir "John hlcrdatinty Co;;?- mandcr ENGLAND, 529 mander in Chief of the Land Forces, was afterwards tried by a Court Martial, and acquitted. Dec. 28.] Died Princefs Caroline, his Majefty's third Daughter, for whom there was a general Mourning for three Months. April II, 1758.] A Treaty of mutual Defence was agreed to be- tween his Majeity and the King o{ Pruffia ; .in Confequencc of which, th-e Parliament voted 670,000/. to his Frujjlan Majeily ; and alfo voted . Iarc;e Sums, amounting in the Whole to near two A'lillions, for the Payment of 50,000 of the Troops of Hano^ver, HeJj'e-CaJTel^ Saxe-Gctha^ Wolfenhuttlc, Buckehiirg, who, by this Treaty, were all to ad under the Diredions of the King of PruJJia, for the Defence of the Pj-oteilant Intcreil in Germany. June 6.] The i8,oco Land Fcrc&s, under the Command of his Grace the Duke oi Marlborough, landed at Cavcalle Bay, on the Coaft oi France ^ {z\zVi Miles from St. Maloes. \ hey were fix Days on Shore ; during which Time they burnt and dellroyed a great many Stores, and up- wards of 100 Ships, amcng which were two French Men of War, and more than 30 Privateers, that were under the Cannon of St. Maloes. Jugufi 7 and 8 ] Lieutenant General Bligh, w'ho was convoyed by Capt. Ho-iv to Des Mares Bay, upon the Coaft of jp>-^z»a', landed' there v/ith his Troops, and took Cherhurg, deftroyed the Bafon and the two Piers at the Entrance of the Harbour, and brought away 30 fine Pieces of Brafs Cannon. 'WiMi 10 •^\^\v\'i\ \^%-\^ 3b Aug. 18.] An Account arrived this D^ay,' that Admiral Bofca-iven^ca^ Major General Amherjl had i?>.\icn Louijlourg, upon the Idand oi' Cape- Brctcjz, on the 25th of July ; whereby they not only poiTeffed themfelves of that Ifland, but alfo of the adjacent Jfland of St. j'oJjn. Five or fix French Ships of the Line were taken or deftroyed in the Plarbour of LouiJuci:rg on this Occafion, and an immenfe Quantity of Ammunition of all Kinds v.'as found in the Arfenal. ■Aiigujl 22.] This Day an Account arrived, that Major General v^($^r' cromhy Jiad attacked x\\t French at Ti'cDndercga^ on tlie 8th of "July, and was defeated. In this Attack upwards of 100 Fnglijh Officers were killed or wounded. Sept. 6.] The Colours taken at Lonijhcurg were brought in great Tri- umph to St. P/'.ulh Cathedral, and put up there. The Cannon taken at Cherbourg were alfo brought through the City of Lcndon in Triumph, and depoiited in the To-ixer. Sept, 18.] ThtEngliJhTrciOY>i under the Command of Major Gene- ral Bligh, were attacked and defeated as they were reimbarking at St. Cas^ upon the'Coa'il of France. • OS. 31.] Colonel Bradfireet attacked and defeated X}!i^ French at Frofitcnac in Korth America, and took an immenfe Quantity of Provi- fions and Goods. ]\cv. 24.] The French abandoned Fort Du ^efne on the Ohio, and General Forbes took Poiielhon of it the fame Day ; by which the Engl.'jh became po/Ieifed of a prodigious Tra*i:\ of rich fine Country ia North America. Jan. 11, 1759.] ^^^ Royal Highnefs the Princefs Royal o^ England, and Goverr.ante of the United Provinces, died at the Hague:, for whom there was a general Mourning ioi fix Months in England. . Jan. 29] The liland of Ccree upon the Coall of AjYica, was taken b^ Commodore Kfppel, ar.u the Frciuh Garrifor. made Piiibners of War. May 3jo E N G L A N D, May 1.] All the French Soldiers and Inhabitants of that rich and 'fertile liland ot Guadaloupe^ in the kyeft-ludies, laid down their Arms, and gave up the Ifland to the Hon. General Barrington. j'uly 24.] Sir Uiltiam "Jchnjon defeated the Freiuh Troops, com- ir.anded bv M. d^ Aubrey ^ near Kiagcira in Kcrth- America ; and the next 23ay that iir.portant Fort furrendeicd to the Engiijh, who found therein a prodigicu:) Quaiuity of Cannon, Gunpuvvu«.r, and Ammunition of oli Sorts. The lame Day Gene; al Ambcrfi took PofTcihon o^ Ticondercgam North America ; tl;e Frehch having abandoned the lairiC upon the Approach of hib iirniy, and let Fire to the jr'ort. Aug. 4.] General Arnherji took PofTeiTion of Cronvn-Poijzt in North- Amen. a, v/hich the r rcnch had abandoned. Aug. io aUu i^d^ Aaniiral Bojcu-cven attacked the I'oulcn Squadron of French K'leii of War, commanded by fvi. de la Clue, without the Streighls of ijibrallar^ and took Le Ceniaure oi 74, Le Temeraire of 74, and Le Mcdcjh of 74 Guns; a;;d burnt Z'Occ<^;; of 80, and Le Re- dtjubtahle of 74 Guns, 'i he reil of the Fleet, confifting cf ieven Ships of the Line, and three Frigatet, made their Elcape in the Night of the iSch. ^(pt, 4.] Died at Ke^M^ with an Inflammation in her Bowels, her Roval Hio-hnefi the Friacefs Eli%ahcih Carolina, fecond Dauohtcr to the late Prince o'i IValcs ; and her Body was pri/aiely interred on the 14th, in the Royal \^ault in King Henry the Vlkh's Chapel at VFefunuiJlcr : 'i hs Court only v/ent into Mourning upon the Occafion. Sscpt. I •^.] The Englijh Forces defeaied thofe of the French above the '^^ovvn of i^^.'f/v'c, the Capital or ihii French Dominions in North America. Crcneal li'olfey vvlio commanded the Englijh., was killed at the firft On- fet ; and General Mot/clitofiy the next in Command, having been wounded in the Bieall by a Bail that v^ent through Paic of his Lungs, the Com- mand cf the Troop* fell on Brigadier General To'-wnpcnd, to whom 1d>uebec furrendcred on the 18th. General Moyitcalm^ Commander ia Ghiefof the /'VtViir/:' Forces, was killed in the Engagement ; as were iilfo the three next French General Oificers in Command. Odi. 12.] The Lords of the Admiralty received Letters from the Eiiji-Fiulies, with an Account, that Adniiral Pocock engaged the French Jlett near Fori St. Da-oid^s, on the 29th o^ March, 175S, in which Fngagement a Frcuih Man of War, calkd the Bicn Ainu of 74 Guns, was 10 much damaged, that they lun her on Shore : I'he French had 600 Men killed and wounded on this Occafion ; and tlie EngliJI? only 29 killed and 89 wounded. 1 hat, on the 5d of Augujl following, he engaged the French Fleet a fecond Time near I^ondichcrry ; when, after a biiik Firing of ten Minutes, the Frtnch bore away with all the Sail they could make, and got fafe into .he Road of Pondicherry. The Lofs of the French in this Engagement was 540 killed and wounded ; and that of the Englijh only 147 killed and wounded. And that on the J 4th cfZ)fy the EngliJJj Colonels Laivrence and Drapery and after a biillc Can^ •jionade, which lalk^d till the 16th of February follov/ing, the Englijh liaviiig received a Reinforcement of 600 Men, General Lally thought proper to raife the Siepe, and letife with Precipitation, leaving behind him forty Pieces of Cannon. ENGLAND. ^31 No-vemher 20.] Sir Ednjuard Haivke defeated tlie BnJ} Fleet, oom- mandeJ by Admiral Ccnjlans, oir the liland of Duma, in the Bay of Bijcay. The Formidable, a French Man of War of 80 Guns, was taken ; the F'hcfu of 74, and the Superb of 70 Guns, were funk ; and \^i& Soleil Royal oi%o, and the Z/^^-^j of 74 Guns, were burnt. Sevea or eight French Men of W;.r of the Line got up the River Villaitiey by throwing chcir Guns overboard, and the reH cf the Fleet, conhitini;!; of five Ships of the Line, and three Frigates, efcaped in the Night. TY.Q Englijhl'z'k, on this Occafion, the hjfex of 64, and the Rejolution cf 74 Cjuns. After this Engagement, the French gave over all Thoughts of their intended Invafion oi Great Britain; and his Majcily fettled a Penfion of two Thoufand Founds a Year upon Admiral Hu^ks for his ov/n Life, and for the Lives of his two Sons, for this great national Service. February 28, 1760.] Capt-iin Elliot attacked the famous French Captain Thurct, who made a Defcent at Carrickfsrgus in Ireland, and took his three Ships, the brave Captain Thurct Ueing killed in the Engagement. 0^1. 6.] An Exprefs arrived from General Amherjl, with an Account, that he had taken il'/c;//;-*?.--^/; and that 2}\ Canada had furrendered to his Majcfly's Forces. Od. 25.] Our moil gracious Sovereign King George IL departed this Life at his Palace at Ketifington, in the 77th Year of his Age, and 34th of his Reign ; and the iame Day his prefent Majefly King C^c^t^ IIL was prochiimcd with the ufual Ceremonies. jSJo^j. ii.] The Remain i of the late King were depofited iu King Henry the Vllth's Chapel at iVejhninjicr. Jan. 20, 1761.] An Aft paiTed to enable his Majefly to raife the Sum of twelve Millions by Annuities and a Lottery, for carrying on the War againil France and its Allies, being the iargeft Sum ever granted in any one Seihon of Parliament. June 7.] The Ifland oi Belkifa, near the Coafl o^Britany in France^ furrendered to his Majelly's Ships and Forces, commanded by Comr niodore Keppcl and Major General Hodgfon. July 20.] This Day Capt. Yionckton and Capt. Hughes arrived here from India, with an Account, that ihe important Fortrels ol Pondicherry, belonging to the French, furrendered to Colonel Co'Ae and Admiral 5/^- tcns on the \ r^\.\i oi J anuary then lail. Sept. 8.] This Evening c-ur moit gracious Sovereign King GcorgelW, was married, at the Royal Chapel at St. James's, by his Grace the Arch- biihop of Canterbury^ to her Serene rli^hnefs the Princcls Charlotte, of Mecklenburg Sirelitz,. Sept. 22.] The Ceremony of their Majefty*s Coronation was per- formed in the Abby Church at IVcjb.iinjhr with the greateil Solemnity. The ProcefTion was extremely noble and grand; and the brilliant Ap- pearance of the Nobility and Gentry far exceeding any Thing ot tke Kind ever feen in England. '1 his Month we had an Account from Carolina q^ ^^'.z Chcrokees havr ing been totally routed by his Majeily's Troops under Cclon»l Grant, anci their Country deRroyed. This obi gzA them to fuc for Peace, which was granted upon fuch Terms as they v/erc glad to accept. No'T>. 9.]" Beino- Lord Mayor's Day, their Mr'?jelues honoured the City with thcir"i^-eieiice at Dinner at Gu:Ui:;ai!. January 332 ENGLAND. January 2, 1762.] Was publifhed his Majedy's Declaration of War againft Spain ; and on the 4th it was proclaimed in the ufual folemn Manner. Jan- 16.] Our Squadron under Admiral Rodney, and our Troops under General Moncktony attacked and landed upon the Ifland of Mar- tinico. February 4, the Citadel and Town of Fort Royal furrendered ; and, on the 7th, the whole Ifland fubmitted to his Brhaurjic MajeRy, except the Town and Fort of St. Pierre, whither the Fre^uh Governor had retired, and a few Places in that Neighbourhood. Feb. I?.] The Governor agreed to the lY^rras of Cnpitulat'on of- fered, and the Town and Fort oi'St. Pierre, with the rell of the Ifland, fubmitted. March 5.] The Iflands of Grenada and Grenadilles fubmitted to his Britannic Majeily, as did the Iflands of St. Tincenf, Sec. foon after. 5.] Sailed from St. Helenas, a Squadron of Men of War, with fe^^eral I'ranfports, \mder Admiral Pococke, with the Earl oi Albe- marle on Board, and ail Sorts of Implements of War, on a fecret Expedition. This Squadron was at Martinico, joined by that under Admiral Rod' ney ; and having taken under their Convoy, the Tranfports, with the Troops employed in reducing that and the other French Iflands, they all failed from thence for the Ha^^anr.ah in the Spanijh Ifland of Cubay off which Place they arrived y^^f 6, and the 1 roops were next Day landed without Oppofition. 21.] The Hermione, a Spanijh Regifter Ship, reckoned v/orth near a Million Sterling, was taken off Cape St. Vincenty by the Acti-ue and Fa-ucuriie, two Englijl:} Frigates. June 24.] The French invaded hicnjjfoundland, and made themfelves Tvlaflers of the Fort of St. Johns, and lome of our chief Settlements on that Illand : They feemed refolvea to hold PofTeffion ; but upon the iirll News of this Invafion, our little Squadron at Halifax failed, and being followed by fome Troops from thence, and from Lo^iifurgh, the French Squadron, though fupeiior to ours, Hole away in the Night, leaving a Garrifon in the Fort, which being attacked by our Troops, the Ganifon furrendered Prifoners of War the 18th of Sfptetnber. July 30.] The Moro Fort at the Ha'vannah was taken by Ailault, and though by the Laws of War our Troops had a Right to put every Man in it to Death, yet fuch was the Generoiity, even of our com- mon Soldiers, that not a Man of the Enemy fuffered but fuch as oblH- nately refufed Quarter : And ; A'.touji II.] Our befieging Army having made every Thing ready for ilorming the Town of Hanjannah, a Flag of Truce was hur.g out, and the Terms of Capitulation being fettled, the Town was furren- dered on the I3jh. '■ 12.] 1 he Queen was ^afcly brought to Bed of a Prince, who, on the 17th, was by Patent created Prince of Wales, &:c, and September 1 1 , the Ojieen being then happily recovered, he was chriilened by the Name cf Gecrrre Apgujlm Frederick. Nc-vcmber 3.] Preliminary Artiicles of Peace were figned at Foniain^ lleaii, by the Plenipotentiaries of France and Spain on one Side, an//«/;7 .• Bute and Cathmfs z^xx'ixu^ alter- Bately, as do Nairne and Cromartie^ and Clacmanan and Kinrofs, The Royal Boroughs which chufe Reprefentatives are, Edinburgh • Kirkwall J Wick, Dornock, . DingnvaU and Tayne Tortrqfe, Invernefs, Nairne, and Forres Elgin y Cullein, Bamff, In- ile3 long and 20 broad, and is Part of the Shire of Rofs. There are feveral commodious Bays and Harbours about it, and an exceed- ing good Fifhery of the Kinds already enumerared ; and the Country produces Rye, Barley, and Oats, Flax, and Hemp, als well as Horfes and Black Cattle. ■ The Ille of Jura is 24 Miles long and feven broad, being Part of ■JirgyleJlAre^ faid to be one of the moil healthful Parts of Scotland, South of it lies the Illand of Ijluy and in the Mouth of the Clyde lie ■Bute and Arran. The Idands of North-otJ} and South--viJl lie South of Hdrrh. Thefe produce the like Articles as the other Iflands) and the Herring Fi(hery is fo coniiderable on their Goails, that 400 Ships have been loaded in a Scafon from North'vijT. The moil Weucrly of thefe lilands, is that of St. Kilda, about 50 Miles Well of North^viJI. It is a Rock, rifing almoU perpendicular in the Middle of the Sea, and almofl inacceffible, about five Miles in Circumference ; but has a Staple of Earth upon it which produces the fame Grain as the other Iflands. The Inhabitants are about 300 Pro- tefiants : Their Houfes are of Stone, and they lie in little Cabins ia the Walls upon Straw. They abound in Solan Gt&k, of which they keep many Thoufands, and live chiefly on their Eggs, They climb the ileepelt Rocks for thefe Eggs, and are reckoned the moll dexterous People at this Sport of any of i\\q lilands. In thefe Iflands it is that they pretend to fecond Sight, being tli® Gift of fbme particular People called Seers, vyho, by certain Vifions* foretel the Death or other Accidents their Neighbours will be expofed to ; but thefe pretended Vifions are now generally laughed at by Men of Senfe. Ork7iey IJJandsJ] The Orcades, or OrJ^/tey l{[a.nd' j lie North of 2)7^;^^- Jby-Head, between 59 and 60 Degrees of North Latitude; divided from the Continent by Penthla7id Frith, a Sea which is remarkable for its fvvift and contrary Tides, vvhich make it a very dangerotis PafTage for Strangers: There are violent Whirlpools that whirl about both Ships and Boats till they founder, and are moH dangerotis in a Calm. They reckon 24 different Tides in this Frith, which run with fuch Impetuolity, that no Ship, v/ith the faireft Wind, can flem them ; yet the Natives, who knoW the proper Times, pafs fecurely from one Shore to the other. Pcmona is the largefl of the Orcndss, being 24 Miles long, and its greatefl Breadth 10 Miles ; a fruitful, well inhabited Country, having trine Parifhes. The chief Town, Kirhzval, is a Royal Borough, fituate on a Bi^y of the Sea, near the Middle of the liland, an excellent Har- bour; bef:des which, are three other Harbord-s in the Ifland, and fe- veral Lakes and Rivulets abounding with Salmon and other Filh ; and there are f:me Lead Mines in the Ifland. The lila.id Hoy has the iiighell Mountains 'in the Orcadc:, and fucli Rocks and dreadful Fre^^'pices on the Coalt, s> tearrify tliofe that ap- 33S SCOTLAND. proach It. Here their Sheep run wild, and are hunted like other Game. Several of thefe Iflands produce the like Corn and Pafture as the Condnent, and have Cattle of all Kinds ; but their greatell Riches are the Herrings that annually vifit their Coafts. In thefe lilands they have liiullered io,ooo Men able to bear Arms. It is faid that theie Iflands were the ThuJe of the Ancients ; but other* are of Opinion the North of S cci land \va.s the ancient Thu/e. Shetland IJles.] The Iflands of Shetland lie North Eaft of the Or- cp.desy betu'een 60 and 61 Degrees of North Latitude, and are Part of the Shire of Orkney : They are reckoned 46 in Number, including fome little uninhabited Holms, which afford them Pafture for their Cattle. The largeft IHand, called Mainland, is 60 Miles long, and 20 broad in fome Places, indented and ciu through by fine Bays, which form fo many Harbours. The Inland Part is full of Mountains, Lakes, and Bogs, which render it exceffive cold; it is beft inhabited in the plain Country near the Sea Coail. Their Seas are fo tempeftous, that, they can have no Correfpondence with any other Country from O^ober to April. The Revolution in Great-Britain, which happened in A'^o- n, befid>es great Quantities fronv Dunbar, and other Parts of Scoilan'I. The chief Places for the Herring- Fifnery are, Brajfa Sovnd ;n SheP' land i the Coaits ansi Bays of the Orkney lllands ; Locb hro^vyi in Rofs'^ Leivisi Hnrris^ Skys, and the lelier Ilics adjacent ; from Locb-maddy, in Harris particalaiJy, 400 Veilels have been loaden with Herrings in a Sj.eafon ; a\ the 'i'own of /,',<'/; /;v.-i>; has em- ployed 60 Veifels in this Fiihery in a Seafon, and great Quantities are ex'~-'Ortcd to France and Jiclu'nd. About the Northern and Wellcrn Iflands is the iincft Cod-FiHierV in Eiir((e, of v/hich the Dutch and llamburgher's lun away with moil: of the Prt iiiSy the lilanders felling their Fifn to them,, there bcirg no BritiJJj Merchants to take them oil' their Hands, thcnioh there c;.nnot be a more profitable Branch of Bufmefs. It is related of an Englkjh Meidiautirthat ufed to buy Cod:. ££:, and' farit them- upon the CcalVof Siutla-id- $cotJa«d (for there is Salt enough) that in one Voyage he had 4000 of theie Fi(h cured at a Fenny a^nd Two-pence a Piece, and fold them ^gain at Eighteen-pcnce and Half a Crown a Piece. There are alio Sturgeon, Turbot, Mackarel, and all Manner of Sea- Filh and Shell- Filh taken on their Coaits, among the Iflands. Ma!::xfaaures.'] Their principal Manufaauie is thjlt of Linen : They tnake as good Holland, they t?ell us, as they do in the A'^/^^r/^^^j .• ' Alfo Cambric, Domic, andDamaik; and People of Quality have fre- jquently their Linnen and Woollen ipun and wove in their own Houfes. Their Plaids feem to have be^n a Manufafture peculiar to this Nation, being worn in the Highlands both by Men and Women ; Wat by a late Ad both the Plaid and Bonnet are expelled the Country. Trapc.^ The Scots export and barter (for the Goods of other Coisn-^ tries) their Salmon, Heriijigs,, Coals, Barley, Tallow, Butter, Eggs, Hides, Sheep-feins, Woriled Yarn and Stockings, Gla/goiv is the inofl confidcrabie Port in the Kingdom for forbign TrafHc, particularly to America and Gziijiey. By the Ad of Union the Scots are entitled x.6 trade to all the Britijh Plantations, and elfewhere, as the EngliJIs do : And many of them come up to Londtjn, and become as confiderable Merchants and Tradefmen here, as any of the Eud'jlo, and oftener raife Fortune5 here, thaa the Natives ; which they effed chiefly by their di- ligent Application, Frugality and Temperance: But they feem mor* ready to imitate our Vices, than the Englip are to imitate thzir Virtues. Cofijiiiuiion.'] The Conilitution of the Gov>ernment is novV the fame in the whole united Kingdom, only as to private Right the Scots are fiiU governed by their own Laws, which are, howev-er, fubjed to be alter- ed by the Britijh Parliament ; and fome confiderable Alterations have been made flnce the Union, as in deHroying the Tenure by Vaflalagc, the abolilhing all Torture in Criminal Proceedings, the allowi^ig a ts- ncral Toleration of Religion in Scotland as well as in EKglandy and in die appointing Judges to go the Circuits in Scotland. Jrms,] The Arms will be feen in the Defcription of England. Be-vsmies ,1 The Revenues of this Kingdom, before the Union, did rot amount to more than 160,000 /. per Annum. And by that Ad, they are to pay but 48,000/. per Ann, Land-Tax, v.'hen E?2gland pa.ys four Shillings in the Pound, which raifes about two Millions. All othef Tax^s were to have been the fame in Scotland ^^ in England \ but they - have been indulged by taking ofi' lialf the Malt-Tax ia that Part ot" the Ifland. Perfons a-nd Habits.'] But before I enter upon a Defcription of their Genius and Temper, it may be proper to fay fomething of their Pex- fons, in which i: is evident they differ from their Souiihern Neigh- bours: Whether it proceeds from the Purity of their Air, or th^ Thin- riefs of their Diet, they have certainly thinner Countenances than the ^nglijht and ufually a longer \'ifage ; and, like the Dams, wlio live ' in the fame Climate, their iicads are ofien adorned with Golden Lock?. As to the,r Stature, it is much the fame with ours ; but they are eafily dillinguifhed from South Britons by the Tone and Rou^^hnefs of their Voices. The Kabits of the Gentlemen are alike in every Part of thelfla-ja. Ju the Highlands the Plaid and Bonnet wefe v.'ora tiii prohibited br a ^4% S C O r L J N D. late A&., And their wearing no Breeches in the Highlands feems ^ Peculiarity. Genius and T'emper.] As to their Genius and Temper, they have cer- tainly more Command of themfelves in the Beginning of Life, and commit fewer Extravagancies in their Youth, than the Englijh do: Their Frugality and Temperajice deferve our Imitation, which is, in- deed, the Foundation of that Difcretion we obferve in them, at a Time pf Life when our young Gentlemen are half mad. Curio/ities.'] What they ufually enumerate as Curiofities are, the jRemains of Roman Wiiys and Camps in feveral Places, and of the Ro- man Wall called Graham'' s Dyke, between the Rivers Fcrih and Clyde ^ feveral of the Stones having Roman Infcriptions on them, particularly one, from whence it appears, that the Legio Jecunda Augujla built t.liat Wall. In fome Places there are Lakes that never freeze ; in another, 9 Lake that continues frozen ail Summer ; and, in a third, thc^rt? is a boating Ifland, and Fjih without Fii^s ; and it is frequently tempeftuous ifi % Calm. Language. '\ The Language of the Highlands differs very little from the Irijh. Of the broad Scotchy which is generally fpoken, they give us the foUov/ing Specimen in their Lord*s Prayer : Ure Fader n,vhilk art in Heaven ; hallued be thy Ncrne. Thy Kingdom eutnm. Thy Wull he doon in Earth, az its doon in Heaven. Gee ufs this, pay ure daily Breed. And forgee ufs ure Sinns^ as ive forgee thein that Jinn againji ufs. And lend ufs not into Temptation \ butt delyv^r ufs frae EnjiL^ Amen. Religion.] The eftablifhed Religion is the Prefhyterian, or Cal-vi-r mfm, a Sort of Ecclcfiaftical Republic, where all Priefts or Prefhyters are equal. They have a general Affembly, or Synod, of their Clergy, which meet annually, confiliing o^ Minillers and Elders deputed fron^ evey Prefoytery in the Nation. Thefe determine all Appeals from in-: ferior Church Judicatories, and make Laws and Conftitutions for the Government of the Kirk. The Crown ufually appoints fome Noble- man Hi?h Ccmmiffioner, to fit among theni, and prevent their running into ExceiTes ; but he has no Vote in thei;- AiTembly, and they infift ^hat his Prefence is not neceffary. Befides this General AfTembly, they have 13 Provincial Synods, 68 Prefbytei-iesj and 938 Parifhes. The loweft Ecclefiaftical Court being their Kirk Seflioh, which ponfifts of the Miniiier, Elders, and Dea- cons of the Parifh, who are faid to watch over the I\/Iorals of the People^ and have Power enough to make any Gentleman very uneafy, if they happen not to like him : A Man that is fubjeft to thefe petty Jurifdicr tions, can hardly be denominated a Freeman. But what is moft re- markable in the Kirk, of Scotland is, that they infift the Civil Poweic pught to be fubjeft to the Ecclefiaftical, carrying their Authority, i^ |hefe Cafes, as high as the Church oi Ro?ne. Cat^inifm was introduced into Scotland, in a tumultuous Manner, at the" Reformation, in the Reign of Mary Queen of Scors, and in the Minority pf her Son James VI. But when King James was fettled jn the Tlironc of Enghmd, Epifcopacy was eftablilhed in Scotland by A6t of Parliament, and continued to be {o unti4 the Year 16SS ; wheii ihv, |*ie%tenan Mob took upon them^ in a Tictous Manner, without ' ' ^ ' ^n^ SCOTLAND, 343 any Authority, to expel the Bilhops and Clergy, and plundered their Ploufes, abufing them and their Families in an outrageous Manner, fo that many of them were forced to fly into England : And the Bifnops having fhevvn fome Partiality to King Janus., his SuccefTor King IVil- liam thought fit to get Epifcopacy abolilhed by Aft of Parliament, and Prelbytery eftabliihed in that Kingdom. Not fo much as a Toleration was allowed the Members of the Church until the Reign of Queen; Anne^ when an ht\ of Parliament was obtained for thn>t Purpofe, againit which the Scotip Prefbyterians made all imaginable Oppofition. Archbijhoprics.^ St. Andrews and Glafgo-tv. . BiJ}:!Oprics.'\ Edinburgh y Dunkeld, Aberdeen^ Murray, Brichsn^ Dum- hlain^ Rcfs, Cathncfsy Orkney, Gallonjjay, Argyle, and the Ijl.cs, Umverjities.'\ The Univerfities of this Kingdom are four, 'viz. thofe of St. Andref Maxi- milian and Dioclejian (when the Britons had learned the Provincial Latin Tongue) that thofe Northern People were called Bids, from th?ir ft ill retaining the Cuftom of Painting their Bodies, and to diftino-uilh them from thofe who were confederate or intermixed with the Ro??ians, who had long difufed it, but were notwithrtanding called Britor.s, as the Defcendants of the Romans, who lived amongft them, alfo were. , As to the Scots, it is obferved, they were never mentioned by any Writer till the third Century ; and, it is generally held, that they firlt fettled in Ireland, and from thence came over into Scotland, Bifhop Vjher has fhevvn, that Ireland is called Scotia by the Writers of thofe Times. Gildas, who wrote about the Year 564, calls the fame People fometimes Sccti, and at others Hibcrni, Adamnnnus, in the Year 680, calls Ireland the lile of Scotland. And the Bifliop feems pofitive, that ro Writer, who lived within a thoufand Years after Chriil, ever men- tioned the Name of Scotland, but he means Ireland by it :• Not that the Scots arc fuppofed to be the frft Inhabitants of Irelayid, that Vv'as very probably lirii: planted from Great- Britain', but the 6'ro/^ are thought ta be a Colony of the ancient Scythians, who inhabited the North Part of Europe, and about the third Century, venturing to Sea in Search p-f new iliibitations, fell upon Ireland -, which being thiuly inhabite<3, ¥4 the 544 ^COTLJND. the Natives either wouLl not, or could not, oppofe their Defcent. It is piobnble tliey were firil invited over into Scctland by the Pi^Is of Ncrtk Britaii:, to aiTiil them in their Wars againft their E.nemies of the South. But both Piils and Scots, or whatever other Nations inhabited the North/ we ^find they all v/ent under the general Name of Caledo^iians or fome Tjme. As for the Attacotti, they fecm to be of the fame Original with the Scots, and this the Name only of one of the Scotifa Tribes. Fergus, their firfi King, is faid to have reigned 330 Years before Chrift. He v/as an Irijh Scot, they tell us, of great Reputation for his Valour and Condufl ; and, being fent for from Ireland, was advanced to the Throne by the general Confent of the Caledonian Scots. But a^ there is very little to be relied upon in Relation to the Affairs of Bri- tain, hek)re the Arrival of the Romans here, I iliall pafs over the fabu- lous Accounts that Buchanan, and other ScotiJJo Writers, endeavour to acnufe us v/ith, of the State of that Country, and the A6lions of their Kings in thofe dark Ages. The Story of King Fergus'^ being caft awav, in his Return to Ireland, upon a Rock, from thence called Knoclifergus, now Carrickfcrgns, may be of equal Credit with the reft. Julius Cafar did not penetrate fo far into the liland as North-Britain \ nor does he appear to have any Knowledge of that People. Agricola, the ^m^Qxor Ve.fp aft an ^ General, was the firfl i?o;««» that fubdued Norih-Britmn. He defeated their General Galgacus, under .whom they made their laft Kftbrt ; and, having furrounded Britain. with his Fleet, and made a full Difcovery of the'Country, not think* ing^the North of Scotland worth including in the Roman Pale, he built a Line of Forts -between the Rivers Forth and Clyde, to protect the civi- lized Britons from the Incurfions of the Caledonians, or Highlanders. This he efteded aboui ihe Year of our Lord 85. We have no certain Accounts of the Tranfaftions in North-Britain^ from the TixTie of Agricola until the Reign of the Emperor Jldrianl, J. D. 121, when we iind the Caledonians and Bias making Incurfions into tlic Roman Province ; whereupon//W/«j Se-verus was fent over by ;h^ Emperor Adrian, who followed him in Perfbn, and built a Wall of Earth from Sohvay Frith near Carlijle, to the River Tyne by NswcafAe, abandoning all the Country as far as Stirlrng, which was' the former ^oundary of Caledonia. In tiie Rjigi: of i\\t Emperor Antoninus Pius, A. D. 244. his General, Lollius Urbicus extended the Ro?nan Pale as far as Stirling again, and tuilt a Wall of Earth between the Rivers Forth and Clyde : And Marcus Aureluis, the fuccee.iing Emperor, carried on the War fuccef:,fuHy Againft the Caledonians, oy his Lieutenant Caqjhurnius Agricola, A. D., 1 he Emperor> Se^uerus came over into Britain about the Year 2c8, ^nd i-ecluced tJ:e moft Northern Parts of Scotland, obliging i]\Q Scots to give him Hollages as Fledges of their Fidelity ; and, for the greater l-;ecur;ty or South Britain, built a" W\ali of Stone, fortified with Towers, v/!;,:;r Adrian's Wail of Eartli ftpod, betv.'een Carlijle and Nen.£/;.'«/<:/ I. was -:\r> accoidmg to the .Sit?/?/:^ Writers : He might, I prefume, '-''■' be SCOTLJND. US jbe one of the Chiefs of the Highland Clans, that kept In the inacceffi- Ibie Part of the Mountains, out of the Reach of the Romans, who were certainly Sovereigns oi North as well as South Britain^ at this Time. The Saxons aiib extended their Dominion as far as Stirling^ and left the Scots pciTefTed only of the Country beyond that Fortrefs ; thou ah, it is true, they frequently broke through the Line, and plundered the Englijh Borders, and at length recovered all the Territory they had loll, with fome of the Englijh Counties : But thdy had not been Jong pofiefied of them, before the Danes, a more terrible Enemy than the Saxons-, invaded and plui^dered their Country. Malcolm II. bein^ then upon the Throne, fought many Battles with them, and at leno-tJi obliged the Dafies to retire to their own Country. The Scots luighXy applaud this Prince for his Conducl the firft thirty Years of his Reign, but fay, he grew covetous in his old Age, and was guilty of notoriou:^ iExtortions and OpprelTions ; which fo enraged his Subjeds, that they jnurdered him. Buchanan cenfures this Prince and his Father Kenethusy for rendering t^iit Crown hereditary in their Family ; by which Means he obferves, that the Kingdom muft freq,uently be pofTeiTed by a Child or a P'ool ; whereas before, the Scots ufed to majie Choice of that Prince of the Koyal Family, that was belt qualified to govern and proted his People. Malcolm, having two Daughters and no Sons, was fucceeded by Donald, the eldeft Son of his Daughter Beatrix. In this Reign the Danes invaded Scotland again : V/hereupon tlie King made jiis Couliii Macleth his General, who fought fsveral Bat les with the Danes ; but not being able to drive them out of the Kingdom by pure Force, the ■Scots found Means to poifon the Frovifion of the Danes with Night-, fhade, and entirely deilroyed their Army. And another Army com- raanded by Canute, landing in Fife, and plundering the Country, fcGn after were defeated by Macbeth ; who,, finding himfelf grown exceeding popular by hjs Vidories, began to call his Eyes upon the Throne, aud reprefented his Coufm Donald as an indolent, inadlive Prince, not fit to govern fo brave a People. He was encouraged in his ambitious Projeds by fome pretended Witches, or Fortune tellers, who afTurcd him he fliould one Day be King of Scotland. He was the Son of Doaca, the youngcfl: Daughter of Malcolm, Sifter to King Do- nald's Pylother. Macbeth having made Bancho, another popular Ge- neral, acquainted with his Projecl of ufurping the Throne, they laid an Ambufcade for the King, and murdered him, and immediately after v/ent to Scone, v/here Macbeth was proclaimed and crowned King Q^ Scotland I w'htvcM'pdn Malcolm, the late King's eldefl Son, fled into England. Macbeth, proving a moH cruel Tyrant, was both feared and hated by the Nobility, but by none more than by Macdujf, the Thane or hereditary Governor of Fife, who lied into E'ngland, where he pre- vailed on Malcolm, the laie King's Son, to endeavour to recover his Father's Throne ; aiTuring him, that the whole Nation would be ready to join him ; :i.n& Ed-ivard the ConfeJJor, being at that Time upon the Throne of England, aiTifting the exiled Prince with ten thoufand Men. Malcchn no fooner arrived on the Borders of Scotland^ but Macheth's, Army def-rted him, and he ficd to the Illands ; whereupon Malcolm. >vas immediately proclaimed King at Scone, A. D. 1057. It is related pf this Prince, that a Confpiracy b^'ing formed againll him? of which ' - ' * ■ • ■ ^^^ 346 S C 0 r L AND. he had timely Notice, he fent for the principal Confplrator, and, taking him afide into an unfrequented Place, firll: upbraided him with his Ingratitude, who had received many fignal Favours from him ; adding, If thou haji Courage y nvhy dojl thou not attack me nonxj ; nx:e are both armedy and you may effect that by your Valour., nvhich you njoould hwve attempted by Treachery : Whereupon the Confpirator, being confounded, fell upon his Knees, and afked his Pardon, which the generous Prince readily granted. In the mean Time, William the Norman^ having made a Conqueft of England^ Edgar Athelingy the real Heir to that Crown, fled into Scotland I (A, D. 1 068.) and was protefted by Malcolm^ who took his Sifter Margaret in Marriage. This produced a War between the two Kingdoms, in which Sibert (who is filled King of Northumberland) joined the Scots ; and, after feveral Battles fought with various Succef , a Peace was concluded (1072) on the following Conditions, 'viz. That Cu7nberland Q^lGmIA be ceded io Malcolm, for which he did Homage, and look the Oaih of Fealty to William ; and that Prince Edgar ihould re- turn in Safety to the Court of England, and have an ample Revenue fettled upon him ; and that the Son of Sibert ihould enjoy his Father's Territories, and have the Conqueror's Niece in Marriage. It is re- lated by fome Scotch Hiftorians, that there v/as a Cuftom in Scotland 2X that Time, that when the Vaffal of any Thane or noble Lord married, his Lordlhip had the Privilege of lying the firil Night with the Bride ; which Cuftom Malcolm^ Queen, it is (aid, prevailed upon the King to alter; and the Hufband might redeem his Wife, by paying down a Fine of half a Mark in Silver. William Rufus, being upon the Throne of England, another War commenced between the two Kingdoms ; Malcolm having laid Siege to the Caftle of Ahi'ivick, which was reduced to great Neceffity. the Gar- rifon offered to furrender, on Condition the King would come in Perfon to receive the Keys ; and a Soldier tendering them upon the Point of a Spear, run it into the King's Eye, and killed him, which the King's eldeft Son Edivard, endeavouring to revenge, was killed alfo upon the Spot. Two Ufurpers fucceffively pofTelTed the Throne of Scotland after Malcolmh Death ; but his Son Edgar was at length re- ftored to his Inheritance, whofe Sifter Maud married Henry I. King of England, A. D. iioo, who thought to flrengthen his litle by that Match, as flie was Daughter o^ Margaret, Sifter and Heirefs of Edgar Atheling, who feems to have had the beft hel-editary Title to the Crown of England. In the Reign of David King of Scotland, A. D. 1 136, it appears that Da'vid did Homage to Stephen King of England, for the Counties of Huntingdon, Northumberland and Cumberland, which the Scots at that Time poffeffed ; but in the Reign of Henry U, of England, Malcolm was obliged to reftore the Counties of Northumberland and Cumberland to the Crown o{ England, A.D. I150, though Huntingdon was con- firmed to him by Henry A War commencing afterwards between the two Kingdoms, William King of Scotland was taken Prifoner, obliged to do Homage to Henry for all his Dominions, and, with Da^-oid his Brother, fwear AUegiance to the King of England, A.D. 1174; '"'^ did alfo the Bifliops, Earls, and Barons of Scotland : And the Caftles of Hoxborough, Berivick, E.dinburgh and Stirling, were put into the Hand's of the Englijht with fifteen Hoftages^ as Pledges of their Fidelity ; bat Richard SCOTLAND. 347 Jlichard I. King of England^ releafed the Kingdom of Scotland from, tjieir Subjedtion, and rettored them their Caftles and Hollages, A. D, 1189 ; but it appears that William King oi Scots did Homage to John King oi Eiigland^ at a Parliament held at Lincoln in the Year 1200, as did Alexander King of Scotland to Henry HI. King of England. Margaret y Queen of Scotland, dying in the Year 1290, there ap* peared no lefs than twelve Competitors for that Crown, who agreed t» lubmit their Claims to the Arbitration of Edivard King of England^ according to the Scotch Writers ; but the Englijh Hidorians relate, that King Ea^ward a6led in this Cafe as Superior and dire'dt Sovereign of Scotland, and fummoned the States of that Kingdom, to attend him at Nor ham cn the Englijh Borders, in order to determine the Right of Succeffion to that Crown. Certain it is, the States of Scotland, and the feveral Competitors, appeared before King Edz{\Q,g^^RoxkorDugh, and took it ; from whence he adv^anccd to Edhiburgh^ the Caille whereof furrendcred wiihin a Week's Time. He ancrwards ma.dc himfelf Mailer oi Stirling^ Perih, and fo many flrong Towns, that Baliol and the whole Nation came in, and fubmitted themfelves to his Mercy, before the End of the Campaign. Baliol, with a white Wand in his Hand, formally furrendeied the Kingdom of *S<:^//^W to K'lwg Echvarcfj to be difpofed of at his Plear jure, and tiie People promifed to become his faithful Subjeds, BalioPs llef.gnation, being drawn up in Writing alfo, was figned by him, and moil of the Barons of Scotland, and fealed with the Great Seal of thaS Kingdom. And King Ed-xvard having aiTembled the States of Scotland at Ber^vicJi, they coniirmed the Surrender that had been made, and fworc Allegiance to King Ed-wa?-d, together with all Ofiicers and Ma-p giftrates that were polTeiled of any Places of Trull or Profit in that JtCingdom. Earl Douglas was the only Nobleman who refufed, and was thereupon fent Prifoner into England, vyhere he died. Baliol w^^ fent up to London alfo, but not kept in clofe Confinement, having the Liberty of ten Miles round that City allov/ed him to hunt, and take his Pleafure ; and v/as afterwards removed to Oxford, where a College of |hat Name had been founded by his Father, nov/ called Bcdiol College. And here he hq.d the Company of many of his learned Countrymen, wjiom King Edvjard had removed thither from the ScotiJIj Academies. Several other Scotijh Lords were carried into England, and ordered not to go North of Trent, on pain of loling their Heads. The famous Chair and Stone, on which their Kings were crowned, alfo were re- moved to Weji7ninficr ; of which there was a Tradition among the Sccts^ that wliile thefe remained nrnongil theni, their Country Ihould not be conquered; but, on the Removal of them, there would happen fonie great Revolution. The Crown and the reft of the Regalia alfo were ient to England and lodged at Wcjrminflsr, And Edivard, farther to demonllrate his Conqueil, cau ed the Records of the Kingdom to be puint, and abrogated their ancient Laws ; after which, John JVarren^ Kuii Kihiuillosk, AJLcaton. Raihkealy. K^-vccafile, Hojpitall, Brujf, Kilfinc^^t, C.. Kerry, containing Trnk-e, the Shire Town, Dingle Icough, Ardfort,-' r^Bi-fhop's See, unitf'd to L//Vii?r/V/(-, Aghadoe, a-' Biihop's See, united to Limerick, Killamcy, Cnjlte Ijland, Lixnanv, Lijlo-ojell. 6. Clare, containing Ennis, xhc-SWu&Toiwrx, Killaloe, a. Bifhop's See, Bryens>- Bridge, Kilfenora, now united to Clonferiy formerly to Tusim.y iS;a- /.///..' Bridge, Ntn.y^mark'> Corofn. 4. Connaughi Province in the Welt, eontnining five Counties,. 'Z'/.r.- I. Cahjjay, containing CW-a'^?)', the Shire I'own, Loughrea, Athenree, '^'uam, the See of an Ar chbill^iop, Qlon/ert, the See of a Bilhop, Eyre, Court, Grot. 2. RdjQcmmon, con-trjning Rofcommon, tlie Shire 7~own,. Abhy-B^yky Tuljic, Elpin, a Bifnop's See, Bnilinaflue, remarkable for- Fairs, Cajile-' veagh, Athlcne, on the Weft of the Shannon. 3- Mayo, conimn'vi) rr Cajlleb,^-, B a Hi n robe -^Ahe SAxire l^OwiXf Foxford^ Killcda, a Bilhop's See, Ne-i'jport, Minola, Ballina. " < ■ 4. Sligoe, contaitiiryg Sligoei the Shire Town, Cchorrey, Achonry, a- Bilhop's- See, united to iv //A; '1^. 5. LcitriJit-y containing y^.y.'t'j T'oTv;, C cirri ch, the Shire Town. y^v.J We <^in produce no beticr Authority in Behalf of v/hat fhaU be advanced upon this Arrirlc, than the venerable Ecdc, a Writer of th> cigiith CeiuiH-y, whofe Gblerv^tion'srare foi- the moll Fart confirmed IRELAND, ,355 by conftant Experience, who maintains, *" That Irela?td much furpafietb, ♦' Britain in the Healthfiilnefs and Serenity of the Air, and that SnO'vV *' is leldom to be feen there above three Days Continuance.'* With" this agrees Oro/ius,' an earlier Writer than ^^<^raughts by Nets, in tlve ■River which flovvG out of the .Laugh, the Fifhing of which is valued at ■^.oc I. a Year. Were there any Trade of Confequence in this Part of Ireland to deferve Encouragement, the Importance of this Lake migh -be made -much ••inor-e confiderable than it is, it affording, within a few Miles of the Sea, a free Navigation, commodious .fojr all .the lalarid rCounties of the North- Weft of L^//?£r, and having the Towns .of BaU J^panuon, Bellc^k, 'EnniJJMka, and Behiirbct^ fituated upon it, or oa the Branches leading into, oraifuing from it. As I hings arecircam- ilanced, theie Places mi^ht, with a little EncoL-ragenient, be made richiby the Linen Manufadure. £n)tjj}iilhn might be a chief Mart for it, the Soil and Flats about it'b«ingvery convenient for Bleach- Yards : :.3nd the Water of the .Lake having hereabouts a par-ticular Softnefs and Slimynefs, that bleaches Linen much {boner. Uian can be done by other Water-3. It "is not to l>e doubted but the happy national Spirit .for carrying on this Mantifa«5^ure, and other -ufeful Branches of Trade;, will, in Time, exert itfelf properly along this Lake, as is ..aJreaUy •done -in other Places.. ■ Lough- Nengh is fome thing of an oval Figure, however indented .on ■every Side. It is elleemed to be the largeil Lake in Ireland, Lough- '£.rnexi^'i eqcdling it in its Ai^ea ; and though the latter be more diver- /ified Avith numero.us Iflsndsvand Woods, yet, conf.dered as a Piece of Water, it i;^ inferior to this : Neitlier is any fiefli Water Liike in Bd- ^ain equal to it, and perhaps fev/ in Europe exceed it, thoTe qI Ladagi, and Onega in hhijco-uy , and ^i GeneHja'ra. S^^u 2 f:zer/^f^d excepted ; it b'^- ingreilimatedvto be io Er>gl(^ Miles long, from the North- Vv>il Poiri- Z 4 ^ -i* 3^0 IRELAND, to the Sout1i-Eal>, near 15 Miles of the fame Meafure from North-Eafl to South-Eafl, and from 10 to 12 Miles broad at a Medium, over- fpreading near one hundred thoufand Acres of Land. Within thefe Dimenllons is not reckoned a fmaller Lake, called Lcugh-Begy or the Little Lake, joined to the North-Well End of it by a narrow Channel, being near four Miles long, and as many broad. Lough-Neagh com- municates its Benefits to five fcvcral Counties, namely, Armnghy Ty- rone, Londonderry, Antrim, and Don.tjn, the latter of v.'hich it only toucheth by a fmall Point on the South-Eaft Side. It is fed by fix confiderable Rivers, four of le/Ter Note, and feveral Brooks ; yet has but one narrov/ Outlet to difcbaroe this preat Flux of Water at Toom, £rfl into Lcugh-Beg, and from thence through the Lower Ban into the Deu.calcdonian Sea, which, not affording a fufficient Vent, occafions Lough-Neagh, in the Winter Seafon, to rife eight or ten Feet above its Level in Summer, overflowing the low Grounds on its Coaft, and thereby annually wafliing away, and gaining upon the high Grounds. In Addition to this Mifchief, the Mud and Sand continually rife at *Tcom, and choak up the narrow PalTage : And the Eel wares on the Lonver Ban and at Toom are every Yearraifed and enlarged, fo that the Lands adjoining the Lake mull fufl:er moie connderably, if fome Me- thod be not taken to prevent it, by opening the narrow Paflage at Toom, removing the Eel- wares near it, fixing them below the Falls at fcrtna, and by blowing up or quarrying the Rocks at the Sharps near that Place, to give a deeper and clearer Vent to the Waters, li the Lonver Ban could be cleared of the Impediments, (which may be wor- thy of the Thoughts cf the CommiiTioners of the Inland Navigation) and a Way laid open for Venels fiom Cokreign into Lough-Nsagh, and from thence tlirough the New Canal to Newry and Carlingford Bay, it would not only promote the Trade cf the feveral Counties borderino' on the River, Lake, and Canal, but would be cf general Emolument to the Commerce of the Kingdom. This Lake is remarkable for two Propeities ; firfl, for a healino- Property, By which Perfons, who have bathed in it for Evils, Ulcers, and running Soie.s have in eight Days been perfectly cured, and their Sores dried up. Secondly, for petrifying Wood, of v/hich indifpu- table f'.vidence hath been given not long fince to the Phyfico-Hiilori- ' cal Society erected in Dublin, by a Gentleman, who exhibited a Va- riety of large and fair Specimens of Vv'ocd and Stone contiguous found in the Lake, and in the Soil at a confiderable Diilance from ir, fo clear and diflinft, that tliere can be no room to doubt of the Nature of ei- ther. The petrifying Viitue however doth not f.em to refide peculiarly in the Water of the Lough, but rather to be owing to certain mineral Exhalations common both to the Water, and to the Soil, and in fome particular Spots only. On the Shores of this Lake have been found a Variety of beau* tiful Pebbles, Cryllals, Cornelians, Mochoas, .^gats, and other pre- cious Stones. The Lake alfo abounds with Fifh of various Kinds in innumerable Quantities, and of l.Trge Si'zes. It is remarked for two Sorts of Trcuts, one called the Dclogban, which is faid to be peculial* to it, being frora 14 to 18 Inches long, wliich lail Size it never exceeds, and always fpawns in the River fupplyjng the Lough, The other Kind is calle/d the, Bodach, in Englijh, the Churl j fow^ of which have been taken that .IRELAND. 3S1 that were thirty Pounds Weight. It fpecifically differs from the Sal- mon Trout, firl}, in Size, fecondly, in Colour, the Head and Back of it being greenifh, inclining to a Sky Colour ; thirdly, the Back Fia is variegated with many black Spots ; fourthly, the Tail forked ; and, fifthly, the Flefh of it is of a deep red, and of a good Relilh. It af- fords another uncommon Fifii called by the Irijh the Pcliamy or Fielli- water Herring, and by the Englijh the Shad, or Mother of Herrings, which is fcaled and fhaped like a Herring, is of a lighter blue on the Back, and the Head of it is fmaller and fliarper than that of a common Herring. It was for a Time fuppofed to be a peculiar Inhabitant of this Lake,; but it is now known that the fame Kind of Fifli is in Lough- Erney though not in fo great Plenty, that there are fome of them in the Rivers Se-vern and Thatnes, and one was taken in the Li^v near Dublin^ feveral Years ago. There is another Species of Fiili in diis Lake, for any thing known peculiar to it, called the Frejh-njoater Whitingy in Shape exadiy refembling a Sea-Whitingy hxxl lefs in Size, and a veiy ordinary, foft, infipid Food. In the River Shannon are four coniiderable Pieces of Water, which have obtained the Name of Lakes, though more properly they are only the outfpreading of that River, over the low Lands adjoining to it. Firll, Lough-Bojjiny about three Miles broad, and more long, which is a Boundary between Part of the County of Leitrimy and Part of the QounXy oi Rofcommon, Second, Lough-Rcey about twelve Miles long, and of unequal Breadth, difterminating the County ot Rofco?nmon from the Counties of Longford and Wejimcathy in which lie many fmall Iflands, but none of them of any P'ame except Inijbofiny or the Illand of the White-Co^-Ajy and that only for an Abbey founded in it in the fifth Century. Third, Lough -Dergh arty about fixteen Miles long, though, like Lough-Recy of unequal Breadth, lying equidillant between Banaghir and Limericky and feparating Part of the Counties of Galvjay and Clare from a Part of the County of Tipperary, in which alfo are feveral little Illands of no Note. Fourth, another namelefs Lough, Weft of Lime^ ricky which fwells about eight or nine Miles into the County oi Clare, filled alfo with lilands. Of fuch Lakes, as may more properly be called Inlets of the Sea than Lakes, there are f veral in Ireland. Firll, Lough-Foyle, a large oval Lake, about fourteen Miles long, and from {\x to eight Miles broad, into v/hich the Sea flov/s by a narrow Channel, not mucli more than a Mile over. On the River Foyle, and about three Miles from the Lake, flands the City of Londonderry y remarkable for the Siege it fuftained againft King james''s Army in the Year 1689. Ptolemy calls this Lake the Agltay which Combden miftakes for, Secondly, Lough- S-ivilh, spread- ing from the Northern Sea into the Land, for about 18 Miles, and dividing the Baronies o{ Kilmacrcnan and Enifo^jen in the County of Vonnegal. Third, Lough-Ccrrib, from the South End of which a River - ilTues, called Galvia or Gali-vay in the Annals of Dcnntgo.l, which waihes Galxvay, and falls into a Bay of that Name. Fourth, Lougk-* Cuany now called the Lake cf Strangford, in the County of Doi^vn, which, for the moft Part, is a Boundary between the Barony of Ardesy and the rell: of that Country. The Extent, from Nc-xvio-Lvn in the North to Strangfcrd in the Sou'.h, is about thirteen Irijh Miles or better ; and if it be taken from its iirft Entrance at ^fA;^/v//y5' Rocks, it may be reckoned upwards of a League niore. la fome Places it is 3, in foma 4, and 5'6s 1 R E L A N B, 4, anS in others upwards of four Miles broad, and the Tide flocvs to ■hJenvto^vn, at the remoteft North End of it. The Illands in it are nu- ffirercus, yet probably not 260, as is reported by Dr. Boat. By an ^diMzX Survey it appears, that th^re are difperfed up and down in it "ififty-four Iflands, {n-;all arsd great, known by particular Names, aad others namelefs. On the Side of it, near the Coaft of the Barony of Z)uffh-hi, is a group of fmall Iflands, called tlie 6' Dingle Icouch Bay, before the Mouth of which lies a Rock called the Coiu, which may be fiiied about without Danger, being always above Water, ex- cept Spring Tides. Kihuare Bay forn)s a Divifion between the Baronies of Dunkcro*' on the North, -and G7^r/rr^y^/?jfy on the South, both in the County of Kerry, and ihoots fevcrai Miles into the Land, being throughout clean Ground, and IRELAND. 3^5 and free from Rocks and Sands, except in very few Places, this is as often called Kilmare River as a Bay. Bantry Bay divides the Counties of Kerry and Cork^ and is of a large Extent, both in Breadth and Length, rivalling Kilmare Bay in thoi'e Particulars, as well as in Safety and Anchorage. In this Bay, not very far from the Mouth of it^ lies the Ifland of Beer-hwuen, between which and the main Land is a fair Sound, which ferves for a good and fafe Port, and is therefore called Beer-hwven, Within the Mouth of this Sound lie fome Rocks in the Middle of the Channel, at High Water overflowed, which may be eafily avoided ; and on the South Side of the Soun I, as you furround the Ifland, there are two great Rocks juft in the Mouth of it, betv^'een which Ships may fafely pafs, as alfo "between them and the Land on either Side. At the upper End of this Bay is another Ifland called VVhiddy^ near three Miles long, between which and the main Land, being the uttermofl Extent of the Bay of Bantry, is goed clean Anchorage from 3 to 6 Fathom. Ships may enter this Sound in two Places on both Sides of the Iflands. The South Entrance is foul, rocky, and dangerous ; but the North-Entrance af- fords Room and Depth enough in ^ or 9 Fathom, and nothing to hurt, except a Row of Rocks a fmall Mulket-fliot from the Shore ; which, being covered at High- Water, do not appear but at half Ebb. Op- pofite to this Ifland is the Haven of Langref, in which is every where iafe Anchorage and good Ground, except on the Right-hand, clofe to the Mouth, where are fome foul Grounds, which are dry at the Ebb of the Spring Tides. This Bay of Bantry is rendered famous by a Naval Engagement between the Englijh and Frs^ich Fleets in 1689. Dunmanus Bay is feparated from Bantry Bay by a narrow Neck of Land, which terminates at Mintrovally Point. This Bay is wide and long, though not equal in either Refpefl to thofe of Kilmare and Ban- try \ but it is a commodious Road, and hays good Anchorage every where. The Land, on the South Side of this Bay, flretcheth out far into the Sea, the uttermofl Part whereof is MiJJln-Hsady being the Southermoft Cape of all the Main Land of Ireland, Caps Clear lying out further South-Eafl:, being in an Ifland. Baltimore Bay is much larger than any of the three immediately be- fore-mentioned Bays, though not fl:retching into the Land as they do, but forming rather the Figure of an Half Moon. In this large Bay lies Crook Haven, 5'W Haven, and feveral others. Some Writers have contrafted the Bounds of Baltimore Bay, by making Dunajhad the En- trance to the Eaft, and Dunalong in the Ifland oi InTjhirkan to the Weft, while others extend the Bay from Dunajhad to Mijfen-Head. The Entrance into Caftk Haven is very narrow, being not half a Mile over, formed by Skiddy^s Ifland on the Eail, and Horfe Ifland on the Well; but it is a fafe, deep Channel, and has good Anchorage op- pofite to the Town of CaJlle-Ha~oen, which lies on the Wefi: Shore. The Haven of Glandorc, though fmall, is good, with a fufficient Depth of Water, and defended from all Winds. The Haven of Kinfale is one of the moil commodious and befl: Har- bours in the Kingdom, well flieltered from the Winds, and ^^i^vAzdi by a flrong Pert, called Charles Fort, from ^i"S ^^^^rUs II, in vvhofe Reign it was ereded. Cork ZS6 IRELAND. Cork Haven is alfo a fafe and commodiotis Harbour, narrow ?»t the Entrance, but deep and fafe, and fheltered within from all Winds as far as the City of Cork^ for Defence whereof againil Foreign Enemies, two Forts are now erected. Thefe are the principal unbarred Havens in Ireland. Of the barred Hayens, and thofe of leiTer Note, we ihall do little more than mention their Names. Wexfordy TVicklozvy Dublin^ which laft Harbour hath been much amended by the Execution of the Statute of the 6th of Queen Anne^ Chap, the 20th, called the Ballaji Aa. Drcghecia, Dundalk, Dundriimy dangerous in the outer Bay, but fecure in the Inner. Killoughy Ard- glajiy Old-Fleetj Donaghadeey Glenann^ Ballycafiky much improved by l*arliamentary Encouragement. Colerain or Ban Hauen, being the Mouth of the Ri^er Banu. St, Bellen\, corrupted into Tellen, Mac- S-tvay^s-Bay, Ballyjhannony Sligoe, Moy^ Rf.itndjl one- Bray ^ Trcdee^ Toug- hall, and Dungcrruon, Befides many other Bays and Roads, where, in Cafe of Necefiity, Ships may find Relief. Ri'vers,'\ As Ireland abounds in Lakes and Bays, fo alfo it is adorned with feverai confiderable Rivers, many of them navigable a good Way into the Land, much to the Emolument of the Inland Trafhc, and which may probably be made in Time more commodious by joining fome of them together by navigable Canals ; to the eftcdling of which Che Inhabitants have great Encouragement by Ads of Parliament. We Hiall mention only a few of the principal of thofe Rivers. The Barro^iijy the AVer, and the 5«/>, have their Sources from dif- ferent Branches of the fame Mountain, namely, Slieu-Bloojn, out of v.'hich the Barroio rifes in the V»^YfiX\Y o^ Tenehinch, and ^eefi's County, .-?.nd taking a northerly Courfe, it pafTes within a Quarter of a Mile of Mounttnelicky and then vifits Portarlington ; foon after which it turns to the South, and wafhes MonaJIercveny Athy , Carlo^Vy Leighlin-Bridge, ?..nd, before it arrives at Ro/sy is joined by the AW, from whence they both continue a foutherly Courfe under the Name of the River of Ro/s, South of which, being increafed by the Suir, they all three are loll in the Sea at Hook-Feint, being at the Mouth of the Haven of IVaterford. The Noer rifes cut of. a Branch of the fame Ridge of Mountains, call- ed here (as it is {3.\<\.). BehinDiiffey i.e. the Black P/n?iacky in the Courjty t^f Tipper a ryy ■^nd raking a South-Eait Courfe by Kilke>myti Thomas Tc'xvny and: EnniJIeogy unites with the Barroi.v above a Mile North of ^p/}. ..: The Suir rifes cut of the fatne Branch of Slieu- Bloom called Bsinn- Duffcy jind making firft a S.- E. and then a Southerly Courfe for up- v/eris of 40 Miles, till it~ afiproachcs near the County of JVaferford ', it then takes a fudden Tmw to the North for about 4 Miles, after which it keeps on an eaftcrly Courfe till it unites with the Neor and Barro-x9! ealUvard of IVaterford, running in its whole Courfe by the Towns of Thurky Ca/hely Ciowielly Carrick, and lVatc>-ford. 1 he Black-Watery called anciently NaimUy and Ahhanmorey i. e. the Crrat R.i-x'ery and fometimes the Broad-lVater, rifes out of the Moun- tain cf Sluu Logher, in t!ie County of Kerry, from whence being fwcl- led by many Streams^' it takes firlt a Soufherly Courfe, and then Eall^ ward by Mallc^v,', Firmoyj and Li/more to Capfo^uin, where it takes a fudden IRELAND. -^Sf fadvfen Turn to the South, and keeps that Courfe till It falls into the- Bay o{ ToiigJyall. Veriels of conlidcrable Burthen may fail up to Cap^ foquin (where it is above twelve Feet deep at Low- Water) and fiat Boats, much higher. There are feveial other Rivers in Ireland, called the Black-Water J as one which falls into the Boyiie Rt Na^an in the County ©/f Meath'y another in the County of Longfcrd, which falls into th& Shannon North of Lanes-Borough^ and another in the County of IVcx- fcni, which is loft in the Sea at Ba>inan.v-Bay, Ths River Bann, fanaous for a Pearl Filhery, but mach more for that of Salmon, takes its Rife from the Bofom of the iVIoun tains of Upper- I'^jeacb in the County of Doi'rn, being the Northern Rid,o-e of the Mountains of Mourne ; from whence it fiows Northward to Ban- Bridge, where it makes a good Appearance ; thence turns to N. N. vV» aad, after a Courfe of about thirty Miles, falls into Lo-ugh-Neagb near ihe Bami-Foot Ferry, in the County q^ Armagh -, then finding its V/ay through the Lough, it ilTues again from' the North End of it, anc! bending its Courle Northerly, divides the Ccuntie-s of Antrim and Londo7iderry, and having wafiied Cclerain, falls inio the Se^ a little North-Weil of it. The Lecy called alfo the Lagl, and in Latin Lnvias, ri(es cut of a Lake in the Barony of Mujkerry, and County . of Ccri, marked in moll Maps by the Name of Lough-AlUn, and in others Lcugh-Ltf^r, which feem.s to give it the Name of Z^^, and taking an Eafteily Courfe for about 26 Miles, is is enlarged by many other Rivers aril Rivulets, till at length it embraseth the^City of Cork^ below which it is loft in the Sea., /l amnl 3.mJ'::«'; The Liffy, or Anvalijfy, Is not remarkable for "any Thing elk hm for having the Metropolis of the Kingdom feated: on- its Banks. Ir riTes from the Mountains near the feven/Churche& in the County of Wicklo-LV; and making a circling Courfe through that County, and the Counties of Kildave- and DuMin, Ic-fes itfelf in the /ri/i> Sea below the/ City oi Dublin, ij l;i:jfn£t^ orij lob.i:; i>f-ijoL> vli^diuo'l ii 3ij::iJflC ' The Boy jie is a much 'more confider^MeRiref than-the :^^, aftd rifes. not far from Cluhbullage in the X/.'/^'s County, and falls.- into the Sea at Drogheda. The Commiifioners for the inland Navigation - are at prefent proceeding to make this River, more commodious. There are m.any other confidera.aIe' Rivers in this Kingtfora, which fhall be palled over unmentioned to ^ave mo-re. Y/onda to fpare on the Shannon, the nobl'eft and l.'irgeft of them all: It rifes out of a Rido/ and tliofe of LeinJM-.,.'(j^^f!.'^':^^d.Mwij^er. un- lefs the Couaty of (Uare ht reckoned -a Part of Tl'///;;,^^^, as it f->me- times is. In its Courfe it receives Num-bers of large and fmall Pavers^ v.hlch fwell and enlarge it, and pay Tribute to. its -Qloiy ; the prin- cipal of which are the BiuHe or Boyle, and the itick ivr th.c County of Rofcommon', the Camlin and Sharrcge m X.)\2 CoMinty , q^. Lcngford -^ die- i«,vy in the County of Wtjimeaih-, thJ tAO Rivers Brcfftaghm th^ King't County ; thi Viagey Decl, Sniivli'g/?, Feuk, Gaily, Capin^ and Brucky, 36S IRELAND. on the LiTTierick and Kerry Side, and the Fergus or Fougio on the Clare Side, befides innumerable fmaller Rivers. The Banks of the Shannon are adorned with feveral Towns of Confequence, not to reckon plea- fan t Seats, as Killqloe, a Bifhop's See, Banaghir^ Carrick, James-To^^n, A^e-zi^to^vn, Forbes, Lancjhorough, Athlone, and Limericki together with Villages of leffer Account innumerable. It is remarkable alfo for fe- veral Overfpreadings of its Waters, called Loughs, in which are many pleafant and profitable Iflands ; and thefe are Lough-Alleyn, Lough- Boffin, Lcugh-Ree, Lough- Derghart, and one in the County of Clare ; atfwhich abound v/ith Fiih of various Kinds, of which the Pike grows to an immenfe Size. But with all the Advantage and Beauties of this River, it has one great Defeft, namely, a Ridge of Rocks South of Killaloey fpreading quite a-crofs it, which caufes a Cataraft or Wa- ter-fall, and flops all Navigation further up, which otherwife is fo wide and deep, that witli a fev/ Helps it would be navigable almoffc to its Source, not only for Boats, but for Barks of reafonable Burthen. The Lord Stafford, in the Time of his Government, formed a Defign to remove thi.^ Let, by cauling a new Channel to be cut for a fmall "Way to avoid the Rock : To which End he fent fome fkilfal Surveyors to take a View of the River, and the Parts adjoining, and to examine diligently whether the Attempt were feafible or not ; who made their Report, that it was pra6licable, and might be eifeded for 7 or 8000 /. but his Misfortunes enfuing, put an End to fo commendable and good a Work. Another Defign was laid to make this River navigable from the Quay at Limerick to Carrickdrumniji in the County of Zf/V^///?, by an Adl of Parliament pa/fed in the fecond Year of King George I. by ■which four Perfcns named in the A<51, and their Nominees, were au- thorifed, at their own Expence, to proceed on this defirable Projeft^ and, for a Recompence, were impowered to receive, for ever, Two- pence for every hundred Weight of Goods, and Three-pence for each Pafienger for every ten Miles, that fhould pafs, or be conveyed up or down the Kiver : But, notwithilanding this Encouragement, whether through Inability, or Want of Courage in the Perfons impowered, or from ibrne other Caufe, not the leafl Step hath been taken to carry on fo neceiTary a Work. At prefent the Commiffioners of the Inland Navigation have it under their Conlideration, not only to make this River navigable, but to give to it, by Cuts, Canals, and Sluices, a Communication with fome other Rivers of the Kingdom ; but what their Wifdom and public Spirit will produce. Time mull ihew. Manufactures and Traffic.'] The Difcouragements laid on Ireland by the A61 of Navigation, and other Laws made in Eiigla^id, are fo mamy that it cannot be expefted that this Country fliouid flourifh fo much in Trade, as its natural Situation, extended Coafts, its Rivers, Bays, and Harbours, commodious for Navigation, would feem to promife. And thefe Impediments will continue, till the People of England fhail think it their true Intereft to admit Ireland into a fuller Participation cf Trade, which one Time or other will be the Cafe, not only as it will produce an Increafe of Taxes, which Riches can afford, but as the Wealth of this Country muft in the Event, as it now does for the moft Part, center ia the Capital of that Kingdom; of which a Hint ias been given before. The chief Exports of W««rf' confift of Linen- Cioth and Yarn, Lawns and Cambrics, which are fully manufadlured, and I R E L J i^ v: 5^5 f^hci ejsfported to conJfiderable Advantage, the Englijh Laws giving ^reat Encouragements to this Branch of Trade ; which, in reality, with a few Exceptions, may be faid to be the Source of whatever Wealth is in Ireland, To thef^ Exports may be added Wool and Bay Yarn, exported to England only ; Beef, Pork, Green Hides, fome tanned Leather, Calf Skins dried. Tallow, . Butter,, Candles, Cheefe, Ox and Cow- Horns, Ox-Hair, Horfe-Hair, Lead in no great Pro- portion, Copper-Ore, Herrings, dried Fifli, Rabbit, Skins and Furr, Otter Skins, Goat Skins, Salmon, and a few other Particulars. Wrir ters even of Yefterday report, that there is a confiderab.le Export from thence of Pipe-ftaves, and that the Country is not yet fufRciently cleared of Woods ; the contrary of- vvhich is well knov/n, for there is a great Scarcity of Timber in /r^AzW for common .Ufes ; and what is necef- fary for Building, ^V. is imported from Abroad. Many of the L05L Works there have been fuffcred to go into Difufe for Want of Wood to fupply them ; and fuch as continue, are chiefly fed by Timber, fearched lor in the Bowels of the Earth, in Bogs or morafly Grounds, where they have lain for immemorial Ages. It has been obferved be- fore, that Wool and Bay Yarn are allowed to. be exported into Eng- landy and into no other Parts ; and yet, fronri a Thirft after Gain, all Hazards are run to fend them by Stealth into other Countries, to the great Detriment of the Englijh Woollen Trade, which the Severities of repeated Laws cannot prevent. Thefe Laws have driven no( only the Wool, but many of the moft expert Manufadurers into Francd^ where they have met with great Encouragement,; and the Woollen. Trade is brought to fu.ch a Condition there, th derfel the Britijh in Foreign Markets ; and, perhaps, the moH effedua! Way to recover this valuable Branch out of the Hands of our Enemies, lyould be to reftore the Woollen Manufacture to Irelnnd^y at. lead in the toarfe Branches of it, and to make it the Interefi of the. People to em- ploy their Woof and Hands at Home. Perfonsy Habits, Genius, and Tempers. "] li the Charaders of the. »ative /r/,-^ be taken from many modern Writers, it w&uid lead the Reader allray, who reprefent them jn^ch in the fame Light ^sStraha, Pcmfonius Mela, Solinus, and other Antients have done, without making any. Allowance for the Reformation and Civility of Manners introduced from Time. to Time am.ong them by their ruterccurfe with the Englijh. The antient Planters 6i Ireland are generally fuppofcd to have come from different Quarters of the World, and at different Periods; for which Reafon it would not be improper to diftinguilh between the Inhabitants on the VVeftern Coafl, and thofe on the Northern and Eaftern. The former are fuppofed to^be a Colony from Spain, \7i^ being the oppofite Continent to them. Th^fe generally re- semble the Spaniards in their Perfons, being tall and Hencier, finely limbed, with grave and fedate Coujitenahces,, having long Eye-brows, and lank dark Hair. The. Natives on ibe Northe;-n aiid Eaftcrn Coafts, who are fuppofed to have arrived there from Britain, and pro- bably into ^r///2/« from GW, are ^ of a different Compofare, being of a fquat fe: Stature, with Ihort broad Faces, thick Lips, hollo.-/ Eyes, ,and Nofes cocked up, and feem to be a dillinCt People from the Wcftr '€Tn Irijh. The Curious may carry thefe Remarks further. Doubtlefs, along intercourfe, and various Mixtoxes of die Native.^ by Ivlarriag^es, A t iia.i*' ^g70 IRELAND, have much worn out thefe DiiHnftions, of which, neverthelefs, ther© leem to be yet vifible Remains. To fpeak in general, tacy are a ftrong bodied People, nimble, adlive, of great Softnefs and Pliancy in their Limbs, (occafioned probably by the great Moifture and Temperament of the Air) bold, haughty, quick-witted, cunning, hofpitable, cre- d; lous. vain- glorious, full of Refentment, and violent in all their Afreftions. ^ - ^ The antient Habit of the Irtjh was a Prize Cloak, with a fringed or fliacrged Border, and their under Garment a Doublet and clo.c Breeches called Trowfers. The Women wore a Mantle over a long Gown ; and boih Men and Women ^ Kind of Shoe- without a Heel, made of half-tanned Leather, called ^Brogue. Now all Sorts of People have conformed to the Englijh Drefs, e^cep.t in the Brogue, which the common People yet ufe. ■: . They are reproached for Want of Ge-nius ; and feme have gone fo far, as to call them a Nation of Blunderers ; but thefe Afpcrfjons are 5n the Mouths only of a few ignorant People, ior Irelanc^ hath pro- duced feme Men of as great Learning, and of as elevated a Genius as any Nation in Europe can boaft of; of whom it will be enou-. h to men- tion Dr. James Ujher'of the laft, find Dr. Jonathan S^-unft of the pre- fent Century. 1 heir Bravery and Military Skill cannot be difputed ; and we fee, at this Day, Generals cf that Nation in Elleem in mofl of the Armies in Europe. The Natives of Ireland in the French Service have often fignaiized themfelves, of v^'hich the Aftion at Cremona in Italy is a memorable Inftance. ■ When Prince Eugene had poflefied him- felf of that City by Surprife, and taken Vilteroy, the French General,, Prifoner in his Bed, the Prince was driven out of the Town by the Irijh Battalions then in the French Service, headed by their General Mahony, And, \< ic faid, t\i2it Z-X. Fonientyy the Irijh Troops in the French Service rellored the Battle, when their Principals were ready to oive Way. It would be well if as much could be faid for their Tem- per as for their Genius and Bravery. Language.'] The Irijh and Britijh or J'Velch Languages are much the fame in their Strufture, and diiFer principally by the Intermixture of other Languages with them from Time to Time, by which they have been more or lefs refined Or poliflied, and an Alteration in the Pronun- ciation, whereof Thoufands of Inltances might be given, v/hich would be little ':o the Satisfadion of the Reader, fince the Irijh Language is in a Manner loft, or at leall underftnod by very few. Let it fuffice therefore to give a Specimen of this Language in the Pater-Noiler, or Lord's Prayer, Hji%. Ar Nat hair a ta ar Neamh : Naomhthar hainn ; ^igeadh do Rioghachd : Deantor do ihcil aran talamhy mar do nit hear ar neamh. Jlr narr.n lac tham hail tahhair dhuin?i niu. Agus maith dhuitin dhifaca, mar 7nhaitmidne dar hfeitheamhnaibh fcin. J^gus ria leig Sinn ac- cathuhadh, achd Sh.cr inn o olc. Oir is leachd fein an Rioghachd, agus an €umhachd, agns an ghloir go fiorruighe. Amen. ~ Religion."] The Religion eflabiifhed in Irelauc^Ai the fame as in Eng- landy both in Di^d^rine and Difci;^^'ne, and no Difference between the 39 Articles of each. The Canons uideed of both Cliurciies do not cxaflly agree, though they had the fame Air and Spirit, yet formerly they differed in a few. Articles, which vvere looked upon as inclining .•^0 Calvinifm J to reform which, it was eilablifhsd in a Convocation convened I R E L J N' m 371 Convened in treJand in 1635, that fome of the Canons Hiduld be f^* ledted out of the ^■//^Ay^ Book of Canons, and fuch others added, a* fhould be judged agreeable to the Genius and Poliiy of tiK- Church of Ireland, which was accordingly done. The Government of the Church is under four zArchbifhops, namely, Armagh y who is the Primate of all Ireland; Dublin, (ta v/hich Gkndakgh hath been united ever fmce the Reign of Kinp John) ; Ccfhcll, (to which Emly v/as united by Aft of Parliament in 1568); and T^^m;,-? (to which Enachdune\y^s united in the 14th Century, Mayo in the i^th, and Kilfeynora, which was annexed to TuMm upon the Reftoratlon of Rin^ Charles the Second, and hath gone with it ever fince, till lately that it is transfjjied to ClonfeYt, Ind Ardagh in its room difunited from Bilmorej and carried over to this Archiepifcopai See). Under the Viiitation of thfele four Archbii'- :pS are nineteen Bi [hops, namely, mx^Aqx Armagh) Meat h, (to which C^,-?- tnacnois was united about the Year 1 5 98) Clogher, Do-vjn; (to which Connor \va.s united by the Pope in '^542) Kilmoye, (to v^hich y^Mt^;^ was united in 1661, but now lately transferred to Tuain) Drcnicre^ Raphoe and Derry, Under the Archbifhcp of Dublin, Kildare, CJJbry^ and Fernsy to which Leighlin has been annexed ever fmce the Yeaf l6oo. Under the Archbifnop of CcJhelU Limerid, (to wrich Artfcrt and Aghadv? were United in 1663) ; Waterford, (which was united ro Lifmorc in 1363, by the Pope, and confirmed by King Ed^coard th6 Third) ; Cork (united to Rof ) Clojne and Killaloe. Under the A^ch* bilhop of Tuam, Elphin, Clonfert, (to which Kilmacduachy and laCeiy Kilfcnora, are united) and Killala, to which Achcnry was united in 1607, and hath continued fo ever fince. Thefe feveral Prelates hav^ their Deans and other Dignitaries to alTift them with their Counfelj except Meath, which has neither Dean nor Chapter^ Cathedial, nor CEconomy ; but the Archdeacon is the Head Officer of the Diocefe, the Affairs of which are tranfafted by a Synod, in the Nature of a Chapter, who have a Common Seal, which is annually lodged in th^ Hands of one of the Body, by the Vote of the Majority. This is the Ecclefiaftical State of the Church q? Ireland, as eftablifhed by Law* There are feveral other Religions profelTed in Ireland, tboUg'H"nOne but the foregoing are upon the Foot of an Ellabjifhment, but fubfUl by Toleration and Connivance, as Preibyterians, Anabaptifts) Quakers* l^c. and above all, that moil dangerous Religion of the PapiliSj, who will not fubmit to the King's Supremacy even in Tempoj'als, but placfi the fame in a Foreign Turifdiclion. They have their Biftiops and other* Dignitaries, like the eflabiiihed Church ; but neither they, nor the in- ferior Clergy of thai Comm.union, have any other Revenues than th^ voluntary Contributions of their poor. DifcipleSj whom they goverri u'ith an abfolute Sway* Ufti'verjity.1 The only Univerflty in Ireland'.^ that o^ Dublin^ con- fifting of one College, under the Title of, th^ College of the holy and XJndi'vidcd 'trinity near Dublin, founded by the M.oji Serene ^eeU hUza- bcth; in which a Powet is referved of obtaining all Degrees of Batchc- Jors, Mafters, and Dodors, in all Arts and Faculties. It at firft, by the Charter, confifted of a Provoft, three Fallows in tliC Name of more^ and three Scholars in the Name of more. At pr^fent it co'ifi.fts cf a Provoll, feven fenior, thirteen junior FisllovVb. and feventv Scholafs of the Houfc; who have fgm^ Maintenance upon the Foundation, and 372 I R E L A N D, the whole Number educated in it arc about 500. The firli Stone of it was laid on the 13th of Marchy 1591 ; and. on the 9th of 'January 1593, the iirft Students were admitted into it. It was erei^ed on the Scite of the diUblved Augujlinian Monaftery of all All Saints in the Sub- urbs oiDuhlin.y which had been granted by King Henry'WW. to the Mayor and Citizens of that City, and by them transferred to this Ufe. I'he Buildings of this College, in its firfl State, were narrow and mean, but iince have been greatly enlarged, both in Compais and Magnificence. The original Conftitution of it hath been much changed fmce its Foundation, by a new Charter granted in 1637, and another Sett of Statutes. By the liril Charter, the Fellows were obliged to quit the College in feven Years after they commenced Maflers of Arts ; by the fecond Charter they were made Tenants for Life in their Fellowlhips, if they thought proper. The firil provides, That upon the "\'~acancy of a Fellowfhip or Scholarfhip, the Place Ihall be fil'ed up by Eledion within two Months after the Vacancy, and the Election was placed in a Majority of the Fellows : By the new Charter it was or- dered, That upon the Vacancy of a fenior Fellowfhip, the fame fliould be fupplied within three Days after the Vacancy made known, by aMajority of equal Number of the furvivina fenior Fellows, together with the Frovoll , and, upon a Vacancy of a junior Fellovvfhip, or Scholarfhip, that the fiime be filled by the Provoll and fenior Fellows, or the major Part of them, together with the Provoit, on the Monday after 9lr/wVj/ 6'««<3'/r/7 following the Vacancy. By the firft Conftitution, the Number of Fellows were only feven, and they of equal Authority, without Diftin^ion, ibtpySenibx ^and Junior. By the new Charter, the Number of Fellows was enlarged, and diilinguiflied Into feven Se- niors and nine Juniors, (which Numbers have been fmce augmented) and the Number of Scholars was enlarged to feventy. The Mortmain Licence, which,' by the firlf Charter, was 400/. a Year, was enlarged to 600/. And the Vifitors, appointed by the firft Charter, were the Chancellor, or his Vice-Chancellor, the Archbifhop of Dublin, the Bifhop of Meo.ih, the- Vice-Treafurer, Treafurer at War, the Chief Juftice of. the King's Bench; and the Mayor of the City oi Duhliny all for the Time being, or the major Part of them. By the hew Charter, the Vifitors were reftraincd to the Chancellor, or his Vice-Chancellor, and the Archbifhop gI Dublin. Out of ■ this Univerfity have proceeded Numbers of Men, from Time to Time, of great Learning and Abili- ties, to enumerate whom is not within the prefent Defign. Schools.']^ There are iu //tA?W fevcral Free- Schools, ere-fled for the Education of Youth, and endowed both by public and private. Muni* ficence, which fliall be only in general hinted at ; for a minute Detail cf their Numbers and Foundations would not be of any confiderable Ufe. King Jamc-s L endowed a Free School in each of the fix efcheated Counties of Uljiery with Lands of confiderable Value, name- ly, in the Counties of Armagh, Tyrone, Donnegal, Londonderry, Cavan and Ferjnanagh, The firft Duke of Orwo;?-^ erecled and endowed a ^z\\o^\ 2.1 Kilkenny, with a good Scliool-Houfe and Habitation for the Mafter and Scholars, and. a Rent-Charge of 130/. a Year for the Maintenance thereof, together with a fmall Portion of Land. Ernfmus Smyth, Efq; endowed the School of T'ipperary whh. one hundred Marks annually, befides a Houfe and Garden, and a fmall Parcel of Land j and feveral other Places' in the Kingdom have tafted of the Fruits of Wis Mwnificei.ce. Tne Statute of 12 Elizaiclb provid«i. That there fl.ouli' IRELAND: 373 fhould be a Free-School erefled In every DIocefe in IrcU7id; the School- Mailers to ho. Ejiglijhmcn, or of the £"';/§-///2? Birth of /;y/^»^; and the Nomination to them all was lodged in the chief Governor, except ihofe o{ Armagh, DuhUn, Meath, a^nd Kildare^ which was veiled in the refpet^live Prelates of thofe Sees. The Wifdom of Man could not contrive a more effe^lual Method for the Jnftruftion cf the poor Popifh Natives of Ircia-rJ in the Princi- ples of real Chriftianity, and for the inuring them to Induitry, Labour Rjid Obedience to their Sovereign, than the Inilitution of The Incor- porated Society for Promotuig Englifh Protefiant Wcrki7ig Schools, The iirll Rife of this Scheme was effeded from fmall and inconfidera- ble Beginnings. In the Year 1717, Dr. He?iry Maule, Eifhop of Meaih, being then only a beneficed Clergyman, promoted a private Society in Duhlin for the Encouragement oY^;^^^/;/;' Protefiant Charity- Schools for teaching poor Chlldi en to read and write, and inftrufting ihem in the Principfes of Religion and Virtue. Many good Clergymen and Laymen joined in the Defign, whofe Subfcriptions Vv'cre only half a Crown a Quarter: They had Anniverfary Sermons, feme of which were printed and fpread Abroad, and by their Influence m.any Cha- rity-Schools were erected in Town and Country. In 1730, a Propofal was drawn up by Dr. Maule, then Biinop of Cloyney aiTifted by Mr. Da^/on, Curate of St. MUhanh Pariih, intitied, Jn humble Pro^ pofalfor obtaining his Mnjejiy^s Royal Charter to incorporate a Society for pro?noti7ig Chrijlian Kno^vledge amo?igJi the Poor Nati-ves of Ireland, What gave a Foundation to this Propofal was, the Obfervations made on the great Succefs of a legally eflablifhed Charter for promoting the Gofpel in Foreign Parts, and that Scotland had grafted on the fame Model, and obtained a Charter to enable them to receive 2000 A a Year in Land, and Money to any Sum, .for promoting the like Defign. This Propofal made its Way into, the Coiirtof St. ^^7w, by anlwering the Draughts rnade on him as Treafurer, when he had no Calli of the Society's in his Hands, which amounted to conftd^^rable Sums. So that though his Grace cannot be call(;d the Frther of this Infant, yet With Truth he may be affirmed to be the indolgent Nurfe and Support of it while he lived ; and it v.'as unhappy for the Societ;, th:it he was taken off at a iliort Warring, when he had not the Po^ver of altering his Will, v.'hich was made before the Ereftion of it: For undoubtedly l^e W'.iild have been a noble Benefa<-%r to a Scheme, which in his iiife-Lime he Iiad (o much at Heart. His Majcdy cor.uibiired a thou* iand Pounds iw Hand, and a thoufand Pound;? a Year, to fupport the X)efign; and the i'arliarnent of /rj/^//^, fcr the {am,e Parpoic, creaied ^ new Fund ii; the Hawkers and Pediars A£t, ar.d appropriated the whole Produci of the Duties arifmg. frcrn thence to the TJfc of the Charter, aniou-.ting to near\300o/. a Year. By means of thefe En^ Couragements, together Vv'ith the feveral i'rge BemrEftions both from England ?^vA Ireland y andh'orriei^Veh from' the //^'^-/zr^Vi-/, there have been thirty-four Schools erefted and filled with Ghildrenj who are IHvaintained therein with all Neceir^ries, and inlirucled in the Daties of true Religion, brought up to 'Labotit- "and Indultry, and, when fit- ted for it, are piit out Apprentices to^Prpteftant Mailers \ and, after thei^- Apprenticeiliips are expired,- a Portion of c;/. is given to him or her who marries a Prcteftant with the Approbation of a Committee of Fjftt'pn, and* ia Cenificate that he or fhe have duly ferved out their Appreticefliip. ^Befides thefe thirty-four^ Schools, eight more aro ^ow building, and moft of them fit to receive Inhabitants, and three our four intended to be imiiiediately fet forward. Add to thefe, a Charter-Nurfery, hired for that Ufe in l>u!?un, where Children, fent up from the Country in JR-ags, are cloatlied, fed, and taught, and at- tended by a Mailer, Millrefs, and Nurfe; from whence they are tranfplanted to Coyntry Schools, as Occafion oiFe-s. There aie be- tween eleven and twelve hundred Children at prefent p^-ovided for in thefe School;, bef Jo;, the NurrJoers in the Nurfery ; and between fe-.j yen and eight hundred have been already apprentice4< Ctin'o/ttles.] An Exemption froni Serpents, and other venomous Creatures, may be well elleemed a. very uncOiiimon Curiofity, and not- granted by God to any other Pirt of the habitable Globe, unlefs one may except the Tflj^ds of Crete, now called Candia^ and Bhufus or X'vic'J' ; v/hich I.xeinptions Solinusy Cap. \j. and Pliny.> Lib. 8. Cap. 53, afcrj'b^. to tbca"i. L ela^jd h^i^, indeed. Spiders and Neuts^ but XiOt poifonoub. Another Curiofity, not much inferior to the former, is the Credulity of Numbers in, Ireland, and fomeofthem Men of J.?arning, who inipute this Exemption to a Miracle wrought by ^t. Patn^k: Whereas the before-mentioned 6'^/j>i;j, who lived fome Ccn^uiics before St. f'^/riV^jjjqentiDQS this Property as a Matter well Icnown j\i^his Time. .,>,-- -' !• -r The i.->^3 l/i'olf-VcgSy being Creatures of great Strength and Size^ »nd of fi h ne .Sijapc, may be ranked among the Curiofities of this Coyntry, wh^ h have been elleemed as Prefents fi^ to be fent tctKings ; of -vhich tliC'.: is an Inllance in Sir Thov;Ms Ronvsy Ambafiador to the QX\--' 3/^^W, vyho obtained large Favours from that Monarch on Ac- ^o^ftt ol ft rref<;^,t of tho(e Pogs^ which Jhe mad;? ia 16J5. There is IRELAND. 375 extant, in the Rolls Office of Ireland, a Privy Seal from King Henrj VIII. obtained at the Suit of the Duke o{ Alberkyrke of Spain, (who was of the Piivy-Council tu Henry VIII.) for the Delivery of two Gos-Havvks, and four Irijh G;ey hounds, to the 5'/^«//^ Marquis of Deffaraya. and his Son, and the Survivor of them, yearly; which fhews the Value put by Foreigners on fuch Pri-fents. The Gos-Ha^k and Ger-Falcons may be alfo meniioned a.^der this Head, as they art eOecmed the belt in the World. The Ger- Falcon, the largell Bird of the Fczlcon Kind, aprroachuig the Size of a Vulture, and of the greateft Strength next the Eagle. Belijarius, an anticnt Writer, gives a full Account of this Bird : " The Ger^ Falcons, (lays he) as they are but rarely to be met '*l with, fo they excel all other Hawks in Beauty. For, befides the '* Shape and Fafhion of their Body, they Hand io erefl, and delight «' the Eyes with fuch an elegant Compo.Hdon of their Limbs, that *' they give, as it were, a Grandeur to;the Diverfion of Hawking. <* 1 heir Country is the remoteft Part of Germany y verging to the Norths *' called Nortvay : They i)uild alfo in an Ifland commonly called Hir- *' landia [Ireland.^ And, after giving a fabulous Account of the exceflive Cold and Barrenn^fs of Ireland, he proceeds thus j " The *• Merchants, who frequent this Ifiand, import into it a little Rye «* and Meal, and the cheapefl Wares cf fmall Account, which they ** barter for dried Fifh ; and they bring thofe G^r-F/^/ro?/ Hawks to *' Maximilian^ Emperor o{Germa7iy, thel^eathers of which are more ** white and beautiful than thofe of other Countries For fuch as are ** brought to us from hor^way are nat white, nor fo large, ihough we ** look upon them to be of a better Kind. Neverthelefs it is found by *' Experience, that the Ger-Falcons build their Neits only in chefe two <* Parts of the World ; from whence it happens, tha': naturally their *' Flights are but dull and flovy ; and the Falconers are obliged to exer- *« cife on them their Skill and Ingenuity; fo th^t, by long Exercife «' and CuRom, they are brought at length to mount above the highell <« Qu:;rry.'" '[^L-'': ■- \z<-'^>- --jv ■ The Mou/e-Deer, who{e'"]H'orns- have been often difcovered under Ground in Ecgs, of an imrnenfe Size, and that large Fowl the Cock of the Wood, equalling the Peacock in Size, are not now to be mentioned, the Species of both being extindl in Ireland. "The tall, ilender, round Towers, built of Lime and Stone, and dif- perfed through various Parts of this Kingdom ; as they are Matters of Antiquity, fo they are purely Matters of Curiofity, the like uot being to be found elfevvhere in any Part oi Fiircpe, But among all the Curiofities of Ireland^ that ftupendous and fur- prizing Piece of Nature's Workmanfhip, commonly called the Giant* s Cau/e°vay in the County of Jntrim, is fo fingularly remarkable, that perhaps the like is not to be feen in any other Part of the World. ^ It is of a triangular Shape, and extends from the Foot of a fteep Hill into the Sea, no body knows how far ; but at low Water the Length of it is 600 Feet, or more, and of a coniiderable Breadth. It confifts of many thcufand Pillars, Triangular and fo on to Odlangular, moil of theni Pentagonal and Hexagonal, but all irregular, few of them having their Sides of equal Breadth.' Their Sizes are alfo unequal, being from id to z6, but generally about 20 Inches Diameter* and the two Sides of the fame Pillar are- feldom equal in Breadth ; yet the Side of the next contiguous Pillar is equally formed. Every Pillar has as many others A a 4 joined 37^ IRELAND. joined round it, as it has Sides, except the outward ones, which {he\t one, two, or three Faces to View. Some of them are much longer and higher than the refl, fome fhorter, and more broken, fome for a pretty large Space of an equal Height, fo that their Tops make an even and plain Surface. None of the Pillars confift of one entire Sione, but each Column is made up of feveral Joint?; or Pieces, of 12, 16, 18 Inches, and fome even two Feet long, not jointed together by flat Surfaces J but v/hen one Part of the Pillar is Separated from the 6ther, one Piece is always concave, and the other convex, joined 10 each other in a Kind of Articulation. The vail Height of the ftrait jointed Pillars, efpecially of the moll fl.ender and moll perfedl" among them, is amazing, fome being 32, other? 36 Feet high above the Strand: How far they reach under Ground is not yet difcovered, though they have been traced 8 Feet deep, without receiving Satisfadicrt as to the re:;l Depth. As to the Properties of thcfe Pillars, and othet- Particulars relating to them, the Reader is referred to the Antiquities d Ireland, Chap. 34, v^'here he will find a more minute Account of them, and of many other Curiofities (landing E all ward and Weftward of them, no lefs furprizing than' thofe defcribed. Some wonderful Things afcribed to Ireland hy Nennlus., 2. Writer of the ninth Genturyj and from him' copied by Camhrenfis and others, are here omitted, be- caufe moil of them, by Experience, are found to be falfe ; and luch as carry any Truth, in them, are fo" blended with Fable, that they are' not ; Worth repeating. Co7iJliiution of Go-vemmenf.] Since Ireland became fubje£l to th^ Crown of England, the ConiUtution of the Government there varies but little from" that of the Mother Country. The Kings of England have always fent Vice-roys thither to admin jfter the Public' Affairs in their Name, and by their Authority, who, in different Ages, have in their Letters Patents and Commiffions, been lliled by divers Names', 4u^"^?if.-^^^^^^ ^^^^ certify the King. ." under the Great Seal of t>iat Land, the Caufes and Confiderations, '* and all fuch Afts as to them feerneth.flipuld pafs in the fame Par- *' liament, and fuch Caufe^,.. C,onfideratipns,\an4 Afts affirmed by the ^^ King and his Co.uncil to, h>e good and expedient for that Land, and ** his Licence thereupon,, as well in Afiirmation of the faid Caufes ** and 4.fts, as to fummon the faid Parliament under his Great Seal " G'i ,E7\gland had and obtained; that done, a Parliament to be had " and holdL-n after the Form and Effcft afore rehearfed. And if any ** i^arliament to be holden in that Land hereafi:er, contrary to the 5< Form and Provifion aforefaid, it be deemed void and of noiie EiFeft V in Law." By this Aft the Privy Councils of the two Kino-doms became Branches of the Legifiature of Ireland, which before confifted only of the King, by his Reprefentative, and the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons. " A Statute made in the 3d and 4th of Phi- lip and Mary explains and enlarges Poyningi Aft. For as, in that Aft, the Pling's Lieutenant and Council were the Perfons onl/ named to certify the Afts necefiiiry to be paffed, and (he Caufes and Confide- rations of holding a Parliament, it was doubted, whether fuch a Cer- tificate from a tor d- Deputy, Jujiice or Jujiices, or other Chief Gover- 7ior, or Go-vernors and CiJa;^^//, were fufiicient within the Terms thereof - it was therefore, by the faid Statute of Philip and Jl/^ry, declared, *' That the Certificate of any of the faid Chief Governors and Council V Ihould be fufficient." And it was further provided, ** That^ after *' the Summons of every Parliament, and durino-- the SefTions, fuch ^^ Chief Governor, or Go'vernors and Council, may, under the Great ** Seal, certify all fuch other Confidsrations, Caufes, Tenors, Provi- f* lions and Ordinances, as they fhall think good to be enafted, and V upon Return thereof, under the Great Seal o^ Enices, There are alfo Judges of Affile and Goal Delivery, b^^ing thofe of the fupieme Courts, who travel twice a Year into the feveral Counties (except that of DuhUn) for the Trial of Prifoners and Suits of 'Niji- I^rius between Party and Party ; as alfo a Court of Admiralty, which ha^ Jurlfdidion in Maritime Afiairs, and is adminirtred by Commiifion from the Admiralty of Etioland. Befides thefe, there ^\t Spiritual Courts^ as the Convocation, which ufed' to be held at the fame Time with the parliament; but has' not been convened, I think, fmce the Year 1709; the Courts of i'rir^^fl//z'^, where a Comraiffary judges of the Ellatea of Perfons deceafed, whether Inteilate, or by Will ; and in every Dio- cefe a Confirtory Court, from whence Appeals lie to the Supreme Court of Prerogative, and from thence to a Court of Special Delegates ap- pointed by the King. There are alfo Governors of Counties, and Juftices of the Peace» appointed by the King's Commiifions through the feveral Counties^ to preferve the Peace where they relide, whofe Power is grounded upon feveral Statutes ; and High and Petty Conibibies, and other Officers jnftituted for the fame End. But the chief Officer of every Couhty is the High Sheriff, who was heretofore chofe n in the County Court by the Suffiages of the People ; but now is nominated by the Chief Go« vernor. When to thefe we add feven Commiffioners appointed by the King to manage his Revenue, and other inferior Officers for collecting and getting it in ; together with 1 18 Cities and Corporate Towns, we may i^e how little the ConlUtution of England and Ireland differ. RsvalufiQM 7 R E L A N Di . 379 Revolutions and memorahle Events^ IT IS a general Opinion, that the firll Inhabitants o£ Irehfid were Coionies from Great-Britai/h which can fcarce admit of a Contro* verfy, both on Account of the near Neighbomnood of Britain to it, from whence the PafTage is eafy into Irelaizd^ as from the Language, Rights and Cuiloms of the ancient Irijh^ between which and thofe of tlie ancient Britons there is a great Analogy. Tacitus, in the Life of JgricoUi gives the fame Reafons why Rntain was hril inhabited f oni Gaul. What gives a further Countenance to this Opinion is that IreJajid, in ancient Times, was enumerated among the Britijh Ifland.s, and reckoned as one of them ; to which Pliny .^ Jpuleius, Diodorus Si- cuius, and Bjolomy, bear Witnefs ; and the latter cf thefe Writers places feveral Tribes oFPeople in Ireland, who boie the iarae Name with thofc in Britain. Thus the Brigantes, Coriondi, Or Ccritani, and Bclgee, arc pointed cut as Inhabitants in diifer.ent Parts of Ireland, and People of the fame Names may alfo be found in Bi'itain. The fiifl Colony that afTumed the regal Title in Ireland, .were called firbolgs, Viri Beiges, i. e. iBelgiav.s, who are with great Probabilitjf fuppoVed to come from the Belgiee of Britain, who were Inhabitants of So7nerJ'etjkire, Hampjhire, Wiltjhire, and the Ille of Wight, and tbofe Brttijb Bclgiar.i are fuppofed to come from the Belgte, a People of Ga«/. They are faid to have fettled in Ireland, and to have eftabiilhed Ibme Form of Government in the Year of the World 2657, which they ruled 37, fome more probably fay 80 Years, under nine.Kings. The Belgians were dilpofieilcd by the Tuath-de-Danans, or Danontans^ a People alfo from Britain, in the Year of the World 2737, who go- verned Ireland for 197 Years; during the Reigns of nine Monarchs, then the great Revolution, brought about by the Milefian Adventurers,, took EteA in the Year of the World 2934. It is by all Accounts agreed, that the Milejlans came from Spain, and, having vanquifhed the Danonians, afTumed the Government which rhey adminiftered for the Space of 21^7 Years, during the Reigns of i65 Kings, till the Year of Chriil 1 172, when the /r//;^ fubmitted to lUtiryW. King of England, During this long Peaiod feveral memorable Events happened, which ihall be mentioned in as fhort a Method as is polTible. A. D. 432. St. Patrick preached tae Gofpel in Irela?id, and having converted moil Part of the Nation to Chriftianity, died in 493. At- tempts were made 30 Years before this by four holy Men, Kieran^ Jilhe, Declan, and Ibar, for the Converfion of the Irijh, and not with- out confiderable Succefs ; but the bringing over the Princes and the Bulk of the People to the Faith was referved for St. Patrick. Bsde gives an Account, ** That in the Year 684, Eg/red, King of <* Northumberland, fent an Army into Ireland under the Condud of his *' General Bert/rid, who miferably raviihed that inoiFenfive Nation, •* which had always maintained a moll cloie and friendly Intercoarfe <* with the ^nglijh ; not fparing either Churches or Monaileries, which *« People had oifered no Offence. The Irijh recovered out of their firfl: *' Surprife, and invoking rhe Divine Aid, aiTem bled their Forces, and ** defended themfelves fo v^ell, that Bert/rid \vn% obliged to return home ••' witl^ DifgracC:, and ^ Ihattered Army," Hiiloiiaus are Alent as to the S8o } R E L A N B: the Canfe of this Invafion ; but it was probably occafioned by the Irifi giving Shelter and Protedlion to Alfred, natural Son to King O/^vay, who was Father to Egfrid, and whom Ofway had made King o{ Deim in his own Life Time, to the Prejudice of Eg f rid, and fo feparated the Kingdoms of Deira and Berniciay which before were united. The Deiriansy by the Inftigations oi Egfridy revolted from Alfred, who was obliged to iiy to Ireland for Protection, and wait for a favourable Op- portunity to recover the Kingdom. A,D. 795. A more cruel Enemy than jC^/r/^ invaded Irelandy namely, tlie Danes 2iwdi Nor-zvegianSy under the Name Of men, who, by various Battles and Succefles, fixed themfelves in feveral Parts of that Coun- try, which they domineered ove.i- till the Arrival of t\iQ EngUfi, during tlic Space of 377 Years. A. D, 964. About this Year Edgar, King of England, fabdued a great Part oi Ireland, with its moll noble City of Dubliny as it is faid m the Preamble of a Charter afcribed to him, which neverthelefs is looked upon by fome Writers as a Forgery of the Monks. A. D. 1014. W'^s fought the Woody and memorable Battle of Clon- iarfi near Dtiblin, on the 23d of April, between Bryan Boro, King of Ireland, 'dnd Sitn'ck the Dane, King of Dublin, in which King Brjatj obtained the Victory, though he, his Son, and Grandfon, a great Number of hi.s Grandees, and 7000^ fome fay n, coo Soldiers, fell m the Battle, ai z'li&^h baiioidrrfj airi lo jnuoijK xxc* ,§u.,..i A.D. 1066. Gomrd^Cro'irdh, ■'^lii^" of Wa^^ '■(n}yti\iedli)udlin, and a with «f The great Part of Leinfer\ as is related in the Chronicle of Man, A. D. 1 104. The fame Chronicle relates, ^'*f*Tha.t Magnus, King of ** Nor-ivay, having fubduedthe Ifle of M-r?;/, and the Orcades, fent his *f Shoes to Morf^gh Mack-Loghlin, King of Ireland, commanding him ** to carry them uDon his Shoulders through his Houfe on Chrifmas *' Day ,> in the Prefence of his A mbaifadors, to lignify his Subjedlion *^ to him.: The /r//?^ received this News with great Indignation ; but '' the King coniidered- better, and told the Ambafladors he would •5 not only carry, but alfo eat his Shoes, rather than King A//70-W// *' Ihould lay waile one Province in Ireland; fo he complied with the •Order, and itonOurably entertaining the Ambafladors, fent them back "'^i-h many Prefents to their Mailer, with whom he made a League, e Ambafladors returning, gave their Mafter an Account of the *' Situation, Pleafantnefs, Fertility and Heakhfulnefs of the Air of ♦* Ireland, Magnus hearing this, turned his Thoughts wholly upon the *' Conqueft of that Country ; to which End he fitted out a Fleet, and *^ went before with fixteen Ships to take a \^iew of the liland ; but, ** having unwarily landed, he was furrounded by the /r//^, and cutoff, •' with. moil of thol^ who attended him?^'*. bi^b.. ^y^: - ^^ - A. D. II 10. About this Year, G///^, BiiTiop of tiinerich, and the Pope*s Legate, introduced the Ro?nan Liturgy and Form of public Ser- vice into the Church of Ireland, which was feconded by Malachy, Arch- bilhop of Armaghy who was alfo the Pope's Legate fome Years after, and in 1171 was perfefted by another Legate, Chrifian, Bilhop of L//- 7?iorcy in a Synod held at Caf>ell, which the Year following was con- firmed by King Henry IL fo late was it before the Popiih Ule of chaunt- ing Mafi was lettled in this Kingdom. A.D, 1 1 55. At this Time the Foundation was laid for reducing Irelaitd to thr: Obedience' of the Crown of Evgmndy which in tke Event tool: I R E L A N B; ^t toftk Place, though not immediately, to the infinite Happinefs of that Country, by civilizing the Inhabitants thereof, and reclaiming them, from a State off Barbarifm and Contempt, to the flourifhing and re- formed Condition they now are in. It will be therefore neceifary to profecute this Subjed more fully than the Defign of a concife Brevity can well admit of. About Michaebnas, King Henry of England held a great Council of his Peers at Winchejlevy with whom he confulted about conquering Ire-^ landj not only on Account of the Piracies and Outrages the Irijh daily committed againfl his Subjefts, and the Cruelties they exercifed on thofe who fell under their Power, whom they bought and fold as slaves, and ufed a Turkijh Tyranny over their Perfons, but principally as fre- quent Aids were fent againft him from thence in his Wars with France^ This Projedl, though then laid afide, yet it advanced fo far, that the' King fent an AmbalTador to Pope Adj-iaUf who granted him a Bull, that by his Authority and A (Tent he might reduce Ireland^ for the In- creafe of the Chrillian Religion, the correding the evil Manners of the People, and propagating Virtue among them. The Pope pretend- ed by his Bull, that all Chriftian Iflands belonged to the See of Rome , which, how infirm foever, was of infinite Advantage in thofe Times of dark Ignorance, and unbounded Superllition. The Bull was fooa after carried over to Ireland^ and publicly read in a Synod at Water- ford. The King, on Account of his embroiled Affairs in France, as well as the Difficulty of the Enterprife, was prevailed on to poftpone the Defign till a more favourable Opportunity, which in a few Years after prefented itfelf. For, . ;.): -: j;;rQ-,,iQ -^.r;:.. , /^. Z>. ii68. Dermod Mac-Murroughy' lQ.ng of Lein^er, having, from his firft Advancement, to the Crown, been a great OpprefTor of his Nobility, and a cruel Ty^^"^^ °ver hii other Subjeds, had now, by his Power, forced feveral of the neighbp^ring Princes, namely, 0-Neil, O-Melaghlln, and 0-Carroly to give: hjjn Hoftages, and, debauching the Wife of 0-Roirkt King of Brefinyy carried her away by her ow» Confent in the Abfence of her Hulband, O-Roirk made Suit to Rode" rick 0-Connory King of Ireland, for Aid to revenge this Outrage, who promifed him Succour, and immediately difpatched Couriers to th^ King of OJfory and Meath, and to Mack-Turkill, the Uanijh petty King of Dublin, who all, though Vafials and Tributaries to Dermvd, were readily prevailed on to revenge their .ow,a,-Wro^g$j9.p^a4nioii-i€tf^M^ other Subjeds deferted YJin^DerTnod, \^ .;-[i -;:v^R-r{ ■i^J\^;t^,c^\l^ .Vvtv^.AvA Thus forfaken, he abandoned his Country, and with 60 Servants in his Retinue, repaired to King ^r wry II. then in jrif^;///^/W at War with tlie French King, and in a moll: fuppliant Manner implored his Aid. Though Hemy could not affill him in Perfoii, yet taking his Oath of Valialage and Allegiance, he gave him Credentials to ail his Subjci^s, EngUJh, Norman, IVehh, and Scots, importing a free Licence to afiift him in the Recovery of his Kingdom. -O^/vz/cd' pafied to Bri- Jhl, where he caufed Henry\ Letters to be publilhcd, as well as his own Overtures of Entertainment, to all who would affiil: him. His chief Dependance was upon Earl StrongJjQnjj, a Nobleman of great Abilities and Power, bat by his Profufion obnoxious to his Creditors beyond Meafure, and from thence mofl read) to embrace all Motions, that promifed any Means of extricating him from his Difficulties. Hisi Derm^d engaged bvprorn.i|ing iujn his Daughter E-va in. Mamaga-, aLd- 382 1 R E't A H D: and the Reverfion of the Kingdom of Leinjier after his Death. In \ii^> Journey to St. Da^id\ in Wales, he contrafted for the AiHftance of Robert Fitz-Stephem and Maurice Fitz.-'GeraUy by promifing them in Fee the Town of Wexford, and the two adjoining Cantreds. From St. Dtirjidh he failed to Ireland, and wintered at Ferns in private among the Clergy, impatiently waiting the Arrival of his new Confederates. A. D. 1169. In May^ Fii^-Stephefi:, accompanied by Meikr Fit^- Hcnryt Meiler Fitz.-David-, Maurice de Pritidergaji, Her'vy of Mount-Mau- rice, and others, to the Number of 30 Knights, 60 in Jacks, or light Coats of Mail, and about 300 Archers and Footmen, landed near Wex- ford, and gave Notice of their Arrival to Dermod, who, with his natu- ral i>on Donald y and 500 Men, immediately repaired to them, and the next Day they aHaulted We^cfordy which in four Days furrendered upon Conditions, and the Townimen gave Hoftages and Oaths for their fu- ture Allegiance. Maurice Fiftz-Gerald arrived foon after with frefh Recruits, and Derfnod, according to Stipulation, granted Wexford and two Cantreds to him and Fitx-Stephens, and two Cantreds more, lying hetween Wexford and Waterford, to Her^y of Mount -Marice ; and thefe three fettled the firft Englijh Colony on thefe Lands, which has conti- nued in die Barony of Forth to this Day. From thence they marched againfl Donald^ Prince of Offory, twice chaftifed him, plundered the County of O-Phelan about Islaas, and brought O-Tco/and others to Sub- miflion. Soon after Earl Strongbow fent Reymond de Grofs into Ireland, with 9 or 10 Knights, and 70 Archers well appointed, who landed near Waterfordy and were alTaulted by a flrong Body from that City, though without Succefs. ■^>» '-* A,D. II 70. In Auguji Earl Stronghoiju landed' ifear Watsrfordy at the Head of 15 or 1600 Men, and attempted the City (then governed by two Danijh MagiUrates, Reginald and Smorth) which he took by AfTault on the 23d of that Month with great Slaughter. Dermod, and the iirft Adventurers joining Strojigbo^w at Waterfcrd, the Marriage between him and King Z>^rw<3f/'s Daughter was folemnized, and the Reverfion of the Kingdom of Leinjier afliired to himy after t e King's Death. Animated with thefe Succefles, Dermod perluaded his new Allies to turn their Arms againil Dublin, alledging, that the reducing that im- portant Place, would lay the Foundation for the Conqueftof the v/hole Kingdom. While Preparations were making for this Enterprize, Ro" dericky King of Ireland, had raifed an Army of 30,000 Horfe and Foot, refolving to impede the March of the Confederates againft Dublin. He encamped with the main Body of hi^ Forces at Clondalkiny four Miles from Dubliny and guarded ail the Paffes through the Mountains with ftrong Detachments. King Dermod laid the Difficultie. .1I7^I» King Dermod died at Ferns in May, and moil of the Irijh Nobility forfook the Earl, except Donald Karuenagb, and two or three others. In the mean lime the News of thefe Succefles had reach- ed the Ears of King Henry, who was jealous qi Strongbowo, and thought himfelf robbed of the Glory of ia great a Conqueil. He therefore not only coniifcated all the Earl's Eflate, though- he had adled in this Matter by his verbal Licence, but by Proclamatipn prohibited: all his Subje6ls exporting Pro.vifions or Stores to. /rfW«', -and commanded fuch of them as were already in that Ki,i;igdom to returri Home by a certain Day. This Step, and the News that YJm^ Jioderick had levied an Ar- my with an Intent to beliege Dublin, brought the Earl back to defend the Town, and to confult Means to appeaic the King's Anger. Rode- rick invefted the City with an Army of 60,000 Men, which w^s but weakly provided with Men or Viduals, the Stores taken within the City being much confumed. However, they bore the Siege for two Months; but then, all NecelTaries failing, and no f^opes of Relief from Abroad, Strongbonv advifed in Council to treat vAih. Roderick, and that he ihould offer to fubmit himielf .unto him, to become Jiis Man, and to hold Lehijler of him as a Feudatory Prince, But Roderick know- ing the Difficulties the Garrifon laboured under, iahfled upon much more exorbitant Terms, .and therefore willed the Ambaifador to ac- quaint the Earl, that unlefs he furrendered into his Hands, not only Dublin, but Waterford and Wexford, with all his Callles, and returned Home with his Englijh Forces, that he, would, without Delay, give the Affault, and made no Doubt of carrying the City by Storm. Thefe high Demands were of too hard Digeftion for Soldiers ac- cuftomed to Conqueft; and, by the Advice of Miles de Cogan, they re- folved ^pon a fudden Sally, which they made with 600 Men. The Enemy were fo furprized, that they fled before them ; 1500 fell in the Onfet, and matiy Priloners were made, and the City was relieved in its greateft Extreirdty j fuch great Stores of Corn, Meal, and Pork being found in the Enemy's Camp, as were fufticient to visual the Garrifon for a Year. The Earl failed to England to appeafe the King, to whom he offered all the Acquifitions he had made either by the Sword or Marriage; and it was agreed, that he Ihould recognize the King as his Sovereign Lord, ihould furrender to him the City of Dub- Un, with the adjacent Cantred^ the maritime Towns of Leinjier, the Citjr SH / R E L J N D\ City of Waterford, and all Caftles, and fhould acknowledge to hold the Remainder of the King and his Heirs. Mack-Tur kill took the Advantage of the EarPs Abfence, and arrived in the Harbour oi Dublin with a hleet of 60 Sail, and 10,000 Soldiers levied in the Ijle of Man., the Orcades and Norivay, full of Hopes to' recover his former Grandeur. He hopped to furprize the City, and^ carry it by a fiidden AiTaiilr. Bat his Life paid for this rafti Attempt,, and mofl of his Party were either flaiightered or difperfed into the Country, where, being odious to the Natives for their formex Cru- elties, they wereflain in great Numbe'?s. Thus ended the Power of the Ojimen in Duhliny who' never after made any Effort to recover their i^ix- jSitr PoffefTions. Many of thein had before incorporated with the Irijhy and now, upon this great Revolution, fuch as remained in the City or Neighbourhood, became quiet Suhjedi to ths Englijhy and, by Degrees, grew one People with them. A. D, wjz. While thefe Things were doing, Kin^; Henry wa3 preparing for a.Voyage into Ireland, where he arrived, near Waterford^ with a Fleet of 240 Ships, on the rSth of 0^o^«-, attended by Earl ^tronghonx), Williajn Fitx-Adelniy Humphrey de Bohun, Hugh de Lacy, Ro- hert Fitz-Ber7zard, and many other Grandees;' befides 400 Knights, of Men at Arms, and 4000 Soldiers well appointed. The firft Adlion he did iipon his landing was to receive the Invelliture of the City of /iT^z/^r- fordy and the Homage oi 'EzvX Strongbovj for the Kingdom of Leinjler, the Inheritance of whi<:;h was grafted to him' by the King, who placed Hohert Fitz- Bernard in the Government of IValerfcrd, and from ihence inarched to Dubliuy which Sirongbd-iv delivered up to him, and the Kin^ committed the GbvernSient thereof to Hugh de Lacy. From Dublin his Majelly marched" into Munjler, arid iri his Jo«rney received the Submiffions and Homage of Dertnod Mac-Carthy, King of Corke ', Donald Q-Brie)iy King oi^ Limerick ; Donald Mac-gilla Phadraig, King of OJ/bry; 0-Phelany Prince oi Defies y and of a great many other petty Princes. At Lifmore he held a Synod of the Clergy, probably to take the Submiffions of that Piody, and gave Diredions for building a Caflle there; which done he returned to Dubliny where, the nth of November many petty Princes made their Submiffions, and fwore Alle- giance to him in Perfon, as Gillamohohncck, O-Chadejie, 0-Carrol, King cf Urielj 0-Melaghlin, King of Meat/?, 0-Roirky King of Brcfiny , and many others, bxxt Roderick, Monarch of oil Ireland, came no nearer to Dublin than the River Shannon, where he made his Submiffion to the Commiffioners fent thither by King Hemy, to whoni he became tributary, fwore Allegiance, and gave Hoflages for his Fidelity. Thus all Ireland made voluntary Subiiiiflions to the King of FvglAnd, except the Princes of Vljlery and they alfo virtually didfoin the Submiffion of the Supreme Monarch Roderick. At this Time the King granted the Laws of England to the People of Ireland, ellablifhcd Courts and Officers of Jiiftice, and held a Parliaf- mcnt, or fomething like a Parliament, at Dublin, where he kept the Feftival of Chriprias in as great State as the Place would allow: For there was no Houfe there capable of receiving his Retinue ; and there- fore he was under the Neceffity of haftily erecting a long Pavilion, com- pofed of fmooth Wattles, after the Fafhion of the Country, which btf- . ing well furnifhed with Plate, ■ Houfhold Stuff, and good Cheer, mad*>, «i' better Appearance thaa ever had been before feen in Ireland. Vizxy ©f t R E L A N B. 585 of the Irijh Princes flocked thither to pay their Duty to the King, not. without a iniirin to frailraie his Enemies of the ufiial Aids aiforded hy t.\\!t Jrijh ap-ainll him^ when attacked by the Arms of France. He had experienced the Benefit the Crown received without Charge by private Adventurers, and was relblved, by like Methods, to make the Part he had gained, bear the Charge of fttbduing the Whole. To this End he dillributed laree Scopes of Land to the Grandees who attended him j as, to Earl Sironv- bonfj^ (which indeed was his Right by Marriage) all Leinjier, the City oi Dublin^ and the adjoining Cantreds, with a few Maritime Towns iand Carries, excepted. To Hugf^^ de Lacy, the Kingdom QilS'lcath% to /fohn de. Coitrcy all Llijier, if he could conquer it; and to Robert Fit^- Stephen and Miles Qogan, the Kingdom of Co7-k (which formerly com- prciiended Dejniond), ai.d to Philip dc Braos the Kingdom of LimericL But thefe two iatcer Grants were made after the King's B.etUrn to England, J. D. 1 173. T\\t Rebellion of his Son, the Dfinge!- of a Revolt in jSlormandy, and a Plague and Scarcity in Ireland, laid the Kino- under the Neceflity of hallening his Return ; though he was at firll determined to Itay the Summer following in Ireland, to fortify it with f^rong Hulds and Caftles, and to fettle it in a State of Security. He therefore havlncr provided for the Govertimcnt, and fettled a Civil Adminiftration in Dublin by a Colony from Brijrcl, marched from Dublin to Wexford^ where he embarked on Eojier Monday, 1 1 73. Thus was brought about this great Revolution, with little Blood (hed, rather by the Opinion of King Henry^s Power, and the Terror of his Arms-, than by any real Force. ^. D. 13 !4. The weak Reign o£ Fdt'MrdlL his unfticcefsfu! Wars \vith the Scots, Feuds and Cont'entions amongft the Englijk of Ireland^ and the perpetual Rebellions of the Iri/h, were the Caiife of a very ex- traordinary Revolution, though of a (hort Continuance. The Kino- of Scotland, for a Diverfion to the Ergiijh Arms, this Year Tent his Brother Edivard Bruce with a fmall Force, to invade Ireland', who land^-d in the North, and was joined by great Numbers of the Injh. He marched then XoDuv.daik^ which he took and burned down in the^ear iji^, and drove moft of the^//|-///-' out of Uljler. Th^ E'arl of Uljler foUghc with the Eni6my near Ccieraine, and was routed, which was fcllcwed by thd Siege o£ Carrickfcrgus; and R^ger Mci-timsr was the fame Year defeated in Meath. From thence Bruce ravaged the whole Kingdom from Sea to Sea, and defeated Sir Edmund Br^thr, Lord JuiHce, on the 26th of January, which caufed all the Irijh in Munjler and Lcinjler to rife in Re-> bellion. But for want of Provifions, the Scots were obliged to march back to Uljier, whefrc Bruce fat down in his Quarters to that Depree of Quietnefs, that he kept Court, and held Pleas, as in Times of profound Peace. Bruce pafled into Scotland \n I 3 16 for frefh Supplies, and upon his Return was crowned King of Ireland at Dundalk. From thence he inarched with an Intention of beficging Dubli?t, took Cajlle-Knock, and Sir Hugh Tyrrel in it. The Citizens burned down the Suburbs to fecure the Town, and erefted an outward Fortification ciofe to the River along Merchant- Kay, with the Stones of the £)c/^;»/V«zr Abbey, which they B b ' demoiiihed 5S6 I R E L A N D. demolifhed for that furpofe. Bruce finding the Refolution of the Citi- zens, decamped from Cajlk-Knocky and marched Weflvvard as far as Limericky ravaging the whole Country through which he pafled. Roger Morti7nery appointed Lord Jaftice in 1317, arrived 2i\. Water ford with 38 Men at Arms only, and would not fuffer the E?jglip to fight Bruce till he joined them. But Bruce, upon his Arrival, marched back to Uiflery and the Lord Juftice was recalled to England, Archbifhop Bick- jjor, being made Lord Juitice in 1318, appointed the Lord John Bir- 7ni?i(^ha?n General againit Brucey who in a fliarp Encounter flew Bruce at %undalky with 2000 of his. Men. .John Maiipasy^ a valiant Officer in Birm!Tigijam''^iTioo^Sy, rufhed into" tHe;.,Battle, with a Refolution to deiboy the ufurping Piince,' and was foiihd dead afcer the Conflift, ftretched on the Body o^ Bruce. Thas an End was put to this Revolu- tion, and }}iQ Scotch Govejfntj^t^K\\\^ff^liand,,B that Robert, King of Scotland, came ovqv iolhlajtd m Aid ol his Brother, and was within a Day^^s Mar.Ch of him vyheii the Battle was fought, but that Bruce precipitated the Fi^ht,/ti^-a^^jhis j^rothfer. fliould have no Share in the Glory. ^, '. ".^.. .. r;-"-. -" - " '" . ■ The Irijh, who had fubmitted:';y^?;W, Maguir, 0-Ch^^»* and almoft all the Irij^ of Vljier, entered into a Confpiracy to furprize the Gaftles oi Dublini murder the Lord Deputy and Council, and fet on Foot a new Rebellion; and for this End had folicited foreign Aids. As foon as they had Notice that their. Plot W2is d.i{(io\Q.i qA,. Tyrone , Tyre o?ine If and Maguir fled beyond, the': Se^sj f^here they made loud Clamours^ that they withdrew thenifelves for 'Matter of R^eligion and Injuftice as to their P^ighcs and Claims ; both which Points the King cleared by 3 public Declaration fpread through EurepCy which' nx'siy^bfe Teen iti the 6th Tome of Ryrr.er^s Colleftion, p. 664, Upon the Flight of thefe Confpirators, Indidments were found aeainit tliem, uDon which all that ned were outlawed. ..^ ^^.. .'■' ^ ■ \' . A. D. 1608. Sir Cahir O-Dogharty.'VrojrMb^/o^ ^E ^^f6r)y o£ Ini/o'ZveK in the C©unty oi Donnegi^lj drged by the Intrigues of the ftigi- tive Earls, and by AlTurance of fpeedy Aidi from Spain, 'iDroke out into Rebellion, vvhich he maintained for five Ivlonths with various Succefs ; whereunto an additional Shot piu an End to his Life, and fom^ of his Adherents were taken and executed. Befides Inquilitions and Out- lawries found and had againft the Actors in thefe two Rebellions, and that of the laft of Queen Elizabeth, they were all attainted by the Sta- tute of the I'lth of King JaTnes, and their Lahds vcne.& in the Grown j mounting to 5 11465 Acres in the (evcra! Counties of Dbnnegdl, Tyrone^ Cokrain, Fermanagh, Canjan and Armagh, and enabled the King to" ir^ake that P/c?(//«i?// Plantation in JJl^er, which nov/, from the molt ubeiUcug Pio-vii.cs of the Kingdom, is the nioitduiet and reforinsd. 38S M AN ISLE, anciently MONA. The Rebellion and Maflacres of 1641, exceed all ihe Cruellies that ever were perpetrated in the World, unlefs thoreofthc Spaniards upon the Conqueft of Mexico and Pern may be excepted. The Reftoration of the r'opifli Religion to its ancient Splendor, and the Plopes of re- pofieflit g the Irip in the fix efcheated Counties before- meniioned, were made the Pretences to this infamous A^lion, which was main- tained for twelve Years with an Obdinacy not to be matched. But at length the Irijh Rebels were totally fubdued by Oliver Crom<-i<:elU and an End put to the War by the Coniifcation of Numbers of their Ellates in 1653. I'he Favours of King James 11. to thofe of his own Religion in Ire* land, once more exalted the Papilfs of that Kingdom, and put them upon the Foot of domineering over their Proteftant Neighbours. All the Eftates, forfeited by former Rebellions, were rcftorcd by the Re- peal of the A£l of Settlement, and many other Laws made to the De- llrudion of the eltabliilied Religion there. But the Kingdom was again reduced by the Arms of the. Glorious King Williafriy in two fuccefsful Battles, and the Eilates of great Numbers of the IriJ}} Nobuity and Gentry were adjudged to be forfeited: And to perpetuate the Benefits arifing from this Revolution, that great King took Care, as his laft Legacy, to fettle the Crown in the illuflrious Houfe that now wears it ; in which that it may. for ever remain, zx^ ^e Prayers of all good Subjects, * ' . 3^;:?4... •* MAN, ISL E,. zncitrnXy MONA. TH E Ifie of Man flill remains to be defcribed ; the Situation whereof is in St. Gcorge^a Channel, between four and five Degrees of Weflern Longitude, and between fifty-four and fifty-five Degrees of North Latitude ; about thirty Miles long and fifteen broad ; from •whence the three Kingdoms, Enpla>:ci, Scotland and Ireland may be itcn at the fame Time. i U : i h A % U . It contains feventeen Parities. The th'ree chief Towns are, i. CaJ}k ^'oivtif at the South End of the Ifland, near which Hands ^e^er, f, om whence the Bifliop takes the Title. 2. DoiiglasyOn the Raft Side of the Ifland ; a good Harbour, and moft frequented by foreign Traders of any Place in it. 3. Peel, on the Weft Coaft of the Ifland; defended by a Caftle. j^ir.'] The Air is efteemed good. People living to a great Age here; they are a Mixture oi Englijhy Scotch and IriJh. Soil and Produce?^ The Soil produces both Corn and Grafs ; and they have the fame Species of Cattle as in England. The Exports con- fift in Corn, Wool, Hides and TalLw : But what ufed to add moft to their Wealth was, the Importation of Foreign Goods ; and the Exportation of them to Great-Britain, the fame not having been pro- hibited till the 1 2th of George 1. The Earl of Derby was their Sovereign, and frequently called King of Man; and they are governed by Laws and Cuftoms of their own. The Duke of Jthol is now Sovereign of Many one of his Anccftors liaving married the Heirefs of the Family of Derby 'i but the prefent Duke has, in Confideralion of 70,000/. re- figned great Part of his Sovereignty, and feveral Laws were palFed in J765, for eilabiifl^.ing a new Form of Govcrnraent in that Ifland, This TURKEY In EUROPE. s^9 "^his Ifland was firft planted hy t\ie. Britons ; the 5'm-tj;>li^ Ito ' Macedonia — — •Sj/' ^/(7. tlope Ojf .y^r North Part cient Greece tlope Ojf ArgentuTny the , North Part of the an-i Conjia 7itinople^ Adrianople. Philippopoli, Slryncon. CanteJ/a. Theffaly, ROW Janna \ . Salonich Achat a and Baetia, \ \ Athens. now Li'vadia • — ( } The-hes. .'1 j^' On the Adriatic Sea or Gulph of Venice, the^ *ntient Illyricum — — .^i^ ^«;^ J \^Lepanto. "^ fChima^ra. I Biitrinto.. Durazzo, Dulcii >< Dalmatia •- Drino. Narcnza. Jtagufa Republic —J (^ij^^/i/*?. C In rURKET m EU R O P E. 2gi Dlvifions. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. 1 fCc 'Corhiihia Argos Sparta , orinitjt In the Morea, the z.n- Q\QVil Pelopc72Jie/us., beings the South DiviJion of^ Greece i are - \ I ,. .drcadia. Arvos. Napoli de Zoi^ania, Laced^emon^ now Mijitra, on the River Eurotus. Games were lieldv ^•^-^'^^Xi ca^ on "the River Alphcus, Olympian where the ills^^'^ lO li^lij .CI J L;a& "■iDn: Mcdon^ Cor on. Patras. Elisy or Belnjidere^ on the River Peneus, Mountains.'] The chief Mountains z.vQ'^'i^:r^iit Iron Gate Mountains) 2. Rhodope Qx Avgentum ', 3. Mount ^/i^aiT*; 4* Chimara-y 5. ParnaJJiis and Helicon ; and, 6. Peiion. Ri'vers.'\ The chief Rivers are, i. Nieper \ 2. 5cj- ; 3. Neijier % 4. P ruth I 5. Danube; 6. Sa^-ue ^J J,^jilauta \ 8. Unna ; 9. Drinci 10. Mora^a', and, ii. Mariza. ~ "' * iS'^/S'j, &c.] The Seas of ^Iwr/f^ are the jFiwc^W or ^/^f/^ 5^i« ; the P«/«/ Mc'otis ; the Sea of Marmora; the Archipelaga^; the Imian Sea$ &nd the Let'ant, . ^^ ' Gulphs or Bays,'] The principal Gulpns or Bays are thofe of 5'^?/(7- KzV^/ or Thefaionica, ConieJJa, Magnejia^ Gueretto, Sfnyrna, Ephejus^ Sa^ talia, LepantOy Engia^ NapoH, Qolochina, Samos, . Stunchio, ^nd NegrO" pent in the Archipelago. Straits.] The Straits are thofe of the Hdlefpont- and Bofphorus, Turkifh ISLANDS in the Archipelago and Levant Sea hetwten Europe and M\2l. 1 . I'ajfo ; 2 . Samandrachi j 3 . hnhros ; 4,>. . Lefwios or Stalimene ; 5. Tejiedos \ 6. Scirio ; 7. Mytilene ;S. Negropont or Egryp us ; 9. ^Jac ; 10. Andros ; il. Tine; 12. Z/^ ; 13. Thirmia; 14. Coluri ; 15. Engia ^ 16. Delos; 17. Nicaria ; i-8. Samos ; ig. Patmes; 2.0. Paros; 21. Naxia -^ 22. Milo ; 23. AV« ; 24.. Morgo ;. 25. Coos; 26. Stamapalia; 27. Namphio ; 28. Santorini ; 29. Cerigo ; 30. Scarpanto ; ^l. Rhodes; 32. Candy ; and, 33. Cyprus. The prcfent State, Soil, Produce, ^r. of Turkey in Europe y are the fame as Turkey in -://& ; which lee in ^-^i^-. B b 4 ^r///j.] 39* ^1/ R K E r in EU R 0 P E. Ar'/jts."]. The Grand Signior's Arms are Vert, a Crefcent Argent, crelled with a Turbant, charged with ihiee black Piiimes of Herons Quills, with this Motto, Do7iec tctum impleat orbcm. Nobility.l Her.e are no hereditary Nobility. The Beglerbegs, Bays, Bafla's, and great Officers, are all SUves^ bred op in their Seraglio's ; and, when they die, their Honours die v^ith them ; and all tiieir Eftates and Effefls are confiscated to the Ufe of the Grand Signior. Saluiatiofis.] Their Salutation is 'a 'little Inclination of the Kcadj, ^nd laying their Right Hand on their Breaft ; but never uncover their Jieads either in their Temples or elfewliere'. Tr^vellin^.'] They travel oh Horfeba.ck or oij Foot with the Caravans, confifting of eight hundred or a thouf^nd, Horles and Camels, and i(nove about three Miles an Hour, and lodge at Caravan.feras ; which are Houfcs built rOund a Square, vvich Cloyfters underneath them for the Entertainm.ent of ,Trftyellei;s, Tieie they drefs their Food, and bait their Camels and Horfe;s.:,..If there are no Cajavanleras, they Wt in the open Air,yand, k^e^a W?itG'h.>U:Night to prevent their Goods i)eing ftolen by -the ^r^i^T^or <)ther-.tiii€yi(h<^i^;epple. i^cdgifig.'^ The ?"i:r/Jj havd ivo Beds, but He upon their Soph as (or raill'd Floors about the Room)- -which arc covered with Carpets and ^uihions ; and on th^fe -they fit Gi-ofs- legged at their Meals. Di^uerpns.'] Their Piverfiifns" vvitl^iiri Dbots ai-fe Chefs and Drafts 5 but x^aey never play for Moneys, that being prohibited by the Alcoran. Thev entertain thcmfelv.es alfo with- their Co^^^^vy M^^c, which is ^ot very harmonious ; aud they hajve their! JUancing Girls, which they hire, but.never dance themfelves, '.■•■■^^\^. '^aidj ::: -tsv,. \ Fices.^ NotvvithilandiDg they keep gT^'^af Tian^'Women beiides their "^Fiy^s, they ar6 much- giVen to unnatural Lulls ; almoll: every great Man having his Boys : And, though they drink no Itrohg Lir.-f.i' han «vv.-rv lO, .v.^.Av.. - Thi nm^^^'^mk ^h^^'Hkmre-SiYkeM^i^ towards a Ckrlftian: An outward Shew of Civility therefore is ^ill that we friould aim at in C0nvei^nj^"v/itVTEtJ^l]^'']tF5^ on any Emergency, they will tertaiiily decfeiV^ you? If you' have purchased thcra, and think yru have mad^ Friends of them by Pre erits, they mull be bought again and^gainif yocfhaVe any frefh Occafion for them. Nothing is. liegotiatediiT'Tfr/'^ witHo'ut Prefents ; even juitlce ar.d Injuirice may \>t purcbafeJ here. And though' it has beeen faid, that they exceed the Chrillians in Temperance, their, great Men will fometimes drink in private, or on Pretence of doing it by way of Phyfic. !l[Lven thofe very Magiilrates, that punifh their Inferiors for being drunk in the Streets^ will drink to Excels themfelves in private. Their Pride alio is infupportable, efpeciaily towards the Chrillians> ^d others of ^ diftierent i aith, '■'- •'•^- -- \ •,.■'.•■••• . . Them- r U R K E r m EUROPE. 29S *rhemfelves only they efteem wife, valiant and holy ; the reft of the World they look upon as Fools and Reprobates, and ufe them accordingly. Curiojities.l Among the Curiofities of 'Turkey , the I'emple of Mi* ner^a at At hens y (now a Turkijh Mofque) alraoll entire, may be efteemed one of the moft remarkable ; Sir George IVheclery who viewed it, fays it is, without Comparifon, the fineil Temple in the World. Cotijianilnople itfelf is one of the greateft Curiciities in the World; the fineft Port in Europe^ and called, by Way of Eminence, The Port i it has alfo a moft charming Situation in Point of Profpeft, and the noble Antiquities it contains are fcarce to be paralleled : That Part of it, which is called the City, is twelve Miles in Circumference, and the Suburbs are at leaft of equal Dimenfions, the Whole computed to con- tain two Millions of PeoplCr-' ^ >= .ij-.ii ...> ,.:^kV The City beinpj of a triangular F5gti»ei?SeSeragfio is built upon the Point of one of the Angles, which runs out between the Fropontis or Se-d of Marwora, and the Harbour ; and t)eicw the Palace, upon the Declivity of the Hill, are the Gardens, lying on the Water, in the Place where it is fuppofed OIis/ Bixantium ftocd ,• and whence there is a View of the delightful Coail of the Leifer J/tUy and the Seraglio of Scutari, from which they are not a Mile diJlant. The Mofque of St. Sophia, once, a Chrijiian Church, is faid, in many Refpefts, to excel that of St* P^/^z-'s in i^tf/^^. . - Coins. "] The Gold Coins of Turkey are Zin^irlees, worth two Dcllars two Thirds, and TorniUes worth two Dollars and a half. The Ajper, in which they keep their Accounts, is of the Value of an Halfpenny: A P^r^zr is three Afpers, fotiyJ*^ arj make S. Dollar, i A Zelote IS two Thirds of 2i Dollar. .| , ^ .|f^, „r. . \. t< ~ Gold and Silver Coins of all Countries go ^or their V^alue here. TURKISH or GRECIAN ISLANDS. OF the Turkijh, or Grecian Iflands, already enumerated, whicli lie in the Archipelago^ or Egean and Le-vant Seas, fome o£ them require a more particular Notice than the bare naming them, particularly. \-^^\l^., I. Negropcnt, the ancient Euhcea\ this ftretcKes from the South Eafl to the North Weft, along the Eaftern Coaft of Acbaia or Li-jadia^ from which it is feparated by a narrow Channel called the Euribuu The I/land is 90 Miles long, and 25 broad in the wideft Part. Negro- pom or Egripos, the chief Town of the Illand, is fituate 34 Miles North ofSetines or Arhens, in 31 Degrees 30 Minutes North Lat. and joined to that Part of the Continent of Greece, where Aulis flood, by a Bridge. Plere ufually lies a Fleet of Turkijh Galiies, and the Captaln- Bafia, or Admiral of the Turkijh Fleet, is Viceroy of this Ifland, and the adjacent Continent of Greece. The Ifland abounds in Corn, Winc^ and Fruit ; but what is moft taken Notice of here, is the uncommoii. Tides in the Euripus, or Sea between the Ifland knd the Continent ; theie are fometimes regular, and at others in egular, according to the A^e of the Mpon -, from the three laft Pays of the Old Moon, to the fi^hth 394 ^urkijh or Grecian Iflands. eio^hth Day of the New Moon, they are regular ; on the ninth Day they begin to be irregular, and flow tv;elve, thirteen, or fourteen Times in twenty-four Hours, and ebb as often. 2. Lemnos, or Stalimene^ is fituate in the North Part of the Egean Sea or Archipelago, of a fquare Form, twenty-five Miles in Length of each Side, about leventy Miles South of Mount Athosy on the Continent of Greece. It produces Plenty of Corn and Wine, but their principal Riches arife from a Mineral Earth, called Terra Lemnia and Terra Si- pillatay from a Seal the Turh put upon every Parcel that is fold to Fo- reigners ; it is faid to have great Virtues in healing Wounds', expelling Poifon, Hopping Fluxes, ^r. Into this Ifland the Poets feign that Vulcan fell from Heaven, being kicked out of Farad ife by Juno for a deformed Brat, and lamed in the Fall ; from whence he was called Lemnius, and v/orfhipped as a decrepid D'eity.<^ . ^^ 3. Tenedcs, a little liland oppofite to 9>^,'in A''^/c// called by the Turks ^ Sakiy Sad'ici, liss near the Weft Coaft of Ionia in the Leffer AJla^ about 80 Miles Weft of Smyrna^, and is about 100 Miles in Circumference. It is a, rocky mountainous Country, not a River or Spring in it, and no Corn but what they fetch from Candiay or the Continent of Afia. They have Wine in great Plenty ; Onepion, t\\Q Son. of Bacchus, firft taught the Chiefs the Culture of the Vine, and theEr!l Red Wine is faid to be made here; Firo-il and Horace meniion it as the beli Wine in Greece. The Vine- yards in moft Efleem are thofe of Mejla, fi'om whence the Ancients had their Neftar : The Ifland alfo pnjduces. Oil, and Silk, and they have Manufadurcs of Silk, Velvet, Gold and Silver Stuffs : Their moft proritable Plant is the Muilic, or Lentiflc Tree, from vvhich the Gum called Muflic ifiues, the Profit whereof the Government in a Manner monopolizes, obliging the Natives to fell it to tlieir Agents at what Price they pleafc to. fet upon it. The prefent Inhabitants are Turks, Latins and Greeks ; the Turks about ten Ihoufand, the Latins three Tiioufand, and the Greeks an hundred Thoufand ; their Women ?re reckoned the gieateft Wit.s, as well as Beauties, in this Part of the, Wjr!d, and arc allowed all Manner of Liberties j e^en their Nuns,, it is ^urUjh or Grecian Iflands, ony i€ faid, will be kind to otrangers.Crf/f, called alfo Heccatompolis from their own Religion publicly, and to b^ and 27 Degrees of Eaft Lon- but then there is a Capitation Tax impole^ of North Latitude, bein^ pay ten Crowns a-Head per Ann. the next uoft equally diilant from ineanell People two Crowns and a half per Ami. -hig Rivers in the born Ion the Tragic Poet, Theopompus the Hillorian, ^1 ijJa. covers the phiil ; and the Chiots pretend, that Ho?ner was born here, a*^]^ fcarce a Plr.ce which they call Homer's School, at the Foot of Mount /.^^^^p^j^ v7'l;5««'fl-ir Ifle is fitiiate near the Coaft of the Leffer AJja, almoft o>d ^o^LitQ. X.O Epbefusy fca,rce' feveh Miles from the Continent, being about thirty Miles long, and hfteen broad. A Chain of Mountains runs throueh ihe Middle of thibiiland, being of white Marble, but covered v.ith a Staple of good Earth, producing P'ruit Trees and other Plants : Juno^ and Scj.iia the Sybil, are faid to be Natives of this liland, as veil as Pyihagcras and Polycrates. "- T'he prefent Inhabitants are chiefly Greek ChriJItans, and are iaid to live in .great Freedom, being better uled by t\\QTiirksy than in other Places under their Dominion. The CouiUry produced Wine, . Oil, Pomegrancts, and Silk; and th^;ir Mufcadiae Wine is much admired : Tiiey iiave alio jfinfi Wool ere, whicn the trench purchale of them. ; ^^.^ -i r^ _^ ;^ -' ^ Here are great Remains of Antiquity, particularly of the ancient City of Samos, and of Juno'i Temple, ifatronefs of the Ifland. Toirr- nefort fays, there is nothing in.the Le'"''',\ ^^T' ^" ) ( rujalem and Damajcus. A U A H 1 A «— — _— \ 5 ■^*^*^'^^^» Medina, and ikfs- W cho. Kingdoms and States. Chief Towns- 3. PERSIA, including Part of C/>- 7 C /^^«^^<^«, Schiras, Gomhrun^ cajjia, Mengrelia, and Vjlec Tartary ) \ and Bahara. 4. i A'/)7^ within the (^P^;?^i?i Delli, Agra, SiXidi Labor* 5. INDIA beyond the Ganpes,'^ C y, , ^ . " -*^^ r ,- '"^^i A A W Ac ham, A'ua, Arracan, Pe- comprehending Acham, Ava, Ar- \ \ «. ,, , \ * n "c- T\r 1 1 11 £My oitttn, Malacca, Laos* racan, repu, biam, maLacca, Laos, V< °^ 1 j- r^i • t^ K..anwoaia, i^biampa, ^I onquin, and 11 , ^, ^ Cochin China cio and Thoanoa. 6 CHINA _ I SP^k^^gi Nanking, and Carf \ \ ion. 7. CHINESIAN TARTARY Chynian* 8. THIBET^xi^MOGVL TAR- TART Thibet* All the North of 1 f „- / m- AT 4- cr- 4 (3 Toboljkt Akatic Tartary, > < y,n A yia ' \ I AJtracan* liitKlA, J 1 rNo Town;5 here; the Na- comprehend- \Calmuc Tartary — / \ ^- r • u 1 ^ in-., p . J -^ / \ tives live in Kuts and ms; I iriz haynoieds ( 1 rp , j , , /The Oft' cks andr 1 Jl^enis, and are perpetuaL V o hL^cT'^\ I I ly ramblinjr from Place to Bradjki Tartars If i>k g 10. The Afiatic Iflands, which confift of Part of the Turkip Iflands* already enumerated in the Archipelajo and Le j Erzerum and /^^». 3 Aftiarchia and Gc- 7 J Bur/ay Nicif Smyrna^ 5 i and Ephcfus, 1 ( Amajtay Trapeze fid , 3 t and SinopBy >■ I Ajazzo and Marat. i i Satalia and TeraJJh. !C Aleppo, Antiochy Da-^ \ tnafcusy Tyre, Sidon, 1 Tripoli, ScarJerocn, (_ and Jerufalem. Mountains.'] The Mountains are, i. Olympus', 2. Taurus, and ^;?//- 9"i2/«r«/ ; 3. Caucafus, and Arrarat ; 4. Lebanon ; 5. Herman ; and, 6. 7^^. ^/^;m.] The Rivers are, I.Euphrates ; 2. Tigris', 3. Orantes ', 4, Meajider; 5. Sarabat ; 6. Kara -y and, 7. Jordan. Air.] Turkey, fituate in the Middle of the Eaftern Continent, en- joys a temperate Air ; no Part of this Empire extends far North, and very little of it lies within the Tropic: They are not often incom- moded by Frofts, nor fcorched with excelTive Heat, and yet the Air is not healthful ; the Plague vifits moft Parts of the Empire once in four or five Years : As to ether Diftempers, they are not more fubiecl to them than the People of other Countries : But let what DiiUmpcr fc>- eViiT .4. Caramania Eaft of the Sea, .sejant 40O TU R K E r m A S I A, ever reign amongft them, they take no Precaations to prevent being infc6ted, but go into Houfcs frequently where they know the Plagus is ; for as the Doftrine of Predeflination prevails in 'Turkey, they think it in vain to endeavour to avoid the Fate. Soil and 'Pro(iuce,'\ Turkey is advantageoufly lituated, in a fruitful Soil, producing excellent"' Wool, Corn, Wine, Oil, Fruit, Coffee, Myrrh, Franckincenfe, and other odoriferous Plants and Drugs, in the greateft Variety and Abundance ; but the Turks are generally above applying themfelves to Manufadlures, thefe being chiefly managed by the Chrijiian Subjeds, Manuf azures.] Their chief Manufaftures are, Carpets, Cottons* Leather, and Soap ; and we import from* thence Raw Silkj Grogram. Yarn, Dying-Stuifs, Rhubarb, Fruit, and Oil. Traffic] No Country is better fituated for Traffic than this, having the Navigation of the Black Sea, the Le as well as Syria and Pnlejline, and were formerly adorned with Abundance of fine Towns, and the moft elegant Buildings, are all now io many Defarts, in Comparifon of what they were anciently. The Slcr^^ nevermind either Traffic, Building, or Planting, but let every Thing run to Ruin ; Tyrey Sidon, and Alexandria, which once com* manded the Navigation and Trade of the Vv orld, are in their Pollef- iion, but make no Figure in Commerce at this Day. And well it is for the Chrijiians, that the Turks are fuch an indolent Generation, for their Situation and vali: Extent of Empire would enable them to mono* polize the Trade of the World, if they attended to it. Conjlituiion.'] The Grand Signior or Emperor of the Turksj is fe- ilr^ned by no Laws or Compafts ; his Power is unlimited, the People^ as well as the Country, are his Property ; every Man's Life and For- tune in the Empire is at his Difpofal : But a late Traveller (Mctraye) afliires us, that we ought to make a Dillindlion between thole Subjcfts and Officers of the Grand Signior, who, according to the Turkijh Phrafe, eat his Bread, and thofe who have no Office under the Govern- ment ; the latter have nothing to fear, either as to their Lives or Ef- fe(fls, and do not pay any Duties to the Crovernnient ; but, as they hold their Lands by military Tenures, they are obliged to take the Field when the Grand Signior requires it, with a Certain Number of their Vafials. Should the Grand Signior attempt to tax them, or change their ancient Cufloms, he woulJ run the Hazard of being de- pofcd. As to the others indeed, who are hi? Creatures, and have been prefented to him, or pu-rchafed by him, and bred up in the Seraglio; thefe he fqucezes, difgraces and puts to Death, upon the leafl Suggef- tion of their Difafrcflion, or Mifcondud, without giving them an Op- portunity of anfwcring for themi'elvcs ; and their Children fcarce ever fucceed either to their Polls or Fortunes. The great Officers of State are, the Grand Vizier, or Prime Mini- %ri the Mufty, or High-Pricil; the Viziers of ihe Bench, who fit in r U R K E r m A S I A 401 the DivriH, or Courts of Juflice, with 'him ; the Cadalifquiers, or Chief juflices of Provinces ; the Beglerbegs, or Viceroys ; the Fal7'as, or Governors of Towns and Diftridls under the Beglerbegs ; the Kaima- can, or Governor of Ccnjlantinople, who is the Grand Vizier^s Lieu- tenant in his Abfence; the Treafurer ; the Chamberlain, and other OfHcers of the Houfhould ; the Aga, or General of the janizaries ; and the Captain-Bafia, or Admiral. "^There are no Nobility or hereditary Governments in Turkey ; their BaiTas and s»reat Officers of State are all cduc:.ted ia the Seraglio, being the Children ol .Chnfitan Parents, taken by the Tartars in their lixeurfioiis, or purchafed by the Mer- chants, many of whom deal only in this Kind of Traffic. Sometimes, indeed, the Rcnagado Chriftians arrive at the highefc Employments in their Fleets and Armies, and are obferved to have done' more Mifchief to Chrijlendom^ than thofe v/ho have bee-n educated Mahometans, being better /killed in the Arts of War and Navigation, than the Turks ufually are. . As for the native Turks, few of them are found in any- great Polls. It is of the Children .of ChrijUans or Renagadoes, that their Officers, both Civil and Military, and the beil Part of their forces, arc compofed* Forces.^ The Forces of the Turks are very numerous, but the greatelt Part of them confill of- a Kind of Militia, every Gentleman holding his Lands by military Tenures, and is obliged to bring a certain Number of Soldiers- into the Field, in Proportion to the Eftate he holds. Thefe may amoimi to fbveral hundred Thoufand, and are called out to Afticn whenever the Government requires their Service. But it h their Handing regular Troops they chiefly rely upon, name- ly, the Saphi's, or Horle^ Guards ; which Body may amount to twelve or fifteen Thoufand ; and the Janizaries or Foot-Guards, which amount to about twenty Thoufand. Thefe are educated in the Seraglio, and trained up to the Exercifc of Arms from their Infancy ; and there are not lefs than 100,000 more, who procure themfelves to be regillercd in this Body, to enjoy the Piivileges of Janizaries, v.-hich are very great, being fubjed to no Jurifditlion, but that of their Aga or chief Commander. Re'venues.l The Revenues of the^ Grand Signior arife by the Cuf- toms, the Produce of the Demefne Lands, and a Kind of Capitatlo.i Tax, impofed on every Subjed\ of the Empire, who is not of the Mahometan Religion. Another Branch of them arifes by the annual Tributes paid by the Cri?7i Tartar^ the Princes of Mclda^-jia, Walachua, and the little Republic of Ragufa, the Part oi' Mingrelia/y and half a Million of Money, out of a Million and a half which is levied an-- nually in the Kingdom of Egypfy comes into the Royal Treafury, the rell being laid out in paying the Officers and Forces of that Pro-- vince : But all thefe are a Trifle in Comparifon of the vad Sums which the Sultan continually extorts from his Viceroys and great Offi- cers of State, and pafs under the Name of Prefents. He is Heir to all his Officers and Miniilers ; when they have plundered whole Pto- vinces and Kingdoms, they are forced to leaVe all to be difpofed of by their Sovereign when they die j and he gives but a very fmall Por- tion of it to the Relations of the Deceafed, if the Anceiior has be^ haved never fo well : And fometimes, under Pretence of Mifcondufl -' • . C 9 M 402 ^ U R K E r m A S I A. he cuts them off in the Prime of Life, efpecially if they happen to bff immodern.teIy rich. Per/ens a?id Habits,'] Tt is obTerved that the Turks are generally per- fonable Men, which may proceed from the Choice they make of their Women : They coUedl the grcatefl: Beauties that can be met with in the neighbouring Countries, to breed by : No Man marries a crooked or deformed Piece for the Sake of a Fortune, as with us : Beauty and g; od Senfe are the only Inducements to Matrimony there. The Men Ihave their Heads, but wear their Beards long : They cover their Heads with a Turban of an enormous Size, and never put it off but when they fieep : They fuffer no Chrijiian, or other People, to wear white Turbans but themfelves : Their Breeches or Drawers are of a Piece with their Stockings, and they have Slippers inftead of Shoes, which they put off when they enter a Temple or Houfe : They wear Shirts with wide Sleeves, not gathered at the Wrifts or Neck, and over them a Veil tied with a Safh ; their upper Garment being a loofe Gown, fomething lliorter than the Velt, The VVomens Drefs pretty much refembles that of the Men, only they have a lliffened Cap with Horns, fomeihing like a Mitre, on their Heads inllead of a Turban, and wear their Hair down : When they go Abroad, they ar(? fo wrapped up, that their Faces cannot be feen. Genius and Temper.] The Turks feem to have no Manner of Genius or Inclination for the Improvement of Arts and Sciences : They live under the Influence of the fame Pleaven, and poffefs the fame Coun- tries the ancient Grecians did, but are far from being animated by the like Spirit. A llothful indolent Way of Life is preferred to every Thing; they faunter away their ""^ ime, either among their Women in the Haram, or in Smoaking, and taking Opium ; and though they herd together, you will obferve as little Converfation among them, as amonoft fo many Horfes in a Stable. They feldom travel, or ufe any Exercife or rural Sports ; and have no Curiofity to be informed of the State of their own, or any other Country. M sl MiniHer of State is turned out, or llrangled, they fay no more on the Occafion, than that tliere will be a new Vizier or Baffa, never enquiring into the Reafon of the Diigrace of the former Miniller ; and, as to Friend- ihip, Wit, and agreeable Converfation, they are perfed Stra,ngers to them. Curin/tties.'] The Ruins of Palmyra or Tadmor in Syria^ the City of Palm Trees, about 150 xMiles South-Eaft of AleppOy are the Admiration of every Traveller. As to the Antiquities and Curioiities in and about 'Jerttfalem, there are too many to be all enumerated ; the prefent City is three Miles in Circumference, much fallen from its ancient Splendor ; nor does it {land upon the fame Ground it did formerly : Mount 5/(?«, wheres SolofKon's, Temple ftood, is now almoil out of Town, which was once in the Middle of the City ; and Mount Calvary, where our Saviour was crucified, and lay without the Walls, is now in the Middle of the Town. 1 he Church of the Sepulchre, built over the Tomb where our Sa- viour was buried, is faid to contain twelve or thirteen Places under its Koof coiifecrated to a more than ordinary Veneration, by being re- puted r U R K E Y m J S I A, 405 putcd to have had fome particular Aflions done in them, relating to the Death and RefurreiStion of ChrilL As, i. The Place where he was derided by the Soldiers : 2. The Place where the Soldiers divided his Garments : 3. The Pl^ce where he was (hut up whilil they digged the Hole to fet the Foot of the Crofs in, and prepared cvcvy Thino- for his Crucifixiori : 4. Where he was nailed to the Crofs : 5. Where the Crofs was ercflled : 6. V/hcre the Soldier flood, who pierced his Side: 7. Where the Body was anointed in order to his Burial : 8. Where the Body Vv as dcpo/ited in the Sepulchre : 9. Where the An- gels appeared to the Women after his Relurrei5iion : 10. The Place where Chrill appclred to I\ia>y Magdajen.,' kz. All which Places are adorned with fo many feveral Altars,' ereSed in little Chapels about this Church. Jn ihe Galleries round the Church, and in feme little Buildings on the Outfide adjoining to it, are Axpartments for the Re- ception of the iVlonks and Pilgrims; and in fome of thcfe almoft every ChrJjlian Nation formerly mainiained a fmall Society of Monks; as the Latins^ Greeks, Syrians, Armenians, Georgia?iSy NeJiotianSy Coptics, i^c, but ihefe have all, except four, forfaken their Apartm.ents, not beino* able to bear the excefiive Rents and Extortions the Tur/:s were pleafed to iinpofe upon them. . ^ ;^y ' ^' / -j-t" ^ ''i ? ' In Dic'.rhe:, t\ic 2iTii\QntTiTe^fof)oiarnm^^^ of the. Turk ijl) Empire, fituate between t\\Q Kivqts Euphrates 2in6. Tygris, is fuppofed ip have been the Seat of Paradife ; and in the fame Province, on the Banks of the Euphrates, Vv-as the Tower of ^^^^'Z built, and afterwards the i^ity of Babylon, of which there are no\V no Remains ; nor is the exa6l Place where it ilood known, but fuppofed to be converted into a Lake by the Overflowing of the River Euphrates. Nineveh alfo, the Capital of the AJfyrian Empire,\vas fiiuated on the Banks of the Tygrisy in the Province of Curdiftan, of which they ftill fnew fome Ruins op- pofite to the City of Mouful. Cha^.dea, now Eyreca Arabic, was the Place of Abraham^ s Nativity : But w'here the City of Ur was, which is mentioned in Scripture as the Place of his' Refidence, is not known. Of the Grand Signior, and the reji cf the Inhabitants of the Seraglio. The Grand Signior is ftiled by his Subjefts, The Shadow of God, a God on Earth, Brother to the Sun and Moon, Difpofer of all Earthly Crowns, yr 4C4 t U RK E Y in A S I A. for Employments, according to the Opinion the Court entertains of them. They are firft taught Silence, and an humble modefl: Behaviour, then infLTudlcd in. the Mahometan Religion, and to fpeak and write the Turkijh Language, and aftenvard the Perfian and Arabic. When they are fit for manly Exercifes, they are taught the Ufe of Arms, and fucli other Arts and Sciences as may render them ferviceable to the State, and are advanced, and their Salaries augmented, according to their Proficiency, and, as Places or Governments fall, they are pre- ferred to them ; but they are feldom preferred out of the Seraglio until the Aoe of Forty, before which they are not thought fufficiently qua- lified for Governors. Part of the Grand Signior's Court is compofed of Mutes and Dwarfs; the Mute?, who are born deaf, and confequently Dumb, are about forty in Number ; thefe are taught to difcourfe by- Signs, and maintain a Converfation without the Vi{^ of Words ; with thefe and the Dwarfs, who are alfo Buffoons, this Prince frequently diverts himf^^f ; and if a Dwarf happens to be an Eunuch and a Mute, too great a Value cannot be fet upon him. Two of the Grand Signior's Eunuchs have very extenfive Commands ; one, named the Kijlar Aga^ is a Black Eunuch, and is Superintendanc of the Women ; another, called Capl Agajt, or White Eunuch, has the Command of all the Pages and White Eunuchs. Wcmen.'\ The Ladies of the Haram are a Colle(5l:ion of young beau- tiful \irgins, either the Prefents of Governors, purchafed, or Captives taken in"v/ar, moil of them the Children of ChriJ}ia?i Parents ; who, on their Admiffion, are committed to the Charge of fome old Lady, imd taught Mufic, Dancing, and other Accompli{liments,and furnilhed wich the richeft Cloaths and Ornaments : Thefe frequently play and dance before the Grand Signior, while others entertain him with their Converlation. /a ,„v -a-. ,>-.^*^ ^. -.l.-c'- The e Ladies are licarc^ et¥f fuffer^^^ go abroad, except when the Grand Signior removes, when a Troop of Black Eunuchs convey them to the Boats, which are enclofed with Lattices; and, when they go by Land, tiiey are put into clofe Chariots, and Signals made at certain Difcances, to give Notice that none approach the Road through which they march. '■ ''^-'k: ■•^Y^_<^''■'^-'^:^~^'■y'' Be{ides thefe '^l^kcirfeV tBere^ 'ftfea great many Female Slaves in the Seraglio, whofc Bufmefs is to wait on them. The Ofncers of State ufually confift of forae of the Royal Slaves edu- cated in the Seraglio, the chief of whom is the Grand Vi%ier, or Prime Minirter. The Jayii^ariesy or Grand Signior's Guards, are educated in the Se- raglio, and their Aga^ or Commander, is the moil confiderable Mili- tary Officer. ] ^y^ , Languagesyl The Languages of Turkey are the Sclavonian^ the mo- •dern Greek\ and the Syriac, Of the Scla-vonkt?i a Specimen has been ^iven already in the Defcription of Scla-vo7iia ; the modern Greek is very diftcrent from that of the antient Grecians^ nor is the old Greek underftood by the prefent Grecians \ a Specimen of the m.odern Greek follows in their Pater-nojlcr : Pater hemas^ opios ifo ees tos curanous : hagia Jlhito to ono'ma fou : Na i »'//' hi hafilia feu : to thehma Jou na gcr.ctcz itT^oit, en te ge^ cs is ton ouran^ r U R K E r m A S I A. 405 turanon : to pfomi hemas doze hemas femoren : k^ Jt chorafe hemos^ ta ^rimata bemon itzone, kte hetnas JichoraJo}?ien ekinoiis opou : tnas adikounkis men t ernes jbemais is to pira/mOi alia fo/on hemas apo to kaxo. Amen. The Pater-nojier in the Syriac Language is as follows : Abhoun ah~ hafchmajo ; nethkadafch fchmoch ; tithe mo.lciithock ; nehue zeojonoch, fijchano adhafch7najo oph h^ar^ho ; hahh lachmo dfunkxinan jaumano ; -vafch- hoiik Ian cha'vbain, ajchano dophchnan fchbhakan /' chajobhain ; '•Slo tr^atan lenisjouno ; elo pa%.an men bijco j ?netiil ddiloch hi malciitho "vchajloy "vthijch^ boiichiho Polam olin. Amen. Religion.'] Tlie ellabliihed Religion Is the Mahomet an , of the Se6l of Oma-f-i and fiibdinded into lOO other Se£ls. The Mufty is the High- Prieil of their Religion, vvhofe Seal feems to be necefTary to the paf- ling of all A6ls of State. Any Perfon may be a Priell that pieafes to take the Habit, and perform the Functions of a Priell, and may lay down his Office when he jpleales ;_^.^here is ^pothing like Ordinatioa amongit them. .^j ^^ fn^Grred \i^^M The Mahometans tolerate all Religions, but encourage and reward the- Difciples of none but their own ; and if Contempt, Reproach, and Oppreffion, may be deemed Perfecution, the Chrijiians in that Empire are not altogether exempted from it at this Day : They allow them^ fome Temples indeed, but they have deftroycd more, or converted them into Mofques ; and they admit no Churches to be built upon, new Foundations, or the rebuilding thofe which are decayed, without Extorting an extravagant Fine from the poor People for the Liberty of buildino- them. "''--^ "^ riij;iii:d.J i..J jr.:iu; io i;.o;:i '..u<< Patriarchs. -X The ?dMd-aiV^P^ ^^%^'^o^&ntimM'm^ Antioch, 2.ndijeru/alem. l^^^^'^^-^^^o Bns^^^nrfn- I ^fr.^i.! t. Archbijhops.'\ The Archbifliops are thofe ot Amph!poli,,lLari£ay Tar- fus, Heraclea, Athens ^ Malnjaj^a, Pair as, Ndpoli di Romania, Corinthy. Nico/ia, Salcniki, Adrianoth. Jannay Proconejus, Aniafiay Scutari, Tyaua^ Tjre, and Pcrjtus. ,^fg -.^ ^^,^^ ^ rylw ^>3jom^-!x BiJlrpsS] The Bi{hops are thofe of ^ro/«/^,.Mflyi3a, Caminitsza, Ar-^ gos, Ephfjus, Ancyra, Cyzicus, NicomediQ., Nice,. Chalcedon, Mifjra^ Argito Cajlro, Del-vino, Butrinto, Trebifondy t)rama, Smyrna, Mytikne^ Serra, ChriJiianopoU, Clykteou, Salon a, Li'vadia, Amajia, No'va dsfarea^ Cogniy Rhodes y Chio, St. John d^Aar^yGjanitzay Thalanta, zxiH Aimphi£a^ ofh'no Jifiw oJ ?i F.evohiticns did mmorahk Events, T' H E Turks are of a Scythian or Tartarian Original ; they were very little known in the eighth Century, wken they came down upon Georgia, and plundered that Country ; m the" Year 844 they penetrated as far 2.s' Armenia-Major, where they fixed themfelves^ and from them this Country obtained the Name of Turccmania. About the Year 1000, the Sultan of Perjta being reduced very low by the Saracen Caliph ofPabylsn, m.ade an Alliance with the Turks, "who fenu three thoufand Men to his Affirtance, under ^he Command of Tangro- Hpix ; by which Reinforcement the Sultan obtained a fignal Viftory : But Tangrolipix, not being rewarded as he expesfled, there arofe fuch a Milunderlianding between thefe new AUies, that it occaficned a War, wherein Tangrolipix defeated Maho7nn the Perjian Sukan, and killed him in the Fieid of Battle, and ihereby became Sultan of P^?/?/?. C c 3 , Bus. 4o6 "T U R K E r m A S I A, But the Turksi who were Pagans at their coming into Perjia., had con- verfed {q long with the Saracens^ as to incline to the Religion they pro- fefled. And ^angrolipix, on his Accefiion to the Perjian Throne, pro- fefied himftir a i\lahcmetan^ without which Compliance, poiTiblv it might have been difficult to have eftablifned his Empire. Tangrolipix afterwards marched againll the Caliph of Bahyhn, whoni he defeated ; but, attempting the Conqueil of Arabia, he did not meet with the like Succels ; whereupon he turned his Arms lovvards JSalolia, or the Lejfer Jfia, and made a confiderable Progrefs in the Conqueil of it. The T^^rX'j remained Sovereigns of Pn-Jia. u\l abont the Year 1260, when another Swarm of Tartars or Scythians broke into Perjlay and reduced the Turks to a very low Ebb. But Ottoman rcllored the Turkijb Wation to their former Grandeur, making himfelf Mafter oi Nice and Pruja, and the beft Part of Jfta Minor-, from him thcrcf:)re it is that the Em pit e obtained the Name of Ottoman; and the prefent Grand Signior deduces his Pedigree from this Prince. Orchancs iirlt paiTed the Hellefpcnty and reduced Gallipo!% and other Phces in Europe. Jmuraih reduced yidriajiopk, Ser^via, and Bulgaria, Bajaxet conquered Thrace, Macedon, and Achat a ; but was taken Piifoner by TamertanE, and beat out his Brains againil the Iron Cage he was kept 'm. Solyman, eldeft Son of Baja^tst, fucceeded to the European Provi,nce5. Mahomet, the youngeil Son of Bajazei, polTefied the JJlan Provinces in 1450; and. having fubdued SoIy?nan, fucceeded to the Whole. He conquered Z).7f/<2 i^nd Part of ^r/rtq;o«/«. , Jiinurath i\^ va^^y^^^^ , fubdued the refi: of Achaia, TheJ/aly, and Epi- rus, and invaded Hu^igary. Mahomet 11. firnamed the Great, conquered the two Empires of Conjiantinople md. Trahezond, with 200, Cities more, and was firft ftlied Emperor of the TurkSf y ^onftantinople was taken A. D. 1453, and Tra- hezond in 1460. / ./ ? Bajazet II. A. D. 1 48 1, fubdued Caramania, reduced the Morea and Varnatia, then poiT^fisd by the Venetians, SiadF^it. of Armenia. Selimus II. in 1512, fubdued the Mamaluke Kingdom in Egypt, Pa- lejiijie, Syria, and Arabia Petraa. Solyman the Magnificent, A. Di 1520, reduced Rhodes, Belgrade, Buda, and great Pare of Hungary in Europe i and Bahyldn, AJJyria, and Mejopotamia in Ajia. .,p_-^;0 ',>-a mori umAi^i'. ^elimus lIJ. A, D, 1566, took'Cyprus from the Venetians, and Tunis in Africa fi'om the Moors. Amurath III. enlarged his Conquells on the SiJe of Pfcv^/f^.ncj iiH.fr.gB bniiH ^.a>. ■. ,rf:.[v: Vi; Mahomet IV. A* D.''X6^%, took Candia from the Venetians, after a Siege of thirty Years, having loft before it 180^000 Men ; the Chrif- tians lofl 80, coo Men in the Defence of it. v olunteers from every Chr'f.ian Nation aillfted the Venetians in this War. Solyman III. in 1687, bcficged Vienna, but met with a total Defeat there by John Sobiejki King of Poland, and loft great Part of Hinrgary ; the Venetians recovered the Morea from him. In the Keign of Aichmct II. J691, the Turks were enti;ely driven out of Hungary and Tranfylvania, Achmct recovered the Morea back «gain f;-om iht Venetians i\\ iji:^. Mahomct'W . depofcd his Uncle Sultan ^V/ta'.v/ in the Year 1730, died December 13, 1 754, and was fucceeded by his Brother Ojman HI. who . died Ocioher 29, 1757, and was fucceeded by Mujlapha lU. the prefent^ Grand Siguier. ARABIA. ( 407 ) ARABIA. Situation and Extent, Between Between [ # 1 "■ Lon. N. Lat. Being 1300 Miles in Length. 1200 Miles in Breadth. Boundaries. ] O U N D E D by Turkey, on the North ; by Perjia.^ and the Galphs of BoJJora and Ormus, Eali ; by the Indian Ocean, South ; and the Red 6ea, which divides it from Africa, on the Weft. Divifions. etnea. Subdivlfions. Chief Towns. I . Arabia N. W. 2.. Arahia Dejertat in the Middle Haggiaz or Mfcca Tehama Mocbo Suez. Arahia Felix, S. E. I Hadramut — - — CaJJeen ■ ■ 1 S(gnr • I Oman or Mufcat — / Jaynama . V„ Bahara • }i SMeccuy E. Lon. 43 40* N. Lat. 21-20. Si den. Medina, Dhafar. Mciho, E. Lon. 45.. N. Lat. 13. Sibit. Hadramut. CaJ/een. Segur. Mufcat. Jamama. J\^Elcalf. i^iAvHV. J:, Name and Chara8er.'\ The Word J^r Frankincenfe, and other odoriferous Plants ; Date.i, Oranges, Lemons, Corn and Grapes ; the two lall in fraall Quantities. There is a Pearl Filhery on the Gulph of Bofora. ..^ ^^^^ gjurfi ..,:- Avimais,'] The moft ufeful Animals are Caraelsj Dromedaries, and Horfes. I'he Dromedary is a Specks .of the Camel, that v/ili travel two hundred Miles a. I) ay.- r j^b-iifiici giiw 3fi siajiw f>.?; Co::jlituticn.'\. The Ar'ablan 'Kingdom's 'wMth lie upon the Coafts, appear iome of them to be of a very large Extent, and their Monarchs rirc fjequeniiy fiiled Xerifs, as the Xerifs of Mecca, and others are called imaus ; but both the one and the other fignify the Office of Friefl as well as King, as the Caliphs of the Saracens, the Succefibrs of Mahomet y were, till conquered by the Turks, whofe Emperors do not indeed pretend to the Prieilhood, but govern and controul the Ecclefiailical Jurifdi6lion' as they pleaie, and give Laws to the Mufty, or High-Prielt. As to the Form of the Arabian Government and Laws, what I can learn of them is, th^^t their Monarchs are abfolute both in Spirituals and Temporals, and the Succelfion hereditary ; th;it they have no other Laws than what ar? to Jae found in the Alcoran, and the Comments upon it. ' *'^- ':' Forces.] They have no'ftanding xegula,r Militia by Land, but their. Kings cornmaKd' both tke' Purfes and Perfons of their Subjects when- ever they fee iit. '■ ' - '*-'''• '' Jf^erfons and HabitiV\ I'jth^ Arabians are of a middle ^t^ture, thin* ajad" of a fwai thy Complexion ; and black Hair and black Eyes are common to them as with other People 'm the fame Climate ; their Voices are rather effeminate than flrong ; but they are faid to be a brave People, expert at the Bow and Lance, and fmce they have been acquainted with Fire- Arms, are become good Markfmen. The Habit of the roving Arabs is a Kind of blue Shirt, tied about thera with a white Safh, or Girdlij, and fome of them have a Veil of Fqrrs or Sheepfliins over it. 1 hey wear alio Drawers, and fcmetimes Shippers, but no Stockings, and have a Cap or Turban on their Heads ; many of them go almolt naked ; but the Women are fo wrap- ped up, that nothing can be difcerncd but their Eyes. Manners ajzd Cujhms.'\ The Emirs and Princes of the feveral Tribes, in the inland Country, live in 7'ents, and remove from Place to Plac^, with their Flocks and Herds, for the Convenicncy of Water and Paf- iur^j, and frequently rob, or Impcfc a Tribute on the Caravans betweeo Turkey A R A B I A. 409 Turkey and Perjia ; and the King of Mufchat is little better than a Pirate, having a Squadron of Cmizers, with which he takes all the defencelcfs Ships he can meet with in the Ferfian or Arabian Seas.- Upon the Coalt of Arabia the Happy ^ are feveial large Towns ; the Capitals of Kingdoms, as Mocho^ Aden, Mufchat, See. but Mecca, the Place of Ma'.omit's Nativity, is reckoned the Capital of all Arabia, whi- ther many thoufand Mahometans go every Year in Pilgrimage. Siden is the Port Town to Mecca ; hither the Turkijh Gallies bring Rice, Corn, and other Provifions from Egypt, for the Ufe of Pilgrims, or it would be impoflible for them to fabfiil in that barren Country ; for the Turks have the Ible Navigation of the Red Sea; though the Jra- bian Princes are in no Subjeflior. to the Grand Signior. The Pilgrims could never vifit Mecca, if the Turks did not fend an Army with them for their Prcteftion againft the Arabs; notwithflandino- which, a Body of near 50,000 Arabs attacked the Caravan returniniJ- from Mecca in the Year 1758 ; and, aflcr killing about 60,000 Pei-fons^ plundered it of e\'ery Thing that was valuable. A like Accident hap- pened in the Year 1694. Medina, the City which Mahomet fied to when he was driven, out of Mecca, and the Place where he was burled, is the Capital of a Provincv* or Kingdom, as it is fometimes called ; and hither too the Pilorims refort, but not lo often as they do to Mecca. Suez, in Arabia Petraa^ is a Port Town, at the Bottom of the Gulph pf the Red Sea, the Station of the Turkip Gallie$ which command the Coaft of Ethiopia as well as Arabia, Food and Liquor. 1 The Food of thefc People is chiefly Rice, and all Manner of Fiih and Flelh almoft ; but Camel's Flerti is moft admired, and they take Care to drain the Blood from the Fleili as the Je'-vjs do, and like them refufe fuch Fifti as have no Scales. Their Drink is chiefly- Wate,r or Sherbet; they have no ftrons- Liquors. :7C;n:n>si.c^ 5d[T . ' 6 JVay ofTra'velling.'] There are" no Roads in this Country. The Ca- 'romeaaries, and they carry their Provifions vs/ith them, there beinn- no Inns or Ca- ravanfera's. If the Weather be bad, they pitch their Tents, or elft lie all Night in the operf'AiWdpon' Carpets.' Curicjities.l In the Neighbourhood of Tor, th^re 15 a Convent of Greeks, dedicated to St. Katherine, and the Apparition i)f God to Mr/es on the Burning Mount. In the Way from thence to Mount Siiiai is the Place, which in Scripture is called Elim, where the Ifraeiitcs found feventy Palm-Trees, and twelve Wells of hitter Water, which Mofes fweetened by a Miracle : they are all hot, and are returned to their for- Tner Eitternefs ; one of them is in a little dark Cave, and ufed to hathp in, and is called by the Arabs, Hummum Mcu/a, or the Bath a^f Mffes. In this Garden of the Monks, there arc fcarce any other Plants but Palm-Trees. About half a Day's Journey farther is a Plain, fuppofed to be that which the Scripture calls the Defart of Sin; in which Plain are a ereat many Acacia-Trces, from which gomes the Guia which the Arabians call Acacia* 4IO JRJBT J, Here we find the Rock out of which Mo/es brought Water by rtrlk* ing it with his Wand. It is a Stone of a prodigious Height and Thick- nefs rifing out of the Ground, and the Monks fhew the Channels on each Side, by which the Water flowed ; but there is no Water iflues from it at prefent. ' They {[]€\y us alfo a little Grotto on the Side of the Lafin Church, which they relate is the Place where Mo/es was hid, when he defired to fee the Face of God, and fivv his back Parts : It was upon this Mount that Mojes received the Ten Commandments in two Tables : In the Way down they fnew a great Stone, which the Mofi^s fay, is the Place where the Prophet EHja/j fet hiaifelf down, when he fled from All over the Mount are to be feen little Chapels with Cells near them, in which it is faid, no lefs than fourteen thoufand Hermits for- merly inhabited, but were forced to ::^emove on Account of the Op- preflion of the Arabs. f '•^'•^'^- -" ^ From Mount Sinai we eaflly fee Mount Horebt where Mo/es kept the Flocks of Jcfhro his Father-in-law, when he faw the Burning Bufh ; where alfo is a Mcnaftery with a prett^' Chapel and Garden ; and they pretend to fhew the Impreflloa in a Rock where Aaron call the Head of the Golden Calf. Language. "^ The People of the Eafl hold that the Arabian is the richeft and moll copious Language in the World ; that it is compofed off.^veral Millions of Words; the Books which treat of it fay, they have not lefs than a thouiand Terms to exprefs the Word Camel, and five hundred for that of Lion, and that no Man can be Mailer of all their Terms without a Miracle: They look upon it to hav^e been the Language of Paradile. It is certain that there are many Words in thia Language, which have a particular Force and Energy, and are not capable of being tranflated into any other, without a deal of Circum- locution. The Paier-NDjIer in the Arabic is as follows : Abuna Elladhi ji-Jjam'wat ; jeikaddas ejmdc \ tati malacutac : taouri majchiatacy cama ji Jfuma ; hedhalec ala lardh aafinv chobz.ena kefatna iaum beiaum : nvag- for Una donubena^ ^vacbafaina, cajna nog for nachna lemen aca doina \ ijjala tadalhckalna fi-bajarib ', laken 7ne.]jina me-^nnejcherir* Amen. Religion.'] The Articles of the Mahometan Faith are, I. 'I^hat there is but one God. IL And that Mahomet was fent by God. IIL I'hey are commanded to obfervc Furiiications. IV. To pray at the appointed Times, V. To give Alms. VL To fail in the Month Ramezan. VI L To go once in Pilorimage to Mecca. Vni. They are prohibited Itrong Liquor and Gaming. IX. They are allowed four Wives of any Religion, befldes Con- cubines. X. Every Male Slave has his Freedom, who profeffes Mahomet anifm ; but as to the other Sex, it is not deemed material what Religion they are of, as they have no Souls, in the Opinion of the Mabometajis. Coins.] The Coins, which are current at Macboj the principal Port in the Red Sea, are Dollars of all Kinds ; but they abate ^vt per Cent. on the Pillar Dollaro, becaufe they are reckoned not to be the purell Silver ; ^ARABIA. 4U Silver; and the Dollar Weight with them is 17 Drams, 14 Grains. All their Coins are taken by Weight, and valued according to their Finenefs. The Gold Coins, current here, are Ducats of Venice, Ger- many y Turkey y ^gyp^'* ^^- T^^^ Compares are a fmall Coin, which are taken at fuch a Price as the Government fets upon them ; and they keep their Accounts in an imaginary Coin of Cabeers, of which eigh- ty go to a Dollar. Revclutions and memorable Events. A HO MET, the Founder of the Mahometan Religion, and of the Empire of the Saracens, was born at Mecca, Anno ^yi, ia le Reign of Jujlinian II. Yam^txov oi CcjiJ}a7iti7iof>lc : He was defcend- ed of the eldeil Branch of the honourable Tribe of Korafh, but his Fa- mily much reduced at this Time ; whereupon his Uncle Ahuteleb^ a Merchant, took him into his Service, and fent him with his Camels to Syria, Falejiine, and Egypt, as hi? ,'^gent or F: clor ; and here he be- came intinr.ate with {on\e yezos ciud C/jriJiiam, by whofe Ailiilance, it is faid, he compofed his Alcoran. ,';//,-., He v/as afterwards invited into tlie Service df a rich Widow, named Cadiga, for whom he carried on a Trade to Dama/cus^ and other Places. The Widow being about Forty, thought iit to make him her Hufbmd in the 28th Year of his Age, by which he became one of the richeil Men in Mecca. ^^ijoi ..,.; ^, .rjiu A' ,0 ; .,: Mahomet taking Notice oPt!ie/iii3ihTrdtt^''5cfH''s Snd Divifions among Chrijlians, in his Journies to ' P^/^/;/;?, ^x. thought it would not be difficult to introduce a new Religior., and m.ake himfeif the High- Prieil and Sovereign of the People ; which he propofed to do by pre- tendinp- to revive the primitive Way of Worihip and Purity, pradifed by the ancient Patriarchs. ;' ' His firll: Step v^-as to gain the Admii'atlon'df the People by his De- votion and abftemious Life ; he retired therefore every Morning to the Cave of Hira near Mecca, where he fpent his Time in Praying, Falling, and other A6ls of Mortification ; and when he returned Home at Night, ufed to entertain his Wife and Family with the Vifions he had icQVi, and the ftrange Voices he had heard in his Retirement, Having continued this Pra6lice two Years, and acquired a great Re- putation for his Sanftity, he ventured to declare himfeif a Prophet in the 40th Year of his Age, and that he was fent from God to reform his heathenifh Countrymen, and reclaim them from Idolatry. The itrll: Doftiine he taught, therefore, was, that there is but one God, and that all Idols and Reprefentations of him ought to be deftroyed ; and that thofe, who taught that God had Sons or Daugliters, or Com- panions aflbciated with him, ought to be abhorred : He did not deny the Miffion of Jefus Chriji, or Mofes, or tlie Divine Authority of the Scriptures, but chaiged both Je^u:js and Chriftians with corrupting the Scriptures, and declared he was fent to purge them from their Errors, and reftore the Law of God to its primitive Purity. After which he proceeded to pubiifh the Alcoran which he pretend- ed the Angel Gabriel brought him Chapter by Chapter. This was firil written on the Plate Bones of Camels, being didated by him to his Amanuenlis j for Mahomei could neiiher write nor read. He 412 ARABIA, He Is allowed to have been a Man of great Wit an-d in/inuatinf*" Ad- drefs ; he could bear AfFronts without any feeming Refentment ; flat- tered the Rich and relieved the Poor ; and managed with that Cunning and Dexterity, that he foon gained great Numbers of Frofelytes, at which the Chief of the Citizens began to be alarmed, plainly dif- cerning, that he had a Defign againft the Government ; they had de- termined therefore to furprize him, and cut him oiF; but he, receiving timely Notice of it, fled to Yathrih^ which was afterward* called Medina Tai?;:ahiy or the City of the Prophet. His Flight to this City was in the Year 622, from whence the Mahometajts compute their Time. Maho??tet v/as received at Medina with great Joy by the Citi2;ens, who readily fuhniitted to him as their Prince; and, being joined hy great Numbers of other Arahians, his firil Enterprizes v/ere the intercepting the Caravans which traded between Mtvffi and Sjn'a^ hy which he greatly enriched his Difciples. ""^.'^^ r '^rit.'hr-r Mahom'jt afterwards made Wa'f o-ft Teverat of the Jrah Tribes, com- pelling them to embrace his Religion, or become Tributaries to him, declaring his Caufe to be the Caufe of God, and that whoever died in the Defence of it, went immediately to Paradife : That the Term of every Man's Life v/as iixed by God ; and that none could prelerve it be) end the appointed Time, or flicrten it by any Hazards he might I'ecm to be expofed to in Battle or otherwife. Obtaining a Viftory over a Tribe of Jenvijh Jrahs that oppofed him, he put them all to the Sword ; but his Men being heated with Wine». and deeply engaged in Play, were in \ciy great Danger of being fur- prized ; whtTcupcn he prohibited Wine and Gaming. In ihe Vear 627, he caufed himfelf to be proclaimed King at Me-^ Jinciy having before aifumed only the Oflice of High-Pricll of his new Religion ; and now finding himfelf fufficiently reinforced, he laid Siege 40 his native Citv A/iTrfe, and took it ; and having cut off all that op- pofed him, he biijcke down all the Images he found in the Kaaba^ a- mong which we're thofe 6f Ahyaham and Ijhma&l, and many more, which die Jrabiam v^orfhippcd Ss Mediators' for them to the fupreme God. 1 his was in the 8th O^ear of i\iz Heigra, A, D. 6zg, which provoking the reft of the Ji^r^-^-. "i^^ibes, they aflem bled their Forces, and gave- hira Battle, bat wcre.jJei^ated ; whereupon he rediiced great Part of Arahia under his Powei-, akJ fome Towns of 5>'r/«, th«n fubjed to the- Grecian Emperor,;,|nd)dK;u in the Year 631, iu the 63d Year of his -^p^e. ' _' p,t \ ' ■ His Difciples iftade \h(^feJvQ5^ Mailers of great Part of Aj?n and Africa^ vvirhin the Space of I bo Years, and reduced moft of .S/^z/;?, h/-ance^ italu and the Iflandsin the Mediterranean^ under the Name of Saracens y and fomeiimies/ii^o^'j invading Eiiyape from the Coaft of Mqii." fiiania, or the Co^^C^ f|( the "^w;-^. P E R S J A. ( 413 ) E R A, Situation and Extent. Between Between E. Lon, Being 1 200 Miles in Length. 1200 Miles in Breadth. N. Lat. As the Provinces Weft tit ^k' fn&^mi been lately ceded to Perjta-, we may extend the Loneitude to 70 Decrees. JBoundaries.'] 'TyO^'^'^^V^U'^yCircajJia, the Cafpian Sea, and X5 Vfiec Tartary, on the North ; by EaJJ India^ on the Eaft ; by the Indian Ocean, and theGulphof P^/^^? or Bojora, South i and by Turkey y oiv the Weft. V " ri r •' -^ -H. YRC 7(J 3t fianorii 10 t3fnt 1 b£»3fi Grand Diviuons. rrovinces.- t-, -Chief Towns. /* Choraffany "^kxt^ of the \ ancient tJyrcaniay in- \ cl udi n g Ejterahad and The Eaftern Divi- j //^r/?/, ao'^'fN '•'•'' fion on the Fron-/ SabluJIiaa^' ' 'inciudi tiers of India . ing and^^the ancient Bd<3na^~tr" the an^iej^t Dra7i?iana, '' '". ', ^ " Canddhor, an( SigiJIan Mefched, or 5"/^ax. EjJerahad. .Herat. Candakor, Sigijian, The Southern Di- vifion. i^i.T;/z^^»,^ihi^. Ancient/ \G(?;?7/$?'co^/, E. Lon, 1/ r-> - e ancient 27-30. ' Ormus. Schiras, s Chufijiariy the ancient' Sujiana, -• ■■ - The South WeftDi- \Irac j^gem, the ancientj vifion on the Fron- -^ Parthiuj li«rs of Turkey, I Curdejlany Part of the antient /^J^-ria, — — SchouJJer* Cajhin. Iftahany E. Lon. ^o, •^ N. Lat. 52-30. ? Hapiadam. JNewJvJl if Jlrno-va. JvJpha, . Courmelcd. G raiid 4H Grand Diviricns. PERSIA. Provinces. { Aderbeit'z.en, the autient"^ Media, Georgia^ Gcii^orea, Part of the ancient Ibe^ The North Weft Divifion between } ,^ -., \ - a r- i i • \ n , ^ /- . c / Dcicri ran, y rai&cLolchis, \ , Gan^ea, Z^n,^L \ ^-h-- P^" "'■ 'he an- cient/Zyrr^^/fl, on the C.ofpian Sea — — Chir-van ' Chief Towns. Taurisy or Echa- tana Naxi'uan, Teflis, of ^turkey J Terki. Ferrahat* Gilan Re/cod, Derbent, x^Baku. N^^tne.] The Name of Pcr/ta feme derive from Perfepolis the Capital, in the Reign of Darius ; others from Perfeus the Son of 'JupiHVi and others again from the Word Paras, which fignifies Horfeman, the Per- Jian Troops being molliy Horfe. ., i ., Mountains.'] There are more Mooii\ains'a;n# fewer Rivers in Pcrjia, than in any Country in Jjjta. The Mountains of Caucafus and Arrarat, fometimes called the Mountains oi Dagijian, fill all thaljibmus between the Euxine and Cafpian Seas. Thole called T'aurus, and the feveral Branches thereof, run through P erji a , ixovci Natalia to India, and fill all the Middle of the Country. Kinder s.'\ Their Rivers are the Oxus on the North Eafi:, which divides IPerfia from VJbec Tartary ; the Kar, anciently Cyrus, and the Jrras, an- ciently Araxes ; which rifing in the Mountains of Artnenia and Caucafus, Join their Streams, and run from Weft to Eafl into the Cafpian Sea. The Indus alfo may be reckoned among the Pcrfian Rivers, as it an- ciently divided Perfia from India.; and the Provinces Welt o£ the Indus vhave lately been ceded to Perfa again. , j 3^- Seas.'] The Seas on the South ef P^r/^/j'are, the Gulph of Perfia or jBofora, the Gulph of Onnns, and the Indi at: Ocea.n, The only Sea on the Nonh is the Cafpian or Hyrcanian Se3. ; and that is more properly a Lake, having no Cammunication with any other Sea; but the Extent of it ha.'5 given it the Name of a Sea, for it is .foo Miles in Length from North to South, and about half as broad. Air.] The Air of this Country is very different, according to the "Situation of the feveral Divifions. On the Mountains of Caucafus znd Dagifi.an, which are frequently covered with Snov/, it is cold. On the Tops of the other Mountains it is always cool, but their Vallles are ex- ceffive hot, and the Coafts of the C-afpian and Perfian Seas are very un- healthful. The Middle of Perfia^ however., is much admired for the Furenefs and Serenity of the Air, the Stars ihining fo exceeding bright, that fome Travellers relate, they could fee to read by their Light, ^ut then, for two Months in the Year, about April and May, they are troubled with the Saniel^ or hot Wind, which blows for three or four , Hours in the Day-time with fuch a fcorching Heat, that many have periftied in them. Scil andProduce.] Ptrfa in general is a very barren Soil; but where they can turn the Water into the Plains and Vailies, it is not unfruitful. It PERSIA. - 415 It produces Wine and Oil plentifully. Senna, Rhubarb, and other Drugs, and Abundance of delicious Fruits, and fume Corn, but in no great Quantitities. Dates, Oranges, and Piilachio Nuts, Melons, Cu- cumbers, and other Garden Stufl', they have in great Perfedion. Here are alfo great Quanties of Silk produced, efpecially near the Coail of the Cafpia Seaj and they have a fine Pearl Fiihery in the Gulph of Boffhra. * Animals.^ Their moft ufeful Animals are Camels, and a fprightly Breed of Horfes, equal to \.\iQ Arabian. They have alfo Deer, and all Manner of Game, Oxen and Buffaloes ; and their Sheep are remarkable for having fix or feven Horns a- piece, and Tails that weigh feven or eight Pounds each. They have alfo Lions, Tygers, and all Manner of wild Beails and Serpents. Maniifa£iures and Traffc.'] Their Manufav^^ Pounds D d . ' f.-A>.] 4i8 P E R S I A. Forjjls.'] There is no" Country where they have more Birds of Pr?'.', or where they are better inliru61ed to take their Prey, than in Perfia , their Hawks are taught not only to iiy at Birds, but at Hares, Deers, and all Manner of wild Beafts. Fo.od.'\ The Perfians drink Coffee for Breakfall-, and at Eleven they dine upon Melons, Fruit, or Milk : Their chief Meal is in the Even- ing, when they ufually have a Difh of Pijo, confiibng of boiled Rice, Fowls or Mutton, fo over-done, that they pull the Meat in Pieces with their Fingers, ufmg neither Knives, Forks or Spoons : Pofk is never eaten by them, or Hares and other Animals, prohibited to the Jenxs, Their Bread is only Cakes baked upon the Hearth : They feafon their Meat very high, with Salt and Spices, when they drefs it, but never fait up their Meat, eating it the fiime Day it is killed. They fpread a Cloth upon the Carpet, and fit down crpfs- legged upon it at their Meah^ jvafhing both before and after they^ea.tj^nd wipe on their Handkerchiefs inllead of Towels. The Perjians are a very hofpitable People, inviting Strangers, as wel| as their Neighbours, to eat with them, if they hap- pen to be at their Houfes at, Meal-Time. They are frequently entertained with Mufic, both Vocal and Inftru- mental, at their FeitivrJs, and the Dancing Girls are fent for to divert the Company ; and if ajFjy of the Guefts are inclined to withdraw with a Girl, they are flievvn into a Room, and when they return to the Com- pany, no Notice is taken of it. 'rheir uiual Drink is Water or Sher- bet as in other Mahc??ietan Countries, Wine being prohibited; but the Officers and Soldiers frequently break through this Reftraint, and drink Wine, which is made by the ArmeniaTu in Schiras and ether Pet-fian Pro* vinces ; and none of thern make any Scruple of intoxicating themfelves t^ Opium, oi^^^^g^^^^t^^^^,^^^ would poifbii half a Dozen ^nriltians., . ,, n -, ^ , ..^ ;^; ' ,- -• \^{ri(ing\ .Tjhp. Perjiam txzti in Writing, and ha\'e eight fcveral Hands. They write from thejlight-hand to the Left, as the Arabs 'z',',l('&r\C^'^4>y/ a popular Noble- man^ purchafed the .Government of CnndAhor, ' but v/as foon aficr difplaced,, to make Room for anqther Noble^ian that advanced niofe j^^,^ ' ■ ii iO bJ-jDiio ^(aii•^>i.lriI liiJill 10 uaon bn.; ; cSjtrr^ Merei,veis thereupon l^e.Came a Mal^conteiit, aflemfiledliis I^riends and Dependants, and drove his Rival out, of Candahor, after which Succefs, he hef^an his March towards Ifpaham, thfe' capital City, "but died before he arnved there. . ; -' -^"^^V^A -nJ .r.w-il -A ' ■ . :\ . - . Mahomood, ]>is Son, a.dyRnc^S \vith ^h\V'^\f'^^'^t&^^ City, and murdered the King and all the Royal Fatriil/, ex'cep Friuce Thamas, who cfcaped and fled to the Nortu oi Pcrfin. Mahcynccd \\z^ foon after murdered by E/riJf, on(? of his OfEcei?, who ufurped the Throne. . AoavAuv\5Sl Ji^i*!^ -^ la ;)i£ a-p^ Prince Thamas^ having aflembled an Army, ijtjvited Nadir Kfn into his Service, v,ho had obtained great Reputation for his Valour and Condu(fl ; by whofe Affiriance he defeated the Ufurper E/riff, pit hiin to Death, and recovered all the Places the Turks and P.uJJio.ns had siade themfelves Matters of during the Rebellion; and then Prince T^iP^Js^x feemed to be efiabliQied on the Throne ; but } to cou.e to their Aliillance, and betr:iAed the Mogul into, his Haiid.^; lie thereupon marched to Dellj, the Capital oi h,d7a, fum- D d 2 mone^l 420* INDIA within Ganges. moned all the Viceroys arfd Governors of Provinces^ to attend him, and bring with them all the Treafure they could raile, and thofe that did not brino- fo much as he expected, he tortured and put to Death. And having anjalTcd the greatcft Treafure that ever Prince was Maf- ter of, he returned to Perfia, giving the Mogul his Liberty, on Condi- tion of rcfigning the Proyinces on the Welt Side of. the Indus to the Crown of Ptr/i a. He aftc^rwards made a Copqueli: of UJlec Tartarj, and plundered Bochara the capital City. Then he marched againfl the Dagijlan 'Tartars, but loft great Part of his Army in the Mountains without Fighting. He defeated the Turks in feveral Engagem^its ; but, laying Siege to Ra2dat, v.'as twice compelled to raife the Siege. He^'piocee^ied to change the Religion of Pcrfia to that of 0;;i^r ; hanped up the Chief Prieits, put his own to Death, and was guilty of fuch Cruelty, that he was at length aiTaiTmated by his own Relations, Anno ^74-7* who have been fighting for the Crown ever fince. The Is'adon is ftill engaged in a Civil War. The Nadif Shaw was the Son of a Perfiaji Nobleman, on the Fron-" tiers of Ujlec Tartary, and his Uncle, who was the Guardian, keeping him out of Pofiefiion of the Cafde and the Ellate, which was his In- heritance, he took to robbing the Caravans ; and having increafed his Follov/ers to upwards of 500 Men, became the Terror of that Part of the Country, and efpecially of his Uncle, who had feized his Ertate. His Uncle therefore endeavoured to be reconciled to him, and invited him to the Cailie-, where, having been fplendidly entertained, Kotdi Kan ordered his Follower; to cut his Uncle's 'i hroat in the Night- time, and turn his People out of whc CaiHe. Soon after which, Prince Thamas fcnt for him to command his Army, and met with all the Suc- cef's he could hope for \ whereupon he was continually heaping Favojrs upon the General, till he cqnfpired againil his Sovereign, and ufurped Kis I'lirone as rejated above. ' » INDIA miihin Ganges, cr the Empre of the Greac Mogul. SitUiition and E^itent. K'^iLvyccn \ iTid J« E. Lon. \ / ^o'o Mile: in I.cr.c^th. QZ ao Bein- and > N. Lat. i i 1 500 A'liles in Breadch. BO U N D E D by Ujlcc T'^rlarjjn^l Tblkf, on the Nort i ; by Jinoth'^r P:.rt of Th'idct, Jcham, /L-lkq, and \\^t r?!V M Pf.yiga!^' en the Eaii: : by the bidimi 0--cx)?.\\^ on the vjouth ; rnd \'>\ ihe fanrje Oc.-an and Perji^^ on the Vveii. 4^1 '4 t. 13. imond and I Por^ les ngliih jran(J INDIA 'volthin Ganges. 4a r Cr2,ndDivifions. Provinces. f Madura «— — Tatijour — _ Eaft Sideof ^Z/"- nagaff or Car- nal e - The South-Eaft Coaft of India, iituate on the Bay of Bengali .^ ufuall'/ called the Coaft of Co- romandt^L Golconda Chief Towns. Madura Orixa r Weft Side of ^e/"-' nagar, or Car- naie The Soutli Weft Coaft of Indiay ufualiy called -^ Decavy or Vifia- )><( Tanjoiir Trincombar, Danes Negapatan, JDutcii Bijnagar Portano'va, Dutch Fort St. David, Engllfll Pondicherry, > p^^^^j^ Cony mere, 3 Coblon Sadrnfapatan, Dutch St. ^ homas, Portuguefe J»"^ Fort St. George, or Madraff, E. Lon. 80. N. Lat. 13. Englifh. Pellicate, Dutch Golconda Gani, or Cculor, Diamond Mines MuJ/idapatan, Engliftl and Dutch Vizacapatan, Englifh Bimlipatan^ Dutch Orixa Ballafore, Engliih - :!; - ^egapatan , Dutch Angengo, Englifti Cochin, Dutch Callicut 1 h rrL Hilhchery, \ ^ Cananore, Dutch Monguelore, \ Dutch and Por- BaJJilore, J tuguefe Raalconda, Diamond Mines the Coaft of il/«- labar. pour Ca-war, Engliih Gca, Portuguefe liajapore, French Dahal, Engliih Dundee 7 t» r or 7 r rortup-aele Bombay Iile and To vn, Engliih o Dd^ iGran^ 422 INDIA within Grand Divifions. The South Well Coaft of India, ufually call- ed the Coaft of Mala- bar Provinces. Cainbaya^ Of zarat I Z Bengal Proper The North Eaft Di- vifion of Indiuf con • taining the Provinces of Bengaly on the # Mouths of the Gan-^ ges, and thofe of the Mountains of Nau- gracut .IM'^ftti, jejuat «f^ ■. Dtccbal -, Gore ^ ' ""''"■ r Soret The NortU^eit-l5f--\MfT vifion on tiers of Perfia, Jcxi^ nnu the Pron- J n , in da €n the River Indus . .. •jdi--mG'i'i biiii .noo. '...-L\ iO no 'jd 'o> i/0(.;f. .. Haican -^^^'^'n^^' Candijh — Bcrar "j-^*-^ Chit or ' ' — ^ Rati par — hdr-var — Giiiikor ' -^ a*\j _rl: -^. i.L a.i. /Ho Ganges. Chief Towns, DamoHy Pcrtuguete 5/^ Ldlydi'i (ixPtncah Heiido^Kins .:j-4-i Cajjimere 'ii^\A -. ■ "^ cngapounr. -«-srr^ ^^^..-. .... ^Jfm£^r-> or Bando} ^^ D.^fvah'oit-op/fj^ Kiime.'] 1'he Name of India was probably derived from the River Indi's, the weftern Boundary of this Country, and was /ituated between: the Rivers Indus and Ga;jges ; but at this Day the Na- tives give it the Name of Indojlan, or the Empire of the Great Mogul, the p?efent Princes deriving their Pedigree from 'ra;/af;r/rt/z^, the great Mogtd Tartar. The Name of Ivdia alio is given by the Europeans to all thofe Coua- tiie« which lie betvv^v^n the Rive.r Ganges and China. MouJiiarns.y INDIA within Gange?, 4,23 McUntahis."] The chief Mountains are thofe of CaucaJPsj on the North, which divide hidia from Ujlec Tartary ; thofe of Naugracuti VS'hich divide India from the Tartars of Thibet ^ and the Moaniains of Balagaie^ which ruri almoft the whole Length o't India, from North to South ; thefe are fo high, and covered with Forells, that they ftop the weltern Monfoon» the Rains beginning a Month fooner on the Malabar Coall than they do on the eaitern Coalt of Coroma^ideU Riwrs.] The chief Rivers are, i. The Indus y which, rifing in the northern Mountains, runs South, and falls into the Indian Ocean, by feveral Channels, below Tata; receiving in its PafTiige the River Attock^ fuppofed to be the ancient liydaj'pes. 2. The Ganges, which riling in the fame northern Mountains, runs South-Eafl, and falls into the iiay of Bengal by fevefal Channels. 3. The Jemmina, which rUns from North to South by Del'y and Agra, and iails into the Ganges. 4. The Guenga, which riiing in the Balagate Mountains, runs froiri "Wefl to Eaft, and fails into the Bay of Bengal. 5. The ChriJIina. which rifes alfo in the ^^%i;/f Mountains., and running Eall, falls likewife into the Bay of i>V«^i?/. Seas, Bays, dvd Capes.] The Indian Oce"an ,- tne Bay of Bengal^ the Gulph of Ca^nbaya-f the Strait oi JR^ynanakod i Cape Comoyini and Diu. Air.] This Country, coraprehending j| Degrees of Latitude, i;/^. from 7 Degrees to 40 Degrees, palfes through a great maity Climates^ and confequently the Air Is di&rent in the fouthern Provinces from what it is in the Northern : Their northern and midland Provinces of India enjoy a fine, ferene, temperate Air, while thofe in the South are parched with Heat fome Months in the Ye^r, particularly in April and May, when the hot Winds blovv for t\yo or three Hours in the Morning with a fcorching Heat, coming over a long Tra6l of burning Sand for feVeral hundred Miles : But then, about Noon the Wind blows from the Sea, in the oppofite Diredlion, and rfefrefhes the Country with cooling Breezes ; for the Wind alters every tv/elve Hours here, blow- irg off the Land from Midnight till aimoll Noon, and from the Sea the other twelve Hours: Eat tnis mull be" underllood to' be ori or near the Shore, for at a Dillance the Monfoon's prevail, which Mow fix Months in one Direction, and the other fix Months in the oppofite Direftion, and they fhift about the Equinoxes, when the Storms are To violent that no Ships can live upon the Coaft. Frodiice.] Their principal Fruit Trees are the Palm, Cocoa-nut,; Tamarind, Guava, Mango, Plantainy Fine-appie, Orange, Lemon, Pomegranate, and the Melon ; thefe they have in the greateil Perfec- tion. The Country alfo produces Rice, Wheat, Peppier, and a great A'ariety of Garden Staff. Jbv/ srtJ ,x^\it:\\ iV/x^ 3dJ ; Animals.] Tly€ Animals ot this CoWntTy'a^fe Elephant"', Camel?,- Horfes, Oxen, BCiffaloeSj Sheep, Deer, Lions, Tygers, and all Man- r.er of wild Hearts and as they hxive the richell Dia- mond Mines in the World here, no Country abounds in Wealth more than this, as Kcidi Kan experienced, when he plundered DeJIy the Ca- pital. Co?iJIiUition.\^-^%ht Mo^d is an.abfolute Prince, and his Crown he- reditary, or rather he' afligns th^ ^reateft Part of his Empire to his. eldeit Son, and divides the Refidue among his younger Sons ; but they all ufually afpire to the P^ather's Throne uj)On his Death, and fight it out till there is but pne left". , ,^ Prince of the Royal Family mult be an Em.peior or nothing ; the reignin 6- Prince feldom fufters a near Re- lation to live. In Perjia, it is obfcrved, tliey only put out the Eyes of all fuch Princes as they apprehend may be their Rivals. Stile of the Mogul.'] The Emperor or Great Mogul afTumes fome o-rand 1 itle on his Advancement to tlie Throne; as. The Conqueror tf the JVorld', The Oi-immentcf the Ihrone-y kc. But he is never crowned. ,, ^.•^^' ■ /■ His Sons.] The Emperors Sens hnve the Title of Sultans, and theijr Dauo-hters of Sultanas, and their Viceroy's of Provinces are lliled' Nabobs. lO ui^'~ NobilifyA The H'cxt^' in Deg]jee, which may be efleemed their ■Nobility, are ftikd Chan, or CauUy as it is pronounced, and are dif- tino-uifiied by the Name they receive on their Advancement ; as,, Jfaph Chan, the rich Lord ; Chan Channa, Lord of Lords ; and to his Phylicians, the Mogul gives the Name oi Mechrib Chan, or Lcvd of his' Health, ' ^ , ^ . The p-reat military Officers are called Omrahs, and if they have been GcneraS of Armies they are Ilikd Mirzas. As to the Pagan Princes, tributary to the Mo^ial, thefe are called Mains. The moll honourable Call or Tribe of the Pagans, are their Bramins, or Prielis : The fecond is th^t of the Rojaputes, or Rafh- h.utes, being the military Tribe. Thei^ are no \e{'^ than fixty Pagarv Tribes, that will not eat or intermarry with a Perfon of a different Tribe.' \ .^. . . ■ The MofTul fulFers the Pagan Rajas and Nobility to inherit the Ho- nour and ?Ulates of their Aneeilors ; but there is no fuch Thing as hereditary Honours or Eilates among the Moorijh or Mahometan Nobi- lity and great OJiicers. When thcic die, all their Eitates, real and perfonal, are feized by the Sovereign, as mTiirkey, Forces.]: The Forces of the. Mogul are Computed to amount to 500,000 I-Torfc, of his Monguls or white Subj^a^ who are ufually de- -nominated Moors in India, befides the Forces of the Rcijas, or Black Prince;;, which m.ay amount to as many more-, and thefe mount the Mooul's Cruai'd fiequently with twenty thoufand Men by Turns ; they aie^moll of them Foot 5 and when the- Mogul attacks any of the un- fubdued' INDIA within Ganges. 425 fubdued Rajas in the Defiles and PaiTes of the Mountains, he makes Ule of the Rajaputes in the Service of the Black Princes, Re'venues] The Revenues of the Mogul are computed at forty Millions Sterling p^r A7i)iu7n^ arifing from ihe Duties on Merchandize, Trade, and the Labour of the People ;•• but chiefly from the Prefents of the great Men, ^.nd the Revenues of the numerous Provinces, every Viceroy, or Nabob, and Governor, being obliged to tranfmit to Courc a Kind of Tribute annually from every Province. The Raj as, or Black Princes, under the Dominion of the Mogul, pay him annual Tri- butes alfo. Perfons.\ As there are Variety of Climates, {o there is a great Va- riety of Inhabitants and Complexions, in this extenfive Country, i;/^:. Black, White, and Tawnev. In the North of Indian where the Mocrs, or ¥lon gills }--- Towards the South, quite 'thrdtigli' thei^ Middle of India^ they are^ as black as jet, and oa the Coall they are of a Tavvney or Olive Complexion; jyi'd' there is a mixed Breed of all thefe compounded too-ether. -^ ^ "-i"--. • , . . : Habits.'] The Habits of all are a Veil, girt about with a Salh, and a Turban on their Heads; thofe of the Moguls, or Mahometans, much larger than thofe of the Blacks. The- common -Men in the South oa naked. . 'laoiV -^larb hn£ .r-iiniij.- ^ The Women have a whole Piece of Muflin or Callicoe tied abouti their Waift, and thrown over their Breads and Shoulders, like a- broad Belt : Their Hairiis drefledwith Abundance of gliucrino- Trin- kets : They wear Bracelets on their Arms Zina Lej^s, .Rinos on their Fingers and Toes, a Jewel in their Nofe, which falls upon the: Lip, and Pendents in their Eats ^-aird riie Men alfo wear Bracelets on their Arms, of Gold, if they can afiord it : if not, cf fome other Metai^. and perhaps Glafs ; and every Man cf any Fafnion wears a Crice, or Dagger, in his Safh. Gcniiis and Temp.er.'^ They oj'e a wonderful ingenious People, Jiofpi- table and benevolent. There is 'but one Call or 'I'ribe thaJ: make Fight- ing thcr Profeifion, and theit are? very -brave', 'but undifciplined ; they 2.XQ C3\\T9W yitp ||J^^jF;unQral Pile. TravjIIifi^.] Here are n#H6rrt>S.'litfe the Saddle or Coach, only a very fmall Breed. Tiie /^/iii/j;^ Cavalry conh'ib of Horfcs brought out of Perjla or Tarfary, at an excelTive Price. Camels and Oxen are tlieir Beaftj: of Burden, and th-evr Oien will carry a Man very well a POod round Trot ; but the ufual Way of Travelling is in a Palanquin or Couch, covered with a bending Canopy, '-and carried by four Men that will trot along, Morning ant.1 Evening, forty Miles a Day; and of thefe ufually ten are iiired, who carry the Palanquin by Turns, four at a Time. sAft\;s^^ ri\vk\ \'iTi-^.a.\^ii'\ CurioJitiei.\ Among' the Cufiofuies of the Hither /W/^, the Diamond Mines in t e Kingdom of GWi GolcQnda. 'Mie Florpitals the i?ii/i7a;^- endow for fick and lame Animals is ano* ther Curiohty. The MoguPs Camp alfo is a great Curiofity, for he lives in the Field daring the fair Seafon, vvhich lafcs four or tive Months, when, bcTides the niilitary Men, vvhicli nmount to above one hundred then- fan J, who carry then Wivtis aad Families with them, he he is attended • by I N ,D I A li'ithin Gan-ges. 427 by moft of the great Men in the Empire, and folbwed by all Manner iof' Merchants and Tradel'men from the capital Cities, amounting in tne Whole to upwards of a Million of Peopl;;, and with thele lie mak^s a Tour of a thoufiind Miles every Year, through fome fart of his Dominions, and hears the Complaints of the meanell of his Sub- jefts, if they happen to be oppreiied by his Nabobs (Viceroys) or Governors. There is a Caravan of ten thoufand Camels artd Oxen that conllant- ly attend the Camp, and bring in Proviirons from tv^ry Part of the Country. The Commander of this Caravan is ftiled a Prince, and fa veiled with great Power, as he isjtxi; furnifti the Court and Camp with Provifions. - 'i i^; : This Camp is at leail twenty Miles in Circamference : They encamp is a round Form ; the Mogul's Tent, and thofe of his Women, arc on an Eminence in the Middle, and feparated from the reil by a high iSkreen or Inclofure. Beyond this are the Nobility, Generals, and People of DiltmCtion, in another Circle, and the rell fucceed in Cir- cles, according to their Quality ; the inferior People being nearell the outfide of the Camp. — Nor, mult we jforg-Kp ji^fi: i/.r v: A Specimen of the Malabar Language, .in' their •P<2/'^r-«^«'r. Faramandalang gelliU irukkira engtl pidaiuc j unmudrjia natrium artofc hikka padduzvcdaga', unniziciijia rafjchijum ^vKm ', unmudyia Jtttum para.-^ mandalattile Jch?ja padum apole pwri'jilcgiun Jcbcja padduivadaga, ; annaiL- nulla engel oppuni cngellukka innudarum ; engel cqdtn cararukku nangd porukkuma poh niriun en^el cadcngiUi eiigel-lnkku porum ; engclei tjchodinci' jilc pira-v.w Jchija degum'y anal'j lin-Jiicijih rdnnu cngdd Idtjch ttu kollum ; adcdcndc^ 428 INDIA ivithin Ganges. adedetidal ratfchiammum pelammum maji nieijum ummakkii eunenneik kumandd jirukkiida. Amen. Religion.'] The Monguh and Moors^ and the Defcendants cf the Arabs ^ SLYC all Maho7nstans, of the Sedl of Ornar^ being the iame with thiit of Turkey, and therefore needs no further Defcription. The Blacks are all Kigans, of whom they reckon up three or four Score feveral Caits or I'ribes that will never intennarry, or lo much as eat with one another, or with the People of any other iNation or Kcligion. The moll honourable of thefe Tribes is that of t/ie Bramins, Succef- fors of the ancient Brachmans, who are their Prieih ; ihe next ai-e the Rajaputes, or military Men ; and the third the Banyans or Choutres ; a Sed that never eat Flelh, or drink llrong Liquor, and applying themfelves chiefly to Trade, are feme of the richeil Merchants in the World. And the Se«5l that abftains from Marriage, it is faid, does it that no Creatures may be ilified by their mutual Embraces. Coins.] The Coins, we meet with in this Country are the Pice or Cafh, which are of Copper, and about the Value of a Halfpenny j Fanams, a Silver Coin of the Value cf Three-pence ; the Roupee, another Silver Coin, two Shillings and Three-pence ; the Gold Moor or Roupee, which is about the Value of fourteen Silver Roupees ; and a Pagoda, fo called from having the Figure of a Pagoda ftamped upon it, is of the Value of nine Sl.illings. The laft are coined chiefly by the Rajas J or petty Princes ; they are flat on one Side, and the other 3S convex. The Gold and Silver Coins are finer here than in any other Country. Foreign Coins alfo are current in this Country. Revolutions and memcrable Events'. INDIA was probably firft peopled from Perfia, that Kingdom being contiguous to it, and i.i the Way of Mejhpctamiay where it feems to be agreed the Defcendants o^ Noah firll fettled after the Flood. But, whoever were the firil Inhabitants, the Ethiopians next poflefled the Southern Divifion of the Peninfula, as is evident from their Pofterity iHll remaining there, not a white Man, or any other Complexion but Blacks poflefimg any Part of that Country ; and that they came from Ethiopia is evident, not only from their Complexion, but from their long Hair and regular Features, very different from the Guiney Blacks. A furtlier Evidence of tlieir being the Defcendants of the Ethiopians^ is, that the'Qviee'n of •Si'.?;^^, bv Ethiopia, made Prefents to Solomon o( the fine Spices which only grow in India, and were fetclied from thefe Qo\omt6o^ Ethiopians planted here. If it be objefted, that the People of this Country might be originally black, that is not likely, becaufe rsone of the Natives of the other Parts oi India are black, though they lie much nearer the Kquator* The next People that pofTefTed thefe Shores were the Arabians, for all the Coall almoll was fubjeft to Arabian or Mahometan Princes, when the Portugnefc arrived here in 1500 ; and thefe had probably difpoffeffed the Ethiopians, and driven them up into the Midland Country, where they ftill inhabit. ihe next People that invaded /W/Vz were the Mongu! Tartars, under ^amfrlam, about the Year i.foo^ who fixed his third Son, Miracha, in tlie North 0^ India, and Per/ia : Bu; th« Southern Peniniula of Ind^a was INDIA within Ganges. 429 was not reduced under the Obedience of the Mcgul Princes until the Reign oi Aiireng'&ebe, who began his Reign about the Year 1667. He had feen feme of the large Diamonds that were dug in the Mines of Golccnda, which induced him to invade that King's Dominions, and afterwards the Territories of the reft of the Arabia^i Princes in India, and made an entire Conqueft of all the open Country as far as Cape Comorin, the moll Southern Promontory of India. But the Midland Country being very mountainous and woody, and fubje^l to feveral Eihio'picji Princes called Raj as ^ the Mojiguh could never reduce all thefe ; feme of them preferve their Independency to this Day, and ac- knowledge no Superior. Jurtngzebe was upon the Throne when the Writer of thefe Sheets was in India: He lived in the Year 1707, and was near an Hundred when he jdied^r He never eat any Flelh-Meat, or tailed ilrong Drink. ' ''rj;. r ! The Great Mogul, a Grandfon of Aurgng^ebe^Sy was made Prifoner by KchH KaK, and obliged to cede the North-Well Provinces of India to the Crown of Pi^rfia, to obtain his Liberty : And Kouli Kan, having amalfed a prodigious Treafure in /W/^z, loll one half of it in paffing the River Indus y the Veficis which 'had it on Board being driven down the Stream into the OGean,_, by the Violence of the Monfcons, which jfhifted at that Time, u^^nuol 'io sub V- am 3Dor. INDIA beyond. G2.x\gt^y^^^-^6K-rJhe- Further Peninfula of INDIA. N.Uat. Being 2000 Miles in Lengths 1000 Miles in Breadth, ,r^ix9'iiT ■0"U N D E' p' by Taviary on the North ; by China _.,_^i and 'the C^BineJi-an Sea, ,on the E aft ; by the fame Sea and' the Strcights of Malacca, .on the.,So,uth ; and by the Bay of Bs7igal and the Hith'd,r"'/«//i^v on ,the Well-.' f ,-'"■ Grand Divifioas. ' -^-^^' Su'bdi'fifiohs'. On the North- Well Aril On the Snuth-Wcfl ouuuiviu^ -\A-oa,..^ - •■^■ijraca-^;^'-^l ■Pc..y ■ SMai^afa??^ Ssa/'/ij ' yfdldc^it^ .-!0 [J " "' 1 Chief Towns. Chamdara, A-ua. Aracan. '^Peguy E. Lon. 97. N. Lat. 17-30. \Martaban. Sianty E. Lon. loi. N. Lat. 14. ■ ^Malacca, E. Lon. 10 1. N. Lat. 22-30. On 430 INDIA beyond Ganges. Grand Dlvifions. On the North-Eall SubdiviHons. LaoSf I! On the South-Eail - Chief Towns, CachaOy or KecciOf E- Lon. 105. N. Lat, 2230. Lanchang. ( Tboanoa, •«; Cambodia, ^ Padrahi. Cochin Chhttty - Cambodia^ - (^ Chi amp a y Moujttains.] Mountains run from North to South the whole Leng.th of the Country almoftj but near the Sea are low Lands, annually over- flowed in the rainy Seafonj, which laib half the Year at leall in the Southern Province?; ^ m i^^a%how'^i\: Ri^uersJ] Their chief Rivers are ihofe ? ^jv Of D&meair^ Tonquiny which runs from North to South, and falls into the Chi7iejian Sea, pal- iing by Kcccio the Capital. 2. The River Mecony which runs from North to Sourh throuoh-£^<7j. and Cambodiay and falls by two Chan- nels into the Chinefmn^^^.-i 5. McJian, v\hich runs, from North to ,^outh through 5/^/;i, .and ;i^failsiiniQ. the Bay of S'/flwr. ;li!|i>.rThe River A'-jay which joining that Qf!i?j?g^«, falls into the Bay oi Bengal. Bays and Straits.'] The Bay's of Bengal, Siamy and Cochin China. The Straits ot Malucca'^ttiA'Sincap-ora. • The Promontories of Sia/n, Ho- mana VinA Ban/at,-' '^^^' ^^'qo^'i ^"^ ' i'J --n-.j: gniq Jir.] In the'Nort^^'cir^ M''Co)ik\rfM 'Xir^ is dry and healthful, hut the Southern Provinces bei)ig very hot and moiil, elpecially their A'allies and low Lands near'the Sea and the Rivers, are not fo health- ful ; and yet here they build moil of their Towns, their Houfes Ibind- inrr upon high Pillars 'to fecure them from the Floods, during which i^eafon they have no Communication with ohe another but by Boats ; rind fuch Storms of Wind, Hiuhder and, Lightning, happen about the Kquinoxes, on the (hifting of the Man/oons, as are feldom feen in this Part of the World. The Vearisnbt divided into Winter and Summer as with us, but into the wet and dr/ Seafdns, or into the eafterly and wellerly Mcnj'oonsy which Term is fometimes applied to thofe periodi- cal Winds, and fometimes to the wet ari^ dry Weather. There are Sea and Land Breezes near the Coall whvch Ihifc every twelve Horus, as in the Hither Indlay wh6n the llormy Weather ceafes. Nficme."] The Inhabitants of the Southern Divifion of this Peninfula are ufually called MaiajSy from the Country of Malacca. Soil and P reduce.'] The Animals and Produce of Siam are the fame a5 in the Peniniula of the Hither India, only they abound much more in Kicphants, and the Country is longer flooded in the rainy Seafon. ''\\\Q\i- moll fruitful Lands are made {o by the Earth that is waihed dov.n from the Mountains, ai}d the Mud ^^ a Slime the Flood leaves behind when it retires,^ ', ^ ' So'I and Produce cf ,V.(^r\Q^^X};,X^, ■'X^'^-^9^^:.^^ ^f'f'9^^^^^ has been gra- (t\ . > The Lacquer Houfes are looked i^pon to be' very unwholfome from a poifonous Quality which is faid to be in the Lacquer, making the Workmen break out in great Blotches and Boils : From hence alio are brought Turpentine, Mufjc, Rhubarb, and feveral other Drugs, lii this Country alfo may be had Lignum Aloes. Though Tonquin be full of Silk, they fel-dom apply themfclves to work it till the Shipping arrives ; the People are kept fo miferably poor by the great Lords to whom the Lands belong, and whofc V'^ailah they are, that they have not Money to pprchafe Materials;, and then- fore foreign Merchants are forced to advance Jthqni MopeVi and wait feveral Months till their Goods are wrought. , ' , ,\ , : , I'he People o^ .Tonquin and Cochin China j which lie under the fame Parallel with thofe of Sia?n, are of the like Stature and Complfxion ; their Habits, however, are different. The Tonquinefe^ and the Inhabi- tants of Cochin China-, wear a long Gown, which is hound about them with a Safli, and the Sexes are fcarce diilinguilhable by their Garb ;, the Quality ufuall}- wear Silk ; but they never think th^mfelves finer than in Englijh Broad cloath, either red or green ; and have Caps of the fame Stuff with their Gowns. Inferior People and Soldiers gene- rally wear Cotton-cloth, dyed of a dark Colour. Poor People go bare- headed, except in the rainy Seafons, when they wear lliff broad brim- med Hats, made of Reeds, or Palm-Leaves ; they Jit crofs legged, after the Manner of the Siamepy and other AJiaticsy'SiXi.d have Couches or Benches, covered with fine Matt, round tlieRobttis Where they en- tertain their Friends, ^i ^ Thefe People are excellent Mechanics^ arwl mighty fair Dealers, not given to Tricking and Cheating like the Chin^fe. -^^^' --' ■ < --i-^- Traffic. '\ The King engroflc-s mofl Part of the^jn-aae of tfie'-King- dom to himfeif, and even defcends to fell Goods by Retail in Shops by his Pallors. He fometimes alfo agrees with the D.nch to fell them all the Skins and Furrs the Country affords, at a certain Price ; and therefore his Sui^jecls are obliged to fell them to him firil, at his own Price. • "'■ :-:'' - T f f ' '■ Traffic at Malacca.] The principal Trade o^ the\F/;c/')^, in this Country, is driven at the Port of Malacca, in the Poficfli'jn of the B.utcL. Hither the Enjijh fl^iid two or three Country Ships yearly, from 452 INDIA beyond Ganges. Irom the Coafi: of Coromandel ^xidi Bay of Bengal, with Calllcoes, flight ^ilks, Opium, iSc. and make profitable Returns in Canes, Rattans, Eenjainm, Long Pepper, Sugar Candy, Sapan Wood, and rometimcs ,Gold may be had at a reafonable Rate. But this is a Trade prohibited by the Dutch^ and carried on by the Connivance of the Governor, Council and Fifcal ; and it is cbferved, that the MagiHrates and prin- .cipal Ofiicers in the Dutch Settlements, being moil ot them Friends or Relations of thofe who ccmpofe the State, and fent Abroad to make their Fortunes, will deal almoft with any People to enrich their private Families, notwithilanding the Prohibition of the Company. Several Travellers relate, that Cloves and Nutmegs grow here ; wheieas Cloves are the Produce of yimboyna and i\\l: Side of the further Peninlula of India, and uied to appoint a Viceroy in each Kingdom ; but both ct them ufiirped the f' ver.'ign i'ower, and fet up for tJiemfelves at the fame Time, only the Viceroy ot Tcnguin fuffered his Sovcreip-n to retain liis Title, and oo- vern m his Name, as was the Cafe fojmerly m Frame. The People ?j-e eafily cajoled with Names ; if there be but the Naliie of a King or a Parliament left, they felioni confider the real Alterations that have been made in their Conilituticn. The prefent French King is defcend- cd from an Ufurper, and their Parliaments are no more tlian Tools of Lis Power ; and had Crotn^vell aifumed the Name and Title of a King, jt IS highly probable his Pollcrity might have enjoyed this Grown with as unlimited an Authority as the Defcendants of Hugh Capet do in Fran-'- incc. QovernmcHi cf Malacca.] As to Malacca, the foutlicrn Part of this Peninfula, the ZJ^v/ri? are entirely Mailers and Sovereigns of it, being jpoiTt^fied of the City of Malacca the Capital, and feveral other Settle- jments on twe Coailj and here they ufaally ha\'e a Squadron of Men of War, which commands the CoalLs of both the Hither and Further India, and the Streights of Malacca, throiich whicli none can pafs, Without 'their Leave> ii5to ti>e Chititjum S'ea ; and they ai!:tnally make the Pcrtuguefe pay Toll for palfiiig ihem, from whom they took the City pi ^Malacca. • ■ • Forces fif^\:},TS\.'\ The Kino'< I'yi^v:^ -^r^ .-:> numerous a'5 his Si|bjecls : He com^iiands the Service of both in Pca.ce arid \^'ar ; the pliief Strength ' ■' ''of INDIA ley end Gangesr 433 of their Armies is in their Elephants, of which they maintain feveral Hundreds trained up to War. Re'venues.'l His Revenues arife from the Lands of the Grown, and a Rent that is paid him in Kind out of all the Lands in his Kingdom, and by Monopolies of almoft every Branch of Trade ; but he does not re- ceive in Money above 600,000/. per Annum, His Expences at the fame Time are very fmall, as his Court and Armies are maintained out of the Lands of the Crown, and he has the Servants of his Subjects fix Months in the Year without Wages. Perfons and Habits of the Siamefe.] They are of a good Stature, fel^ dom corpulent, of a Tawney or Olive Complexion> not any of them' black, as in the Hither Peninfula, though they lie nearer the Equator ; from whence it is evident, that it is not the Sun alone which is the Occafion of the black Com.plexion. The Faces of both Men and Wo- men are fomewhat of the broadefl, with high Cheek-Bones, and theif Foreheads fuddenly contract and terminate in a Poiiit, as well as their Chins, They have dark fmall Eyes, not very brifk ; their jaws hollow ; large Mouths and thick pale Lips, and their Teeth died black j their Nof:s are fliort and round at the End, and their Ears large, which they account a Beauty ; lon^ Nails, growing an Lich or two beyond their Fingers Ends, are looked upon alfo as Ornaments ; they have thick lank Hair, which both Men and Wom.en cut fo fhort, that it reaches no lower than their Ears, and the Women make it itand up on their Fore- heads. The Men pull off their Beards by the Roots, inllead of fiiaving them, and do not leave fo much as Whilkers ; and fu^eii: uo Hair oa their Bodies below the Girdle. ,;:..i r.r?. ?}t:::\'^ ■. The Habit of a Man of Quality is a Piece of Callicoe'tled -aboat his Loins, which reaches down to his Knees j this is called the P^^??^ ; he wears alfo a Muflin Shirt without Collar or Wrillbands. In Winter they wear a Breadth oi Stuff, or painted Linnen, over their Shoulders like a Mantle. The King wears a Cap in the Form of a Sugar-Loaf, endins; with a Circle, or Coronet, of precious Stones about it ; and thofe'of his Officers have Circles of Gold, Silver, or Vermillion gilt, to diiHncruilh. their Quality. ,, : ; The \Vomen alfo wrap a Cloth or Pagne about their Middle, which hangs down to the Calf of their Legs j and they have another Cloth wit i which they cover their Breafts, and throw the Ends over thtii* Shoulders ; the reit of their Bodies they leave naked, having no Shifts on, as the Men have, nor any Covering for their Heads but their Hair, The common People go almoft naked. Wo7nen.'\ Wives are purchafed here, and every Man keeps as many as he pleafes. The Men are fo far from Jealouiy, that they will ofFcr their Wives and Daughters to Foreigners. I'lie Dutch Merchants con- tract for temporary Wives in Tojiquin, whom they make their Factors to buy up Silk and other Goods in their Abfence, and employ the poor Manufafturers v/hen they work chcapeft. Many of the Dutch raifc Eftates by the Traffic of their Female Factors, who are oblerved to be \^vy faithful, and are allowed fach Profits, that they raife Fortunes themfelves, and become Matches for the greateft Lords in the Countiv, when their Dutch Hufbands have left off trading thither. The Mandarins and Officers cf State, in tlie Q^yixl oi Tonquh) are £ e generally 434 INDIA beyond Ganges. generally Eurwaehs, who keep, however, great Numbers of young Girls to play with, and will frequently recommend them to the Europeansi who trade thither, in Hopes of having Children by them. G.jiius of the SiamtTe.] The Stamefe have a ready and clear Concep- tion, and their Repc^rtces are quick and fmart ; they imitate any Thing at Sight, and in one Day become tolerable Workmen. Artificers in Siam.] In Siam there are no particular Handicraft Trades, but every Man underilands fomething of all. They are polite and courteous, but timorous ; they have but little Curiofuy or Incli- nation to alter their Faihions, and do not admire the Curiofities of Fo- reign Countries as we do. Education.] Thofe who have the Education of the Youth, teach them to eyprefs all the Modeily and SubmiiTion imaginable towards their Superiors. Di'verfions and CuJloms.'\ Their rural Sports are Fifhing and Hunt- ing: They aft Comedies by Torch-light, from Evening till Morning, and they conftantly chew the Ar.ek-nut and the Betel-leaf, which is a Kind of Opiate : They celebrate the Fcftival of the New Year, which with them begins! the Middle o^ January , for ten or twelve Days fucceffively, when there is a Ceflation of all Manner of Bufinefs ; and they fpend their Time in Drinking and Gaming. The firil and fif- teenth of every Moon alfo are Hollidays ; and their great Men folemnize their Binh-days annually, when they are complimented by their Rela- tions and Friends. Curiofities.'] The greateil Curiofities in this Peninfula of India are their Elephants, of which they have greater Numbers than in any other Part of the World ; many Hundreds of them are trained up to War. Thefe Animals do not come to their full Growth till they are an hun- dred Years old, and live feveral Hundred Years afterwards, and are cer- tainly the moll fagacious and tradable Animals in Nature. There is a white Elephant in Sia7ny that is almoil adored, there not being another of the Colour : They believe this Elephant is animated by the "Soul of fome oreat Prince, and for that Reafon the King never rides upon him ; and he is feived in Plate, and treated as a Monarch : Next to the white Elephant, the black are mofl in Efteem. As the Siatnefie have no Clocks or Watches but what are brought from Europe, they make ufe of a hollow Copper Ball, with a little Hole in it, which, being put on the Top of a Tub of Water, lets in the Water by Dec-rces, and finks when the Hour is out : This ferves them inftead of an Hour-glafs ; and as they have no Clocks, they give Notice of the Hour by "ilriking with a Hammer on a great Brazen Vafe. Another Curiofity we meet with here, is their punilhing Lying as fcverely as we do Perjury. Here too we meet with Trials by Fire and Water Ordeal like thofe of oar Saxon Anceilors, where fuiiicient Proof is wanting in a criminal Profecution. ^ ... ... Another Kind of Proof is fwallowing Pills, which the Priefl admini- Hers to both Parties, with terrible Imprecations, and the Party which keeps them in his Stomach vvithout vomiting, is adjudged innocent. An unjuft Intruder and Polle/Ibr of liawds u deemed as Criminal in' this Country as a Pvcbber, and punifhed as fevercly. fjinera!s.'\ INDIA heyon'd Ganges. 4.^^^ Funerals'] The Siamefe burn their Dead, but the Tcvquinefe bury them in their own Grounds, making a great Feftival for all the Neigh- bourhood on the Occafion. La?tguage.] The Malayan and Siamefe prevail generally in this Penin- fula, except in Tonquiny which, adjoining to ChhiUy their Tongue fbems to be^ a Dialeft of the Chinefe. The Malayan Pater-Nofter : Bappa kit a, jang ddda de furga ; nafnina mm jadi berfakti ; radjat-mu mendarang ; kanhaWnu nienjadi de humi feperti de furga ; roti kita derri fa hari-hari membrikan kita fa hart inila ; 7nakka ber-ampunla pada-kita docfa kita, feperti kiia ber-ampunakan fapa. htr-fala kapada kita ; d''jang-an hentar kita kapada tjobahan^ tetapdi le^ pafken kita dari jang djakat ; karna mu pun^jh radjat, daan kd thefe Floats being fome of thenv a Mile in Length, upon which they build little Huts, and live in therrj Uiitil they have difpofed of their Timber, which they carry fometimes E e ^ a thoiA* 440 CHINA. a thoufand Miles by Water ; and thus every Part of this extenfive Empire has an eafy Communication with the other, which is a vait Advantage to Trade, as the Chine/e and Dutch, and other tiading Na- tions experience. And Great Britain might receive equal Advantages, if there was a Communication between the three great Rivers of Thames, Se-vern and Tre-nty which might be effefled by cutting fome few Canals, not more than ten Miles in Length, in Gloucejlerjhire, and fome of the adjacent Counties. Stile cf the Emperor , &c.] The Emperor is ftile I Holy Son of Heaven, Sole Go-ziernor of the Earth, Great Father of his People. And every Fa- mily upon their Acceffion affume a new Name, by which the Empire is called as long as that Houfe poiTefTes the Throne. Government.'] The Government, it is faid, has been Monarchical up- wards of four thoufand Years. As for States and Republic, they had yiever heard of thefe Species of Government until the States o^ Holland fent an EmbafTy thither, and the Dutch Ambafiadors found the greateft Dificulty in the World to explain what Sort of Government the United Provinces were under, and what they meant by the High and Mighty Lords their Mailers. Nohility.] Except the Princes of the Blood, and tributary Kings, I do not find there is any hereditary Nobility among the Qhinefe, or any DiHinflion but what their Places and Offices, or their fuperior Wealth or Learning create. The Emperors of the Chinefc Race feldom appeared in Public; but the prefent Tartar Family Hiow themfelves to the People four Times eveiy Month. forces.] The Forces cf the Empire are faid to amount to five Mil- lions, which are a Kind of Militia, only called out when the Exigent cies of the State require it. The Jefuijs have computed that there are in China 155 Capital Cities, 1312 of the fecond Rank, 2357 fortified Towns, ten Millions of Families, and fifty Millions of People. They have no Naval Force, though they have a Sea Coalt of fever al thoufand Miles; and their Skill in Navigation is trifling, if compared to that of the Europeans. Reijennes.] The Revenues of the Empire amount to upwards of twenty Millions Sterling per j^nnum. Perfcns of the Chinefe.] The Chinefe are generally of a moderate Stature, broad Faces, black Hair, fmall black F^yes, Ihort Nofes, and thin Beards, pulling up great Part of their Beards by the Root with 7\veezers ; they were very fond of the Hair of their Heads, which they ufed to wear tied up in a great Bundle on their Crowns, till their Tartar Princes compelled them to cut ofr" their Hair, and leave only a fingle Lock on their Crown, as the Mahometans in all Countries do ; their Complexions incline to tawny near the Tropic, but in the Nonh they are as fair as other People under the fame Parallel. The Women are remarkable for their little Feet, being elleenied their greatell Beauty : In order to keep them little, from their Lifancy they are bound up fo hard that they cannot grow to the common Size : the Foct of a well growii Woman |s not mucl; bigger than a Child's of four Years old, C H I N J. 441 Hahits.'] The Men wear a Cap on their Heads, of the Fafhion of a Bell, that does not cover their Ears ; they wear alfo a Veil and Saflh, and over the Veft a loofe Coat or Gown, and a kind of Silk Boots quilted with Cotton : When they are at Home among their Friends, they throw off every Thing but a Pair of Drawers, and appear as naked as the common People do about the Streets ; but this mull be under- flood of the Southern Provinces, with which the Europeans chieily trade The Women drefs with their Hair down, having nothing on their Head, in the South ; they wear a Silk Veil, either red, blue, or green, and over it a loofe Govv'n, with wide Sleeves, and embroidered Siilk Shoes, but hobble intolerably when they walk, having been crippled to make their Feet little. Genius and Temper.'] They are of a mofl infinuating Addrefs, and will not decline the moil hazardous Enterprizes, where there is a Prof- peel of Gain ; like the Dutch, Trade and Commerce, or rather Cheat- ing and over-reaching, feems to be the natural Bent and Genius of this People; Gain is their God, they prefer it to every Thing. A Strancrer is in great Danger of being cheated, if he tru!ls to his own Judgment; and if he employs a Chine/e Broker, it is well if he does not join with the Merchant to impofe on the Stranger. The Men of Figure are perpetually engaged in Purfuit of Places and Preferments, which they procure by Bribes, or Prelents, as they are called. Their Laws oblige them to certdn Rules of Civility in their Words and Anions ; they are naturally a fawning, cringing Genera- tion ', the greateil Hypocrites on the Face of the Earth. Learning.] As to their Learning, they lludy no Language but their own ; their Charadlers are a Sort of a Short Hand ; every Character figniiies a Word, or a Sentence; they have not to this Day the Ufe of Letters ; there are upwards of twenty thcufand of thefe Charafters ; their moil learned Men are fcarce Mailers of all of tliem ; thofe in common Ufe do not exceed three thoufand, which are underllood in every Part of the Empire. They write from the Top to the Bottom of the Page, Religion,] The Chine/e wcrihip one fupreme God, and feveral in- ferior Deities, who appear to have been Men eminent in their feveral Ages ; particularly the Inventors of Arts and Sciences. They worfhip Things inanimate, Mountains, Woods and Rivers, but never facrifice to Vice, as other Heathens do. There are three Seels in China at this Day ; firil, the Follower s of Li-Laokum^ who lived, as they fay, above five hundred Years before Chrill. He taught that God was corporeal, and had many iubordinate Deities under his Government ; his Difciples iludy Magic, and pre tend to make that Drink which will give Men Immortality. The fecond is the Sedl of the Learned, who are the Difciples of the fo much celebrated Confucius, who left many admirable Precepts of Morality, and inilruded the People in Philofophy ; he fpeaks of God as a moil pure and perfed Principle, the Fountain and Eifence of aU Beings ; and though we are told he prohibited Idolatry, he has Tem- ples and Images ereded to him, and is vvorihipped with the profound":l Adoration, as appears from the Pope's Decree againil tl^Jefuiis fjr' diovving their Converis in this idolatrous Worihip. There 442 CHI N A. Tliere is a third Seft much more numerous than either of the for^ mer, who worlliip the Idol Fo, whom they ftile the only God of the World. This Idol was imported from India about thirty Years after the Death of our Savioar ; his Priefls, the Bonnes ^ teach feveral moral Precepts, and that there is a State of Rewards and Punifhments after this Life ; they alfo inculcate into their Followers, that it is not law- ful to kill any living Creature ; or to drink Wine ; and do not forget to inftrud them how much it is their Duty and Intereft to entertain and nourilli their Priefts, and to build them Temples and Monaiteries, and perform the Penances they enjoin ; if they negledl thefe 1 hings, they threaten them with the greateft Torments after Death, or tha^ their Souls fnall animate fome Vermin or Beall of Burden. They have an Image of Immortality, vv'hich they worlliip in the Form of a monllrous fat M^n, fitting crofs legged, with a huge pro- minent Belly. There is another called the Idol of Pleafiire, about twenty Feet high ; and between thefe, in their Temples, is another large Image, thirty Feet high, gilded over, with a Cr-own upon his Head, and richly dj efled j this they call ;.he great King Kang, to whom they pay Adoration. The Emperor, being a Tartar, follows the Idolatry of that Nation, which does not differ much from that of the Chinefe, except it be that; they worfhip a living Man, whom they ftile the Great Lama. They give him the Name of Eternal Father, and all the Eaftern Tartars have the greateft Veneration for him ; he is Ihewn in a dark Place in his Palace, illuminated with Lamps. That he may be thought immortal, his Priefts choofe out one of their Number as like him as pofTible, who fuccceds him when he cies, and none of his Votaries doubt his living for ever. This Country abounds with Idol Temples, which {land without the City Gates, or in folitary Places, where Travellers are accommo- dated by the Religious with Lodging and Provifions. By every Tem- ple generally Hands a Tower, built in Memory of fome Saint or Hero. Theie Places are filled with Images and Lamps that burn Night and Day. The Chriftian Relip-ion made a Qrreat* Proorrefs in China abont an hundred Years ago. 'I he jefuits relate they had two hundred Churches, and Chapels there, but falling out with the Miffionaries of other Or- ders, and endeavourinp- to ruin each other, they were all in general baniflied the Kincdom ; to which nothing- contributed more tlnan their preaching up the Pope's Supremacy, afHrming that he was iuperior to all Temporal Powers, which is a Doctrine the Princes of that Part of the World do not relifh. And indeed it v/as an odd Sort of Chriftianity that was profefTcd in China when it flouiiflied molt. The Jefuits fujfiered their Profelytcs to continue worlhipping Confucius^ and their Parents and AnceRors, at the fame Time they worlhipped the Popilh Saints and Images ; the great Men in China do not only worfliip the Images of their Fathers, Grandfathers, ISc. but build Temples to their Honour. There were Chrijiians in India and China, before ever the Roman Church fent Miffionaries thither; in bidia t\iey are called Chrijlians o£ St. Thomaiy who was the Apoftle of that Part of the W^orld, and there is a Tradition that St. 'Tho-mas was martyred upon a Hill near Fort St. Gjcrgej called at this Day St. Thofnas^s Mount. S^erJ^iticn.'^ CHINA. 44^ Superflttion.'\ The Chinefe are great Obfervers of Times, and rely snuch on the Predidions of their Allrologers and Fortune-Tellers. They govern moll of their Atlions by the Diredlions of fuch People, 3,nd will not undertake a Journey, or any Bufinefs of Moment, with- out confulting when will be the molt lucky Day or Hour to enter upon it. -, . . . -Thefe cunning Men pretend to cfilculate Nativities ; being inform- ed when any Man was born, they will tell him what Fortune he is to expe6l in the Wcyld. Coins,'\ Their Coin confifts of Pieces of bafe Metal like Brafs, with a Hole in the Middle, and having ftrung them, they count by Strings ; a Thoufand of thefe Pieces are not the Value of a Grown. Their Silver, with whicn they uled to buy Goods, was cut into little irregular Pieces, and weighed in Scales, which every Man carries about him, bu: of late they have no Imall Silver Coin. Th.& Europeans pur- chafe the Meichandize of Chiria with Bullion, or Foreign Coin, wliicli is alfo taken by Weight. Weights.'] The Chinefe Pound contains fixteen Ounces, and each Ounce is divided into ten Parts : Thefe are divided into ten Penny- Weights, which are again fubdivided into ten Grains, Rez-oltitions and memorahle Events. THIS CouFitry is faid to be called China, from the great Quan- tity of Silt: it produces, the Word Chin fignifying Silk, in the Language of fome of the neighbouring Countries. Certain it is, that the Natives. know no fuch Name, but the Empire goes by the Name of the Family upon the Throne, as in India that Country is called Moguljian, from the Mogul Family now upon the Throne, thouo-h the Europeans give it the Name of India j or rather have revived the an- cient Name. Their Hiflorians pretend, that the Chinefe Empire is of 40,990 Years llanding; but it is certain they have no Hillories or Records above 20,000 Years old : And they afcribe the Invention of all Arts and Sciences, even Hufbandry, Architeflure, and Cloathing, to the Inven- tion of feveral Princes, who have reigned within three or four Thou- fand Years; and it cr,nnot be fuppofed, if the World had been 40,000 Years old, but Plougning, Planting, Building, and Cloathinp-, would liave been learnt long before the laft 4000 Years. The Chinefe have been governed the lail hundred Years by Tartar Princes. There being two Fadlions in China, which engaged the whole Empire in a Civil War, the weakeft called in the King of Niuche, a little Tartarian Kingdom, to their Affillance. This Prince had no fooner enabled his Allies to cruih their Enemies, than he took an Oc- fion to pick a Qua-rel with the Party that called him in, and made an entire Conquell of the Country, where he fo well eftablifhed himfelf, that his Pollerity ftill remain upon the Throne of China. As he was very fenfible his Tartars were much inferior to the Chinefe in Number, he obliged the Chinefe to cut off their Hair, and chano-e their Habits to a Tartar Fafliion, that it might not be difcovered how inconfiderable a People they were, in Comparifon of the Chinefe. All the Chinefe Soldiers, efpecially thofe who liiled among his Troops, he obliged i}.44 CHI N A. obliged to put on the Tartar Habit, that they might be looked upon as Tartars, and over- awe their new Subjects ; and had it not been for this politic Proceeding, the Chinefe would foon have been feniible of their Superiority, and put an End to the Tartar Ufurpation : But what contributed ItiU more to the Eilablilhment of the Tartars, was the em- ploying the Chinefe both in the civil and military Affairs : They ad- vanced the moil popular of the Grandees to be Viceroys and Gover- nors of Provinces, and fo made them acceflary to the lubduing their own Country : They remitted to the People one Third of their Taxes, governed them by their own Laws, and, like our He7i y W\. delivered the Commons from that Tyranny the great Men uled to exercife over them ; and except in the Matter of their Hair and Habits, tht Ta}'tars leem rather to have fubmitted to the Laws of the Chinefe, than to have impofed any upon them ; and Tariary may now be faid rather to be fubjetl to China., than China to Tariary : For in China is the Seat of the Empire j there arc the Supreme Courts ofjuftice, thither all the Wealth of the united Kingdoms is carried, there are all Honours and Degrees conferred, and cor.fequently thither all Men will refort. China has gained a va(t Addition of Strength by Tariary, and has nov/ T.o Enemy to fear. "1 heir indigent Northern Neighbour.s are under the fame Sovereign, who keeps them in that Subjedion, that they are no longer in a Condition to diflurb China. The petty Tdrtar Kings, as they are called, are no more than his Viceroy^., or Governors of Provinces j and the Jimperor has Forts and Garrifons through their Country. The Empire of China is hereditary, unlefs the reigning Emperor makes any Alteration in the Succeffion ', which he cannot do without the Concunence of the great Council, which confifts of the Princes of the Blood, and great GUicers of State. Every V iceroy and Governor, it is f .id, is obliged to tranfmit to Court an Account of his Adminillration annually; and if he endea- vours to palliate any Mifcarriages, is feverely puniflied ; but lliil it is obferved, that there is more Bribery and Corruption in the x^dmini- llration and Magillracy in China, than in any other Part of the World: He that can bribe higheil:, is m.oraily fure to gain his Point ; there is a Circulation of Bribery from the higheft to the loweft. P E K I N City ■ defcribed, TH E Cities and Towns of China are all built in one Form, as. near as the Ground will permit ; that is fquare. Two great Streets, which crofs one another in the Middle of the Town, divide it into four Quarters ; and from the Center the four principal Gates may be fccn at once. The Gates iland due Eall:, Weil, North, and South. Pi'kin, the Capital, is two Cities joined in one, as London and IVeftminfier are with us ; oi;e is called the Tartar, and the other the Chinefe ^-ity, the latter of which is much the moil populous. They are both together fix Leagues in Circumference. There arc not le.s tPian two Millions of Tnhabitants in the City of Pekin. The Walls tf this City are 50 Cubits high; they are defended by. fi^uare Powers i.bout a Eow-HiQt Dillance from one another^ Every CHINA. 445 Every Gate of the Town has a Fortrefs or Redoubt built before it, of equal Height with the Gate ; the Arches or Gateways are built with Marble, but the reft of the Wails with Brick. The Emperor's Palace ftands in the Middle of the Tartar City, and is an oblong Square, about two Miles in Length and one in Breadth, defended by a good Wall. Curiojities.'l Without the Gates of every Town there are ufually two magnificent Towers eredled, and near each Tower is a Temple of Idols, and another dedicated to the Genius or Guardian Angel of the Place. There are, in almoft every City, triumphal Arches, built to the Ho- nour of fome great Men, who have been Benefactors to their Country; and Colleges or Temples founded in Memory of their great Philopher Confucius, where his Precepts are taught. There are two Towers without the Gates Q){ Nanking ', one of them called the Porcelane To=vjer, of an o < Bochara. (_ tary j (_ Sai7iarcand, Chinefian Tartary has been already defcribed ^vith China. Mountmns.l The chief Mountains are thofe oi Cauca/us in Circajla^ and the Mountains of Stolp, in the North. Seas.]^ Their Seas are, the Frox,en Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Cajpian Sea. Lukes.'\ The Lakes are, i. Thofe of 5«/i^/; 2. Ki/an % and, 3* Koiogal, Rivers. 'I The Rivers are, i. Wolga^ which, rifing in European RuJJiay runs South-Eaft a Courfe of two thoufand Miles, thro' AJira- ca?z. 2. The Obeyt into which the Tobol and 7r//j difcharge their Wa- ters, rifes in the South of Tartary, runs North, and dividing Europe from Jfia, falls into the Frozen Ocean, oppofite to No^a Zembla, ■2, The Gene/a, or Jenjka, which rifes in Kalmuc Tartary, runs North, and falls into the Frozen Ocean. 4. The Lena, which lies further Eaft, and, running parallel to the Gene/a, falls into the fame Ocean. 5' The River Argim, which divides the RuJJian and Chinefian Empires, and difcharges itfelf into the River Tamour. Jir.] The Air in the North of Tartary is exceflive cold, the Earth being covered with Snow nine Months in the Year. The Southern Provinces lie in a temperate Climate, and would produce all Manner of Corn and Vegetables almoft, if there were Hands to cultivate the Soil ; but thofe that inhabit it, lead a rambling vagrant Life, driv- ing great Herds of Cattle before them to fuch Parts of the Country where they can meet with the beft Paflure, and feldom remain long enough in a Place to reap a Crop of Corn, if they fhould plough ana fow the Lands where they pitch their Camps. Soil, Produce, and Animals,] The Northern Provinces produce na Corn, and very few Vegetables of any Kind. Their Animals are Rein Deer, Elks, Bears, Foxes, Ermins, Martins, and Sables, which they hunt in Winter for their Furs and Skins ; as they do the Morfes, or Sea-Horfes, and Lions, in No^va Zembla, on the Fields of Ice j and in Summer they fpend their Time in Fiihing. - Minerals.] There have been feveral rich Mines of Iron, Copper, and Silver, difcovered in the North, and their Iron Works are verr confiderable. ' ManufaSlurcs .] The Snvedijh Prifoners, who were banifhed to Sihe- ria, have fet up all Manner of Manufadures almoll, and done a great deal towards polilhing the ignorant Natives. ' The Country about AJlracan is exceedingly improved by fome French Refugees, and other Mechanics and Hufbandmen, whom the Court of Rujlia fcnt thiiher. They have planted Vineyards, and make feveral Sorts of Wine, and are about planting Mulberry-trees, in order to fet up a Silk Manufadure in the Country about AJlracan. Perfons of the Tartars.] The Tartarsy as to Stature, are generaily ^hick and ihort^ having ilat fquare face:>, iittle Eyes fet deep in their i leads. 448 rJRrART ASIATIC. \ Heads, little round fhort Nofes, and an Olive Complexion. Their Beards are fcarce vifible, as, they continually thin them by pulling the Hairs up by the Roots. They eat all Manner of Flefh but Hog's-FIefli, and delight moft in Horfe-Flefh ; their Drink is Water or Mares-Milk, and fometimes Spirits ; They are exceeding hofpitable, and take a Pleafure in enter- tainino; Strangers. Siberia.'\ Moft of the Tartars of Jfia inhabit the Country now called Siberia, and are fubjed to RuJJia. The vaft Country of Siberia^ the ancient Scythia, extends from the River Tcbol to the Pacific Ocean, in which are a Multitude of Hords, or Tribes, that have fabmitted to the Rujjian Empire, particularly the Calmucsy who are as numerous as any of them. There are fcarce any independent Tartar Nations at prefent. Thofe of Thibet, and fome of the Mongul Tartars, on the 'South Eaft, are the only People almoll, that acknowledge no Supe- rior. IJpec Tartary.'] The VJbec Tartars j which was the richeft and moft powerful of ail the Tartar Nations, were fubdued by Kouli Kan, and made tributary to Perjia. This Country is fituate in a very happy Climate, and fruitful Soil, and carries on a very-brifk Trade between the Eailern and Weftern Countries of Jfia. This was the Country of the vicflorious Tamerlane, who fubdued moft of the Kingdoms of Afia , and fome of his Defcendants were Sovereigns of this Country very lately. Sa?narcand wzs the capital City in the B,<^ign of Tamerlane, but at prefent Bochara is the Capital, which had a flourilhing Trade till it was plundejed by Kouli Kan. Circajf/ia.] The Tartars of Circajfiay v.'hich lie upon the Coafts of the Black Sea, frequently put themfelves under the Proteftion of Rujfia, as the Calmius do; but it is a very precarious Dominion X.\\t Ruffians have over a People that are perpetually rambling from Place to Place, and own themfelves Subjeds to any Power that lies next them, as long as it is for their Convenience only. The Religion of moft of the Tartars is Paganifm ; they worlhip the Planets, and a Variety of Images, in the North Part of the Country. Thofe that lie near the Mahometan Countries are ufually Mahometans, ar.d there are a great many Chriftians in Circajfia, and the adjacent Countries. I'he Pagans have no Temples, but vvorfnlp in Groves, jand on the Tops of Mountains ; and though they have many mon- llrous Images, they acknowledge one Supreme Being, the Creator of Heaven and Earth. The Ruffian Minifters of Toboljli boa ft they have converted many Thoufands of them, and made them good Members of th.Q-Gre^. Church. Curiofities.'] Among the Curiofitiesof this Country, we may reckon the Tombs that have lately been difcovered aboqt Toboljli, in which were found Images of Gold, ?,nd Silver, Rines, and uncommon Coins; from whence it is conjeftured, that this Country was anciently pof- fefJed by a People that made a greater Figure than thefe Tartars do at prefent. Coins^'] As to their Coins, the Riffians being Sovereigns of much the greateft Part of Tarta->y, to which they have given the Name of Siberia, the Ruffian Coins are current there ; but many of their Tribes fcarce know what Money means, but ..itick and barter their Skins and Furs, T A RTA R r A S I AT I C. ' '4^§ Fwr?, arid other Produce of their Country, with their Southern Neigh-* bours, for Cloaths and other NeceiTaries. ^$.^^^^^-^^^^^^^1k^'k'^%$.^^^'k%^ The Indian and Oriental I Hands are. THE Ladrone Idands; 2. The Japan Iflands. 3. The PhtUppin^ IflandSi 4. The Moluccas and A?nboy7ia. 5 The Banda Illands* 6. The Iflands of CfcVe'i^^i, Giloio, Ceram^ &c. which iarround the ikfo- lucca.s and Banda Iflands. 7. The Sunda Iflands of Borneo ^ Sutnatra^ and Ja-vay and thofe that lie to the Eaft ward of Javdy Bally y Ldnihoe^ Timovy Sec. 8. The Nicobnr. 9. The Andoynan lilands. 10. The Mfi/- din;a Iflands. And, 11. The Ifland of Ceylon. Divifions. Siibdiviflonsi Chief Towns* I. Ladrone Iflands, fituate vat Guam the Pacific Ocean, E. Lon. \ Tinian 140 Deg. and between iz' S« Japan Iflands, fituate Chinejian Sea, between and 144 ^t.g. of E. Lon. and >. between 30 and 40 N. Lat. jTsn/a comprehending . /Bongo * {^Dijnia Guam, 140. 14, E. Lon. N. Lat* Ma-^ ^^. The Philippine Ifles, fituate in the Chinejian Sea, between j 114 and 131 Deg. E. Lon.< ■J L Mindanao, E. Lon. lii. Nd Lat. 7. Ff JS^iTifions, 45c>- Indian and Oriental IQands. Divirions. Subdivifions. The Moluccas, or Clover Illands, fituate South of the \Bachtam Philippines, in 125 Degrees \Machiam E. Lon. and between I De- < A%t gree South, and 2 Degrees iTemate North Lat. comprehending ^7>'^or the Illands of , Bmida, or Nutmeg Iflands, iituate South of Ccram, be- tween 127 and 128 Degrees E. Lon. and between 4 and 5 S. Lat Ifiands of comprehending the 6. "The Iflands furroundihg the Moluccas and Banda, which lie in the hidian Ocean, un- der or near the Equator, are 1 7. Sunda Iflands, fituate in the Indian Ocean, between 93 and 120 Degrees E. Lon. and between 8 Degrees <( North, and 8 Degrees S. Lat. comprehending the Illands of L ant or ■ Poleron ■» ■ Rojinging — — Poolonjjuy . " — Gonapi ' '^ Amhoyna, E. Lon. 126. S. Lat, 3-40. Celebes, or Ma- cajjar ^ \ —— Gilolo ' ' '<^_, .,"j Ceram '"—~ Flores •— Timor Mifacomby — Bouton — — Bouro, &o;^ _ ^Borneo, fituate^ between 107 and 117 Deg. E. Lon. and between7Deg. N. and 4 ^^^^- S. Lat. Sumatray iituate betA'Cen 93 and 104 Y)Qg. E. Lon. and be- tween 5-30 N. Lat. and 5-30 S. Lat. Janja, fituate between 103 and M3 Deg. E. Lon. and between 5 and 8 S. Lat. Bally, E. ofja- 'va, L Chief Towns. jFort Orange, \Vidoria Fort, hantor^ E. Lon. 128. S. Lat. 4-30. Revenge. Najjau Fort. Macaffar. Gilolo. Ambay, t ^Borneo, E. Lon. N. Lat. >< r.mooe, ■Bally, E. ot Bnnca, S. E. of III. 4-30- C^7/9//§-f^,E.Lon. 114. S. Lat. 3. Aiheny E. Lon. 93-30. N.Lat. 5-30. Bencool£n,Yj . Lon. 10 1. S. Lat. 4, yamba. Pala?nbam, Batanjia^Yj. Lon, 106. S. Lat. 6, Ba?iiam. Materas, Bally, Banca, DivifrOiJS* Indian and Oriental Iflands. DIv'ifions. S. Andaman i Hands, fituate in the Bay q^ BengaU in £. Lon. 93 ^^Z' ^""^ between lo and 15 Deg. N. Lat. compre- hending the Iflands of 9. Niccbar Iflands, South of the Andaman Iflands, fituate in 93 Degrees E. Lon. and between 6 and 10 Degrees N. Lat. comprel^eiiding the Iflands of ..— ^~-. 10. Maldi-ua Iflands, fituate South of the Hither between the Deg. N. Lat 11. Ceylon, or the Cinnamon Ifland, fltuate South Eaft of the Hither /W/«, between 78 and 82 Degrees E. Lon. and between 6 and 10 N. Lat. idia, tjuator and 7 Subdivifions. Andaman Proper, ' Lg-xv Ifland, ^c. 'Nicobar Proper, Cajiicubar^ &C. Caridoiv, Candufal, &G. Ceylon Proper, 45 » Chief Towns. Andaman,V^.\^on. 93.N.Lat.ii. ) Ji Nicobar, E. Lon. (^l. N. Lati 7. Canicubar* CaridonA3. Candu/al.\ Candy, E. Lon. 79. N.Lat. 8. Colnmh., E. Lon* 78. N. Lat. 7. RamanakoieL are about twelve in Ramanakoiel, Ladrones.'] The Ladrones, or Marian Ifland Number. Guam, the largefl:, is forty Miles long, and twelve broad. Here the Spaniards have a Fort, and a fmall Garrifon of thirty or forty Men ; moil: Ships touch here in their Voyages from Mexico to the Eaji Ifidies : They were difcovered by Magellan, in his Voyage to the Spice Iflands in India, by the Wefi:, in the Year 1521. They are remark- able for producing a Fruit as big as a Foot- ball, which yields a foft Pulp, like the Crumb of a white Loaf, and is therefore called Bread Fruit by Seamen. Their fwift failing Sloops is another Peculiarity, with which they fail twenty-four Miles in an Hour. One of them that was difpatched to Manila in th^ Philippine Iflands, perform.ed the Voyage in four Days, being izco Miles. It was at the little: Ifland oiTinian, which is fitu- ate North of Guam, that Lord Atifo^, flril touched, after his pafling the Pacific Ocean, in his Voyage round the World ; where he found great Refrefl\ments, the Ifland (though uninhabited) abounding in Cattle, Fruit, l^c. JapanJ] The Japan Iflands are fituate about ico Miles Eaft of China, in a mofl: defirable Climate, and are blefied with a fruitful Soil, which produces the iame Sort of Grain and P\ruits as China does. They are rnoil remarkable for the Plenty of Gold Dufl: that is to be met with here, and their Japan Cabinets, or lacquered Ware, and Skreens. Thry trafiic only with the Chinefe and the Dutch ; all other* Chriilians, but the Duich, have been excluded from a Share in thii Trade ever flnce the Year 1650. T\iz Portuguefe had, till then, the chief Trade to Japan ; and had, as they relate, converted great Part of the Nation to Chriflianity ; but being charged with a Confpiracy to ufurp the Government, upon their pieaching up the Pope's Supre* macv, they and their numerous Chriftian Prcielytes were maflacred, or b'aniflied the Iflands ; and the Dutch only fuircred to trade thither. on their declaring they were no Chrifli: or pernap5 on the Merir cf j^52:- Indicin and Oriental Iflands. of rupplanting, and affirting in expelling the Portugue.fe\ for it is im^ pcfTiole that the Japonefe can be ignorant that the Dutch profefs Chrif- tianity, as they trade to China ; and we find the yaponefe ufe as much Caution in their Commerce with the Dutch, as if they were really ChiiO.ians. At the Seafon the Dutch Fleet is expefted, the Governor of Nanga- JaqnK peaces Centinels on the HiUs, to give Notice of the Approach of any Ships. When they appear, a Boat i? fent off to every Siiip, with a Waiter or Officer, and as foon as the Ships come to Anchor, an Exprefs is in-^mediately difpatcfic*d to Court, before whofe Return the Dutch may not difpcfe of any Thing. • -.v/jj. In the mean Time the Paiticulars of tevejpy Ship's Cargo are t«ken, with the Name, Age, Siatm-e, jtnd ,Oificfe of every Man on Boards v,'hich is tranflated and printed in the Japvne/e Language. When the Exprefs is returned,- the Ship's Cxew are ptrmiued to come on Shore, and are all muftered befoj-e--ai-yk^a(?j^kCommiirary ; and every Perfon IS Called over aloud, and in ad c to give an Account of his Age, Qiiality, and Ofiice, to fee if it; agrees with the Pa-rticulars given in by the Dutch; after thife Examination they:r^re fens on Board again^ and the Sails of the Ship, v/ith the Guns, Arms Ammunition, and Helm, are brought on Shore, and th.« Hiit-chcs fealed down by a Japonefe Of- ficer ; nor can they be opened, vvhat&vei: the Ship's Crew want, with- out a Permifiion from the Governor, who always fends a Perfon to fee what is taken out, and feal them down again ; nor dare the Dutch Sai- lors light a Candle, or make any Noife on Board their Ships, any more thaii on bhorf . TKe Ships are allowed no Communication with one another; nor- is any Ofncer or Sailor fuScred to go on Shore, ex- cept the Perfons who arc appointed to carry the Company's Prefent to the King of Teddo, His Majeliy having accepted the Prefent, and prepared another for the Company, the Dutch Ofncer is conveyed to Nangajaque^ under a ilrong Guard, as he came. This Jou-rney, and the tjanfacting their mercantile Affairs, ufually take up about three Months and a half. The Dtitchy who attend the King on this Occafion, approach him on their Kn«es, with their Hands joined t^vgcther, and carried to their Fore- heads, as the 'japonefe Governors and Minillers alfo do. While the Dutch Ships lie in the Road, none of the "Japonefe are al- lowed to go on Board to trade with the Sailors ; and thofe that carry Provifionr? on Board, are not fufFcred to take any Money for them till tRe PermilTion to trade comes from Court, and then rhey deliver in their Acccwnts, and are paid. After this ihe ^npcmfc permit fix Perfons fronl every Veflel to come on Shore, and buy and fell for themfel-ves, and . flay four Drys, either in Difnia or in the City, as they fee fit; when thefe {•iX Men return on Board, fix others are allowed to go on Shore, and traffic in hke Manner, and fb on. The Good? are genernlly paid for in Bullion, or Pieces of Silver of ten or uy^ Crowns V^iluc, or ImaMer Piece*-, by Weighty for t^ey have fio Co'r/, except fomc little Pieces of Copper. Mtians. 3. Malays, 4. Spaniards. ^. Portugitefe. 6. Pintado* %t or painted People. And., 7. Mejhs, a Mixture of ail th^fe. Perfons and Habits. ^^ Their Perfons and Habits refemble thofe of the feverai Nations from whence they - derive their Original, which have been defcribed already ; only it is obfervable that the Features of the Blacks of thefe Iflands, are as agreeable as thofe of the VVhi:e People, Manila, lying between the Eaftern and V»^efiern Continents, was once elleemed the belt Situation in the World for Trade : Hither Silver was brought frona Mexico and Peru, as well as the Produce of Europe. Diamonds, and other precious Stones from Gclconda, Cinna- mon from Ceylon, Pepper from Sumatra and Ja-'ja, Cloves and N ut- megs from the Molucca SiVidi ^i ton ;•■. ::orrx tyf ■ Nor CTxn any Country in the Wbrid appear more beautiful ; tliere is a perpetual Verdure ; Buds, Bloflbms, and Fruit, are found upon the Trees all tlie Year'round, . as well on tke Mountains 9.5 in Gardens that are cultivated. Vad Quantities of Gold are wafhed dowo frojp the.JiiUs by^ tlje^Rains, and found mixed v/ith the Sand of their Rivers. .il^d £ Liit, ?M-. There ar& alfo^Mines of other Metals, and excellent Load-ft^'nes found here ; and fuch Numbers of wild Butlaloes, that a good • uatf- man on Horfebackr- armed vv'ith a Spear, wili.kill ten or -twenty in- a Day; the Spaniards tske them for their Skins, vyhjch they fell to ih-Q Chinefe, and their CarcaiTes fcrve the Moiintaineers fof Food. Their Woods alfo abound with Deer, wild Hogs .§nd Goatsj the -lall are fo plentiful in on-e of tkefe Hlands, that the Spaniards gave it the N^jcae of Cahras. They have alfo imported from Neiv Spain^ China, and J'aitg-Kt Horfes and Cows,^ which afre conuderably multiplied i but the Sheso they brought over came to nothing. Their Trees produce a great Variety of Gufjjs.all the. Year ; ens Kind, which is the commonell, by. the Spaniards called Brea, is uied inftead of Pitch- : • Of "ih^e- others, fomje arjs nied.i^i"4x ojc|iers ; odo- j-iferous. ^ '- ■X^^y'^'l'iC.*'^^'^■'^.'i^il^.cr^^^ .■?£j;r/7"?r.-''^^0 '^-' •: in ti\efe Iflands are Monkies and Baboons of a monHirous Bignefs, fliat will defend themfeives when attacked by Men.- , When th^*y can hnd no Fruit in the Mountain?,- they go down to the Sea to catch Crab* .•nci Ovilers ; and that the Oyiler may not clofe and c;itch their Paws, • ;.cv iiiil put in ^ Stone to prevent its Ihatdng clofc ; They tjiivc Crabs P ^ 3 ^f 454 Indidn and Oriental Iflands. by putting their Tails in the Holes where they lie, ^nd when the Crab Jays hold of it, they draw him out. There are alfo great Numbers of Civet Cats in this Ifland. The Bird called' TVi'z/^^, is a black Sea Fowl, fomething lefs than a Hen, and ha? a Ion?; Meek ; it lays its Eggs in the Sand by the Sea-fide, forty or fifty in a Trench, and then covers therii, and they are hatched by the Heat of the Sand. ' They have alfo the Bird Sqligan, which builds her Neft on the Sides of Rocks, as the Sw?.ilovvs do againfl a Wall ; and thefa are the deli- cious Bird-Neds fo much efteemed, being a Kind of jelly that diffolves in warm Water. , ' The Spaniards have introduced feveral of the American Fruits, vvhicb thrive here as well as in America', the Cocoa or Chocolate Nut parti- cularly, which increafes io, that they have no Occa/ion to import it from Mexico. There is alfo t;ie Tree Amet^ from whence the Natives draw Water; ^nd there is alfo a Kind of Carie, by the Spaniards called Fixuco, which, "if cut, yields fair Water enough for a Drkiight, of which there is plenty in the Iviouiiiains, where Water is moft wanted. Theie Iflands being hot and moift, produce Abundance of venomous Creatures, as the Soil does poifonotis Herbs and Flow.rs, which do not only kill thofe that touch ol- talle them, hut fo infeft the Air, that many People die in the Time of their BloiToming. The Orange,' Lemon, and ieveral other Trees bear twice a' Year; if they plant a iSprig, within a Year it becomes a Tree, and bears Fruit ; £nd theiefoiCj vvithout any Hyperbole, fays our Author, I may afhrm that 1 never fawfiich a verdant Soil, nor vVoods full of fuch old and thick Trees, nor Trees tha: yield more Suflenance to Man, in any Part of the World. However, ihefe Iflands are not without their Inconve- riencies, they are fubjeil to Earthquakes; and, in Stpiemher 1627, there V/as fuch a terrible one a: Manila^ that it levelled one of the Mountains called CarujaUo:y and, in the Year 1645, a rhird Part of the City of Manila was overthrown, and no lefs than three thoufand People pcrilhed in the Ruins. Another Earthquake, not much lefs dreadful, happened alfo the Year following:' ^f^:^'' Mindanao,^ Mindanao, the largell of thefe Iflands, except Manila, IS almolt the only one tliat is not fubjeft to Spain. It is near 200 Miles long, and 1 50 broad, inhabited by very different People; thofe of the Inland Country-are fuppofed to be the ancient P/^^^^z Inhabitants, whom the Mcihometanii that poflefs the Coails, have driven up into the Mountains. Air^'] The Air oi Minda7iao is not exceifive hot, 'tis faid, though it lies within fix Degrees of the Equator, being refreThed by the Sea Breeze on every Side in the Day-time. As to their Penons, they are of a pretty dark Olive, or Tawney ; the Stature moderate; their Features refem- bling the Malays, and, like them, they black their Teeth, and their iine long Nails diftingiiisli a Gentleman from a Pcafant : They wear a Kind of Linneir Frock and Drawers, when they are drelled, but gene- rally go almof^ naked ; they tie a Cloth round their tieads, vv'hich has {qiv.q Ref mbiancc of a Turban, but much lefs. The Drefs of the Women is not muclj unlike tiie Mens, on'y they wear a 1. tile ihort Petticoat. The Indian and Oriental Iflands. 45^ The Middle of the Country is woody and mountainous; but between the Hills are rich Vallies, and near the Sea Coafl: it is generally a plain Country, and produces Rice and fuch Fruits as ufually grow between. the Tropics. They have alfo the Lihby or Sago TrtC) of the Pith whereof they make Bread, and a great deal is exported, being firil dried and grained like Seed. The Plantain Fruit is very good and plentiful here, which is their principal Food, and of this they make their Drink. Dampicr relates, that he faw botli the Clove and Nutmeg Tree here ; but if thofe Trees do grow here„ their Fruit is not equal to what grows in th^-; Spice Iflands, or the Dutch would long fince have reduced this under their Power, as well as the other. They cannot be unacquainted with the Produce of the Iiland, for hither they come from Ternate frequently, and furnilh themfelvcs with Tobacco and Bees wax; Tobacco grov/ipg more plentifully in this Wand than in any Part of India. It is faid there are Gold Tvlines in the. Moun- tains ; but if there be, the Peopk that inhabit that Part of the Coun- try have not Skill enough to wprk them, for the Gold they bring down to traffic with is all Dqftj, which they get out of the Sands of their P^ivulets. The Midland Coantries,:,as,,weill as, the Coalls, are divided amongft a great many petty Princes. The Sultan oi Mindanao y who is a Ma- hometan, is the moli pov/erfui amongll: them ; he refides at the City of Mindajiaoy which ftands pji.jtj^t South Side of the Ifland on a fmall River two Miles from the Sea. The Ploufes liicre, like thofe of Siamy are built on Pillars fourteen or fifteen Feet high, to fecure them agaiaft the Flood, which <;oyeFS the flat Cpuntpes five or fix Months of the Year. The Sultan's Palace Itands upon near two hundred of fuch Pillars. He is abfolute in his Dominions, and has fome Ships of War as well as Land Farces. 1 ■^ H E SE Illands were ^{{coytrtd, hYTerdinfln'd Magellan, a Portu- giiefe Gentleman, w lO had ferved his native Country, both in the Wars oi Africa and in the Eajl -Indies -^ particularly under ^/^a- q^uerq^uBy the famous Fortugu?J'e General, who reduced Goa and Malacca to the Obedience of that Crown. Magellan having had a coniiderable Share in thofe A£lions, and finding himfeif negledted by the Govern- ment of Portugal, and even denied, as it is laid, the fmali Advance of a Ducat a Month in his Pay, left the Court of Portugal in Difguil, and. oitered his Service to Charles V. then Emperor of Germany, and King Gi Spain, to whom he fhev/ed there wai a Probability of difcovcring a Way to the Spice Iflands in the Eaji-Ivdies, by the Weft : Whereupon the Command of five fmall Ships being given him, he i'et fail from Se-vil on the loth of JaguJ} i^vq ; and, Handing over to the Coaft of South America, continued his Voyage to the Southward to 52 Degrees;^ where he formerly hit upon a Strait (fmce called the Strait o'i Magellan) which carried him into the Pacific Ocean, or So.uth Sea ; and theUi, lleering Northward, rcpafled the Equator ; after which he failed Weft over that vaft Ocean, till he arrived at Gua?n, one of the Ladrones, or- Marian Iflands, on the 6th of March 1520-21, and foon after came to the Iflands I have been d^fcribing, which he took PolTelfion of in the- Name of the King of Spain, but happened to be killed in a Skirmifa in one oi thofe Iflands; however his People afterwards arrived ac the Moluccasi or Clove Illands, vvhere they left a Colony, and returned F f 4. to 45 5 Indian and Oriental Iflands. to Spain by the Way of the Cape o^ Good Hope, being the firft Men that ever failed r und the Globe ; but there was no Attempt made by the Sp.niards to fubdue or plant the Philippine Iflands, until the Year 1564, ^h the Rpign of Philip II. King of Spain-, when Don Le--wis de Valafco^ Viceroy of Mexico, fent Michael Lope% Delagaftcs^ with a Fleet thither from Mexico f and a Force fufficient to make a Conqiieft of thefe Iflands, which he named t.\ic Philippines^ in Honour of PZvV// II. (Son ofCharlesV.) \vho was upon the Throne of Spain, and they have ever fince been fub- jeft to that Crown^ Their Viceroy refides at Manila^ and lives in the State of a Sovereign Prince ; and it is faid to be one of the jnoft pro- fitable Governments in the Gift of that King. The eftablifhed Religion here being the Roman Catholic, an Arch- bi(hop refides at Manila, who is a Kind of Pope in that Part of the Work? ; but as the Inhabitants of thefe Iflands are a Compound of every Jtidian Nation, every Religion is tolerated. The oeneral Language of the Philippines, as well as in the refl of the Oriental l^Tindii, within the Straits o{ Malacca, is the Malayan Tongue. The Spanijh and Chinefe Colonies, no doubt, fpeak the Language of their rc'petftive Countries ; and that of the Blacks, probably, is a Dia- led of the Malabar or Jenioe, fpoken in the Hither Feninfula oi' India, from whence they came. '' '* "^''-^^^i -i^'' OSicher 6, 1762.] The dtf ■^nd I^and of Ma?2ila w^s attacked and reduced by a Britijh Squadron mnder the Command of Admiral Comijh, and a Body o{ Britijh Troops commanded by Colonel Drt'^^sr ; and the Inhabitants, to f-we themfelves from being plundered, agreed to pay about a Million Sterling ; but this Conqueit is reftored to Spain by the Treaty of Peace fiuce concluded. Molucca^.'] The Molucca^?., or Clove Iflands, are all fituate under or very near the Equator. They produce neither Corn nor Rice ; but the Natives make their Bread pf Sagoe. Befides the Tropical Fruits, they once produced grpat Quantities of Cloves ; but the Dutch fend People ^very Year to root up ^11 the Plants of that Kind, left other Nations ifhould poiTcfs them, and have tranfplanted the Cloves io J?fibojna, which lies South of the Ifland of Ceram, The largefl: of the Molucca Jflands is Ternate ; 4f}4 tl}is is not thirty Miles in Circumference. J;.nh^yn&.'\ Amboyna, fays Mr. Uerbet, fits as Queen between the Iflands of Molucca and Banda, and commands both. Here the Dutch have a flrong CalUe, defended hy 7 or 800 Men, to proted their Plan- tations of Cloves. ' This Ifland is about 70 Miles in Circumference: Here tlie Englijh and Dutch had their refpedive Fadories and Settle- ipents, and had, by Treaty, agreed to divide the Traflic to th« Spice Ijland between them : But tht Du{ch, under Pretence of a Plot the Engli!Jy v.'cj-e concerned in .igainft thefehigh and mighty Ufurpers, fell upon the Englijh I- 'dfioxs and Merchants, textured them'by all the cruel Methods they could' invenf, in order to make them cpnfels a Plot, and then put theni to Dccith. They fcized upon tiie En^j^Hjh Shipping, ex- pelicd the Englip fror,i their Settlements in t\\^ JBanda, or 'Nutmeg- jilandi, which had put themfelve.. under the Proceftion of the King €)i' Grc^'! -Jritai?!, and acknowledged themfelves hi,-, Subjeifis, and pro- ceded 10 mailacre and extirpate the Natives, and thi.s' in a I'irnp of full Peace, in the Year 162^, jull after a Treaty was concluded be- t'.veea :!ic VA;,* Nations for confirming their rffppi^iive Rights anc^ Pof- fcJik-ns ' hdkn and Oriental Iflands. "457 feffions in the Eaji-lndies ; and they have continued in PoiTelHon of thefe invaluable Ifiands ever fince. ' '-" , , ' . Banda IJIes,"] The Banda Ifiaiitfs afe^ litaaie''?ourt)egrees South of the Equator, the largcft of them fcarce twenty Miles rounds and thefe alone produce the Nutmeg, which ^s covered by the Mace. Here aie moft of the Tropical Fruits, but fcarce any Corn or Cattle. . I'hc Dutch keep the Inhabitants entirely dependent on them for their Pro- vifions. ■■ L ■' '■-'' ;,,.• ;',;^,' ' ' . .'-. -.■,. '. .... Celebes.'] The Jfland oi Celebeh or Macdjj^, is- iituate und^r the Jiquator, between the Ifland of Borneo and l:he Spice lilands lall: ipen- tioned, being 500 Miles loiig, and 200 broad. This producers no Spice except Pepper, \>\xt Opium in A-biipd^jice ; and no Place is .ful'p jiifhed with a greater Variety, of Ppifons,, Th? Natives, jit is^rfeid, Hudy which will have the molt fpee.dy Operation. 'I'heir Darts vvhicJi are dipped in Poilbn, giveinfUnt I^eathf i^^a,^im,b be cut of|' imme- diately after the Vv^ound is recciv^4, jtrvs^iifi?,^ f^^^ This Illand the Dutch have poiTe/Ied thenifelves of, and fortiiipd as. 'a Barrier againll all Nation3.,tjhaX,/i}aU a5^^p^Tiptj[^9,y^^if jtl^e Jfl^^ vvjjg^e Cloves and Nutmegs gr^vy/^ 5"^, j^g^');^-^ ^^,,,,^V -jo •^j.^s.\i.m 3xi3 \o B^l Gilolo.] G/Iolof another large Ifland which He5 ucder the .-Equator, near the Spice iflands, .they i^ave/ortiti.edriji lijv.e Manner, ..'*C^;-'^;i 0/^;/, a IVTon- key as big as a Man, which fome of our Captains" have attempted to bring over; but being bred-ia & hot'aC^iJTiai5*.BiE?'di^sv^S-fooh a* he omes into cool Weatner. - ^uod^ iv WU a.uT .a-^^Ci ,; lo ..:!o^-^. The Co;ill of this Illand is governed by tKer'A/rfy?'^?/';;?/^;/ Princes, the Chief of whiph is the^ Sulian C^.ytorfg&r who fdficles at a City cf th-.t Name not far from Banjar-'MoJJ'etnr: There kre 6ther NiUions 6f Pa- gans very diifferent from thole who inhabit the inland Part of the Country, and have very little Correfpordence \vith the Mahometans or Foreigners Thefe People fhoot poifoned Dar'ts' at their Enemies, as the Natives of Ct'/^if^'j do. ' v '''-'■•' '^ /: " Sumatra.] The Illand f^fA^^?^^?^''^]'' Which lias Malacca^ov\. the Nor'' , Borneo on the Fall, and Jai'a on the South- F.aft, from which it ib :• vided by the Straits of Sunda, is divided into^tvvo equal Parts by C\ ■ Equator, extending five Degrees and upwards, Ndnh .Well of it,, .- .: five to the South Eaf«, and is Yddo Miles loiig-,"'and 150 brDjiJ. ,. I . •» is fuppoieJ to Le'the 0/ZVr of "LlicAncie^n'ts, being rich in Gold y ■ . : com( 45 S Indian 2ind Oriental Id^Lnds- what the Europeans trade with them chiefly for, is their Pepper : Both the Englijh and Dutch have feveral Colonies and Settlements here ; the Chief of the Britijh Settlements are thofe of ^encoole7i, and Fort Marl- borough on the Well Coaft, from whence the Eafi-India Company im- port more Pepper than from any other Country in hidia. There are alfo great Quantities of the bell Walking-Canes imported from thence. The Natives are of a very fwarthy Complexion, but not black. The Coalls are poiTeiTed by yiakcmetan VnwzfSiy of v/hom the King of ^r/6^«> at the North End of the liland, is the moll confiderablc. The inland Country is in the Pofreffion of feveral Pagan Princes, who have but little Correfpondence with Foreigners. Their Animals, Corn and Fruits, are generally the fame as in the adjacent Illands. 'j'a^a.'\ The Iflandof Java is lituate South of Bo7-?ieo, being 70a Miles long, and 200 broad ; a mountainous and woody Country in the Middle, but a fat Coall, and a great many Bogs and Moralles in it, which render the Air unheakhful. It produces Pepper, Sugar, Tobacco, Rice, Coftee, Cocoa-nuts, Plantains, and other Tropical Fruits. . . ./i 3viii;'j]:r.',.uu . The prefent Inhabitants are a' Mijfture of many Indian Nations, whom the Dutch have brought from the feveral illands in thefe Seas, which their High and Mighty States have poiTcfled themfelves of; or fuch as have fled hither from China rather than fubmit to the Tartar Princes, which now reign in that Kingdom. The Dutch are abfolute Mailers of the greatell Part of the Ifland, particularly of the North Coail, though there are Hill fome Princes beyond the Mountains on the South Loail, who maintain their Inde- pendency. Bata^ia is the Capital of all the Dutch Dominions in India, an ex- ceeding fine Town and Port, well fortified and defended by a Callle and a itrong Garri.on ; they have fifteen or twenty thoufand Forces in the Ifland, either Dutchy or formed out of the feveral Nations they have enflaved ; and they have a Fleet of betvv'een twenty and thirty Men of War, with which tl^ey give Law to every Power on the Coalt of Jf^a and Africa, and to all European Powers that vifit the Indian, Ocean, having expelled ih^ Englijh and every other Nation from the beil Branches of the Indian 1 raflic, and particularly from the Spice Iflands. It Vvas but a little before the Revolution they expelled us from our Settlements at Bantatn, but no Nation has been dealt more cruelly with than the Chinefe, who fled thither for Refuge j there are an hundred Thoufand of thefe People in the Ifland, and about thirty Thoufand of them refided in the Q\X.y o^ Batavia, where they had a particular Quar- ter afflgned them, and grew very rich by Traftic. In the Year 1740, the Dutch, pretending the Chinrfe were in a Plot againll them, fent a Body of Troops into their Quarter, and demanded their Arms, which the Chinefe readily delivered up ; and the next Day the Governor fent another Body of Troops "amongll them, and mu dered and malfacred everyone oi i\i.<^ Chinefe, Men, Women, and Children: Some relate they were twenty Thouland, others thirty Thoufand, that were put to Death without any Manner of Trial ; and yet the barbarous Governor, who was the Inflrument of this cruel Proceeding, had the Aflurance to embark for Europe, imagining he had amafled Wealth enough to fecure himfelf againfl any Proiecution in Holland i but ihe Dut^h, finding jihemfclves Indian and Oriental Iflands. 450 themfelves detefted and abhorred by all Mankind for this Piece of Tyranny, endeavoured to throw the Odium of it on the Governor, though he had the Hands of all the Council of Bata'viay except one, to the Order for the Ma/Tacre. The States therefore difpatched a Packet to the Cape of Good Hope, containing Orders to apprehend the Gover- nor of j5<2/«i;/^,' if he came to j^^ro/^ that Way, and fend him back to Bata'X'ia to be tried ; and he was apprehended at the Cape, but has never been heard of fmce ; it is fuppofed he was thrown over Board in his Paflage to Bata- -r \Ab\fhnay OX th^ Up-f \Amba?nariam- North Eaft Divifion, ) ■ -'-^ c.j- ,- V J\ l ' ^ per Etbtopiaj com > ^^^ /O '^^mx IraF 'rh'4io/ tVi'/A C?'wiw3?? \iv \. 8 J n^tJv/J^d / r iiiM j!"^ ib/itt x-^'^Xh'X-f \\X%\\ >6 \x. ^'^^^'^ HiiowE^, iic| «n£930 wsiVh^V W^ bnB t^V**. irij .solJi)^ bf ,a« PHICA 7 V.-K:fr,y.ei, Vl£ /" - g'y_ yj'^'^ " V:'" J^ *^ Grand Diriflons. South Divifion North of Caffraria South Weft containing Weflern Divifion Mm \Ang Divifion, yCo//j E G r P T. Subdivifions, Terra de ISJatal, and Caffrariuy or the Hottentot Country, furrounding the Cape of Good Hope V Monomotopa — — . \ Monomugi - ■ ■ Mataman nguela gola ■ Congo )Loango Benin ■461 Chief Towns, ' Natal Cape To^Mn* f Guiney Nep-roh nd \ aara Z Biledulgerid Morocco }4 Mogar J Meranco, No Toijons J r Benguela / \Loando \ jSt. Sal'vador Loango Benin Cape CoaJi-CaJlU James Fort* r Algiers ^ r Sanhaga, C \ Dara 3 {.Fez. North Divifion, or J Tunis Barhary Coaft | Tripoli ^ (_ Bare a The Middle of Africa^ formerly called the Lower Ethiopia^ is very Kttle known. The African lilands will be defcribed after the Continent. ^ A/f/;u7nE G T p r.^M^i^r^ SituatiGn and Extent, !6oo Mites in Length, 150 Miles in Breadth. Between \ and i E. 1 5 1 -"■ Lon. Boundaries.]^ T> O U N D E D by \.he Mediterranean ^Q^y North; by J3 the Red Sea, Eall ; by Ahyjlnia, or the U^^^v Ethio- pia, on the South ; and by the Defart of Barca, and the unknown Parts of Africa, Well. Divldons. 46z E G r p r. ■ Diviilons. Subdivilions. Chief Towns. Grand Cairo ^ E . Lor » 32. N. Lat. 30. Nort"hern Divificn J ^ r ^* I ) Bulac . • \ Lower Eo-ytt — > < a? ,. contains ) ^-^^ \ \ Mex^ nha Rojetto _ Dtimietta* Southern Dlvifion 5' j, e, F..,*, 1 < SayJox Thde, contains I Uppers,,,, _ jj^^- Ri^er Nile.] The Nile is the only River in the Country. It iiTues €ut of a Lake in Abyjjlnia, and bending its Courfe generally North, enters Egypt, and runs from South to North the whole Length of the Kingdom, falling into the Lcvatit Sea by feveral Channels, of which the Chief are thofe of Rofetta and Damictta, fo named from thefe Towns which ftand upon them. Thefe two Branches form a Triangle, called the Delta, being about an hundred Miles afunder, at their falling into the Sea. The Nile begins to rife when the Sun is vertical in Ethiopia^ and the annual Rains fall there, nji^i the latter End of May. It con- tinues to rife till September or October, when the Banks are cut, and it IS let into the Khalis, or grand Canal, which runs through Cairo, and irom thence is dillributed to their Fields and Gardens. ^ It ufually rifes to 24 Feet in September y and from that Time it con- tinues to fall until the latter End of May the following Year, when the irlood returns. The Day the Nile rifes to its proper Height is folemnized by a Fefti- val and Fireworks, and all other Marks of public Joy, as it was an- ciently, and numberlefs Canals are opened to convey it to all Parts of ^Q. Country, according to certain Rules prefcribed. Catarads of the Nile.] As to the Cataradls in the River iV//^4 which both Ancients "and Moderns have magnified f^^ extravagar^tlyrSelling us, that the Water falls from a prodigious Height, and that People are deafened with the Noife of it, Dodior Sha^ on the contrary aflures us, they are only ordinary Falls of Water which we frequently meet with in great Rivers, v/here the Stream is a little confined, and that: they are navigable, fo that a Boat may pafs them {^S^u^t;^-. ^^tjle^W^ejA ^Bw^c,h 0/ the J^ik; 4. uamieitay or Peiu/tufH^ is^- fitpate.Q^-tJei^pt^BrancJ^ of the iV//-?^ 4 Miles South of the i^j-v^^w/,., ' /.^V '1.. ■ [- * ;. ji > ^ . 5. Butar is fituate pn, the ' Nik^' i\^o%li^;'^^^^^ Cairgy and the Port Tdv.n Id It. ' ;. ';^.'\'i^-'r\\l^,,:^.^ -,r ^r^^^ r- v- Miies South ^ofC^/^.^--^- . j ^ ,.^^4^ j/i:r;'af>0 o^t to ^^i^ey\ r- 7. C#r, aPortT^ovvn, Jltuate'cn tlie Weft Coall .©f.the :^^y Sea< 300 Miles South of .Sz^^z. -, . . -^ - Animals.^ Th^u /^X^X^ Dxepj, Sheep, and Ca- mels, common to ..the'^.adj accent .feounhies, will be deicribed among their Curiofitjes;'' onlyJ.it ma)^ be pbferved here, th^t they have an ex- traordinary Breed^'^V^^psJ..^^^ a Journey very well^ and \)it'ChriJIians^ jt",'reem5^'„ar.el Mot fullered to xide upon any other Bealh A IVavelkJ- l^ir^^^^ Beaft (or his Servant) as well as'the^A!(s',^wlio^,t?:Q'i!3'l^^ a^id pricks him alone: with a Kind of Qoad. ,, ._:,^ , .\^ ,:^^ ..^ ^., • 4,^. .-.^ '^!'ffi^'X -Tr^X^^}^. Qf^P^y>M^^^ a.:^Priful at C«/r^ for the Pro- teftiou.of T^heix/'T^a§Cj.\V;l«fchj^ Produift of their Gountryr coniTlU^cH;efly iji ,jth^ Coflee^-iViinkincenfe,- Gum, Drugs, and other Merch^idi^i^ b:pj4g:^tofro|^.^^^^^ Countries, wdiich ^^^y:f?R°4 A^'l^^^^coi i.^:w'yrn>,oV i£?in "i ?-«^''' •■''.ijA.^VolL'b'np ifi!^;.i$i divided into feveral Priii- cipalitiesy the f rlncfs whercpOare S.<9verqigns in their refpeftive Ter- , litories, the iBaflatri^nfji^Sv'/^p^hing without their Concurrence. ^'^^ ^"''^^ ^9 %^^jh Qt- able to them. As- tp^^preign Enemies, the Egyptians h.2i\-Q none at pre-* !•■• ,-'iv ■/, . > ■ ienf, E G r P 9*. 46$ fent, but they are frequently engaged in Civil Wars among themfelves, or in Conteft with the Turkijh Baflks. Per/ons and Habits."] As Egypt is inhabited by feveral different Peo- ple, their Stature, Complexion, and Habits are different. The Turks and Arabs are neither alike in their Stature, Complexion, Habits, or Way of Life. The Turks are tall, fair, perfbnable Men, and cloathed as in Turkey. The Arabs are a fwarthy, fmall limbed People, and live in Tents all over the Country, pitched in a circular Form, which JCind of Village they call a Dour ; they lie upon Mats, and the Blan- kets they wrap about them in the Day-time, ferve for a Covering in the Night. Both Turks and Arabs rife very early, conftantly attending the public Devotions at Break of Day, again at Noon, at Sunfet, and at the Setting of the Watch when it begins to be dark. The Egyptian Women that are not expofed to the Sun have fine Complexions as well as Features, of which Sort no doubt Cleopatra was, who captivated two c\iiQi Roman Generals. As to the Moors and common People, who are Natives of the Country^ they are almoft as fwarthy as the Arabs in this hot Climate, Gypjies.'] From this Country comes that vagrant Race called Gyp- iies ; there are a Multitude of Gyplies, or pretended Gypfies, difperfed in every Kingdom of Europe and AJia. They were originally called Zinganees by the Turks, from their Captain Zinganeus, who, when Sul- tan ^f/zza/^/ made a Conqueft oi Egypt about the Year 1517, refufed .to fubmit to X\it Turkijh Yoke, and retired into the Dei'arts, where they lived by Rapine and Plunder, and frequently came down into the Plains of Egypt, committing great Outrages in the Towns upon the IJile, under the Dominion of the Turks. But being at length fubdued, and baniihed Egypt, they agreed to difperfe themfelves in fmall Parties, into every Country in the known World -, and as they were Natives of Egypt, a Country where the occult Sciences, or black Art, as it was called, was fuppofed to have arrived to great Perfeftion, and which, in that credulous Age, was in great Vogue with People of all Religions and Perfuafions, they found the People wherever they came, very eafily impofed on. Di'verjions.] Jugglers, Fortune -Tellers, and Ballad-Singers, are found in the Streets of Cairo, as well as other Cities ; but what feems to be peculiar to them is, their Dancing-Camels, which are taught to dance by being fet upon a heated Floor : This giving them a great deal of Pain, they lift up their Legs as if they were dancing, a Fellow bcat« ing on a Drum at the fame Time ; whenever the Animal hears a Drum, therefore he falls a dancing. Their Fortune-Tellers breed up Birds, which are taught to carry little Scrolls of Paper from their Mailers to People who -come to enquire what Luck they (hall have, in which is found his good or bad Fdttune written, to which great Faith is given. . -. Curioftties.] The Curiofi ties ^{ Egypt, befides thofe already men- tioned, are i\\t WppopotaMs, -^it Kivti-Hork ', it is larger than an Ox, the hinder Part much like one, and its Head like a Horfe j hav- ing thick large Feet with Claws, and a Tail like an Elephant. It is an amphibious Animal, comes out of the River, and feeds on Grafs in the Meadows : There are but few am<3tjg the.m, are rarely feen of late Ycars.in JE"^j//; but, as I remember. Captain i^o^^r/ relates, he faw G g forot >'^6 s. G r p r. fome o'i the fame Species of Animals in Terra de Nataly the South-Eaft Part of jlfrica^ and others have been feen at the Cape of Good Hope. The Crocodile I take to be a Species of AlhgatorSi which are common jn the Mouths of Rivers of jnoit warm Countries ; jthis too is an amphi- bious Anirnal of c^reat Leno-th, fome of them twenty Feet lon■; s..^i v\..\.uv\ ;.,■•• ,r whom they exprefs an extraordinary Veneration, but the T-urks dtfpire the Hypociites. . > Many of thefe Santo's go perfedly naked. about the Streets, with- out the leall Rag to cover them, fuffering their. Hair ..to grew to an unreafonable Length : In this Condition they vifit the Hcufes o Per fons of DiiUnftion, and fit down to Dinner without any Iiivitatiojij and leave their Tables with as little .Ceremony as they entered ; and it is looked upon iis no ;0nall Bleffijig to a Ho.ufe to receive a Vifit from tiicfe People. The ancient Egyptians worfiiipped not only the P^ia.nets, but feveral Sorts of Birds and Beaiis, and even Leeks and Onions ; but the Beait ,tl;cy moft adored was a black Ox, under the .Naine oi Jpis. The Pc;fterity of the antient Egyptians are held to be the prefsn C^phiic Race, ar.iop^- whom, it is generally held, St. Mark firll planted Gg 2 Chiiiliaaiijr '46i E a r P T. i Chriftianlty, and was the firft Blihop of J/exandria, then the Metropolis of Egypt. Their Jurifdidllon was fettled by the Council of Nice^ over all the Churches of the Diocefe of Egypt, which included Lybia, Pentapolis, and Egypt f properly called ; and afterwards the Ethiopian, or Abyffinian Churches became fubjefl to this Patriarch, and have ever fince ac- knowledged a Relation to him. They differ from the Church of "Rome in adminiftring the Sacra- ment of the Lord's Supper in both Kinds ; and allow neither extreme Unftion, nor the Eucharift to be adminiftered to the Sick. Neither do they agree with that Charch in the Points of Purgatory, or praying for the Dead, Revolutions and memorable Events. TH E Egyptians are a very ancient Nation ; there are reckoned above fixty Princes of the Line of the Pharaoh* s, and they reign- ed, it is faid, in an uninterrupted Succeifion, to the Year of the World 435, when Pharaoh P/ammenlius, the fecond Monarch of that Name, was conquered by Camhyfes IL King of Perfia, who united Egypt to that Empire, under which it remained till the Reign of Darius, being upwards of 100 Years, when it revolted from that Crown, and be- came an independent Kingdom again ; in which State it continued about fifty Years, when Ochus, King oi Perfia, recovered the Dominion of it; and it remained fubjedl to the P^r/?«« Monarchs x\\\jtilexander the Great defeated Darius IIL when it fell under the Power of that Prince, with the reft of the Provinces of the Perjian Empire. r. tr ■ After the Death of Alexander, Ptolemy, the Son Cii LaguSihr, vd others infinuate, the Son of Philip of Macedon, and confequently half Brother of Alexander, found Means to mount the. Throne of Egypt, and rendered it an independent Kingdom onCe again, whofe Succeilors, Kings of" Egypt, ever after retained the Name of Ptolemies ; in which Line it continued between two and three hundred Years ; the lalt Sovereign being the famous Cleopatra, Wife and Siller to Ptolemy Dio^ nyjlus, the laft King, and Miftrefs to. Julius Ccr/ar and Marc Antho7iy, fucceffively. It was Ptohmy Philadelphus, Son of the firft Ptolemy, who colleded the Alexandrian Library, faid to confift of feven hundred thoufand Volumes ; and the fame Prince caufed the Scriptures to be tranflaled into Greek ; but whether by feventy-two Interpreters, and in the Manner as i'? commonly related, is jullly quellioned. The Ptolemies fometimes extended their Dominions over great Part of N,,J.a^ , I ^^ ,- ,bf ^^PMife^ia^fe^^t^ ., Boundaries,] T? O U N D E D by Egypt, and the Defart of Barca, r^r^.^v. ,, IJ on the North; by the Red Sea, and the Country of Anidn, on the Eaft ; by the fame Country of Aniati, and the unknown Parts of Africa, South ; and by the other unknown Part of Africa, V/eft. DIvifions. Subdivlfions. .Jr-'r, Chief Towns* Eaftern Divlfion - 5 ^^^ ^^^% f. ^^^^» \ \ Dcncale. { on the Red oea, "^:^ ( Middle Divifion — AhyJ^niaVxo^cr, "Amharmarjam* Weftera Divfion — l^ubia, — - •— " iiuhia^ G g 3 Aif 'fya Abyrfinid, ^r /^^ Up/?r Ethiopia. Ah' and Sed/o/i.] This Country is pretty much incumbered'' witi?; Mountains of" the Form of a Cone, or Suga-r-LoafV but well covered with Trees and Herbage. The Vallies between them are exceflive hot in Sammer, but it is always cool upon the Mountains^. As AbxJJtnia lies between the Tropics, it feldora fails of the Pe- riodical Rains in May^ when the Sun is vertical, which d'efcend in Torrents from the Mountains, and fwell the Rr\-er A7/^, which rifsai- i^i this Country from feveral Lakes, and' riinning North into Egypf^ kys the iiat Country of Ethiopia' under/Watpr,- as well as die Vallies' in Eg}r' ' :£ J .no' Soil and Produce."] This Country thus fiappily watered,, produces Plenty of Corn, Rice, Millet, Dates-, Grapes, Flax, Cotton, Sugar, Salt and Sulphur : Their Flax is elleemed the finell in the World ; and from hence, it is faid, the Egyptians had theirSy of which they made the fine Linnen" of Egypt mentioned in Scripture. Gold is alfo very plentiful here, of which \.\\e Turks get feme; and' had the Ethiopians an Opportunity of bartering it for the Merchandize di Europe, it is thought we might meet with as great Plenty of it here" as any where, t-kough there are no- Gold Mines wrought : They have Mines of Silver and Copper, the laiter of which they work, and have a good deal of that Metal; and, if is faid^ they haVe the largell Eme- ralds in the World. ' -'i^'^^^ - Animals.'\ Here are Camels'," 'Oxen ^ Sheep, and other Cattle, ia' great Plenty, and very large ; as alfo wild Beafts, Crocodilos, Ijjc, com- snon to the reft of Africa ; but what they aire moft famous for, is an ex- cellent- Breed o>t Horf.e», equal to thofe of Arabia ; or as fome conjec- ture, thofe of Aralva are, iil> Reality, bred in AbyJiniUf where they abound in rich Pafturcs. MannfaSIures mid Traffic.] Thtjenvs are f^d to be the only Wea« vers and Smitlis amongft them ; and for the other Handicrafts, fuch as Carpenters, Taylors and Shoemakers, tvery Man breeds up his Chil- dren to the Trade or Profellion he ufes himfelf. There are particular- famiiics, wliofe BuGueftitit to make Trumpets, Horns, l3c. and thofe icveral Trades, like the t^aill or ""rribes in the Eaji-Indies, live fepa- liUely, afid do not intermix with any other- Trade or Tribe, either by Marriage ''w othcrv/ife. The Silks,.- Stuffs, Callicoes^ Ivinen and Carpets, they ufe for Fur- niture, or CloirthJrr?, thry recci'v-e from ths furks-, by the Way o^^ the Red Sea, who take the CJoid and Emeral.ls of AbyJJinia in Re- turn for the Merchandise, with fome fine Horfes : The Brokers, or Merchants, between the Turks !ind AbyJJinians, are "Jeivs, Arabians y^ or Armefiian ChrKliana ; few or none of the Natives trade or travel Abroad. When the Pcrtugue/e firft found th; whit;h. foinc imai^iae v.i«5 g^ivea kiai,, becaule ha feemed 'AbyfTinia, cf j/je Vpper Ethiop'm. 'j^yi fe'^med to be the High-Prieft of his Religion as well as King, having a Crofs always carried before Him, and acting as fupreme Governor in Ecclefiaflical Affairs as well as Civile in all Cafes except .that of Ordi- nation. Others fay, the Turks and Arabians gave him the Title of Prejfcr Chan or Chanty that is, King of the Sla^vesy they receiving moil of their black Slaves from Ethiopia, of whkh he was Sovereign. But however that be. Travellers generally agree, that his own Subjedls ftile him Ne- gus, or King, and omner Negdfcha Ncgafcht, which in their Language llgnifies Kiiig of Kings, to c^ilHjngtilfh him from the Printes and Gover- nors of Provinces, who are ililed alfo Negus, They have a Tradition, that their Princes are defcended from 6"^/^- mon, by the Queen of i'i'^^^^z. fijii iow ;(9ilj riDiriv, 'io lajyj 'ua) ^isqffoO b^'r < They h£i*e^no' Ifi'heri-tahlce*' In their Lanas,^J^i||^liemfelve?', their Lands and Goods, are the Lords Property. ',* King's Jrms.] The.K,ing's Arm5 are a Lion Rartipant, ;vith the fol- lov^'ing Motto, The Lion of the Ti'ihe of ^uda is ^vidoriciis. Knights.'] The only OrdSr of Knighthood here is that of St. Jnthonyi being partly religious and partly militaZ-y,, Of thefe there are feveral Thoufands, .v.. ,,,- ijyvi , •:i-.::.H. • Ferfons arJ HhhitL'] It is here that the black Coinplexion iirft takes Place, but the Natives are of a good Stature, and their Features reo-u- lar ; they are not at all like the Negroes of Guinea, and the South of Africa, who have generally flat Nofes, thick Lips, and very Ihocking Countenances, in the Opinion of the white People. The bett-:r Sort of them are cloathed in Vefts made of Silk, Stuffs, ©r Cotton, pJr^.r the Manner of the pranks in Turkey ; but their rjoor People go almofl naked, having oiily a .{ipall Piece of Skin or coarfe Stuff wrapped about their Waifls. Genius.'\ They are faid to have a great deal of Vivacity and natural Wit; to be of a teachable Difpofitioji, and fond of Learning, thougii they have but few Opportunities of improving themfelves. FQGd.''\ They have no other Bread but Cakes, baked on the' Hearth. They eat all Manner Of Flelh' but Swine?' Fleflijf and fuch other Meats as were prohibitf-d to the Jt-xvs,^ They abflain alfo from Things flrang- ;^ed, and from Blood, kil'Hng their Meat and. draining the Blood from it as the Je-j:s do. Their great Men arc above feeding themfelves, but are fed by their Servants with Spoons. The ufwal Drink is Mead or Metb«gHn, their Country abounding in Honey. They have alio Liquors made of Wheat and Rice. They linje in Tents Part of the Tear,] The King and Court live in Te.nts during the fair Seaf©n, making a Tour throxigh great Part of G 5 4 the 472 A N I A N. the Country aftnuaTIy, and are follcrwed from the Towns by Multitude^ of Artificers and other Inhabitants. Jrms.'\ Their Arms arie Swords, Lances, Bows and Arrows ; bat they have feme Fire- Arms, which they purchafe of i\i&Turks. Language."] The following Pater-Nojier is a Specimen of the AhyJJl^ nian Language. Ahbabn fchirf/u ; feUnJkgi %ehonJha ; meffiaq fpirfa ; i/chir jergajh^ femjkaay, and baptize them a Fortnight after. They have but two Sacraments, 'u/.':;.Baptjfm and the Eucha rift, and give the Bread and the Cnp both to Clergy and Laity, They believe the real Prelence in the Sacrament, but not Tranfubitantiation. They have neither Archbifliops, Bifhops, or any Order faperior to Priefts ; only the Abbot of every Society of Monk* is their Superior, and has fome Authority over them. Thefe Monks do not live in Cloifters or Convents, but evtry qjiq in his own Hut, forming aiKind of Village near fome Church, where' they perform divine Service in their Turns : Their inferior Ordeis, be- low the PrielVor Prcfbyter, are the Sub-Preibyter, Deacon, and Sub- Peacon. The Monks never marry. Marriages.] Poligamy is prohibited Ky tHeir Laws, but generally praftifed. I'he King has at leaft a hundriBd Wiyes and Coivcu^if^es, and every Man as many ai he pleafes. ^^-^^^a^^I^**. " Funerals.]. They have no particular Fun<*taV Service, but the Prie^s read over fome Paliag^S in the Pfalms faltalfe'to the Occafion, and the Deceafed is laid in his Grave without a Coffin, hi'^ Relations mourning fome few Months 'in Rags, and a negle^ed Drefs. They rend their Cloaths upon their fcceiyingill N«W5,«»(i other, Hielancholy Gccafioas, as many of thcvAiKientsv did.v'^'/ijia".' ^n\h:rlb-'^ '\t P#s- s\:Z ^ZiALlntiVl A N I A N. Situalkn and Extent* Between j and t E. Lon. I 1900 Mile* in Length. Between < Equator v N. Lat. / I 300 Miles in Breadth. Boundaries »\ Z AN G U E B J R;, ^7j Boundaries.'] TJ O U N D E D hy idat Rtd Sea^ and the Straits of JJ Babelmandelf on the North ; by the Indian Ocean, Eaft ; by Zanguebar^ South; aad hjAbjiffinifi^ aud the unknown Parts oi Africa, Weft, il 1o !?l«-i.:;'-x;a Y5.i? fb^n^^ ,:n.iA--i.3 sf; It is a barren, fandy Defarj, . ^pxcefliyc hot, containing fcarce any Towns, and very few Febplei except Tome ^r^^ Tribes, that live in Caixips ; and thefe in all Vd^nsoi Africa, are of a tawney Complexion* but not black ; the cluef-Piaces. ar6\iiWe« and i^^^ ^ - ft , V J ^iittdtion and Extent. Uctween ^ and yp.Lbn. /l^^' ."^ ' 1 35^ Miles in Breadtljj C 40 Between < Equator v S. Lah I I 14.00 Miles in Length; 4 and 23 J ' -^ ^ Boundaries, "l T> OU N D E P hjJInian, on the North ; by the IndiOfi X) Ocean, oA the Eaft; by the Tropic of Capricorn i South ; and by Mowmugi, and .the unknown Parts of Africay Weft. Divifions. Provinces, Chief Towns. Ihe North Divliionf^^^'^ ^f'^■^'^^ J J^^'u^ ^* ^°''' ^^^ I Mombaze < ■ j C Mombaxe, The Middle D^vifipni ^-^f^ df,^aphel — J X Montagnatg contains' ./ -n .1 ^'Vf« . ."^^^ — " 3 t ^'^^^• TKe South liiviiiO^ J Mo/ambi^ue '■■ J I Mo/amhi^ue contains J Sofala — — 3 "^ Sofala, jttr. The Air of this Couritiy would be intolerably hot, if it waj^ Jiot cooled by the annual, Rains, which overflew the Country, and the Breezes from the Sea. Soil and Produce,'] It is well watered , by Klvjerg, which render the Soil exceeding fruitful. Rice and Maize are their principalGrain, and the Country is well planted with Cocoa's, Plantains, Sugar Canes, Oranges, Lemons, and other Tropical Fruits. From hence alfo the Portuguefe are farniflied with Geld, Slaves, and Ivory, brought from the Inland Parts of Africa. From hence alfo they import Oftrich Fea* thers. Senna, Aloes, Civit^ Ambergr^afe, and Frankineenfe. The Country is very popnlou :, confifting chiefly of Negroes ; the City of Melinda alone is faid to contain 200,000 Inhabitants. Go'verrtment.] The Portuguefe are Soverei^'-ns of all the Coafis, hav- ing great Numbers of black Princes iubjett to them. Religion.^ -474 € A F F R A R 1 A. Religion.'] TKey relate they have made a Multitude of Converts %6 ChrilHanity, whom they have taught to cloath themfelves with the Manufaftures of Europe, which the Portugue/e purchafe of the Englijh. The Religion of many of the People, howevier, efpecially at a Diitance from tne Coail, is ftill the Mahometan^ or Pagan Superitition. The Portugue/e Language is generally fpoken all along the Coalt oi Africa ; befides which, the People of Zanguebar have a Language of their own, cf which the following Pater-nofier is a Specimen : ^ota £i monte i ho/a azure inacla agifa, anfonfa ara quereola azurela o amano ', a fonnimonte ioura toma^montio^tro a fauco ; o auga7nont plecha vion ttlfjiont augomos . pi^kofnon^. i^'ow!^. fnsttt aucrmont motne% Amen. ■?■, i-r./for/.'^W^ iud ; bJ^oW.-5;ij lo uikS ^rii u. '■T a C A F F R A R I K^^: or the Countr.y of the Hottentots* including litn'di de NatarL ^ipuativn and Extent, ;Betwec-n 4 "ah<£';^ E. Ldtt;^^ '^] 3- f 1120 Miles in Lengtk» < and C 8. Lati-^'^"¥l - OU>lDEr) on the North, by the Kingdom of ' ■ XJ' Monomotapaj and encompaiTed on the Eaft, South, and Weft, by the great Southern Ocean, the Cape of Good Hope being the moll Sonthern Promontory o'i Africa, Divisions. Sabdlvifions. , Chic^f Towns. The South Divifi^iv '«IS, The Weflern Divifion J AderartCoaftpoffefs'd ) ^ ^^ ^^^^^ MountaiHsi\ '^Th the Company^s Garden, which is one of the er^atell Cuiiofitiea in Nature and Arc ; the Foun- tains are raifed to what Height they pleafc, by this Brook that delcends from the TabU IViouhUaiu. Harbours in C AF F R A R I A. 47^ Warhojirst Bays, and Capes.] As to Harbours, I do not meet with any, though it has a Sea-coaft of a thoufand Miles and upwards; but ii has on the Weft the Bay of St. Helena, the Bay of Soldania, and 'liable Bay ; and on the Eall Hermofa Bay, aad the Bay of St. Bras^ The Capes are tho-feof the Cape 'of- Gw^ Hope, and Jguillasy both of them in the South. " ' Air.] The Valleys would be excefTive hot,, if they were not encam- palled by the vail Southern Ocean, from whence the Wind blows on every Side almoft ; and they are fcarce ever free from Storms a Weeky which raife the Waves of this extenfive Ocean to fo vaft a Height, that they are, in a literal Senfe, frequently Mountains higii ; fuch as we never fee in this Part of the World ; but though thefe Storms are troublefome, it makes the Country very healthful. If they happen to" have a Calm of any Duration, all the People are troubkd with the Head ach ; but Abundance of rich Ships have feeen call away by thefe Storms upon the Coail ; for there are no Harbours here. Tiie Dutch fometiroes lofe whole Fleets as they lie at Anchor before the Town, and they are forced to moor their Giiardlhips with- ibong Chains inllead of Gables. Soil and Produce.] Here (.In the Company's Garden) are the mo2: delicious Fruits of Ajia and Europe, growing within Squares of Bay- Hedges, fo high and thick, that the Storms coming otf the Oceany can prejudice them but little; and thefe Hedges afford a moft lefrefli- ing Shade in the hot Seafon. In this Garden is alfo a fine Grove of Chefnut-trees that the Sun cannot penetrate. Here alfo we meet witii Peaches, Pomegranates, Citrons, Lemons, Oranges, v/ith the Apples a-nd Pears of Europe intermixed, all excellent in their Kind ; and here we fee the Crimfon Japan Applies, which,, intermixed with the greer* Leaves, appear fixceedi^g, .bcautiJ»l.,y. HJe^^(Jv.aifo *^|ows the India.i Guava. ) io ^qeO an: ,rrfi9DO n-f'n'bL"^^ ik9i*< s' ' They have fcarce any Fruit-trees, the natuBal Produ6Hon of the Country, at leall fu-ch as the Euro^a'tis. care to taile of, though the Hottentots eat fome of them. "^'J-'vja.o ^^^ Three or four Sorts of Almohd-tfaes have' 5een brought hither whic'y War Fruit once in three Years ; and ay they have large Plantations of them, yield the Dutch ii confiderablc Profit. The Annanas, «r Pine-Appl-e, a liioft delicious Fruit, alfo is planted in ihek Gardens.- \ ' ' _ ,:• Here we meet with four Sorts of Camphire-trees, the b^ll whereof v>as tranfplanted from Borneo , tht other three cams from S-umafra^ China and Japan', the Leaves, being r-ut)bed between the Fingers, Ijncll ftrong of Camphire. Jt was a great while it feems before they r-aifed any confiderable Vineyards : They carried thither at riril Vine-Stocks from the Bank? of the Rhhie, and from Fe-rfia, in fmall Parcels, which grew pretty well, and furniihed them with Grapes for eating; but they did not pretend to make any Quantities of Wine,- till a certain Cv/^^w taught them to take the Prunings o^^' their \'ines, and cut them in fmall Piecer of half a Foot in Length, and pLant them in Fields pL-nved up for chat Purpofe, and th^y fcnt out Stioois- at every Knot; by w-hich Means they were foon furnij iUiii ^"^^q^^ r.vi;^..-' ,;u;:.^,:;: .. •.:.;.,;. . , The Rhinocetos is aifb beinet with atthe'Cape* This AnimaJ is fomethingiefs than the Elephant; but of equal, if not greater Strength ; dt leaft the Elephant runs away, and avoids him whenever he difcovera - him. With his rough prickly Tongae he lick* thQ Flelh off theBone*^^ • of an. Anim-iL • =^]f>.iw .liinX ^-'^''^ *^ ivi^xi^J 3u r ..uj^nac; \t<;n^vv; The Elk is alfo found in th'6'^<7f/^»fo/'Countries ; he is aljotit five Feet in Height; has a flender Neck, and a fine beautiful Head, not much unlike that of a Deer. - '^'^^ Uf.irriiiJ i>l\l^ iivi'^ i'u; .^- The European h^Gi are common: at-the'^a'pe ; but t^ert^ls another wild Animal, which goes by the Name of an Afs, wliich has nothing like that Creature but his long Ears, for he -is^ Well made ^autiful lively Beaft. ' The Dutch have replenifhed their Settlements with European Hogs, as well as thofe of the Indian black Breed, without Briitles, whofe Bellies almoft touch the (3 round. 1 he Porcupine is another Animal very common at the Cape ; what is moft remarkable in this Animal, is a Wood of Ql^ills, with which hi* Back and every Part of him e.\cept his fielly, ii covered; They are C AF F R A R I A. 477 are about the Length of a Goofe Quill ; but ftralt, kard, and without Feathers, and growing lefs and lefs from the Middle to the End, ter- minate in a Iharp Point. Thefe Quills he fhoots at a Man or Beaft when he is attacked. There is a Creature at the Cape alfo, called by the Dutchy a Sea- Cow, but it always feeds on Grafs alhore (according to Kolben) and only runs into the Sea for Security. The Head of this Animal re- fembles rather that of a Horfe than a Cow, and feems to be th^ fame with the ^g-j'/z/^w Hippopotamus. The Stinkbingfem, ?is the Dutch call it, feems to be an Animal pe- culiar to the Hottentot Country, and to have obtained its Name from the (linking Scent it emits from its Pofteriors-; which, is fuch, that nei- ther Man nor Beaft cati bear it ; this is. the\-Creature*s. bell Defence when it is purfued ; the very Dogs will ^efert the Chace, rub their Nofes, and howl when th^ Beaft \Qt%-^yj ^nd^^Man is perfeftly ftifled with the naufeous Stench, ■' .f.;^/r,'.'"^r'^- ~ There are Eagles here; calM^un'g Birds, which, if they find an Ox or a Cow laid down, th«y fall upon the Bead in great Numbers, make a Hole in the Belly of it with their Bill and Talons, and per- feftly fcoop out the Infide of It, leaving nothing but a bare Skeleton covered with the Hide. '^ ' - Manufactures and Traffic.'] TJne Ho/te/itots are pretty good Mechanics; they make their owii Spears, Darts, Bows, anq other Weapons ; they make alfo Ivory Rings, and Bracelets for their Arms of Elephants Teeth; and every Family make their own Earthen VefleU, Their Traffic is very inconfiderable, having no Money or Meiiium of Trade ; they barter their Cattle with the Dutch for Wine, Brandy, and Tobacco : But tho* they fee the Dutch build good Houfes, plant Vineyards, and cloath themfelves decently, it is obferved that the Hottentots iHll adhere to their old Cuftoms, and will not imitate the Dutch in any Thing, not fo much as in planting Grapes, thou'^h it is obferved they love Wine and Brandy very vyeli^ ,,;-,, ^ .; ,j : . - , Qcvernment .'\ Every Hottentot Nation has its Krn^V Or Chief, cal- led Konquer, whofe Authority devolves upon him by hereditary Succef- fiou: 1 his Chief has the Power of making Peace and War, and pre- fides in all their Councils and Courts of Juftice; but then his Autho- rity is faid to be limited, and that he can determine nothing without the Confentof the Captains of the fev^r^l KFails, .who fecmto be the' Hottentot Senate. The Captains of every Krail, whole Office is here- ditary alfo, is their Leader ia Time of War, and chief Magiftrate of his Krail in Time of Peace ; and with the Head of every Faniiiy,: de- termines all Civil and Criminal Cafes within the Krail. Murder, Adultery, and Robbery, they conltantly punifli with Death. _s ..:. :^ ^ . . ' U a Majority condemn a Criminal, he is, executed on the Spot ; The Captain firll: ftrikes him with a Club, and then the reft of the Judges fall upon him, and drub him to death. In Civil Caufes alfo, the Caufc is determined by a Majority of Voices, and Satisfadion immediately offered the injured Party out of the Goods of the Perfon that appears to be wrong. The wh&le Coantry is but one Common, v.'Jicre they feed the:r Cattle ^7^ CAFFRARIA, Cattle pr-omlfcuouily, moying from Pi:ice to Place to find Water, Oi fre(h Pafture, as NecciTity requires. Forces.'^ Befides the Dutch flanding Forc^es here, they have a regular Militia, fufficient to oppofe any Foreigners that fhoiild make an At- .tempt upon their Settlements, they have one Guard- Ship ufually, and that moofed with ftrong Chains, the Road being very unfafe, and jfubjeft to perpetual Storms. The Dutch import their Slaves ufually from the neighJbouring Ifland of Macingafcar, for they never make Slaves of Hottentots^ but live in ^ .friendly Correfpondence with thofc People, of whom they purchafe Cattle for a Trifle when theSliipping arrives; and probably they would affill in the Defence of the Country, if it fhould be ever invaded. Rei^enues.^^ The Reven-ues of the DuicJy at the Cape arlfe from the Tenths of the Profits which their Government rclerve out of all the Xands they grant to private 'Planters, and from the Duties of Import and Export; but this Colony cannot do, much more thnn ballance the Charges they are at in fortifying and gr.rrirohingtlieirlo\v«s and Fort:, ; for, though it be a very plentiful Country, they liiiv^' no Merchandize proper for Exportation/ except their Wine, which is equal to any in Europe, and of which |h'eyhaV,? a very gfeat Variety. The principal Advantage this Coiintrv is -to "'tlie^.D^K^^^^^ is tke fupplying their Fleeis with Provifions i^ their ^?oV4ees to asid from India. Perfons and Habits ] As to the Stature of the H.otfejHotSi thev are ra- ther low than tall, for, though ihci-e may be fbme fix Feet high, there are more about five .Feet ; their Bodies are proportionable, and w-cli made, feidom either too fat or lean^ aad icarce ever any crooked; they disfigure, their Children themfclves, by flatting ;and breaking the Griilks of their Nofes, looking oh a flat Nofe as a Beauty : I'heir Heads, as well as their Eyes, are" rather of the largell ; their Lips are naturally thick, their Hair bhick and fliort, like the N.egroes, and they have exceeding white Teeth ; and, after they have taken a great deal of Pains, with Greafe and Sopt, to darjcen their natural tawney Com- plexions, refemble the Negroes pfetiymiich^n Colour; the Womeia are much lefs than the Men. Tlve Men cover their Heads with Handfuls of Cow-dung, Greafs ^nd Soot mixed together'f ^^nfi, going without, any .Thing ejfc on their Heads in Summer-time,' the Duft flicks to it, and makes them a vvy £lihy Cap. Ihe Men alio w^ear a Kroflc or Mantle;, made of a Shecp- .Skin, or Skins over their Shoulders, which reaches to their Middle, ,3 and, being faflened with a Thong about their Necks, is open be.Sre : in V/iriter they turn the woolly or hairy Side next their Backs, and in Summer the other. 'I'his ferves the Men for a Bed at Night, and this ;s all the Windiiig-flieet or Coffui he has wh,en he dies : \^ he be a Captain «f a Village, or Chief of his Nation, inflead of a Sheep- flci*!, his Mantle is made of Tyoer-fkins, wild Cat flclns., or fome other Skinsj .they fct a Value upon. 1 They conceal, or cover, thofe Parts alio, which overy other People J do, with a fquare Piece of Skin, about twb Hands B.eadth, generally^ with a Cat-lkin, the jiairy Side outward;, which is fairened'to tl^eii Girdle. The Women wear Caps ihit Crov/ns whereof .arCv'TJtile j-aifed^. and) du'ii aic made aj/u cf Lalf'.ricJ 'Skins; 'i'hey fcaice put thern oj Nighj CAFFRARIA. 479 Night or Day, Winter or Summer j they ufually wear two Krofies, or Mantles, one upon another, made of Sheep-lkins, or other Skins, which are fometimes bordered with a Fringe of raw Leather ; and thofe are only faftened with a Thong about their Necks ; they appear naked down to their Middle, but they have an Apron larger than that pf the Men's to cover them before, and another, of ftill larger Di- 'menfions, that covers their Back-fides ; about their Legs they wrap Thongs of half-dried Skins, to the Thicknefs of a Jack-Boot; which are fuch a Load to them, that they lift up their Legs with Difficulty, and walk very much like a Trooper in Jack-Boots. The principal Ornaments, both of Men and Women, are Brafs, or Glafs-beads, with little thin Plates of glittering Brais and Mother of Pearl, which they wear in their Hair, or about their Ears. Of thefe Brafs and Glafs-Beads ftrung they alfo make Necklaces, Bracelets for the Arms, and Girdles, wearing feveral Strings of them about their Necks, Waifts, and Arras. There is another Kind of Ornament peculiar to the Men, and that is the Bladder of any wild Beaft they have killed, which is blown up, and fallened to the Hair, as a Trophy of their Valour. Soon after their Children are born, they lay them in the Sun^ or by the Fire, and rub them over with Fat or Butter, mixed with Soot, to icnder them of a deeper black, it is faid, for they are naturally taw- ney ; and this they continue to do aimoll every Day of their Lives, after they are grown up. '^^ t>ftjJf,3ci' 9il>. o3 a A f h\^j{^ Ws. Food.'] Npr «ire they more cleanly liftlieir Diet than in their Drefs, for they chufe the Guts and Entrails of Cattle, and of fome wild iBeails (with very little Cleanfmg) rather than the reft of the Fkili, and eat" their Meat half boiled Or broiled ; biit their principal Food confifcs of Roots, Herbs, Fruits, or Milk; when they make Butter of it, they put it into fome Skin made in the Form of a Soldier's Knap- /;fack, the hairy Side inwards j and then two of them taking hold of it, one at each End^ they whirl and turn it round till it is converted into Butter, which they put up for anointing themfelves, and their Caps and Mantles, for they eat no Eutterr'' ' - ' ; Sin( Hottentots thefe ipt to plant Vineyards ( of making Wine themfelves. CuJIcms.'] They frequently expofe their. Feniale Children in their Forelts, to be ilarved or devoured by wild Beaiis, as they do their JFathers and Grandfathers v>hen they become decrcpid and ufelefs ; "-;nbut this is not done without the Confent of their Ma^lllrates or chief Men of the Pl..ce. Notwithilanding their Barbarity to their Female Children, they have the gieateil: xibhorrence of their being diifeded and cut in Pieces, as they are io.netimes by the European Surgeons : Tliey imagine this is ' (done with a Dcfign to life their FleOi in Magic and Witchcraft, and therefore watch the Coipfe of tii^ Deccafed for fome Time after it is buried. •480 CAFFRARI A. Language.'] As to the Language of the Hottentots, great Part of it Confifts of inarticulate Sounds and Noifes made in their Throats, which no Man can imitate or exprefs in Writing ; nor is it pofllble to learn it, except by People that have lived amongft them from their Infancy, as fome of the Mulatto Slaves, belonging to the Dutch, have done : Thefe, I perceived, could underlland the Hottentots, and had enough of the Language to be underftood by them. As to Letters, or Writing of any Kind, the Hottentots are perfectly ignorant of thefe Things. Religion.] The Fortuguefi, who were the firft Europeans that vifited the Cape, reported. That thfc Hottentots had no Religion, becaufe they found neither Temples or Images amongft them : but we have now the fulleft Evidence, that they believe In God or the Supreme Being, who made both the Heavens and the Earth, as they have declared to feveral Miflionaries, who lived many Years among the Hottentots : They iHle him the God of Gods, and believe he is endowed with all imaginable Perfec- tions : But they never addrefs themfelves direftly to him, but to certain Genii or Daemons, whom they look upon as Mediators for them to the Supreme God : And it is probable they look upon the Moon as one of thofe inferior Intelligences, for they affemble at the New Moon, pro- ilrate themlelves before it, and dance the whole Nighty and, by feve- ral Expreflions, ihew their Depejidance on this inferior Deity, from whom they expert good Weather, and fruitful Seafons. They worlhip alfo thofe that have had the Reputation of Saints and Heroes, and pay their Devotions to an imaginary evil Spirit, like the Indians, whom they believe to be the Author of all the Calamities they fuffer ; and to him they facrifice Sheep and Oxen, as well as to theii Saints. ,, ^ , ,; They certainly believe a future State, by facrlficing and offering up their Prayers to departed Saints ; for this would be the greateft Abfur- dity, if they did not fuppofe that the Soul furvlved the Body. Their removing their Huts to a different Ground when any one dies, alfo fhews they are apprehenfive that the dead Man may return again, and ^ive ihem fome Difturbance ; and that departed Souls chiefly haunt the Places' where they died : A Piece of Superftition which prevails Gvtiy where almoft. The Hottentots pretend alfo to Magic and Witchcraft, and when their Phyficians cannot reftore their Patients by phyfic, they immediately conclude they are bewitched, and apply to fome pretended Conjurers for Relief. Marriages.] Poligamy is allowed here, and divorce upon a reafon- able Complaint of either P.arty to the Governor. Fortune is very little confidered in their Marriages ; the Man's Fa- ther ufually gives him a Cow, and a few Sheep, and the Woman's Father the like on their Marriage ; and the Relations and Friends of the married Couple .iflifl them in building a Houfc, or rather a Hut: A fiit Ox is killed upon this Occafion, and a wedding Dinner pro- vided fuitable to their Circumllances. The Men form a Circle in the Area of the Krail or Hottentot Town, and the Women afTemble in another Circle : The Bridegroom fits down in the Middle of the Men's Circle, and the Bride in that of the Women's ; after which, the Prjelt comes into the Men's Circle, and piffes upon the Bridcgrojm; from thence GUINEA Proper. • 4S.i tlience he gaes to tlie Women's Circle, and pifTas on t-he Brule, which is efieemed the grealeli Honour that can he -done them ; after which the married Couple receive the Congratulations of the Company, wifhing; they may live long and happily together ; tliat they may have a Son before the End of the Year ; that he may prpve 'a brave Fellow, an exr- pert Huntfman, and the like. The Meat being ferved up in Earthen Pans, the Company fall to, and having neither Knivtes or Forks, make ufe af their Teeth and Claws, pulling it to Pieces, and eating as voracioufly as fo many Dogs, having no other Plate.'? or Napkins -th^n the Corners of the itinking Mantles they wear, and Sea-{hells ufually-ierve them inftead of Spoons. After Dinner they fit -fmoaking and talking merrily on the Occafion till towards Morning, Vv/hen the Bride fr&als away, .and the Bridegrconi ?.fter her, and then the Company difpei-fe... 'Th'ere is: no Dancing on the Occafion, or dlrong- Liqu-orc d^:ajik;t|2efe. People drinking fcarce any Thi-ng bat Water and Milk.- . ,' • '. ■ The Woman h^rs'i^oti^een raarried many Days before (he is fet to work, and treated litck hfiXie^r than a Slave ; all the Bufmefs without Doors and within is done by their Wives; the more of them a Maa has -therefore tire richoi:' he i^, .\'U v»- WMT:f(.-3.A Proper. Situation and Extent,. .?3nu. . Betweeh-yah^ V E;'05^'^' 'T fi'^dp Miles -111*^161111!!. Between ) ahd V N'; L^^t;. - T*'' ••^■- f '^'^fy^'l^lifeTtf Bkk'ahT ' Ecun^Ms.] Tyty tr N^ri fe'D V' >i^r^?««^^dif t)ie 'N^^rth^ by the Ij unknawn Parts oC^/Wc^ on tJie^Eail-r^tti^f by the Jlflanhc^ Dceanon the Scuth ai\d V\; ei^t.^ ^ ^^ ^^ . . ^^ V. . , , .- Towns.] '.vl>-^f-«, WhUah OJ^^^'^-a^S 'if-^^^^^ nckfoirr^i Jz^^t ^^4 the Calle bars. a * But ifar:'be€:>f tended to all the^Coafrs of J/rica to which the Cuima. Merchants! tvadc, it lies between- i8 W. and 20 E. Lon. and betwesi^i the T^pic of Canan and ihe.T'opid of Qupricdrn North and South. ". DiVihoHs." •"'' • .^ '-SuBdivilibns. • Chief Towns. ■ Th €; Soptri -1)1 vifi'on \ Bev^hla^ ' >*; ' ^--^^ / I Bntgw-la . contains'^ the "*P^-o.<"./?/^i>V^, " ^''^^ -ili..:-js-J- v k Lca?ido. ■ vinc^s'of '* ,^ ' ' ]Co'!gOy'- .". ■ -'-^ — ^^~^ \ \'^^'^^'^'^*^^(^^'^* "" ■ H h The •4S2 G U I N E 4, Divilions. Subdivifions. Chief Tovyns. The Weftern TyWi\^''-'''^ p 1 ? 5 ^'''''V arri fion contains " ) ^'^1^^^ ^'J'''> ^^^'^ \ ) ^-/^-C.^A^'.^//^'. (. J\egr dandy — J (^ J amis Fort. Mountains.'] The Mountains of Sierra Leon are the moft reri^ai kablc. i^/x;f;v.] The Rivers of this Country are, 1. That of Coan^o. 2. Ambrijiy which runs from Eall to V/cit crofs Angola, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean. 3. Zaara, which runs from the North-Eaft to the South- Weil, crols Congo, and falls into the fame Ocean. 4. Lunde^ which runs llkewife from Eaft to Weft through Congo, and, paiTmg by St. Salvador, falls into the fime Sea. 5. The River Caineron, whicli, running from the North-Eafl to the South-Welt, falls into the Bay, or Bite of Gui7iea. 6. The River Formofa. 7. Volta^ which running from North to Sou h, through Guinea Proper, falls into the Atlantic Ocean. 8. The River ot Sierra Leon, and Shorbro River, which, running fron| Eaft to Weft, fall into the {2,\v^^ Ocean, And, 10. The great River A7- ger, which runs from Eaft to Weft, through Negrcland, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, by three grand Channels, according to our Maps, called Grande, Gajnhia, and Senegal ; but it feems doubtful whether thefe Channels are not three diftinft Rivers, for nobody has informed us where they are united. Not many of thefe Rivers are navigable much beyond their Mouths, clefcending precipitately from high Mountains, and running but fliort Courfes before they fall into the Sea, except tiie Rivers oi Cameron, Shcrbro, Leon, and the great River iV/Vt-r, up the laft of which the Englijlo have failed five hundred Miles, and have a great many Factories pti both Shores. Gulphs, Capes, or Propiontories.'] The chief Gulphs or Bays in this ptenfiveCoaft, are \.\\q Cyprian or Cintra Bay, and the Bite of Guinea, into which the River Camp-on difcharges itfelf. The principal Capes ^re thofe of Cape Blanco, Cape Ferd, Cape Leon, Cape St. Anns, Cape 'Fahnas, Cape Three Points, Cape Fart/io/a, Cape St. John, Cape Lopasy papeZf^f, and Cape A>_^r4i'.\ 7^r/Wj>]. ,T;b.e VVinds omthe Coaft of Guinea Proper, fit dirc£lly con- trary. to/ftjter'tiTade.Windd. m-,^.-!from Weft to Eaft, except in the rainy Sealbn, betvvcen the vernal and autumnal Eqiiinox, when they have yioient Siorm{> of Wind, with terrible Thiinder and Lightning ; and thefe Winds. .blowing from. the South, the Shipping on the Coaft at this Tinje, ^are: in -great Danger of being wrecked on Shore ; and there is always ^fuch a Surf beating upon tlie Shore, in the calmeft Weather, that it is •vetVv-^i^^lt' and dangerous iLandino- ■ ' . •' '^ ■'■"" •, ■ .''- '■,-•■":. :,,■-,. ■(• ■ .' ,^V ^'^•1 .1-^1^ "^^'-^^'^(^.Tl^O'^y^^S between tiie two Tropics, is excefiive hot, and the flat Country btiiig 6Ve • ^ . £ . •. . Produce.'] 7 he Animals of Quinea are the fime as have been dclcribcd in Cajfravia, but their Grai.qjs difterent : Here is no Whca^ as at the Cape, but Plenty of Ct«;W« '6rain, RicC; Mai'-ie, or Indian Corn, GUINEA. 483 Corn. There are no Grapes here; but the Palm-tree afFords thera Wine, and the Cocoa-nut a pleafant Drink; here are alio Oranges and Lemons, Phmtains, Pomegranates, Tamarinds, Pine- Apples and other T'ropical Fruits. Of Foreii Trees they have a very great Variety, which grow to a pro- digious Height and Buli^, Tome of them excellent Timber, and have a very beautiful Grain. Their Minerals are Gold, Copper, anJ Iron. The Gold is found by the Natives in the Satids of their Rivulets in Duft ; fometirnes they ;2neet with large Pieces, but there are no Gold Mines open, and poffibiv- there may be ho Mines of th^t Metal here; I am apt to thir^k Gold lies pretty near the Surface, i-t being found vvaihed down into the Brooks rind RivuJets in every Place our People bring it from. Inhere is Plenty of Salt on tlie Guinea Coaft, which they make by letting the Sea-Water into iliallow Pans in the dry Seafon, and the S.un exhaling the Vv^ater, the Salt is left at the Bottom. Befxdes Gold, Ivory and Slaves, this Countiy affords Indigo, Wax^^ Gum Senega, Gum Tiagant, and a Variety of other Gums and Drugs. Thefe Articles may be had in moll Parts of this extenfive Coall, but chiefly in Proper Guinea. ' ^^''^'^ 'J-. ManufaSures.'\ As to the Manafadures of Guinea, every Family almoft make their own Tools and Utenfils. They are all Smiths, Car- penters and Mafons, and build their own Houfes or Huts, of very flight Materials ; and till the Europeans brought them Hammers, &c. one Stone ferved them for an Anvil, and another for a Hammer. The Women manage a'li the Hulbandry as well as their domeftlc Af- fairs; they dig, fow, plant, and bring in the Harveft, while theHufbanci idly looks on; fo that the more Wives a Man has, the richer he is faid^ to be in this Country : And fome Negroes on the Coafl: make Money by letting out their Wives, and indeed they jnake little Difference be- tween their Wives and their Slaves. The Southern Coails of Congo, Angola ftc^.'\rt under the Dominion of the Portuguefe ; no other Nation has Settlements there, though other Europeans are fuffered to trafHc with that Part of the Coail for Negroes ; but in wh«.t is called Guinea Proper, the Englijh, Dutch, French, See. have their fcveral Colonies and Settlements. The Engli/h zU'o have yames Fort, at the Entrance of the Fviver Gambia, a Branch of the Niger, and Factories for feveral hundred Miles up that River, as the J^rench had upon that Branch called the Senegal, which has been lately taken from them by Captain Marjh and Major Ma/on ; and the Dutch have others Hill further Northward, particularly at Arguin, in twenty Degrees North Latitude. The Pori'ugnefe are poiTe/fed of the Weft Coaft of Africa (as well as of the Eaitern Coaft) from the Tropic oi Capricorn to the Equator, and three or four Degrees further North, and have a Multitude of little African Princes under their Dominion, having made Profelytes of many of their Subjects, and taught them to cloath themfelves as Xho. E,uro^ peans do, furniPning them with the Woollen Manufactures of Great Britain ; and this it is that renders our Trade with Portugal fo advan- tageous to us. Trafic.'\ The Goods exported to Guinea, are our Manufa^ures of Linen and V/ooilcn, Swords, Knives, Hatchets, Pewter and Brals H h 2 Utenftls^ '^j. GUINEA Utenfils, Fire-Arms, Powder and Shot, Toys, Erandy, Spirits, and tobacco. ^la-ue Trade.] As the Fcrtuguefe are Mailers of fuch extenfive Ter- ritories in Jjnrn, they export more Slaves from thence to Ar,iericaf 3than any other Nation : The EngUpy French and Dutch alfo export a great many ; but the Spajiiards^ who are pofielTed of the beft Part of America, and want Slaves moH, have no Settlement on the Negro, or Guinea Coaft, but are forced to contrail with fome other European Na- tion, to fur niih them v^/ith Negroes ; which Bufmefs the £'77^7/^'^ South- Sea Company were intitled to ; bat that Trade has received fo many Interruptions, and the Company's Eireds have been fo often feized by the Spaniards^ that it is a Quellion whether the South- Sea Cpmpany iiave got any Thing by this Commerce, and by a late Treaty a final £nd is put to it. GcrjerKjneni,'] In Guinea there are fome Sovereign Princes, whofe Dominions are very extenfive, rich, and powerful, and arbitrary Mo- narchs, limited by no Laws, or any other Refcraints. And there are a Multitude of others, to whom the i)/<:/f/^ and olher Europeans havp given the Name of Kings, whofe Dominions do not exceed the Bounds of an ordinary Pariih, and whofe Power and Revenues are propor- tionably mean; but the King of IVhidah^ or Fidah, in the Words of one of \\{t Dutch Fattors, is feared and reverenced by his Subje6ls a,s a Derni-God, who always appear in his Prefence either kneeling or proftrate on the Ground ; when they attend him in the Morning, they prollrate themfelves before the Gate of his Palace, kifs the Earth three- Tin-ies, and clapping their Hands together, ufe iciuie Expref- V fions that look more like the Adoration of fome Deity, than Compli- ments p£.id to an earthly Prince ; and they even tremble at the Sight t)f him* • ' ' ' No Perfon whatever is permitted to fee his Majcfty eat, or to know in what Part of the Palacfc he fleeps, unlefs his Wives, of whom the King has feldom lefs than a choufand ; •thefe continually fui round him, and are his Life-guards, and are frequently fcnt on Enibaffics, and em- ployed in executing fuch Comm.ands and Sentences, as feem much more proper for Men, fuch as punifning Criminals, pulling down their Houfes and the like.' ' ' When the King goes Abroad, five or fix hundred of his Wives run before him, or attend him ; he has not, it is faid, a finole Man in his Train. '1 hefe Females, which our Travellers' call Wives, may more properly be called "his Slaves, being employed in almofl all Manner of Drudgery, ^ The chief Maoiflrafes under the Kinp- are, the Cabiceroes, whom he conJu'ts'in State Affairs, and concerning Peace and War; and by thefe lie ufiially adminilt&rs juflice to the People. Tdo riot fihd he wears a Crown, or that there is any other Ceremony at his. Accefiion, than the lhc\ying liim publicly to the Peopl-e, and ibcrilicing fome Anirr.als to his' Gods. —T'he eldefl Son, and in fome Places' the Brother, is intitled to the Throne;' the P'emales never fuc- cecd, unlefs in one Kingdom, upon this CoalL Fcyfot:^.] The Natives, d-fcended fram the original Inhabitants, sre'aJi Negroe^, well knOwh b'y their HatNolcs, thick Lips, ar.d'lho,-t ' • woory GUINEA 485 woolly Hair, though there are amongft them many Camps or Villages o^ Arabs that are of a tawney Complexion^ and there is a mixed Breed of Malattoes, proceeding from the Commerce ot ih.Q Pert ugufje and Natives, that are almoft as dark as the Nes ; which ufually happens in J-uly and Aw gujii and fometiiiies in other Months ; then they throw in all Man- ner of Goods, Meat, Drink and Clo^ithing, to appeafc the enraged Element. RcvcIutionS and memorable Events, "^ H E Portugu'fc were the f.rft Eurcpca^.s that difcovered the SoutJi- _^ Weft Coall of Africa in the i^th Century, and obtained a Grant from the Pope in 1442, cf all the Countries difcovered, or to be discovered to the South and Eall of Cape BajadorCf which lies on the •Weil Side ci Africa, in 27 Degrees odd Minutes cf North Latitude. Whereupon the Portugue/e built Forts and fettled Colonies upon the Weftern Co'^idioi Africa, and enjoyed the fole Trade thither and to tho .Epf-hidics, for upwards 6f lOO Years ; but the Ergli/h and Dntchy and Other Proteftant Powers, c.:Ued in Queftion the Po^je's Authority of difpofmg of all Pagan Coun:rl£S, and in the f6th Century fent thei/ Fleets to the Coaft q^ Cui>:ea, and erected fsveral Forts there ; And the Dutch made themfelves Mailers of the Fort St. George dtl Mina, the Capital uf all tLe P^rtngu^} Settlement-s on the Coailoi Proper Guinea. 11 li 4 Not 488 Z A ARA and BILEDVLGERID, Nor was the Hollanders content with expelling the Portuguefe frora that Coaft, but fell upon the Enghfn Settlement alfo in the maft treacherous Manner, in a Time of full Peace. In the Year 1664, the Dutch had aoreed 'to join a Squadron of Englijh Men of War to lupprefs the Pirates on the Coafl of Barhary : And De Rujter the Dutch Admi- ral a6iually iaikd to the Straits with the Engi/Jhy but made an Excufe to the LngViJh Admiral when they arrived thcje, that he was obliged to leave him, being ordered another Way, and immediately failed to the Coail of Guineci^ where, with the Afliftance of the Negroes, he jiiade himfelf Mailer of feveral EngUjh Forts, and particularly of that to which they have given the Name of Jmjierciean (ftill in their Pof- feiTion.) From thence Ds Ruyter failed to the Britijh Caribbce Ijlands in the IVcJl-Indles, which he plundered and ravaged in a barbarous- Mariner ; but the Court of Englafid made fonje Reprifals foon after on a 2.Y\tQi oi Hollanders that fortunately fell into the Hands of our Cruizcrs in the Channel. The Dutch had before driven us from oar Spice Iflands in the Ea/I- Indies y and v/ere now endeavouring to monopolize the Gold Coall : They intended to have brought utch a Force to Guinea, as ihouid have . .fubdued the Natives, and bxcluded|ail Eurvpean Nations from that Traffic; but a War commencing jfcon after between the Maritin-^e Powers, the Dutch were obliged to reitorc moft of the Settlements thejp had robbed us of \w Africa. , and v/e iliil remain in PofleiTion of them ; but how long we fhall keep them, is a Queilion, for the French feem to be playing the fame Game \ki^ Dutch did formerly, encroaching on our Settlements here as well as in the Eciji 2Ci\6. IVeJl-lndies. ZAARA and BIl. EDULGERID. Situation.] ^ |" "*' H E S & two Dlvifions of Africa are fituate betweea J^ twenty and thirty Degrees of North Latitude, havino- Negrofajid on the Scuth ; Morocco and the Coall of Barbary on the North; the unknown Parts oi Africa on the Eail ; and the Athuitic Ocean oa the Weil-. Soil.] It is a defart Country, as the Name o^ Zaara imports, fo def- titutc of Water and Proviflon.s, that orear Part of the Camels, which form the Caravan that travels from Morocco to Quinen, are loaden with Water and NectfP-bries, for the Subfilience of the People. Biledulgrrid, the aiuient Numidia, was once tolerably fruitful, when it was poirelTcd by an indullrious People ; hut the Mahometans, who arc; row Mailers of it, taking no Care to cultivate the Soil, it produce^ •tiitle more than Zaara. Ratnlling People.'] The PtTople v/bo inhabit it are Arabs, who live ia Tents, and, being acquainte W. Lon. J I 500 Miles in Length, ( is 5 [Being] Between \ and V N. Lat. \ / 480 Miles in Breadth. Bolmdaries.^ ^^J O U ]S[ D E D by the Strsfits of Gilr altar, and the j3 Mediterranean Sea, on the North ; hy the River Muhiia, which divides it from the Kingdom of Algiers, on the Eaft ; by Bilcduigeridy South; and by the Atla-ntic Ocean, Weft j and is thrown into three giand Divifions, w-. the Northern Divifion, ths Middle Divifion, and Southern Divifion. Divifions. Provinces. Chief Towns. C . r 7 {.F£%, W. Lon, 5, The North Divifion ill a more dan- gerous Enemy, and that is the Sand itfelf ; when, the W^inds rife, the Caravans are perfedly blinded with Dull; and there have been In- ftances both in Africa and Afa, v/here whole Caravans, and even Armies, have been buried alive in the Sands. There is no Doubt alfo, but both Men and Cattle are fometimes fuprized by wild Beafts, as well as Robbers, in thofe vait Defarts ; but what I had almoil forgot to mention, though I have frequently fuifcred by thers itiyfelf, are the hot Winds ; thefe blowino; over a lone Tra6t of burninT Sand, are. equal almoft to the Heat of an Oven, and have dellroyed Abundance of A'lerchants and Pilgrims : If it was not for Devotion, or in Expec- tation of very great Gains, no Man would undertake a Journey irt' ihcle Defarts ; gr«at are the Hazards and fatigue^ they mull of Ne- ceiTr.y 492 MOROCCO Empire. NeceiTity undergo ; thofe that go to Mecca aflure themfelves of Paradife if they die, and have uncommon Honours paid them at Home if they furvive : People crowd to be taken into the iiallern Caravans ; and the Gold that is fopnd in the South makes them no lefs eager of under- taking that Journey, Here, as in all other Mahometan Countries, the Alcoran^ and their Comments upon it, are their only written Laws ; and their Cadi's, a.nd other Ecclefiaitics, their only civil Magiltrates j and though thefe feem to be, in fome Infcances, controuled by the arbitrary Determina- tions of tiicir I'rinccs, Balhaws, Generals, and Military Officers, yet tlie latter have a very great Deference and Regard for their Law j and> indeed, if their Princes or Governors are found to defpife and flight their Laws in any notorious Inltances, hov^' loyal foever the Moors may be in all Cafes where their Religion is not concerned^ this would be looked upon as a tuflicient Ground for renouncing their Authority, 'i'he preient Emperor, by his Drunkennefs, which their Law forbids, hai loft the Piearis of the bell Part of his SubjedTis, and is maintained cm the Throne purely by the Power of his Nsg-ro Troops. r^lurder. Theft, ^nd x^dultery, are generally puniflied with Death; and tlieir Punilhments for other Crimes, particularly thole againil the ii^Uite, ate very cruel, as impaling, dragging the Prifoner through the Streets 'at a IVauIc's Heeis till ail his Flcln is ^ torn off; throwing him irtom a high Tower upon h'on Hool-cs ; hanging him upon Plooks till lie *iies ; crucifying him againil a Wall ; and indeed the Puniihment, "as well as Condemnation of Criminals, is in' a Manner arbitrary. The Kniperor, or hib Bailiaws, frequently turn Executioners, flioot the Of- icnaer, or cut him to Pieces with their own Ilands, or command others to do it in their Prefencc. Shippings^ They have" no Shipping to carry on a Foreign Trade by Sea, but the Europea^/s bring them whatever they want from Abroad ; is Linen and Woollen Cloth, Stuffs, Iron, wrought and unwrought. Arms, Gun-powder, Lead, and the like ; for which they take in Re- ttinf, Coppei, Wax,. Hides, Mcrocro Leather, Wool (which is very iine) Gum, Soap, Datcb, Almonds, and other Fruits. ''':-^!or^ip^- ^^'i^ \^^ miUlrlry FdrC^Vr-if is computed that the black Cavalry and Infantry' ido not amount to lei's than 40,000 Men, and the M(^in:iJ.h Iriodt and Fpot may be as many. '^hnjoait relates, that when he wa^ ;Ab -tb, "thi^ir Shippfng,' ■ij.'aptain Blmt :here iii the Year 1727,' their whole n? there iii the Year 172^, ^^^sir whole naval F'orce coniifted but of two Uvventy-gun Ships, the biggeil not above 200 Tons, and a French Bri- gantine they had fakeri, with fome few Row-boats ; and yet with thefe^ being fi'ill of Men, they iliuc out from iialke and Mamora, which Jle in the Atlantic Ocean, near the Straits Mouth, and make Prizes of great Numbejs of C/^r//?//i!>z Merchant- Ships, carrying their miferable Crews i jto Cap'.ivity. i 'j'.j, ; Revenues.'] Thele'a'ri/e^ either from the Labour of the Hufbandmenjt and the Fruit? of the Earth ; or by Duties upon Goods imported and cxpojied. The Emperor has a Tenth of all Corn, Cattle, Fruits, and Pioduce of the Soil, as Well as of the Captives j and a Tenth of all the PjiztCs that are taken. Per/oni MOROCCO Empire. 493 fcrfotts and Hahits.'l The Moors, or Natives of tins Country, ?.re of the fame Complexion as the AS/^^z/V/r^j on the oppofue inheres ; thofe that are expofed to the Air, a little tavvney, but the reil as fair as Euro- peans, But there have been fuch Numbers of Negroes introduced from Quinca, efpecially near Mequhiez, where the Court reiides, that you fee almoft as many black as white People. The Emperor has forty thoufand Negroes in his Army, it is faid, and here the Negroes refide with their Families. The Emperor's Mother was a Negroe, and he himfelf of a Ytry dark Complexion : They are generally of a good Stature, but have the fame ihocking Features as other Negroes have. The Habit of a Moor is a Linen F'rock or Shirt next his Skin, a Veil of Silk or Cloth tied wkh a Sa(h, a Pair of Drawers, a Icofe Coat, his Arms bare to the Elbows, as well as his Legs; Sandals or Slippers on his Feet; and fometimes People of Condition wear Buf- kins ; they fliave their Heads and wear a Turban, which is never pulled cif before their Superiors, or in their Temples ; they exprefs their Reverence both to God and Pvlan, by pulling off their Slippers, which they leave at the Door of the Mofqae or Palace, when they en- ter either ; and when they attend their Prince in the City, they run bare-foot after him, if tfep Su^gts ^^f . evpi^ ,fo dirty, their 1 urbans are of Silk or fine Linen. '!:••;-:; ; ■-'or'^'i : y. ' The Habit of a Woman is not very dilFerent from that of a Pv'IaTi, except that fne wears a fine Linen Cloth or Caul on her Plead inftead of a Turban, and her Drawers are much larger and longer than the Men's. The Woaien alfo, when they go Abroad, have a Linen Cloth over their Faces, with Holes in it for their Eyes like a MaOc. Furniture.'] They have neither Wainfcot nor Hangings ; neither Beds, Chairs, Stools, Tables, nor Pidures ; they ^.tc^p upon a Mat- trefs on the Floor, which, in the Houfes of ^ejrr9ins,of Quality, are covered with Carpets. ; .. , ^ . .,"""' Food.] Their Meat is all boiled Jind roafted to Rags, (o that they can pull it to Pieces with their Fingers ; and this is very neceHary, becaufe they ufe neither Knives nor Forks; but^. having walhed their Hands, every Man tucks up his. Sleeves,, and' putting hi' Hand into the Dilh, takes up and fqueczes together a good Handful of all rhc Ingredients, as much as his Mouth will hold. Their Cups and Difhes are of Erafs, Pewter, Earth, or 1 in, the Law prohibiting their ufing Gold or .Silver Veilels ; and as Wine is alfo forbidden, they diink no- thing but Water, fometimes mixing it with Honey. Temper.] The Moors are faid to be a covetous unhofpitable Peopl?, intent upon nothing but heaping up Riches, to obtain which they will be guilty of the meanell "Fhings, and ilick at no Manner of Fraud. The Arabs alfo have always had the Charader of a thicvifn pilfering Generation. The People v/lio inhabit the Hills, and w:;o have t.'ici leaft to dp with the Court, or with I rrdhc, are much the plainelt, ho- Tiefleft People ^rnong them, ;ind Hill retain a good deal of Librriy av:d •Freedom, the Government ufmg them rather as Allies than Subjccl:s, lell they fl-sculd entirely difoivn their Authority. But to proceed in t'-e Character of the Ji'Ioors^ they are obferved, with all their b^.d Quaiitirs to be very dutiiul and o'bcdient ;o their Parents, their Pi ir.-ces, and every Supeijjr. ' n' Ifomen 494 MOROCCO Empire. M^ome}2 and Marriages.} A Plurality of Wives and Concubines is alowed here as in other Mabo?netan Countries ; nor do they confine themfelves to Women, but keep Boys as they do in 7";^;-,% ; on the other Hand, the * Woman who commits Adultery is puniihed with Death ; but it is not dinicult tor her to obtain a Divorce if fhe ia ill ufed. Funerals.] The Corpfe is carried to the Grave in thenfual Drefs, the Priells iinoing before it, L^ il'a All ilia Mahomet Rcjoul Alh, God U a great Gcd, and Ma-homct his Prophet. Religicn.'] The Inhabitants of Morocco are Mahomcians of the Sed of Haly^ and have a Tvlufci or rligh-Prieil, who is alio the Supreme Civil A-laoiftrate, and the lail: Relort in all Caufes Ecclefialtical and Civil; and'the rell of the Clergy, vi^ho perform Divine Service in their Mofques, are the only Judges in their Provinces and great 'i'ovvns, except in Mat'ers of Stare "and Military Affairs, where the great OrHcers and Governors of I'owns take upon them to pafs Sentence, and fometimes controul the Civil Magillrate, and, indeed, arbitrarily irnprifon, and pu' Men to death often without any Trial or Form of JuiHce. Befides their Molla's, or Prieiis, they have their Marabouts, or Ma- hometan Hermits, for whom they have fuch a Veneration, that if a Criminal can efcape to their Cells, the Ofhcers of Jaflice cannot feize him, and the Saint frequently obtains a Pardon for him ; but thefe holy Men, I perceive, multiply Wives and Concubines, and indulge frequently in all the Pleafares the World affords ; though there are others that condemn themfelves to great Aullerities, and the People proftrate themi'elvcs before thera. Notwithllanding the Natives are zealous Miiffuhnen, they allow Fo- reio"ners the free and open Profeffion of their Religion, and their very Slaves to haye their Priefts and Chapels in the capital City. Coins.] The Coins of this Empire are, r. A Fluce., a fmall Copper Coin, twenty whereof make a Rlanquily of the Value of Two-pence Sterling. A Blanquil is a little Silver Coin, which is made Hill lefs by the Je^^vs clipping and filing it. The Moors, therefore, who have always Scales in their Pockets, never fail to weigh them; and when they are found to be much diminifhed in their Weight, they are re- poined by the jfezus, who are Mafters of the Mint, by which they gain a conliderable Profit, as they do alfo by exchanging the light Pieces for thofe that are full Weight. Their Gold Coin is a Ducat, refem- bling the Ducat qf //a;?/5y??j, worth about nine Shillings Sterling, an4 they ufually give three of them for a Moidore. Merchants Accompts are kept in Ounces, t"n of which make a Ducat in Merchants Ac- pompts ; but in Payments to the Government, it is faid^ they wil^ l-eckon feyenteen Ounces and a half fqr it Ducat. Revolutions (ind memorahk Events. ^ D^ H E Coall; of Barhary was probably firft planted by the X Egypuci/is; xho. Pta-nlcians afterwards fcMU Colonies thither and built CJtica and Carti^ag", and, finding the Country divided into a great many little King4oins and States, tue Cc.rthaginians either fubdutfd ^ALGIERS Kingdom. 495 fubdued, or made the Princes on that Coaft their Tributaries, who being weary of the Carthaginia7i Yoke, afiilied the Romans in fubduing Carthage. The Romans rennained Sovereigns of the Coaft of Barbary, until the Vayidals^ in the fifth Century, reduced it under their Domi- inon. The Roman, or rather the Grecian Emperors, however, reco- vered the Coaft of Barbary from the Vandals, and it remained under their Dominion until the Saracen Caliphs, the SuccefTors of Mahomet^ made an entire Conqueft of all the North of Africa in the feventli Century, and divided the Country among their Chiefs, of whom the Sovereign of Morocco was the moft considerable, polTeffing the North- weft Part of that Country, which in the Ro7nan Divifion obtained the Name of Mauritania Tangitania, from Tingis or Ta-ngir the Capital, and is now ftiled the Empire of Mo;-(7fn:, vntqaii W. jLori? 7 {e^l MSfe ih Length. P4p6'-Mi|6Sifn BtteMth. L ' N 1,1 L't -rilZ ivA\i rjl > OUNDEp by the Meflliert^nfim^^Zy ,on i\\Q>^Qxi\\% , , ^ ^ by the River G^^<:/^/<5fln-2^<^r,. or jf^^/V/i", v,:hich divides It' from Tunis,' on the Eaii: ; by the South Side oi* Mount J//as, which divides it from Bi/edulgerid, on the South ; and by the River Mul-via, or Mal-z'a, which divides it from I)Iorocco, on the Weil, divided into three parts or Provinces. Divifions. Provinces. Chief Towns. 5 Tic w fan, or 7 C Trerdcjan \ Trtmfun — — } ( Cran. 5 Tiiterie — : — \ ) Algiers, E. Lon. 3-20. Weftern Diviiion Middle Divifion '- N. Eat Eailern Divifion — \ CcfUant iiiia 7 \ Lurgia ^ ^ Confuniina, ^b ^-v-O. .iUVi^/:?//:;.] 49^ ALGIERS Kingdom. Mountains.'] It is generally a mountainous Country ; the mofl confi- derable Chain of Mountains arc thcfe of Mount ^'//V;j, on the South, >vhich .exiend-from Eafl to Well: j but are not, Dr, Sha^v obferves, ef that extraordinary. Height or Bignefs, as has been attributed to them by Antiquity : They can no where fiand in Competition with the Alps or Jppenines. \'i we conceive a Number of Hills ufually of the per- pendicular Height of 5 or 600 Yards, with an e'afy Afcent, and feve- ral Groves of Fruit and Foreit Trees, rifmg up in a Succeiion of Kanges one behind another j and if to this Profpect we here and there add a rocky Precipice of a fuperior Eminence, and difficult Accefs, and place on the Side or Summit of it, ^ mudwalled Dafhkrath, or Village of the Kabyles, v.-e ihall have a juft and lively Idea of thofe Mountains. The Sea-Coait of ConJ}antina alfo is very mountainous and rocky ; and here it may be proper to give fome Account of the City of Algiers:, the Capital of the Kingdom, and of the adjacent' Country. Algiers City., and the adjacent Country.'] The City oi Algiers lies on the Side of a Mountain, and, rifing gradually fi^om the Shore, appears to great Advantage, as we approach it from the Sea ; the Vv'alls are three Miles (Dr. Shwoo fays a Mile and a half) in Circumference, Hrengthencd, on the Bank-Side, by Baftions, and fquare I'owers be- tween them : The Port is of an oblong Figure, an hundred and thirty Fathom long, and eighty broad. The Hills and Vallies round about Algiers are every where beautified with Gardens and Country-Seats, whither the Inhabitants of better Faihion retire during the Summer- Seafon. The Country-Seats are little vvhite Houfes, fhaded by a Va- riety of Fruit-Trees and Ever-Greens, v^hereby they aflbrd a gay and delightful Profpect towards the Sea ; the Gardens are well ilocked with Mf-doiis, Fruit, and Pot Herbs of all Kinds j and, what is chieily re- garded in thefe hot Climates, each of them enjoys a great Command of Water, from many Rivulets and Fountains. The I'own coii tains, according to the fame Writer's Computation, two thoufand Chrijlian Slaves, fifteen thoufand Jexvsj and one hundred tiioufaud Mahometans^ of which only I'liiity, at moll:, are Renegadocs. Ri-uers.] The principal Rivers in Algiers^ aie, i. Mid~ia, which runs from South to Noith, and dircharges itle.'f into the Mrdiicrraiinr/i, being the Boundary between A{^it:rs aud Morocco, z. Suffran, which runs from North to South, and dilcharges itfeU into the Sea near 41- giers. 3. Major., which runs in the like Direction, and falls into the Sea Xit2s Biigia : And, 4. The River Guudaloarrhar, which divides Al- giers from "-Fiaiis: Of thefe fearce any. are navigable beyond their Mouths, thoi.igh that of M.ulviii is capable of being made navigably for many Miics. Bays of the Sea and Capes.] Tiic ciricf Bays of the Sen, on that Part of the Coalt of i//??-,^//,;;^. v/l-.ich lies in the Kingdo.n of yi/§/n-x, are thofe oi Marjilqui-v6)-, Oran, Algiers, and Bugia. The Capes are Cape Fcgula, Cape 'Falcon^ Cape L,y, C^-ipe Cumhro/iy Cii^^' Bugia y and Q?i^Q MeteJ'uz. ' . ^ ' Jir and Winds.] The Air of this Country i'i health fu] and temperate, n<;ither too hot in Summer, n(>r top fnarp and cold in Winter ; tl.e Wind? are generally from the Sea, /, e. from the \Vc!t (by the North) tp the Fail; thofe from the .Eall are common at Algiers ffom /►/«>' to Si'J^lff/tl'cr i 'ALGIERS Kingdom: 49^ Septefiiber ; at which Time the wefterly Winds take Place, and become the moft frequent ; the foutherly Winds, which are ulually hot and Violent, are not frequent at Mgien ; they blow fomeumes for five ct fix Days together, in July and Augujly rendering tlic Air fo exceffively fuiFocating, that, during their Continuance, the Inhabitants are obliged to fprinkle the Floors of their Houfes with Water. It is feldom known to rain in this Climate during the Sumttler Sea- Ton ; and in moil Parts of the Saarut or Defart, on the South of JIgiers, particularly in the Jerced, they have rarely any Rain at all. Produce?^ There is but one Kind of Wheat and Barley cultivated in this Country; in fome Diftrids, where they have a Command of Watef during the Summer-Seafon^ the Natives cultivate Rice, Indian Corn, and particularly a white Sort of Millet, which the Arabs call Drah^ and prefer to Barley for the fattening of their Cattle : Oats are not Cultivated at all by the Arabs^ the Horfes of this Country feeding, al- together Upon Barley. The Mocrs and Arahi continue to tread oiit their Cornj after thfe pH*- mitive Cuitom in the Eaft; after the Grain is trodden out, they winnow it by thi'owing it up in the Wind with Shovels, lodging it afterwards ia Mattamores, or fubterraneous Magazines. Of Roots, Pot Herbs, and the Fruits of this Country there is iiofi only a great Plenty and Variety, but a Continuance or Succehlon, at leart, of one Kind of other, throughout the whole Year. There are great Numbers of Palm Trees in this Country^ alfo AI- Jnond Trees, Apricots, Plumbs, Cherries, MulberHes, Apples, Pearsj. Peaches, Nedlarines, Pomegranates, Prickle Pears, Olives and Walnuts j but no Filbert, Goofeberry, Or Currant Tre«s. In the Salt-petre Works of Thnfan^ they extra£i fix Ounces of Nitre from every Quintal of the common Mould, which is there of a dark Colour ; and at DoKjan^ Kir^van, and fome other Places, they have the like Quantity from a loamy Earthy of a Colour betwixt red; and yellow. Salt.] It appears that Salt is the chief a^id prevailing Mineral of thefe Kingdoms, as well from the feveral Sa|^t Springs, and Mountains of Saltj as from the great Number of Salinas's Shibkah^Sj that are, one or other^ to be met Vv'ith in every Dillrid. Bcfidcs the Salt Springs and Rivulets already mentioned, thofe Countries abound with hot and fulphurous Springs and Baths. Lead and Iron are the only Metals that have yet been difcovered in Barbary. Animals.] Befide? the Horfe^ the Mule, the Afs^ and Cahiel, ufed in Barbary^ for riding and carrying Burthens, Dr. Sl>azv mentions an- other Animal called the Kumrahi a little ferviceable EcaU of BUrthen, begot betwixt an Afs and a Cow, being fingle hoofed like the Afs, but the Tail and Head (except the Horns) li* c a Cow, and the Skin fleekei' than that of the k\i. Among their v.ild Beaih are the Lion and Panther; the Tyger is not a Native of Barbary. Go'-vernfrtent.'] The Government of ^/p-/V.f is. In Reality, an abfo- lete Monarchy at this Day, though it has fome Appearance of a mixt Government; bccaufe the Dey or Soverei;^n, fiirnetim&s affembles a Divan, GonfiiUng-of the chief Officers of the ;?'.a'.e; andof the Janizaries, I i and 49^ ALGIERS Kingdom. and demands their Advice in Matters of Importance; but this^ it feems, is only to Ikreen him againfl popular Difcontents ; for he a6ls by his fgle Authority whenever he pleafes. The Dey is indeed eledive ; the Son never inherits by Defcent, and his Eledion is by the Turkijh Army : Thofe who have no Relation to the Sword, have nothing to do in the Election. There are frequently fcveral Can- didates named upon a Vacancy, and when they have fixed upon onc» they all cry oat, Allah, Barick, God profper you, and fhovver down his Bleffings upon you ; and whether the Perfon is willing to accept the Honour or not, he is immediately invefted with the Caftan or Robe of Sovereignty ; then the Cadi is called, who declares that God has I'ouchfafed to call him to the Government of that Kingdom ; and that he is to maintain his Subjc6ls in their Liberties and Properties, and duly adminifter Juftice to them ; and exhorts him to employ his ut - inoll Care for the Profperity of his Country ; and, it is faid, he fits daily adminirtering Jultice from Five in the Morning till Noon, and from One till Four ; hearing and determining all Caufes that are brought before him, without any Aflbciates or Affiflants, but four Secretaries. Moreover, Matters relating to Lands of Inheritance, or Relioion, or the Breaches of their Ecclefiailical and Civil Laws, (which are the fame as among the Turks) are determined by the Cadi's or Ecciefiaftical Judges ; fo that the Caufes determined by the Dey, feem to relate chiefly to the Government of the State and the Militia, or to per.onal Debts, and other controverted Matters, for which the Alcoran has made no Provifion ; his Judgments are arbitrary, not re«rulated by Laws ; nor is there any Appeal from his Tribunal ; but, as the military Men do not only eled their Sovereign, but depofe, or put him to death, whenever they apprtliend he dees not confult tt-cir Inteieil, he is obliged to be very cautious in every Decree he m2.kes. Of the iix Deys that have reigned (Ince the Year 1700, four have bcifn murdered, and a fifth refigned his Government to fave his Life, The Want of Succefs, in any Inilancc, almoll infallibly occafions a Rdbellion ; and it is well if the Dey is not facrificed to the Fury of the Janizaries, and another eledcd, in whofe Hands they hope their Afti'.irs will profper better. The Grand Siguier had, till very lately, a Bafhavv always refiding ■?x Aigitrsf to whom he cxpeded the Dey and his Subjeds Ihould pay a ^ O U N D E I> by the Mediterranean on the North j Boundaries ■>'\ by tlie fame Sea and Tripoli on the Eail \ by Mount Atlas South ; and Algiers Wcfl. Divifton^^ North Divifion - — South Divriion — Provimres. Tu-nis Proper — — jO. ^igta Chief Towns, Tunis, E. Lon. lOi N. Lat. 36-20. Carthage Ruins r Pefcura, Mouvti^v^.'] Some Branches of Mount Atlas run through thie Country. Ri-yers.] The Rivers are, i. Gnadalharrhar, already mentioned. 2. Thai of the Capes at Capitla. 3. Megarnda, which difcharges itfe.^f into t\\c Mediterranean near the illand ofGotitta. Bays and Capes.] The chief Bavs are thofe of the ancienr Carthage^ the Bay or Lake of Tnms, :md the'Gulph of Sidra. 1 he chief Capes are thoVe of BiJ.eria, C.trthage, Bona, Mezur^J, £nd koTi^atim. Bagmos.] The Baonios of Tunis and Tripoli are as elegant and conr- T*iodioa3 as any iu Turkry, Soii TRIPOLI, including BARCA. 501 ^<^l and Produce.'] It is generally a very barren Soil ; but there are Some fruitful Valleys, producing Corn, Oil and Grapes, and no Coi»n- try is more proper for Silk, as they abound in Mulberry Trees. Among their Animals they have a. prodigious Number of Camels and fine Horfes. ManufaBures and Traffic.'] Thry enco^irage fcarce any Manufa6lures, but fupply themfelves with what they want chiefly by their Piracies, and Robberies of honeft Merchants that happen to fall into their Hands. The Europca^.s, that are at Peace with them, import from hence Corn^ Oil, Wool, Soap, Dates, Oflrich Feathers, and Skins ; but the People'- of T-unis get more by the Labour or Ranfom of the Slaves they take, than by any other Article. The Je-ws, who are very numerous al ^unis, have a great Share of the Trade. The Q'lty oi Tunis, the Capital, is fituate in a fine Plain, near the Banks of a fpacious Lake, almoft oppofite to the Ifland o£ Sicily m Ew ropey and about thirty Miles South of the Ruins of Carthage : it is fur- rounded by an antique Wail and Towers, about three Miles in Cir- cijmference. Their Bagnios are the moft elegant and commodious Build- ings in the City. It mud be vaftiy populous, if what a late Traveller relates be true, namely, that there are no lefs than 1 5 9OOO licenced Har- lots in the City, exclufive of their Concubines. Among the Ruins oi Carthage, there dill remain fome of thofe fpa- cious Cifterns, or Refervoirs for Water, which ufed to be fupplied by arched Aquedudls, that brought it out of the Country above thirty Miles ; Part of thefe Aquedufts are liill remaining, being thirty- five Feet high. The City flood on a Peninfula on an elevated Situation* therefore was very eafily fortified ; but there is no frelli Water near it, which was the Reafon of their being at th^t Expence to bring Water to the City. There is dill remaining in the Kingdom of Tunis, about fifty Miles South of the Capital, a -^o/wtx^ Amphitheatre, whereof four Parts in five are fiill entire; it is of an oval Figure, three Stories high, and V/ould contain 30,000 Speftators. The Government of the Kingdom of Tunis is exaftly the fame with that of Algiers^ only here the Grand Signior has a Baftiaw dill, who is fome Check upon the Dey or Sovereign, and has a fmall Tribute paid him. Their Religion and Ciadoms being the fame as in Algiers, there is no Necedity of repeating thefe Articles. 1 proceed therefore to the Defcription of the ancient Country of Tripoli. TRIPOLI, including BARCA. Situation and Extent, r 10 7 r ^ Bet'iveen \ and V E. Lon. 1 I s 200 Miles in Lengthi J: 30 3 1 Being \ - Bf:twecn < and V N. Lat. I I 240 Miles in Breadth. I i 2 Boundaries. 1 'p2 "TRIPOLI, including B ARC A. Boundaries.^ "O Q U N D E D by the MediterraJtean Sea, on the X3 North ; by Egypt on the Eaft ; by Nubian and unr known Parts of Jfrica, ijouth ; and by T^unisy pn tK? Weft. Divifions, Provinces. phief Town§. r Tripoli, E. Lon. Weflern Divifion Tripoli Pfoper -r— < H'SO- N. Lat. C 33-30. Eaftern Divifion — - Barca Delart — — Docra. Meuntainj.] The Branches of Mount Jtlas extend to this Country, but I met with no Rivers of any Note. '1 he Clirnate, the People, their Goyernnient, Religion and Cuf- 'toms, are th^ fame in Tripoli Proper, as m Algiers -^ only here the Grand Signior has a Bafhaw, who coIlet^s an annual Tribute, bpt he has nothing to do in appointing the Pey or Sov^ereign, l^hq is chofeH| by tlie Turkijh Soldiers, and depofed by thern whenever they do not approve his Adminiltration. Thefe Turkijh Soldiers that govern this exteniive Country, are not more than three or four Thoufand, though they have a great many hundred Thoufand I^oors and Arabs under their Jurifdidion. ^oil and Produce?^ Their Country is one pf the richell: in Barbaryj the Vallies producing Corn, Grapes, Olives, Silk, and all Manner of Fruits and Plants proper to a warm Climate, where it is cultivated, except that extenfive Defart of Barca^ the ancient Cyreyiey which is now truly a Defi^-t, fcarce a 7"own or cultivated Spot of Ground in it. The Turks of Tripoliy like thofe cf Algiers and Tunis, are an aban- doned Race, coiifilHng of Pirates, Banditti, and the very Refufe of Turkey, who have been forced to leave their feveral Countries to avoid the Punifliment of their Crimes, and do not differ, in any Refped, from thofe of Algiers and Tunis, only they are not fo powerful as the Alger ineS' And here it will be expefied 1 Ihould give fome Account of the Rife and Eliablifliment of thefe piratical Kingdoms of ^/o-/Vr/, Tunii^ and Tripoli^ on the Coaft oi ^arbary, of which 1 have made the fol- lowing Epitome. The Moors of Sj^ain^ having been difpoiTefled of their Country, after the Lofs of (iranaday which happened about the Year 1492, ^hen Ferdinand and Ifahella were i;pon the ^''hrone of Spain ; a;i4 being obliged to renounce their Religion, or tranfport themfelves to the Coalt of Barbary, many of them chofe to go into Exile ; but to revenge tjjemfelves of the Spaniards, and fuppiy tKeir Neceflities (having lolt all they had in the World) they confederated with the Mahometan Princes on the Coaft of Barbary, fitted out little Fleets of cruizing Veiiels, took all the Spanijh Merchant Ships they m.et with iit Sea, and being well acquainted with the Countrv, landed in Spain, and brought always Multitudes o^ Spaniards, and made Slaves of them. The Spaniards thereupon afTcmbled a Fleet of Men of War, invade^ Suruary, iud uAxw^'^ tiiiien Oran^ and jnany other Places on the ■ • Coaft AFRICAN ISLANDS. ^-o.:} Ceaft of Algiers', were in a fair Way of making an intire Conqueft of that Country. In this Diftrefs, the African Princes applied them- felves to that famous Turkijh Rover Barlarojay defiring his Afllrtance againft the Chriftians, which he very readily afforded them ; but had no fooner repulfed their Enemies, than he ulurped th£ Government of Algiersy and treated the People who called him in as Slaves ; as his Brother Heyradin BarbaroJJa afterwards did the People of Tunisy and a third obtained the Government of Tripoli by the like Means ; in which Ufurpations they were fupported by the Grand Signior, who claimed the Sovereignty of the whole Coaft, and for fome Time they were erteemed Subjects of Turkyy and governed by Turkijh Bafhaws or Viceroys ; but each of thefe States, or rather the military Men, at length took upon them to eleft a Sovereign out of their own Body, and rendered themf^:lves independent of the Turkijh Empire. The Grand Signior has not fo niuch as a Bafhaw or Officer at Algiers, but the Dey a6ls as an abfolute Prince, only liable to be[depofed by the Soldiery that advanced him. Thefe States ftill continue to prey upon the Spaniards^ having never been at Peace with them fince the Lofs of Granada. They make Prizes alfo of all other Chriftian Ships that have Spanijh Goods or Paflengers on Board, and indeed of all others that are not 9t Peace with them. :^^:]^^J^^3^^S^!^^^^:^^:^^^^X^^^:S^ AFRICAN ISLANDS. Divifions. North 5outh fion South iion Iflands. Zocctora — - Chief Towns, I r Calanfia Eaft Divi-J Babelmandeh and the {\ BubelmandeU Iflands in the Red\\ Sea J (^ CMadaga/car "J CSt.AuJIin Eaft Divi- 3 Comorra Iflands ( ) Joanna Wcfl Divi- ..North W fion '"eft Divi- 5 j Bourbon (_ Mauritius ,St. Helena ,St. Thomas ]AfcenJion \ Ana bo ^Princes 111 and Fernandopo St. Matthevj Bourbon Mauritius. St. Helena^ S. Lat. I$, Cape Verd Iflands Canary Iflands Madeira^ i - Cru%% ii + Divifions. \l 5Q4 JFRICJN IS I. Al^DS. Divifions. Iflands. Chief Towns, JTliQ Grand Canary —^ Palma^ W. Lon. id* . \pner/f — / \s^, Chrippher'u Unary Ifands are K^fJ^^ "HT ^ J^'^^^^^^'- jGomera — — . / Forte Fentura — Lancer Ota •— - The firft Meridian, was, till lately, fixed at Ferro^ the moft wefterl^ pf thefe Iflands ; but now evefy Nation makes their own Capital the lirll Meridian. Madeira Iflands \ ^"""^Z^ ^^^P^^ ™ } F'xf^?^* ^* ^''''- ^^ \ Porto SanilQ J| N. Lat. 32-33. St. Michael St, Marfs T'ercera I Gratiofa TKe -<^:;25r^i are, -r— / «S/. G^^r^^^ Fayal Flares . Cor^o ZcccSora.] Zocoiora is fituate in the Indian Ocean, E. Lon. 53. N» Lat. 12. 30 Leagues Ealt of Cape G^r^'^/b/, on the Continent oi Africa, Jt is about 80 Miles long and 54 broad, and has two pretty good ^arbou^s in it, where Ships put in Ibmetiraes when they loie their Paf- iage to India ; it being a plentiful Country, and affording fuch Fruits and Plants as are ulually found within th« Tropics ; 4s alfo Frankin- (ienfe, Gum-tragant and Aloes. BahelmandeL'\ Bah, or Bab elm and eU is ntuate in E. Lon. 44-30. Nr Lat. 12. It commands the Strait at the Entrance of the Red-Sea, and prefcrves the Communication between Ethiopia and Arabia; on which Account it was formerly furioufly contended for by the Ethiopians and Arabians ; other wife it is of very little Value, being a barren, fandy. Spot of Earth, not five Miles round. Co?norra,'] Cgmcrra Iflands are fituate between 41 and 46 Deg. E. Lon. and between 10 and 14 S. Lat. equally diftant froni Mndagafcar and the Continent of ^/)7V^, of which Joanna is the Chief, being about 30 Miles long, and 15 broad, and affording Plenty of Provifions, and fuch Fruits as are produced between the Tropics. Eaji-India Ships, boqnd to Bombay, ufually touch here for Refrefliments. The People are Negroes of the Mahcmctan Religion, and entertain our Seamen with great Humanity and Hofpiulity. Mauritius.'] Maurice, or Mauritius Ifland, is fituate E. Lpn. 56. S, Lat. 20. in the Indian Ocean, about 400 Miles E. of Madagafcar. It was fubjea to the Dufch, who named ix. M^Airicem Honpur of their Stadt- Klder, but is novv poffci'icd by the French, It is of an oval Form, about 150 Mifes in Circumference, a mountainous Country, well flQ^thed with goGd Timber of fevcral Sorts, having Abundance of .Rivuieis running down from the Mountains. The Dutch erefted Saw- U|)on ii, and fuppiied their Settlements in India with Plank fromi ChencCj, JFRICJNIS'LA'^DS. 505 t^ience. This Tfland was of great Ufe to the Hollanders before they poiTefl*ed the Cape, having* no other Place to furniih them with Re- irefnments between Europe and India, Bourbon,'] Bourbon^ or Mafcarenha^s Ifle, is fituate \t\ E. Lon. 54, S. Lat. 21. about 300 Miles Eaft of Madagajcary and is about 90 Miles round ; affording a Variety of JHills and Vallies, Woods and Champaign, and was called the Englijh Forell by Capt. CaJJhiv?;, who vifited it in the Year 161 3 ; but the Englijh did not think fit co plant it; whereupon the French took Pofjcffiou of it in thp Year 1664, and it ferves them for a Place of Refrclhment in their V'oyaoe to India ; but there are no good Harbours in the Illand, Madaga/cifr.] Madagafcar is fituate in the Indian Ocean, between t3 and 51 "^^^^ E. Lon. and between 22 and 26 S. Lat. 3Q0 Miles outh Eall of the Continent of Africa^ and is near a thoufand Miles long from North to South, and three hundred Miles broad in the broadell Part. Soil and produce.'] It is a fruitful Country, abounding in Corn, Cattle, and moft of the Necelfaries and Conveniencies of Life; and affords an agreedble Variety of Hills and Vallies, Woods and Cham-r paign, being well watered by Rivers, but has not any Merchandize that will induce the Europeans to fetile Colonies here ; however, trad- ing Ships furniih themfelves with Negro Slaves, and fon>e Ivor)', at ^ladagaftar. 7'he People are of different Complexions, and different Religions ; there is a lavvney Race of Arabians^ who are Mahometans, The Ne- groes are generally Pagans. The Ifland is divided into a Multitude of little Kingdoms and States, none of thejn very powerful. Avery the Pirate.'] The famous Englijh Pirate A^jery made the North part of this Ifland the Situation for his piratical Fleet, with which he infelled the Indian Seas ; and it being conjedlured, that he d:fio-ned to ufurp the Sovereignty of that Part of the lilanJ, in the Year 1699, Commodore Warren was fent with five Men of War to Madagafcar^ to endeavour to difpoffefs him ; but he maintained his Poll, and the Com- jnodore, having vifited India afierwards, returned to Europe without effeding any Thing. He publifhed a Proclamation indeed, contain- ing a Pardon for all that would defert A^very ; but not a Man came in, their Commander being excepted oat of it. Thefe Pirates, having amaffed a great deal of Wealth, divided the Spoil, and difperled to feveral Countries ; two of them were taken at Malacca fome Time afterwards, and brought to England in the fime Ship in which the Writer of thefe Sheets returned from India in 1701 ; but what became of their Commander Avery was never known. St. Helena.] The Illand of St, Helena is fuuate In the Atlantic Ocean, W. Lon. 6-30. S. Lat. 16. being i2cc Miles Vv'eil of the Continent qi /Africa, and 180Q Eail of South America, It is a Rock in the Middle of the Ocean, very high and Ilecp, about twenty Miles in Circumfe- rence, and only accellihle at the Lauding Place, which is defended by Batteries of Guns. A Foot of good Earth covers the Top of it, and produces Corn, Grapes, and all Fruits proper for the Climate. Thsy abound alfo in Cattle, Poultry, and Fowls ; but they are unfjrtun.re in having ^.-Multitude of Rats in the IHand, which cat up all the Corn ■506 'AFRICAN ISLANDS. as foon as it is Town, and burrow into the Rock, fo that it is impoflible to deftroy them ; and all the Flour they ufe is imported from England : They generally eat Yams and Potatoes inflead of Bread. The £^/- India Company are Proprietors of the tlland, which was given them by King Charles II. foon after it was taken from the Dutch by Admiral Miindayy Anno 1672. There are about two hundred Families in this Ifland, moft of them the Children of the Englijh that planted it: Their Complexions are as good as thofe of the Natives of Old England^ though they lie in fo warm a Latitude, which may be afcribed to the Trade Winds, which confrantly blow over them, and the Sea which fo clofely forrounds the Illand, and renders it cooler than could be expected. Here the Englijh Eaji-India Ships take in Water and frcfli Provifions in their Way Home ; but the Illand is fo very fmnll, and the Wind fo much again 11 them outward-bound,, that they very feldom fee it then ; and if a Ship over-fhoots the Ifland, and falls to Leeward, it is very difhcult to recover the Illand again. J/ccnJion.'] The Ifland o^ J/cenJion is fituate in 17 Degrees W. Lon. and 7 S. Lat. 600 Miles North-Well of St. Helena, being about 2Q Miles round, and uninhabited ; but the Eajl-lndia Ships ufually touch here to furnifli themfelves with Turtles or Tortoifes, which are very plentiful, and vaftly large, fome of them weighing above an hundred JPounds a-piece. St. Matthexv."] The Ifland oi St. Matthe-zv lies in 9 Degrees W. Lon, 9nd in 2-30. S. Lat. 700 Miles S. of Cape Pulmas. The Ifland oi St. Thomas is iituate under the Equator, in 8 Degrees p. Lon. Anaboa is fituate near the Coafl: oi Loangoy E Lon. 8-30. S. Lat. i. Princes Ifland, on the fame Coaft, E. Lon-. 9 N. Lat i. Fernando Po is fituate in E, Lon. 10. N. Lat. 3. near the Mouth of the River Cameron. Thefe five are fmall Iflands belonging to the Portuguc/ey which fur^ nifh Shipping with frefli Water and Provifions as they pafs by, but are not confitierable on any Account. Cape Verd ljlands.~\ The Iflands of Cape Verd 2ltq fituate bet.veen 23 and 26 W. Lon. and between 15 and id: N. Lat. upwards of 300 Miles Weft of Cape Verd in Africa ; many of them are only barren Rocks, The Chief arc, St. 'Jogo^ Bra^vo, Foga,^ J^Iayo Bona-^ijla, Sal; St. Nicholas, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Santa Cruz, and St. Antonio. St, "Jago, the largejl, is about 150 Miles in Circumference, a mountainous and rocky Country, but has fome fruitful Vallies in it, which produce Indian Corn, Cocoa-nuts, Oranges, and other Tropical Fruits ; and they have Plenty of Roots and Garden-ftufF, Hogs and Poultry, and ionie of the prettieft green Monkieb, with black Faces, that are to be met with any where. Here Eajl-Indiamen outward-bound furnilh their.felves with Water and Provifions. The Ifland cf Fogo is a Volcano : Sal, and fome other Iflnnds.make great Quantities of Salt. They are fubjed to Portugal, and inhabited by Portugiicfe and Negroes but the Negroes are the moft numerous. I'hcfe Iflands were difcovercd by Jntonio Ncsl, zGcnof/ef in the Service of Portugal, in tlic Yciir 14.60. C'fi'^tiriis.., : :/fFi?/C^N" ISLANDS. 507 Canarifs,] The Canaries, andently caHed the Fortunate Iflands, are l^ven in Kiunber, iltuate in tkc Atlantic Ocean, between 12 a^d 19 Degrees W. Lon. and between 27 and 29 N. Lat. about 150 Miles S. y/. of Morocco \Xi Africa. The chief Ifland, called t\\c Grand Canary ^ which communicates its Name to the reft, is fituate between 27 j^nd 28 Degrees of North Lat. and is about 150 Miles in Circum- ference. Thefe Mands enjoy a pure temperate Air, and abound in the moft delicious Fruits, efpecially Grapes, which produce thofe rich. Wines that obtain the Name of Canary^ whereof no lefs than ten thoufand Hogfheads are annually exported to England in Time of f*eace. Teneriffy the largeft of the Canary Iflands, next to that of the Grand Canary, is about 120 Miles round, a fruitful Country, abounding ia Corn, Wine and Oil ; though it is pretty much incumbered with. Mountains, of which the moll remarkable is that called the Pico or Peak, being one of the higheft Mountains in the World, of the Form Great- Britain I | :iluebec,> Graticl D^ff'fr^tAvw/^ iViJim /ii <^ ^/j40 IJ30 kSo ^^- ^f m^ -h: Ji-cJe .cnU^^ %<^ Wager ...ml- ill' Ml I NORTir" AMERlCAt/^X ti A IL X S .'^f' Ca ^^K^UvK ^ t^ I 0 3sr \ -^^^ ^i-;?- M Panis -^ V;, trreat rtr^ Teo-uaio ^^^r^. ^^i, fya4/?g^i ^t?^, ^AYAIUL Tr. ^77^. -/ti^i '^^^I'^iriiii G R EAT |dl ^w^ pS//ytv/^x.vz^^/ [VIII Me S O U T Ataj itic H S i A vn ices OLD MEXICO^ 509 #rand r^iviiions. SoatK AMERICA contains Subdivilions. T^e Dominhns of Spain ' ^he Dominions c/" Por- tugal I The Dominions of France \Th€ Dominions of thei States-General The Countries Jlill fof- fejfed by the Nati'ves Chief Towns #, Lima. St. Salvador* Caen* I Surinam* SPANISH A M E R 1 C M 'The Dominions of Spain in North America. Divifions. 1. Old Mexico ' ■ ' — 2. Nenv Mexico y including C/ififornia 3. Florida^ now ceded to Great- Britain Chief Towns. Mexico. Santa Fe. it. Auguf.in» OLD MEXICO. Situation and Extent, between Between boundaries. ] W. Lon. N. Lat. Being jooo Miles in LengrtliJi 600 Miles in Breadth, BO 'J N D E D by A'^ov Mexico or Granada on the North ; by the Gulph of Mexico on the North-Eaft ^ by Terrr. Firma, on the South Eaft ; and by the Pacific Ocean, on the South- Weil ; containg three Audiences, njtz,. 1 C I . Galicia or Guadalajarra. — — ?• ^ 2' Mexico Proper. ^ L Z' ^u^timala. Provinces. Chief Towns. Guadalajarra Yro-'\r Guadalnjarrti, 'v^'. per A Lon. 108. N. Laf* \ 40-H' The Au jiences of A'ludien€es. Galicia Audience con tains i^w^n Pro- vinces, v;^:- TiPcatecns Ne^v Bijcay C mole a Ci'liacan - Chnmetlan Xalijco arbara ! 7.acafeca ^^St. Barb ■ Cinolea Culincan Chamr.dan ^\^XalijLO. Audiences 510 N EIF ME X Audiences. Provinces.' 'r. Mexico Proper — Mexico Audtlehce coh- . tains nine Provinces * 2. Mechoacan -3.. Pdnuco 4. Tla/cala X 5. Guaxaca 6. Tobafco — ji jfucatan 8. ChiapUi and ^^» Soconufco Guatlmala Audience contains fix Pro- vinces s Verapaz. 2. Guatimala Proper Honduras •— 4. Nicaragua — — ' 5 . Co/} a Rica 6. Veragua — — Chief Towns<* " Mexico y W. Lon. lo^"* N. Lat. 20. Acapulco Mechoacan Tampici Tla/cala Vera Cruz., W. Lonw 100. N. Lat. i8-> 30. Toha/cp ■■ Campeach^ Chiapa ^ Soconufco m r Ferapaz. \Guatimala, W. Lon, ) 97. N. Lat. 14-30; iValladolid jLeoh I Nicoya {^Santa Fe. NEW MEXtCOi including CALIFORNIA. Siiuaticn and Extent. Between \ and > H. Lon. I I 2006 Miles in' Length; Bctweea < and % N. Lat. I / 1600 Miles m' Breadth. boundaries.] TJ OU N D E D by unknowii Lands on the North ; by JlJ Florida and Canada^ on the Eaft ; by Old Mexico^ and the Pacifc Ocean, on the South ; and by the faine Ocean, on the Weft- Divifions. Subdivifions. Chief Town's. North-Eaft Divifion \ Keio Mexico?ioiper >\ ^^^^^ ^-^^ Lat. t6v South-Eafl Divifion < Jpacl^dra — — > < St. Antonio, South Divifion Sonora _— — r- Tuape,- \ California y a Penin- ? J "^^^ J^*^'^' Weft Divifioa Mountains J^ SPANISH AMERICA. jn Mountains.] There are high Mountains on the Weftern Coail near the Pacific Ocean, cloathed with excellent Timber; but moft of them are Volcano's, and Aibjed to fiery Eruptions and Earthquakes. The Country near the North Sea is low Land, flooded great Part of the Year, and (o encumbered with Thickets of Bambou-Canes, Man- groves, Thorns, and Briars, that it is difficult landing or geting thro* them. Ri'vers.] The Rivers, which fall Into the Gulph of Mexico and the North Sea, are, i. North Rifer^ 2. Panuco, 3. Al^arado, 4. TV bafco, 5. Xagua: And, 6. Yara. Rivers which fall mxo x\i^ South Sea^ arc, \, Rofario, 2. TegoanU-^ peque ; and, 3. Lempa. - Capes.] Cape Sardo, Cape 5/. Martins^ Cape Corndncedoy Cape Cat^ coche^ Cape Honduras^ Cape Cameron^ and Cape Gracias Dios, in the North Sea. Cape Marquesy Cape Spirito San^o, Cape Corientesy Cape Galfero^ Cape Blancot Cape Bur ica. Cape Puercos, and Cape iVf«/tf, in the South Sea. ■ Rays of the Sea.] Gn the North Sea are the Gulphs or Bays of Mexico^ Campeachyi Vera CruZy and Honduras ; in the Pacific Occaa are the Bays of Micoya and Amapalla, Acapulcoy and Salinas. Lakes.] The chief Lakes are thofe of Mexico and Nicarao-ua* Seafons.] The Year is divided into the wet and dry Seafons ; the lainy Seafon beginning the latter End of Mayy when the Sun is in the northern Signs, and lafts until Septembevy when the Sun enters th^; fouthern Signs. The proper Summer, or fair Seafon, is when the Sun is at the greatell Diftance from them. Winds.] Near the Coall in the Pacific Ocean, they have their Perio- dical Winds, 'vi'z. Monfoons, and Sea and Land Breezes, as in AJta. In the Gulph of Mexicoy and the -adjacent Seas, there are llron^q; North Winds from QSiober to March ^ about the Full and Change of the Moon. Trade Winds prevail every where at a DiHance from Land, within the Tropics. Air.] The Air of Mexico is very hot and very unhealthful on th'C Eallern Coail; bu;t much cooler and wholfomer on the high Lands« Produce.] Their Vegetables are the Cotton and Cedar-trees^ and Logn.'jood, which grows chiefly in the Bays of Campeachy and Honduras, on the flooded Shores ; it is much like white Thorn, but a great deal larger ; the Heart of it, which is red, is ufed in Dying : Some Trees are five or fix Feet in Girt. The Mangro-ve grows in the flat Country, by the Sea- fide, almoil aivvays in Water^ The Maho Tree has a Bark with I!rong Fibres, which they twili, and make Ropes and Cables of it. The LightTvcod is as light as 3 Cork, of whrch they make Floats, and carry their Merchandise along the Sea-Coafts fevcral handred Mii'es on them, building two or three Stories hi-^h uron them. The Cabbage Tree is icc or 120 Feet high, which has no Branches i>yt oil the Hea.d. The 512 SPANISH AMERICA. The Calabajh Is a Goard that grows to a great Bignefs here. The Tree which bears the Cocoa or Chocolate- Nut, is feven or ejgllt Feet high to the Branches, and a Foot and a half Diameter ; the Nuts are inclofed in Co.ds, ufually twenty or thirty Godson a well-bearing Tree ; there are fometimes three or fourfcore Nuts in a Cod, in fonie not twenty, about the Bignefs of an Almond- The Ftneilay or Bexucoy is ufually mixed with the Chocolate-Nut | is a Kind of a Cane» and runs up any Tree that flands near it. The Fruit is inclofed in a long green Cod. There are a great many other Fruits peculiar to this Country, and they have introduced almolt all Msinncxoi European Fruits and Plants. Mexican Jn/'mals.] The Pecarree is a little black, ihort-legged Animal, that has fome Refemblance of a Hog, but his Navel groWs on his Back. The IVarre is like the former, but fomething lefs. 1. he 0/)ofum is remarkable for a falfe Belly, where it preferves its young Ones when Danger threatens her. The Mou/e Deer, which refembles the Red Deer* is as big as an Ox. The Guanoe is of the SiJiape df a Lizard, but as big as a Man's Leg. The Flying Squirrel has a fmall Body, and a loofe Skin, which he extends like Wings, and is borne up by the Wind for a confiderablc Time. The Sloth is about the Bignefs of a Spaniel, and feeds on the Leaves of Trees, but is fo mnny Days getting down one Tree and climbing up another, that he will grow lean on the Journey ; no Blows will make him mend his Pace j he will be eight or nine Minutes in moving one of his Legs. The Armadillo is {o named from his Shell refembling Armour, in which he can inclofe himfelf. The Racoon pretty much refembles the Badger* The Ounce, or Tyger Cat, feems to be a fmall Species of Tygers. The Bea'vers are lurprizing Animals, that will cut down Trees, and make Dams crofs Brooks to catch Fifh ; their Furs are very valuabk> of which our Hudfons Bay Company import many thoufands annually. Of their Fiih, the Manatee is as big an an Ox, and excellent Food. Ihe Paracood is about an Ell long, and well tafted, but unwhoie- fcmc at fome Seafons. The Gar Fijh is of the fame Length, and has a fharp Bone at the End of his Snout like a Spear, but not indented like that of the Sword- Fifli. Of Tortoifes there are five or fix Species, fome valuable for their Fk'fh and others for their Shells. I'he Female will lay about two Mindrcd Egi:;s in a Scafon, which Ihc buries in the hot Sand, and leaves them to hatch there. Of the Feather Kind, peculiar to Jmericay are the Macanv^ refem- bling a Parrot, but nuich larger; t\\c i^luam, the Curafce, the Cardinal^ and the lUmitning Bird. Among rhe JKcptilcs are the Rcttk Snake^ which gives the Traveller Kctice of hib Dargcr by a Ivrttlc \\\ the Tail. "J he Miguti ih an Jnfedt ic \m^, that it cannot eanly be difccnied, and uiualiy i.rikes into a Man's Lc^ , and if it is lee akne, it will get dtcp SPANlSHAMERiCA, s^3 deep in the Flelh, where it lays a great many Nits or Eggs, which in- creaie to the Bignefs of a Pea ; and if the Place be icratched, j[t im- mediately fellers, and endangers the Lpfs of a Limb. The Cochineal F/y is a very profitable Infefl ; it is bred 'n a Friiit that grows on a Shrub about five Feet high j when the Fruit opens, thci'e Infedls take Wing, and hover a little while over the I'ree, and then fall down dead on the Sheets that are fprCad fo, theni. Minerals.] The Gold of Mexico is chiefly found in the rocky Moun- tains, and barren Parts of the Country, in Grains, or in Dull, in the Sands of Rivers, or ia Stone in the Mines : The Grains arc fm?Jl Pieces of Goiu, like the Seeds or Kernels of Fruit, which are found with- out Mixture of any other Metal, and have no Need of Melting or Re- fining. But much the greateft Quantity of Gold is found in the DuA in the Sands of Rivers dnd Torrents, after the Rains have fallen. All the Silver, dug in the Mines of Mexico^ is bioiight to the King";* Exchequer in the capital City, and entered there ; and it is related, that there are two Iviiliions of Marks, of eight Ounces each, entered in one Year. The Gold is coined into Pieces of fixteen, eight, four, or two' Pieces of Eight, which are called Crowns of Gold. The Inaians had no Coin of any Sort, when the Spaniards firfl came, amongfi them ; Gold and Silver ferved them only for Ornaments ; their Traffic confifting in Ear-ring and Exchanging one Thing, for ano- ther ; only the Cocoa-nuts- ferved them to purchafe Herbs and Flovrers, and Things of fmall Value, as they do fail in the Markets oi Mexico, neither the Spaniards nor Indians having any Copper Coin. Traffic.'] 'The People of Mexico, and the refl of the SpaniJJy Weft - Indiesy are prohibited trading with any but the Subjedls oi Spain ', nor are Foreigners fuflered to vifit their Coail:?. The Traffic of Mexir.o is one of the richeft and moflr extenllve m 'CiiQ World, for they trade with the Philippine Iflands near the Coaft of Qhinay through the South Sea or Pacific Ocean ; with Peru and Chili through the fame Sea, and with Old Spain y and the .S^.-rrz/y Illands, through the l\ followed, in Part of the Country deftitutCQf Spani/h or Indian inhabrtants, for a great many Years, and io; ked upon -it, that their long Polleflion Jiadi:g;iven them at leail as good a Right jiijrn^))'f);Tr/J "ri? rr'Q->t -.^'tl'^mivr z^i2 -. Learning.]'. . The NatiT^'s hi'd neither Letters nor Characters- to* ex- \|)4-ef5 their Meaning by ; Statuary aad- Painting were the. only Wa-)'s ..they had to record what war/pall; an Imaje or i'^iiftaie,- rW'itvh a.Cr^ovvyi on hir: Headi fiivni^d a King;- and an Inuu-e,- habited like a Prieih/a Frieft ; bat:they iiad no Charailer that' wtiukl exprefs either, Asithe Chi^'l/e h2Lve t '-fhere are'forae fev/ TKingj^*', indeedv-thHt'reprefewte'd oiher^s, and may be flilrd Hicrogryphics, as the ;pMiitcd?;Wii.eelith^ diilinn-iiifiies their /\;'C, and Icffer Ciides their Years. .'''■^^'^■'■: v ' ' .Rel-giun.] K the A^lesii rah s.h7i.d's.ny God, whi'ch.the-jr iniiagiiiedt]»'-9- fided over the relt, it vva''- the Sun. It is evident they hod a-gieat-VtS-. rerarion t^.ir this oloriou" Orb, "from the SpeeclU'S. of .MoKtc^zirm'j'y'-Rnd their a(cribing whatever, was great and wondeiful to his 'f)i.e\ftivih a^'d ISn.flijicnce ; but they hud no Imuge of the San or Moon in-vh^"'Te*,Ti^^fcs of SPANISH AMERICA: s^S of Mexico y as the former Inhabitants of the Country (the Chichimecas) )*ad ; but a great many Idols of human Form. '.'."...: 7 he Spanian/s charge them with offering human Sacrif?ces to theit Idols, making theft* a Coloiir for all the Barbarities they committed in America ; they infihuate^ that a PeopI?, which made the fact ificing their own Species the chief Part ef theif Religiottj ought to have been ex- tirpated ; but the Spanijh BiftiOp of Ch'tapdy Who rcffded at Mexico at the Time of the Conqiieft;, and was fent over thither to enquire into thefe Matters, and to protect the hidians ao-s^inll the barbarous Ufasre they met ivith from Ccrf^z and his- Fellow-Adventurers, afiures uis, that moil Part of the Charge was falfej that inftead of the Mcxicahs facri- iicing TJiQufands (fome fay fifty 'Thouf?;nd) ainnually, they never fa- crificed fifty in one Year; and, for ought I can learn, they never fa- crificed Eeaft or Men conllantly,' biit only on fome grand Feftivals, of inthe Time of fome general Calamity, fuch as Famine or ill Sdccefs iri War, to appeafe their angry Gods ; as x.\\t Phsf-JciaHs and Cdrthaginiani did, ftOm whom, it is highly probable, they vvere defcended. Thefe, Adventurers, fays -the good' Bifho'p, invented fuch Stories to -joftify their own Barbarity; adding, that it might truly be faid, that the Spaniards y fince: their Arrival in the 7;/t//>/, had annually facrificed td their adored Goddcfs A^jurice, more People than xh'S Indians facrificed in art hundred Years. .•■ ,:i'" ■ •■ ' ' ■ . - " As to the Chriftian Religionj ^'hicK the Spdmcirds host^ they ihtro-» duced into this ndw World j it appears^ th^t the firft Adventurers, Co/- ifez and his Companions, Isudied nothing lef^ than the Converfion of iiie Indians^ whatever they pretend; they only fummaned the titdians to fu!brait to the Pope and the Emperor C,^^;r/^j" V. and on their Re- fufal to become Chriitians,- (beibfe they were at^U inftrudled in the Chriilian Rites) they feized- their Country, murdei-ed many Millions of them, and enfiavcd the reft ; and afterwards, when tK'ei'e Abufes were in fome Meafure redre (Ted, and MilTiortaries fent over, they.pjsr- fe£lly dragooned the /ff^/^/^j, that wera left' alive, into Chriftianity;; driving them by Hundreds and Thoufands into the Riveri to' be bap- tized, on Pain of having their Throats cut. Ox\t of thefe Miflionaries boafted to ChdrUs the Vth, tliat heJiad baptiz.ed.abovz feldom leaves his Family, and reares to his Countrymen* Tn the Mountains, after he is married, but becomes an indallrious and profitable Member of the Commonwealth, paying Duties both to the Church and Civil Gover- nors ; the marrying them fo young alfo makal|A|| Country the more populous, which was impoliticly deprived o|j|^^Inhabitanis by the firil Adventurers. Nor do the Spaniards only take Care to fee the young Indians married to each other, but they encourage, or at leall fuffer the native Spaniards^ and the Creoii their Defcendants, to marry the young Indiam, whereby the Aniericaiis are, fp incorporated and alHed" to many Spanifn Families, that they are in a Manner become the fame People in feveral Tov/ns and Provinces : , Thqjike Policy the French obferve in \\i^\x American Plantations, while the .^//ff////^ imprudently prohibit their People marrying v»'ith the ludi'ansy and confequently lofe many Advantages in pjantingand eitablilhin^ themfjlves, which other" European Nations havej^mm^jvoO. IIjj' 1© bUnv IT is highly probable, tha-t v^/^^-f/f^ was firit peopled by the C^;;/>^ij- ginranst who were fituatc on the North- VVeit Coafl of Africa, and pofieffed the Canary and Cape Vcrd Iflands in the Atlantic Oz^-<\x\. : And •as the CartLaginian Ships .ear.riedfoA^etimes a thoufand People, and' v;ere probably crowded with Men, V/cmen and Children, v»'hen they fent Colorjies to thofe lilauds, as ours, arc which we fend to the Plan- tations; it is, Ti!:^r)y nattifipi^l .fp exp]eQ,|,that ibme of them (hould mifs thofe iflands, and be driven to the Weft beyond their intended Port : And if tiiis ever happened, they muft of NeceiTity be carried to Ar/ie- rica, v/hich is fituaie but three Weeks Sail to the Wellward of the Canary or Cope Verd lilands ; from whence it Was impoifible for them ' to return to ti;e ,K,aitern Continent, the Trade-Wind being always op- pofite to them ; which is the Reafon we never heard any Thing of that- Part of the World, until we had the Ufe of the Gompafs, and the Art' of Navigation was improved, whereby a Way was found out of failing into higher Latitudes, cut of the Way of the Trade- Winds, in order to return to the Eailcrn Continent. Cclumliis, a Native of Genoa, in the Service of ^'/i^/V/, obferving the vafi: Difproporiion between the Land already difcovered, and the W^aters, which were fuppcfed to cover the reft of the Surface of the Globe, concluded that there mult be another Continent beyond-- the Atlantic Ocean ; or rather, that the Continent of China and the Eaji-Indies extended through that Ocean, within, 500c Miks of our Continent. SP A N I S H J M E R I C A 51^ He found that Marinas had placed China fifteen Hours Ead of Por^ iiigal, and confequently there .could remain no more than nine Hours more between Europe and C/^/>^^, failing Weftward, fuppofing that Space to be all Sea, which he hoped was great Part of it Land, and concluding therefore, that it would be no veiy long Voyage to the Eaji-hidies by the IVeJl \ and though he was miltaken in his Calculation of the Dii- tance between Europe and Chinas by the Weft, near two Thirds, yet he was fo far accidentally in the right, that there was another Continent about three or four thoufand Miles Vv^eil of ours : He w?s confirmed in this Opinion, it is faid^ by the Journals and Reports of fome Mariners, %vho had been driven fome hundreds of Leagues to the vveiiward, and afHrmed they had feen Land in fome of their Voyages. Certain it is, he apprehended there was a very high Probability of his fucceeding in the Difccvery, or bp'' would never have ventured to have crofled that unknown and boundiefs Ocean, as it was edeemed at that Time by molt Men. ^ ■....,-.• -n:. v:.,. But however fanguine or ^^rt&€4'u7Jtbus might be of ins fucceeding, iSi-appcars that the Courts he^pplied to, for their AiTiftance in fitting him out, treated the PrOp'ofal vyith the fame Indifierence they ufually do other romantic Projedls ; for he was many Years negotiating this Affair in the feveral Coarts of £-ii.8' SPANISH 4 M E R I C A. dered to be augmented to fifteen Sail, svith which he began his fecond Voyage the 25th oi September 1 493. He toucl;ed ajjain at the Canaries t and depriiting from, thence the. 7th of Od^ober, arrived at Dominica, one of the Caribbee Iflands, \kit \z^ oi Iso'vember ; from thence he failed tg MarigalantBy and next toGuaeAaJcupe 2ind Mc7itfcrratt and afterwards to f^ortQ Ricay irriying a.t Iliypaniola the 12th of Aoi^'f/'-r;*^^?*, where he found ^11 the People he left in the Fort .M}Lli ^J5cf>/.;,/ ;';.--;^ :;■;:;:/'.•;',, .'^';\\.''^; ■'' ;■;' ^'hc Coiiir of Sp^ifh ' nowevier, ^vere fo juft t6 h;s Pv'Iemory, that th( |5uried him i^iagnihcently. ia the'"Cathe4ral,,or,i^f:'W/ ,J5Cf>' ■' / ■'..■:]''.;'-''."'",. ';■.",. ,.'■ ' ': jey: a fF^;. ■ ,;,.;.''.!'t.rr'^" ■ ''^'-Golurhbas' ^^}'-^/V^;-i2 lA'^'K? World 'ta 'the Kiffgdo:}!:^ nf Cafiile and Lebfti''-'" "■■■■'■. f ■ . Ainerlcui V-fp'-^W^ ^: Flprentit:^^ was' employed by the Spaniards in the Year 149.7, wliile CohwiLics was living, to make further Difcove- xies i he , ^ouchc4 iU the (^^7;^i,7Vj;, arid, having fa ilecj OHe fhoufand Leagues to'ti e S. W. arrived at a Coiiritry in 16 Degree*? N. Lat. fup.- pofe-d to be fome of the Caribbee \f['^Vi'\%: He continued his Coarfe 900 iiCague^ further Wefl, and arrived at a Country under the Tropic af .i^a.ucry Which muH be fome Part o^ Mexico- '' ' ■ ■■' ' '^ ■'•^^^-■' ' He S P A N. I SM A M ERIC A. 519 He made another Voyage the following. Year, 1^98, in the Service df Sj>ainy and failing S. W. pa/Ted the Equator, arriving at a Country^ hi five Degrees S. Lat. which muft be Brazil. Emanuel^ .King of Forti/galj afterwards employed Amen'cusP'fJpufius in his Service, who departed from X//3/'« with th.ee Ships, in May 1501,^ and arrived on the Coafl of Brazi/, in 5 Degrees S. Lat. from whence he failed to 52 Degrees S. Lat. alono; that Coaft, and retuniwed, from whom that Contin^-^nt dbtained the Name df jdmeric^i. "^-" ' '" Sebajiian Cabvty an Italian, or of Italian Extra(ftion,\vSsetn ployed by Henry V'lL King of England^ "to find out a North-weft Pallage to China^ who departed from England in 149S, and failed along the 5L E. Covi'i}. of A,r.erica LO 67 Degrees N. Lat. The fame Caboty or his Son, attempted to find a Way io C-fnna by the Nortit-Eaft, but did not fuc- ceed in either. ' . '. , 'Fafco' Nunez de^^iUaa fir(l failed rbiuld CrSsiy fomd %t tO be an TdaTid, and madeim Entire ConqUCil of 'iVt "l^liefi' he' failed to the River of Darien, and cultivating a Correfpondence with .the Caci/^i/es or Indian Princes, they conduced him over the vaiV Moaht^ains on tfce Illhmus, to the Sotitb-Seay pr Pacific Oceah, y^/z/io^l^l^. j'.and he ere<5led •;:he f or- trefs of Panama on that Side; for which 'Servicf' he was mad<: Gover- lior of Cuba 3.nd Panamay and Admiral of the Soitih-Sefij' The next great Difcoverer and Conqueror was Ham an do Cor test., who embarked for the Ifland of Hi/paniola, Juno i^o^y and from thence went to Cuba, and had a^rcat Shane in the Reduft-ion of that Ifland ; where- upon Diego Felcfquesy the Governor, made choice of him to command the Fc rces inttaided to invade the Empire of Mexico. . Cort'cz.- iailed from St. Jago de Cicba onthe i8tli of November y 1518, and. touching at the Hauannahy he failed again from thence tlie \^y^ of February ^ arriving at the I {lap. d of ^czumely near the Coaft of ^wr/?/^;/, a fejv Days after, where he muftered his Tor-ces, (C0nriiti'fr^;of.568 Foot, 16 Horfe, and 109 Seamen, belides Kis -tvvo' Chaplains. . Ke failed from Cozumd xhe 4th of iV/^2;ri& .15 18,' aiid having doubled Cape Catochy he continued his Voyage to the ^/Ibiith of the l^iver "Ti;- hfifco in the "QtiJ of CampeacJ?yy where he landed, defeated the Indians, and took the Town of Tobafco-y af;er which he embarked his Forces, and failed to St. John de Ul-va, where, Jmding'iusVFqr an Embafly from Aftw/fsii/zK/? th-e Emperor. Cortcz ibon after burnt his Ships, and began Ms March for the ca- pital Cicy of Mexico, and coming to Tlafcfiia the>i3d of Septezn,ber J 5 19* he was joined by that People who were at War v/ith the' Mexicans* While Cortez remained here, iie received another Emha(ry from Monte- ^MviUy to invite him to his Capital; but C':r/r5;, pretending this was with a treacherous Defign, £ell upon the S.ubje6\s of Monte^umay and cut feveral Thoufands of them in Pieces. ' Ac which the Etnperor was jf3 terrihed, that he offered to refign h-imfclf tothe GGneraPr; Plcafure, and accordingly ope;nedthe Gates of his Capital to Corttz,, who arrived there the 19th of ivo-x^t'/K^i?;- .1519.. ,...,.'-> Not long after Cortez fehxd the Perfbn'of the 'Emperor, nnd made him his Prilbner, and his 0vV. Lon. I 1 1400 Miles in Length. C 105 J ( t) • ) Between I 'afl^;,. .i^y>[Lpt.;, .1 /• 900 Miles in Breadth. C. ..7.;\> ■^^ ^o«w^^r/^j;] ■ T? O U N^1)-ED' by C^^»W-^^ on x\iz North; by ^r;- j3 tijh America and \\\q. Atlantic Ocean on the Eaft ; by the Gulph of Mexic^^'Oh the South; and by Ne=iu Mexico on ihQ Weil. - '-''^ ' Dlvifions, ,: i>. Provinces. <■ Chief Towns. Eail of the Kivert €herohes or Apala- \\ §i. Augujfin MiJiJJippi \ chian Indians S \ Santa Maria. "W'eit of the ^iver S r> j j • t j- 1 \ n> ■ r r- Mi/Ji/JiPfyi I Cadadaquzo Indians ^ | ^iichefe. Mountains.'] The Apalachian Mountains, which cjivide Carolina and the leil of tlie Britip Plantations from FlcHda, are the moil con- fidernbie. The Mountains ending in the South of Carolina-, there js a plain level Country from thence to the Gulph of Mexico, which was the Rdafon of our firtifying the Banks of the Rivers Sa- <~jannafi zxid. Ala:a?naha m Georgia, to prevent the Incurfions of the Spanifo' i^x\A French Indians^ who ufed to difturb our Settlements in South Ctarol-uci' •'' . Rivers. '\ SPANISH AMERICA. 521 R.in;ersJ] The chief Rivers are, i. The MiJpJJifpi^ to which the Trench have given the Name of St. Loitis ; they lay it rifes in the North of Canada, and running South-iiaft, and then South, falls into the Middle of the Gulph of Mexico. The Rive.s Conchaque and Apalach run from North to South-EaH of the MiJ/iJ/ippi, and tall likevvife into the* Gulph of Mexico, as does the River Ogichee. According to Mr. Oglethorpe, the Rivers Flint and Cafoche' rik in the Apalachian Mountains, and, paffing through Part of Carolina, fall into the Gulph oi Mexico. The Rivers Alatai^iaha and Sa-vannah rife in the fame Mountains, SJid, running Eall; fall into the ^//<2/7//V Ocean. The P.iver of St. John is a noble ..avigabie River, which runs parallel to them, and for- merly divided Spanijh hlorida from' the Britijh Dominions. Ai: to the Air and Seafons, and the Produce of Florida, thefe Ar- ticles are the fame as in Carclij^a, which lies in the fame Climate, and is contiguous to it. iil w'J vsv^^ao lo .,-;wc../ -.i/H^-. • he I'erlons and CharafVerB ofiht'FUVtda TrJidhs'^^o will be found in the Defcrijjtion of Carolinci^ which was originally a ?a.rt of Florida* Bays and Capes.] The chief Bays in Florida, Part whereof the French have denominated Louifiana, are, i. St. Bernard. 2. Afcenf^on. 3, Mcbile. 4. Peufacola. K^. Dauphine, 6. 'jhji^h- . 7- Apalaxy. 8. Spi-^ rito Sa-nBo ; and, 9. Carles Bay. '' ^' ^ ^ ,'"" The ci ief Capes are, i. Cape Blanco. 2. Samblas. 3. Anclote. 4, St. Augujline ', 2l:A, 5. Cape Florida- Sea,.] The Seas bordering on Florida zxq, the Gulph of Mexicvt ana the Gulph of i^/cr/V^. Revolutions and mcmcrahle Events, THE Spaniards pofTefled themfelves of /"/or/V^ immediately after their Conqueit iji Mexico, under which Name they comprehend- ed all thole *^ountries which He Nonh of the Gulph of Mexico, of which Caroli7ia, and the reft of the Britijh Plantations, are Part ; but the Spaniards abandoning Part of this Country f)r richer Settlements ^n Mexico and Peru, the Englip planted moil of the Eaftern Ccaft, jiow ftiled Britijh America, the Spa^iiards retaining only St. Augujliny and two or three other fmall Places Eaft of the River MiJJiJJtppi, and what lies Weft of that River ; and thus the Country filuate between the EngliJ}? Plantations on the Eaft, and the Spanijh Territories in the Weft, remained under the Dominion of the Florida Indians, until the Year 1718, when t]\p French took Poffeffion of the Mouth of the River MiJfiJJippli and ereded fom.e horts, by Virtue whereof they laid Claim to the greateft Part of Florida, encroaching on the Spanijh Territories on the Vv^'eft, and the Englijh Dominions on the Eaft. They did, in- deed, once before ereft Ibnie Forts on the Spanijh Side of the River MiJJiJJippi ', but the Spaniards demoliflied them, and drove the French out of the Country ; but fmce France and Spain have been fo clofely united, the Spajiiards feem to wink at their Encroachments ; but the Englijh, who have ever looked upon this Countiy, as far Weftward as ;he Riyer MiJpJJlppi, to belong to the Colonies of the Carolina's and Georgia^ ^22 S F J N I S H J ?/[ E R I C A. Georgiay or at kail to their Indian Allies the Creek or Cherokecs, thought they had very c^ood Reafon to difpiite this fart of Florida with the French, thefe Indians having ceded to the En^Iijh all tiiis Country which «hey do not chwle themfelves ; and it muit be admitted, that the Na- tives only can give .the Europeans a jail 1 itle to it. •Spanifh Dcminions in SOUTH AMERICA. 1. "T err a fir ma, 2. Peru. 4. La Plata or Paraguay. O U N D E D by the North Sea, (Part oHheJtJan- X3 ^*^" Ocean) on the North ; by the fame Sea, and Surinamy on the Eait ; by the Country of the Jmazons a«d Per^t ofe. the 3outh ; and the Pacific Ocean and ya-agua^ on -tlve W<;ft. Pivifions, Subdivifion«;. 1 . Terra-frjna Proper, "^^ or Dnri.n ?., Carthage na - — ^ The North Divifion 1;;. St, Martha -^ — - contains the Pro-<; 4. Rio de In Hacha Vijice^j of The South Divifion contains the Fro- yinces of J. Vene^udii 0* i.omana y. Ne-Tv Jndalufia, or Puria — I. heiv Granada Z, Pcpayuji — Cliief Townc. I' or to B :t'i& Pana?na Carthageua St. Martha Rio de la t lac I a 1 \/ifzurla Comana St. Thomas, Santa Fe de Bagjoi^ Pop ay an. Mount ams. ''^ lI.Hcru If^vC /yomX(T/ft/oyi TDL SPANISH AMERICA. 523 Mountains.'] Terra-firma Proper confifts of prodigious high Mourir* tains, and deep Vallies, flooded more than halt" the Year. The Province of Carthagena is a mountainous woody Country, and that of St. Martha is like it. According to Dafnt-irr, ihefe are the njgheil Mountain? in the World, being feen at 200 Miles ; from thefe run a Chain of Hills, of almoft equal Height, along the Confines of Peru, quite through South- Americr*^ as far as the Sixaits of Magellan, which are called Lof Cordelciras dcs Andes. The Province of Venevcuela, and Diftrift of Caracoas, the mod nor- therly Province cf South Jmsrica^ has a continued Tra6t of high Ridges of Hills, fep.arated by fmall Vallies, pointing upon the Coall of the North Sea. A Chain of barren Mountains, almoft impa/Titble, ri?ns jthrough the Province oi Popayan, from North to South, fonie whereof aire Volcanos; but towards the Shores of the Pacific Ocean is a low Country, flooded great Part of the Year. P.i'vers.'\ %. Darierf. 2. Chagre. 3. Santa Maria, 4. RioGrcuide^ or Magdalena. 5. Maracaiba\ and, 6- Qronoqice. Bajs, Capes ^ &c.] The IUhmus of Daricn^ or Terra-firma Proper, joins North and South America. A Line drawn from Panama in thp South-Sea to Portobsl in the Noj-th, Of rather a little Weft of thofe two ^'owns, is the propei- Limit between North and South America. The principal Bays in T^rrafirma are, i. The Bay of Panama. 2. The Bay of St. lAichaeVs in the South-Sea j and, 3. The Bay of Porto! el. 4. The Gulph of Darien. 5. Si/io Bay. 6. Carthagena Bay and Harbour. 7. The Gulph of Vene'zuela. 8. The Bay ofMa- racaiho. 9. The Gulph of 7r/V//<>. 1 p. The Bay of G^^/ra. 11. The Bay of Curiaco ; and, 12. The Gulph qi Paria or Andaluf.a, in the North Sea. The chief Capes are, i. $a7nhlas Voint. 2. Vo'ml Canoa. 5. Cape del Agiia. 4. S^wart Point. 5. Cape de Vela. 6. Cape Conquibacoa. 7. Cape Cabelo. 8. Cape Blanco. 9. Cape Galera. 10. Cape '/hrce Points f and, ii. Cape Najfauy ail on the North Shore of lerra- fiirma. Air.] The Sea Coafts of Tcrra-fi.rma are generally unhcalthful, be- ing excefTiye hot, and very wet great Part of the Year ; but there are fome elevated Sratlons further up the Cpuntry, that are tolerably cool and healthful. Soil and Produce. "] The Soil oi Terra firma Proppr is good aboqt the Middle of it, but the Coails of the North and South Seas are barren Sand, Of drowned Mangrove Land, that will Icarce produce any Kind of Grain. In Carthc.^ena tlie Vallies are tolerably fruitful, and the Ealms, Gi^ms and >>iugs it prodiKes, are in great Eftcem i there are a!fo iome JEn.eralds fcund here. The 524 SPANISH A M ERICA. The Province of St. Martha produces Indian Corn, ana almo!* aH Manner of Fruits, as well of Old as Ne-iv Spain ; there are alio Copper Mines, Emeralds, Saphires and other precious Stones. The Vallies near the Goaft are excellive hot, while their Mountains are co- vered with Snow. The Province of Rio de la Hacha abounds in hidian Corn and Cattle, and has a Pearl Filhery on the Coaft, with confiderable Salt Works. Vene-zmla is a rich Soil, aT)d has Plenty of Corn, Cattle, Sugar, To- bacco, Prults, Venifon, and other Game, fupplying the adjacent Co- lonies with Provifions. Their Plai^tations of Cocoa or Chocolate-nuts, in the Dif^ricl of the {^aracaoh, are efteemed the beft in America', and there are fome Gold Sands in this Province, which occafions it to be as well peopled as any JProvince in this Part of the World. The Px-oduce of Nc-tv Andaluf.a is chiefly Sugar and Tobacco, Brnfil Wood, and feveral Kinds of Dying- Wood, with fome Gums and DracTs ; and here was formerly a Pearl Fifiicrv. V In the Province of P op ay cm ii rains three Quarters of the Year, in- Rumerabie Torrents falling from the Mountains, in the Sands whereof are found great Quantities of Gold Duil; Silver Mines alfo are found in their Mountains, which draw great Numbers of the Spaniards hither, though it be one of the moil; unpleafant and anhealthful Countries in the World. . n ^j;,:; ^t,: " Animals.'] The"' 'ArtiftiAls here are the fame as in ilfi^;c;Vo and Feru, and are defcribed there. Ferfms and Habit s."] The Indians of Diirien refemble thofe in the Eallern Provinces of Mexico ; only it is obferved, as they approach near the Equator, their Complexions are drjrker : When they are en- gaged in Hunting,, piihing, Planting, or any laborious Exercife, they lafually go naked, having their Skins painted with various Colours ?n4 Figures ; but they have their Robes of Ceremony,, (as loafer calls th^m) botli white and black, made of Cotton Linen, which reacl^; down to their Heels, and tlie Men wear Coronets of Cane on their Heads, adorned with Feather:: ; nor do they ever ilir Abroad without their Arm?, theiV Egws, Arrows, Lances, and Daggers, or great Knives ;' afidmany of them of late ufe Fire-Arms,wr.ich they purchafe of the Europeans. Both Men and Women are of a round Vifage, and have fhojt bottle Nofes, their Eyes large, generally grey, yet lively and fpaiklingT They have higli Foreheads, white even Teeth, thin Lips, a Mouth inoderately li^rgQy their Cheeks and Chins v/ell proportioned, and, iii , s^eneral, have fine Features ; but the Men more fo than the Women. Eoth Sexes have long black Hair, coarfe and Ibong, which they ufually >vear down to the Middle of their Backs or lower, at full Length : Only the VVomcn tie it together with a Sirjn«; jujfl behind their Heads, from whence it flows loofe like the Men's : They fufler no other Hair to grow but that on their Heads, their Eye-brows and Eye-lids ; their Beards, and all below the Girdle, :\rQ pulled up by the P,>oats, as foon as any appears \ an4 they anoint tlieir Heads ana Badies with Oil or Greafe. There S P J 1^ I S H AMERICA, 525 There 'are among thefe dark complcxioned Indians, fome that are T)erfe(5t]y white in the Province oiTerra-firma Prqper : Their Skius are liot of fuch a White as our fair People in Euroi>ey who have feme Tinc- ture of P>.cd in their Complexion, but a pure Milk-white; and there grovv^s upon their Bodies a fine Ihort, Milk-white Down ; the Hair of their Head and Eycrbrov/s alfo i', white. Thefe People are lefs in Sta- ture than the other Indians j their Eye-lids are alfo diiferently formed, bending like the Horns of the Moon, from whence, and their feeing fo well by Moon light, the Buccaneers called them Moon-eyed. OrTzanieftis.l Moft of the Americans {q^vh to agree in their Ornaments-, fuch as Plates and Rings for their Lips and Nofes, heavy Strings of Beads and Shells about their Necks, that reach almoft down to theii- Bellies, and in painting their Faces ?.nd Bodies : Inllead of Beds they ufc Hammocks in moft Places, both of North and South America. GiantSy Canibahy ^V.] Here are no Nations or Tribes either of a oigantic or diminutive Stature, as the :firft Adventurers pretended 4 and Giants, Dwarfs and Monllers feem at prefent to be expelled from this Continent, though our firfl; Difcoveries met with fcarce any Thing elfe; the Cafe is much the fame as to Cauibais ; 1 here was not a Province in America where we weire nbt;kfl^|red tliere wfcre Tribes of thefe, but in Carahisna or Pdria,' \i/'^' ari; told, thfey were all Devourers of .their OWQ Species. ' ' ' ' 'i/''-^'' ' • And yet, for thefe lall hsndred Years, we meet with no Canibal* here, or any where tKe, That People have eaten one another, driven to It by Famine, may poilibly be true ; and an Inflance or two of thii Nature, has been tLoaght fufficient to denominate tlie whole Country Canibals, Revolutions 'arJrjjcmoraMe Events, XJ; AT H.E R Barihahme-zv. de CsfaSy Bi&op.,of Chiapa, ,K^ given '^ fj a very melancholy Relation oiftheiinumerous Cruelties ''and '^'s-- vages commitced by Pf^2>^r/W, who reduced tkiefe Prjpyinj^es under tlie Dofaiinion of the Crown of ^/;(^/>, . \ " ■ There landed (fays the Biiliop) in Terr&-firn:a,. in the Year 15 14, £ mifchievoas Governor, who not only v^'afted and difpeopied the Sea- Coafi, but plundered and ravaged large Realms and Countries, mur- , dcring in£nite Numbers of People, from Dariefi to the Pr-ovince of Nic£iragiia^ being upwards of fifteen hundred Mii^es, full of People,, governed by fe?eral Princes and great Lords in their refpedive Terri- lories^ who were poffeiTed of more Gold tJian ;^.y. Princes upon iks Face of the Earth at that Time, ■ ■,- •;•••:♦ '^ «!.j.. This Governor and his OfScers every Day iavected ■9^^'^ Torment* to make the hidlans difcover their Gold; forae they racked*. C-theis they byrat h-^i' Inches, till they expired in ^Toriijenis. Psdr.ar.ia£^ 3Xid.\ns, SucceFors, djd not deilroy leis (iia^thai Go^rens- Jiient G-iAy) than eight hundred thoufaiid.P.c-Ople, ,«a2d plundered the Coontry of fevcT;d Millions of Gold. ' . ' , • . '. The reii of Tcrra-fimiaf or the Nort^ P2.rt> cf "Soiith jlmsrias, frcm JX^ri&a to tk^ River ■dri7-vc;<^*'/'3 was f«bdued h-y pri&'ate AdvA'Titnrers ,at their own Charuninrd a Quarter of a Man, as they would/ lend , a- Neighbour a Qiurrv^r -of Pork o- Mut T\y a"" ^^^- ^^l-R''^^:^'^'^^ .^'^^'X '^ r' ^^"4 ^en they killed a Slave. •^^'-^'•'■^ ^■^^'^'-'-^ ^o cT^^^^^jvu v' lu j:Hi..i ii;i i i / Others would gb ouft 'd^Hiinting Bf 'AW*:rV-'vr/itri- tWiV DoVs as •they would hnnt Bea^s, and boaFV of their iiarin'^- killed twenty o/ 'thirty in a Day ; which Faift, ho'.ver monllrou^ foerS",- appeared to b^ true by the ^PelHmony of Numbers of Wicnefios 0:1 £e Trials of Caufes in the C■ S I" J N rSH A M ERICA, 527 Situation and Extents \ ^^7 -I r Between -J and >. \V. Lon. I \ 2000 Miles in Length. E-etween < E(],uator > S.^Xafcovjo'Vli?. / 500 Miles in Breadth. •uiMioj;! and 25 3 -.1^ nguoTfj) T^^^^ikv ;- j:;u.. v.. . :;wj .;. ij Moaatains, t>r' Cerdeleiria^s des. Andes, Eait j^ h? €^z/^ South; and by the•i*ii^7;ft^Oc^^n;-:Weft;*'■'^"'"''• ,'> 'I '"'- ' v;"^^ ^''" JJiViiions.' J il^rovinccs. , . ,^ ,•., --Chier Towins. The North Divifion \ 9uit9 \ \ -^r The Middk:Diviliou i Lima, or LasR^^t^^^k ^f^-^^^W. -I^ T^e South Divinoa^ LojCharcdtA\o'i^\ \^^^^A\f^m^hn^ Capes or Prcmonfcrffj*] ..lylGx^z-Pa^oi:. S:,Minute3 South- ©^"^W Equator. _ :;., Cape $t. Hekuay z .PegFi?es 20 Mtnuies South j andi j. #^ape_^/a«r<7,,.3 Degrees 45 Minates.Scjuth. ; -m' ,>.ir. ;! 0.; '.;:>!..;' la j,... 6"?^/, Bays and HiHrlchrs.] Tke -ofiiy' S^'a wKcK-boMefs oh'??f'^-'Ts the P^.r//fr- Ocean Of Scuth Sen* The principal Bays 'arid Harbours are, 1. PaytUf in 5 Degrees S.- LatV -2. •Mi^/ij^r;^, ^Degrees S, 3/Ca- anchacoy 8" Degrees 1 5- Minutes Si ^f hc/fha) ;> 9-Degr'ees jd Mm-a-tes S. 5. Fer}nezo^''-3i little S. of the laft. b. Gitarat -ti Degi-eesS.- '7;' CaUhd^ the Port Town ta Limay in- 1 2 Degreed io- MinateV S^ -'8. ^Tl6'/-\%Vit- grees S. and p.* /^ri<-«, i B Degree&'io Minutes S. .^'' " -''";' '^ <'--i ' i' '» Lakes^ The Lake oi Titicaca h 80 Le'agues round, fi-tUJite in/ the Valley oi CalUo ; the Middle, of i,tr,is-i5 -Degre^^ ^S^ |,at. ,^nd 67 w. Lon.'. Frojn this Lake runs a River South, which: forrns the Lake oi Tariay a lino It as large as the former ;^ . there arc ajy,b exvCA^ve Lakes ca fhe Mouhtains. , -^jdmiiV 'omifl'aT Drfj;vr i^yRiversJ] There is a River whofe Waters are as' red ks^ Blood* .The 1^\S^X% Grande ^i Cagddlen-a, OvGnoquey-Aindx^^i^dJ^^'flAte^ jci.fein tri« 4n4^. ■... '■;■;. ^ .., ,:'ivf]i;14 t)Hj "^o no::;udnT);r[ A great many other Rivers rife in the^rr^W, andf^ll in:t0,theP4ViJ^c Ocean, between the Equator and 8 Degrees S. Lat. Petrified Waters.^ There are fome Waters, which, in their Courfe, turn into Stone; and Fount.iins of liquid Matter, called Co/>/9'> rC" fembiing Pitch and Tar, and ufed by Seamen for the fame Purpofe. Face of the Country.'] The Coaft of Peruy which extends upwards ©f 1500 Miles along the Pacific Ocean, is a high bold Shore. Abou? thirty Miles within Land is a Chain of Mountains, c:dled the Sierras^ and beyond thefe, about eighty Miles, a:e prodigious hioh Moun rains, ?ail^4 52^ SPANISH AMERICA, called the Ccrdehirias dss Andes ^ which, with the Sierras^ run the whole Leiio-th of South Jmcricuy upwards of three thoufand Miles. Jir.'] Acofta relates, that endeavouring to pafs thcfe Mountains^ with ^ great many' other People, they were all taken with fuch Reach - 5ngs to vomit, that they thought they fhould have brought up their Hearts, for not only gieen Phlegm and Choler came up, but a great deal of Blood ; and th.it it laited f(;r three or four Hours, till they had defcended to the lower. Part of the Hill ; and feme of them purged vio- lently; but generally this Sicknefs goes off as they come down the Hill, and is attended with no ill Confequences. The Air was fo fubtle and piercing, that it penetrated the Entrails net only of Men but Bealls. That the Air here was too pure and fubtile for Animals tb breathe in. Nor are there any Beafls upon therrt'wild of tam^. The Spaniards formerly palled thcJe Mountains in their Way to Chili, but now either go by Sea, or by the Side o\ thefe Mountains, to avoid the Danger, fo many having periflied in going over them ; and others, 'that hav'e elcaped with their Lives, have loft their Fingers and Toes,' and been lamed. - Acojia fays, he was informed by Genera! Cajiilla, who Ibft three or four To^s in paflirg this Defart to Chili, that they fell oiF without any Pain ; and tliat the fame General marching over it once before with an Army, great Part of his Men fuddenly fell down dead, arid their Bodies remained there without Stench or Corruption. It never rains in that Part of the Country which lies near the Sea- Coail, unlefs within three or four Degrees of the Equator; but the Country is watered by the Rivers which fall from the Andes ixitot the South- Sea: Thefe they turn into thie Fields and Gardens, and have their" Vintage and Harveil at what Time of the Year they plcafe ; this being the only Country between the Tropics 'that 'dfFords Wine. Winds.'] The Wind blov/s continpaliy from the S. orS. W. at STea near the Coztt. They have bright Weather when the Sun is in the Northern Signs, and ha2;y Weather when it is South, though they have no Rain. Soil.] The fandy Plains nCaftheSca-ihore are perfectly barren, ex- cept fome few Vallies, into which they turn fmall Rivulets that fall from the Hills, and except that Part of the Country which lies near the Equa- tor, v.'here there are heavy Rains when the Sun is vertical. The Sierras alfo are bari'en Hills, but there are fome fruitful Vallie? between them that produce almoft all Manner of Grain and Fruits. This Partof the Country is belt inhabited, being the moll temperate, as well as the moil fruitful, for the Lanms, or fandy Plainsj near the Sea, a^e cxcelSve hot ; and the A7ides are cold barren Mountains covered with Snow great Part of the Year. Froduce.] The Pcrwvian Shei^p, called P.acosy or Huancuy are of t^e Bignefs of a Stae, and refemble a Camel ; the Body is covered witl? a coarfe Kind of Wool; they are very tradable, and were formerly the only Beads of Burthen among the Penrciam ; the Flefli is very good Meat, and efteemed as innocent as Chickens. There were Caravans of fevcral Thoufands of thefe Anim.als. which carried the Merchan- -dize of one Kingdom to another; they are" cxceedihg fure-focted, and wiil SPANISH AMERICA. 5^ Will travel over the (ieepefi: Mountains, with a Burden of 60 or 7d Pounds on their Backs. The Vicuna^ to which the SpaniarJs gave the Nanie of the Indiaft Goat, fomething relenibled that Animal. The Be^oar Stone is found in it, and is as big as a Pidgcon's Egg or Walnut.. It is faid this Stone v>ill expel Poifons, and perform many notable Cures. Their Deer arc much lefs than ours ; they have not many wild Beafts, and thofe not fo fierce and dangerous as in this Continent. The Cattle imported from Europe are vaftly increafed, afid many of them run wild, and are hunted like o'L-her Game. The Peruvia?is had ho tame Fowl but the Nunna, moft rcfsmbling the Diick, but much larger. Among their Foreft -trees; the moft valuable is the Khquenna, or Peruwah Bark, which grows in the Province of ^///<7, on the Moun- tains near the City of Loxti, in 5 Degrees S. Lat. This Plant is about the Size of a Cherry-tree, the Leaves round and indented, and bears a long reddiih Flower, from whence arifes a Pod with a Kernel like an Almond. Eark alfo grows on the Mountains of Pstofiy in 22 De- grees Soi'ih Laiitiide, but neitht-r the Flower nor Fruit have the fam3 Virtue &.s the Bark. They have now Plenty of European Corn aftd Wine, and fow and- plant at any Time of the Year, introducing the Rivulets into" their Grounds at Pleaftrre. Th& €aj/avi Root they make Bread of here^ as in other Parts of Americd> The Balfam of Peru proceeds from the Trunk and Branches of a little Tree. Befides ivhich, this Country yields Storax, Guaiacum, and feveral other Glims and Drugs. Gold is found in every Pro^'Ince in Peruy 'Ci'alhed down from the Mountains, and is generally of 18 or zo Carrats. The Morcofite is a Mineral, where the Gold arid the Stone is formed and incorporated together, and is called Gold Ore. Silver Mines abound in PcrUy bat thofe of Potoft are the richellj difcovcred in the Year 1545 ; it is a folid Rock, and the Ore fo hard^ that they break it with Hammers, and it fplits assif it were Flint. Thiere are Quickfilver Mines near Limuy particularly in the Moun- tains of Oropeza ; it is found in a Kind of Stone fiaiied. Cinnabar^ which alfo yields l^crniillioH. . s?t!^ i*>ub{^iv, ?s- ^ The Spaniards did not difcovcr thefe l^ires until the Year 1567 ; siid they did not begin to feline their Silver with Mercury at Potofiy until the Year 1571 ; whereby they extra<^ed a great deal m.ore Silver from their Ore than they could do before with Fire. Quickfilver is fometinies found inck-fed in its own Mineral, and fometimes flRid, and very oftrfn embodied in natural Cinnabar ; they make ufe of great Iron Retorts to feparate it from the Mineral, and, by the Fire and the frelli Water into which it falls, it is rendered flaid. ' Manufaa-ures.'l As to Ordinary woriting Trades, there were no Fra;- ternities or particular Men that applied themfelves to thefc, bnt every Man was bis own. Carpenter. Shoemaker, Weaver, Taylor, Mafon,b'f. i. J Theije 'SSO SPANISH A M E R I C A. Their Woollen and Cotton Cloths, which- they wove and dyed into all xManner of Colours, were theii principal Manufactures ; but no^ Man v/as fufFered to wear a Garment, Cap, or Turbnn, of diiferent Ceilcurs, but thofe of the Royal Blood. Their Carpets and Blankets, on which they lay, were made of the Wool of therr Country Sheep, or the nne Kair of their Goats, and their Hammocks of Cotton, or other Ner-wf)rk. They had little or no Trade, either with Foreigners, or with one anotliei ; every Family having ks Plantation,, and all NecefFaries al- moin within itielf ; only they fometimcs trucked or bartered Fruits and Eatables with their Neighbours, fome Grounds producing what others- wanted. ^ i\iNj.iS,v.*iv^oi 3>iiJ n';.vV7 Jr.ffl ,£:3!J'-;. -■'; >■':.,',-,:■. Jrt'ificers.] Their dirpenters'lia^ '-no'-'ot^'^'i^ Tools than Hatchets, made of Copper or Flint.;" no Saws, Augers,- cr Planes, not having leafned the Ufe of Iron,' though they 'did not want Mines of that Me- tal ; and, inllead of Nails, they fal!ened' their Timber together with Cords or Wiihs. Nor had tl;^eir Stone-cutters any Tools but fliarp- Flints or Pebbles, with whkh they, vi'ore out the Stone in a Manner vnrh perpetual Rubbing ;P\illics "a.nd- 6thcr Enajnesalfo, were want- ing; for lifting and placing Stones in their Buildings ; all was done by Strength of fland,. anil Multitudes were employed to remove a Pii:ce of Stone or Timber, which , an 'ordinary 'i Cam of Horfes would have drawn upon proper Carriages ;, and yet, under the Want of all thefe Things, they raifed ilrong aM hia^nifi'deht^E^^^ appears by their Builiiings. ' ' ' The}^ared a Thojn6r A fine Bone for ^ Needle^ and their Threads were the Sinews of Animals, or the Fibres of fome Pliint, or of the- Bark of a- certain Tree v SciJfars they had none, and their Knives were Flint or Copper, arid un-der i'fueh Difad vantages, no Wonder their Needle- woi-k was very indiierentv- '' ■■"■'■■ Combs were made of long Thorns; fct on each Side of a Piece of Cane, which fer-ved fo* the Back of the Comb ; and the Razors thpy ihaved their FJcads *\vith, -were no better than fharp Flints, in which Operation the Patient underwent fo snich, that there was nothing the Spaniards carried Ovtr, more acceptable to them than Steel Razors and^ i>ci;iars : 'i hey had no Lookrr.g-gla/lcs, but inlleadof them, the Per - Ywvian Ladies iriake LTe of a round Plate of polilhed Brafs or Cop- per: And in this-the Natives C/f the j&>//-/^'^.'^j- agr6e with them, Jiaving no other Mil"i'0*«^'at-^ this- Day^*^ b^wt w4at they ^^Qi\\\&- Euro- Per/c9/s.] The Pinivio.as are generally of a middle Stature; thefe are' f'O Nstioijs'of Giim'ts or Pig^iii"* in •ii[il6>Mi^I*t^ of the" VVorld, as our fxil Adventurers jckued. , ^ :■-?..■■- j .» .rro^i -.v . They arc of an Olive Complexion. gf>ileTally, hut near the Equator of a perfect Copper Colour ; their Tl air;.. as that of. all other People' • hetAvten the Tropic?, - isahvav-s: blaokv;. molFof them had thieir Heads fhaved, and the Flair of tia-ir Beards, and other Parts of the Bc^y, was pulled off from 'iime lo .'time withTweeT'iers, whenever they ap- peared, txcepton their F^ye-brow5 add Eye- lids. . . I!alifs.^ The fevcral ?C:uinns uere diftiiiguiOied chiefly by their Hcud-drcfics : Some ..ore -whole .Pieces of Cotton Linen, wrapped about tli^'ir licads lii..- ''Furbnn? ; others had enly a fw^le Piece of Xine;; SPA N I 8 H A M BRIC A. . 5^1 Xj«.r^n tied about their Heads; foine wore a Kind of Flats, others Caps in the Form of a Sugar Losf, and a Multitude of other different falhions. Df Ln Vega obferve^, that it was one of the en:abli{hed Laws of the Ihcas, that no Man iliould change his Habit, though he changed his Habitation. ^ . The principal Ornaments of the Pe-ru-oians were their- Rings and Jfeweis in. their Ears, which . they llretched to a monftrous Size, and occafioned the Spaniards to cive fome of them the Appellation of the Hcople with great Ears ; they had alfo Chains 6f Jewels and Shells about thvir Necks. . Anloiiio de Ferrrra relates, that vvheh the Spiikniards firfl invaded th^ North Part of Penh they were oppofed by the People that were ftark naked, but painted, fome red, and others yellow ; but among thefc* he informs us, there were fome (probably their Chiefs) that had Man- tles and other Garments made of Cotton, or Wool, ind adorned with Jewels. , . , , , . \ ■ The VVoinen drefied in their If air, vVhlcK feached down to the Mid- dle of their Backs, fcmetjmes lopfe and flowing, and at others braided and twilled. :,, Nothing amazed the Indians ttiore than the Blacknefs of the Negrd Slaves the Spaniards carried with therri ; they could not believe it to be natural, having never feen a Black in America ; they defired the Spa- iiiards therefore to let them make the Experiment, and try if they could hot vvafh off the black Paint, as the|^ took it to be. Genius.'] The People (Jf Pfra exceed moft Natiojts in the World 3n (^^icknefs of Wit, and Strength of Judgment. Such of them as had the Advantage, oi Maltcrs, itnce the Arrival of the .Spaniards., became greater Proficiento- than the Spaniards themfelves ; and would itnitate any Thing they faw, {^ exactly, \vithout being taught, that" it furprifed the European Artiiis ; and as to their Pvlemories, they generally exceed tiie 6"/^;v?>r//>; and would cafl up their Accounts by Knots, with more Expedition than an European could by. the Plelp of Cyphers. Friar Mari, wHo went r/ith fome of the firft Invaders .from P^^'/tw^ to Peruy fays, they found the Pcru^jians. extreamly hofpitable and kind, cburtecus in Ccn\'erf-:tion, and friendl)' to the Spaniards y giving them Geld and precious Stcnes, Male and Female Slaves, and all Manner cf ProvificRs ; nDr did they offer to commit any Hofiiliti?s, till the Spaniards^ by their Outrages and Cnleliies, tompelled them tp Hand upon their Defence. Religion^'] The Pcru'vians acknowledged one Almighty Beings Maker of Heaven and Earth, whom they called Pacba-Cnmac\ P^cha,in their tariguafje, fignifying the Univerfe, and C/?»:rt<-, the Soill; PachaCamac therefore fjgiiificd him that animated the World. . The;' did net fee him, they could not know him, rind therefore fcl- dom crev^tcd Temples, or offered Sacrihces to him, biit worlhipped him p\ ihdr Hearts a.s the Unknown God ; though there v--a^ one Temple i,c feems in the Valley, called from tiicncc the Valley o:* Pacha-Camacj dedicated to the Unkrdv/n God, which v/is flandir.g when ^o, Spa^ fdurdi arrived in Pcriu Liz Thcif 532 SPANISH AMERICA, Their principal Sacrifices offered to the Sun were Lambs ; h\it they ofFerei alio all Sorts of Cattle, Fowls, and Corn, and even their bell and fmell Cloaths, all which they burnt in the Place of Incenfe, rendering their Thanks and Praifes to the San, for having fuftained and nouriihed all thofe Things for the Ufe and Support of Mankind. They had alfo their Drink-Offerings made of their Maize or Indian Corn, ftecped in Water, aftd when they firlt drink after their Meals, (for they never drink while they are eating) they dipped the Tip of tb^ir Finger into the Cup, and, lifting up theirEyes with great De- votion, gave the Sun Thanks for theii* Li^upr, before they prefumcd to. take a Draught of it. . . jj-^iif:':':)! ;gflfoa civvi \ :ii All the Piiells of the Sun, that ^ofiiciite-d^'y^^tlie "City "of C«^^ were- of the Royal Blood. ^ . v , ,.,, ; Befides the Worfliip of the Sun, they pai^ foi^e Kind of Adoratioti to the Images of fcveral Ainmais iuwi' Vegetabfesj that had a Place in their Tenfiple. :..-'•! ::.^: .y -.■*.-•■;. :-.:- Thefe were the Images b'ought from the conquered Countries where the People v.'orfhipped all Mann ^-r of Creatures, animate or inanimate; for whenever a Province AVas-fubdu^d, their. Gods were immediately removed to the Temple of the . Sort- at-C/^/c^.'-^J-'-'- -^-^ ' ' "' They had four grand. Feiliva]s'>anniially,befi^es-^h6rcthty celebrated every Moon j the iirlbof their grealFe-alh, called Raymi, was held in the Month oi Jujie^ imnicdja-tcly- after llie Summer Solllice ; which they did not^ only keep in Honoui- tof the Sun, that blefled all Ci ea- tures with his Light and Heat, but in Commemoration of their firft f/ua, Mama Capac^ and Coya Mama 0 da, his Wife and Sirter, whom the lnca''i looked upon as their full Parents, defcended immediately from the Sun, and lent by him into- the World to reform and po- lifh Mankind. At this Feiiival, all the Viceroys, Generals, Gover- nors, Cavracca's, and Nobility, were aflembled at the capital City of C/{/?o..U bcir> ' -.-Jiifii OJ t'^l"- Thc.Empfror, o^ Inca, officiated at this Ferifl as High-Priefl: ; for^ though there was another High- Prielt of the Blood Royll, either Un- cle or Brother of the hica, to whom it 'belonged at other Times to officiate ; yet thi« .being ■ the^ehiei" Feaft^ the /*c« himfelf performed that Office. ,:;V:;{.V:r . ' --,10 ^.V/ \ rV : ■:, ■ : ^)^)■;..,:,: The Merningbeiiig. cpme^ the //7f,7, accompanied by his Brethren and near Pvelations, diavvn up in Order according to their Seniority, went in Proceffion, at Break of Day, to the Marl-ict-Place, bare-foot, where they rrmaiiTed looking attentively towards the Fall, in Expe^a- tion of the Rifmg Sun ; which no fooner appeared, but they fell down and adored tht; glorious Orb, wiih the moll profound Veneration, ac- knowledging him t > be their God and Father. The C/.'rr«//z and procured a Commlffion ficm the Emperor Charles V. to impower him and the reft of the Adventurers, to make a Conquell of Peru, and Ihare the Profits of it; and having raifed a Body of Forces^ fet Sail again for America, and arrived at Nbmbre de Dios, in "t err a fir ma (or Darieii') m January 1530; having marched his Forces over Land to Panama, he embarked them there again, and advanced as far as TlawA^s:, vvheie he found the Peruuiam enfaged in a Civil War, one Party defending their lawful Prince, and the other joining an yfurperor Pretender to his Throne. nr.Laoiv.n v^I^iO ai qh .r--V.: '^■'^i'-^^^;;^^" PixMrro, joining the Malecon tents, made himftlfMafter Oll of J>is Men, »rli^ - rr^ ■> -.' ' Altnagro YZixxrv.zdi XQ Vufcq, 16 rep^ifefs himfelf of it, being informed that Pi^arro defigned to difpute his Pvight to that Capital ; but, having fuffered'fb much in his March oyer the Andes, he chofe to march ovcv the Defart by the Sea fide, which extended .200 Leagues; in which March his Men fuffered as much b^y the Heat, and the Want of Watci and PrQvJijons, as they had done on the Mountains by the Cold ; how- ever, he at length arrived at Cujlq, and piade Ferdinandq Fizarro Prifo ner, whom hjs Brother the Marquis h?4 rnade Governor of that City. 'I'hus began a Civil War betwteen the Marqujs and AlmagrOy which continued for fome Time with v.:ricu3 Succefs \ but, at length, the Forces cf Almjigr^t were defeckted; and hirafcif taken "rifoner, and put to Death by the Fizarro*s. And now the Maiquis, being folcly poiTelTed of the E^iipir? of Per:;, extended his Conqueils farthef Spu:h, fending the famous Balai^via to penetrate further into Chili ; and, about the fame Time, difcovered ;he rich Silver Mines of La Pjuui and Pcicji. The Emperor C/^^^r/e'J'V.v having Notice of the Treafure found in F^r^i, let the Pizarro's know that he e;:pecl:ed a 3hare in jt ; but they to ;s ie /'/^^rra'jf'^Piil'oner jn Sttaih ; though others; luggeit it v>as becaule the yiz.arro^s had abufed theij; CommilTion, and bcei> guilty of great Cru- . lies and Oppreiiipnsj . [ 'Jn ;the aiean 't'lAQ t^ic'TVlfarciuis continuing t<3„ oppjiefs the >^/;/;^5f- gria/:s\' ycj-^\\f^' Aliriagroy thz natural Son of the Conqueror, formed a Party af'-ainil him, and killed him in his Palace at Luna ; lifter which ^lie young Ahnagro was proclaimed Viceroy of Ftru, on tiie 26th of yum 154.1.^'' But ^^c?rr^,<5i!- la^.ra defended himielf in 5/. 'jago. '^^aldivia, returning to Chiii with a ftrong Reinforcement of Troops, relieved his Lieutenant, who was befieged in 5"/. Jago^ recovered the Country he had loft, and built the Town of Ccwa^/wz, in 37 I^^grees S. Lat/ and afterwarrds the City hnperlal, in 39 Degrees, and Baldi^oia in 40 ; but tyrannizing over the Cbilrftans^ it'occafioned a general Re- volt, in which ^^A^^-ovV? was taken Prifoner, and put to Deaih, by pouring melted Gold down his'Tliroat. Moll of the Towns he had built were taken, and the Spaniards, in g. Manner, driven out ot Chili ; . • — '• - ^- '^ - ' Hill re- ^^ ^ ,^^„ ^_ „ ^ ,, ... Year 1643, but could not cifeftvit, : , ' \ - "/, f" - Sir John Karborouoh was fe^nt tv the Ivin^g of Greal Britain (CharUs TI.) to take a View of the Coal^ otthiliy Anno 1670 ;. but, on the Report he made of his Voyage, it was not ' thou ?ht pra£licable te make any -Settlemeiit x)n th;it Sid^^i^ ' ^dj n3:^:^d i/^ W IxviO ^ , . : w3, f.fjoii..v rijiw smxT i>!Ti6)i -xox o'^iu ::j 'i: to halldloq v!d1o1 oniod jii- 45 Between < and > W- ^toxfi" ' 'i '' ' '^-'1 izbo MUesin Lengtiu Between < and C #. Lat^^ l:''' VJVi^oo Miles in ^B^^ Boundaries,] T) O U N D E D .by I^m^u on the Nortji t by .£:^ Pfat X3 on the E ait r'^i'tt/.'^^P^/'fi. 051 "the South andb/th i'^a/r Ocean on the Weft. :d b^fj. Divifions. Prcyinces. Chief Towns,, ^nritil ''.^/^ J'^o^j ^V- Lon. 77. On tl^e Weft Side of 1 . . p ^ .XJ ^- 1^^^. 34. tne //«^/c'i » ^ 11 luiuu-vui. On .^he EaftSide of i^^^ ot Cutiii -^ I i 5/. :7.;^« ^ Fr.«//.r^. the ^v^/7t^te^ South-.. 6. Conceptivfit 37' Degrees South. -]. Santa Marian, ^j T)fi^x&^^ 3c Minutes South. %. La Mcuchay 38 Degrees jQ- Pylimitc^ J^Qujth. 9,^^ 40 De- grees South. 10, Breivers H^yeji.,j45| PqgrQpS 30 Minutes South ; and, II . Cd/?ro, 4^2 Degrees 30;MTnuti?s ^o^thV^^^^^^^Yr ':^^ ' \,-^ , ;^i. ; Face of the Country.] Xije Face of .th^;-r^7j-,- and b/tyond; -them the^LvW, the higheft Moun- tains in the World, down wkiGhxhe"Rivers-^'%n--pr^Gipitai€ry into the Pucijic Ocean, few of them bpinginiivigabl^r oVjo-^ o^-i^fT Jir and Sojh] Botl> the Air and'the Soil on the Weft Side are abun- dantly better than on the Rail j- for v/hen the Lafl: Side of the J7jdes is covere4 )virh grofs Vapours, the Heavens are bright and clear on the; Woft ; th€ Eail Side alio is a barren Defart, but the Weft produces alj ■ Miinner of Coin, . Eruits and Flowers in the greateft Plenty. When Writers therefore relate, that the Cold is feverc in C/jW, and the Ri- yers fiozen, this is only to beunderftcod of the Tops of the Mountains, where the Rivers and 3pnng^ are really frozen up in the Winfer Seafon ; but the Coun.try near the /*,flff;_)$< Ocean enjoys a fine temperate Air, and"- a clear ferene Heaven moft Part of the Year. Thofe who pafs the higheft P^rt of t}>e Mowntains, feel an Air fo piercing and fubtile, "tliat it is with Difficulty 'they breath, as related ' Defc ••'■'- in the Defcnprion of P^n^. ,,. , f ni oduce.J] . ThcS Soil .prodticesaltlVTanper of Corn and "^^ine almofl, a-d fuch Fruits as are found under tbe like Parajlcis in Europe and /(/ta-; t-itir Bread w,as niadp of Maize or Ljdian Corn, before thfc Wheat of ?:'^rc/5f was brought ov^r^^ . ,v-;i "iiivu ;^»w: Jniftinls.'] Their Animals arc the Himc as in Psru, and the Morfes and neat .Cattle brought irqm £//ri?/f are vafily mulriplicd, many of which ruh wild in the Mounfeiins, aiul are hunted for thtir Skins. , . - -.ley _ ceived; frona Z-Zav?? and /"wz/^i/ma .the; Merckaudizc of the Ec^Jl-Indki hid Europe, • -. ; -.- •'. ' / S P J N I S H AMERICA. 537 Mines.'] There is more Gold here thjan in any other Province of Atnerica ; bujk moft of the Gold the Spaniards get of thp Natives is Dud wafhed down from the Hills. Character. 1 The Chihfians are a brave People, aqd have often dc-f feated the Spaniards^ and recovered great Part of the Country from theiTJ;. Per/cm and Habits. "] The Chikfifins are of a middle Stp.ture, flrong bulk, of a tawney Complexion, and have ftrong blactcJHair, but pluck the Hair off their Chins and other Parts of their Bodies. The Womei^ let their Hair grow to a great Length, and fometimes braid. an4 curl it. ■ ' ' ■■' . ''^■' '^^''"^ ~ . The Men wear a loofe Woollen Coat, vvhich reaches down to their Xnees. They wear alio a Doublet and Drawers, but no Shirts : On their Legs they haVe a Kind of Bufkin or Half- Boot, and on their Heads a lliff Cap, adorned with a Plume of Feathers or Flowers. The Hal>it of the Women differs but little from that of the Men, only they drefs in their Hair, and bind a Kind of Coronet about their Temples. They have a Salh or large Girdle alb tied round them: Their Heads are adorned with Feathers or FJowers, an4 their Necks with Chains of beautiful Shells or glittering^ Stones. Genius.'] Thefe People are remarkable for their Wit, as well as Cou- rage, Fortitude and Patience. . They endure Fatigue, Heat and Cold to 5*Nmiration, and thjg §,pamards could pcver totally fubdue them. They fee m to be ftili Mailers of the inland Country; but they have fome Vices as well as Virtues. They eat and drink to grt^ac Excefs, particularly at their Feftivals, when they d^nce and drink alternately* as long as they can {land. \ {^ ijiOvJ sa: jiiri; ,2:i.;3i ii;' ;i:q:i; ,-v:: Patagonia is fometimes deff^ihed as Part of ChJ-li ; hut O U N D E D by Chili, and a dcfart Country, on XJ J^he North; by the Atlantic :ind Fa: fc OLcans, on ;he Eafrj Scuth and We:;, Bays, 1 A UV I 'J U ^1 i^L IL 1^ 1 ^ /I. Bay-i Capes a^id SiraJisA The cluef Bays are, i. Pcwt i>^f/'?, ' z. Port St. JtiUajty on the Eaft. Side. 3. The Bay of St. "JchHs; and, 4. Ihe Bay of our Lad;^ on the Weft. The chief Capes, are i. Cape SlaiKo. 2. Cape > VV^/«y . and, 3. Cape St. Finctrj, on the Eaih 4^ Cape Horn, Vv. Lon. Bo. S.Lit. 57-30. the m'>fl; fouiheni Promon-- torv of Jf!tcrira. 4. Ciipe Df/eladai 6. Cape ViStory ; antl, 7. Cape C'jr--M, 9J1 the W.ell. Tke princip.il Straits, are, \,'S^\\2\ o'i ytagtllan, which feparatcs the Continenl tro'jii I'crra del Fcgo : the whole Length of which Strait io • 116 Leagues, ai^'d the, jB read Lh in fame Places is not half a League, though iu other Places it is three or four Leagues over. About the Middle of this Str ait, is. a. Prchiontorv called Cape Fra^vcirdy_ which is the mofli'SouthcxIy' jtiajad .On tli,e ContinenC of South Jmcricu, for Terra del Fovo is prope.Ty an llfend, Being divided from the Continent by this narrow Strait, as obfervt-d above. Cape Frc- *a:ardis in, 5 3 Deg. 52 Min. S. Lat,^ ,,2. I'he fecond Strsi.t is- that of Za Malre, "vs'hicii lies between "the mbl^'Eafterly Point 0^ Terra del Fogc p,vA .Sm/f J Tfland. 3. i?r^-:v.'rr'jStraIt; which Hes between States llland. a.nd another Illand furthcf 'Eailward.' ■ "^I'he two laft StraitsTMariners pafs, in ordx^r to furrciind Cape Hern \ -but jf^ord Anfo): advifes thofe who are bonnd for the -i^A-r/Vrr Ocean, tf»' fiiif to the LafLwavd of thofe Ifiarid?. Mc'uniahs.] It is arnountainous C-ountiy, covered with Snow great ; Part of the Year, nnd cgnfcquently CAcedive cold, inach ^in.]; coidtr than m the Noj-tli, under the fame Parallels of Latimde. Noris it a-t all cultivated by the Natives, who ^eod.^ liv.e..cbieily.«pon Jb'ifh aad, Ganne, and what the Earth produces fpontancoufly. The Spaniards^ who built a Fort upon the Straits oi Magellan, and left a Garrifon in it, to prevent any pther JTz^ro/t'^?;; Nation pafling thc],t Way into thii., So.utASeay loil moft of their Men, v/ha ^ barren 7 perilbed fpr Want of Food ; from whence the Place ob- Soli. .3 twined the Naiaji of i*6;7 i^/?;;«V > .^" olours. J hev have Canoe::; and Boats made of £aats.]- *'"■'• the Hody of- a 'Free hollowed ; and their Nets are n^ade /V/(.}' ■ of tlie fibres of the Bark of I'rees, or of the (iuts or Riligicji.^ Sinews of Animals. -As to their Religion or Govern- mcnr, ^Fjavcllers do not take upon them to give us any Accovmt of thefe, only it is fufiicienily evident that they Kef Ca>:;:i- 7 are not Cannibals, as fome Advc:Uarer" related on the iW.f.] } £ril- Dilc \V. Lon. i \ 1500 Miles in Length- Between < and > N. Lat. I / 1000 Miles in Breadth. C 37 3 -It Boundaries.'] TTJ O U N D E D by Jmaz.cniay on the Noi-th ; hy j3 Brnjil, Eall^ hy Patagonia f on the South ; and by Peru, and Cljili, Weit. Bivi/ions. Provinces. Chief Towns, r Pafagua - — - — — T T /JJptmption Eall Divifion con- J Parana % \\ Si. Amte tains . — - I Guaira ,.:\^\ ♦rrs-r! j. J | Ci'vidad Real l^Urao!ui . rrrrrr* J l_JLos Reyes. f Tucuwan ^ f 5"/. Jago South Divifion r — < i?I/ch the great Rivei; Parqgua fifes. There js another named Caraco- roesy fituate in 30 Degrees S. Lat. 100 Miles long ; and a Third called J'enorasy in 3 i Degrees S. Lat. Face of the Country.'] It confifls of extenfwe Plains, 300 Leagues «vcr, except on the Eaft, where it is feparated by high iVIountains from Brajil-y and on the Well are the A/^desy which feparate .it from Peru and Cbili. BuenQs A\-yss, the chief Town, is fituafc on the South Side of the River Plate, fifty Leagues within the Mou'hof it, W. Lon. 60. S. Lat. 36. which is fcven Leagues broad at this City. This is one of the moil confide; able Port Towns in South America^ for there we meet vsith the Merchandizes oi Europe :in A Peru : And from hence great Part of ti\e Trcafure of Chili and Peru is exported to Europe : Hither alfo Part of the Negroes were fcnt by the /tjjiento Coti- tfad with Great Briiciin, A£iitnption 540 .^ P // N I S U AM ERIC A. y!Jfu;npiic>t is iltiiate in 25 Dcg. S.' Cat. hear the Confluence of ihti Rlvevh La Pinta iit\d I^ara^T^a^ The Natives lived in 1 ents and lei 1 wandering Life like the Tar- iarsy when the Spc'finras arrived here. The SpuK/jh jeluits are Sovereigns of the Country between the Ri- ver Piiraguaj and Bnij:.\ being a inoH deiirabic Climate, and one of the mo'ft fruitful Coiiiitnes in the World. ■ . v The SpaKiards ^.\i\ difc^ivered this tountryv failing .tip the River Z.i Bhenos :^yr8S in 1535. Perfons and Habit s.\ The Natives itfie' of a" moderate Stature, and well proportioned, their Faces fiat,' afi'd farther jound than oval; their Cornplexion Olive, •>.'.od they have long black Hair, as ihong as Horfe Hair: They formerly vvoire the Skin ct'lbme Keijlf over their Shoulders as a Mantle, and another abotit tiicir-Wtuitjibu: now conform to the Spanijh Falliions. '^^'^--^ '^'^^ l'^ ^'^^ ' ^f '^' ^^"^'^ ' ^- Genius.] They arp-a, prase. Feppl?, bu^44s^)^..iBd indolent, and du'l . Invention, but imitate any Thing .aji-noit, and ar.^ become excellent Mechanics fmce the Europeans have furnilhed them with Patterns. Marriages,] 'Vh^it ludiffffs anciently aljovved of Poligamy and Con- cubiniHge, ^md the greateil pbje«^ion, they hati to Chrillianity was, the Fathers confining one Man 10 one Woman : The Jefuits now oblige tliem to marry wlien the Man is fixteen, and the Woman fourteen. H'ere the Woman in a Manner courts the Man ; for flie goes to the Mifiionary when fhe fees a Fellow ihe likes, and acquaints him with her Paffion ; whereupon tlie Millionary fends for the Man, and pro- pofcs the Matter to him ; which, if he approve.s, tli^ Map:h is made, and they receive the Blcffing of the Priell:. Religion.] The Original Inhabitants Worfhipped the Sun, Moon and Stars, Thunder and ilighthipg.' They worfhipped ajfo Groyes, Ri^ vers and Animals ; bot the Jefuits relate, that they have made good Catholics of them. at ^Between A M;At^ % 0 N , 14. ' • . ..'.on:: vvnc; ". • ^ ' • ' ■'■ Sititat.hn ttncl Extent, ■hc-ir W. Ion, / \ I2CO Miles in Length, Bi]ing 96.0 Miles in Breadth. O U N D E D by Terra-firman on the North ; by Brajil and the Ailariic Ocean, on the Kali ; by another Part of Brafd ^\d La Plafa, qu the South; and by Piru, on the Weft. .. Name.] SPANISH AMERICA, 541 Name.l . This Country obtained the Name of Amazonia from Orellanay who failing down the great River, which runs crofs thi» Country, and feeing Women on the Banks with Arms in their Hands, which they carried only to cafe their Huibands, as they do the Baggage in all their Expeditious, he gave them the Name of Amazons, Ria/efs.l The River of Amas:on is one cf the largefc Rivers in the World, rifts in. ^i:iOy almoft under tlie Hquiitor, in jG Degrees of Weftern Longitude; and, running South-Eafl till it joins the River Xanxa, .continues its Courfe almofl due Eafl in South Latitude four Degrees, for upwards of 1500 Miles, when, running towards the . North, it difcharges itfelf by feveial Channels, almoft under the Equator, into me Atlantic Ocean; it being computed, that vvith-all its Turnings and Windings, it rpns.near 5000,; Miles, and is gene- rally tsvo or three Leagues .broad ; but in the rainy Seafon it over- flows the Country, and at the Mouth is above an hundred and fifty IV-iles broad, and five hundred Leagues from thcMouth it is thirty or forty Fathom deep : There are lie.ar tw^o hundred Rivers which fall into it on the North or South. ''^''' -'""-' .^^iv;' Air.l The Air is cooler here tlfa^ 'could be expeded fo near the Equator, v^iiich proceeds from the heavy Rains that occafion th.e nu- merous Rivers to overflow their Banks one half of the Year,' and froth the cloudy Weather and the Shorthcfs af the Days, which never exceed twelve Hours.. A briHc eafterly Wind a' fo cools the Air, which blows' from the AtJaniic Ocean quite tlirough the Country, fo flrong, that VeiTels are thereby enabled to fail againft • the Stream, iind perform a Voyage almoll as foon up the River >/ot^s5;z, as down it;, which is a Voyage of eiglit or ten Months. Here are terrible Storms of Thunder and Lightning during the Time of the Rains. The fair S(^afon is when the Sun is at the greateil Diilance from them, and the we.t Weather when the Sun is vertical, or neai" it, as- it is about the Vernal and Au- tumnal Equinox. ■if.yaj'lO eui- PrcJucc.'l The Trees of this Country are all Ever-grcens, and they have Fruits, Flowers and Herbage all the Year roi^iid, ._ Their Fruiasi are Cocoa-nuts, Anana's or Pine-Apples, Gukva%,r-B'6miana*s, and' fttch other Fruits as grew Vv'iihin the Tropics. Their Forell Trees are Cedar, Brafil-vvood, Ogk, Ebony, Log-WGod, iron wood, and jpiany Sorts of Dying Woods; and they have the Cancla, or Cinnamon, as fome call it, becaufe it has a Bark which fomething refembies Spice. They have Indian Corn, and the Caflava Root, -of which they make Bread. The Country alfo produces Cotton, Sugar, Yams, -Fotatoes and Sarfaparilla. , ■ Mauufanures.'\ They fpin and weave thesnfelves (bottom Garments. The Materials of their Houfes'are Woo^, Thatch tin d Clay. Buildings.'\ They build no higher than the Ground Floor, and ufnally upon an Eminence out of the Way of the Flood, but not far fiom fome River. Gov£rtimemA The Banks of every River almoft are inhabited by a different People, governed by tbcir^refpe(^Uve Caciques, or Sovereigns, who are diilinguiiked ficjn ueir Subjcdls by Coronets of bciiuufal Feathers. Armt 542 SPANISH J M E R I C J. , Jrms and Jf'^ars.'l Their Arms are Bows, Arrows and Spears; and they engage their Enemies irtquently on the Water, as wqll as the? Landj though they have no better Veflels than Canoes, which are only great '1 rees made hollow. P&rfons and Habit.;.'] Theii* Natives af-eofthc u fa al Stature, have tawney Complexions, good Features, long black Hair, and black Eyes. Sometimes v/ear Mantles made of the Skins of Bcafts, but generally go naked. They are a humane hofpitable People; have a Genius for Palntinr, and make good Mechanics. U'offieH.] They allovy of Polioranly, or a Pliirality of^ Wives and' Concubines. And the W'omen here, as in Other American Nations, do the moll laborious Works. Riligioj}.'] They wcffhip the Images of their aricient Keroes, or ftiborainate Dfeities, and carry their Gods with them in their Expe-i- ditions; but v/e hear of no 7'emples, or Orders of Priefts rlmong them. Revolutions and msmorahle Events, IT IS \'ery uncertain who were the original Inhabitants of this Country; the iirft Notices the Europeans had of it were from the Spaniards and Porluguefey who were fenC to make Difcoveries up and, down the Paver of Amdzoiiy v/hich was hoi till after the Conquefl of /Vw was complcated. Oonzokt Pizcirroy P.rothcr of the Ivlarqiiis who conquered Pent, ac- tideiitally difcovered this River in the Year 1540, and being informed that it pyfied throiigh a Coiintry w'ell replenKhed with Gold, he de- termined to fearch out the Coiirfc of it ; for which Purpofe he aiTembled ^40 Veteran opanijh Soldiers, Horfe and Foot, and 4000 Indians^ to carry his AmniiiniLiori, ProvifiOn and tJaggagc, with whom he fet out from ^litoy which lies near the Equinodlial, but was inucH ihcommbued by continual KainsJ and a flooded Country^ until he carlie to the IVloilntains of the Andcs^ which were covered with Snow, and fo exceflive cold, that he loil many of his Indians by the Severity of the Weather : Several Spaniards alfo periflicd by the Hardships ?hev underwent, and for Want of Provifions in the def?».rt Countries ibey palfed through ; and the Bogs, Lakes and MorafTes, with which the Country abounded, much retarded their March by Lraid. They tuih a Brijj;anlinc, v/hich enabled them to crols the River, and avoid •the Impediments they met with en that Side where they were. After which Otellana was made Captain of the Brigantine, and iifty Men being put on Board of it, Pi^airo ordered them to fail down the River in Sea ch of Provifions, and return to him again as foon as pofTiblej but Ordlanay ir.llead of puifuing his Orders, continued his Voyage down the Pvivcr, and l^"ft Pi^fino and the People with them to dif- engage themfflvcs from the Dii^k:nhi;:s they v.-erc in as well rs they could. Pizano lifivinp- \.n\o v.aited for Onihina in vain,, returned witli the few People lie h;'.d left to ^///c in Peru: for in this Expedition all the 4000 Indians perifhcd, and Lac 80. Spaniards returiici ui the 340 he carried out Wit.i him. /r If?" 'x ia^T^ .^js^x- ijtj 'to .-/J ,sfij. iijiw ebot) li-^ffj vitb^ ^axi ...--j.: "to bad iivsi^5it'£''5. 3fl? koohoVl i\ih rii ,(^1;.:;., . (I 3>ijEfn 01 fns'l •»"'!'■'•/ ofiv/ .:'^v.*t:\'V'''' hni* I'sii; isAb ill 7iil ^;ij .,..j3lg9-i JiiaW viJniio'J vS Hgiio'idj btiHerj j ; ihidH i6i ; JHo oliiioDodi liur, riaicsl 0} h^: /-v'h^-.nii Las nodiYOi^t ^noiiinufarnA 'c'r:^. p3 3dj ifidn 231 1 fbidv/ ^^Vi»5 ir i.dw ,-i.'jWK ^dj W enlsJnL'olyl rvHf •■» ■ll.io "\(nfifn Jit/i f>d 5fidj jblci :-^vn'. ail^iolvi biT£ oSitiiJ ;2;go3" 3d) -ba^ i d-gaozdi ii'j}\^i\ ' -^id^^n"-) d^iriv/ ..lu-ifjn -^iiB .; . . ... .:... .^. .^ jbisffi-ejfi- .>■■ : .. Spcnijh iflands In AmcfJca,-' 54-^ In the mean Time Orellana continued his Voyage to* the Moath o^ the River, where having built a more commodious. Brigantine, he en- tered the Atlantic Ocean, and failed to the Ifiap.d of Trinity on xh^ Upa^ of Carii;i?ia»a ; from whence he went to Spoin^ and giving- th'at Court an Account of the great Difcoverics he had made, he obtained a Commiflion for the Conc^uell of that Country, to which he had oivca. the Name of Jnui^onia^ and being joined by five hundred Volunteers, moll of them young Gentlemen, l^^^ anived \vi. the Mouth of the Pvivcr Jriaxcn in the" Year 15 54. but met with fo many Difficulties before he had failed a hundred Leagues up the River, that he abandoned thft, Etiterprize, and died in his Return to Spain. Several other Adverf-'" turers failed from Peru down tliis River afterwards ; and TVATivVi?, a Portuvucfe^ by the Help of the eafterly Wind, failed up the River fron* Faridixi Brazil to Pt^ruy and down again, in the Years 1637 and i6;S ;" biit no Gold being found in the Country as they expecltfd, neither the Spaniards or PortugueJ'e^ or any other European Nation, have thought it' woi:th while to to leave any Colonies here ; but the Indians of Jm<:.zo- n'iH ftill remain a free People, not fubjcdl to any foreign Dominion. Spanifh ISLANDS in AMERICA. CUBA. Sltufiion.'} /^^ U B A IS fituate in the Atlantic or Amerlcaft Oce^n^^ V> between 74 and H7 Degrees V/. Lon. and betv^eeri zo and 23 Degrees N. Lat. upwaidi cf 8co Miles long from E. to Vv. and 70 Miles broad. Face cf the Country. '\ A Chain of Hills run through the iVIidille of the Ifland, but the Land near the Coaft is generally a level Champp.ign Country, well watered with Rivu'ets, a,nd Hooded in the rainy Seafon, when the Sun is Vertical ; but there are fcarce any navi-gable Rivers, as they run fo fhort a Courfe from the Hills into the Sea.. There are fqveral good Harbours in the iiland, the Chief whereof are thoie of ist. Jago, towards the Ea'l End of the Iiland ; Cumberland Harbour fur-- ther Eaft ; and the Havanrtay at the N . W. Part of the Iiland. TUe. chief Towns are, 1. St. Ja;^Qy W. Lon. 77. Lat. 20. ilrongly fituated and well forii- fved, the Ca^viLal of the Ifiai;d ; but neither very populous nor rich at piefent. 2. I'he lIorv^innRy VV. Lon. %t^. Lat. 23. a fecure, capacious Har- bour, of difficult Accefs vvhere the Galleons from Carthagenu and /4- ra Cru'z. rend-czvous on their Return to Spain : Here t^^e Governor, the Bilhop of St. "JagOt and moft cf the People of Diilin6lion iu the lHanti, re fide. 3. Baracca, fituatc on the N. E. Ccall of the Lland, has a good: Karbour fur fmall Veficis. / 4. Porto del Principe t lit'iate alfo on the N. Coaft, 300 Miles EafioF the I'la vunna. 5. Santa Cruz, fituate 00 tJic N. Coail, 3.0 miles Eaf: of the Ha^ Frcdiiii.^ ^44 Spaiiipj Iflands in America^ Produce.'] This J Hand produces the fame Animals as the Contln^ii^e under the lame Parallel : The Hills are pretty well planted with Tifti- ber. The Soil produces Maize, Caflava-root, Tobacco, Sugar, Hides,' Cotton, Indigo, Ginger, Aloes, and Long-Pepper; but £//ro/>f^?; Wheat,' Hemp, or Flax, do not thrive here any more than Vines. H I S P A N 1 O L A. tituatiott.^ "TJT l/prtmola is fituate in the Atlatitic or American Oc^an, Jf~|^ between 6j and j\ Degrees W. Lon. and between 1% and 20 Degrees N. Lat. 450 Miles long, 150 broad, and 300 Miles N. oi Terra-frma ', (bmetimes called ^ot, Domingo from its Capital. In the Middle of the Country are Mountains well planted with* Fo- refl-tiees ; and other mountainous barren Rocks, in which were for- merly Silver Mines, and Gold Sands in their Rivulets* Produce.'] The reft of the Country confifts of find fruitful Plains, which produce Sugar, Cotton, Indigo, Tobacco, Maize, and Caffava- Toot; and the European Cattle are io multiplied, that they run wild in the Woods, and are hunted for their Hides and Tallow. This Ifland is now divided between the Sjiafiiards and \ht French *, the Spaniards poflefling moil of the Southern Shores, and the Frmch the North and Weft. Tcivm.] The chief Towns are, i. St. Domtjjgo^ Capital of the .9/^- irfp Settlements, fituate on a fpacious Harbour on the South Side of the Ifland, W. Lon. 70 Degrees, N. Lat. 18, the moft ancient Royal Audience in North Awcrica, and Seat of the Governor ; the Inhabi- tants a Mixture of Europeans, Creols . Mulattots, TduJfeeSf a.nd Negroes j net a fixth Part Spaniardst founded by B^rthcloneiv Columbusy Brother to the Admiral, in 1504. 2. Conception de la Vega^ 25 Leagues North of St. Domingo, founded by Columbus., from whence he had the Title of Duke De la Vega. The chief I'owns belonging to the French in Hijfanioiay are, 1. Petit Cuava'sy W. Lon.«73 Degrees, N. La'.. 16, a Poxt Town, fituate on a Bay at the Weft End of the illand. 2. Leogancy another Port Town, fituate on. the fame Bay. 3. Port Ln'inist u good Harbour on tlie South W^eft i'art of th^ Ifl:ind. 4. Cape Francis i the rnoft caftcrly SrttlcmciU of r'nC French on the North Shore. Pcrto Rico is fituate bctv/een 54. and 67 Degrers W. Lcii. and in 18 N. Lat. about 12c Miles long, and 60 biOdu. This illand confifts of Jitile fruitful Hills and Valilcs, and produces the fame Fruits as the former Iflands, and is equally unhjfait))ful in the rainy S-^alOH. The Town of Porio Rirol or St. jchiiy i? funnte in 65 iJ^e^res W. Lon. 18 N. Lat. in a little llTauJ^n the North SiJ^ ot the main Ifland, forming a capariou-, Ijarbonr, :.ind joined to the ciilef Ifland by a Lauiey, alid defended by i'orts and BaUciicr., Vvhich render the Town inacceflible. The Virgin Il]and^,, /ItVit^ ^c the F:^^ ZvA ef ?:-:r Ricc; are excesd- ing fir.ail. t\\t PORTUGUESE AMERICA 545 The Ifiaad of Trinidad \s fituate in t\it Atla?ztic Ocean, between 63 and 62 Degrees W. Lon. and between ib and n N. Lat. 90 Miles long, and 60 broad ; feparated from the Continent of Andalnjia^ in Terra -Jirmay by the narrow Strait of Boco del Drago, 8b Miles N''. W. of the River OronoquCi an unheakhful, but fiaiiful Soil, producing Sa-^ gar, Tobacco, indigo, Cotton, .Ginger, dSi^ Indian Qorxi. Margaretta is lituare in 65 Degrees W. Lon. and 11-30 N. Lat. 60 jMiles N. O'^ the Continent of Terra-jirma, and 2^00 Weil of Trinidad^ being 50 MiJes'long, and 24" broad; there is very lictie Wood or Wa- ter in this Ifland. .^ ..,.vv -^,ij ^\ ^^^^^ ^ . The principal If(ana3Delonn;ing. to i.S^>^7/.'i(,. in the P.-7r//?L- Ocean are, GaUipago\ lilaud^, fi'-uatp in i^Q'_ P^.ci^c Qcea^i, iijjder tike bqaator, 400 Miles W. of )^^/;a, betvyeen j^^, and pofl^^gri^es jVr>r'^ ''•^^'' Goldcfi Ifland, l^iQ ot t^nu^^Sfvil^^l^f^sJ. FortoBellOy \w Terra-f.rnid\'\\^' ' , •'; ,r ,,,.•., ^ -•.-■ili -.-rf/'!,; .•*■!''•'.- 4 ^1%:^' \Vi^■•^^^ Dminions of F^Q-R T :U ^G'^^A L^V'S^u^V A^n^^aa, SiiuaiioH and- Extents B J^v1^lU^A .-> Be'bween ^ '^?.-^4^' ' ■■ nA ^3^B6iiig^3t>^^'i ■ ^*vn)'i' 1.tfU..dT C the. 1 ,^.Aj :-. ^^j. 7/ , 'v.-.V; ' .^ '^. -i Betvveen < ' Equat'oV V S. Lat. ^'d}\,^\^^i>[ V 7pb,pi'ies Ln'Brcadthv ^ Boundaries. '^ tS Q U N D E 13 by the Mouth of ;the .Rivert^^*^;-,^, . J3 and the J'.'/^v/'A- Ocean, on the North ; by the fame Ocean on the Eaft ; by the. Mouih of ehe> Rivet /*/«V^w South; 'and by a Chain of Mountains, which divide it from Spanijh Amerua\"-^M'X tlie Country of y/;;3^K:o«j, o']^- th0 Weft. ; ' - •■^•, 'si-.t.'^;': ,uv>--:''. Divifions. '■' ' ' ' Sabdivifioiis. , ,^ . QKleK'TjQvviis. North Divlfion con- tkins ""the Captain- fhips of '« 2. Mcuigndn y. Sir.rct — 4. Pet agues ■ — 5. Rio Grafid^, , 6. Payr^la %. Fcrnambuca M m Siarci St. hut A TlgTtares i Payraoa \ I 'Tarnara \piinda. DlvlTions. 546 PORTUGUESE A ME RIC A- Diviiions. Subdivifions. .^\..3^.-^YicH^^ief To\vnj, C 9. Seriglppe -—'^'CSerigippe nK'AM^w T^ ^>. I JO- i5W'^, or the Bay / \ St, Salvador ^VJ.ljoxi, Middle Divifion coji- I ^ ^n 0 ■'. I \ oil .1 ^ ^ • J oi Jll Saints — 11 40. b. Lat. iz, tains the Captain- < ,,, > < r, ^ ,112. Forto beguro .--"— I I /^cr/o oeguro (^13. Spirito Sdn^o' — J ^ Spirito San^o. Southern Divifion jifJb, Jiif lor -..jiat a siU i^iM^^t- if , - •• ^ contains the Gap-- / V ;4» r>^-' - ."^^"^ ^^^ ><'W-'^t^- ^^- ^^ '■ ^ ■ n- f '^ ] ic. "/. Vincent r— f I St. l^uicent ^ (^1 6. Del Rty ^ j ;■. . J (_ 0/. Saluaaor. There arc fome fm^L Illan^s v9%itteXoaft of ^/-^^ where Ships touch fometirhes for Proviiions, in their Voyage to the South Seas', par- ticularly, I. Fernando^ ip 3. .Degrees B^ U^X. z, St. Barbaray in i8 De- grees S. Lat. and 3. 6"/. Catharine^ s^ in '28 Degrees S. Lat, - ; RiversS\ The principal Rivers are, i. Siara^ which gives Name to a Province. It runs from the ,S, /W' to the N. E. and falls into the Jtlantic Ocean in 4 Dcg. odd.]VIih. S.Lat. near the Town of Siara. 2. Rio-grand(f which gives N^ame, to a. I'rovince, runs from W. to E, and falls into the fame Ocea"^ in/j 5 Degrees odd Minutes South Lat. 3, Paraiba River, which runs fcQm W. to E. and divides the Provincs of Payraba in two equal I^^rts, falUng into the Sea in 6 Degrees odd Minutes South Lat. 4. .T^;«^r^ River, which runs parallel to the lail, snd falls into the Sea at the Town oiTatnara. 5. Rio Real, which falls into the Sea a little North of the, Bay of Jll Saints. 6. Rio St, Jntonio, which divides the Pxpvii^ce^pf /M^c/ from Seguro, an^ falls into the Sea in 16 Degrees S. Lat. 7. Ilhevs River, which runs pa- 'fallel to the laft River, and falls into the Sea near the Town of llheos^ in 15 Degrees S. Lat. 8. Rib Dolce, which falls into the Sea in '20 Degrees S.Lat. There ai*e alfo three Rivers Which run near and" pa- rallel to it, Rio Janeiro •run-s through the Province to whi-eh it gives its Name, and falls intb the Ocean in 23 ^ Degrees of S. Lat. 1 1. The MouUi ©f the River of Plata, which makes. the.Soutli?xn.Bpundai-y of this Province. Seas, Bays and Hiirs,jQtspes or Promo-ntories.J ThQ Atlantic Ocean wafhes the Coaft of Brajil on the North- Eall and South, for three thou» fand' Miles and upwards, wherein iire fcvcral fine Bays and Harbours. I. The Harbour of Pernambuco, or the Recief, in 7 Degrees 30 Minutes S. Lat. 2. The Harbour or Bay of Jll Saints, in 13 Degrees odd Mi- ilutel S. Lat. 3s; The Harbour of Porto Scguro, in \6\ Degrees of S. Lat* 4' The Port and Harbour of Rio Janeiro, in 23 Degrees S. Lat. 5. The Port of St. Vincent y in 29 Degrees S. Lat. 6. The Harbour of St. Gabriel ; and, 7. The Port of 5/. Sah^aJor, on the North Shore of tlse Kivtx Ln Plata, near the Entrance of it. 1 1 he principal Capes are, i. Cape Roquc, in 4 Degrees odd Minutes 0. Lat. 2. Cape St: Jugit^flin, m 8 Degrees 'S,. Lat. 3.. Cape Frio,, in 7.3 Degrees S. Lat. and, 4. Cape St. Mary, in 34 Degrees >S. Lat, i|he Tnofl Southerly Promontory of Erafil. >■-•>" Ixor;!;. ;*-.•, Tra-vflling.^ The 'Way of Travelling in this- Country -ij in -HtiTtti s^.ocks faftened to Pole;, and cjirned by Slaves upon th'cix Shoulders. Name.] PORTUGUESE AMERICA "^47 . .I'i^ame.] The Portuguefe, who fiift difcovered Brajtly gave it thd Name ot the Holy Crojs -, but it afterwards obtained the Name o{ Brafit (by which it is how liniverfally knowii) from the Brajil Wood which grows here* Pace of the ^cunir^^ As to the Face of the Country, the Ltiid .1$ ia- ther low than high near the Coaft, btit exceedirig pKafant, being chec- ^^/);>r's Expreffion) with WbSds and Savannahs, or Meadow Grounds, and the Trees for the tnoft Part Ev-er-Greens ; baton the Well Side of it, far within Land, are high Monntains, which feparate it from the S^anijh Province of La Platuy arid in thefe. are innumerable Springs and Lakes, from whence iffue Abundance of Rivers, that fall into the great Rivers Amazm and Laflaiuy or ruii Crofs the Country from Weft to Eaft, and fall into the Atlantic Ocean % which laft are very numeroiisi aiid ^ of great^ Ufe to the /*tr/«^«^ in turning their Sugar Mills:'^ 8& lu ,i%ttv.>iC\ia3 .\c. .t i^^^i-i .^'ii-l '-* -5'-'' ; Seafom.'l As to the I^Torth' oF^^^i?//; wmcfrlfes'^fm^ tihJler the Equator, this, like other Countries in the fame Situsttion; is fubjed to gkat Raihs and variable Winds ; particularly ih.the Months' of March and Septembevy when they have fuch DHuges of Rain, with Storms and Tornadoes, that the Country is overflowed, and the Air unheaithfuL , As to the riiore Sout^iern Provinces of Brh/ilf t\ittQ is no Country iDetween the Tropics where the Heats are more tolerable, or the Air more healthful, than this, being conftantly refrefhed with Breezes from the Sea, and abounding, in Lakes and Rivers, which annually overflow their Banks ; and, in the inland Part of the Country, the Winds from the Mountains are iliil coolef than thofC that blow from the Ocean. ' ''•^•^''■' -•^■■^•■'i- -x ■>-•"— -^ r.j^.^j^ y, ..x ~,^ - '\'<-,r't -ic-or' Ks3 2fti ctni. sffs^ ubn." /i3 v LQ' f^.f^ '•'>:?' • ,^ .Animals and Produce.'] The BeiRs that w6re found in this Country itre the fame with thofe already defcribed-i^. 4^^Ki> an^.^^^'i^vv-n- , The Fowls are the fame alio as in Peru, iyr\y{ ^-^cf^f ,r'vv' ,y o? •?';'• , The Sugar of this Country is much better than that we bririg home from our "plantations ; for all the Sugar that is made here is clayed, ivhich makes it whitet and finer than oar Mu/co'vadd, ^ .^e call our linreiiried Siigat;. njijoM axil' .ii .n^l Jt to eso-igaG I ^ii nr il: •■.O \.:\ . Trade. ] The Sfiiph 'tlilit Viffi ^M&utnl^ 'VfiAti t^ff mi fr ofn h^nc^f Rum, Sugar, the Cotton-Clotlis of .S/. Jc^Or Be^ds, ^c, and bring in Return, Gold, Ivory and Slaves, making vefy good Returns. ; -^ The fmall Craft that belong to Riojaiieiro, arc dhiefly employed irt carrying I^urcpean Goods from Bahia^ the Center of the BrafiUan Trade, to other Places on this Coaft, bringing back hither Sugjir, Tobacco, \^c. They are failed chiefly with Negroe Slares, and 2\iO\ilChripnas thefe jtrc molily employed in Whale-killing ; for about this Tini? of t^ie Year a SpPcies of a . hales are very numefous on th'is Lo^ft : They Come alfo into the fiarbours and inland Lakes, where the Seamen go out and kill them; the Fat or Blubber is boiled to Oilv the t'eari. is;e^ten t>y the Slaves and poor People : ^ , ■ f The Bay and River oi Rio Janeiro are now reforted tQ by the Portu- guefe, as much as any Part ot the Brnp, on Account oT the Gold and >:)iamonds that have been difcovfied in the Mountains to the. Weft- ward of this and the neighbouring Province of St, Finctnt j thelc, have ^ M m 2 cccauoncd 548 PORTUGUESE AMERICA. occafioned the building and peopling the Banks of the River Janeiro t more than any Part of Brafil. ■ Go'vernment.'] The Natives do not live without Government; thfv have Kings in their refpedive Territories, who adminiller Juftice ac- cordino- to the Cuftom of their feveral Countries, though they have no written Laws ; and, where one Man has injured another, he is obliged to make him Satisfaflion in Kind, if it be pofTible ; and no People are more hofpitable to Strangers than the BrafJians are ; fo far are they from murdering and devouring Foreigners, even by the Rela- tion of thofe yQvy Portuguefe that have reprefented them as Canibals. AW/-z'ador ; the French alfo made; fome Attempts to plant Colonies on this Coaft, but were driven from thence by the Portuguefe, who remained in ^r«/f/-almoft without a Rival, till the Year 1623 ; but, being then under the Do- minion of the King of Spain, with whom the United Pr.o'vinces were at War, the Dutch Wcjh India Company invaded Brajil, and fubdued the Northern Provinces. They alio fent a Squadron to the Coaft of Africa^ and took from them the important Fort of Del Mina^ the urongelt Fortrefs on the Guinea Coaft, v;hich the Hollanders are in Po.Teiuon of at this Day. But the Dutch were entirely driven out of Brafilm. the Year 1654 ; however, the Weft India Company fiill continuing their Pretenfions to Brajily and committing Depredations on the Portuguefe at Sea, the lat- ter agreed, in 1661, to pay the Dutch eight Tons of Gold to relinquifh their Iniercft in that Country; which v^^as accepted, and the Portugiiefs have remained in peaceable PofTeffion of all Brajil from that Y)?^yy till near the End of 1762, when the Spanijh Governor of Buenos Ayres h.a.v~ ing had Intelligence of the War between Portugal a.nd Spain, he march- ed, and, after a Month's Siege, made himfelf Mafter of the Portuguefe Frontier Fortrefs called St. Sacrament y on the 3d of Ducembsr ^ but, by the Treaty of Peace, it v»'as r^itgred. Min3 BRITISH ( 55° ) BRITISH AME RICA. Jhe Britilh 'Domions in America may he divided inl^ t. ^hofe on the Continent, 2, The JJtandSy %he B'ritifh Dominions on the Continents i?a Between < Between < ■■ i 60" and iM. Situation and Extent. W. Lon. Above 2000 Miles 11^ Length. 2700 Miles in Breadth, Bo U N li J^;i>^'fcy;'^|ve'!/ro«^^^^ on ^he North | by the Jt/^/if\Q(;^SLnp, Eaft ; by the Bay of Mexico South ; and by Uie Mijpjfippi agj|,unkno\vn Lands, on the Weft. Divi/ions. tovmces. "■ Chief Tov.ns. 4. AViu England The Middle Diyifioa] 1* ^'Zt'^'r , ■0^ 1 . '^i M Boflon York Burlington Philadelphia Annapolis, James Tonxn, W. Lon. 76-30. N.Lat.37-3p \JVilliamJhurgh Charles Toivn Savannah Si. 4^gujiine ^Pmfac(^lfL .V'tiWXX^ ^SW BRITISH AMERICA 5S^ New Britain (7r\Eil;imaux, and Canacia, 'comprehending Hudlbn'j Bay. ^SiiuatiGU and Extent, Between Between Boundaries. "[ ,-\5;^/J^,X ^^^'^^^^^^ Miles in Length. ^ •■t^^ ^•,« v\| Being 1 200 Miles in Breadth, BO UN D'ED" hyunknown Lands and Seas about the Pole., on the North; by.they^//^«//V' Ocean andj5^- A«*s Bay,on the Eall; by the Bay and River of St, Lanjorcnce and No^va Siotia^ on the South ; and by unknown Lands, on the Weft. U we fhould extend it -as far as our Marin-ers, have difcovered to the N orth, we might make a Lini*' drawn through .^ i^l Degrees the Nor- thern Boundary, for Capt. Hutifoh {^WtA a^T^ig-h Vs" '8 1 |^ in the Year 1607, and Capt, Baffin as far in the Years 1623 and 1624. Mcuntains.'] There are very^higl^-IVfpuntains in the North, which being perpetually covered witK 'Sno\y,,.Apd the Win,d blowing froni* thence three Fourths, of the Year, isjo^e pccafion of that exeeffive Cold that, is found on; this Contineqjt;, b'eyoind anj^ Thing that has l)een known oni the Eairterii OontLient^ under \ilie;faine Parallels of Lati- Ri^jcn.] .Tlie chsef JS^ivers arq^ii^/irci.' River, y^/z/^rrRife, !^/4^«y or Chichrv.am River,- ilfc/^^River^/i.^^^.'s.'^jB'-J^iv^rji AV^o/z' River, Berray River, Murcour River, and Muuh Mvi?J^.-i;lu S _ ' Tf>e chief Seas,' Bajsy Sfraifsra/zd B^pki:^ TT^ only Seas that bor- der on thefe Co'ujTtrCes ;ar&, the Jtlantic Ocean, 4nd that extenfive Sea called Hiidfm''s Bay, in which are „ many othciT lefler Bays^ as Jjamei^ Bav, Button's Bayj-^^T^.-z's-Bay, Sir ^7'y^;;it^.f ^o^'s"^ Welcome, and the ports or Bays' of '^R/^-Vr/, y//^^;/};, '-Port' A"^^^, Brigg's Bay, Port Churchill., "and Cmnherland Bay. ^Port ■-A>{/'i9;f is. fituate in 91 Degrees W. Lon. and 57 Degrees of N. Lart. ' Vhhrchillik fituate in g^ Degrees W. Lon. and 60 Degrees N. Lat. The chief Bays in AV'a- Britain are, EJ]:imauXy Hohhvith Hope, and Philippeaux. The Straits a^-e thofe of Hiuifcn, Da^oiCy and BelUiJle. The chief Capes or Promontories are, Q^\iQ Charles ^ on the Strait of Belleijley Cape De/irc at the Entrance of Hudfonh Strait, Cape Henry, Cape 'Jamesj and Cape Warfcuham, near the Entrance of Hiidjons Bay, Cape Henrietta Maria, on the South- Weft Part of the Bay, CapeCo/^- fcrty and Cape JJJ'utnptiofi, on the North Part of the Bay. Lakes, l£c.^ There arc innumerable Lakes, Bogs, and Morafles, all over this Country, whicli, being covered with Ice and Snow great Part cf the Year, make the Air excefiive cold, efpecially when the Wind M m 4- . /its 552 BRITISH J M ERIC A. 1 fit^ N. W. It feems to be as cold in 52 Degrees of N. Lat. on tlia * Wellern Continent, as it is on the Eailcrn Continent in 62. SettlementsJ] The principal Settlements belonging to the EngliJJ^ Hud/on s Bay Company at prelect arc, Churchill, Ne!j'o7i, Ne-zv Seven:, and jllbanji on the Weil Side of Hudfcji^, Bay. They had form.erly Fort Charles^ Fort B.upsrt, and feveral more at the Bottom of the Bay, which they feem to have abandoned, tho' this Country is, in Reality, Part of the E:iglijh Territories, and would yield them as large a Quan- tity of Furrs and Skins as the more Northern Countries. St il and Produce,'] T lie Lands near the South End at the Bottom of the Bay produce large Timber, and FIjCijty.of Flcrbage, and it is pre- fumed woald produce Corn, if ii.',,>va§iiPiiJtivated 9 but towards the North there are very few Vegeta.blej5^rd ,2og£YoV j.i?!"' . The Country about Fort iV^/^vjj J^- s^ckiwp'-m^rfliy Soil, producing Juniper, Birch, Poplar, and fra;-di Wood of the Spruce or Fir Kind, and the Surface produc^:;; chiefly Mofs.;: neither Corn nor Pafture is to b expeiled in the North, where the. Earth, even in Summer, re- in ^dns frozen iix Feet deep, andthe M9'^5^?viin6 iire perpetually covered with Snow. The Soil of AJc%v £rii-(iijhc,o-x the Eaflern Sliore of EjU'i- fnaux, is mijch the fame a,s that., pnoA'l^.lWt^rtern Side of the Bay, un- der the fame.Parailels. T4TQ\:fiqiih/l¥M^'9^ 'Ejl*ma;^i' is ufuaily tailed Terra de Lah-ador. j.^ibnud xU V\rX v AnhnahayidFood.'] Their Anima1s^W^Ke''Moijf?13^eer or Elk, Stags, Rein Deer, Bears, Tygers, Bufia-loes, Wmetimes emf:ty -their Pond, and take a whole Lodge of them, only leavii-ig a Pair or two to breed, whereby the Pond is ilocked ao-ain in two or three Years. When the Indians carne to the Fadlory in June 1 742, they could pet but a Pound of Gunpowder for four Braver Skins, a Pound of Shot for one Beaver, an EUof coarfe Clath for Fifteen, a hlankec for Twelve, two Fifh-hooks, or three Flints for One, a Gun fjr 25 Skins, a Piilol for Ten, a Hat VAth a vvhite Lace for Seven, an Axe for Four, a Fledging Bill for One, a Gallon of Brandy for F'our, a checked Shirt for Seven : All which was fold at that .mgnih-ous Profit oi zooo per Cent. Notwithilanding v,'hich Di fee u rage meat, the Indians brought .down to Port Neljcn that SeafoJi 50,000 Beaver' Skins, and 9000 Mar- tins, thefe Beaver Si^ins being worth 5 or 6.r. a Poi^nd ; whereas thofe the Englijh purchafe at A'cx^y fork are not worth above 3^r. and 6^. a Pound. Eefidcs thefc S'dns, th^ Indla?2Sy the fan-e Year 1742, brought to the Fa^loiy at Churchill zq,ooo Beaver Skirts. This Company, wnich does net confiil cf above nine or izw Mer- chants, exclude ail tlie reft of the Britijh Subjects from this 'Frade, by Virtue of an illegal Patent, extremeiy to the Prejudice of their native Country ; for if the reft of ti^it King's Subjeds had been fulil'red to iv^^ 'i\\zy lead a vagrant wandering Life, feldom remaining more than a Week or two in a Place ;jMo1t of their Time is fpent i\\ Hunting and Fifhing, as they move fronr Place to Place. Revolutions and memorable Events, -.^ "HE"Eaftern Shores of this Co-mtry were firft discovered by Sc- hajlian Cabot for Henry VJlr King oi England, in the Year 1498 : Tiicy^.jvere afterwards vifited by i)<2•^7'J.,aHd ■ other Britijh Mariners. Mr- 'lud/on made four V.yages thither, 'between the Years 1607 and 1611 y in the Lift of w^^hich his Men forced .him and eight more of their Otecers into a Boat, and left them to ilarvc in the Bottom of the Bay, and ihev were never heard of nabre : but the Ship and the reft of the Men returned H- rae. ''^^^ ^^"^^ ■'''^' ^ ^ v''' •' Sir Thomas Button p\iT{ned the Difcoyery in 16 1 2, and Capt. yamcf In 163 I c in Hopes of finding a North- vveftPafTage to China: Captain Gi/ha/n fiiiled to the Bottom of the Bay in 1:667, and at his Return his Owners procured a Patent for Planting thi^ Country, Jnno 1670. The firft EngUJh Governor that went thither, was Charles Batley, Efq; wha built a r'ort on ^z//)«7.I<.iver, calling it C^^^r/fj- ii^ort. and foon after iettled another Fadory a.t Net/an.. ^ In the- Year 1684, the chie ii Engli^lh l''adlory vyas at Albany, and a Fort ereiled for its. Defence. 'J'he French invaded our Sccticments, and took Fort Rupert and JI- hany in ^uly 1686, though w^- were then at Peace '^'\\.\\ France. In King H 1 1 Ham' J >N.Six^^^^m9:^G^y.^yi^^4.gtfJh r/j^oyered their %ttlc- mci'i^ts again.:.;j.7ri j-;o<; ■•^^'Hi-fo'/ mo-> .■t:;t HJf^^■■' ■.t'c--'-""> V-* hvf'i ^'\^'- inuring the War In Queen Anne^s Reign, the French reduced all our Settlements except Albany, but were gbliged to reltore them at the Peace of Utrecht, Anno iji'^, and the Company- h'a%>'e remained in Fof- fe.iii'in of thfem ever fince. ■ " ■'"'"'.;'..'": ' *'",",,'.'■', , ' ^ v' R.JJoration o/Nqw Britain ^;?.^ t^pya Scotia'^y fence^f The Frfnch^ King having feized f'.me i://©-///?^ Settlements, in tiiefe Countries, he. was obliged, by the Treaty of LVr/'r/'/f' i,u. Ihe Year 1713, to reftore to Great- Britain the Bay ai)d Srraits of Hud/on, Avith all tire Lands, Seas,. Sea-Coalh, Rivers, and Hrices, fituate on the fame Bay and Straits,^ (which comprehend rW Neiv Britain and Briiijh Canada) and it was ngreed, that Commifiioners, on the .Part oi Great Britain and France^ f^rould termiuate, within the Spac^ Q^f "a Year, the Limits between^thc. ■ . . . J)ominior^$ BRITISH AMERICA. SSi p^omjnlons of Great-Britainixn^ France on that Side ; vvhicb Limits the ^ubjedls of Great- Britain and France were not topafs over to each othe;: by Sea or Land. By the 12th Article of the fame Treaty, No'ua Scotia, with the For- trefs of Annapolis, and all the Lands and Dependencies thereunto be- longing, were yielded to Great- Britain', and the Subjefts of France were entirely excluded from all Kinds of Fiiheries in the Seas of NoyjC«««^W. Lon. I I 300 Miles in Length. and >N. Lat. I / 200 Miles in Breadth. 46 i J I Boundaries.] g^ O U N D E D by Canada, on the North ; by the X3 Atlantic Ocean and Nan/j Scotland, en the Eaft and South ; and by Nciv i^or.k, on the Weft, Ne-iX> BRITISH AMERICA; 557 . Ne-Tv E?tglandis divided into four Governments, njix, i. Nenv Hamp- Jhircy or Fifcata^duay. 2. The Majfachufets Colony. 3. The Colony of Rhode llland, and Proijidence Plantation ; and, 4. Conmtlicut Colo- ny. Divifions. Provmees. Chief Towns, The North Divifion, C ,r rj .n • W n r ? or Government \ ^^ 3 t The MiddleDivifion j Majjachufets Colony \ \ ^'-^'^J^' ^f^' 7'* The South Divifion R^ode Ifland, ^c. Nevjport. The Weft Divifion \ Conneaicut I \ k^'"''-'"^ , Ri. Pcnobfcct., or Pcntagojzet, Bays and Capes.] The moft remarkable Bays and Harbcurs are^, thofe formed hy Plymouth, Rhode Ifland, and /'rowy£'7;(f England People take great Numbers, and fend fbme Ships every Year to fiih for Whales in Gret?:land\ and from hence it is we receive all the Whale- bone and Whale-oil we import, except what is purchafed of the Dutch and Hamhurghers. Befides the Whale- Fifhery, there is a very fine ^o^-Fiihery on the. Coaft of No Secretary, and all the Offices of the Admiralty, is veiled in the Crown;, that the Power of the Militia is wholly in the Hands of the Governor, ?.s Captain-Genera!. That all Judges, Juftices and Sheriffs, to whom the Execution of the Ljtw is intruded, are nominated by the Gover- nor, with the Advice of the Council ; and that the Governor has a iNiegative on the Choice of Cpanfellors, pere.nptory and unlimited, and that he 'is not obliged to give a Reaion for what ht has done ia' this Particular, o'r reftraihed to any Number: That all Laws enabled by the General AfTcmbly ar^ to be fent t ) the G.)urt of England for the Royal Approbation; and that no La.vs, Ordinances, Eledions {p( Magirtrates, I prefume, he mea.is) or Ads of GovernniQiit^yvli^fq^yer are v^lid, without the Governor's Confent in Writing,.,^^V^\V-'r\ .Vt ^ By thefe Refervations (in the Opinion of this Gentleman) the Pre*, rogativcs of the Crown, and the Depcndance of this Colony are effecv, tually fecured : Whereas we find the Lprds Commiflioners of frade an^, Plantations^ in their Repref ntation to til e Houfe of Commons, Anno 1732* obfervlng, that notwiihilanding the Pow t feems to- be'diviwcd^ between the King and the People in the Majfachujet Colony, the People, have much the greatell Share, for they o not o ^ly ch^fe the A'iTcmbly of Rcprefentatlves, but this AlFembly chufe the Council (eqaivalent to our Houfe of Lords) an ' the Governor depend^ upon the Alfembly for his annu 1 Support ; which has frequency laid the Governor of this Province under the Temptation of giving up t.ie Prerogatives of the Crown and the Intereft of Gr Royal Governments ; 2. Charter Governments ; ,and>^ 3-. Propfrietary-, Governments. ~ 1. A Roynl Government, i§.p.rpp^jlyj(b,qa\lf.dv becaufe the polony Is immediately dependent on the Crownj, apd. tj^e King remains Sovereign of the Colony; he appoints the Go|vernor, CoAincil, and, Officers of State, and the. People only ele^thelr Reprerentativcs, ^as in England^ Such are the Governments 'of Vi'rgxiiia., J^£i.ti}-Hampjhire, Ncuu-Tork, Ne-xv-Jer/ey, and both C^ro/jViiaV ;.. though; the CarqlJfu^s \vsxQj till very lately, Proprietar>' Governments . ' " ' ,wV^.,vi^V;y ;iV\ 2. A Charter Government is fo polled, becaufe the-Compaifiy, incor- porated by the King's Chartet, were in a manner vefted with Sovereign Authority- to eftabliih what Sortof (jo'vernment.s they faw fit; and thefc Charter Governments havegenerally thought fit to transfer their Au- thority to the Populace; for in thefe Governments the Freemen do not only chufe their Reprefentatives, but annually chufe their Governor, Council and MagiftrateS, and • make Laws, without the Concurrence, and even without the Knowledge of the King-l^'and are under no othej: Reiiraint than this, that they e nail no Lavvs contrary .to the Laws of England \ if they do, their Charters are llabli^ta be forfeited. Such is the Government of i^>^fl^^ Illand, and, I think of the Colony of Cca^fr- ticut in Ne'nj-England ', and fuch Were the Governments of the MaJJachu- /ets, Mai /je znd Pljmoui^ formerly ;' hat theit'firiV , Charters being ad- judged forfeited in the Reign of King dharlej I^/tfe Charter granted to the M'aJ/achn/ets by King William III. has refcfved the Appointment of a Governor to the Crown : But the Houfe olf Reprefentatives chufe the Council with the Governor's Concurrence, and" the Governor and Council appoint the Magiilrates and pihcers of 3.tHte i from whence it appears, that the Government of the Mq/facbujets, iii. which the Colo- nies of Maine and Plymouth are now comprehended, is, in fome inftances, different from either of tiiC two former SpecieiQfiGoyeriiment,, or ra- ther a Mixture of both. ^ _: ,•^^ ^^ :■..,,„?. ., .:..,., 3. The third Kind of Government is tlie Proprietary Government, properly fo called, becaufe the Proprietor is veiled with Sovereign Au- thority ; He appoints the Governor, Council and Magirnates, and the Reprefentatives of the People are fummoned in his iNan.e, and by thtir Advice he enads Lavvs without the C':ncurience of the Ciown.; but by a late Statute, the Proprietor mufl have the Kiiio's Confcnt in the appointing a Governor, when he does not reHde iu the Plantatioa in Pcrfoti; and of a Deputy- Governor when he dojs; and ail ti-.f Cj- VCiiiOiS ^6o BRITISH America. vernors of the Plantations are liable to l)e called to an Account for Mat^ Adminiftralion by the Court of King'^s-Bench in Er.gland^ by another Statute. The only Proprietary Governments now in Being are thofe iCil Maryland zxidi Penfylvania. Forces.] In one'of the Reprefentations of the Board of Trade, they inform the Privy Council, that in the Colony of the Maffachuftis only, there were upvv^ards of 94,000 Souls ; and that their Militia coniifted of 6 Regiments of Foot, and 15 Troops of Horfe, of 100 Men in each Troop. The fame Reprefentation Ihevvs, that they employed near 500 Sail of Ships and 4000 Seamen annually in their Trade; and if this Calculation be right, it mull be allowed, that the rell of the Colonies North of Virginia and '^Aaryland^ viz. Conjiedicut y E.hode TJlandy Nc-zv- Tork, the y^?y9?V, and Penfyl-vania, can raifeat leaft as many more. All that feems wanting, in order to render thefe Forces ufefal and capable of oppofing an Invafion, is a Genendiflimo, impcwered, on any Exigen- cies, to oblige every Colony to raife their refpedive Quota's of Sup- plies and Troops, and to command them when ailembled in the Field ; for thefe are Particulars, which it is never to be expeftcd the Colonies iliould agree on among themfelves, or at leail Time enough to prevent the Ravages of a potent Enemy. Religion.'] Ne=w-England ^2,% planted by the Jndiipendents a little be- fore the Commencement of the Civil Wars in Ejigland. Thefe People tranfported themfelves thither, rather than conform to the cllablilhed Church. Though they complained of the Government here, for not allowino- a Toleration, they permitted no other Se61; or Denomination of ChriiHans, but themfelves, to have any Share in the Government they ereftcd there ; and were fo far from allowing a Toleration to thofc that differed from them, that they hanged feveral Quakers. It is but very lately they have fufFered any Member of the Church of Englayid to have a^Share in the Magillracy, or to be eleded a Member of the Commons, or Houfe of Reprefentatives ; and there are not more than two or three admitted at this Day into their Councils. There are fome Churches ereded in }^eiv-Engla7:d by the Members of the Church of England \ but we fiill compute that the Difciplas of Independency, are four Times as many as thofe of the Church of England m the Majfachvfet and Connecticut Colonies. Jn Penfylvcnia, and in Rhcde-IJland the Governors are Quakers, as well as mofc of the Inhabitants. Revolutions and jnemorahle Events* WHEN the Europeans firft vifited this Country, thdy found it ift- habited by tv/enty different Nations or Tribes independent of* each other, and commanded by their refpeflive Chiefs. Of thefe Na- tions, the moft powerful was the Majjachnfets^ fituate on or near Bojlon Harbour. King Jamcsl. by Letters Patent dated the icth of ^/>r//, 1606, ere^led two Companies, impowering them to fend Colonies tO Virginia, as all the North-Eall Coail of America was then called One of thefe Companies was called the Plymcuth Company, who for fome Time traded only with the Natives of North Virginia, or Neiv-England for Furs, and filhed upon the Coafi. Two Ships were employed in this Fifhery in the Year 16 14, com- manded by Capt. John Smith, and Capt. Thomas Hunt ; and Capt. Smith BRITISH AMERICA. ^Si Smith returning to Enghmd, left Hunt on the Coail, ordering him tar fail with the other Ship to Spabiy and difpofe of the Fifli he had taken there. Hunt^ after Smith was gone, enticed twenty-feven Indians on board his Ship, and failed with chem to Malaga, fold them for Slaves^ at the Rate of 20/. a Man. This Treachery was fo refented by the Ltdians, that all Commerce with them was for fome Time broken off. About the Year 1619, lome Diilenters of the Independent Perfaafion, who were uneafy at their being required to conform to the Church of England, having purchafed the P/j-'/t'^ffZi;/'/' Patent, and obtained, anothet'^ from King James to fend Colonies to North Firginiay now A'Vw Eng- land, embarked 150 Men on board a Ship, which failed from PlyiJioutb the 6th of September I Sicr, "i^ 'ititivecl at Cape Cod in Nezv England on the 9th of AWeV/'?/v7* folto\viiY6^, ^where they built a Town, and cal- led it by t?he Name of Nei.^' 'Plj mouth ; and Mr. John Cari^er was elect- ed their firft Governor. '^ '^'^ The Indians were at this Time too much enjja^^H in Wars among; themlelves, to give thefe Strangers any Difturbance ; ^VlQ. MaJ/aJ/hit, Prince of the Majpxchnfet Nation, learned from one i^nanto, an Indian who had been carried to Enrland, wliat a powerful F; c^pie the Englijh were, made Governor C^rx'f?- a Vifit the following Spring, and entered into an Alliance, offen/ive and defen/ive with the EngUJh, by whofe Aiiillance he hoped ta make a Conqueft of the Narragen/et Nation, with which he was then at War* This Prince alfo confented to ac- knowledge the King of England his Sovereign, and made a Ceiilon of Pare of his Country to the new Planters. Several other Sachems, or Princes, alfo followed the Example of' M^j^/?27^^Vj aiiddeftred the Pro- teftion of the EnvUJh againft their Enertiies, profeffiirg themfelviesSub- jefts of YJm that if the Indians had not been enp-aped in a Civil War, the Enoli/h would infallibly hav^ been driven out of the Country. ty^imB.^'- In the mean Time another Set of Adventurers, Jnj:o 1627, pur- chafed a Grant of the Plymouth Company, of ill that Fart of NevJ England, which lies betv/een the River Mcrimac and Charles River ; and, to ftrengthen their Title to this Country, procured a Grant cf it . from King Charles, Anno 1628, and nominated Mr. Cradoch \[\-7v England Provinces were planted and well peopled wi'thin the Space of twenty Years, leckoning from the Arrival of t!ie firit Colony at Ne^iv Flyfnouth, durinp^ which Time they were very little interrupted b) the Indians \. but the Engh^Jh Colony oi Connecticut hQ- ginning to eie£t Fortvelies^ and ex-t'^nd tijeir Settlements to the Weft- ward, without the Leave of U"ie Natives,, tho Indians were alarmed, apprehending they fhould in Time be aifpoifeiied of their Country, auci be enliaved by theie Foreio-ners. The Sachem Metacoment therefore (to whom the Englijh gave the; Name of P/S/V/j^) the Son of Ma£aJ]oity who hril entered into an Al- liuiice with the Eyighjh, obferving the Danger his Country was in, and that the Englijh now no longer acted as Allies, but tyranized over his People, and had in a Manner depjdved him of his Authority, dif- patched MeCengers privately through ail the Tribes of the Indians,. inviting them to take up Arras in Defence of their Country, which. they did, and fucceeded in fevcral Engagements at firll, but their Prince Philip being Killed by a IViulket ihot, the Englijh at length pre- vailed : Cireat Numl^crs of the Indians were mailacred, and others were driven out of tncir Country, and joined the French i.n Canada,. v/ho promiang thtni Pioic6lion, and frequently afliiling them in their iBvalion of the Briiip Settlements, it is no Wonder that they remain- ed attached to the French Intcrell: to this Day, efpecially as the JeJuit Mifiionaties have made I'rofelytes and bigotted Papllts of them, making them iKlicve that the Englijb are the Poilerity of thole Men that cru- cified our Saviour. Jn the Year 1690, Sir WtUiam Phip^, Governor of New England, railed an Army, wJiich he tranfported to Acadia, or Flo-us. Scotia, and took Port Royal, or Annapolis from the French ; and reduced another French Scti lenient at the Mouth of St. yohn'=> River, in the Bay of Fundyy of which the Englijh kept PoiTe-iiloa until the Peace of Ry/nxncky Anno 1697, when King IVdliam thought ft to cede them to France, r.o'vvit't'f^ndincr they belonged to Greal Britain originally; but Anna- polisy with ail AVx'rt Scotia, was rcftorcd to Great Britain by the iieaty oi c.iti.rji iii Ciie Rei^u of Queen A/me, iu 1714.. Wis BRITISH AM ERIC J. ^6} Sir JVilliam Phipps alfo attempted the taking of Shiebec, tlie Capital tf Fre?ich Canada \ but it being too lutein the Year when he began that Enterprize, and a very fev^ere Winter letting in fooner than or- dinary, he was obliged to retire from thence, not by the Arms of the Enemy, but the Severity of the Seafon. Sir William, however, built a ftrong Fort at the Mou:h of the River Pemaquid, on the Frontiers of Ne-w Englatidf and compelled the Indians, on the North- Eafl q^ Meri?nac River, to acknowledge themfelves fubjeft to the Crown of £ijg/a»dy and promife to abandon the French Interell : And in the Year 1703, in the Beginning of Queen Anne*^ War, the AVxu England Peop-le recovered Annapolis again, for they could not enjoy either their Filheries or Fo- reign Traffic while it was in the Hands of tHe French. It was called the Dunkirk in that Part of the World, where the French had their Cruizers and Privateers, which fnapped up the Ne^w England Ships whenever they carhe out of their Harbours. Upon this Suecefs the Government of England propofed the taking of ^(ebec, tliC Capital of Canada, and to fend over a Squadron of Me4i of War, with Land Forces to join the Ne-uj England Forces, and every Thing was prepared in Nenv England for the Enterprize ; but the Ge- neral in Flanders pretending he could fpare no Troops then, not'.'ing was done. However, in the Year 171 1, Admiral Walker failed to Ne'iv E^tgland with a Squadron of twelve Men of War, forty TranP ports, and fix Store Ships, on board whereof were five thoufand Veteran Troops, commanded by Brigadier Hilh and this Fleet arrived at Bojion on the 25th of June I'jw, having been fevcn Weeks in their Pafiage, but the Nen;j England Forces not being re?.dy, they did not fail from Bofion for the River St, Lanvrence till the 20th of July i And being hindered by contrary Winds, they did not ar.ive in that River till the proper Seaf ;n was paft. There fell fuch thick Fogs, that their Pilots were at a Lofs how to fleer, and being di-iven on the North Shore among the Rocks, eight of the Tranfports were loil, with Soo Men that were in them ; vvheieupon it was refolved on the 4th of Sep-^ tember, to return with the reft of tlie Fleet to England \ and this Defis^n that had been fo prudently concerted, proved abortive. However, An- napolis and No^ua Scotia were by the French confirmed to Qreut Britairt at the Treaty of Utrecht , Anno 17 14, as has been already related. See the Memorable Events of England, P. 309, ^'t. N E PF r 0 R K with the J E R S E 2" S, Situation and Extents Between < and S W. Loh. I \ too Miles In Lcngt'It^ i 7^ \ i Being I Between < and > N. Lat, I J loo Miles in Breadths N n ;? Boundariti 5^4 BRITISH AMERICA. BomidariesJ] TJ O U N D E D by Canada on the North ; by K^>i X3 England^ Eaft ; by the American Sea, South ; and by J)e la War River, which divides it from Penfylvania^ on the Weit. Divifions. Provinces. Chief Towns. Eaft Divifion ■ < NewTork ■ > -J 72-30. N. Lat. 42. L J iJlbany. Wea Divifion _ \r^. J.rfeys — } { f^^^^! , C Long IJland, and the 1 C South Divifion — - < reft of the Iflands V \ Southampton. t near Hudfoiis River y (_ Ri'vers.'^ The chief Rivers, befides thofe oi Hud/on and Dc la WaYy are the Moha^vk River ; Onayidago, Raritan and Maurice Rivers. Cafes. '\ The Capes are thofe of Cape Mary, an the Eaft Entrance of De la War Kivcr; Sandy Folnty near the Entrance of i?.(2/vV«« River ;- and Montan? Ihint, at the Eaft End of Lono- Ifland. Lakes. 1 There are very extenfive Lakes on the North- Weft, t^vst. the Lakes of Cha7nplain, Ontario and Erie. The Irconois, or Five Na- tions, lie upon the Lakes of Ontario and Erie, and are in Alliance v/ith Great Britain againft the French, and their Indians of Caiuida. I-Iarbotirs.'] There are feveral excellent Harbours at tlie Mouth of lhidfon\ River, and in De la War River, which run from North to South ; one on the Eaft, and the other on the Weft Confines of thefe Provinces. Face of the Country.] The Jerfeys and the South Part of Nc^iv York are low flat Countries, but afcending twenty or thirty Miles up Hud/on % River to the North, the Country is rocky and mountainous, and co- vered with Wood, where it has not been cleared by the Planters. Air.] The Air and Seafons are much the fame as in Nei.v Eno-Und" Produce and Trade,] Nen,v York and the Jerfeys abound in Cattle and a good Breed of }iorfes, and have Plenty of V/heat and other Grain, as well as Fiih. They fiipply the 9ugar Colonies with Flour, Salt- Beef, Pork, andSalt-Fifli; and with Timber,. Plank and Pipe Staves; and as they are much employed in the Fifnery, they export a great deal of dried and faked Filli to Spain^ Portugal, Italy, and other Countries of Europe. They traffic alfo with the Logwood- Cutters ir^ the Bay of Honduras, and with the Spajiijh Settlements, exchanging the Manufac- tures o'i Europe- for Treafure, which they fand to England ^.-^ Merchan- dise; they bring over alfo Whale-Oil- and Bone, and return with tlie Manufadlures of Great Britain. ^ l"he People of AV--ZV ^;i^/^W, Nevj York, and other Northern Cola-, nies of late expoi-t a great deal of Timber to Portugal, and other Coun- tries of Europe, wiiici, I am informed, is a very profitable Branch of jBufmefs. Pcrfor.s.] Az to the Ferfons and Habits of tiie Indians, in thefe. Countries and Maryland, thefe Pccpk not difterrMg from tne Indians i^. ^Irgininy Will be iuiuid in the Description of: that Cou.;try.. Q^ni USi BRITISH AMERICA Gemus of the Nati'vcs,'] The Iroquois, who inhabit the North-' Part of this Country, are the braved and moft form>dable People of ISfortb Ainrrimy and at the fame Time the moit humane ; though the French, whofe conftant Enemies they are, have reprefented them as the moft barbarous Savages. Under the greateft Difadvantages, the Want of Education, and even of Letters, they difcover a noble Ge- nius. The Ro7na7is never exprefTed a greater Love for their Country, or a greater Contempt of Death in the Caafe of Liberty, than thefs do, and they are €xceeding benevolent and hofpitable. Every Nation of the Iroquois is a uiftinft Republic, governed by their Sachems or Civil Magiftrates in Time of Peace, and by their Warriors or Captains in their Wars j but their Chiefs neither rcfolve, nor exe- cute any Thing of Importance, without confulting the Heads of tkeir Tribes. Religion-I The Ir-oquois acknowledge ?. Supreme Being v/hom they Hile the Preferver of the Univerfe, and they believe a futui-e State of Rewards and Punifnments ; but they have very obfcure Notions of it, and feem to think that the Rewards of the Good v/ill confiii in the Enjoyment of thofe Pleafures they are moft fond of in this Life, Various Attempts have been made to convert thefe Poople to Chrif- tianity, efpecially by \.\\^ French Yxvt^'^, who by the Negligence of our own People, and their Zeal to gain Converts to Popery, have met with too oreat Succefs, havinp drawn olF g-rcat Part of the Moh&'wk Nation from their Alliance v/ith the EjzgUjh, and even perfuadod them to leave their native Country, and fettle in Fre7ich Canada, where they have built them a ftately Church.. Thofe who remain true to the Englijh, have been inftrucled by the Dutch and EngliJJy Minifters occafionally, as they came to trade, and have aUvaj's fiievvn a Difpofition to embrace the Gofpel, At Albany they are all brought to the Profeffion o^ Chrijiianity, and Dimoft all baptized ; and fome of them feem to have a tolerable No- tion of it, and have earneftly dei'ired a Miffionary to be fent among them ; and to encourage this good Difpofition in them, the Society appointed a Catechift among them, a Native of America, who has re- fided among them, and applied himfelf to the Study of i^eir Language, and met with very good ouccefs. The Church of 'England is eftablifked in this and all the Royal Go- vernments in Britijh America. PENSl'^LVANIA. Situation and Extents f 74 7 1 |- Between < and J- W. Lon. I I 200 Milas In Length. iiletween < and > N. Lat. \ / 200 Miles in Breadth. C 42 3 . N n 3 £ou?}danes*\ B^5 BRITISH AMERICA, Boundaries.^ T> O U N D E D by the Country of the Iroquois, or Fiv^ -D Nations, on the North ; by De la War River, which divides it from the Jtrfeys, on the Eail ; and by Maryland, on the South ^nd Weft. Divifions. Counties. Buckingham — — — Philadelphia North Divifion — -• South Divifion Chejhire JSt^-ixcaJlle Kent Sujj'ex Chief Towns. r Briftol 3 Philadelphia, W. Loji. ) 74. N. Lat. 4.0-506 t Chejier. I Neivcajile < Dp'ver I Leaves* Mountains.] This has a flat Coaft near the Sea, like the adjacent Colonies, but nies gradually, having the Apalachian iVlountams oi\ the Weft. Riid, and very deftrudive to the Sugar Colonies ; for they take Melaifes, Rum, and lather Spirits, witli a great fnftny^z/rxy Tork) to fui-render, he thought fit to obey the Summons, and yield that Capital to the Englijh. "The reil of the Places in the PoifeJlion oi the Dutch and the Suuedes fol- lowed his Example, and thefe Countries were confiimed to ih^ Englijh by the Dutch at the next Treaty of Peace between the two Nations. The Duke of ?V;^ afterwards parcelled out thefe Countries to Undef- Proprietors, among whom d4''illia?n Peiw, Son of Sir M illiam Fenny Ad- miral in the Dutch W'ars, was one. All the reft of the Under Proprietors, fame Time after, ftirrendered their Oiarters to the Crown, whereby Nc-z'j York and the Jerjeys b.e- came Rvoyal Governmen-t-s ; i>ut /'^ww retained that Part of the Country which had been granted to him. And King Charles II. made him another Grant, in 1680,' of the reil of that Cour.try, which now con- ffirutes the rcil of Penjyli^ania, in Conf deration of a Debt due to his Father, tlie Admiral, irom the Government Penn, the S ther Part of Penjyl-cania^' and the Atlantic Ocean, on the Eaft ; by Virginia^ South , and by the Apalachian Moun tains j on the Weft, Maryland is divided into two Parts by the Bay of Chefepeah, ;. The'^ailern; apd, 2. The Weltern Diyifion, viz< Divifions. TJie EaftDivifjon contains the' Counties of Counties. I- Somerfet 7.. Dorchejier ^TheWeiipivlfion contains - 3. 9 "^/i^oif. County 4. Cecil County ''I. 6"/. M^/j'j Couniy - ^2. Charles County ~ J3. Prince George County ^4. Calvert County Aime Arundel C 0 u n ty }:. Anne Ar / L6. Baltimor 'e County Chief Towns. Somerfet Dorchejier Oxford. St. Marfs Brijlol - Maferkout Abington Annapolis,V7 . Lon., 78.N.Lat.39-35, Baltifnore. Ri'vers* BRITISH AMERICA. 6gs Ri^uers.'\ This Country, like Virginia, is watered with innumerable Springs which form a great many Rivers, of which the Chief are, i, Pato^vmac. 2. The R.jver Poco?noac. 3. The River Patuxent, 4. Sr^ wern River. 5. Cheptcnk. 6. Sajfafras River. 7. Wicomoca River; and, 8. The River 6"/. George. There are more Rivers capable of receiving large Ships, which, witU t]ie numerous Bays and Creeks that indent the Land on every Side, give the Seamen an Opportunity of bringing their Vefiels up to the Planters Doors to receive their Freights of Tobacco, cffr. Bays and Capes. '\ The chief Bavs are thofe of Chcfepeak and De la IFar ; and Cape Henkpen, at the Entrance of De la yp'ar Bay, is the mod noted Cape. Name.l K-ing Charles I. was pleafed to give this Province the Name of Marylatidj in Honour to his Queen Henrietta Maria, Dauo-hter of fle/iry IV. of France, when he granted it by Patent to George Calveri Lord Baltimore, Anno 1 63 I . It is feparated from Virginia, on the South, by the River Patonju- mac. Face of the Country. '\ This, as well as Virginia, may be divided in- to, I. I'he low Lands next the Sea. 2. The hilly Country towards the Heads of the Rivers ; and, 3. The Apalachian Mountains beyond, which are exceeding- high. o o Air.'] The Air of this Country, I perceive, is exceffive hot fome Part of the Summer, and equally cold in Winter, when the North- Weft Wind blows. Their Winters are not of more than three or four Months Duration and in thefe they feldom have one Month of bad Weather ; all the reft they are happy \\\ a clear Air, and bright Sun, and are fcarce ever troubled with fogs. . > Produce and Traffic.'] Tobacco is planted and cultivated here with as much Application as in Virginia, and their principal Traffic with ^ England '\s in this Article; though the Country produces moil of the Crrain and Fruits of Europe and America. The Planters live in Farms difperfed all over the Country, chiefly near the Banks of Pv.ivers, or on the Sea Coaft. They feem to have an Averfion to refide in Towns here, as well as in Virginia, or rather they iind it more convenient for the Manap-emcnt of their Plantations.' Cofijtitution and P.cligion.] They are governed hy the fame Laws as in England, only fome Acls of xAlfembly they have relatino- to particu- lar Cafes, not under the Verge of the E?jglijh Laws, or where the Laws of England Ao not aptly provide for fome Circamllances, under which their Way of Living hath put them.. The Church of England h eila- blilhed here ; Churches are built, and there is an annual Stipend al- lowed for every Minifter by a perpetual Law, which is more or \ek According to the Number of Taxables in every Pariih ; ever/ Chriilian Male fixteen Years old, and Negroes, Male and Female, above that Age, pay 491b. of 'I obacco to the Miniiler, which is levied by the Sheriff among other public Levies, which make the Revenues of tlic Minifters, one with another, about twenty thcufand Pounds of To- bacco, or one hundicd Pounds Sterling /^r ^/;/;^;/?. - ^ ' On 570 BRITISH A MER IC A. On the firft Planting of Marylatid, there were feverrJ Nations of In^ dians in the Country, governed \>y feveral petty Kings ; but there are not now five hundred hghting Men of them in ihe Province, and th-'fe are more on the Ealiern Shore than on the VVeH. Here they have lwo or three littk Tov/ns, and fome of them come over to the Welt, in Winter lime to hunt for 'Q*i.^7., heing generally employed by the Englifb : Thefe Indiajis take Delight in nothing t\{^^ and it is rare rhat any of them will embrii^e our Way of Living and Worihip. The Caufe of their diminiihing proceeded not fiom any Wars with ihe EngUj'h, for we have had none with them, but from their own perpe- tual i^ifcords and Wars amono- themfeives.; and their Lrinkincr, and other Vices, which the Englijh taught them, probably may have dc- itroyed many more. Genius of the Indians.] They have admirable Capacities, when their Humours and Tempers are perfedly underilood ; and, if well taught, they might advance themselves, and do great Good in the Service of Keiigioni whereas they are taught to become rather worie than better, by falling into the worll Pradices of vile nominal Chriitians, which li.ey aud lo thtir own Indian Manners, and abfurd Cufcoms. Revolutions and memorable Events, ff JRTLJND was difcovered in the Year 1606, when Virghila was firft planted, acd for fo,me Time v/as elltemed a Part of ri>gi?na., until King Charles I. in the Year 1632, granted all that Part of Vi.g.inia, which lay North of Pato-ivmac River, and was not then planted, to the Right Honourable Cecilius Cahja-i Lord Balr^- tn(>rey of the Kingdom of h-eland; and to his Heirs ; which was after- wards named Maryland in Hoi.our of the then Q^jcea Confort Htti- rietta hlaria^ youngeft Daughter of the French King Henry IV. 1 he Lord Baltimore fent over his Brother, the Hon. Leonard Cal Being < S. Lat* \ / 2CO Miles in Breadth. ^oundaries.l "O O U N D E D by the River Pato^vjmacy which divides J3 it from Maryland, on the North- Eaft ; by the Jtlan- tie Ocean on the Eaft ; by Carolina on the South ; and by the Apala- chian Mountains, on the Weft. It may be divided into four Parts, njiz. i. The North DIvIfion. 2. The Middle Divifion. 3. The South Divifion : And, 4. Tke Eaft Divifion. Divifions. The North Divi- fion contains The Middle Di- vifion contain: Counties. 'Northumberland hancajhire — Wejinioreland Richmond — Stafford ~ Ejjex ' — Middle/ex — Gloucejier King and ^ecn County King mm am County Ne^cv Kent - Elizabeth County — — War^joick County — Tork County Brir.ce/s Ar.?ie County — Pariflies, JVincomoca Chriji- Church St, P aid's, Farnham Chriji Church \ Abingdon \ Si rati on St. John's St. Peter's Elizabeth Denhy |i J'ork Lynhaven, Divi/ions. ^72 BRITISH AMERICA Diviiions. The South Divi- jion contains i Counties. 1 6. Korfdk County I " . ]Sio.nfa?nund County — 1 8 , Ip of Wight Co u n ty - '19.. iiuny Co u R ty 20. Prince George County 21. C/jarks County ■ Henrico County James County — - — • 22. 2q. Parifhcs, \r Mli%abcth \\ Chiitakuk \ Nevjport J Souihivark ^"^ IJ^yanoke \ Wejio^jcr Bripi James 'Tonx-K , Willi amjhurg. Acomac, The Eaftern Di- C vifion between \ a r> Chejepeak Bay) ^4- ^^^^^^ County and the Ocean (_ Ri'vers,'\ Into the Wefl Side of thi3 Bay falls four gr-eat Rivers* which rife in the Apalachian Mountains, running from the North-Weft to the South -Eall; the moil: foutherly of thefe is James River, the In- dian Name whereof v/as' Pon.vhnian., being generally about two Miles over, and navigable at leail fouiicore Miles. York River, vvhofe /;/- dian Name was Payjiimky^ is a little to the Northward of Ja?nes River. North of Tork River is the River Rappabanoc ; North of Rappahanoc is the great River Patonvniacy which is navigable near two hundred Miles, being nine Miles broad in fome Places, but generally about feven. Bays and Capes. '^ The great Bay of Chefepeak runs up through Vir- gitiia and Maryland, airaoil due North, three hundred Miles and up' wards, being- liaviirable moll Part of the Way for laro;e Ships. We enter tliis Bay between two Promontories caikd Cape Charles and Cape iJe-iry , Face of the Country.'^ J\s we approach Virginia ^rom the Ocean, it appears-to be low Lands ; and, for ";in hundred Miles up into the Country, there is fcarce a Hill or a Stone to be met with. The whole Country, before it was planted, Vv'as either Fcrells, or Bogs and Mo- raffes, vvhich the People in the Wef Pndies call Swamps, and fuch the greatefl: Part of it is at prefent. Their Trees are much loftier than ours, and no Underwoods or Bufiies grow beneath. People travel with Eale through thefe Forells on Horfeback, and never want a fine Shade to defend them from the Summer Keats. Air and Scafons.'Y The Air and Seafons depend very much on the Wind, ?>s to Heat and Cold, D^yncfs and Moillure ; the North and North-WcH Winds are very nitrous, and. picicing cold, and clear, or elfe ftormv ; the South-Eall and South, hazy and iultry hot; in Winter they have a fine clear Air, and dry, which render it very Plcafant ; their Frofls are ihort, but fometimes fo very Iharp, that it v.ill freeze Rivers over three Miles broad. Snow falls fcmetimes in pretty g^'cat Qaantitles, but rarely conti- nues there above a Day or two ; their Spring is about a Month earlier than in England-^ in April they hr.ve frcqaent Rains ; May and Juns the Heat increafes, and it is much like our Summer, being mitigated v/irh gentle Eieezes, that rife about Niae of the Clock, and decreafe and iiicrcafc as the Sun riles and falls, July and Augujl thofe Breezes ceafe. S R I r I S n A ME R I C A, S73 KZvSe, and the Air becomes llagnant ; then the Heat is violent and troublefome. In Spptemher the Weather ufually breaks fuddenly, and there falls very confiderable Ps.ains, Vvhen many fall fick, this being the Time for Cachexies, Fluxes, fcorbutic Dropfics, Gripes, or the like. It is computed there are in Virginia upwards of an hundred thou- fand Souls, befides Servants and Slaves, v/hich are above twice that Number. Soil and Produce.'] No Country produces greater Quantities of excel- lent Tobacco, and yet Virginia is generally a fimdy Lapd with a very fnallow Soil ; fo that after they have cleared a frefli Piece of Ground out of the Woods, it will not bear Tobacco paft tv^o or three Years, unlefs cow-penned, or v/ell dunged. Of fpontaneou3 Flowers there, are gj-eat Variety ; the fineft Crown- Imperial in the World, the Cardinal Flower, fo much extolled for its fcarlet Colour ; and almoft all the Year round the Plains and Vallies are adorned v/ith Flowers of one Kind or ether. There is alfo found the iine Tulip- bearing Laurel Tree, which haS' the pleafantelt S.^ell in the World, and keeps bloilbming and feeding, feveral IVionths together. Siik-grafs grov/s fpontaneous in many Places ; I need not mention what Advantage may be made of \o ufefui a Plant, whofe Fibres arc as fine as Flax, and much llronger than Kemp. The V7oods produce great Variety of Incenfe andfv\'cet Gums, which dillil from feveral Trees. All Sorts of naval Stores may be produced there, a<; Pitch, Tar, Rofin,' Turpentine, Plank-Timber, Maib and Y'ard:i, befides Sails, Cordage,, and Iron; .and all thefe may be tranfported by an eafy Water- Carriage' K) Great-Britain. Food.] Their ufual Food was Hommony, which is Indian Corn boiled 10 a Palp, and comes the nearell buittcreji Wheat of anyT'hincr I can compare it to; they eat alfo Venifon, Fiili and Fowl, great Part' of their Time being employed in hunting and taking them, for they had no tame Fowls. Anit?iah.'\ Their Animals are generally the fame as have been ©nu- merated in treating Qn M>:xico. And befides the Animals the Europeans found there, moll: of the Quadrupedes of jE'^r*?/;? have been introduced, fach as Korfes, Cows, Sheep and Flogs, which are prodigiouily mul- tiplied ; many of them run wild in their Foreils. Beef and Pork are fold from One Penny' to Two Pence a Pound. Their fatteft Pullets are Six Pefice a-piece; Chickens at th.ree or fnur SbiiUnjrs a Dozen ; Geefe. at Ten Penccr a-piece ; a Turkey for Eighteen Pence. Fifh,- Oyders, and Wild-Fo\>l, are the cheapeft Food in the Country ia the Scafon. And Deer are fold from five Shilliiies to ten Shiiiin'^s Conjiiiiiticn.'] The Government of the Indians is Monaafchical, and" the Crown defcends to Jie nexL* Brother, and rot to the Son of the dcceafcd Monarch; and if there are no Brothers, then to the Siders fucccflivc:!)-, according to their Seniority ; but this is in Reality a \i~ "mitcd Monarchy, for the King tranfacts nothino-of Confequenc'e wirh- out tonuilting his Priefts and the Chiefs of the People; ai.d thougli he hi veiled with the Civil Pov/er^ the General has the Command of the Arm-/ 574 BRITISH AMERICA Army in the Time of War independent of him. The whole Territory belonging to one Tribe being but one great Common, every Man has a right to what he erefts, poiTeires or ufes, whether Buildings or Plan- tations, as long as he remains in that Part of the Counti'y where they lie ; but when he removes, any other Man may fettle on the fame Spot of Ground. The Government of the Englijh is formed upon the Englijh Mode! ; the Governor afts as King; the Council fapplies the Place of a Houfe of Loids, and the MoCife of Reprcfentatives the Commons. There are three public Officers befides the Gov^rnof,' ivho have their Commiflion immediately from his Majetty, 'vi%. The Auditor of the Revenue ; the Receiver-General, and the Secretary, in whofe Office is kept the public Records, and all Deeds, and other V/ritings proved. The Ecclefiallical Commiflary receives his Authority from: the JBiihop' of London. Forces. 1 There are no oth(^r Forces in Virginia but Militia, of ■which the Governor is Lieutenant-General by his Commlflron, and in each County he appoints the Colonel, Lieutenant-Oolonel and Major. Every Freeman (that is, all that are not Servants) from fixteen to /Ixty Years of Age, are liiied in the Militia, and are mtiftered once a Year at a general Mufler, and four Times a Year by Troops and Com- panies in their refpedive Counties } and they are reckoned to be about 20,000 Men ; the whole Inhabitants, Men, Women, and Children, amounting to upwards of 100,000, and Slaves and Servants to' twice that Number. This Colony have till now enjoyed a long Peace : The Indians wee in perfeft Subje(5lion to them, and they had no Apprehenfion of any foreign Enemy able to hurt them, except in the wide Sea by their Cruizers and Privateers. And in all our Wars the Enemy have fel- dom ventured within the Bay of Chefepeak. Guardlhips are ufually fent from England for the Defence of this and the other Plaatrt- tions, none of our Colonics being fuffered to have Men of War of their own. He'venues.] The public Revenues are, i. A Rent referved by the Crown of all Lands granted by Patent. 2. A Duty of two Shillings a Hogfhead on all Tobacco exported. 3. A Duty of Six Pence A Head for every PalT'cnger brought into the Country. 4. Fines and Forfeitures. 5. Duties on Foreign Liquors, and on Slaves and Ser- vants imported. And laitly. Money raifed by A<5ls pafled in the Af- fembly ; behdes the Duties laid upon Tobacco ir? the Countries that produce it. I here are fuch heavy Duties on all that is exported to Eng- Jahd, that they amouat to two hundred and fifty thoufand Pounds an- ntrally, of which the Planters complain with fome Reafon. They ob-- Icrve that the Englijh Merchants only are the Gainers by this Trafric } thofe that are at the Charge of planting and preparing it, get but a bare Subnftence, and many of them aie deeply in Debt to our Mer- chants ; for the Prime Co^t, clear of Duties, does not amount to more- than a Fenny a Pound. BRITISH AMERICA ' s75 Perfous and Habits.^- The Indians are born tolerably white, bat take a great deal of Pains to darken their Complexion, by anointing them- felves with Greafe, and lying in the Sun ; they alfo paint their Faces, Breads and Shoulders of various Colours, but generally red. Their Features are good, efpecially thofe of the Women ; their Limbs cieaa and ftrait, and fcarce ever any crooked or deformed Perfon among them. Their Chiefs wear a Coronet adorned with Feathers, and fometimes a whole Fowl, ftufFed and dried, on their Heads j their Ornaments are Ear-rings of Copper, Chains, or Shells, Feathers and Beads about their Necks, and Bracelets of the fame ^bout their Arms. Their Cloathing- is only a Piece of Skin about their Waiil, that reaches down to their Knees ; and thofe of Condition have a Skin of a Deer, or fome other Beaft, for a Mantle ; and another Piece of Skin fcrves them for Shoes or Bulkins. Genius.] The Indians are neither fo ignorant, nor fo innocent as fome fuppofe them, but are a very underftanding Generation,, quick oi Apprchenfion, fudden in Difpatch, fubtle in their I>eaxings, exquifne in their Inventions, and induftrioQs in their Labour ; the World has no better M ark f men with Bow and Arrow than the Natives, who kill Birds flying, Fi flies fvvimming, and wild Beafls running; and fhooc their Arrows with fuch prodigious Force, that one of them Ihot ant Englijhman quite through, and nailed both his Arms to his Body witk the fame Arrow. They did not know the Ufe of Iron, and the Copper they had, onlv ferved them for Ornaments ; their edged Tcols were (harp Stones, or Shells fct in Wood; they burnt down the Timber they ufed. Buildings and Furniture of the Indians.] The Indians had no Towns when the Englijh arrived amongft them, any mere than they have at this Day. They lived, difperled in fmall Villages, of ten or twelve Huts a- piece, either in the Woods, or on the BanKs of Rivers, where they had liale Plantations of Indian Corn and Roots, not enough to fupply their Families half the Year,^ fubfilting the Remainder of it by Hunting, Fifliing, and Fowling, and the Fruits of the Earth which grow fpor.t:ineoufly in great Plenty here. They covered their Huts wi'.h B?.rk or Mats, and lay upon Mats or Skins. The Palaces of their great Men were ordinary Barns, divided into Rooms by Mats ; in the fartbell of which was pLiced their Idol, which iVizy carried with them in all their Expeditions. Their Furniture confiiced of Skins, Earthen Pots and Pans ; Gourds or Calaballies cut afunder, v/hich ferved them for Pails, Cups and Difhes. This Country was then but thinly peopled, thele fmall Villages being ufually fome Miles afunder. DiverfionsS^ On FeUivals and rejoicing Days they fing and dance in a Ring, taking Hands, having {q dilguifed themfelves, that it is dif- ficult to know any of them. One of the firfl: Adventurers relates, that being invited to one o{ thefe Entertainments, they carried him to a Wood Side ; and having feated him and his Company by a g^od Fire^ thirry-- young Women fallied out of the Wood, perfedly naked except a Modefty-bic, made of green Leave;, their Bodies being painted re i, white and black, and ail Manner of Colours. On their Heads evey »ae 'h^id a Pair of Stags Horns, Bows and Arrow;> iii their Haai(l>, 57^ BRITISH AMERICA. jid Quivers at their Backs : They took Hands, and fung and dr.nced cund the Strangers and rhe Fire, and having continued this Divcrfion ror an Hour, they retired into the Wood, where they had provided a FeaiL of Fi(h, Flefh,. Fowl and Fruits, to which the Strangers were invited, and entertained with their Country Songs while they were at Dinner. Relio-ion.'] Travellers entertain us with fuch different and contra- <31dlory Accounts of the Religion of the Natives, that it is difficult ta know what we ought to believe concerning them. Mr. White^ who was i^^nt over as Governor of an intended Colony by Sir Walter Raleigh y relates, that they worihipped the Sun ; that at Break of Day, all the Family above twelve Years of Age went to the Water-fide, and bath- ing until the Sun arofe, offered Tobacco to this Planet ; and that they did the fame at Sun-fet. Capt. Smith and Col. Beijerley, who refided long among them, affure u: they worfliipped the Images of fome in- ferior Deities, whofe Anger ihey feemed to dread, on which Account the Generality of our People denominate the Objeds of their Devotion Devils, though at the fame Time it is allowed they pray to their infe- rior Deities for Succefs in their Undertakings, and for Plenty of Food and other Neceffaries of Life: That they f. em to acknowledge one fupreme God, but do not adoje him, believing him to be too far ex- alted above them, and too happy in hinifelf to be concerned about the triflino- Affairs of poor Mortals. They fecni alfo to believe a future State, and that after Death they fr.aH be removed to their Friends, who have gone before them, to an Elyfium or Paradife beyond the Wellcrn Mountains. Others allow them no Religion, or very faint Notions of thcfe Things ; but all agree that they are exceeding fuperllitious, and feem to dread evil Spirits ; and that they have their Conjurers, whom they confult on their undertaking any Enterprize. Others relate, that thefe pretended Conjurers are both Priells and Phyficians, and what they cannot cure by their Medicines, they pretend to do by Witch- craft. In order to reconcile thefe different Accounts, we muft fuppafe that different Tribes may have different Notioiif., and different P^ites and Ceremonies, and fome of the Relaters may liave obtained better Infor* mation than others. ^ . As to the Chrijiians here, tliey copy exaflly after their Mother the Church Qii Evgland, Every Parilh is provided with its Priell, who has a Koufe and Glebe, and about the Value of fourfcore Pounds per Annum paid him in Tobacco, which the Church-Wardens colle;^t for him : But there are no Proteitant Bifncp.;. An Ecclefraltical Commiffary, or Su- perintendant, is appointed by the Bifliop of iDrrdcn in this Colony, aa well as in others, v/ho infpeds the Behaviour of the Cler.?y ; and though a full Liberty of Confcience is allov/ed to all Perfualions, there are but few Diffenters from the ef.ablifhed Church. A Uiiinjerjity .^ The Scat of the Government being removed from Ja7>2es To^^vny to a Place called Willi amjlurg, in Plonour of King WilliaTfiy fituate between Jcunes and 7'ork Ri-ver, it v^as propokd to build a College there, to whicli their Majcilies ICing William and Queen Mary., in the Year 1692, gave about 2Cco/. endowing it witii 20,000 Acres of Land, and the Revenue of one Penny iii the Foiiiid on all I'obaccc exported. BRITISH AMERICA, 57^ A Power was alfo given to certain Gentlemen, and their SucceiTors^ to build the College, and give it the Name of (■'Ft. Ham and Mary Coi- lege^ in which there were appointed a Prefident, fix Profelibrs, and one hundied Students; and the Trulb es were enabled to take Eftates to the YA'Jlq of two thoufahd Pounds /•.t Annum', and th^re has been a very large Donation by the Hon. Mr. Boyle to this College, for the Education of Indian Children therein. Poor provided for. '\ Notwithftanding there are not many Planters Very rich in this Province, there is fcarce any Man fo poor as to be reduced to a Siate of Beggary ; but if any one happens to be difabled. by Age or tjicknefs from wcr-king, he is quartered upon fome fubftan- tial Planter, where he is plentifully provided for at the public charge, and not in the Manner that the Poor are provided for on this Side the Water, where they are in a Manner impnfoned, and juft preferved from perilhing. Their County Courts have a Povvel" of cenfurlng and punifhing all Mailers that do not provide their Servants good wholefome Diet, Cloath- ing and I,odging. And theie Courts have Power to redreis any Griev- ance Servants may have Reafon to complain of. The Property of all Money and Goods fent over to Servants, or carried v.'ith ihem, is leferved for them, and remains entirely at theif Difpofal. Revohitions and memGrahle Events, "^ H E North-Eafl: Part of the Continent of Jmerica was firfi: dif- covered by Scbajiian Catot, a Native oi Bri/lol. King Henry VII. employed him in the Year 1497, to find out a No-rth-Weil Pafiage to China ; v/hich though Cabot v.as not fo fortunate to accomplifh, yet he; difcovejed all the Norch-Ealt Coail qI Anurica, from Cape Florida, in 25 Degrees of North La'.itude, to 67 and an half; from whence England claimed a Right to that Country, prior to the Spaniards., or any other European Power. And the Reafon no Attempt was made td plant, or fend Colonies to Nuvtb America for a ct;niiderable Time,-^ Cabot himfelf informs us, was, the Wars that happened immediately after: By which, I fuppofe, he means the Infurreitions in the Reio-n of Eenry VII. and the Wars with France, S^otlu?id, and Spain, in the Reign of Henry VIII. Queen Elizabeth having equipped feveral Squadrons, under the Com- mand of thofe celebrated Commanders, Drake, Ha-xvkins, ^X\6.' Raleig.hj to cruize upon the Spanijh Coails and Ifiands in America^ they brought home fuch favourable Ace unts of the Riches and Fertility of Florida, that a great niany enterprizing Gentleme'n appeared vtxy zealous of making Settlements in that Part of the World, and chofe Mr. Raleighi afterwards Sir Walter, to conduit the Enterprize^ who obtained a I'a- tent Or Grant from Q^Q^n Elizabeth, in the Year 15 §4, of ^11 fuch Lands as he fiiOuld diicover in North America, between 33 and 40 De- grees of North Latitude, and to dilpofe of them in Fee Simple or other- wife, to any of the Suujefts of ii'/z^/a;?:/, reserving to the ('rown a fifth Part of all the'Gol.i and Silver Ore that fliculd be acquired in fuch (pountrics, paying the faid fifth Part to the Crov»'n in iieu of all Servicco. O o j^ V/here- '57S BRITISH AMERICA Whereupon Mr. Raleigh formed a Society among his Friends, who contributej large Sums, and provided two Ships to go upon the Dif- covery, the Command of them being given to Capt. Philip Amidasy and Capt. Arthur Burlo-tv, who fet fail from England on the 20th of April 1584, and arrived at the Ifland of Wokokeny on the Coaft of Ca- rclifia, in 34 Dtg. odd Minutes N. Lat. They vifited another llland a little to the Northward, called Roamak\ and fome of the Officers went over to the neighbouring Continent, where they were hofpitably entertained by VVingina, the King of that Part of the Country ; hov/- ever, they returned to the Jilandof Wokokcn before Night, where they bartered fome Uienfils of Erafs and Pewter, Axes, Hatchets, and Knives, with the Natives, for Skins and Purrs; and having dil'pofed of all their Goods, and loaded their Ships with Skins, Safiafras, and Cedar, and procured fome J-'earls and Tobacco, they parted with the Natives in a very friendly Manner, returning to Englaftd yiixh. two IndiatiSi who defircd to come along with them. The 1 obacco brought liome by thefe Adventurers, being the firil that was ever {etn in Eng- land^ and was then cried up as a molt valuable Plant, and. a Remedy for almoil every Difeafe. Thefe two Ships having made a profitable Voyage, and given cut that the Country was immenfcly rich, Mr. Raleigh and his Friends fitted out a Fleet of feven Ships more, giving the Command of it ta Sir Richard. Greenville, who fet fail from Fiymcuth the 9th of April 1.585, and arrived at the Ifland of H'pkohn rhe 26th of Jiaie follow- ing, where the Admiral's Ship was call avv'ay going into the Harbour; but he and all the Crew were faved. The Admiral afterwards con- du(^\cd the Adventurers to the Ifland of Roanoak, from whence he went over to the Continent, and took a View of the Country ; and one of the Natives Healing a fjlver Cup, he took a fevere Revenge, burnt and plundered an Indian Town, v/itk all the Corn growing in their Fields,, and leaving !c8 Men on the Ifland of Roanoak, under the Command of Mr. Ralph Lane, directed him to m.ake further Difcove^ries, and. then fet fail for England, proiTiifing to return with fach Reinforcements as Ihould enable Jiim to fabdue the neighbouring Continent : But Mr. . Lane marching to the We-ll,. found the Country deflroyed before him. as he advanced, and it was with gyeat Difiicuity he made his Retreat to Roancak again. Ar.d here the Colony were in great Danger of frarv- ing, if Adntiral Drake had not taken them up as he was returning from- a Cruize, and brought them to Ettgland. ^'u.M'alier lent over feveral other little Embarkations ;.but n«gle6lin.g to fupport them, all of them perilhcd. The Indians had been exafpe- Tated by Sir Richard Green-zilleh plundering the Country, and would never be veconciled to the Englijh afterwards ; and this Sir Richard ftcmed fenfible of, v/hcn he determined to bring over« fuch a Force as was luflicient to make an entire Conquell of the Country. But SirJViilitr not finding tiie Gold and Silver he expedeJ to meet with here, did not think it worth his while; to make Ufe of that In- tercfl he had at Court, to efcablifli Setileme'its in this Part of the Coun- try, efpecially after he was informed he might meet with Mountains of Gold in Guiana, now called Nc-iu /Indalu/ia in Terra-Jirma :. in at- tempting the Difcovery whereof his Son loit his Life;, and that At- tempt was the real Occafion of the Lofs of his own. No farther At- tempts BRITISH AMERICA^ b19 tempts were made to fix Colonies either in Caroluia or Vlrginiay Until the Reign of King James I. who by his Lotlers Patent, dated the lotli oi April 1606, authorired Sir Thomas Gates, ^\r George Summers, Richard Hcukluit, Clerk, Prebendary of Wepnivjicv, and other Adventurers, to plant the Coaft of Virginia^ between 34 and 45 Degrees of North Latitude ; who thereupon iitted out three fmail Ships, giving the Com- mand cf them to Capt. Cbrijlophcr Nei^port, who fet fail from th^ jDcnvNs the 5th of Ja-^uary 1606-7, find on the 26th ol' Jpril 1607, ar- rived in the Bay of Chejcpeak ; and failing up the River Poivhaion, novv Jamss River, they landed on a Peninfula about fifty Miles up the Ri- ver, where they built a Fort, and afterwards a Town, which ihey ca.led James To-xvn, in Honour of King James I- from whom they receiv^:? of [^ Clarendon in Part J • S^e the rrtrrrvrablp Ev€r.t« o" Frghr^/i, Pag** ^^3, for the CefTons made to us in Ayr,.r!ca by the lali Trea y ct" Peace. And iee in tlie l^oiif^iipt, his Miijelty's Frocla- S33 lii'Jii tor rCj^iUatin^ inoie Cc/iiuns. \ Se;; Di.to, O 0 3 Di\ Ifions. §82 BRITISH AMERICA. Divifions, Counties. TheMickl eDnifjoa, \j^^^^^ ^^.^^^Z ^' .''■ ., /'o'i'.!f' us, that the Rivers i^///;/, Catoche, Ogechee, and even the River MiJ^JJlppi^ which run from the North-Eall to the South-Well:,, and -fall into the Gulph o'l Mexic:., pafs through Part oi .Carclina. ■ Seas, 'Bays, and Capes. ^ The only Sea bordering on this Country is that of the Atlantic Oceaw, which is fc fhr.llow near the Coaft, that a Ship of any great Burthen i annot approach it, except in fome few Places. There has not yet been found one good Harbour in North- tcrclina ; the be/1 arc thofe q{ Roa-ftock, at the Mouth of Albemarle Ri- ver and Pimlico, Jn South -Carol: 71a there are the Harbours of lFi>iya^cVy Or George To'ivn^ Charles Tor.vn and Port Royal, In Georgia, the Mouths of the Rivers Sen'atniah and Alntamaha form good Harbours. The moll remarkable Pi^montories are, Cape Hatter asy in 35 Dcg, Old Jt'I in. North Lat, Cape Feiir to the South of it, and Caps Carteret ftill further South. Pace of the Country.'] It. has a iov/ level Coafi ; not a Hill to be (ecn from St. Augiiftin to /7r^/»/^, and a great Way beyond, and is generally covered with V/ocd, ? Vvherc the Planters have not cleared it. The jCouritry rife? into f Jills about 100 Miles Weft of the Coalt, and con- tinue to riie gradually to the Apdlachlan Mountains, which are about lijo Miles diiianc from the "Ocean. Air.'\ Carolina is fituate bcuvecn the Extremes of Hent and Cold ; but the Heat is r'lOre tioublcfome in Summer, than the Cold in Winter, Prcdme.\ The Vegetables are innumernbk • for ail that grow in turGpe, grow there, and many that canuot il4nii- our Winters, thrive there. S "* -i"- .-. .. '-"^ ■ This Country hath produced, and wouhl Hill produce. Silk, Wine, and Oil, if it was properly cultivated : Mulberry- Trees and Grapes grow fpontanpoully, aru.t the- Soil is extremely proper for Olives. We have had Samples cf their Silk brought over, e<|ual to any v/e purchafe pf f preigners. BRITISH AMERICA 583 TV/T^f-.] They fhip off* yearly from C/troUna about 60,000 Barrels of Rice, each Bsj-rel containing 400 Weight, and exported 70,000 Deer Skins per Ann. at a Medium, for ten Year.-> fucceffively ; alfo 20,000 Barrels of Pitch ; and they have fent home 70,000 Barrels of Tar in a Year; whereby they reduced the Price of Nornvay Tar, from 50 y. a Barrel to izs. and 15^. And if fomething did not biafs the People of £ngland {{^.y the Planters) more than their Judgment, they would Hill import Carolina Tar, being efteemed as good as that of Nor~vay : They iHll fend Kome annually about 2000 Barrels of Turpentine, and could fend more, if there was a Demand for it. The Englip traSc with the Natives for Deer Skins, Bear and Buf- falo Skins, for which they give them Guns, Powder, Knives, Scif- fars, Looking-glafies, Beads, and fome coarfe Cloths, and Dufhls. 1 he Efiglijh Ch.ipmen carry thofe on Packhorfes 5 or 6co JVIiles into the Countjy, Weil of Charles Ton.vn ; but moll of the Trade is con- fined widrn the Limits of the Creek and Cherokee Nations, which do not lie above 300 Miles from the Coaft. Georgiay the moll fouthern Province, is not a fruitful Country, but having leveral fine Rivers running through it, tie Banks of them are fortified, and make a very good Barrier fr the Carolina^ Sy which were before expofed to the Incuriions and Ravages of the Spaniards and their Indian Allies. Animah.'] Among their native x'^nimals they have the Urus, or !^o- rax, defcribed by Ca/ar^ which the Englijh improperly call a Buffalo. The native Animals are the fame as in Mexico \ and the Eurcpe-an Cattle, 1.7^;. Cows, Horles, Hogs and Sheep, are vallly increafed here, as they are in other Plantations, and are fuffered to run in the Woods without a Keeper, onJy.they ai*e brought Home in the Evening, The Wool of their Sheep is n^/t inferior to the Eaglijh j and Poultry and Pigeons are as plentiful as Cattle. ManufaSiuresS^ The Natives have no Manufactures but what each Family makes for its own Ufe : They feem to defpife working for Hire, and fpend their Time chiefly in Hunting and War, but plant Corn enough for the Support of their Families, and of the Strangers that come to vifit them. Indigo thrives better here than in any of the Finn rations. Gc'vernnrent.'\ The Government of the Indians of Carolina is faid to be Monarchical ; but their Monarchs have not the Power of Kines in this Part of the World, though we have given them.ths Name of Kingfi ; for, according tQ General Ogl.itkorpc, the King can only af- femble the People, and their War Captains, and propofe the Matters to be debated ; and, when he h.x\i given his Opinion, the rell of the old Men arc at Liberty to give theirs ; and when they are come to a Rcfolution, the young Men are called in, and the Execution o the Determination reconimended to them. The King has rot the Power of putting any Man to Death, even for Murder ; but he is pu tintothe Hands of the Relations of the Deceafed, to deal with him as they fee fit ; and even for Adultery the Hufband is lefc to do himfelf jullice j which he ufually does by cutting off the Ears of the Man that has of- fended him. There have been Initances of their ferving our E7ioliJh Libertines ia the fnir.e Manner. O o 4 FoQd,'\ rU BRITISH J M ERIC A. Ffipd.] Their Food, inilead of Bread, is Flour of Im^ian Corn, boiled und feafoned like Hafiy- Pudding ; and this is called Hommony : They alio boil Veniibn and make Broth of it, and eat all Manner of They make what anfwcrs Salt of Wood-Aflies; Long Pepper, which o'.ows in their Gardens, and Bay Leaves fupply their Want of Spice. Drfea/es and Remedies ] Their Natives are very healthful, and have hardly any Diie des, except thofe occaaoned by drinking of Rum, and \\\& SiTiallPox; thofe who do not drink are exceeding longlifed,' Old Brim, Emperor of the Creeh, who died but a few Years ago, lived to 130 Years; and he was neither blind nor bed rid, till fome few Months before his Death : They have fometinies f l^uri/ies an-d Fe- vers, but no chronical Diilenipers ; and know of ieveral Herbs that lave great Virtues in FhJlc, particularly lor the Lu^e of venomous Bites and Wounds. Fcrfom a'iid Hahit:^ T]ie Indiam are a manly well-fh.aped Race, the Men t;d!, the Women lictle : They anoint thtir Lodies with Oil, and exDofe themfelves to the Sun, which occafions their SKins to be a tiaik brown ; the Men paint themlelvcs of vrrious Colours, red, blue,^ yeilo-.v, and black ; they wear gene-ally a Girdle, with a x^icce cf Cloth drawn through their Legs, and turned over the Gir: ie b th be- fore and behind, which looks fomerhing like Bi-'^cues. T.,e VVomea w-car a Kind of Petticoat to their Knee^ ; both Men and Women, in the V/iAter, wear Mantles two Yardb fquare, which they wrap round their Bodies, as thii Ronjns did their -Joga, genenJl/ keeping their j^:ms bare. Genius ] They are a gfpe ous good-natured People, very humane to Sringcrs; patient in Want and Fain, llow to x'^nger, and not eafily provoked ; but when they are thoroughly incenied, they are implacable ; very quick of Appi^ehenfion, ar d gay of 'Femper ; their otiblic Conferences iliew them to be P/Jjn of Genius, and they have a natural Eloquence. RiUgion.'] Some of our firll Adventurers related, that the Carolina Indians vvoraiipped the Sun, and tl:e images of their ancient i-ieroes. On th.e o-ther Fiand, a Gentleman that w-as Agent for thefe provinces, rot long fince, fays, he did not obferve they had any Religion, but a grrat deal of SuperlUiion. They were afraid of evil Spirits, and had no Notion of a good one, and that their Morals were very loofe. They would cheat any Man they could. Governor Oglethorpe^ on the other Ffnnd, fays, they feemed to be yery well difpoTed, and it would be no difhculc Matter to make them Prof-lytcs to the Chriilian Religion. That the Creek Nation abhorred Adultery, and did not approve of a Plurality of Wives, aad vvcre never guiltyof Theft ; though he admits there were other Tribes that were not fa fcrupulons in tliefe Mafers. That fince our People had fur- riftied them with fpiriiuoug Liquors, they were given to Drinking, and that they were charged with being revengeful ; but that this Re- venge, at it is called, was only doing themfelves juftice on thoie who had injured them ; but this they feldom did, except in Cafes of Murder j?.pd A^dultery i and if they did pot reuaiiate fuch Injuries themfelves, there B R I r I S II AMERICA q'^s there was no other Power could do it. Even their King cannot put a Mah to Death. From all the Accounts we have of their Religion, therefore, it ap- pears, that they believe there are powerful, intelligent Beings, that ry probably, if they examined, they have much the fame Religion as thtir Neighbour^ of Virginia have. c Revdutions and memorable Events. J R 0 L I N A was the lafl Country in America planted by the ^_^ Englijh, after Sir Walter Rahigl/h unfortunate Attempts to fix Colonies in Carolina, in the latcer End of the Reign of Queen Eliza- beth. This Country feeins to have been entirely overlooked till the Reftoraticn of King Charles II. The then Miniftry being informed that Carolina would produce Wine, Oil, and Silk, and almo.l: e- ery Thing that Britain v/a.itcdj procured a Patent o- Grant from King Charles to themielves, dated the 24th of March 1663, of great Part of this Coaft : The Grantees being Ed^vard Earl of Clarendon, Lord Chancellor, George Duke of Albemarle, the General, William Lord C.a^jen, John I-ord Bcrkl/y, the Lord Anthony Ajhley Cooper, Sir Georo-e Carteret, Sir William Ctlleton, . and their lieirs. Thefe Proprietors, however, did li tie towards planting it, until the Year 1670, when Lord Afpley druck out a whimfical Kii^d of G:;vtrnment for the Colony, cri^ating a Palaiine or Sovereign, with a Council to be a Check upon him; which involved them in perpetual Quarrels, and almolt deltroyed the Plantation as foon as it was fettled; to pjevcnt which, they were at length obliged to fjli their Sliares to the Crown : And it is now a Royal Government, only Earl G/-/2,7z;///^ thought tit to retain his feventh Share, which he llill remains in Poirellion of. The Carolina's being frequently invaded and harrafTed by the French and Spanijh hzdians, the Englifr: found it neceflary to extend their Plan- tation> faither South, and added that Province, denominated Georgia^ contiguQus to \X\Q. Carolina' s ; and Truilees were appointed to fortify that I'ronticr againll the Incurfions of the Indians, who accordinaly built Towns, and eredled Forts on or near the Banks of the Rivers ^^a- 'vo.nnah and Alctamaha, in order to cover thefe Provinces awainH: any h<^lliie Attempts on that S-iJe, for here only they were liable to be at- tacked : As to the reft, the Jpalachiaji xMountains cover the two Caro- Una's from any Invafion from the Well. General Oglethorpe commanded the firft Embarkation for Georgia, to whom the Creek Nation voluntarily reiinquillied their Righr to all the Country South of the River Savannah, the Northern Limits of this new Province of Georgia ; and Articles of Cv)nim°rce were fettled between the Englijh und Creeks. There were fomc Attempts m..de the aft War to acd the Spanip Port of ,9/. v^.;^«/?;>^ to the Province of Georgia ; and had not General Oglethcy^e been betrayed, he had pro- bably reduced that Fort refs ,• h^i not being able to confide in his ovya People, he found \\ ueceflary to retire from thence^; and the Spaniards £86 BRITISH AMERICA Spaniards not long after returned the Vifit, and invaded Georgiay which V. as \o well defended by Mr. Oglethorpe^ that tlie Spaniards were beaten c.^;- however, till the ialt Treaty of Peace, they always iiififted that the P^ov' je of Gtorgia^, or Part of it, belonged to the Crown of Sj;ain, ibs i.ie Memorable Events oi Englandy P. 333, tfff. Situation ' ^f;i Extent. 76 Between ^ and > W. Lon. / \ H^ Miles in Length. 97 \ >Bein;; < »7 7 C I Between *} and > N. Lat. \ / 60 Pvliles in Breadth. id ^caw^^r/^/.] TT lies in the American Sea, about 100 Miles South of i Cuha, and 70 Weil of Hifpaniola. Ri'vers.^ Tliere are near 100 fmall Rivers in the Ifland, but none navif?;able; precipitating themfelvcs from the Mountains North or South, and falling into the Sea after a ihort Courffe-. Their Well Water, near the Sea, is brackifh and unwhoiefome* Bass and Capes. '\ \. The Port oiPcitit Mar ant ^ at the Eall End of the Tiland. 2. The Harbour of Fort Royal. 3. 1 he Port cf Old Harkur. 4. The Harbour and Point of Cape ?/egriL 5. Bh^vfield Bay. 6. Port ^edro'y and, 7. Black Pointy all on the South Side of the ilUnd ; and there are fome otiiers on the North. Winds.^ The Wind blows off the Land every Way in the Night, 2nd on the Ifland in the Day-time, except in December , January, and February, when the North Wind blovys furioully, and checks the Growth of the Canes, and all other Vegetables on the North Side of the Illand^ but the Mountains cover the St;uth Side from them. The South Wind brings the moft Rain ; no R^ins are lading on the South Side of the Ifland, which come from tlie Land, Scpfons.'] Frofl and Snow are never fecn here, but fometimes large Hail. 1 he chief rainy Seafons are in May and O Joiner , when it rains violently Night and Day for a Fortnight. Facp rfthc Ijland,'] There is a P^id^ve of Hills runs from Faft to Weft through the iiiaiid, furrowed by d^ep Gullies on the North and South Sides, made by the violent Rams which fall almoll every Day on thcfe Mountains, v/alhing c own whatever f.dls in their Way, and making very deep Chanueis ; thefe Hills confilt cither of Rock, or iirong Clay, ;ind are covered with Wood. "i he Vallies or Sai)aHnahs are exceeding level, and without Stones, fit for Paiture v/hen cleared of Wood i tnc wiuil fruitlul lyn»g o" the South Side of the Ifland. They BRITISH AMERICA. ^%y They are very green and pleafant after the Rains or Seafons (as they are called) but parched and burnt up in dry VVeather- P'arijhes.'] The Iflard is divided into fourteen Parifhes or Precincts ; they have very few Towns ; the chief are, i. Sf. Jago dc la Fega^ or ^paniJJ:) ^on.mi. 2. K'lngfion. 3. Port PojJ'age', and, 4. That of P^/-/ Royal. St.jfc^go dc la Vegay or SpaniJJj l^o-ivn, is pleafantly fituated in a fine Plain, upon the River Cohre, which falls into a Bay of the Sea that forms the Harbour of Port Royal iihout {even Miles below: It coniifts of 8co or 1000 Houfes, and was the Capital of the Ifland, for there the Governor refided, and the General Aifembly and Courts of Jufiice yere held. K'uigjlcn is a Port Town, fituatc on the North Side of the Bay of Port Royal, ten or twelve Miles South-Eafl: cf S}.JagOy and, fince the repeated Misfortunes of the Town of Port RoyaU it became a larp-eanci populous Place, much frequented by Merchants and feafaring Men, and lately made the Capital of the Illand. Port Pc'JJage is a Sea-port Town, fituated at the Mouth of the Pviver Cohre, feven Pvliles South -Ealt of St. Jago, and obtained its Name }iom being the greateft Thoroughfare in the Ifland. Port Royal, before it was deltroyed by an Earthquake in the Year 1692, was fituated in the South-Eaft Part of the Ifland, at the Extre- mity of a long Slip or Point of Land, running welterly about twelve Miles from the main Land, having the Ocean on the South, and a fine Bay of the Sea, which forms the Harbour, on the North, well de- fended by feverai Forts and Platforms of Guns ; the Harbour is about three Leagues broad in moli Places, and fo deep that a Ship of 700 Tons may lay her Side to the Shore, and load and unload at Pleafure ; nor does there want good Anchorage in any Part of it. The Point of L^'-nd on which the Town flood, was exceedinj^ nar- row, and nothing but a loofe Sand, that afibrded neither Grafs, Stones, frefti Water, Trees, nor any Thir.g that could encourage the buiidin'f a Town upon it, but the Goodnefj and Security of the" Hai hour. It contained above icco Houfes, and was fo populous, and fo much frequented by Merchajus and Planters, that the Houfes were as dear rented as in the well traded Streets of London. It was on the i7ih of J/^//^, 1692 the Earthquake happened, which in two Minutes dellroyed moft ot the Town ; the Earth opened and fwallowed up Abundance of Houfes and People; the Water gulhed out from the Openings of the Earth, and tum.bled the People oa Herps ; but fome of them had the good Fortune to catch hold of Beams and Rafters of Houfes, and were afterwards faved by boats. Several Ships weie cafl: away ia the Harbour, and the aSw^w Jbrigate, which lay in the Dock to careen, was carried over the Tops of the finkinp: Houfes, and did no^, however, overfet, but afforded a Retreat to fome Piundreds of People, wlio iaved their Lives upon her. Maj'^r fCelly, who wab in the I'own at this Time, fays, the Earth opened and ihut very quick yn iam« Places and he faw fevciai People fink down to the Middle, ai;d others appeared with x\\c\i: Heads jufl above Ground, and were fqueeztd to Death; the :.ky, which was clear before ihe Earthquake, became in a N^inntc's Time as red and as hot as an Oven j ihe Fall of the Mountaii.^ made a tcrribk Crack, and, at the \-a^\^ Time, '^n B R I r I S H A M E R I C A Time, dreadful Ncifes were heard under the Earth ; the principal Streets, which lay next the Quay, with large Vv''arehoufes, and i^ac^;ly Erick Buildings upon them were tail lunk ; part of the Town, how- ever, was left Handing, on a Neck of Land which runs into the Sea, at the Extremity whereof Hood the Cadle, which was fhattered, but not demolished. And, at Sa^-vannah, on the North Side of the Ifland, above a thou- fand Acres v/tre funk, with the Hcufes and People in them; the Place appearing for fome Time like a Lake, was afterwards dried up, but no Sign of LiOnfes to be feen. At 2't;llcn.Vy a great Mountain fplit, and deflroyed feveral Plantations, with the People on them ; and one Plan- tation was removed a IViiJe from the I'lace where it formerly lay ; the Iioufes were in general thrown down, or damaged, all over the Ifland ; and it is computed that three thoufand People were killed, with thofe loR- in Port Royal. 7 he Jown being rebuilt near the Place where the former flood, was :'. f cond Time dellroyed by Fire, on the 9th o^ January 1702 3 ; every Houfe was confumeJ thatl)ay, only the two Royal Forts and Maga- zines were left fanding ; whereupon the Government looking on the i lace as unfortunate, ordered the Inhabitats to remove to Klngf.ony on the orpoute Side of the Harbour, and there the Court and Offices were orccrcd to be held, that ufed to be held at Port Royal ; however, this V. as found 10 be fo commodious a S'c^tion for Shipping, that the People feme Time afterwards ventured to rt build it a jccond Time. It wa5 a third Time dellroyed by a Storm and Inundation of the Sea, on the 20th (){ AugvJ} iiii. The Sea being ra'fed, by the Violence of the Wind, to a much ^TCciter ijeight than was ev^r known before, broke over its ancient Bounds, and on a fudden overflowed a large Tra(fl of Land, carryinp- away, with an irrefillibie Fury, Men, Houfes, Cattle and every Thing that ftcod in its Way. The Morning in w: ich the Storm happened, there was a great Fleet cf Merchant- Ships riding in the Harbour, moft oi which had taken their full Freight, and v/ore to have returned Home in a few Days ; but the Storm left only one Vefiel in the Harbour, befides four Sail of Men of War, and thefe had all their Mails and Rigging blown away; but the moil fenfible Proof ot the irrefiitible Force of the Storm, was, the vail Qiiantities of Stones that were thrown over the I'own-Wall, f)f which iut:h a prodio.i^)us Number was forced over, that an hun- dred I\egroe3>w«.r-^ enjployed fix Wevks in throwing theiji back into tlie Sea. ■ ' Jlr.^ The Air of this'CoiiTi'tr^'i^ rather too hot for European Condi- turions, and generally unhealthful, efpecially near the Sea-Coaft. The Harbour of Ar/ Royal mr.y well be looked upon as the Grave of cur Marine Oihcers and Seamen ; many 1 houfands have perilhed there by the Onhealthfuiuels /^fth« Place, or their own irregular Way fif Life. But; according to Sit Ha/is Sloane^ both ihe Water and Air y.\G good at a Diiiance from the Sea, and the inland Country of yti//;^r^ is as healthful as any other. Produce.] The principle Veget?b!es and Produce of this Ifland arc Sugai -Cares, Cocoa, ofwhirh Chocolate i^ made : Oranges, Lemons, Citions, Palms, Cocoa Trees, Cotton, Indigo, Tobacco, the Pxickle B R I r 1 S H A M E R I C A. 5S9 Prickle Pear, Woods for Hying, Salt, Ginger, Cod -Pepper, or Pimento ; Drugs, iuch as Guaiacum, China Root, Sarlaparilia, Cailia- Fiftula, Tamarinds, Venella's, Gum and Roots, ufed in iVledicines and Surgery. * Here grows the Manchimel Tree, which bears a beautiful but poi- fonous Apple, and the Mahogany^ the Timber and Flanks of both which are now in great Efleem with us ; and they have the like Forell-Trees as are found on the Continent of America^ in the fame Climate. Animals. \ Their Animals alfo are the fame as in the neighbouring Continent. Trafic.'X The Planters and Merchants of Jainaica have reprefented to the Court of England^ that they lie under very great Difcouragements in Point of Trade; and, i. They cemplain of the Decrease cf their People. 2. That they are of late Years deprived of the moll beneficial Branch of their Trade, ^viz.. The carrying of the Negroes and dry Goods to the Sponip Coafl. 3. A further Difcouragement to their Trade is the Hoililities committed by the Spaniards^ who feize every Ship they can overcome. 4. That their cutting Logwood in the Bays oi Camp ecu by and Honduras is likewife interrupted, though actually Part of his Majelly's Territories. 5. The low Value of their Produce, which they afcribe to the great Improvement the French make in their Sugar Colonies, who are enabled to underfel them by the Lownefs of their Duties. 6. The Trade carried on ^vovs\ Ireland and the Northern Colonies, to the French and Dutch Ifiands and Colonies, where they pay no Duties, and are fupplied with Goods at an ealier Rate. The Northern Colonies, who import great Quantities of Provifions and Goods to "Jamaica., and the other Sugar Iflands, irififi upon being paid in Bullion, which they carry to Hijpaniclay and other French Iflands, and there purchafe Sugar, Paim, and Tobacco, with the Treafure they receive at Jamaica^ b'c. 7. They obferve, that the Cocoa, or Chocolate Nut, which was heretofoe one of the principal Commodi- ties of that liland, is now loll by the heavy Duties that v/ere laid upon it; and probably their Sugar, Rum, Ginger, I3c. muft have the fame Fate, if not timely remedied. And as they had now began to plant • Coffee, they hoped for a Bounty to encourage that Plantation, on their fending it to England \ at leail that there might be no Duties laid upon it. Since which ReprefentatioH, there has been an Aft pafTed for laying high Duties upon all Commodities carried from the French and Dutch -Settlements to the Northern Colonies ; but this has not been found fufficient to prevent that Pradlice, which has occafioned the Sugar Co- lonies to apply themftlves to the Parliament again for a Redrefs of this Grievance ; but the Confideration thereof was put off. Food.^ The Food of the Inhabitants of Ja/uaica is generally fuch as in Evglaftd^ namely. Beef, Pork and Fifh, rlour and Peafe, falted Fiefk and Fifh fent from the Britijlo Colonies on the Continent ; on which not only the Mailers feed, but, according to Sir Hans Sloans, they are obliged to furniih their Servants, both Whites and Blacks, with three Pounds of fait Beef, Pork or Filh, every Week, befides Cajjani BreaJ, Yams, and Potatoes. There are in the Sa'vannahs great Plenty of Cattle, but they cannot keep Beef many Days, though it be lalud; and fr.lh Beef is ready to coirupt Sgo BRITISH AMERICA, corrupt in four or five Hours. Butchers always kill in the Mornings therefore, juil before Day, and by Seven o'Clock the Markets for freih Meat are over. Turtle or Tortoifes are of feveral Sorts ; thofe of the Sea, called Green Turtle, from their Fat being of that Colour, feed|on Conches or Shell Filh, and are very good V^ittuals ; thefe are eaten by abun- dance of People, efpecially of the poorer Sort of the Ifland. The Manatee, or Sea-Cow, is Jaken in this Ifland very often, in calm Eays, by the Indians ; it is reckoned extraordinary good Eating. Eefides thefe ordinary Provifions, the Racoon, a fmall Quadruped, is eaten ; Rats are likewife fold by the Dozen, and, when they have been bred among the Sugar-Canes, are thought, by fome difcerning People, very delicious Vi6luals. Snakes, or Serpents, and Cofli, a fort of Worms, are eaten by the Indians and Negroes^ Liquors.'\ The moft common Drink is Water, and reckoned the mofl: wholefome by many, amongft whom I am one, (fays Sir Hans Sloane) and he feems to recommend the drinking a Draught every Morning. Madeira Wine hath this particular Quality dii-i-ercnt from French Wines, and all others that are brought hither, that it keeps better in a hot Place, or expofed to the Sun, than in a cooj Cellar ; whereas other Wines mull be kept cool here, and if you do not, they turn four in a fliort Time. Cyder, Beer and Ale, are alfo brought hither from the Northern Colonies, or from England^ but do not keep well. Governmsnt.'\ This and other Governments in the BritiJJ? American Iflands, are Royal Governments. The King appoints the Governor and Council, and the Reprefentatives are chofen by the Freemen ; and thefe AfiTemblies make Laws, but they mufl be confirmed by the Court oi Enoland. FercesP)^ Befides the Militia, a Regiment is flationed here; by which they think themfclves capable of defending theliiand, againil aDefcent by the French^ or any other Enemy, in Caie of a War; ?ind they have ufually a llrong Squadron oi Britijh Men of War flationed at Fort Rsyal I n Time of War. Revenues.^ The principal Part of the R.evcnue, accruing to the. Crown of Great Britain irom yw^aiia^ is the Duty ariiing from S a- oar. Rum and Mciailes, imported ficm thence, v/hich is very con- iiderable. ' . ;•<•'-: .. Perfons and Habit s.'Y'^'^Sx^ Inhabitants are either Euglijh, or of Englijh Extra6lion born in the Iflaud ; Indians, Negroes^ Mulatto's^ or Mejlees^ or the Defcendants of them. The En^lifh, and thoie o't Encrlifh F.x- tradlion, may be 30,000; the Indians aic but few, moil of the Nativ%s having been dellroyed by the Spaniards^ The Negroes on the Ifland are about 100,000. The Englijh here follow the Fafhions of their Mother-Country in their Habits, making no Allowance f-)r their Difference of Climate, which %\x Hans SLane reproves them for. As to their Slaves, they work Daked, except a Piece ot Linen Cloth about tiieir Loins; but they have ,a little Canvas Jacket and Breeches givoi them by their Mailers annij- aily at Chrijhnas, to wear on Holidays, FMiglon.^ Britifh American IHands. 591 Helighn.'] The Religion of the Church oi England Is alfo the efta- blifhed Religion in all the Britijh Illands ; but there are no Billiops ; the Bilhop ot London^ Commiilkry is the principal Ecckfiailic in thel> Illands. Revolutions and mcmcrahk Events, JAMAICA was difcovered by Colwnhus ior xkit Spaniards^ In his' fecond Voyage to A?ne'-icay Anno 1493- In the Year 1596, Sir Anthony Shirley y with a fingle Man of War, made a Defcent on this Ifland, and took their Capital Town St. Jago de la Vega, (now Spa7njh ToivnJ confifiing of about 2000 Houfes, and plundered it. It was taken and plundered again by Colonel yack/on^ who landed 500 Men here about the Year 1638, and the Spaniards were compelled to raife him a very confiderable Sum to ranfom it from burning. In the Year 1656, Aamlral Pi?«» and Venahks were commanded by Crom\o\\t\ Drax-, and Colonel IValrondy and other Cavaliers, living uneafy under the Ufurpation, converted their EUates into Money, and tranfported themfelves to Uar- badoesy where they ereftcd Sugar-Works, and acquired very ^vtrnt Ertates ; and in the Year 1650, the white Inhabitants of the lllai d were incrcafcd to thirty thoufand and upwards, v^ith twice that Nnir- ber of Negroes, who ex'ercifed their Mafters with perpetual Confr ra- cies, in order to lecover their Liberties ; but net fuccesding* v, ere fe- verely puniihed, Xing 9 Britijh Amerkm IHands." 5pj King Charles II. purchafed the Property of this Ifland of the Pro- JM-ietors in the Year 1661, ever fmce which Barbacioes has been a Royal Government, and the Colony granted a Duty of 4 and a half^^r Ce7it. on their Sugars, for maintaining the Foxes and Fortifications in the Ifland, which amount to above 10,000/. per Ann. though it is not always applied to the Purpofes it was defigned, and proves an infup- portable BUrthen on the Planters. De Ruyter, the Dutch Admiral, treacheroiifly at'ternpted to furprife this Ifland in 1664, in a Time of Peace, but was bravely repulfed. The Inhabitants fufferedmuch by a Hurricane that happened in 1674, many of their Windmills , as well as Houfes, being blown down; A Kind of Plague alfo vifitcd them in 1691, and carried off Multi- tudes of white People ; a Lofs which they have not recovered to this Day ; and Bridge Toivn, their capital City, was almoft wholly dC' ftroyed by Fire in 1766 : 'But the Plague of rapacious Governors has (done more Mifchief than all the Calamities alr':=ady enumerated. St. CHRISTOPHER'S.] The Ifland of St. CM^^/^^r'^s fituate in 62 Degrees Weft Longitude, and 17 North Latitude; firft difcovered by Columlrus, It is 20 Miles long and 7 or 8 broad ; produces the ^reateft Quantity of Sugar, next to Jamaica and Barbadoesy and fom6 Years it produces full as much as Barbadoes. It produces alfo Cotton, Ging-er, and the Trooical Fruits. A Mountain run's through the Middle of it, from whence there iflue feveral Rivulets. The French were poflefled of the South Side of the Ifland till the Peace oi Utrecht j 171 3> when they yielded it to Great- Britain. Chrijiopher Columbus., in the Service of Spain, difcovered this Ifland in 1493, and gave it his ChriiHan Name. The Spaniards dt^ertrng itj the Englijh 2.x\.S. French arrived here in 1625, and divided it between lihem. J NT EGO.] The Ifland of Jntego is fltuate in 61 Deg. Wefl: Lon. and 17 Deg. North Lat. 60 Miles Eaft of St. Chrijhpher's ; it is of a circular Form, almoft 2to Miles over every Way, and has a great many good Harbours : The Governor of the Leeward Iflands ufually refides at St. "John'sy the chief Town. The Produce is chiefly Sugar, Ginger, Cotton^ Pine Apples, Plan- tain, and other Tropical Fruits. They have no other Water but the Rains which fall in the Spring and Autumn ; this they reTerve in Cif- terns, and if the Rains fail, they are in great Diilrefs, being forced to fetch their frefti Water from the neighbouring Iflands. Some Springs of frefli Water have been lately found here. NEVIS.] Nsrjis is a little Sugar Ifland on the Eaft of St. Chrijiopher'' s^ from which it is divided by a very narrow Channel. The Englijh fent the firft Colony to Ne-vis, Anne 16.-: 8. An Earthquake happened here in 1690, and almoft deftroyed their chief Town. DOMINICA.] Dominica is a fmall Ifland, in 15 Peg. North. Lati 3% Miles North of Martinico, but very little cultivated. This was agreed to be a neutral Ifland at tliie laft Treaty of Aix-ld- Chapelle, though this, as well as the other three, 'viz. St. LuciUf St* Vince7iti and T'obago, were, in ReaJity, deemed Part of the Territories of Great-Britain before this Treaty, as appears by a Commiflioii given Pjp by 594- Britijh American Iflands." by the late King George to the late Duke of Montague, to fend Colonies to the Ifland of St. Lucia in the Year 1722. BJRBUDJ.] Barbuda is fituate in 18 Deg. North Lat. The In- habitants apply themfelves chiefly to the Breeding of Cattle, and raifing Provifions, with which they fupply the neighbouring Iflailds. This Ifland is the Property of the Codrington Family, who have a great Number of Negroes here, and in the Ifland oi Barbadoes. It was their Anceflor, Colonel Chrijlophor Ccdri?:gton, Governor and Captain- General of Barbadoes^ who, dying Af^no 1710, gave two Plantations in Barbados i and Part of this Ifland o( Barbuda, valued at 2000/. per Atm, to the Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel, for the Inflrudion of the Negroes in Barladoes, and the reft of the Caribbee Iflands, in the Chriflian Religion, and for erefling and endowing the College above- mentioned in Barbadoes. A NGUILLA.^ Anguilla is fltuate in 18 Degrees odd Minutes Nortk La itude, 60 Miles North-Welt of St. Chrijlopher^s ', being about 20 Miles long and 10 broad. The Inhabitants apply themfelves chiefly to feeding of Cattle, plant- ing of Indian Corn, and other Parts of Hufljandry. MO NTS ERR AT.] Montferrat is fituate 30 Miles South- Well of Antego, and affords its. Proportion of Sugar. TO B AGO.] Tobago is fituate 1 1 Deg. odd Min. North Latitude, 120 Miles South of Barbadoes i a fruitful Soil, capable of producing -whatever the Sugar Iflands produce. King Charles il. granted it t» the Duke of Courland, by whofe Authority a Colony of Bnglijh, and another of Dutch ^ were fettled here; but their Plantations were fo har- rafled and diflurbed by the Caribbees of the neighbouring Continent, that they left the Ifland, the EtJgHjh of Barbadoes only vifiting it fome- times to cut Wood here. It was efleemed, however, Part of the Territories of Great-Britainy till denominated a neutral Ifland by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Anno 1748. The French had no Colour to claim it. St. VINCENT.] St. Vincent is fituate 60 Miles and upwards. Weft tif Barbadoes y and is 20 Miles long, and almofl as many broad. St. LUCIA.] St Lucia is near 80 Miles North-Weft of Barbadces; the Soil of thefe two laft Iflands is as good as that of any of the Carib- bees, and has the Advantage of good Wood. The late Dwke of Mon- tague was at the Charge of 40,000/. to plant thefe Iflands, about the Year 1722; but his People were driven from thence by the French of Martinico, which the Court of England did not feem to refent or com- plain of to the French Court. But the State of moft of the Caribbee Iflands has been much altered by the lafl: Treaty of Peace. LUCAT'9 01 BAHAMA ISLANDS. SITUATE between 73 and 81 Degrees Weft Longitude, and 21 and 27 Decrees North Latitude, are very numerous, and twelve of them pretty large. Thefe were the fiilt Lands difcovered in America. by Cclumbus, Anno 1 492. Providence IJland.] The Ifland of Providence is now planted and fortiiied by Great-Britain, being ntuatu in Weil Lcn. 78... North Lat. 25- PROCLAMATION, ror ! • . ' ^ J Z) 45, ind IS 200 Miles Eaftofthe Continent of /V^r/V/z. None of the bther Iflands are inhabited, but the Englijh hkve Piantations on feme ' with the Advice of Our faid Privy Council, granted our Letters Pa- tent, under Our Great Seal of Great-Britain, to ereft within the Coun- tries and Iflands, ceded and confirmed to Us by the faid Treaty, Four diftinft and feparate Governments, ft'iled and called by the names of Quebec, Eaft Florida, Weft Florida and Grenada, and limited aiid bounded, as follews, viz. Firft, The Government of Quebec, bounded on the Labrador Coaft liy tUe River St. John, and from thence by a Line drawn from the ? p 2. Head So6 P R O C I. A M A T I O N. Head of that River through the Lake St. John to the South End of the Lake Nipiffim ; from whence the faid Line, croffing the River St. Lawrence and the Lake Chaniplain in 45 Degrees of North Latitude, pafies along the high Lands which divide the Rivers that empty ther/i- fclves into the faid River St. Lawrence, from thofe wliich fall into the Sea ; and alfo along the North Coail of the Baye des Chaleurs, and the Coaft cf the Gulph of St. Laurence to Cape Rofieres, and from thence crofiing the Mouth of the River St. Lawrence by the Wefi: End of the liland of Anticoiti, terminates at the aforefaid River of St. John. Secondly, The Government of Eafl Floiida, bounded to the Weil- ward, by the Gulph of Mexico and the Apalachicola River ; to the Northward, by a Line drav.n from that Part of the faid Paver, where the Chatahouchee and Flint Rivers meet, to the Source of St. Mary's River, and by the Courfe of the faid River to the Atlantick Ocean ; and to the Eaflward and Southward, by the Atlantick Ocean, and the Gulph of Florida, including all Iflands within fix Leagues of the Sea Coaft. Thirdly, The Government of Weft Florida, bounded to the South- ward by the Gulph of Mexico, including all Iflands within fix Leagues of the Coaft from the River Apalachicola to Lake Pontchartrain ; to the Weftward, by the fame Lake, the Lake Maurepas, and the River MifTiirippi ; to the Northward, by a Line drawn due Eaft from that Part of the River Miffilhppi, which lies in 31 Degrees North Latitude, to the River AApalachicola or Chatahouchee ; and to the Eaftward by the faid River. Fourthly, I'he Government of Grenada, comprehending the Ifland of that Name, together with the Grenadines, and the lilands of Domi- nico, St. Vincent and Tobago. And to the End that the open and free Fifliery of Our Subjefts may be extended to, and carried, on upon the Coaft of Labrador, and the adjacent lilands. We have thought fit, with the A.dvice of Our faid Pilivy Council, to put all that Coaft from the River St. John's to Hud- ion'ij Strcights, together v/ith the Iflands of Anticofti and Madelaine, and all other fmaller Iflands lying upon the faid Coaft, under the Care and Infpedion of Our Governor^of Newfoundland. We have alfo, with the Advice of Our Privy Council, thought fit to annex the Iflands of St. John's, and Cape Breton, or Ifle Royale, with the leiTer lilands adjacent thereto, to Our Government of Nova Scotia. We have alfo, with the Advice of Our Privy Council aforefaid, an- nexed to Our Province of Georgia all the Lands lying between thePvivers Alatamaha and St. Mary's. And whereas it will greatly contribute to the fpeedy fettling Our {aid new Governments, that Our loving Subjects Ihould be informed of Our Paternal Care for the Security of" the Liberties and Properties cf Thofe, who are and fliail become Inhabitants thereof: We have thought fit to publifti and declare, by this Our Proclamation, that We have, in the Letters Patent under Our Great Seal of Great-Britain, by which the faid Governments are conftituted, given exprefs Power and Dircaion to Our Governors of Our faid Colonies refpedively, thatfo foon as the State and Circumftances of the faid Colonies v/ill admit thereof, they ihall, with the Advice and (Sonfent of the Mem- bers PROCLAMATION. ^c^^ bers of Our Council, fummon and call General Airemblies within ne faid Governments refpcdively, in iiich Mannf^r and Form as is ulld and directed in thofe Colonies and Provinces in America, which are under Our immediate Government ; and We have alio given Power to the faid Governors, with the Confent of Our faid Councils, and the" Reprefentatives of the People, {o to be fummoned as aforelaid, to make, conilitute and ordain Laws, Statutes and Ordinances for th,e Publick Peace, Welfare and Good Government of our faid Colo.ies, and of the People, and Inhabitants thereof, as near as may b-j agree-, able to the Laws of England, and under fuch Reoulations and Re^ ftridions as are ufed in other Colonies ; and in the mean Time, and until fuch Aflemblies can be called as aforefaid, all Perfons inhabiting in or reforting to Our faid Colonies may confide in Our Royal Pro- teftion for the Enjoyment of the Benef-t of the Laws of Our Realm of England; for which Purpofe We have given Power under Our Great Seal to the Governors of our faid Colonies refpe6lively, to ered: and conftitute, with the Advice of Our faid Councih refpeclively. Courts of Judicature and Publick Juftice v/ithin Our faid Colonies, for the Hearing and Determining ail Caufes, as well Criminal as Ci- vil, according to Law and Equity, and as near as maybe agreeable to the Laws of England, with Liberty to all Perfons, who may think themfelves aggrieved by the Sentences of fuch Courts, in all CiviL Cafes, to appeal, under the ufual Limitations and Rcftridions to Us, in Our Privy Council. We have alfo thought fit, v.'ith the A.dvice of Our Privy Council as aforefaid, to give unto the Governors and Councils of Our faid Three new Colonies upon the Continent, full Power and Authority to fettle and ao;ree with the Inhabitants of Our faid new Colonies, or with any other Perfons who fhall refort thereto, for fuch Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments, as are now or hereafter fhall be in Our Power to dif- pcfe of, and them to grant to any fuch Perfon or Perfons, upon fuch Terms, and under fuch moderate Quit-P.ents, Services and Acknow- ledgments, as have been appointed and fettled in Our other Colonies, and under fuch other Conditions as fiiall appear to us to be nccefTary and expedient for the Advantage of the Grantees, and the Improve- ment and iettlement of our faid Colonies. And v,'hcreas We are defirous, upon all Occalions, to teflify Our Royal Senfe and Approbation of the Condu6l and Bravery of the Ofii- cers and Soldiers of^ Our Armies, and to reward the fame, We do hereby command and im.power Our Governors of Our faid Three new Colonies, arid all other Our Governors of Our feveral Provinces on the Continent of North A.merica, to grant, without Fee or Reward, to fuch Reduced Oflicers as have ferved in Noi th America during the hate War, and to fuch Private Soldiers as have been or fnall be dif- banded in AnieriW. Lon. / | 1400 Miles in Length. ^ '^5 ^ t. Being 2 :> Between^ anci S-N. Lat. \ / 2700 Miles in Breadth. c 40 3 ^ Boundaries.]TyO\5'^'D^'D b/ the River and Lake of Illenois, on 13 the North ; by CaroLna, on the Eall ; by the Gulph o^ Mexico y on the South ; and b/ Nenv Mexico, on the Weil. See the afore/aid Proclamation, /. 595. C A F N^ FRENCH AMERICA. 6qi CAEN, or EQUINOCTIAL FRANCE. between Between 50 and 55 Equator and Situation and Extent, 300 Miles in Length. > Being < N. Lat. 1 I 240 Miles In Breadth. ^W, Lon. T> O U N.D E D by -Surhmmy on the North ; by the Boundaries. "l Atlantic Ocean, Eaft ; hy Amazotii ay South; and by Guianay Weft. The chief Town is Caeny Well Longitude 53,' North Latitude ^. Tht F R E N C H C A R 1 B B E E Iflands. "S T. Martin, 2. Barfholome'W. 3. Defeada. 4. Guadalupe. ^. Marigalante. 6. Martinico, 7. Granada. 8. Part of Hijpaniola^ and 9. St. Croix. 1. St. martin's.] St. Martin sy an Ifland of no great Confe- quence belonging to the French, fituate a little to the North- Weil of bt, Bartholome~Ms. 2. Si. BARTHOLOMElV's.] St. 5.3:r^/Wo;;^fa//^, is a fmall Ifland about ten Leagues North of St. ChriJiopher^Sy taken by the EngliJIi un- der the Command of Sir Timothy Thornhilly in the Year 1689, but re- flored to the Freiich at the Peace of Rjfzuick. 3. DESEADA.] Defeaday or Z)£/f^(?r^./^, the Defirable Ifland, fo called by Colurnbusy becaufe it was the lirft Land he difcovered in his fecond Voyage to Atnerica, Anno 1493 ; it is fituate about ten Leao-ues Ncrth-Ealt of Guadalupe. 4. GUADALUPE.'] Guadalupe , fo called hy Columhus y from h^ Hills refembling thofe of that Name in Spainy is fituate in 16 Degrees North Latitude, and 61 Degrees Wertern Longitude, about 30 Leagues North oi Martinico y and almofl: as much South ofAnfego ; it is faid to be the largeft of all the Caribbee Iflands, being 22 Leagues in Length, and half as much in Breadth at each End ; but alm'oll cut in two by a deep Gulph, or Bay, on each Side, fo that the Ends are joined toge- ther by a very nanow lilhmus. This, like Martinicoy abounds in Su- gar, Cottpp, Indigo, Ginger, i£c. and is in a very flourifhing Con- dition ; and agreeable to the Confequence it is of to the Frenchy they have taken Care to fortify it with feveral regular Forts and RedoubtSj. which were in fp good a Condition when the Rnglijh Admiral Bembonju made a Defiient here with a confideraule Bcdy of Land Forces, Anno 1702, 6oz FRENCH AMERICA, 1702, that he did not think fit to attack them, though he de/lroyed a ^jcat many of" their Plantations and open Villages. "1 he French began to lend Colonies to this Ifland about the Year 1652. 5. MJ RIG JL J NTE.] Marigalante is lituate in 16 Degrees North Latitude, a little to the South -Eaft of Guadalupe^ and is about five Leagues in Length and four in Breadth ; it was difcovered by Co- lumbus in his fecond Voyage to America, Anno 1493, and named by him MarigalajitCy or the Gallant Mary, after the Name of his Ship. The French began to fettle Colonies here about the Year 1647, and having expelled theNaives, after feveral Years Wars, xhe French re- mained in a peaceable Poileffion of the Ifland, the ProdTuce whereof is the fame with the reft of the Caribbees, 6. MARTI N ICO.'] Martinico \s fituate between 14 and 15 De- grees of North Latitude, and 61 Degrees of Weftern Longitude, lyin^ about 40 Leagues North-Weft of Barbadoes j it is 20 Leagues in Length, but of an unequal Breadth. The inland Part of it is hilly, and, at a Diftance, appears like three diftind: Mountains, being ex- ceedingly well watered by numerous Rivulets which fall from the Hills, and there are feveral commodious Bays and Harbours on the Coaft, fome of them fo well fortified, that they bid Defiance to the Englijh, when they made a Defcent here with feveral thoufand Men, in the Reign of Queen Anne, 7. GRANADA^] Granada is fituate in 12 Degrees North Latitude, about 30 Leagues South-Weft oi Barbadoes, and about the fame Diftance I^Iorth of Caribbiana^ or iWav Andalufia, This Ifland is 25 Leagues in Circumference, and has feveral good Bays and Harbours, fome of which are fortified. It is efteemed a fruitful Soil, and well watered, producing Sugar, and fuch other Plants as are found in the reft of the Caribbee Iflands. There are abundance of very fmall IHands that lie «t the North End of Granada, which are called the Granadilla's. Set the ^or^/V/ Proclamation, p. 595. 8. HISP.^NIOLA.] Hi/panjola has been already defcribed amongft the Spanip Iflands. DUfCH ■*. { ^o3 ) DUTCH A ME RIC 4. 1 , Surinam on the Continent »^ 2. ^he Dutch IJlands. Surinam, Fart of Caribbiana, Situation and Extents W. Lon. N. Lat. V Being < 300 Miles in Lengd^. 00 Miles in Breadth*' Bptweep Between Soundaries.l TfJ O'U N D E D by the Atlantic Ocean, on the North IJ and Eaft ; by Caeriy and other Parts of Guiana^ or Carihbianay on the South and Weil. The chief Town is Surinamp W. Lon. 56. N. Lat. 6, The BUTCH ISLANDS, are. i> f~^VraJjou. 2. Bonajre, 7^. Jruha, near the Coaft of 7etlingen, Pruffia, Holland, Delly, Cyclades, Achaia, Palatinate, Dagillan, Watteravia, Turkey, Ireland, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Milan, France, South Eaft-India, Turkey, Poland, Netherlands, Eaft-India, Turkey, Turkey, Germany, Perfia, Gei-manv, Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Amer. Afia Afia Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe 23-ooE. 8-25W. 9-00W. 3-ioE. 19-30E. 10-30E. 2-QoE. 70-OOW. 89-OoE. 37-20E. I9-O0E, 4-O5E. 79-OoE. 25-50E. 22-I5E. 7-I5E. 5I-O0E. 8-45E. 37-30N. 5I-40N. 4^-iaN. 50-48N. 50-ooN. 45-caN. 50-20N. . 13-00 S. 23-3oN^ 54-ooN. 52-06N. 28-ooN, 37-26N. 38-3CN. 49-25N. 41-15N. 50-08N. Town Si 1 N D Towns. Dieppe, l)OMtNGO,St. Dort, Dover, Doway, Dresden", Drogheda, Drontheim, Dublin, Dunkirk, Durazzo, DuiTeldorp, E ECkeren, Edghill, L^D IN BURGH, Egra, Elbin^, Embden, Ephefus, Rrzerum, Erfurt, EfTcck', Efcurial, Exeter, F .^Ikirk, Fe, St. Ferrara, Fcnol, Fez, Finali Flerus, Florencb, Fiufliing, Fontenoy, Fotarabia, Frankfort* Frankenda), Franckfcrt, Frederica, Fribiirg, Friburg, Fiontiniac, Provinces. Normandy, Hifpaniola, Holland> Kent, Flanders, Saxony, Leinfter, Drontheim, Leinfter, Flanders, Albania, Berg, Countries. France, Ifland, Netherlands, England, Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Ireland, Netherlands, Turkey, Germany, Brabant, Warwickfliire, Lothian, Bohemia Fro. Pruffia, Embdea, Ionia, Turkomania, Saxony, Lower, New Caflile, Devonfhire, Sterling, New Romania, Gallicia, Fez, Genoa, Nam.ur, Tufcany, Zealand, Hainault, Bifcay, Weteraviai Brandenburg, Palatinate, Georpia, Friburgj Swabia, Canada, Netherlands, England, Scotland, Bohemia, Poland, Germany, Natolia, Turkey, Germany, Hungary, Spain, England, Scotland, Mexico, Italy, Spain, Morocco, Netherlahds, Italy, Netherlands, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, Germany, Geimany, Carol in;:i, Switzerland, Germany, North Quar- ters. Europe Amer. Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Amer. Europe Europe Africa Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Eli rope Europe Euiope Amer. Europe Europe Amer. Lono-i- o tude. D. M. 1-15E. 70-00 W 4-40E. 1-25E. 3-00E. 6-3o\v 10-30E. 6-25W 2-2oS". 20-IoE. 6-20E. Latitude. D. M. 49-55N. .i8-2oNi; 5I-47N. 51-ION. 50-25Ni 51-00N. •:-3-45N. 64-001^. .53-16N. 51-00N. 41-37N. 51-15N. 4-14E. 1-26E. 3-00W, 12-22E. 20-ooE. 645E. 27-40E. 4i-oo£. 1 1-06E. 20-08E. 4-05 W. 3-40W. 3 109 12 6 9 4 12 3 3 I 7 '5 8 Si 6 7 11 48W. -00 W. 05E, ■40 w. •ooW. ■GOE. .15E. ■25E. ■20E. 35W. ■30E. ■ooE. ■I c;E. ■30W. -55E. -4oE» ■odW, 51-23N, 52-09N. 56-ooN. 50-ioN. 54-15N. 53-40N. 37-09N. 40-ooN. 51-00N. 46-ooN. 40-40iN", 50-44N. 56-ooN. 36-ooN. 44-50 N. 43-30^'- 33-3cN. 44-30N. 30-33N. 43-30iN[. 51-30N. 50-39N. 43-20N. 50-ioN. 52-22N, 49-30N. 3 i-ooN. 46-50N. 4S-12N. 43-30N. CLq % Towns. 1 N D E X. I owns. Furnes, Furftenburg, G AUipoli, Gelders, Geneva, Genoa, Ghent, Gibraltar, Girone, Ghfgow, Gnefna, Goa, Gambron, Gottenburg, Granada, Grenoble, Grodno, Groningcn, H HACUE, Haerlem, Hallifax, Hamburgh, Hanover, Hanau, Havanna, Heidelburg, Helena, St. Hermanftadt, Heildeflieim, Hoenzolern, Provinces. Flanders, S.vabia, Romania, Gelderland, Savoy, Genoa, Fiander?, Andalufia, Catalonia, Ciydfdale, Great Poland, Malabar, Farfiftan, Gothland, Granada, Dauphine, Lithuania, Groningen, Holland, Holland, Nova Scotia, Holftein, Saxony, Weteravia, Cuba, Palatinate, Helens, Hildcflieinn, Swabia, Co ur, tries. Netherlands, Germany, Turkey, Netherlands, Italy, Icaly, Netherlands, Spain, Spain, Scotland, Poland, Eall-lndia, Perfia, Sweden, Spain, France, Poland, Netherlands, Netherlands, Netherlands, North Germany, Germany, Germany, Ifland, Germany, Ifland, Tranlylvani^, Germany, Germany, Quar- ters. Furope Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Amer. Europe Europe Europe Amer. Europe Africa Europe Europe Europe Longi- Latitude, tude, D. M. D. M. 2-2^ E. 5r-ioN. 8-30 E. 47 5o,N. 28-co E. 6 00 E. 6-00 E. 9-30 E. 3-36 E. 6-ooW. 2-35 E. 4.08W. 18-00 E. 73-20 E. 55-30 E. 11-30 E. 3-40W. 5^28 E. 24 00 E. 6-40 E. 4-00 E. 4-10 E. 64-00 W. 9-40 E. 9-35 E- 8-45 E. 84-ooW. 8.40 E. 6-30W. 24-00 E. lo-oo E. 8-50 E. 40-45 N. S1-35N. 46-20N. 44-30N. 5 1 - 00 N. 36-ooN. 42-00 N. 55 50N. 5 3-00 N. 15-20N. 27-30N. 58 ooN, 37-15N. 45-12N. 53-40N, 53-20 N. 52-ioN. 52-20 N. 45-00 N, 54-00 N. 52-32N. 50-12N. 23-ooN. 49-20 N. 1 6-00 S. 46-32 N. 52-17N. 48-20 N. J Ago, St. jago, St. jago, St. JamesTown, Jerusalem, IngoJlladt, Infpruc. Ispahan^ Juliers, Jamaica, Cuba, Chili, James County Paleftine, Bavaria, Auftria, Iracajem, Weftphalia, jnand, Illand, South Virginia, l^urkey, Germany, Germany, Perfia, Germany, Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Afia Europe Europe Afia Europe 76-30W. 76-30W. 77-ooW. 76-ooW. 3600 E. 1 1-30 E. 1 1-26 E. 50-00 E. 6 00 E. 18-20N, 20-00 N. 34 ooS. 27-30 N. 32-00 N, 4845N. 47-12 N. 32-30 N. 5055N. Towns. N D E X. Towns. K Pro vinces. Aniiniec, Podolia, KafFa, Crim, Kexhohn, Kexholm, Kingilon, Jamaica, Kiof, Ukrain, Klngfale, Munfter, Koningfburg, Pruflia, Koniiigfeck, Svvabia, L Andau, Leghorn i>cipiic, Lemburg, Leopoldriadt:, Lepanto, Le warden, Leyden, Liege, Lima, Limburg, Limeric, Lintz, L:fle, Lisbon, LoiJDON, Londonderry, Loretto, LOUISBURG, Lublin, Lubeck, Lucern, Luxeniburg, Lyons, M ADHID, Mae- f:r:cht, Magdebu^-gh, Mahon Pore, Mijorci, MhIo St. Malncca, Malaga, Malta, A 1 face, Tufcany, Sixonv, Red Ruffia, Upper Achaia, Friefland, Holland, Liege, Lima, Liirnburg, Munfter, Aullria, Flanders, Eilremadura, Middlefex, Ulfter, Pope's Territ. Cape Breton, Little Poland, Holftein, Lucern, Luxemburg, Lyonois, New Caftile, Brabant, Saxony, Minorca, Majorca I lie, B-'etanv, Mai ace 1, Gran.id^, Malta Ifle, Countries. Poland, Tartary, Ruffia,' American Ifle Ruffia, Ireland, Poland, Germany, Germany, Jtaly, GerniTiny, Poland, Hungary, Turkey, Netherland?, Netherlands, Weilphalia, Peru, Netherlands, Ireland, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, England, Ireland, Italy, liland. Poland, Gernany, Switzerland, Netherlands, France, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Ifiand, Spain, France, Eaft India, Spain, I Medi eria- nean, 0.4 3 Quar- Longi- lers, tude. Lathu'c. D. M. D. M. Europe 26-30 E. 48-ooN, Europe 37-00 E. 44-25 N. Europe 3C-30 E. 61-30 N, — 77 CO W 17 Europe 30-00 E. 51 Europe 8-20W. 51- Europe 21-00 E. 54 Europe 9-23 E. 47 50 N. 00 N. 32 N. 40 N, 50 N. Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe S.Am. Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Amer. Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 8-00 E. ii-oo E. 12-40 E. 24-00 E. 18-06E. 23-00 E. 5-35 E. 4-00 E. 5.36 E. 76~ooW. 6-05 E. 8-30W. 14-00 E. 3 00 E. 9-25W. 00-00 7-40W. I 5-00 E. 61-30W. 22-15 E- 10 35 E. 8-12E. 6-08 E. 4-45 E- 49-12 N. 43-30N. 51-20N. 49-00 N. 48-55 N. 38 ooN. 53-20 N. 52-12N. 50 40N. 12-30 S. 50-37 N. 52-35 N. 48-18N. 50-42 N. 58-45 N. 51-30N. 54-52 N. 43-»5N. 46-52 N. 5r-3oN. 54-20N. 47-00 N. 49-45 N.' 45-50 N. Europe 4- t 5 W. 40-30 N. Europe 5-40 E. 50-55 N. Europe I 2-00 E. Europe 4-0^^ E. Europe 2-30 E. Europe 52 ooW. Alia 100 oo E, Europe 4-45 W. Europe 15 00 E. 52-15 N. 39-50N. 39-30N. 48-40 N. 02-3CN. 36 4cN. 55-^'^'- Town* INDEX. Quar- Longi- Latitude* Towns. Provinces. Countries. ters. tude. D. M. D. M. Marlines, or Brabant, Netherlands, Europe 4'22E. 51-10N. Mechlin, Mantua, Mantua, Italy, Europe 11-15E. 45-20N. IVlarpurg, HeiTe, Germany, Europe 8-40E. 50-40N. Marleihcs, Provence, France, Europe 5-20E. 43-15N. Martinico^ Martinicolfle , Weil Indies, Amer. 6i-o8W .14-30N. Malla, MafTa Caj^ara, Italy, Europe 10-40E. 43-55^'- Mecca, Mecca, Arabia, Afia 43-30E- 21-20N. Mentz, Mentz, Germany, Europe 8-ooE. 50-ooN/ Meliina, Sicily, Ifland, Europe 15-40E. 38-30N. Metz, Lorrain, Germany, Europe 6 ooE. 49-16N, Mexico, Mexico, North Amer. 103-00W . 20-ooN. Milan, Milanefe, Italy, Europe 9-30E. 4S-45N. Mittau, Courland, Poland, Europe 24-ooE. 50-40N. Mociio, Mocho, Arabia Felix, Afia 45-ooE. 13-40N. MoDENA, Modena, Italy, Europe 10-20E. 44-45N. Mens, Hainault, Netherlands, Europe 3-33E- 5.0-30N. Montpelier, La.: guedoc. France, Europe 3-50E. 43-37N. Moscow, ' Mofcow, Ruffia, Europe 3800E. 55-45N. Mouful, Mefopotaniia, Turkey, Afia 43-ooE. 36-ooN, Munller, Weftphalia, Germany, Europe 7-10E. 52-60^. Munich, Bayaria, Germany, Europe 11-32E. 48-05 N. N. ]^TAmur, JL^ Nancy Namur, , Lorruin, Netherlands, Germany, Europe Europe 4.50E. 6-ooE. 5.0-30N. 48-44N: Nants, Bretany, France, Europe 1-30W .47-15N. Nanking, Nanking, China, Afia 118-30E. 32-ooN, Naples, Lavoro, Italy, ■ Europe 15-00E. 41-00N. Narva, Livonia, Ruffia, Europe 27-35E. 59-ooN. Narbonne, Languedoc, France, Europe 2-40E. 43-18N. Nafiau, Upper Rhine , Germany, Europe 7-25E. 50-2 iN. Nifmes, Languedoc, France, Europe 4-26E. 43-40N. Norwich, Norfolk, England, Europe 1-26E. 52-40N. Norcopping, Gothland, Sweden, Europe i5^3oE. 38-20N. Nuremburg, Franconia, Germany, Ip^urope ii-ooE. 49-30N. O. y^Czakow, \J Olmutz Tartary, Turkey, Europe 35-ooE. 46-ooN. , Moravia, Bohemia, Europe 16-45E. 49-49N. Oliva, Pruffia, Poland, Europe 3B-30E. 54-26N. Onfpach, See Anfpach. Grange, Provence, France, Europe 5-46E. 44-ioN. Oran, Algiers, Barbnry, Africa 00-00 36-30N. OrbitcUo, Del Prefidii, Tufcany, Europe 12-00E. 42-30N. Ormus, Ormis Ille, Perfia, " Afia 56-ooE. 27-30N. Towns, N D Towns. Orfowa, Ofnabrug, Oftend, Otranto, Oudenard, Oxford, P Adua, Paita, Palermo, Palmyra, Pampeluna, Panama, Paris, P A R M A, Paffau, Pavia, * Pegu, Peking, Peifepolis, Perth, Peterborough, Peters- burgh, Petitguaves, Philadel- phia, Philippi, PhilipHburg, Placentia, Pijinerol, Pifa, Pilcataway, Placentia, Plata, Plymouth, Poidiers, Pondicherry, Portalegre, Port rOrient, Porto, or Oporto, Porto Bello, Porto Cavallo, Porto Rico, Provinces. Temefwaer, Weltphalia, Flanders, Naples, Flanders, Oxfordfhire, Countiies. Temefwaer, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Netherlands, England, Venice, Peru , Mazara, Syria, Navarre, Darien, Ills of France, Parmefan, Bavaria, Milanefe, Pegu, Peking, Iracagem, Perth, Northamp- tonfhire, Ingria, Hifpaniola, Penfylvania, Macedonia, Palatinate, Parmefan, Piedmo:U» Tufcany, N. Hampfhire, Eftremadura, Plata. Devon, Poidou, Coromandcl, Alentejo, Brctany, Entreminho Douro, Darien, Cl Europe 00 Europe 8- Europe ii- Amer. 72- Afia 53- Europe 3- Earope i- Europe 4- Europe 4- Europe 4- Europe 27- Europe 6- Europe 2- Europe i- Europe i- Africa 11- Europe o Europe 2- Afia 101 Afia 42 Europe 12 Europe 7- Europe 9 Europe 3 Afia 27 20 E . 40 55W.51 00W.34 00 E.41 •CO E.47 00 E.40' 00 E.32 .30E.37 20 £.51- .15W.41 ■00 E.52 20W.32 00 E.44 05 E.6r 00 E.36 00 54 40 £.47- 00 E.48- 30W.42 •00 E 30- 15W.56 50W.43- 45 E.49- 35W.41- loE.SO- 30 E.40- ooW.37" 2oW.5i- 20W.53. ■OoW.pr ooW. 6 •50E.51 46W.52 00 E. [4 I5 E.21 30 E 43 20 E.46 45 ^-54 -icE. 'GO E.37- -21 E,49- Europe 7-15 £.47- Europe 3 40 N. 06 N, 00 N. GON. 45 N. 00 N. 40 N. 30 N. 21 N. 32N. 28 N. •00 N. 25 N. 12 N. 15 N. 18 N. 42 N. 45 N. -30N. -00 N. '28 N. ■35 N. ■4^ N.^ •ooN. ■26N. •00 N. ■15N. -06 N. .26 NT. -ooN. -00 N". -25 N', -46 N. 30 N". ■ 20N, 20 N. .15N. 45 ^' 18 N. 30 N. 28 N. 18 N. Towns^ N D E X. Towns. Southampton, 8paw, Spire, Stafford, Steenkirk, Sterling, Stetin, Stockholm, Stockton, iStralfund, Strasburg, Stutgard, Suez, Sunderland, SURAT, SURI-NAM, Swerin, Switz, Syracufsr, Provinces. Countries. ters. Hampfjiire, England, Europe Liege, Germany, Europe Palatinate, Germany, Europe StafFoidfhire, England, Europe Hainault, NetheHands, Europe Sterling, Scotland, Europe Pomerania, Germany, Europe Uplandia, Sweden, Europe Durham, England, Europe Pomerania, Germany, Europe Alface, Germany, Europe Swabia, Germany, Europe Suez, Egypt, Africa Durham, England, Europe Cam bay a. Eaft-India, Afia Surinam, South Amer. Mecklenburg, Germany, Europe Switz, Switzerland, Europe Siciiy, liland. Europe Quar- Longitude. Latitude. D.M. D.M. 1-30W. 5-50E. S-17E. 2-06W. 4-08E. 3-50W. 14-50E. 18-00E. 1 -ooV/. 13-22E. 7-35 ^'• 9-00E. 34-30E. i-ooW. 72-20 E. ^6-ooW. 11-30E. 8-30E. I5-05E. 50-55N. 50-33N. 49-16N. 52-50N, 50-45N, 56-12N, 53-30N, 59 30N. S4-33N. 54-23N. 48-38N. 48-40N. 30-ooN. 5^-SSN. 21-30N. 6-30N. 54-ooN. 47-ooN. 37.25N. TAngier, Tanjour, Tar agon, Taranto, Tarfus, or Taraffio, Tauris, or Ecbatana, Temeswaer, Tervere, Tetuan, Ihebes, fee Said. Thebes, or Thiva, Thomas, St. Thoulon, Thouloufc, Tinmouth, Tivoli, or Tibur, TOBOL'SKI, Fez, Tanjour, Catalonia, Naples, Natolia, Temefwaer, Zealand, Fez, Achaia, Coromandel, Provence, Languedoc, Northumber- land, Campania, Siberia, Morocco, Eaft-Indi^, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Adirbeitzan, Perfia, Bannat, Netherlands, Morocco, Africa 7-00W. 35-40N. Afia 79-30 E iiopN. Europe 1-15E. 41-06N. Europe 18-15E. 40 32N, Afia 35-00 E. 37-ooN. Afia 46-30E. 38-2oNf Europe 22-00 E. 45-55N. Europe 3-35 E. 51-38N. Africa 6-3 5 W. 35-40N. Turkey, Europe 24-00 E. 38-ioN. India, Afia 80-00 E 13-00N. France, Europe 6-00 E. 43-05N. France, Europe 1-05 E. 43-40N. England, Europe i-ooW. 55-ooN. Italy, Europe 13-35E. 42-ooN,i Ruflia, Afia 63-oo.E. 57-30N, Towns,; INDEX. Towns. Provinces. Countries. Tpckay, ToLEDQ, Tolen, Tonge^-en, Torne, Tortofa, Toul, ■ Tournay, Tours, Trapano, Trapefond, Travemun.d, Trent, Triers, or Treves, Trieile, Tripoli, Tripoli, Trois Rivi- eres, Troyes , Troy Ruins, Tubingen, Tunbridge, Tunis, Turin, Tyre, Upper, NewCaftile, Zelan(;i, Liege, Torne, Catalonia, Lonain, Flanders, Orleanois, Sicily, Natclia, Holllcin, Trent, Treves, Iftria, Tripoli, Syria, Canada, Champain, Natolia, Swabia Kent, Tunis, Piedmont, Paiclline, V. VAd-o, Genoa, Valencia, Valencia, Valenciennes, Hainault, Valladolid, Old CaHilc, Vallangin, Veit, St. Venice, Venlo, Vera Cruz, Verdun, Verona, Verfailies, Verue, Viana, Vidoria Vallangin, Carinthia, Venice, Gelderland, Tlafcala, Lorrain, Venice, Jfle of France, Piedmont, Entreminho Douro, Biicay, Hungary, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Lapland, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, France, Ifland, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Germany, Venice, Barbary, Turkey, North France, Turkey, Germany, England, Earbary, Italy, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Mexico, Germany, Italy, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Quar- ters. Europe Kiurope Europe Europe Europe f urope Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Europe Longi- tnde. D. M. 2I-00 E. 4-1 2 W. 4-00 E. f;-22 E. 22-45 E. 00-15 E" 5-42 E. 3-30 E. 00-45 E. 12-08 E. 42-20 E. 10-45 E- 11-00 E. 6-10 E. Latitude D. M. 48-10 N, 39-45 N. 51-30 N. 50-54 N. 65-45 N, 40-45 N. 48-45 N. 50-37 N. 47-25 N. 38-00 N. 42-26 N. 54-30 N. 46-05 N, 49-55 N. 36-15 E. 34-30 N. 75-ooW. 46-45 N, Europe 14-00 E. 46-05 N, Africa 14-30 E. 33-30 N. Afia -^ •- T^ -' -- -NT Amer. Europe Afia Europe Europe Africa Europe Afia 4-05 ii. 26-30 E. 8-5; E. co-16 E. 10-00 E. 7-16 E. 36-00 E. 48-15 N. 39-30 N. 48-26 N. 51-14 N. 36-20-N. 44-50 N. 32-32 N. Europe Europe Europe E urope Europe Europe Europe Europe Amer. Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 9-08 E. 00-35W. 3-23 E. 4-50W. 6-40 E, 15-00 E. 13-00 E. 6-20 E. 1 00-00 V/. 5-10 E. 11-15 E. 2-15 E. 8-00 E. 9-15W. 44-16 N"» 39-20 N. 50-24 N. 41-36 N. 47-10 N. 45-40 N. 45-40 N- 51-34 N- 18-30 N. 49-14 N. 45-20 N. 48-46 N- 45-00 N. 41-40 N. Europe 2-45 W. 4^5-06 N, Towns, N D E X. i OVvUS, Vienna, Vienne, Vigo, V^lia Franca, Villa Viciofli, Vilivorden, Ulm, Uma, Uiiderwald, Upfa], Urbino, Uri, XJtlca, or By- fjrra. Utrecht, W. Waradin, War- SAW. Warwick, Vt'^aterford, "Weimar, "Vv'^eiiTenburg, Wells, "Wefel, V/EbT MIN- STER, ■Wetflar, Wexford, Wevniou:h, Whidah, or Fid ah, Whitehaven, "VJkfiburg, M'iburg, Wicklow, Willian;j- E U R G H , Wiih'-airiftadt, 'Wipchelfea. WijicheHcr, Provinces. Auftria* Dauphine, Gallicia, Pied.Tiont, New Caftile, Brabant, Svvabia, Laplaitd, Underwald, Upland, Pope's Dom. Uri, Tunis, Utrecht, Upper, Warfovia, Warwickfliire Waterford, Saxony, Lower Somerfetfliire, Cloves, Middiefex, Weteravia, Wexford. Dorfetihire, Guinea. Quar- liongi- Latitude. Countries. ters. tude. Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, Switzerland, Barbary, Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Africa 16-20E. 4.44E. 9 18W. 7- 8W. 3-20E. 4-20 E. lo-ooE. 18-20E. 7-00 E. 17-30E. 13-50E. 8-30 E. 9-30E. 48-20 N. 45-35 N- 42-15 N. 43-45N. 40-50N. 51.00N. 48-24N. 63-50N. 46-30N. 60 00 N. 43-40 N. 46-50N. 37-00 N. Netherlands., Europe 5-00 E. 52-07N. Hungary, Poland, England, Ireland, Germany, Hungary, England, Germany, England, Germany, Ireland, England, Slave Coafl, Cumberland, England, Finland, Ruiiia, Jutland, Denmark, Wicklovv, Ireland, Virginia, Holland, Netherlands, L::hu3nin, Poland, Su.Tex. England, Hauipfliirf!, England, JUrkihire, Englaad, iVi cc k ienburg G cni.any , Europe Z1-50E. 47-15N. Europe 21- 5 E. 52 ifjN. Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 3-00E. 52-20N. 7-oqVV. 52-12 N. 1 1-25 E. 51-00N. 18-30 E. 2-35W. 6-05E. 00-00 47-22N. 5 1-20N. 5'-37^'- 51-30N. Europe 8-15 E. 50-30N. Europe 6 25W. 52-1 5 N. Europe 2-34W. 50-40N. Africa 3-00 K. 6-ooN. Europe 3-j6W. .54-30^. Europe 29_oo E. 6i-c>cN. Europe 9 16 E. 56 20N. Europe b"3cW. 52 50N. Amer. 76-30W. 37-20N. Europe 4-20E. 51-44N. Europe 25-15 E. 55 00 N. Europe 00-50 E. 50 58 N. Europe 1-24W. 5 i-o6 N. Europe 00-39 E. 51-28 N. Europe 11-3! E. 5 t-i 5 N. 'lovviiJa N D X. Quar- Longi- Latitude. Towns. Provinces. Countries. ters. tude, D. M. D. M. Wittenburg, Saxony, Germany, Europe 12-20E. 53-20N". Wolfenbuttle, , Brunfvvick, Germany, Europe 10-30E. 52-20N. Wologa, Wologda, Ruffia, Europe 42-20E. 59-ooN. V/oodftock, Oxfordfliire, England, Europe 1-17W . 51-50N. Woolv-'ich, Kent, England, Europe 00-ioE. 51-30N. Worcefler, Worcefterih. England, Europe 2-15W .52-15^. Worms, Palatinate, Germany, Europe 8-05E. 49-38N. Worcnetz, Belgorod, Ruffia, Europe 40-ooE. 52-coN« Wurtfburg, Franconia, Germany, Europe 9-5CE. 49-46N. Wynendale, Flanders, Netherlands, Europe 3-00E. 51-05N. X •\rAiifco, Mexico, North Amer. iio-oo\y . 22-20Nr YArmouth Norfolk, York, Yorklhire, York, New, York, Ypres, Flanders, Yvica, Yvica lile. Z ZAnt, Zeits, Zell, Zerbft, Zug, Zurich, Zutphen, Zant Ifle, Sazony, Saxony, Saxony, Zug, Zurich, Zutphen, England, Europe 2-00E. 52-45N- England, Europe 0-50W. 54-ooN* North Amer. 72-30W.41-00N* Netherlands, Europe 2-46E. 50-54N, Spain, Europe i-ooE. 39-ooN* Venice, Europe 21-30E. 37-50N. Germany, Europe 12--20E. 5i-ooN. Germany, Europe lo-ooE. ^2-:;z>i^ Germany, Europe 12-33E. 52-ooN- Switzerland, Europe 8-3 5 E. 46 -5 5V, Switzerland, Europe 8-3oE. 47-52^. Netherlands, Europe 6-ooE. 52-15N, INI h ' I '^^/?lO'-^<^'' //^ i/y/n^^ -<^7^W^ ^ / ^j?/??.'.,,*:^ w>^ ■