Ctbrarp of t:he trheolojical Seminar y PRINCETON • NEW JERSEY -»><«- PRESENTED BY The Estate of Samuel Henry Gapp Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/resultsofsynodofOOmora CONTENTS. Page. Introduction . . . . . ix List of the Members of the Synod . . . x CHAPTER I. Brethren's Congregation; Brethren's Church; Brethren's Unity, 5) 1. Brethren's Congregation . . .1 § 2. Brethren's Church . . . .3 § 3. Brethren's Unity . . . .4 CHAPTER II. Doctrine and Ministry. A. Doctrine. § 4. Standard of Doctrine § 5. Mysteries of Scripture . § 6. Summary of Doctrine § 7. Centre of Doctrine § 8. The Way of Salvation . § 9. The Christian Life B. Ministry of the Word. % 10. Public Ministry . . . .10 § 11. Family Worship . . . .12 % 12. Conclusion . . . . .13 CHAPTER III. Ritual of the Brethren's Church. A. Fundamental Principles. % 13. Diversity of Forms § 14. Alterations — in how far allowable § 15. Church Fellowship 7 7 8 8 10 . 14 • 16 •• 1G iv B. General Church Services. % 16. The Lord's Day §17. General Church Services § 18. The Sacraments . . . §19. Holy Baptism § 20. Confirmation (j 21. The Lord's Supper § 22. Marriage .... § 23. Funerals .... C. Congregational Meetings and Festivals § 24. Memorial Days § 25. Prayer Meetings § 2(5. Singing - Meetings § 27. Church Music § 28. Hymn Book .... CHAPTER IV. Church Offices and Ordinations in the Brethren's Church. § 29. Service of the Church . . . .26 § 30. Episcopal Ordination . . . .27 § 31. Office of Bishop . . . .28 § 32. Ordination . . . . .28 § 33. Bishops now living . • . .29 § 34. Presbyters . . . . . i!9 § 35. Deacons . . . . .29 § 36. Acoluths . . . . .30 CHAPTER V. Government of our Saviour in the Brethren's Church, and Use of the Lot. A. Government of our Saviour. § 37. Scriptural Foundation . § 38. Special Experience § 39. Result of this special Experience § 40. Continued happy effect of this special Experience B. Use of the Lot. \ 41. Direction of the Lord by means of the Lot . . 35 § 42. Proper use of the Lot . . -37 § 43. Further Regulations with regard to the Lot, especially in Appointments to Office . . .38 § 44. Special Rules for the several Provinces . . 39 Page. . 17 . 18 . 19 . 19 . 20 . 20 . 21 . 21 . 31 . 31 . 33 . 34 Page. CHAPTER VI. Constitution of the Rrethren's Unity. Introduction . . . . .41 A. General Synods. § 45. Use and Purpose of General Synods . . 43 § 46. Incumbencies of General Synods . . .44 § 47. Members of a General Synod . . .45 § 48. Election of Deputies to the Synod . . 46 | 49. Further preparations for a Synod . . 47 | 50. Order of Procedure at a Synod . . .48 § 51. Expense of Synods — how covered . . 49 B. Provincial Synods. § 52. Object and Sphere of Provincial Synods . . 49 | 53. Incumbencies which Provincial Synods have in com- mon . . . . .49 § 54. Incumbencies of individual Provincial Synods . 50 § 55. Members of Provincial Synods . . .52 \ 56. Expenses of Provincial Synods . . .55 C. Unity's Elders' Conference. \ 57. Directing Board of the Unity . . .55 § 58. Duties and Functions of the Unity's Elders' Conference 55 § 59. Peculiar Relation of the Unity's Elders' Conference to the Continental Province, as their Provincial Elders' Conference . . . . .57 g 60. Organization of the Unity's Elders' Conference , 58 | 61. Election of the Unity's Elders' Conference . 59 $ 62. Mode of filling vacancies in the Unity's Elders' Con- ference,between two Synods. Apportionment of Votes 60 D. The Provincial Elders' Conference. % 63. Directing Boards of the separate Provinces . 61 § 64. Duties and Functions of a Provincial Elders' Con- ference . . . . .CI § 65. Special Regulations for the respective Provinces, in- serted for the purpose of Reference . . 62 § 66. Relation of a Provincial Elders' Conference to the Elders' Conferences and Labourers of the Province 64 § 67. Intercourse of the individual members of a Congrega« tion, with the Provincial Elders' Conference^ or Unity's Elders' Conference . . .64 § 68. Official visits of the Provincial Eld?rs' Conferences 65 Appendix No. 1 . . .65 Appendix No. 2 C6 vi Page. CHAPTER VII. " Brethren's Congregations and their Constitutions. § 69. Congregations . . . .67 § 70. Division of the Congregation into Choirs . 68 § 71. Choir Principles . . . .69 § 72. The Married Choir and its Duties . . 70 ^ 73. Marriages . . . .71 CHAPTER VIII. Church Discipline. § 74. Nature and Object of Church Discipline . . 72 \ 75. Exercise of Discipline in the general sense of the term 74 g 76. Exercise of Discipline in the restricted sense of the term . . . . .75 § 77. Re-admission into the Congregation . . 79 | 78. Congregation Rules . . .80 CHAPTER IX. Servants of the Congregation. g 79. Congregation Service in general, and the Servants of the Church in particular . . .82 § 80. Qualification for Service in the Brethren's Church . 83 g 81. Relation of Labourers to their Congregations . 84 § 82. Responsibility of Labourers . . .85 % 83. Supply of Officers . . . .86 g 84. Poor's Fund . . . .87 CHAPTER X. Education of Youth. \ 85. Duties of Parents g 86. Home Education I 87. Infant Schools | 88. Place Schools | 89. Youth I 90. Boarding Schools . ; ? 6 91. Object of our Boarding Schools $ 92. Teachers in our Schools \ 93. Unity's Educational Institutions . 89 . 90 . 91 . 91 . 92 . 93 . 94 vii Page. CHAPTER XL Relation of the Brethren's Church to other Protestant Churches — Diaspora and Home Mission. g 94. Relation to other Protestant Churches . . 9G § 95. Explanatory Remarks . . .97 1 96. Catholicity of the Brethren's Church . . 98 g 97. Diaspora Work on the European Continent . 99 1 98. Activity in Great Britain and Ireland . . 100 § 99. Activity in North America . . .101 g 100. Other kindred Means of Usefulness . . 102 CHAPTER XII. Missions of the Brethren's Unity. A. Missions. $ 101. Substance of the Mission-testimony . .103 § 102. Special care of Souls . . .104 \ 103. Special means for the furtherance of Christian life, and of the knowledge of the way of Salvation among the Members of our Congregations . . 104 2 104. Training of Natives for service among their Country- men, as Teachers or Missionary Assistants . 106 \ 105. Use of the Lot in admission to Church Privileges . 107 <} 106. Infant Baptism and Confirmation . . 108 g 107. Baptism of Heathen, who live in a state of Polygamy 109 | 108. Mission Schools, and their financial position . 109 | 109. Further Extension of the Work . . .110 B. Missionaries. § 110. Training of Missionaries . . . Ill § 111. Testimonials respecting Candidates for Missionary Service . . . . .112 § 112. Marriages of Missionaries . . .113 $ 113. Visits of Missionaries at Home . . . 113 § 114. Trades and Businesses in the Mission-field . 114 % 115. Common Housekeeping . . .115 § 116. Official relation of the Missionaries to the Mission- Board . . . . .115 § 117. Conferences preparatory to General Synods . 116 C. Support'jof the Missionary Work. \ 118. Missionary Associations and Missionary Festivals .116 % 119. Missionary Publications . . 117 vm Ta-e. § 120. Care for the Children of Missionaries, and their Education . . . . .118 § 121. Relation of the Institutions at Kleinwelke to the Mission Diacony .... 120 § 122. Relation of the Mission Diacony to the Brethren's Unity . . . . .120 CHAPTER XIII. Writings of the Brethren's Unity. § 123. General Principles § 124. Unity's Publications . § 125. Periodicals . § 126. Unity's Archives . 121 . 122 . 122 . 123 CHAPTER XIV. Finances and their Management. Introduction . . . .124 § 127. Former Unity's Finances . . . 124 § 128. Separation of Finances now resolved upon . 125 § 129. Finances of the separate Provinces . . 125 % 130. Principles of Management . . .126 § 131. Faithfulness in Management . . . 127 Conclusion . . • . .128 ERRATA. Page 26, line 22, omit lias. 35, line 24, for univeral read universal. 48, line 32,'inscrt the before Unity's. 67, line \'i,for averse read adverse. 83, line 18, omit to before forget. 84, line 22, insert the before other. 99, line I, for oursslves read ourselves. 118, line 21, for lend read tend. 124, line 9, Jor have read has. 128, line . Peovincial Synods. § 52. Object and Sphere of Provincial Synods. The chief direction of all provincial concerns, and the power of legislating upon them, belongs immediately to Pro- vincial Synods ; yet their resolutions must not come into collision with those rules and principles which have been established for the Unity by General Synods. § 53. Incumbencies which Provincial Synods have in common. (a.) To determine the time and place of their meeting and their own organization. (b.) The chief oversight and direction of the Finances of the Province. (c.) The chief oversight and direction of all educational institutions in the Province. (d.) The founding and settling of new congregations, as well as the altering of the constitutions of such as already exist. £ 50 (e.) The direction of the Ilome Mission and Diaspora work in the Province. {/.) The direction and superintendence of all publications in the Province set on foot by a Provincial Synod, or issuing from the Provincial Elders' Conference ; in this due regard is to be paid to established principles both in doctrine and ritual. (g.) The hearing of complaints and the redressing of grievances. If a Provincial Synod shall exceed its powers, or if there arise a difference of opinion as to this point, in regard to any resolution that has been come to, the decision lies with the Unity's Elders' Conference, who can, if necessary, ap- peal to a General Synod. § 54. Incumbencies of individual Provincial Synods. To the incumbencies common to all Provincial Synods are to be added the following special resolutions come to by the last Provincial Synods of the several Provinces, and which the General Synod has acknowledged to contain nothing inconsistent with the privileges and powers conceded by it. These any future Provincial Synod has a right to alter, provided such alterations are in harmony with the general rules laid down in the Eesults of the General Synod. (A.) Special incumbencies of the Provincial Synods of the north American District. Note. In the following specification, and also in that relating to the southern District, the word "Province" is used in the sense of District. (a.) To fix the time and place of meeting for the- next Provincial Synod ; but in case of emergency the Provincial Elders' Conference may convene the Provincial Synod at an earlier day. (b.) To determine from time to time the number of dele- gates which each congregation shall be entitled to send to such Synods. (c.) To elect the delegates, which the Province is entitled to send to General Synods. (d.) To elect an executive Board, to be called the Provin- cial Elders' Conference, consisting of such number of mem- bers as the Provincial Synods may, from time to time, deter- mine to be chosen from among the ordained ministers of the church. 51 (e.) To examine and direct all financial matters of the Province, and prescribe rules for their management. (f.) To have the oversight and direction of all the educa- tional institutions of the Province. (ff.) The regulation and organization of congregations and the general direction of the Home Missions of the Province. (h.) To direct and control all church publications in the Province, subject to the established doctrine and liturgy. (i.) To prescribe the mode of nominating bishops. (k.) To hear and redress complaints and grievances, and generally to direct all matters which belong to the govern- ment of the church in the Province, and to adopt such rules and regulations concerning the same, as do not encroach upon the incumbencies of General Synods. Note. By way of explanation to (*.), it is to be observed: — The object of this resolution does not go further than to secure to the Provincial Synod the right of nomination, on occasion of the appointment of bishops for the Province. It implies, that neither a General Synod, nor the Unity's Elders' Conference, can appoint a brother as a bishop for this Province, without his having been previously proposed by the Provincial Synod. (B.) Special incumbencies of the Provincial Synods of the south American District. Each Synod, after it has come together, shall be opened by the President of the existing executive board (Provincial Elders' Conference), but will proceed to constitute itself by the choice of its President and other officers. It is the duty of Provincial Synods, thoroughly to consider the spiritual and temporal condition of the congregations of the Province : to make rules, orders, and regulations for their superintendence ; to hear complaints and redress grievances ; to examine into and regulate all the financial concerns of the Province, and to lay down rules for their management ; to prescribe the way and manner of nominating brethren for the office of bishop ; to elect the delegates to the General Synods, according to the appointment of the latter ; and generally to make the necessary arrangements in all concerns belonging to the government of the church in this Province. The Provincial Synod can make alterations in the consti- tution of the Province, under the following restrictions : Any proposed alteration in the constitution shall be rc- e 2 52 ferred to a committee of nine brethren to be chosen by ballot, and when they have reported upon it, it must be read and voted upon on three several days, after which it can only be adopted, when at each reading it has been approved by a majority of three-fourths of the votes given. (C.) For the European Continental Province there is to be added only the following : The President of the existing Unity's Elders' Conference, as the Provincial Elders' Conference of the Province, opens the Synod ; which afterwards constitutes itself by the choice of its President, &c. (D.) Special regulations for the British Provincial Synods. (a.) The President of the Provincial Elders' Conference, for the time.being, presides. (b.) Each Synod chooses, by majority of votes, a new Provincial Elders' Conference, consisting of three brethren. The members of the former Provincial Elders' Conference are re-eligible. Two-thirds of the votes are necessary to make the election valid. One of the members chosen is appointed President by the Unity's Elders' Conference. (c.) No proposition affecting the constitution of the British Provincial Synod or the Provincial Elders' Conference, can be brought forward in a Provincial Synod, unless it has, three months previously, been communicated by its author to the Provincial Elders' Conference, and through them to the congregations of the British Province. § 55. Members of Provincial Synods. The following regidations, as to members of Provincial Synods, have either been made by the last Provincial Synods, or, as in the case of the Continental Province, have been agreed upon by a committee of all the representatives of the Province here assembled. The remarks made in the first paragraph of § 54 apply equally to them. (A.) The following are members of the Provincial Synod in the north American District. («.) The members of the existing Provincial Elders' Conference. (b.) All bishops residing in the District, whether in actual service or not. 53 (c.) All ordained ministers in the District who are in actual service, either in the congregations, or in the various educational institutions. (d.) The delegates from the several congregations of the Brethren in the District. (e.) The members of the Unity's Elders' Conference or their delegates, the delegates of the several Provinces of the Unity, the financial agent of the Unity's Elders' Conference in the Province, and such other brethren as the Provincial Synod may determine upon, shall be entitled to seats (as advisory members), but without a vote. (P>.) Members of the Provincial Synod of the southern District of the American Province are: — (a.) The members of the existing executive board (Provin- cial Elders' Conference). (b.) The members of the Unity's Elders' Conference or the General Board of the whole Unity. (e.) All bishops of the church, whether they are in office or otherwise. (d.) All ordained brethren who are in actual service, either in the congregations, or as directors of the educational institutions of the District. (e.) The financial Agent of the Unity's Elders' Confer- ence in the District, usually called the Administrator. (/.) The delegates of the several congregations of the Brethren's Church in the District. (g.) Members of the provincial board of any other Pro- vince of the Unity, or their delegates, as well as the delegates of other Provincial Synods of the Brethren's Churcb, as con- sulting members, (without a vote,) unless the Synod deter- mines otherwise. (A.) Besides this, the Synod has the right to allow other persons to be present as advisory, but not as voting members. With respect to the representation of the congregations, the following rules are laid down. Each congregation is entitled to one delegate for 50 com- municant members ; but congregations with a less number of communicants, if they have been regularly organized, shall also be entitled to one delegate. The following rules are to be observed with reference to the choice of deputies : All adult brethren who are members of a congregation, and who have a vote at congregation elections, are electors. 54 The delegates must be communicants of the church. An absolute majority of the votes given, decides the election. The voting is by ballot. Should the election be undecided, on account of more than one brother having the same num- ber of votes, a new election must take place. The delegates are to be provided with the necessary credentials. (C.) Members of a British Provincial Synod are : — Besides the members of the Provincial Elders' Confer- ence, the bishops in the Province, the Advocatus and Secre- tarius Pratrum, the Agent of the Poreign Missions, such members of Elders' Conferences, and such labourers as can leave their place of residence without prejudice to the office they hold. To which must be added the deputies of the congregations, each congregation having the right to choose one of their number who must be chosen by an abso- lute majority. Members of the "Unity's Elders' Conference and deputies sent from other Provinces of the Unity may attend as ad- visory members, but without vote. The mode of electing deputies for the congregations is to be the same as that for deputies to the G-eneral Synod. (D.) The members of a Provincial Synod for the Euro- pean Continental Province are : — (a.) The members of the Unity's Elders' Conference as the Provincial Elders' Conference of this Province. (£.) The bishops of the Province. (c.) The deputies of the congregations of the Province. (Por further particulars see what follows.) (d.) The deputies of the Elders' Conferences of the Province, each of which is to be represented by one brother. (e.) The brethren of the Elders' Conference of the place in which the Synod is held, of whom, however, only one wdl have a vote as representing the conference. (/.) Brethren who may be called by the Unity's Elders' Conference as the Provincial Elders' Conference of this Pro- vince, will be advisory members without vote. Some of these should be Diaspora labourers. (ff.) Deputies who may be sent from the other Provinces of the Unity are consulting members without vote. With reference to the choice of the deputies of the congregations the following rules are in force : — 35 Each place congregation, numbering 800 inhabitants and upwards, is entitled to send two deputies. The place in which the Synod is held will also send two deputies. Every other place congregation, as well as Berlin and Rix- dorf, will send each one. The deputies of congregations wherever possible should be laymen, i.e., not members of Elders' Conferences. The rules concerning the right of voting, eligibility, and mode of conducting elections, are the same as for the General Synod. § 56. Expenses of Provincial Synods. The expenses of the Provincial Synods are to be borne by the respective Provinces. This, however, has no reference to members not belonging to the Province, who must bear their own expenses. C. Unity's Elders' Conference. § 57. Directing Board of the Unity. The oversight and direction of the Unity from one General Synod to another, in all matters pertaining to General Synods, is committed to a board chosen by the whole Synod, and called the Unity's Elders' Conference, or the Directing Board of the Protestant Church of the Brethren. This board acts in the name, and by the authority of the General Synod, to which it is accountable. In the same manner, all other boards, as well as servants of the Unity, whether appointed by this conference, or by the General Synod, are subordinated and responsible to it. In order to give legal validity to those transactions of the Unity's Elders' Confer- ence, which are conducted in the name of the Unity, it receives from the General Synod a Power of Attorney, by which it is accredited as the directing board of the Protestant Brethren's Unity. § 58. Duties and Functions of the Unity's Elders' Conference. The Eunctions of the Unity's Elders' Conference arc two- fold :— (1.) The chief management of all concerns of the Unity, 5G which are of a general nature, in accordance with the prin- ciples and rules laid down by each General Synod ; besides which this Conference represents the whole Unity in its dealings with the respective State and Church authorities. (2.) The chief oversight in respect to the carrying out of general principles and regulations as established by General Synods. To those concerns alluded to under head (1.) belong principally, Foreign Missions and the Unity's Finances. The duty mentioned under (2.) the Unity's Elders' Con- ference can only discharge mediately through the provincial boards, and by keeping up a constant connection with them. To these boards belongs such oversight in the first place, and they are in this matter responsible to the Unity's Elders' Conference, and bound to furnish them with the necessary information by correspondence, and transmission of copies of their minutes, and to communicate to them the Results of the Provincial Synods. Note. It is to be understood as forming part of the responsibility of the provincial authorities towards the Unity's Elders' Conference, that they furnish that board with every information concerning matters which belong to the sphere of its duties, when requested to do so. When they seem to have acted contrary to resolutions of a General Synod, they must be ready to receive the representations and observations of the Unity's Elders' Conference upon the subject. "Without a responsibility of this kind, our union would be only in appearance. On the other hand, by means of this, the several provinces will in future have a standing Board of Appeal upon matters of general interest. The Unity's Elders' Conference is further empowered in extra- ordinary cases to call together a General Synod, even when it has not been expressly commissioned so to do by the last General Synod. It is also empowered, when special and urgent circumstances seem to require it, to make an excep- tion to a rule laid down by a Synod, which exception, how- ever, has only a temporary validity until the next General Synod ; other conferences have, in this respect, to look to the Unity's Elders' Conference as the superior board. It is pre-supposed, that the Unity's Elders' Conference will not attempt lo make such an exception, unless, after conscientious and thorough examination, it appears that circumstances imperatively demand it; and it wdl also be the duty of •57 this board to report to the next General Synod upon the subject, stating the grounds for the exception thus made. According te the new Constitution, the connection between the Unity's Elders' Conference and the Provinces will be less direct than formerly ; hence it is both more desirable and more needful that official visits take place in the various Provinces by members of the Unity's Elders' Conference. In this view, a deputation to a Provincial Synod is recom- mended as an excellent means for becoming acquainted with the state of things in the Province. § 59. Peculiar relation of the Unity's Elders' Conference to the Continental Province as their Provincial Elders' Conference. The question, What shall in future be the relation of the Unity's Elders' Conference to the Continental Conference, called for much and mature deliberation. Hitherto this province has had no Provincial Elders' Conference like other parts of the Unity, but has stood under the immediate direction of the Unity's Elders' Conference ; which has done for them, what has been done for other more distant pro- vinces by their provincial boards. If, on the one hand, it seemed most natural, that the Continental Province should, like the other provinces, have its own provincial board, chosen by itself, and that the Unity's Elders' Conference should consequently be relieved of what constituted, up to the present time, a principal part of its business, this idea was, on the other hand, more than counterbalanced by weighty doubts as to such a partition of the business, heretofore transacted by the Unity's Elders' Conference alone, between two separate boards, the Provin- cial Elders' Conference and Unity's Elders' Conference, both located in Germany. Added to this was the conviction, that, in any case, it would not be desirable, without absolute ne- cessity, to make so extensive a change in our executive de- partment, before time had proved the suitability of the new constitution. Thus the Synod was led to the following reso- lution : The Unity's Elders' Conference,— having at present their residence in Germany, and being likely to continue there, on account of the landed possessions of the Unity, and the recognition which they require, aa the Directing Board of 58 the Unity, for this as well as other purposes from the Government, — will for the present (i.e. until the next General Synod) take upon itself the direction of the concerns of the Continental Province as their provincial hoard, and in this capacity will be responsible to the Continental Provin- cial Synod. § 60. Organization of the Unity's Elders' Conference. The Unity's Elders' Conference will be divided as hereto- fore, according to the varied character of its principal duties, into three departments : — (1.) The Helpers and Education department, which has the general oversight of church-life and of doctrine ; and, in the Continental Province, has to watch over the spiritual course of the congregations, both in doctrine and practice, as well as over the educational concerns of the province. (2.) The "Wardens' department, to which are committed the financial concerns of the Unity, as well as those of the Continental Province. (3.) The Mission department, to which the superintend- ence and management of our missionary work are specially committed. These three departments constitute together the Unity' 1 's Elders' Conference. All matters, which are not assigned to one or other of these departments, such as the filling of offices, the con- ducting of the Diaspora work, &c. are to be cared for by the Unity's Elders' Conference as a whole. All subjects, which do not fall under the head of current business, are only prepared in the department to which they belong, and are finally laid for consideration before the whole Conference, by which all resolutions are taken and carried into effect. "With reference to the increase of labour anticipated from the more frequent visitations required, the Unity's Elders' Conference will in future have four members in each depart- ment, and consequently twelve members in all. Besides this, the "Warden and Mission departments are empowered, as heretofore, to admit the Directors of their respective bureaux to their deliberations, and also to empower them to execute special commissions. 59 § 61. Election of the Unity s Elders' Conference. At the beginning of each General Synod the Unity's Elders' Conference lays down its office, and resigns its powers into the hands of the Synod, which, before the con- clusion of its sessions, chooses a new Unity's Elders' Confer- ence according to the following rides : — (1.) The members of the former Unity's Elders' Confer- ence, are re-eligible. (2.) Eor a valid election there must be at least an absolute majority. (3.) The manner in which the election shall be confirmed bv lot is left to each Synod to determine. § 62. Mode of fitting vacancies in the Unity's Elders' Conference between two Synods. When a vacancy occurs in the Unity's Elders' Conferenco in the interval between two Synods, it will be filled with lit- tle deviation from the method hitherto adopted/ The Unity's Elders' Conference will call upon the Elders' Conferences for their proposals. The relative proportion of these proposals or votes remains the same untd the next General Synod ; i.e. the Elders' Conferences of the European Continent will have 16 ; the Elders' Conferences and labourers of the con- gregations of Great Britain and Ireland, 12 ; those of the northern District of America, 8 ; and those of the southern District, 3 ; together for America, 11. The manner of ap- portioning and taking the votes in the several Provinces is as follows : — (1.) On the Continent of Europe the Elders' Conferences of the 15 place-congregations will each have a vote, which with one vote from the conference of Berlin and Eixdorf makes together, 16. The Committees will take a share in these votes by each choosing two of its members to join the brethren of the respective Elders' Conferences. Note. The Committees of Berlin and Eixdorf will each choose one brother for the above purpose. (2.) The votes of the British Province will be sent in after the manner appointed by the Synod of 1848, with the reservation, that the next Provincial Synod is empowered, if deemed by it desirable and feasible, to make a new apportion- 60 mcnt, and to admit one or more members of the Committees to take part with the Conferences and labourers in the voting. Apportionment of Votes. Elders' Conference at Eulneck . . 1 Labourers of the congregations at Gomersal, Mirfield, Wyke, and Baddon . . . 1 General Elders' Conference of Eairfield, Dukinfield and Salem ..... 1 Elders' Conference at Ockbrook, and Labourers at Wood- ford and Leominster ... 1 Elders' Conference in London, and Labourer at Devon- port ..... 1 Elders' Conference at Bedford, and Labourers at Kim- bolton and Pertenhall ... 1 Elders' Conference in Bristol, and Labourer at Kings- wood ..... 1 Elders' Conference at Bath, and Labourers at Tytherton and Malinesbury .... 1 Elders' Conference at Gracehill, and Labourer at Grace- field 1 Labourers of the congregations at Ballinderry, Kdkeel, Cootehill, and Kilwarlin ... 1 Labourers in Dublin, Ayr, and Haverfordwest 1 Provincial Elders' Conference . . 1 (3.) Eor the American Province: — The apportionment of votes and manner of taking them in the two Districts is to be determined by the next Pro- vincial Synods ; — meanwkde it is left to the respective Pro- cial Elders' Conferences. The three departments of the Unity's Elders' Conference will each have two votes, making six votes in all, for the Unity's Elders' Conference. The total number of proposals or votes will amount to 45. Each of these proposals should contain the names of three brethren ; yet, in case of a lack of names, the voter need not mention more than one or two. The Unity's Elders' Conference is again commissioned and authorized by the Synod to complete the election, with a reference to the proposals sent in, and in accordance with the decision of the lot. A minute of the proceeding is to Gl be drawn up by one of the secretaries, and signed by all the members present. Before a question by lot can be asked concerning a brother, he must have been named in at least oue-third of the lists of proposals sent in. The brother who is elected to the vacant place, according to the above mentioned minute, takes his seat as a member of the Unity's Elders' Conference, in the department where the vacancy has occurred. "When the election is completed and confirmed by lot, the Unity's Elders' Conference will send a report, containing the number of votes which each brother has received, and the manner of completing the election, to the Elders' Con- ferences of the European Continent, and to the Provincial Elders' Conference of the other Provinces, that they may communicate the same to the voters. The Unity's Elders' Conference cannot create a vacancy by giving one of its number an appointment elsewhere ; although any member may resign his seat, and the Unity's Elders' Con- ference is at liberty to bring about such a resignation on the part of one of its members. D. The Pbovincial Elders' Coneeeeitces. § 63. Directing Boards of the separate Provinces. The chief board of administration in all matters which concern the separate Provinces as such, is, for each, its Pro- vincial Elders' Conference ; a name which appears more appropriate to the new functions given to these conferences than the one heretofore used, (Provincial Helpers' Confer- ence). It is to be chosen in the constitutional manner determined upon by the respective Provinces. It is responsible to the Provincial Synod, and accountable to it for its administra- tion. § 64. Duties and Functions of a Provincial Elders' Conference. A Provincial Elders' Conference has a twofold duty. (1.) It has, in connection with the Unity's Elders' Confer- ence, to take care that the resolutions of the General Synods are conscientiously carried out. / 62 (2.) Independently of tbo Unity's Elders' Conference,— unless where, and in as far as, one or another Provincial Synod has established a dependent relationship between the Pro- vincial Elders' Conference and Unity's Elders' Conference, — - the chief direction and administration, in conformity with the rules and principles laid down by each Provincial Synod, of all concerns which are provincial, and which, as such, be- long to the incumbeucies of Provincial Synods. Connected with this : — L, (3.) The appointment and oversight of the Labourers and servants of the Province, and (4.) The calling together of Provincial Synods in urgent cases. § 65. Special Regulations for the respective Provinces, inserted for the purpose of Reference. To those regulations of general application we append the following which relate to the Provincial Elders' Conferences of individual Provinces, and which, having been resolved upon by the recent Synods of these Provinces, have re- ceived the sanction of the General Synod. These can be altered by each succeeding Provincial Synod. (A.) The following rules are in force for the Provincial Elders' Conference of the northern District of the American Province. Their duties are : — (a.) To appoint one of their number to act as President. (b.) To see that the enactments of General Synods are faithfully carried out in the Province. (e.) To appoint and control all ministers and other servants of the Province. Note. An exception is to be made in the case of the first professor of the Theological Seminary, who may be appointed directly by the Provincial Synod. (d.) To convene Provincial Synods in cases of emer- gency. (e.) To administer the government of the church in the Province generally, under such rules and regulations as shall be adopted from time to time by Provincial Synods. (B.) The following rules are in force for the Provincial 63 Elders' Conference of the southern District of the American Province : — At the Provincial Synods, which are to be regularly- held every six years, two members of the Executive Board are to be chosen by ballot, which Board is called the Provin- cial Elders' Conference, and is responsible to the Provincial Synod in all local matters. The Provincial Elders' Conference shall consist of three members. (1.) The President, who may be chosen from any part of the Unity, who, as a general rule, is to hold no other office. (2.) A member, to be chosen from the Labourers in the District, whether in or out of office. (3.) The Administrator of the Unity's estates inWachovia, appointed by the Unity's Elders' Conference. Vacancies in the Provincial Elders' Conference, occurring in the interval between two of the regular Provincial Synods, are to be filled by a Provincial Synod specially called for that purpose. The Provincial Elders' Conference has to see to it that the general rules and principles of the Unity as established by the General Synods of the Church, as well as the special rules and regulations made by Provincial Synods, be faith- fully carried out in the manner appointed by the Provincial Synods. It has, further, to take the oversight of our Educa- tional Institutions and of the Finances connected with the Sustentation Eimd, as well as to watch over and direct the afl'airs of the District generally. (C.) Special Regulations for the Provincial Elders' Con- ference of the British Province. The relations of the Provincial Elders' Conference to the Unity's Elders' Conferenee remain as they are at present, i.e. the former is subordinate and responsible to the latter in every respect, so that appeals to the Unity's Elders' Con- ference are allowed as hitherto. The members of the Pro- vincial Elders' Conference lay down their office at each Provincial Synod, which shall elect by majority of votes a new board, consisting of three brethren. The former members are re-eligible. Two-thirds of the votes are re- quired to make the election valid. One of the elected members is appointed President by the Unity's Elders' Conference. Gi In case of a vacancy occurring in the Provincial Elders' Conference, between two Provincial Synods, it is to be filled up by the Unity's Elders' Conference, according to the votes of the Labourers of the Province, together with a vote of each congregation committee. An absolute majority of the votes is required to make the election valid. (D.) The Unity's Elders' Conference will discharge the office of Provincial Elders' Conference, for the European Continental Province until the next General Synod. § 66. Relation of a Provincial Elders' Conference to the Elders' Conferences and Labourers of the Province. Each Elders' Conference and each congregation Labourer, standing alone, must keep up a constant correspondence with the Provincial Elders' Conference of the respective Province. It must be consulted on all matters of impor- tance, and on those which are of unusual occurrence. A Provincial Elders' Conference can never take direct action in the special affairs of a congregation and its members, but only in agreement with, and through the Elders' Conference, or the Board to which more immediately belongs the direc- tion of the congregation. § 67. Intercourse of the individual Members of a Congre- gation with the Provincial Elders' Conference or Unity's Elders' Conference. All brethren and sisters are at liberty to apply direct to a member of the ProvincialElders' Conference in their concerns, or to communicate their observations. They must, however, remember that these conferences cannot form any judgment, or take any steps, without having previously made inquiries in the proper place, and heard all sides. Whenever a formal letter of accusation, with signatures annexed, is presented to the Provincial Elders' Conference, that board, if it enter- tain the application at all, is bound to furnish the party or parties accused with a copy of such document, in the event of its being expressly required. The above-mentioned right is also open to the brethren and sisters in reference to the Unity's Elders' Conference ; but such memorials only can be entertained, the matter of which belongs to the recognized duties of that board. 65 § G8. Official Visits of the Provincial Elders' Conferences. It is expected of Provincial Elders' Conferences, in order that they may better discharge the duty of watching over the outward and spiritual course of the congregations, that they commission one of their body from time to time to hold official visitations. The visiting brother will seek to become acquainted as thoroughly as possible with the course of a congregation, partly through conversation with the individual labourers of the congregation, partly by meeting the Elders' Conference and Committee, and partly by visiting from house to house and speaking with the brethren and sisters individually, or giving them an opportunity of seeing him in private. While one object of such visitations is mutual acquain- tance and the encouragement of both congregation and labourers, another equally important one must not be over- looked, viz. to ascertain whether all things are conducted as they should be, in a right spirit, as becomes a congrega- tion of Jesus, and according to the rules established by the church ; and further to ascertain, whether the relation of the labourers to each other and to their congregation i3 what it ought to be, and whether each is discharging faith- fully the duty , assigned to him. Conclusion. In conclusion, it is right for us to remind each other, that, however faithfully those brethren, who have the oversight of the whole church and of its several parts, may discharge their duty, it remains ever true : " Except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain." (Ps. cxxvii. 1.) Therefore we will lift up our eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh our help. " Behold, he that keepeth Israel, shall neither slumber nor sleep." (Ps. cxxi. 4.) Appendix. No. 1. At the election which took place on the 20th of August, the following twelve brethren were appointed members of the Unity's Elders' Conference. GG (1.) For the Helpers' and Education department: — The Brethren John Martin Nitschman. Charles Frederick Schordan. Charles William Jahn. Gustavus Theodore Tietzen. (2.) For the "Wardens' department : — Christian William Matthiesen. John Ballein. Gustavus Theodore Beichel. Hermann Ludolph Mentz. (3.) For the Missions' department : — Henry Rudolph Wullschlaegel. Ernest Frederick Beichel. Godfrey Andrew Cunow. Levin Theodore Beichel. Appendix. No. 2. In reference to the time of holding the next General Synod, the present Synod has resolved : — That, if circum- stances do not urge au earlier meeting, it will be the duty of the Unity's Elders' Conference, after ten years have elapsed, to take into consideration the calling of a General Synod, and to fix the time of meeting according to direction by lot. The Unity's Elders' Conference will also determine the place of meeting. CHAPTER VII. Beethren's Congeegations and tueie Constitution. " Christ loved the church, and gave himself for it ; that he might pre- sent it to himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing ; but that it should be holy and without blemish." Eph. v. 25, 27. It is not in vain that the Scriptures present us with such a picture of the Church of God ; for we are thereby seriously admonished to give all diligence in attaining conformity to so glorious a pattern, following after holiness, without which no man can see the Lord, or be well pleasing in his sight. We shall never, it is true, arrive at such a state, that no 07 insincere or lifeless members .are to be found among us, nor any imperfections or weaknesses perceptible in tbose who are faithful ; but though it be impossible to present the appearance of a jyerfect church, we may, and ought to become a living congregation, in which the Spirit of Christ bears the sway, triumphing over all opposing powers and influences, and manifesting his presence by his excellent gifts and graces. A true church of God ought to accredit itself, not merely by a few, but by an overwhelming majority of its members. The tares shouid be choked by the wheat. The prevailing spirit of a genuine congregation of Jesus should not endure any thing averse to it, but either expel, or — what is more glorious, and more accordant with the mind of Christ — ■ subdue it, and draw every heart, through the power of Divine grace, into the holy and happy communion of the children of God. It is not so much the occurrence of occasional outbreaks of sin and depravity, dishonouring as they are to the con- gregation, which fills us with grief, as the conviction, that this living spirit is, generally speaking, so little perceptible amongst us. We are humbled before the Lord, when we discover, on serious examination, that our state is very dif- ferent from what it ought to be, and might be, considering the richness of the grace vouchsafed and promised to us. May our Saviour cause our humiliation to be accompanied with genuine and heartfelt sorrow, and with a thorough sense of our poverty and sinfulness. Every vain imagination and all false peace will thus be destroyed ; a longing for the pardon of our sin, and for the experience of new grace will be awakened ; and we shall be animated by a firm and fixed determination, which his strength will enable us to carry into effect, to become more and more exclusively his pro- perty. § 69. Congregations. The Congregations of the Brethren consist of three classes, viz., Settlement congregations, or Congregation places ; Town and Country congregations ; and Congregations con- nected with Settlements, but not resident in them. The members of the first class dwell in separate settlements, or in a district or part of a town distinct from that of the other f 2 68 inhabitants. The members of the second class live scattered in a city, town, or village, and form together a religious com- munity, under the direction of the Brethren, having its own labourer and place of worship. The members of the third class reside at various distances from each other, in the neighbourhood of Settlements, with which they are ecclesias- tically connected, enjoying the same ministry, pastoral care, and religious ordinances. As regards the main calling of our Church, there is no difference between these classes, however distinct in some respects they may be. The care of souls, the discipline of the church, and those regulations which serve to promote a godly life and conversation, are the same in all ; nor can these ecclesiastical features be dispensed with in any case, although they may be adapted to the various circumstances of our congregations, in the three provinces of the Unity. The exercise of the greatest caution is urgently recom- mended by the Synod to all Elders' Conferences and Committees, in the case of those who apply for permission to join the congregation. They must be carefully examined as to the purity of their motives ; nor can any applicant be admitted, unless he has previously made himself acquainted as thoroughly as possible with the doctrine, constitution, and essential peculiarities of our Church, and expressed his con- currence with them. § 70. Division of tlie Congregation into Choirs. The object contemplated by the division of our congrega- tions into choirs, according to the difference of age, sex, and condition, is, that every relation of life may be hallowed to the Lord. Experience has taught us, that where these natural divisions are thus clearly marked, individuals are more forcibly reminded of the calling and duties peculiar to their station, and at the same time enabled to enjoy more fully the blessings pertaining to it. In this matter the Holy Scriptures are our guide. They contain many passages which have direct reference to the varied relations and circumstances of human life, and afford to each choir-division those doctrines and precepts, which, if received and followed, will secure the full enjoyment of that great salvation, which has been purchased for all. Each choir regards itself as a part of the congregation, 68 which has one common foundation and one common aim; but still more, the members of the respective choirs are spe- cially bound together by the tie of similar circumstances and experiences, which draws them into union with each other, and summons them to join in a covenant of friendship and love in the Lord, the renewal of which is the peculiar blessing to be sought for in our choir festivals. Xor has that blessing been withheld by the great Head of the Church, who makes good, in the experience of his followers, the saying of the Apostle, " Xow are they many members, but one body. And whether one member sutler, all the members suffer with it; or one member be honoured, all the members rejoice with it." (1 Cor. xii. 20, 26.) Our choir meetings also are intended to encourage us in the faithful discharge of our special duties, and in pressing forward to secure the prize set before us ; and also, to be a means of comfort and strength amid the cares and trials, which are incident and peculiar to every station of life. The servants of the congregation should endeavour to keep these objects in view, in their addresses to the several choirs, and seek the needful gifts for so important a purpose from the Giver of all good. The Synod considers it desirable to repeat the remark^that .choir meetings and discourses should be regularly held/ and, that whilst the spirit of joy and thanksgiving should charac- terize our choir festivals, too great prominence should not be given to the outward demonstration of this feeling, lest the inward joy and rejoicing in the Lord should be thereby im- paired, or even destroyed. § 71. Choir Principles. Every choir has its peculiar fundamental rules or princi- ples, which may be thus explained. The example of our Lord and Saviour, in whose holy and meritorious life we discern the true pattern of a sanctified humanity, supplies us with those laws for holy living, which are applicable to all our choirs. His subjection to his earthly parents, (Luke ii. 51.) and his devotedness to his heavenly Father's business, (Luke ii. 46,) point out to our children their duty ; whilst his humility, modesty, and chastity, furnish a special lesson and example to our older youths. 70 Our single brethren, imitating that perfect resignation to the will of the Father, which led him to live in retirement until his thirtieth year, should care for the things that belong to the Lord, how they may please the Lord, (1 Cor. vii. 32,) being prepared to serve him where and how he may appoint, (John xii. 25, 26,) and to glorify him in body and spirit which are his. (1 Cor. vi. 20.) Our single sisters, also, should consider it a privilege, that their unmarried state is so favourable to an undisturbed pursuit of their heavenly calling ; and regard it as a constant admonition, to cultivate that purity of heart, and that de- votedness of spirit to the Saviour, which the Scriptures pour- tray under the image of a chaste virgin. (2 Cor. xi. 2. Eev. xiv. 4.) If our married brethren and sisters are one in the Lord, (1 Cor. vii. 39,) they should find the true and impressive pattern of their union, in the relation which subsists be- tween Christ and his Church, whereby they are taught the necessity of forbearing affection on the one hand, (Col. iii. 19,) and of loving submission on the other, (Col. iii. 18,) that the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ may be glorified in them. Every married pair should regard themselves as representing the Church of God ; and should specially lay to heart the apostolic admonition, (1 Cor. vii. 29 — 31,) that they who have wives be as though they had none ; and they that buy, as though they possessed not) and they that use this world, as not abusing it. Our widowed choirs, after the example of Jesus, should realize in their daily experience, as Jesus did, that though solitary and lonely, they are not alone, because the Father is with them, (John xvi. 32 ;) and consider their state as cal- culated to promote a special confidence in God, both as to their spiritual state and their external circumstances, as well as a continuance in supplications and prayers night and day. (1 Tim. v. 3.) § 72. The Married Choir and its Duties. It is of the utmost importance for the spiritual and tem- poral prosperity of the church, that our married choirs, which constitute its main strength, should proceed in a Christian and congregational course. Each married pair should present an image of Christ and 71 his Church ; each family should be a household of Grod, the heads of which are invested with a priestly office, which they are called on to discharge with reverence ; and the whole choir should be a pattern to the rest of the congrega- tion, in all holy conversation and godliness. It is also requisite, for the prosperity of each individual family, that the parents concur in the determination, " We and our house will serve the Lord ;" regarding their children as his property ; bringing them up in his nurture and ad- monition, not only by precept, but also by the power which lies in example, and in the influences of a household regula- ted according to the mind of Christ ; and kept free from all that is polluting and debasing. When our children see that their parents live to the Lord, that they are diligent in prayer, and in the faithful use of the means of grace afforded them in our communion, and derive from thence power to lead a godly life, it cannot fail to have a happy influence upon them, and they will be easily led to a child-like intercourse with our Saviour, and a determination to live for him and his people. It cannot indeed be denied, that the cares and anxieties peculiar to the married state are often very oppres- sive, and tend to draw away the thoughts from the one thing needful ; yet even here our Saviour's words will be found true by all who comply with them: " Seek ye first the king- dom of God, and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you." Nor will we forget, that even these perplexities and trials, if we do not resist the Holy Spirit of God, will be the means of leading us to the Saviour, instead of from him, as well as of exercising and strength- ening our faith. § 73. Marriages. If we are to conduct ourselves in the marriage state so as to be well pleasing to God, the union must be concluded " in the Lord." We cannot, therefore, too earnestly recommend to our brethren and sisters, in this important and decisive step in life, not to suffer themselves to be led astray by inclination and passion, or by respect to outward advan- tages, but to look up to the Lord with fervent prayer for his guidance. ' The Synod regards it as the duty of all who belong to the congregation to apprize the Elders' Conference or 72 labourer of tbeir intention to enter into the married state/ It also recommends Provincial Synods to adopt definite and Scriptural regulations in the matter ; and especially to see to it, that even in those countries where the rite is admissible simply as a civil compact, the union may not be unaccom- panied by the impartation of the Church's blessing. The marriages of the servants of the Church require the sanction of the Unity's Elders' Conference, or of the Pro- vincial Elders' Conference. It is the duty of these Con- ferences duly to examine the marriage proposals of such brethren, with reference to their future office, and to the service of the congregation, and, if they have serious doubts on the subject, to withhold their concurrence. The Synod repeats the admonition, that those brethren who are called to the service of the church, should, in their choice of a companion for life, have special regard to her official useful- ness; and the sisters should ever bear in mind, that by giving their hand to a servant of the church, they enter themselves into the Lord's service, and should earnestly seek his aid to enable them faithfully to discharge the duties of their calling. CHAPTER VIII. CHUEcn Discipline. " Let all things be done decently and in order." — 1 Cor. xiy. 40. " For God is not the author of confusion, but of peace, as in all the churches of the saints." — 1 Cor. xiv. 33. See also Eph. iv. 15, 16. 1 Cor. xii. 26. § 74. Nature and Object of Church Discipline. The descendants of the ancient Brethren's Church, after the example of their ancestors and of apostolic times, es- tablished congregation discipline among themselves in the renewed Church, which they deemed so essential for the maintenance of their union, that they were prepared, at the commencement of the congregation at Herrnhut, to forsake 73 all, unless it were conceded to them. Subsequently, when new congregations were established, they included the free exercise of their discipline among the privileges sought for from various governments ; and to this day it continues in undisturbed exercise, in all the states where our congrega- tions exist. In common with the ancient Brethren, we understand by the term church discipline, taken in its widest sense, the training of the individual members of the congregation for their calling of grace by means of its peculiar regulations and institutions, the most important of which is, the faith- ful care of souls, by administering serious admonitions and affectionate reproofs to those members, who do not deal strictly with themselves in their deviations, whether great or, small, from the mind of Christ. In this respect the indi- vidual speaking preparatory to the holy Communion, has continued to approve itself a practice fraught with blessing, both at home and abroad. Its immediate object is, to lead to that self-examination which is so desirable before ap- proaching the table of the Lord ; but, at the same time, it serves to maintain a mutual confidential intercourse between the members of the several choirs and their respective labourers. Every thing therefore should be carefully avoided, that might render it unpleasant or burdensome. If rightly conducted, it will prove a blessed means of personal edifica- tion, not only to the members, but also to the labourers themselves ; and for this cause, no one ought to decline this opportunity for free conversation on spiritual things. In cases, where difficulties in the way of this practice are pre- sented, arising from distance of abode, or where this practice of individual speaking is no longer customary, pastoral visi- tation may supply its place ; and it is urgently recommended, that the labourers approve themselves faithful in this impor- tant duty, encouraging friendly intercourse with themselves, and ministering to the spiritual necessities of every soul. In a more limited sense of the word, church discipline denotes the various degrees of brotherly correction which are employed, when affectionate exhortations are fruitless, according to the directions given in Matt, xviii. 15—17 ; 1 Cor. v. 11—13 ; 1 Tim. vi. 3-5 ; 2 John 9, 10. The Synod found little to alter in previous regulations, but deemed it important to press on the attention of the congregations, as well as of their servants, the principles on which church 7i discipline is founded, and the manner in which it is to be applied. Its first object is the strict maintenance of Christian cha- racter and conduct, that the congregation may not be dis- turbed in its course, or altogether drawn aside, by the pre- valence of an improper spirit, from the mark set before it. It must be our concern therefore to check the inroads of corruption from their very commencement, and by timely measures to remove every thing that might lead the unwary astray. The second object of church discipline is, to guard the individual members from giving offence and falling into sin ; to keep them in the right way ; and when any one has departed from it, to restore such an one in the spirit of meek- ness. The different degrees of church discipline have reference to these two objects. For their attainment, it is necessary, that the servants of the congregation, aware of the great re- sponsibility they would bring upon themselves by neglecting this important part of their calling, should attend to it with the utmost conscientiousness and fidelity. They must exer- cise all due watchfulness over the souls entrusted to their charge, and follow with the tenderest solicitude those who have transgressed or gone astray. It behoves them also to be on their guard, lest they should be prevented by the fear or favour of man, from acting, when necessary, with firmness, and with that impartiality which the word of God enjoins. If, however, the servants of the congregation are to exercise discipline with effect and blessing, they must have the faith- ful and decided support of the congregation itself. Should they stand alone, or have the spirit of the congregation against them, it is impossible that any beneficial results can be produced. § 75. Exercise of Discipline in the general sense of the term. In its widest signification, church discipline is exercised by means of the public proclamation of the Divine word, as well as by the mutual brotherly admonitions and warnings of the members themselves. The more powerfully the preached word affects the hearts of our hearers, the less need will there be for corrective discipline, and the more easy will it be to exercise it effectually. Indeed, were we all baptized with the Spirit from above, and kept under His 75 sanctifying influence, it would be rendered altogether un- necessary : " If we would judge ourselves, we should not be judged." Faults and deviations will certainly at all times occur, and in their treatment, brotherly love, which precedes all disci- pline, and constitutes its very source, lias its proper sphere. This love, instead of confining itself to the relief of temporal distress, seeks its first object in the spiritual welfare of the members of the congregation. " If a man be overtaken in a fault," or is observed to be in an unsatisfactory state of heart, "restore such an one in the spirit of meekness." (Gal. vi. 1.) A word spoken in kindness, even though it convey re- proof, finds access to the heart, and much injury to the soul may thus be obviated before it has had time to spread ; " thou hast gained thy brother." His restoration, however, can only be really secured when love is the animating princi- ple of our admonitions, — that love which "suffereth long and is kind, which envieth not, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil." (1 Cor. xiii. 4, 5.) Much harm may be done by manifesting intemperate zeal, and act- ing in our own spirit. When transgressions occur of such a nature that they ought not to be passed over in silence, but require to be notified to the labourers or conferences of the congregation, it is the duty of every member, who is aware of any thing inconsistent or criminal, to render a timely exercise of disci- pline possible, by a candid and truthful communication. At the same time, every thing like tale-bearing or calumny, which are ranked in Scripture with heinous sins, is to be carefully guarded against. When it is requisite to prove the truth of a charge, and especially when the individual ac- cused expressly desires it, the name of the informant, and an opportunity for both parties to meet in the presence of the labourer, ought not to be withheld. With such cases, the exercise of church discipline in the restricted sense begins. § 7G. Exercise of Discipline in the restricted sense of the term. Of this exercise there are three degrees. The first consists in the reproof which the pastor or choir labourer administers to those who have erred, in accordance with the duty which his office imposes upon him before the 70 Lord, and because he is the person to whom, on account of his spiritual office, his brethren naturally look for counsel ; and can, therefore, the more easily, by a word of brotherly advice and warning, prevent any further offence or trans- gression. In order that this object may be attained, it is of the greatest importance, that his admonitions should be given, not only with becoming earnestness and fidelity, but also with humility and true affection. Let him speak as a brother to a brother, and the word which comes from a heart truly concerned for the soul's salvation of those com- mitted to his care, as well as for the well-being of the con- gregation, will find a ready entrance, and instead of exciting bitterness, will prove a blessing. The manifestation of this spirit is perfectly compatible with the faithful discharge of duty, in the case of those who, in spite of serious derelictions, intend with light-minded indifference to partake of the holy communion. Such members must be seriously warned of the sin they commit, and of the sad consequences which an unworthy participation will ensure, as the word of God declares, and as mauy have experienced \o their cost. It is the sacred duty of the pastor or choir labourer to give such a warning, but it does not amount to a suspension. In event of graver transgressions, especially when they have become open and manifest, the second degree of church discipline must be put in force. Under such circumstances, delinquents are to be spoken with in presence of the Com- mittee, according to the injunction of our Lord already quoted; " If thy brother will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the presence of two or three witnesses, every word may be established." (Matt, xviii. 16.) But in this case, also, it is of great moment to direct the attention of the transgressor to his inconsistent conduct, with love and seriousness, and to point out the way in which his error may be corrected, and its evil consequences ob- viated. Instances may however occur in which exclusion from the holy communion must immediately take place, both from regard to the state of heart betrayed by the offender, and from the respect which is due to the congregation itself. The Elders' Conference must decide on this point in every case, in accordance with the Scripture which says ; " And he gave some apostles ; and some prophets ; and some evangelists ; and some pastors and teachers ; for the perfect- 77 ing of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edify- ing of the body of Christ." (Eph. iv. 11, 12.) It is therefore their duty to watch over the spiritual interests of the church, and if necessary to exercise severe discipline in the spirit of fidelity and love. This suspension from the communion, which is not to be confounded with the caution against partaking of the Lord's supper given in private, as mentioned above, is a milder degree of discipline than exclusion from the congregation, and may be resorted to in particular cases, even where open offence has been given by sinful practices ; but only where an unfeigned repentance is manifested, and a real change of heart may be hoped for. Intent as we ought to be, by faithful pastoral care, to prevent the occurrence of such offences, it would be a mistaken and injurious forbearance, were we, from personal considerations or a false tenderness, to refrain from exercising this discipline when necessary. The same remarks apply to the last form in which church discipline is to be exercised, viz. : Exclusion from the con- gregation. Should no improvement be witnessed after milder measures have been resorted to, but the erring member per- sist in his evil ways, obstinately resisting our rules, and proving a stumbling-block to others, his exclusion from the church must necessarily take place. A sirndar course must be pursued with those who tall into gross sins of such a nature, that the name of Christ is thereby evil spoken of, according to the rule of the Apostle : " Put away from among you that wicked person," (1 Cor. v. 13 ;) and in cases where such delinquents have proved themselves the seducers of others, they ought, if practicable, to be removed from the settlement. But even under such cir- cumstances, we would still act under the influence of com- passionate love, and not at once, and in every case, insist on such an extreme measure. "When it is observed, that the spirit manifested by the congregation, and the warning testimony of established members, have no other object than the recovery and re- storation of excluded persons, a beneficial result may be hoped for ; more especially should the labourers, as in duty bound, interest themselves on their behalf, making use of every opportunity to bring them into the way of repentance and salvation, and exhorting their congregations to aid them in their efforts, by all prayer and supplication. 7S The truly penitent sinner we will most heartily forgive, as Christ has forgiven us. In order that the congregation may be placed in a proper relation to those who have gone astray, as soon as their de- linquency is known, the Synod resolved, that cases of exclu- sion should not only be determined on with the concurrence of the Committee, but should be mentioned to the whole congregation in an appropriate way, at a suitable meeting. On such an occasion, if the offender be recommended in beartfelt prayer to the faithful care of the good Shepherd, who follows his wandering sheep even into the depths of the wilderness, a blessing may be surely expected ; and the congregation will be reminded of their duty to remember others, in their supplications at a throne of grace. But in proportion as we are bound to treat sucb painful cases with special seriousness and decision, it becomes the solemn duty of the Elders' Conference to proceed in every case with the utmost conscientiousness, impartially weighing all circumstances, and earnestly praying for the guidance of the Holy Spirit. "Whenever the hope can be entertained that suspension from the communion will of itself, with the Lord's blessing, be sufficient to lead the offender to sincere repentance, and will constitute a sufficient expression of the judgment of the congregation, we should not resort to so painful a measure as exclusion from the church. It is true, that in the exercise of church discipline, the grossest and most heinous sins may escape the visitation they deserve, because they are secretly practised, and Such a burden, however, must be endured, after the example of Him who suffered a Judas to remain in the circle of the disciples, although he knew him, and pronounced his judg- ment ; and eventually hypocrisy will be visited, as in his case, with a double damnation. Far better is it that fail- ings and transgressions should be brought to light, for though an offender may thus be subjected to church discipline, an evidence of the sincerity of his repentance will be mani- fested in this, that he submits to it in a right spirit, although he is conscious there may be others in the con- gregation, on whom it is not exercised, though in reality they are far more culpable. It not unfrequently happens that there are those amongst us, who, though in no wise proper subjects for church disci- nothing can be a greater trouble church. 79 pline, yet, on account of the dead state of their hearts, neither understand nor enjoy the privileges of the con- gregation. Such members are necessarily a cause of sadness and grief ; but as long as they cannot resolve to leave the church, provided they act in accordance with our congregation rules, doing no injury to others by their walk and conver- sation, we will patiently bear with them. Those, however, who feel no attachment to the church, and to whom our rules appear rigid and burdensome, are to be affectionately admonished to leave the congregation. Such a separation, which is not to be confounded with exclusion from the church, may also be the best resource, when members, who are otherwise of unexceptionable character, declare, in a proper spirit, that they cannot concur in our church regula- tions and rules. Such cases, though differently characterized, agree in this, that they are cases of separation from the Brethren's Church, and not of exclusion from the Church of God, and are therefore to be carefully distinguished in the annual sta- tistics of the respective congregations. § 77. Re-admission into the Congregation. The time for the re-admission of those who have been ex- cluded from the holy communion, or from the congregation, must be determined by the Elders' Conference and Com- mittee, who should act therein with the greatest circumspec- tion. Our decision must be guided by such a judgment as close observation may enable us to form regarding the state of heart of the candidate for re-admission. The true evan- gelical combination of the tenderness with the strictness of love, will be made clear to us by the Lord and His Spirit, when we direct a searching look into our own corrupt hearts, and humble ourselves before Him as sinners who stand in need of daily forgiveness. External considerations of any kind ought never to determine the decision. As the Synod resolved that the exclusion of fallen mem- bers is to be deliberated on conjointly by the Elders' Con- ference and Committee, and then mentioned to the adult members of the congregation at a suitable meeting, so it de- termined, that a similar course of proceeding is to be adopted when they are re-admitted. so § 78. Congregation Rules. Our Congregation rules are drawn up in accordance with the fundamental principles which regulate the whole Unity. The same church laws must therefore be embodied in the code of every congregation ; but as respect must be had to local circumstances and requirements, it cannot be expected that there should be a perfect agreement in the details of congregation rules throughout the church. The Synod therefore anew decided, that every congregation is bound to subscribe to a certain code of regulations drawn up in ac- cordance with the general principles of the church, aud con- taining nothing contrary to the Synodal Results. These rules require the confirmation of the highest provincial au- thority before they can become valid. Special and particular regulations must be made by the Provincial Synods. ^As regards the relation in which we stand to governments and the magistracy, we recognize it as a sacred duty to be in subjection to the higher powers, as ordained of God, and as being the ministers of God to us for good. (Eom. xiii. 4.) "We also consider ourselves bound, as faithful and loyal sub- jects, conscientiously to obey the laws of the land in which the Lord has placed us, and to love and honour our rulers and governors. Care should therefore be taken to make known such new laws and regulations, as require attention and observance. "When, according to the laws of a country, we are required to take an oath, we cannot in all cases refuse to do so, as we are not in every country exempt from the obligation. It is sufficiently apparent, that the sacred observance of an oath must be regarded as one of the strongest obligations of con- science. We take an oath, only when it is absolutely re- quired by the magistrate. It is expected of every member of the congregation, to yield a willing obedience not only to the laws of the land, but also to all the regulations established amongst us. Far more than this, however, is required of us as true brethren and sisters, according to the commandments of God, and the laws of his house. We must carefully avoid whatever is calculated to prove injurious to our souls, or might give of- fence to others, — not being in any way confonned to this world, but transformed by the renewing of our minds. ^ 81 // The Synod did not wish to lay down particular rules on / / the subject of worldly pleasures aud amusements, but so much the more did it feel the paramount importance of de- claring, that worldly-niindedness, vanity, covetousness, and the love of pleasure are irreconcileable with the true spirit of the congregation — exercise a very injurious influence upon it — and are calculated to draw it aside from that noble sim- plicity which should form the groundwork of its character. They ought therefore to find no entrance among us. Still more pernicious in its consequences, is intemperance in the use of strong drink, which renders men in a special degree the servants of sin. We will therefore, as far as possible, endeavour individually to remove every thing that can furnish occasion for this evil, and give timely admonition and warning to those who may be exposing themselves to temptation. In regard to dress, domestic arrangements, and the like, we would avoid every thing that transgresses the limits of sim- plicity ; that can be termed luxurious or extravagant, and gives evidence of a vain worldly mind ; or that may be injurious- to health, or opposed to propriety. And, with regard to amusements, we would refrain from partaking of any of ques- tionable character, — any concerning which a doubt can be reasonably entertained, whether they are proper for a child of God. It is of importance to notice, however, that there is much pertaining to a truly Christian life and conversation, which can be comprehended in no fixed rules and directions. The letter of the law is not sufficient. It is the Spirit which quickeneth, which frees from the government of the flesh, and impresses the seal of sanctification on our whole life. If the Holy Ghost does but rule in our congregations, pro- ducing and sustaining the mind of Christ, and holiness to the Lord, a worldly spirit will be more effectually excluded and suppressed than could possibly be the case by the enforcement of the most stringent regulations. It is in this way, too, that the most valuable discipline will be exercised ; not that which proceeds from conferences or labourers, but that which proceeds from the congregation itself, hallowed and devoted to the Lord. Oh that we all may continually be impressed by those earnest admonitions of the Apostle, " Ye are bought with a price, therefore glorify God in your body and in your S2 spirit, -which are God's," (1 Cor. vi. 20 ;) and " I exhort, therefore, that, first of all, supplications, prayers, interces- sions, and giving of thanks, be made for all men ; for kings, and for all that are in authority, that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and honesty." (1 Tim. ii. 1, 2.) CHAPTEE IX. Servants of the Congeegation. "There are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit; and there are differ- ences of administrations, but the same Lord; and there are diversities of operations, but it is the same God which worketh all in all." — 1 Cor. xii. 4 — 6. § 79. Congregation Service in general, and the Servants of the Church in jjarticular. A Congregation of Jesus Christ constitutes one body, of which he is the Head. All its members should mutually aid each other, " according to the effectual working in the measure of every part, making increase of the body to the edifying of itself in love." (Eph. iv. 16.) In the "Unity of the Brethren, all those persons are to be regarded as ser- vants of the congregation, who have been entrusted with any commission, or are charged with any duty on behalf of the church or of its choir-divisions. The conviction that we are serving the Lord and his people, gives value even to an apparently unimportant service, as well as to the whole of our activity, and, under its influence, whatsoever we do we do all to the glory of God. In a more limited sense, however, we apply the Scripture terms Servants and Labourers to those who have been ap- pointed Elders of the Congregation by the Unity's Elders' Conference, or Provincial Elders' Conference, and take the oversight of the spiritual and temporal welfare of the congre- gation, or of its schools and educational institutions, or attend to the ministry of the word and sacraments, the care of souls, or the management of the temporalities of the con- gregation. 83 § 80. Qualification for Service in the Brethren's Church. It is expected of the servants of the Lord and of the Church, that they be fully resolved to give themselves up with soul and body to this service. They should seek to gain a clear insiglit into the aim and calling of our com- munity, and into all parts of our constitution, and a sound judgment as to the application of its rules to particular cases. But it is of still greater importance that they should possess those qualifications which the Spirit of God alone can dispense, — a mind deeply humbled under a sense of our Saviour's mercy, a cheerful spirit strengthened and elevated by his power, a heart filled with his love, an ear attentive to the guiding, warning, and reproving voice of the Spirit of God, a diligence in working out their own salvation with fear and trembling, and an earnest desire for the salvation of those among whom they have to labour, — that they may act ac- cording to the mind of Christ and his Church, and, while attending to their office, not to forget the care of their own hearts. They must not seek their own, but that which is the Lord's. They must " feed the flock of Christ, not by constraint, but willingly ; not for filthy lucre, but of a ready mind; neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being ensamples to the flock." They must bear in mind, that as servants of Christ, and stewards of the mysteries of God, they are not merely judged by men, but are accountable to the Chief Shepherd for their official conduct and ministerial faithfulness, for all their words and actions, and likewise for the souls committed to their charge. ( 1 Cor. iv. 1 — 5. Heb. xiii. 17. Ezek. ixxiii. 7 — 9.) They must not allow themselves to be influenced by the fear of man or the desire of human approbation, nor to shun the reproach of Christ. They ought to regard all faithfulness in their official en- gagements as a gift, not as merit. Does the Lord crown their labours with his blessing, they should only feel the more humbled under a sense of their unworthiness ; is there no apparent fruit, they should examine themselves as to their negligence, but not yield to despondency in their work ; on the contrary, let them abide strong in hope and silent waiting on the Lord, who alone can give success. All their power and strength must come from Him, their great pattern, who was among his disciples as one that serveth. They must learn of Him, and derive from Him whatever they need for their own hearts and for their official duties. 84 § 81. Relation of Labourers to their Congregations. The proper relation of Labourers towards their congrega- tions, if they are to succeed in their official engagements, is that of mutual confidence. Where this is the case, and there alone, the care of souls will prosper, the preached Gospel will bring forth fruit, church discipline will produce a salutary effect, and every appearance of separate interests on the part of the congregation and its labourers will vanish. In order to bring about this confidential intercourse, both sides must do their part ; — the labourers, by bearing in mind the words of our Saviour : " One is your Master, and all ye are brethren ;" by dealing with their congregations in a frank and open spirit ; by manifesting an affectionate and cordial sympathy in their temporal and spiritual welfare; by avoiding all that might give offence or alienate their affec- tion ; all that looks like pride or the assumption of supe- riority ; by cultivating an humble loving spirit, under the influence of which each esteems the other better than himself; in all things approving themselves servants of Christ, to whom to love and be beloved is an indispensable necessity. On other hand, the members of the flock will do well not to prejudge their labourers, nor to expect from them an impossible perfection, nor to form their esti- mate of them by their gifts and exterior advantages ; but, satisfied with perceiving in them a sincere desire to perform their duties, according to the mind of Christ, and as in his sight, to make allowance for their weak- nesses, and bear with them in love, according to the exhorta- tion of the Apostle : — " We beseech you, brethren, to know them which labour among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you; and to esteem them very highly in love for their work's sake ; and be at peace among yourselves." (1 ThesB. v. 12, 13.) It must be acknowledged that no small measure of grace is required to produce this lovely and cordial union. Outward affability — mere friendliness of deportment — will not suffice : for if the amicable relation have no deeper root than this, it will be disturbed on the first occasion, when the labourer finds it necessary, in the ex- ercise of his duty, to administer reproof. What is needed for this purpose, is the deep consciousness that all are labourers in one cause, and serving one Master. There needs — and 85 this constitutes the bond of our union,— that ail should be possessed of spiritual life ; and, for the daily sustenance of this life, should feel the necessity of feeding on one bread, aud drinking at one fountain ; thus advancing unitedly in the same path, and seeking more aud more fully to appre- hend that for which also we are apprehended of Christ Jesus. This is the bond which unites us as Brethren, nor is there any earthly bond to be compared to it. Hence, wherever this cordial union of heart does not exist, there is evidently, on one side or other, a lack of spiritual life and its requirements, and, consequently, of that attraction which draws believing souls to oue common centre. This living impulse, however, can proceed from the Spirit of God alone. Let it, therefore, be the petition of all his servants, who would wish to yield fruit to their Lord, that he would impart this grace both to themselves and those committed to their care ; and let it be the daily prayer of all faithful mem- bers of our covenant, that the Lord would himself prepare, as instruments to execute his work, servants and handmaids who are alive to God, and gladly dedicate their powers to the service of Him who bought them with his precious blood. If thus the labourers of the Church, deeply convinced of the value of unfeigned brotherly love, feeling their own weakness, but with eyes uplifted to the Lord, covenant with their brethren and sisters, to live to Him, — if — All in spirit are agreed To follow Jesus as his flock, To build on him, our only rock, And on the path of life proceed; — then assuredly the Lord will vouchsafe his blessing, and help us to fulfil the New Testament command of love, and all around will know that we are his disciples. § 82. Responsibility of Labourers. No Labourer of the Brethren's Unity occupies an inde- pendent position, but each one is subordinate to the Elders' Conference of the place where he resides, or has associated with him a Committee whom he may consult, and all alike are accountable for the execution of their trust, to the Unity's Elders' Conference, or the Provincial Elders' Con- ference, to whom they owe obedience. SG The several Conferences instituted in the congregation, from its commencement, are intended to combine and call into exercise the diversified gifts of individuals for the com- mon advantage, and the well-being of the whole. These united exertions, when inspired and animated by the true congregation spirit, are productive of the most blessed effects. It is desirable in this point of view that all members of con- ferences, all congregation or choir labourers, should be on terms of friendly intercourse, confer with each other re- garding every circumstance of importance, and act together in unity of spirit, and with an essential agreement as to views and principles. Every office has its own sphere of activity, and no labourer should interfere with another in the performance of his peculiar duties. Nevertheless, all should draw in one yoke, and be truly united in heart ; they should treat each other with mutual confidence, and consult together conferentially about every thing which does not be- long to mere current business. This cordial union with each other, must not, however, give occasion to any severance of interests from the other members of the congregation, but only have in view the faithful execution of their calling, for which a close acquaintance with the whole congregation is likewise requisite. Should a labourer fall into errors, or be chargeable with improper conduct, his brethren should seek to restore him in the spirit of meekness ; nor should he be unwilling to receive the admonitions of other brethren and sisters of the congregation. And let him not expect that his fellow-labourers shall, at all events, excuse his miscon- duct before the congregation, but let him confess it, as be- comes a sinner among sinners. § 83. Supply of Offices. The supply of offices in the congregations is committed by the Synod to the Unity's Elders' Conference, and Pro- vincial Elders' Conference. In the execution of this im- portant trust, it is expected of these conferences that, after conscientious examination, they shall propose only such bre- thren and sisters as possess the requisite qualifications of heart and mind, and with regard to whom there is reason to hope that they will gladly seek to learn, and to acquire under the teaching of the Holy Spirit, what the Lord expects from his servants. Regarding the mode of proceeding in 87 the supply of offices, further directions will be found in § 43. In changes of labourers the Unity's Elders' Conference, and the Provincial Elders' Conference must take all the cir- cumstances of the case into their most careful consideration and act accordingly, so that the good of the whole, and of individuals, may most effectually be promoted. Whoever is imbued with the true spirit of a servant of the Lord, will take into conscientious consideration, every pro- posal made to him ; he will come before his presence with prayer and supplication for the revelation of his good and holy will, and pay more regard to what he owes to our Sa- viour, to the congregation, and to his own soul, than to tem- poral comfort or convenience. It would prove our ruin, were a different way of thinking to prevail among us, and would contribute much towards depriving the labourers of the re- spect of the congregation. It is just and proper, according to the declaration of Scripture, " the labourer is worthy of his hire," (Luke x. 7,) that the needful means should be furnished for his support, in order that he may be at liberty to devote his time and strength to the service committed to him. When labourers or other persons engaged in the service of the Brethren's Church give occasion for complaint on the part of the brethren and sisters, the Unity's Elders' Con- ference or Provincial Elders' Conference will regard it as their duty, after making inquiry into the cause of the com- plaint, to give the needful admonitions. But in case they cannot continue to fdl their office with the confidence and to the profit of the congregation, instead of waiting till an opportunity for their removal occurs, they must be recalled without delay, retiring from service on a pension, until an opportunity presents itself for their appointment elsewhere. Should an early opportunity at once present itself for the removal of such a brother, it cunnot be permitted that the carrying out of the needful change should be impeded by his reluctance to accept it,— a reluctance caused by want of self-knowledge, or other insufficient grounds. § 84. Poor's Fund. Although it is to be expected that, in a Christian congre- gation, those who are in better circumstances will, from the ss impulse of their own hearts, readily come to the assistance of their poorer brethren, with charitable gifts, known to none besides, save Him " who seeth in secret," yet, according to the example of the apostolic churches, a more regular pro- vision for the wants of the needy is desirable. This purpose our Poor's Fund is intended to serve. All who have to do with the provision for the poor, should not only observe the secrecy required, but pray for a tender and sympathising heart, that, in the discharge of their com- mission, they may act according to the example of their Saviour. And may He, who for our sakes became poor that through his poverty we might be made rich, go with them into the cottages of the poor, and not only bless these temporal gifts, but grant that none among us may come short of those heavenly riches which were gained for us by his poverty. Note. — In consequence of the different requirements of the several Provinces of the Unity, the special regulations regarding the organization of our congregations have been transferred from the general Synodal Eesults to the Pro- vincial Appendices. CHAPTEE X. Education of Totjth. " Bring up your children in the nurture and admonition of the Lord." — ErHES.vi. 4. " Whoso shall receive one such little child in my name receiveth me." — Matth. xviii. 5. § 85. Duties of Parents. The Education of our children forms a very important branch of our calling to spread the kingdom of God ; and the manner in which we engage in this sphere of labour will be one of the best evidences of the spiritual state of a congre- gation. It is the special duty of parents to instruct their children in divine knowledge, and the solemn consideration should be ever present to their minds, that the Lord has committed to them the care of immortal souls, whom they are to lead, by the help of his Holy Spirit, into the way of eternal life. 89 Parents ought to be guided by sanctified affection in their mode of treatment, considering the true welfare of their children, and not their momentary pleasure or discomfort. From this source should flow that untiring patience, and that affectionate earnestness, which, combined with a firm and uniform mode of treating the children, form the true basis of a good system of education. We should not forget that the Lord, in governing his ancient people, acted on the prin- ciple, that " the heir, as long as he is a chdd, differeth in nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all." (Gal.iv. 1.) And while we should avoid correcting children in anger, or with undue severity, and be guided in what we require of them by a tender regard to their bodily strength and mental capacities ; yet, remembering the warning example of Eli, we should seek at an early age to subdue their self-will, give them every opportunity to practise self-denial, and accustom them to prompt obedience, strict subordination, and perse- vering industry. — Above all, we should endeavour to cherish in their minds strict conscientiousness in the execution of every duty ; for although we cannot change the heart of our children, yet we may prepare the way for that change by cultivating in them such a tenderness of conscience. If all parents among us were duly to consider this subject in all its importance, and bring up their children in the fear of the Lord, there would be less cause to mourn over the degeneracy of their offspring. § 86. Home Education. The education which takes place under the parental roof, is of the greatest importance. For though school education must, in many respects, supplement the home one, — and it cannot be too carefully conducted, — yet it is a truth worthy of our most earnest consideration, that, in most cases, the foundation of the future good or evil conduct of a child is laid at home, and that the faults or defects which there de- velope themselves, are seldom or never remedied elsewhere. There is no doubt that the influence of the parent for good or evil, begins at a much earlier period than is generally supposed, and children are frequently more affected by what they casually see and hear, than by words and actions de- signed to impress their minds. A regard for the welfare of our offspring, and a fear of proving hurtful to these tender 00 plants, ought to serve as a powerful stimulus to us, to order our whole walk and conversation as becorneth the gospel of Christ. If all the domestic arrangements are regulated according to the mind of Christ ; — if He rules in the hearts of the parents, and they obey the promptings of His Spirit in all they say or do in their children's presence, particularly in the remarks they make on others, and their behaviour towards servants and inferiors ;— if they are led by the Spirit to pray, not only for but with their children, in their morn- ing and evening devotions, as well as on special occasions ; — a blessed influence will be exerted on their hearts, and they will, unconsciously, be led by the words and example of their parents, to their heavenly Friend and Saviour. Much too of the pernicious influence of work-people and servants on our children, which is often complained of, not without reason, will be obviated where domestic education is in proper train. § 87. Infant- Schools. As most parents are prevented by the duties of their calling and employment from attending sufficiently to the care and instruction of their children, the Church has at all times considered it a duty, to come to their assistance in the important work of education. This may take place at an early period, from the third to the sixth year, by means of Infant-Schools. Renewed experience, since the last Synod, has attested the value of these institutions, whether previously existing or recently commenced, and the present Synod can, therefore, do no other, than repeat the recommendations of them pre- viously given. They may also serve as preparatory schools, in which instruction may be given to the elder classes in the elementary branches of knowledge. It must not, however, be forgotten, that the main object of these schools is, to employ the little ones by short and easy lessons, and to awaken their slumbering faculties ; — not to burden the mind with premature attainments, at the expense of their health and of the free development of mind and body. A main requisite, no doubt, is a suitable teacher, fond of children, who can enter into their feelings, and understands how to manage and to interest them. 'J J § 88. Place- Scli ools. A suitable arrangement of our Place-Schools, and care in the choice of teachers, are enjoined on the congregation- conferences. The minister, as school-director, has the super- intendence of them, — a duty to which he should attend, as one of the most important belonging to his office. It is his incumbency to visit them frequently, during the school- hours, to converse with the teachers, to direct them to a proper method of instruction, and advise and encourage tbem, as occasion may require. Where a separate school for congregation-children cannot be established, — as in town and country-congregations, — care should be taken to send the children to schools, in which Christian principles prevail, — and it is the duty of the minister to keep this in view. The connection of our Day Schools with the Boarding Schools, and the assistance rendered by teachers from the latter, has worked beneficially, wherever it has been in- troduced. § 89. Youth "We should greatly err, were we to regard the instruction, and more especially the training of our young people, as finished, when they have completed the years of childhood. Experience teaches us how necessary it is to build a good superstructure upon the foundation which has been laid. In every well-ordered congregation, arrangements should be made for the suitable care of the advancing youth. It would betoken indifference, were no measures taken on the part of the church, to shield the young, — in those critical years when headstrong passions awaken, and overflowing spirits often excite to levity, — from the destructive influences of the world, and of their natural corruption, and to lead them in the way of salvation. In places where our choir arrangements still exist in blessing, the young have their special labourers and super- intendents. Where this is no longer the case, evening schools, missionary associations, and other societies of a religious character, designed for mental and spiritual im- provement, are strongly to be recommended. By such 92 means, under proper and suitable direction, much evil may be averted, and much good effected. Especially does it behove us not only to guard the young against pernicious influences, in regard to their daily conversation, their com- panionships, amusements, and above all, their reading, — but also to lead them to choose the good and true in all that is presented to them, and to loathe whatever is false and vile. In the discharge of this duty, the ministers of the con- gregations should faithfully assist those who have the care of the young. It is also incumbent on the ministers to impart religious instruction suited to their age, to such of our youth as have left school, or to hold Bible classes with them. Masters ought not to forget that their apprentices are entrusted to their care, in order to be thoroughly instructed in their trade, and are, therefore, not to be employed in domestic services. They ought, at the same time, to stand to them in the place of parents, and to care for their temporal and spiritual welfare. And all adult members of the congregation have a respon- sibility resting on them with regard to the young, who naturally look up to them as patterns. By their intercourse and their example, they may either exercise a salutary iufluence upon them, or prove most grievous stumbliug-blocks to them. The Synod did not lose sight of the duty of the congre- gations towards young people, not belonging to us, but engaged in our service, particularly as apprentices and nurse- maids. This class of persons justly deserves our careful consideration, not only on account of the influence they exert on our own young people, but also for their own sakes. Their masters and mistresses ought to take a cordial interest in their spiritual and temporal welfare, and have a duty to perform with regard to these strangers, no less than to our own young people. At the same time, nothing conducive to their spiritual interests, and their acquisition of Scripture knowledge, should be omitted on the part of the congregation, the minister, and the choir-labourers. § 90. Boarding-Schools. The education of children, whose parents do not belong to our Church, forms an important branch of our usefulness. A wide field of blessed activity is thus opened to us, extend- 93 in" far beyond the limits of our own Church. Tbe Jubilee celebration of our educational institutions at Neuwied, Sept. 13th, 185G, was, at the same time, the centenary memorial of the commencement of this portion of the work assigned us by the Lord. On this occasion, the lively in- terest and affectionate testimonies of many former pupils of various ages and stations in life, from the east and Avest, and north and south, gave a most pleasing and encouraging proof that this labour has not been in vain in the Lord. And a glance at the present state of our Boarding-schools, — in reference to the labours of the brethren and sisters engaged in them, as well as to the blessed results following those labours, — is calculated to encourage us to continue this work in confidence, as a work of the Lord, and to keep in view the main object of our educational establishments. § 91. Object of our Boarding-Schools. Our boarding-schools may be regarded as missions among children, and their principal aim is, by means of a Christian education, to train our pupils not only for useful members of society, but, above all, for becoming partakers of eternal blessedness. Whatever tends to promote this object, — as Instruction meetings, Bible classes, morning and evening de- votions, frequent conversations with the children on spiritual subjects, attendance at those meetings of the congregation which are suitable for them, — should be attended to with care and faithfulness. But, above all, it is of importance that the teachers of our schools be animated by the love of Christ, and regard it as their principal duty to hallow their intercourse with the pupils, and the instructions which they impart, by doing all as unto the Lord in the spirit of Christian love. While we would earnestly endeavour to keep pace with other schools in imparting to our pupils a store of solid and useful know- ledge, we would not aim at that extent and display of learn- ing, which might excite them to vanity, destroy that simpli- city of mind and buoyancy of spirit which are so essential to the success of our efforts, aud lead us to neglect the proper regard for their health. A second object which we must keep in view in our boarding-schools, is, by their means, to give the children of the congregation more comprehensive instruction and advan- tages than they could otherwise obtain. Every facility should therefore be given them to attend these schools. This may be done, for instance, by a lower charge for their education. At the same time, care must be taken that they are not accustomed to a mode of living which they may not be able to continue in after life. Gratifying as it is to see our schools keep up their num- bers, yet if they become too large, the attention to the indi- vidual pupils, and that influence upon their hearts, which ought always to be our chief aim, will be rendered very difficult. It is therefore particularly desirable, that all over- crowding of the rooms in our schools should be avoided. § 92. Teachers in our Schools. It ought to be a matter of first-rate importance with directors of boarding-schools to engage faithful and capable teachers. For the supply of female teachers, they will do well to train clever girls for this service, by lengthening their stay at school, and giving them opportunities for further practice and improvement in the attainments which they have already made. Directors of schools and first teachers in our girls' schools are strictly charged to afford advice and support in all cir- cumstances to those brethren and sisters who enter the school-service, and to introduce them to the duties of their important calling with judgment and due consideration for their personal character and talents, as well as for their health. In regard to our girls' schools, especially, they ought not to permit the teachers to enter the service too young, and should also take special care that their mani- fold occupations be properly arranged, lest their health be injured by having too great an amount of labour. § 93. Unity s Educational Institutions. This designation comprises those higher educational insti- tutions, in which the future servants of the Brethren's Church receive their classical training and preparation for service. The oldest of these are, the Theological Seminary at G-nadenfeld, and the Pa?dagogium at Nisky, the former of which celebrated its centenary Jubilee on the 18th of May, 1854. To the same class belong the more recent in- 96 stitutions in North America, namely, the Theological Semi- nary at Nazareth, and the Preparatory Class in connection with it. Lastly, there is in contemplation an Institution in the British province for the training of ministers for the home sen-ice, as well as of missionary candidates. These institutions stand under the direction and manage- ment of the respective Provincial Synods, and Provincial Elders' Conferences. But they may be considered as Unity's Institutions, inasmuch as their importance to the whole Unity is undeniable ; and the servants of the church who have been educated in them, may receive appointments be- yond the limits of the Province in which they studied, and young men from one Province may either entirely, or in part, complete their studies in another, with permission of the Elders' Conference of the same. On this account, it is re- quired that a clear and circumstantial report of each of these institutions, especially with regard to their internal condition, be presented to every General Synod, in order that all may benefit by the interchange of views and experiences, and that the General Synod may thus have an opportunity of pronouncing an opinion on the state of all these institutions, and of recommending the same to the attention of the re- spectiye Provincial authorities. For the same purpose, the means of becoming acquainted with the condition and pro- gress of these institutions are to be afforded to visiting members of the Unity's Elders' Conference. The present condition of the two first-mentioned institu- tions, the Pajdagogium at Nisky, and the Seminary at Gna- denfeld, was such as to fill the Synod with humble thankful- ness, and to inspire the joyful confidence that the Lord has not forsaken his people. We could not but regard the ex- periment of an extension of the period of study in the Semi- nary to three years, proposed by the last Synod, as success- ful. This arrangement is therefore to continue in force, except in cases where an earlier entrance on active service, and the consequent remission of a third year of study, is considered adyisable by the Principal of the Seminary. The term of three years is not otherwise to be abridged, unless extraordinary exceptional causes should necessitate a depar- ture from this rule. The boys' boarding-school at Nisky is closely connected with the Paidagogium, and stands in the same relation to the directing authorities. 96 May our faithful and gracious God continue to preside over our whole educational activity, for the benefit of our congregations, or of others, with his grace and blessing. May He never suffer any Province of our Unity to be in want of brethren and sisters possessed of the needful qualifications, and willing to devote all their powers to his service ; and may He especially long preserve to us in our Unity's educa- tional institutions, an efficacious bond of mutual connection. CHAPTEE XI. Belation of the Brethren's Church to other Pro- testant Churches. — Diaspora aud Home Mission. " Jesus should die, — that he might gather together in one the children of God that were scattered abroad." — John xi. 51, 52. " That they all may be one." — John xvii. 21. § 94. Relation to other Protestant Churches. The Brethren's Unity of ancient and modern times, though by its constitution and episcopal ordination forming a sepa- rate Church, has, nevertheless, at all times, professed to be but a part of the universal Church of which Christ is the Head, and more especially of the Evangelical or Protestant Church, whose doctrine is derived from the holy Scriptures, and from them alone. Hence the renewed Church of the Brethren has, at its Synods, repeatedly declared, and now renews its declaration of adherence to the Augsburg Con- fession in its twenty-one articles, as being the first and most generally received Confession of the Protestant Church, and as containing a simple and clear enunciation of the articles of the Christian faith ; but, as has been already stated by former Synods, without wishing to bind the conscience of any one, especially in those countries where this Confession has no other value than as being the creed of one among many churches enjoying equal rights and liberty. We ac- knowledge no other standard or test of doctrine than the Holy Scriptures alone. 99 The intimate connection and essential oneness which exists between the renewed Brethren's Church and the Protestant Churches, and which has combined in one Brethren's Unity the descendants of the old Moravian and Bohemian Bre- thren, and those who came to us from the Lutheran and Re- formed Churches, was described at the Synod of 1744, in the following manner: "The renewed Brethren's Church recog- nizes within its pale three modes of teaching Christian doc- trine, which it distinguishes as the Moravian, the Lutheran, and the Reformed tropus." The same distinction has been subsequently recognized by successive Synods. § 95. Explanatory Remarks. The following remarks may serve to explain this declara- tion more fully. The Churches which sprang out of the Reformation of the sixteenth century, in all their various divisions agreed in essentials, and particularly in the two points, that the holy Scriptures constitute the only rule of faith, and that we are justified by faith alone. The ancient Brethren's Church, which had existed for above half a cen- tury before, fully agreed with them in these important par- ticulars. The differences between these Church divisions, in their manner of setting forth Christian doctrine, and in form3 of constitution and ecclesiastical observances, arise from dif- ferent views of one and the same divine truth, according to their several gifts, and the special place which the Lord has assigned to each of them in his Church universal : so that the members are not only not separated from, or opposed to each other, but should love one another as brethren ; and, maintaining their peculiarity, or in other words, their indi- vidual tropus, or mode of setting forth doctrine, may be united together in one Church, inasmuch as they are of one mind respecting that which is essential. The renewed Church of the Brethren represents such a unity ; for, under the ecclesiastical form and order of the ancient Bohemian-Moravian Brethren's Church, it has united together the descendants of the ancient Brethren and other Protestant Christians, who, possessing faith in Christ cruci- fied, and love to their common Saviour, were not obliged to renounce the peculiarities of their particular confession. In this Evangelical Church-union, which is not merely a mat- ter of understanding or feeling, but an existing reality, the H 9s Brethren's Unity possesses a precious jewel, which she prizes highly, and is bound to keep faithfully for future times. By means of this treasure, committed to us by the Lord, we are able not only to keep up our own connection with the Protestant Church, but, as far as our testimony extends, to aid her in the execution of our Saviour's will, that all his children may be one. Although little is said in our congregations, at the present day, respecting these tropuses, the essence of the idea still exists. Hence it follows, that a member of one of the Pro- testant Churches, in joining the Brethren's Church, does not renounce the faith which he has hitherto professed, or adopt a new creed. And, if members of the Brethren's Church live at a distance from one of our congregations, they need not scruple to join the worship of the Protestant Church of their place of abode. If members of other churches desire to join that of the Brethren, it is the duty of the minister of the congregation where they seek admission, to obtain satisfactory evidence of their knowledge and belief of the evangelical doctrine of the Protestant Church. § 96. Catholicity of the Brethren's Church. The peculiar character of catholicity which the Brethren's Church maintains, imposes upon her the duty, while it gives her the ability, to offer the hand of brotherhood to true believers of all denominations, and to be cordially united with them. This has been the practice of the Brethren's congregation from its commencement, and it has never been our wish, by taking an isolated position, to withdraw from other divisions of the Church. The many hostilities to which we have been exposed, have tended to make us prefer that quiet and retirement which, indeed, ap- peared proper to our peculiar position in the Church ; aud we have never felt called upon to take part in theological or ecclesiastical controversy. Our writings have been intended for edification, and we have answered cur opponents rather by our works than by our words, except m cases where silence would have done harm. If they tell us the truth, we are grateful to them for it ; if they remind us of our faults, and make us attentive to our lukewarmness, or want of zeal in foilowing after holiness, we are thankful to receive instruc- tion from them ; and, in honour and dishonour, through good 99 and evil report, to shew oursslves as servants of God and disciples of Christ. We are much interested in the develop- ment of the Church of Christ, and in the new life which manifests itself, and willingly take our share in her combats and in her sufferings, as well as her victories, that we may- partake with her of the honour and of the reproach of Christ. We should be unfaithful to our calling, if, in the present times, we shewed unwillingness to unite with individual con- fessors of Jesus Christ, or with evangelical conferences and associations ; as, by union with them, we may strengthen each other, in our common faith, against the influential errors which seduce so many. Our times demand an open and decided confession of the truth ; union gives spirit and power, and through faith, leads on to victory. § 97. Diaspora Work on the European Continent. Our Diaspora labours have always been intended to pro- mote this union of the members of Christ with each other, and with Himself their head. As the Brethren's Church is a portion of the Protestant Church,— "her oldest sister and servant," according to the expression of an ancient hymn, — she feels called upon to tender her services, for the purpose of leading on the right path, souls that are scattered abroad, to stablish them in the love of Christ, and to connect them more closely with us and with each other, by means of the establishment of society regulations, without separating them from their own Church. Rather is it our desire and aim, that, by this means, the living members of the Church should be increased in number and established, and, by more intimate connection with each other, grow in faith, love, and holiness. The extensive circle of these brethren and sisters, and friends, scattered throughout the Protestant Churches, has been called, since 1750 (according to 1 Pet. i. 1,) the "Diaspora" of the Brethren's Church. There is a considerable number of smaller societies of the Bre- thren, in G-erinany, and other states of the continent of Europe, with different arrangements, varying according to the different ecclesiastical constitutions of their several countries. While we are painfully conscious of numerous failings and mistakes in this field of our labour, we must record to the honour of our Lord, that in a time of almost universal n 2 100 apostasy, the quiet and unobserved circles of those who were connected with the Brethren, contributed to preserve a good seed within the national Church, by means of which a pre- paration was made for that revival of a Christian spirit with which it pleased the Lord graciously to visit it ; and in our days this connection with our Church is a means of protect- ing many souls from unbelief on the one hand, or sectarianism on the other, and of preserving them in their evangelical liberty. With respect to our congregations, this work has, under the blessing of the Lord, had a very beneficial influence by its tendency to counteract that one-sidedness and that stag- nation of spiritual life to which every small community is exposed. The fire of a first love which has often pervaded these little flocks, has put us to shame, and kindled a like flame in many a heart in our congregations. The affection- ate respect which they entertain for our Church, has been a call upon us to value our union more highly than we might otherwise have done. As our diaspora connections have furnished us with the means of communicating to the Church at large of that which the Lord has given to us, so have they been the channels through which new life has flowed from the Church to us. "We would also make grateful mention of the zeal shewn by our Diaspora brethren and sisters in aiding our missions among the heathen, both by their self-denying contributions and their faithful intercessions.* § 98. Activity in Great Britain and Ireland. The manner in which our congregations in Great Britain and Ireland labour among those who are not members of our Church is very different from our diaspora activity on the Continent. The ecclesiastical relations of the British isles are such, that those who seek communion with us join our Church ; hence there are no such things there as societies, in the German sense of the word. Nevertheless, the Bre- thren's Church in these countries is by no means isolated, but numbers many warm friends, who value our activity in the promotion of the kingdom of Christ, and make our missionary * Further information respecting this work may be found in the German Appendix to the Results. 101 labours the subject of their intercessions and the object of their assistance. The members of our congregations, again, take share in the operations of the many Christian societies formed in those countries. Tor the purpose of sowing the seed of the word of God in the neighbourhood of our congregations, preaching-places have been established, and in attending to these, and in visiting the sick, many opportunities are afforded for testi- fying of the love of the Friend of sinners. By means of the visits of Scripture readers in Ireland, the word of God is brought into the cottages of the poor, and thousands, who would otherwise have never heard it, are thus made ac- quainted with its precious truths. § 99. Activity in North America. The United States of America offer an almost boundless field for Christian usefulness. Many thousand German emigrants land there every year, with the object of settling in the far west, where they are, for the most part, destitute of all Christian care, of the preaching of the word of God, and of the sacraments. What has been hitherto effected by Christian associations in Germany and America, falls far short of providing for the wants of these wandering sheep ; and as many of our diaspora brethren and sisters from Ger- many are among these emigrants, our American brethren have recognized therein a clear intimation of the Lord's will, and have commenced establishing new congregations in dif- ferent States. The materials of which these consist are diverse, some of the members having come from the old con- gregations, others from the German diaspora, and others again being entire strangers, chiefly recent immigrants. The first attempts were, from defective experience, made on no regular plan, but rules and regulations, founded on our general congregation rules, have now been laid down, to which the members of these congregations are required to declare their adhesion. They are, therefore, not in name only but in reality, Brethren's Congregations, although as yet they do not enjoy their full rights as such, not being re- presented at the Synods. It is a work of faith, and has a powerful claim on the prayers and sympathies of our con- gregations in Europe. Let us commend it, in faith, to the Lord, that He may be pleased to provide the means and 102 instruments for extending his kingdom in the new world, and collecting congregations which shall shew forth his glory. § 100. Other kindred Means of Usefulness. The activity of our brethren in England and America, just referred to, has, upon the whole, rather the character of a Home-mission than of our German diaspora. Like the former, it has for its main object the awakening and conver- sion of souls, while the latter seeks principally to promote edification and Christian fellowship. The Sunday-schools which exist, to a great extent, in our British and American congregations, partake of the same character. The main object of these institutions is to instruct those children who have no opportunity of attending schools during the week, and especially to make them acquainted with the holy Scriptures, and to lead them to our Saviour. Nor are our German congregations without facilities for ministering to the temporal and spiritual wants of the poor and of or- phan children in their neighbourhood, and for assisting, by the distribution of Bibles and tracts, especially among tra- velling mechanics, and in many other ways, to diffuse the blessings of the Gospel. Almost every one of our conti- nental congregations has now one or more of these means of usefulness at work, conducted by some of their own mem- bers. Such services afford a suitable opportunity for preparation for future usefulness in the Lord's vineyard, and those who " tarry by the stuff" can thus be actively engaged in spreading the kingdom of God. The more these labours of love are promoted within the congregation, by associations among the brethren and sisters themselves, the more will the church itself be blessed. In these home-missions we will not be behind other Chris- tians, who have undertaken them in our days with much zeal, but will gladly join them, in order that, by our united exer- tions, this work of the Lord may prosper, and the cordial union of his disciples may be promoted ; for " We all have one inheritance, and serve one common Lord." 103 CHAPTEE XII. Missions of the Brethren's Unity. "The mystery of Christ, which in other ages was not made known unto the sons of men, as it is now revealed unto his holy apostles and prophets by the Spirit; that the Gentiles should be fellow-heirs, and of the same body, and partakers of his promise in Christ by the Gospel." — Epii. iii. 4, 5, 6. "Lo! a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations and kindred and people and tongues, stood before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands." — Rev. vii. 9. A. Missions. § 101. Substance of the Mission-testimony. If we are asked, By what power are our congregations gathered from among the heathen, and their members brought from death unto life ? — we answer the inquirer in the words of the Apostle, " Be it known unto you all, and to all the people, that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead, even by him do these men stand here before you whole. This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders, which is become the head of the corner ; neither is there salvation in any other : for there is none other name under heaven, given among men, whereby we must be saved." (Acts iv. 10—12.) We therefore set forth, as the first principle on which our testimony rests, in every portion of the mission-field, the precious doctrine of " Jesus Christ and him crucified," even of him " who of God is made unto us wisdom and righteous- ness and sanctification and redemption." (1 Cor. i. 30.) The word of his patience is the sum and substance of our teaching. On this sure foundation, our missionaries, as wise builders, are required to build ; always remembering that " every man's work shall be made manifest, for the day shall declare it ; and the fire shall try every man's work, 104 of what sort it is." (1 Cor. iii. 11, 13.) If they build on this foundation, gold, silver, and precious stones, — the work shall abide, which they have built thereupon, and they " shall receive a reward." (ver. 14.) We will, therefore, deliver this Divine message, " not with excellency of speech or of wisdom," but we will determine everywhere, and at all times, not to know anything among the heathen but Jesus Christ and him crucified ; — and our speech and our preaching shall not be with enticing words of man's wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power, that the faith of the people committed to our charge may " not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the power of God." (1 Cor. ii. 1—5.) § 102. Special care of Souls. "We adhere firmly to the principle, that in our efforts for the conversion of the heathen, we will manifest less solici- tude to bring a great number of persons to the profession of the Christian faith, than, by means of the Gospel preached with demonstration of the Spirit and of power, " to turn souls from darkness unto light, from the power of Satan unto God." For this purpose, however, the preaching of the Gospel must be accompanied by the special care of individual souls; periodical conversations of the missionaries with the mem- bers of their congregations, according to their several classes, and visits to the houses and to the beds of the sick and dying, are deemed of the utmost importance. The Synod, therefore, earnestly commends this portion of their duties to the faithful attention of our Missionary brethren and sisters, and entreats them not to lose sight of the excluded, but, even where these are not conversed with regularly, to invite them to attend the speakings. § 103. Special means for the furtherance of Cliristian life, and of the knowledge of the way of Salvation among the Members of our Congregations. For the edification of our Mission-flocks, and the advance- ment of their members in the knowledge of Gospel truth, in 105 spiritual experience, and in acquaintance with the Brethren's history and labours in other quarters of the missionary field, the following means were strongly recommended. (a.) Meetings for Scriptural instruction — in which the word of God is read, and accompanied by brief, simple, and edifying comments, and applications to the daily life, — the object of which should be to impress Divine truth, not merely upon the memory, but also upon the conscience, as " a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart ;" and to induce the hearer to read the word of God with diligence, and to study its contents with earnest prayer. (b.) Special meetings for prayer, to be held with the whole congregation, for the encouragement of " the spirit of prayer and supplication," and the promotion of family worship. (c.) The communication of narratives from the History of the Brethren's Church, or the reports of our labours in other lands, in meetings to be held for this particular object. (d.) The establishment of Missionary Associations, and taking part in works of Christian love, such as the Home Mission, and in efforts of other kinds to extend the bounda- ries of Christ's kingdom. In addition to these means of promoting spiritual life in our missionary congregations, it must remain an object of our earnest endeavours to raise them by degrees from the state of comparative infancy in which they still are, to one of independence and self-support. They should be often reminded, not only of their duty and privilege, to provide tbe means for the support of the ministry among them- selves, but also of the right to which they may be eventually entitled, of assisting in the management of their own spiritual and temporal concerns, both by counsel and deed. In this manner, we may hope to be able gradually, and by a natural transition, to introduce something like a church constitution among them, and thus the long desired period will arrive, when they will be withdrawn from the list of missionary congregations, and our hands left at liberty for the employ- ment of whatever strength and means may be at our disposal, for the benefit of other more truly missionary fields of labour. The attainment of this important object we ought neither to consider too near at hand, — imprudently seeking to hasten its arrival, — nor yet to treat as impossible or improbable. 106 § 104. Training of Natives for service among their Country- men, as Teachers or Missionary Assistants. Tbe Synod acknowledged with thankfulness to the Lord, that, by his gracious help, some progress had been made towards tbe attainment of this important purpose, during the interval which has elapsed since the last Synod. Two active missionaries, persons of colour, have been recently appointed to full missionary service, in the islands of Jamaica and Antigua, in both of which islands, good train- ing-schools have been for some time in operation — at Fairfield and Cedarhall, — and have already supplied a number of useful teachers. The training-school at Genadendal in South Africa has also been favoured to furnish not a few valua- ble school-masters, some of whom have found employment beyond the borders of our own church. Institutions of a somewhat similar kind have been formed at Beekbuisen in Surinam, and at New Herrnhut in Greenland, the fruits of which we must, however, be content to await. In Labra- dor, hopeful youths are taken under special training by missionaries at every station, and well instructed in the doctrines of holy Scripture. In order to make yet further progress in this direction, — the subject being manifestly of the utmost importance, — the Synod recommends that search should be made in every congregation for young native teachers and other promising members, of whom it may be hoped that they will reward the pains bestowed upon them, by becoming, in due time, qualified and devoted assistants. These, on the expression of their own desire, should be placed under the care and instruction of some qualified missionaries, who should seek to prepare them for service in the missions, by giving them special instruction, and inviting them to call upon him at particular times, for the sake of spiritual converse, and the examination of their written essays or discourses. — Arrange- ments of this kind, must however be marked by as little outward show as possible, and no positive expectation held out to the candidate, that he will necessarily be employed hereafter. The instruction given should, further, be chiefly confined to a correct and thorough knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, and the application of the knowledge acquired to the heart and to the intended office. Where a regulation of this kind is found to be impracticable, it will be the more 107 necessary to use every other means at our command for the training of qualified national assistants. It is also recom- mended, that frequent inquiry shoidd be made by the mission- department whether any regular plan has been adopted, what progress has been made in carrying it out, and what has been the result. With regard to the choice of candidates, it is to be observed, that as much stress is to be laid on the state of mind and manner of life as on their general ability ; nor is it less necessary that the missionaries should pay par- ticular attention to the state of heart of both native as- sistants and teachers, and maintain a brotherly connection with them. § 105. Use of the Lot in admission to Church Privileges. Since the use of the lot in admission to the privileges of the Church has been discontinued in our congregations at home, objections and scruples in regard to the propriety of its continued use in our mission-fields have been enter- tained by many of our missionaries, while others have mani- fested a desire that it should be retained in the spheres iu which they are called to labour, from a conviction that it has been attended with the Divine blessing. After careful and mature deliberation on this important subject, and due attention giveu to the several memorials which had reference to it, the Synod was led to adopt the following resolutions : — (a.) The use of the lot, in admission to the classes of candidates for baptism and for the holy communion is to be discontinued where it still exists, as these are not properly degrees of church fellowship, and we have a direct command of the Lord to invite all to receive instruction in the Gospel, without reference to their state of heart. (b.) "Where the use of the lot, in admission to baptism and the Lord's supper, is found still to be attended with blessing, as in Greenland, Labrador, South Africa, and Surinam, the same may be retained as a direction having re- ference to the time of such admission. In particular cases, however, it may be dispensed with, where this can be done with entire satisfaction of mind on the part of the mis- sionaries themselves. The same rule applies to re-admission to the classes of the baptized and communicants, — the persons re-admitted being, ordinarily, restored to the classes 108 from which they had been excluded. Uniformity of prac- tice should, however, generally prevail in each missionary district. (c.) In like manner, the use of the lot may be retained, in each of the before-named provinces, (Surinam, South Africa, Labrador, and Greenland,) in regard to the reception into the congregation of persons from other churches who join our fellowship, but not in regard to such as have been bap- tized in our own church, whether as children or adults. (d.) As to the rest, no essential change is to be made with reference to the maintenance in our mission churches of the several classes of new people, candidates for baptism and the holy communion, baptized and communicants, — this distribution into classes, each enjoying the needful in- struction and pastoral care, having every where approved itself as productive of much blessing. The excluded will continue to form a separate class. Every mission-conference will remain, as heretofore, at liberty to have recourse to the use of the lot in difficult or doubtful cases,— even though such use, in ordinary cases, should have ceased in the districts in which they are called to serve, with reference to the admission to any particular class. § 106. Infant Baptism and Confirmation. "With respect to the baptism of children in our several missions, the Synod was induced to pass the following reso- lutions, — containing rules for general observance : — 1. Children born out of wedlock, are not to be baptized by our missionaries, nor children of excluded persons, so long as both parents remain under discipline, unless relatives or friends of truly Christian character make themselves re- sponsible for their being brought up in the nurture and ad- monition of the Lord. 2. In the event of a person under church discipline con- tinuing in a state of impenitence and hardness of heart two or three years, and manifesting no willingness to receive re- proof, he is to be altogether excluded from fellowship — in other words to be considered as no longer in any connexion with our church. Note. — This rule ought not, however, to prevent a Mis- sionary going after such a lost or straying sheep. 1 09 The confirmation of a number of candidates for the holy communion, at one time, after previous careful instruction in the truths of the Gospel, having approved itself as a means of peculiar blessing, — our brethren are earnestly ex- horted by the Synod to the faithful observance of this practice. § 107. Baptism of Heathen, ivho live in a state of Poli/gamy. In consequence of a memorial, praying for the discontinu- ance of the rule hitherto in force, that a heathen having more than one wife, should not be required to put away all but one, previous to his receiving holy baptism, the Synod took this important subject into renewed and mature con- sideration, and came eventually to the following conclusions in regard to it : — 1. That our 3Bssionaries should not be at liberty to re- quire a man, icho before his conversion had lived icith more than one wife, to put away all but one; — at the same time they should feel it their duty, on every occasion to testify plainly and decidedly, that polygamy is, in itself, opposed to the very nature of a truly Christian marriage, 2. That such a man should not, however, be appointed a helper, or be invested with any office in the congregation. 3. That a man who believes in Christ, should on marrying, take only one wife, and that he must remain faithful to her, so long as they both shall live. § 108 Mission Schools, and their financial position. The importance of increased attention to education has, of late years, been fully recognized in our missions, and corres- ponding exertions have been made, so that, in this respect, no special resolutions appeared to be requisite. With re- gard, however, to the question of finance, the Synod felt it right, clearly to lay down the following principle, though it has all along been partially acted on : — That the Mission Diacony is not immediately liable for the current expenses of the station-schools, but that these should be covered, if possible, by school-fees and contribu- tions from friends, and the assistance of the Mission Diacony 110 be resorted to, only where the usual local means prove in- sufficient. § 109. Further Extension of the Work. The undeserved confidence enjoyed by us as a Missionary community in the midst of the general Church of Christ, has, during the period now elapsed, led to numerous appli- cations for the commencement of new Missions. Of these, the mission among the Mongols has been actually under- taken, while preliminary measures have been adopted for the commencement of one among the Esquimaux at Northum- berland Inlet. Of the remaining proposals, some had to be declined at once, and the further inquiries and negotiations regarding others led to no result. As regards the extension of our mission work in general, by entering on new fields of labour, the Syi\od expressed itself to the effect, that, although our mission-work is a work of faith, it is still requisite to act with discretion, and to " count the cost," — that there are limits to extension, which, considering the means at our disposal, cannot be overstepped without endangering the internal solidity of the work. These limits the Synod believed to be already reached, so that we ought not to enter upon any new undertakings of the kind without the most thorough consideration, and the most de- cisive indications of the Lord's will, — so long as the existing fields of labour task our powers so heavily, both as to money, and still more as to labourers. The case is different with the extension of missions already commenced, by establish- ing new stations, sending out assistants, and similar prepara- tory measures. Here the necessity prescribes our duty, and where extraordinary circumstances do not limit it, such a growth is the natural fruit and index of internal prosperity. Here, it is our business to rely upon the Lord. Have we hitherto been weak in faith, and failed in consequence, in that willing and devoted service of the Lord, which he has a right to require at our hands ; may he lead us to true re- pentance and renewed strength of faith, so that our Church may more than hitherto, present the aspect of one great Missionary Society, engaged in gathering in the reward for the travail of His soul, from all parts of the earth. Ill B. Missionaries. § 110. Training of Missionaries. The principal preparation for missionary service must take place under the teaching of the Holy Ghost, so that the promise may be verified in all who engage in it : " They shall be taught of God." Human knowledge and external cul- ture would be uninfluential and fruitless, without inward enlightenment and the preparation of the heart. The first requirement of every missionary is therefore, the true con- version of his own soul. He must " have peace with God, through our Lord Jesus Christ, being justified by faith." " The joy of the Lord " must be " his strength." He must daily, with humbleness of mind, as a poor but pardoned sin- ner, repair for cleansing to " the fountain opened for sin and uncleanness," and "follow after holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord." This does not, however, ex- clude the desirableness of intellectual qualifications for the preaching of the Gospel, the care of a congregation, the in- struction of youth, the learning of a foreign language, and other branches of activity connected with missionary service, — or of a certain amount of education and acquirements. The Synod could not but perceive that the advancing cul- ture of the members of our missionary congregations, both as regards education and Christian intelligence, renders this more needful now than was formerly the case. In addition to these general requirements, there is one of special import- ance for a large portion of our missions, — a knowledge of the English language. The consideration of these circumstances led to the follow- ing determinations : — As regards the general training of candidates for the mission-service, the Synod does not feel called upon to advise the establishment of special institutions for that pur- pose. Where the foundation has been laid of a good early education in our congregations, — our choir-houses, and more especially our schools, and employment in their service, afford in all essential points a sufficient preparatory train- ing. At the same time, brethren who offer themselves for mission-service shoidd be reminded by their labourers of the 112 necessity of preparing themselves for that service to the best of their ability. It was also recommended, that labourers should go through a course of Christian doctrine, with candidates for mission- service, taking the Summary as a guide, — give them pas- sages of Scripture to commit to memory, — and require them to put down in writing a recapitulation of the subjects gone through, in order to exercise them in a clear apprehension of the truths of the Gospel, and to ascertain whether they have the gift of expressing themselves clearly and intel- ligibly. As regards the learning of English, the Synod recommends the Mission Department not only, as hitherto, to provide places for German brethren who are deemed suitable for Mission-service, as teachers in English schools, — but, in the case of brethren called by lot to the service of a mis- sion where a knowledge of English is requisite, to place them for a year under a single brethren's labourer or mini- ster in England, for instruction in the language; after which they may receive further practical training by acting as the assistants of town-missionaries, and by attendance at a Training-school. At the same time the Synod empowered the Mission De- partment, — in case a class for missionary candidates should be established in the institution lately commenced in Eng- land for the training of ministers for the home service, — to avail itself of the opportunity thus afforded. § 111. Testimonials respecting Candidates for Missionary Service. The testimonials of brethren and sisters who wish to devote themselves to the missionary service, which are forwarded from time to time to the Mission-Board, should be drawn up with the utmost care, impartiality, and completeness, without any respect to private or personal considerations. Defects of character, which often exercise a very injurious influence upon both persons and things, ought on no account to be concealed. It would therefore be well, if, at the beginning of every year, the respective choir-labourers would send in any remarks they may have occasion to make, in regard to the character or conduct of the candidates already recom- 113 mended by them, not forgetting to notice any debts they may meanwhile have contracted, and which might constitute an outward hindrance to their being called into service. The schedules hitherto in use should be carefully attended to in every particular. The subsequent experience of the unfitness of an individual appointed to missionary service is often atteuded with the most lamentable cousequences, both to himself and to the mission. It is the more important that the choir-labourers should give a word of warning on this head to the party concerned, as the Mission-Board can- not be expected to provide for the support of individuals whose retirement has become, from any of these causes, a matter of necessity. § 112. Marriages of Missionaries. Every missionary being at full liberty to have a proposal of marriage, in which he is interested, submitted to a deci- sion by lot, or to marry without it, according to his own conviction of duty or necessity, it may be the more rea- sonably required of every brother appointed to or engaged in missionary service, that he should consider, in a spirit of conscientious faithfulness, whether the sister he may desire to many, be really qualified for the work. At the same time, the Synod expects that the Unity's Elders' Conference and the several Provincial Elders' Conferences will account it their sacred duty to examine in the most careful mauner the proposals that may be submitted to them, and to reject such as may be manifestly inadmissible. In the event of a brother being unwilling to withdraw a proposal considered unsuitable, these Conferences are directed to refuse their sauction to his appointment or to his continuance in the service. § 113. Visits of Missionaries at Home. Our warmest thanks are due to the Lord of the harvest, who, notwithstanding the progressive extension of our mis- sion-field, has never permitted us to lack servants, willing to labour for Him within its borders, in the spirit of true self- denial. And it is but right, that the faithfulness and dili- gence, the devotedness and the steadfastness of our mis- sionary brethren and sisters generally should hero receive a grateful acknowledgment. Nevertheless, we dare not abstain I 112 necessity of preparing themselves for that service to the best of their ability. It was also recommended, that labourers should go through a course of Christian doctrine, with candidates for mission- service, taking the Summary as a guide, — give them pas- sages of Scripture to commit to memory, — and require them to put down in writing a recapitulation of the subjects gone through, in order to exercise them in a clear apprehension of the truths of the Gospel, and to ascertain whether they have the gift of expressing themselves clearly and intel- ligibly. As regards the learning of English, the Synod recommends the Mission Department not only, as hitherto, to provide places for German brethren who are deemed suitable for Mission-service, as teachers in English schools, — but, in the case of brethren called by lot to the service of a mis- sion where a knowledge of English is requisite, to place them for a year under a single brethren's labourer or mini- ster in England, for instruction in the language; after which they may receive further practical training by acting as the assistants of town-missionaries, and by attendance at a Training-school. At the same time the Synod empowered the Mission De- partment, — in case a class for missionary candidates should be established in the institution lately commenced in Eng- land for the training of ministers for the home service, — to avail itself of the opportunity thus afforded. § 111. Testimonials respecting Candidates for Missionary Service. The testimonials of brethren and sisters who wish to devote themselves to the missionary service, which are forwarded from time to time to the Mission-Board, should be drawn up with the utmost care, impartiality, and completeness, without any respect to private or personal considerations. Defects of character, which often exercise a very injurious influence upon both persons and things, ought on no account to be concealed. It would therefore be well, if, at the beginning of every year, the respective choir-labourers would send in any remarks they may have occasion to make, in regard to the character or conduct of the candidates already recom- 113 mended by them, not forgetting to notice any debts they may meanwhile have contracted, and which might constitute an outward hindrance to then- being called into service. The schedules hitherto in use should be carefully attended to in every particular. The subsequent experience of the unfitness of an individual appointed to missionary service is often attended with the most lamentable consequences, both to himself and to the mission. It is the more important that the choir-labourers should give a word of warning on this head to the party concerned, as the Mission-Board can- not be expected to provide for the support of individuals whose retirement has become, from any of these causes, a matter of necessity. § 112. Marriages of Missionaries. Every missionary being at full liberty to have a proposal of marriage, in which he is interested, submitted to a deci- sion by lot, or to marry without it, according to his own conviction of duty or necessity, it may be the more rea- sonably required of every brother appointed to or engaged in missionary service, that he should consider, iu a spirit of conscientious faithfulness, whether the sister he may desire to marry, be really qualified for the work. At the same time, the Synod expects that the Unity's Elders' Conference and the several Provincial Elders' Conferences will account it their sacred duty to examine in the most careful manner the proposals that may be submitted to them, and to reject such as may be manifestly inadmissible. In the event of a brother being unwilling to withdraw a proposal considered unsuitable, these Conferences are directed to refuse their sanction to his appointment or to his continuance in the service. § 113. Visits of Missionaries at Home. Our warmest thanks are due to the Lord of the harvest, who, notwithstanding the progressive extension of our mis- sion-field, has never permitted us to lack servants, willing to labour for Him within its borders, in the spirit of true self- denial. And it is but right, that the faithfulness and dili- gence, the devotedness and the steadfastness of our mis- sionary brethren and sisters generally should hero receive a grateful acknowledgment. Nevertheless, we dare not abstain I Hi from noticing the fact that, in the course of the last few years, instances have occasionally occurred of a deficiency of true self-sacrificing zeal for the promotion of the Lord's cause, — several missionaries having relinquished the work in their best years, and returned home to seek another sphere of service. The Synod was induced hereby to establish the principle, that whenever missionaries, of their own free will, and with- out any sufficient reason, insist on returning home, they cannot be entitled to have their travelling expenses paid, still less to receive a pension. At the same time our mis- sionaries may rely upon it, that the Mission-Board will be disposed to pay every regard to considerations of health, and in general to the reasonable wishes of their fellow-servants. § 114. Trades and Businesses in the Mission-field. Faithfully and generously as our missionary work is sus- tained by the offerings of Associations and of individual Chris- tian friends, it is sufficiently evident from the yearly state- ments of the Mission Diacony, that a considerable portion of the means required for its support is derived from the va- rious branches of business carried on for this purpose at several of our missionary stations. The missions in Surinam, South Africa, and Labrador, are in fact entirely maintained by these means. As it appears, that the prosecution of our missionary work, in its present extent, would be impracticable in any other way, — the Synod had no hesitation in recommending the continuance of these businesses, where they can be carried on with the blessing of the Lord, — with the understanding, however, that the brethren employed in them are regarded as servants of the mission, in the full sense of the term, and competent to assist in spiritual labour. The example of the Apostle Paul is herein to be kept in view. Outward labour of whatever kind, is truly hallowed, when it is performed in the name of Jesus, and for the advancement of his kingdom. It would, therefore, be a serious mistake, were missionaries to be ashamed of engaging in such duties, and to account them beneatli their dignity. Nevertheless the Synod found it desirable to pass the following resolution : — No missionary can be permitted to carry on any business or traffic on his own account — and as little, for the benefit 115 of the mission, without the sanction of the Mission-Board, to whom he will he required to forward an annual state- ment of his accounts. § 115. Common Housekeeping. The retention of the combined or common housekeeping, where it still exists, may be recommended with the greatest confidence ; because it is not only, in ordinary cases, produc- tive of a sensible diminution of expense, but likewise because, when a right spirit prevails, it is found to be a blessed means of increasing brotherly union among the members of one and the same household. "With respect to the relation to each other of the mission- aries dwelling at one place, it is proper to observe, that it must be essentially brotherly, each recognizing the other as a colleague ; and that, though to one may be committed the office of house-father, and the general direction of the house- hold, he is expected to undertake nothing of any importance, connected with the division of labour, or other matters, without previous brotherly consultation with his fellow- servants. Should it, however, appear expedient to the Mission- Board, owing to special circumstances or considerations, to discontinue combined housekeeping at any particular station, such a measure is to be regarded as an authorized exception to a general rule. § 116. Official relation of the Missionaries to the Mission-Board. Though this relation might seem to be, in the main, so well understood and regulated as to require nothing further in the way of definition, — the Synod found it necessary to express an opinion on one particular subject, — some uncer- tainty appearing to have existed, as to the duty of a mis- sionary obtaining the previous sanction of his official supe- riors to the publication of any book, having reference to the field of labour in which he is employed. The Synod, therefore, with a view to obviate all doubt for the future, passed the following resolution : — That no missionary shall be allowed to publish any work in reference to the sphere of duty in which he is engaged, with- i 2 ]1G out the previous knowledge and sanction of the Board to which he is responsible, viz., the Unity's Elders' Conference. § 117. Conferences preparatory to General Synods. On the subject of the regular Conferences already exist- ing in our Missions, the Synod found no cause to make any change ; nevertheless it was induced, by memorials from various Missions, to sanction the following extension of the conferential system. In the conviction, that Mission conferences of a more general character, — having reference to whole missionary districts, — are likely, wherever practicable, to be of great use, through the opportunity they afford for interchange of sen- timents, for cultivating mutual acquaintance, and for intro- ducing greater uniformity into the missionary work, as well as for the discussion and adoption of proposals to be laid before an approaching Synod, — it is recommended to the Mission-Department, to take the needful measures previous to a General Synod for convening, as far as possible, pre- paratory Conferences, — not merely of individual missions, — but also of entire missionary districts. "Where several smaller districts of this kind can be united, such a conference should be attended by but one brother from each mission, or by two at the most. C. Support or the Missionary "Work. § 118. Missionary Associations and Missionary Festivals. The Synod acknowledges with thankfulness the continued activity of a number of greater and smaller Associations, both within and without the borders of our Church, es- tablished for the benefit of our Missions among the Heathen. In our congregations themselves, the increasing sympathy of their members in this important work has been manifested during the past interval in a variety of ways. In addition to the Missionary Societies long existing in London, Zeyst, Bethlehem, and Salem, Associations have been formed in the Yorkshire and other British congregations, in many of those in North America, and likewise in not a few of our choir-houses on the continent of Europe, which have shewn commendable zeal in raising funds towards the support of 117 t he work. Similar associations have likewise sprung up in the various provinces of our mission-field, especially in the West Indies. Among the many Societies beyond the pale of our Church, which support our missions by their contributions, the London Association, with its numerous branches, continues to distinguish itself by its unwearied activity, and the abun- dant supplies which it pours yearly into our Mission- treasury. In Denmark, the North Sleswick Association directs its attention chiefly to the maintenance of our mis- sion in the Danish West India Islands ; nor is the number of Institutions inconsiderable which make grants in aid of our missionary work out of funds collected for the support of missions in general. Deeply grateful as we feel to these our kind benefactors, we rejoice in the assurance that " God is not unrighteous to forget their work and labour of love, which they have shewed towards his name : in that they have ministered to the saints, and do minister." (Heb. vi. 10.) The Missionary sermons and festivals, recommended by the last Synod, have since that time been held not only in our congregations at home, but also in many of our missions abroad, and approved themselves a blessed means of awaken- ing interest in our missions. Personal addresses from visiting missionaries being found peculiarly attractive on the occasions in question, and a desire having been generally expressed that the privilege of hearing them should not be limited to a few congregations, it was thought better that these festivals should not be held simultaneously, on the Sunday nearest to the 21st August, the memorial day of the commencement of the first mission of the Brethren's Church, but on such days as may be found most suitable by the Elders' conferences, or labourers of the respective con- gregations. § 119. Missionary Publications. The various periodical publications, of greater or less dimensions, which appear in the German, English, Dutch, Danish, and Erench languages, and give information con- cerning our missionary work, being eagerly read by our brethren, sisters, and friends, and serving to keep alive their interest in its prosperity, care must be taken to render 118 their contents as interesting and edifying as possible. Towards the attainment of this object our missionaries must do their part. Every brother should make a report of the progress of the work committed to him, at least once a year. Our brethren should likewise consider it a matter of duty to be punctual in keeping a diary, and transmitting it, — not merely that the interest on behalf of the mission may be promoted among those who read it, but also that the Mission-Board may be kept in accurate acquaintance with all its concerns. § 120. Care for the Children of Missionaries, and their Education. The Mission-Board has ever accounted it a duty to care faithfully for the education and training of the children of our missionary brethren and sisters, and will continue to do so. The Brethren of this Department pay particular atten- tion to these dear young people, both while passing through the schools and while living in the choir-houses ; and, in short, supply the place of parents to them as far as possible. The Synod was led to believe that it would materially lead to sustain these efforts of the Mission-Board, if, in the several congregations in which these children might be placed in subsequent years, as apprentices to one or other trade or business, brethren and sisters [.could be found willing to act the part of foster-parents to them in some measure. This service of Christian love may be more effectually performed by the parties who undertake it making frequent inquiries, both from the young people themselves and from others, as to their spiritual and temporal prosperity, by taking affectionate notice of them, and seeking to befriend them, by administering words of faithful counsel and cordial encouragement. Brethren and sisters who feel an impulse to render this important service, would do well to state their willingness to the respective Elders' conferences. The duty of paying all possible attention to this interesting portion of their charge is, however, especially impressed on the choir labourers, who are requested to make an annual report concerning them to the Mission Department. As soon as the children of missionaries have completed their term of apprenticeship or service, and are placed in circumstances to earn their own livelihood, the Mission 119 Department will naturally consider itself relieved from any obligation to provide for their maintenance ; any further provision can, therefore, be expected from the Board only in extraordinary cases. Nevertheless, should individuals be found among the yearly increasing number of our mis- sionary children, who, whether through their own fault, or by providential visitation, are brought into circumstances of positive destitution, — a state of things which often causes the Mission-Board the utmost perplexity, — the latter must rely on the good will and the brotherly co-operation of the congregations and their respective conferences for the effectual discharge of its embarrassing duties. The Synod, therefore, entreats all our brethren and sisters to take to heart this obligation of Christian love, and confidently relies upon their willingness to do all in their power to care for these individuals, as for all other members of the congrega- tion entrusted to their care, and thus to assist the Mission- Board in the performance of one of the most difficult of its incumbencies, and in the consequent attainment of an object which would else be unattainable, however great the sacrifice made for this purpose. While reviewing the state and circumstances of the Kleinwelke schools, the attention of the Synod was drawn to the fact that, among the children sent home for education in these institutions, there are not a few of the age of five or six years, more especially little boys, who stand greatly in need of that motherly care and atten- tion which the existing arrangements cannot be expected to supply. A resolution was therefore passed that it should be earnestly recommended to the Mission-Board to take early measures for the establishment of a kind of preparatory institution for boys, resembling an Infant School, in which they should spend their first year, or even the first two years, after their arrival in Europe, and enjoy the care and instruction of a qualified married couple, with the help, if needful, of female assistants. "With reference to the difficulties connected with the " home or birthright " of the children of our missionaries,* the Synod acknowledges with thankfulness the resolutions adopted on this head by the Provincial Synod of our con- tinental congregations held last year. It was nevertheless * Corresponding to what the English law designates " a Settlement." 120 thought desirable to determine that, in case the parents are themselves residing in Europe, it is their duty to see to it that the rights of their children are properly secured ; hut, in the event of their being still in missionary service, or at too great a distance to attend to this matter, they may leave it, without reserve, in the hands of the Mission-Board. § 121. Relation of the Institutions at Kleinwelke to the Mission Diacony. In the first instance, the Mission Diacony stand in no other relation to the Institutions at Kleinwelke than in that of a guardian or representative of the missionary chiidren entrusted to its care ; and, though the Synod of 1848 desig- nated them as Missionary Institutions, it failed to declare that this was done with the understanding that the Mission Diacony should take upon itself any responsibility in regard to their financial state. It appeared, however, to be desirable that something definite should be concluded on this head, and the Synod came, therefore, to the following resolu- tion : — " The Institutions at Kleinwelke have their own indepen- dent system of accounts like every other school ; never- theless, the Mission Diacony is to be considered in the last instance as responsible for them, and, consequently, as entitled to exercise the right of ultimate decision in all cases of undertakings attended with considerable expense, as well as that of special superintendence in every particular connected with their management." § 122. Relation of the Ilission Diacony to the Brethren's Unity. In conclusion, the Synod proposed to itself the question : "What is the financial basis on which the Mission Diacony rests ? In the firm conviction that the Brethren's Unity and the Brethren's Missions are inseparably connected together, and that there never will be a Unity of the Brethren with- out a Mission to the Heathen, or a mission of the Brethren which is not the affair of the whole Church, as such, — the' unanimous answer was returned : — Next to the Lord him- self, the Mission Diacony has for its dependence the col- 121 lective Unity of the Brethren, to which the Lord has entrusted this work as its peculiar work j and which, there- fore, so long as a Unity of the Brethren exists, even though its Provinces should be in a state of financial separation, will never hesitate to acknowledge that the missions do not belong to themselves, nor yet to a Society, nor even to a portion of the Brethren's Church, but to the iclwle Brethren's Unity. Thus feeling and acknowledging that we all belong to one spiritual household, and are engaged in the service of one Lord, would we continue to look up to Him, the great Master of the house, with child-like confidence, " seeking first the kingdom of God and his righteousness." May He "increase our faith," also with reference to this great and important work which He has committed to us, with the command, " Occupy till I come," (Luke xix. 13 ;) and may He enable us to hold fast his cheering word, " Be careful for nothing, but in everything by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving, let your requests be made known unto God." (Phil. iv. 6.) Thus shall we experience, also in time to come, that he has all the treasures of God at his disposal, and that his promise is sure : " My people shall be satisfied with my goodness, saith the Lord." (Jerem. xxxi. 14.) CHAPTER XIII. Writings of the Brethren's Unity. " Whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him." — Col. iii. 17. " Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may know how ye ought to answer every man." — Col. iv. 6. § 123. General Principles. TnE printed publications of the Brethren's Church may be divided into two classes -.—first, such as are published either immediately by the Directing Board of the Unity or of a Province, or by individual brethren commissioned by them ; and, secondly, such as shew by their title and con- tents that they bear no official character, and are to be considered as of private authority only. 122 In regard to the former, the old rule holds good, that whatever is published in the name of the Church must have the sanction of the Directing Boards to all that it contains. In regard to the publications of private persons, or of servants of the Church in their private capacity, the authors or publishers alone are responsible, and not the Church. The same holds good of all periodical publications, as to articles which appear anonymously, for which, as long as the name is withheld, the editor is personally responsible. This responsibility implies that the authors or editors of books and periodicals may, if occasion requires it, be called to account by the respective Provincial Boards. More specific regulations on the subject are left to the Provincial Synods. § 124. Unity's Publications. The earnest wish, expressed at the Synod of 1848, for the publication of a compendious History of the Brethren, has been responded to by the appearance, in three parts, of the " History of the [Renewed Brethren's Church," by Br. E. W. Croger, and, more recently, of the concise " History of the ancient and modern Brethren's Unity," by Br. J. W. Verbeek. Another work of older date, hitherto ac- cessible only in manuscript, has also issued from our press : " Count Zinzendorf and the Brethren's Congregation, by L. C. von Schrautenbach." The present Synod resolved on a revised edition of the " Summary of Christian Doctrine," that it might again be used as a general text-book of religious instruction in our schools and choir-houses. § 125. Periodicals. Our Congregation Accounts are intended not only to furnish materials for edification, but especially to maintain and strengthen the bond of fellowship whicli links together all our congregations in the old and new world. The doings of the Lord with his people, the occurrences in our congre- gations, missions, diaspora societies, and home-missions, which call for joyful sympathy or for condolence, may thus come to the knowledge of all our brethren and sisters, and keep us in close acquaintanceship with each other. 123 The earnest wish was again expressed that the three Provinces of our Unity, the European Continent, England, and North America, might be brought into more intimate connection with each other by mutual communications, and the interchange of diaries and reports. It was suggested that, besides recent courses of life, the most interesting and edifying memoirs contained in the rich treasures bequeathed us from the early days of our Church, should in future be inserted in our Congregation Accounts. § 126. Unity's Archives. All our congregations, mission-stations, and provinces of the Unity, have their archives under charge of their several superintendents, for the preservation of official corres- pondence, diaries, and other manuscript documents. The Unity's Archive, especially, possesses a rich treasure of manuscripts, both old and new, to which an important accession has of late been secured by the purchase of several invaluable records relating to the history of the ancient Brethren. Important original documents, e.g. the grants of privileges made to the Brethren's congregations on the Continent, belong to the Unity's Archive, in case they can be spared, and, where that is not the case, authenticated copies are to be sent in. So, likewise, copies of the church books, examined and subscribed by the minister, and duly sealed, must be annually forwarded to the Unity's Elders' Conference, or the respective Provincial Elders' Conferences, for preservation in the archives of the Unity or Province ; so that in case of the original church books being destroyed, registers of baptism, marriage, and death, might be obtained from these copies. Similar copies are to be sent in yearly to the Unity's Elders' Conference, from the church books kept by the missionaries at every station with especial reference to their own families. !2J CHAPTER XIV. Finances and theie Management. " Who then is that faithful aud wise steward, whom his lord shall make ruler over his household, to give them their portion of meat in due season," — Luke xii. 42. " Moreover, it is required in stewards, that a man be found faithful." 1 Coe. iv. 2. Introduction. The regulation of the Finances of the Brethren's Congre- gations, both general and special, have, since 1764, been recognized as a subject of great importance by all Synods of the Unity, and has, accordingly, received their most careful consideration. They have acknowledged it to be their im- portant duty to lay down rules according to circumstances, for obtaining the means required for carrying on the work of the Lord in the congregations, and, at the same time, to take special care that " honest things are provided, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men." The general Synod assembled this year, has, in conse- quence of the new form now given to the Constitution of the Brethren's Unity, been led to resolve upon important changes in the general financial management of the Unity. § ]27. Former Unity's Finances. Hitherto the general finances of the Unity have been committed to the management of the Unity's Wardens' College. This Board had also the superintendence and direc- tion of the diaconies in our congregations. In addition to this, and distinct therefrom, was the management of: — (a.) The Unity's Missions' Diacony. (b.) The Unity's Schools' Diacony. (c.) The Unity's Sustentation Diacony for the congrega- tions on the European continent, and in Great Britain: and, (d.) The Sustentation Diaconies of the northern and southern districts of the North American province. 1 -2.-) § 128. Separation of Finances now resolved upon. As the actual direction of the affairs of the congregations in the three Provinces of the Unity will, in future, rest with the Provincial Synods, and the Provincial Elders' Confer- ences nominated by them, the Synod considered that this change in the Constitution, called, at the same time, for a division of the general finances of the Unity. The mode adopted, as most suitable to circumstances, for carrying out this principle, is for the German Province to take the property of the Unity as it has hitherto stood, in the statement of the Unity's Wardens' College, subject to the payment or satisfaction of all debts and claims which may be made thereon : and, on the other hand, for it to pay to the other two Provinces, for the purposes of their Susten- tation Diacony,* their respective shares of the surplus which remains after an accurate and conscientious examination and valuation of the assets. When this has been done, each of the three Provinces re- nounces all claims on the others, and is free from all respon- sibility for any claims made by or on account of the others. AVith the exception of the Unity's Missions' Diacony, (see § 127, a.), there will then remain only two funds as the property of the Unity ; both, at interest, in the hands of the Unity's Wardens' College. These two funds were created before the division of the Unity's property was made; the one intended for paying the expenses of general Synods, the other for the maintenance of the Unity's Elders' Con- ference, in as far as that may be considered the Directing Board of the Unity, and for paying the expenses of official visits of that Board to the British and American Provinces. § 129. Finances of the separate Provinces. In future it will be the incumbency of the Provincial Synods, and of the Provincial Elders' Conferences appointed by them, to make regulations for the management and super- intendence of the financial affairs of the respective Provinces of the Unity. Whatever diversity may exist in the regulations, there must still be a unity of object and procedure in the admini- * i. e., the general purposes of the Provinces, as distinct from those of the individual congregations. 126 stration of the finances of the congregations, and the Synod hound itself anew to the observance of the following prin- ciples. § 130. Principles of Management. The first general principle for the management of our finances is that already mentioned, " to provide for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men." (2 Cor. viii. 21, compare Psalm ci. 2.) But another, of not less importance, is, that our trade and com- merce should be holy unto the Lord ; (compare 1 Tim. iv. 5.) "What is meant by this sanctification of our trade and com- merce, is understood by every one, who, cultivating child- like intercourse with our Saviour, regards the sphere of activity assigned to him, — be it to serve a congregation, a choir-house, or a family, — as from the Lord, and therefore, whilst labouring with all diligence and faithfulness, looks to him alone for the blessing. Such a disposition is the very life of the management of our temporal concerns. And it is, on the one hand, the best safeguard against self-compla- cency or the unhappy desire of becoming great, for the ablest and most sagacious manager of a diacony or business ; and, on the other hand, the best preservative of the less talented and discerning against needless perplexity and con- fusion. However great the influence of good order, diligence, economy, kindness, and courtesy, on the prosperity of a concern, it falls far short of that which these qualifications exercise, when combined with the disposition just described, and with that faithfulness of heart, which makes the wise humble, and the simple wise. For however valuable in themselves, however essential for the proper management of what is our own, as well as of what belongs to others, they do not secure us from the danger of self-conceit, ambition, the thirst for riches or for pleasure, and the like ; things which are sure, sooner or later, to be injurious to every one, and gradually to incapacitate for the right management even of temporal affairs. The discussion as to the right manner of attending to secular business, in accordance with the principles of our forefathers, caused the Synod cheerfully to acknowledge it to be our duty, first of all and above all, to love the Lord, and then, under the constraining influence of this love, to 127 serve his house and family. And we also hope, that all our dear brethren and sisters, who are engaged in the service of a diacony-business, a choir-house, or a family, will never forget this principle, as the standard by which we are to try every measure in contemplation for improving our finances, viz. that temporal prosperity is not the end of our union, but only the means of maintaining it, as far as its outward form is concerned, and of faithfully and honourably fulfilling our engagements to others ; from which it follows, that we must freely relinquish any and every mode of gain that casts reproach on the character of a living congregation of Jesus. Hence flows, at the same time, the importance of the warn- ing, " Let no man entangle himself with the affairs of this life," (2 Tim. ii. 4 ;) a warning to which all our brethren and sisters, who are anxiously striving to improve their tem- poral circumstances, will do well to take heed, lest in any labour be perceived the aftertaste of sin. § 131. Faithfulness in Management. In consequence of careless, and even unfaithful manage- ment, of want of superintendence and timely interference, and of the absence of that harmonious co-operation without which we cannot look for success, we have in earlier and later times been involved in many a difficulty for which we must blame ourselves. The Synod, therefore, urges it upon all our brethren and sisters, to whom the management of any part of our finances is committed, to consider how im- portant, and, indeed, how necessary it is for a strict per- formance of their duty, not only to prevent harm by not concealing threatened mischief in its beginnings, but, at once, by brotherly co-operation with their fellow-labourers and superiors, to seek to avert it. The Synod fully re- cognizes the faithfulness of those brethren and sisters, who have, in this manner, superintended the management of our temporalities, and also theirs who, in subordinate situations, have been faithful in small things, and laboured on, un- noticed, at their appointed duties, in the sweat of their brow ; thus contributing, under the Lord's blessing, to that improvement for which we have so much reason to be thank- ful. And since, in every part of our constitution, as we now find it, things temporal and things spiritual are intimately 128 connected, we cherish the hope that greater faithfulness, caution, punctuality, and good order, in the management of our temporal concerns, will assuredly be attended with blessing, in regard to our inward course, knowing, from sad experience, what a pernicious effect the absence of these virtues exercise ,on our spiritual state, as well as on our financial prosperity. May all our brethren and sisters, in reference to their own temporal affairs, and to those of others which are com- mitted to their management, always keep in view our Saviour's words, " He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much ; and he that is unjust in the least, is unjust also in much." (Luke xvi. 10.) Conclusion. On commencing our deliberations on the 8th of June, the text for the day was : " I will cleause them from all their iniquity, whereby they have sinned agaiust me; and I will pardon all their iniquities whereby they have sinned, and whereby they have transgressed against me," (Jerem. xxxiii. 8 ;) and we felt, as the assembled representatives of our Brethren's Unity, met together to render an account of our stewardship for ourselves and our congregations to Him who is the Head of his Church, who searches the reins and hearts, and before whom nothing impure can stand, — we felt that we required such cleansing and forgiveness from him in manifold respects, and that we had no other right to ask these blessings than what is furnished by his free grace, so often proved by our church, and the promises of his divine word to needy sinners. — "We ventured to lay hold upon him on the strength of these his promises, and, though with trembling faith, in the prospect of those serious dangers which, not without our fault, appeared to threaten our union, and of a task to which we felt ourselves unequal, still we ventured to say with the Apostle : — " I know that this shall turn to my salvation through your prayer, and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ." (Phil. i. 19.) And to-day, at the close of our Synod, and on delivering to you, dear Brethren and Sisters, these Besults, we can, notwithstanding all the known and unknown imperfections of our work, exclaim with deep abasement : " He has granted us, through your prayer, and the supply of his Spirit, to 129 unite with each other anew as one Brethren's people, who know and are determined to know no other ground of sal- vation than the atoning sacrifice he offered on the cross, and no other rule of conduct than his holy will ; and who, amidst all differences in non-essentials, are one in this determina- tion." And we can now all the more confidently rely upon his grace, that he will still further hless both us and you, through our common prayer, and the supply of his Spirit, and " make us perfect in every good work to do his will," (Heb. xiii. 21 ;) to walk according to the principles, drawn from his holy word, to which we have anew pledged ourselves ; to build up ourselves "as lively stones into a spiritual house, a holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ," (1 Pet. ii. 5 ;) and increasingly "to com- prehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height, and to know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge." (Eph. hi. 18, 19.) " Now unto him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us, unto him be glory in the church by Christ Jesus throughout all ages, world without end. Amen." (Eph. hi. 21.) J. M. NlTSCHMAIT, President of the Synod. Herrnhut Aug. 31, 1857. DATE DUE GAYLORO