Cihvavy of Che t:heological ^tminary 
 
 PRINXETON . NEW JERSEY 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 A. G. Cameron, Ph.D. 
 5.18.11 
 
 ^:)61 
 
»0 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 THE CHARACTER MJ) DUTY 
 
 OF A 
 
 CHRISTIAI PREACHER. 
 
 BY DAVID "'bOSTWICK, A.M.* 
 
 ** Fob we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord." — 3 Cob. 4 : Ri . 
 
 Were I to give a brief and stimmaiy description of 
 man's original apostasy in few words, I would choose to 
 say, that it was a departing from God, the author and 
 fountain of blessedness, and retiring into himself as his 
 last and ultimate end : and that the sum of his moral de- 
 pravity, consists in a habitual disposition to treat him- 
 self in the same manner that he ought to treat the God 
 of Heaven ; that is, to love himself supremely, and seek 
 Jiimself ultimately and finally, and set up himself in one 
 shape or another, as the grand center to which aU the lines 
 of his busy thoughts, anxious cares, and subtUe projects, 
 bend, and in which they terminate. 
 
 While he continued in his original state of moral recti- 
 tude, that God who was the author of his being was his 
 beginning and end, his interest and attraction, his desire 
 and dehght, and, in a word, his aU. But when sin took 
 place in his heart, it warped the unhappy creature from 
 his God to himself; insomuch that self is now become aU 
 to corrupt and depraved nature, even as God was once 
 
 * Preached at Philadelphia before the Synod of New-York, May 
 26, 1758. 
 
 1 
 
 9-H 
 
2 CHARACTER AND DUTY OP A PREACHER. 
 
 all to nature uncorrupted and undepraved. Selfishness 
 is therefore now become the most active and reignmg 
 principle in fallen nature, and, like the first wheel in a 
 grand machine, sets the whole world in motion. For if 
 we survey the conduct of busy mortals, in the various 
 ranks and degrees, characters and circumstances of life, 
 we shall easily perceive that self is the idol they are 
 naturally disposed to worship, and selfishness the grand 
 interest to which they are by nature entirely devoted. 
 
 We find om'selves in the midst of an active, busy world, 
 the inhabitants of which are ever engaged in some vig- 
 orous i^ursuits. But what are they pursuing ? "What is 
 the governing principle of their actions ? And what the 
 center to which they bend, and in which they terminate ? 
 Ai'e they laboring for God as their ultimate end, or for 
 themselves ? When the merchant compasseth sea and 
 land, in search of a worldly treasure, does he this for God, 
 or for himself? When the soldier boldly enters the field 
 of battle, faces death in its most hideous forms, and opens 
 his bosom to the most pregnant dangers, does he this for 
 the honor of God, or for the honor of himself? When 
 the mdustrious tradesman rises early, and sits up late, 
 and eats the bread of carefulness, and fills up his s"wift 
 succeeding hours with the most painful and assiduous 
 labor, does he labor ultimately for God, or for himself? 
 When men of superior rank, and greater affluence, de- 
 vote their wasting moments to the fashionable diver- 
 sions and pleasurable entertainments of life, do they this 
 to please and glorify God, or to please and gratify self? 
 In a word, what is it in general that men five for, and what 
 are they doing in the world ? What are their thoughts 
 spent, their words spoken, their hands employed, and 
 their time improved for ? Is it for God, or themselves ? 
 Alas, how easy it is to see the awful prevalence of this 
 corrupt and accursed principle ! It is self that rules 
 kingdoms, that governs families, drives on their trade, 
 manages their worldly business ; that chooses even their 
 rehgion, and influences their whole conduct ; that Hes at 
 the root and bottom of all then.' actual sins, makes them 
 ungodly, and keeps them ungodly, and is their very un- 
 godliness itself 
 
CHAUACTER AND DUTY OF. A PREACHER. 3 
 
 And, oh ! that it miglit be said, with undoubted truth, 
 that notwithstandmg the general prevalence of this de- 
 testable principle, among the various ranks and orders 
 of men, there is at least one order exempt from the gene- 
 ral charge ; and that none who sustain the sacred cha- 
 racter, are influenced by mercenary j^rinciples, or selfish 
 motives ; but that each individual could safely adopt the 
 language of the apostle, in behalf of himself and brethren : 
 " We preach not ourselves, but Chi-ist Jesus the Lord." 
 
 In the preceding chapter, the apostle had been magni- 
 fpng his ofiice, on account of the excellency and glory of 
 that Gospel, which was the subject of it : and in this, he 
 vindicates the ministry of the apostles and Gospel minis- 
 ters, from the unjust accusations of false and Judaizing 
 teachers, who had charged them with walking in crafti- 
 ness, and handling the word of the Lord deceitfully. He 
 avouches their sincerity, that they renounced the hidden 
 things of dishonesty ; and as a proof of their integrity, 
 he assures them, that their business was to preach Christ, 
 and not themselves. " We preach not ourselves, says he, 
 and therefore are not a set of designing men, as our ac- 
 cusers would insinuate ; self is neither the matter, nor the 
 end of our preaching ; we neither teach om' own notions, 
 passions, or prejudices, for the word of God, nor do we 
 seek ourselves, or the advancement of our secular interest 
 and glory: but we preach Christ Jesus the Lord, and 
 endeavor to make him known to the world in each of 
 these amiable characters, as Messiah, the Christ of God, 
 ^s Jesus, the Saviour of men, and as Lord and King in 
 his Church ; and to advance the interest of his glorious 
 kingdom among men." 
 
 From these words I shall attempt to show : 
 I. What that selfishness is which the apostle here dis- 
 claims ; or, when ministers may be said to preach them- 
 selves. 
 IL I shall consider some of the operations of that selfish 
 principle, in those particular instances that tend to dis- 
 cover its reigning dommion. And then, 
 in. Show what it is to preach Christ Jesus the Lord. 
 And lastly, improve the whole. 
 Let us then inquire, 
 
4 CHAKACTER AND DUTY OF A PKEACHJER. 
 
 I. What that selfishness is which the apostle here dis- 
 claims, etc. And to set this in a proj^er light, and pre- 
 vent mistakes, I must observe negatively. 1st, It is not 
 that regular self-love that induces ministers to zeal and 
 faithfulness in the discharge of their sacred trust, from 
 the consideration of future rewards and punishments. 
 There is a self-love implanted in human nature that is 
 consistent with complete rectitude, and therefore is not 
 the eJBfect of our moral depravity. This Adam had in his 
 state of perfect innocence, or else the promises of re- 
 Avards would have been no inducement to obedience, nor 
 would the severest threatenings have deterred him, in 
 any measure, from disobedience. It is not, therefore, a 
 criminal selfishness, for ministers to have a suitable re- 
 gard to then- own future and everlasting interest, and to 
 be influenced to diligence and industry, in theii* great im- 
 portant work, by motives drawn from those future and 
 eternal realities. It was doubtless agreeable to the God 
 of heaven, that Ezekiel the prophet should be influenced to 
 faithfulness in giving warning, from that awful considera- 
 tion, that the "blood of those that perished should othei*- 
 wise be requu-ed at his hand." And when the apostle 
 urged Timothy to " take heed to himself and his doc- 
 trine, and continue in them," he would have him in- 
 fluenced by these considerations, that he " should save 
 himself, and them that heard him." Nor was even St. 
 Paul entirely above the mfluence of this motive, when he 
 gave this reason, why " he kept his body under subjec- 
 tion ; lest, when he had preached to others, himself 
 should be a cast-away." It was not an unreasonable 
 selfishness in the prophet Isaiah to take encouragement 
 under aU his complaints, and be animated in his work, 
 from the consideration that "though Israel was not 
 gathered, yet he should be glorious in the eyes of the 
 xiord." 
 
 2dly, This disclaiming ourselves does not imply a 
 total disregard to our reputation and character among 
 men; for on this the success of our ministry, and conse- 
 quently the advancement of the Redeemer's kingdom, 
 may, in some measure, depend. If the character of a 
 Gospel minister is stained with false and ill-natured asper- 
 
CHARACTEK AND DUTY OF A PBEACHEK. 
 
 sions, this tends to mar his influence, and consequently his 
 usefulness. It is therefore noways inconsistent with a 
 Gospel self-denial, to seek a vindication of himself and 
 his abused reputation. The apostle himself does so, in 
 this and his other epistles ; and says, no man shall stop 
 him in tliis boasting. It ever becomes the ministers of 
 Christ to have a tender regard to then- reputation and 
 character, as subservient to the great ends of their min- 
 istry, and m which the honor of Christ, and the interest 
 of religion, is nearly concerned. It becomes a bishop to 
 be blameless, and an officer in the Church of God to be 
 of good report; yea, and to maintain the authority of his 
 sacred character, " and let no man despise him." Indeed, 
 if our reputation among men of carnal corrupt minds 
 suffers for our faithfulness iu the discharge of our sacred 
 trust, and " men speak all manner of evil against us falsely 
 for Christ's sake, (which is not at all uncommon,) in this 
 case, our honor, interest, and reputation, and even life 
 itself, is to be given up, and made a willing sacrifice to 
 the honor and interest of Jesus Christ ; " not counting 
 our own life (much less our name and reputation) deai', 
 that we may finish our course, and the ministry we have 
 received of the Lord Jesus." 
 
 But, secondly, and positively, the selfishness here dis- 
 claimed is, in general, that which stands in direct opposi- 
 tion to the honor of God, and the interest of Jesus Christ. 
 That sets up self in the room and place of God, in our es- 
 timation, affections, intentions and pursuits; and dis- 
 poses us to love and value ourselves in the same manner 
 as we ought to love and value the God of heaven ; to pre- 
 fer our honor to his honor, and our interest to the interest 
 of Jesus Christ ; and in a word, to regard ourselves su- 
 premely, and seek ourselves ultimately and finally, and to 
 be influenced inordinately, in one shape or other, by mer- 
 cenary views, and selfish motives in all we do. It is, there- 
 fore, nothing less, on the whole, than a dii'ect contending 
 with the Go^d of heaven, and maintaining a dispute with 
 him who shall be most loved and regarded by us, he or 
 we, and whose honor and interest shall be primarily and 
 ultimately pursued, his or our own. 
 
 But more particularly, this selfishness in public preach- 
 
6 CHAKACTEE AND OUTY OF A I'KEACHER. 
 
 iug may be considered both materially and formally ; or 
 as it respects the subject matter, and the formal manner, 
 of our preaching. 
 
 1st, Then, ministers may be said to preach themselves, 
 when the matter of their public preaching is such that it 
 tends rather to promote self-honor and self-interest than 
 the honor of God, and the interest of Jesus Christ. When 
 the substance of their sermons is only "the enticing words 
 of man's wisdom, calculated rather to gratify men's curi- 
 osity with pleasing si^eculations, than to pierce their 
 hearts with pungent convictions ; and has a greater ten- 
 dency to please their fancies than to convert and save 
 their souls. When, in the matter of their preaching, they 
 conform to men's vitiated taste and corrupt humors, and 
 rather soothe and flatter than strive to awaken and 
 alarm their consciences ; endeavoring rather to Avin them 
 to themselves, and gain them over to their own self-in- 
 terest, than to win them to Christ and convert them to 
 God. In a word, we are awfully guilty of this criminal 
 selfishness when our sermons have rather a tendency, in 
 their matter and composition to commend ourselves than 
 to commend the Lord Jesus Christ ; and to beget in the 
 corrupt hearts of our hearers an esteem of our persons, 
 gifts, and abilities, rather than of the person, glory, and 
 offices of the great Redeemer, the ever adorable God- 
 Man, Jesus Christ. 
 
 2dly, This selfislmess respects the form as well as the 
 matter of our preaching, that is, the governing principle 
 from which we act in our public ministry, and the ulti- 
 mate end we have in view. And this is doubtless the 
 principal thing here mtended ; for be the matter of our 
 preaching ever so good, yet self may be the root and 
 bottom of it all, and the object of our principal aim. 
 Nothing is more evident than that we may do the work 
 of God, and that Avhich is really so, as to the matter or 
 thing done ; and yet not do it for God, as to the formal 
 manner, but rather for ourselves. Tlius Jehu did the 
 work of the Lord when he executed the vengeance of 
 Jehovah on the house and fimily of "sHcked Ahab ; and 
 when he broke down the images of Baal, and restored 
 Israel from idolatry ; and yet he did it not for God, but 
 
CHAKACTKK AND IiLXY OF A PREACHER. 7 
 
 for himself, as appears by his proud boast, " come see my 
 zeal for the Lord of Hosts," 
 
 It is not at all inconsistent to say, that ministers may 
 calculate their sermons, both as a matter, method, and 
 manner of deHvery, so as to have an aptitude and ten- 
 dency to answer the great ends of preaching, and yet 
 may preach themselves, as to the principle from which 
 they act, and the ultimate end they have in view. Nor 
 is it at all to be wondered at, if in a time when the most 
 zealous, lively, and practical preaching, the most earnest 
 addresses to the heart and conscience are in vogue, and 
 tend most to recommend the preacher, and promote his 
 reputation, that mere selfish principles should induce men 
 to attempt these, and even strive to excel therein. So 
 that though we preach ever so well, as to the matter and 
 method of our sermons, and with ever so much apparent 
 zeal and fervor, in the delivery of them, yet if we fail as 
 to the formal manner, and aim chiefly and ultimately at 
 ourselves, our honor, interest, and reputation, we are 
 found guilty of that crumnal selfishness which the apos- 
 tle disclaims ; and are making idols of ourselves by treat- 
 ing ourselves in the maimer we ought to treat the great 
 God of heaven and earth. This is the selfishness here dis- 
 claimed, and this it is for men to preach themselves. I am 
 
 II. To consider some of the operations of this corrupt 
 prmciple, in those particular instances that tend to dis- 
 cover its reigning dominion. In every imsanctified heart, 
 self in one shape or other is ever uppermost, and has an 
 entire ascendancy and governing influence in every thing 
 they do. When, therefore, men of this character take 
 upon them the office of the Gospel-ministry, self must be 
 their grand motive, and their principal inducement. For, 
 though a faithful discharge of this important trust requires 
 more self-denial that any employment under the sun, yet 
 there are many things in the sacred office that may be 
 alluring baits to men of corrupt and selfish minds. A 
 tolerable maintenance, or comibrtable subsistence in the 
 world, may be an inducement to such as know not better 
 how to provide for themselves ; who, like the unjust 
 steward, are unwilling to dig and ashamed to beg, and 
 therefore choose this rather than a meaner employment. 
 
8 CHARACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 
 
 Thus, in the degenerate times of the Church of old, men 
 would " crouch for a piece of silver, and say, Put me, I 
 pray thee, into the priest's office, that I may eat a piece 
 of bread." And hence that bitter complaint, that " the 
 priests taught for hire, and the prophets divined for 
 money ;" and on this account they Avere called " greedy 
 dogs that could never have enough, and shepherds that 
 did not understand, looking eveiy one for his gain from 
 his quarter." Let none understand me as though I in- 
 sinuated, that ministers have not a right to insist on a 
 sufficient maintenance and an honorable support ; for 
 whatever a cai-nal selfish world may imagine, it will be 
 found true at last, that God (and not man) " hath or- 
 dained that ■ they who preach the Gospel should live of 
 the Gospel." Nor do I in the least doubt, but the too 
 general neglect of this duty among people to their min- 
 isters, is one of the crymg and God-provoking sins of the 
 I^resent day. (See Mai. 3 : 8, 9, 10.) What I am provmg 
 is, that self, in its reigning dominion, may influence men 
 to undertake the sacred employment with such sordid 
 views. And this is necessarily supposed, in the apostle's 
 frequent exhortations to ministers, " not to be greedy of 
 filthy lucre, nor be given to filthy lucre, nor teach things 
 for filthy lucre's sake." The inducement of the apostle 
 himself (as of every other faithful minister) was vastly 
 diflTerent. A necessity, says he : " is laid upon me, and 
 woe is me if I preach not the Gospel," And he coidd say, 
 with the utmost sincerity to the Corinthian Church, " I 
 seek not your's, but you," 
 
 Again, a life of study, and an opportunity to frirnish 
 the mind with the various improvements of human science, 
 may be an inducement to those who have a turn for specu- 
 lation, and would be willing to shine and make some 
 figure in literature, from mere selfish principles to under- 
 take the ministry. And, would you believe it, sirs? 
 The supposed ease and indolence of a minister's life, by 
 those who know nothing of the many cares, fatigues, 
 and perplexities of it, may possibly induce a selfish man, 
 who is willing to favor the flesh, to enter upon it, Nor 
 is it at all unlikely that the reverence and respect shown 
 to the sacred character among men may influence those 
 
CHARACTER A2JD DUTY OF A PREACHER. 
 
 who are chiefly seeking themselves. 'Tis agreeable to a 
 proud, selfish mortal to be looked upon and res^Dected as 
 the leader and guide of the people, and to have others 
 dependent on him, and " receive the law at his mouth." 
 
 NoAV, when such alluring baits as these are the princi- 
 pal mducements to the ministry, the reigning dominion 
 of a selfish principal is exceedingly evident. And as these 
 undertake the sacred employment for themselves, and not 
 for God, so they will ever " preach themselves, and not 
 Christ Jesus the Lord," For the same principle, while 
 uppermost in their hearts, will attend and govern them 
 ia every branch of their ministerial conduct. It will go 
 with them into then- j)ri^-ate studies, and there wiU choose 
 their subject, form and methodize their sermons, and 
 oftentimes make them more attentive to mere words and 
 ornaments than to the sacred truths of God. And hence, 
 instead of plain and serious addresses, that might tend to 
 melt and change hard and unchanged hearts, they will 
 abound with trifling speculations, set ofl' with glittering 
 toys, with figures of rhetoric, and arts of elocution. Or 
 instead of instructing tlieu* people in the great things 
 that concern their everlasting welfare, they go beyond 
 tlieir capacity, and teach them nothing but that they are 
 able to speak unprofitably and unintelligibly. Self will 
 often dispose them to take oif the edge, and dull the life 
 of their teachings, under a pretence of filing oif the 
 roughness, and smoothing the diction. And if a plain 
 and cutting passage occurs, it will cast it away, as too 
 rustical and ungrateful. Thus in their preparations for 
 public service, instead of consulting seriously, " AVhat 
 shall I say, and how shall I say it, so as best to please 
 and glorify God, and do good to the souls of men," self 
 will make them consult, "What shall I say, and how 
 shall I deliver it, so as to be thought an excellent preach- 
 er, and to be admired and applauded by all that hear me." 
 
 And when self has done its work in their study, and 
 made their sermon, it will attend them even to the pul- 
 pit, and there it wfll form their very countenance and 
 gesture, and modulate their voice, and animate their 
 delivery, and put the very accent and emphasis upon 
 their words and syllables that all may be calculated to 
 
 1* 
 
 dSSiky 
 
10 OHAKACXKIi AND l^UXY OK A PKKACHER. 
 
 please rather than profit, and to recommend themselves 
 and secure a vain applause, rather than recommend Jesus 
 Christ, and secure his interest in the hearts of men. 
 
 And when the sermon is ended, self goes home "with 
 the preacher, and makes him much more solicitous to 
 know whether he is admired and applauded, than whether 
 he has prevailed for the awakening and conversion of 
 souls. And so powerful is this principle in some, that 
 they could even be glad in their heart (were it not for 
 shame) to ask their hearers, in du-ect terms, whether they 
 like, admire, and applaud theii* labors, and conceive a 
 good opinion of them. But as this will not do, self will 
 put them on some topic of conversation with their hearers, 
 that will tend, if possible, to draw out theu' own com- 
 mendation ; and if they can perceive they are highly 
 thought of, they rejoice greatly, as having attained their 
 end. Bat if they find they are esteemed but weak, or at 
 best but common preachers, they are dejected and disap- 
 pointed, as having missed what they think the grand 
 prize of the day. 
 
 And hence this false, self-seeking heart, can be very 
 easy and contented Avith a general approbation and ap- 
 plause, without seeing any savmg fruit of ministerial 
 labor, from year to year. Or if he desire success in the 
 awakening and conversion of sinners, yet self may lie at 
 the bottom of this too : and though it may Avork differ- 
 ently from the manner above described, yet it may ter- 
 minate in the same thing in the final issue. Self may 
 make such as these strive to excel in appearances of real 
 godliness, and in zealous, fervent, j^ractical iDreaching; 
 yea, it may dispose them to desu-e success, to afiect and 
 change the hearts of their hearers, and they may calculate 
 their discourses for that purpose, and yet aim ultimately 
 at themselves, and the advancement of their own reputa- 
 tion. What can be more agreeable to a man who ulti- 
 mately seeks himself, than to see people throng around 
 him, and crowd in multitudes to hear him, and appear to 
 be aifected Avith what they hear ? And to find that he is 
 able to command their attention, and move their j^assions 
 and afiections ; and what more pleasing than to hear 
 himself cried up by them, as the most able and godly 
 
CHAKACTER AND DUTY OF A PKEACHEK. 11 
 
 preacher in the land, and famed through the whole coun- 
 try as a man of the highest spiritual excellencies, and 
 most successful lahor. 
 
 I mean not to insinuate that men of such mercenary 
 and corrupt principles are likely to be very successful, for 
 though it is jDossible they may do good, and God may 
 bless what means he pleases ; yet it seems more probable, 
 that, as they labor not for God, but for themselves, he 
 will leave them to themselves for the success : and that 
 their labors will have no greater blessing than them- 
 selves are able to give, and that their words, how pun- 
 gent soever, will reach no farther than their own 
 strength is able to make them. But what I have as- 
 serted, is, that self may make men desire success, so far 
 as it may tend to the advancement of their reputation. 
 Again, 
 
 Sometimes this selfish disposition will work up envious 
 and bitter thoughts against all those who they imagine 
 stand in their light, or by out-shining them, eclipse their 
 glory, and hinder the progress of theii- idoHzed reputa- 
 tion. Hence they are inwardly vexed and mortified, 
 when a preference is given to the names and parts of 
 their brethren, as if all the praise given to others was in- 
 juriously taken from them, and that they themselves were 
 not so particularly noticed, respected, and esteemed as 
 their partial selfish judgment imagines they ought to be. 
 And this often lays a foundation for jealousy, suspicion, 
 and alienation, as if they were carrying on two diiferent 
 and contrary interests. It is this also, that makes some 
 so tenacious of their own opinions, that they almost claim 
 infallibility, and are ever impatient of contradiction or 
 control. They esteem and value the man that will say as 
 they say, and be of their opinion, and promote their repu- 
 tation ; but he who will dare to difier from, or contradict 
 them, is not to be borne Avith, O, su'S ! it is impossible 
 to trace out all the corrupt workings of this detestable 
 and pernicious principle, or to mention the innumerable 
 mischiefs it has occasioned in the Church of God, It was 
 this that raised anti-christ, by several gradual and pro- 
 gressive steps, to his present tyrannical dignity. It was 
 this that enkindled the flames of persecution, in the sev- 
 
12 CHABACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 
 
 eral periods of the Christian Church, and stained the earth 
 "with the crimson gore of human blood ; and it is thi.^^ 
 disturbs and rends Christian societies, and divides them 
 into different interests, and different parties, and fills 
 them with bitterness against one another. " Oh ! may the 
 Lord in mercy dehver us from ourselves, as our worst 
 enemy, and from the power and dominion of selfishness, 
 as the sorest plague that can befall us on this side hell !" 
 
 But I have dwelt too long on this disagreeable subject, 
 and shall therefore pass to the 
 
 Third general head, which was to show, 
 
 m. What it is to preach Christ. " We preach not 
 ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord." All this also 
 must be considered both materially, and formally, or as it 
 respects the subject matter, and the formal manner of our 
 preacliing." 
 
 1st, As it respects the matter ; it includes, in general, 
 the whole sura of Gospel doctrine, relating to man's sal- 
 vation by Jesus Christ ; the original contrivance, the 
 mei'itorious irapetration, and actual application of it, 
 through his blood and Spirit ; the fall of man, " by one 
 man's disobedience," and the guilt and ruin of a fallen 
 state necessarily supposed ; the original purpose of God's 
 love and grace, that issued in the gift of his dear Son, the 
 glory of his person as God, the eternal relation he sus- 
 tained to the father, his substitution as a surety, and 
 designation to the office of Mediator, his voluntary con- 
 tract in the covenant of redemption, which made way for 
 his mysterious incarnation, his holy life, his meritorious? 
 and cruel death, his powerful resurrection, triumphant 
 ascension, and perpetual prevailing intercession ; the com- 
 plete atonement he made, and the everlasting righteous- 
 ness he hath brought in ; together vnth the various ofiices 
 he sustained, both in his state of humiliation and exalta- 
 tion : The methods of divine operation, in the work of 
 effectual calling, the nature and use of divine faith, to 
 apply his blood and righteousness ; the blessings conse- 
 quent on believing, justification, adoption, sanctification, 
 perseverance in grace, and consummation in glory, perfec- 
 tion of holiness at death, and the complete happiness of 
 soul and body at the resurrection, in the full enjojTnent 
 
CHARACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 13 
 
 of God to all eternity. These, and all other Gospel 
 truths, supposed by them, included in them, and conse- 
 quent upon them, relating- to Jesus Christ, are to be the 
 subject matter of our preaching; aU which are summarily 
 comprehended in the three characters mentioned in the 
 text, Christ Jesus the Lord; Christ the Messiah, the 
 annointed of God, qualified for, and set apart to^ the 
 office of Mediator ; Jesus the Saviour of men, who saves 
 his people from theu' sins, both from the guilt and power, 
 and finally from the jjunishment of tliem, by working out 
 for them a righteousness to be imputed ; and by work- 
 ing in them a righteousness implanted, the Lord, the 
 great head and king of his Church, who has its govern- 
 ment on his shoulders, and to " whom all power is given 
 in heaven and upon earth ;" to whom all homage and 
 obedience are due, and to whom is committed, as a j^er- 
 son every way qualified and worthy, the sole manage- 
 ment of the solemn transactions of the grand and final 
 judgment. 
 
 But particularly, 1st, To preach Christ, is to hold him 
 forth, not merely as a lawgiver, to be obeyed ; but chiefly 
 as a law-fulfiller, to be believed in, for pardon, righteous- 
 ness, and everlasting life. To represent him to poor jjer- 
 ishing sinners as surety, who has undertaken in their 
 room and stead, to pay the debt of duty and of penalty, 
 for which divine justice has them under an arrest ; to 
 atone for the crimes for which they are under sentence, 
 and work out for them a complete and perfect righteous- 
 ness, answerable to the strict demands of his unchang- 
 able law. How honorably soever we may speak of Jesus 
 Christ as a ruler to be obeyed, and as a pattern to be 
 unitated, yet if we do not exhibit him to view as the 
 great law-fulfiller, to be believed in, and as " the end of 
 the law for righteousness," we do not properly preach 
 Christ, but conceal a most essential branch of his media- 
 torial excellency. It is the grand fmidamental article of 
 the religion of Christ, and the ground of all our hopes, 
 "that he suffered for us, the just for the unjust, that he 
 might bring us to God ; that he not only died for our 
 good, (as the Socinians say, to set us an example how to 
 suflTer Math patience ;) but that he died " in our room and 
 
14 CHARACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 
 
 stead," and was " made sin for us" by imputation, that 
 we by imputation " might be made righteous in the sight 
 of God through him." 
 
 2dly, To preach Christ, is to exhibit to view his infinite 
 divine fullness, and the freeness of his unbounded grace, 
 his almighty power to save, and his "u-illingness to exert 
 that" power; that in him is to be foimd all that righteous- 
 ness that the law requires, and all that gi-ace that the 
 Gospel promises; and, in short, that a poor, guilty, helpless, 
 sin-burdened, and law-condemned sinner can possibly 
 want ; and that all the blessings of his atonement, are 
 freely oflered, " without money and without price." 
 
 3dly, To preach Christ, is to make him the grand cen- 
 tre of all the variety of subjects we enter upon, in the 
 whole credenda and agenda of religion. If we treat of 
 the nature and perfections of the Deity, we are to consi- • 
 der them as displayed most emmently "in the face of 
 Jesus Christ." If we exhibit to view the divine law, in 
 its strictness and spirituality, we are to remember Christ, 
 " as the end of the law for righteousness." If we de- 
 nounce its dreadful " curses against every one that con- 
 tinues not in all things written in the book of the law to 
 do them ;" it is that " the law, as a school-master, may 
 bring them to Christ, that they may be justified by faith." 
 If we treat of Gospel promises and Gospel blessings, we 
 must consider them as purchased by the blood, and dis- 
 tributed by the bounty and grace of Christ. If we dis- 
 course upon divine faith, Christ must be considered as 
 " the author and finisher," as well, as the direct object of 
 it. If we treat of repentance, it is " Christ exalted at 
 the right hand of God" that must give it, and " the re- 
 mission of sins ;" and Christ crucified, and viewed by 
 faith, that must be the first spring of it. If we treat of 
 Gospel obedience, it must be considered as the genuine 
 fruit of faith in Christ, and union to him ; springing from 
 " constraining love to," and performed by strength and 
 grace derived from the Lord Jesus Christ ; and accepted 
 altogether on account of the merit of his obedience and 
 death. In a word, Christ must be considered as " all and 
 in all, as the alpha and omega, the begmning and the 
 end ;" the fountain from which all is derived and the 
 
CHAKACl'KU AND DLTV OF A PJJEACHER, 15 
 
 centre in which all must terminate ; his righteousness is 
 all in justification, his Spirit and grace all in sanctifica- 
 tion, and the enjoyment of him all in glorification. This 
 is to preach Christ, as to the matter of our preaching. 
 And then, 
 
 II. As to the foi*mal manner, it implies, that we aim 
 at the honor and glory of Christ, and the advancement 
 of his interest, as our ultimate and final end. This is 
 doubtless the principal thing intended, in opposition to 
 those mercenary views and selfish aims that were men- 
 tioned before. Men may speak much about Jesus Christ 
 in their sermons, and yet not properly preach Christ : 
 yea, they may preach Christ too, as to the matter of their 
 preaching, in all the instances above described, and yet 
 not do it for Christ, but for themselves. And thus they 
 make Christ himself, and the precious doctrines of the 
 Gospel, only subservient to the advancement of the grand 
 idol, Self. To preach Christ, then, is to make his honor 
 and interest the centre of all our labor and industry ; the 
 mark on which we fix our eye, and toward which we 
 endeavor to steer in all our private studies and public 
 administrations, and in every instance of our ministerial 
 conduct. Our business is to commend Christ, and not 
 ourselves ; to wdn the hearts of men to him, and not to 
 oui'selves ; and attach them to his mterest rather than 
 our own. And as this must be the ultimate, proposed 
 end, so those means must be chosen that have the most 
 natural tendency to accomplish it ? even such methods 
 and manner of address as will tend to pierce the obdu- 
 rate hearts, and wound the stupid consciences of sleepy, 
 secure sinners, by making them feel the ruin of their 
 fallen state, their guilt and condemnation by the law, 
 and the absolute impossibility of obtaining a personal 
 legal righteousness ; that they may effectually see their 
 need of Christ, both as a surety to pay theu' law-debt, 
 and as a " fountain to wash in from sin and from imclean- 
 ness." 
 
 The rich and unbounded treasures of Gospel grace, are 
 also to be laid open, and Gospel invitations to be exhibited 
 in their free and indefinite terms, urged with the most 
 powerful motives and persuasive arguments that can be 
 
16 CHAKACTTER AND DUTi' OF A PKEACHEE. 
 
 clra\^Ti from love or from "wrath, from heaven or from 
 hell ; and from all the glorious and dreadful thmgs of an 
 unseen and eternal world. 
 
 Let me now endeavor to improve this subject by an 
 inference or two from each of the principal foregoing 
 heads ; and then conclude with a particular apphcation. 
 And, 
 
 1st, If ministers are not to preach, or to seek them- 
 selves, in the execution of the sacred office, then none 
 can ever discharge this important trust acceptably in the 
 sight of God who are under the reigning dominion of 
 mercenary and selfish jirinciples. I have observed before, 
 that when man fell from God by original apostasy, he re- 
 tired as it were into himself, and is ever since disposed 
 supremely to love, and ultimately to seek himself, as his 
 last and final end. Selfishness, then, in one shape or 
 another, is now the reigning, active principle in fallen na- 
 ture, and has the entire dominion in every heart that is 
 unrenewed and unsanctified; as, therefore, unsanctified 
 men have no governing principle but self, and can act 
 from no higher principles than they have, how can they 
 be quaUfied for a faithful discharge of that work which 
 requires so much self-renunciation '? If such as these un- 
 dertake the ministry, their views must be altogether sel- 
 fish : they study, pray, and preach for themselves, and 
 make themselves the grand centre of all they think, and 
 speak, and do ! " Seeking their ovm things," and not the 
 thmgs of Christ Jesus ; preferring their honor to his 
 honor, and their interest to his interest ; and, therefore, 
 they are guilty of idolatry, by setting themselves upper- 
 most in their estimation, affections, designs, and pursuits. 
 And if I should grant that such as these may be useful 
 in the ministry, yet surely the undertaldng will be aw- 
 fully hazardous to the souls committed to their charge, 
 and the consequence extremely dreadful to themselves, 
 for, " when they have preached to others, themselves 
 will be finally rejected and cast a^ray." 
 
 2dly, If the business of Gospel ministers is to preach 
 Christ, hence see the honor and dignity of their office. 
 No other than a glorious Christ, the anointed of God, 
 the darling of heaven, and the beloved of angels and 
 
CHARACTJER AND DUTY OF A PEEACHEK. 17 
 
 saints, is the subject of their ministry ; fi'oni him their 
 authority and coramissiou is derived, in his valuable in- 
 terest they are engaged to speak, as " ambassadors in his 
 name and stead." Their office is, therefore, honorable in 
 some proportion to the dignity of the sovereign from 
 whom they receive commission ; the grandeur of the 
 court in whose interest they are employed as ambassadors, 
 and the important errand they have to transact with 
 guUty men. And as they are engaged for Christ, and 
 employed by him to act as ambassadors in his name, he 
 has declared that he will regard the treatment they meet 
 with as if done to himself: "He that receiveth you, says 
 he, receiveth me ; and he that despiseth you, despiseth 
 me, and Him that sent me." Were we acting a part for 
 ourselves, and speaking in our own name, and driving on 
 our own self-interests, men might treat us as they pleased ; 
 but if we act as ambassadors for Christ, in pursuit of his 
 interest, and in his name and stead, let them take heed 
 how they despise the sacred character we sustain, or 
 neglect the solemn messages we bring. But I must not 
 dwell on these inferences, the time being far elapsed. 
 
 Permit me, therefore, now, with all humility, to ad- 
 dress myself particiilarly to the venerable members of 
 this Synod, with all others of the sacred character here 
 present. 
 
 My reverend fathers and dear brethren : 
 
 The subject I have now been handling will necessarily 
 lead me to great freedom and plainness of speech, yet I 
 will not entertain so dishonorable a thought of any of 
 you, as to imagine an apology necessary : nor will I doubt 
 your candid acceptance of what shall now be said, though 
 by one of the meanest of the sacred character, who would 
 gladly sit at your feet and learn, and who is "wiUing to 
 stand corrected or reproved by you. 
 
 Let what we have heard, 
 
 1. Lead us into oiir own hearts, to examine in the pre- 
 sence of an all-seeing God, whether we have not too 
 much of this abominable selfish principle still lurking 
 within us, and too little singleness of heart for God and 
 Jesus Christ. Do we never shrink into diffidence and 
 neglect in cases of duty, through the power and preva- 
 
18 CIIAUACTER AND DUTY OV A PREACHER. 
 
 lence of that soothing temptation, Spare thyself? Do 
 we never find this detestable enemy strive to encroach on 
 the rights of the Godhead, and assume the honor and 
 regard that is due to Jesus alone ? Does it never creej) 
 into our studies, and seek to have a hand in our prepara- 
 tions for the sanctuary of the Lord, and dispose us to 
 consult how to please, rather than how to j^rofit ; and 
 how our own interest may be secured in the esteem 
 and affections of our hearers, rather than how the in- 
 terest and kingdom of Christ may be advanced ? And 
 when we enter the sacred desk, with a message from 
 heaven to guilty men, are we never too thoughtful of the 
 notices and observations of our poor fellow mortals round 
 about us, and too httle sensible of the all-seeing eye of 
 Jehovah upon us, and the vast and inexpressible weight 
 of the errand on which we come ? Are we never too 
 soUcitous about mere external appearances that attend 
 our deliA^ery, and too little so about the spiritual frame 
 of our hearts in the sight of God ? Are we never 
 tempted by this pernicious principle to play the hypo- 
 crite before our hearers, with a greater show of zeal, and 
 fervor, and devotion than is answerable to the inward 
 state and frame of our minds ? If at any tune we find 
 ourselves dead and barren, and have but little clearness 
 or freedom, we are dejected ; our hearts are depressed 
 and sunk within us : but from whence is this dejection ? 
 Is it because we have done so poorly for God, and been 
 so miserably deficient in his service ? Or only because 
 we have made so indifferent a figure in the eyes of our 
 fellow men ? On the other hand; when we find some en- 
 largement and freedom, a readiness of thought, and 
 fluency of expression, and feel some suitable degree of 
 zeal and fervor, does a selfish, deceitful heart never 
 prompt us to a sort of self-complacency, and deUght in 
 ourselves ? And if we are pleased that God has enabled 
 us, in any measure, to be fiuthful, yet, are we never too 
 much elated with the approbation and applause of those 
 that have heard us ? 
 
 And when our public performances are ended, what is 
 the object of our greatest solicitude ? Whether sinners 
 are awakened and won to Christ, or whether we our- 
 
CHARACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 19 
 
 selves are held in high esteem? "VVhethei* tlie word 
 preached has gained their hearts for God, or whether it 
 has gained for us their pleasing approbation ? And does 
 this selfish principle never direct or influence our conduct 
 among the people of our charge ? Are we not often best 
 pleased with the company and society of those who (per- 
 haps too partial in our favor) may gratify our A^anity wath 
 their professions and tokens of esteem and friendshi]) ? 
 And do we not, from the same principle, shun, or too 
 much neglect, those who appear less friendly, though they 
 need our mstruction and advice as much as others ? Do 
 we not too much neglect the duties of private and parti- 
 cular applications, for fear of offending ; and yet frame 
 excuses for our neglects, that have too much selfishness 
 in them ? In a word, what did we undertake the minis- 
 try for ? "What do we study, preach, and pray, live, and 
 labor for ? It is ultimately for God or for ourselves ? I 
 beseech you, reverend and dear sirs, bear with this plain- 
 ness and freedom, and let me not be looked upon in the 
 light of an arrogant accuser ; far be it from me to lay any 
 of these things to your charge, or to harbor a doubt of 
 your disinterested zeal for God, and victory over self. 
 " There is but one heart ainong us that I have reason to 
 suspect," and over that I find it necessary to keep a con- 
 tinual watch and guard : and oh ! how many are the secret 
 windings and turnings, and different shapes and appear- 
 ances of this pernicious adversary, self! How often does 
 it beset us, when and where we have little expected it, 
 and give us occasion to lament and say, " Hast thou found 
 me, O mine enemy ?" If we find then, on the above- 
 mentioned inquiiy, that our self-denial and deadness to 
 ourselves is yet very imperfect. Let us in the 
 
 Second place. Bitterly bewail it before God, with the 
 deepest humiliation. For what can be more detestable, 
 or carry a greater malignity in its very nature, than that 
 disposition that would exalt self in the place of God and 
 Jesus Christ, and as it were contend with him for the 
 preference, and dispute the point with him who shall be 
 most loved and regarded by us, he or we ; and whose 
 honor and mterest shall be primarily pursued, his or our 
 own ? And how inconsistent is this selfishness with that 
 
20 CHARACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 
 
 lesson of self-denial that we are obliged to preach to 
 others, and which Jesus has taught us, both by precept 
 and example. Nay, with what, force can we recommend 
 self-denial to others, wliile we are selfish, or how can ^ye 
 reprove or condemn the sin in others that we harbor too 
 much in ourselves. We tell the drunkard, the swearer, the 
 profane sinner, that " except he be converted and changed 
 he can not be saved ; and is it not as true of us, that we 
 can not be the true disciples, or faithful ministers of Christ, 
 except we deny ourselves." Does not our Lord himself 
 lay this down as the grand criterion by which he submits 
 his own doctrine and mission to trial, whether it was of 
 God or whether he spake of himself " He that speaketh 
 of himself," says he, " se'eketh his own glory : but he that 
 seeketh the glory of him that sent him, the same is true." 
 I make no doubt, sirs, but selfishness in its reigning do- 
 minion, is a greater sin than drunkenness or whoredom. 
 The one dishonors God by breaking his law ; but the 
 other strikes at the very relation of sovereign and sub- 
 ject, and contends with him, as it were, for the rights of 
 Godhead, and insists on being above him in the estima- 
 tion, affections, intentions, and pursuits. Now, " it is one 
 thing to break some particular laws of a prince, and 
 another to set up to be above him, or to exalt a rival in 
 his room and stead ;" the first indeed is transgression, but 
 the other is downright treason and rebellion, and there- 
 fore the most heinous. And indeed whatever we do in 
 religion, and how good soever it be, as to the matter or 
 thing done, yet if self is the reigning principle, it tarnishes, 
 corrupts, and debases all. And as it is the very essence 
 of holiness to live to God, and act entirely for him, so it 
 is horrible wickedness, in the very nature of it, to Uve to 
 ourselves, and act ultimately for ourselves. If, therefore, 
 we find the remains, or secret workings of so corrupt and 
 detestable a principle, let us mourn and be humbled be- 
 fore God, and repair by faith to Him who once died, 
 " That they which live should not live to themselves, but 
 to Him who died for them, and rose agam." Let us, in 
 the third place, 
 
 Ever be watchful against this enemy of God and our 
 souls, and endeavor to suppress the first risings of it. 
 
CHARACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 21 
 
 Let us ever remember, " we are not our own," and there- 
 fore have no business to Hve to ourselves, or regard our 
 interest or reputation, any further than the honor of 
 Christ, and the interest of religion is concerned. If God 
 has made us, if Christ has redeemed us, if in our ordina- 
 tion vows we have solemnly given up ourselves and our 
 all to him, then certainly we are not our own ; and there- 
 fore to appropriate our time and talents to our own in- 
 terests and reputation is a sacrilegious robbing of God. 
 
 Further, let us guard against that fear of man that 
 selfishness would prompt us to, and which would make 
 us too fond to please, and too fearful to displease ; for if 
 we thus seek to please man, and by that means to ad- 
 vance ourselves, we can not be the faithful " servants of 
 Jesus Christ." And yet, such are the perverse tempers 
 of many we have to deal with, that we are often reduced 
 to an unhappy dilemma, and must either offend God or 
 offend them. Poor guilty mortals love to be soothed and 
 flattered, but do not love to be plamly dealt with ; hence, 
 such pointed addresses as tend to discover them to them- 
 selves often excite their resentment. Thus, when our 
 Lord was representing to his hearers, by several parables, 
 the awful destrviction that would shortly come upon the 
 final rejectors of the Gospel Saviour, and the Gospel sal- 
 vation, it is said : " the chief priests and Pharisees per- 
 ceived that he spake of them." A heinous business in- 
 deed ! as if it was intolerable insolence for him to speak 
 of them. It is true, they perceived right, he did speak 
 of them, and all others like them ; and what then ? 
 "Why, they are exasperated, and would have laid hands 
 on him, and treated him in a manner they thought he de- 
 served, had it not been that they feared the multitude. 
 And when this is the case, that we must either offend 
 God or men ; whose disjileasure shall we most regard ? 
 If carnal self is consulted, it will inflvience us to displease 
 God, and to sooth and flatter our fellow-men. But alas ! 
 should we make such an a^vful sacrifice to their corrupt 
 humors, will they undertake to answer it for us ? Will 
 they defend us from the displeasure of Jehovah, when he 
 shall send for us by death, or sentence us to hell by his 
 righteous judgment ? No, they dare not attempt this, 
 
22 CHARACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER. 
 
 nor dare we trust them in this matter, "We have one 
 God, and one Master to please, and he must be obeyed, 
 whether men hke or dislike. Our errand to them is on 
 matter of life and death, the vast importance of which 
 must engage all the powers of our soids. Poor Christless 
 sinners are not in a state to be soothed and flattered, or 
 jested and trifled with ; heaven and hell are not matters 
 to be talked of in a careless indolent strain ; it is plain 
 dealing such want, however they may take it ; such as 
 will tend to make them feel their wretched, miserable 
 state, and awaken their solicitude for dehverance. 
 
 Again, our business is to preach Christ Jesus the Lord, 
 and exhibit him to view in his j^ersonal glory and divine 
 fulness as the law-fultiller and Sa\dour of sumers ; to urge 
 them compassionately to come to him that they might 
 have life, and on their final refusal, to denounce against 
 them the terrors of eternal death. And besides the in- 
 expressible importance of these things, every considera- 
 tion from the j)resent pro\ddences of God suggests an 
 awakening call to the utmost diligence and painful indus- 
 try. The God of heaven is now thimdering an alarm on 
 every side, our country is groaning imder ravages and 
 devastations, and all the frightful calamities of war and 
 blood ! The enemies of Zion are forming a confederacy, 
 and saying : " Let us raze it, let us raze it to the founda- 
 tion." And who can tell how soon our churches may be 
 demoUshed and beaten into rubbish, and we ourselves 
 called to prison and to death ? And what, in the name 
 of God, shall we do in a day of- suffering, if Ave have not 
 learned to deny ourselves, and account our honor, interest, 
 and even life itself, nothing in comparison of the interest 
 and kingdom of Jesus Christ ? Or should God in mercy 
 yet spare his Church from the ravages of Popish and Pagan 
 adversaries, yet as to us, we know our time is short, and 
 " the night of death will soon come when no man can 
 Avork," We live in a dying world, and dwell in regions 
 of mortality, and have lately had frequent and aAvful 
 notices of the uncertain tenure of human life. 
 
 The last year in particular, with respect to ministers 
 may very properly be called the dying year, in which 
 the God of heaven has smitten his Church in these parts. 
 
CHAEACTER AND DUTY OF A PREACHER, 23 
 
 mth repeated strokes of sore bereavement in a close and 
 awful succession ! Scarce had we time to dry our weep- 
 ing eyes for the loss of one of eminent character and 
 usefulness,* but the streams of grief were called to flow 
 down afresh for the loss of another,f whose zeal for God 
 and the conversion of souls, was scarce to be paralleled. 
 And yet for all this, the anger of Jehovah was not turned 
 away, but his hand was soon lifted up again, and with a 
 dreadful aitn, and resistless stroke, has bi-ought down to 
 the dust, perhaps the greatest pillar in this part of Zion's 
 buildings.^ Oh ! how does the whole fabric shake and 
 totter ! And what a gloomy aspect do these providences 
 wear ? as if God, by calling home his ambassadors, was 
 about to quit the affiair of negotiating peace with man- 
 kind any more. 
 
 Shall not 'we, then, who survive, double and redouble 
 our diligence, knowing our time is short, and in propor- 
 tion to the decrease of laborers, the work increases upon 
 our hands. O sirs ! are heaven and hell glorious and 
 dreadful realities ? are shiners despising the one and 
 sleeping over the mouth of the other, and are we sent 
 from God to awaken them, and show them their danger ? 
 sent to offer them a Saviour and invite them to fly from 
 the wrath to come to his atoning blood, why then, oh ! 
 why do not these important reahties swallow up our 
 whole attention ? Why do not we make more haste in 
 plucking sinners as brands from everlasting burning? 
 Why do not we pray more fervently, and preach more 
 zealously, and lay out our whole life, and soul, and 
 strength in this great work ? What ! is the interest and 
 happiness of deathless immortal souls worth no more 
 pains ? Can we do no more for the honor and interest 
 of our glorious Master than this comes to ? Shall the 
 men of this world be more painful and industrious in 
 seeking themselves, than we in seeking the gloiy of Christ, 
 and the salvation of souls ? God forbid ! We are on 
 
 * The Rev. Mr. Aaron Buit, President of the College. 
 
 f The Eev. Mr. James Davenport, Minister at Hopewell, both of 
 Xcw-Jersey. 
 
 X The Rev. Jonathan Edwards, President of the College of New- 
 Jersey. 
 
24 CHAKACTEE AND DUTY OF A PKEACHEK 
 
 matters of life and death. We pray, and preach, and labor 
 for eternity. Sure it becomes us then to do it with all our 
 mio-ht. Shall we not be solemn and serious, when so near 
 that state and place where all are serious '? Beheve it, 
 sirs, there is no trifling m the eternal world ; there are 
 none hi jest, either in heaven or hell. God forbid, then, 
 that we should jest and trifle with immortal^ souls, that 
 are just at the door and upon the borders of an eternal 
 state ! 
 
 i 
 
DATE DUE 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAYLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U S A.