a,. 2. 2-.^^. ^X lUe mml^kni ^ ^]S PRINCETON, N. J. '^ Purchased by the Hamill Missionary Fund. Division ^-^^ "' '•''"^ 'rarl Leroy Manual ot hm Manual of Missions Manual of Missions CARL LEROY HOWLAND, Ph. B. With an Introduction by BISHOP WILSON T. HOGUE New York Chicago Toronto Fleming H. Revell Company London and Edinburgh Copyright, 1913, by FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY New York: 158 Fifth Avenue Chicago: 125 North Wabash Ave. Toronto: 25 Richmond Street, W. London: 21 Paternoster Square Edinburgh: 100 Princes Street Introduction By Bishop Wilson T. Rogue THIS " Manual of Missions " has been well conceived and wisely executed. It will meet a long felt need of those who are in- terested in missionary work. It presents in con- cise form an authoritative statement of just what those interested in world-wide evangelization desire to know regarding the occupied and unoccupied fields for missionary enterprise ; the great and an- cient systems of religion against which Christianity must continually contend in seeking to propagate the true religion throughout the world ; the mis- sionary societies of the United States and Canada which are engaged in this greatest of all enterprises ; and also, under the head of " Missionary Gems," many valuable hints and suggestions of great value to those who are called to hold missionary meetings and otherwise to labour in the home field for the promotion of foreign missionary enterprise. In fact, the writer of this Introduction knows of no other work on the market which presents so many and such varied facts regarding foreign mis- sionary work, and within so small a compass and at such trifling cost, as does the " Manual of Mis- sions." The work gives evidence throughout of extensive and thorough research, and the results of 5 6 INTEODUCTION this research have been admirably classified, and are usually presented with great simplicity and commendable terseness. The volume is quite ency- clopedic in the list of topics presented, and each topic is presented with sufficient fullness of detail to satisfy the ordinary reader, and yet with such conciseness as not to weary the patience of any. The highest and most recent authorities have been consulted on the various subjects discussed, and in many cases they have been made to speak for them- selves, which is a decided advantage in a book de- signed so largely for general reference as is this volume. The Table of Contents is also so simple and clearly arranged as to enable one very readily to refer to any topic discussed within the volume, which is an added advantage for the busy worker. For instance, if one desires to read up on Buddhism, Brahmanism, Mohammedanism, or Confucianism he has only to refer to the Table of Contents and, un- der the general heading of "Mne Keligions of Mission Lands," look for the particular religion re- garding which he is seeking information, and he will instantly find reference to the pages in which it is discussed. So also with reference to "The Fields." All Asiatic countries are classified under " Asia " ; the various islands on which missionary work is being done, or is in need of being done, are grouped under the heading " The Island World," and can be referred to with equal readiness ; and so of the various other fields of missionary en- INTEODUCTION 7 deavour. This gives each reader an opportunity to obey the command of Jesus, at least in some de- gree, " Lift up your eyes and look on the fields for they are white already to the harvest." The author of the "Manual of Missions" has been known to the writer for about eleven years : first as a student in Greenville College, Greenville, Illinois, during the period of the writer's presidency of that institution, from which he was honourably graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Philoso- phy, and later as a preacher of the Free Methodist Church, and as teacher of acceptability in the A. M. Chesbrough Seminary, at North Chili, New York. He has brought to the task of producing the pres- ent volume the advantages of a well trained mind, and of a sanctified heart, which throbs with love for earth's perishing millions, and with fervent de- sire to contribute as far as possible to their general evangelization. It is earnestly hoped that the " Manual of Mis- sions " will be given a circulation worthy the spirit which has prompted its production and of the ability and merit of which it gives evidence on every page. Wilson T. Hogue. Michigan City^ Indiana, Preface MANY pastors, missionary and Sunday- school workers, as well as persons who are not actively engaged in religious work, have felt the need of a small volume contain- ing a brief sketch of the general and missionary conditions of the various mission fields of the world. It was with the hope of supplying in a small com- pass and for a low price much missionary informa- tion that the present volume was undertaken. Perhaps the work will meet a real need. The authority of a book of this kind is all-impor- tant to the reader. The Kand McNaUy & Co. Atlas, 1912, Library Edition; Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica, 1911, and three works published by the Student Volunteer Movement — " Keligions of Mis- sion Fields," " Unoccupied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa," and " World Atlas of Christian Mis- sions," have supplied the chief sources of informa- tion for Parts I and II. Part TV is constructed almost entirely from the reports received directly from the missionary secretaries in 1913. Besides these principal sources, numerous authorities have been consulted and quoted. The notes usually give proper credit. In Part II much has been said about the unoocu- 9 10 PREFACE pied mission fields. Dr. S. M. Zvvemer's "Unoccu- pied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa," published in 1911, has been freely quoted. Kef erring to this book, on June 30, 1913, Mr. Kobert E. Speer, D. D., wrote : " I do not think there has been any change in the missionary situation in the unoccupied fields of Asia and Africa since Dr. Zwemer wrote the book. Possibly there have been some minor changes but none, I think, of any importance." An attempt has been made to represent the work of all organizations exactly as submitted by the secretaries of the societies. The failure of some secretaries to include certain items in their reports, probably because the information was not available, has necessitated some omissions. On the other hand a few secretaries have gone to considerable trouble and forwarded valuable information con- cerning their work, which, however, could not be included because of the limited scope of this volume. "When this work was begun it was hoped that what is usually classed as " Home Missions " might be statistically represented, as has been possible with the foreign work. To this end blanks were submitted to the secretaries with the request that the needed information be supplied. After careful investigation and consultation of the reports re- ceived, the first plan had to be surrendered. The numerous methods of dealing with the home work, and the fact that very much of the work done by members of the different denominations and by local churches and societies is not handled by the PEEPAOE 11 general boards nor reported to them, presents com- plications which would make statistical information untrustworthy. For these reasons it has seemed best to confine the manual to data concerning the foreign fields. In the preparation of this volume Bishop Wilson T. Hogue, Mrs. M. M. Robinson and Mrs. C. L. Rowland have each contributed valuable advice and assistance which are gratefully acknowledged. The Student Volunteer Movement very kindly granted permission to quote from the three invaluable books above mentioned. Also Funk and Wagnalls consented to the use of the table published in the January, 1913, number of the Missionary Review. These favours are duly appreciated. Heartfelt thanks is given to the busy secretaries who have so usefully cooperated by the sending of their reports. With the hope that this small volume will add to general missionary knowledge and stimulate mis- sionary activity, thus hastening the return of the Lord Jesus, this manual is sent forth. C. L. H. l^orth Chiliy K Y, Contents PART I Nine Religions of Mission Lands I. Polytheism of Africa XL Shintoism . III. Taoism IV. Confucianism V. Hinduism . VI. Buddhism . VII. Mohammedanism VIII. Judaism IX. Roman Catholicism . 17 20 22 24 26 29 32 39 45 PART II The Fields I. Asia. Introductory Note . . 55 1. China 56 2. India 66 3. Japan 76 4. Asia, except China, India and Japan 86 II. The Island World .... 95 !. Malaysia 95 2. Melanesia 98 3. Micronesia 99 4. Polynesia lOO 13 III. Australia ... 102 IV. Europe . 104 V. Africa . 105 VI. South America .... . 120 VII. North America .... . 130 I. Mexico .... . 130 2. Central America • 131 3. West Indies ' 133 4. Eskimos .... . 134 PART III Missionary Gems I. The Voice of Scripture . 139 II. The Lord's Commands 142 III. Authority for Missions . 144 IV. Prayer and Missions . . . . 144 V. Consecration and Missions 145 VI. Sacrifice and Missions 146 VII. Money and Missions . . . . 147 VIII. Arguments for Missions . 149 IX. Miscellaneous 152 PART IV The Societies {American and Canadian) The Societies . 157 PART I Nine Religions of Mission Lands PART I Nine Religions of Mission Lands I. POLYTHEISM OP AFRICA IT is impossible to gain any definite idea of the origin of the religion of the African. It seems to be an accumulation of vague beliefs, super- stitions and fears, to which each succeeding gener- ation has contributed its part. The polytheism of Africa lacks all knowledge of a supreme, personal Creator. The native dialects contain no name that can properly be applied to such a being. The superstitions and rites, always crude, differ widely with the different tribes. Some prominent features, however, are quite common. The native usually has place in his faith for numer- ous superior beings which may be mentioned in four classes : (1) First and lowest of all are those " powers " whose bad effects may be averted by the use of charms. To drive away diseases and other evils the native makes use of lacerations of the flesh, circumcision, etc. (2) The " Mandiki " are next higher in the scale of superior beings. These partake of the nature of ghosts. They may bring sickness or accidental death. One possessed by 17 18 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS them may perform wonders. They are never loved, but much feared by the people. (3) The " Jindoyi " are superior to those just mentioned and are able to command them. Indeed, it is when the Mandiki are operated upon by the Jindoyi that they are especially harmful. This class controls departed lives and may become incarnate at will, in human beings, beasts or birds. None of the foregoing claisses of powers or beings are worshipped. (4) The " Jingulube " are the head gods and can command all the rest. These beings are worshipped without the use of gorgeous paraphernalia or temples. They are approached only in times of suffering or distress. At such seasons the worshipping individual or peo- ple come to the place appointed and in a very simple manner make an offering of food and a prayer for the removal of the evil. All the gods are undesirable. The native seems to believe that he would be much better off if it were not for the calamities that these superior be- ings bring upon him. The witch-doctor is the " mediator " between the native and his gods. He is hideous and avaricious. The people submit to his demands because they fear his power with the unseen world. The demoralizing nature of such religion is man- ifest in the life of the heathen before it is touched by Christianity. " Early missionaries and explorers are a unit in declaring that he is uncommonly inhu- man, bloodthirsty and drunken, frequently selling his wife for cash and universally slaying his cap- POLYTHEISM OF AFEICA 19 tives in war, while many tribes deliberately feast on the same." The African's religion gives him no joy for this life or peaceful anticipation of that which is to come. " His only inheritance is hopeless darkness." The inherent weakness of the system causes it to crumble in the presence of Mohammedanism or Christianity. African Polytheists number about 100,000,000 and comprise nearly two-thirds of the people of the continent. 20 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS 11. SHINTOISM Shinto means " Way of the Gods." Eeligion ac- cording to Shinto is an embodiment of the crude superstitions of the early Japanese. There is a vague idea of a Supreme Being, but no idea is held that he is personal or self -existent. Shintoism tells us that from the unknown " somewhat " emanated two divine beings, Isaname (female), and Isanagi (male). This divine pair produced, by stirring the ocean with a spear, the islands of Japan. From them also came a daughter of resplendent beauty. This " sun-goddess " was married and became the mother of the whole line of " mikados " who are the rulers of Japan. Thus the islands of Japan and the rulers are in a peculiar sense of divine origin. In this myth we have the secret of the nature and an- cestor worship which is the basis of Shintoism. The system is pantheistic. The worship that is given to the emperor is accorded, in a modified de- gree, to heroes and ancestors. Worship is also rendered to the sun, waterfalls, trees, foxes and snakes. In fact almost everything in nature, ani- mate and inanimate, is made a divinity ; until we have the saying that Japan has " eight million gods." There is no belief in a real creation. The material universe, w^hich is regarded as eternal, has been subject to development. God and man and all things are of one essence. The " Kojika," which is the Bible of the Japa- SHINTOISM 21 nese, was compiled in 712 a. d. It throws much light upon the doctrines of Shintoism and also upon early Japanese history. The religious myths have encouraged lax moral- ity. Dr. S. K. Brown, after years of observation, could scarcely find an element of moral restraint in the system. Shintoism is regarded as the religion of levity and thoughtlessness. In 552 a. d. Bud- dhism, which is of a more melancholy spirit and tone, was introduced into Japan. Since that time there has been some antagonism but usually a strange partnership between the two systems. It is said that nine-tenths of the Japanese consider themselves adherents of both religions. Shintoism was made the state religion of Japan in 1868, evidently lest it should be submerged by Buddhism. However, in 1889 religious liberty was granted to the people, and Shintoism was again thrown on its own re- sources. Japan has now no state religion. Modern enlightenment has undermined Shintoism, as a rehgion, in the minds of the educated classes. The system, however, is as truly patriotic as re- ligious. And though belief in its myths and super- stitions decays, Shintoism is destined to be strong in the hearts of the Japanese people for years to come because of the reverence which it teaches for the islands and the emperor. From its nature, Shintoism is distinctively a Jap- anese religion. Most of the people of the empire either avow themselves to be Shintoists or are strongly affected by the system. 22 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS III. TAOISM Lao-tzu, the founder of Taoism, was bom in Honan, China, in 604 b. c. He became a scholar and independent thinker. He was a man of un- usual integrity and uncompromising in his stand- ards of right and wrong. The general corruption and abuses of official China in his day caused him to become heart-sick, then bitter, morose and de- spondent. His denunciations of the existing condi- tions brought him great unpopularity. He finally withdrew from the common walks of men. In re- tirement he dictated the Tao Teh King, which is an embodiment of his doctrines. The treatise is more philosophical and misty than religious. Tao means " reason " or " wisdom," and was personified and deified by Lao-tzu. He said " All things originate with Tao, conform to Tao and return to Tao." The system, as we have it to-day, is not the product of Lao-tzu's mind. "Taoism had great powers of absorption and from being at first a phi- losophy and then a system of jugglery, it borrowed from Buddhism certain religious elements." In its modern form it is a mixture of ancient supersti- tions, ancestor worship and the doctrines of Gau- tama. In the wide departure from its original, the great abuse of power by its dignitaries and the peculiar superstitions and burdens imposed upon the people, Taoism has been likened to modern Catholicism. TAOISM 23 The religion is materialistic. The people believe that the land of spirits is an exact counterpart of the Chinese Empire, having provinces and depart- ments ruled over by officials good and bad. Since injustice and bribery are common in China, the same must be true of Hades. The gods are more than a man can count. " Not a few of the million villages have their rural dei- ties. " Every star has its god." Astrology spreads its dread pall over night-cursed China. "Beside the great multitude and variety of gods, there are the myriads of demons with whom the people must deal." The dread of spirits is the nightmare of the Chinaman's life. Here is a ministration of demons, not of angels. The pope of Taoism, the priests, exorcists and witches, unite to prey upon and de- moralize the superstitious people. Many of the inhabitants of China are at the same time Buddhists, Confucianists and Taoists. Taoism is confined, almost entirely, to China. Probably more than half of the people of the re- public are more or less strong adherents of the system. 24 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS IV. CONFUCIANISM Confucianism has been defined as " That system of religious and ethical teaching which is the es- sential source of Chinese civilization." Confucian literature has preserved the best traditions and idealized the history of the empire, but its ortho- doxy has been unflinching in its hostility to all progress. The many centuries of inteDectual, in- dustrial and moral stagnation of China is largely traceable to the influence of this religious system. Confucius was born 551 b. c. He was thus, for a time, a contemporary of Lao-tzu, the founder of Taoism. As a young man Confucius took a great interest in the literature of the Chinese and soon became a master, compiler, and transmitter of what suited his purpose. He was not an original writer, but embellished and rewrote the works of others. As a religion there are three elements in Confu- cianism, viz., nature worship, sage and hero wor- ship and ancestor worship. (1) The nature wor- ship is pantheistic. It is believed that the universe is self -evolved. Heaven is called the " Supreme Father " and earth the " Supreme Mother " of all things. The idea of a personal God is very dim, if present at all. Under the empire it was held that the emperor was the " Son of Heaven," and that he ruled by the will of Heaven. He was the high priest of the nature worship. (2) Dead sages and CONFUCIANISM 25 heroes are accorded divine homage. Of these Con- fucius has the supreme place of honour. In the spring and fall there are prostrations and presenta- tions of wines, fruits, meats and silks in the temples of the sages. Hero worship is probably emphasized for the purpose of stimulating the youth of the land to deeds of valour and patriotism. (3) Ancestor worship is a universal obligation rarely neglected ex- cept by reason of poverty or ignorance. " Among the people ancestor worship occupies a first place in giving expression to the feelings and convictions of the religious nature." The wealthy have a room of the house set apart for the tablets of the an- cestors. Others have the tablets arranged in a living-room. Special occasions for worship are the time of the festival of the new year and the anni- versary of the death of the ancestor. Confucianism has had large influence upon the scholarship of Japan, although its relation to Chi- nese history and civilization makes it especially a Chinese religion. The system is so intermixed with other forms of belief that trustworthy statistics are not available. The adherents of Confucianism, as near as can be estimated, are distributed about as follows : Africa, 31,000 ; Oceanica, 25,000 ; Ma- laysia, 570,000 ; Asia outside of China, 7,000,000 ; China, 284,000,000.^ » " Blue Book of Missions," Funk and Wagnalls. 26 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS V. HINDUISM The ancient religion of India was simple and had no trace of the evils of present-day Hinduism. This (Yedic) age came to an end in about 800 B. c. when the Brahman or priestly caste developed Brahmanism with its caste system. Hinduism is the name applied to the religion in its third and present stage. It has been described as an all-embracing system made up of whatever was desired from Yedism, Brahmanism, Buddhism, and philosophy. Hinduism is not the product of a single mind. It has no central figure or generally accepted exponent. The " Yedas " are the sacred books of the Hindus. "Their composition probably covers a period of 1,000 years beginning with about 2000 B. c. There are four of them, and each is divided into three parts : Mantras (Hymns) ; Brahmana (Kitual); Upanishad (Yedic Philosophy). Be- side these there are many books of secondary im- portance called " Smriti." There are three gods — Brahma, Yishnu and Siva —beside 330,000,000 lesser divinities. One has said " Pantheism as a creed, grossest idolatry as the commonest expression of the religious instinct, and caste as a social system constitute the real triad of Hinduism to-day." It is difficult to find any two authorities, especially Hindu authorities, who agree in the statement of the essential features of Hinduism. The system resembles Christianity HINDmSM 27 in that it is theistic, has its trinity, its incarnations and predictions of a Messiah. There are some points of wide difference. Note : (1) It has a God (Brahm), but he slumbers on from age to age without thought, emotion or moral attributes. (2) Hinduism does not recognize the existence of a real soul. The worshipper looks for absorption as the great good. (3) Hinduism teaches transmi- gration. It is said 8,400,000 rebirths are possible. (4) Hinduism has no savioui* and no salvation. Among the great evils of the system may be mentioned the following : (1) Caste system. There are four main castes. These are sometimes divided into hundreds of sub-castes. Beneath all these are the people who are casteless or " outcastes." " Not only their touch, but contact with their shadow is counted a pollution by those in caste. They have no social rights that any one is bound to respect, and their degradation is almost worse than slavery." (2) Degradation of married women. Woman is the slave and toy of man. She is taught to look upon her husband as a god, and to hope for salvation only through him. (3) Abuses of Indian widowhood. "The wife's condition, however low, is a paradise in comparison, unless the widow be the mother of sons. Widow burning is not rare though forbidden by the British Gov- ernment." (4) Murder of female infants and child marriage. What was practiced openly before the English came to India is secretly carried on now as the worshippers are able. 28 NINE EELIGI0N8 OF MISSION LANDS Hinduism is the prevailing religion of India. Adherents of the system are distributed throughout the world about as follows : Australasia, 1,000 ; Malaysia, 27,000 ; North America, 94,000 ; South America, 108,000 ; Africa, 277,000 ; Asia outside of India, 2,206,000 ; India, 207,146,000/ i"Blue Bcx)k of Missions," Funk and Wagnalls. BUDDHISM VI. BUDDHISM According to tradition Gautama was born about 542 B. c. He was the son of a Sakyan chief and was reared in the midst of the wealth and display of a palace. He married, and at the age of twenty- nine became the father of a son. For a long time he had been greatly distressed by the scenes of suffering and poverty around him. He renounced his home, forsook his family and began the life of a mendicant, wandering about in poverty and loneliness. After much meditation and study of philosophy he proclaimed that he had reached " Buddhahood," or the place of Great Enlighten- ment. From this time until his death, a period of about forty-five years, he preached his gospel. We find in Gautama, or Buddha as he is more often called, a man groping for the truth in the midst of great darkness. There is an earnestness and self- sacrifice in his life which contrasts sharply with the self-indulgence of Mohammed. He has been described as a man of " high thought, lofty moral- ity, and virtuous conduct, who was intensely honest in his pursuit of truth and fearless and patient in the preaching of his doctrine." How much man needs divine revelation is seen by the grotesque system which he and his followers devel- oped. The "Pitakas" are the writings of greatest authority among the Buddhists. There is no evi- 30 NINE EELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS dence that Buddha ever wrote anything during his life. The Pitakas were written after his death and embody his doctrines as remembered by his con- temporary followers. Buddhism does not recognize a Supreme Being. It has been called a " pessimistic system of philos- ophy, at least passively atheistic." Buddha is ele- vated " into a kind of semi-deification as an object of worship." Since there is no personal god there is no true prayer ; but, in its place, the expression of a wish at the Buddhist shrine. Man has no soul. There being no Supreme Being there can be no true notion of sin. Buddhist " salvation means an escape from existence which is regarded as inher- ently and only evil and full of suffering." Buddha accepted the doctrine of transmigration from Brahmanism. Its absurdities may be judged from the following: "We read that he (Buddha) was born eighty -three times as ascetic, fifty-eight times as monarch, forty-three times a deva, twenty- four times as Brahman, eighteen times as ape, ten times as deer, six times as elephant, ten times as lion, once a thief, once a gambler, once a frog, once a hare, once a snipe, and once he was embodied in a tree. As a Bodisat (a predestined Buddha) he could not be born in hell, nor as vermin, nor as a woman. He could descend no lower than a snipe." The "Middle Path" to which all Buddhists are recommended consists of: (1) Eight beliefs or views; (2) Right feelings or aims; (3) Right BUDDHISM 31 speech ; (4) Eight action ; (5) Eight livelihood ; (6) Eight endeavour or training ; (7) Eight memory ; (8) Eight meditation. Five precepts are binding upon all. They are : (1) One should not take life ; (2) One should not steal ; (3) One should not com- mit adultery ; (4) One should not lie ; (5) One should not drink intoxicating liquor. In the sacred books anger, hatred, pride, hypocrisy, love of evil company and love of riches are condemned. On the other hand love, self-control, forbearance, rec- ognition of equality, filial love and reverence for age are approved. It has been said that the end of Buddhist morality is self-interest. It is recognized that to be morally better is to be happier. Though Buddhism gives so little help or hope to the people religiously, it is a blessing socially to those who have lived under Brahmanism. The system recognizes the equality of man and thus des- troys caste and delivers woman from her terrible degradation. Buddhism is largely a religion of Asia. In each country it has been changed to suit the desires of its new adherents. The Buddhists of the world are distributed as follows : Australasia, 4,000 ; ]!^orth America, 5,000 ; Africa, 11,000 ; Ocean- ica, 15,000 ; Asia outside of India, China and Japan, 26,000,000; India, 9,447,000; Japan, 19,858,000 ; China, 83,000,000/ * From « Blue Book of Missions," Funk and WagnaUs. 32 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS VII. MOHAMMEDANISM Compared with the older religions of Asia Mohammedanism is of recent origin. Mohammed was an Arabian by birth and training. He was born at Mecca in 570 a. d. In youth he became a trader and made expeditions into Palestine where he came in contact with Judaism and Christianity — probably both in corrupted forms. The religion of Arabia was a degrading polytheism with which he was much dissatisfied. His marriage to a wealthy lady gave him leisure. He spent much time in meditation at a lonely cave. Here it was that he evolved his religious system, at least the beginnings of it, and here he was subject to strange fits or prostrations which some regard as epileptic fits but which he regarded as visions from heaven. He launched the new religion on the proposition : " There is no god but God, and Mohammed is His prophet." No doubt the first part of this state- ment was borrowed from Judaism and Christianity. His wife "Khadija" was his first convert, but others came slowly. After three years he had but forty followers. It was not until he began to use the sword for the propagation of the faith that the movement began to take on gratifying proportions. To battle he led his followers promising them that if they died fighting for "Islam" (Islam means passive resignation to the wiU of God, but is often used to designate the religion) they would go im- mediately to a sensual paradise ; if they lived they MOHAMMEDANISM 33 would share with him the booty taken in war. To those against whom he fought he offered the choice of three things : (1) They might become Moham- medans; (2) They might be the servants of the Mohammedans ; (3) They might be slaughtered. They usually chose the first, and the religion grew rapidly, occupying Arabia, North Africa, and then crossing to Spain and France in Europe ; it captured Palestine, and moved on Europe from the east also, and became the terrible enemy of Christianity until defeated in important battles in the east and west. The Koran is the sacred book of the Moham- medans. The doctrines and probably the words are those of Mohammed but the work was produced from memory after his death. It has one hundred and fourteen chapters and is a little smaller than our New Testament. The work contains a strange mixture of falsehood and truth. Its teachings are " partly heathen, partly Christian, but for the most part borrowed from Talmudic Judaism." In speak- ing of the Koran Mr. S. M. Zwemer, who has been a missionary to Arabia more than fifteen years, says : " The defects of its teachings are many : {a) It is full of historical errors ; (b) it contains monstrous fables ; {c) it teaches a false cosmogony ; id) it is full of superstitions ; {e) it perpetuates slavery, polygamy, divorce, religious intolerance, the se- clusion and degradation of women, and petrifies social life. AU this, however, is of minor impor- tance compared with the fact that the Koran ever keeps the supreme question of salvation from sin in 34 NINE EELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS the background, and offers no doctrine of redemp- tion by sacrifice. In this respect the Koran is in- ferior to the sacred books of Egypt, India and China, though unlike them it is monotheistic." * The Moslem believes : (1) There is one God. " Absolute sovereignty and ruthless omnipotence are his chief attributes, while his character is imper- sonal " ; (2) Mohammed is the prophet of God ; (3) There are angels, jinn (a kind of mortal spirits, either good or bad, much feared by the ignorant) and demons. Of course the jinn is a pure invention while the angels and demons are grossly distorted ; (4) There is to be a day of judgment and a resurrec- tion. However, the Moslem and the Christian in- terpret these terms differently; (6) Predestination is a strong article of faith. The teachings of Mohammedanism concerning the major and minor prophets are interesting, especially to the Christian. Mr. Zwemer says : " Mohammed is related to have said that there were 124,000 prophets and 315 apostles. Six of the latter are designated by special titles and are the major prophets of Islam. They are as follows : Adam is the chosen of God ; Noah, the preacher of God ; Abraham, the friend of God ; Moses, the spokesman of God ; Jesus, the word of God ; and Mohammed, the apostle of God. In addition to this common title, Mohammed has 201 other names and titles of honour by which he is known ! *«* Religions of Mission Fields," p. 242. Student Volunteer Movement. MOHAMMEDANISM 86 " Only twenty-two others — minor prophets — are mentioned in the Koran beside these six, although the host of prophets is so large. They are : Idris, Hud, Salih, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Lot, Aaron, Shuaib, Zacharias, John the Baptist, David, Solomon, Eiias, Elijah, Job, Jonah, Ezra, Lokman, Zu'1-Kifl, and Zu'l Karnain. ****** " Jesus Christ is always spoken of with respect, and is one of the greater prophets. But the idea Moslems have of Christ is, after all, a very degrad- ing caricature instead of a true portrait. They say He was miraculously born of the Virgin Mary; performed great and also puerile miracles ; was an apostle of God strengthened by Gabriel, whom they call the Holy Spirit ; He foretold the advent of Mohammed as Paraclete ; the Jews intended to crucify Him, but God deceived them, and Judas was slain in His stead. He is now in one of the inferior stages of celestial bliss ; He will come again at the last day, will slay Antichrist, kill all swine, break the crosses that are found on the churches, and remove the poll-tax from the infidels. He will reign justly for forty -five years, marry, and have children, and be buried in a grave ready for Him at Medina, next to Mohammed. " Islam denies the incarnation and atonement. Therefore, with all the good names and titles it gives our Saviour, Islam only proves itself the Judas Iscariot among false religions by betraying the Son of Man with a kiss. Mohammed has 36 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS usurped Christ's place in the hearts and lives of his followers. His word is their law, and his life their ideal. Every religion has its ideals and seldom rises above them. All pious Moslems consider their prophet as the ideal of perfection and the model of conduct. To be perfect is to be like Mohammed. The great sin and guilt of the Mohammedan world is that it gives Christ's glory to another. All the prophets that came before are supplanted. In the Koran Mohammed is human ; tradition has made him sinless and almost divine. He is called Light of God, Peace of the World, and First of all Crea- tures. What history calls the faults of Moham- med's character, Moslems consider his perfections or privileges, and therefore the Mohammed of sober history and the Mohammed who has all the halo of tradition, are two different persons. Koelle's life of Mohammed shows this very plainly, and should be read by all who want to know why Moslems ad- mire their prophet. "They believe he now dwells in the highest heaven and is several degrees above Jesus, our Saviour, in honour and station. His name is never uttered or written without the addition of a prayer. Yet a calm and critical study of his life proves him to have been an ambitious and sensual enthusiast, who did not scruple to break nearly every precept of the moral law to further his ends." ' According to Mohammed " a Moslem is one who is resigned and obedient to God's will and bears » " The Nearer and Farther East," pp. 19-22. The Macanillan Co. MOHAl^IMEDANISM 37 witness that there is no god but God and Moham- med is His apostle ; and is steadfast in prayer, and gives zaket (alms) and fasts in the month of Kam- azan, and makes a pilgrimage to Mecca, if he have the means." The Moslem may live in gross sensuality. Mo- hammed set his followers an example in this. At the time of his death he had nine living wives. His heaven is a place where every appetite of the flesh may find full gratification. A glimpse of Islam's morals may be had from the following : " The very sanctuaries of religion, the pilgrim centres in the unoccupied lands, are centres of immorality. This is true of Meshed, Kerbela, Lhasa, Medina and Mecca. ' The Meccans appeared to be distinguished,' says Burton, ' even in this foul-mouthed East, by the superior licentious- ness of their language. Abuse was bad enough in the streets but in the house it becomes intolerable.' Temporary marriages, which are a mere cloak for open prostitution, are common in Mecca and are, indeed, one of the chief means of livelihood for the natives. Concubinage and divorce are more nearly universal than in other parts of the Moslem world ; unnatural vices are practiced in the Sacred Mosque itself, and the suburbs of the city are the scenes of nightly carnivals of iniquity, especially after the pilgrims have left and the natives are rich with the fresh spoils of the traffic." ' * S. M. Zwemer, «• Unoccupied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa." Student Volunteer Movement. 38 NINE EELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS Mohammedanism as the hope of man is briefly reviewed by Principal Fairbairn : " The God of Mohammed . . . spares the sin the Arab loves. A religion that does not purify the home cannot regenerate the race : one that depraves the home is certain to deprave humanity. Motherhood must be sacred if manhood is to be honourable. Spoil the wife of sanctity, and for the man the sanctities of life are perished. And so it has been with Islam. It has reformed and lifted savage tribes ; it has depraved and barbarized civilized nations. At the root of its fairest culture a worm has ever lived that has caused its blossoms soon to wither and die. Were Mohammed the hope of man, then his state were hopeless ; before him could only lie retrogression, tyranny and despair." * Mohammedanism is the prevailing religion in Northern Africa, Arabia, Persia, Turkey, Turkestan and Malaysia. According to reliable estimates' Moslems are distributed about as follows : Austral- asia, 3,000 ; South America, 10,000 ; North Amer- ica, 15,000 ; Europe, 8,200,000 ; Malaysia, 20,760- 000 ; Africa, 68,000,000 ; Asia outside of China and India, 78,000,000; China, 30,000,000; India, 62,- 500,000. « " The City of God." ' All these statistics except for North America, South America and Malaysia are from " World Almanac," 1913, p. 531. The three ex- cepted are from " Blue Book of Missions," 1907. JUDAISM VIII. JUDAISM The Jews of to-day are divided into two great classes — the Orthodox and the Keformed. The fol- lowing articles express fundamental principles upon which aU believers in Judaism agree : " I. We be- lieve that there is one God, an only Being, eternal, spiritual, and most holy, who created heaven and earth and ruleth the world with perfect wisdom, with infinite justice and everlasting love. He is one God and none besides Him. Him we are bid- den to love with all our heart, and all our soul and all our might, exclaiming: 'Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One.' II. (a) We be- lieve that all men are children of God, endowed with an immortal spirit, destined to share in the eternal happiness by following His ways of right- eousness, (h) We also believe that Israel, having been the first to recognize God, hath received a special revelation of His will with the mission of being His chosen priest among the nations to lead them to truth and salvation. HI. We believe that God ruleth and judgeth all men and nations in righteousness and love. By reward and punish- ments, by joys and sufferings, He educateth and leadeth them to ever higher aims, until at last they shall arrive at the end of all time, when truth, justice and peace shall unite mankind in the life of divine love and eternal salvation, and God will be King and Father of all. This is the Kingdom of 40 NINE RELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS God for which we all hope and wait, and for which we work with all the strength of body and soul." * Maimonides, at the close of the twelfth century, formulated the thirteen articles of faith which the Orthodox Jews of the present day accept. They read as follows : "God and His attributes. — (1) I firmly believe that God is the Creator and Kuler of all creatures and that He alone was, is, and will be the maker of everything. (2) I firmly believe that the Creator is One : that there is no unity like unto His in any way; and that He alone was, is, and will be our God. (3) I firmly believe that God is Incor- poreal, and that He has not any corporeal qualities, and that nothing can be compared unto Him. (4) I firmly believe that God was the first and will be the last. (5) I firmly believe that it is God alone to whom we ought to pray, and that no other be- ing ought to be addressed in prayer. " Kevelation and prophecy. — (6) I firmly believe that all the words of the prophets are true. (7) I firmly believe that the prophecy of our teacher, Moses, was a prophecy in the truest sense of the word, and that he was the chief of all prophets, both of those before him and those after him. (8) I firmly believe that the Torah, at present in our hand, is the same that was given to our teacher, Moses, peace be with him. (9) I firmly believe that this Law will not be changed, and that no other Law will be revealed by the Creator, blessed be His name. * Kohler, " Guide for Instruction in Judaism," p. 47. JUDAISM 41 "God's providences and justice. — (10) I firmly believe that God knows all the deeds of the sons of men, and all their thoughts ; as it is said, He who hath formed their hearts altogether, He knoweth all their deeds. (11) I firmly believe that God re- wards those who keep His commandments, and punishes those who transgress His commandments. " The Messiah. — (12) I believe that the anointed (the Messiah) will come ; and although He tarries, I wait nevertheless every day for His coming. "Future life.--(13) I firmly believe that there will be a resurrection of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator, blessed be His name. "The Talmud.— The Orthodox Jews further be- lieve that on Mount Sinai Moses received two rev- elations ; that one found body in the written law, and that the other was handed down orally from generation to generation. The oral tradition was reduced to writing and called Mishna. The com- ments, criticisms, explanations and discussions of the learned rabbis were also collected and called Gemara. Mishna and Gemara together are called Talmud, and obedience is due its prescriptions. * The Chief Eabbi has resolved not to permit a single infraction of the Oral Law, but to have the whole Talmud received and acknowledged as divine,' were the words of the Chief Rabbi of Great Brit- ain, when he confirmed the ban of excommunica- tion against the minister and congregation of the Reformed Synagogue in London in 1845. " Beliefs of Reformed Judaism.— The Reformed 42 NINE EELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS Jews axe now agreed in their dissent from Ortho- doxy, but are divided in principle — some entirely ignoring the Divinity of the Old Testament, some accepting so much of it as Divine as suits their own tastes, and some retaining a little of both Scripture and Talmud. They have given up hope of the coming of a personal Messiah, but they wait for the coming of the Messianic age, ' when justice will reign supreme and love will bind man unto man.' They do not desire to go back to Palestine and have abandoned the use of the Hebrew language in prayer. All sacrificial prayers are omitted, and laws and statutes are set down according to the present time. Thus the creed of the Keformed Jews is a mixture of Unitarianism, indifferentism, and intellectual rationalism which elevates philos- ophy above religion. " Modern Judaism is vastly different from the religion inculcated by the Law of Moses. Ee- formed Judaism is more and more conforming its services to those of the Christian Church. . . . " Orthodox Judaism holds tenaciously, like the Pharisees of our Lord's day, to the letter of the Law. But, alas, the scriptures of the Old Testa- ment are an almost unknown book to the great mass of its followers. The Old Testament is form- ally read in the synagogues every Sabbath, a chap- ter at a time, but it is not often found in their dwellings and the Jews are generally ignorant of its contents. They do not know the prophecies about the Messiah, and to those of them who do, it JUDAISM 43 is a very superficial knowledge. The Bible is crowded out by the Talmud. And the Talmud is but the tradition of the fathers, such as our Sa- viour accused the Jews of using to pervert the Scriptures. Thus Orthodox Judaism, it has been weU said, wastes its strength in laborious triflings and unprofitable acuteness, for which the Talmud alone is responsible. Six hundred and thirteen pre- cepts are contained in this immense work, which controls and governs the life of the Orthodox Jew and decides even questions of the highest moment for him. " Circumcision, the redemption of the first-born, and the bar-mitzvah (son of the commandment) are the three ceremonies in the religious life of the Or- thodox Jew which are directly traceable to ancient times. The wearing of the phylacteries and the fringes, and the putting of the m'zuzah (sign) upon the door-post are based upon Scripture passages, as they were interpreted by the rabbis, who contrib- uted to the Talmud. Eighty days of the year have to be sacrificed to religious duties and ob- servances. Twenty-one services every week are held in the synagogue all the year round. The grace after every meal takes up about ten minutes. 'No water should be drunk, no food be eaten, no flower be smelled, yea, no thunder be heard with- out the offering of the prescribed prayers. Birth or death, joy or sorrow, all require special prayers and religious exercises. The festivals of Biblical times are still kept, but, alas, are buried under a 44 NINE EEUGIONS OP MISSION LANDS mass of liturgical and ceremonial prescriptions of the Talmud. In brief, Talmudism is slavery of the mind, unparallelled, except perhaps by the popery of the dark ages of Christendom. " The weakness and evils of both Orthodox and Keformed Judaism are caused by the fact that in neither section does the Word of God pure and sim- ple hold sway. The Orthodox Jew has added to the Word of God ; the Keformed has taken away from it." * Most of the Hebrew race cling to Judaism in some form. The Jews have no national home, but according to prophecy, are dispersed throughout the earth. About 9,000,000 of the Jews of the world are found in Europe; 2,100,000 of these are in Aus- tria Hungary and 5,400,000 are in Kussia ; Asia has about 700,000, Africa 400,000, Australasia 17,000, and South America 9,000 Jews ; 1,100,000 is the estimated Jewish population of the United States,* ' Rev. Louis Meyer, " Religions of Mission Fields," pp. 216-220. •The above statistics taken from the " World Almanac," 1913* p. 531, are probably quite conservative, especially with regard to South America and the United States. Some authorities claim 22,000 Jews for South America and 2,044,000 for the United States. About 900,000 of the Jews of the United States are found in New York State and most of these in New York City. The Jews are coming to this country at the rate of about 90,000 per year. EOMAN CATHOLICISM 45 IX. EOMAN CATHOLICISM The Koman Catholic Church as we have it to- day is not the work of a single mind or a single generation. Its organization, doctrines, standards and abuses are the product of centuries of develop- ment. To those who live in Christian lands it might seem unnecessary to comment on this religious sys- tem, since we come so frequently in contact with it. It must be remembered, however, that Catholicism in the United States or Great Britain is very differ- ent from the same religion in Mexico or South America. In enlightened Protestant lands Cathol- icism is what it must be ; in the Catholic countries of Europe, and especially of the Western Hemi- sphere, it is what it can be. Protestant civiliza- tion has a standard of morals and respectability which does not exist under priest-controlled gov- ernments. Hence, Catholicism's degrees of bad- ness. In countries where the ignorance of the peo- ple will permit, the priest often assumes the right to dictate, not only in matters spiritual, but also in affairs financial, domestic, and political. Some evils of the priesthood are illustrated in the follow- ing: "The open avarice of the priests is the most shocking and deplorable thing about Romanism in the countries where it has had unchecked develop- ment. They charge a fee for everything, — for 46 NINE EELIGIONS OP MISSION LANDS baptisms, marriages, masses, funerals, all, — insist on payment in advance, and instead of a fixed schedule vary the fee, demanding always as much as they think they can get. So exorbitant is their usual price for marriage that thousands of couples in every Catholic country live together and rear their children without having been married." ^ "After having persuaded a man that being a holy priest he can really do no wrong, and after putting in his hands, like clay for the potter, the wills and virtue of his flock, the Church places the same priest under the artificial restraints of celibacy and poverty. To the clamour of his animal passions and of his human concupiscence he now applies the specious reasoning which he has already learned, namely, so long as he is a holy priest his conduct as a man does not matter. There can be but one result. In countries where a powerful and evan- gelically trained public sentiment does not restrain them, Catholic priests are the embodiment of venality and sexual corruption. They are in this largely the victims of a system. Having little re- course for personal religion except that of artificial absolution at the hands of another man, as sinful, perhaps as themselves, an absolution which can by no sort of means satisfy the conscience, they are on the other hand beset by temptations and opportu- nities to which not even the purest and most robust of Christians could safely be exposed. " The emphasis on sexual impurity which is the * Geo. B. Winton, " Religions of Mission Fields," pp. 283-284. EOMAIS^ CATHOLICISM 47 inevitable concomitant of that theory which under- lies the celibate priesthood, is carried still farther in the practical workings of Catholicism by the de- grading intimacies and treacherous suggestions of the confessional. A morbid morality has thrown into powerful relief this particular weakness of the flesh, until, by the very reaction of human nature against the over-refinements of a theology which offers no efficient remedy for the evil which it aug- ments by so constantly condemning, Catholic popu- lations have become notorious as among the most corrupt in the world. *' This connection between the tenets of the Catholic faith and the condition of the priests and people in Catholic countries will serve to ex- plain the statement made above, that the defects of Catholicism are radical ; they inhere in her fun- damental doctrines. Given the power, the tempta- tions and the moral bias which are the lot of a man trained to be a priest, and the chances are so favourable for his downfall, that virtually his only hope is in a bracing atmosphere of public senti- ment. That, however, he cannot have if sur- rounded by an ignorant and subservient people. The countries where Catholicism is predominant should be cultivated by the evangelical churches as mission fields, not merely that many people may receive a clearer conception and experience of Christianity than that given by Catholicism, but also that Catholicism itself, which has there grown stagnant by uninterrupted power, may be toned 48 NINE EELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS up by the wholesome pressure which will come upon it through popular enlightenment. Catholi- cism, as scarcely need be said, has many elements of Christian truth, and when raised to its best estate through competition with Protestantism amid an intelligent and moral population, may prove a val- uable agency for developing religious life among men.* But those that have to deal with it, from without or from within, should never forget that it has at its very centre a gnawing worm of error. The minister of the Gospel is a prophet, not a priest. He cannot forgive sins. He cannot offer a propitiation. He cannot open or close the gate of heaven. Christ's people are all priests — a king- dom of priests — in the sense that each can for him- self plead the merits of the one great Sacrifice, and offer the incense of a holy life, itself a living sacri- fice. But, in the sense of mediation, since Christ there are no priests." ^ Beside the evils that are the direct outgrowth of the priesthood and false system of Catholicism, are others which are the accompaniments of the sys- tem — that must be present if the system is to be maintained. A thorough Christian civilization, a high educational standard, a knowledge of the Bible with true conceptions of liberty, religious and political, tend to undermine Catholicism. Hence the attitude of the papacy and priesthood * It is doubtful whether Catholicism, under the very best condi- tions, justifies the latter part of this statement. — Author. * Geo. B. Winton, " Religions of Mission Fields," pp. 373-275. EOMAN CATHOLICISM 49 towards institutions and conditions much treasured by Protestants. Quoting from Mr. Winton again : "A corollary of the theory that the priest's authority in religious matters is absolute is that the people should not think too much for them- selves. The exact definition of how much they should think becomes, of course, a flexible matter, which must be left to the priest. To keep intact the integrity of his somewhat artificial system, he is sure to find it desirable for them to think as little as possible. It is especially trying to him for them to think on the basis of Scripture. The most ignorant man, with the Bible in his hands, can ask questions which will shake the Catholic fabric of doctrine to its centre. " The result of all this has been that wherever Catholicism is in the ascendent the Bible is a pro- hibited book and schools are at a discount. These are two great crimes against humanity. It is, unfortunately, no more necessary to adduce facts in illustration of them, than to quote testimony to prove the corruption of the priests. The facts are universally known. They cry to heaven. Under the pretext of protesting against godless education, Catholicism is the enemy of the public school in every nation, openly when it is safe, covertly other- ^vise, but implacable always. If this attitude were reaUy sincere it would be a position worthy of respect. The best thought of the world holds that religious training should be an integral part of education ; the thing she is really fighting is the 60 NINE EELIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS enlightenment of the people, and the very simple reason for this is that once they are enlightened the priests can no longer assert over them their authority." * Mr. Winton farther suggests that the Catholic Church divorces morality from religion: "By making the sanctions of the church depend on com- pliance with purely ceremonial requirements, — acts which do not take hold upon the moral conscious- ness nor involve any inward change, — Catholicism has come to exhibit the surprising phenomenon of bad men and women who are, as they believe and have been taught, good Christians. . . . '' The Christian religion, as I have already pointed out, has but a poor reputation among the thought- ful in those countries where the Catholic Church, unchallenged and unchecked, is its only representa- tive. And no wonder. The highwayman and thief are there often reckoned good Christians. The bull-fighter and the low cheat may be loyal sons of the church. Men by paying to the priest not only get pardon for their past sins, but for those which they intend to commit. The priest will — also for a price, paid in advance — engage to interfere with the disposal of affairs in the spirit world and to lighten the penalties of those who were hurried there without due preparation. " So it comes to pass that one's welfare, present and eternal, depends upon how he stands with the priest, who, having charge of those things, kindly iQao. B. Winton, «« Religions of Mission Fields," pp. 275-276. ROMAN CATHOLICISM 61 reduces it all to a financial schedule, so that he may know just how to dispose of it. The principle of absolution, of delegating all moral responsibility, is thus firmly established. The people will not think, because the priest thinks for them. They need not heed their consciences, for he is the con- science of them all. Thus are they robbed of that moral development without which there can be no true religion, and still less any true morality. Re- ligion, which should develop the moral nature and be a tonic and stimulant to the spiritual man, has become merely an objective spectacle, moving indeed, and highly respected, but external never- theless and unmoral. The unfortunate but inevi- table tendency to venality on the part of the priests only makes matters worse. Men lose respect for a salvation that can be bought, and even more for a religious teacher who professes to sell it." * The Catholic Church complains against Protes- tant missionary enterprise on the ground that mis- sionaries are sent into territory dominated by Ca- tholicism. A few years ago a great Protestant missionary convention was visited by dignitaries of the Roman Church who insinuated that the non- Catholic churches should be charitable enough to confine their operations to non-Christian lands. Without careful investigation it might seem that Catholicism has reason for her complaint in the matter. However, when the evidence is examined and the testimony of scores of trustworthy author- i« Religions of Mission Fields," pp. 282-283. 62 NINE EBLIGIONS OF MISSION LANDS ities has been received it is found that such fields as Mexico and South America, while nominally Christian, are dominated by superstition, ignorance and immorality unknown in truly Christian lands. Whether or not people living under such religious instruction as is herein described are as much in need of the Gospel of Christ as those who live under Hinduism or Mohammedanism is a question for the reader to decide. Catholicism predominates in Ireland, the countries of southwestern Europe, South America, Mexico, the Philippines and other islands beside many smaller areas. The Eoman Catholics of the world number 268,000,000. About two-thirds of these, 179,100,000, live in Europe. There are 12,763,234 Koman Catholics in the United States.' Care must be taken in comparing these statistics with those of the Protestant churches, for the Catholic Church counts all the members of the family, even small children, among its communicants. 1 « World Almanac " for 19 1 3, pp. SS^SS^- PART II The Fields PART II The Fields I. ASIA THE vast continent of Asia has an area of 17,053,248 square miles,' thus comprising about one-third of the land surface of the earth. It is considerably larger than North and South America combined. More than one-half of the people of the globe live in Asia. Reliable authority places the popula- tion at 902,094,774.* The continent is largely under the domination of three great governments which control populations about as follows : China, 407,- 253,000;^ England, 302,000,000 ; Russia, 25,000,000. To the student of missions Asia is of preeminent importance. Here are found the well-known and populous mission fields of China, India and Japan, and in addition populations practically unknown and uncared for by the Christian world but not lost to the eye and love of God. We shall pass to a brief survey of these fields, having regard to relative importance in the allotment of space to each. » Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 1912. « Ibid. » Ibid. 66 56 THE FIELDS 1. Chiita The Chinese Kepublic has a territory of about 4,277,170 * square miles, comprising about one-third of all Asia. It is thus much larger than the whole of Europe. The republic is composed of China Proper, which is made up of the eighteen provinces and comprises about one-third of the area of the whole, and the vast dependencies of Manchuria, Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan (or Sin Kiang) ^ and Tibet. To speak of the " climate of China " is as indefi- nite as to speak of that of the United States. China reaches a little farther to the north and a little farther to the south than does the United States, and is subject to similar variations of alti- tude, moisture, temperature and health conditions. Tibet is a vast plateau lying between the two high- est mountain chains in the world, and is thus pre- vailingly cold and often bleak and barren. On the other hand certain provinces of China Proper are so hot and unhealthful at certain seasons of the year as to be oppressive and even dangerous to the foreigner. Between these extremes lie the various mild or invigorating climates enjoyed in many of our states. The Chinese nation boasts greater antiquity than 1 Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 191 2. The estimates of the area of China differ widely because of the ill-defined boundaries of some of the dependencies. ' Sin Kiang is sometimes reckoned as one of the provinces. In that case there are nineteen provinces and only three dependencies. ASIA 57 any other in the world. For thousands of years there was little change or progress in the govern- mental affairs of this people, until February, 1912, when the old Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a republic established to succeed the empire. The new government seems able to sustain itself, and is proving strong and wise enough to cope with the great problems of the young republic, much to the surprise of Western nations. The change means an open door for Western commerce, education, ideas and progress ; and probably greater liberty and protection for the Christian missionary. Numerically, China is the greatest of nations. The population is 407,253,253.' This far exceeds the total population of the earth outside of Asia and Europe. Nearly one-fourth of the earth's in- habitants live under the Chinese government. To get a fair idea of the density of the population, however, one must remember that nine-tenths of the people of China live in China Proper, which comprises only one-third of the territory of the re- public. The dependencies of Sin Kiang and Mon- golia only have about two persons to the square mile, while in the eighteen provinces the population ranges from sixty-seven to the square mile in Kwang-si to 683 in Shan-tung. The average for China Proper will materially exceed 250 per square mile. The square mile average for North America is a little above twelve. Though the population of China is so great, the large cities are comparatively » Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 1912. 58 THE FIELDS few. There are no cities that compare with New York and Chicago in size, and only eleven that have over 500,000 inhabitants. Socially, China is as well off as one could expect, considering the dark and Christless religions that have prevailed there these thousands of years. Confucianism has had high moral standards but has " lacked in moral dynamics to make them more than partly realized in social life." Buddhism, Taoism and Mohammedanism have not only lacked the " moral dynamics " but the moral standards. To those who think that China does not need social uplift, it will be interesting to know that an intelli- gent Chinaman thought that the first chapter of the epistle to the Eomans was positive proof against the antiquity of our Scriptures, " for," said he, in speaking to the missionary with whom he con- versed, " there is a passage," pointing to Komans i., "that you wrote yourself after coming here and getting acquainted with the Chinese." Trustworthy authorities ' give the religious sta- tistics of China as follows: Confucianists and Taoists, 284,000,000; Buddhists, 83,000,000; Mo- hammedans, 33,000,000; Polytheists, 17,000,000; Koman Catholics, 968,168 ; Protestant Christians, 470,184 ; Jews, 20,000. Balance miscellaneous. ^ Of the statistics given above, those of Catholicism and Protes- tant Christianity arc from the « World Atlas of Christian Missions." The others are from the " Blue Book of Missions." The " Atlas " is published by Student Volunteer Movement and the " Blue Book " by Funk and Wagnalls. ASIA 59 One is likely to be led astray by these statistics un- less he remembers that the Chinese, as one has said, " are liberal in matters of religious belief so far as to share their worship among the three sys- tems, — Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The proportion belonging to each is hard to estimate, for the prudent Chinese does in religious matters what the shrewd Yankee does in business, — takes a share in each." China has 4,475 ' foreign missionaries and 13,375 * native workers. At the first glance this may seem like a large evangelizing force. By calculation, however, we find that there is but one missionary to each 90,000 of the population, and that the parish of this one missionary covers an area of ap- proximately 1,000 square miles. If the state of Ohio had forty-five Protestant ministers, and each of these ministers had three helpers, that state would be about as well supplied with workers as China is at the present time. (Ohio has about 9,000 ministers.) Ohio has decidedly the advan- tage in this comparison because of her facilities for communication and transportation. As might be expected in a country where there is one hundred times as much work as the missionary force can accomplish, the workers are very un- equally distributed. One province is so highly favoured as to have one missionary to every 27,000 of the population. Of course the thorough evan- gelization (?) of this province means that some 1 See table. 60 THE FIELDS other district must suffer a dearth of labourers greater than the average. Kwei-chau has 332,000 persons to each missionary. The cities are the strategic centres in any mis- sion field. These populous communities are usually occupied first, and workers sent out from them to surrounding towns and villages. In view of this truth it is amazing to know that of the 2,033 walled cities of China 1,557 are without mission- aries.* In the province of Ho-nan "more than 1,846 cities, towns and important villages are located, while there are, in addition, countless numbers of hamlets and villages which cannot be marked. Though it is now more than a genera- tion since the first Protestant missionaries entered the province, and over twenty years since the first permanent station was opened, the total number of centres occupied by all societies (out-stations not being counted) does not exceed twenty-nine. Here lies part of the problem of the evangelization of China ; and let it be remembered that this is but one of the nineteen provinces of China Proper." * "Of the eighteen provinces, it is difficult to speak at all accurately as to what districts are wholly without the Gospel, since we have no re- ports of itineration. Apparently four-fifths of Kan-su, Yun-nan, Kwei-chau and Kwang-si are not only absolutely unreached, but are likely to remain so until missionaries are near enough to be acces- * S. M. Zwemer, •' Unoccupied Mission Fields," p. 51. * «« China's Millions," February, 1908, p. 27. ASIA 61 sible to the people." ' According to this estimate we have in these four sparsely settled provinces a field as large as the combined areas of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Wisconsin and Colo- rado, with a population about equal to the com- bined populations of these states, without any regular preaching of the GospeL Of the people of China Proper perhaps one-tenth are Mohammedans. These thirty-three or more millions of Moslems total a population greater than the whole population of that portion of the United States lying west of the Mississippi Kiver. For various reasons these people have been overlooked or neglected. With a few unimportant exceptions, there is no missionary work being done among them and no Kterature suited to their needs. Turning from China Proper to the dependencies, we find a need equally great and harder to supply because of the vastness of the territory involved. Manchuria, a dependency lying to the northeast of China Proper, and exactly north of Korea, has twenty-four mission stations and 107 missionaries. The average mission station has 750,000 people scat- tered over an area of 15,000 square miles, under its care. To the west of Manchuria and north and northwest of the eighteen provinces is the vast terri- tory of uncertain boundary known as Mongolia, the largest of the dependencies. This district is sparsely populated — about two persons to the square mile. There are four mission stations with 1 Report of World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh, 1910, Vol. I. 62 THE FIELDS a total of ten missionaries. Here an average station with two or three missionaries must supply the spiritual needs of 650,000 persons scattered over a modest parish of 342,000 square miles. (A terri- tory larger than Colorado, Nebraska, Missouri, In- diana and New York combined.) Mr. S. M. Zwemer says that 2,000,000 of Mongolia's people are wholly unreached. Chinese Turkestan is the western de- pendency south and southwest of Mongolia and west and a little north of China Proper. Here eighteen missionaries live at three mission stations. About 200,000 natives living in an area of 183,000 square miles are dependent upon one mission. The fourth dependency, Tibet, lies directly west of the eighteen provinces. In this peculiar country of 6,500,000 souls there is no Christian missionary. Keligious intolerance and fanaticism have thus far prevented the establishment of a single station within its borders. Occasionally a missionary or colporteur will cross the border into the forbidden land despite the risk involved. China, with her unconverted and unevangelized millions, stands out as a mighty challenge to the Christian world. Knowing the character of our Lord and His interest in the spread of His Gospel and the deliverance of men from the thraldom of sin, one cannot believe that it is the will of God that China should be religiously where she is to- day, or that she be passed on by the present gen- eration of Christians to the next, to be in turn neglected by them. Shall this great nation be ABIA 63 evangelized, or must it be confessed that Christian consecration is insufficient for the task ? Salient Facts About China Area : 4,277,170 square miles. Population : 407,235,253. Government : Republic. Religions : Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism pre- vailing. Mohammedanism strong. Recent national achievements : A new republic. Great industrial, commercial and intellectual awakenings. Opium trade being suppressed. China has Twenty-four centuries' growth for Confucianism and Taoism. 470,184 Protestant Christians. 1,557 walled cities without missionaries. 4,475 Protestant missionaries. 13,375 native helpers. 64 THE FIELDS •iCiuom 'S '/? ^} saotfnq -tAfuoy ?a})vu /»/ tTH O lO . «» TH |> '«»< i» » C< 00 rl 8' 'SfU?A91lpy 9(l}fVJ\l O »0 • O 1-1 CO CO lo c5 "? i^ 1-1 CO t^ © • CO CO O l> fi " < ffl O CO O 'sjooyos z 'suotfvfs-jnQ puv SUOtfVf^ CO 'SA9^A0^ 9(ipV^ Tt« CO OO r* 00 QD {; CO iHt^rH CO 'SHAVUOtSStJ^ uSt9Mg ocoo'^iOCOf-iocorHrH'^j'eor^Qeo r-( T-l iH «0 OS CO ® rt< tH .-( »-4 N iC 0» iH r-» tH Ct < W H O 'P!?i/'styf ut ^XOm. fSAl/'/o AV9J{ j>i-(cooit^co»r3-<*i>QOO o;o5Cooo'^qocoothooo5'*3!S aDaoooocoooDQDO>oso>o>aoaoQDQO C/3 ^ 2 c/5 Q H A X M •< S s o o 2 S/3 M Q i5 << •i^ S ^' -^ c o II ^•C fl* « .2 3 I t es^ O-^ &,>• > S O O tj 8 2 S »3s -3 T3 O ASIA 66 00^ . . i-« 00 CO O r-l t- "5" o'oTcfcf i0«0tH'*Q0»OO»0t^ aoiq^OiH th do CO iH OOOWO'^OiO'^iC i> OS (N l" I S'PQpOQDOSiOCOOOUS ost^t-'i-KNTHOiHC^eo <» iH tH CO iH (n l> r^ i> iO 05 U3 eo iO ^ a> o> ?D CD 05 co" ■^ CN '^ S; 0> CC Oi "00 SJS2^'^SS£J3 > c o u ta-d rt til . c O I o J" 5 o rt V S a ^ o ^ oo CO .;5 w 3 I gl O 1) O "C -'is. ^^ -^ ■^ C 'g- ^ ■i3 « S « c 5 66 THE FIELDS 2. India India is a great territory of southern Asia lying south and southwest of China and southeast of Persia and Afghanistan. To the south are the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. The extreme length and breadth are about equal — 1,900 miles. The empire, having an area of 1,766,576 square miles, is more than one-half as large as the United States. North India reaches to latitude 40°, about as far north as Columbus, O. Southern Ceylon extends to within 6° of the equator. The climate is usually tropical. At Jacobabad the thermometer sometimes reaches 125 degrees in the shade. In northern India are to be found the highest mountains in the world. Of course the climate here is moderate, or even very cold in some places at certain seasons of the year. England claims supremacy over all India. More than three-fourths of the people are governed di- rectly by British officers. The remainder live in semi-independent native states and are allowed a degree of freedom in the administration of their in- ternal affairs. The British officer, however, is al- ways resident at the seat of government and takes an active part in matters that concern the interests of the British Empire. Numerically, India is second only to China. The population of 294,361,056 ' is more than three times that of the United States. The average number of ^Encyclopaedia Britannica, 191 1 edition. ASIA «7 persons to the square mile is about 166. The peo- ple of the country speak 147 distinct languages. Eighty-five per cent, of India's people can neither read nor write. Hinduism is the dominating religion of India. The social conditions, which are probably worse than anywhere else on earth, are largely due to the influence of this dark cult, which has held India in its grasp for many centuries. The iniquitous caste system is one of the worst social products of Hin- duism. The system owns but four main castes, but each of these is broken into many subdivisions. " There are said to be 1,866 sub-castes among the Brahmans alone, and the lower castes are still more complex — and even the outcastes have their distinctions, as binding among themselves as those among the higher classes." * One loses his standing in society if he marries out of his sub-caste. The outcastes have no social or relig- ious rights that any one is bound to respect. To touch, or even come in contact with the shadow of one of them is counted a pollution by one in caste. There are about 50,000,000 outcastes in India. Nowhere else in the world does woman suffer so much degradation, shame and general mistreat- ment as in India. Panditi Eamabai in summing up the duties of the Hindu married woman says, " To look upon her husband as a god, to hope for salvation only through him, to be obedient to him * R«v. C. A. Janvier, '« Religions of Mission Fields/' p. 64. 68 THE FIELDS in all things, never to covet independence, never to do anything but that which is approved by law and custom." She quotes from the great lawgiver Manu, who says, " Though destitute of virtue, or seeking pleasure elsewhere, or devoid of all good qualities, yet a husband must be constantly wor- shipped as a god by a faithful wife." Caroline A. Mason is authority for the following : " India has 6,000,000 wives under fourteen years of age; 2,500,000 wives under ten years of age ; 27,000,000 widows ; 250,000 widows under fourteen years of age and 14,000 widows under four years of age. Twenty-five per cent, of Hindu women die prema- turely through the effects of early marriage and twenty-five per cent, more are invalided by the same cause." It has been said that the wife's con- dition is a paradise in comparison to that of the Hindu widow, unless the widow be the mother of sons. Hinduism has 207,147,026 adherents in India. The religion is pantheistic. Almost everything is worshipped. The remark is often made that India has 333,000,000 gods. Other religions of the coun- try have followers about as follows : Mohammed- anism, 62,458,077 ; Buddhism, 9,476,759 ; Polythe- ism, 8,584,148 ; Eoman Catholicism, 1,169,296 ; Prot- estant Christians, 1,753,944.' The total Protestant missionary force in India * Statistics of this paragraph from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 19H edition. ASIA 69 numbers 4,814.* There are 37,087 native workers. This makes a total working force of 41,901 persons. There are 9,638 stations and substations. As else- where where the missionary force is insufficient the workers are very unequally distributed. The great need is portrayed by the following : " The mission- ary literature of the last decade has thrown a vivid light upon the fact that in India — quite apart from those fields in which the present missionary staff is insufficient for the accomplishment of the work be- gun in them — there are vast districts which must be described as unoccupied or not effectively occu- pied. . . . Large portions of the United Prov- inces, of Eastern Bengal, Chota Nagpur, Southern Assam, the hill forests of Burma, the Central Prov- inces and the Central Indian Agency, and, above all, the Native States, are absolutely unmanned. . . . Two generations have passed away since the mission began work in some of these sections, yet scarcely one-third of the population have had the Gospel made known to them." ^ In 1906, of fifty districts of the United Provinces averaging 1,000,000 people each, seventeen were without or- dained missionaries. That is to say, populations equalling the combined populations of New York and Pennsylvania were subjects of no work car- ried on by ordained missionaries. Twenty-two of the remaining thirty-three had one to four ordained » See table. "Report of World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh, 19 lo. Vol. I. 70 THE FIELDS foreign missionaries each. One to four missionaries for a million people — think of it! Mr. S. M. Zwemer is authority for the statement that condi- tions have changed somewhat for the better since the above data was collected. Let us remember that the United Provinces form but a small portion of India. Turning to other sections we quote the following from J. Frazer Campbell : " In Central India in the group of native states bounded on the northwest by Kajputana and the United Provinces, on the east by Bengal Presidency, and on the south by the Central Provinces, there are also unoccupied areas. The two Political Agencies of Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand are examples. The first has an area of about 14,000 square miles and a population of 1,555,024. The latter has an area of 9,851 square miles and a population of 1,308,327. This latter Political Agency has one mission station. Taking these two areas together we have a popu- lation greater than the whole of the New England States except Massachusetts ; and an area nearly equal to four of them combined, with less than a half dozen workers. . . . Gwalior State has a population of over 1,000,000 and has only one mission station. Bhopal Agency, nearly as large as Bulgaria with 1,267,526 souls, has only two mis- sion stations." ' Baluchistan, which lies to the ex- treme west and is usually classed as a part of India, is a little country of 130,000 square miles * " Unoccupied Fields in Central India," pp. 5, 8. ASIA 71 and a population of 900,000. The religion of the land is Islam. This area, larger and more populous than the state of Colorado, has but one mission station. Let it be remembered that here is no list of the unoccupied fields of India. The above are but ex- amples of needy portions of the great empire. Placing the illiteracy per cent, much higher than is done by some authorities, Mr. Campbell suggests the ineffectiveness of literature among the masses, and farther that unless an immense force of preachers declare the word to these people many of them must go to their graves unreached by the truths of the Gospel. He says : " As only three per cent, of the people in all Central India are able to read and write, and the adjoining states are probably as illiterate, it is manifest that the evan- gelization of these millions must depend on the living voice." In Christian lands there are men and women who sleep in clean beds, who eat good food, who, if sick, are attended by a skilled physician, who have excellent educational advantages for themselves and children, who have and read the Bible, who attend religious services and profess to be followers of the Lord Jesus, but who do not care that scores of millions of India's population dwell in filth, hunger, disease, intellectual darkness, moral degra- dation and soul anguish never brightened by one look at Jesus Christ— that is they do not care enough to make an effort for India's redemption or 72 THE FIELDS share some of their good things with her needy millions. How self-indulgent persons who are not interested in the missionary enterprise can be dis- ciples of Christ who denied Himself and com- manded that His followers should "Go . . . and teach all nations" is a problem more easily ignored than solved. An examination of India's needs is, in itself, a refutation of the statement that the Christian Church is doing all she ought, or as some extrav- agantly say, '^ too much " in the foreign fields. The Protestant Christian Church has the men and the money to evangelize India and the world in this generation. There are other impediments to such a glorious achievement, but the supreme obstacle in generations gone by and to-day is the selfishness of professing Christians. The so-called followers of Christ are unwilling to sacrifice for the propagation of the faith. What we do for this generation of India's people must be done quickly for they depart this life for the 8,400,000 reincar- nations, which they believe possible, at the rate of 10,000,000 per year. Salient Facts About India Area : 1,766,576 square miles. Population: 294,361,056. Government : British rule. Eeligions : Hinduism prevailing, Mohammedanism second and strong. ASIA 73 I Different languages : 147. ' Illiteracy : 85 per cent. \ Great social evils : Glaring immorality, caste system, degradation and suffering of womanhood, child marriages and many others. ^ India has^ ' 333,000,000 heathen deities (estimated). ; 8,400,000 reincarnations of the soul in popular be- lief. Thirty centuries* growth for Hinduism. 40,000,000 women secluded in zenanas. i 6,000,000 wives under fourteen years. \ 2,500,000 wives under ten years. 27,000,000 widows. \ 250,000 widows under fourteen yeara i 14,000 under four years. | 500,000 lepers. \ 50,000,000 outcasts. | 500,000 persons to every physician, government servants included. 1, 753, 944 Protestant Christians. ; 4,814 Protestant missionaries. i 37,087 native helpers. | ' Caroline A. Mason is authority for all the items under this head except the last three. 74 THE FIELDS '/Ouout «S5§ g?2 8 • ^^§ § -^ «0 Tt< o . tH lO O . U3 t- <;o (N , »H 'S* 77 **.' suotfng -" -^"^ ^"^^^ . -txfttoy mtfvu jvfox • -O • OO Tf«r-I IC ;D W COr}< O (M CJ o oot-r-TH05ioi-oicic. • tH • O r-l 005lOi-lCC0500^ 'SfU9J?ypy 9(lt}V^ , TjTcf r-T 0~ ■^O' iH CO Tt*iot^oio«Dt^'-i'!*«ooc Tf< CeCiOClrHrH u^puoj- 'pjytfstj/f tn 00 «o Tf Tj. cc lo '(Mcoccc? ■ ic rri ^ 05 05 r-( l^ t^ 05 00 Ci T-H 00 TT Oi 00 H < yxoon. }SAif/o xv9^ 00 00 00 CO 00 CD 00 00 00 00 tH rH »-( tH 00 00 00 tH tH 1-1 H CO t> U 1 /-^ g * i 2 c/5 Si (^ . c^^O . Oh denominat: AND SOCIETIE 1 ■§ s 1 c n 1/ u -a 1 s < 1/ * a; tian and Miss. Allianc( tian (Disciples, Woma ch of God regational pies of Christ . . . gelical Luth. Ch. Gen. gelical Luth. Ch. in U gelical Luth. Synod of Methodist "C fa n! rt nJ ■£ .2 .2 >^ tlio-- c c c D •S3v-v-3cSi5«scjcJ5 i;j3^^ o.« > > > S <: <: « « « m u UU UQW U(z)^ ASIA 76 i ■ 'i liii^ ;| 1 i % ! g ^ ^ O" ^ CO ©I "^ ® ^ u ^^ . . c< iH U3 §|S§g|g^gS • t- CO o iH <5 oc \Q li rH lO • t' o tH CO "^ w f cT TjT ef a ^ s^ l^ c» CO iO lO oc 5r tH CO \o T-i o 1 i-T s^^ll^l^^i"^ tH T-t rH , . S p^C* uf ' ia S^*§ .gOt^jHC .«a CO 1-i « 1 ^ « • CM O o r* o 1 CO • eo"^ ©T T-T CN r oT {•t*OW«OOSOCOt>«05U3 $».H«o>r'(3JO«oco C4 » CO U3 t^ . :i «o 88 ^ 2 ; £ r- 1H t>a •^ t- o 5D" «o" r-4 c*" c< ' ^ s^j^^sggssi^'^^^s CO i s ir 1-4 CO iH » iH rji ? > 00 r-T cf TjT 3;»HOiCOTf«OMU5U3005Ct05 . sislsssssisss * . CA 1 O • rt . 1 1 ■6 :ll o u > > Q -g.s 1 IS g 1 c 3|C a, c* 'S Cli a 6 B c5 < * o 1 * ■§ i * 4 1 o o giil|-|-|ll3lls? 00 13 o E^ ^ e2 e2 eS c4 5^ — -3 a ^ -rt m S3 rt , ^1 **^ o\ .lii ^ (U '-' "> &3 ASIA 85 lO -.^ -^ lO rH "«14_ OJ • t^ ■># «0 00 v« JC • o CJ , U Ui _ '5 > s g : (u c !» 86 THE FIELDS Asia (Except China, India and Japan) : Arahia Arabia is a vast peninsula lying south and south- east of Syria and Mesopotamia. It is separated from Persia by the Persian Gulf and from Africa by the Ked Sea. Its greatest length is about 1,500 miles and the greatest width 1,300 miles. The area of 1,200,000 square miles is larger than that portion of the United States which lies east of the Missis- sippi River. Much of the country is unexplored. Mr. S. M. Zwemer says : " The largest unexplored area in Asia and perhaps in the world, is in southeastern Arabia. There are better maps of the moon than of this part of the w^orld. All the lunar mountains, plains and craters are mapped and named, and as- tronomers are quite as familiar with Copernicus and Eratosthenes (16,000 feet high) as geographers are with Vesuvius or the Matterhorn. But from certain scientific points of view hardly anything of the Arabian peninsula is known. Not an hun- dredth part has been mathematically surveyed, and for knowledge of the interior we depend almost wholly upon the testimony of less than a score of travellers who paid a big price to penetrate the neglected peninsula." * According to native report almost all the southern half of Arabia is a vast wilderness. Politically the country is under the influence of »" Unoccupied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa," p. 63. ASIA 87 Turkey in the west and north. Along the southern portion of the Persian Gulf and on the southern seacoast of the peninsula the English influence is stroDg and in some places supreme. For 1,300 years Arabia has been the home of Islam. The faith of the prophet has been the main factor of influence in the country during the greater part of this period. Whether or not the Moham- medan faith is able to regenerate a people may be judged from the following : " As regards moral- ity ,\rabia is on a low plane. Slavery and con- cubinage exist nearly everywhere : while polyg- amy and divorce are fearfully common. Fatalism, the philosophy of the masses, has utterly paralyzed enterprise. As regards industry and invention, the Arabian peninsula is at the antipodes of progress— a land without manufactures and where machinery of any sort is looked upon as a marvel. There is universal distrust and suspicion so that in a country without large game every one goes armed— against his neighbour. Injustice abounds and is often stoically accepted. Bribery is too common to be called a crime, lying is almost an art and robbery has been reduced to a science." ' Some paganism exists in Arabia but Islam is the religion of the land. Not only does Mohammedan- ism predominate over a large portion of the country, but religious intolerance and fanaticism play such an important part that the Christian »S. M. Zwemer, " Unoccupied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa," pp. 127-128. 88 THE FIELDS missionary is effectually prohibited from entering the sacred regions about Mecca and Medina. The territory of effectual prohibition, however, is com- paratively small, while vast accessible regions are as yet unoccupied. The population of Arabia numbers about 3,500,000.* To supply the spiritual needs of these people but four mission stations have been estab- lished — three on the east coast and one at the ex- treme south. The four points mentioned are on a coast of 4,000 miles. There is not a single station far inland. Mr. Zwemer says : " The total popu- lation unreached by the Gospel in these Arabian provinces can be conservatively estimated at 4,000,000." In this land of much religion how much do the people need the Gospel of the Son of God ! So slow has been the Church in entering this needy field that some have called Arabia the " Ignored Peninsula." Turkey in Asia {Except AraHd) Exclusive of Arabia, Turkey in Asia is composed of Asia Minor, Kurdistan, Mesopotamia, and Syria. Asia Minor, the country of Paul's early missionary laboui's, and the land of the seven churches ad- dressed by John in Kevelation, lies north of the east end of the Mediterranean Sea. Kurdistan lies to the east of Asia Minor and to the west and 1 Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 191 2. Estimates vary enormously. Mr. Zwemer places the population of Arabia at 8,ooo,cxx>. ASIA 89 northwest of Persia. Part of this country is unex- plored and unknown to civilization. Mesopotamia is an extensive region south of Kurdistan and west of Persia. Syria is the territory bounded on the east by Arabia and Mesopotamia and on the west by the Mediterranean Sea. Palestine, forming a part of Syria, is that very small section lying largely between the Jordan Valley and the Mediterranean Sea known to Christians as the " Holy Land." Of course the regions above named are under the political influence of Turkey and under the re- ligious influence of Turkey's religion, Mohammed- anism. Christian missions are found in each of these general divisions, but the stations are often scores of miles apart. No district is thoroughly evangelized and in some places many thousands of people are grossly neglected. There is a section of country in Syria with a population of 500,000 where no missionary work has been established. Several of the missions of Palestine and Asia Minor are among the Jews. Russia in Asia By consulting a map of Asia it will be found that Eussian possessions comprise nearly one-half of that vast continent. The territory is more than twice as large as Continental United States. Per- haps nine-tenths of the country is not habitable. Lying within or near the Arctic Circle nearly all of the northern part is bleak and barren. Of the territory south much is desert or semi-desert. The 90 THE FIELDS 25,000,000 people live in the fertile valleys and in comparatively small districts. In the vast territory of Siberia, " deficient in solar warmth, yet more terribly in need of the rays of the Son of Eighteousness," are 5,700,000 people, a great majority of whom are pagan. To the south of Siberia is a long strip of territory running from east to west but of irregular shape where the Eussian Orthodox Church prevails. All southern Asiatic Eussia lying to the west of China and her depend- encies is completely dominated by Islam. As in other places in central Asia, Mohammedanism has long been in conflict with Buddhism and has swept the field. In some districts the faith of the prophet claims ninety to ninety-nine per cent, of the popu- lation. Ignorance and superstition abound. For the 25,000,000 people above mentioned prac- tically no missionary work is being done. Moham- medans are proverbially bitter against Christianity. Goaded by religious fanaticism the adherents of the system often seek the extermination of the Christian mission. To murder a Christian is, by some Mohammedans, considered a religious act. The Eussian government is intolerant of missions, except those of the established Church. A few pastors of foreign peoples are permitted to carry on work among their own flocks, but attempts to evangelize the natives have resulted in arrests. Persia Persia is an independent empire bounded on the ASIA 91 east by Afghanistan and Baluchistan, and on the west by Mesopotamia. The country, comprising about 628,000 square miles, is eight times as large as the state of Nebraska. The population of 9,500,- 000 is about eight times as large as the population of Nebraska. About ninety-five per cent, of the people are Mohammedans. Adherents of the Oriental Churches, Roman Catholicism, Judaism and Protestant Christianity are found in small numbers. Persia has 102 missionary stations and substations operated by 119 foreign missionaries and 305 native workers.* Afghanistan To the east of Persia and west of northern India lies the little country called Afghanistan. The area is 250,000 square miles — a little less than that of the state of Texas. The government is an ab- solute monarchy, which is often cruel and despotic. Here live 5,000,000 people '^ without religious lib- erty or personal freedom." Ninety per cent, of the inhabitants are illiterate. Next to Turkey, Afghanistan is the most power- ful Mohammedan kingdom in the world. The gov- ernment is absolutely intolerant of any religion but that of Islam. It has been called the most inac- cessible country in the world for the missionary, or even the traveller. There are no missionaries within the borders of the land. » " World Atlas of Christian Missions," Student Volunteer Move- ment. 92 THE FIELDS Siam Siara is an independent kingdom lying to the east of southern Burma. The area of 220,000 square miles would make a little more than two states like Colorado. The total population is 6,250,000. Buddhism is the prevailing religion. There are more than 1,500,000 Polytheists and a few Protestant Christians. The country has less than 100 Protestant missionaries. French Indo- China French Indo-China is bounded by the China Sea on the east and Siam on the west. The territory is governed by a French Governor-General. Buddhism aud Animism are the prevailing religions. There are nearly a quarter of a million Moslems and some Hindus and Eoman Catholics. The 290,000 square miles of territory make an area a little larger than the state of Texas. The population of 17,250,000 is somewhat larger than the combined populations of New York and Pennsylvania. In the whole coun- try there are but two Protestant mission stations. Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula is a body of land about 900 miles long which juts from the mainland of Asia far south almost to the equator. The south- ern part is under the protection of the British Government ; the middle and part of the northern portions are Siamese territory. The northwest section belongs to Burma. The British portion of ASIA 93 the peninsula has an area of 42,000 square miles and a population of 1,179,000. Mohammedanism is the prevailing religion. Nine Protestant mission sta- tions are in operation in the British territory. Nepal Between India and Tibet is the small independ- ent kingdom of Nepal. The extreme length is a little more than 500 miles and the width about one-fifth as great. The area of the country is 54,000 square miles. The population is 5,000,000. Thus in area and population Nepal exceeds a little the state of Ohio. A good degree of education exists among the higher classes, but the labouring people are largely illiterate. Buddhism and Hin- duism are the religions of the land. Nepal is under the protection of the British Government, and is considered a " buffer state." Political ob- stacles hinder missionary operations. There are no foreign missionaries in the country, and entrance is forbidden. Bhutan Bhutan is a little independent kingdom lying between eastern India and Tibet. The country is composed of a fertile highland district, largely un- known to the Western world. Having an area of 16,800 square miles, the kingdom is about twice as large as the state of Massachusetts. The population of 250,000 live under a govern- ment of many abuses and much extortion. Travel- lers have found there a high degree of civilization. H THE FIELDS but great ignorance of God. A variety of faiths find room in tlie little country — Buddhism, Hin- duism, Confucianism, and Mohammedanism. Fe- tishism is quite dominant. The chief religious ex- ercise is the propitiation of evil spirits. Bhutan has been a closed land for years. No missionary is found within her borders. THE ISLAND WORLD 96 IL THE ISLAND WORLD 1. Malaysia Malaysia is the largest and most important di- vision of the island world. The archipelago lies south of eastern Asia and north and northwest of Australia. The largest islands are Borneo, which is considerably larger than the state of Texas ; Sumatra, larger than California ; Java, larger than New York State ; Celebes, nearly as large as Nebraska. Elsewhere in the Dutch East Indies and in the Philippine Group are several islands larger than some of our smaller states. Besides these of extensive area there are many hundreds of minor importance. All the islands lie within the tropics ; the three largest are crossed by the equator. The Dutch East Indies belong to the Netherlands. Other portions are under the control of the United States, Great Britain, Germany and Portugal. Malaysia is one of the most populous regions of the world. The inhabitants are estimated at 44,000,000.' The island of Java (as large as Ne- braska) has a population of 30,000,000, nearly a third as large as that of the United States. This is about 600 to the square mile. Beside Java, there are other very densely populated districts, some having upwards of 1,000 persons to the square mile. The ^ Accurate statistics are not available. 96 THE FIELDS yellow race is the prevailing type on most of the islands. Illiteracy, ignorance and superstition abound. Among the eight or nine million heathen of the islands are notorious cannibals. The head- hunting Dayaks of Borneo compose one of the most degraded tribes of the human family. The women sometimes incite the men to go on head- hunting expeditions. The heads are handed down from father to son. The rank of the Dayak is de- termined by the number of heads that he or his ancestors have collected. Nearly one-half of the people of Malaysia are Mohammedans. Here, as in Africa, the Moslems are very evangelistic. The faith of the prophet is propagated with energy. The heathen populations, variously estimated at from eight to sixteen mil- lions, are Animists and Fetishists. It is the opinion of some that these weak, native superstitions must give way within a few years to either Moham- medanism or Christianity ; the choice between the two depending upon the energy with which each is propagated. There are more than 7,000,000 Koman Catholics, most of whom live in the Philip- pines. Other faiths represented are Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Judaism and Protestant Chris- tianity. There is only a small beginning in Protestant missionary work. The total foreign missionary force is 771.' Here, as everywhere, we have the unequal distribution of the labourers. Showing the 1 " World Atlas of Christian Missions," 191 1, pp. 88-89. THE ISLAND WORLD 97 promise, danger and need of portions of this field Mr. S. M. Zwemer says ; " We begin with Malaysia, one of the most densely populated regions of the world, and one of the least known to the average student of missions. This unoccupied field is not barren ground, but has rich promise of f ruitf ulness. Shall the sowing of the seed be postponed ? And shall the harvest be for Islam ? On the eastern half of the island of Sumatra, together with the islands of Banka and Billiton, there is a population of over 3,200,000, almost equal to that of New York City, untouched by missions. . . . The central and western parts of the islands of Borneo are still unoccupied, and 400,000 souls are destitute of the Gospel. The population is mostly pagan, but is in danger of becoming Moslem ; and the occupation of the field is therefore urgent. Madura Island, northeast of Java, together with Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, Bah and Lombok Islands, seem small on the map, but reveal a population of over 2,000,000 who are without any Christian missionary."* A por- tion of the island of Celebes, stretching from Posso Lake to the extreme south, having a population of perhaps 200,000, is at present wholly unreached. The Philippine Islands have Like needy fields. The island of Java, with its 30,000,000 people, has but fifty mission stations. Thus these islands of the sea cry out as urgently and as eloquently for the Gospel as do the great continents of Asia and Africa. » " Unoccupied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa," 1911, pp. 33-34- 98 THE FIELDS 2. Melanesia Melanesia is a group of islands of the southern Pacific lying south of the equator, north and north- east of Australia and west and a little north of the Fiji Islands. The westernmost island is New Guinea, the largest of the group. (Some authorities class New Guinea as a part of Malaysia.) Beside New Guinea, the chief groups of islands are Bis- mark Archipelago, the Solomon, the Banks, the Torres, the Santa Cruz, the New Hebrides, and the Loyalty Islands, with New Caledonia.' The area of New Guinea is 312,329 square miles. It is thus about the size of the states of Texas and New York combined. All the other islands of the group, of which there are about 250, are comparatively small. Malaysia is under the control of the British, Dutch, German and French governments. The population of the group, according to estimates,^ is about 1,221,000, nearly all of whom be- long to the black race. Perhaps one-half of the inhabitants of the archipelago are in New Guinea. Heathenism prevails almost everywhere. Canni- balism is quite universal. Tribes make raids upon each other, seemingly for no other reason than to fill their cooking-pots. Eeports indicate that the na- tives relish the flesh of missionaries and other white persons as well as that of their darker skinned neighbours. Animism is the religion of the people universally, with the exception of a few thousand * «• Blue Book of Missions." ' No accurate statistics are available. THE ISLAND WORLD 99 who have been Avon to Catholicism or Protestant Christianity. Melanesia (not including Dutch New Guinea) has a total of 280 ' foreign missionaries working, for the most part, under the direction of Australian, British, and Continental Societies. 3. Micronesia Micronesia means "small islands." The archi- pelago is in the northern Pacific, north of Melanesia and east of the Philippines. The group is com- posed of the smaller groups known as Caroline, Ladrone, Marshall and Gilbert Islands. Beside these there are many small atolls of little impor- tance. The islands are of volcanic and coral origin. Many of the smaller ones are but two to ten feet above sea level. Germany, Great Britain, the United States and Japan each hold possessions in the group. The population is about 200,000. Where the people are untouched by the Gospel a low degree of civilization prevails. Their houses are the very simplest shelters from the weather. They wear often very little, and in some cases no, clothing. No family ties are imposed. Most of the people are Animists and Fetishists. However, there are a few thousand Eoman Catholics and Protestant Christians. Protestant Christianity has made great progress in some places and has marvellously trans- formed some of the islands within the last few years. » " World Atlas of Christian Missions," 191 1, p. 89. 100 THE FIELDS One American, one British and one Continental Society have a total of thirty -two* missionaries operating in these islands. 4. Polynesia Polynesia includes the islands of the West- Pacific Ocean lying east of Australia, Melanesia and Micronesia. With the exception of New Zea- land aU the islands are of comparatively small size. (Some do not regard New Zealand as a part of this group.) The small islands and groups are dotted over the face of the Pacific for thousands of miles from north to south and from east to west. The principal groups are : Fiji Islands, Samoa, Hervey and Cook Islands, Ellice and Tokelau Islands, Tonga (Friendly) Islands, French Polynesia (in- cluding Marquesas) and Hawaii. The archipelago is largely under the control of Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States. The population of New Zealand is about 773,- 000. The people are largely of the white race and Protestant religion. A high degree of civilization obtains. The islands, exclusive of New Zealand, have a population of nearly 400,000. Most of the people are of the yellow type. A low degree of civilization and loose marriage relations exist among the natives who are uninfluenced by the Gospel. Religions most conspicuously represented are : Protestant Christianity, Catholicism, Shintoism, i« World Atlas of Christian Missions," 191 1, p. 89. Student Volunteer Movement. THE ISLAND WOELD 101 Confucianism, Buddhism, Animism and Mormon- ism. The power of the Gospel to transform individ- uals and peoples has been well illustrated in parts of Polynesia. On certain of the islands the mis- sionary work of a few years has resulted in the bringing of brutalized heathen to civilization and faith in Jesus Christ. Some tribes, which, not many years ago, were in barbarism, are now send- ing missionaries to neighbouring islands still un- evangelized. About 170 ' foreign missionaries labour in this field at the present time. A grand work has been accomplished. Very much remains to be done. »«* World Atlas of Christian Missions," 191 1, pp. 90, loi. Student Volunteer Movement. 102 THE FIELDS III. AUSTRALIA The great island or small continent of Australia, containing 3,455,395 square miles, is larger than Continental United States. The Tropic of Capri- corn bisects the land almost equally. The south- ern part reaches to latitude 39° south (Washing- ton D. C. lies at 39° north). The northernmost point lies at latitude 11° south (Northern Costa Kica in Central America lies at latitude 11° north). The entire continent is controlled by Great Britain. Recent statistics give the population at 9,263,- 372.' Of these there are about 50,000 aborigines, a few thousands each of Chinese, Continental European peoples, and Jews ; but at least nine- tenths of the people are of British origin. Among the whites, the civilization does not differ from that in other English speaking countries. The aborigines are mostly classed as uncivilized. Bud- dhists, Confucianists, Taoists, Mohammedans and Jews are found in Australia in small numbers. There are about 50,000 Animists and Fetishists and perhaps 1,000,000 Roman Catholics. With these exceptions the population is Protestant Christian or unclassified religiously. The claim is made that thirty-nine per cent, of the people of Australia are Anglicans. Being a land where Protestant Christianity pre- vails, Australia is not of great importance as a » Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 191 2. AUSTRALIA 103 foreign mission field. Americans have no mission- ary work on the continent. Australian societies, together with one continental and one international society, have a total of forty-eight ' missionaries and thirty-nine^ native workers among the aborigines and Chinese. 1 *• World Atlas of Christian Missions," 191 1, p. 89. « Ibid. 104 THE FIELDS IV. EUROPE To the world, Europe is the best known of the continents. Though small physically, she has been, and is, great intellectually, commercially and politically. Here have been born some of the greatest men ; here have been developed some of the greatest civilizations ; and here have been fought some of the greatest battles — national, moral and religious — of the world. Europe, hav- ing an area of only 3,753,310 ' square miles, is but little larger than the United States including Alaska. The continent has a population of 445,133,227.* The people, of course, are nearly all of the white race. The prevailing religions of Europe are : Roman Catholicism, 179,100,000 ; Greek Catholics, 88,200,000 ; Protestants, 98,400,000 ; Jews, 9,000,- 000 ; Mohammedans, 8,200,000.^ Properly speaking, Europe is not a foreign mission field. Protestant missions, however, are conducted in most of the countries among the Jews, and in Mohammedan districts among the Mohammedans. > Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 19 12. ' Ibid. t ** World Almanac," 1913. AFBIOA 105 V. AFRICA With the exception of Asia, Africa is the largest of the continents. The vast territory of 11,510,697 square miles * is nearly equal to the combined areas of North America and Europe. The extreme length, from north to south, is 5,000 miles ; the greatest width is 4,600 miles. Of the physical features of importance the Great Sahara must rank first. This barren waste stretches from the Pacific Ocean almost to the Kiver Nile and has a total area of 3,459,500 square miles. Thus this desert is considerably larger than Con- tinental United States and almost as large as the whole of Europe. Some hold that this body of sand was once the bed of a sea and that to-day, as the times of abundant moisture become more dis- tant, the aridity increases. The desert has quite effectually severed North Africa from the central and southern portions during the centuries. Had it not been for the historic and life-giving Nile, which has served as a pathway for the peoples of Asia, Europe and Egypt to the centre of the con- tinent, the land and inhabitants of middle and southern Africa must have remained quite unknown to civilization until modern times. As is well known, Africa lies almost entirely within the tropics. The equator bisects the conti- 1 Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 1912. 106 THE FIELDS nent a little south of the centre. The northern- most part is in the same latitude as northern Ten- nessee ; the lower end of the continent extends almost as far into the south-temperate zone. As might be expected in so wide an area, a great variety of climate is experienced. The desert parts and lowlands of the tropics are subject to extreme heat. Probably the tropical portion of the conti- nent is on the whole the most unhealthful part of the globe for the white race. Malaria fever is com- mon and deadly on the west coast and in other localities of low altitude. High altitudes, even comparatively near the equator, often furnish health conditions quite supportable to the foreigner. To preserve life among the missionaries it has been the custom of some Boards to establish main stations on the highlands, leaving the work in the lowlands to be accomplished by acclimated natives. The cli- mates at the extreme ends of the continent, espe- cially the south, are quite mild, pleasant and health- ful. In all Africa there are only three independent states — Liberia in the west, Morocco in the north- west and Abyssinia in the east. The areas of the three combined total 613,000 square miles. The remainder of the continent is under the control of various European nations. England has seventeen possessions with a total area of 2,101,411 square miles. France has territories amounting to 3,866,- 950 square miles. Most of the Sahara lies in French territory. Also possessions of varying importance AFRICA 107 are held by Germany, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Italy and Turkey. The people of Africa number 157,645,000.* The population is thus about 30,000,000 greater than that of North America. The erroneous impression that the inhabitants of Africa are all Negroes is quite common. Most of the Negroes of the continent live in the narrow strip of country called the Sudan which lies south of the Sahara and reaches to within about five degrees of the equator. Not more than one-fourth of Africa is occupied by Negroes. The great sections of country north and east of the Sudan are peopled by tribes of Semitic and Hamitic origin. With the exception of com- paratively small territories in the southwest, which are inhabited by Hottentots or Pygmies, the natives of the southern part of the continent all belong to tribes of the Bantu race. The Bantus are said to num- ber 50,000,000. They speak about 300, and the other African tribes about 500 languages and dialects. The culture of the natives of Africa is very far from uniform in the various parts of the continent. In the forests of the Congo is found the crudest civilization. Here scar-tattooing prevails, clothing is of bark cloth and palm fibre, shields are of wood, bows are strung with cane, and cannibalism is common. An idea of cannibalism as it exists to- day may be had from the following which is based upon the reports of travellers just returned from the exploration of western-central Africa : " One tribe, 1 Rand, McNally & Co. Atlas, 191 3. 108 THE FIELDS at least, of these cannibals are not simply men who eat an enemy, or perhaps only his heart, after a battle in a ceremonial sort of way, but men and women who hunt other men and women to slay them for the sake of feeding upon them exactly as so much game ; and who, when strangers come to the village whom they wish to entertain, will slaughter a slave for the feast as we would kill a chicken." * The heathenism of Africa, untouched by Mohammedanism or Christianity, is of different degrees of darkness and badness. Where the im- press of Mohammedanism is felt, there is a higher degree of culture and civilization ; although per- haps not less wickedness and immorality. Again there are the tribes that have come in more or less close contact with the moral standards, thought and spirit of the Christian missionary, and have im- bibed a desire for different houses, clothing, imple- ments, and in individual cases, a change of heart and life. The slave trade, although hampered by the re- strictions of the European governments, is still car- ried on in the twentieth century. A view of its horrors as practiced by the Arabians in Africa is obtained by the following from the pen of Dr. W. R. Miller : " I may not describe the awful things that are being perpetuated in Central Africa by Moslem fiends. My little boys tell me of the sights they have seen and treatment they have received ; of relatives flayed like goats in their presence, * Editorial in The Independentf February 20, 19 13. AFEICA 109 or sold by Mohammedans to cannibals ; of their own mothers left with a spear through them, because within a short time of their giving birth they have been unable to travel fast, and left writhing on the ground, not killed outright, while their children have been ruthlessly torn away never again to see them." * Nearly all forms of religion are represented in Africa. At the extreme south of the continent in English territory Protestant Christianity prevails. Along the west coast are numerous Koman Catho- lics. The Eastern Churches have more than three million adherents. Jews, Hindus, Confucianists and Taoists are found in comparatively small num- bers. The two leading religions of Africa numer- ically are Polytheism and Mohammedanism. The Polytheists, of whom there are about 100,000,000, are, for the most part, in the southern half of the continent. This rather elastic term may be applied to the Bantus, Pygmies, Hottentots and many of the Negroes of the Sudan. In Africa Mohammedanism, which is only about one-half as strong numerically as Polytheism, is much stronger as a religious system. The fact of Islam's presence and attitude in Africa presents a problem of deep interest to the Christian world. If African heathenism were left to itself, it might remain substantially as it is for centuries. Moham- medanism has never changed essentially, and prob- ably never will. The importance of the situation » Church Missionary Rtview, November, 1909, p. 649. 110 THE FIELDS lies in the fact that Islam is intensely evangelistic and is ever pushing her frontier to the south. One missionary suggests that unless the Christian Church gives proper attention to the continent, " Africa will become Mohammedan from Zambesi to the coast line of the Mediterranean Sea." * Of this condition Dr. Henry Holland says : " Africa should receive concentrated attention because if pagan Africa once embraces Islam, then the work of converting them to Christianity will be a thou- sand times more difficult and slow." ^ Further testimony on this point is given by Mr. S. M. Zwemer in the following : " The strategy of time and place is even greater than that of race. On this account none of the unoccupied fields in Asia, not even Arabia, can compare in strategic urgency to-day with the unoccupied fields of Africa, where the forces are assembling for the great con- flict between the Cross and the Crescent, and where the unoccupied fields are the battle ground. It is true that the population of Africa is comparatively small when we think of India or China, but no one acquainted with its history and observant of its resources can doubt that under more settled and propitious conditions the population will increase enormously. It is among the mass of dark, illit- erate and degraded pagans, as well as among the »Dr. Frank Weston, The East and the West, April, 1 908. " Some African Problems." 3 Letter to Commission No. I, World Missionary Conference, Edinbnrgh, 1910. APRICA 111 semi-civilized peoples of the north, already Moslem, that the battle with Islam is to be fought. At present, Islam is conquering, and nothing can stay- its onward march or redeem Africa from its grasp but the carrying of the Gospel of Christ at once into every part of the unoccupied fields. Paganism crumbles before Islam. The situation is critical and the testimony, as regards the urgency of this part of the missionary problem, is unanimous in its char- acter and comes from every part of the mission field. From Syria, Japan, the Philippine Islands, China, India, Burma, Ceylon, the New Hebrides, Sumatra, Arabia, Baluchistan and even Peru, testi- mony has come that in the estimation of leading missionaries in these countries, the most urgent missionary world problem is to meet and overcome the Mohammedan advance in Africa. And this testimony concerns the unoccupied fields of Africa." * Mohammedan advance is made easy in Africa by its low moral standards. The faith of Islam spares the sin the native loves. The change from Poly- theism to Mohammedanism offers culture advan- tages and demands but little in return. The con- version thus becomes quite the proper thing and fashionable. A consideration not found in the religion itself but favourable to its spread as com- pared with Christianity is found in the fact that " the colonial governments nearly everywhere dis- criminate against Christian missions " while the 1 " Unoccupied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa," pp. 170-17 1. 112 THE FIELDS Mohammedans carry on their propaganda with lit- tle hindrance. Africa, including Madagascar, has a total force of 4,666^ foreign missionaries and 27,616 native workers. These persons have headquarters in 12,664 stations and substations. Thus the con- tinent has one missionary for each 33,000 and a native worker for each 6,000 of the people. Here as in all great fields the distribution is very un- equal. While some few and small portions may be fairly well manned, other large and important areas are without missionary work of any kind; and many millions of the people are as ignorant of Christ as if He had never Hved, and as ignorant of God as a people must be with only conscience and nature to guide them. Looking at a map showing the missionary stations of Africa, we find that there are many more stations in the southern than in the northern half of the continent ; that the stations are largely on or near the coast while the vast interior is com- paratively neglected, especially is this true of the northern part of Africa ; that the great Sudan with a population estimated as high as 50,000,000 and stretching over a territory from east to west wider than from New York to San Francisco is practi- cally unapproached as far as missionary work is concerned, having only two or three small clusters of missions in the extreme south and extreme east ; and that the great Sahara with an area larger than 1 See table. APEICA 118 India and a population estimated at 800,000 has no missionary work whatever. It might be noted also that the vast French territory with an area three times as large as that of France, lying to the west and south of the Sahara and having a population of 5,000,000, has no mission stations ex- cept a few small ones at the Ivory Coast, one on the Senegal River and one in French Guinea. The Spanish possession of Rio de Oro lying on the coast northwest of the Sahara has an area of 70,- 000 square miles and a population of 130,000. This district is entirely without missions. The following ^excerpts from S. M. Zwemer's in- valuable book give a glimpse of the claims of the Dark Continent to the attention, prayers and ef- forts of the Christian world : " In the nine north- ern provinces of Madagascar with a population of about 500,000, only two missionaries are located, north of the parallel of 18° north latitude ; going four hundred miles north, there is only one station on the east coast and no station on the west coast or inland. "On the western side of Niger River, West Africa, and on the region north of the Cross River, there are fields wholly unevangelized and many of them not even explored. The country is being opened up by the government, but, to quote the expression of one missionary, * Missions creep after it like snails after an express train.' The result is that in the newly-opened territories the advent of the white man is not associated with the coming of 114 THE FIELDS Jesus Christ, but with commercialism together with the greed and vices of the West. " Portuguese territory, south of the Zambesi, is very inadequately occupied, while north of the Zambesi there is practically no mission work what- ever in this field. It is also comparatively neg- lected by the Eoman Catholic Church. As regards the Portuguese Congo, or Angola, a district in- cluding 250,000 square miles and perhaps a popula- tion of 7,000,000, the very sparsity of the popula- tion calls for a larger number of missionaries ; and yet throughout this great region there are exten- sive districts where the Gospel has never yet been carried. In the Belgian Congo there are also several districts wholly outside of present mission- ary effort. Between Baringa station of the ' Regions Beyond Missionary Union ' with only five mission- aries, and Ibanshi of the Presbyterian Church of the United States (South), with four missionaries, is a distance of over four hundred miles and there is no mission station between. From Bolobo on the Congo to Lake Tanganyika, one can travel for nine hundred miles without coming to a mission station. "Yet, with all this material progress, French Guinea, and Portuguese Guinea, with the coast of Senegambia, have no Protestant missions. The latter has a population of 820,000 ; the former of 2,000,000. The centres of population are Konakry, AFEICA 116 the capital, Boke, Dubreka, Timbo, and, in Por- tuguese territory, Bissau. *' Concerning the French Congo, which has an area two and a half times that of France and a population of perhaps 10,000,000, we read : ' Mis- sion work was begun here by the American Pres- byterians, who, after the acquisition of the land by France, handed over some of their stations to the Paris society, which has since established two other principal stations. These stations are placed along the navigable part of the Ogowe, and reach only 250 miles from the coast. They touch several tribes of which the most important is the Fan tribe, and M. AUegret remarks that if this tribe could be won for Christianity, it would form a strong bulwark against the advance of Islam.' But the whole of the vast interior is absolutely un- reached. The hindrance has been chiefly lack of men and means. The advance of commerce into the interior, the southward spread of Islam, and the possibility of an atheistic attitude on the part of the government, constitute the dangers ahead, but at present the w^ay is open for advance. " In Nigeria, as we have seen in Chapter I, and as is evident on the map, about two-thirds of the field is absolutely untouched. To man even two bases in each province would require at least forty- eight missionaries and double that number of native Christians, while at present there are only about thirty-four male missionaries very unequally dis- tributed. The Mohammedans are steadily pushing 116 THE FIELDS into the pagan districts, while the British Qovem- ment unfortunately prohibits the evangelization of Mohammedans by excluding the missionaries from pagan districts into which Islam has access. Only a small proportion of the people can read, and the only scripture translation available is the New Tes- tament in Hausa and Nupe, while there are two principal and twenty-three lesser languages into which no Scripture portion has yet been trans- lated. " North Africa is nominally an occupied mission field, and yet work was only begun in the Barbary States within the last thirty years, and is repre- sented to-day by a few isolated stations and at most a handful of workers in the largest centres. Southern Tripoli and the district of Oran in Al- geria are practically unoccupied, as there is only one station in each ; and Morocco, south and east of the Atlas Range, is almost wholly an unculti- vated area. The lower half of Tunis has no mis- sion station. The station furthest south is at Ejar- wan, opened by the North Africa Mission in 1897. At present this strategic centre of Moslem learning and propagandism, with a population of nearly 30,- 000, has one married missionary and a single woman. The city has thirty mosques and is a great centre for pilgrimage. From Kairwan one could travel directly southeast for two thousand two Mindred miles before reaching Upoto on the Congo. And this is the nearest mission station in that direction ! Could any statement give a clearer idea of the vast APEICA 117 areas in the Dark Continent that still await the light of the Gospel?"* It has been estimated that nearly one-half of Africa is unreached by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Yet it must be confessed that the propagation of the faith is not a central idea with most professed Christians. "But whoso hath this world's good, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him ? " Salient Facts About Africa Area : 11,510,597 square miles. Population : 157,645,000 Government : Eighteen-nineteenths under sover- eignty of European nations. Eeligious : Polytheism and Mohammedanism pre- vailing. Different laDguages and dialects : About 800. Greatest danger ; Mohammedanism. Civilization : Low to very low among the nativea Africa has 2,032,948 Protestant Christians. 4,666 Protestant foreign missionaries. 27,515 native helpers. About one-half of her people unreached by the Gospel. ' " Unoccupied Mission Fields of Asia and Africa." Selected from pp. 38-42. Published by Student Volunteer Movement. Mr_ Zwemer obtained most of his data for the above from the Report of World Missionary Conference, Edinburgh, 1910, Vol. I, and " Statis- tical Atlas of Christian Missions." 118 THE FIELDS *S 77 **/ stMtfnq -tAfuoy 9atfvu jv}oj^ "^ ^• «3 • lo t^ U5 iO » 'Sfuijuiipy 9atfv/^ O 1-1 CO W lO t-H o o to o a» lO ro O CO H H CO H O 0^ 'siooyps 'SUOtfVfS'fHQ puv SUOtfVfS "<*• t- C« CO»H CO 05C« 00 0» X O <© • th;oih cx) oooirjt coiHCOi-i •su^^uoypj intfv^si 'S9}4VU0tSSiJ]f i(AO(n, ^SA'lf/o UV9J^ OD 00 OS 00 ■ Oi 00 00 00 00 00 Oi 00 00 00 c/} ^ O 5 k* Z (2) ^H < Jh ^ o o ;z; C/3 Ci] Q ll .2 ^ .2 C << -- ^ - « 2 .5 ^^c li 2 cl ai r- -^ i: w ti 3 « J* AFEICA 119 CO t- . tH^tJ* iO , CO id CD cc iHCOO "^ CO (N O CO ss^ eon ' SSS ;:i§R^ 00 CO 'US 1-1 o C« CO • « 0000 CO l^ W CO 00 O UO 1-1 CO CO . CO d o c< 1-< 1-1 1^ 1-1 r^ -^ G a *o crs '^ oi 0000000000000000 ^ c c 2 •2 Q W « SJ V > 3 T3 -2 ^ t> O fl ^« •S 5 O o c c « ^ g§ ^ a •5 OS « J^J2 IS- B .2 S >- o M (3 51 I"? rt > S ■-. d H or? C/3 O C cuts lao THE FIELDS VI. SOUTH AMEEICA South America has a total length from north to south of 4,700 miles, and a width of 3,150 miles. The area including the islands is 6,849,531 ' square miles. It is thus more than five-sixths as large as North America. About one-fourth of the continent lies in the south-temperate zone. The other three-fourths is within the tropics with the greater part south of the equator. Because of the proximity of most of the continent to the equator, small variety of tem- perature is experienced. However, the Horn, at the extreme, south, lies farther from the equator than does southern Canada and has marked changes of temperature with the seasons. South America is a continent of republics. The three Guianas — British, Dutch and French — are small territories on the northeast seacoast and are the only dependencies of European powers on the continent. All the Guianas are within the tropics. There are ten republics as follows : Brazil, occupy- ing all of the eastern and much of the central parts, comprises nearly one-half of the land surface of the continent. Nearly all of this country lies within the torrid zone. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia are entirely within the tropics. Chile, Paraguay and Argentine Eepublic are each cut by the Tropic of Capricorn. Uruguay, though » Rand, McNally & Co., Atlas, 1912. SOUTH AMEEICA 121 hundreds of miles north of the southern parts of Argentine Republic and Chile, is still the only country lying wholly within the south temperate zone and the only country of South America wholly outside of the tropics. The people of South America number 48,943,437 ' or a little more than seven to the square mile. Most of these people live near the seacoast. More than one-half of the continent, including all the vast territory drained by the Amazon and much of the southern horn, has less than one person to the square mile. South America is preeminently a land of Latin speaking peoples. In Brazil the language is Portuguese. Elsewhere Spanish predominates. The aborigines, speaking their native languages, are numerous in some parts. A great variety of people is found. The Spanish, Portuguese and aborigines are the most numerous. In certain sections there are many Chinese, Japanese and African Negroes. Ignorance, superstition and illit- eracy are prevailing characteristics. In Argentina the illiteracy is fifty per cent. ; in Brazil eighty-four per cent, of the people are illiterate. The Spanish speaking conquerors of South America subjected the aborigines to great cruelty, especially in the first two or three centuries of their rule. The natives were reduced to slavery or exterminated to suit the caprice of the whites. Amelioration of the suffering was frequently of- fered to those who would consent to be baptized » Rand, McNally & Co., Atlas, 19 12. 122 THE FIELDS into the Koraan Catholic Church. Thus the methods of Mohammed were used for the spread of Christianity (?) in South America. The weak hold of the Catholic Church upon most of the natives would suggest that policy has played a greater part than conviction in the change of their religious views. A glimpse of the social and moral conditions on this so-called Christian continent may be had from the following : " Like priest like people. The im- morality of the priests is doubtless one reason for the looseness of the family tie in all parts of South America. While divorces are not allowed for any cause, separations and illegal alliances are very easy and very common. Every large city has a public orphan asylum where babies are thi'ust in and no questions asked. In fact every convenience is arranged to prevent the recognition of parents." ' Because of the high price demanded by the priest for the marriage ceremony many couples live to- gether and rear their families without this usual formality. Some have the ceremony performed by the civil authorities. A union thus made is not con- sidered to be strongly binding. Polygamy is more common than in Moslem lands. The following pathetic statement is further testi- mony in the same direction : " I have done all in my power to pull them out of the cesspool of ignorance and vice. . . . They are always the same — brutal, drunken, seducers of innocence, with- * Frances E. Clark, " The Continent of Opportunity." SOUTH AMERICA 123 out I'eligion and without conscience. Better would be the people without them. . . . The priests of these villages have no idea of God nor of the religion of which they are the professed ministers. They never study. They go from their disorders of the bed to those of the temple, looking for more prey for their horrible sacrilege, then back to the laziness, drunkenness and awful disorders of the bed again. You cannot imagine the pain that these things give me. I am sick and tired of it all. There are exceptions, but so very few that they are not enough to mitigate the pain." ' After speaking of the gross immorality of the South American peoples Walter Scott Lee says: " Right in line with this is the universal desecra- tion of the Sabbath, the one day of every week given over to social life : balls, dinners, bull and cock lights, debauchery in its lowest forms, the drawing of the lottery weekly, political and carnival parades and other desecrations." Roman Catholicism is the religion of South America. Perhaps four-fifths of the people hold this faith more or less firmly. The aborigines, though to a large extent professing the Catholic faith, are often worshippers of idols in secret. Ac- cording to Mr. Clark : "It cannot be said that the overwhelming majority of the people of South America are Roman Catholics. Most of the peo- ple, to be sure, are baptized and buried by a priest, but these are the only occasions when many have » Alfonso, Bishop. 124 THE FIELDS any use for him. The churches are full of women and empty of men. I have been in church where I have seen hundreds of women worshippers, and when I, a heretic in their estimation, was the only man within its walls." ' The class of religious instruction imposed upon the people is revealed by Mr. W. E. Porter, who says : " Millions in Brazil look upon the Virgin Mary as their Saviour. To them Christ is practi- cally numbered among the saints, and will do noth- ing except as his mother directs. A book widely circulated throughout northern Brazil says that Mary, when still a mere child, went bodily to heaven and begged God to send Christ, through her, into the world. Further on it says that Mary went again to heaven to plead for sinners ; and at the close Mary's will is given, disposing of the whole world, and God, the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, the Trinity, act as the three witnesses to the will. How many good Christians at home think that Brazil is a Christian country ! " Next to Catholicism in numerical strength is Polytheism. It has been said that paganism pre- vails to such an extent that one may travel from end to end of the continent in heathen lands and among people who do not know who God is. It is estimated that there are six or seven million of these natives unconverted to Catholicism. Nearly all of the religions of the world are found to a greater or less extent on the continent. 1 " The Continent of Opportunity." SOUTH AMEEICA 125 The following paragraphs illustrate South Amer- ica's claim upon the attention of the missionary boards ; " South America, consequently, is not a continent of a single religion. Though Christian- ity is there, it is not a truly and thoroughly Chris- tian continent. On the contrary it is largely filled with errors as to gospel Christianity, and is largely pagan or semi-pagan. South America is, there- fore, a legitimate mission field — a proper field for Protestant Christian missions. South America is a continent that, on many grounds, appeals for mis- sionary effort. " Should we have missions in pagan lands ? then we should go to South America, for in that land there is a startling proportion of paganism. Should we send missionaries to the south of Asia ? then we should send missionaries to South America, for large numbers of Asiatics are there. Should we go to Africa ? then we should go to South America, for the Negro is there. Should we establish missions for Mohammedans? then we should enter South America, for the Mohammedan is in that continent. Should we give the true Gospel to those who do not possess it ? then we should send missionaries to South America, for in that vast continent there are many millions who are without the true Gospel and have been misled by a distorted and perverted sub- stitute for Christianity which is but a counterfeit and not Christianity, except in name. Any reason that can be advanced for true gospel missions any- where, applies just as well in South America. 126 THE FIELDS " Aboriginal paganism is totally inadequate for the task of remoralizing the people ; and Koman- ism, though it has had the opportunity for centuries, has utterly failed. A new religious force is absolutely needed, and this force must be supplied by Protestantism." ' The many Indian languages imposes one of the obstacles in the way of missions in South America. This, though a hindering circumstance, is, of course, not insurmountable. The unhealthfulness of the climate in many parts is another barrier, but is not prohibitive in its nature. The fact that the governments, controlled more or less by Koman Catholicism, are hostile to Protestant missions, has been in the way of missionary progress in the past. It may be remembered, however, that though Ro- man Catholicism, in South America, is " intolerant, it is not all-powerful." The Protestant missionary force of South Amer- ica numbers 764.^ When we remember that the United States, which is less than half as large in square miles, has about 175,000 Protestant minis- ters, we recognize the great contrast. The mis- sions are largely situated along the seacoast and in the most populous regions. The vast territory drained by the Amazon, which is much larger than the whole of the United States, is practically un- approached as far as missionary enterprise is con- cerned. Beside this immense region, there are dis- tricts in the southern part of the continent larger 1 Thos. B. Neely in « South America." » See table. SOUTH AMEEICA 127 \ than New York State, which have not a single \ mission station within their borders. So great and J pressing is the need and so inadequate is the present i evangelizing force, that authors have been con- | strained to speak of South America as the " Neg- i lected Continent." ■ "Also I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, ; Whom shall I send, and who will go for us ? Then I said I, Here am I ; send me." \ i Salient Facts About South Ameeioa ! Area : 6,849,531 square miles. Population : 48,943,437. ! Governments : Independent republics except the Guianas. Religion : Eoman Catholicism prevailing. Illiteracy : Very high. Often 50 per cent, to 85 per cent. : South Ameeica has \ 6,000,000 heathen. \ 270,000 Protestant Christians. \ 764 Protestant foreign missionaries. ' 1,405 native helpers. j 128 THE FIELDS C O 05 to O 00 O tH •<* CO a •/Cpuom :§ ' T-t lO O O -< »0 (M ■ O CC 05 . l-( (M 05 O Ci CO r-1 .05 05 'S* '/? '',' stiGiftiq ■^ • "="2^'^" tt -iJ^'S" -xxfuoj patfvu ^vfoj^ • l-l »0 § «««< S lO O 00 1-t ' (?* r-1 (?^ T-( < r-tCN00CDO5 ..-.O5Q0T-1 • 'SfupAfypy aapvjsi T-TiH 00 CO to CD 05 "«*< (M »H t;;^00 . 00^ Q CO t-lO CO ^QD 05 00 QD OS 05 00 00 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 So llAOni fSXlf/o XV9^ CO H-4 s . . . H ■I .2i (/I 5 1 * ! i * > 1 3 n c t « ■'5 en an (Disciples) Woman' an and Miss. Alliance oal nzie College Sao Paul's iist Episcopal .... iist Episcopal (South) terian Church l| II a • "^ s:;'i3-j2 00%>N-ii5 a a c .§ !-• V s < e2 1 1 o c i o 1 1 < t < c ^2 cS TJ fl a fO f> Ov o Ci o t/l >«4 o 1^ =^ a o <4 c «} S ^ ^ g ^ o _ » i J •^3 •CO o '3 t/3 ^ r" •-< a, H CO 130 THE FIELDS VII. NOETH AMERICA 1. Mexico The Republic of Mexico lies directly south of the United States. The country is about as large as the states of Texas, California, New Mexico, Ari- zona and Colorado combined. The exact area is 767,005 square miles. The northern part of Mexico, comprising about one-half of the whole, lies north of the Tropic of Cancer ; the southern part is within the tropics. The population of 15,063,200 is a little greater than the combined populations of Pennsylvania, Ohio and Iowa. Twenty persons is the average to the square mile. Of the population about nineteen per cent, are whites and thirty-eight per cent, are Indians. The remaining forty-three per cent, are mixed bloods. The whites are largely of Spanish descent. Mexico has been in a state of political unrest for many decades. The abuses of the government and the unjust system of land tenure have been con- tinual causes of rebellion and revolution. Besides the iniquities of the government the people have tolerated the tyranny, immorality and greed of Roman Catholicism these many years. It is said that in 1859 one-third of the real and personal property of the country was owned by this church. As in South America and all countries dominated by the Catholic Church, the state of morals is low. NOETH AMEEICA 131 The articles in this book on Eoman Catholicism, Part I, and South America, Part II, fairly depict the moral state of aU countries afflicted with Eome's priesthood, unmitigated by the presence of some strong moral force. The Eoman Catholic Church claims about 13,500,000 adherents. In this number, however, are included many aborigines who, while they outwardly profess the Catholic faith, secretly retain the gods of their ancestors. The Protestants number somewhat more than 50,000. The government was intolerant of any but the Catholic religion until 1857. However, before that date, the Bible found its way into the country. Many copies were discovered by the authorities and committed to the flames, but many copies more of the new and strange book found their way to the homes of appreciative people. Nineteen missionary societies — eighteen Ameri- can and Canadian, and one British — have a total of 294 ' missionaries in this field. This is about one missionary to each 50,000 people. The gross dark- ness of the inhabitants, the omnipresent priesthood and the exceeding smaU number of faithful Chris- tians form part of Mexico's eloquent claim to the attention of the Christian world. 2. Central America Central America " consists of that portion of the American continent which lies between Mexico and 1 " World Atlas of Christian Missions," p. 99. Student Volunteer Movement. 132 THE FIELDS Colombia, comprising the British crown colony of British Honduras and the six independent repub- lics, Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Eica and Panama." The countries taken together form a territory about as large as the states of Colorado and Nebraska combined. The exact size is 181,500 square miles. All the countries lie entirely within the tropics. The climate is subject to marked changes of heat and cold, and in some places unhealthful conditions prevail. The people number about 4,741,301. Thus the population is a little less than that of the state of Ohio. About one-third of the people are Indians. A large per cent, of the remainder are of mixed Indian and Spanish blood. The percentage of illiteracy is high. Savagery exists in some sections. It has been estimated that 450,000 of the people are sunk in heathen darkness. Except these heathen, the people are dominated by Eoman Catholic in- fluence. Sixteen missionary societies — eight American, four British, two international and two Jamaican — have a total of 131 * Protestant foreign missionaries in Central America. There is thus one missionary for each 36,000 of the population. Unequal dis- tribution of the working force is found here as everywhere. Some of the countries have but three or four towns with mission stations within their borders. 1 " World Atlas of Christian Missions," p. 98. Student Volunteer Movement. NOETH AMEEICA 133 3. West Indies The West Indies comprise those groups of islands lying south and southeast of Florida known as Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Porto Eico, with their adjacent islands, make up the Greater Antilles. The long group of smaller islands, extending from that portion of the ocean lying directly east of Porto Eico south to the northern coast of South America is known as Lesser Antilles. The combined area of the islands is about 100,000 square miles. Cuba and Haiti possess free governments, Jamaica belongs to the British, and Porto Eico to the United States. The other islands are held largely by the British, French, Spanish, Danish, and Dutch. About forty of the islands are inhabited. The 7,775,000 people of the Antilles are largely Europeans, Americans, Negroes, Hindus, and Chinese. The ancestors of the three last named were either brought to the West Indies as slaves, or tempted there by luring promises. The aborig- ines, Africans and Asiatics have all suffered terri- bly under the selfish greed and fiendish cruelty of the Europeans. About two-thirds of the people to-day are of African blood, although in Cuba and Porto Eico the whites are in the majority. Spanish is the prevailing language. French, English and other dialects are spokeTi in some sections. Catholicism is the prevailing religion. Among the lower classes heathenism is mixed with the 134 THE FIELDS Catholic faith. Adherents of various Protestant churches are scattered throughout the islands. Cuba is occupied by sixteen ^ missionary societies, all of which are American. There are 142 ^ foreign missionaries on the island. Eighteen^ American, British, International and Jamaican societies have a total of 257 ^ missionaries on Jamaica. The island of Haiti, made up of the republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo, is occupied by seven American, one British and one Jamaican societies, with a total of seventeen® missionaries. In Porto Kico 167^ foreign missionaries are under the direction of fif- teen American societies. In the Lesser Antilles 186 ^ missionaries are under the direction of fourteen American, British, Continental, International and West Indian Societies. 4. Eskimos The name Eskimo means "Kaw Fish Eater." " The regions inhabited by the Eskimo extend from the Behring Strait over the northern coast of America and its group of Arctic islands to the east coast of Greenland." Over this vast, barren territory wander from twenty to forty thousand people living after the manner of their fathers, and untouched to any practical extent by our civilization. In summer the Eskimo usually Uves " in a conical tent of skins ; and in winter in half-underground huts of stone, *♦• World Atlas of Christian Missions," 191 1, pp. 99-icx), ^Jbid. ^Ibid. ^ Ibid. ''Ibid, ^Jbid. "* Ibid. NORTH AMERICA 136 turf, earth, wood and bones — connected with the outside world by a passage — tunnel-like — which must be traversed on all fours. If the residence is only temporary, it is sometimes made of blocks of ice or snow with a clear piece of ice for a window. Light and heat for the dwelling, which is usually very filthy, is obtained by the use of the blubber lamp." The Eskimo dresses entirely in skins, especially of the seal, reindeer, bear and whale. He eats the flesh of fish and animals, often uncooked. No vegetable food is used except a few berries and roots. The native religion consists in a belief in good and evil spirits, limited each to its own sphere, and in a heaven and hell. A childish faith is placed in the native wizard. About 10,000 of the Eskimos found especially in Greenland and Labrador are nominally, at least. Christian. Missionary operations are carried on among the Eskimos by several denominations. The fact that the Eskimo peoples are so largely nomadic and so widely scattered makes missionary work among them diflicult and expensive. PART III Missionary Gems PART III Missionary Gems I. THE VOICE OP SCEIPTUEE 1. The Ground of Missionary Work : God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish, but have everlasting life. — John Hi. 16. Good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. — Luke ii. 10. Go ye into all the world, and preach the Gospel to every creature. — Mark xvi. 15. 2. The Need of Missionary Work : The Lord looked down from heaven upon the children of men, to see if there were any that did understand, and seek God. They are all gone aside, they are all together become filthy. There is none that doeth good, no not one. — Psalm xiA). ^, 3. Without Christ . . . having no hope, and without God in the world. — Eph, ii. 12. Whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved. How then shall they call on Him in whom they have not believed ? and how shall they believe in Him of whom they 139 140 MISSIONAEY GEMS have not heard ? and how shall they hear without a preacher ? and how shall they preach except they be sent ? — Rom. x, 13-15. Come over and help us. — Acts xvi. 9. 3. The Pv/rjposG of Missionary Work : To seek and to save that which was lost. — Luke xix. 10. To open their eyes, and to turn them from dark- ness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them that are sanctified. — Acts xxvi. 18. 4'. The Sin of standing aloof from Missionxtry Work : We do not well : this day is a day of good tidings, and we hold our peace. — ^ Kings vii. 9. Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the Lord; curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof ; be- cause they came not to the help of the Lord, to the help of the Lord against the mighty. — Judges v. 23, I was afraid, and hid Thy talent in the earth. Thou wicked and slothful servant. — Matt. XXV. 25, 26. 5. The Motive of Missionary Work : How much owest thou unto my Lord ? — Luke xvi. 5. The love of Christ constraineth us. — 2 Cor. v. H. For ye know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though He was rich, yet for your sakes THE VOICE OF SCEIPTUEE 141 He became poor, that ye through His poverty might be rich. — 2 Cor. viii. 9. What shall I render unto the Lord for all His benefits towards me ? — Psalm cxvi. 12. 6. Ways of helping Missionary Work : 1 heard the voice of the Lord, saying. Whom shall I send, and who will go for us ? Then said I, Here am I : send me. — Isa. vi. 8. Ye also helping together by prayer for us. — 2 Cor. i. 2. Pray ye the Lord of the harvest, that He will send forth labourers into His harvest. — Matt. ix. 38. Upon the first day of the week let every one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him. — 1 Cor. xvi. 2. 7. The spirit in vjhich help should he given to Missionary Work: Lord, what wilt thou have me to do ? — Acts ix. 6, Whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men. — Col. Hi. 23. Kot grudgingly, or of necessity, for God loveth a cheerful giver. — 2 Cor. ix. 7. The people rejoiced for that they offered will- ingly. — 1 Chron. xxix. 9. She hath done what she coVi\6..—MarTc xiv. 8. 8. The reioard of a share in Missionary Worh : The liberal soul shall be made fat : and he that watereth shall be watered also himself. — Prov. xi. 25. 142 MISSIONARY GEMS The blessing of him that was ready to perish came on me. — Job xxix. 13. "Well done, good and faithful servant ; thou hast been faithful over a few things ; I will make thee ruler over many things : enter thou into the joy of thy Lord. — Matt. xxv. 23. 9. The end of Missionary Work : This Gospel of the Kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations ; and then shaU the end come. — Matt. xxiv. H. And the idols he shall utterly abolish. — Isa. ii. 18. For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea. — Hah. ii. H. The kingdoms of the world shall become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever. — Bev. ix. IS. — " The Fvangelizatio7i of the World;' p. 66, II. THE LORD^S COMMANDS But are Foreign Missions the Church's great primary work ? Let us look at the ground upon which we under- take them at all. Let us go back to the great cen- tral event in the history of the world and the Church, the Eesurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ. His mighty work of atonement is finished. Sin is put away ; Satan " brought to nought " (Heb. ii. 14, R. V.) : Death conquered. What is next to be THE LOED'S COMMANDS 143 done? He appears to His disciples. What com- mand does He give them ? St. Matthew's Gospel only tells us of one : " All power is given unto Me in heaven and in earth : go ye therefore and teach (make disci- ples of) all nations " ( xxviii. 18-20). St. Mark's Gospel only tells us of oTie : " Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature " — with the results that shall follow obedience (xvi. 15-18). St. Luke's Gospel only tells us of 07ie : " That repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name among all nations " — with the direction that they were to tarry in Jerusalem until the "power from on high" to enable them to do it came upon them (xxiv. 47). St. John's Gospel has more : It records personal words to Mary Magdalene, to Thomas, to Peter j and no doubt some of these words have their application to us all : but still, to the disciples generally, only one command is actually given. " As My Father hath sent Me, even so send I you " — which is illustrated in the next chapter by the miracle wrought when they responded to the order to " cast the net on the right side of the ship " (xx. 21). The first chapter of the Acts also records the Lord's last words before His Ascension : what are they? " Ye shall be witnesses unto Me . . . unto 144 MISSIONARY GEMS the uttermost part of the earth." Not that what we should call Home work was excluded. The apostles themselves were to " begin at Jerusalem." But only to begin (ver. 8). — Eugene Stock. III. AUTHORITY FOB MISSIONS During the recent war, a regiment received or- ders to plant some heavy guns on the top of a steep hill. The soldiers dragged them to the base of the hill, but were unable to get them farther. An officer, learning the state of affairs, cried, " Men ! it must he done ! I have the orders in my pocket." So the church has orders to disciple the world. — Elon Foster, D. B. The Duke of Wellington once met a young clergyman, who, being aware of his Grace's former residence in the East, and with his familiarity with the ignorance and obstinacy of the Hindoos in sup- port of their false religion, proposed the following question : " Does not your Grace think it almost useless and extravagant to preach the Gospel to the Hindoos ? " The duke immediately rejoined^ " Look, sir, to your marching orders : ' Preach the Gospel to every creature.' " — Elon Foster, D. D. IV. PRAYER AND MISSIONS " But, above all else, our immediate and impera- tive need is a new spirit of earnest and prevailing CONSECEATION AND MISSIONS 145 prayer. The first Pentecost covered ten days of united, continued supplication. Every subsequent advance may be divinely traced to believing prayer, and upon this must depend a new Pentecost. We therefore earnestly appeal to all disciples to join us in importunate and daily supplication for a new and mighty effusion of the Holy Spirit upon all ministers, missionaries, evangelists, pastors, teachers and Christian workers, and upon the whole earth, that God would impart to all Christ's witnesses the tongues of fire, and melt hard hearts before the burning message. It is not by might nor by power, but by the Spirit of the Lord that all true success must be secured : let us call upon God till He an- swereth by fire ! What we are to do for the salva- tion of the lost must be done quickly, for the gen- eration is passing away and we with it. Obedient to our marching orders, let us go to all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature, while from our very hearts we pray, *Thy Kingdom Come.' " — Extract from letter of convention held at Northfield^ Mass., Aug. lip, 1885. Addressed to all believers. V. CONSEOEATION AND MISSIONS I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacri- fice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. — Eom. xii. 1. *' It is overwhelming to think of the vastness of 146 MISSIONAEY GEMS the harvest field when compared with the indo- lence, indifference and unwillingness on the part of most so-called Christians to become, even in a moderate degree, labourers in the same. I take the rebuke to myself. . . . When we come to die, it will be awful for us, if we have to look back on a life spent purely on self ; but, believe me, if we are to spend our lives otherwise, we must make up our minds to be thought ' odd ' and ^ ec- centric ' and ' unsocial,' and to be sneered at and avoided. . . . The usual centre is self^ the proper centre is God. If, therefore, one lives for God, one is * out of centre ' or ^ eccentric ' with re- gard to the people who do not." — Ion Keith Fal- coner. VI. SACEIFICE AND MISSIOIlTS Hearts wholly given to Jesus would lead us to long that His wishes should be gratified. His de- sires fulfilled. What are those wishes and desires ? Let His life, His death reply. That all should re- turn, repent, and live ; that the lost should be found, and the dead quickened. If, knowing that a thou- sand millions of our f ellow-creatm^es are still lost in heathenism, we make no effort for their enlighten- ment, how do we show our devoted attachment to Jesus Christ our Lord f We devoted to Him ! What, even of ours, is devoted to Him ? Is even a tithe of our time, a tithe of our substance devoted to Him ? Have we surrendered to Him for this service MONEY AND MISSIONS 147 even one child of our family, or one year of our lives ? N"o ; but we give an annual subscription to some missionary society. Ah, friends, gifts that cost us no personal self-denial are no j^'f'oofs of devotedness ! Christ's devotedness to our interests involved Him in suffering, loss, and shame, because of the state in which we were; though hereafter devotedness to us will involve to Him only joy, '' the joy set be- fore Him." . . . Devotedness, consecration to Jesus, in a world tenanted by a thousand millions of heathen, means stern lahour and toil, means con- stant self denial am,d self sacrifice, means unwearied well-doing even unto death. Judged by this test, how many faithful, loving, and devoted followers has Jesus Christ f Are we of tlieir nuniber f — Mrs. Grattan Guvnness. VII. MONEY AND MISSIONS A true zeal for missions will lead any one to do something, or do without something, for Jesus' sake. It seems to me that the only money worthy to be given to missions is that which has been sacredly laid aside for that purpose, and laid aside at some cost. — Mrs. Joseph Coolc. Dion Boucicault said : " More than $200,000,000 are paid every year by the American people for their theatrical entertainments." All the churches in the world are spending less money for foreign missions annually than the theatres of the single 148 MISSIONAEY GEMS city of New York receive every year from their patrons. — Lilly Ryder Gracey. In the words of Lilly Ryder Gracey : " Nine- tenths of the contributions to foreign missions are given by one-tenth of the church-membership, while only one-half of the membership give anything." In the year 1912 the Protestant churches of the United States gave $14,942,523 to foreign mis- sions, or about seventy cents per member. Rev. John "Williams proposed to his Raitean con- verts that each family should set apart a pig to be sold for the missionary cause. They gladly accepted the proposal, and the next morning the squealing of pigs was heard as they received the mark in the ear which indicated their designation to this service. The result was a money con- tribution of £103. An Englishman sent half a pint of beans to a missionary meeting with the request that some one would plant them for three years and give the result to missions. Two farmers took them with this result : first year eleven pints, second year nine bushels, third year two hundred and seventy-six bushels, which netted £81, 14s., 9d. Missionary hens are another device — the setting apart of a hen or more, whose entire products shall be devoted to missions. Bullocks, cows, sheep, ducks, bees, fish-pots, cocoanut, cherry and other fruit trees have been set apart for the same purpose. -^Elon Foster, D. D. ARGUMENTS FOR MISSIONS 149 VIII. ARGUMENTS FOR MISSIONS So the woman was thrown into a huge cauldron of boiling water and boiled down to soup, and a basin of this soup was given to the man, who was forced to drink it, and after drinking it he was hanged. In this case the Amir's object was to pun- ish, not only in this life, but in the next ; for a can- nibal cannot enjoy the delights of Paradise de- picted in the Koran. — Frank A. Martin, " Under the Absolute Amir,'' 1907, p, 163. Masses indeed, and yet, singular to say, if you follow them . . . into their garrets and hutches, the masses consist of all units. Every unit of whom has his own heart and sorrows, stands covered with his own skin, and if you prick him he will bleed. Dreary, languid do these struggle in their obscure remoteness, their hearth cheerless, their diet thin. For them in this world rises no Era of Hope. Untaught, uncomforted, unfed.—- Thomas Carlyle, ''French Revolution.'' A New England whale-ship foundered in a gale in the Pacific Ocean a few years ago. The crew took to the boats, and after several days came in sight of an island. One of the boats ran through the surf : its crew landed only to be beaten down by the war-clubs of the cannibals. Seeing their fate the other boat pushed off ; and, after much suffer- 150 MISSIONARY GEMS ing, its crew was rescued. Years passed away, and another ship was wrecked in the same sea and near the same island. Her captain was one of the crew of the former ship. Exhausted and reduced by long exposure, he and his companions were forced to land. He recognized the fatal coast. Filled with fear they tried to conceal themselves. Seek- ing for a cave the foremost of them reached the top of a hill. He saw a village and a church in the vale beyond, and cried, " Safe ! safe ! safe ! " As the rescued sailors gazed upon the evidences of Christianity, they leaped, embraced and wept : and, descending, found, instead of cruel death, generous hospitality. — Elon Foster, D. D. Things Missionaries Heme Done : Missionaries have translated the Bible into about seven-tenths of the world's speech. They have collected and expended over $30,000,- 000 yearly in the work of heathen evangelization. They have demonstrated the truth that the success- ful church, spiritually and materially, is the church that is most actively engaged in missionary enter- prise.^ Missionaries have done more than any other one class to bring peace among savage tribes. All the museums of the world have been enriched by the examples of the plants, animals and products of distant countries collected by the missionaries. It was missionaries who discovered the Moabite 1 The italics are not in the Almanac. AEGUMENTS FOE MISSIONS 151 stone, thus unlocking the records of a forgotten empire ; also the Nestorian Tablet, by which a new chapter in early Christian history was recovered. — " Christian Herald Ahaanac^'' p. JiO. I Why I believe iri Foreign Missioiis : 1. Because the Lord said, "Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature." 2. Because the non-Christian and non-Protes- tant religions are unable to lift the heathen from the individual and social corruption and misery into which they have fallen. 3. Because the non-Christian and non-Protestant religions furnish only vague or false hopes for the life to come. 4. Because God, in the Old Testament, teaches that I am my brother's keeper and Christ, in the ^ew Testament, teaches that any human being in need is my neighbour. 5. Because, in proportion to the money and lives invested, foreign missions return greater in- tellectual, social and religious results than any other investment of Christendom. 6. Becaxise the church that is self-centred dies of dry rot while the church that carries out the great commission prospers in spite of tJie worlds the fiesh and the devil. 162 MISSIONAEY GEMS IX. MISCELLANEOUS " The blood of the people ! changeless tide through century, creed and race, Still one, as the sweet salt sea is one, though tem- pered by sun and place, The same in the ocean currents and the same in the sheltered seas : Forever the fountain of common hopes and kindly sympathies. Indian and Negro, Saxon and Celt, Teuton and Latin and Gaul. Mere surface shadow and sunshine, while the sound- ing unifies all ! One love, one hope, one duty theirs ! no matter the time or kin, There never was a separate heart-beat in all the races of men. " — Anonymous. The night lies dark upon the earth and we have light : So many have to grope their way, and we have sight ; One path is theirs and ours — of sin and care. But we are borne along, and they their l3urden bear. Footsore, heart-weary, faint they on the way. Mute in their sorrow, while we kneel and pray ; Glad are they of a stone on which to rest. While we lie pillowed on the Father's breast. "Father, why is it that these millions roam. And guess that that is Home, and urge their way, Is it enough to keep the door ajar. In hope that some may see the gleam afar, MISCELLANEOUS 153 And guess that that is Home, and urge their way To reach it, haply, somehow and some day ? May not I go and lend them of my light ? May not mine eyes be unto them for sight? May not the brother love Thy love portray ? And news of Home make Home less far away ? " — Bev. R, Wright Hay, " The strings of camels come in single file, Bearing their burdens o'er the desert sand ; Swiftly the boats go plying on the Nile, The needs of men are met on every hand. But still I wait For the messenger of God who cometh late. " I see the cloud of dust rise in the plain, The measured tread of troops falls on the ear ; The soldier comes the Empire to maintain. Bringing the pomp of war, the reign of fear. But still I wait ; The messenger of peace, he cometh late. ** They set me looking o'er the desert drear, Where broodeth darkness as the deepest night. From many a mosque there comes the call to prayer : I hear no voice that calls on Christ for light. But still I wait For the messenger of Christ who cometh late. " — Anonymous in ^'■Egyptian Mission News^^^ January- February^ 1910. " O grant us love like Thine, That hears the cry of sorrow From heathendom ascending to the throne of God That spurns the call of ease and home While Christ's lost sheep in darkness roam ! 154 MISSIONAEY GEMS <' O grant us hearts like Thine, Wide, tender, faithful, childlike, That seek no more, but live to do Thy will ! The hearts that seek Thy Kingdom first, Nor linger while the peoples thirst. ^' O grant us minds like Thine, That compassed all the nations, That swept o^er land and sea and loved the least of all ; Great things attempting for the Lord, Expecting mighty things from God. " — Anonyinous. ** Set on fire our heart's devotion With the love of Thy dear Name ; Till o'er every land and ocean. Lips and lives Thy Cross proclaim. Fix our eyes on Thy returning. Keeping watch till Thou shalt come, Loins well girt, lamps brightly burning ; Then, Lord, take Thy servants home." — Anonymous. PART IV The Societies {American and Canadian) PART IV The Societies^ {American and Canadian) ADVENT CHRISTIAN. Society : American Advent Missionary Society. Headquarters: i6o Warren St., Boston, Mass. Secretary: Z. C. Beats. Income: ^36,cxx).oo. Total foreign missionaries : 13. Organ : Prophetic and Mission Record, Fields : China,* Japan,* Africa.* Auxiliary Society : Woman's Home and Foreign Mission- ary Society of the Advent Christian Church. Secretary : Mrs. Maud M. Chadsey, 5 Whitney St., Boston, Mass. Income: 313,196.68. Total foreign missionaries : 6. Organ : All Nations Monthly. Field: India.* AFRICA INLAND MISSION. Headquarters : 2244 North 29th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Secretary : W. L. DeGeoff. Total foreign missionaries : 60. Organ : Hearing and Doing. Field: Africa.* 'All statistics and information in Part IV were obtained direct from the secretaries in 19 13 unless othervv^ise noted. An exhaustive list of all American and Canadian Societies, as well as all other societies of the world, may be found in " World Atlas of Christian Missions" (1911). Part IV takes no account of "Home Missions." See Preface. * See Ubles in Part II. 157 168 THE SOCIETIES AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY. Headquarters : Bible House, New York City. President : James Wood. Secretaries : Rev. John Fox, D. D., LL. D., Rev. Wm. 1. Haven, D. D. Income: ;^69i,347.25. Note : — The American Bible Society is an inter-denominational organization formed in i8l6 for the distribution of the Holy Scrip- tures. While not exactly a missionary society, it maintains its agents in nearly all mission fields. The standing of these agents is much the same as that of the missionaries appointed by the Boards. The total issues of the Society for last year amounted to 3,691,201, of which 603,397 were complete Bibles. These were distributed in all lands. AMERICAN FRIENDS. Society : American Friends Board of Missions. Headquarters : Richmond, Ind. Secretary : Chas. E. Tebbitts. Income: ;^48,403.05. Total foreign missionaries : lOO. Fields : China,* India,* Japan,* Africa.* Also missionaries and native helpers are maintained as follows : Missionaries Native Helpers Palestine 5 18 Mexico ..... 13 33 West Indies .... 28 liS Central America ... 9 9 Alaska 8 5 ASSOCIATED REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN. Society: Board of Foreign Missions of Associated Reformed Presbyterian. Headquarters : Due West, S. C. Secretary : Rev. G. G. Parkenson, D. D. Fields : India and Mexico. BAPTIST, AMERICAN. Society : American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society. Office Address: Boston, Mass. P. O. Box 41. * See tables in Part II. THE SOCIETIES 159 Secretaries : General Secretary, Rev. E. W. Hunt, D. D. ; Home Secretary, Rev. Fred P. Haggard, D. D. ; Foreign Secretary, Rev. J, H. Franklin, D. D. Income: ^1,195,523,68, including donations from Woman's Societies. Total foreign missionaries : 697. Organ : Missions. Fields : China,* India,* Japan,* Africa.* Also Philippine Islands, where thirty missionaries and one hun- dred and seventeen native workers are maintained. Auxiliary Societies : Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society. Secretaries: Home Secretary, Miss Harriet S. Ellis; For- eign Secretary, Mrs. H. G. SafFord. Office Address : Ford Building, Boston, Mass. Income: 3127,895.22. Organ : The Helping Hand. Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of the West. Secretaries : Home Secretary, Miss E. Jean Batty ; Foreign Secretary, Miss Mary Ewart Adkins. Office Address : 450 East 30th St., Chicago, 111. Income: ^158,835.87. Organ : The Helping Hand. BAPTIST {Canada). Society: Canadian Baptist Foreign Missionary Board. Headquarters : 627 Confederation Life Building, Toronto, On- tario. Secretary : J. G. Brown. Total foreign missionaries : 98. Income: ^121,000.00. Fields: India,* South America.* BRETHREN. Society : The Brethren Foreign Missionary Society. Headquarters : Long Beach, Cal. Secretary : Louis S. Bauman. * See tables in Part II. 160 THE SOCIETIES \ Income : About jP4,ooo.oo. i Total foreign missionaries : 4. ! Field : South America.* ' CENTRAL AMERICAN MISSION. ] Headquarters: 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. ) Secretary : Rev. C. I. Scofield. ;; Income : " Over ^i,cxx).oo a month," but varying. ■; Total foreign missionaries : 27. I Organ : Central American Bulletin. \ Fields : Work is carried on in five republics. There are forty- \ five native workers. j Note : — The work is inter-denominational. j CHRISTIAN CHURCH. ; Society : Missionary Board of the Christian Church. • Headquarters : Dayton, Ohio. Secretary : M. T. Morrill. Income: $15,007.06. Total foreign missionaries : 14. Organ : Christian Missionary. j Fields : Japan ; * also Porto Rico where five foreign mission- j aries and four native workers are maintained. I Auxiliary Society : Woman's Board of Foreign Missions. Secretary: Miss Lulu Helfenstein, C. P. A. Building, Dayton, Ohio. Income : Included in above. Organ : Christian Missionary, as above. CONGREGATIONAL. Society : American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions. Headquarters : 14 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. Secretary : Rev. Jas. L. Barton, D. D. Income : $1,062,442.98, including the incomes of the three auxiliary societies. Total foreign missionaries : 617. * See tables in Part II. THE SOCIETIES 161 Organ : The Missionary Herald. Fields : China,* India,* Japan,* Africa.* Also missionaries and native helpers are maintained as follows : Missionaries Native Helpers Europe 307 1,249 Micronesia . . . Philippine Islands Mexico .... II lOI 4 i '5 24 Auxiliary Societies Woman's Board of Missions, 14 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. I Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior, 19 South ,, LaSalle St., Chicago, 111. \ Woman's Board of Missions of the Pacific, 27 Mesa Ave., i Piedmont, Cal. \ Income of the three auxiliary societies: 1^295,038.82. CHRISTIAN AND MISSIONARY ALLIANCE. j Headquarters : 960 Eighth Ave., New York City. i Secretary (acting) : Rev. Robt. H. Glover. 1 Income : ^251,840.53. i Total foreign missionaries : 263. j Organ : The Alliance Weekly. ■ Fields : China,* India,* Africa,* South America.* \ Also missionaries and native helpers are maintained as follows : | Missionaries Native Helpers ; Japan 5 9 \ Palestine 14 14 i! Philippines 4 4 ' West Indies 7 24 i CHURCH OF GOD. \ Society : Board of Missions of the Churches of God. i Headquarters : Mount Pleasant, Pa. j Secretary : J. L. Updegraph. \ Income: ^5,001.75. Total foreign missionaries : 6. Organ : Church Advocate. I Field : India.* ♦ See tables in Part II. < 1 162 THE SOCIETIES \ Auxiliary Society : Woman's General Missionary Society. ; Secretary : Mrs. Clara Ritchie, Warrensburg, 111. j Income : Included in above. : DISCIPLES OF CHRIST. I Society : Foreign Christian Missionary Society. Headquarters : 222 West Fourth St., Cincinnati, O. | Secretaries : F. M. Raines and S. J. Corey. j Income: 1400,728.00. i Total foreign missionaries : 171. j Organ : TA^ Missionary Intelligencer. \ Fields : China,* India,* Japan,* Africa.* Also missionaries are maintained as follows : ] West Indies 2 England 13 j Philippine Islands 13 ! Scandinavia 11 ^ Associated Society : Christian Woman's Board of Missions. \ Secretary: Mrs. Anna R. Atwater, College of Missions : Building, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Income : I326, 475-77- i Organ : The Missionary Tidings. ! Total foreign missionaries : 81. \ Fields : India,* Africa,* South America.* '* Also missionaries and native helpers are maintained as follows : Missionaries Native Helpers Westlndies i8 20 | Mexico 11 35 EPISCOPALIAN. \ Society : Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Epis- j copalian Church. Headquarters : 281 Fourth Ave., New York City. j Secretaries : John W. Wood, R. H. L. Burleson. Income : 11,483,260.00. Total foreign missionaries : 458. j Organ: The Spirit 0/ Missions. \ Fields { China,* Japan,* Africa,* South America.* j * See tobies in Part n. THE SOCIETIES 163 Also missionaries and native helpers are maintained as follows : Missionaries Native Helpers Mexico 38 52 Canal Zone 6 9 West Indies .... 59 68 Philippine Islands . . 27 13 Honolulu 47 14 Alaska 44 17 Auxiliary Society : Woman's Auxiliary. Secretary : Mrs. Julia C. Emory, 281 Fourth Ave., New York City. Income : Included in above. Organ : The Spirit of Missions. EVANGELICAL. Society : Missionary Society of the Evangelical Church. Headquarters : 1903 Woodland Ave., Cleveland, O. Secretary : Rev. George Johnson. Income : I47, 372.01. Total foreign missionaries : 27. Organs : Evangelicher Missonsbote, and Missionary Messenger. Fields : China,* Japan.''* Auxiliary Society : Woman's Missionary Society. Secretary : Miss Ethel Sprang, Naperville, 111. Organ : Missionary Messenger. EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN. Society : General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Headquarters: 31 West Saratoga St., Baltimore, Md, '\ Secretary : Rev, L. B. Wolf, D. D. | Income : For two years ending May 15, 1913 — $217,773.76. ; Total foreign missionaries : 42. i Organ : Lutheran Church Work. j Fields : India,* Africa.* \ EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN. ] Synod: Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and jj Other States. 1 Headquarters: 115 South 6th St., St. Charles, Mo. ^ * See tables in Part II. ; 164 THE SOCIETIES Secretary : Rev. John A. Freidrich. Income : ;?52,ooo.cx?. Total foreign missionaries : 13. Organ : Der Lutheraner. Field: India.* EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN. Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the General Council. Headquarters : 1522 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. Secretary : Rev. Geo. Drach. Income : ^63,000,00. Total foreign missionaries : 24. Organs : The Foreign Missionary^ and Die Missonsbote. Fields : India,* Japan.* Auxiliary Society : Woman's Missionary Society. Secretary : Mrs. C. L. Eckman, 27 E^t 8th St., James- town, N. Y. Organ : The Mission Worker. EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN THE SOUTH. Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South. Headquarters : Salem, Va. Secretary : Robert C. Holland. Income : ^i8,ooo.c». Total foreign missionaries : 5. Organ : Lutheran Church Visitor. Field: Japan.* EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN. Society : Intersynodical Orient Mission. Headquarters : 196 Berlin St., Detroit, Mich. Secretary : Rev. H. Mackensen. Income : ^4,000.00. Total foreign missionaries : 2. Organ : Kurdistan Missionary. Field : Persia, where, beside the missionaries, three native workers are maintained. * See tables in Part II. THE SOCIETIES 166 EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN. Society : The Porto Rico Mission Board of the General Council. Headquarters : 6024 Station St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Secretary : Rev. J. L. Smith, D. D. Income: jP9,ooo.oo. Total foreign missionaries : 5. Field : Porto Rico, where, beside the missionaries, nine native workers are maintained. FREE METHODIST. Society : General Missionary Board of the Free Methodist Church of North America. Headquarters: 1132 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, 111. Secretary : Rev. Benjamin Winget. Income : ^58,641.71 for the year 1912 (including the receipts of the W. F. M. S.). Total foreign missionaries : 62. Organ : The Free Methodist. Fields : China,* India,* Japan,* Africa ; * also the West Indies, where five foreign missionaries and one native worker are maintained. Auxiliary Society : Woman's Foreign Missionary Society. Secretary : Mrs. Charlotte T. Bolles, Oneida, N. Y. Income: $47,043.57 for the year 1912. Organ: Missionary Tidings. FRIENDS ( Orthodox). Society : Foreign Missionary Society of Friends of Philadelphia. Headquarters : 1022 Clinton St., Philadelphia, Pa. Total foreign missionaries : 10. Organ : Our Quarterly. Field : Japan.* Auxiliary Society : Auxiliary Society of the Foreign Mis- sionary Association of the Friends of Philadelphia. Secretary : Miss Helen W. Bell, 158 South North Carolina Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. Note: — There are also ten branches that assist in the general work and contribute their quota. * See tables in Part II. 166 THE SOCIETIES GENERAL BAPTIST. Society: Foreign Missionary Board of the General Baptist Church. Headquarters : Owensville, Ind. Secretary: J. P. Cox. Income: ;gi,500.cx). Total foreign missionaries : 3. Organ : The Messenger. Field : Island of Guam, where three foreign missionaries and two native workers are maintained. Auxiliary Society : Ladies' Auxiliary. Secretary : Miss Asenath Brewster, Standal, Ind. Income : $200.00. GERMAN EVANGELICAL SYNOD OF NORTH AMERICA. Society : Foreign Missionary Board of the German Evangelical Synod of North America. Headquarters: 91 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. Secretary; Rev. E. Schmidt. Income: $45,400.00. Total foreign missionaries : 25. Organs : Friedensbote and Messenger of Peace. Field : India.* LUTHERAN. Society : Lutheran Free Church of the U. S. A. Headquarters : Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minn. Secretary : Prof. J. L. Nydahl. Income: $13,500.00, raised by auxiliary society. Total foreign missionaries : 10. Organ : Folkebladet. Field : Madagascar.* Auxiliary Society : Lutheran Board of Missions. Secretary: Prof, Andress Helland, Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, Minn. * See tables in Part II. THE SOCIETIES 167 ) j Income: 1^13,500.00. j Organ : Cesser en. i LUTHERAN BRETHREN. \ Society : Mission Board of the Church of the Lutheran Brethren. ; Headquarters : 1201 Belmont Ave., Grand Forks, N. D. Secretary : Rev. E. H. Gunhus. 1 Income: jg4,ooo.oo. < Organ: Broderbaandet. i Field: China.* ■ MENNONITE BRETHREN IN CHRIST. Society : No separate society. . i ' Headquarters: ii 2 Laurel St., Bethlehem, Pa. i Secretary : Rev. C. H. Brunner. "\ Income : i56,ooo.oo. 5 Total foreign missionaries : 15. Organ : Gospel Banner. Fields : China,* South America.* '; MENNONITE. Society : General Conference of American Mennonites. Headquarters: Goessell, Kansas. Secretary : P. H. Richert. Income: $10,000.00. Total foreign missionaries : 4. Organ : The Mennonite. Field: India.* MENNONITE. Society : Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities. Headquarters: Frceport, III. Secretary: J. S. Shoemaker. Income: J^20,2I9.33. Total foreign missionaries : 17. Field: India.* * See tables in Part II. 168 THE SOCIETIES METHODIST EPISCOPAL. Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Headquarters : 150 Fifth Ave., New York City. Secretaries : S. Earl Taylor, Dr. Wm. T. Oldham, Dr. F. M. North. Income: ?i,539,403-97- Total foreign missionaries : 790. Organ : World- Widf Missions. Fields : China,* India,* Japan,* Africa,* South America.* Also missionaries and native workers are maintained as follows : Missionaries Native Workers Europe 13 569 Malaysia 40 127 Korea 47 343 Philippine Islands . . 34 801 Associate Society : Woman's Foreign Missionary Society. Secretary : Mrs. Charles W. Barnes, 150 Fifth Ave, New York City. Income: ^^37,224.49. Total foreign missionaries: 309. Organ : Woman's Missionary Friend. Fields : China, India, Japan, Africa, South America, Ma- laysia, Phihppines, Korea, Mexico, Bulgaria, Italy. (The report of the work of the woman's society is included in that of the Methodist Church in the tables of Part II.) METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH ( South). Society : Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Headquarters : 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tcnn. Secretary : Rev. W. W. Pinson, D. D. Income: ;?894,ooo.oo. Total foreign missionaries: 221. Organ: Missionary Voice, Fields : China,* Japan.* * Sec tables in Part II. THE SOCIETIES 169 Also missionaries and native workers are maintained as follows : / Missionaries Native kVorAers Korea 38 9 South America ... 44 42 Mexico 41 Ill Cuba 21 23 Note: — Work to be opened in Africa during 1913. This report includes woman's work, NORWEGIAN LUTHERAN CHURCH OF NORTH AMERICA. Society : Synod for the Norwegian Lutheran Church of North America. Headquarters: Ridgcway, Iowa. Secretary : Rev. D. C. Jordahl. Income : About $6,000.00. Total foreign missionaries : 9. Organ: Kirketidende. Fields : China,* Africa ; * also two missionaries and four native workers are maintained in Alaska. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Society: The Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church. Headquarters : 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. Secretaries: Robert E. Speer, Arthur J. Brown, A. Woodruff Halsey, Stanley White. Income : ^552,010,537.65, including that of the auxihary societies. Total foreign missionaries: 1,083. Organ : Assembly Herald. Fields: China,* India,* Japan,* Africa,* South America.* Also missionaries and native workers are maintained as follows: Missionaries Native Workers Korea 125 386 Persia 66 56 Siam 42 10 Laos 46 99 Syria 35 51 Philippine Islands . . 44 281 Mexico 20 68 Central America . . 7 y * See tables in Part II. 170 THE SOCIETIES Auxiliary Socibties and Boards : Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presb]rtcrian Church, Philadelphia, Pa. Woman's Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest, Chicago, 111. Women's Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City. Women's Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions of the Southwest, St. Lx)uis, Mo. Women's Occidental Board of Foreign Missions, San Fran- cisco, Cal. Woman's North Pacific Presbyterian Board of Missions, Portland, Oregon. Secretary of the Central Committee of these Boards : Mrs. Halsey Wood, 156 Fifth Ave., New York City. Income : 1636,293.00. Organ : Woman^s IVork. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH {Canada). Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church. Headquarters : 439 Confederation Life Chambers, Toronto, Ont., Canada. Secretary : Rev. R. P. MacKay, D. D. Income: $32^ ,2i^.yi. Total foreign missionaries : 205. Organ : The Presbyterian Record. Fields : China,* India,* South America.* Also missionaries and native workers are maintained as follows : Missionaries Native Workers New Hebrides .... 6 Trinidad 17 130 Korea and Formosa . . 36 . ... 138 REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA. Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church in America. Headquarters : 25 East 22d St., New York City. Secretary : Rev. Wm. I. Chamberlain, Ph. D. * See tables in Part II. THE SOCIETIES 171 Income : ;?225,838.47, including amount contributed by woman's society. Total foreign missionaries ; 140. Organ : Alission Field. Fields : China,* India,* Japan ;* also Arabia, where thirty-five foreign missionaries and forty-two native workers are main- tained. Auxiliary Society : Woman's Board of Foreign Missions. Secretary : Miss O. H. Lawrence, 25 East 22d St., New York City. Income: ^5571.697.77. Organ : Mission Gleaner. REFORMED CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES. Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Church. Headquarters : 15th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Secretary : Rev. Allen R. Bartholomew, D. D. Income: #126,288.82. Total foreign missionaries : 60. Organ: The Outlook of Missions. Fields : China,* Japan.* REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF NORTH AMERICA. Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the Reformed Presby- terian Church. Headquarters : 325 West 56th St., New York City. Secretary : Rev. R. M. Sommerville, D. D Income: ^48,528,00. Total foreign missionaries : 32. Organ: Olive Trees. Fields : China ;* also Lavant, where eighteen foreign mission- aries and fifty-three native workers are maintained. SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST. Headquarters : Takoma Park Station, Washington, D. C. Secretary : Rev. H. E. Rogers. * See tables in Part II. 172 THE SOCIETIES Income: 1444,428.23. Total foreign missionaries : 599. Fields : China,* India,* Japan,* South America.* Also missionaries and native workers are maintained as follows ; Missionaries Native IVorktrs Asia outside of China, India and Japan . . 24 92 Australasia 4 Southern Europe ... 77 21 1 Pacific Islands .... 62 36 West Indies and Mexico 72 33 SEVENTH-DAY BAPTIST. Society ; Seventh- Day Baptist Missionary Society. Headquarters : Ashaway, R. I. Secretary : E. B. Sanders. Income: About ^15,000.00. Total foreign missionaries : 14. Organ : 7^Ae Sabbath Recorder. Fields : China ;* also Java, where two missionaries and five native workers are maintained. SOUTHERN BAPTIST. Society : Foreign Mission Board. Headquarters : Richmond, Va. Secretary : R. J. Willingham. Income: 1580,408.17. Total foreign missionaries : 268. Fields : China,* Japan,* Africa,* South America.* Also missionaries and native workers are maintained as follows : Missionaries Native Workers Italy 6 49 Mexico 33 • . ' • • 44 UNITED BRETHREN. Society : United Brethren Foreign Missionary Society. Headquarters : Dayton, Ohio. Secretary : S. S. Hough. ♦ Sec tables in Part II. THE SOCIETIES 173 Income: |l99,S8i.5i. Total foreign missionaries : 60. Fields : China,* Japan,* Africa.* Also missionaries and native workers are maintained as follows : Missionariis Native Workers Porto Rico 9 18 Philippine Islands ... 9 10 UNITED EVANGELICAL. Society : Home and Foreign Missionary Sociefj^'^"«S»e United Evangelical Church. Headquarters : Penbrook, Pa. Secretary : Rev. B. H. Niebal. Income: ^27,831.30, including that of the auxiliary society. Total foreign missionaries : 16. Organ : The Evangelical. Field: China.* Auxiliary Society : Woman's Home and Foreign Mission- ary Society. Secretary : Mrs, Emma Divan, Foreston, 111. Income: $i4,286.cx). Organ: Missionary Tidings. UNITED NORWEGIAN LUTHERAN CHURCH OF NORTH AMERICA. Society : Same as above. Headquarters : 425-429 Fourth Ave., South Minneapolis, Minn. Secretary : Rev. M. Saeterlie. Income : $83,509.00. Total foreign missionaries : 58. Organ: Lutheraneren. Fields : China,* Africa (Madagascar).* Auxiliary Society: Woman's Federation. Secretary: Mrs. Rev O. E. Norem, 25 II East Franklin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. * See tables in Part II. 174 THE SOCIETIES 1 i UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH^ OF NORTH AMER- ; ICA. Society : Board of Foreign Missions of the United Presbyterian \ Church of North America. J Headquarters: 2CX) North 15th St., Philadelphia, Pa. | Secretary : Rev. C. R. Watson, D. D. | Income : ;?364,339.85. ] Total foreign missionaries : 260. \ Fields : India,* Africa.* ? Cooperating Society : Woman's General Missionary Society. i Foreign Secretary : Miss H. C. Campbell, 6410 Beacon ' St., Pittsburgh, Pa. ] Income for foreign work : ;P94, 102.71. J Organ : IVoman^s Missionary Magazine. \ i WELSH CALVINISTIC METHODIST IN THE UNITED \ STATES. I Society ; Same as above. Headquarters : 105 Jefferson Ave., Columbus, O. ■ Secretary ; John R. Johns. j Income : ^6,000.00. >. Organ : The Friend. ! Field: India.* ' 1 WESLEYAN METHODIST CONNECTION OF AMERICA. Society : Missionary Society of the Wesleyan Methodist Con- nection of America. \ Headquarters : Syracuse, N. Y. 1 Secretary : Rev. E. Teter. ; Income : ^12,516.74. Total foreign missionaries : 18. Organ : Wesleyan Methodist. \ Fields : India,* Africa.* \ WOMAN'S UNION MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF AMERICA. \ Headquarters : 67 Bible House, New York City. J Secretary : Mrs. S. D. Doremus. • * See tables in Part II. | i I I THE SOCIETIES 175 Income : ^74,464.60. Total foreign missionaries : 21. Fields : China,* India,* Japan.* YALE FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETY. Headquarters : 5 White Hall, New Haven, Conn. Secretary : W. H. Sallmon. Income : ^21, 000.00. Total foreign missionaries : 8. Field ; China.* Note: — This is an educational mission maintaining Collegiate School and Hospital. * See tables in Part II. 176 THE SOCIETIES t« »fi C4 rH 00 CO O -^COCOOOiUSCOO ^ rjQDOOC »0 iOrl »OC< 4^^ * occT-(T-(e*-^u5QoooT-«0r»^JO^- «0 OS -^ rs C^ T-H O U5 r-i 0« QD CC CO iO o 'SAVJJOQ ^'" ut 9tuoyuj \ 1-] iwofj jvfox ^©.^"^ 00^ r^ Cf 1^ €©■ < o> 'SUOtfVfS-ftlQ t- C3 puv ij« '«l«^Ct 00 CO O O lO^QO rp t- 05 CO <© 40^ T=< t-H eo'^ oT cf eo' TH"cf cT I o" 1 suotfvfs mox T-t r-l «o COr-tOt»»flrHCOTt<00-<*»DaOCO^CO U3iOiOOlCOOC § mtfvjs/- iv}ox -Tr^ oTr-T"© t-^T-rT-T t-Tc*'"**'^'-^ IS u »o o i-« "It rH 00 o Tt^ th 1-1 ® lo eo -^ i < •snxvuotsstj^ u3t9A0J tvfox (xT oT cf s^ "? CA C .2 M to • *H S rt 3> O •c S "i S < o H4 ^ s 1 1 o ♦3 5 1 1 '^ 1 u ^ • c a; c J 1 c S t 1 ■f 1 1 S ^ 1 2 O