'--:—f./' 
 
 Edv/ard Irving 
 
 For 
 Missionaries 
 after the 
 Apostolical School 
 
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 ALUMNI LIBRARY, 
 
 # 
 
 % 
 
 f THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, 
 
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 "Ir'^^l I 
 
 PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
 Cam\ Division, 
 
 I ^10 
 
y FOR 
 
 MISSIONARIES 
 
 AFTER THE 
 
 APOSTOLICAL SCHOOL. 
 
/ 
 
Johit 
 
 FOR 
 
 MISSIONARIES 
 
 AFTEB THE- 
 
 APOSTOLICAL SCHOOL, 
 
 A SERIES OF ORATIONS. 
 
 I. THE DOCTRtNE, I III. THE ARGUMENT, 
 
 II. THE EXPERIMENT, IV. THE DCTy. 
 
 
 IN FOUR PARTS : / ^ ( 
 
 Si* 
 
 BY THE REV. EDWARD IRVING, AM ^ ? ^- 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 PUBLISHED BV 
 
 E. BLISS & E. WHITE, NO. 128 BROADWAY 
 1825. 
 

 Dodd &. Folsoni, Printers, No. 1 Thames Sirctt. 
 
 
PART FIRST. 
 
 THE DOCTRINE, 
 
 IN THREE ORATIONS. 
 
THSOLGGIC:^^/ 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 TO 
 
 SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, Es^. 
 
 MY DEAR AND HONOURED FRIEND, 
 
 Unknown as you are, in the true character either 
 of your mind or of your heart, to tlie greater part 
 of your countrymen, and misrepresented as your 
 works have been, by those who have the ear of the 
 vulgar, it will seem wonderful to many that I 
 should make choice of you, from the circle of my 
 friends, to dedicate to you these beginnings of my 
 thoughts upon the most important subject of these 
 or any times. And when I state the reason to 
 be, that you have been more profitable to my faith 
 in orthodox doctrine, to my spiritual understand- 
 ing of the Word of God, and to my right concep- 
 tion of the Christian Church, than any or all of the 
 men with whom I have entertained friendship and 
 conversation, it will perhaps still more astonish the 
 mind, and stagger the belief, of those who have 
 
vlii DIJJICA IIUN. 
 
 adopted, a- (Jiicc I did myself, the misrepresenta- 
 tions which are purchased for a hire and vended 
 for a price, concerning your character and works. 
 You have only to bhut jour ear to what they igno- 
 Tantly say of you, and earnestly to meditate the 
 deep thougiits with which you are instinct, and 
 give them a suitable body and form that they may 
 live, then silently commit tliem to the good sense 
 of ages yet to come, in order to be ranked here- 
 after amongst the most gifted sages and greatest 
 benefactors df yonr country. Enjoy and occupy 
 the quiet which, after many trials, the providence 
 of God hath bestowed upon you, in the bosom of 
 your friends ; and may you be spared until you 
 have made known the multitude of your thoughts, 
 unto those who at present value, or shall hereafter 
 arise to value, their worth. 
 
 I have partaken so much high intellectual enjoy- 
 ment from being admitted into the close and fami- 
 liar intercourse with which you have honoured 
 me, and your many conversations concerning the 
 revelations of the Christian faith have been so pro- 
 litable to me in every sense, as a student and a 
 preacher of the Gospel, as a spiritual man and ii 
 Christian ])astor. and your high intelhgence sfmI 
 
DEDICATIOA. ^^ 
 
 great learning have at all times so kindly stooped 
 to my ignorance and inexperience, that not mere- 
 ly with the affection of friend to friend, and the 
 honour due from youth to experienced age, but 
 with the gratitude of a disciple to a wise and 
 generous teacher, of an anxious inquirer to the 
 good man who hath helped in the way of truth, I 
 do now presume to offer you the first-fruits of my 
 mind since it received a new impulse towards truth, 
 and a new insight into its depths, from listening to 
 your discourse. Accept them in good part, and 
 be assured that however insignificant in themselves, 
 they are the offering of a heart which loves your 
 heart, and of a mind which looks up with reverence 
 to your mind, 
 
 EDWARD IRVING. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Having been requested by the London Mission- 
 ary Society to preach upon the occasion of their 
 last anniversary, I wiUingly comphed, without 
 much thought of what I was undertaking ; but when 
 I came to reflect upon the sacredness and impor- 
 tance of the cause given into my hands, and the 
 dignity of the audience before which I had to dis- 
 course, it seemed to my conscience that I had un- 
 dertaken a duty full of peril and responsibility, for 
 which I ought to prepare myself with every prepa- 
 ration of the mind and of the spirit. To this end, 
 retiring into the quiet and peaceful country, among 
 a society of men devoted to every good and chari- 
 table work, I searched the Scriptures in secret ; 
 and in their pious companies conversed of the con- 
 victions which were secretly brought to my mind 
 concerning the Missionary work. And thus, not 
 without much prayer to God and self-devotion, I 
 meditated those things which I delivered in public 
 before the reverend and pious men who had 
 honoured me with so great a trust. 
 
 At that time I had no design whatever of giving 
 
Xii PREFACE. 
 
 to my thoughts any wider pubhcity, and was pre- 
 pared to resist any application which might haply 
 be made to me to do so ; but an application pre- 
 sented itself from a quarter which I was not pre- 
 pared to resist, — my own sympathies with a heart- 
 broken widow, the widow of John Smith, the Mis- 
 sionary, wlio had died in prison under a sentence 
 of death, which the good sense and good feeling of 
 England united in pronouncing to be unjust. Inas- 
 much as he suffered unjustly, 1 viewed him as a 
 martyr, though condemned, like his Lord, with a 
 shoiv of law. And being unable in any other way 
 to testify my sense of his injuries, and my feeling of 
 the duty of the Christian Church to support his 
 widow, I resolved that I would do so by devoting 
 to her use this fruit of my mind and spirit. Thus 
 moved, I gave notice that I would publish the dis- 
 course, and give the proceeds of the sale into her 
 hands. 
 
 When again i came to meditate upon this second 
 engagement which I had come under and took into 
 consideration the novelty of the doctrine which I 
 was about to promulgate, I set myself to examine 
 the whole subject anew, and opened my ear to 
 every objection which 1 could hear from any quar- 
 ter, nothing repelled by the uncharitable construc- 
 tions and ridiculous accoutit which was ollen ren- 
 dered of my views. The effect of which was to con- 
 vince mo that the doctrine which I had advanced 
 
PREFACE. xiii 
 
 was true, but of so novel and unpalatable a cha- 
 racter, that if it was to do any good, or even to live, 
 it must be brought before the public with a more 
 minute investigation of the Scriptures, and fuller 
 development of reason, than could be contained 
 within the compass of a single discourse. To give 
 it this more convincing and more living form, was 
 the occupation of my little leisure from pastoral 
 and ministerial duties, rendered still less, during 
 the summer months, by the indifference of my bo- 
 dily health. And it was not until the few weeks 
 of rest and recreation which I enjoyed in the au- 
 tumn, that I was able to perceive the true form and 
 full extent of the argument which is necessary to 
 make good my position. Which things I mention, 
 in order to explain the delay which has taken 
 place in the publication. 
 
 The doctrine, of which I have convinced myself 
 out of the Scriptures, and which I propose by the 
 liTace of God to demonstrate and commend, in a 
 series of Orations, is contained in the tenth chap- 
 ter of Matthew, the sixth chapter of Mark, the 
 ninth and tenth chapters of Luke ; which text I 
 have prefixed to the work under the name of " The 
 Missionary Charter." The twelve apostles and 
 seventy disciples, acting upon this commission, J 
 consider as a school of Missionaries, from Avhich 
 we should take the character of the Missionary, 
 the nature of his qualifications, and the methods 
 
xiv I'KEFACK. 
 
 of his piuceediiig, with the same exactiiesb will* 
 which we take the cliaracter of a pastor and the 
 nature of his duties, the character of a private 
 Christian and the nature of his duties, from the 
 other constitutions of the Lord and his Apostles : 
 and under this conviction, 1 have entitled my 
 work, "For Missionaries after the Apostolical 
 School." Of how many Orations the work will 
 consist, I am not able at present to determine, but 
 the plan of it, as well as the occasion, is fully con- 
 tained in the Introduction, which I have entitled 
 " The Occasion and Method of the Orations." 
 
 This is the age of expediency, both in the Church 
 and out of the Church; and all institutions are 
 modelled upon the principles of expediency, and 
 carried into effect by the rules of prudence. I 
 remember, in this metropolis, to have heard it ut- 
 tered with great applause in a public meeting, 
 where the heads and leaders of tlie religious world 
 were present, " If I were asked what was the first 
 qualification for the Missionary, I would say, Pru- 
 dence ; and what the second } Prudence ; and 
 w hat the third } still I would answer. Prudence." 
 1 trembled while I heard, not with indignation but 
 with horror and apprehension, whut the end would 
 be of a spirit which 1 have since found to be the 
 presiding genius of our activity, the ruler of the 
 ascendant. Now, if I read the eleventh chapter 
 of St. Paul's Epistle <o the Hebrews. I find thai 
 
PREFACE. X> 
 
 trom tlie time oi Abel to the time of Christ, it was 
 hy faith that the cloud of witnesses witnessed their 
 good confession and so mightily prevailed ; which 
 faith is there defined the substance of things hoped 
 for, the evidence of things not seen ; whereas pru- 
 dence or expediency is the substance of things pre- 
 sent, the evidence of things seen. So that faith and 
 prudence are opposite poles in the soul, the one 
 attracting to it all things spiritual and divine, the 
 other all things sensual and earthy. This expe- 
 diency hath banished the soul of patriotic elo- 
 quence from our senate, the spirit of high equity 
 from our legislation, self-denying wisdom from our 
 philosophy, and of our poetry it hath dipt the 
 angel wing and forced it to creep along the earth. 
 And if we look not to it, it will strangle faith and 
 make void the reality of things which are not seen, 
 which are the only things that are real and cannot 
 be removed. Money, money, money, is the uni- 
 versal cry. Mammon hath gotten the victory, and 
 may say triumphantly (nay, he may keep silence 
 and the servants of Christ will say it for him,) 
 *' Without me ye can do nothing." 
 
 This evil bent of prudence to become the 
 death of all ideal and invisible things, whether 
 poetry, sentiment, heroism, disinterestedness, or 
 faith, it is the great prerogative of religious faith 
 to withstand, because religious faith is the only 
 form of the ideal which hath the assurance from 
 
^yi PRE FACE 
 
 heaven ot" a present blessing and an everlasting 
 reward. Poetry is a tender delicate plant, which 
 seeketh solitary culture, and ill endureth the 
 rough handling of utility. And sentiment is a 
 flower which vanisheth into beautiful colours and 
 sweet odours, that moment it is placed by the side 
 of politics and economists and clirestomathics, 
 and such other thistle-like productions of the 
 mind, (if indeed they belong not rather to the 
 sense.) And heroism and patriotism and virtue 
 and other forms of disinterestedness, having no 
 exchangeable value in the market-place, must 
 keep at home in books or be shown ordy in family 
 circles, like the antiquated dresses of our grand- 
 fathers and grandmothers, with whom the things 
 so named were in fashion. But faith is born to 
 brave contempt, to defy power, to bear persecu- 
 tion, and endure the loss of all things. And in 
 doing so, faith will overthrow the idol of expedi- 
 ency, and recover those heavenly and angelic 
 forms of the natural man, — poetry, sentiment, 
 honour, patriotism, and virtue, — which the wor- 
 shippers of the idol have offered at the idol's 
 shrine. 
 
 And truth will not retaliate upon prudence the 
 evil aim which she hath bent against her and all 
 her daughters: but, upon the other hand, will 
 bestow even upon prudence a heavenly form. 
 For faith is the substance of things hoped for. 
 
I'REFACE. XVll 
 
 and therefore is ever looking onward ; it is the 
 evidence of things unseen, and is therefore ever 
 looking bejond the present. Futurity is its 
 dwelling-place. And, therefore, as it grows in 
 the soul, it makes it full of forecast and con- 
 sideration. And forecast and consideration being 
 in the soul, it must be prudent, provident and 
 prudent, with a true wisdom, which, making its 
 calculations for eternity, applies them also to 
 time. Hence it is wTitten, that godliness hath the 
 promise of the life that now is, as well as of the 
 life that is to come. Hence, also, the moment you 
 make a poor man religious, you make him sober 
 and economical and prudent. Hence, also, the 
 most faithful and religious nation upon the earth, 
 is also the most prudent and prosperous on the 
 earth. So that prudence, in the end, will grow 
 upon that same stem whereon grow poetry, senti- 
 ment, honour, patriotism, virtue, and every other 
 form of invisible truth, — upon the stem of that tree 
 whose leaves are for the healing of the nations. 
 
 If you thus make a stand for the dignity of faith 
 alone, and show, out of the Scriptures, what in all 
 ages it hath accomplished for the well-being of 
 man, in the teeth of expediency and power and 
 wealth, by no ministry or help but that of all- 
 prevailing truth ; lo ! even the faithful rise upon 
 you like locusts and cry. But these Scripture-men 
 had miracles, and were the mighty power of God ; 
 
 3 
 
what arf; w c tliat wc should hkeii oursehcsj to 
 them? They have their refuge in the physical 
 power of a miracle, — another form of the doctrine 
 of expediency, which must have a solution of 
 every ditficulty liom the visible. The consistency 
 of the Cliristian doctrine with everlasting truth is 
 nothing : the more than chivalrous, the divine in- 
 tre})idity and disinterestedness of its teachers is 
 nothing ; the response of every conscience to the 
 w ord of the preacher is nothing ; the promise of 
 God's Spirit is nothing: it is all to be resolved by 
 the visible work, the outward show^ of a miracle. 
 This was the only point on w hich the Gospel came 
 into contact w ith the visible ; and expediency 
 having corrupted the mind of this age, to look for 
 the cause and elFect of every thing in the visible, 
 they at once cry out with one voice, The Gospel 
 owed its success in the first ages wholly to this, 
 or to this almost wholly ; but for us we must ac- 
 commodate ourselves to the absence of these 
 supernatural means, and go about the work in a 
 reasonable prudent way, if we would succeed in 
 it ; calculate it as the merchant does an adven- 
 ture ; set it forth as the statesman doth a colony ; 
 raise the ways and means within the year, and 
 expend them w ithin the year ; and so go on as 
 long as we can get our accounts to balance. 
 
 Into this exaggeration of miracles, out of which 
 I foresee the chief objection to the doctrine of 
 
PREFACE. xix 
 
 the Orations now published, I enter not further at 
 present, having tlic whole subject before me in 
 the next head of discourse, to which 1 shall ad- 
 dress myself as soon as leisure is afforded me, and 
 in which I shall do ray endeavour to put the ques- 
 tion of the primitive success of the Gospel upon 
 its proper basis, — the character of the doctrine 
 and the character of the preachers of the doc- 
 trine. The Jews required a sign (that is, mira- 
 cels,) and the Greeks sought after wisdom, but it 
 pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to 
 save them that believe. 
 
 This unfounded reference of every thing pe- 
 culiar to the primitive times, to the influence of 
 miracles, not only draws an impassable gulf be- 
 twixt our sympathies and the actions of Christ 
 and the Apostles, making their example of little 
 or none effect, but it hath brought in the notice 
 that certain offices have altogether ceased in the 
 Church ; and to many cradled in these current 
 ideas, it will seem little short of blasphemy in me 
 to have referred the modern Missionaries to the 
 Apostles as their only patterns. And the same 
 horrorwould arise in pious minds, if I were to say 
 that the preacher here at home is no other office 
 than that of the ancient prophet to the land of 
 Israel. And yet both these positions I have the 
 hardihood to assert, and (^hope to be able to de- 
 monstrate to the Church. Those five offices 
 
XX PREFACE. 
 
 mentioned by the Apostle in the Epistle to the 
 Ephesians, '• apostles, prophets, evangelists, pas- 
 tors, and teachers," are not offices for a time but 
 for all times, denoting the five great divisions of 
 duty necessary for the prosperity of the Church ; 
 " apostles," those sent out to preach the Gospel 
 unto the people who know it not ; " prophets," 
 those who are to prophesy in the midst of the 
 people who know it but obey it not, to call them 
 to repentance, and to read out their doom if they 
 repent not ; " evangelists," those who arc to build 
 up in knowledge and faith, comfort and charity, 
 those who already do believe the Gospel ; " pas- 
 tors," those who are shepherds over a flock, and 
 guide every one in the way, teaching them from 
 house to house, and communing with their souls ; 
 " teachers," or doctors, whose otlice, according to 
 the second book of the Discipline of the Church 
 of Scotland, is " to open up the mind of the Spirit 
 of God in the Scriptures, simply, without such ap- 
 plication as the ministers use, to the end that the 
 iaithful may be instructed, and sound doctrine 
 taught, and that the purity of the Gospel be not 
 corrupted through ignorance or evil opinions." 
 These five offices arise out of the everlasting ne- 
 cessities of the Church. When there are no Hea- 
 then, the apostolic office will decease ; when 
 there are no luke-warm, back-sliding, or rebel- 
 lious hearers and professors of the (ruth, the pro- 
 
PREFACE, Xxi 
 
 phetic office will cease ; and when there are no 
 popular prejudices of ignorance, or heresies of 
 error, or learned oppositions, the office of the 
 doctor will cease ; and then there will be no need 
 save of the evangelist and the pastor. But as this 
 bright period is remote, and the Heathen abound 
 upon the earth, and those who have but a name to 
 live abound in Christendom, and almost every 
 learned man is a professed or disguised disbe- 
 liever and gainsajer, these offices must continue 
 to exist, and officers must arise and bear them, 
 whether they assume the name or not ; otherwise 
 the Church will contract her limits, and grow full 
 of spots and wrinkles and blemishes and corrup- 
 tions. The miraculous endowments of all these 
 offices have ceased, because there is no longer 
 any occasion for them (the external healings, 
 which were like fruit before the harvest, being 
 superseded by the fruits of health and blessed- 
 ness, which the Gospel hath produced, not upon 
 individuals, but upon nations and generations ; 
 the internal powers of understanding and dis- 
 course being superseded by the thing understood 
 and discoursed of, which we have in the writings 
 of the Apostles.) The miraculous gifts, whether 
 external or internal, have brought themselves to 
 an end ; but the use and purpose of these offices 
 as surely remain as the use and purpose of the 
 evangelical minister and tiie faithful pastor re- 
 
Xxil PREFACt. 
 
 main. And it our Churclics were in full posses- 
 sion of the Spirit of Christ, they would order 
 themselves and their operations after these five 
 divisions of the Christian ministr}'. Indeed, they 
 are beginning to do so imperceptibly. Every 
 Church and body of dissenters have already re- 
 constituted the apostolic office in the Missionary ; 
 the office of the preacher or prophet is also begin- 
 ning to separate from the office of pastor in our 
 great cities (pity that it were at the expense of the 
 latter,) and the office of evangelist is well sustain- 
 ed by what are called the evangelical clergy (pity 
 that they did not address themselves also to the 
 pastoral and prophetic offices :) the doctors should 
 be in the universities and schools of learning;, as is 
 well set forth in the fifth chapter of the second 
 book of Discipline; and, for pastors, they are to be 
 found, still in ancient simplicity and faithfulness, 
 in many parishes of the North. Whether it be 
 possible for one man to discharge these four offices 
 of the Church, I know not: but this I know, that 
 any one of them is a sufficient field for the fiicul- 
 ties and energies of the most able and active man. 
 Into these matters of ecclesiastical polity it may 
 be thought out of place to have entered here, but 
 it is important to have communicated in this short 
 and simple way the leading idea of this discourse 
 concerning doctrine, which is intended to bring 
 back the Missionary to the Apostolical office, to 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 XXlll 
 
 restore the Gospel-Messenger tohisdignity of place, 
 to give him back his charter and prerogative, to 
 deliver him into the liberty of his office out of the 
 hands of whomsoever would enthral it, to make 
 him the servant of our common Lord, the depend- 
 ent of our commen Father, the mouth and voice 
 of our common Spirit, subordinate to nothing upon 
 the earth save the authority of the Church which 
 ordaijied him, and the law of the Gospel verity. 
 Though published separately, in order to redeem 
 my pledge to the public and gratify the feeling 
 out of which the pledge was given, it contains a 
 full developement of the Missionary Constitution 
 and a demonstration of its perpetuity, and there- 
 fore is complete in itself, though only a fragment 
 of the whole discourse ; which 1 shall be the bet- 
 ter able to address to the conditions of the present 
 time, when I shall have gathered the judgment of 
 the Churches upon the doctrine, through their 
 several public organs of opinion. 
 
 Now, if the members and managers of Mission- 
 ary Society think that I entertain towards them 
 any feelings but those of brotherhood in the work 
 in which they labour, they deceive themselves 
 and disbelieve my declarations. It is amongst 
 the pleasantest recollections of my early years, 
 that in my youth their cause was the subject of 
 my prayers and the end of my secret savings; 
 that many years before I reached man's estate, 
 
^^1^ MlKFACK. 
 
 [ was chosen the manager o( one oi the coun- 
 try Bible Societies, and one of the country 
 Missionary Societies of Scotland ; that I after- 
 wards filled the office of secretary to the two chief 
 Societies in the most populous city of Scotland ; 
 in all which oirices I had the approbation of the 
 Societies entered on their minutes. And it is now 
 a continual subject of regret to me, that the duties 
 of the ministerial and pastoral office, to which I am 
 ordained, leave me no time for serving their most 
 noble cause, otherwise than by the silent and se- 
 cret meditation of these unworthy thoughts. That 
 I consider their plans imperfect and immature, is, 
 I trust, no more than they do themselves. That I 
 search the Scriptures for light, is, I trust, no more 
 than they do themselves. That I make known to 
 others the knowledge which is revealed unto my 
 mind, is no more than they do in every one of their 
 publications. Therefore, let them take me to 
 be, as indeed I am, a true friend to the work in 
 which they are engaged ; and let them judge me 
 in the spirit of love, not of bitterness or strife. 
 
 My desire and prayer for every Missionary So- 
 ciety which is embodied, for every Mission which 
 is undertaken, for every Missionary who adven- 
 tures from tlie bosom of his home, for the sake of 
 the Gospel of Christ and the salvation of the unbe- 
 lieving nations, is, that they may prosper to the 
 ends of the earth. If I forget them in my prayers. 
 
PREFACi:. xXY 
 
 private and public, may my right hand forget her 
 cunning ; if I fail to contribute my mite to their 
 support, may the Lord's providence cease to pro- 
 vide for me and mine. Nay, but more, I will think 
 for their sake, and meditate my inmost thoughts, 
 for their success. My mind, as well as my soul, 
 belongeth to Christ, my Creator and Redeemer, 
 and unto his cause they are due and are devoted. 
 And in this spirit I do now pray to Him, to save or 
 destroy, to prosper or blast, these first fruits of 
 many thoughts, according as they are fitted to ad- 
 vance or to retard the glory of His great name. 
 
 EDWARD IRVING. 
 
 Caxkmonian Church. 
 
 January J 182r>. 
 
THE 
 
 MISSIONARY CHARTER; 
 
 Messiah's instructions to the first missionaries,being the 
 ground-%vork of the following orations. 
 
 INIATTHEW, CHAP. X. VER. 5—42. 
 
 These twelve Jesus sent forth, and commanded them, saying', C,o 
 not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any city of the Samaritans 
 enter ye not. But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 
 And as ye go, preach, saying, The kingdom of heaven is at hand- 
 Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils : 
 freely ye have received, freely give. Provide neither gold, nor silver, 
 nor brass, in your purses : nor scrip for your journey, neither two 
 coats, neither shoes, nor yet staves; (for the workman is worthyof 
 his meat.) And into whatsoever city or town ye shall enter, inquire 
 who in it is worthy ; and there abide till ye go thence. And when ye 
 come into an house, salute it. And if the house be worthy, let your 
 peace come upon it : but if it be not worthy, let your peace return to 
 you. And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear your words, 
 when ye depart out of that house or city, shake off the dust of your 
 feet. Verily I say unto yon. It shall be more tolerable for the land of 
 Sodom and Gomorrah, in the day of judgment than for that city. Be- 
 hold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves : be ye therefore 
 wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. But beware of men : for 
 they will deliver you up to the councils, and they will scourge you in 
 their synagogues. And ye shall be brought before governors and 
 kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles. 
 But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall 
 speak : for it shall be given you in that same hourwhat ye shall speak. 
 For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which 
 speaketh in you. And the brother shall deliver the brother to death, 
 and the father the child : and the children shall rise up against their 
 parents, and cause them to be put to death. And ye shall be hTited 
 
ut all mtn tor my iiaiuc's sukc : but lie ihat ( mlurctli lo llii; cud Miuii 
 be save J. But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into 
 another: For verily 1 !=ny unto you, Yc shall not have gone over the 
 rities of Israel, till tlic Son of man become. The disciple is not above 
 his master, nor the servant above his lord. It is enough for the disci- 
 ple that he be as his master, and the servant as his lord. If they have 
 called the master of the house Beelzebub, liow much more shall they 
 call them of his household .' Fear them not therefore : for there is no- 
 thing covered, tliat shall not be revealed : and hid, that shall not be 
 known. What 1 tell you in darkness, //ia< speak ye in light; and 
 what yc hear in the ear, that preach ye upon the house-tops. And 
 fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul : 
 but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. 
 Are not two sparrows sold for u farthing ? and one of them shall not 
 fall on the ground without your Father. But the very hairs of your 
 head arc all numbered. Fear ye not, therefore ; yc are of more value 
 than many sparrows. Whosoever, therefore, shall confess me before 
 men, him will I confess also before my Father which is in heaven. 
 Cut whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before 
 my Father which is in heaven. Think not that I am come to send 
 peace on earth: 1 came not to send peace, but a sword. For I am 
 tome to set a man ut variance against his father, and the daughter 
 against the mother, and the daughter-in-law against her mother-iu- 
 law. And a man's foes shall be they of his own household. He that 
 loveth father or mother more than rae, is not worthy of me : and he 
 fliat loveth son or daughter more than me, is not wortliy of me. And 
 he that taketh not his cross and followeth after me, is not worthy of 
 me. lie that findcth his life shall lose it : and he that loseth his life 
 for my sake shall find it. He that receiveth you receiveth me ; and he 
 that receiveth mc receiveth him that sent mc. He that receiveth a 
 prophet, in the name of a prophet, shall receive a prophet's reward; 
 and he that receiveth a righteous man, in the name of a righteous 
 man, shall receive a righteous man's reward. And whosoever shall 
 give to drink unto one of these littlo ones a cup of cold xoatir only in 
 lUe name of a disciple, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wrs.e 
 losf* hi'; reward 
 
MISSIONARIES 
 
 AFTER THE 
 
 APOSTOLICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 THE OCCASION AND METHOD OF THE ORATIONS. 
 
 MEN, BRETHREN, AND FATHERS, 
 
 It. hath never been my lot to be present Thenatmeoi 
 on occasions hke this, so as to gather for that duty 
 myself, and the labours of my ministry SeachS^'be- 
 have hindred me from going about ^o ^^^^^^^f^-^.^^^ 
 learn of others, what is the use and wont, hath to pei- 
 and common expectation connected with """' "~~ 
 the annual discourses, which are preached before 
 the guardians and friends of the Misionary Cause ; 
 so that I stand up, inexperienced and ignorant, to 
 attempt a work from which able ministers have 
 shrunk back abashed, and to which the ablest 
 within the land have approached with fear and 
 trembling. It is, therefore, no less necessary for 
 the re-assurance of my own mind, than it is expe- 
 dient for the edification of this enlightened and 
 spiritual convocation (if, indeed, I may hope with- 
 out presumption to edify such,) that I should medi- 
 tate beforehand the nature of the office which I 
 have landertaken ; what is the measure of my re- 
 
I For .Mls-,U).\AKli:> AFTKK LHK APO.'^TOI-. SCJIOOJ.. 
 
 >i[)onsibility to ("hrist llic luMtd of the Clmrcli ; and 
 t(» tlie vciiorablo Society nhtch Imtli intrusted me 
 with this charge ; and what is the nature of m\ 
 commission to the midtitude now assembled to 
 hear what I shall speak. 
 
 nottoeuio- Thc high and seated dignity whicli 
 
 vices, ^ ^' this Society hath attained in the judg;- 
 ment of the Christian church, and the weighty and 
 well earned reputation which it hath obtained, not 
 in Christendom alone, but over the widest bounds 
 of the habitable earth, relieve its advocate from 
 the dangerous olfice of eulogy and panegyric, 
 which he may safely leave to the " isles and the 
 inhabitants thereof, to the wilderness and the cities 
 thereof, to the villages which Kedar doth inhabit, 
 and to the tenants of the rock." Its labours also, 
 uortonar- and the labours of its scrvants, ou every 
 
 rale the ,. . • i i i • i *' 
 
 procediiigs; lorcign sliorc, its blessed toil among the 
 barbarous people with the fruits thereof. the suffei- 
 ings and deaths ol" its true and trusty messengers, 
 or their return in godly triumph, attended with the 
 spoils of idolatry and crowned with the olive crown 
 of peace, their gifts of tongues, and tlieir interpre- 
 tations of tongues, all the pious rehearsal of its 
 story, with the pleasing task of justifying, appro- 
 ving, and applauding its various proceedings, lie 
 may likewise decline to touch, as rightliilly be- 
 longing to another place and to another meeting, 
 expressly set apart lor that more secular end, — 
 but to counsel ^oly asscmblics, like this, which are 
 an. I instruct the opened and concluded with praise and 
 
 office l)carers ' i i • • • r i. 
 
 anri niPuiiars praycr, aiiu wuerein a minister oi tne 
 "•the Society, i^l^ygp^^ Gospcl is Called to discoursc 
 
 from the Word of God, before the Patrons, Presi- 
 dents, (inardians. Oftice-bearers and Friends n\' 
 
THE OCGASlOiV AND METHOD OF THE ORATIONS. 5 
 
 the Missionary Cause, ought to be taken up witli 
 higher and more sacred discourse than the prais- 
 ing of men, or the upholding of" man's imperfect 
 works. The preacher hath before him the spirit- 
 ual counsellors of the heathen, the propagators of 
 the faith of Christ; who, being conscious of their 
 insufficiency for such a trust, and knowing how they 
 are liable to decay, and fail under the difficulties 
 of spiritual work, if not refreshed ti-om the everlast- 
 ing fountain of life and truth, judge it wise (and 
 most wise surely it is,) to select from the churches 
 ordained ministers of Christ, who may discourse 
 to them freely and largely upon the cause which 
 they have set their hearts and strengthened their 
 hands to carry forward. For such an end they 
 place him in the chair of verity, and put into his 
 hands the oracles of God, and without let or 
 hindrance or instructions of any kind, they say, 
 Brother, as thou hast freely received, to us freely 
 bestow of the gift that is given unto thee. 
 
 Now, at any time, it is a high commis- winch is a 
 sion for a frail mortal to publish the Gos- SenS^ 
 pel of Christ, and he should seek for his ^"'^t 
 soul every pious help; but to counsel the counsel- 
 lors, to judge the judges, and prophesy to one of 
 the great witnesses of the church, is an overw helm- 
 ing duty, whose approach I have long dreaded, as 
 of a mountain-billow which threatened to over- 
 whelm my scarce sea- worthy bark; and now that 
 it is at hand I scarce can summon strength to face 
 it, or know how to steer through it safely. God be 
 my help ! 1 have hardly proved the armour of this 
 warfare, before I am called to give counsel to the 
 leaders of the host, and the assembled camp. The 
 burden is too great, and oppresseth my spirit, and 
 
rOfi MISSIO-NAKIKS AK'IER THE APO.*? 1 OL. .>5< HOllL. 
 
 1 Mould lice, like the prophet Jonah, Irom declar- 
 ing the message with which my spirit is oppressed, 
 were there not a heavy wo denounced upon 
 every prophet who shunneth to declare the w hole 
 counsel of" God. To which call heing obedient, 
 the call of" a higher authority than the leaders of 
 the host and the assembled camp, even of him 
 under whose commission the work proceedeth, 1 
 take unto myself courage to declare that which I 
 have long apprehended, which, in God's word, I 
 have w ell considered, and w hereof I have endea- 
 voured to be well assured. 
 
 jiteto In casting about to discover in what 
 
 which iiinc ^y^y J n;iiorht Strengthen my spirit to this 
 
 iiotciblc III- *' ^ ^ ^ . 
 
 stances oc- highoccasion,and in what style itbecame 
 imtol^^of nie to address this very grave and reve- 
 ihe Church: jend asscmbly, and in seeking counsel 
 of the Tiord ; it pleased him to recall to my mind 
 three instances in the history of the Church, 
 wherein his faithful servants have been called to 
 bear testimony before assemblies clothed with still 
 higher dignity and importance than this before 
 wliich I now address myself to speak. The first. 
 1. The that gravest assembly which Christen- 
 Synocur dom liath ever seen, w herein the Apos- 
 lerusaiem. ^Ics and Eldcrs M ith the Holy Ghost met 
 in Jerusalem, to consider how far the Gentiles 
 were to be bound by the ordinances oi Moses. 
 Applying myself humbly to learn from the manner 
 of this assembly, whereof we have a j)articular ac- 
 count in the fifteenth chapter of tlie Acts, I per- 
 ceived that Peter and James, Apostles though they 
 were, and inspired of the Holy Ghost, framed their 
 discourse with a diligent reference to Scripture 
 and to their own experience; that Paul and Rar- 
 
THE OCCASION AND METIIOO OF THE ORATIONS. V 
 
 nabas for their argument gave a simple narrative 
 of what God had wrought among the Gentiles by 
 their hand : and that every speaker abstained from 
 words of poUcy, address, and worldly wisdom ; in- 
 somuch, that there is found in the whole proceed- 
 ings of that assembly, neither obsequiousness, nor 
 eulogy, nor idle words of apology, nor general com- 
 mendations of the work ; but throughout, a devout 
 spirit, deliberative wisdom, plain-spoken dis- 
 course, and a steady application to the matter in 
 hand. 
 
 The second instance which came op- 2. Tiie 
 portunely to my mind while deliberating [^gfol'e^ihl 
 of this exigency in which I am placed, ^'"8 and 
 was from the times of the Reformation ciuuhe 
 of England, when the godly Edward, and ,^^,f J^" 
 the Protector, with the chief statesmen i^ngianf!. 
 and office-bearers of the realm, were wont to hear 
 the master spirits of the Protestant faith discourse 
 before them. On which high occasions these men, 
 who, next to the Apostles, were the best Mission- 
 aries that Christendom hath seen, valiant men and 
 true, who sealed their testimony with their blood, 
 thought it beside their holy office to eulogize the 
 most gracious youth that ever filled a throne, since 
 the days of good Josiali ; and they held it beneath 
 their office to smooth down the stern and rugged 
 voice of truth to the car of the princes and politi- 
 cians who sat in state before them : but like pro- 
 phets arisen from the dead (and what are Christian 
 preachers but the prophets of the New Dispensa- 
 tion,) they fulfilled their office by thundering into 
 the ears of king and peers, of courtiers and men 
 of war, the religious necessities of the realm, and 
 the religious duties of the rulers of the realm ; for^ 
 
S FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APO&TOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 as you may still see by the writings of Ridley and 
 Latimer, and Gilpin, there were in the discourses 
 which they held, no panejtfyrics of the work of re- 
 formation yet imperlbctly done, no idle commenda- 
 tions of the Jabourers in the work, but rebukes of 
 hungry courtiers, and hollow-hearted friends of the 
 cause, pictures of an ignorant and famished peo- 
 ple, enumerations of the religious wants and abuses 
 of the realm, plans of spiritual and charitable un- 
 dertakings, with a restless urgency towards the 
 high mark of the people's thorough reformation. — 
 And sermons such as these were fruitful things, as 
 the noble foundation of Christ's Hospital doth tes- 
 iify, which was the offspring of one of these fearless 
 j)leadings for the sake of truth. 
 3. Tiic The last instance, by the authority of 
 
 I'cforcthe which I cmboldcn myself to the under- 
 Asrcmbiy taking of this discourse, is derived from 
 of the a quarter to which I, at least, and I trust 
 
 Scotland. all judicious and charitable Christians 
 along with me, look with like satisfaction as to the 
 other two, — the church from whose members one 
 of the least worthy hath been chosen this night to 
 hold forth to you the word of truth. The national 
 assembly of the Kirk of Scotland, — which is b)' 
 far the most venerable relict of ecclesiastical dig- 
 nity, a sort of house of commons to the Church oi 
 Christ, and which ere this time would have 
 wrought out for the religious rights of man what- 
 ever the House of Commons hath for his civil rights, 
 had not the strong and villain hand of power 
 brought in Patronage against the Claim of Rights 
 and the solcmnest faith of treaties, — that assembly 
 (whose pious labour, now about to commence, 
 may the Lord bless!") doth never sit down to deli- 
 
y 
 
 THE OCCAblON* A^f> METHOD OF J HF. OKATIO-VS. il 
 
 berale upon tlie grave matters corniiiittcd to its 
 trust without first appointing one of the Brethren 
 to discourse before it from the Word of God. — 
 Upon which occasion the preachers, of whom I 
 have heard many, do never, even in these degene- 
 rate dajs of pulpit liberty, condescend to flattery 
 of the learned, reverend, and noble personages be- 
 fore them, nor to empty eulogies of the church ; 
 but, as beseemeth the minister of truth and the 
 chair of verity, thc}^ maintain a grave and serious 
 discourse upon the high matters for which the ec- 
 clesiastical estate of the nation is assembled, and 
 give forth with authority the Doctrine, Reproof, 
 Correction, and Instruction in righteousness, for 
 which all Scripture is given by the inspiration of 
 God, and for the promulgation of which this office 
 of the ministry is maintained on the earth. 
 
 Which three instances— of the Aposto- or which 
 lie age, of the Reformationof England, and ^e propose 
 of the General Assemblies of the Church deis'in tiii" 
 of Scotland, — coming seasonably to my ""^'^^taking ; 
 reciollection, while I was in doubt and much dis- 
 may, concerning that which I had undertaken, I re- 
 solved to establish my feet upon them as upon a 
 sacred tripod; and to crave of the Lord, as indeed 
 I have done, to breathe upon me of the spirit of 
 the great Fathers in his church, that I might be 
 enabled to speak at this time, in that bold and fear- 
 less style, in which they, standing in my room* 
 would have dared to speak. For 1 said unto my- 
 self: Though all the Missionary Societies of this 
 land were assembled within these walls, they would 
 not form so grave an assembly as that which met 
 in Jerusalem in the primitive times ; neither hath 
 the work on which thej are entered yet grown to 
 
10 FOR MISblONAKIES Al 'H:k lllK APOSTOL. S( lloul . 
 
 be FO creat a work as the Reformation of Encrland. 
 whereof the Missionary work is but one of the chil- 
 dren ; and tliis assembly, however reverend, is not 
 yet so veneral)le as the great dehberative assem- 
 bly of our national church, which for three centu- 
 ries liath maintained the fear and discipline of 
 God within a realm, and once or twice, nay thrice, 
 saved the realm from the armed paw of vio- 
 a«d not to lence and misrule. Therefore, I said fur- 
 ^rve"^'"?' ^^^^ ""^^ myselfi I will not shrink back 
 "rhc bv ihte- abashed from the full and fearless decla- 
 n>s,sofmen;^^ti^j^ of what sccmcth to mc right: I 
 will not sink my oifice into that of a money -gatherer, 
 or a tale-bearer, of an advocate of institutions, 
 however good, or a worshipper of mortal men, how- 
 ever excellent; butl will be a teacher of the Gos- 
 pel, and a publisher of the praise of Christ,and will 
 not shun to deliver the whole counsel of God, upon 
 this all-important matter of the Missionary work: 
 and I will speak it with the more plainness 
 because the heads and leaders thereof are now 
 beibre me, that haply the Lord may carry the 
 principles, which 1 am about to deduce from his 
 holy word, into the Court and Citadel of this great 
 and glorious cause, to which our countrymen, 
 ever forward and ever foremost in a good work, 
 have set their shoulKer, resolved to maintain it 
 unto the death. 
 but 10 uphold But when I took to myself this hich 
 
 Messiah's „ • • /. ii- ii i 
 
 instn.ciions commission ot counsclluig the counsel- 
 ITs'thclrcat'^' lors, and judging the judges of this great 
 charter and Undertaking,! besought the Lord, that 
 
 complete , , 1 ^ iV I i . i 
 
 Ruideof the he would cast out all thoughts and con- 
 Work°"an'd to clusioiis wliich had their origin in myself, 
 plead ft)r Mis- all feaps and apprehensions which came 
 
THE OCCASION AND METHOD OF THE ORATIONS. 1 1 
 
 in from other quarters, and that he would sionaries after 
 
 ^ PI 1 /• !• J the Aposto- 
 
 makeoi my organs oi thought, leehng, and licai Schooi. 
 speech, an instrument wherewith to declare the 
 mind and will of His Holy Spirit of truth. And, 
 that I might not be wanting in my duty of search- 
 ing his revelation, I examined every where for a 
 basis and as it were a constitutional charter of 
 missionary associations, and a rule for them to 
 proceed by in all their transactions. And having 
 found, as it seemed to me, for reasons which I'shall 
 show hereafter, such an abiding constitution, four 
 times repeated in the Gospels, and given at large 
 in the tenth chapter of Mathew, which 1 have read 
 as the ground of this discourse; I gave thanks, 
 and said: — Now my way is clear before me; I 
 will be an expositor of these instructions of my 
 Redeemer; here is the matter of my discourse; 
 here are the everlastino; instructions of the Mis- 
 sionary; this let me endeavour to comprehend, 
 and set forth unto the people. And being, as it 
 seemed to me, directed of God, both in the matter 
 and manner of this discourse, I gave thanks, and 
 took courage, and being delivered from my fears, 
 I now proceed upon my course rejoicing, and hope 
 to steer safely through that mountain-billow, whose 
 rough top came threatening to overwhelm my 
 scarce sea-worthy bark. 
 
 Having entered with caution, I resolved ^^^^ 
 next to proceed with order in handling method of the 
 this great question of the Missionary 
 Work, and it seemed to me best to set forth my 
 thoughts after the following method : 
 
 First. To give an exposition of the Missionary 
 estate, as it is laid down in the fore-mentioned 
 
12 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOI, 
 
 chapter of" instructions given by Messiah to the first 
 apostles of" his kingdom. 
 
 Secondly. To examine if it was meant to be 
 of continual authority in the Christian Church, as 
 the Constitution of Christian Missions. 
 
 Thirdly. To examine how much of the success 
 of the Apostolic age depended upon their exact 
 adherence to the spirit and letter of this Consti- 
 tution. 
 
 Fourthly, To show, from the history of Chris- 
 tian Missions subsequent to the primitive times, 
 that they have been prosperous in proportion as 
 they conformed to, and unsuccessful in proportion 
 as they departed from, the spirit and letter of 
 Messiah's Constitution for the Missionary estate. 
 
 Fifthly. To study it in practice, and consider 
 what good fruits at home, whence the Missionaries 
 go, and abroad whither they proceed, would come 
 from the exact fulfilment of it. 
 
 Sixthly. To explain the office of a Missionary 
 Society in carrying it into eflfcct. 
 
 Lastly. To show the duty of private Christians 
 to support all such institutions, as endeavour to con- 
 form themselves to the appointment of the Lord, 
 and to keep on the great work of converting the 
 nations. 
 
 So that our whole discourse will be an argument 
 founded upon our Lord's words, and concluding 
 ibr the support of this cause for which we are as- 
 sembled, and througout instructing those who are 
 engaged therein. Now, brethren, I ask your pa- 
 tience, the patience of this religious and Christian 
 assembly, to hear me at length upon this, the most 
 important question of the present times; and not 
 to restrict me to the bounds which are observed in 
 
THE OCCASION AND METHOD OF THE OKiATIONS. 13 
 
 ordinary discourses, but, as they do in the courts 
 of justice, and the national assemblies, to give me 
 a latitude commensurate with the weight and im- 
 portance of the question, which not of my own will, 
 but by request of this great Society, I come for- 
 ward to advocate. 
 
 According to this plan, the first thing to be con- 
 sidered is the Office of the Missionary, as it is laid 
 down in these words of Messiah, who himself was 
 Heaven's high Missionary to the earth, and fulfilled 
 to the letter every one of the instructions which he 
 gave unto those who should travel in his footsteps. 
 

 ORATION I. 
 
 MESSIAH'S CONSTITUTION FOR THE MISSIONAlll 
 ESTATE. 
 
 When kings send out ambassadors to 
 represent their person and their interests "^H^^X' 
 in foreiffn courts, they choose out from out his en- 
 
 o _ , *' r. I • 1 voys ana set 
 
 forth his un- 
 dertakings, 
 with imposing 
 
 amongst the people, men of high name 
 and reputation, well skilled in the ways 
 of the world, and the policy of states ; pomp and 
 
 • 1 I 1 • 1 1 circuin- 
 
 whom, havmg clothed with powers pie- stance, 
 nipotentiarj, and appointed with officers 
 and servants of every kind, they send forth, ac- 
 credited with royal letters to all courts and king- 
 doms, whither they may come, furnished with grace 
 and splendour to feast the common eye, and la- 
 den with rich gifts to take the cupidity or conciliate 
 the favour of those with whom they have to do. Al- 
 so, when a nation litteth out a journey or ^^ ^^.^^^ 
 voyage of discovery, as we now do to the «;icntific 
 Polar Seas Twhich as it is the third ""^ 
 time, may it be blessed with threefold success !) 
 they choose out men of fortitude, humanity and 
 skill, upon whom to bestow a valorous and steady 
 crew, who will not be daunted by the dangers, nor 
 baffled by the difficulties of the work; and having 
 called in the whole science and art of the coun- 
 try, to fortify and accommodate the danger-hunt- 
 inff men, they launch them forth amidst the heartv 
 
lb FOR MlasIO.VARlES AFTER THE APOsTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 cheers and benedictions of their country. And when 
 
 a nation arrayeth its strength to battle 
 
 Miight'yanrt lor its ancicnt rights and dominions ; or 
 
 terrible whcn a iioblc nation armeth in the cause 
 
 preparation ; ,. , . . , 
 
 of humanity to help an nisulted sister in 
 the day of her need, as the Britons have oft been 
 called upon to do, the nation is shaken to her 
 very centre with commotion, and every arm and 
 sinew of the land straineth to the w ork. Fleets and 
 armies, and munitions of war; the whole chivalry, 
 the whole prowess, strength and policy, and oft, 
 the whole wealth of the land muster in the cause ; 
 and the chiei captains forsake their wives and 
 children, and peaceful homes; and the warlike 
 harness is taken from the hall where it hung in 
 peace; and the bold peasantry come trooping from 
 their altars and their household hearths; and* the 
 trumpet speaketh to the armed throng :' they ga- 
 ther into one, and descend unto the shores of the 
 surrounding sea, whither every fleet ship and gal- 
 lant sailor have made ready to bear them to the 
 place where the rights of the nation, or the insulted 
 rights of humanity cry upon their righteous arm 
 for redress : and their kinsmen follow them with 
 their prayers, and their wives and children, their 
 fathers, and the households of their fathers, with 
 the assembled congregations of the people, com- 
 mit them and their righteous cause to the safe 
 conduct and keeping of the Lord of Hosts. 
 ^ ^ ^, But, when the King of Heaven sendeth 
 
 but choosetn ,.11 ■ '^ • ^ • 
 
 menofno tortli tlicsc twclvc ambassadors to the 
 cT.ndition. nations, fitteth out these discoverers of 
 the people that sat in darkness and the shadow of 
 death, and furnisheth forth this little army to subvert 
 the thrones, dominion'^, principalities and po\\er9 
 
THE WISSIOxNAKY CONSTITUTION. tr 
 
 v^l darkness which brooded over the degenerate 
 earth, to bring forth the lost condition of humanity, 
 and establish its crown of glory as at the first : he 
 took men of no name nor reputation, endowed with 
 no Greek, with no Roman fame, by science untaught, 
 by philosophy unschooled, fishermen from the 
 shores of an inland sea, the class of men, which 
 of all classes is distinguished for no exploit in the 
 story of the world ; Galileans, a people despised 
 of the Jews, who were themselves a despised peo- 
 ple. As at first, when God wished to make a man 
 in his own image, after his own likeness, he 
 brought not the materials from heavenly regions, / 
 neither created a finer quintesj^ence of matter for / 
 t he high occasion, but took from the ground a hand- 
 ful of dust, thereon to impress his divine image, 
 and thereinto to breathe the spirit of lives ; so the 
 Son of God, himself a servant, despised and rejec- 
 ted of men, when he chose vessels to bear his 
 name before Gentiles and Kings, and the Children 
 of Israel, preferred that they should be empty of 
 human greatness, without any grace or comeliness 
 in the sight of man, without any odour of a good 
 name, or rich contents of learning or knowledge : — 
 that the treasure being in earthen vessels, the 
 praise might be of God. 
 
 Such men having chosen, for subverting the an- 
 cient thrones of darkness, and recovering the world 
 from the perdition of sin and the night 
 of the grave, he sent them forth, destitute [E'frmn*' 
 of all visible sustenance, and of all human natural de- 
 help, and forbade them, to be beholden '"^' ''"'^"''' 
 unto any. " Take nothing for your journey; nei- 
 ther staves, nor scrip, neither bread, neither money, 
 neither have two coats a-piece: Provide neither 
 
lii FiJK MlhflUNAKlLh Al'iER IIIL APOSTOL. JtCHOUL. 
 
 gold ijor silver, nor brass, in your purses, nor scrip 
 for your journej, neither have two coats, neither 
 shoes, nor yet staves, and salute no man by the 
 way."' No means of any sort did he permit for 
 procuring the necessaries of life, or purchasing the 
 helps of their journey ; no store of provisions, nor 
 even a scrip lor containing what might be offered 
 them by the pity or piety of the people : No rai- 
 ment nor vesture, with the change of which to com- 
 fort their weary and way-w orn limbs, besides what 
 was sufficient for nature's modesty and her present 
 necessity. Without staff, without shoes, they fared 
 on their way two by two ; their sandalled feet 
 exposed to dust and sultry heat ; their bodies 
 to every blast of heaven ; their natural wants to 
 man's precarious charity. The most defenceless 
 bird that flies athwart the heavens, the weakest, 
 most persecuted beast that cowers beneath the 
 t:overt, or scuds along the plain, are better pro- 
 vided with visible help than were these Apostles of 
 the Highest : for the birds of the air have nests to 
 which to wing their flight at even tide, and the 
 beasts of the earth have holes wherein to screen 
 themselves from pursuit ; but the founders of the 
 spiritual and everlasting kingdom had not where 
 to lay their head. 
 
 andcutteth Whom haviug thus divided from the 
 r"^^"' .^v!l K.ir, resources which human w eakness hath in 
 
 iroin the help 
 
 of man, tlic storc-housc and armoury ot nature, 
 he next divided from the resources which she hath 
 in the power and patronage and friendship of men. 
 They are to compose no speeches for the ears of 
 prince or governor, but to speak as the Spirit of 
 Truth gave them utterance; they are not to go 
 Vrom house to house making friends against the evil 
 
IHE MISSIONARY CONSTntUOA. jO 
 
 day, but to abide where they first halted, so long- 
 as they are welcome ; they are not even to salute 
 a friend, acquaintance, or neighbour by the way. 
 And if, in spite of these preventions, it should 
 come to pass that the people they conferred with, 
 well disposed to them for their word's sake, should 
 take pity upon their unprovided estate, and offer 
 them money to help them on their way; lo, they 
 have no purse for containing it ! if they should 
 offer them provision to be their viaticum from 
 town to town ; lo, they have no scrip wherein to 
 bestow it ! They cannot possess, they cannot ac- 
 cumulate, they are cut off and separate from all 
 fixed and moveable v*'ealth which the Avorld hold- 
 eth within its fair and ample bound. What will 
 preserve life, they are to take upon the credit of 
 their universal message, w ithout feeling obligation, 
 for the labourer is worthy of his meat, and they 
 are wholly obliged to another cause. In no earth- 
 ly shape can they benefit from their labours under 
 the sun; to no account can they turn the children 
 of men, from whose liberality they can profit no 
 further than to live. Like Jonah, commissioned 
 with the burden of Nineveh, they are to gird up 
 their loins and make speed ; they are to hie from 
 house to house, and hasten from town to tow^n, in- 
 quiring after the spirits of immortal men ; to tell 
 their tale and hurry onward : as the heralds of the 
 northern chiefs were wont to hasten from house to 
 house, and village to village, when rousing the 
 mountain-clans to war. — And cause truly see I 
 none, why they who hold the commission to make 
 peace should not be as fleet as those who hold 
 the commission to levy war, and the messenger of 
 salvation fly with as hasty a wing as the messen- 
 
20 FOR MISSIOXAHIEfcf AFTER THK AH>STOL. bCh/OOI » 
 
 ger of death ; why servants should not be found to 
 do as much, and to do it as hastily, for the King 
 of Heaven, as tor the lordly chieftain of a moun- 
 tain-clan, or the throned monarch of a mighty 
 land. 
 
 a.idapprizcih Thus disfumishcd of resources from 
 tijun.ofthe Nature's storehouse, and hindered from 
 bloody issues ploughiug With humau liclp, do you ask 
 of the work; j^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ Missiouarics of the Gospel 
 
 had promises of welcome every where, and went 
 forth on a flourishing and popular cause? if the 
 way was prepared for them in every city? and a 
 hospitable home made ready for them in every 
 house? Hear what their Lord saith to them at 
 parting: "Go your ways, behold I send you as 
 sheep in the midst of wolves. Beware of men, for 
 they will deliver you up to the councils, and 
 they will scourge you in their synagogues, and 
 ye shall be brought before governors and kings for 
 my sake, and the brother shall deliver up the bro- 
 ther, and the father the child, and the children 
 shall rise up against the parents and cause them 
 to be put to death, and ye shall be hated of all 
 men for my name's sake." Such was their heavy 
 parting. No Missionary that ever went to the 
 heathen, fared fortli on his way with so gloomy a 
 foreboding, so cheerless a farewell. Let no one 
 object, in the face of these predictions too truly 
 fultilled ; " But these are not men like us, open to 
 every want: they are inspired miracle-working 
 men who had nature under their control.'' '^J'heir 
 miracles, which saved many, protected not them- 
 selves; their inspirations, which blessed many, 
 could not bless themselves from every harm and 
 .sorrow wiiich patient nature can endure. They 
 
THE MISSIONARY CONSTITUTIOx\. 21 
 
 are to be placed at the bar of civil law, to be hunt- 
 ed out with religious persecution ; against them 
 the tender affections of life are to rise in arms, and 
 the soft and downy scenes of home are to bristle 
 like the iron front of war ; the tender hands which 
 are wont to pluck the thorns of sorrow from our 
 feet, are to guide the weapons of their death ; of 
 all men thej are to be hated for his name's sake : 
 they are to be hunted like the partridge on the 
 mountains, and every refuge upon the earth is to' 
 be hidden from their sight Go, said he, my 
 chosen ones, go like the defenceless lamb into the 
 paw of the ravenous wolf: the world thirsteth for 
 your blood, and is in arms against your undefend- 
 ed Hves. Nevertheless, go. You are without 
 weapons of defence, no bribes are in your hands, 
 nor soft words upon your tongues ; and you go in 
 the teeth of hatred, derision, and rage. Neverthe- 
 less, my children, go. 
 
 They are launched into a stormy sea, ^^''•'^^ ««^n»- 
 a sea of storms and shipwreck is before alid^ridi'cu- 
 them, and their frail bark is not fenced lye'jf th? 
 or fitted out for any storm, or furnished faithless and 
 for any voyage. So the world would say, world ; 
 because so it seemeth in the eye of the world, 
 which looketh but upon the visible and temporal 
 forms of things. It is madness, they would say, 
 moon-struck madness, to think that of such should 
 come any speed ; it is not in the nature of things 
 they should exist a week in any region of the earth, 
 and in barbarous regions not a single day: no po- 
 licy of insurance would do their risk at any pre- 
 mium : they are ship-wrecked, cast-away crea- 
 tures, doomed to death, and destined to effect no 
 good even if they should outlive Iheii- first outset- 
 
22 FUR MlSblONAKlEb AFTER THE APOft TOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 ting. Men must liave a livelihood before they can 
 speak or act : they must have protection to cover 
 them from the tyranny of power, and law to save 
 them from the riots of the people : tliey must be 
 well paid if you would have them work well, for 
 if a man have no comforts his life is miserable. — 
 What! such mendicants as these convert the 
 world ! say the well-conditioned classes ; vagrant, 
 vagabond fellows, they are fitter for the stocks or 
 the common jail. Such illiterate clowns, such bab- 
 blers as these, instruct mankind ! say the learned 
 classes; away with them to their nets and fishing- 
 craft. And, say the political classes, it is danger- 
 ous to the state ; they cover plots under their silly 
 pretences, and must be dealt with by the strong 
 hand of power. Methinks I hear, in every con- 
 temptible and arrogant speech which is vented 
 against the modern iMissionaries by worldly and 
 self-sufficient men, the echo, after two thousand 
 years, of those speeches which were wont to be 
 poured upon the twelve apostles and seventy dis- 
 ciples, when they began to emerge out of the foun- 
 dalion of society, into the neighbourhood and level 
 of its higher ranks. 
 
 but is wisely But the WonderfulCouusellor, in whom 
 iutendedjo^ dwclt all the trcasurcs of wisdom and of 
 for, and raise kuowlcdgc, and w ho kucw what was in 
 theworst'*^' man, did not without good and sufficient 
 .^oif'l^^^T cause divorce the human desires from 
 against thorn, thosc objccts on which they naturally 
 rest. He knew that if he gave the messengers of 
 his kingdom, which is not of this world, and 
 against which this world conspireth, to expect any 
 ray of hope, any shadow of consolation, or scant- 
 ling of support from the things of this world- it 
 
rHE MISSIONARY CONSTITUTION. 23 
 
 would be only to disappoint them in the end : for 
 though he foresaw that fiiir weather would dawn 
 and much enjoyment be partaken in the progress 
 and towards the latter end of the work, he saw, 
 hanging over its first beginnings in every region of 
 the earth, storms and tempests, and terrific com- 
 motions, out of which the eclipsed light of truth 
 was to come forth, and the day of peace to be es- 
 tablished ; He knew that in every realm his truth 
 was to make way against the edge of the sword, 
 and, like the phoenix, to procreate itself in the' 
 flame of fire, and that his servants were to be heard 
 from the paw of the lion and from the horn of the ' 
 unicorn: wherefore it booted not to amuse those 
 who were to plant the plant, and those who were 
 to propagate the plant, with the enjoyments which 
 were to be partaken under its future shade ; and 
 he spoke plainly unto them and said, If ye have not 
 a heart for the extremes of human suffering, and a 
 soul above the fear of man, ye need not undertake 
 this work, — more perilous than war, more adven- 
 turous than a voyage to ' regions of thick-ribbed 
 ice,' and more important to the earth the than 
 most sacred legation which ever went forth in be- 
 half of suffering and insulted humanity. 
 
 But while he cut them off from the Andiheyaie 
 power and virtue of gold and silver, thus stripped 
 
 r Ml I 1 1 J J. ^"" made 
 
 which, they say, will unlock barred gates bare in order 
 and scale frowning ramparts; while he with^spTrituai 
 denied them the scrip, and therewith '^^^^''^l ^^^^ 
 hindered the accumulation or use of pro- nisheth in or- 
 perty in any form; while he forbade them ^'^' "' 
 change of raiment, that is, pleasure and accommo- 
 dation of the person; and with their staff interdiet- 
 fd all case of travel and recreation of the sense 
 
24 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL, 
 
 hy the way ; and in liindering salutations hindered 
 the formahtirs of life and the ends of natural or so- 
 cial affection; all these the natural motives to enter- 
 prize and the sweet rewards of success, while he cut 
 asunder, because, as hath been said, he foresaw that 
 whether he did so or not, the world would soon do it 
 for them; he did not leave their minds in a void 
 state, without motive or inducement or hope of 
 reward ; but proceeded to fill each several cham- 
 ber thereof with the spirit of a more enduring pa- 
 tience and a more adventurous daring; to give to 
 Faith what he took from Sight ; what he interdict- 
 ed in the Visible to supply from the Invisible; 
 what of Temporal things he spoiled them of to re- 
 pay with things Spiritual and Eternal. 
 ri.c Mission- And instead of a home he gave them 
 -dry's iioinc. ([{^q declaration, which raised them first 
 to a footing with himself, and then to a footing 
 with God; "He that receiveth you receiveth me, 
 and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent 
 me. He that receiveth a prophet in the name of 
 a prophet, shall receive a prophet's reward ; 
 and he that receiveth a righteous man in the 
 Tiic Mission- "^1"^ of a righteous man, shall receive 
 ary'sprovi- a rightcous man's reward." Instead of 
 food, he gave them this promise, " Who- 
 ever shall give to drink unto one of these little 
 ones a cup of cold water only in the name of a dis- 
 ciple, verily I say unto you he shall in no wise lose 
 The Mission- his rcward." Instead of protection and 
 tion. "^ a safe-conduct on the way, he gave them 
 this stout hearted admonition, " Fear not them 
 which kill the body, but are not able to kill the 
 soul : but rather fear him which is able to kill both 
 soul and body in hell. Are not two sparfows sold 
 
THE MISSIONARY CONSTITUTION. 2.) 
 
 for a farthing ? and one of them shall not fall to 
 the ground without your Father. But the very 
 hairs of your head ^are all numbered. Fear ye 
 not, therefore; ye are of more value TheMis- 
 than many sparrows." And when de- pas"po«^ 
 livered up to councils, and brought before gover- 
 nors and kings, instead of human help andcoun- 
 tenance, and skill of pleading and persuasive 
 words, he gave them this sentence : " When they 
 deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye 
 shall speak, for it shall be given you in that hour 
 what ye shall speak. For it is not ye that speak, 
 but the spirit of your Father which TheMis- 
 speaketh in you." And when their famUy^^ 
 fathers and mothers should betray them, and their 
 sons and daughters should spit upon them, which 
 the first confessors sadly proved, he gave them 
 this consolation to their heavy hearts ; " He that 
 loveth father or mother more than me, is not wor- 
 thy of me, and he that loveth son or daughter more 
 than me, is not worthy of me." For their The Mis- 
 sustenance under false accusation, he defence^pou 
 gave them this comfort; "The disciple his trial. 
 is not above his master, nor the servant above his 
 lord. It is enough for the disciple that he be as 
 his master, and the servant as his lord. If they 
 have called the master of the house Beelzebub, 
 how much more shall they call them of his house- 
 hold." For the comfort of their hearts ^j^^ jyjj^ 
 under blackening calumnies, when their sionary's 
 sun of life was setting under thick and wrongous""^ 
 dark clouds of falsehood, and their name J^^'g'"*^"' 
 was like to be overshadowed forever, he gave 
 them this assurance ; " There is nothing covered, 
 that shall not be revealed: and hid that shall not 
 
16 FOR IVMSalONAUlEs AFTLR JJIT. APu-lUl.. xiluol.. 
 
 be known. What I tell you in (larknobs, that tipcak 
 ye in light : what ye hear in tiic car, that preach 
 ye on the house-tops.'' And for their 
 sionary's life usc, whcn tjicy wcFc envelopccl in the 
 inoeath. flamcs. oi' cxtcndcd upon the honourable 
 cross, he gave them this heart e:^staV)lishing-word; 
 "He that taketh not his cross, and tblloweth at'ter 
 me, is not worthy of me. He that fu.deth his lil'e 
 shall lose it : and he that loselh his lilo for my 
 The sum sakc sliall tind it." And to keep up a 
 Missiona'i^'s constinit cheerltdiie^^b in their hearts 
 gain. under every hardship and mistreatment, 
 
 he gave them to know and to rejoice, that their 
 names were written in heaven ; removing their 
 confidence from every thing terrestrial, that it 
 might rest at the right hand of God, where there is 
 iulness of joy and pleasures for evermore. 
 So that he Thus fumishcd he his Missionaries. 
 
 Saf"'" building them up in faith, and establish- 
 . ondition, ing them with infallible promise, weaning 
 them from the bosom of the earth, to place them 
 in the bosom of their Father in heaven. He took 
 them from the hands of human protection, to put 
 them under the arm of the mighty God of Jacob. 
 He emptied them of self-dependence and depend- 
 ence upon human strength and prudence, to fill 
 them with the Spirit ot wisdom and truth. Hv 
 bestowed upon them the elements of heaven's he- 
 roism when he took from them the elements of 
 earth's heroism; and he conveyed their treasures 
 away from hence, where moths corrupt and thieves 
 break through to steal, depositing them saliely in 
 the heavens ; where also he prepared for them a 
 place in his Father's house ol many mansions, and 
 wrote, their honoured names iti the book of lite. 
 
% 
 
 IHK. MlSSIOiNARY ( ONSTIl LTIOX. 2/ 
 
 It was a spiritual work they had to do, andaspiiituai 
 therefore he disembodied (if I may so stnirothof 
 speak) and spirituaHzed the men who ^eSaralKi 
 were to do it. It vvas Faith they had to spintuaiwork. 
 plant, therefore he made his missionaries men of 
 Faith, that they might plant Faith, and Faith alone ; 
 they had to deliver the nations from the idolatry 
 of the Gold and the Silver, therefore he took care 
 his messengers should have iione : they had to de- 
 liver them from the idolatry of Wisdom, therefore 
 he took care they should be Foolish; they had to 
 deliver the world from the idolatry of Power and 
 Might, therefore he took care they should be 
 Weak ; they had to deliver the world from the 
 idolatry of Fame and Reputation, therefore he 
 took care they should be Despised ; they had to 
 deliver the world from the idolatry of Things that 
 are, therefore he took care they should be as Things 
 that are not : — making them in all respects Types 
 and Representatives of the Ritual they were to es- 
 tablish, models of the doctrine which they went 
 forth to teach. 
 
 Such were the men, and such the spiri- ^^^^"^ t*'^" 
 
 1 • /• . I 1 ^ equipment, 
 
 tual equipment oi the men, who were sent fouow their in- 
 forth by Messiah, the missionary of Hea- wluchTrein 
 ven, into all the world, to teach all nations the same sphh. 
 his discipline, baptize them iiito his faith, and lay 
 the foundations of that spiritual kingdom which is 
 to cast down every other kingdom, and endure for 
 ever. Aid the instructiotis which he gave them, 
 how to proceed in the effecting of this great revo- 
 lution, were after the same unearthly and spiritual 
 strain ; such as the wisdom of this world setteth 
 utterly at naught, yet, wherein are contained the 
 everlasting principles, by which alone the Spi- 
 
28 FOK MISSIONARIES AFTER THE Al'Ub TOL. bCHOUl.. 
 
 ritual Sovereignty over the souls of men is to be 
 established. And when we come, in the progress of 
 this discourse, to argue upon tliese premises where- 
 of we are now making the statement, we hope to 
 manifest unto the spiritual man, and somewhat to 
 discover unto the natural man. that this and this 
 only is the strength in which the Cross is to con- 
 quer and subdue the Glory and the strength of the 
 nations. 
 
 These instructions were in the follow- 
 m£on°being ing words : " Into whatsoever city or 
 to the most town ye enter, inquire who in it is wor- 
 
 worthy. J i • i -n i 
 
 thy ; and there abide till ye go thence. 
 And when ye come into an house salute it. And 
 if the house be worthy, let your peace come upon 
 it: but if it be not worthy, let your peace return 
 to you." They were not, like poor Mendicants, 
 to go from door to door, and from town to town, 
 craving a morsel of bread and a cup of water ; bul 
 like the Royal Ambassadors of Heaven to the 
 place, they were to inquire who was most worthy 
 to be honoured with their presence, and blessed 
 with the good tidings which they bore from the 
 Majesty of Heaven. God thus established the 
 everlasting connexion between natural worth and 
 dispensations of grace, by bestowing his blessings 
 upon the most deserving ; and fulfilled the cardi- 
 nal principle not only of divine but of human go- 
 vernment, the rule of all natural and supernatural 
 dispensations, (for at bottom these are one,) "that 
 unto him who hath shall be given, and he shall 
 have more abundantly, and from him who hath not 
 shall be taken that which he hath." Inquire, said 
 he, the most worthy. There w as to be no stealthy 
 progress, nor keeping in the shade, but open deal- 
 
THE MISSIONARY CONSTITUTIO.V. 29 
 
 ing with the most open hearted and even-minded 
 of the people. There was to be no preference of 
 ranks shown by these men of no rank, who count- 
 ed kindred with Messiah, the missionary of Hea- 
 ven, and were God's adopted children and ho- 
 noured ambassadors to the earth. They were 
 not, like the Jesuits, to lay their artful toils around 
 the high and noble and princely of the nations ; 
 nor like the Mendicant Friars, to go about preach- 
 ing a crusade of poverty or meanness ; nor were 
 they to take their distinction by the grade of intel- 
 lect or of taste, which compose, even at the best, 
 but a fractionary part of human nature, and may 
 exist in strength surrounded with the most dwarf- 
 ish and pestilent forms of the moral, social and 
 spiritual man : but like messengers and mission- 
 aries from Heaven, they were to take their distinc- 
 tion by the grade of worth, or practical goodness; 
 to inquire, whom the judgment of their fellow-citi- 
 zens had pronounced worthy, judicious, well dis- 
 posed men; those who, like Cornelius, were 
 devout towards God, and full of alms towards the 
 poor; or who, like Dorcas, employed their leisure 
 and their labour to promote good and charitable 
 works : To whose house coming with a conscience 
 full of heavenly purposes, and lips overflowing 
 with blessing, and hands rich in heaven-derived 
 powers, they were to salute the worthy household 
 with a salutation of peace. 
 
 " And if the Son of Peace be there, rj,^ ^^^^^ 
 your peace will abide upon it." Before houses they 
 
 *fi • . 1 1 • • •! 1 • • are ushered 
 
 their steps proceeded an invisible minis- by the Son 
 ter called the Son of Peace, who settled °^^^^^^- 
 in these worthy habitations, and made the souls 
 of the inmates ready for these Apostles of the 
 
'.iO FOR .M1SS)I0NARIES AFTFIR THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 kingdom of Peace. This Son of Peace is none 
 other than the Prince of Peace, who sealed liis 
 instructions to his missionaries and concluded his 
 incarnate ministry, with these words; '• Lo, I ara 
 with you alway, even unto the end of the world :'' 
 the same who appeared to Cornelius in a dream, 
 when he directed him to Peter, and who advertised 
 Peter of the approach of the messengers, after he 
 had prepared him for their coming : who directed 
 Philip to the Eunuch while he crossed the desert, 
 and caught him away when his work was done : 
 who appeared to Paul as he journeyed to Damas- 
 cus, and afterwards in the likeness of a Macedo- 
 nian, invited his blessed steps to our quarter of the 
 globe, saying, ''Come over and help us." And, to 
 this day, wherever the true and faithful missionary 
 proceedeth in the faith of Christ, this same Son of 
 Peace goeth before his footsteps, and standeth him 
 instead of sealed letters, forerunner and guide, 
 instead of safe-conduct and welcome, and every 
 thin«^ else with which the prudence of men would 
 furnish his perilous way; without dependence 
 upon which Child of Peace, the missionary is a 
 Vao-rant and a Vagabond upon the earth ; being 
 dependent upon whom, he is the most gracious 
 Legate of heaven, never to return to heaven with- 
 out accomplishing the high and holy intention for 
 which he is commissioned of heaven to go forth 
 unto the nations. 
 
 Being welcomed upon the strength of 
 ihcir beha- their salutntiou of peace, and through the 
 rS^'" predisposition of this Son ol Peace, with 
 whom God blesseth the hearts and the habitations 
 of worthy men, the missionaries sat them down 
 and were rontont wifh anv fare, and with any ar- 
 
TllE iJISSIONARY CONSTITt TIO\. 31 
 
 commodatlon. A little bread they needed to feed 
 their natural hunger, a little water to cool their 
 natural thirst, a little space to stretch their weary 
 limbs ; and in return, they had deep, rich and 
 various discourse upon the moral condition of man- 
 kind, copious and faithtul revelations of the grace 
 of God, glad tidings of great joy to the sons of 
 men ; and in earnest of that salvation, wherewith 
 they were intrusted, they would heal the sick, 
 cleanse the lepers, cast out devils, and raise the 
 dead. Every good thing which can be wrought 
 M'ithout the ministry of visible and temporal powers; 
 every good thing which holdeth of the invisible, 
 that is, every consolation, instruction, counsel and 
 revelation which man's condition needeth, they 
 held, by free gift of God for free bequest to man ; 
 and all that they needed or besought in return, 
 was a morsel of bread to preserve their lives ; a 
 little oil to feed the lamp which was giving light to 
 all that were in the house. And they made no 
 haste to be gone, neither did they crave liberty to 
 remain ; they stayed while they were welcome, or 
 till their work was done; and Avhosoevcr came to 
 the house from the neighbourhood or village or 
 town, was free to sit and listen to the good tidings 
 of the kingdom, without having even this pittance 
 of bread and water to give in return. (But what 
 is this, I say? I will not libel mankind so far as to 
 suppose they would grudge so penurious a return 
 for so rich a gift.) There they sat day by day in 
 the house of the worthiest men, holding forth the 
 Gospel of peace unto the people, and by all spi- 
 ritual persuasion seeking to persuade the people 
 to accept the overtures of its salvation. 
 
 8 
 
32 FOR IMISSIO.NAHIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL- 
 
 The men being so harmless, their des- 
 provS^'" tination so peaceful, and the spirit of 
 against their instructions so heavenly, it is diffi- 
 
 cult to imagine now it were possible 
 they should meet with any thing but welcome 
 wherever they came. And it is one of the sore&t 
 libels upon the spirit of the world, that almost all 
 of them came to an untimely and violent end. 
 Well said the just and devout Simeon, who stayed 
 on earth to welcome the great Son and Heir to 
 the house of his Father, and wished to stay no 
 longer, that the infant in his arms was set tor a 
 sign to be spoken against, that the secrets of many 
 hearts might be revealed; and by Christ himself 
 in these instructions, whereof we now present the 
 substance, it is with still more clearness predicted 
 that he came to send not peace upon the earth 
 but a sword. — How true alas ! was shown the first 
 year, yea, perhaps the first month of his life, by 
 the crudest sword that ever drunk innocent blood, 
 for which Rachel wept in R^ma with great lamen- 
 tation. Therefore it was necessary to prepare 
 these missionaries for the shadowy side of that 
 experience whereof he had forewarned, whereto 
 he had foredoomed them. They were Spiritual 
 vessels ; bound for every port where immortal 
 souls did tarry: and they had spiritual blessings 
 to give in return for a welcome ; but they had also 
 spiritual terrors and cleaving curses, thunders of 
 heaven against every city which gave them no 
 harbour. The ambassadors of heaven held both 
 the blessings and the curses of that court which 
 they represented ; otherwise they would have 
 been only half accomplished for the work : and 
 
VHE MISSIONARY CO^STlTLTlOZs, 3^ 
 
 lims iheir instructions ran in regard to all who 
 
 mistreated them and held their commission cheap: 
 
 " Whosoever shall not receive you nor Their instmc- 
 
 1 11 1 i" i r tions in such 
 
 hear your words, when ye depart out ot a case, 
 that house or city, shake off the dust of your feet, 
 a;o your ways into the streets of the same, and sayr 
 Even the very dust of your city which cleaveth 
 on us, we do wipe off against you ; notwithstand- 
 ing be ye sure of this, that the kingdom of God is 
 come nigh unto you. But I say unto you it shall 
 be more tolerable in that day for Sodom than for 
 that city." 
 
 The city, into any house of which the aretobe 
 messengers that came forth from heaven maniy andiie- 
 with heaven's credentials were not re- hemidlof** 
 ceived, having in it not even one worthy ^'^^^'^"J 
 man to arrest the merciful hand of heaven, was 
 Well nigh unto destruction; and the commission 
 of Heaven's servants was to read out its doom, and 
 give it over to its hasty end. For they were not 
 only messengers of tjje Gospel of peace, but mi- 
 nisters of the wrath and justice of God, men clothed 
 in sanctity, and in the august robes of righteous- 
 ness, to offend whom was to offend the Lord which 
 sent them. And therefore they held the terrors 
 of justice no less than the overtures of mercy. 
 But because this extreme commission of cursing 
 the hard-hearted places is given unto them, we 
 are not to understand that they were to proceed 
 to extremes at once, and to deal only in blessings 
 or curses. These are but the extremes on both 
 sides, between which their spirits were to move 
 according to the circumstances in which they 
 found themselves. If the people argue, fuuofwis- 
 the missionaries argue again ; and being ^°'"' 
 
M l-OK .MlaalO-VAKlEb AFTLll THE Al'OSluL. sUluOL. 
 
 assaulted with scoffs and cunning, they defend 
 themselves with meekness and long suffering, and 
 from the wisdom of the world they protect them- 
 selves with the wisdom which is from above. For 
 besides the harmlessness of the dove, they had 
 given to them the wisdom of the serpent, with 
 "which to expose sophistry, to outwit cunning, to 
 defeat artifice, and meet every emergency. IS one 
 of the ordinary powers of the human mind was 
 taken from them when they were deprived of the 
 ordinary accommodations of the world, — whereof 
 they were deprived only to disengage them from 
 carefulness and trouble into the protection of 
 yctfuiioftei- their heavenly Father. They were de- 
 
 ror lo the , . , . r , i t • r i 
 
 obstinate. livcrcd out 01 the couditions 01 the sense 
 into the conditions of the mind, that the mind 
 might act with the more alertness and ibrce. 
 The play of their spirit was not fettered in the 
 way in which, in these times, they would fetter 
 the ministers of the Gospel. They had the righ- 
 teous indignation of the ar>cient prophet, added 
 to the humility and graciousness of the Christian 
 pastor. They were armed men, men armed with 
 the wrath olGod. And I cannot and do not doubt, 
 that when they put a city to the ban of God's 
 tribunal, there came upon it, if it repented not, 
 judgments of a signal kind, according to the letter 
 of our Lord's threatening quoted above ; and I 
 believe in my heart that even to this day, were 
 messengers to go forth into all cities arrayed after 
 the fashion of these instructions, they would act 
 like the test of heaven amongst them, and accord- 
 ing to their welcome or their rejection, it would be 
 seen that blessings of peace and prosperity, or 
 commotions, revolutions. siee;es, wars, and dis- 
 
THE MISSIONARY CONSTITUTION. .j.) 
 
 cords would befal those places; not indeed mi- 
 raculously, but in the natural course of things, yet 
 not the less at the command and by the will of 
 God. For in a city which shall scornfully re- 
 ject or cruelly maltreat such innocent, harmless, 
 and heaven-gifted men, the elements of evil are in 
 strong agitation, and the explosion cannot long be 
 stayed. It is come to a crisis with them as with 
 Herod when he ordered the crudest sword which 
 was ever unsheathed, to drink the blood of Ra- 
 chel's children; or with the other Herod, when 
 he imprisoned the brethren, and slew James with 
 the sword. Such acts show that men are lost to 
 all hope of repentance, and cities to all hope of 
 recovery, ripe for hell, and unfit any longer to live 
 upon the earth. 
 
 Thus went forth the first messengers Therecapitu- 
 of the kingdom, commissioned to the most hath'beeir''''^ 
 pure and benevolent and worthy part of t^]^ "?«" ^^^ 
 
 1 I II 1 1 j1 Missionary 
 
 the people, and they approached them estate. 
 upon the side whereon a good man liketh best to 
 be approached, of kindness and humanity: for it 
 is more blessed to give than to receive. Yet, to 
 keep their character clear from all associations of 
 mendicity or meanness, there is no scrip nor purse, 
 nor obsequious demeanour allowed them, nothing 
 that might take from the heavenly condition of 
 the men ; no demand for food or raiment ; what is 
 set before them they partake of; and the spiritual 
 knowledge and power which they possess they as 
 freely give in return. If none is worthy, they pass 
 on : if they are persecuted, they escape away, as 
 it were, fishing the land, and taking in their spi- 
 ritual net the worthiest and the best thereof; es- 
 tablishins; the everlastine; covenant between God 
 
♦ ib FOR .MISSIO.VAUIF.S AFTl^K illK AP<>S TOL. SLHoOl.. 
 
 , and good men, betw een heaven and whatever jV 
 / best upon the earth. They are kept in close 
 dependence upon God's assistance, and cannot 
 • move a step but in tlie strength of faith. They 
 are dehvered out of tlie conditions of pohcy, out 
 of the conditions of force, out of the conditions of 
 gain, out of the conditions of selfishness and of 
 ambition; for I dety any one maxim which apper- 
 taineth to these four spheres of human activity, to 
 help them one jot in fulfilling their instructions : 
 and they are delivered into the spiiitual condi- 
 tions of the spiritual kingdom which they went 
 about to propagate. In prayer and communion 
 with the spirit of God they sail along upon an 
 ^ unseen and unpiloted course. They are living 
 J models of what they teach; moving epistles of the 
 j spirit of God; incarnations, each one in his moa- 
 ' sure, of the divine nature; instead of the Scrip- 
 tures to those who have them not, and commendn- 
 tions of the Scriptures to those who have them. 
 And if, as hath been said, the Bible is its own 
 witness, these men wlio personified all its truth 
 tthat can be personified, and with their lips spoke 
 Whe rest, must be their own witness. And by 
 beirig hindered from worldly interests and worldly 
 attachments, they are hindered from worldly dis- 
 course. They address only the immortal part of 
 the people; they confer upon no news but the 
 good news of the kingdom; they touch no in- 
 terests but the interests of eternity ; speak of no 
 country but heaven, in no authority but the name 
 of God. Which four tilings, wisdom to address 
 
 (the worthiest people; entire dependence upon 
 God, exemplification of the doctrine, and constant 
 debate with the spirits of men. are surely four of 
 
THE MISSIONARY CONSTITUTION. 37 
 
 the great principles in the propagation of the 
 Gospel. And it is incredible from how many 
 altercations, from how many aberrations of pur- 
 pose, and strivings of passion, and oppositions of 
 interest, they are cut off! For if they are brought 
 into debate, it must be for some spiritual sake, 
 and spiritual truth must be elicited. If they are 
 mistreated, it must be in the face of justice and 
 innocency, which makes friends to the injured; 
 and, doubtless, whatever happcneth good or ill to 
 them, good must come out of it to a cause thus 
 implicated with no earthly interests and devoted 
 wholly to spiritual ends. 
 
 They who o-o forth to extend temporal r,.^ . , 
 
 '' 111 !• 1 ■ n ^ I 1 he contrast 
 
 power, and lay the loundations of earth- of this with 
 ly dominion, may and must go in the ofemlr-'"^ 
 strength of chariots, and horsemen, and p"^^ 
 munitions of war; they who go forth to establish 
 an influence and empire over royal courts, may go 
 in the strength of all-subduing wealth, and diplo- 
 matic cunning; and they who go forth to discover 
 the unknown regions and limits of the terraqueous 
 globe, must go with the state of science, and in 
 the strength of bold adventure. But they who 
 went forth to bring all earthly powers under the 
 Prince of Peace, and to subdue all arts and poli- 
 cies of man to the child-like simplicity of the wis- 
 dom which Cometh from above, and to spread the 
 spiritual kingdom of Christ over the bounds of the 
 terraqueous globe, must divest themselves of those 
 helps and instruments, whereby the others pros- 
 per. They must not cast out Beelzebub by Beel- 
 zebub. They must not conquer a peace with arms 
 in their hands, which, though a good enough com- 
 bination of words for the earth, is a solecism in the 
 
'AH FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOI ■• 
 
 .•speech of heaven. By being under Mammon, they 
 \vill never come to be under God : by conferring 
 with BeHal, they will never hold communion with 
 Christ. Each kind hath its appropriate equipment; 
 that which is appropriate to the powerful is power, 
 to the politic is policy, to the scientific is science, 
 to the spiritual is the Holy Spirit. The weapons 
 of their warfare are not carnal, but spiritual; yet 
 powerful to the pulling down of strong holds. The 
 stone that Daniel saw cut out without hands, must 
 swell without the help of human hands, and fill the 
 earth. The kingdom which is to cast down every 
 other kingdom, must be independent of those king- 
 doms which it casteth down ; must establish itself 
 in its own proper strength; and living in this hea- 
 ven-derived strength, must live for ever. 
 
 Such a life of occupation round and round the 
 Tiicdifmitv ^^"^ ^^ ^^^^ appointed to these men, is 
 ofit. a disinterested, is a philosophical, is a 
 
 sage, is a divine manner of life. Socrates, the 
 wisest man of antiquity, of whom it may be said, 
 that of all the Heathen he was the man most after 
 God's own heart, and who, from his pure soul 
 struck out conceptions which were like morning 
 stars in the darkness, heralds of the dawn, not only 
 saw the high dignity of such a life, but had the re- 
 solution to fulfil in Athens, in the heart of polish- 
 ed Athens, this very way of life which Christ ap- 
 pointed to his missionary servants. And he was 
 so blessed in his deed, that, though he lost his na- 
 tural life (least valuable of spiritual possessions!) 
 he founded a school of masterminds, which wield- 
 ed the longest lived empire, and hold to this day 
 the highest place, among the uninspired sons of 
 men. '^ocrntes forr<imn Avhat the Spirit of Nvisdom 
 
THE MISSIONARY CONSTITUTION. 39 
 
 appointed. For verily, the twelve apostles and 
 seventy missionaries were each a Socrates in his 
 kind ; and greater than a Socrates : for Socrates 
 went about in quest of wisdom, and complained 
 that he could not fi;>d it, because it is not of the 
 earth ; but tliey had found it, being supplied with 
 it from heaven. Nay, further, I will make bold to 
 say, that if our wisdom were Christian or even 
 Socratic, it would prefer no other way of life. It is 
 our folly, our earthliness which binds us to the 
 fardels of this world. The spirit of man spurreth 
 them by its proper nature, and eifecteth emanci- 
 pation from their bondage, in proportion as it is 
 conformed to that Spirit of Truth which possessed 
 these twelve most honoured of the sons of men. 
 
 Now, bad as the world is, wild as is its The probable 
 ambition, heartless as is its vanity, proud f°""neotit.. 
 as its riches are, and mad as they are all, ambition, 
 vanity and riches, I cannot but please myself with 
 the imagination that there is no clime so barbarous, 
 or, (which I believe the more dangerous extreme,) 
 there is no region so polished, as not to possess a 
 gleaning of worthy spirits to welcome these travel- 
 lers between heaven and earth. For there is no 
 visible thing about them to create hatred ; the 
 men come in the name of peace : there is no visi- 
 ble thing to excite jealousy ; the men are posses- 
 sed of nothing, and coveting nothing ; there is no 
 visible thing to excite envy, for the men call nothing 
 but their life their own and even of that they are not 
 careful ; and they meddle with no earthly concern, 
 and have no earthly end, and walk in innocency,and 
 live in simplicity, and cleave to no sect or party of 
 men, and know no country, and intend no inte- 
 rests ; and their tidings are all froqr\ heaven, and 
 
 9 
 
40 KoR uiis'sionahitTh ai-*ter the apostol. school. 
 
 their disrourse all of Immortality, and their debate 
 ever hoUlen with the immortal soul, and the end 
 ef their ministration is the salvation of mankind; 
 and it is virtue ^vhich tliey commend, and peace 
 Ayhich they promote and charity toward all which 
 they enforce ; and a blessing goeth with tliem, and 
 healtli Cometh to the house where they abide, and 
 the son of peace resteth there, and salvation enter- 
 eth in as into the house of Zaccheus, thatday they 
 arrive. I cannot help thinking that the men were 
 well endowed for their work, and that their work 
 was worthy of the endowment, and that they would 
 find in the worst of climes (as verily they did, tor 
 these same twelve planted the Gospel far and near, 
 from India to the British Isles,) a class of men, and 
 that the highest, to give them welcome. The am- 
 bitious I sec, would spurn them, and they would 
 be content to be spurned ; the cruel, I see, would 
 maltreat them, and they would be content to be 
 maltreated ; the hoUowhearted wits and satirists 
 would make merry with them, and they would be 
 content to be made merry withal ; and the busy 
 bustling crowd would pass them unheeded, and 
 they would be content all unheeded to be passed. 
 ' What do these babblers say f"* * They seem to be 
 setters ibrth of strange gods.' 'Great is Diana of 
 the Ephesians.' ' They set up another king, one 
 Jesus.' 'Away with them, they are not worthy to 
 live.' I hear these sentences echoing round their 
 path ; and I see them following it fearlessly on- 
 ward to the death. But do I not see a Felix 
 trembling, and a royal Aprippa knitting his half 
 convinced brows, and a judge of Areopagus bless- 
 ing the heavenly tidings, and a Jason giving 
 pledges for them, and a Gamaliel speaking before 
 
THE missioxahy coxstitutiox. 41 
 
 senates in their behalf, a Dorcas, a Lydia, and 
 honourable women not a few, waiting upon the 
 wants of the all-enduring men: and the thoughtful 
 of the people are pondering the words which they 
 speak, and the serious minded are applying their 
 heart to the doctrine, and charity is leading them 
 by the hand, and brotherly humanity is opening to 
 them the gate, and affliction, comforted by their 
 presence, is anointing them with tears of joy; and 
 the genius of every high and heavenly faculty of 
 the soul is sitting at their feet, well pleased to be 
 schooled and taught by the messengers of heaven. 
 I see they are but searching the land for the good, 
 the noble, and the true, leaving the wretched which 
 love the earthly garbage, to wallow in their sensu- 
 alities. They are gathering each sweet and sa- 
 voury plant, leaving the weeds standing for a de^ 
 vouring conflagration which is to come. The fire 
 of heaven hath come down unto the earth ; (for 
 these twelve were baptized with fire ;) but it loved 
 not the earthly elements, and ran along seeking 
 materials which had some savour of the worthy 
 regions from whence it came, which having found, 
 it took and enkindled, and left in a heavenly blaze 
 each one in his place, to purify, enlighten, aiad en- 
 kindle the region round aboui 
 
ORATION 11. 
 
 THE PERPETUITY OF THIS MISSIONARY CONSTITU- 
 TION, PROVED, 
 
 1. From the Document itself. 
 
 Such was the character and the commission 
 which Messiah gave to the twelve Apostles, whom 
 he sent forth to preach the glad tidings of his king- 
 dom; and when he afterwards preferred other 
 seventy to the same high office, he gave them their 
 instructions in nearly the same terms. He never 
 afterwards repealed these instructions ; he never 
 afterwards added to them. And when he enlarged 
 their commission from the limits of Judea to the 
 utmost bounds of the habitable earth, he gavethem 
 no new directions, no new promises, no new warn- 
 ings or predictions, nothing further, save the as- 
 surance that he was with them to the end of the 
 world. When these men, schooled according to 
 this discipline, went forth afterwards in the same 
 behalf, it is not to be imagined therefore that they 
 would adopt other principles than those which 
 they had already received from their Master, 
 and practised with so much success. And if they 
 would not, then it is not to be imagined that we 
 ought, unless some speciahty in our case can be 
 shown of importance enough to annul these com- 
 mandments of Christ, and make the example of 
 the apostles of none effect. But as it is of great 
 
44 FOR MISSIOiNARlES AFTER TIlE APObTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 importance that this point be established beyond 
 all doubt, we have given it a separate place in 
 this argument, and shall now proceed as was 
 proposed : 
 
 Proved first ^^ sliow that thcsc instructions are of 
 by the bear- coutinual obligation, present the evcr- 
 
 ingofthe . . /■> . \ ^. , 
 
 document iastmg tvpc oi tlic missionarj character, 
 '^^^'' and are not by any human authority to 
 
 be altered or abridged. — To ostahlish this most 
 important conclusion, let us first apply ourselves 
 to the document itself, that we may ascertain 
 from its style and matter, whether it is meant to 
 be local and temporary, or universal and ever- 
 lasting. Now we are bold to say, that from the 
 beginning to the ending of it, there is not a single 
 sentence (save two afterwards to be considered,) 
 upon which the whole church of Christ hath not 
 passed a judgment, that it was pronounced for the 
 constant use and edification of all who put them- 
 selves in jeopardy for the sake of the spiritual king- 
 dom. Every promise in it hath become a standing 
 order of the church; its predictions have been ful- 
 filled in every realm where the Gospel of Christ 
 hath been preached ; and the first preachers of the 
 Gospel in every realm have established their hearts 
 with the consolation whicli it containeth. The di- 
 rection ' to be wise as serpents and harmless as 
 doves,' hath always been the policy of Christ's con- 
 fessors. The assurance ' that the Lord would put 
 into their mouth what they should say,' hath always 
 been the fountain of their eloquence. The privi- 
 lege, when ' persecuted in one city to llee into 
 another,' hath always been the measure of their 
 self preservation. The declaration - that the dis- 
 ciple is not above his master, nor the servant above 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTIOX. 45 
 
 his lord,' hath been their support under every iii- 
 famoas accusation. The knowledge ' that the 
 sparrows are objects of God's care, and that he 
 numbereth the very hairs upon the heads of" his 
 servants,' hath sustained them in the utmost jeopar- 
 dy and straits. The promise of Christ, ' to confess 
 before his Father those who confessed him before 
 men, to save the everlasting life of those who laid 
 down their temporal life for his sake, to be instead 
 of father and mother to those who preferred his 
 cause to filial duty,' and every other sentence, of 
 whatever kind, whether breathing sorrow or joy, 
 foreboding ill or promising good, hath become, as 
 it were, an armorial bearing to the soldiers of the 
 militant church, household words in the city of our 
 Zion, with which she traineth up her sons and her 
 daughters to be valorous for the Lord. Can a 
 document, then, I ask, to which the church in all 
 ages and in all countries, hath attached an ever- 
 lasting importance, and which contains within it 
 the watch-words of every battle that hath been 
 struck in this spiritual warfare, the last breathings 
 of every valiant man who hath sacrificed his all 
 for its sake, can such a document be allo^yed to 
 perish ? Shall any base-born generation be allow- 
 ed to hide it from the eye of the church ? Ac- 
 cursed be the generation that would harbour the 
 thought. Shall any man or body of men, to answer 
 their ends, veil it up or venture to annul it.^ Let 
 him be anathema maranatha. 
 
 And it is nothing to the prejudice of this reason- 
 ing, that the document containeth two notwith- 
 clauses which are local and temporary, ciaus^sofa" 
 and which can by no means be applied jocaia"^ 
 
 ./ . ri temporary 
 
 to any tlnng beyond that journey among kind, v.hic-h 
 
4b FOR MlbSIONAKiES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 were nc- 
 
 llic towns and villages of Jewry, upon 
 cessary. whicli they wcFC Sent, and from which, 
 we are told, they soon returned with gladness. 
 "Go not into the way of the Gentiles, and into any 
 city of ihe Samaritans enter ye not; but go rather 
 to the lost sheep of the house of Israel." "Ye shall 
 not have gone over the cities of Israel until the Son 
 of Man be come." For it was necessary to define 
 the extent of their first peregrination, otherwise 
 they would not have known whither to direct their 
 steps, or when to return to attend upon their Lord, 
 for whose witness they were chosen ; and there is 
 no more of a local and temporary nature than just 
 to guide them in this essential point. They are 
 directed to limit themselves to the lost sheep of 
 Judah, because, before they had gone this round, 
 the Son of Man vvould come ; that is, would 
 openly announce himself to the nation. Now, be- 
 cause he marked their route, and gave them an 
 idea of the duration of their journey, will any man 
 infer that his instructions and counsels were in- 
 tended only for that journey, and were to be cast 
 away when it was over ? — that man would make 
 his Saviour's words of less value than the words of 
 the most ignorant parent, who givelh parental 
 counsel to his child, which the child holds sacred 
 till death, never dreaming that it is cancelled at 
 the expiration of his first absence, and if not re- 
 peated, is to be cast at his feet. 
 „ . , But the document containeth within 
 
 Rut cannot • i r i 
 
 limit the rest, itscli the dircct rclutation of these de- 
 
 which declare . ,• /• -. i**i i a. ' 
 
 their own tractious trom its dignity, and restric- 
 cternity tions of its duratioii. For, except in 
 those two clauses by which it was necessary to 
 define the extent of this first peregrination, there 
 
PERPETUITY OP THIS CONSTITUTION. 47 
 
 IS hardly another clause which is not rendered in- 
 significant and even absurd by being applied to 
 that solitary journey. It is said " Beware of men, 
 tor they will deliver you up to councils, and they 
 will scourge you in their synagogues." Now we 
 have not the slightest hint that any of the twelve 
 or seventy suffered inditements before civil coun- 
 cils, or scourgings at the hands of religious rulers 
 during this journey, from which they returned with 
 joy, confessing that they had lacked nothing. And 
 indeed, I know not what councils there were in 
 the towns of Judea (for they went not to Jerusalem) 
 before which they could be brought. Again, it is 
 said, " Ye shall be brought before governors and 
 kings for my sake ;" and it is further said, " For 
 a testimony against them and the Gentiles." 
 Now what kings, governors, or Gentiles, could 
 they be brought before, or testify against, in 
 a journey, within whose bounds there was neither 
 king nor governor, and during which they were not 
 " to go in the way of a Gentile ?" And we have 
 warnings of brother delivering up brother to death, 
 and the father the child, and the children rising 
 up against their parents and causing them to be 
 put to death; — and yet all the twelve returned 
 safe and sound. Again, it is said, " Ye shall be 
 hated of all men for my name's sake ;" did that 
 come to pass in this journey ^ Again, ^ " He 
 that endureth to the end shall be saved ;" is 
 it meant to the end of this short journey ? But 
 further to apply this experimentum crucis to the hy- 
 pothesis that these instructions were intended for 
 this journey only, would produce such a tissue of 
 absurdities, as might destroy in my hearers that 
 grave frame of mind with which discourses from 
 
 10 
 
18 FOR ftllSSlONAUlES AFTER THE AP09T0L. SCHOOL. 
 
 this ])la(:e ouj^lit always to be heard. Therefore, 
 let what hath been said suffice ibr showing the 
 evidence, "which the document yields to its own 
 flurability, and the express denial and Hat contra- 
 diction uhicli it gives to every daring temporizer; 
 and let us proceed onward in the establishment of 
 tliis our second head of discourse, whereof, if we 
 succeed in convincing this assembly and the 
 Christian church, we shall have done no mean 
 service to the Missionary cause. 
 Apnssagein Agaiust the perpetuity of these in- 
 the 22d chap, structions, an objection may be taken 
 scemeih'to' from a passagc in the 22d chapter of the 
 <'b^ge^n ti,« Gospel by Luke, where they are alluded 
 ronstitufion iq in sucli a Way as, to a superficial 
 sionary rcadcr, might seem to repeal them and 
 
 "*''"^' to substitute others in their room : it is 
 
 as follows — " And he said unto them. When I sent 
 you without purse, and scrip, and shoes, lacked 
 ye any thing ? And they answered, Nothing. Then 
 said he unto them, But now he that hath a purse, 
 let him take it, and likewise his scrip ; and he 
 that hath no sword, let him sell his garment and 
 buy one." If this passage referreth to the same 
 object as the other, viz. the propagation of the 
 kingdom of Christ, it doth make a remarkable 
 alteration indeed ; not only permitting the help of 
 purse, and provisions of life, but also of instru- 
 ments of war ; and while it gives a permission to 
 the two former, makes the latter indispensable, 
 requiring the Missionary, who is without a sword, 
 fnit is avail- to scll liis garment to buy one. This 
 cnlf oni "to' ^^^^ crusaders fulfilled to the letter, who 
 liic crusaders, convcrtcd all tlicir property into steel 
 and armed men, and went forth in panoply to 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTION. 49 
 
 Spread the Gospel of peace. But as no one in 
 these times is disposed to fit out such an evangeli- 
 cal armament, all confessing it to be against the 
 spirit and the letter of the Gospel, no use can be 
 made of this passage to invalidate any part of the 
 other. It cannot be in part taken and in part 
 rejected. The mercenary spirit of these times 
 will not lay hold of the purse and scrip, while 
 they deny to the crusader the sword which is 
 made peremptory, while the others are but licen- 
 sed. So that we might dismiss the passage 'as 
 totally inapplicable to the propagation of the 
 kingdom, and leave tlie man who useth it against 
 the argument of this discourse, to deliver himself 
 from the dilemma into which he brings himself, of 
 converting every Christian Mission into a Cru- 
 sade. But, that we may carry along with us as 
 much conviction as possible, we shall interrupt 
 our course for a moment to explain the true in- 
 tention of our Saviour in this remarkable passage, 
 which we have seen strangely employed both by 
 the enemies and the friends of his cause. 
 
 It was spoken to the eleven after the Tiietmejn- 
 
 * „ , , T -I lention of 
 
 mstitution ot the supper, immediately that passage, 
 before they arose and retired to the Garden of 
 Gethsemane, where our Lord was straightway 
 betrayed into the hands of his enemies ; being the 
 last words which he uttered to them before the 
 hour and the power of darkness had the ascend- 
 ancy over him. For they had no sooner reached 
 the Mount of Olives, where the garden was, than 
 his agonies and temptations came hastening in 
 thick array upon his innocent head. And it is to 
 be regarded as a warning of the terrors which 
 were closing in upon their Master and his cause. 
 
• »0 FUR aiISSIOx\ARli;t> AFTER THE ^POs 1 OL. bCIIOOf.. 
 
 a permission to provide for their own safety, as 
 best they could, and an intimation ttiat the Son of 
 Peace, which went with them on their former 
 journey, standing them instead of purse and scrip 
 and defensive arms, was now unable to defend 
 himself, being about to bow his head and expire 
 upon an accursed tree. Therefore, said he, Until 
 these days of darkness be overpast, and times of 
 refreshing have come from the presence of the 
 Lord, let every one of you betake iiimself to his 
 natural shifts, and consider himself no longer as 
 the child of an invisible providence. And ac- 
 cordingly, while his cause continued under this 
 eclipse, they were deliverd each one into his own 
 protection ; and when he arose from the dead his 
 first instructions to them was, to depart from the 
 scene of danger into a retired mountain of Galilee 
 (perhaps that same where they had been set 
 apart,) and wait there till he should come and 
 take them out of the hands of this temporary ex- 
 pediency. But before ascending from them for 
 ever, he w as at pains to assure them that he had 
 triumphed over his enemies, and that all power 
 was given to him in Heaven and in earth, and that 
 he would send them his Holy Spirit, a better com- 
 forter and provider than the former Son of Peace; 
 therefore, restoring them again to their former 
 divine liberty, he said. Go forth into all nations, 
 and lo, 1 am witii you unto the end of the world. 
 j.rovcci. by an That tlicsc Avords, wliicli lic spokc on 
 anaiysibof {\^q QyQ qj' \\^\i; houT of darkucss, w crc 
 intended only for the use of that awful 
 season, is not a conjecture, but the result of a 
 deep consideration and analysis of the context, 
 Avhich. for vour further satisfaction, I shall not 
 
PKRPETLITV OF THIS « O^STITLTIOX. ^1 
 
 hesitate to lay before you. The supper, which in 
 every word and action signified his immediate 
 death, was instituted and ended; but his disciples 
 continued as steadfast as ever in their misappre- 
 hension and unbelief: which they manifested by 
 beginning to dispute about precedency in that 
 kingdom which they expected him to establish. 
 With a delicacy and wisdom, which breathed in 
 all he said, he first corrected their worldly ideas 
 of dignity, and explained that their true dignity in 
 his kingdom should consist in judging the tweh^e 
 tribes of Israel. Thence pursuing the discourse, 
 that they might be humbled out of their present 
 disposition of pride, which is Satan's snare, he 
 warned them of the danger to which they stood 
 exposed from the temptations of Satan. This part 
 of his discourse he addressed to Simon, foreseeing 
 his fall, and wishing to administer to him comfort 
 under the deep contrition and sorrow that was to 
 follow it — " Simon, Simon, behold Satan hath de- 
 \ sired to have you (the twelve,) that he may sift 
 you as wheat ; but I have prayed for thee, that 
 i'thy faith fail not, and when thou art converted, 
 * strengthen thy brethren." This brought forth 
 Peter's protestation, and our Lord's prediction of 
 his frailty, which is as it were a digression in the 
 discourse with the twelve ; whom having warned 
 of Satan's snares, assured of his own prayers for 
 their sakes, and advertised of their need to be 
 strengthened, he immmediately adds the passage 
 under consideration, as his counsel to them in the 
 emergency which he had ibretoid. Fearing lest 
 they might trust to that same protection which 
 had been extended over them hitherto, and which 
 had so wonderfully provided for their wants in 
 
■ rl FOK AlISdiONARiES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCIIOOI.. 
 
 their former journey, he turns their attention to 
 their former experience by the question, »' When 
 ye went forth without purse or scrip, lacked ye 
 any thing?" and they answered. "Nothing." Hav- 
 toijconivfor inor thus fixcd their minds upon their for- 
 
 ibe daik pc- '^ i. a • ' i . i .1 
 
 riod, ,10111 the nier estate, in order to make the im- 
 ihT£en"ion P^n^ing changc of their circumstances 
 of the Lord; thc morc remarkable, he added, "But 
 now he that hath a purse let Iiim take it, and his 
 scrip, and he that hath no sword let him sell his 
 garment and buy one." That is, trust not now, 
 under these perilous trials of Satan just coming 
 on you, to be supported with any help supernatu- 
 ral. For my kingdom is to suffer violence, and 
 the violent will take it by force. Therefore, look 
 ye every man to himself, and to his resources; 
 and be upon your guard from violence, Avhich is 
 more to be dreaded by you than the wants of na- 
 ture and the inclemency of the skies; and though 
 you should sell your garment to provide a delience 
 for your lives, sell it and therewith purchase that 
 defence. " For," he immediately added, as the 
 reason of the innovation, and he addeth it in his 
 most solemn manner, " For, I say unto you, that 
 this that is written must yet be accomplished in 
 me. And he was reckoned among the transgres- 
 sors : for the things concerning me have an end." 
 If any thing were wanting to conlirm what hath 
 been said of this passage, it were to be Ibund in 
 this reason expressly assigned by the Saviour him- 
 self for the innovation which he made. I am to 
 be treated as a transgressor and a malefactor, and 
 the predictions concerning my death have now 
 their accomplishment. Theretbre, banish these 
 high notions of power and dignity; for Satan is 
 
 O 
 
 ^Li-^ 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTION. 53 
 
 now about to sift you as wheat, and ye shall find 
 none of my help which heretofore sustained you, 
 but you shall find your own weakness, and be 
 forced upon your natural defences : for the mean 
 while, therefore, humble yourselves to the expec- 
 tations of ordinary men, and have your refuge in 
 the resources of persecuted men. 
 
 In all this there is nothing which hath and even of 
 or can have a wider application than to t^'^t season, 
 that hour of darkness, during which the raiiy"inter- 
 glory of his kingdom was ecHpsed. And, p'^'^'' 
 even of this season, that it was not to be literally 
 interpreted, is manifest from the scene which im- 
 mediately took place. The disciples mistaking his 
 meaning, made answer to him in these words, 
 " Lord, here are two swords." And he answered 
 them, " It is enough ;" that is, it is enough that I 
 have reduced your minds from these high and 
 towering expectations of power, which would have 
 cast you upon ruin, to the lowly sense of your 
 weakness, and the prudent thought of your safety. 
 But they imagining that he really meant them to use 
 these two swords, with which they were provided 
 said, when the rout came upon him in the garden, 
 " Lord, shall we smite with the sword ?'''' and Peter 
 actually lifted up his sword, and smote the high 
 priest's servant, and cut off his ear. To which ac- 
 tion our Lord made this reply, " Put up again thy 
 sword into his place : for all they that take the 
 sword shall perish by the sword." Which shows 
 that not only did he not intend the sentence under 
 consideration to be understood of the propagation, 
 but not even of the defence of his cause ; that so 
 far from intending it to be applied literally to all 
 times, he did not intend it to be literally applied 
 
^4: FOR MISblONARIKb AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 even to that time of oppression, for the sake of 
 which it was spoken. That it was to be under- 
 stood, as we have explained it, for a strong and 
 figurative way of reducing their minds from the 
 ambitious thoughts of power which their question 
 indicated, down to a lowly sense of their true con- 
 dition, its trials, and its dangers. 
 
 We have been the more particular con- 
 Theperpe- ccming tliis passafi^c of scripture, be- 
 Missionary cause ]t IS the Only one which seems to 
 proved"from bear against those Primitive Instructions 
 the practice of thc Missioiiary, for the perpetual obli- 
 ties, asre- gatioH of which wc liold the argument. 
 I'he A?ts" This being rightly interpreted (and no 
 one but a crusader could think of inter- 
 preting it of the Missionary cause,) every other 
 part of scripture proves that the Apostles carried 
 these instructions rigorously into effect. On the 
 day of Pentecost, when they were furnished with 
 all manner of gifts necessary for the work of con- 
 verting the nations, there was nothing appertain- 
 ing to purse or scrip, to power or influence, to 
 name or reputation, bestowed on them. The 
 things interdicted by the Saviour continued to be 
 interdicted by the Spirit; for outwardly the men 
 remained unaltered, after they had been inwardly 
 endowed with the word of wisdom, the word of 
 knowledge, the gift of prophecy and miracles, the 
 gifts of tongues and the interpretation of tongues. 
 If money and provisions, if goods and possessions 
 had been necessary, why were they not bestowed 
 at this time, when Heaven furnished out its minis- 
 ters to all nations ? But that needed not to be be- 
 stowed from Heaven, which was soon forthcoming 
 in all abundance. For in these times, as soon a'^ 
 
PERPETUITY OP THIS CONSTITUTION. ,:)0 
 
 the Spirit took hold of the converts, lie made 
 them indifferent to all outward distinctions and 
 emoluments wherein they formerly prided them- 
 selves. And not only the missionai'ies, but 
 even the converts of the missionaries, becom- 
 ing careless of purse, and scrip, and possessions, 
 forgot the distinctions of thine and mine, and 
 parted their all to such as had need. Now the 
 Apostles, when plenty of every thing came flow- 
 ing into their power, kept free from the worldly 
 incumbrance, and continued breaking bread from 
 house to house, and did eat their meat with glad- 
 ness and singleness of heart. And when they 
 went forth to the temple, so true kept they by 
 Christ's first instructions, that they said unto a man 
 who sought an alms, " Silver and gold have we 
 none." And when the converts brought their all 
 and poured it at their feet, not only would they not 
 own any of it, but they would not for the sake of 
 holy Charity and sacred Justice, be diverted by 
 its distribution, from the higher and better calling, 
 of giving themselves wholly to the ministry of the 
 word and to prayer. And they continued as they 
 began; for throughout the whole book of the Acts 
 there is not one word from which it can be ga- 
 thered that in journeying from town to town, and 
 from region to region, they had any convenience 
 of travel, abode in any houses of public entertain- 
 ment, possessed any property which they could 
 call their own, or in any way deviated from the 
 spirit, or from the very letter of our Lord's in- 
 structions. While they abode in a place, they 
 continued, according to the commandment of the 
 Lord, in the house of one man, whom, when writ- 
 ing letters from the place, they call their host. 
 
 n 
 
,)6 FOR MfSSlONAfilES AFTLU THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 When Paul went np to Jcnisalem, he communi- 
 cated that Gospel which he preached among the 
 Gentiles, to them only which were of rej)utation. 
 using the privilege of incpjiring after the most 
 Worthy. When the Jews of any town would no 
 longer hear him, he condemned them, and turned 
 unto the Gentiles ; and when with one accord both 
 Jews and Gentiles rose up against him, he shook 
 off the dust of his feet against that city, and pro- 
 ceeded on his course. In short, I find not one of 
 the instructions which they did not literally carry 
 into cliect. They had no wages ; they depended 
 upon no remittances ; they lived all along and al- 
 together upon the brethren. 
 
 And the Gospel must surely have changed its na- 
 ture and abated its efficacy, when the converts shall 
 become loth to support the man, who, under God, 
 hath brought them from darkness to light, and 
 from the service of Satan to serve the living God. 
 And the converts must be miserable indeed, if 
 they have not bread and water for the mouth 
 which hath brought them glad tidings of great joy. 
 For in the primitive times it was counted an ho- 
 nour, not a burden, to give them the small accom- 
 modation which they needed. Cornelius prayed 
 Peter to tarry with him certain days. Lydia, as 
 the first fruits of her conversion, besought Paul 
 and Silas in these words, " If ye have judged me 
 to be faithful, come into my house and abide 
 there." At Corinth, while yet Paul held with the 
 Jews, he abode with Aquila. and wrought at his 
 craft; but when he turned unto the Gentiles, he 
 entered into the house of Justus, one that worship- 
 ped God, and abode there. And on parting Irom 
 the elders of the Ephesian Church, he said, " I 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTION. 57 
 
 have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel ; 
 but these hands have mhiistered to my necessities, 
 and those that are with me." Which two last in- 
 stances show us how they were wont at times to 
 labour for their bread, that they might not be bur- 
 densome ; but that this was the exception, and not 
 the rule of their proceedings, is manifest from 
 Paul's apology for it in his Epistle to the Corinthi- 
 ans. The rule was, to follow out the unworldly, 
 unselfish, unambitious way of life which Christ had 
 taught, to be wholly careless of the present world, 
 wholly disengaged from its concerns, that they 
 might be wholly occupied with the things of the 
 world to come. 
 
 And when deviations do occur in the 
 practice of the primitive times, from this whose devra- 
 
 . ini \/t- • 1-11 lions iiom ine 
 
 exact ritual oi the Missionary laid down leuer confirm 
 by our Lord, they are of that kind which tu^coSiitl 
 confirm the spirit of the rule, being all p°"i,saJc()- 
 deviations by excess, not by defect, of its nmh. 
 peculiar characteristics. Paul, in these 
 two instances of Ephesus and Corinth, saw it 
 good to forego the right of living by his ministry, 
 but in foregoing it he carefully excepted against 
 its being considered as a precedent, i coi. jx. 
 " Have we not power to eat and to drink ? ^~^- 
 Have we not power to lead about a sister, a wife, 
 as well as other Apostles, or as the brethren of the 
 Lord and Cephas ? or I only, and Barnabas, have 
 not we power to forbear working?" In these 
 questions of the indignant Apostle, is revealed the 
 custom of the first founders of the kingdom, to go 
 from place to place, carrying with them no earth- 
 ly means, and devoting themselves to no worldly 
 calling, but depending upon the benevolence of 
 the worthy, and having their feet ghod with no 
 
58 FOR MlSSlO.NAKiES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 preparalioii but tlic preparation of the Gospel oV 
 peace. In IjIh triumphant answtTS to the same 
 questions, we have it asserted as a fundamental 
 law of the propagation of the kingdom, and sup- 
 ported by the reasonableness of the thing, by the 
 Mosaical laws, and last of all by the ordination of 
 iCo i ^^^^ Lord, " tliat they whicli preach the 
 Gospel should live by the Gospel.'* 
 Now I ask, in wliat part of the Gospel this is or- 
 dained by the Lord, if not in the passage, for 
 whose evelasting obligation we plead, wherein it 
 is said " For the labourer is worthy of his meat".'* 
 There is not another of the Lord's sayings which 
 niaketh even allusion to the subject. Here, then, 
 Paul quoteth a standing rule of the kingdom, upon 
 the authority of this document, which the practice 
 of many moderns would wipe out of the Canon. 
 Do you ask, Why, then, did Paul dare to set aside 
 the ordinance of the Lord ? Let him answer for 
 himself " If others be partakers of this power 
 over you, are not we rather.'' Nevertheless, we 
 have not used this power; but suffer all things, 
 lest we should hinder the Gospel of Christ." He 
 did it out of the noOile officium^ the high prerogative 
 of an inspired Apostle, because he saw that the 
 Gospel of Christ, with which he was intrusted, 
 would be advanced by his doing so; and how ad- 
 vanced, he hath told us in his next Epistle, when 
 speaking of the same thing, he thus expresseth his 
 1 Cor IX. 12. noble and magnanimous soul, '"Have I 
 committed an offence in abasing myself that ye 
 might be exalted, because I have preached unto 
 you the Gospel of God freely } I robbed other 
 churches, taking wages of them to do you service. 
 And when I was present with you. and wanted, I 
 
i^ERPETUn Y OP THIS CONStlTUTloN. 59 
 
 was chargeable to no man : for that which was 
 lacking to me, the brethren which came from Ma- 
 cedonia supplied : and in all things I have kept 
 myself from being burdensome to you, and so will 
 I keep myself As the truth of Christ is in me, no 
 man shall stop me of this boasting in the regions 
 of Achaia. Wherefore? because I love you not? 
 God knoweth. But what I do, that will I do, that 
 I may cut off occasion from them which desire oc- 
 casion ; that wherein they glory they may be found 
 even as we. For such are false apostles, de- 
 ceitful workers, transforming themselves into the 
 Apostles of Christ." These false apostles and de- 
 ceitful workers had accused the pdgrim-traveller 
 from town to town, and from region to region, as 
 a needy vagabond, who thus earned dishoiiourable 
 bread ; whereby they sought to obstruct his suc- 
 cess in the regions of Achaia. But the pilgrim- 
 traveller had a soul full of resources, and a heart 
 full of stoutness, to overthrow these railers against 
 the honourable calling and providential life of a 
 Missionary. Coming into the region which had 
 been poisoned against him, " he found a certain 
 Jew, named Aquila, with his wife Pris- Actsxvih. 2. 
 cilia, and came unto them, and because they were 
 of the same craft, he abode with them and wrought: 
 for by their occupation they were tent-makers." 
 Thus did he defeat the wicked stratagem of 
 Satan's servants, who had transformed themselves 
 into the Apoetles of Christ, by demonstrating that 
 he sought no gain, nor cared for no livehhood, but 
 became all things to all men that he might gain 
 the more. And though 1 have said the Apostle 
 did this by virtue of his apostolic prerogative, the 
 church will suffer no damage whatever, if her 
 
(50 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 Missionaries, when they find the same false report 
 circulating to the prejudice of the Gospel, should 
 adopt the same magnanimous course, of norking 
 with their hands, in order to put the calumny to 
 death, and triumph over it with a holy indignation 
 and joy ; and not only contribute to their own ne- 
 cessities, but even to the necessities of others who 
 have need. But I would advise them first to 
 beware that they become not instrumental in 
 spreading the very notion, that they are hirelings 
 and gainers, by taking fixed and stated salaries, 
 like any other craftsmen, which is the sure and 
 certain way to make themselves not only be re- 
 puted but justly regarded as hirehng craftsmen. 
 So that this example of Paul's deviation doth, as 
 it were, rivet upon both sides, the well-driven and 
 well-directed bolt of the Lord : inasmuch as he 
 honoureth the fundamental principle, that the 
 Gospel should seek and have no worldly emolu- 
 ment, nor depend upon any expedient of earthly 
 dignity ; w hile, in order to make the principle 
 triumphant in an extreme case which occurred in 
 his travels, he reacheth into the region of self-de- 
 nial and destitution farther than the Lord required, 
 in order to get the weapons with which to meet 
 the new and unprecedented obstacle that had 
 been opposed to his course. And while he rivetr? 
 the well-directed bolt of the Lord, he reproves 
 that poor and pithless weapon with which the 
 prudent spirit ot these times aimeth its puny blow 
 at the Heathen world. For, truly, we moderns 
 have taken the very means to create that stum- 
 bling block which Paul found in his way at Co- 
 rinth, by so constituting the Missionary office, as 
 that the men of this world might have in th*^ir 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS COXSTITUTIOA'. 6) 
 
 inouth the very words of which Paul reproved the 
 Corinthians, and to disprove which he needed to 
 adopt this voluntary act of self-humiHation. To 
 cure this, our shallow prudence, if we would use 
 the lesson given hy this leader of the Missionary 
 army, we would do well, for as many years as we 
 have fed and hired men, to require that they 
 should go, as Paul did, into the other extreme of 
 not even eating and drinking at any one's expense, 
 but that they should support themselves by the 
 labour of their hands, and glory thereby over the 
 false prejudice with which the cause, by our mis- 
 management, hath come to be circumvented. This 
 is the proper use of the Apostle's deviation. 
 Now, further, lest a sentence which r- ,u 
 
 . , , . Ill urmer ex- 
 
 occurs in the above quotations should be plained from 
 turned aside to justify the modern method the Phiii> * ' 
 of furnishing out the Missionary, which P'*"^' 
 the occurrence at Corinth doth so utterlj discoun- 
 tenance ; it is fortunate, that, from the Epistle to 
 the Philippians we can explain what those wages 
 were which Paul took, and what his robbery of 
 the churches, and what the supply of the Macedo- 
 nian brethren, by the help of which he carried 
 out his hardy scheme of confuting the false report 
 by which the enemy had sought to impede his 
 missionary progress. It is found written in the 
 conclusion of his epistle to the Philippians (and 
 how happy I am to make such quotations, God 
 knoweth ! for they bear my spirit up in the hope- 
 lessness of this controversy,) " But 1 re- Phii. iv. lo. 
 joiced in the Lord greatly, that now at the last 
 your care of me hath flourished again; wherein ye 
 were also careful, but ye lacked opportunity. Not 
 that I speak in respect of want ; for I have learned, 
 
&1 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 in whatsoever state I am, tlierewith to be content. 
 I know both how to be abased, and I know how 
 to abound; and in all things I am instructed both 
 to be full and to be hungry, both to aV)ound and 
 to sulTer need. I can do all tilings through Christ 
 which strengtheneth me. Notwithstanding ye 
 have well done, that ye did communicate with my 
 affliction. Now, ye Phiiippians. know also that 
 in the beginning of the Gospel, when I departed 
 from Macedonia, no church communicated with 
 me as concerning giving and receiving, hut ye 
 only. For even in Thcssalonica ye sent once and 
 again unto my necessity. Not because I desire a 
 gift ; but 1 desire fruit that may abound to your 
 account. But I have all and abound : I am full, 
 having received of Epaphrodilus the things which 
 were sent from you, an odour of a sweet smell, a 
 sacrifice acceptable, well-pleasing to God. But 
 my God shall supply all your need, according to 
 his riches in glory, by Chirist Jesus." This is the 
 Apostle's receipt in full for his wages; this is his 
 voluntary confession of his robbery ; this is the 
 help with wliich he was helped at Corinth of these 
 good Philippians. And as the ibrmer quotations 
 are a proot of his most nice and chary delicacy 
 lest the Gospel of Christ should be breathed on 
 with any aspersion, and of his magnanimity to 
 bear every extreme of hardship, rather than the 
 missionary calling should be calumniated ; let this 
 stand tor the proot of his most generous spirit to 
 partake and receive brotherly help. And let it 
 divide and distinguish that chariness and mag- 
 nanimity from the natural pride and independence 
 of the human heart; from which the former spirit 
 is as distinct and distinguishable, as the spirit of 
 
PliK.PET(jlTV: OF THlSj CON^TITUTIO:*^* &3- 
 
 Christ, who gave all heaven's glory up and took \ 
 mendicant crumbs of men, is distinct and distin- \ 
 guishable from Satan's spirit, who, though ihet\ 
 brightest of the sons of the morning, could not- j 
 brook the rich endowment because he had to give,/ 
 for it an act of reverence to the Most High God. 5 
 And let it show, moreover, into what straits Paul 
 passed, and with what difficulties he was beset 
 around, in following out his missionary peregrina- 
 tions, and how he had no dependence upon foreign 
 churches; (for iio one communicated with him 
 save this of Phiiippi, whose gift he knew not of, 
 and expected not, till Epaphroditus brought it in 
 his hand.) And, finally, let it show how the Lord, 
 the Son of Peace, forsook not in his wandering, 
 his hungered, his own laborious workman, vvhose 
 niggard craft, oft interrupted, yielding him but a 
 bare support, he brought him supplies from afar, 
 and made them to follow him to Thessalonica, to 
 Corinth, to Rome, every where through the hea- 
 then desert, as the waters of Meribah and the 
 quails of the morning and the evening, followed 
 the sandy parched footing of the camp of Israel. 
 After perusing which examples, will any one 
 say that Paul conformed not to the ritual of the 
 missionary school, because he took foreign sup- 
 plies when they Avere offered, and wrought with 
 his hands when it served his turn ? Thou art right, 
 he conformed not; that is, he did more than con- 
 form ; he was an A postle, and more than an Apos- 
 tle, for he magnified the Apostleship. Go thou 
 and do likewise. Be more than a Missionary, 
 magnify the Missionary office, and in such a way 
 show thy non-conformity to thy Lord's commission 
 and passport. But first, be careful that thou art a 
 Missionary, and that the office in thy hand is not 
 
 12 
 
64 FOR MfSsrONAUtES' AFTtll TRE APOSTOry. SCHOOL^ 
 
 mini^hcd of its due size nor shorn of its proper 
 beams. 
 
 Another ap I have heard quoted, as another de- 
 r,!f "! fr if." viation from the letter of the missionary 
 cdinihcsd charter, wliat is obscurely hinted at m 
 .fohn. proves the Epistle ©f J(^n, addrestsed to Gaius, 
 the same. j^^ thesc words, " Beloved, thou doest 
 faithfully whatsoever thou doest to the brethren 
 and to strangers; which have borne witness of 
 thy charity before the church : whom if thou bring 
 forward on their Journey after a godly sort, thou 
 shalt do well ; because that for his name's sake 
 they went forth, taking nothing of the Gentiles. 
 We, therefore, ought to receive such, that we may 
 be fellow-helpers of the truth." This, like the 
 former, proveth more for the spirit of the mis- 
 sionary charter, than if it had been in most exact 
 conformity wMth its letter; showing, first, that the 
 travellers and ambassadors of the kingdom, in 
 these times, were wont to be brought on their 
 way from place to place by the charity of brethren, 
 even though strangers, and did not hesitate to be 
 beholden to their charity; secondly, that they 
 went forth to the Gentiles without any means of 
 conveying themselves thither, but needed assist- 
 ance to reach the scene of their labours ; and 
 having readied the harvest-field, they put in their 
 sickle and reaped without any hire, taking nothing 
 for their reward, but passed on dependent as 
 before upon the bounty of the brethren. So much 
 the passage proves, that these Christian expedi- 
 tions were undertaken without any dependence 
 upon way& and means, and were executed without 
 any fee or reward ; but it: does by no means pro^e 
 that while they were with the Gentiles they re- 
 luscd lo be beholden to them for their subsistence- 
 
OTiRPE;TFITY OF THIS CONSTITUTION. 05 
 
 They took nothing from the Gentiles, and needed 
 to be helped on their way, that is, they departed 
 as poor as they came ; but how they fared amongst 
 them is not stated, because it was not necessary 
 for the Apostle to state more than tlieir present 
 condition, as his argument for the brethren to help 
 them. The passage, therefore, is nothing more 
 than a certificate of the poverty and disinterested- 
 ness of these Missionaries, given under the hand of 
 an Apostle to a brother, who, on other occasions, 
 had been helpful to the brethren. How much it 
 supports the spirit of the Apostolical school of 
 Missionaries, any one can see; how it bearetlt 
 upon the present school, it is not yet the time to 
 discourse of at large. 
 
 And other instances of this kind oc- other de- 
 cur in the Apostolical record. Paul, viauon?, at- 
 WTiting to Philemon from his bonds in EameWer- 
 Rome, desires him to provide him a lodg- *"'"" 
 ing, trusting that through their prayers he would 
 be given to them. He was then Paul the aged, 
 and Philemon was his dearly beloved brother 
 and fellow-labourer, from whom he might, with- 
 out fear of misconstruction, ask such a favour; yet 
 with what delicacy he touclies upon pecuniary 
 matters, anyone who reads that model of delicate 
 affection may well apprehend. At Rome, in like 
 manner, he dwelt two years in his own hired house, 
 and received all that came in unto him ; because 
 he w as there as a prisoner upon parole, and ac- 
 commodated his apostolic character to his forced 
 conditions ; but on his journey to Rome, the Mis- 
 sionary constitution was fulfilled to the letter by 
 the brethren at Puteoli, with w hom he was desired 
 to^stay seven days; and also by the brethren at 
 Rome, who met him at the 7'hree Taverns, and 
 
01) POR MlSSIOiNARreS AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 conductod him on his way. In like manner, Titus 
 is iiistrijcfed to brin^j Zcnas the lawyer, and Apol- 
 los, on their journey diligently, that notliing be 
 Wanting unto them. In like manner, he writes to 
 the Corinthians concerning Timotheus. that they 
 Avould " conduct him forth in peace, that he may 
 come unto me." And of such importance was 
 this part of apostolical discipline held, that it is 
 enjoined in general precepts like any other great 
 head of Christian duty, *<- to distribute to the ne- 
 cessity of saints, and to be given to hospitality ;** 
 and it is set down as a mark of those widows who 
 are to be taken into the number, " that they have 
 lodged strangers ;" and of a bishop it is recjuired, 
 as an indispensable quality, that he should be 
 given to hospitality ; and to all it is often enjoin- 
 ed, as to the Hebrews, " that they be not forgetful 
 to entertain strangers, for thereby some have en- 
 tertained angels unawares." 
 
 Sometimes, in casting my e^'e back 
 of'the^'do^ over what 1 have written, and consider- 
 oratlw oc!^ ing the new doctrine which 1 have dared 
 caBionethat to advancc in opposition to the universal 
 lationlje-^^'' practicc of tlic Churches, I have felt a 
 lioveii?^"* fear come over my mind, as ii 1 had been 
 guilty of presumption in daring to inter- 
 pret God's word, upon this subject, ibr myself. 
 But the more I have been led to study it, by the 
 opposition which these ideas have received, the 
 more I have been convinced ot their truth. The 
 passages which have been quoted against them, 
 have, upon deliberate study, turned out to be in 
 their favour; and tlie instances which have been 
 given of deviation, have always provetl to be de- 
 viations in excess, not in dele(;t, of the standard 
 ol faitii an<l self-denial. Moreover, in makina^ 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTiON. 67 
 
 those researches into the primitive appointments of 
 Messiah, and practices of his Apostohc servants, 
 many new convictions have been brought to our 
 mind concerning the office of the pastor, and the 
 office of the preacher, which differ from the ap- 
 proved notions as widely as those which we have 
 set forth of the Missionary. So that, silently, we 
 have come to the strong and steady persuasion 
 that this is but a silver age of the Church, taken 
 at its best, and that the golden age is yet to come; 
 that we are not perfect, any more than our fathers ; 
 that we should learn to believe in our imperfec- 
 tions, and welcome any one who will honestly de- 
 clare them to us. 
 
 Sometimes, on the other hand, I have been 
 tempted to indignation and wrath, that 
 the institution and appointment of the !>njoftenei 
 great head of the Church should have atthVda'ring 
 been so widely departed from in these woiiTtamper 
 modern times, and being honestly and ^'"'1'''^ 
 plainly stated, should find so little fa- appointment; 
 vour in the eyes of a generation which 
 prideth itself in the evangelical character of its 
 f missionary undertakings. And that, instead of 
 \ going about to seek men who were advanced in 
 I faith to the height of the undertaking, they have 
 I gone about to reduce the undertaking to the 
 j measure of an ordinary faith, and have attracted 
 I to the service many who were hardly fit for a pas- 
 Itoral care in the Church at home, much less for 
 {laying the foundation of Christian empire abroad. 
 But most of all hath a holy indignation risen with- 
 in my breast, when, to keep up the popular glory 
 and renown of their work, which they should be 
 ever rectifying by the word of God, they should 
 be content rather to obliterate and annul that 
 
(>8 FOR MISSIONARIES AprER TKE APOBTOk. SCHOUI., 
 
 part of his holy word which is ahle to ^\\c them 
 counsel. It is instructive of the seli-exaltation of 
 man to hear with what cool iiidifference thej 
 would consign to uselessness those immortal coun- 
 sels which our Lord gave for the conduct of Chris- 
 tian Missionaries, in order that they may have the 
 field open for their own infaUibility. They would 
 break through all rules and laws of interpretation, 
 and to a passage whose every word and sentence 
 breathesimmortality, they would give a temporary 
 application, destroying its obligation, losing its 
 comfort, and abolishing its promises to the evil- 
 entreated messenger of peace ; — all because it 
 contains in its bosom two clauses which were ne- 
 cessary to make it useful and applicable to the 
 time which then was, as well as to the times which 
 were to come. Against this 1 have argued by an 
 analysis of the passage, against it I have protested 
 by an appeal to the apostolical times, in the hope 
 of being able to prevail by argument and appeal: 
 though I confess, with slender hope in a time 
 when names or periodical organs of opinion have 
 obtained almost the whole authority in the 
 Church. 
 
 becauFcu ^ut if there be left in the Church any 
 
 applied 10 reverence lor the Holy Scripture, anv 
 
 those tiincs . ^ 
 
 as well as to lovc to thc words of ChHst, any supe- 
 our times. rio^ty to the things of sight, and trust in 
 the good promises of God, any memory of her 
 past triumphs, or any hope of future victory, by 
 these I do entreat the Church to hesitate how she 
 discredits this portion of the Holy Scriptures, bo- 
 cause it applied to those times no less than to all 
 other times. For upon the same principle she 
 would annul every word of the Sermon on the 
 Mount, which was suggested by Je\vish error? 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITITTION". 69 
 
 and was given for the abolition of Jewish errors^ ; 
 and every parable, and every rebuke, and every 
 exhortation, and every instruction of the Lord, 
 which all sprung out of the occasion presented to 
 hirii, and applied to it with far more exemption of 
 every other occasion than the passage before us ; 
 which, if it be distinguished by any thing, is dis- 
 tinguished by this, from most other of our Lord's 
 discourses, that it will not apply, cannot by any 
 showing be made to apply to that occasion, but 
 bursts all limitations of time and place, and writes 
 its own superscription to be, to the Church uni- 
 versal upon the earth. There are some passages 
 in our Lord's instructions which apply only to a 
 particular time and condition of things, such as 
 that spoken at the Last Supper, of which we have 
 given a commentary above, and which can never 
 come to be applicable again, because the Son of 
 Man can never again be removed by the hour and 
 power of darkness from the power of protecting 
 his Church. But when any man would rob the 
 Church of any of the Lord's sayings, which the 
 first Apostles were glad to catch from oblivion, 
 rather than to convey to it (of which their zeal 
 we have seen an instance quoted from the Mis- 
 sionary charter, 1 Cor. ix. 11., and may see another. 
 Acts XX. 35. in Paul's discourse to the Elders of 
 the Ephesian Church,) then, that man should be 
 indicted as guilty of high treason to our king, who 
 liveth upon earth only in his words, — of sedition 
 against his kingdom, whose laws are the words 
 of our everlasting King. 
 
 Upon the Foolisli mcu ! vain, ignorant, and fool- 
 
 ph^cipkof' ish men ! they know not what they do, 
 interpreta- j[q their hastc to aunul the precious words 
 
 tion they r /^i • • i t i i 
 
 nouwdis- oi (yhrist: neither understand tuey the 
 
70 FOR MISblONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 credit and natuFC of the words of Christ which they 
 disannul would annul. The glorious words of 
 Christ were not for one occasion, but for 
 
 every thill 
 witich he 
 
 uttered,— j^jj occasions ; not for one race of men. 
 but for all races of men; not for one age, but 
 for all ages of the world. And yet, in that which 
 he said, there was always something local, tempo- 
 rary, and occasional, enough of the present time 
 and present manners, for it to lay hold of the feel- 
 ings of the present audience. But because the 
 eternal truth which he spoke, had around it the 
 drapery of the times, did it thereby become tem- 
 porary ? We, whose souls are educated in time, 
 being of yesterday, do smack of time in all our 
 thoughts and speeches, except wherein we are 
 guided by revelations of eternity ; but He, who 
 was from eternity, the same yesterday, to-day, and 
 for ever, partaketh not, and cannot partake of the 
 same infirmity. The truth which he spoke, is 
 '.truth metaphysii^a], that is, truth independent of 
 // the conditions oftime and place, applicable to all 
 times and places, and equally applicable when 
 time shall be no more. The truth which he spoke ad- 
 dresseth not the temporary but the eternal in man ; 
 and by awakening the immortal in us, enableth us 
 to shake oil the temporal coil with which we are 
 enslaved. Yet, as hath been said, the eternal 
 truth which he spake, and from which all ages 
 since have derived the knowledge of eternity and 
 the sense of immortahty, had a special application 
 to the people to whom it was first addressed, and 
 took hold of the forms of thought then current in 
 the world, in order to deliver men from what was 
 false, and manifest more clearly what was true, in 
 those very things which they believed, and by 
 which tliey were siirroimded. But this taste of 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTION. 71 
 
 the times, and glance at the occasion, must never 
 for a moment beguile us into the imagination that 
 they reach no further, and were intended to reach 
 no further, than to that occasion. Otherwise we 
 must be content to lose all which he spoke from 
 first to last. For example: the sermon his sermon on 
 which he preached on the mount, wherein ^^^ •"°"°*' 
 he gathered up the fragments of all moral feeling 
 and moral law, to issue them anew with divine 
 wisdom, and write them in everlasting letters, not 
 only searched into the j^oints and marrow of the 
 Pharisaical sophistry and hypocrisy, but hath be- 
 come to every country where it hath been published 
 abroad, the basis of law and manners, and will con- 
 tinue the perfection of both while the world lasteth. 
 Again, the comforting speeches he made his discourses 
 to his followers before his crucifixion, not of comfort, 
 only moved them to earnest questions indicating 
 their personal concern in what he said, but have 
 been the sustenance of his disciples ever since, in 
 all the trials of their lives, and in the hour of their 
 departure ; and will never cease to be as refreshing 
 to the Church as the waters of Meribah. And his 
 prayers, however aptly addressed to the , . 
 
 • 1-1 ii £• . . t Ills prayers, 
 
 occasion on w nich they were nrst uttered, 
 are still the most frequent and the most soul- 
 impressive of all our addresses to the throne of 
 God. And those parables, whose ima- j^.^ ^ ^ 
 ges, like the Gorgon's head, froze his 
 opponents to stony silence, are to this day the 
 beautiful pictures of all social and religious du- 
 ty; each one of them the porch and entrance to a 
 magnificent temple of truth and blessedness. And 
 those very parables which shadow forth the nature 
 of his kingdom — the parable of the mustard seed, 
 of the leven, of the twelve virgins, of the steward, 
 of the royal feast, of the labourers in the vineyard, 
 
 13 
 
72 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOtJL. 
 
 of the sower and the seed, — are not these as appli- 
 cable now as tlien, and as frequently enforced and 
 applied by the ministers of the Gospel ? And if in 
 all other things he spoke for eternity, yet missed 
 not tlie present occasion; if in all other things he 
 spoke for all times and all occasions; who is he 
 who will say, that when equipping and instructing 
 the messengers and Missionaries of his kingdom, 
 upon whom all the rest depended, he hath said no- 
 thing perennial, but only spoken well for the occa- 
 sion, and must not be understood as instructing us 
 in the same terms in which he instructed 
 domg which them ? The man that aaith or fancieth 
 Io?enmf ^^' ^^^^'^ need to learn again what be the 
 wained and first principles of the doctrine of Christ ; 
 and 1 warn him to beware how he taketh 
 from or addeth to the words of the prophecy of this 
 book, lest God shall add unto him all the plagues 
 that are written in this book ; how^ he break one of 
 these commandments, or teach others to do so, 
 that he be not called least in the kingdom of hea- 
 ven. If he, the King and Founder of the spiritual 
 kingdom, in whom dwelt all the treasures of wisdom 
 and knowledge, did not understand and know the 
 full provision and furniture for his own envoys and 
 ambassadors, the strength in which they should 
 fight, and the weapons with which they should 
 overcome the powers of darkness, I marvel, indeed, 
 who should understand and know them; and if his 
 rules fail to be applicable to our case, I marvel who 
 shall help out their inefficiency. The Church, say 
 you ; but w hat is the Church without its Head ? 
 and where is its counsel without its Counsellor? 
 and where its authority without the Spirit of Christ? 
 Therefore, let no man nor body of men, no Chris- 
 tian or society of Christians, nor the whole visible 
 Church, in their presumption; dare to say, these in- 
 
PERPETUITY OF THfS CONSTITUTION. t^ 
 
 stmctions of Christ to the messengers of the king- 
 dom are now inapplicable, are Utopian, are extreme, 
 are to be cautiojisly interpreted, and prudently car- 
 ried into effect. For if these be cast aside, I, for 
 one, see not upon what scriptural basis a Mis- 
 sionary .Society resteth. Nor do I see by what 
 principle a Christian Missionary is to guide himself 
 But these instructions remaining, I perceive the 
 use of a Missionary College, to see tJiem carried 
 into effect ; and 1 see the calling of a Missionary to 
 he the highest upon earth, and the nearest unto 
 God ; I see that he is a messenger not of time but 
 of eternity ; that his soul is dressed not in the con- 
 fidence and trust of time, but of eternity ; that he is 
 a man of faith, and of faith alone, and therefore able 
 to plant faith wherever he is permitted ; and I per- 
 ceiv e that the world is his diocese : and if the world 
 is mad enough to despatch him away from its coast, 
 then I find a haven of rest and glory provided for 
 him by these his instructions. In short, without 
 this document, I am all at sea upon the Missionary 
 question, and must handle it like a question of state 
 policy, or of church management : but preserviiig 
 this, I have the Magna Charta of the Missionary 
 Constitution, the description of the Missionary cha- 
 racter, the scale of his qualifications, the directory 
 of his procedure, his safe-conduct from the court 
 above, and his assurance of success upon earth, and 
 of immortality in heaven. 
 
ORATION III. 
 
 THE PERPETUITY OF THIS MISSIONARY CONSTI- 
 TUTION PROVED. 
 
 II. From the Analogy of the Christian Faith and Discipline. 
 
 Having thus established beyond a ques- ^vhythis 
 tion, from the document itself, that it is sUoui'd^" 
 written for all ages; and having shown Iioirwr"' 
 that it was acted upon in the spirit, and ""^"s'l' 
 beyond the letter, by the Apostles and first Mission- 
 aries of the Church, I see not what remains further 
 to be said in order to prove that it ought still to be 
 regarded as the constitution of the Missionary es- 
 tate, and the directory of the missionary course ; 
 but I feel, while I speak, a certain inward admoni- 
 tion, to weave the tissue of my argument as it were 
 of double strength. For I seem to see the appari- 
 tion of many enemies, and to have the foretaste of 
 a fiery trial, for these thoughts which I have adven- 
 tured forth. The warlike Spirit of the Crusaders, 
 who unsheathed the sword which the blasphemous 
 Father of Christendom had blessed, and unfurled 
 the consecrated banner of the cross, therewith to 
 spread the Gospel of peace, and the artful Spirit of 
 the Jesuits, who brought all the stores of human 
 wit and worldly wisdom to the same great under- 
 taking, and the Spirits ofthismonied aiid prudential 
 age, who preach the crusade of gold as eagerly as 
 Peter the Hermit preached the crusade of steel ; 
 all these seem to arise to overwhelm the poor wight 
 who shall say that neither gold, nor steel, nor world- 
 ly wisdom, are essential to the equipment of a Mis- 
 
Vti FOR .MISalO.NARlES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 sionary ; but so far from being the allies of Christ 
 in the propagation of the spiritual kingdom, are tlie 
 three chief powers against whose combined strength 
 his servants have to make their way, and upon 
 whose humbled pride they have to lay the founda- 
 tions of His empire. 
 
 J Therefore, I oft pause and look to my 
 
 author pur- instructious, aijd see whether I be well 
 posethtodo, sustained in the cause which 1 plead, 
 and a still small voice w hispereth to me that I am. 
 The monitor within me saith unto my hesitating 
 mind, Beholdest thou not that the deficiency of 
 earthly means is balanced by the sufficiency of 
 imearthly promises? and that though there be no 
 purse wherewithal to purchase the means of life, 
 there is an admonition from Heaven to all men, to 
 take the unprovided Missionary to their home, and 
 give him bread and water ? and though there be no 
 steel with which to cleave obstacles in twain, there 
 is the Word of God, which is a hammer that break- 
 cth the rock in pieces ? and though there be no 
 defence of Jesuitical wiles, there is the eye of Pro- 
 vidence which counteth every hair upon their head, 
 and holdeth their lives more dear than the beasts 
 of the field and the fowls of heaven, for w hich he 
 liberally provideth? Perceivest thou not that the 
 former and the latter end of the instructions balance 
 and sustain each other, and that if the former be 
 taken away, the latter hath no counterpoise, and 
 the whole proportion and wisdom of the passage is 
 destroyed ? Therefore, seeing it w ill not permit of 
 mutilation, or of abrogation, or of temporizing, what 
 can I do but redeem my pledge of upholding the 
 truth of my Master, with that liberty of prophesy- 
 ing which this grave and revered assembly, tnking 
 example from those three still more venerable as- 
 '^rmblios. mentioned at the beginning, will not bin- 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTION. 77 
 
 der in him whom they have set up to prophesy to 
 them out of the word of the Lord. 
 
 It is not for the words, purse, scrip, rai- because it is 
 ment, staff, and fHendship, that I contend, an argument 
 Whether a man shall have money, provi- fngs and re-' 
 sions, comforts, conveniences of travel, and |i*,^'^i"'i'„^"*^ 
 friendly sustenances, or shall not have themost' 
 them, is not the question : Whether a man reSso"fthe 
 shall hide himself from all the secondary ^^'^''^^' 
 means of prosperity, or 'shall profit by them, is not 
 the question. The question is concerning those 
 fields of interest, those spheres of ambition, and 
 refuges of trust, which the words, purse, scrip, rai- 
 ment, staff, and friendship denote : Whether the 
 Missionary shall occupy any of them, or shall not : 
 Whether he shall go forth independent of them, or 
 dependent on them : Whether his character shall 
 be moulded and modelled after the fancy of the 
 times, and the current maxims of the Chiristian 
 world, or shall stand unalienable and unalterable, 
 like the character of the Pastor or the Christian. 
 If a Missionary, possessing all these things, can be 
 a man of as entire faith and devotion as though he 
 had them not, it is a small matter so far as he him- 
 self is concerned ; yet not a small matter, as we 
 shall see, so far as the success of the work is con- 
 cerned : but it is not a small matter, whether the 
 idea of the Christian Church concerning these offi- 
 ces shall be a constant or a changeable thing; 
 whether the idea of the Missionary concerning his 
 office shall descend to him of God, or descend to 
 him of men ; and whether those that guide the work 
 shall consider themselves, as infallible to give law 
 to the Missionary, — a commission, self-appointed, 
 of oyer and terminer in this great cause, or men acting 
 under authority, under responsibility, and by exact- 
 ly precribed rules. These are questions vitally 
 
78 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 conccrninj]^ both the glory of God, and the well- 
 being of man; and I tee^ that 1 have been agitating 
 a mighty matter, and am myself under terrible re- 
 sponsibihty. if I advocate not to the utmost the per- 
 petuity of these decrees. 
 
 . Taking courage, therefore, I now ven- 
 
 thatthisis turc a little higher into the dignity of this 
 tionai,*^bur" argument, and declare that not only do 
 the necessary {\^q Unrepealed authority and the intrinsi- 
 
 fbnn of the » /> i • • i ■ i 
 
 Missionary cal character ot these instructions bind 
 character. (jj^j^ forcvcr upou tlic propagators of the 
 kingdom, but that, from the nature of the Gospel 
 itself, he who propagates the Gospel must be sepa- 
 rate from worldly interests, and stand aloof irom 
 worldly occupations ; and just in proportion as he 
 getteth under the spirit of his high vocation, he will, 
 of his own accord, though there were no binding 
 precept upon the subject, cast himself into that 
 outward condition here presented to the twelve 
 great champions of Christendom. It is not a cou- 
 ventiomd but an appropriate^ not an expedient but a 
 necessary character for every one who possesseth a 
 certain measure of God's spirit: or, to speak in the 
 language of the metaphysical schools, it is the out- 
 ward and necessary form under which a certain 
 large measure of spiritual iniluence will always 
 manifest itself But first, it may be necessary to 
 explain the language which I use. 
 AH spiritual The twofold uaturc of man, body and 
 essences spirit, uiaketh it necessary that every 
 an outward tliiiis by whicli lic is to bc movcd should 
 Profitable to Have an outward form. ^V iiile yet it lives 
 '"^"' in spiritual essence alone, it is to him as 
 
 if it lived not, and its life hath over his life no in- 
 iluence or control. Hence the great Father of Spi- 
 rits halh given to all the attributes of his being an 
 outward form and manifestation. The heavens dc- 
 
FERPETLITY OF THiy CO.N'STITUTIOX. 79 
 
 dare Iiis t^lory, and the earth slioweth forth [iis 
 handy-work; and the sun nhich circleth round the 
 earth, is the tabernacle ot" his effiiltrcncy. T!ie 
 written law, which is holy and just and ^ood, is the 
 form of his holiness; and the Gospel of his Son is 
 the form of his mercy and grace. Heaven is the 
 outward form of his blessedness, and hell of his 
 fearful wrath against the rebellious. And every 
 doctrine in revelation is a form to the in- ^ ,, 
 
 /. ... . , even God s 
 
 teliect oi some spiritual attribute of t!ie anributea 
 Invisible: — the doctrine of the atonement, "'"''^'"' 
 of his justice ; the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, of 
 his help. And to the most noble and capital truths 
 or doctrines, he giveth not only a form for the in- 
 tellect, but for the \cry sense of man. His incar- 
 nate Son is the fleshly form of his glory, a.,,) no. on- 
 and the visible image of his person. The lyiothom- 
 doctrine of our natural corruption and oOeiiio'the 
 gracious purification by the blood oiChrist, '*'^"^' 
 hath the sensible form of Baptism. And the doctrine 
 of our continued sustenance by his Word and Spi- 
 rit, hath the sensible form of the Supper. And the 
 doctrine of the creation of the world, and the resur- 
 rection of Christ, which is the re-creation of the 
 world, hath the sensible form of the weekly Sab- 
 bath. And the visible Church is the sensible form 
 of the heavenly communion. And there is nothing 
 in the being and purposes of God, which it might 
 benefit man to know, that hath not a form of ex- 
 pressing itself to the soul of man through the intel- 
 lect or through the sense. 
 
 Now, in like manner as God hath given j^^,.cp, 
 to his spiritual bcino: a constant form in ' iiiristan, in 
 revelation, so hath lie appointed unto riis ai.dcnnrii. 
 servants to manifest fh^Jr spiritual being *a'p'^,S"" 
 under some constant form. To every man ou'waf'J 
 m his station he hath appointed his duties : 
 
 14 
 
80 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOO£. 
 
 to the servant and the master, the hushand and the 
 wife, the parent .and the child, the ruler and the 
 ruled; \vhich duties are the outward torm which 
 his Holy Spirit l.iketh in these persons and condi- 
 tions. To a rich man, he hath given rules how to 
 use his riches^ and to a poor man, how to bear his- 
 poverty ; to a wise man, how to use his wisdom, 
 and to a fool, how he may be cured of his folly ; to 
 the strong, how to employ his strength, and to the 
 sick, how to bear his afHiction. And so to all the 
 various gifts of nature, allotments of Providence, 
 and prefierments of rank and power, hath God ap- 
 pointed a certain formulary for their right manifes- 
 tation in the sight of men ; nor alloweth, without 
 rebuke and chastisement, that these conditions 
 should be otherwise occupied than for the ends for 
 which he hath bequeathed them diversely, that 
 they might rightly occupy the diverse members of his 
 great household, and bring out the common weal of 
 also the tlic wliolc family. And while over every 
 
 IninSterof cliamber of this world's variety he ap- 
 the truth, pointed a spiritual servant to preside, he 
 did also appoint an order of men superior to these, 
 who should travel over the many chambers of the 
 house, and see that each servant was rightly occu- 
 pying till the great householder should come ; 
 stewards who should neither occupy the treasury 
 chambers, nor the attiring rooms, nor the bazaars 
 of business, nor the museums of knowledge, nor 
 the shops of art, nor the halls o^ judgment, nor the 
 apartments of state and dignity, nor the saloons of 
 grace and beauty, nor the awtul places of throned 
 sovereignty ; but who should travel over all these 
 from room to room, e\ en Irom the dark and labo- 
 rious foundations up to the stately elevations and 
 gilded pinnacles of society, surveying the work 
 and occupation of every inhabitant, and carefully 
 
PERPETUITY OP THIS COXSTITLTiON. iil 
 
 keeping them to the ri<^ht and diligent performance 
 of their several parts, that they maj be able to ren- 
 der an account of their work when the Lord shall 
 come to call the work of every man into judgment. 
 This watchful, careful office app-rtaineth to the 
 minister oi' the Gospel or the pastor of the souls of 
 the people, in which, if he faithfully travel, his shall 
 be a great reward. But if he stoop to engage him- 
 self with any of the diverse traffics, and meanwhile, 
 for want of careful oversight and spiritual instruc- 
 tion, the souls committed to him go astray to serve 
 other masters than the Lord, their blood shall sure- 
 ly be upon his head. 
 
 Now, if the Lord our God hath taken and the 
 to himself a form in the Scriptures for the ^?'f'°"^'^ 
 
 f. 111. , ^""^ must 
 
 instruction of man, and hath instructed tiaveaform, 
 each of us in his station to take a form ibr the edi- 
 fication of one another, and wherever his councils 
 are revered and obeyed, hath added the form of a 
 minister, who, standing aloof from the several en- 
 gagements and their temporal rewards, shall be 
 His voice and messenger unto the people, satisfied 
 with the singular dignity thereof; is it to be be- 
 lieved that he should have appointed no outward 
 form to those chief and leading men, who were to 
 Knarry abroad over the earth these celestial instruc- 
 tions, and teach the nations to rule their character 
 and set forth their works after the will and pleasure 
 of their heavenly Father; that giving to all others 
 good and particular instructions, how they shall 
 best and most happily fill their stations, he should 
 leave the perilous Apostles and Missionaries of the 
 whole institution no instructions as to the form 
 which they should take, in order to move the na- 
 tions and prevail on them to return to their rightful 
 fealty to the Most High ? This were to build a ship, 
 with occupations for a mimerous crew, and births 
 
<i'J!> F0R MISbiONARIES AFTEK TFU: Al'ObTOL. isCHOOL. 
 
 provided for many officers and men, but to make 
 no provision how she should be launched into the 
 deep: or, being launched into Uie deep, it were to 
 fill her with plentilul supplies to some distressed 
 colony, and man her with able hands, but make no 
 provision of a skilliil pilot and good instructions to 
 carry her through the strong currents and stormy 
 winds which set adverse to her course. The thing 
 is not once to be imagined of Him who is All-wise 
 and All-provident, as well as All-good and bounti- 
 ful. j1 priori^ before any appeal to the fact, it may 
 be concluded that the Missionary doubtless will 
 have his form, as well as the people whom it is his 
 calling to inform after the will of God. And his 
 form will be after the fashion of the minister or pas- 
 tor, somewhat more devout and adventurous, as the 
 discoverer and subduer of a country needeth to be 
 more adventurous than he who keepeth it under 
 regiment. The one fearless, the other watchful ; 
 the one expedite and ready for all encounters, the 
 other burdened with many charges ; the Missionary 
 a spiritual warrior, the pastor a spiritual shepherd. 
 What this ibrm of the Missionary is, we 
 The object havc already gathered from Messiah's own 
 
 «fthisOia- ^.^ .. r i\ a^- • ^ i 
 
 tion is lo dis- constitution oi tlie Missionary estate. 
 jSMhat J^"t it ^i^l ^^^ ^ great confirmation of the 
 form from the (loctriuc if WO cau show that, from the 
 God's reve- vcry uaturc of the Spirit's operation upon 
 lations. jjj^ heart of man, it must necessarily follow 
 
 that the Missionary should be such a seli-denied 
 and world-divested creature, and that he cannot 
 come into a more full and suilicient condition with- 
 out incommoding himself and hindering his work ; 
 that it is the necessary Ibrm of his ollice, tiom which 
 every deviation must be lamented as a defect, and 
 deliverance from it earnestly ensued as an attain- 
 ment of stature, and a step towards success. Also, 
 
PERPfiTUiTV OF THIS COXisTlTUTlO.V, JJ^J 
 
 that it hath been, from the first of God's revelations 
 to the last of them, the form which the messengers 
 he chose either assumed at the outset, or came to 
 in the end. Also, that the work hath not changed 
 in these times, that we should ignorantly conceit a 
 change in the workman or his tools to be expedient. 
 Also, that this unworldly and extreme character of 
 the Missionary is in perfect keeping with the other 
 parts of Christian discipline, of which no part can 
 be levelled down to worldly prudence and homely 
 practice without loss to the Church and deception 
 of the world. And, therefore, that our true course 
 in this and all other Christian institutions, is to 
 work our character up from worldly levels into 
 their pure elevations, assured that at every step we 
 come into nearer neighbourhood to tlie divine Spirit, 
 and a larger sphere of blessing unto men. Such 
 is the train of argument which this Oration will 
 take, in order to justify this form of the Missionary, 
 by showing its alliance and aiFinity with the rest of 
 the Christian revelation. 
 
 It is the nature of man, fallen from truth, ^,^p ^^.^^^ ^^ 
 and alienated from the life of godliness, theMi?siona- 
 diligently to seek how he may bestow ZmuT 
 upon the creature, and of all creatures Jf'prj,"iV,I'of 
 upon himself, that worship and glory the Hivme 
 which is due to God alone. His talents, 'P'"'"p°""^- 
 though they be created and matured by God ; his 
 knowledge, though all that he knows be of God's 
 providence and handiwork ; his possessions, though 
 they consist in a portion of God's goods freely be- 
 stowed ; his bodily strength, his form, his very name, 
 that most airy and accidental of all things, it is 
 man's nature to magnify into a God, and to worship 
 as his chief good. And some will fall prostrate before 
 science, and others before literature ; and others be- 
 fore brute and senseless nature ; and others before 
 
U4 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 idols of wood and brass ; and, in short, there is 
 nothing inlicrent in the nature of man, or existent 
 in the outward world, whereof the fallen soul hath 
 not, at some time and place, made an idol, and with 
 which, in all times and places, it hath not a ten- 
 dency, less or more, to divide the reverence which 
 is due to God alone. So that the greatest impedi- 
 ment to the progress of the Gospel in the soul 
 ariseth out of the things which are seen and tem- 
 poral, the world and the things of the world, which 
 come to nought. These occupy our senses, and 
 thence steal into our affections, when the imagina- 
 tion formeth them into more lively and wily combi- 
 nations, and the intellect busying itself with their 
 relation, at every step of the investigation disco- 
 vereth them to be so wisely adapted to the wants of 
 man, so stimulative of a thousand pleasures of the 
 t^ense, and so profitable to the ambition and enjoy- 
 ment of the present world, that tliey gain and gain 
 over our time, our interests, our desires, our fears, 
 until at length there is left in the soul no room lor 
 the Gospel to occupy. All is prepossessed and pre- 
 occupied, when the Gospel comes into action, which 
 hath therefore to begin its course by checking, cut- 
 tino; otr, prohibiting, rebuking, and the like distaste- 
 ful operations, known generally by the name of re- 
 pentance. And after having brought these former 
 propensities to a stand, it seeks to drive them all 
 backward; to turn the tide of bitter waters upon 
 their evil fountain, and to recover the fields of the 
 soul which they had drowned and wasted from 
 their rightful possessor. And in proportion as this 
 Avork of emptying goeth on, the work of the Spirit 
 proceedeth, the dew of God's blessing descendeth 
 as upon the thirsty earth, and the fruits of the Spi- 
 rit fill the former waste places; the evil invaders 
 are cast out. the turbulent possessors are quieted, 
 
PERPETUITY OB' THIS CONSTITUTION. 85 
 
 the Iamb lieth down with the leopard, and the 
 young lion and the fatlin^ together, and the desert 
 of our spiritual state rejoiceth and blossometh Hke 
 the rose. 
 
 If so it be found, in the experience of all ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 Christians, that the things of the spirit «<> consist iu 
 prosper in proportion as the things of the SeTpirU 
 flesh decay, and that confidence in the nesly'' 
 right-arm of Jehovah increaseth as our everything 
 confidence decreaseth in princes and the ^^*"'"' 
 sons of men, in the corn, the wine, and the oil ; and 
 that allegiance unto Christ doth undo and dissolve 
 the allegiance of the human soul to Mammon, and 
 Belial, and Satan, and even to the dearest and 
 nearest friendships and relations of life, it is most 
 manifest, that the disseminators of such a doctrine 
 over the earth must be denuded of all the things in 
 which men place their trust, and to which they 
 render their homage, in order that they may be 
 wholly under the influence of that spirit, worship 
 and allegiance, under which they seek to reduce 
 the rest of men. And these deprivations exacted 
 by our Lord, of those who go forth as the propaga- 
 tors of his spiritual kingdom, are to be considered 
 not only in the sense of tests or trials imposed by 
 him, or of mortifications imposed by themselves, or 
 of examples offered to the people to whom they go 
 (though in all these respects they may and do serve 
 good ends,) but as the necessary and indispensable 
 condition to their being wholly under that very 
 Spirit to which they Mould persuade the world to 
 be subject, and as sure evidence that they continue 
 under it so long as they love and submit to such a 
 discipline. Christ wished none but spiritual men 
 to take this office upon themselves ; and of the 
 spiritual men in the church, he wished those who 
 were strongest in faith, and those alone, to venture 
 
86 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 forth. Therefore, he set the mark to the most un- 
 earthly standard, and appointed tliat there should 
 be no purse, that is no pecuniary emolument,- no 
 scrip, that is no possessions ; no change of raiment, 
 that is no pleasures or accommodations ol" the 
 body ; no staff, that is no ease or pleasure of travel ; 
 no salutations by the way, that is no ends of natural 
 or social affection. Which he ordained, not be- 
 cause he was a hard master, for he exacteth of no 
 one to undertake the perilous yet glorious work ; 
 but because, if any one would undertake it, he 
 would not permit him to be ignorant of the cost, 
 but instructed him in the measure of faith which 
 was indispensable to the work ; saying to them. 
 Unless the things of the Spirit have prospered thus 
 and thus far with thee, unless the kingdom of hea- 
 ven hath prevailed within thy soul, and subjected 
 all these regions of natural gladness, thou art not 
 prepared for the work ; but if otherwise, then go 
 thy ways, and, lo ! I am w ith thee unto the end of 
 the world. 
 
 To winch II this argument, drawn of necessity 
 
 find himreif ^'"^"^ ^^^^ naturc of the Christian spirit, be 
 shut up in well founded, then it will follow that 
 KpFroIdi amongst those who are full of the Spirit, 
 toitaccord- j^^ ^yi^^ j^^^j^ ^ Dursc IS as he who hath 
 
 injasheis i i i • i i 
 
 faithful. none, and he who hath a scrip as he who 
 hath none, and he who hath a field as he who hath 
 none, and he who hath a kingdom as lie who hath 
 none. And it confirmeth us the more in the sound- 
 ness of the argument, that at the great outpouring 
 of the Spirit on the day of Pentecost, this condition 
 of things w^as realized among the disciples, who had 
 all things in common, and sold their possessions, 
 and poured out their price at the Apostles' feet. It 
 will likewise follow, tiiat a Missionary in propotion 
 as he is careful of those things, shows himself deli- 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTION. 87 
 
 cient in the supply of that Spirit, whose chosen ves- 
 sel he preferreth himself to be ; and that no age of 
 the church which setteth store by these outward 
 visible means is greatly enlightened of the Spirit, 
 but hath need to seek for a more plentiful diffusion 
 of his ghostly influences. It will follow, moreover, 
 from this fruitful proposition, that, though a Mis- 
 sionary in the first histance should go forth stocked 
 like a trader, fitted out like a discoverer, accredit- 
 ed like a royal envoy, and three times armed with 
 prudence like a hostile spy, when he cometh into 
 close communication with the Spirit of God and 
 the spirit of the people, in order to be the mediator 
 between these natural enemies, he will, if his mind 
 be open to light, be taught the utter helplessness 
 of all these helps, the utter uselessness of all these 
 useful things, to that work in which he hath embark- 
 ed : that, though they may commend him to the 
 proud and worldly part of the people, and gain for 
 him a place in their regards as a man of some con- 
 sequence and reputation, they are so far from bring- 
 ing him into contact with their spiritual feelings, 
 which alone he careth or ought to care for, that 
 they set him more remote from thence, and induce 
 a mistake with respect to his unearthly purpose, 
 which it will require him much time and labour to 
 correct. And if he be a true man, and a man of 
 spiritual discernment, I think that a transmutation 
 will speedily come upon the outward estate of this 
 well-furnished Missionary. He will by degrees 
 divest himself of all those things which withdraw 
 the people from the word of his mouth, or hinder 
 them from apprehending the simpHcity and sinceri- 
 ty of his spiritual purpose. He will adopt their 
 dresses, follow their manner of life, eat with them 
 and drink with them, and seek access to them at 
 all their unguarded moments, that he may be al- 
 
 15 
 
38 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE AI-OStOL. SCHOOL, 
 
 wajs at hand to drop his words seasonably into 
 their ear, and manifest constantly before their eye 
 the influence of his faith over all the conditions of 
 man, instead of merely addressing them now and 
 then with set speeches and abstract discourses 
 against the very time, form, and place of which, 
 their minds arc already in arms. And he will not 
 scruple to tal^e favours at their hand, if that will 
 bring him into closer confidence of their souls, 
 Avhich it doth far more frequently than otherwise ; 
 and if not, he will work to them for his meat, teach 
 them the arts of his country, do any thing that may 
 bring him and keep him in close and frequent con- 
 tact with their personal affections; and he will 
 learn to be of no country, that he may remove po- 
 litical hinderances out of the way, and he will learn 
 to carry no temptations about with him ; his wealth, 
 which maketh him to be envied, and perhaps en- 
 dangereth his life, he will cast into the first brook 
 which he crosseth, or diligently hide it from the 
 people (but how shall he hide it from his own 
 heart!); his equipage of travel he will put aside; 
 and, like Bernard Gilpin, the Reformer of the North, 
 he will give his horse to the first poor family Avhich 
 hath need of one to earn their bread; and, like 
 that most noble of parish priests, however full- 
 handed the Missionary may set out on his expedi- 
 tion, he will, if his mind be open to light, and his 
 heart to love, return from his excursion, not only 
 empty of all things, but beholden to the worthy men 
 who had compassion upon him by the way. So 
 that, according to the argument, the spirit which 
 prevaileth within the Missionary's breast, will never 
 fail to bring him into that very condition of naked- 
 ness and dependence, I should rather say. fulness 
 of faith and spiritual plenty, which the Great Coun- 
 sellor and Founder of the Missionary cause, in the 
 
i»ERPE'ri:iTY OF Turs coxsTiTUTiox. 8y 
 
 plenitude of his wisdom, ordained as the proper 
 condition, not to end with, but to set out with, in 
 this faithful and spiritual adventure. 
 
 It is not that we attach any importance to the 
 outward costume of a missionary, which also mav 
 be assumed. Under the coarse irock of a friar lay 
 oft more pride and cunning than beneath a car- 
 dinal's hat; and the triple crown hath not covered 
 more ambitious purposes than lay within the cowl 
 of the Jesuit who exposed himseh* to every blast of 
 heaven. The pride of human nature may make 
 noble-minded men to dwell like Diogenes, in a tub : 
 the disappointments of the world may drive them 
 like Timon to the woods; and racking remorse 
 may send them unprovided pilgrims over untrodden 
 jdeserts, or attach them to the coarse fare and bare 
 walls of a hermit's cell; the forms of poverty and 
 meanness are endless, which the spirit of man may 
 assume for its own particular gratification, without 
 any regard to the well-being of others, or the pro- 
 pagation of the kingdom of Christ; and therefore 
 no form is to be taken as a sure test of the true 
 spirit of a Christian missionary. Nevertheless, as 
 hath been proved above, there is a form which, 
 beyond others, is expressive of a heavenly mind 
 and a disinterested mission, that which Messiah 
 chose for himself when coming into the world, and 
 which he laid upon all who would travail with him 
 for the redemption of the world. It is not indispen- 
 sable to the true Missionary spirit, but the true 
 Missionary spirit doth love it, and cannot without 
 selt-denial oe brought to lay it aside ; it is not un- 
 equivocal to those without, but it is least liable to 
 be misinterpreted ; it is not a capital crime against 
 the laws of the spiritual kingdom to lay it aside for 
 an occasion, as it is not a capital crime against our 
 naval laws for a captain to lose his ship, but^^s m 
 
90 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 the latter case, so in the former, he ought to be put 
 upoM his trial, and make appear before the statutes 
 of our king, that it was lor the best interests of the 
 kingdom that it was set aside. 
 
 Such is the argument drawn from the 
 With such necessary laws of spiritual influence ; and 
 
 denuded men •' i r \ 
 
 the work hath such arc tlic conscquenccs oi the argu- 
 S'onj tiie ment : but what saith the fact ? The fact 
 Lord. saith this, that by men, so conditioned as 
 
 these instructions set ibrth, God hath always wrought 
 enlargement or salvation to his spiritual kingdom. 
 Joseph. Joseph, by whom he saved the promised 
 
 seed, and got for them the land of Goshen, was first 
 stripped of every thing, father and mother, and 
 brotherly love, made a bondsman, beleaguered with 
 temptation, falsely accused and imprisoned, friend- 
 less and helpless in the dungeons of a foreign land. 
 And when, the people being lost to the knowledge 
 of God and the nobility of their calling, the orphan 
 Moses. shepherd Moses was chosen for the great 
 
 work of setting them free, and receiving the law 
 from the mouth of the Lord, he argued three times 
 liis unfitness for the w ork : first, from Pharoah's 
 strong and high condition ; secondly, from the un- 
 belief of the people ; and, lastly, from his own 
 meanness and want of eloquence. But the Lord 
 ajave him no appointments under heaven save his 
 Elijah. shepherd's rod. Elijah who was called 
 
 on at another simihir pass, when the people had 
 •with one accord fallen away under idolatry and 
 tyranny, had not a house or a morsel of meat or 
 a friend within the bounds of Israel to give him 
 shelter; yet the Lord by his hand slew all the 
 priests of Baal, and overthrew their altars in tlie 
 Eiisha. high places. And Elisha, on whom his 
 
 mantle fell, and with it his perilous work, that 
 same day he received his commission to go forth 
 
PERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTIOX. 01 
 
 to the Lord's work, sacrificed his oxen, and made the 
 fire for the sacrifice out of the wood of his agricul- 
 tural implements, cutting asunder all connexion 
 with the world, and destroying that which won his 
 bread, devoting the instruments of his wealth in 
 thanksgiving to the Lord, who had called him to 
 the work of a higher husbandry. And David. 
 David, from feeding the sheep, by neither chariot 
 nor horsemen, won favour in the sight of Israel, and 
 was advanced to the throne. And Esther, Esther. 
 an orphan woman, saved the people of the Lord 
 from utter ruin. And all the prophets The Prophets. 
 were without reputation or worldly condition, other- 
 wise they had been unfit for their perilous work : 
 Amos, from among the herdsmen of Tekoah, Eze- 
 kiel, from the captives by the rivers of Chebar, 
 Daniel and the three Children from menial offices 
 in the palace of an Eastern king. And whosoever 
 else, under the former dispensation, was separated 
 as a chosen vessel for containing the revelation, 
 and doing the work of the Lord, was either ill-con- 
 ditioned by birth, evil-starred of fortune, or stripped 
 naked by the world, made a Nazarite of, separated 
 by the Lord unto himself, before he could be en- 
 tered to the work of doing great and lasting service 
 to the interests of righteousness. iVnd The Baptist. 
 John the Baptist, the forerunner of Christ, Avho may 
 be reckoned the great type of Missionaries, if 
 Christ be the great type of Shepherds or Pastors 
 (for the Missionary prepareth the way for the Pas- 
 tor, as the Baptist did for Christ,) was made a 
 Nazarite from his mother's womb ; that is, he was 
 separated from strong drink, which representeth all 
 artificial stimulants of the spirit and luxuries of the 
 body ; and a razor was not permitted to come upon 
 his head, which meaneth that he was separated 
 from all outward show and ornament; and thus 
 
il2 FOR MISSIOXARLES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL, 
 
 being hindered from regarding his own gratification 
 and tlie world's eye, he was come into a condition 
 lor receiving the inspirations of the Spirit of God, 
 which cannot enter into communion witli sense aiid 
 seliishness, those two great idols of men. And 
 The Lord Christ himself, though he was in the form 
 iiimseii. of God, and thought it not robbery to be 
 equal with God, made himself of no reputation, and 
 took upon him the form of a servant, and was made 
 in the likeness of man ; and being tbund in fashion 
 as a man, humbled himself, and became obedient 
 unto death, even the death of the cross. Where- 
 fore God also hath highly exalted him, and given 
 him a name above every name, that at tlie name of 
 Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven 
 and things in earth, and things under the earth, and 
 that every tongue should conless that Jesus Christ 
 is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. Thus 
 making himself both a model and a history of every 
 one wlio is to extend that kingdom which he found- 
 ed, and labour in the salvation which he purcliased. 
 The lueive And, finally, what the twelve and seventy 
 and Seventy, ^v crc, and liow they were fitted out for 
 their Mork, we have spent the former head of this 
 discourse in explaining. And what the people 
 were who first received their message, and in their 
 several neighbouriioods propagated the kingdom, 
 The first Paul hath told in the Corinthians, " iJreth- 
 converts. p^jj^ y^. ggg your Calling, how that not 
 many wise men after the fiesh, not many mighty, 
 not many noble, are called. But God hath chosen 
 the foolish tilings of the world to confound the wise, 
 and God hath chosen the weak things of the world 
 to confound the things which are mighty, and base 
 things of the world, and things wiiich are despised, 
 hath God chosen, yea. and things which are not. to 
 brinu" to noujjht things that are." 
 
PfcRPETUITY OP THIS CONSTITUTIOJT. 93 
 
 What more, then, is required to show And thercfoie 
 that there ever must be, and ever hath manhood"' 
 been, a necessity for disjunction from the '1^33 at no 
 
 ' p, 11-1 11 ''^'^ ^^ ahcvcd 
 
 works 01 the world m order to work the or abridged 
 works of God, that the great heralds of tothecmarh, 
 heaven must take a stand above the earth, ^".dproioyd 
 
 , , , mj. cry to the 
 
 HI order to raise men above the earth ; world. 
 that they must undervalue those tilings which they 
 teach men to undervalue? What are Missionaries 
 but the prophet's order enlarged from the confines 
 of the land of Israel, to roam at large over the 
 world ? God's messengers to the nations, telling 
 them their several burdens if they repent not, and 
 showing them salvation if they repent. Each a 
 Jonah to the several quarters of the heathen world : 
 not servants of this or that association of men; but 
 heralds of heaven, who dare not be under other 
 orders than the orders of Christ. It is a presump- 
 tion hardly short of Papal, to command them. They 
 are not Missionaries when they are commanded. 
 They are creatures of the power that commandeth 
 them. Up, up, with the stature of this character: 
 it is high as heaven : its head is above the clouds 
 which hide the face of heaven from earth-born men : 
 its ear heareth the word of God conthiually, and 
 continually re-echoeth what it heareth to the na- 
 tions. The Missionary is the hollow of that trump 
 which resoundeth the voice of God. Let us reve- 
 rence him, he is above us all, he is above the world, 
 he is an ethereal Being, and careth not for the con- 
 cerns of time. I wonder how any one can be so 
 impious towards God, so cruel towards men, as to 
 wish to obliterate one feature of his Celestial Cha- 
 racter. Though none of those who at present re- 
 spectably bear the honours of the name come near 
 to it, still let it stand, that, being ever in their eye, 
 they may approach it more and more near. Though 
 
94 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 none of this generation can bear the palm of it 
 away, some of our children may. And though none 
 of our children should reach it nearer than their 
 fathers, some of our children's children may. Some 
 favoured one may be raised up of God, who, like 
 another Paul, may give it full and complete vitality. 
 And when he shall arrive, rest assured that, like 
 another Paul, he will convert half the nations. For 
 well am I convinced that the Gospel waiteth only 
 for such spiritual men, in order to burst its present 
 narrow bounds, and the Spirit waiteth only for 
 these necessary conditions to fill the inward soul of 
 any man, and make him a chosen vessel, a royal 
 stately ship to sail in all seas, and bear the treasure 
 unto all lands. I feel, that in pleading for the per- 
 petuity of the Missionary form of manhood, 1 am 
 pleading the cause, not only of the unconverted 
 nations, but the cause of divine power and truth, 
 which is hindered from descending to tabernacle 
 with mortals only by our low-thoughted cares and 
 worldly occupations. Martha, who was burdened 
 w^ith many things, is the genius of the human race ; 
 Mary, who had chosen the one thing needful, is the 
 genius of the Missionary band, who, not out of the 
 greatness of their grief, but the greatness of their 
 love, have become careless of all those things, save 
 that good part which shall not be taken from them. 
 Who is he that talks of change ? The 
 And it can- Missioiiary ordinance can never change, 
 Sa'^useMre ^^^ the Missionary work dothneverchange. 
 work to he piis work is still to overthrow the prince 
 evermo^re' '^ of this world, scatcd upou thc bcauty and 
 the same. pleasantucss, upon the magnificence and 
 glory of the visible creation, and to deliver the 
 souls of men into the worship of the invisible God. 
 Kingdoms may undergo every vicissitude, and be 
 found under every form of civil polity ; nations may 
 
PERPETUITl OF THIS COi\fc.TMUTlOi\. ^:j 
 
 exist in every degree of culture or barbarism ; Ihev 
 may be noble, high minded and proud ; sordid, and 
 base, and given over to gain and sensual indul- 
 gence; vain-glorious, pompous, and fond of a thou- 
 sand spectacles ; they may be grovelling in super- 
 stition, sunk in ignorance, abandoned to sloth and 
 effeminacy, or fierce, fiery and uncontrollable ; but 
 never will a kingdom or nation be found possessed 
 of the knowledge of the true God, devoted to the 
 laith and pursuit of spiritual objects, or living in 
 the practice of Christian precepts. The maxims, 
 the spirit of the laws and policy, the motives and 
 principles of private conduct, the whole tenor of 
 their society, and influence of their rehgion, have 
 to be counteracted and overthrown in these times, 
 as entirely as in the days of the Apostles. There 
 is no relaxation of the oppositions, there is no miti- 
 gation of the difficulties of the work, which never 
 changeth. And the Gospel which the Missionary 
 hath to preach, the kingdom which he hath to pro- 
 pagate, is still the same spiritual kingdom which 
 flesh and blood cannot inherit, whose King hath no 
 communion with Belial nor with Mammon, in whose 
 sight iniquity cannot stand, and to whom the proud 
 heart and the high look are an abomination. This 
 Gospel, which hath toleration for no natural form of 
 humanity however excellent, and condemneth every 
 living man, which beginneth in sorrow and repen- 
 tance tor the past, proceedeth by the faith and 
 preference of things unseen, and is perfected in a 
 thousand acts of self-denial and self-discipline, is 
 not now more agreeable to the nations than it was 
 when first revealed by our Lord and Saviour. And 
 if the Gospel, after two thousand years, is still as 
 unaccommodating to the world, and the world is 
 still by nature as averse from its faith and disci- 
 pline, how should the manner of its propagation be 
 
 16 
 
96 FOR IvnSSIONARlES AFTER THE APOSTOL. S'CHGOL, 
 
 altered in any respect from what was laid down 
 and followed at the first ? If the first Missionaries 
 were made spiritual personages, in order to exhibit 
 practically to the people that preference and all- 
 sufficiency of spiritual things which they preached ; 
 if they were men of faith alone, in order to exhibit 
 that principle which they sought to magnify over 
 sight and sense, why should they not be so likewise 
 in these times, in which the heathen are still as de- 
 voted to things seen and temporal, as they were in 
 tlie days of Paul ? Even supposing the present Mis- 
 sionaries had more divinity of nature than the Apos- 
 tles, and that they could possess purse, scrip, and 
 all other accommodations without being thereby 
 unspiritualized, how shall they hinder the evil in- 
 terpretation of the heathens, who see them hired, 
 paid, accommodated, befriended, and in all outward 
 things better conditioned than themselves ? They 
 speak to us of faith, let them show us their own. They 
 speak to us of the providence of God, but they ven- 
 tured not hither without every security. They tell 
 us of Christ's disinterestedness to us, but what les- 
 sons give they us of the same ? And so forth through 
 every particular of their condition, by which Christ 
 intended that they should evidence the doctrine 
 which they taught. I cannot understand, therefore, 
 in any way, how the condition of the Missionary 
 work should be changed, when the work itself re- 
 maineth the same ; or how the instruction which 
 Christ gave for the propagation of his kingdom 
 should now be null and void, when it is the same 
 kingdom that is to be propagated, and the difficul- 
 ties and impediments are still the same, over the 
 head of which its propagation is to be effected. 
 
 I admire the steadiness with which the 
 ithatha^i/s spiritual people of this day have stood 
 <li>nnum,^d Q^^ against the ignorant clamour, that the 
 
fEHPETUlTY OF THIS CjONSTITUTIOA-. 97 
 
 heathen must be civihzed before they can 
 be christianized ; I admire, also, the faith li.e mII"'^' 
 which they have shown in the power of rSwuf 
 God, to save men by the preaching of the '^""J its head 
 word, without any help of the arts of mour^n'he 
 government, or of civil life ; and the sim- ^'""^ 
 plicity with which they devote themselves to the 
 circulation of the scriptures, and the sending out 
 of Teachers and Preachers ; and they are never 
 enough to be commended for standing aloof from 
 the employment of force, and power, and civil 
 policy ; in all these respects, fulfilling the maxim of 
 Christ, «ray kingdom is not of this world:" But 
 there are a kw things which still savour of the 
 spirit of the world, and which must be put away 
 by the diligent perusal and faithful execution of 
 this the Missionary charter ; which, instead of argu- 
 ing against or pulling down, they should regard as 
 the everlasting conditions of the Missionary work, 
 within which men have only to come in order to be 
 ready for the high office, and ripe for scattering 
 the everlasting seed amongst the nations. There 
 hath been much searching of the scriptures for a 
 platform of church-government, and every passage 
 which can be forced into that application, has been 
 strained to the utmost, in order that a jus divinum 
 might be made out for episcopacy, presbytery, and 
 independency in their turns. Sure I am that none, 
 nor all of these put together, can make out such a 
 divine right as the Missionary work hath in these 
 instructions of our Lord ; and had there been hu- 
 man interests concerned in the establishment of 
 it, as human interests there are none, unspiritual 
 men would long ere this have used it for securing 
 them ; but being the death of secularity, the essence 
 of spiritual-mindedness, and the quintessence of 
 self-denial, I perceive that it hath every thing to 
 
i^tt FOR MISSlONARlElS AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 contend with, scoflfs, ridicule and worldly wisdom, 
 and cannot be generally acceptable in times when 
 the secular and the spiritual have become strange- 
 ly intermingled, and maxims current on the Ex- 
 change, have become current in holy places, when 
 the offices of the church have come to be valued 
 by their emoluments, and for their emoluments 
 sought out, and as an emolument discoursed of 
 amongst the people. It is not now the time to dis- 
 course of the pastoral office (I shall hereafter,) but 
 it were easy to show from the epistles of the Great 
 Shepherd to the angels of the seven churches of 
 Asia, that it is an office in its spirit, consenting with 
 that view of the Missionary office which we labour 
 to establish, and widely dissenting from those views 
 ofit which are now current amongst both priests 
 and people. But while those erroneous views pre- 
 vail of the pastoral office, which is under our eye 
 at home, and from which we derive our notion of 
 the Missionary, it will be in vain to think that the 
 latter notion can be a correct one. Therefore, it 
 is the more necessary, among the many sources of 
 error to which we are exposed in making up our 
 idea of the Missionary, to adhere to the divine plat- 
 form contained in these verses, and be governed 
 by the jus divmum, the divine authority of that un- 
 repealed constitution. 
 
 Therefore I say, let this type of the 
 But if h be Missionary stand, that he is a man with- 
 adopted by qui a pursc, without a scrip, without a 
 tiieMis-^*^^ change of raiment, without a staff, with- 
 sland'a^o'n- ^^^ ^^^® ^^^^ ^^ making friends, or keep- 
 descripi.yet ing fricuds, without the hope or desire of 
 
 ihe highest ^ . ^ 
 
 form of ' worldly good, without the apprehension 
 'oanhood. of worldly loss, without the care of life, 
 without the fear of death ; of no rank, of no coun- 
 try, of no condition ; a man of one thought, the Gof:- 
 
l^ERPETUITY OF THIS CONSTITUTIO.N. 9V» 
 
 pel of Christ; a man of one purpose, the Glory of 
 God ; a fool, and content to be reckoned a fool, 
 for Christ; a madman, and content to be reckoned 
 a madman, for Christ. Let him be enthusiast, fana- 
 tic, babbler, or any other outlandish non-descript 
 the world may choose to denominate him. But 
 still let him be a non-descript, a man that cannot 
 be classed under any of their catagories, or defined 
 by any of their convenient and conventional names. 
 When they can call him pensioner, trader, house- 
 holder, citizen ; man of substance, man of the 
 world, man of science, man of learning, or even man 
 of common sense, it is all over with his Missionary 
 character. He may innocently have some of these 
 forms of character, some of them he cannot inno- 
 cently have ; but they will be far subordinate, deep 
 in the shade, covered and extinguished to the 
 world's incurious gaze, by the strange, incoherent 
 and unaccountable character to which he surren- 
 dereth himself mainly. The world knoweth the 
 Missionary not, because it knew Messiah not. The 
 nature of his life is hid with Christ in God ; he is 
 not a man, but the spirit of a man ; he is a spirit 
 that hath divested itself of all earthiness, save the 
 continent body, which it keepeth down and useth 
 as its tabernacle, and its vehicle, and its mechani- 
 cal tool for speech and for action. 
 
 The standard is a high one, and suiteth i,isi„K 
 not an easy and prudential age, and we 'ng with the 
 that are bred in peaceful places, may oichxSliL"[" 
 
 stumble at it, and some of our self-sufii- '''sc'piiiie; 
 cient spirits may scoff at it. But our fathers held 
 it in reputation when they suffered the loss of all 
 things, and counted them but as dung, that they 
 might win Christ; and the Missionaries who came 
 to our fathers, were accustomed to it. And what is 
 a Missionary who shrinketh at it } Can he stand 
 
100 FOR AllbblORARIES AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 the stake or the cross, who cannot bear hunger, 
 thirst, and nakedness ? Was any man a mart} r who 
 could not be a hungered for Christ? What are 
 purse, staff, scrip, raiment and friendship, but the 
 help and sustenance of hfe, taking their value from 
 the love we have of life ? And if we are prepared 
 to scuttle the ship, are we not prepared to sink the 
 timbers, and cordage, and tackle of the ship ? This 
 unearthly dimension of the Missionary character is 
 in such keeping with the rest of the Christian dis- 
 pensation, as to commend itself to our mind on that 
 very account. Had it not been perfect in this its 
 beau-ideal, had it not been accommodated to pru- 
 dence and practice, a plausible, reasonable, fair- 
 looking speculation like that which it seems hasting 
 to become, I for one would have said. This is not 
 like a character of Christ's delineation; it wanteth 
 the touch of the divine hand ; it hath not the super- 
 natural air. It is of the earth, earthly : it is not of 
 the heavens, heavenly : it is born of flesh, it con- 
 sorteth with Mammon and hath fellowship with 
 Belial. I doubt whether it be an original or not ; 
 for here, in Christ's style, is a description of faith 
 as the substance of things hoped for ; and here is a 
 cloud of witnesses, who by faith substantiated in- 
 visible things; and here is a description of the 
 Christian life, as a walk by faith and not by sight ; 
 and here is a description of charity so perfect as to 
 make the holiest man abhor himself; and here is a 
 law which condemneth the justest men; and here 
 is a rule of chastity, and a rule for behaving to 
 enemies, and a rule lor alms-giving, and a thousand 
 other schemes and rules of Christ ; not one of 
 which is calculated in accommodation to man's 
 imperfections, but in accommodation to God's per- 
 fections ; not in measure with man's weakness, but 
 in measure with the Spirit's power; not for the 
 
perpe'tuity op this constitution. 101 
 
 strength of fallen nature, but for the sufficiency of 
 the grace of God. And shall the individual traits 
 of the Christian character be superhuman, and the 
 whole Christian not be superhuman ; shall the 
 Christian be superhuman, and the Missionary not 
 be three times superhuman ? 
 
 Stumble, therefore, who pleaseth, at and.onaii 
 the severity of these institutions of the !:''^'V^„k 
 
 TV/i* • T 1 • 1 m counts, to De 
 
 Missionary ; 1 glory in them. Tame them "pteid. 
 down who pleaseth; I, while I live, will uphold 
 their sublimity. Temporise with them who please, 
 they do it at their proper risk. Let it be mine to 
 love and reverence my Saviour's words. Nay, 
 moreover, let them who please cool down the tem- 
 per of the Missionary, and lower the mark of his 
 high calling ; be it mine to rouse his spirit, and if 
 duty hindered not, to rouse my own spirit to the 
 height of the undertaking. When the Missionaries, 
 the forlorn hope of our warfare, issue from the gate 
 of our camp, let us cheer them with songs of an- 
 cient chivalry, with examples of ancient victory; 
 let the daughter of Zion brace the heart of her 
 warlike sons, with her heaven-derived minstrelsy ; 
 that they may go forth in the spirit of the mighty 
 men of old, and scale the steep which frowneth 
 upon flesh and blood, and plant the good standard 
 of the faith upon the loftiest battlement of the ene- 
 my's strongest hold, — which strong and lofty though 
 it be, is not more strong than the strength of our 
 God, nor more lofty than the flights of our faith ; — 
 which strong and lofty though it be, is permitted 
 thus high to rise and thus sternly to frown, only 
 that it may prove the good temper of the warrior's 
 soul, and prove before the high witnesses of the 
 contest, how humanity in the weakest of Christ's 
 servants, is stronger than death and the grave, than 
 earth and hell, and can triumph over them, and 
 
]02 POK Missionaries after the apostol. bCHooL. 
 
 lead them captives, as did the great founder and 
 everlasting captain of the Missionary work. There- 
 fore, I say, let the lineament of perfection stand 
 flaming forth, because it is the failing of human 
 nature to rest satisfied with its attainments, and to 
 come to a stand in its progress, through the might 
 and multitude of surrounding objects. Unto feeble 
 and faithless man, there needeth always a voice 
 like that which was given unto Moses when the 
 people pressed between the angry sword of Pharoah, 
 and the raging sea stood still in sore dismay : — 
 " Speak unto the children of Israel that they go 
 forward." And of all men, the Missionary needeth 
 this voice the most, because his course is the 
 roughest, and his enemies the most inveterate. As 
 the Baptist came in the desert, so he cometh in the 
 moral wilderness and spiritual desert of human life; 
 and though he be nothing but a voice, he crieth 
 out, " Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths 
 straight, let every valley be filled, and every moun- 
 tain and hill be brought low, let the crooked be 
 made straight, and the rough places be made 
 smooth." Such a one shall have in his teeth a 
 phalanx of opposition, and he hath need of a heart 
 like a lion's heart, and of a wing like an eagle's 
 wing, and there must be upon his banner, Forward, 
 Forward : and that he may never faint or fail, his 
 banner should be this divine portrait of a perfect 
 Missionary, this safe-conduct and assurance of ulti- 
 mate success, to flame over the darkness of his path, 
 like the pillar of fire which directed Israel in the 
 watches of the night. 
 
The docliiue 
 
 CUJNCLLiSlOiN— 
 
 From the Missionary Doctrine. 
 
 While I contend with all my miffht that 
 the portraiture of the Missionary given bj stated above, 
 Messiah, with his instructions for the '^'"^" ^ ' 
 perilous voyage, should not be hid from the sight 
 and study of the Church, but live in its few grand 
 and simple lineaments, untouched by any mortal 
 hand, and unsoftened by the compromising taste 
 of any age ; and that every one who looks to this, 
 the highest preferment in the kingdom of Christ, 
 should be qualified according to the Testament of 
 our King, over which Testament the Church is the 
 guardian to execute it faithfully, not to enlarge or 
 abridge it in one jot or tittle : I am far from intend- 
 ing, as the conclusion of the whole matter, that no 
 one shall make trial and experiment of this service 
 until he feel the image of Messiah perfected in his 
 soul, or that God will withhold his hlessing from 
 the rude beginnings and mistrustful settings-out, of 
 this high and holy calling. As God doth not to dis- 
 know, and my conscience beareth me wit- awakfn men 
 ness, it is not to discourage or repel any to the work, 
 spirit which feels stirred to attempt the undertaking, 
 but to encourage and attract all Christian spirits by 
 its ethereal excellence and transcendent glory, that 
 I would preserve the standard perfection of this 
 character unreduced and unveiled before every 
 eye. And if any one think that by the opposite 
 course of reducing its lofty dimensions, or veiling 
 its heavenly purity, he will recommend this or any 
 other part ot" the Christian system to the Avorld. he 
 
104 FOR IVlISblONARlJiS At"4 EK TRL Al'OSTOL. SCHOOL. 
 
 doth err, nothing knowing the end of Christianity, 
 by the state. OF thc natuTC ot the world. By doing so. 
 i.ientofthr {jf. shall hut placx' the world on good terms 
 with itself, and mislead still further its false 
 estimation of its own wretched conditions, while he 
 prostitutes the great boon of Heaven, which was 
 given not to please the deluded world, hut to redeem 
 it out of its present self-satisfaction and self-com- 
 placency. The Avorld is to be undeceived with 
 respect to all its ideas of greatness and goodness, 
 its heroism to be despoiled, its virtues put to shame, 
 its boast and glory mocked, by the new school of 
 character and action, which the Gospel introduceth, 
 in order to cast all its conditions into the shade, 
 and force them to confess that they are nothing. 
 The divine stature and heavenly majesty, the un- 
 stained purity and tender mercy, and the self-di- 
 vested, self-devoted disinterestedness of the 7ie)v 
 man, created in the image of God, are intended to 
 silence the empty boastfulness of the o/d man, to 
 call forth spiritual faculties iiom their hiding places 
 of ease and selfishness, and to offer a w isdom and 
 righteousness, an honour and glory of another kind 
 than that whereoi nature is aml)itious, and where- 
 withal she is content. It is not by indulging nature, 
 therefore, in her false judgments and depraved 
 tastes, but by rebuking her, by exhibiting ideas and 
 forms of higher things, that slie is to be led onward 
 to perfection. Her own sell-love will draw the 
 standard down, without any help on your part, and 
 in spite of all your endeavours the other w ay. Your 
 office, therefore, is to propound to her no second 
 edition of the tilings revealed from heaven for her 
 regeneration, but the very things, if you would 
 humble her, beat her out of her proud refuges, 
 prostrate her in sorrow and repentance, and bring 
 iier to be ai» <'arn<\^( suitor f(»i- fh(> suOiciont arace and 
 
C0.\CLUSlON, FROM THK MISSIONARY DOCTRINE.. 105 
 
 perfect strength of God. And he who shrinks from 
 the perusal of these new forms of character, be- 
 cause they are too high for him, and cannot be en- 
 tered into at one attempt, and would therefore have 
 them lowered, doth err no loss, than he doth, who, 
 to serve his error, would bring them down to his 
 low desire or faithless timidity. For it is to which this, 
 wholly to mis-state the nature of this holy oL'S- 
 operation, to imagine that it is finished at '''^Pl°l^' 
 one fiat as creation was at first, and that soniofman; 
 the child of God starteth at once into being and 
 perfect manhood. We grow in grace as we grow 
 in nature, from the new birth, through the helpless- 
 ness of babes, the weakness of childhood, the in- 
 stability of youth, to the maturity of perfect men in 
 Christ. And it is by exercise we grow, for the 
 grace of God is a vital principle which begetteth 
 life and action. By this new life and action of the 
 soul's faculties, we do both discern the presence of 
 that grace ^vhich we have received, and our need 
 of more, which we receive in due time after we 
 have proved ourselves faithful over the few things 
 already committed to our trust. And so we go on 
 from grace to grace, and from strength to strength, 
 by diligently occupying that which we have, and 
 fulfilling those duties which are meet to our pre- 
 sent infirmity. Therefore, the perfections not at one 
 of holiness presented in Scripture, and ^!^li^^l^^l. 
 the sublimities of character exemplified g'ession, 
 by Christ, ought to be constantly kept full in our 
 view, that we may know what the Lord our God 
 requireth of us, and how far we come short of his 
 glory ; whence are fed the fountains of our peni- 
 tence and humility, at which prayer refresheth her 
 too feeble voice, and the Lord hearing her refresh- 
 ed voice, suppheth all our wants in due season, out 
 of his inexhaustible fulness. And thus, as in a rir- 
 
IDG FOR IVllSblONARIE& AFTER TUF- APOS'l OL. sCHOUj . 
 
 cle, from the idea of perfection, to the conscious- 
 ness of weakness, and from the consciousness 
 of weakness, to the increase of strength, and 
 from the increase of strength, to the increase of 
 performance, and Irom the increase of periormance,\ 
 to the idea of still higher perfection, we approach; 
 more and more near to that purity of holiness and 
 sublimity of character, without the knowledge and 
 perusal of which we should not have known our 
 deficiency, and not knowing our deficiency, not 
 have besought for higher aid, and not beseeching 
 the aid of Heaven, should not have received the 
 grace which is sufficient for us, and the strength 
 which is periected in weakness. 
 
 If such be the progression of the Chris- 
 jf there be ^^^^ graccs, it is most manifest that who- 
 any thing socvcr Can rccovcr a true Christian idea 
 
 more sublime r i • i i i 
 
 and ethereal trom the Corrupting hand and compro- 
 gVe'irabove, misiug Spirit of his age, and give it to the 
 it should be ^vorld in its original form and beauty, 
 with thank- dotli scrvc the best interests ol his age. 
 fjiness; though hc may somewhat trouble its pre- 
 sent self-sufficiency. For though he do rebuke the 
 imperfect measures with which the over-easy times 
 are satisfied, and turn against himself the zeal which 
 he disturbeth in its well-meant but ill-inlormed 
 courses, he doth open to all candid and truth-lov- 
 ing spirits a higher region, to which they may cast 
 their longings, and tor the occupation of which they 
 njiay weary Heaven with their humble prayers. 
 And if any one, in the couch of his contentment, 
 should feel himself rebuked of listless sell-satisfied 
 ease, he ought, while he plucketh up his pilgrim's 
 staff, and manlully addresseth himself to another 
 stage of his progress, give thanks unto God, who 
 sent a messenger to rouse his spirit alresh, and 
 show him the way to new enjoyments arul new en- 
 iertainments of his spiritual litip. 
 
< O.NCLLSlOxN, FROM THE MISSIONARY DOCTRINE. 107 
 
 If, therefore, in the idea of the Mis- not taken as 
 sionary, which we have sketched in the ^" oflence, 
 first of these Orations, and which in the two latter 
 we have sought to fix and make lasting by many 
 fiery ordeals, there be any thing more enlarged and 
 elevated than that which at present prevaileth in 
 the Church; the use to which it should be put, 
 after it hath been first tried by non-conforming 
 truth, is to rouse the spirit of Missionaries to still 
 higher aims, to whet the present zeal of the Church 
 to a still finer edge, and to set on fire whatever is 
 noble, and generous, and devoted in the breasts of 
 godly men. It were totally to misuse the truth, 
 and to misunderstand the whole economy of grace, 
 tor any one to take offence at the height and purity 
 of the character delineated above, or to withdraw 
 his shoulder from the Missionary work, because 
 the work turneth out to be a more stiff-necked work 
 than he had at first conceived. For, as it is the 
 perfect purity of the law which slays our self-suffi- 
 ciency, arouseth our dormancy, and, like a good 
 schoolmaster, forceth our childish reluctancy to 
 betake itself to Christ for help ; so is it the noble- 
 ness of the Missionary character, its independence 
 of all natural means, and indifference to all human 
 patronage, its carelessness of all earthly rewards, 
 and contempt of the arithmetic ol visible and tem- 
 poral things, which ibrce the man who would es- 
 say it, to pass out of those resources human nature 
 fostereth within herself^ and have his refuge and 
 dependence upon the Spirit of God, for sustenance, 
 for patronage, for reward, and lor a rule of pro- 
 cedure. And after all he can do in this kind, it will 
 still be the complaint of every good and faithful 
 Missionary, that he hath not been able to eradicate 
 self-confidence, that root of bitterness which poi- 
 sons spiritual heajth, and brings on a prostration of 
 
lOii FOR MIsblU.NAKLLb At^l'KK THE AFOSTOL. bCHOuJ.. 
 
 spiritual strenijth. So that those deprivations oi" 
 Christ, are hut iiicurnhrances kindly removed, 
 weights cast away, and besetting sins (sins that 
 beset every man) warned away from the Missionary, 
 in consideration oi the arduous race which he hath 
 undertaken to run. 
 
 Seeing, then, that every Christian grace 
 but sought hath its slenderest beginnings, as well as 
 gradual at- '^^ ultimate attainments, it is to be inter- 
 tempts; red that the Missionar} is not perfected 
 without use, nor by one effort of faith carried to so 
 great a lieiglit above sublunary things. We are 
 told of the mighty Nazarite, under the former dis- 
 pensation, tiiat '•• the Spirit of the Lord began to 
 move him at times in the camp of Dan, between 
 Zorah, and Ashtaol." So when the Spirit of the 
 Lord begins to move the Gospel-Nazarite, though 
 it be in his native village, his native town, or his 
 father's house, let him obey its movements, and not 
 quench them, but follow onwards at their bidding. 
 And even in this, the infancy of his calling, he Avill 
 find it needful to renounce the approbation of the 
 world, perhaps the affection of his friends, certain- 
 ly his own ease and natural pleasure, with many 
 other things dearer to life than a meal of meat or a 
 change of raiment. And as he obeys the divine 
 voice wiiich speaks within his soul for the salvation 
 of men, and encounters the strokes of their undis- 
 cerning bhndness to that which is spiritual, he will 
 experience so much support of the Spirit, such in- 
 ward joy and satislaction, that his faith will gather 
 courage, and spread its wings abroad, beyond the 
 confines of his fatiier's house, his native village, or 
 his native town. He will grow so full of faith, and 
 contemplative of things unseen, as to forget his 
 trust in sigfit, and dependence upon the things that 
 are. hiuanl assurances of (Jod's direction will 
 
CONCLUSION, FROM THE MISSIONARY DOCTRINE. 109 
 
 become so strong, the monitions of his Spirit so 
 audihle, the commands of Christ to go forth unto 
 all nations so imprinted in fire upon his heart, and 
 invocations from the perishing souls of the Heathen 
 will wax so loud and frequent in his ear, and his 
 whole inward man become so restless and aroused, 
 that he will have no peace till he arise and go forth. 
 This strength of faith hath a beginning in the soul 
 like the grains of a mustard seed, which being 
 crushed or neglected in the embryo, will never 
 grow to the largest tree of the forest, in whose 
 branches the birds of the air build their nests, and 
 under whose boughs the beasts of the field have 
 their habitations. The word of God at first is a 
 spark, then it is a burning coal, at length it is a con- 
 suming fire within the hearts of his servants, and 
 they are weary of forbearing, and they cannot stay 
 nor hold their peace; they must speak or they 
 must die, and though they should die they will 
 speak ; then have they no rest, but hasten over 
 land and over sea, over rocks and trackless deserts ; 
 they cry aloud and spare not, and will not be hin- 
 dered ; in the prisons they lift up their voices, and 
 in the tempests of the ocean they are not silent ; 
 before awful councils and throned kings, they wit- 
 ness in behalf of the truth ; nothing will quench 
 their voice but death, and in the article of death, 
 ere yet the spiry flame and rolling smoke have suf- 
 focated the organs of the soul, they speak, they 
 pray, they tesiity, they coniiess, they beseech, they 
 warn, and at length they bless the cruel people. 
 But to arrive at this supremacy of human nature, 
 the perfection of the Missionary, that most perfect 
 form of manhood, many degrees must be passed 
 through and much discipline endured. These high 
 graces are of gradual progress, not attained without 
 hard and patient trials, which are to be had in the 
 
110 FOR xMISblO.NAKIES AFTER TRt: APOSTOL. fttUUUl,. 
 
 Missionary field, not out of* it. Therefore it is ex- 
 pedient, for the wry attainment of perfection, thai 
 the Missionary should make proof of what faitfi and 
 spiritunl str'^n^th he is already possessed, in order 
 that, being found worthy, he may have an increase 
 of talents from the Master of the House. To take 
 the spo/ia opima of the war, he must be inured to 
 every adventure and address in arms. And, there- 
 fore, with what zeal I discover and set forth the 
 form of the high calling, and urge the souls of 
 Missionaries to read it, with that zeal also I urge 
 them to every step by which it is to be reached, 
 looking not at what is behind, as if they had already 
 attained or were already perfect, but looking to the 
 things which are still before, and pressing onward 
 to the mark. 
 
 And whether the blessing of God will 
 which God ^g vouchsafcd to the lower degrees of 
 
 will bless , . . . , " , , 
 
 with success this majestic character, no one can doubt 
 proportionate ^^j^^ kiiowcth any thing of his revelations. 
 which are not for the perfect, but that we may grow 
 up to tliL' St. dure of the perfect. He blesseth the 
 huinblest effort to advance : he rewardeth the 
 smallest measure of attainment. The very thought 
 and imiginatioii of good he blesseth with an inward 
 satisfaction of the soul. Nay, even sorrow and 
 penitence for evil committed, and the relaxation of 
 wickedness before any contrary movement hath 
 been made, he regardeth with approbation, and re- 
 wardeth with a certain dawn of hope and foretaste 
 of peace. And of all his revelations this is the 
 spirit : that he is the origin, the promoter, and the 
 strength of every good thought within our breast, 
 and of every good cause whicli hath an existence in 
 the world, or is yet to be brought into being. There- 
 fore, at home or abroad, whoever out of a pure 
 heart seekefh to promote the (lospel of Christ. 
 
CONCLUSION, FROM THE MISSIONARY DOCTRINE. Ill 
 
 which is the world's redemption and salvation, may 
 rely upon a blessing: and the more pure his inten- 
 tion, the more will it be approved of God; and the 
 more spiritual his means and instruments, the more 
 speed will he come ; and when his whole heart, 
 strength, soul, and mind, are brought over from 
 resting upon the visible to rest upon the invisible 
 helps, then his horn shall be exalted, and the full 
 measure of the Lord's blessing poured out upon his 
 handy-work. 
 
 Though God hath appointed to the as he doth in 
 minister at the altar, no more provision t^ pastoral 
 (ban that he shall live by the altar at 
 which he ministers, he refuseth not to bless the 
 pious labours of the bishop who owneth a palace, 
 and is dignified w ith the title of lord. Though he 
 hath interdicted his disciples from dignities, he doth 
 not therefore bbght or wither the pious labours of 
 the archbishop who hath precedency of all digni- 
 taries except those of the royal blood. Neverthe- 
 less, his ordinance of the pastoral office standeth 
 sure ; and in proportion as it is delivered out of 
 these unfavourable conditions of rank and riches, 
 prospereth the more. So with the Missionary. 
 The good Missionary may take his own wisdom for 
 his guide, and furnish himself with all natural re- 
 sources, and depend upon the patronage of man, 
 rejecting those eternal instructions by which he 
 ought to be guided, and God will not fail to bless 
 him according to the measure of his faith and zeal. 
 Nevertheless, be it known unto him, that he cannot 
 have the full horn of his blessing, until he show 
 more dutifulness, and trust in his Father; more 
 resemblance to Messiah, his great ensample. It is 
 well that he hath gone out to the battle, but it is 
 not well that he hath gone out armed not accord- 
 
 18 
 
112 FOR Mls.'ilONARlES AFTER THE APOSTOL. bCHOOL, 
 
 jiig to tiic nature of the service. It is well that he 
 hath arrayed himself upon the right side, yet not 
 well that ho hath' so many open rivets in his ar- 
 mour, lie hath done well to land upon the shores 
 of the enemy, for the emancipation of which he is 
 to contend, but it is cowardly tliat he hnth all things 
 so well prepared for retreat. He should have 
 burnt his ships and cast the scabbard of his sword 
 away, and trusted in the goodness of his cause, his 
 leader's good conduct, sufficient wisdom, and all- 
 conquering power. 
 
 Therefore, it is not to be inferred that 
 '^^^"^f these instructions preclude any one from 
 
 which the . . , * , •' , , 
 
 Missionary goHig lu tlic Way or manner he pleaseth : 
 shoufd^make tlicy do but iufomi all which is the right 
 n^nc^''"'^ way and mannner: neither is it to be in- 
 ferred that because God hath blessed 
 with partial success other ways of going forth, that 
 they are therefore sanctioned as of equal authority 
 with this wliich is written in his word. I tliink the 
 lame and partial success which hath attended 
 modern Missions in the way of conversion, com- 
 pared with those of former times, should have 
 Immbled us to revise the principles upon which we 
 liave proceeded, and see whether there be not a 
 large mixture of human wisdom and creature-trust 
 in our measures. But it is not yet time to enter 
 into the proper office and duty of a Missionary So- 
 ciety, which is surely not inlallible, but liable to be 
 canvassed, judged, and, if need be, censured and 
 rebuked by Christian judgments. This will come 
 in a more advanced part of our discourse ; and the 
 subject which should now come to our hand is to 
 justify and recommend the practice of this Mis- 
 sionary Constitution, which we have drawn from 
 the words of Messinh. and defended from the a<- 
 
CONCLUSION, FRO!\I THE MISSIO.NARV DOCTRINE. 113 
 
 lempts of temporizing men to annul it, and so de- 
 prive the Church of what may be termed the prin- 
 ciples of her foreign policy. 
 
 When I shall come to justify the wis- Theobec- 
 dom and commend the practice of this tiousio 
 self-denying Missionary ordinance, 1 will SSnol 
 not stoop so low from the high dignity of """^ 
 the subject, as to notice the sneers and sarcasms 
 and disappointed speeches with which the sensual 
 man, and those spiritual men in M'hom the sensual 
 man still struggles for the ascendancy, will assail 
 the principle, of no scrip, no provisions, no accom- 
 modations for the journey, no stately deputations to 
 the authorities of the place, no travelling charges, 
 nor any of all the other fat and convenient things, 
 which are now held almost as indispensable to the 
 carrying on of a religious work, as heretofore they 
 were to a county canvass, a judicial assize, or a 
 parliamentary commission to inspect the condition 
 of the realm. Those who have accustomed them- 
 selves to carpet warfare, cannot like the conflict of 
 naked steel ; those who have rejoiced in the coun- 
 tenance of a wealthy or a noble man, as in the face 
 of heaven, must needs sink to the centre, when 
 they are told to go forth where every fat and fair 
 countenance is set against them like a flint. With 
 such objectors I will have nothing to do, until they 
 learn out of the Scriptures whence the strength of 
 Israel cometh, and with what arms the Lion of the 
 tribe of Judah doth triumph over his foes. They 
 need to learn what are the first principles of that 
 kingdom, concerning the high offices of which the 
 present discourse is held ; and they must be given 
 into the hands of some wardens of the outports, to 
 be a little instructed in the vulgar language and 
 household customs of the holy land, before they can 
 
114 FOR MISSIOXARIJ.S AFTER THE APOSTOL. SCHOOT.. 
 
 be admitted to speculate on these its high and noble 
 commissions, of which their jokes and sarcasms do 
 only betray their gross and blinded ignorance. 
 Thcobjcc- But, on the other hand, every objection 
 Srvean** and doubt which presents itself in a se- 
 ^^'- rious frame of truth, and breathes the 
 
 brotherly spirit which is proper to the disciples of 
 Christ, I promise to do my endeavour to remove 
 out of the way, that I may carry the greater con- 
 sent of my hearers along with me to the question, 
 How^ this Constitution will answer in practice ? And 
 for the purpose of hearing all that can be said 
 against Messiah's institute, and all that can be said 
 in favour of the innovations which have usurped its 
 place, I delay at present going into the other parts 
 of this discourse, content that I have laid before the 
 Church what seemeth to me the sound doctrine 
 concerning the Missionary question. 
 
 Perhaps some one, able to defend it. 
 .,.. . may in the mean time rise up, certainlv 
 
 tanceofthc many will rise up to impugn it ; and ttiough 
 question, J gjjouid havc to Undertake the work alone, 
 I will, by the grace of God, most certainly under- 
 take to justify in practice what I have delineated 
 in idea; being convinced that, ii', as Milton hath 
 said, for the loss of single truths whole nations have 
 fared the worse, for the loss of these few Aerses of 
 the Gospel, the whole Heathen world hath fared 
 and will surely fare the worse, and the day of their 
 salvation be far, far off' postponed. And not the 
 Heathen world suffer alone, hut the Church of 
 Christ amongst ourselves, to whose wounds this 
 Missionary Constitution, if adopted, would afford a 
 healing balm. For being set up as sufficient, and 
 upheld as binding, the Missionaries, irom whatever 
 sect proceeding, would tend to unity of spirit, and 
 
OONtLLalOA, FROM TJIF- .>lIbSlOiSAR\ DucTKlNK. I J .0 
 
 recognize each other as bretiiren, and bring back 
 with them the happy oblivion of those uncharita- 
 ble divisions, which are fatal to the communion of 
 the body of Christ, and destructive to its vigorous 
 exertions and great success at home. As it hath 
 come to pass in science, that Astronomy, which is 
 conversant with the distant spheres, did bring to 
 the earth the knowledge of geography, and extend 
 navigation and commerce, which are the best guar- 
 dians of community and peace among the divided 
 nations; so might it come to pass, that the Mis- 
 sionaries who are conversant with distant regions, 
 if chosen by one principle and made obedient to 
 one walk and conversation, might return home and 
 become the mediators of our discords, and teach 
 the body of the Church to know its own constitu- 
 tion, which is charity ; and the condition of its wel- 
 fare and prosperity, which is communion. 
 
 The argument for the perpetuity and ^^^^^^^ 
 unchangeableness of the Missionary Con- solemn com- 
 stitution is now concluded, and resteth ihejidment 
 upon these main pillars of truth, the in- of^^e church. 
 structions of our Lord to the first Missionaries, four 
 times recorded in the Evangelists, unrepealed, un- 
 supplemented, unabridged ; the obedience thereto 
 of all the Apostles and first ministers of the Gos- 
 pel, whose record is in the Scriptures (their devia- 
 tions, when they do deviate, being always by ex- 
 cess, and never by defect, of our Lord's injunc- 
 tions ;) the necessary law of the Spirit's operation ; 
 the constant condition of God's chosen Messengers 
 from the time of the patriarchs ; the constant and 
 unchanging form of the work which they have to 
 do in converting the nations ; and the perfect keep- 
 ing which there is between the form of the Mis- 
 sionary as given by our Lord, and the other parts 
 
11(5 FOK MISSIONARIKb AFTER THE APOSTOL. bCHOOJ,. 
 
 of the Christian institution. 1 am aware how this- 
 position is to be assailed by those who have built 
 up a system of administration on which they have 
 set their heart to call it perfect and infalhble, and 
 which I charge as exceedingly imperfiect, destined 
 to much improvement, and with its improvement, 
 destined to mucli greater simplicity and larger 
 success: And I am alive to the inveteracy of hatred, 
 and the injustice of argument, with whicli this po- 
 sition will be treated ; and conceive it right to put 
 the Christian Church upon their guard, that they 
 sell not this question, in which the present and 
 future generations of the world are concerned, 
 to the highest names upon a subscription list, 
 or discern it by the ostracism of the people, or 
 yield it to the voice of a hirehng and sectarian press : 
 which courts are not competent to the issue. I 
 solemnly charge the Church, by my authority of a 
 Minister ordained to keep and watch over the veri- 
 ties of the Holy Gospel, that they determine the 
 issue that will be joined between us by a trial of 
 these six counts : 1st, Whether Christ's instructions 
 were for that first journey, or for all the journies of 
 his Missionaries. 2d, Whether the Apostles walked 
 in them or not ; and if they deviated, whether they 
 deviated in the spirit or from the spirit of these in- 
 structions. 3d, Whether the Holy Ghost, in pro- 
 portion as he possesseth the spirit of a man, doth 
 not lift liim out of worldly dependence into an 
 assured laith upon tiie providence and promises of 
 God. 4th, VV liether God's preachers and prophets 
 and Missionaries, b} whom he extended and re- 
 ileemed his Church, from tlie time it was the single 
 family of .Jacob down to the time that the Lion" of 
 the tribe of .ludah came, were not stripped bare of 
 earthly refuges and reliances before being employ- 
 
CONCLUSION, FROM THE MISSIONARY DOCTRINE. 117 
 
 ed, or brought to that condition, before being pros- 
 pered in their work. 5th, Whether the obstacles 
 to the spiritual kingdom, which God heretofore 
 chose things that are not to bring to nought, be not 
 still the same, and by the same means to be over- 
 come, (ith, Whether this idea and outward form 
 of the Missionary, contained in Messiah's instruc- 
 tions, be not consistent and in keeping with the 
 idea of a pastor, with the idea of a private Chris- 
 tian, and every other idea which is revealed by 
 Christ for the redeeming and perfecting of the 
 fallen condition of humanity. Upon these six counts 
 I will risk the issue and stand by the award of the 
 question. Whether Messiah's Constitution was in- 
 tended for an unchangeable Constitution in the 
 Church, or is to be patched and mended, helped 
 and repaired, and accommodated by wiser heads to 
 the changing condition of the world. Whether, in 
 this great work, the Catholic Church is to act upon 
 a common principle and be guided by a common 
 law, or each sect of it to adopt a principle which 
 may seem to it the most expedient, and follow a 
 rule which may appear to it the most wise. Whether 
 the Churches, which they may be honoured to 
 plant, are to have the character of the order that 
 planteth them, like the Jesuit settlements of Para- 
 guay; or to have the character of the primitive 
 Churches, which were of one heart and mind, be- 
 cause the Apostles were obedient to the instruc- 
 tions of one common Lord. Whether, in fine, we are 
 to open in the hearts of our Missionaries inlets to 
 every spirit of hypocrisy, avarice, and ambition, 
 and close as many inlets to the spirit of truth, 
 quenching by our prudences and policies the one 
 everlasting Spirit of God, and giving vent to as 
 many spirits, crusading, Jesuitical, commercial, or 
 
118 FOR MISSIONARIES AFTER THE APOST0L. SCHOOL. 
 
 political, as there are diverse ages in the Church, 
 wliich are not, like tlie ages of the world, fourfold, 
 — of gold, of silver, of brass, of iron, — but manifold, 
 according to the degree of impurity and incom- 
 pleteness in the doctrine which is preached, and 
 in the degree of laxness or lordliness in the disci- 
 pline which is administered in the Churches. 
 
 END OF THE FIRST PART. 
 
DATE DUE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j CAVLORD 
 
 
 
 PNINTEO IN U.S.A.