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UBRARY Q^^ PRINCETON 
 
 APR 1 6 20 
 
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 JHEGLO GiCAL Si^iViiNARY 
 

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NOV 23 1958 
 
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 f.., 
 
 JAVA AND ITS 
 CHALLENGE 
 
 By ^ 
 
 ELIZABETH HARPER BROOKS 
 
 A MISSION STUDY COURSE FOR THE 
 PITTSBURG CONFERENCE YOUNG PEOPLE 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1911, 
 BT ELIZABETH HARPER BROOKS. 
 
To THE 
 
 Members of the Epworth Leagub 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Pittsburg Conference 
 
 AVno 
 
 By Their Gifts Made Possible 
 
 The Beginning of 
 
 American Missionary Effort in Java, 
 
 This Book is Dedicated. 
 
Contents, 
 
 Chapter Page 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 A Foreword 9 
 
 I. A General View of Java - - - 13 
 
 11. The Peoples - - - - 28 
 
 III. The Religions 46 
 
 IV. The Government - - - - 63 
 V. Missionary Efforts - - - - 81 
 
 VI. The Work and Workers - - 101 
 
 VII. The Work and Workers — Continued - 117 
 
 VIII. Opportunities and Needs - - 133 
 
 APPENDIXES. 
 
 A. Rbports of the Java Work from the 
 
 Minutes of the Malaysia Confer- 
 ence 147 
 
 B. Some Letters from Our Missionaries 182 
 
 C. Important Dates . . . . 195 
 
 D. List of Reference Books - - - 196 
 
 5 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Map of Malaysia Frontispiece 
 
 PAOINQ 
 
 Governor General's Palace — Botanical Gardens, Bultenzorg, 
 Java. Botanical Gardens, Bultenzorg, Java 20 
 
 Native "Well 80 
 
 Rice Harvest, the Home-Bringing 40 
 
 English Protestant Church In Batavla, Java 50 
 
 Our Missionaries— Mr. and Mrs. Denyes and Family 60 
 
 Bernard Christopher "Wren. Ek Poel and His Wife, First Con- 
 verts in Java 70 
 
 Mr. Buchanan 80 
 
 Mr. Buchanan's House at Tjlsarvea 90 
 
 Building of the Bultenzorg Anglo-Chinese School and Malay- 
 Speaking Chinese Church 100 
 
 Nichodemus, Balok Arpasad, J. R. Denyes, Menasseh, Anna, 
 Esther Arpasad, Naomi Menasseh, Christina Arpasad, 
 Christian Workers at Pasar Senen, Batavla, Java 110 
 
 Rev. J. R. Denyes and Balok Arpasad 120 
 
 The First Malay Methodist Quarterly Conference. The New 
 Church Building Erected at Kampong Sawa in 1908 at a 
 Cost of $100, Gold 180 
 
 Bishop W. F. Oldham. Otto A. Carlson 140 
 
 E. Naomi Ruth. Javanese Women 150 
 
 A Native Church. First District Conference of the Nether- 
 lands, India District 160 
 
 Some Converts. A Native School 170 
 
 The Village School at Kampong Sawa 180 
 
 6 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Java is a fascinatingly beautiful land which is just 
 emerging from obscurity in the thinking and planning 
 of American tourists. But more than that, and bet- 
 ter, Java has recently been entered as a mission field 
 by an American Society through the efforts of a band 
 of earnest yoimg Christians in and about Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 ''Java and Its Challenge" is a brief attempt to 
 bring this before the young life of Western Pennsyl- 
 vania. But it will not stop there. The lure of the 
 East and the high romance of this extraordinary mis- 
 sionary undertaking, so painstakingly narrated by 
 Miss Elizabeth Brooks, will receive the wider reading 
 it deserves. I have read the manuscript and heartily 
 commend the book to its readers. 
 
 W. F. Oldham, 
 Bishop Southern Asia, Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Singapore, Strait Settlements, 
 December i. 1910. 
 
A FOREWORD. 
 
 The need of information about Java and of the 
 wonderful opportunities in that island has long been 
 felt by the leaders of the Java Movement within the 
 Pittsburg Conference. After repeated requests the 
 writer has <?ome to the task of preparing the study, 
 solely, that through it the Kingdom in Java might be 
 advanced. There are few writings on Java, and it 
 has been a difficult task to cull material for the book. 
 To write of a land without having seen it, and to 
 make it real to the reader, is not easy. Some seven 
 years ago the vision of the marvelous opportunity for 
 Christian service among the 32,000,000 of waiting 
 people in Java came into the author's life. The vision 
 of the possibility of the evangelization of .Java within 
 this generation made possible this writing. 
 
 If the young people of the Pittsburg Conference 
 are aroused to the doing of greater things for Java, 
 and if through them others become interested in the 
 wonderland of opportunities before the Church in that 
 island, this book will have served its purpose. May 
 God use these pages to increase interest and enthusi- 
 asm, prayer, and gifts of life and money until Java 
 is indeed the Lord's. 
 
 Elizabeth Harper Brooks. 
 
 Beaver, Pa., August 29, 1910, 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 A GENERAL VIEW OP JAVA. 
 
 Situation. — ''Java, the peerless gem in that mag- 
 nificent empire of Insulinde, which winds about the 
 equator like a garland of emeralds," lies six degrees 
 below and parallel with the equator for six hundred 
 miles between the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean, 
 and southeast of the Malay Peninsula. 
 
 Size and Population. — The Island of Java, well 
 named the Paradise of the Eastern Tropics and the 
 Pearl of the East, resembles in many points Cuba, the 
 Pearl of the Antilles. Cuba has an area of about 
 45,000 square miles, while Java contains 50,798 square 
 miles. The population of Cuba is one and a half mil- 
 lions, that of Java about thirty -two millions. 
 
 Java, about the size of Pennsylvania, has as many 
 people as the continent of South America. In 1800 
 the population was but three million. Statistics give 
 the annual increase as seven hundred thousand. Com- 
 paring the population of Java with that of the other 
 islands of the East Indies, we find that while Sumatra, 
 Borneo, Celebes, and other islands are sixteen times 
 as large as Java, Java is peopled with five times as 
 many souls. Here we find twenty thousand Euro- 
 peans, four hundred thousand Chinese, and the brown- 
 
 13 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 skinned Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Bantamese, 
 and the Malay. 
 
 Government. — The government is administered by 
 Holland. Later we shall learn how the Dutch Govern- 
 ment is master in this island empire. 
 
 Climate. — One would naturally expect intense 
 heat so near the equator. But we must think again 
 and recall that Java is six degrees south of the equator. 
 In going south we travel toward a cooler climate. 
 One traveler tells that during a stay in Batavia, in 
 June, the thermometer never rose above eighty -six de- 
 grees. The seacoast towns are usually hot ; very much 
 like Singapore or Calcutta in midsummer. In the 
 east we find that the volcanic altitudes give a tem- 
 perate climate, while the hilly and mountainous in- 
 terior is cool and pleasant. On the plains or lowlands 
 we may find hot, sultry days ; but by a short journey 
 one may be among cooling breezes even on a low ele- 
 vation. 
 
 Hurricanes. — Hurricanes and typhoons, so much 
 known in some parts of the Eastern seas, are strangers 
 to the waters around Java. From April to October 
 the dry monsoon coming from the southeast brings the 
 dry, hot days and the coolest nights. From October 
 to April comes the wet monsoon, with the daily rain, 
 the heavy atmosphere, and the mists. 
 
 Products. — * * Java is to-day one of the most, if not 
 the most, productive piece of soil on the face of the 
 earth. '* There seems to be no end to its natural 
 wealth. Its broad valleys and terraced hills are in- 
 exhaustibly fertile. Rice, the principal food of the 
 
 14 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF JAVA. 
 
 people, coffee, sugar, pepper, tea, spices, tobacco, one- 
 half the world 's quinine, rattan, rubber, red teak, pea- 
 nut oil, are among the chief products of the Java soil. 
 The rice fields, one mile wide and several miles long, 
 have been described as ''scenes of exquisite charm 
 never to be forgotten. ' ' Forests are to-day being cut 
 down to make way for tea gardens and an increase 
 in its production. Several years ago a blight came 
 upon the coffee trees from which they have never re- 
 covered, and of late years the coffee output has been 
 limited. However, a movement is on foot to reclaim 
 the coffee areas. Java ranks second to Cuba in the 
 sugar production of the world. In 1908 Hawaii pro- 
 duced more than five hundred thousand tons of sugar. 
 The sugar tonnage of Java in 1907 was 1,282,705 tons, 
 or more than two and a half times that of Hawaii 
 in 1908r Maize, plantain, potatoes, and beans are also 
 cultivated. The soil needs little care and yields as 
 many as three crops a year. The richest and the most 
 highly cultivated island of the sea is this wonderland 
 of Java. This is not due alone to nature's gift of 
 fertile soil, but to the ''Culture System" introduced 
 by the Dutch in the last century. A full explanation 
 of the Culture System will be found in chapter four. 
 
 Market places are open twice a week^ in both cities 
 and villages, and anything needed may be purchased 
 or secured in exchange for what the purchaser has 
 brought to market. 
 
 Volcanoes. — From east to west there stretches 
 across Java a chain of volcanoes; some active, some 
 extinct. These peaks, about fourscore in number, 
 
 15 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 rising one above another till Smeroe towers above 
 them all, form a scene of exquisite, indescribable 
 beauty. Through the eyes of those who have traveled 
 in the island we give our readers a picture of some of 
 these volcanoes: 
 
 * ' To go to Tosari without seeing the Bromo is tan- 
 tamount to going to Rome without seeing St. Peter's. 
 The journey is made on pony or in a sedan chair by 
 way of the Moengal Pass and the Dassar or Sand Sea, 
 which is in reality the enormous Tengger Crater, in- 
 side of which there are- two craters in addition to that 
 of the Bromo, the only one showing signs of activity. 
 The road gradually ascends, bordered by cabbage, po- 
 tatoes, onion, and Indian-corn fields, here and there 
 intersected w^ith young tjemara trees, which are 
 planted by order of government to make up for the 
 lack of wood. The monotony of these vegetable fields 
 is somewhat relieved by the numbers of blossoming 
 herbs and wild plants that fringe the road, showing 
 between the fields colors of every hue. Half way en 
 route to the Moengal Pass a magnificent perspective 
 is opened out to us on the south. There we see a 
 volcanic peak, the Smeroe, standing in all its naked- 
 ness and glittering in the yellow, glowing rays of the 
 suQv It has the appearance of being painted in vivid 
 colors against the beautiful blue expanse of sky rising 
 from an irregularly-planted girdle of olive-green tje- 
 mara woods. From time to time a white cloud of 
 smoke ascends from the western corner. The Smeroe, 
 twelve thousand feet high, is the highest volcano in 
 Java. After a journey of two hours we reach the 
 
 16 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF JAVA. 
 
 Moengal Pass. Here the road divides into two 
 branches, the left one of which leads for a short time 
 up a steep path to a small plateau, on which stands a 
 little hut. On the top, suddenly and quite unex- 
 pectedly, an overwhelmingly beautiful spectacle is re- 
 vealed to the astonished eye of the traveler. This is 
 the view over the Zandee (Sea of Sand), with its vol- 
 canoes Battok, Bromo, and Widodaren. Standing on 
 the edge of a steep precipice, we see below us in the 
 valley an extensive lake, almost as smooth as a mirror, 
 which, however, is not filled with water, but with yel- 
 lowish-gray desert sand. From this sandy plain rise 
 three different mountains; first the Battok, with ra- 
 diating ribs and curves, scalloped bases, and a slightly 
 indented, flat top, so regularly shaped that we might 
 fancy we saw a gigantic pudding-mold. From behind 
 the Battok, partly obscured by it, a murky fantastic- 
 ally indented ridge is sitill to be seen, which evidently 
 incloses a deep cave, as a portion of the steep, precipi- 
 tous, and pitch-dark interior can still be observed, set 
 off against the green declivity of the Battok. This is 
 the furnace of the crater Bromo, from which emerge 
 small, vaporous, light-blue or enormous black clouds 
 of smoke, var>4ng in hue according to the activity 
 of the volcano. Right across 'the Bromo an extensive 
 view is obtained. In bright weather we can see the 
 notched edge of the Ijang Mountain and the clean 
 cone of the Lamongam, which is always smoking. To 
 the south is the majestic cone of the Smeroe; thus 
 there are fthree active volcanoes close to each other. 
 If we happen to be pre;»ent at an eruption of the 
 2 17 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 Bromo we may see the black volumes of smoke rise, 
 and we may hear a strange roaring noise while a 
 shower of stones and lava falls in and around the 
 crater. On such an occasion the thundering voice of 
 the volcano, issuing from the trembling rocks, is ter- 
 rible to hear. 
 
 ''The descent of the Sand Sea leads up along a 
 very steep zigzag path which is rather too dangerous 
 and difficult for horses ; so it is safer to dismount. At 
 the top of the stairlike path we discover, on both sides 
 of the hill ranges, small vaultlike holes dug by human 
 hands. These are the places where the Tenggerese 
 sacrifice to their Dewa's, or spirits, when setting foot 
 on the dwelling-places of these invisible beings. To 
 reach the Bromo it is necessary to ride around the 
 west and north side of the Battok. When doing so 
 we fancy from time to time that we are riding in a 
 desert. The gray sand sparkles in the sun, sends up 
 whirling eddies in the trembling hot layers above its 
 surface, and causes a mirage that reminds one of a 
 fata morgana. When we arrive at the east side, we 
 are able to see the Bromo in its entire circumference 
 like a gigantic naked compact belt of lava, with sharp 
 edges and deeply -notched and carved slopes. A laby- 
 rinth of rounded sand hills formed by the water and 
 confusedly grouped together is found at its foot. The 
 shining tops of these hills, hardened by the sun, are 
 marked out by the rain like the lining of square 
 tarpaulins against the dark-gray slopes. The slope 
 gets steeper near the top and is covered all over with 
 volcanic ashes. This causes these rain gullies to 
 
 18 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF JAVA. 
 
 stand out prominently. From one point of the edge 
 of the crater we observe wooden stairs which run up 
 the inside of the very edge of the crater itself. These 
 stairs are renewed by the Tenggerese men once a year, 
 when the great Bromo festivities take place. These 
 festivities are held in the month of 'May in honor of 
 their principal god, Dewa-Soelan-Illoe. The huge 
 pieces of stone spread about the Bromo and upon its 
 slopes are the result of extraordinarily violent erup- 
 tions. They consist of dark lava, intermingled with 
 large sparkling crystals. The ascent of the Bromo 
 (only seven hundred and fourteen feet above the sur- 
 face of the Sand Sea) is very easy and unattended 
 with danger, except at the time of the before-men- 
 tioned violent eruptions, which are, however, very 
 rare. One may go on horseback as far as the stairs. 
 Having arrived at the top, we look down into a steep 
 crater to a depth of not less than six himdred feet, 
 without any perceptibly defined bottom. Far below in 
 the depth fumaroles and solfatara are boiling and 
 foaming; blue sulphurous fumes rise to the surface, 
 while small streams of ashes are hurled with a whiz- 
 zing, rumbling noise along the smooth walls and back 
 again into the depth. It is possible but not easy to 
 walk entirely around the crater along a small upper 
 ledge. We stood on the edge of an enormous crater — 
 the Tengger — with a circumference of fifteen miles, 
 where in prehistoric times flames and ashes and lava 
 had boiled and belched there was now a sea of yellow 
 sand, out of which stood three other volcanic peaks — 
 the Battok, the Bromo, and the Widodaren — showing 
 
 19 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 purple in the morning light. The Battok is a perfect 
 cone, the lava-oovered sides standing out in clearly 
 defined ridges like the buttresses of a Gothic structure. 
 The Bromo, as said before, is the only one of the 
 three now active. As we gaze down we are startled 
 by a deep groaning noise, and out of the wide crater 
 mouth there issues westward a mass of gray smoke 
 and ashes streaked with fire. Simultaneously a huge 
 mass of cloud, cruciform in shape, is shot upwards 
 hundreds of feet into the air from the Smeroe. It 
 rests a few seconds above the bare, ash-sitrewn cone 
 and then drifts heavily to westward to make way for 
 the next eruption. These indications of nature ^s ac- 
 tivity in the crucible at the earth's center make one 
 reflect on the possible consequences of the next great 
 convulsion, and the fate that is in store for those in- 
 trepid villages who have perched their primitive huts 
 on the very edge of the Tengger crater. With these 
 reflections we turn away from one of the most solemn 
 and impressive sights it has been our privilege to 
 witness, silently mount our ponies and retrace our 
 steps. * ' 
 
 Cities — Batavia. — ^Batavia, once known as '*the 
 white man's grave" from the many deaths among the 
 Europeans in the early days, is now for the most part 
 a healthy, wholesome place in which to live. Batavia 
 is the capital city of the Dutch East Indies. There 
 is an upper town and lower town in the city. The 
 trade is carried on for the most part in the lower town, 
 where are to be found the banks, mercantile houses, 
 and places of business. The upper town, AVeltevreden, 
 
 20 
 
(loVKRiNOK (iK.NKHAL's P.VLACK BoTVNICAL (iAROKNS- 
 
 Blitexzorg, Java. 
 
 Botanical CiARDKxs, Buitknzorg, Java. 
 
 See page -J-J. 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF JAVA. 
 
 is very beautiful, with beautiful homes and wide ave- 
 nues lined on either side with magnificent trees. The 
 spacious club-house, Harmonic, and the palace of the 
 governor general are here. Places of interest that 
 appeal to the traveler are the Armenian Church, the 
 Natural Historical Society buildings, the Museum of 
 Arts and Sciences, the Willems Church, the old cita- 
 del Prince Frederick Hendrik, Wilhelmina Park, the 
 Masonic Temple, the government ofifices and the statue 
 of J. P. Coen, the founder of Batavia, who died while 
 defending the town against the Sultans of Mataram 
 and Bantam in 1629. 
 
 The people of Batavia are very cosmopolitan (in 
 character). The Malays constitute the largest part 
 of the one hundred and eighty thousand souls who 
 fill the native kampongs and the upper and lower 
 towns of this city, the ''Queen of the East." The 
 two rivers — Tjiliwong, which flows through the center 
 of Batavia, and the Takatra, which skirts the sub- 
 urbs — add much to the beauty of the scenery for which 
 Batavia is famous. Canals filled from the two rivers 
 intersect the city. Fine bridges cross these canals, 
 and these with the wide streets make the city most 
 attractive to the eye. 
 
 BuiTENZORG. — Buitenzorg, since 1746 the residence 
 of the govenor general, situated eight hundred and 
 fifty -five feet above the level of the sea, is the home 
 of the world-famous botanical gardens. Buitenzorg 
 is well named "Sans Souci," "free from care," for 
 as the beauty of this garden spot bursts on one every- 
 thing is forgotten in the thought of these wonders 
 
 21 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 of Nature. The huge Waringen trees which line the 
 avenues and the rare orchids, thick as weeds, make 
 one feel they are indeed in a paradise of nature. Quot- 
 ing from Miss Scidmore's ''Java, the Garden of the 
 East," we give the following description of this 
 garden : 
 
 "The famous botanical garden at Buitenzorg is 
 the great show place, the paradise and pride of the 
 island. The Dutch are acknowledgedly the best horti- 
 culturists in Europe, and with the heat of a tropical 
 sun, a daily shower, and nearly a century's well- 
 directed efforts they have made Buitenzorg 's garden 
 first of its kind in the world, despite the rival efforts 
 of the French at Saigon, and of the British at Singa- 
 pore, Ceylon, Calcutta, and Jamaica. 
 
 "The governor general's palace, greatly enlarged 
 from the first villa of 1744, is in the midst of the 
 ninety-acre enclosure reached from the main gate, 
 near the hotel and the passar, by what is undoubtedly 
 the finest avenue of trees in the world. These grace- 
 ful kanari trees, arching one hundred feet overhead 
 in a great green cathedral aisle, have tall, straight 
 trunks covered with stag-horn ferns, birds' nests 
 ferns, rattans, creeping palms, blooming orchids, and 
 every kind of a parasite and airplant the climate al- 
 lows; and there is a fairy lake of lotus and victoria 
 regia beside it, with pandanus and red-stemmed Banka 
 palms crowded in a great sheaf or bouquet on a tiny 
 islet. When one rides through this green avenue in 
 the dewy freshness of the early morning it seems as 
 though nature and the tropics oould do no more. 
 
 22 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF JAVA. 
 
 There is a broad la^vn at the front of the palace, 
 shaded with great waringen, sausage and candle trees, 
 and trees whose branches are hidden in a mantle of 
 vivid-leafed bougainvillea vines, with deer wandering 
 and grouping themselves in as correct park pictures 
 as if under branches of elm or oak or beside the con- 
 ventional ivied trunks of the north. It is a tropical 
 experience to reverse an umbrella and in a few min- 
 utes to fill it with golden-hearted white frangipani 
 blossoms, or to find nutmegs lying as thick as acorns 
 on the ground, and break their green outer shell and 
 see the fine coral branches of mace enveloping the dark 
 kernel. It is a delight, too, to see the mangosteens 
 and rambutans growing, to find bread, sausages, and 
 candles hanging in a plenty from benevolent trees, 
 and other fruits and strange flowers springing from a 
 tree's trunk instead of from its branches. There are 
 thick groves and regular avenues of the waringen, a 
 species of Ficus, and related to the banian, and the 
 rubber tree, a whole family whose roots crawl above 
 the ground, drop from the branches and generally 
 comport themselves in unconventional ways. Bam- 
 boos grow in clumps and thickets, ranging from the 
 fine, feathery-leafed canes, that are really only large 
 grasses, up to the noble giants from Burma, whose 
 stems are more nearly trunks easily soaring to a hun- 
 dred feet in the air and spreading there in a solid 
 canopy of graceful foliage. The creepers run from 
 tree to tree and writhe over the ground like gray ser- 
 pents; rattan and climbing palms one hundred feet 
 in length are common. Uncommon ones stretch to 
 
 23 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 five hundred feet. There is one creeper with a blos- 
 som like a magnified white violet, and with all a wood 
 violet's fragrance, but with only Dutch and botanical 
 names on the labels, one wanders ignorantly and pro- 
 testingly in this paradise of strange things. The rarer 
 orchids are grown in matted sheds in the shade of tall 
 trees and, although we saw them at the end of the 
 dry season, when few plants were in bloom, there was 
 still an attractive orchid show. But the strangest, 
 most conspicuous bloom in that choice corner was a 
 great butterfly flower of a pitcher plant whose pale- 
 green petals were veined with velvety maroon, and 
 half concealed the pelican pouch of a pitcher filled 
 with water. It was an evil-looking, ill-smelling, sticky 
 thing, and its unusual size and striking colors made 
 it haunt one longest of all vegetable marvels. There 
 were other more attractive butterflies fluttering on 
 plant stems, strange little woolly orchids, like edel- 
 weiss transplanted, and scores lof delicate Java and 
 Borneo orchids, not so well known as the Venezuelan 
 and Central American orchids commonly grown in 
 American hothouses, and so impossible to acclimate 
 in Java." 
 
 BoRO BoEDOER. — Kuius of Braham and Buddhist 
 temples which testify to the former Buddhist life in 
 Java are most wonderful at Bordo Boedoer in mid- 
 Java. Boro Boedoer, famous for the ruins of the tem- 
 ple of ''the many" or ''the collected Buddhas," is 
 the mosit important Buddhist ruin in the world. In 
 beauty of architecture it can isafely be classed with 
 
 24 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF JAVA. 
 
 the Taj Mahal of India, the Nikko Temple in Japan, 
 and St. Peter's at Rome. 
 
 Djokjakarta. — Djokjakarta, in the residency of 
 Djokjakarta, is the seat of the Sultan of that district. 
 It is in the center of the residency and but twelve 
 miles from the coast. Historically, Djokjakarta is 
 initeresting because of the home of the Sultan, whose 
 former power vanished when the Dutch gained su- 
 premacy in Java. The Dutch keep a large force 
 garrisoned in the Fortress Vredenburg. The Sultan 's 
 headquarters, the Kraton, are within a high wall in- 
 closure, twelve feet high, fifteen feet wide, and over 
 four miles in circumference. His retinue numbers 
 fifteen thousand natives. 
 
 SouRABAYA. — Mr. Burtou Holmes, in an article on 
 hiis travels in Java, refers to the cities as "dreams of 
 beauty the entire journey." And so we find it 
 whether in the w^estem, central, or eastern residencies. 
 This bustling center of the eastern residencies, Soura- 
 baya, is made beautiful by the smoking cones of thirty- 
 five active volcanoes which rise in the distance, and 
 by (the miles and miles of sugar cane which cover hill 
 and lowland. Sourabaya has been termed "the Me- 
 tropolis" of Java's commercial w^orld. ^Ir. Holmes 
 tells us "that in Sourabaya we find a city lively as 
 an American city, with a population picturesque in 
 its variety." Here the Chinaman is seen in a new 
 character, that of millionaire. There are many Chi- 
 nese millionaires in Java, the richest of them being 
 exploiters of sugar plantations or of the tin mines on 
 
 25 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 tlie neighboring islands. There is one Chinese Croesus 
 with sixty millions of dollars. ' ' One of the amazing 
 sights in Sourabaya, to those of us who are accus- 
 tomed to regard the Chinese as a race of laundrymen, 
 is the sight of sleek, well-fed, prosperous-looking Chi- 
 nese bankers, planters, merchanit princes, or capital- 
 ists driving about in splendidly appointed European 
 equipages with fine horses, and with well-liveried 
 coachmen and footmen on the box. There are no 
 Javanese millionaires — the natives are almost to a 
 man poor men." 
 
 Eailroads. — Two thousand miles of railroad are 
 to be found in Java. A trip may be taken from the 
 *' Queen City," or Batavia, in the west to the '' Com- 
 mercial Capital," Sourabaya, in the east in twenty- 
 four hours. It is necessary to make a two-day trip 
 of the journey because there is no pressing need for 
 haste and the Dutch are not sure of the ability of 
 the natives as night trainmen. Trains run from six 
 o'clock in the morning to six o'clock in the evening. 
 Hotels, under railroad management, are to be found 
 at the terminals, where the passengers are most com- 
 fortably cared for during the night. Telegraph and 
 telephone lines furnish means of communication. 
 
 Hotels. — In all the large itowns and in many 
 smaller ones hotels are to be found. In the guide of 
 the Royal Packet Line we read, "It is a great draw- 
 back that in too many instances the proprietor or man- 
 ager of a hotel is invisible to his guests, the business 
 being left in the hands of a native mandoer. At 
 places where there is no hotel, but where it is neces- 
 
 26 
 
A GENERAL VIEW OF JAVA. 
 
 sary to have suitable lodgement of officials on tour, 
 rest houses affording the necessary accommodations 
 have been erected by the government, Eind these are 
 oftener cleanlier and airier than the small hotels. 
 They are found in many large and in a number of 
 small villages, ais well as at a few spots selected for 
 the beauty or salubrity of their situation as suitable 
 holiday resorts. 
 
 Unknown Java. — ' ' Java is not one country ; it is 
 two in one. There is the Java of the Dutch and the 
 Java of the Javanese, side by side, one within the 
 other, and each surrounded by the other, offering to 
 the traveler an amazing sum of contrasts and con- 
 tradiction." Java, called by one writer *'the un- 
 known Dutch Empire," will not deserve the name 
 much longer. Already a new life is throbbing within 
 her veins. With her beauty of scene, her tropical 
 climate tempered by ocean and mountain, Java is in- 
 deed a world of beauty and grandeur. Until so re- 
 cently unkno\\Ti, Java is coming before the Christian 
 world to-day in a remarkable manner. Java, beneath 
 the Southern Cross, needs to be brought beneath the 
 Cross of Calvary. Shall it be? 
 
 27 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 THE PEOPLES. 
 
 Races. — The Malay or brown race constitutes the 
 largest part of the population of Java. Here, however, 
 we find imany other peoples, the Bantamese from west 
 Java, the Sundanese, ithe Klingalese, and the Ma- 
 doerese from east Java, the Javanese from the in- 
 terior, the Arabs, and the Chinese. 
 
 Origin. — It is generally believed that the Javanese 
 descended from the race that first peopled the East 
 Indian Island. The present day native of Java is like 
 and yet unlike ithe native found on the other islands. 
 All things considered, there is sufficient likeness to 
 enable one to believe they belong to one original race, 
 
 Javanese. — The native Javanese, found in the in- 
 terior of Java, follows the pursuit that seems best 
 adapted to his own characteristics, the pursuit of 
 agriculture. He is small of stature, with small hands 
 and feet, bright-brown complexion, long, straight black 
 hair, black eyes, a round but rather flat face. These 
 Javanese have a quiet expression and simple bearing 
 which make them appeal to one. These people are 
 divided into two classes, the upper and the lower. 
 The upper class are fairer of skin, more delicate and 
 
 28 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 refined in bearing, yet both classes are attractive, 
 gentle, and kindly. 
 
 Miss Scidmore writes of them in this way : ' ' The 
 Javanese are the finest flower of the Malay race — a 
 people possessed of a civilization, arts, and literature 
 in that golden period before the ^Mohammedan and 
 European conquests. They have gentle voices, gentle 
 manners, fine and expressive features, and are the one 
 people of Asia beside the Japanese who have real 
 charm and attraction for the alien. They are more 
 winning, too, after one has met the harsh, unlovely, 
 and unwashed people of China or the equally un- 
 washed, cringing Hindu. They are a little people and 
 one feels the same indulgent, protective sense as to- 
 ward the Japanese.'* 
 
 Malay. — The Malays, coming originally from Su- 
 matra, are shorter of stature and darker of skin than 
 the Javanese. ''The sexes do not differ much in ap- 
 pearance. They are slow and circumlocutory of 
 speech, courteous and dignified, seldom offensive or 
 quarrelsome, jealous of any encroachment on personal 
 freedom, and possess greater energy and acquisitive- 
 ness than other natives of the island." The Malay 
 is domestic and fond of children, giving as great care 
 to the girl child as the boy. Healthy, fairly good look- 
 ing, and industrious, the Malays take life easy and 
 seem to be free from care. 
 
 Chinese. — The Chinese are found chiefly in the 
 coast cities. *'The Chinese in Netherlands India pre- 
 sent a curious study in the possibilities of their race. 
 Under the strong tyrannical rule of the Dutch they 
 
 29 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 thrive, show ambition to adopt Western ways, and 
 approach more nearly to European standards than 
 one can believe possible." 
 
 The Chinese live in their own quarters under a 
 form of government which, while it is administered 
 by the Chinese themselves, is officered by officials ap- 
 pointed by the Dutch. The Chinese are enterprising 
 and persevering, good at driving a bargain, and are 
 credited with not being often left behind by others 
 in trade. The banks and business houses employ the 
 Chinese accoumtant and he takes a large place in the 
 financial transactions. 
 
 Mixed Race. — The Chinese have intermarried with 
 the Malay and the Javanese until a large mixed race 
 is to be found on the island, called the Paranaks. 
 
 Arabs. — Many priests and religious teachers of the 
 Arab race are scattered ,over the island. Arabs not 
 engaged in religious teacning are merchants and are 
 located in the coast towns. 
 
 Language. — The language spoken and understood 
 by all natives and used by the Europeans in their 
 intercourse with the natives is the Malay. ' ' The lan- 
 guage is soft and musical — the Italian of the Tropics. ' ' 
 The pure Malay has been more or less intermixed until 
 there are four dialects spoken. Of these the Sundanese 
 is used in western Java, and the Javanese in the east- 
 em residencies. Higginson, in writing of the language 
 of Java, says: ''The Javanese alphabet is composed 
 of twenty consonants, in addition to which there are 
 twenty auxiliary characters used in forming the com- 
 pound consonants. In addition to these there are 
 
 30 
 
Nativk Well. 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 seven characters, consisting of contractions of certain 
 consonants which are used in connection with other 
 consonants. There are five inherent vowel signs and 
 five signs which supplant the inherent vowel.*' 
 
 ''The Javanese wTite from right to left, make the 
 letters entirely separate, and leave no space between 
 the words. A comma or a diagonal line at the end 
 of a composition indicates a period, and is the only 
 mark of punctuation used. They have no grammar, 
 yet the construction of their language is regular and 
 extremely simple. It contains many synonyms and is 
 wonderfully profuse in words expressing the most pro- 
 found, delicate, and complicated shades of m^eaning. ' ' 
 
 Classic Language. — ' ' Besides the four dialects in 
 use in Java there is a classic language called the Kawi, 
 in which the fables, poems, historical records, and va- 
 rious inscriptions on stone are written. At what 
 remote period, or how, the Kawi language was intro- 
 duced into Java appears to be imcertain, but it is 
 supposed to be the channel through which the Java- 
 nese received their store of Sanskrit words. A Java- 
 nese scholar in writing uses many words from the 
 Kawd, which may have been the original language 
 employed throughout the archipelago at some earlier 
 and unknown time. The Javanese language is rich, 
 copious, and refined, and suited to an advanced and 
 cultured people. It is flexible and easily adapted 
 to all occasions, and aboimds in graceful and delicate 
 distinctions. It is soft and harmonious, readily ac- 
 quired and clings to the memor3^ ' ' 
 
 Literature. — "The most important compositions 
 31 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 in the ancient literature of Java are written in the 
 Kawi language. These seem to consist of mythologi- 
 cal and fabulous acoo'unts of Hindu and Javanese 
 heroes and their miraculous feats of love, combat, con- 
 quest, and religion. What is termed the modem liter- 
 ature of the Javanese is generally written in verse and 
 frequently describes the pure character of a beautiful 
 woman, dwelling upon her virtues and her devotion 
 to God. They possess some Arabic compositions which 
 relate to religion. These are increasing. Their poetry 
 is elevated in sentiment and seems to take the char- 
 acter of advice and instruction. An epic poem, called 
 the Holy War, is a great favorite. This poem fur- 
 nishes the character for one of the most popular scenic 
 representations of early mythological Javanese his- 
 tory. The acting of these poems, when accompanied 
 with the music of the gamalan, possesses great interest 
 for all classes of society." 
 
 Rank. — Profound respect is paid to rank or posi- 
 tion. No one of a lower class would enter the presence 
 of the upper class without squatting on the floor. In 
 the West one rises to pay honor to another, in this 
 Eastern land they slowly sink upon their heels and 
 remain so while in the presence of a superior. Unless 
 requested to do so women do not eat with their hus- 
 bands or grown-up sons. According to Higginson, 
 **the Javanese pay great respect to old age, sanctity, 
 and experience, and when these are accompanied with 
 rank there seems to be no limit to the excess to which 
 their deference is carried. In any case, their respect 
 
 32 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 for a superior is unbounded. No native of Java, no 
 matter what his position or condition, would dare to 
 stand in the presence of superior rank. Through all 
 the various grades of title and office this extreme hom- 
 age is observed. When a native of high rank travels 
 on the highway the laborers in the field drop their 
 work and assume the squatting position as he passes 
 along. Neither is an inferior allowed to reply to a 
 superior in the common language of the country ; he 
 must reply in the language of honor, the court lan- 
 guage. Under no circumstances can a superior be 
 addressed in anything but the court language, there- 
 fore it is positively necessary for those who expect to 
 communicate with superiors in rank, or with court 
 officers, to possess a knowledge of the court language. 
 The higher rank, however, is privileged to address the 
 lower in the ordinary vernacular. Children of good 
 families are practiced in these distinctions from ear- 
 liest infancy, and taught to observe them in their 
 intercourse with their o^^^l parents. To approach a 
 parent, a chief, or a superior in rank or office without 
 making 'the sumbah, a form of obeisance consisting in 
 closing the hands together, raising them to the fore- 
 head and inclining the body forward, is a breach of 
 good manners never committed." 
 
 Marriage. — Contract for marriage is often made 
 by the parents or friends very- early in life. Every 
 one marries, as a rule, before the age of twenty. An 
 unmarried woman would be a curiosity. Presents are 
 exchanged at the time of the marriage contract be- 
 
 3 33 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 tween the families of the bride and bridegroom. 
 "When all is ready the father of the bride, accompa- 
 nied by the bridegroom, proceeds to the mosque, where 
 the chief priest collects the marriage fees and pro- 
 nounces the betrothed parties man and wife, after 
 which the bridegroom returns to the house of his 
 father-in-law, where the bride comes out to meet him 
 •with a low obeisance in token of her submission ito him 
 during the remainder of her life. Feasts and festi- 
 vals celebrate the occasion, and processions with music 
 conduct the bride to the house of her father-in-law/' 
 
 Divorce. — "Divorces are frequent and very easily 
 obtained. If the wife is dissatisfied with her husband 
 she can pay a sum in proportion to her rank and be 
 rid of him; he on his part accepting her decree, con- 
 sidering it a disgrace to be connected with a woman 
 who treats him with derision and contempt. The hus- 
 band may divorce his wife whenever he pleases by 
 returning her dower or providing her with a suitable 
 support." This is not always done. 
 
 Polygamy. — Polygamy is generally practiced in 
 the country. There are those who have been known to 
 have as many as sixty or tseventy children. "The 
 effects of polygamy are not conducive to the elevation 
 of their character. Among the upper classes its bane- 
 ful influences are not difficult to trace ; family ties are 
 not respected, jealousies are aroused, malignant pas- 
 sions often excited, and the active and combined in- 
 fluences of husband and wife ignored. The Koran 
 permits the Mohammedan to have four wives, and if 
 a noble he is permitted to add as many consorts as he 
 
 34 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 likes. The peasants and poorer people have gener- 
 ally, in a fashion, escaped these pernicious influences, 
 and as a rule confine themselves to one wife at a time, 
 or at most, to two, compromising for their moderation 
 by frequent change." 
 
 Position of Women. — The women of Java have 
 more freedom than most other women of the Orient. 
 Seclusion of woman is almost unknown in the island. 
 
 Dress of the Dutch. — A somewhat extreme and 
 acid description from Miss Scidmore 's pen may, per- 
 haps, despite its exaggeration, give the reader an idea 
 of the mode of dresis in vogue in Java. We quote: 
 '*We had seen some queer things on the streets — 
 ^^x>men lolling barefooted and in startling dishabille in 
 splendid equipages — but concluded them to be serv- 
 ants or half-castes; but there in the hotel was an un- 
 dress parade that beggars description, and was as 
 astounding on the last day as on the first day in the 
 country. Woman's vanity and man's conventional 
 ideas evidently wilt at the line, and no formalities 
 pass the equator, when distinguished citizens and offi- 
 cials can roam and lounge about hotel courts in pa- 
 jamas and bath slippers, and bare-ankled women clad 
 only in the native sarong, or skirt, and with a white 
 dressing jacket, go unconcernedly about their affairs 
 in streets and public places until afternoon. It is a 
 dishabille beyond all burlesque pantomime, and only 
 shipwreck on a desert island would seem sufficient 
 excuse for woman being seen in such an ungraceful, 
 imbecoming attire — an undress that reveals ever>^ de- 
 fect while concealing beauty, that no loveliness can 
 
 35 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 overcome, and that has neither oolor nor grace nor 
 picturesqueness to recommend it." 
 
 Of the Natives. — Mr. Higginson gives us this de- 
 scription of the native dress: "The women never 
 cover their hands, and wear their hair combed straight 
 back from their foreheads and done up in a tight knot 
 at the back of the head, which is adorned by sticking 
 through it long gold or silver pins, ornamented with 
 precious stones, if the owner of the head can afford 
 them. The men allow their hair to grow long and 
 twist it into a flat coil on the top of the head, secure 
 it with a comb and cover it with a handkerchief. 
 Both sexes use perfumes and dress the hair with co- 
 eoanut oil. The peasants when at work in the field 
 usually have nothing on but the hip cloth and chapeng, 
 a peculiarly shaped, broad, flat hat of plaited bamboo 
 placed on the top of the handkerchief. The court 
 costume and war dress are both elaborate and expen- 
 sive affairs. On all occasions and in all conditions 
 the Javanese wear a belt, with the kris or short dagger 
 stuck under it on the right side behind. They are 
 all fond of jewelry and perfumery and display a pro- 
 fusion of finger-rings, studs, earrings, diamond-headed 
 pins, necklaces, and bracelets; children wear armlets 
 and anklets of silver or gold." 
 
 The Sarong. — ' ' The sarong, or skirt, worn by men 
 and women alike, is a strip of cotton two yards long 
 and one yard deep, which is drawn tightly about the 
 hips, the fullness gathered in front, and by an adroit 
 twist made so firm that a belt is not necessary to 
 native wearers. The sarong is always one panel de- 
 
 36 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 sign, which is worn at the front or side, and the rest 
 of the surface is covered with the intricate ornaments 
 in which native fancy runs riot. There are geometri- 
 cal and line combinations, in which appear the swas- 
 tika and the curious latticings of Central Asia ; others 
 are as bold and natural as anything Japanese; and 
 in others the palm leaves and quaint animal forms of 
 India and Persia attest the rival art influence that has 
 swept over these refined, adaptive, assimilative people. 
 One favorite serpentine pattern running in diagonal 
 lines does not need explanation in this land of gigantic 
 worms and writhing crawlers, nor that other pattern 
 where centipedes and insect forms cover the ground; 
 nor that where the fronds of cocoa-palm wave, and 
 ithe strange shapes of mangos, jacks, or Nagka, and 
 breadfruits are interwoven. The deer and tapir, and 
 the hunting scene patterns are reserved for native 
 royalty's exclusive wear." 
 
 Making the Sarong. — "In villages and wayside 
 cottages we afterwards watched men and women paint- 
 ing these cloths, tracing a first outline in a rich bro\\Ti 
 waxy dye, which is the foundation and dominant color 
 in all these batteks. The parts which are to be left 
 white are covered with wax and the cloth is dipped in 
 or brushed over with the dye. This resist, or mordant, 
 must be applied for each color, and the wax after- 
 wards steamed out in hot water, so that a sarong goes 
 through many processes and handlings, and is often 
 the work of weeks. The dyes are applied hot through 
 a little tin funnel of an implement tapering down to 
 a thin point, w^hich is used like a painter's brush, but 
 
 37 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 will give the fine line and dot work of a pen-and-ink 
 drawing. ' ' 
 
 Value. — "The sarong's value depends upon the 
 fineness of the drawing, the elaborateness of the de- 
 sign, and the number of oolors employed. Beginning 
 as low as one dollar, these brilliant cottons, or hand- 
 painted calico sarongs, increase in price to even twenty 
 or thirty dollars. The Dutch ladies vie with one 
 another in their sarongs as much as native women, 
 and their dishabille dress of the early hours has not 
 always economy to recommend it." 
 
 A Typical Dutch Day in Batavia. — ''It iis usual 
 to rise with the sun, which shoots suddenly above the 
 horizon at about six o 'clock the year round, replacing 
 in a few minutes the soft darlmess with a brilliant 
 and penetrating light. As the dwellings have but one 
 story, on account of earthquakes, the bedrooms are on 
 the ground floor, with immediate access to the veranda, 
 to which the newly arisen at once proceeds to drink 
 coffee, tea, or chocolate and eat a biscuit. After this 
 he resorts to the bath, generally a large room in the 
 rear, where a refreshing plimge or douche, or perhaps 
 the cool mountain water thrown over the head, in the 
 Eastern fashion, temporarily dispels the climatic lan- 
 guor and reinvigorates him. The bath over, the 
 Dutchman takes a stroll in his pajamas, carelessly puf- 
 fing, meanwhile, a fragrant cigar; the Englishman 
 so'metimes takes a ride on horseback, both return to 
 dress and partake of a nine o'clock breakfast, which 
 is served in a broad cool hall, and is similar to the 
 
 38 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 same meal in America or England, with the addition 
 of an abundance of litscious fruits. After breakfast 
 the gentlemen of the family are driven in town in their 
 carriages; and the ladies, in native dress, with hair 
 hanging loose down their backs, spend the morning 
 reclining on the sofas in the shade of the verandas, 
 gossiping, reading, or receiving early calls from 
 friends of their own sex who come in closed carriages, 
 in undress like themselves. At one o'clock the midday 
 meal (tiffin) is served. This is the time when the 
 Eastern cooks astonish the foreigner with the nujmiber 
 of their highly-seasoned preparations, which are eaten 
 with the one standing dish of rice and curry, to which 
 are added salted ducks ' eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, 
 wine, and coffee. When this abundant meal has been 
 duly honored the Eastern household, from mistress to 
 maid, and butler to scullion, retires to refresh itself 
 by passing two hours or more during the hottest part 
 of the day in sleep. At four o'clock the house springs 
 into life again, tea is served, as in the early morning, 
 a second both is enjoyed, succeeded by an elaborate 
 toilet, next comes an airing without hat or bonnet, in 
 splendid open equipages, attended by numerous dark- 
 skinned servants. This airing is usually taken round 
 the Koningsplein and to the Waterloo plain. The lat- 
 ter is a large square where the military band plays 
 every Sunday afternoon. The music draws a large 
 concourse of people from the town as well as natives 
 from the neighboring villages. About six o'clock the 
 sun drops behind the western mountain ridges and 
 
 39 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 immediately it is dark. The vehicles, with their chat- 
 tering occupants, gradually disperse to whirl home- 
 ward to a somewhat elaborate eight o'clock dinner. 
 In the evening visits are made or received, cluhs and 
 receptions are attended, the opera or theater is occa- 
 sionally resorted to, and Batavia is alive with activity 
 and animation. By twelve and one o'clock the city 
 has sunk into slumber, to awaken again the next morn- 
 ing and take up with little variation the life of the 
 previous day. The Dutch officials entertain very lav- 
 ishly among themselves. There is nothing cosmopoli- 
 tan about society in Java." 
 
 Chinese. — In this part the Chinese have practi- 
 cally no social recognition. This is slowly changing. 
 ' * Chinese conservatism yields first in costume and so- 
 cial manners; the pigtail sinks to a mere symbolic 
 wisp, and the well-to-do Batavian Chinese dress fault- 
 lessly after the London model, wears spotless duck 
 coat and trousers, patent-leather shoes, and in-top or 
 derby hat, sits complacently in a handsome victoria 
 drawn by imported horses, with liveried Javanese on 
 the box. The rich Chinese live in beautiful villas, in 
 gorgeously decorated houses built on ideal tropical 
 lines. They load their Malay wives with diamonds 
 and jewels, and spend money liberally for the educa- 
 tion of their children." 
 
 Schools. — ^Formerly the Dutch made no provision 
 for the education of the peoples of Java. They were 
 forbidden to study the Dutch language. But now 
 schools are maintained by the government for the na- 
 
 40 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 tives. The reaching out for Western learning by the 
 people of Asia is now seen in this conservative island. 
 Here a new educational movement has taken hold of 
 the Javanese. It is called ''Budi Utomo" and has 
 a large following. Urgent calls are being made for 
 teachers. A society among the Chinese, known as 
 ''The Tiong Hoa Hwe Koan," the object of which 
 is to promote education and patriotism, has petitioned 
 our mission to secure teachers for the English depart- 
 ments of their ''Hwe Koan" schools in several of the 
 cities of Java. The society agrees to pay the salaries, 
 and have further requested the missionary to act as 
 inspector of their schools. 
 
 Houses. — ' ' The hut or cottage of the Javanese is 
 very simple in construction and costs but little. 
 Twelve guilders, equal to five dollars, will build what 
 the native considers a most respectable and comfort- 
 able bamboo hut. Twenty-five or thirty guilders will 
 procure him a cottage containing two or perhaps 
 three rooms, and ornamented with a veranda. When 
 he becomes tired of his surroundings, or prefers a 
 more eligible location within easy distance, he calls 
 in two or three friends, and moves his domicile to the 
 more desirable quarter. The walls and inside par- 
 titions of his house are made of plaited strips of flat- 
 tened bamboo, hung or nailed on a wooden frame- 
 work, which is roofed with attap or plain thatch. The 
 houses are generally without windows, sufficient light 
 being admitted through the door and the interstices 
 between the plaited strips of bamboo. Where people 
 
 41 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 pass all the time on the veranda or in the open air, 
 and the one desire is to keep their dwellings dark and 
 cool for sleep or retirement, windows are superfluous. 
 
 ' ' The dwelling described is occupied by the lower 
 classes. The natives sleep on springy bamboo benches 
 about a foot high and six or eight feet square, called 
 the 'bali-bali.' On these primitive bedsteads they 
 spread the universal mats and pillows and have cool 
 and pleasant sleeping couches. The houses of the 
 village chiefs and petty office-holders cost much .miore 
 than the hut or cottage of the peasant, and are recog- 
 nized by their increased size and the attap with eight 
 slopes. The largest and best dwellings are those of 
 the nobles. They are large and commodious, built of 
 wood or stone as the owner desires, and are distin- 
 guished by the two spreading waringen trees, indi- 
 cating nobility, which are always kept growing on the 
 green in front. The house of the noble stands alone, 
 while the cottages of the peasants are in groups and 
 generally quite concealed in masses of luxuriant fo- 
 liage, surrounded by fences of bamboo, within which 
 each cottage is encircled by its own little enclosure of 
 banana and cocoa-palm. The Japanese princes and 
 nobles dwell in handsome palaces, which are beautified 
 with appropriate grounds." 
 
 Pursuits. — The masses of the people of Java live 
 by agriculture. With the bountiful gifts showered 
 upon Java by nature there is little need for the native 
 to apply himself to anything but the tilling of the 
 soil in order to have all his needs supplied. "He 
 
 42 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 neither makes shawls, silks, gloves, nor beautiful china, 
 though he has the materials for each. In his simple 
 bamboo cottage he would not know what to do with 
 such superfluities, therefore they do not interest him. 
 He is familiar with stonecutting and brickmaking be- 
 cause he builds the dwellings of the nobles, foreign 
 merchants, and rich Chinese with these materials. He 
 understands perfectly how to make the thatch for his 
 roof, mats for his bed, and cotton for his sarongs. 
 He spins his yam and weaves his cloth without a loom, 
 and paints and dyes the materials for his sarongs 
 with the most beautiful colors." Some follow the 
 trades of tanner, tinsmith, stonecutter, ironsmith, car- 
 penter, tailor, painter, and find constant work to em- 
 ploy them. Along the coast the curing and packing 
 of fish employ many of the natives. 
 
 Daily M^vrket. — The daily market, or passar, is 
 a panorama of life that one never forgets. A bunch of 
 bananas, a basket of stemmed rice and a leaf full of 
 betel preparations comprise the necessaries and luxu- 
 ries of daily living. These may all be secured at the 
 passar. With <the rice may go many peppers and cur- 
 ried messes of ground cocoanut, which one sees made 
 and offered for sale in small dabs laid on bits of ba- 
 nana leaf — the wrapping-paper of the tropics. Pinned 
 with a cactus thorn a bit of leaf makes a primitive 
 bag, bowl, or cup, and a slip of it serves as a sylvan 
 spoon. All classes chew the betel or cocoanut, bits of 
 which, wrapped in betel leaf with lime, furnish cheer 
 and stimulant, dye the mouth, and keep the lips 
 
 43 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 streaming with crimson juice." The town tailor has 
 his abode in the daily passar, and seated in front of 
 his American hand-machine will sew up a sarong seam 
 while the customer waits. 
 
 Semi- WEEKLY Market. — *'It is the semi-weekly, 
 early morning, outdoor market of chattering country 
 folk that most delights and diverts the stranger. The 
 lines of vendors strung along the shady street and 
 grouped under palm-thatched umbrellas in the open 
 provide horticultural and floral exhibits of the great- 
 est interest, and afford the most picturesque scenes 
 of native life. There were double panoramas and 
 stages of living pictures along each path in the passar 
 encampment that grew like magic. The glowing colors 
 of the fruit, the flower, and the pepper markets, the 
 bright sarongs and turbans, and above all, the cheerful 
 chatter were quite inspiring. We saw everywhere 
 fruits — we were distracted with the wide choice of- 
 fered. A long row of country tailors, thirty or forty 
 of them in a line, sat like so many sparrows around 
 the edges of the passar in the comforting shades of 
 the kanari-trees. All were spectacled like owls, and 
 sat cross-legged before their sewing-machines. The 
 customers brought their cloth, the tailors measured 
 them with their eye, and in no time at all the machines 
 were humming up and down the seams of the jackets 
 that needed no fitting nor trying on, and were made 
 while the candidates sat and smoked and chatted with 
 the sartorial artists. '' 
 
 Thirty-two Millions. — The Javanese, the Malay, 
 44 
 
THE PEOPLES. 
 
 the Sundanese, the Chinese, and the others of the 
 thirty-two millions of people on this charming tropical 
 island have been living their lives in their own comer 
 and little known to the peoples of the West. Now 
 Java is coming before us in all its beauty of place 
 and charm of people. Have we of the West anything 
 to give these peoples that will better fit them for the 
 place they must fill in the world? 
 
 45 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 Mohammedanism is the established faith of the 
 isle of Java. At the time of the Mohammedan inva- 
 sion and the overthrow of the Hindu empire of Mod- 
 jopahit in the fifteenth century this religion of the 
 Prophet Mohammed swept dow^n upon the millions 
 of these island peoples. It is said, however, that the 
 Javanese are the least bigoted of the followers of the 
 Prophet and differ from the Mohammedans in the 
 other parts of the world. Mohammedan missionaries 
 are constantly arriving in Java and pushing their v^ay 
 into the interior villages and cities and teaching the 
 tenets of their faith. 
 
 Stronghold. — About one-sixth of the Moham- 
 medan world is grouped upon this island, and there- 
 fore the problem of the missionary is of great magni- 
 tude. The Mohammedan problem is always that of 
 overcoming ignorance, that dense ignorance which is 
 always to be found in a Mohammedan land, immo- 
 rality of the grossest kind, superstitious fatalism, and 
 fanaticism. 
 
 The Strength of Mohammedanism. — The strength 
 of Mohammedanism lies in the spirit of brotherhood 
 that permeates its followers. A Moslem of any race 
 
 46 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 will salute a Moslem of any other race as his brother. 
 The sacred language in which prayer is offered and 
 in which they read the Koran is the same among them 
 all. At the time of prayer all eyes turn in the same 
 direction, towards Mecca. The little black stone 
 dropped from heaven, called the Kaaba, is the object 
 of deep veneration. Yearly tens of thousands of all 
 races take the pilgrimage to Mecca to touch this sacred 
 stone. These likenesses are bonds of union among all 
 Moslems, whether from Northern Africa, Southern 
 Asia, or ithe islands of the sea. 
 
 The Ramazan. — "Throughout the Moslem world 
 is held every year the fast of Ramazan. This fast 
 continues for one month. During the time no Moham- 
 medan eats any food nor even drinks water till after 
 sundo\\'n. So strict are they in this regard that they 
 do not even swallow spittle during the day. After 
 6undo^^^l men eat but sparingly, and then assemble 
 in large groups to hear the reading of the Koran. 
 This community of physical deprivation draws fthe 
 whole Mohammedan world together to a degree that 
 can scarcely be believed unless one has seen the 
 process at work. It is a law that any belief for which 
 we suffer takes a firmer grip upon the mind. This 
 yearly fast operates among the Malays as a race-wide 
 revival service, and the resul-t is it strengthens the 
 cords that tie them to Islam. After the 'Ramazan' 
 is over the whole community blossoms out in new 
 clothes; the men grow resplendent in most gorgeous 
 colors; the women and children appear covered with 
 all the jewelry and finery that the family purse can 
 
 47 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 stand; the whole community goes on a junket, visit- 
 ing from house to house and preening itself in the 
 sun on the street comers, all tending to still more 
 closely identify life at large with the Mohammedan 
 faith. It would be a brave family, indeed, that would 
 dare do other than the rest are doing, either during 
 the 'Ramazan' or in the festal days that immediately 
 follow. Particularly do the fasting and feasting im- 
 press childhood. All Eastern races are much under 
 the power of outward ritual and ceremony. It can 
 be easily seen, therefore, that so marked an exercise 
 as that of the 'Ramazan' has immense power for im- 
 pressing the public mind. ' ' 
 
 Pilgrimages to Mecca. — ' 'Another great factor in 
 holding the people to Islam is the extraordinary re- 
 spect shown to pilgrims on their return from a visit 
 to the sacred city of Mecca, where Mohammed was 
 bom, and where still is to be found the Kaaba, the 
 black stone that fell, it is said, from heaven, and is 
 now built into the sacred mosque at Mecca. On their 
 return from this pilgrimage both men and women 
 wear a green cloth, and the sight of a green turban 
 or a green scarf around the neck is a signal for 
 marked obeisance made to the wearer. The desire to 
 become a Hadji is deep in every Malay, for here is 
 the ishort cut to social honor and religious ^exaltation. 
 With the utmost economy, years of deprivation are 
 spent to secure the money for this coveted visit. 
 Yearly thousands of pilgrims may be found on the 
 crowded ships making their way to Jiddah. And 
 from thence, risking cholera and smallpox, and all 
 
 48 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 the other diseases which are so often disseminated in 
 these unsanitary crowds, the ambitious pilgrim finds 
 his way to the birthplace and to the tomb of the 
 prophet, and then returning, is an ardent supporter 
 of the faith. The overthrow of the system would mean 
 the loss of personal privilege and social honor. Each 
 one of these pilgrims has "vested rights" in Islam 
 as an institution, and can, therefore, be depended upon 
 to eagerly and even fiercely defend the faith. Under 
 the Dutch flag it was long the policy of government 
 officials to encourage the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 It was somehow thought to please the Mohammedan 
 people would help the Dutch rule. But in these later 
 days it is more intelligently perceived that the Hadji 
 is tlie breeder of discontent, and incidentally often the 
 importer of disease. Besides a pilgrim's new honors 
 usually imfit him for plain every-day work, and a 
 Hadji often becomes a social parasite and loses the 
 thrift and aptness for his daily tasks which char- 
 acterized him before he saw Mecca. For all these 
 reasons it is becoming more and more difficult to secure 
 the government consent and help in the arrangements 
 for the pilgrim 's annual exodus. ' ' Thousands of these 
 ardent followers of ]\Iohammed go every year from 
 Java to ]\Iecca, and thus tens of thousands of homes 
 are closed to the entrance of the missionary of the 
 Cross. 
 
 Code of Mor.vls. — The high priests of the ]\Ioham- 
 medan faith are vested with some government power 
 of administration in the district where they reside. 
 They are also expected to give religious instruction 
 
 4 49 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 *'with exhortations to duty by precept and fable," 
 some of which are highly instructive and impressive, 
 as we perceive by the following examples, copied from 
 their code of morals: 
 
 ''A man who does evil to his companions, acts 
 against the sacred writings and the lessons of his in- 
 structor; he can never enjoy prosperity, but will meet 
 with misfortune in all his proceedings. Such a man 
 is like a piece of porcelain, which, when it falls to the 
 ground, breaks into many pieces and can never be ren- 
 dered perfect." 
 
 ''The forest and the tiger lived together in close 
 friendship, so that no one could approach the forest, 
 for the tiger was always in the way, nor the tiger, 
 for the forest always afforded him shelter. Thus they 
 both remained undisturbed, on account of the mutual 
 (security they afforded each other. But when the tiger 
 abandoned the forest and roamed abroad, the people, 
 seeing that the tiger had quitted it, immediately cut 
 do\^Ti the forest and converted it into plantations. The 
 tiger, in the meantime, taking shelter in a village, was 
 seen by the people, who soon found means to kill him. 
 In this manner, both parties, by abandoning their 
 mutual duties to each other, were lost. ' ' 
 
 ' ' These are qualities necessary to constitute a good 
 house-wife : she must be well made and well mannered, 
 gentle, industrious, rich, liberal, charming, of good 
 birth, upright and humble. A stingy, curious, dirty, 
 foul-mouthed, vulgar, false, intriguing, lazy, or stupid 
 woman is not lonly entirely unfit for a house-wife, but 
 will never be beloved by a husband." 
 
 50 
 
If, v^^-^^/'" -■ ■' ' 
 
 i-F"li»- 
 
 '1: 
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 ^^K^^' "^'^ilK'' .-4^ 
 
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 1 
 
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 4 
 
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 » ft; '>- , 
 
 1 '^':.- '■■ ^ s:^; 
 
 
 r^i^': :' "' 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 Mosques. — Mosques are to be found all over the 
 island. Should the Christian enter, he must do so 
 with unshod feet. The mosques are plain in design, 
 sometimes square, sometimes octagonal, having two or 
 more roofs, one above the other. Low round domes 
 surmount the buildings. The interior of the struc- 
 tures are without ornamentation. The approach to the 
 mosques is usually by steps or inclined walk up a 
 beautiful terrace. Large tanks of pure water are 
 provided where the Moslem may bathe before entering 
 the temple. The IMohammedan Sabbath is on our 
 Friday. There is a daily service in the mosque and 
 calls to prayer at sunrise and at sunset. The worship- 
 ers kneel on small mats, and with faces turned toward 
 Mecca, repeat the prayers from the Koran. 
 
 Belief. — Although the Javanese are ^lohammed- 
 ans, they are as ignorant and as superstitious as any 
 heathen people, in many instances more so. Heathen- 
 ism degrades but it does not fetter a people as Islam 
 does. The Mohammedan believes that there is but 
 one God and that Mohammed was the last and great- 
 est prophet. Such belief denies the Holy Spirit, the 
 divinity of Christ and His atonement. INIohammed 
 is greatest of all prophets, his teaching should take 
 the place of all other teachings. The following are 
 some of these teachings : 
 
 The Mohammedan is admonished to abstain from 
 pK)rk, deceit, adultery, idolatry, and usury. 
 
 Quoting from a leaflet by ^Ir. Buchanan on the 
 Malay, we read : " If a man, even a priest, breaks one 
 of these commands, ia holeh taubat dan di-ma^af-kan 
 
 51 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 (lie may repent and be pardoned) by God and by 
 man, since it is only a silap (a slip, an error, a fault), 
 but if he does it the second time no one holeh ma'af- 
 kan (will forgive) nor is there anywhere tauhatan 
 (repentance). He has done it sengaja (willfully), for 
 has he not once erred and been forgiven; surely it is 
 willful. Islam Imows no Redeemer. How hopeless 
 such severity with regard to the things of the heavenly 
 kingdom on the part of our Heavenly Father would 
 leave the Christian. Moreover, Islam knows no right 
 or wrong; to the Moslem all things are hallal (al- 
 lowed) or harem (disallowed). To commit adultery 
 and to eat pork go in the same category, and for the 
 same reason the prophet forbade them. Mrs. Buch- 
 anan once asked some Mohammedan women why they 
 fasted, as Islam took practically no cognizance of 
 women. Their answer was, 'The prophet com- 
 manded it.' " 
 
 A Foothold. — ' ' Though the story of the Cross has 
 so lately been taken to them, already a foothold has 
 been gained among these Malays of Mohammedan be- 
 lief. A large door is opening in Java, and it is ex- 
 pected that if the Church is faithful to her present 
 privilege and meets the situation as it now presents 
 itself, that it will not be long until there is a mass 
 movement among the Mohammedans of Java toward 
 Christianity. That Islam does not mean in Java what 
 it does in Arabia and Turkey is due to the fact that 
 the spirit of the former religion which once domi- 
 nated Java has left its impress yet upon the peoples 
 even after these many years. Two young men, con- 
 
 52 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 verts from Lslam, are studying in the Jean Hamilton 
 School at Singapore, preparing to return to Java and 
 preach the imsearchable riches of Christ among their 
 former ]\Iohammedan friends and neighbors. There 
 is now being baptized one Mohammedan a week in this 
 young mission, and as the days go by there will be 
 greater victories to report. 
 
 Other Religions. — "Before the introduction of 
 Mohammedanism, Brahmanism, Sivaism, and Bud- 
 dhism had many followers throughout Java. There 
 is abundant proof of this in the ruins of the many 
 costly and beautiful temples which are to be found 
 in all parts of the island. The early culture of Java 
 can be traced to India. There is little doubt in the 
 minds of those who have delved deep into the history 
 of the isle that Hinduism influenced most largely the 
 religious life, the literature and the language of Java 
 prior to the Mohammedanism invasion. Undoubtedly 
 Brahma, Vishnu, and Buddha were once the gods of 
 the people, and the discarded temples and broken and 
 decayed images bear mute testimony to the time of 
 their supremacy. The Mohammedans, naturally su- 
 perstitious, seemed to have regarded the temples as 
 of some supernatural construction and itook no care to 
 preserve the old temples of a faith which they had con- 
 quered. For the most part these ruins have been hid- 
 den by the luxuriant growth of the tropical plants." 
 
 ''The country between Djokjokarta and Soerakarta 
 is famous for its renmant of ancient edifices and relics 
 of Hindu worship. In the neighborhood of Bram- 
 banan, a town on the road between the last two named 
 
 53 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 cities, stand the extensive ruins of an ancient temple, 
 which is one of the many in the immediate vicinity 
 that would amply repay the traveler's attention. Al- 
 though the walls, some twelve feet thick, are broken, 
 the massive blocks and sculptured figures thrown 
 down, and the great rooms dismantled and filled with 
 rubbish, enough remain to show the magnitude of the 
 temple, the size of its doors, the character of its apart- 
 ments, the number of its figures, and the superior 
 execution of its stone lions and elephants. The giant 
 figures of its porters in crumbling dress, with brace- 
 lets, beads, earrings, plaited hair, waistbands, and 
 daggers still clearly defined, guard the doors. Even 
 the expression of their features can be detected ; they 
 have broad heads, wide, full foreheads, short, square 
 chins, round, full staring eyes, thick lips, and open 
 mouth, revealing large, long teeth, the whole face 
 wearing a mirthful and pleased look. The walls are 
 composed of smooth blocks of stone put together with- 
 out cement or mortar, and dislodged in many places by 
 trees having forced their growth between them." 
 
 ''Within a short distance of this ruin is another, 
 or rather a group of ruins, consisting of some twenty 
 or more separate edifices, each furnishing evidences 
 of having been a temple. The rooms are spacious, 
 the buildings apparently having been large and lofty, 
 with terraces and niches containing lions couchant, 
 and pilasters supporting bands of stone, some of which 
 are carved in beautiful running designs and festoons, 
 encircling birds with wings outspread. In one in- 
 stance a string of monkeys is represented in a wood, 
 
 54 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 which might indicate the worship of Ilanuman, the 
 monkey god. In every case the sculptures display 
 beauty and fine workmanship. Some of the stone 
 blocks are immense in size, and, like those in the other 
 temples, shaped with perfect precision, and put to- 
 gether without cement of any kind. Lions, elephants, 
 and the lotus flower are present in the decorations. A 
 portion of the god Genesa shows that he was also 
 represented. There is no other indication, however, 
 that the temple was devoted to the mighty son of 
 Siva." 
 
 * ' North of the town of Brambanan is another clus- 
 ter of ancient structures, the temple Loro Jongrong, 
 which is the Javanese name of the Hindu god Devi. 
 This temple seems to consist of one large building, 
 now in ruins, connected with several smaller ones. 
 At the entrance is an image of Loro Jongrong in good 
 preservation, and her buffalo, still smooth and pol- 
 ished, lying before her. Genesa sits on a polished 
 throne in front of an entrance on the other side, the 
 stones of the intermediate corner being covered with 
 beautiful designs of running flowers and foliage, also 
 small human figures and other decorations of the 
 same kind, producing an effect wonderfully rich and 
 striking. The god is in full dress and elaborately 
 decorated ; a hooded snake is wound around her body." 
 
 "Close to the high road and about a half mile 
 from the Loro Jongrong is another ancient pile, known 
 as the Thousand Temples, beside which those described 
 sink into insignificance. It consists of two hundred 
 and ninety -six temples, which cover a space said to 
 
 55 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 measure five hundred and forty-five by five hundred 
 and ten feet. The buildingis are arranged in five par- 
 allelograms, one within the other. The outer square 
 comprises eighty-four temples, twenty-<two on each 
 front and twenty on the sides. The next square has 
 seventy-six, the third forty-four, the fifth and central 
 twenty-eight. The temples are all alike in size and 
 construction, each being about eleven or twelve feet 
 square on the outside, with a vestibule and door open- 
 ing into a small square room. Opposite the door is 
 the throne of the idol which once occupied the apart- 
 ment. The walls of each temple are nearly three feet 
 thick, and are smooth and square to about seven feeit 
 in height, when they begin to slope into a pyramidal 
 roof, with square top, covered by a single stone. The 
 whole structure forms an immense pyramid, each par- 
 allelogram receding and apparently making one of 
 five gigantic steps. The roofs are plain, with running 
 bands that form a sort of crest to each square or step. 
 Two huge and hideous porters guard the principal 
 entrance with raised clubs, warning away unlicensed 
 intruders. Each has a ferocious mustache and long 
 curling hair, with chains and snakes twisting diago- 
 nally over his body and shoulders and about his arms. 
 Both wear earrings, necklaces, and bracelets. Streets 
 or spaces about twelve feet wide run around the square 
 between, the rows of temples. The innermost square 
 was the great temple or principal shrine. The walls 
 of this building are five or six feet thick with a terrace 
 surrounding it, reached on each side by flights of 
 dilapidated stone steps. Niches, vestibules, figures of 
 
 56 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 animals and gods are abundant and conspicuous in 
 each temple, the gods alone numbering fthirty-four 
 hundred and seventy-eight. All are light, chaste, and 
 graceful, exhibiting many superb specimens of Hindu 
 sculpture and architecture. Each single building 
 forms a small pyramid. They are all in a more or 
 less decayed and falling condition, and some are down 
 and quite concealed in the dense shrubbery. A 
 spreading banyan tree has helped the work of de- 
 struction by forcing its trimks through the walls and 
 then covering them with its branches. 
 
 "The holy of holies is in the interior temple, and is 
 reached by ascending the steps to a superb portal, 
 which gives entrance to a wide passage through the 
 walls, which are "ten feet thick, of solid blocks of gray 
 stone closely joined together without cement. The 
 inside of the chamber is a plain square, the walls 
 arising some forty feet before assuming a pyramidal 
 form, with overhanging stones sloping to the apex 
 of the roof, where a small opening is covered, as usual, 
 with one broad stone. A raised platform, probably 
 the throne of the principal divinity, extends across 
 one side of the chamber, but there is nothing to indi^ 
 cate which one of the Hindu gods it was that filled 
 the place of honor. Although the inside walls of this 
 great chamber are perfectly plain, the exterior walls 
 are decorated with a profusion of ornamental sculp- 
 tures ; but there are no niches holding images or any- 
 thing emblematical, as in the smaller temples, each 
 of which is supplied with thirteen niches containing 
 images from heathen mythology.'* 
 
 57 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 BoRO-BoEDOER. — The renowned temple ruins at 
 Boro-Boedoer are the most remarkable of the many 
 Hindu antiquities to be found in Java. 
 
 ' ' The building is forty-six feet square, and twenty- 
 sided, wdth the zigzag angles which are a feature of 
 so many Javanese temples. The chamber itself is 
 twenty-one feet square. Much of the temple is dam- 
 aged and many of its decorations have disappeared, 
 but the three large images standing against the inner 
 wall have been preserved almost intact. In the cen- 
 ter is a Buddha figure, eleven feet high, the simplicity 
 of which stands out in sharp contrast to the highly- 
 decorated Bodhisatwa (sons of Buddha) images on 
 either side, each of which is eight feet high. The 
 groups of images in high relief on the three largest 
 outer walls of the temple deserve much notice." 
 
 ''The temple of Boro-Boedoer, begun in the ninth 
 century, was built in the pure Buddhist style. Dur- 
 ing the British occupation of the island the temple 
 was laid bare, all but the base, by removing the layer 
 of earth which had been heaped up against it, possibly 
 by the last Buddha w^orshipers in Java. The Boro- 
 Boedoer is not a building in the ordinary sense, and 
 has no entrance. It is the top of a hill artificially 
 lowered and encircled with galleries built by human 
 hands. The upper portion of a terrace wall is still 
 submerged below the soil. A few stray images have 
 been placed upon it. This terrace is a star-shaped 
 polygon of thirty-six sides, measuring 374 feet in di- 
 ameter. Below it is a larger and square terrace, also 
 entirely underground, while above it is another of 
 
 58 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 the same shape as the middle terrace^ from which it 
 is reached by stairways of seven steps each. Some 
 years a^ it was discovered that these three terraces 
 are of a later date than the original internal struc- 
 ture, which is of a slenderer shape, and that they have 
 been constructed in order to support the latter when 
 it began to show signs of settlement. The base of the 
 internal structure has been exposed in parts in order to 
 obtain photographs of its beautiful bas-reliefs. These 
 had been covered by falling earth while they were in 
 process of completion (some of them are unfinished), 
 and consequently it was impassible to run the risk of 
 leaving the base of the inner structure permanently ex- 
 posed. The building above the three terraces consists 
 of four parapeted galleries erected upon the internal 
 walls of the lower gallery, and of four upper terraces, 
 of which the three highest are of circular shape. The 
 topmost terrace is cro\Mied by a large eupola having 
 a radius of thirty and one-half feet. Not counting 
 the first step, nor showing above ground, the Boro- 
 Boedoer, from its base to the top of the cupola, ha-s 
 a height of about ninety-seven feet, while the base of 
 the hill projects about fifty-five feet below the bot- 
 tom step." 
 
 ^'Each of the galleries is distinguished by a pro- 
 fusion of architectural detail and by numerous Bud- 
 dha images. Upon the parapets are rows of little 
 shrines, each with three turrets, in the frieze of which 
 there is a representation of Buddha in a sitting pos- 
 ture. The upper terraces are respectively adorned 
 with thirty-two, twenty-four, and sixteen open-work 
 
 59 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 cupolas (dagobs), each o:^ which also con'tains a 
 Buddha in sitting attitude. The topmost cupola, 
 when first discovered, was found to be bricked up en- 
 tirely. It is about eleven and a half feet high and 
 rests upon a base ten and a half feet broad. Formerly 
 it was surmounted by a pinnacle over (thirty feet high, 
 but only a small portion of this remains. The image 
 within this cupola has been partly reduced to frag- 
 ments ; when excavated it was found that it had never 
 been entirely finished. When, forty years ago, 
 sketches were first made of the 1,604 bas-reliefs, about 
 980 of them were in a fair state of preservation, but 
 since that time many of them have worn away to such 
 an extent as to be undistinguishable. As regards the 
 Buddhas in the niches and dagobs, originally num- 
 bering 505, the proportion of wastage is much greater 
 still." 
 
 * ' In the bottom gallery there is below every Buddha 
 an identical representation of a man in a sitting at- 
 titude, on either side of whom are groups of three 
 figures 'each, bearing lotus flowers and mosquito fans. 
 The other parapets are decorated with niches contain- 
 ing Buddha statues, and on the inside with a series 
 of sculptures representing various incidents. Among 
 the latter the following are of particular interest: 
 representations of the temple ; apotheosis of Buddha 
 worshippers, a monkey caressing a buffalo, a monkey 
 climbing upon the back of a buffalo, a monster (Rax- 
 asa) worshiping a buffalo; a Naga prince and his con- 
 sort seated upon a stormy sea and receiving homage 
 of another prince with his consort and suite; a Naga 
 
 60 
 
\^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^7^^^^^^^' '^Sm 
 
 ^^P "^ J 
 
 
 
 
 
 Our Missionariks — Mr. and Mrs. Dexyes and Family. 
 
 See "page 9.i 
 
THE RELIGIONS. 
 
 prince in the character of Buddha, seated in a desert 
 and receiving the homage of pilgrims; another Naga 
 prince and his consort seated upon a divan and re- 
 ceiving the homage of a Brahmin; a prince offering 
 presents to ladies of the nobility and others." 
 
 ' ' The inner wall of the second gallery contains, in 
 the upper row, bas-relief representing scenes connected 
 with the history of Buddha Sakyamuni, from his con- 
 ception to his Nirvana. The pictures in the lower row 
 represent the apotheosis of royal personages. Upon 
 the outer wall of this gallery are representations of 
 scenes from the sacred legends of previous incarna- 
 tions of the Buddha. The third gallery wall contains 
 180 bas-reliefs showing the apotheosis of Buddha ; the 
 fourth, in eighty different scenes depicts the rewards 
 given to kings who have been Buddha worshipers, 
 while the fifth gallery contains a large number of the 
 images and of two kings, probably the founders of the 
 temple. All (the images are seated cross-legged. Those 
 in the three circles surrounding the principal cupola 
 resemble each other. They have neither a crown, a 
 halo, nor a cushion. They are supposed to represent 
 the Buddha comprehending in the first of his five 
 heavenly revelations. The four others, each facing 
 one of the cardinal points of heaven, are on the para- 
 pets of the galleries. (The only Buddhas which have 
 not as yet been positively identified are those of the 
 top gallery.) All five hold their hands in different 
 positions ; those on the southern side represent Buddha 
 the Teacher ; on the west, Buddha the Thinker ; on the 
 north, the Buddha who Promises ; and on the east, the 
 
 61 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 Buddha who Receives. Another explanation has it 
 that the images of the lower stories represent the 
 "World of Desires; those on the upper terraces, the 
 World of Created Things; and the unfinished image 
 in the upper cupola (the principal dagob), the Form- 
 less or Amorphous World ; these three phases agreeing 
 with the three stages by which Nirvana, the Eternal 
 Sleep, is reached." 
 
 Thus we see in the ruins that are to be found in 
 these various places the passing of the day when the 
 knee was bowed in worship to these gods. We see 
 the ushering-in of that other religion whose strength 
 is to be matched against the strength of Christianity 
 in these latter days. May the day be hastened when 
 Mohammedan supremacy shall be a thing of the past 
 and when the mosques shall become as the temple- 
 ruins of Hinduism or, perhaps better, be turned into 
 churches where the praises of the True Prophet shall 
 be sung and the blessed story of the Christ shall be 
 told. 
 
 62 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Introduction. — Prior to the Hindu period in the 
 history of Java and before the beginning of the Chris- 
 tian era, the early annals of history show that the 
 Malays inhabiting the island were a simple people, 
 working in the rice fields and following a quiet life. 
 It was in the first century A. D. that the invasion of 
 the Hindus took place. This period of their history 
 extends up to the beginning of the fifteenth century. 
 
 EiVRLY Period. — Dr. Clive Day, in writing of this 
 early period, tells us: "In its progress through Java 
 it broke up the old States into new ones, but there is 
 no evidence that it changed the character of the po- 
 litical organization or added anything essential to it. 
 At the time when the Dutch East India Company be- 
 gan its operations in Java, it foimd the whole island 
 subject to monarchical and absolute governments. 
 These governments were undoubtedly of later origin 
 in the west than in the east of the island ; they had not 
 been in operation long enough in the west to destroy 
 all the rights of the people, and had not extended into 
 thinly-populated districts where small tribal groups 
 like the Badoeis could still maintain themselves. It 
 may be that remnants of tribal institutions are still 
 to be found in the native organization, but the people 
 
 63 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 had for the most part passed far beyond the tribal 
 stage when the Dutch appeared in the East/' 
 
 Political Organization. — ''The territorial State 
 under an absolute monarch was the typical form of 
 political organization, and over a great part of Java 
 such States had been in existence probably over a 
 thousand years. The people had been disciplined as 
 few of the other Malays have been. They had been 
 governed till they had lost all power to govern them- 
 selves, and they had been repressed so that they had 
 no longer the ability to throw off a bad government. 
 It is a fact of prime importance in the history of the 
 Dutch in Java that they found the native institutions 
 in this condition, not fresh and in a course of vigorous 
 development, but old and worn going through their 
 cycles of change, only to return to the old starting- 
 point. Nothing else would explain the ease with 
 which the Dutch conquered and ruled the island. ' ' 
 
 Mataram. — ' ' An idea of the native political organ- 
 ization can be given by selecting for description Mata- 
 ram, the most powerful of the States with which the 
 East India Company had to do. In the first half of 
 this century this State ruled over the greater part of 
 the island. Like all of the large native States, it had 
 been built up in a comparatively short time by con- 
 quest, and there was no organic union between its dif- 
 ferent parts. That it was no natural growth, but the 
 artificial construction of a successful warrior, is clearly 
 shown by the organization of the government. The 
 monarch had under his direct control only a small 
 part of the State; the rest was held in his name by 
 
 64 
 
THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 subordinate princes, who maintained just as much in- 
 dependence as they dared. A distant province left 
 under the rule of a representative of the conquered 
 dynasty would be only nominally subject to the mon- 
 arch, while provinces near the capital and ruled by 
 members of the monarch's family would be really de- 
 pendent on him. In a large part of the State, the 
 northeastern provinces, the scheme of administration 
 was as follows: Each province had its subordinate 
 king, pangeran, and beside him a governor, represent- 
 ing the central authority; throughout the districts 
 and towns of the province each of these officials was 
 represented by distinct subordinates. Besides these 
 two groups of officials there was a third, devoted to 
 the provincial administration; each place had two 
 tax-gatherers, who reported directly to superiors in 
 their owa department, and were independent of other 
 officers. Then over the whole group of provinces were 
 two special commissioners, who had their special 
 agents everywhere to watch the conduct of affairs and 
 report daily at the capital. Finally there was a body 
 of several thousand inquisitors, who ranged in the 
 coimtry in bands 'like hunting dogs' to see and hear 
 whatever was going on. They had the right of entry 
 everywhere, even into the assemblies of the greatest 
 nobles ; they were ' the king 's executioners, ' set to catch 
 his enemies, and they were feared and hated. The 
 whole system was evidently framed with but one ob- 
 ject, not of doing something, but of preventing any- 
 thing from being done ; it was based on suspicion and 
 fear." 
 
 5 65 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 ''The army was divided up among the various 
 higher officials; a certain number of soldiers was 
 ascribed to each, to be raised from the territory sub- 
 ject to him, and that number could not be exceeded. 
 The king alone was free to keep as many soldiers as 
 he pleased; practically, of course, the size of his guard 
 was limited by the amount of money and men that 
 he could secure from his own and his vassal terri- 
 tories. ' ' 
 
 East India Company. — In the latter part of the 
 sixteenth century there was a new commercial life to 
 be felt expressing itself among the European coun- 
 tries. The nations began to extend their trade. The 
 Dutch East India Company looked with longing eyes 
 towards that garden in the East, Java, and de- 
 termined, if possible, (to establish trading-posts there. 
 A first fleet was equipped and sent out in 1595 for 
 Java. Ships, men, and money were mostly lost. 
 Three years later another voyage was made. Twenty- 
 two ships started and were more .successful than the 
 former ones. According to Day, before 1602, sixty- 
 five ships had made the return voyage. It was in 
 1602 that a definite policy was adopted and laws 
 passed to govern the traders. ' ' This law was destined 
 to form the basis of trade and government in the 
 Dutch East Indies for nearly two hundred years. ' ' 
 
 Reform. — In 1609 the beginning of a reform in 
 the trading business was inaugurated by the appoint- 
 ment of a governor general, whose duties were to re- 
 store and preserve order and to direct the activities 
 of the company. 
 
 66 
 
THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 "The appointment of this official made necessarj^ 
 the choice of a political capital, while for economic 
 reasons, also, the establishment of a center of opera- 
 tions wa^ desired. The territory of Jacatra was con- 
 quered for the company by Governor General Both. 
 The fort which was destined to become the capital of 
 the Dutch East Indies was named Batavia, and the 
 -territorial rule of the Dutch in Java may be said to 
 have begun. From this starting-place the Dutch ex- 
 tended their territorial rule until in 1750 it embraced 
 about one-sixth of the island, and in 1800 three-fifths. ' ' 
 
 Political Situation. — "The thought upon enter- 
 ing Java was that of commercialism only, but they 
 had not long been there until they found themselves 
 being drawn into political situations of which they had 
 no thought." "They were forced before they knew 
 it to become politicians, seeking their commercial ends 
 through diplomatic channels, and thej^ were forced to 
 become warriors, upholding the gains that had been 
 given them by treaty. Every indication goes to prove 
 ithat the territorial expansion of the Dutch in Java 
 was involimtary, at least so far as concerns the atti- 
 tude of the directors in the Netherlands. The series 
 of instructions handed dowoi to the governor generals, 
 up to those of 1650, which remained to guide the 
 policy through the whole succeeding period of the com- 
 pany, bade the chief executive never to make war un- 
 less forced, and especially to spare no pains to keep 
 peace with the princes of Mataram and Bantam." 
 
 Council of Defense. — "In 1619 the English at- 
 tempted 'to drive the Dutch from Java. An unsuc- 
 
 67 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 cessful siege of Batavia had been made tbe year be- 
 fore. Now a Dutch fleet of six ships attacked four 
 vessels of the London East India Company ; one Eng- 
 lish ship was lost and the other three taken. The 
 home governments, realizing the danger of conflicts 
 in (the East and desiring to prevent them, formed by 
 treaty in 1619 a 'Council of Defense/ consisting of 
 an equal number of members of each company. The 
 trade was to be divided and mutual interests pro- 
 tected.'' The relations between the two factions in 
 the company was anything but satisfactory, and there 
 was continually dissension and misunderstandings. 
 These continued until an outburst some few years 
 after, at which time the Dutch were successful in 
 driving the English from the trade centers in Java 
 and they themselves monopolized the commerce of the 
 island for some time. 
 
 Decline. — The English and the Portuguese, 
 through their trade in other parts of the archipelago, 
 made such a competition in the markets that gradually 
 the income of the Dutch East India Company de- 
 clined. 
 
 New Council. — Many efforts were made to restore 
 it to the early days of its commercial supremacy, but 
 it was all in vain, and in 1798 the company was abol- 
 ished and the Territories were thereafter to be ruled 
 by a Council of the Asiatic Possessions. ''Java was 
 brought thus first into contact with the public life of 
 Europe at the very period when the French Revolu- 
 tion and the rise of Napoleon were causing there the 
 most violent changes. The Dutch Government which 
 
 68 
 
THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 assumed control of the East Indies was no longer that 
 of the Princes of Orange but that of the Batavian Re- 
 public, and the governor general who first brought to 
 Java the new spirit of the times addressed his dis- 
 patches to the minister of King Louis Napoleon or to 
 the great emperor himself. United with France by 
 the fortunes of war and politics in Europe, the Dutch 
 colonies were exposed defenseless to Great Britain, 
 and among the last of the British conquests was that 
 of Java." 
 
 British Rule. — "For five years the island was 
 ruled as a dependency of British India by an English- 
 man, Raffles, who attempted in that brief interval to 
 effect changes in the governing system that amoimted 
 to a revolution. His w^ork was scarcely more than be- 
 gun when the island was transferred again to the 
 Dutch ; but enough had been done to serve as an in- 
 citement to further change and to prevent a complete 
 reversion to the old system." 
 
 Dutch Restoration. — ' ' During the first period of 
 the Dutch restoration, Java was managed on a mixed 
 system, in w^hich the traditional methods of the Dutch 
 East India Company were employed to exploit it for 
 the benefit of the crown. ' ' 
 
 Culture System. — "Then followed the culture 
 system. It was Governor Van den Bosch who origi- 
 nated the system in order to increase the wealth of 
 the island and make it a more valuable possession of 
 Holland. In establishing the culture system, the gov- 
 ernment granted to individuals who would assist in 
 increasing the sugar production cash credits and ten- 
 
 69 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 year contracts. Sufficient advances were made to 
 those colonists to enable them to erect sugar mills and 
 to maintain themselves till, by the sales of their prod- 
 ucts, they were able to repay the capital and own 
 their own mills. The government agreed that the na- 
 tives of each community or district should grow suffi- 
 cient sugar-cane on their lands to supply the mills' 
 capacity, and deliver it at the mills at fixed rates. The 
 natives were obliged to plant one-fifth of the village 
 lands in sugar-cane, and each man to give one day's 
 labor in seven in tending the crop. The village head- 
 man was paid for the community three and a half 
 fiorins for each picul of sugar made from their cane, 
 and the natives who worked in the mills were paid 
 regular wages. The mill owner sold one-third of the 
 finished product of his mill to the government, at rates 
 rising from eight to ten florins the picul; the mill 
 owner paid back each year one-tenth of the govern- 
 ment's cash advanced him, in sugar at the same rate, 
 and was then free to ship, as his o^vn venture, the bal- 
 ance of his sugar to the Netherlands Trading Com- 
 pany, which held the monopoly of transport and sale 
 of govemment produce." 
 
 Profits. — ''Enormous profits resulted to the gov- 
 ernment and mill owners from the sales of such sugar 
 in Europe, and during one prosperous decade the 
 crown of Holland enjoyed a revenue amounting to 
 more than five million dollars United States gold each 
 year from its Java sugar sales. 
 
 **The great success in sugar led the government 
 to extend 'the culture system' method to other crops. 
 
 70 
 
"W^X M 
 
THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Tea grafting was resorted to by the government's or- 
 der to grow a better quality of tea and so insure a 
 more ready market for the tea from Java. A new 
 impetus was given to the cultivation of coffee. It 
 was required that each native should plant six hun- 
 dred Arabian or ^locha coffee trees and keep them in 
 a bearing condition. The crop must be cleaned and 
 sorted and delivered at the warehouse of the govern- 
 ment, who bought the coffee at a fixed rate. The out- 
 put of spices, rice, indigo, and chinchona bark was all 
 increased. The culture system, experimental as it had 
 been in the beginning, proved a magnificent success, 
 both in the colonial government and in finance. Much 
 benefit came to the natives themselves, while the rev- 
 enue to the cro\\Ti of Holland was far greater than 
 any one anticipated. Great stretches of jungle were 
 reclaimed and brought under cultivation, and more 
 mone}^ was paid in wages directly to native cultivators 
 and mill workmen each year than all the natives paid 
 in taxes to the government. The Javanese acquired 
 better homes, much personal wealth, and improved in 
 all the conditions of living. The population increased 
 tenfold during the half century that the culture sys- 
 tem was in operation — ^this alone an unanswerable re- 
 ply to all critics and detractors, who declaimed against 
 the oppression and outrage upon the Javanese." 
 
 Criticism. — ' ' As the island became, under this sys- 
 tem, a more profitable possession than it had been un- 
 der the real tyranny exercised during the days of close 
 trade monoi>oly, the en\y and attention of all the col- 
 onizing coimtries of Europe were drawn to this new 
 
 71 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 departure in colonial government. Spain copied the 
 system in its tobacco-growing in the Philippines, but 
 could go no further. Philanthropic and pharisaical 
 neighbors, political economists, and some advanced 
 political thinkers, humanitarians, and sentimentalists, 
 all addressed themselves to the subject and usually 
 condemned the culture system in unmeasured terms. 
 Holland's voluntary abolition of slavery in its East 
 India possession by no means stilled the storm of in- 
 vective and abuse. Leaders, speeches, books, pam- 
 phlets, even novels, showed up the horrors, the in- 
 justice, and iniquities said to be perpetrated in Java. 
 It was shown that almost nothing of the great revenues 
 from the island was devoted to the education or benefit 
 of the natives; that no mission or evangelical work 
 was undertaken, or even allowed, by this foremost 
 Protestant people of Europe; and that next to noth- 
 ing in the way of public works or permanent improve- 
 ments resulted to the advantage of those who toiled 
 for the alien absentee landlord, i. e., the crown of Hol- 
 land, the country being drained of its wealth for the 
 benefit of a distant monarch.'' 
 
 ''All the iniquities and horrors of the Dutch man- 
 agement of the cinnamon gardens of Ceylon, and all 
 the infamy of the Dutch East India Company's mis- 
 rule in Java during the seventeenth and eighteenth 
 centuries were stupidly mixed up 'with and charged 
 against the comparatively admirable, orderly, and ex- 
 cellently-devised culture system of Go vera or Van den 
 Bosch. Contractor planters vainly urged that the 
 
 72 
 
THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 only tyranny and oppression of the people came from 
 their own village chiefs, but philanthropists pointed 
 steadily to the colonial government and the system 
 which inspired and upheld the village tyrants. 
 
 Alfred Russell Wallace, who visited Java several 
 times while the culture system was at its height, in 
 his observations makes this declaration: 'Java is the 
 very garden of the East, and perhaps, upon the whole, 
 the richest, best-cultivated, and the best-governed 
 island in the world.' 
 
 ' * It is indeed hard to reach an estimate of the cul- 
 ture system that will be satisfactory in all respects. 
 It is not hard to ascertain the faults of the government 
 in this period, but to draw just conclusions from them. 
 One danger lies in the temptation to compare the con- 
 ditions of the government under the culture*system 
 with conditions in previous periods, and to infer from 
 the evils known to have existed after 1830 that the 
 government became much w^orse in the period of the 
 system. Day is inclined to believe that this contrast 
 in the conditions before and after 1830 has been ex- 
 aggerated by some authors. In reading the history 
 before 1830, one is often fretted by the feeling that 
 the writers did not know or did not choose to describe 
 all the evils that existed ; jwssibly, if we had informa- 
 tion on the early periods so extensive and presented 
 with such an avowedly critical purpose as in Van 
 Deventer's collections, we should not find the evils 
 of government under the culture system so entirely 
 novel. It seems safest not to attempt to show that 
 
 73 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 the government suffered a. great decline after 1830 ; 
 it will be enough to show that it has been vastly im- 
 proved in recent times. 
 
 Keform. — ''In the year 1860 the results of the cul- 
 ture system seemed to come up for discussion more 
 and more in the councils at Holland, and from year 
 to year government restrictions were urged, until there 
 were reform measures taken by the government to 
 make the system more satisfactory to the native life 
 and conditions. 
 
 ' ' The reluctance of the government to give up the 
 system of forced cultures in Java can be explained 
 in part by the natural inertia of all political organi- 
 zations, by the tendency of every government to con- 
 tinue in the line to which it has become accustomed. 
 A bett^ reason for the maintenance of the system is 
 to be found in the revenue it has yielded, so long as 
 the conditions of the world market have favored one 
 or another of the many crops to which the system 
 has been applied. But apart from these considera- 
 tions there has been another argument constantly 
 urged in favor of maintaining forced cultures, which 
 had immense weight in delaying the passage to a sys- 
 tem of free cultivation. The argument was that un- 
 der freedom there would be no cultivation of export 
 articles at all ; that the native, left to himself, would 
 give up producing coffee and sugar, and would raise 
 nothing more than the food necessary for his subsist- 
 ence; and that the people of Europe would lose all 
 the benefits which the natural resources of Java, if 
 properly exploited, could confer upon them. 
 
 74 
 
THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Credit Bondage. — ''The institution of credit bond- 
 age, as it existed in the native organization, was not 
 one that could be recognized and maintained by the 
 Dutch. The relation of master and servant originated 
 commonly in a loan for consumption, and led to no use- 
 ful economic results ; so by a succession of enactments 
 continuing far into the nineteenth century, bondage 
 for debt was prohibited and has finally been abolished 
 in Java. At the same time this institution suggests the 
 means by which the Dutch have solved the problem 
 of 'free' labor in Java; they found no better way to 
 secure the necessary supply of labor than a system 
 of credit advances, by which the improvident and ir- 
 responsible native is bound fast for a certain limited 
 time. The institution of the credit bondage was the 
 final settlement that the Dutch found for their diffi- 
 culties. The transition to this economic solution of 
 the problem from the political organization of labor 
 as it existed during the period of. the culture system, 
 was not immediate. Long after the culture system 
 was in name abolished, its effects were felt as elements 
 in the labor situation. 
 
 "With the improvement in the Dutch administra- 
 tion in the nineteenth century, the government has 
 become able to exercise a more efficient control over 
 the proprietors of particular lands ; it upholds certain 
 rights of the cultivators, and exercises its sovereignty 
 in the judicial administration and in the imposition 
 of certain taxes. The proprietor still keeps, however, 
 a semi-public position; he exacts dues in labor and 
 in kind from the natives, and subject to the approval 
 
 75 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 of the State he appoints and pays the head-men, who 
 exercise the most important function of communal 
 government. The 'particular' lands comprise a popu- 
 lation of many million, some of them grouped in vast 
 estates of 75,000 or even 175,000 people. They are 
 owTied in large part by stock companies, by absent 
 landlords, or by Chinese. Abuses are inevitable under 
 such conditions, and there have been a number of com- 
 plaints directed especially against the Chinese, but in- 
 volving European administrators as well. 
 
 *'In this matter the first question the government 
 had to face was the question of land laws according to 
 native ideas. Who were real owners of land in the na- 
 tive organization? In whom should the govemiment 
 recognize the right of property, the right to ' all those 
 undefined uses which remain over all the definite and 
 specific uses of others have been deducted ? ' To these 
 questions the native customs returned a somewhat am- 
 biguous answer. The cultivators of the soil had at 
 least in some parts of the island a tenure so insecure 
 that they appeared to be laborers rather than proprie- 
 tors; the lords who were over them held their lands 
 only with their office, as a rule ; the sovereign alone ap- 
 peared to exercise such rights as are associated with 
 private property in the Western world. The Dutch in 
 the period of the company were little troubled by ques- 
 tions of abstract principle in their relations with the 
 native organization, and had few intimate dealings 
 with it, but when Raffles came to introduce the land- 
 tax he had to face the problem of native tenures. He 
 sought a solution that might be conveniently applied 
 
 76 
 
THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 to the whole island, and found it in his statement that 
 the native sovereigns were sole proprietors of the land, 
 and that the European government succeeded to their 
 rights. This solution has been confirmed by the Dutch 
 Government, which has made official announcement 
 that in general it is the sole proprietor of the land 
 and recognizes property rights in others only in the 
 particular lands and in the towns. Though the gov- 
 ernment has taken to itself the property right in land, 
 it has left the natives in hereditary possession, and it 
 has interfered but slightly with the customs of native 
 tenure. 
 
 "Different policies are in force governing land 
 rights according as to whether the land be cultivated 
 or luicultivated, occupied by native cultivators or by 
 foreigners. Planters are ceasing to register complaints 
 as to injustices and the strictures of treatment of the 
 native cultivators. The native is being well protected 
 and the soil is yielding a steady and increasing pro- 
 duction. 
 
 Present Government. — "The Dutch Government 
 is of three parts : the home government at The Hague, 
 d3aling with the legislation; the central colonial gov- 
 ernment at Batavia, having both legislative and ad- 
 ministrative functions; receiving its rules from The 
 Hague, the officials of the provincial and local admin- 
 istrations. i\Iore power is now vested in the home 
 government, and yet the governor general, who resides 
 at Batavia, still holds much power. Associated with 
 the governor general is a council of five members, ap- 
 pointed by the home government. They may hold no 
 
 77 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 other salaried office. The .governor general must lay 
 before the council all matters of the colonial govem- 
 mient, but he has power to act even, over the council, 
 should they disagree with him on any points. A gen- 
 eral secretariat, who conducts the correspondence and 
 edits the orders of the government, helps the governor 
 general in the detail work of his office. 
 
 Day says : * ' Only in the provinces do the Dutch 
 face fully the problem of (their government in the 
 East ; the control of a great social and political organ- 
 ization, instinct with a vitality of its own, and work- 
 ing in ways which have passed out of the memory of 
 Europe for centuries. The provincial lofficials bind 
 together different ages of the world 's history. If they 
 would succeed in their task they must remain Euro- 
 pean and yet become native. Only they can interpret 
 the two peoples, Dutch and Javanese, to each other; 
 transform the petty native problems into terms in- 
 telligible to European legislators, and again, trans- 
 form European laws for practical application to na- 
 tive conditions. The island is divided into residen- 
 cies, and a resident represents the authority of the 
 governor general in the province of his activities, an 
 area roughly comparable to that of a county in one 
 of the Northeastern States of America. He combines 
 administrative, minor legislative, judicial, and fiscal 
 functions, and has still in, some cases political or dip- 
 lomatic responsibilities. He is under certain specific 
 obligations to protect the natives from all oppression, 
 to maintain peace, to further agriculture and educa- 
 
 78 
 
THE govp:rnment. 
 
 tion, to guard religion, and to extend the amount 
 known of his residency. 
 
 "He has helpers, assistant residents, who relieve 
 him of the administrative work in the subdivisions of 
 his residency. These subdivisions correspond gener- 
 ally with the regencies, and the assistant residents 
 have come to be the regular agents for dealing with 
 the highest native oflficials, the regents. Assistants are 
 in theory subordinate to the resident, but in practice 
 are forced by the amount of business to act, in most 
 cases, independently of him. The last in the series of 
 European officials, the controleurs, have been called 
 'the nerves and sinews' of the administration; they 
 are supposed to collect information and to execute 
 commands for their superiors without independent 
 authority. The theoiy, however, which would make 
 them mere instruments through whom the residents 
 and their assistants would govern, has not been real- 
 ized. Under the conditions of government in the East, 
 authority tends to run do^^^l the series of European 
 officials to those who are closest to the natives. The 
 controleurs are in daily touch with the native officials, 
 and tliLs position gives them an authority which no 
 law can take away ; they are the most competent to 
 settle the petty local questions which form so impor- 
 tant a part of the business of government, and exer- 
 cise a most important influence on the conduct of af- 
 fairs. 
 
 "The administrative hierarchy pervades every part 
 of the island and covers every function of government, 
 ^ 79 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 and from top to bottom it runs unbroken. Officials 
 have ear alorie for tlie orders that reach them from 
 their superiors; all face toward one point, the center 
 government at Batavia or Buitenzjorg, or wherever the 
 governor general may be. 
 
 "The Javanese are no longer as easily led and 
 driven as a flock of sheep, however much we may de- 
 plore that their character has changed in this respect. 
 The Javanese oome now a great deal into, contact with 
 Europeans ; the education spread among them has had 
 an effect, and communication had been rendered easy. 
 They do not fear th6 European as they did formerly. 
 The time has gone when the entire population of a 
 village could be driven to a far-off plantation with a 
 stick ; the pruning-knif e and the ax would quickly be 
 turned against the driver in our times." 
 
 The Javanese to-day does not believe that you are 
 interested in his welfare only; he is well aware that 
 there was a time when he was cheated out of a large 
 proportion of the value of what he harvested. Some 
 regret that the time of coercion is coming to an end in 
 Java, but that can not change the facts. The dark 
 period in the history of Java is passing away, and 
 every effort to prevent reforms will call forth the en- 
 mity of the natives. May we not well ask ourselves 
 what part Christian civilization will take in these re- 
 forms that are sure to come in this land of varied 
 history ? 
 
 80 
 
Mr. Buchanan. 
 
 See page 113. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 Missionary Efforts. — It has apparently been the 
 policy of the Dutch to interfere as little as possible 
 "wdth the religious life of the Javanese. Missionary 
 effort on the whole has been discouraged, and until 
 recent years even education has been largely withheld 
 from the native. The conversion of the iMohammedan 
 is a difficult task, and it may be that the Dutch felt 
 it best to be satisfied with the natives as they found 
 them, rather than to attempt to train and teach them 
 in the nearer and better civilization. At any rate, the 
 Dutch have surely adopted the policy of "least re- 
 sistance" in dealing with the native people. 
 
 In the early days of the Dutch occupancy of Java 
 the Jesuit missionaries, who had been at work there 
 imder the Portuguese rule, were ejected from the 
 island and all others were forbidden to enter. 
 
 During the few brief years of the British power 
 under Sir Stamford Raffles, English evangelists began 
 to work among the natives. When Java was restored 
 to Holland these missionaries were driven from their 
 posts, as were the early Jesuits. All missionaries were 
 kept from active work among the natives "until the 
 awakening of the humanitarian agitation in Europe, 
 
 6 81 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 which resulted in the abolition of slavery and the 
 gradual abandonment of the culture system." 
 
 At this time the government began to do a little 
 along the line lof education and the religious teaching 
 of the people. Miss Scidmore, in her book published 
 in 1897, says that ''the government supports twenty- 
 nine Protestant pastors and ten Roman Catholic 
 priests, primarily for the spiritual benefit of the Euro- 
 pean residents, and their spheres are exactly defined ; 
 proselytizing and mutual rivalries are forbidden. Mis- 
 sionaries from other countries are not allowed to settle 
 and work among the people without specific permis- 
 sion. The authorities^ have been quite willing to let 
 the natives enjoy their mild Mohammedanism, and our 
 Moslem servant spoke indifferently of the mission ef- 
 forts at Depok, with no scorn, no contempt, and appar- 
 ently no hostility to the European faith. ' ' 
 
 Mission Statistics. — In ' ' The Mohammedan World 
 of To-day," which is the published record of the pa- 
 pers read at the First Missionary Conference, on behalf 
 of the Mohammedan World at Cairo in April, 1906, 
 this statement is made regarding the work of Christian 
 missionaries in Java: ''There are at present working 
 in Java forty-one European missionaries, one assistant 
 preacher, four missionary doctors (one of them a 
 lady ) , four other female helpers, with about one hun- 
 dred and fifty native helpers. Formerly the mission- 
 aries were compelled by the government to reside and 
 work in the chief to^vQS of the island only. There it 
 was impossible to work among the Moslems. The work 
 is still limited to the Chinese pagans and the Indo- 
 
 82 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 Europeans, who are nominal Christians. ' ' Dutch and 
 German missionaries have thus far been working on 
 the isle, as we see, mostly among the peoples who 
 really not at all belong to Java, although they arc 
 to be found there. 
 
 It is a lamentable fact that this condition of af- 
 fairs has existed so long, and that the song of the 
 angels has yet but faintly reached the ears of the na- 
 tive Malay. So close is he to the beauties of nature, 
 and so surrounded by these outw^ard tokens of the 
 glory of a paradise, it saddens one tO' realize that 
 through the centurias he has groped his way in the 
 darkness and fatalism of the non-Christian religions. 
 The great task before the Christian Church as it en- 
 tered the twentieth century was the conquest of the 
 ]\Iohammedan world. In the verj^ beginning of the 
 century the eyes of the Church in the West were to 
 be turned toward that waiting island of so many 
 countless millions of IMohammedans, and the cry was 
 to be heard: 
 
 '' Humbly to the prophet pray'd I in vain, 
 Reading his Koran, praying again! 
 Knowledge of bliss if among ye there be, 
 Christians, come over, have pity on me ! 
 Thousands are trembling their death stroke to meet. 
 Christians, come over, for sore is our need ! " 
 
 Beginnings of American Missionary Work. — 
 
 " God moves in a mysterious way 
 His wonders to perform." 
 
 Prior to 1905 there had been no effort made by any 
 American missionary society to open work among the 
 
 83 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 waiting millions of Java. , This island of State area 
 and Continent population had no bond of fellowship 
 uniting it and its needs for spiritual enlightenment to 
 the missionary forces of our own land. God was not 
 unmindful of His "other sheep," and, longing for 
 them to be brought into the fold, was preparing those 
 to enter the door He was about to open to Java. 
 
 Early Preparations. — To see the way in which 
 God was preparing His workers for the task, we must 
 needs go back a few years before 1905. In the year 
 1900 a very vigorous campaign for Mission Study 
 was begun within the bounds of the Pittsburg Confer- 
 ence. 
 
 Goal. — The Conference officers had set as the goal, 
 ' ' A Mission Study Class in every Chapter. ' ' At times 
 the outlook for the class organization v/as not prom- 
 ising. All sorts of excuses, real and imaginary, were 
 offered as reasons for not studying Missions. Some 
 of the leaders and ministers were slow to give their 
 influence and cono-peration to the movement, fearing 
 the young people would become sidetracked from the 
 Epworth League's general plan of work. However, 
 a beginning was made. Time has proven what even 
 a little leaven with God 's blessing will accomplish. 
 
 Campaign. — The campaign for Mission Study was 
 pushed vigorously and unceasingly from year to year, 
 and although even yet the goal has not been realized, 
 much has come from the efforts to cultivate the mis- 
 sionary spirit among the young people of the Con- 
 ference. 
 
 Questions. — ^Many a time when the early cam- 
 
 84 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 paigners were tramping through the mud or driving 
 out to some remote appointment to present Mission 
 Study, the question would come up, ''Does it pay?" 
 "Will it pay?" Truly no phase of work which the 
 Epworth Leagues of the Conference ever adopted has 
 paid such large dividends in joy in His service. 
 
 The Slogan. — ' ' Mission Study to broaden the life, 
 Bible Study to deepen it," went hand in hand. The 
 spiritual life had been deepened and the vision of 
 life and Christian service broadened; indeed, some 
 people have thought the vision reached a little too 
 far away. 
 
 1903. — In the early months of 1903, inquiries be- 
 gan coming to the Conference Secretary about special 
 ways in which the young people of the League might 
 support missionary work. Dr. Oldham, at that time 
 Station Plan Secretary at Chicago, was appealed to, 
 but had no definite suggestion as to place of work at 
 that particular time. 
 
 Conventions, June, 1903. — The spirit was fos- 
 tered among the young people, and at the District 
 Conventions of June, 1903, with the assistance of Mr. 
 Ralph E. Diffendorfer, then associated with the Gen- 
 eral Epworth League Office in Chicago, now Sunday 
 School Secretary of the Young People's ^Missionary 
 Movement, the Conference officers, Rev. W. W. Young- 
 son, Dr. Appleton Bash, and the writer, secured the 
 passage of the following resolution : 
 
 A Resolution. — "Resolved, That the Epworth 
 Leagues of the District raise for a period of three 
 years, one thousand dollars, over and above their pres- 
 
 85 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 ent missionary offerings to special causes, and that we 
 choose a 'living link' in some Mission field." 
 
 The resolution, unanimously adopted on each dis- 
 trict, was taken as a part of the Conference policy. 
 
 First Plans. — A committee was appointed to 
 learn of places and workers and to report as early as 
 possible. The Leagues began raising the money, and 
 the committee had frequent meetings for conference 
 and prayer in the chapel of the Book Rooms in Pitts- 
 burg. One corner of that room is forever a sacred spot 
 in the memory of the workers who there conferred to- 
 gether. 
 
 A Waiting-time. — There were weeks of waiting 
 and praying. No definite plan came to the committee 
 to suggest to the League. 
 
 A Change. — A change in the vision came to the 
 Secretary, and it was told to the little group. The 
 McKeesport District had determined to use the one 
 thousand dollars raised among its Leagues for the ex- 
 tending of the work among the foreign peoples within 
 its own district. Why not then unite the other four 
 districts in the support of one field, rather than have 
 each district working in a different place ? With the 
 four thousand dollars to be raised each year a new 
 work could be financed in its beginnings. It must be 
 confessed now, in looking back to that time of first 
 plans, that the Pittsburg Conference ''youngsters" 
 (as they were termed) were rather daring to propose 
 to attempt the opening of a new mission. 
 
 Fall of 1903.— Late in the fall of 1903 the Con- 
 86 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 ference Secretary was called to the office of the Open- 
 Door Emergency Commission in New York to assist 
 in the preparation of the missionary exhibits, which 
 at that time began to have such a prominent place in 
 the missionary education of the home Church. Let 
 us leave the Pittsburg young people raising the money 
 and looking forward to their leaders to bring to them 
 at the right time the plan God would have them follow. 
 
 A Returning ^Missionary. — In the fall of 1903, 
 about the same time that the Conference Secretary 
 was looking forward to going to New York, a mis- 
 sionary^ and his wife were taking ship at Singapore, 
 returning to America after seven years of service in 
 our ]\Iethodist Mission at Singapore. 
 
 Javanese Students. — AA^hile in Singapore, their 
 work in <the boys ' school had thrown them in contact 
 with some Javanese boy students at Oldham Hall. 
 There had been a special drawing towards these boys, 
 and frequently the students talked to their teacher 
 about coming to Java and opening a mission. 
 
 A Longing. — A great longing to go to Java took 
 hold of the missionary, and he began praying to God 
 to open the way. We speak of South America as the 
 ''neglected continent." Here was indeed another 
 "neglected continent," for there were about as many 
 j>eople as in South America, and no American mis- 
 sionary in their midst. These people became a burden 
 upon Mr. Denyes's heart. ''Missionary Oldham, six- 
 teen years before, had visited the island with the ear- 
 nest desire to send workers there, but he found things 
 
 87 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 •unpropitious. The missionary bodies already on the 
 ground were not inclined to be hospitable, and the 
 government was loath to grant any permits without 
 the consent of the existing missionary bodies. Mr. 
 Denyes was not unaware of the former effort, but it 
 was borne in upon his mind that God would have us 
 go forward." 
 
 In America. — Upon his arrival in America, Mr. 
 Denyes began to talk Java. The missionary authori- 
 ties did not encourage his enthusiasm concerning Java 
 as a Methodist mission field. Several prominent Meth- 
 odist laymen were appealed to for funds to finance 
 the work, but in vain. Mr. Denyes was looked upon 
 as being overzealous and a dreamer of dreams. Many 
 a man less determined would have been satisfied with 
 the prospect of returning, at the end of his furlough, 
 to his former -work at Singapore, a work in which he 
 had been exceptionally successful. This man called 
 of God to do the pioneer work for the Kingdom in 
 Java, stood unshaken in his purpose, if God permit- 
 ted, to enter the door he believed was swinging open 
 to the unknown world of Java. Earnestly he prayed 
 and talked about Java. To meet him was to hear of 
 the intense longing to bear the gospel to the Javanese. 
 
 Again in New York. — One morning we find the 
 Pittsburg Conference Secretary being introduced to 
 the returned missionary from Singapore, and told that 
 for a few months their work is to be side by side. 
 Little did Mr. S. Earl Taylor think, as he gave the 
 initroduetion and assigned the task, that the prayer 
 on the missionary's heart and the prayer on the Sec- 
 
 88 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 retary's heart was answered. In God's own way the 
 revelation of answered prayer came. 
 
 Java Pictures. — One evening (never to be forgot- 
 ten by the writer) it was necessary to work late at 
 the office in preparation of the exhibit for the General 
 Conference of 1904. Pictures of the mission fields 
 were being selected. Among the Malaysia pictures 
 were three views of Java. Those pictures brought out 
 the story of the deep conviction in the heart of Mr. 
 Denyes that work should be opened in Java, There 
 was a different kind of a burden on the heart of the 
 Secretary that night. The answer to the prayer of 
 the Pittsburg leaders had come. Here w^as the island 
 of Java, with no work being carried on there by any 
 American missionary society. Here was the man with 
 the call ready to gO'. Here, too, were the Pittsburg, 
 Allegheny, Blairsville, and Washington Districts of 
 the Pittsburg Conference, with the means and the de- 
 sire for a living link on the foreign field. 
 
 A Struggle. — ^Yes, Java could be opened to the 
 gospel by the young people of the Conference. Nay, 
 more than that; it could still be carried on by these 
 same young people as it grew. The means and the 
 men could be found to make the evangelization of 
 Java possible in thii> generation. The possibilities of 
 the work were very clear. The hindrances to the w^ork 
 were also very vivid that night and for several days. 
 To be willing to accept the answered prayer, and to 
 give herself to the task which God was imdoubtedly 
 thrusting before the vision of the Conference, was the 
 problem the Secretary^ had to solve. She does not 
 
 89 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 now regret those days of , struggle, but is thankful, 
 rather, that through the struggle God led on to vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Victory. — After an unusually restless night, when 
 all the possible hindrances to the work seemed to vie 
 with each other to keep sleep away, the determination 
 was made to bring the Java enterprise before the 
 Leaguers and await the decision of the committee. 
 With the decision came this challenge, and many and 
 many a time it has served as a guiding star in the 
 face of difficulties, "Behold, is there anything too 
 hard for Me ? " * ' Other sheep I have that are not of 
 this fold, them also I must bring." ''With God all 
 things are possible." "Whatsoever I say unto you, 
 do it. " A letter was sent asking for a called meeting 
 of the committee at a time when the matter might be 
 presented. 
 
 Encouragement. — Dr. Goucher, always the sym- 
 pathetic friend of the young people, was in the New 
 York office one day shortly after the letter had been 
 written, and to him the decision was told. His kindly 
 words of encouragement shall never be forgotten as 
 he spoke of the providential leadings of God and as- 
 sured us that, although we would encounter many ob- 
 stacles in the beginnings, yet in the end, if we fol- 
 lowed as the Master led, success would come to the 
 enterprise. Dr. Goucher always stood by the ones in 
 the Conference organization upon whom the burden 
 fell, and at all times was a wise counselor, and we all 
 feel we owe much to him in the final adjustments that 
 were made. 
 
 90 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 Discouragements. — At the meeting held in Pitts- 
 burg to discuss the possibility and the advisability of 
 the Conference taking up the beginning of work in 
 Java, many obstacles arose. Some were incredulous, 
 others were indifferent. "Owl" notes were sounded 
 by some upon whom we had most counted for support. 
 But with obstacles and opposition arose the needed 
 believing courage and Divine w^isdom. 
 
 Committee. — The only action taken was the ap- 
 pointment of a committee, of which the Secretary 
 should be chairman, to confer with Bishop Warne, at 
 that tin>e Bishop of Southern India, and Dr. B. F. 
 West, District Superintendent of the Singapore Dis- 
 trict, as to whether or not they considered the time 
 ready for entering Java. This committee was to meet 
 at such time and place a« was deemed best after reach- 
 ing the General Conference at Los Angeles. 
 
 Bishop W.vrne. — Preceding the gathering of Gen- 
 eral Conference at Los Angeles, a missionary conven- 
 tion was held at San Francisco. One day, during the 
 convention, Bishop Warne came into the exhibit and 
 was guided through the various exhibits by the writer. 
 Remembering the committee meeting for Los Angeles, 
 and anxious to know the opinion of the bishop about 
 Java, we came at last to the Malaysia exhibit, where 
 we could linger a moment to talk of that field. Turn- 
 ing to the three views of Java, the question was asked 
 the bishop why the Methodist Church did not have a 
 missionary in the island. 
 
 Bishop Warne answered, ' ' Simply because we have 
 not the money to open the field. ' ' 
 
 91 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 "Do you think work should be begun in that field 
 in the near future ? ' ' 
 
 * ' Undoubtedly, yes. I purpose to send a man there 
 as soon as the money is in sight." 
 
 ''How 'much would it take to open the field f 
 
 ** About thirty-five hundred dollars the first year, 
 after that it would depend on the amount of work 
 which it was possible to open." 
 
 *'How long would it be before work could be 
 started?" 
 
 "If the money was in hand, I would immediately 
 send a man whom I believe Grod has called to open 
 the work there ; perhaps you have met him. I thought 
 I saw him here working in the exhibit. May I ask 
 why you seem so interested in this field?" 
 
 "Because I know where there is four thousand 
 dollars being raised for this very purpose." 
 
 Bishop Wame then clasped my hand, and with 
 tears in his eyes said, " Is it possible that the prayers 
 of the Malaysia missionaries for twelve years are so 
 near an answer ? ' ' 
 
 The writer has often wondered if this instance was 
 as indelibly stamped on the mind of the bishop as on 
 her mind. Bishop Wame, though he wrote Mr. Den- 
 yes's appointment for Java before the close of the 
 Greneral Conference, has not sustained further official 
 relation to the field. 
 
 Bishop Oldham. — Greneral Conference gave to the 
 Church Bishop Oldham, who had, as has already been 
 written, made a trip to Java sixteen years before, hop- 
 ing to extend the work of the gospel at that time, and 
 
 92 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 now just as the work became a possibility, the bishop 
 was assigned that part of the foreign field which per- 
 mitted him to father the beginnings of Methodism in 
 Java. 
 
 Van Nuts Hotel. — In the foyer of the Van Nuys 
 Hotel, Los Angeles, the headquarters of the General 
 Conference, several committee meetings w^ere held. 
 At these meetings were present some of the leading 
 ministers, several lay delegates, and the district super- 
 intendents of the Pittsburg Conference. Bishop 
 Wame, Dr. West, Dr. Goucher, and Dr. Leonard met 
 with the committee when their other duties permitted. 
 There was much discussion, and at times it seemed the 
 probability of opening Java to the gospel was an im- 
 possibility until a deeper conviction should take hold 
 of those who had it within their power to block for 
 a while even Providential openings. At the final 
 'meeting, however, it was agreed to submit the plan 
 to the General Missionarj^ Committee in November, 
 providing the money was raised by the Leagues. 
 
 Dr. West. — Dr. West, as district superintendent 
 of the Singapore District, "within whose boimds the 
 Java work would properly come, recommended to 
 Bishop Wame the opening work in Java and asked 
 him to station ]\Ir. Denyes there. The bishop made 
 the appK)in;tment, tentatively, and upon Bishop Old- 
 ham taking his episcopal duties, the appointment was 
 confirmed. 
 
 In the Conference Again. — During the summer 
 of 1904 the Leaguers were busy with the new task 
 given them. Of course there was much opposition. 
 
 93 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 There were some who believed that, could the matter be 
 tided over until the young people had an opportunity 
 to prove they oould fulfill their pledge, all would be 
 well. Probably the nearest the Conference came to 
 losing the privilege of being the pioneers in this work, 
 was during the Annual Conferenee session of October, 
 1904. There were those who were very determined 
 that the Leaguers should not be permitted to do as 
 they were pledged to do. Backed by some of the offi- 
 cials of the Church, they brought up the subject in 
 Conference in open debate. They contested hard their 
 position, and in the end lost out. It was always an 
 un explainable situation, to the writer, how some who 
 fought the Java movement so hard could do so. Many 
 and many a time their voices had been heard calling 
 the young people to the Christian life, and to the giv- 
 ing of themselves to the doing of God 's will, no matter 
 into what form of service He would lead. Everything 
 about the doing of the Java work had seemed so to 
 point to Divine leadership that we often came home 
 from committee meetings and wondered at the things 
 we had heard. Perhaps God permitted opposition, in 
 order to try His workers and to prove them and to 
 more closely wed them to Java. 
 
 Farewell Meetings. — Finally all the necessary 
 details and very many unnecessary details were ar- 
 ranged. Mr. Denyes came to the Conference for a 
 series of farewell group-rallies and spoke in many 
 places. This did much to bring the work favorably 
 before the people. Conviction began to spread rapidly 
 
 94 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 through the Conference. The faith of 8ome was sur- 
 prised at the hearty respon^ie when the vision came to 
 others. Substantial enthusiasm was mutually inspired 
 and imparted. On the morning of October 25, 1904, 
 Mr. Denyes with his wife and three children came to 
 Pittsburg for the rally and farewell to be given in 
 tlie North Avenue Church in the evening. The Con- 
 ference officers had arranged a farewell dinner before 
 the hour of the evening meeting. Dr. Goucher came 
 from Baltimore to speed on his way this first mission- 
 ary to Java. This meeting lingers in the memory of 
 many a Leaguer as the time when they more fully re- 
 alized what it meant to the people of Java to have a 
 herald of the Cross. The audience of almost eight 
 hundred rose 'to their feet, pledging ]\Ir. and Mrs. 
 Denyes their prayers and their support as they went 
 to the new field of labor. As loathe to say good-bye 
 as they, we took them to the Union Station and put 
 them on their train. 
 
 October 28, 1904. — After spending two days in 
 New York at the IMission Rooms and in doing the 
 last things that needed to be done, the family sailed 
 from New York on the 28th of October, 1904. 
 
 First Letter. — A line from ^Ir. Denyes 's first let- 
 ter will show the blessedness of the tie that binds him 
 to our young people: "The pleasantest part of the 
 journey was the reading, one each day, of the letters 
 from the various Epworth League Chapters. Day by 
 day the impression deepened, until it became a sweet 
 certainty, that for me there was a home at last, not of 
 
 95 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 wood or stone, but a real dwelling-place in the hearts 
 of a group of God's people. We can not fail, while 
 backed by the loving prayers of so many. ' ' 
 
 Reach Singapore. — On the afternoon of the 24th 
 of December the Peninsula and Oriental steamer 
 Coromandel was tied up alongside of the w^harf at 
 Singapore. On the pier were many missionary friends 
 waiting to receive the returning missionaries. Reach- 
 ing the field on Christmas eve, Mr. and Mrs. Denyes 
 and the children were in time for the Christmas fes- 
 tivities at the mission. 
 
 Till Conference. — Until the meeting of the Ma- 
 laysia Conference in February, 1905, Mr. Denyes gave 
 his time to the acoonnts of the mission, and Mrs. 
 Denyes instructed a class of boys for membership in 
 the Church and wrote for the Sahahaty "The Friend/' 
 a Malay story paper. 
 
 Conference, 1905. — ^Conference met in Kuala 
 Lumpor, Federated Malay States, February 15-20, 
 1905. At that time Dr. West, in his report for the 
 Singapore District, reported the desire of the Pittsr 
 burg Leaguers to open work in Java, and Mr. Denyes 
 was appointed by Bishop Oldham to open new work 
 in Java, the location of the station to be determined 
 after a visit to the field by Dr. West and Mr. Denyes. 
 
 Start for Java. — On the 14th of March Mr. Den- 
 yes and Dr. West started from Singapore for Java. 
 Two days later they came into the harbor of Batavia. 
 For three weeks they traveled through the island, 
 visiting the various mission stations of the different 
 societies. Mr. Denyes wrote thus of the trip: ''We 
 
 96 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 found rather more Christians than we expected, about 
 14,000 among the 32,000,000 of people. But thfj sad 
 feature of the work seemed to be that in the places 
 where the work has been the most promising there 
 has been a falling off in the numbers converted in 
 the later years. The only explanation given by those 
 who could offer any explanation at all was that the 
 skepticism of Europe had destroyed mast of the evan- 
 gelistic zeal among the missionaries. There are, how- 
 ever, some earnest Dutch and English missionaries 
 who are really doing spiritual work. 
 
 Location^ — ''The result of our explorations was 
 that we decided to petition the government to allow 
 us to begin work among the Chinese of Batavia. 
 There was a number of reasons for this. First, the 
 Chinese here, as in the Strait Settlements, promise to 
 be the way of least resistance. Many of them are 
 married to Javanese or Sundanese women, and these 
 women have left the ^lohannnedanism of their people, 
 yet the Chinese customs have not taken deep hold on 
 them. Second, Batavia is the nearest point of con- 
 tact wdth the w^ork we already have in Malaysia and 
 it is easily accessible. Again, it is the seat of the 
 government and the government must be consulted at 
 every turn. Also, later, there will be stations opened 
 in Sumatra, Bangka, and these can be cared for most 
 conveniently from Batavia. ^loreover, by beginning 
 with the Chinese, it is possible to begin at once, as we 
 already loiow the ]\Ialay which the Chinese speak. 
 These and many other reasons helped to fix our de- 
 cision as to place. On the third of April Dr. West 
 
 7 97 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 returned to Singapore and left me to solve the prob- 
 lem of the evangelization of Java. 
 
 Study of Dutch. — ' ' I started out at once to find 
 a Dutch family that would take me in as a boarder, 
 for we had decided that a knowledge of Dutch was 
 the first necessary step in our work. I found a place, 
 stocked up with dictionaries and grammars, and be- 
 gan business. In the meantime I had sent into tthe 
 governor general a petition to begin. 
 
 New Opening. — ' ' At this point there came an un- 
 expected turn of affairs. Sixty years ago the people 
 of Batavia built a church under the patronage of 
 the British Government. But after a time the British 
 Government stopped its subsidy and the struggle to 
 support a pastor by voluntary contributions began. 
 After a few years the burden became too heavy for 
 a small community and the services were discontinued. 
 For a year or so a layman read the prayers to a small 
 congregation,, but he left and the church was closed. 
 Dr. West preached the first sermon heard for years. 
 Two weel^ later I was asked to preach, which I did, 
 and then it was arranged that I should hold regular 
 services in English. So I find myself the pastor of 
 an English conununity of about seventy persons. And 
 the community needs it. This English work will be 
 of very great value to us in our native work. All of 
 our great work in Singapore began and was built up 
 about the English Church. In between Dutch lessons 
 I have also been busy getting acquainted with the 
 Chinese of the city. At least ten of the boys formerly 
 in our school in Singapore are living in the city. Only 
 
 98 
 
MISSIONARY EFFORTS. 
 
 one of tiiese is a Christian, but they are all of good 
 families." 
 
 Return to Singapore. — About the first of June 
 J\Ir. Denyes returned to Singapore to pack his house- 
 hold goods and take his family to the new home await- 
 ing them in Java. Thither they went July 17, 1905. 
 
 Headquarters. — When Mrs. Denyes and the chil- 
 dren were brought to Java the mission headquarters 
 were made at Buitenzorg, a place that would easily 
 lend itself as a center for the work. 
 
 First Service. — The first real religious native 
 service was held on a Sunday afternoon in October, 
 when INIr. and Mrs. Denyes met Pang Ek Poei and 
 his wife, Tan Si Cheng, in the parsonage and pointed 
 them to the Savior. The first hymn learned was, 
 ''Jes3U>s lovess me, this I know/' Mr. Denyes said it 
 was the sweetest music he had heard for months. 
 
 First Church. — As soon as possible a suitable 
 room was secured and on November 5, 1905, the First 
 INIethodist Episcopal Church of Buitenzorg was or- 
 ganized. ]\Irs. Denyes was received by letter from the 
 Church at Singapore, and Pang Ek Poei and his wife 
 were enrolled as inquirers or probationers. 
 
 With God all things are possible. That which had 
 been but a hope had m an incredibly short time be- 
 come a reality. At the end of the second month or- 
 ganized work had been begun. It seems almost safe 
 to say that no other mission was ever started imder 
 more favorable circumstances or conditions. Possibly 
 there never was a mission whose opening was the ob- 
 ject of so much prayer. Some one wrote of it, "Every 
 
 99 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 new step has been marked- by indications of provi- 
 dential oversight, until one is almost called upon to 
 believe in predestination. Again and again has un- 
 belief been rebuked." 
 
 Northwestern University. — Grateful recognition 
 must be made to the students of Northwestem Uni- 
 versity who supplemented the gifts of the young peo- 
 ple of the Conference during the first year Mr. Denyes 
 was on the field. 
 
 Prospects. — The prospects of this new mission are 
 "as bright as the promises of God." Openings are 
 expected on every hand. A large fruitage may be 
 expected in the immediatei future. The opportunity 
 for effective organized work which will yield large 
 returns is before the Church. Will the Church be 
 faithful to the opportunity? 
 
 100 
 
53 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 5 N 
 
 > y. c 
 
 _ a 5 
 
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 1 5 ^ 
 -■^ z c 
 
 s- s r 
 ^ « ^ 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 Providential Care. — As God directed the begin- 
 ning of the work in Java, so He has cared for its con- 
 tinuation. The growth has been far greater than any 
 one thought possible within the short time the mission 
 has been opened. All the way through the develop- 
 ments of the last five years we see clearly that it has 
 been Grod's hand that has been at the helm guiding 
 the work and workers. 
 
 Two Situations. — In the main there are two situ- 
 ations ini the work: the Urban and the Rural. The 
 work in Batavia, Buitenzorg, Tjisaroea, and Soera- 
 baya present the Urban problems, while Kampong 
 Sawa, Kebantenan, Tj later, Tjampea, and Tjibinong 
 and several other points afford us the Rural situation. 
 
 Two Kinds of Work. — The evangelistic and the 
 educational phases of missionary work have been 
 started, the third, the medical, awaits the appoint- 
 ment of the first medical missionar}\ 
 
 Batavia. — While Buitenzorg was first chosen as 
 the headquarters of the mission, in a very short time 
 it seemed wise to have the activities center in Batavia. 
 The change was made and ^Ir. Denyes and his family 
 took up their residence at Batavia. 
 
 101 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 English Church. — The English Church already 
 referred to in the last chapter was for some time a 
 part of the Methodist work, and with Mr. Denyes as 
 its pastor it proved, as anticipated, a very valuable 
 assistant in the doing of the native work. 
 
 Karet. — Karet, a little village near Batavia, soon 
 heard of the arrival of the English missionary, as they 
 called him, and at once began sending representatives 
 to Mr. Denyes to see if he would not come and hold 
 services for them. Mr. Denyes visited the village and 
 decided to open a mission at once. He baptized and 
 enrolled as enquirers eleven adult Chinese. This 
 Church was the direct outcome of the faithfulness of 
 a Christian Malay man, who, having heard the Gos- 
 pel from a Dutch missionary, had attempted to tell 
 the Story ito others. A school was opened for the 
 boys and girls of these families. The school work 
 has been co-educational almost from the first of Mr. 
 Denyes 's work. 
 
 Later in the year 1906 this preaching place and 
 school had to be abandoned because of the persecu- 
 tion of the members by an Arab landlord. This per- 
 secution meant loss of work and the families had to 
 scatter to other places to earn a livelihood. However, 
 as is alw^ays the case, the work was not hindered by 
 this persecution, as other places where these families 
 settled were opened to the missionaries. 
 
 Pasar Senen. — In April, 1906, a preaching place 
 was opened at Pasar Senen, Weltevreden, Batavia, 
 and Balok Arpasad, the Malay mentioned above, was 
 put in charge. The membership at first was very 
 
 102 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 small, but we have had, what is most important, a 
 steady growth both in numbers and in the spiritual 
 life of the members. 
 
 This native preacher is the first Malay to be or- 
 dained in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He had 
 a varied problem to meet in taking the gospel to these 
 villagers, who were Javanese, Sundauese, Hokien, Chi- 
 nese, and Malays. 
 
 A Sunday school, grown to a membership of fifty, 
 seeks to reach the children and teach them of Christ. 
 The day school, taught by the niece of the pastor, a 
 young Malay girl, puts much emphasis upon the Chris- 
 tian life. 
 
 Cottage prayer-meetings are a feature of the work 
 as carried on under the direction of Balok Arpasad. 
 These meetings are fruitful in creating an interest 
 on the part of the Mohammedans, and many, even the 
 priests, seek the pastor to inquire as to the new^ teach- 
 ings. Some are w^eekly becoming enrolled as inquirers 
 or probationers. 
 
 One of the outlying places visited by Balok and 
 his helpers is a little village where an independent 
 Chinese Church had been holding services for years. 
 Upon hearing that a new missionary w^as teaching in 
 Pasar Senen, they began to ask if services could not 
 be held for them. i\Ir. Denyes went to see those who 
 formed the membership of the Church and learned 
 this interesting story^ : About thirty years ago a prom- 
 inent Dutch official had retired from his government 
 office and settled at this place, and devoted some of 
 his time to the doing of missionary" work among the 
 
 103 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 natives. At his death the piissionary society of West 
 Java held services, and later the Roman Church. 
 However, left without a regular pastor, the work ran 
 down and was finally abandoned except for the ef- 
 forts of a native member. Balok Arpasad was able 
 to create considerable interest and five persons were 
 enrolled as inquirers, while many are thinking seri- 
 ously of the matter. 
 
 One of the most encouraging results of the effort 
 at this station is the manner in which the Moham- 
 medans are coming to the services and becoming bap- 
 tized, enrolled as probationers, and later being taken 
 into full relation to the Church. Through the influ- 
 ence of one of the exhorters at Pasar Senen, a woman, 
 who, having made the trip to Mecca, had been a Mo- 
 hammedan hadji, or teacher, for eighteen years, has 
 been led to the True Prophet and is now spending her 
 time among her friends and neighbors pointing out 
 the way, not to Mecca, but to the Cross of Calvary. 
 
 During the year 1908 the* government opened 
 schools in the Dutch language for Chinese boys and 
 girls, and the one near Pasar Senen seriously affected 
 our school taught by Anna Arpasad. We have still 
 held on to the work and have secured new students 
 to fill the places of those who left us to go to the gov- 
 ernment school. Gradually these beginnings of things 
 in the midst of one hundred thousand people is gain- 
 ing in strength and encourage us to look forward to 
 the day when a splendid church and school, adequately 
 manned, shall permit the missionary to meet the op- 
 portunities for service that now so burden his heart. 
 
 104 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 PONDO Gede-Kampong Sawa. — Kampong Sawa, or 
 * * the village in the rice-fields, ' ' is situated on an estate 
 called Pondo Gede, ^lethodism has been for twenty- 
 six years in the lands of the Malay, but it was only in 
 1906 that she really began work among the Malay 
 people. The Church located on the estate at Pondo 
 Gede is the first ^lalay Church in all Methodism. 
 
 The beginning of the work there wa^ among one 
 hundred Malays who came over to the mission from 
 the Roman Catholic Church. These members were 
 received at first on probation only. They were not 
 sufficiently grounded in Christianity to make it wise 
 to receive them at once into full membership. Some 
 ]\Ioliammedans came to the services and were enrolled 
 as seekers for the truth and were baptized. The ma- 
 jority of the villagers have so long been under other 
 training that it took some months of careful instruc- 
 tion and watching to bring them to an understanding 
 of the tenets of Christianity and to fit them for full 
 membership. A church building was erected at a 
 small cost of $120, and the members assisted in the 
 building. There is a seating capacity of two hundred. 
 Nathaniel, the native pastor in charge of the work at 
 Pondo G^de when it was first started, is a Javanese, 
 and his wife is a ]Malay. Nathaniel has been asso- 
 ciated with the village life at Kampong Sawa for at 
 least thirty-five years, and was the Christian worker 
 even before the establishment of the ]\Iethodist ]\Iis- 
 sion there. ]\Ir. Denyes's ministry has greatly revived 
 this congregation and they are now earnest Meth- 
 odists. 
 
 105 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 A school wa^ opened at this station, taught by 
 Nathaniel's daughter, Sapiroh. The Church and the 
 school must go hand in hand if the greatest good is 
 to be accomplished and a substantial membership is 
 to be built up in the mission. Nathaniel is especially 
 strong in evangelistic work, and at the last Conference 
 he was left free from official duties in connection with 
 the Church at Pondo Cede, to give his time to itiner- 
 ating among the Mohammedan villages which lie so 
 thickly settled about this village, where he has built 
 up a strong center. The teaching work will be looked 
 after by other workers until some one can be set aside 
 to take entire charge of the school. Nathaniel's 
 daughter and her husband are in the Jean Hamilton 
 Training School at Singapore, preparing to come back 
 to Java and give themselves to a larger service where 
 the Church may direct. A young man from the Pasar 
 Senen Church is also in training at the school, and 
 thus we can see ahead to the day when these, who 
 have been won to Christ in these early days of the 
 mission, will help extend the work among their own 
 peoples. 
 
 Tjiater. — Tjiater, twenty ^miles from Batavia, is 
 a little village of Mohammedans. Menasseh, a Java- 
 nese, is one of the local preachers and he is connected 
 with a business firm in Batavia. In 1907 he began 
 going out every Saturday night to Tjiater and re- 
 maining over until Monday morning. In this way 
 he could conduct a service Saturday night and on 
 Sunday. A small bamboo Church accommodateis the 
 
 106 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 congregatian,. The foundations are being laid for a 
 splendid work here among the Mohammedans. 
 
 T.TAMPEA. — At Tjampea an opening has come 
 through -tlie landlord of the estate who has requested 
 the mission to take charge of a school on his place, 
 he himself paying the expense of the school. This 
 means another opening in a ]\Iohamm.edan center. 
 
 Kebantenan. — Balok Arpasad, who so successfully 
 started the mission Church and school at Pasar Senen, 
 and who, because of his ill-health, had to be changed 
 to another local i'ty, was stationed at Kebantenan at 
 the last Conference session, 1910. Here he is putting 
 up a new building to serve as a home and a school as 
 well as a church. Anna, who had the school at Pasar 
 Senen, will teach the school here. This will aniake 
 another station near Pondo Gede. 
 
 Tjibinong. — In 1908 the Chinese teacher at Buit- 
 enzorg opened a preaching place at Tjibinong. At 
 first there were no visible results and the only en- 
 couragement we could feel w^as the intense eagerness 
 with which the people listened to the Gospel. A school 
 has been opened -with some forty boys and girls en- 
 rolled. A Chinese pastor-teacher and liis wife are the 
 w^orkers at this station. 
 
 Tanah Abang. — In 1906, largely as a result of the 
 persecution and abandonment of the Church at Karet, 
 a preaching place was opened at Tanah Abang. Balok 
 Arpasad was placed in charge. Here the missionary 
 foimd the need of having some one who could speak 
 the Hokien-Chinese, for there were many Hokiens 
 
 107 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 who were attending the services and could understand 
 but little of the Malay. God never opens a door to 
 service but what He shows a way to enter the door. 
 About this time, a Hokien-Chinese applied for work 
 in the mission and was received on trial. Studying 
 two months with Chion,g Bi, he learned enough Malay 
 to begin to do some work and was put in charge at 
 Tanah Abang. This work continued to grow but 
 slowly, and finally a change was made when Diong 
 Eng Seng and his wife came to Java from the work 
 in Borneo. Eng Seng and his wife have faithfully 
 met the problems as they found them and have, 
 through their preaching and teaching of a full salva- 
 tion, laid good foundations for the Church. The mem- 
 bership is steadily growing in the spiritual life. 
 Diong Eng Seng is a Foochow man, and received a 
 long course of training at Foochow. His wife studied 
 several years in the Methodist school at Penang. Ta- 
 nah Abang will be a center for Chinese work as well 
 as a work among the Malays. It is one of the market 
 centers of Batavia. 
 
 SoERABAYA. — An cffort has been made to widen the 
 work of the mission by establishing a station in the 
 east of Java, at Soerabaya. This will be the very first 
 station under the Methodist Episcopal Board in East- 
 em Java. A magnificent opportunity for the devel- 
 opment of a strong Chinese work confronts the work- 
 ers; Diong Eng Seng and his wife have been trans- 
 ferred from Tanah Abang to open this new station. 
 
 BuiTENZORG. — At Buitenzorg the first Methodist 
 108 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 Episcopal Church in Java was organized in November 
 of 1905. The organization took place at the home of 
 the missionary, Mr. Denyes. Later on the Church 
 moved to the Chinese quarters of tlie city, where a 
 house was rented. In 1907 a fine brick building came 
 into the market at the time Dr. Gouoher was paying a 
 visit to the mission. He advised its purchase, himself 
 giving eight hundred dollars toward the price of the 
 building. Th'C building is well located and will meet 
 the demands of the mission for years to come. In 
 the first days of the Anglo-Chinese school in Buiten- 
 zorg, an English lady, who was making her home 
 temporarily in the city, taught the school. Upon her 
 return to England there was not sufficient funds in 
 the mission treasury to permit of the employment of 
 a teacher. For a time a Japanese from the Anglo- 
 Chinese school at Singapore was put in charge. 
 Larger and better things came for the school in the 
 beginning of 1907. 
 
 A Gift. — Mr. Tan Guan Huat, a wealthy China- 
 man of Buitenzorg, proposed to ^Ir. Denyes to meet 
 all the extra expense if an American teacher could be 
 secured for the school. He desired that his sons might 
 have an opportunity for western methods. ^Ir. Den- 
 yes consented, and upon reporting the imatter to 
 Bishop Oldham he transferred from the school at 
 Kuala Lumpor, ]\Ir. Otto Carlson. ]\Ir. Carlson had 
 gone to the mission field from the Swedish Immanuel 
 Church, Brooklyn, X. Y. His first station was in the 
 Philippines for evangelistic work there, where he 
 
 109 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 served from January, 1907, till the fall of that year. 
 At that time Bishop Oldliam transferred him from the 
 Philippines to the Malay States and stationed him at 
 Kuala Lumpor to assist in the educational work. 
 
 IVIr. Carlson. — For one year Mr. Carlson, whom 
 some one describes as having had ''the enthusiasm of 
 a boy and the courage of a man," was permitted to 
 labor in laying the foundation of the work at Buiten- 
 zorg. At the Conference session of 1908, because oC 
 failing health, he was granted a furlough. He re- 
 turned to Buitenzorg from the seat of the Conference, 
 and made his preparations to start for America. Upon 
 reaching Colombo on the homeward voyage he becam.e 
 ill and was taken from the steamer to the hospital. 
 From the hospital ward in a foreign land he con- 
 tinued his homeward journey, not as had been hoped, 
 to his home and friends, where he might regain his 
 strength and live to serve many years in the work 
 which was so dear to his heart, and in which he had 
 such marked success, but home to Him from whom he 
 came. Mr. Carlson was the first missionary from 
 America to Java to pass to his reward. A tablet in 
 Wesley Church, Singapore, pays tribute to the mem- 
 ory of this promising worker. At the Conference fol- 
 lowing Mr. Carlson's death this action was taken: 
 
 "Be it Resolved, That the Malaysia Conference 
 hereby records its sincere sympathy with the family 
 of our late brother, 0. A. Carlson, and its deep grati- 
 tude to the Swedish Methodist ChurcTi of America for 
 the services of one of her choicest sons. Though brief 
 his stay among us, it was filled to the full with labors 
 
 110 
 
NicHonKML's, Halok Arpasad, J. R. Dknyes, Menasseh, 
 
 Anna, Esther Arpasad, Naomi Menasseh, Christina 
 
 Arpasad, Christian Workers at Pasar 
 
 Senen, Bat AVI a, Java. .sv^ page 102. 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 of love. Earnest, warm-hearted, and true, the sin- 
 cerity and sweetness of liis life were a constant call 
 to a closer walk with Him whom he served." 
 
 After Mr. Carlson left Java, Bishop Oldham ap- 
 pointed Mr. and ^Irs. B. J. Baughman, teachers in the 
 Anglo-Chinese school at Singapore, to the English 
 school at Buitenzorg. These new friends in the Java 
 field had gone ouit as contract teachers from their 
 Michigan home. They are taking hold of the work 
 with much enthusiasm and earnestness. The build- 
 ing has been overhauled and re-arranged to meet the 
 demands of the growth of the school. April, 1909, 
 marks the beginning of greater things in this work, 
 for at that time ' ' The Boys ' Boarding School of Bui- 
 tenzorg ' ' was formally opened with a number of stu- 
 dents resident in the Baughman home. 
 
 Mr. Baugliman has under his care the English and 
 Malay schools and the Chinese Church at Buitenzorg. 
 In addition he looks after the Chinese Churches at 
 Tjampea, Tjibinong, and Tjilebat. 
 
 Tjisaroea. — At Tjisaroea one must pause and see 
 the providential leading and the answered prayers to 
 fully realize what is involved in the opening of this 
 station. First, look at a leaf from a missionary's 
 prayer list, dated November 16, 1905, "Mr. and Mrs. 
 Buchanan for Java." 
 
 i\Ir. and ]\Irs. Buchanan at this time are teaching 
 in the Anglo-Chinese school at Singapore. For three 
 years there has been a burden on the hearts of Charles 
 and Emily Buchanan, and it has often been voiced 
 in prayer to Him who in His own time and own way 
 
 111 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 answers the prayer of His' believing children. This 
 burden and this heart cry has been that if Grod willed, 
 they might be set aside for Mohammedan work. They 
 had learned to leave the way with Him in their stu- 
 dent days as against many obstacles and difficulties 
 they had worked their way in preparation for their 
 life work. They had learned to leave the how with 
 Him as they had gone out to the mission field, not 
 regularly appointed by a Board upon whom they 
 might rely for support, but to secure their own sup- 
 port and at the same time give their best efforts to 
 the work of the Kingdom in the boys ' school at Singa- 
 pore. God chose and appointed Charles Buchanan 
 for a special work long before the Church which he 
 has so faitlifully served recognized and accepted him 
 as one of her missionaries. At the 1905 session of 
 the Malaysia Conference Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan were 
 set aside by regular appointment for Mohammedan 
 work, but were left without a station. Time was to 
 be spent in further study and research. 
 
 "When Mr. Denyes made his first tour of the Java 
 field in 1905, he was invited to visit the estate of a 
 Christian Dutch family, 3,500 feet up the side of Mt. 
 Gede. They told him how they had been praying 
 for some one to do mission work among the three 
 thousand Sundanese on their estate, and offered him a 
 place on the estate to begin the work. For some time 
 Mr. Denyes endeavored to secure some one to open 
 this work. It was at this time that he wrote in his 
 prayer list — ''the Buchanans for Java." 
 
 In November of 1906 Mrs. Denyes and the chil- 
 112 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 dren went with Mr. Denyes for a month on this es- 
 tate. Mr. Denyes took his stereopticon with him and 
 gave several illustrated talks on the life of Christ. 
 These meetings were held at the home of a young 
 chief, who was an ardent IMohaiiimedan. From fifty 
 to one himdred and fifty Mohammedans attended the 
 services. The people speaking for the mast part Sun- 
 danese, it was necessary to have an interpreter. A 
 Malay man, serving as clerk and foreman on the es- 
 tate, acted as interpreter. His name was Sem Apioen. 
 He had been educated for the ministry but had turned 
 aside for secular work. As a result of the meetings 
 during the month, and of personal conversation with 
 Sem, Mr. Denyes aroused the desire in Sem's heart 
 to do something for those around him. A small bam- 
 boo house was put up and a school started with Sem 
 as teacher. By the end of the first week there were 
 fifteen enrolled. A Sabbath service was also begun for 
 Sem 's f araiily and the other nominal Christians on the 
 estate. 
 
 A beginning was made. At the nexit session of 
 the Conference iSlr. and I\Irs. Buchanan, who had two 
 years before been appointed to do ^lalay work, were 
 sent to Java and stationed at Tjisaroea. Within a 
 radius of four miles of ^Ir. Buchanan's home there 
 are seven thousand people. One can trace the con- 
 necting links in the ways in which God was all these 
 months preparing work and workers, and can look 
 forward to the time when He who has led thus far 
 will give great victory to the work. 
 
 A small village of Javanese families have beeome 
 
 8 113 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 interested and have been Enrolled as probationers in 
 the Church. By means of the giving of simple reme- 
 dies and the visitation of the people in their homes, 
 the work is steadily gaining in numbers and in in- 
 terest. Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan have been in America 
 during the year from the fall of 1909 and look for- 
 ward to an early return to their chosen work. 
 
 A glimpse at ''roughing it" in Java, Breaking 
 right into the midst of a letter from Missionary Buch- 
 anan, he says: ''About petered out this morning. 
 Worked too hard and continuously Monday, so got 
 up yesterday with the blood rushing to my head again, 
 ate but little breakfast, continued my pursuits the 
 forenoon and my head changed to a persistent and 
 strong nervous headache. Ate hardly any tiffin. At 
 1.30 started for Kampong, walking very slowly all the 
 way and arrived in 1.15 hours; visited the sick and 
 held services. Started home' in a rain which quite 
 soon became very heavy and violent. Before I got to 
 those two little houses not far away, I was about as 
 wet as one could be from the knees down. My heavy 
 shoes were wet through and both feet wet. At those 
 houses I stopped, took off my shoes and socks, rolled 
 my trousers up to my knees, and wringing out the 
 water from my trouser-legs, I waited for the rain to 
 cease; which eontinued for about a half hour only, 
 and I chilled some. As the rain seemed quite finished, 
 I started out again with umbrella up to ward off the 
 mist that still blew. 
 
 "Having arrived at the nearest stream, I found 
 that what is usually crossable by big stones and rocks 
 
 114 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 high and dry above water was now a raging torrent. 
 I found a place where I could throw my umbrella 
 and vshoes across, and then rolling my trousers up as 
 high as I could, I essayed to cross, as every minute the 
 stream was getting higher. With the help of the long 
 staff I always carry on such a journey, I slowly slid 
 down the great boulder at the edge of the stream, 
 feeling my way with my foot to one of the big stx)nes 
 at the bottom; thus slowly and carefully I crossed 
 over. The water almost to my hips pulled and tugged 
 at me, but I kept my feet. The worst point was just 
 at the opposite bank, where it seemed that the current 
 was especially strong, and here I trembled, not with 
 fear but from the strength of the current, like the 
 shaking hand of some nervous person, but providen- 
 tially, I believe, I kept my feet and managed to seize 
 the bank, and with my staff cleared tlie water and 
 again stood on solid groimd. I assure you that I forgot 
 not to call upon the Lord before I entered that stream. 
 The three natives standing on the little plateau about 
 one hundred rods away, walked on when they saw 
 that I had made it. Next, for the first time, I was 
 followed by one of the water-buffaloes grazing near, 
 interested, I think, in my costume. As he did not 
 come faster than a fair walk, and as I did not pay 
 any more attention to him than was absolutely neces- 
 sary, I soon put the little plateau between him and 
 me, he losing sight of me, and came no further, I 
 have been followed by them before, but could hardly 
 call it pursued. But this fellow, I think, was dan- 
 gerously interested in me. I was so very ill that I but 
 
 115 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 crept along, and so chilled 'quite through, but arrived 
 safely home, the other stream I had to ford was not 
 so dangerous. Extra clothing and blankets did but 
 little good, so I went off to bed after eating a few 
 mouthfuls. Such is life in the mountains of Java." 
 
 Vigorous Campaign. — Through the influences ra- 
 diating from the school-room and the preaching serv- 
 ices in these various places where work has already 
 been opened, a vigorous campaign is being pushed 
 by the missionaries on the field. Progress and victory 
 are the keynotes of every report. All things are ripe 
 and ready for a great campaign in this newest, and 
 by many considered the most promising, of the eastern 
 fields. 
 
 Methodism has come to Java. The most compact 
 body of Mohammedans the Church has yet faced in 
 her campaign for the Cross confronts our workers 
 and challenges them. Which shall have final victory 
 over these waiting millions? Will the Cross or the 
 Crescent be the sign of religious supremacy in this 
 "Garden of the East." 
 
 116 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE WORK AND THE WORKERS 
 
 (Continued). 
 
 Adaptation of Scriptures. — ''But I rejoice in 
 the Lord greatly, that now at length ye have revived 
 your thought for me; wherein ye did indeed take 
 thought, but ye lacked opportunity." 
 
 "Not that I shall speak in respect of want: for 
 I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therein to 
 be content. I know how to be abased, and I know 
 also how to abound; in everything and in all things 
 have I learned the secret both to be filled and to be 
 hungry, both to abound and to be in want. ' ' 
 
 *'I can do all things in Him that strengtheneth 
 me." 
 
 ''How be it ye did well that ye had fellowship 
 with my affliction." 
 
 ' ' And ye yourselves also know, ' ' ye Pittsburg Con- 
 ference Epworth Leaguers, "that in the beginning 
 of the Gospel ' ' in Java, when I departed from Amer- 
 ica, "no Church had fellowship with me in the matter 
 of giving and receiving but ye only;" for even in 
 Batavia ye sent once and again unto my need. 
 
 "Not that I seek for the gift; but I seek for the 
 fruit that increaseth to your account. But I have all 
 
 117 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 things and abound; having' received from 'ithe Board 
 of Foreign Missions' the things that came from you, 
 an odor of a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable, well- 
 pleasing to God." 
 
 "And my God shall supply every need of yours 
 according to His riches in glory in Christ Jesus." 
 
 ''Now unto our God and Father be the glory for 
 ever and ever. Amen." Salute every Leaguer in 
 Christ Jesus. "The brethren that labor with me 
 salute you." 
 
 "All the saints salute you, especially the native 
 converts. 
 
 ' ' The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your 
 spirit. ' ' 
 
 An. old-time letter from a missionary to his breth- 
 ren, but to be read by us of *the present time with the 
 thought of our missionary in Java sending to us the 
 message from his post of duty across the sea. 
 
 "But I rejoice in the Lord greatly, that now at 
 length ye have revived your thought for me." 
 
 Need of Woman Worker. — From the very begin- 
 ning of the opening of the mission in Java, and in- 
 deed even before Mr. Denyes left for the field, ex- 
 pression was given to the first need of the missi<m — a 
 woman missionary. To those on 'the field it doubtless 
 seemed long until there was an answer to that cry 
 from those who were facing the burden of the evan- 
 gelization of the women. But finally the day came 
 when the missiomary could voice with Paul the words 
 stated above, "But I rejoice in the Lord greatly, that 
 now at length ye have revived your thought for me; 
 
 118 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 wherein ye did indeed take thought, but ye lacked 
 opportunity." 
 
 1906. — In the fall of 1906 application was made 
 by a young woman of the Pittsburg Conference to 
 go to Java in answer to the pressing need in the field. 
 Those in authority thought the time was not yet to 
 send some one forth, that the mission was as yet too 
 much in its infancy. The matter of finance was also 
 a problem, and it was permitted, as is so often done, 
 to deaden the call and to put off the day when the 
 windows of lieaven might be opened to shower bless- 
 ing upon the senders. 
 
 1907. — Again, in the fall of 1907, the matter of 
 the sending of a young unmarried woman to relieve 
 Mrs. Denyes of the heavy burden she was so bravely 
 trying to carry alone was brought up before the Con- 
 ference authorities, discussed, and they determined if 
 the Woman ^s Foreign Missionary Society would as- 
 sume the burden, the Conference authorities would 
 stand back of the movement and assist in all possible 
 ways. The women desired to assume the burden; 
 but the heavy debt carried by the Society and the 
 emergency calls of that year, made pressing because 
 of the destruction by fire of so many of their buildings 
 on the field, made it impossible. Again they must say 
 to the pressing need and the overburdened workers, 
 "Not this year." 
 
 1908.— Still again, in the fall of 1908, the woman's 
 work in Java was before the Conference. A tentative 
 action was 'taken that if the Woman's Society would 
 go ahead, all right, but that in the event of the So- 
 
 119 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 ciety having unfavorable action, the Conference' young 
 people must this time do something to relieve the 
 situation . 
 
 Mrs. Oldham Pleads for Java. — ^Mrs. Oldham 
 went before the General Executive meeting in Cin- 
 cinnati, in October of 1908, and made an impassioned 
 plea for Java 's fifteen million women. She plead for 
 Java, as only one who had been there and seen the 
 existing conditions could plead, but again hopes were 
 crushed, for the Woman's Board felt it imperative to 
 refrain from entering Java at that time. 
 
 Mrs. Oldham, in her effort to enlist the sympathies 
 of the executive secretaries and through them the in- 
 terest of the women of Methodism, forgot self in the 
 attempt to save others, and was forced for days after- 
 wards to lie upon a sick bed in quiet and rest. 
 
 Action Taken. — It was with joy that the message 
 was taken to her that although the Woman 's Foreign 
 Missionary Society could not enter the field in the 
 support of the work, that the Epworth Leagues of the 
 Pittsburg Conference would try to extend the work 
 by raising the necessary funds and sending out a 
 young woman to the field. It was possible for the 
 League to take this action, because a friend of the Den- 
 yes family, and one greatly interested in the cause of 
 missions, himself having been several years on the 
 mission field, agreed that if the Conference would raise 
 one-half the amount necessary he himself would give 
 the other half for a period of three years. 
 
 Changed Plan. — The same young woman who for 
 three years had looked forward to the time when she 
 
 120 
 
Rkv. J. H. Dknyks and Balok Arpasad, 
 
 Pastor of th« Malay-Speaking C\iurch at Pasar Senen, Batavia, Java. 
 
 See page ir,!,. 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 would start for the field was accepts by the Board, 
 and arrangoinents were being made for a series of 
 farewell rallies in the Conference. Within three 
 weeks of the sailing time, because of serious illness in 
 her home, the writer was led to give up the going 
 and the appointment of Miss Naomi Ruth, of Indian- 
 apolis, was transferred from Penang, where Bishop 
 Oldham had expected to send her, to Batavia, to work 
 among the women of Java. 
 
 Beginnings. — The beginnings of this phase of the 
 work had been made by ]\Irs. Denyes in her own home, 
 and she had already gone beyond her strength in try- 
 ing to meet the demands upon her as the wife of a 
 missionary. A small room had been fitted up in the 
 missionary 's home and three women were studying to 
 prepare for the work of a Bible reader. Two days a 
 week and at night one came for instruction, the other 
 two were in the Bible training school most of the 
 time. j\Iuch has grown out of the small beginnings 
 made by ^Irs. Denyes, and although she has been 
 forced, because of the pressing duties of her home and 
 her children, to give up some of the work, yet she 
 still assumes the leadership in the woman's work and 
 has left her influence in all of the stations. 
 
 Miss Ruth. — IMiss Ruth came from her home in 
 Indianapolis and spent one week in farewell rallies, 
 meeting and greeting many of the young people in 
 the Leagues about Pittsburg. It was a blessed week 
 of service for the ^Master as we went among the 
 Leagues and felt the pulse of the chapters throbbing 
 a little irijore firmly for Java. The Leaguers were in- 
 
 121 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 deed reviving their thought for thei work in the send- 
 ing forth of Miss Ruth. Her sweet Christian life left 
 its benediction everywhere. The farewell message she 
 gave the young people encouraged them to increased 
 endeavor on behalf of Java. "You have driven fur- 
 ther the stakes and tightened the ropes, be true to your 
 part, in intercessory prayer for Java." 
 
 Sailed. — On the morning of November 26, 1908, 
 Thanksgiving Day and birthday, Esther Naomi Ruth 
 bade farewell to the home circle and went to New 
 York, from which point she sailed November 28th, in 
 company with Bishop and Mrs. Oldham. 
 
 First Impressions. — An interesting account of her 
 trip and her first impressions of the field are given 
 in her letter in Appendix B. Miss Ruth has readily 
 learned the Malay, and is able to do much visiting 
 among the people telling them the good news of the 
 Gospel. 
 
 At Work. — One of her experiences, of which she 
 has many, will serve to show the opportunity for 
 service which abounds everywhere: "She is only a 
 little, solitary grandmother, but there is a day coming 
 when 'the humble shall be exalted.' A short time 
 ago when one of our women became a Christian, Eda 
 first brought attention to herself by her opposition 
 to her long-time friend. She would have no more to 
 do with Mary. But at last, her heart and conscience 
 aroused, she could stand it no longer, and she turned 
 again to Mary to inquire concerning her new faith. 
 Having attended several successive Church services, 
 she also decided to follow Christ. 
 
 122 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 ''On<3 day, however, when I called at Mary's, Eda 
 did not appear as she had done previously, when she 
 knew that I was calling in the neighborhood. I there- 
 fore went to her home to make sure that all was well. 
 It was but a few moments until, with quivering lip 
 and tearful eyes, she' said that after all she could not 
 be a Christian. Her son did not encourage her; she 
 was poor and helpless ; and then, anyway, she had no 
 learning. She was very sad and discouraged, but I 
 began at onoe to lead her to her best Friend. Finally 
 the true light began to break into her clouded heart, 
 and relieved smiles played over her tear-stained face. 
 After prayer together, kneeling on the bare dirt 
 floor, she said, 'When may I become a member of 
 the Church? Sunday night?' The other day she 
 said to me, ' Whenever I hear the story of Jesus ' death 
 and resurrection and remember that it was for me, I 
 can not refrain from tears.' I am assured that here 
 is one more immortal soul to shine to His glory 
 throughout eternity." 
 
 SiEMA. — Mrs. Denyes sends us the story of Siema. 
 How many Siemas yet await the touch of the Christ? 
 ''There was a prayer-meeting in the little church at 
 Tanah Abang and as Siema walked do\Mi the street 
 she was attracted by the soimd of singing. As she 
 reached the door she stopped to listen. Surely the 
 preacher was speaking of something that was lack- 
 ing in her life. She thought of the tumult in her life 
 and wondered if the joy and peace of which the 
 preacher was speaking were possibilities for such as 
 she was. For Siema was like thousands of other 
 
 123 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 women in this land, a Mohammedan woman living 
 with a Chinaman. 
 
 **When the meeting wa^ over she asked one of 
 those present, whom she recognized as a neighbor, if 
 one must pay to attend such meetings, for she wanted 
 to hear more of the way of life. The next meeting 
 found Siema among the women listening with open 
 ears and heart, for she would not lose a word of the 
 good news. And so Siema became a Christian. Six 
 weeks passes and there came a time of temptation. 
 She wanted to be baptized and take her place among 
 the Church members. But the man with whom she 
 was living was not her husband, and he would not 
 marry her as a Christian. Entreaties were in vain, 
 and she came to realize that she must make her choice 
 between him and Christ. With no persuasion from 
 the missionary, and indeed without his knowledge, 
 she decided for Christ, which to her meant the put- 
 ting away of all sin. The so-called husband was left 
 and she started out in the world to make her own 
 way, without money or friends. Her time of proba- 
 tion is over. She has thus far run well. On New 
 Year 's day she came asking that she might study and 
 prepare herself to become a Bible woman. She is 
 proving an exceedingly bright pupil, taking readily 
 to all her studies, living humbly without the luxuries 
 that might have been hers, and looking forward jioy- 
 fully to the time when she can go to teach others of 
 the love of Ood." 
 
 Special Services. — Speeial services are held by 
 the missionaries at the Churches as they are able to 
 
 124 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 concentrate the forces for revival effort. A series of 
 such meetings was held in June at the Church in 
 Pasar Senen. Mrs. Denyes and Miss Ruth both send 
 incidents of the revival which tell us of the work of 
 the Spirit in the hearts of the people. 
 
 Personal Work. — "Seated in a little shop, fre- 
 quented by customers, we talked with a little Chinese 
 woman, who for some months had been a professed 
 Christian. As we talked, we felt the Holy Spirit was 
 dealing definitely with her heart. 
 
 ''Presently the question was directed, 'Shong In, 
 do you know Jesus as your Savior? Has He come 
 into your heart?' 
 
 "Evasively she replied, 'Yes, I believe in Jesus, 
 but I do not yet understand much because I can not 
 read. ' 
 
 "And so again, prayerfully, we inquired, 'But 
 Shong In, have you opened your heart to Him, asked 
 Him to forgive your sins and to dwell in your heart? 
 Has He come?' 
 
 "There was a moment's silence, and then, sud- 
 denly, her head dropped to the table, and she began 
 pouring forth a most earnest prayer that Jesus would 
 wash away her sins and give her a new heart. Yes, 
 she really prayed, prior to that she had only repealed 
 the Lord's Prayer from memory. 
 
 "After some instruction, she looked up with a 
 glad smile, saying, 'Yes, He has come, given me a 
 new heart, and I am so happy.' 
 
 ' ' Her prompt testimony at the Church that night, 
 and since, rang clear, and on the closing night of the 
 
 125 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 meeting she and her husband, according to their own 
 request, were united by Christian marriage ceremony, 
 were baptized and received into full Church mem- 
 bership. ' ' 
 
 Work of Bible Women. — "The revival services 
 began and at the close of the first service three Mo- 
 hammedan women, all strangers to the missionaries, 
 rose to ask that they might have the prayers of the 
 Christian people that they too might realize the sav- 
 ing power of the Christ. Mohammedan women are 
 not so easily reached, and it seemed strange that they 
 of themselves should have found their way into a 
 Christian service. But the next morning, when our 
 Bible women were called together, the secret was re- 
 vealed. 'Oh, yes,' said one, 'they are women that I 
 have been teaching for some time.' And again I 
 realized that if women of Java are to be reached and 
 won for Christ, it must be largely by those of their 
 own race who have themselves found the light. Amina 
 is sixty years old and a cripple, but after a year or 
 more of study, she is leaving our training school to 
 spend the remainder of her life in telling the gospel 
 story to her own Mohammedan people. Here, briefly, 
 is her story : 
 
 The Story of Amina. — ' ' She grew up from child- 
 hood in and near Batavia. As so many, many of the 
 native girls are, she was led astray by a European, 
 whom she ' followed ' for many years ; but on his return 
 to Europe she went back to her village. Soon she met 
 an African whom she 'followed.' He treated her 
 kindly, as these people understand kindness, provid- 
 
 126 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 ing her with food and jewelry. But on his death, 
 the unsatisfied want of her life, which all these people 
 have who do not know the love of Christ, led her to 
 start on that long pilgrimage which thousands make 
 every year to JMecca. In ]\Iecca Amina hoped to find 
 rest and peace. The pilgrimage was made and all her 
 savings, three thousand guilders, were spent, but 
 Amina returned weary of heart, for she had not found 
 peace. She was now a qualified teacher of Islam, and 
 for years she found her livelihood in this way and was 
 honored by the name ]\Ia (mother) Hadji. 
 
 **One day as she found her way through her vil- 
 lage, a little more sad, a little more weary, because 
 of the emptiness of her life, she sought work at the 
 home of a native Christian. There she first heard of 
 the One who can satisfy. Soon she found her way to 
 the native Church where she- accepted Christ. It was 
 no easy task for one of her age to master the a, b, c, 
 but persistence and humility have conquered, and she 
 is now a Bible womatL. Not very much learning, it 
 is true, but she has as dauntless courage and rich ex- 
 perience, and she promises to be a strong power for 
 good." 
 
 Results. — Thus we see the earnest efforts of the 
 missionaries are bearing much fruit. The hearts of 
 the native workers and 'the missionaries rejoice over 
 these who are being won to the Savior. The earnest, 
 prayerful testimonies offered in the services and the 
 daily living for Christ is rapidly laying a strong foun- 
 dation of the young Church in Java. The account of 
 the work in the mission would scarcely be complete 
 
 127 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 without reference at least to the special Christmas 
 services. 
 
 Christmas Box. — Each year since the opening of 
 the mission there has been packed and sent to the 
 fi^ld a Christmas box. The young people have tried 
 to send the things most desired by the workers, and 
 the gifts have made possible much Christian cheer in 
 those places where the Christmas caro-l has but re- 
 cently been sung. Opening Christmas boxes and get- 
 ting ready for Christmas in a mission is a serious 
 business, even though it have its pleasure and joy. 
 Everything in the boxes that have come from across 
 the seas must be classified and sorted. The mission- 
 aries begin by clearinig off the tables and chairs and 
 laying out the floor in sections ready for the gifts. 
 
 Broken toys are laid aside to be repaired and 
 given out during the year where they will do the 
 most good, for they must not be used at the Chrisitmas 
 time. The cloth must all be measured and marked and 
 classified according to its suitability for use by the 
 different nationalities. When all this is done, the 
 lists of the members from the various Churches are 
 brought out and the toys and cloth are selected and 
 marked with the individual names, and packed away 
 to await the time of distribution. Such are the prep- 
 arations of the missionaries in Java, as they look for- 
 ward to the Christmas time. 
 
 Christmas Service. — Mr. Denyes describes one 
 Christmas in the mission and the others have all been 
 similar. 
 
 Christmas 'entertainments began on the twenty- 
 
 128 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 fourth and lasted through to New Year's Day. The 
 service at each church was characteristic of the na- 
 tionality of the members of that church, but as it 
 would be impossible to attempt to describe them all, 
 I will confine my descriptions to the services held in 
 the church at Pasar Senen, Batavia. This church is 
 a rented house, long and narrow and low, with no 
 openings for light or air. save the doors at either end. 
 The doorways and walls were decorated with wreaths 
 and palm leaves and Berean scroll pictures, and in 
 the middle of the front of the church was a large 
 Christmas tree, glittering with tinsel ornaments sent 
 in by the American consul. By 7 P. I\I. the room was 
 packed to its utmos't capacity. The crowd on the 
 outside effectually stopped the entrance or exit of 
 air, while the heat was intensified by several large 
 lamps and two dozen blazing candles. The crowd 
 was hot but happy. For the most part the men stood 
 up around the back, the women occupied the body 
 of the house, and in front forty little bodies wriggled 
 with joy in the steaming atmosphere. 
 
 In this crowd were about as many nationalities 
 represented as in a Peace Congress. The language 
 common to all was the IMalay, though a dozen different 
 tongues were represented. More than half the peo- 
 ple were IMohammedans or ex-]\Iohammedans. The 
 preacher and his family are real Malays. One ex- 
 horter and his family are Javanese. The other ex- 
 horter is an Ambonese from a little island off the east 
 coast of Java. A very active worker in the Church 
 is a young man from the island of Timor, do^vn to- 
 
 9 129 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 wards New Guinea. There were present also a Battak 
 and his wife from Sumatra, from the country where 
 years ago the American missionaries, Munson and 
 Lyman, were murdered. A West Indian Negro and 
 a Dutchman brought their Malay wives. And there 
 were also Hakka, Chinese, Hokien-Chinese, and 
 Straits '-born or Baba Chinese, etc. Sitting well up 
 in front was a Malay woman who had been a hadji 
 for eighteen years ; that is, she has been to Mecca, and 
 has been a teacher of Mohammedauism. But three 
 months ago she came in contact with one of our Chris- 
 tian families, and she has given evidence of real con- 
 version. 
 
 *'At 7 P. M. the candles were lighted on the tree 
 and the program began. The 'old, old story' was read 
 and explained by the missionary. Then a modest lit- 
 tle Malay girl of twenty years, with a sweet voice, led 
 the children in a Christmas song. This was Anna, the 
 teacher of the boys' day school. Then, as afterward, 
 in her own quiet, gentle way she told them the mean- 
 ing of the Christmas time, one could not but thank the 
 great Heavenly Father for the transforming power of 
 His grace. 
 
 ''When the preacher asked the children if they 
 were thirsty and could drink some lemonade, there 
 was a prompt and hearty response. So lemonade and 
 cake were served. When order was restored there 
 was a short address by an ex-Roman Catholic Javar- 
 nese, and another by Peter Pietersz, the Ambonese 
 exhorter. Three years ago Peter was a drunken ex- 
 
 130 
 
The First Malay Methodist Quarterly Conference, 
 
 Nathanael and liis People at Kanipong Sawa. 
 
 The New Church Building Erected at i. . .^'ong 
 Sawa in 1908 at a Cost of $100, Gold. 
 
 A similar Church is badly needed at a village some miles from tliere. 
 Rev. J. R. Denyos and Naihanael. See page 105. 
 
THE WORK AND THE WORKERS. 
 
 soldier with a wooden leg, who eked out his pension 
 by singing vile songs to the accompaniment of a 
 cracked acoordicin» in the native sections of the city. 
 But mercy foimd him and saved him. To-day he is 
 untiring in his efforts for the salvation of the people 
 around him, and the Lord has blessed his efforts with 
 the conversions of several Mohammedans, among them 
 the hadji woman mentioned above. 
 
 *'So ran the program, songs, prayer, addresses, and 
 lastly, presents and a vote of thanks to you in the 
 homeland. ' ' 
 
 The song of the angels so many centuries ago, 
 ** Behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy," is 
 yet but faintly echoed in beautiful Java. Let us be 
 increasingly thankful that the song increases in vol- 
 ume axid that each Christmas time more and more 
 are hearing of the Christ child. 
 
 ]\Iagnitude of the Work. — The work in Java is 
 limited only by the inability to enter the villages al- 
 ready wide open to the missionar}^ God never called 
 a young people to a greater task or to a larger prob- 
 lem. The? evangelization of Java is a big proposition. 
 The fields are indeed white to the harvest. The eight 
 American missionaries, with 'their sixteen native help- 
 ers, doing the work of the mission in the ten native 
 schools and fifteen preaching places, have gathered 
 about them three hundred members and probationers. 
 This is not the whole of the story, for monthly the sit- 
 uation is changing. Statistics can not tell all, they 
 but state some facts. The workers, our substitutes on 
 
 131 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 the field, are giving their best service in the telling of 
 the Story and the uplifting of the Cross in this land 
 of the Crescent. We who must uphold their hands by- 
 prayer and gifts must see to it that we give our best 
 here in order that the best may come to the Kingdom 
 in these dark places where others labor. And is our 
 best too much ? 
 
 132 
 
CHAPTER YIII. 
 OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS. 
 
 Beginning. — From the very beginning the work 
 in Java has been one of open doors on every hand. 
 The missionaries in India were destinjed to wait and 
 labor many years before baptizing a convert. In 
 China the gospel w^as preached ten years ere the first 
 follower Avas received. ]\Ir. Denyes at his farewell 
 service in Pittsburg said: ''This is your time of trial. 
 Waiting far tlie beginning of the ingathering of souls 
 will try your patience, as it will mine. ' ' In one city 
 in Java a Dutch missionary worked for six years and 
 at the end of that time was transferred to another 
 place without having seen a single Chinese or native 
 convert. Another missionary came and worked for 
 sixteen years and still not one had been baptized. 
 
 Bishop Oldham told ]\Ir. Denyes as he left Singa- 
 pore for Java, ''You will do well if you get into Java 
 by the beginning of 1906." No one expected quick 
 returns or early results from the first efforts. Two 
 years after the opening of the work in Java the Bishop 
 in an address before the Pittsburg young people said : 
 "Was ever seal of God so manifestly set upon a mis- 
 sion as this ! God, in His mercy, knowing that young 
 Christians may ' grow T\^ary in well doing, ' is giving 
 
 133 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 such early fruitage as I have never seen in a Moham- 
 medan land." 
 
 Opportune Moment. — Java was without doubt en- 
 tered for aggressive missionary conquest at the oppor- 
 tune moment. ''There is no part of the Malaysia 
 field that offers such opportunities for a wide spread- 
 ing movement as Java. ' ' So wrote; Dr. West after his 
 first official visit to >the mission,. 
 
 Impressions. — Dr. Goucher, so helpful and so in- 
 terested in the beginning of the movement, included 
 Java in his visitation of the mission fields during the 
 India Jubilee. In a letter to the writer soon after his 
 return home, he said : ' ' The work is developing in Java 
 very rapidly ; in fact, I Imow of no field which, for the 
 time it has been opened, has made such progress. The 
 investment is a good one and well worth following up 
 in a generous way. Its opportunities are almost 
 boundless. I have visited no field in all our mission 
 work that seemed to me so thoroughly ripe for culti- 
 vation or that has made so great a record in so short 
 a time." 
 
 Another Jubilee visitor took a run over to Java, 
 Dr. J. Sumner Stone, of New York City. In writing 
 of his impression of the Java situation he tells us: 
 "I came away convinced that Methodism has no- 
 where a better opportunity for a new and mighty 
 work. Climatic conditions are favorable, and the 
 population is ready for evangelization. The Chinese 
 in Java are kindly disposed to Christianity and some 
 of them were converts in China. They are ready to 
 co-operate in establishing the work. Mr. Denyes is 
 
 134 
 
OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS. 
 
 winning his way among all classes. ' ' Bishop Oldham, 
 giving a report of things as they niow are in Java, 
 says : ' * Ponder the sentence, there are almost weekly 
 baptisms already in a JMohammedan land. When the 
 full force of this sentence enters the mind and heart 
 of the people at home there will be heartfelt thanks- 
 giving for the demonstration that, 
 
 * Jesua shall reign, wher'er the sun, 
 Doth his successive journeys run,* 
 
 for this demonstration, as yet in the small, is the 
 prophecy of conquest in the large, and the conquest 
 of the Crescent is the sternest enterprise upon which 
 the followers of the Cross wdll enter before the end 
 comes.*' 
 
 The missionary himself writes, ' ' I am simply com- 
 pelled to turn my eyes away from the opportunities 
 that tlirust themselves like open doors on 'every hand. ' * 
 Oh, the pathos of the unused opportunities! 
 
 One Open Door. — A short time ago one of the 
 Christians went out ten 'miles from Batavia to a vil- 
 lage where the relatives of his wife live; he called 
 the pveople together for a meeting in the home of his 
 father-in-law, who is himself a ]\Iohammedan. The 
 house was filled. He talked with them till 2 o'clock 
 in the morning, showing them the difference between 
 their religion and Christianity. At 2 o'clock he asked 
 those who were ^villing to enroll themselves as learn- 
 ers, provided a teacher w^ould be sent to them, to give 
 in their names. Fifty-six adult Mohammedans gave 
 in their names, but there was no money in the mission 
 budget to permit of the employment of a teacher. 
 
 135 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 This is not an isolated ease — there are many oppor- 
 tunities such as this coming to Mr. Denyes. 
 
 A Pressing Need. — A pressing need is the ability 
 to enter these open doors and put a pastor-teacher 
 over these groups of people. One hundred dollars a 
 year will support one of these pastor-teachers. 
 
 Several years ago, Dr. G-oucher, far-seeing states- 
 man that he is, most profoundly affected the course 
 of the Methodist mission in India by creating a body 
 of day schools, whose teachers were all preachers of 
 Christianity. The fruit of these schools has been seen 
 in the revival 'which still abides in India. Java awaits, 
 so says Bishop Oldham, another Goucher who will 
 sow the fertile soil of Java with humble Christian 
 schools. 
 
 Recent Developments. — ^Another opportunity that 
 has to do with the school life in Java is of recent 
 development. In Netherlands, India, there are large 
 numbers of very intelligent and progressive Chinese. 
 There are many organizations among them — 'the one 
 which is so important a factor in educational life is 
 the Liong Hwa Hwe Koan. When these people, who, 
 through their organization, stand for the promotion 
 of education and patriotism and who grant religious 
 freedom, become Christians, they will be stanch, firm 
 followers. 
 
 Through the plan of Anglo-Chinese schools of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Mission in the Straits Settlements 
 much sympathy with educational mission work has 
 been aroused. This is shown by the fact that recently 
 the organization petitioned the mission to supply a 
 
 136 
 
OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS. 
 
 principal for their English school in Batavia. They 
 will pay the salary, also they have requested the dis- 
 trict superintendent to act as inspector of their Eng- 
 lish department. Thus a door of great opportunity 
 swings open to 'the Christian Church. Shall it be 
 entered ? 
 
 Within the past year a new means of approach 
 to the Javanese has come through the "Budi Utom.*' 
 This organization is summoning the people to follow 
 after education and so prepare themselves the better 
 for their part in life. "It is the first streak of a new 
 dawn and the Methodist Church must prepare herself 
 for the labors of the mew day." 
 
 Where five years ago the schoolhouse would not be 
 permitted, it is to-day demanded. Urgent calls come 
 for the teacher. Mohammedanism is not prepared to 
 meet this new demand. This is the day of opportunity 
 for the Christian Church. 
 
 Need of a Medical Missionary. — It has long been 
 the experience of those who labor for the gospel in 
 Mohammedan lands, and consequently who have 
 studied deeply into the questions and problems of 
 work in a ]\Iohammedan country, that the greatest en- 
 tering wedge of all is through the medical missionary. 
 From almost the time of ]\Ir. Denyes's first letters the 
 Christian physician for Java has been mentioned. 
 The need is becoming more and more apparent, and 
 more urgent are the demands being pressed upon the 
 home Church for the sending forth of the first medi- 
 cal missionary from America to this virgin field. 
 
 A man who was about to build a home on a beau- 
 
 137 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 tiful terraced hillside discovered iOn a near hill a cer- 
 tain kind of stone which he desired for the founda- 
 tion. Workmen were engaged to dig out the stone, 
 but their efforts were fruitless. All attempts at find- 
 ing a place to secure a leverage and to be able to break 
 the stone were unavailing. The word came to the 
 man — ^the stone is one solid mass, it can not be broken. 
 He desired it very much, and again insisted that the 
 workmen should look further. Again they returned to 
 him, reporting the hopelessness of the task. Then he 
 himself went to the hillside. He spent many days 
 looking carefully for a crack, a crevice, an entering 
 wedge. Almost in despair, he at last began to tear 
 away some vines and clinging verdure and continued 
 his search. After days of toil he was rewarded by 
 finding a small opening barely large enough for the 
 entrance of a wedge, but large enough when the tool 
 was used and the power applied to be the beginning 
 of the breaking of the solid mass of rock. 
 
 There is a seam in the rock of Mohammedanism 
 into which the missionary doctor may go, and there 
 as he uses the chisel of love and sympathy and com- 
 passion he has the entrance to the darkness of Moham- 
 medanism vouchsafed, to no other. One of the greatest 
 opportunities for Christianity in Java awaits the com- 
 ing of this medical missionary. 
 
 As one of the July days of the past summer was 
 drawing to a close, a band of Christian workers sat 
 on ''Round Top," not at Northfield, but in a Penn- 
 sylvania town. Hymns of praise and prayer had been 
 floating out on the evening air — ^now the leader of the 
 
 138 
 
OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS. 
 
 evening vespers was speaking. The sun, as though 
 loathe to sink behind the beautiful Blue Ridge hills, 
 tarried in all his gorgeous splendor. The writer sat 
 with the little company and yet not of the company. 
 On the opposite hillside was the foundation and be- 
 ginnings of a new hospital, below was the waiting 
 village in which lived the folk who some day would 
 be carried by ambulance and cot within the wards of 
 that hospital to be cared for by nurse and doctor. 
 The likeness to the site in Java awaiting the hospital 
 and the other buildings was in the writer's mind. 
 The villages lay below that waiting site in which were 
 people in greater ne>ed of medical attention and air, 
 and yet the site was still untouched by mason 's spade 
 or carpenter's tool. 
 
 The cry from the missionary for the immediate 
 occupancy and the coming of the medical workers 
 sounded above the evening 's message that night. The 
 vision of the hospital, the preacher's training school, 
 the liill school nestling against the waiting hillside 
 in Java became very real. 
 
 May it not be many months until the doctor and 
 his wife are on their way to Holland to qualify under 
 the Dutch Government for certificate to practice medi- 
 cine under the Dutch flag, and after six months or a 
 year in Holland to proceed to the isle where such an 
 unparalleled opportunity in a Mohammedan land 
 awaits them. 
 
 Better Equipment. — The increased numbers in 
 which inquirers are seeking the mission places of wor- 
 ship makes a much felt need of better equipped build- 
 
 139 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 ings in which to meet these 'peoples. Chapels may be 
 erected for $150 to $200 gold, that will do service for 
 twenty years and seat one hundred and fifty people. 
 Let not the progress lof the missionary among these 
 people be stayed for lack of equipmient. 
 
 Support for Native Workers. — The opening of 
 the small chapels and preaching places and the ap- 
 pointment of native pastors to supervise and do the 
 work in the absence of the missionary at other sta- 
 tions creates a need for the support of native preach- 
 ers. This need wall constantly be increasing and is a 
 most necessary part of the work. The great mass of 
 non-Christian peoples must be reached by the native 
 workers. It remains for the Christian Church to see 
 that funds sufficient are sent to the field, that no little 
 group of inquirers need be turned away because of 
 the lack of funds to supply a native pastor at $100 
 a year. 
 
 Think of the unused opportunities when the mis- 
 sionary -miust say, "We can not care for you now. Think 
 of the heartache of the missionary, of the heartache 
 of the Father of all missionaries and of the Father 
 whose only Son died on Calvary 's Cross in order that 
 those natives might be saved. ''Not yet ready for 
 you." Shall that be the answer of the Christian 
 Church in the face of the present opportunity in Java ? 
 
 Work Among the Women. — With the beginning 
 of the work among the women, there are two needs 
 felt which for the time at least are greater than others : 
 One is a Bible readers' training school, where the 
 women who come into the Church onay, if they desire, 
 
 140 
 
Otto A. Carlson. 
 
 See page 110. 
 
 Bishop \V. F. Oldham. 
 
 See patje 
 
OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS. 
 
 be taught to do the house-to-house visiting and work 
 among the women and girls of Java. The women 
 and girls in Java shall know of Christ in proportion 
 as His story is told them by the Christian women 
 of America and the Continent. The women must 
 reach the women. Hence the necessity of preparing 
 these native women and girls who are early gathering 
 into the mission. A beginning has been made toward 
 a fund for a training school, Mi.sis Ruth's friends 
 having sent her two hundred dollars toward the meet- 
 ing of this need. 
 
 Support of Bible AYomen. — The second n-eed, the 
 support of Bible women, is a natural outgrowth of 
 the work of the training school. When these women 
 are prepared to go from house to house Ave of the 
 West should make it possible for them to live and 
 to teach their sisters of Christ. Sixty dollars a year 
 will support a Bible woman and thirty dollars a year 
 will keep a girl in training in the school. 
 
 A Missionary Home. — A missionary home in Ba- 
 tavia, Buitenzorg, and Tjisaroea are needs which have 
 been felt since the beginning. If the mission oANTied 
 its own property the payment of rents for the houses 
 and Church buildings would cease to draw on the 
 annual budget and it could be preserved for the en- 
 trance of new work. The only property o\Maed is the 
 Church property at Buitenzorg, and it has still a 
 small debt on the building. 
 
 Keyword. — Urgent needs and boundless opportu- 
 nities await the Christian Church. ^^Giz ang hati," 
 ** joyous,*' ''eager hearted," is the keyword by which 
 
 141 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 tht native Christians express themselves when speak- 
 ing of the new faith among them. Shall not the people 
 of the West, to whom they look for sympathy and 
 help, show them that the spirit of Christianity, 
 whether in the Orient or the Occident, is ''joyous," 
 ''eager hearted" everywhere, and joyously, eagerly 
 give themselves to the doing of the task ? 
 
 Divine Leadership. — Divine leadership has been 
 the dominant characteristic of these first years in 
 Java. A living Christ and One who is ever present is 
 in eommand of this work. He laid the command on 
 His children and they went. They went expecting 
 to find walls to fell, aad lo ! the walls are down. He 
 throws open doors on every hand and gives glad op- 
 portunities of progress. 
 
 The beginnings mark divine leadership. The 
 greatest need in the work to-day, both from the stand- 
 point of the home base and of the field, is divine 
 leadership. 
 
 A Passion. — The evangelization of Java can not 
 be an impulse, it must be a passion. Many of "the 
 other sheep" He has, that must be brought before 
 there can be one fold and one shepherd, are in Java. 
 There must be the divine passion and the divine com- 
 passion of the Shepherd of souls who seeks "till He 
 find it." 
 
 "O tender Shepherd, climbing rugged mountains, 
 And wading waters deep, 
 How long wouldst Thou be willing to go homeless 
 To find a straying sheep? 
 
 142 
 
OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS. 
 
 ' I count no time,' the Shepherd gently answered, 
 
 ' As thou dost count, and bind 
 The days in weeks, the weeks in months ; my counting 
 
 Is just until I find.' 
 And that would be the limit of my journey. 
 
 I 'd. cross the waters deep, 
 And climb the hillsides with unfailing patience 
 Until I found My sheep." 
 
 So in Java it must be the passion to seek until we 
 find the sheep. We are in partnership wnth Him who 
 led into Java, and He must always be the senior 
 member of the firm. Java for Christ in this genera- 
 tion is not an idle dream. It may be a blessed reality. 
 
 Faithfulness. — But one thing is required, not 
 only of those who under God were promoters in the 
 first days, but of those who have now put their shoul- 
 ders to the wheel and of those who will give themselves 
 to the task, that one thing is faithfulness. At the 
 battle of Marengo, Napoleon's drummer boy was or- 
 dered to beat a retreat when the battle seemed lost. 
 But insJtead the boy cried out, ' ' Sire, you never taught 
 me to beat a retreat, but I can beat a charge.'' 
 
 "Beat it then," responded his commander. The 
 sound of the charge went down the faltering line, the 
 company rallied, and won the \nctory. 
 
 There have been crises in the Java work. There 
 have been those who ordered a retreat to be beaten, 
 but, thank God! "'the Pittsburg j^oungsters" stood 
 firm in those hours. There is no retreat to be sounded. 
 The charge of the ages soimds, ' ' Go diseiple ^ly pe»o- 
 pie." The One from whose lips came the command 
 
 143 
 
JAVA AND ITS CHALLENGE. 
 
 has never ordered a retreat. Tlie challenge comes 
 across the waters, ''Come, for all things are ready.'* 
 To most the answer will mean but the giving of money 
 and prayer to support the work ; to others it will mean 
 the giving of self to go and strengthen the hands of 
 their pioneer American missionaries in Java and the 
 doing of the ever-enlarging work among those Moham- 
 medan peoples. God's call is forward. Whether it 
 is ours to share the ministry of prayer, the ministry of 
 gifts, or the ministry of self. He Himself will show. 
 The day is coming when far-off Java, resplendent in 
 the beauties of nature and rich in tropical wealth, 
 yet darkened by sin and bruised in following after 
 other gods, shall 
 
 *' To Him all majesty ascribe 
 And crown Him Lord of all." 
 
 How large a share the young people who began the 
 work will continue to have in the bringing of this 
 glad day in Java will depend on their faithfulness to 
 present opportunity. The task is before the Church, 
 The Cross or the Crescent in Java. Jesus Christ or 
 Mohammed for Java. "What shall the answer be? 
 
 144 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 10 145 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 REPORTS OF THE JAVA WORK FROM THE 
 
 MINUTES OF THE MALAYSIA ANNUAL 
 
 CONFERENCE. 
 
 SINGAPORE DISTRICT. 
 
 "The Pittsburg Conference has undertaken to 
 raise the su'ini of four thousand dollars a year for five 
 years in order to open new work in ^lalaysia, and 
 they have selected Brother Denyes as the man whom 
 they wish to do this work. Northwestern University 
 has also promised to raise a sum to assist in the same 
 work. The most of the money for the first year is 
 already in the bank at Singapore. These facts make 
 plain to us that the Church at home is demanding that 
 the world be evangelized, and it behooves as to see to 
 it that we carry out their behest while we remember, 
 itoo, that in so doing we are fulfilling the connnand of 
 the Lord Himself that we * disciple all nations.' " 
 B. F. West, Presiding Elder. 
 
 (The above was t-aken from the ^linutes of the 
 thirteenth session of the Malaysia Conference, held in 
 Kuala Lumper, February, 1905. It was at this Con- 
 ference that the appK)in'tment of ]Mr. Denyes to Java 
 was read.) 
 
 1905. 
 
 Java. — I went with Brother Denyes to Java in 
 March. We went to Batavia, got our six months' per- 
 mits, and proceeded to do the island. We went by 
 
 147 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 train to the far eastern end of the island, to Soura- 
 baya land then went down to Lawang to visit Mr. 
 Penninga, the British and Foreign Bible Society 
 agent, with whom we took counsel. We then visited 
 Modjowemo, the most successful mission station in 
 (the whole of Java, then to the north coast, Samarang, 
 to see the work of the Salvation Army, then to Cen- 
 tral Java, Djokjakarta, in the most densely populated 
 part of the island, and from there back to Batavia. 
 We ^udied the situation for several days, and the net 
 result of our conclusion was that we ought to begin 
 our work at or in the vicinity of Batavia, Applica- 
 tion was made to the government for permission to 
 establish our mission in the island. We held a service 
 in the English Church at Batavia and daily kept 
 gathering facts. We found that Java has a popula- 
 tion of over 32,000,000, there being 277,263 Chinese 
 among these, that there are 14,089 Christians all told, 
 that the Christian Reformed Church, the Java Com- 
 mittee, the Salatiga Mission, the Baptists, the Salva- 
 tion Army, and the Nederlands Missionary Society 
 were at work in the island. I then returned to Singa- 
 pore, and left Brother Denyes to study Dutch and the 
 problems incident to opening a new mission. 
 
 Brother Denyes reports as follows in regard to his 
 work in Java: ''The real work in Java began when 
 I returned from Singapore with Mrs. Denyes and the 
 children in the middle of July. We reached Batavia 
 July 23d, and remained there two weeks, while looking 
 for a house in Buitenzorg. We have thus had less than 
 six months in which ito work. During that time we 
 have held a regular weekly service in the English 
 Protestant Church, Batavia. The attendance has 
 been small, but there has been some spiritual advance. 
 In Buitenzorg we were unable to open a church at 
 once, as we had no permit from the government. 
 By the time this came we had gathered around us a 
 
 148 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 little group of six Chinese, two women and four men. 
 On the fifth of November these were organized intx> 
 a Church, the First ]\Iethodist Church of Java. This 
 Church has grown until now there are twelve proba- 
 tioners. A good building has been rented in a suitable 
 section of the city, and the prospects of a rapid in- 
 crease in membership are good. 
 
 On the 12th of November I took over an inde- 
 pendent Chinese Church on the outskirts of Batavia, 
 baptizing eleven adult Chinese. This Church wa.s the 
 result of the work of a Christian Malay man, who had 
 started a little school for boys and girls. As he be- 
 came acquainted with the parents, he taught them 
 the gospel. This Church has now a membership of 
 fourteen full members^ and eleven probationers. There 
 is also a school of fourteen boys and girls. 
 
 ^Irs. Denyes is teaching ten women to read roman- 
 ized Malay, and has also one woman who is gi\^ng 
 her whole time to study, with the intention of becom- 
 ing a Bible woman. We have one young man already 
 in the Bible Training School in Singapore preparing 
 for ithe ministry, and another will probably go during 
 the coming year. 
 
 We have been obliged to spend considerable time 
 this year on the study of Malay, Dutch, and Sun- 
 dan ese. ' ' 
 
 The vision w^hich was shown Brother Denyes has 
 more than materialized, it has grown with the months, 
 and now beckons us on to greater tilings than the 
 most sanguine hoped for. 
 
 B. F. West, Presiding Elder. 
 
 WOMAN'S CONFERENCE. 
 
 Greetings to the Woman's Conference of 1906: 
 This is the third Conference in succession that I have 
 been obliged to miss, and I feel ver>' keenly the lo8s 
 
 149 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 of fellowship and counsel -of these gatherings. But 
 the expense of traveling was too great to warrant my 
 going this year. 
 
 My report is certainly one of beginnings, for we 
 have not been in one place long enough to really ac- 
 complish much. The first six months after last Con- 
 ference I remained in the boarding school to help Mr. 
 Pease while Mr. Denyes was away on the initial trip 
 to Java. 
 
 On the 23d of July we reached Java, happy to 
 reach the field to which we had long looked forward. 
 We spent fifteen days only in Batavia before going 
 on to Buitenzorg, where the bishop had advised us 
 to live. Although I could not but feel that the good 
 of the work required us to live in Buitenzorg, yet I 
 longed to stay in Batavia. There seemed to be so 
 many opportunities there, especially among the Eng- 
 lish people. 
 
 Our stay in Batavia left many pleasant miemories. 
 Beautiful flowers, prepared for our arrival, certainly 
 made us feel that a welcome wa^ awaiting us. One 
 day I stepped into the bank and you may imagine 
 my delight when I was greeted by one 'of my old 
 Singapore boarding school boys, Sian Hock. "We 
 gladly accepted his invitation to visit his beautiful 
 home and meet his wife and family. It was a pleas- 
 pleasure to sing again the songs we used to sing to- 
 gether in Oldham Hall. And how I enjoyed the 
 afternoon that In Teck spent with us. After these 
 years the life at Singapore had not been without its 
 effect. ''I simply can not work on Sunday," he said. 
 The habit of Sunday observance had been so im- 
 pressed upon him that he would not work on that 
 day. 
 
 At the end of two weeks we moved to Buitenzorg. 
 We had been up a few days before and purchased a 
 bed and a table and rented a house. It was a rather 
 
 150 
 
E. Naomi Ruth. 
 
 See page 121. 
 
 J AVAN KSK WoMKX , 
 
 See 7>aflre lUO. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 limited supply of furniture, but we were anxious to 
 get into our own home, although I had many misgiv- 
 ings as I thought of housekeeping in a strange land 
 with a strange people. But imagine our surprise 
 when we entered our house to find it fitted up with 
 tables, chairs, and almeirahs, etc., kindly loaned by 
 a neighlx)r. So we lived with our neighbor's furni- 
 ture until we could have some made. We were indeed 
 grateful for the help of these kind friends. 
 
 These six montlis have been very full. Language 
 study has taken up much of our time. Our Malay 
 has had to undergo many changes, and Dutch has 
 had to be studied. We have hardly made a start in 
 Sundanese, as all the Sundanese must be learned 
 through the medium of Dutch, therefore the Dutch 
 must come first. 
 
 Soon after we reached Buitenzorg, a Chinaman 
 came to Mr. Denyes wanting to become a Christian. 
 He had heard about Christianity in China, and now 
 he wanted to learn more. His wife came with him. 
 I asked her if she, too, wanted to become a Christian. 
 She knew nothing about this religion, but she was will- 
 ing for her husband to join and she would learn. 
 So two days a week the wife came to me, while the 
 husband w4th other men came at night to Mr. Denyes. 
 Then the woman became so interested that she also 
 came at night. In this way she made marked progress, 
 and has now finished the primer and reads the hymns 
 freely. She is forty-two years old. The other day 
 her husband said to ]Mr. Denyes, "]\Iy wife is much 
 more patient in the house since she was converted." 
 This couple seem to have really accepted Christ ncit 
 only with the head, but with the heart also. 
 
 Soon after this woman, Si Cheng, began to strug- 
 gle with her a, b, c, a cousin, a widow forty -seven years 
 old, came to stay with her. She, Sin Neo, wanted to 
 be taught also. When she was a very little girl her 
 
 151 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 uncle had begun to teach, her the alphabet. But be- 
 fore she had mastered all the letters, her uncle died. 
 Now, after forty years she had come to finish her al- 
 phabet, and, I trust, to learn of Christ. After two 
 months she felt that she must return to her daughter 
 and work, but seeing in her what I thought the making 
 of a Bible woman, I proposed that she remain with 
 me and prepare herself for teaching. She stayed, and 
 for the last two months has been giving her whole 
 tijue to study. She lives in a little room in our serv- 
 ants' quarters and is making good progress in her 
 studies. We are praying that ,she may grow into a 
 real worker in this needy field. 
 
 Our Sunday evening services were held in our 
 own kome until November 19th, when we rented a 
 building in the Chinese section. Since then we have, 
 beside our Sunday service, throe week-night meetings. 
 These meetings take the form of a Sunday school. 
 After the opening exercises the men go to another 
 room, while the women and girls remain wdth me. 
 We have in the woman's department an average of 
 ten in attendance. The Bible stories are ever full of 
 interest to them, and even the primer has a charm, 
 as they can now all read some. Most of the women 
 are Moham.medans, but we have hopes of leading even 
 them to the Saviour. One of the Mohammedan women, 
 the wife of a Chinaman, could not be persuaded to 
 attend our services at first, although her husband was 
 a probationer. Her husband took home a catechism 
 which she read. Then she ventured to attend a serv- 
 ice. The next m.oming she told her parents that 
 she had read about Christianity, and that then she 
 had gone to church and heard about it, and that she 
 was persuaded that it was a better religion than Mo- 
 hammedanism. Persecution followed this and she 
 stopped attending the services. But this morning she 
 was at our home with her husband and said she wanted 
 
 152 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 to wait one month more, and then, if all was well, she 
 would be married to her husband according to Chris- 
 tian rites end become a Christian. 
 
 With the English people in Batavia I have hardly 
 become acquainted. I have enjoyed the little I have 
 been among them, but distance and expense limit pos- 
 sibilities of work. We had a pleasant and profitable 
 Christmas service which was well attended. 
 
 Our Chinese Church at Karet I have been unable 
 to visit because of the distance, not being able to 
 leave the children. There are only two women mem- 
 bers there and twenty-five men. They certainly need 
 help. 
 
 A mission in a new country aboimds in problems 
 and perplexities not always easy to solve, but we have 
 great reason to thank God for His manifest presence 
 with us. 
 
 Your fellow-worker in His service, 
 
 Mary Owens Denyes. 
 
 1906. 
 
 SINGAPORE DISTRICT. 
 
 Java. — At the time of the Annual Conference a 
 year ago there 'were in Java two native ^Methodist 
 Episcopal Churches with thirty-nine members and 
 probationers, a beginning of a woman's training 
 school and a weekly English service. This Conference 
 year closes with five native churches, three day schools, 
 a woman's training school, and a regular service for 
 the English people of Batavia. The aggregate mem- 
 bership is forty -nine full members and one hundred 
 and eighty-five probationers, exclusive of some sixty 
 baptized children imder ten years of age, and sixty 
 children in our schools. 
 
 153 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Because of the inaceessibility and petty persecu- 
 tions we found it wise to abandon our church at the 
 village of Karet during the latter part of the year 
 and open a station on the main road a short distance 
 away. Many of those on probation have become 
 frightened and we have lost them, but those who had 
 been baptized are for the most part still faithful. 
 
 At Buitenzorg the Church .has had a good year. 
 There has been no large increase in membership, but 
 there has been a steady growth in intensity of spir- 
 itual life. Dr. West visited us in August and held 
 a week of special services, which were very helpful 
 to the people. In May, Khu Chiang Bi, of Penang, 
 was transferred to Java, and put in charge of the 
 Buitenzorg Church. The congregations have been 
 large and the interest good, and I anticipate a rapid 
 and solid growth during the year. 
 
 In April, 1906, a preaching place was opened at 
 Pasar Senen, Weltevreden, and Balok Arpasad was 
 put in charge. He is a Malay, but his congregation 
 is made up of Hakkas, Babas, and Javanese. This 
 congregation has grown very rapidly and the people 
 are loyal to the Church. The preacher is a good 
 speaker and an untiring pastor. 
 
 In connection with this Church there is a co-edu- 
 cational school where the Malay language is taught. 
 There are twenty-five boys and girls in attendance. 
 The teacher is the niece of the pastor, an eighteen- 
 year-old Malay girl. Among the pupils are eight chil- 
 dren of Mohammedan parents. 
 
 About the 1st of June another preaching place 
 was opened at Tanah Abang, also under the care of 
 Balok Arpasad. A number of those who had left 
 Karet were gathered into this Church and made the 
 nucleus of the new work. But it was soon found that 
 the people of Tanah Abang were Hokkiens with but 
 
 154 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 little knowledge of Malay. About this time a young 
 Hokkien man from China applied for work and was 
 taken on trial. After two months with Chiang Bi 
 learning Malay he was put in charge at Tanah Abang. 
 For a new man he has been fairly successful in reach- 
 ing the people. 
 
 During the year we took over a ^lalay congrega- 
 tion that had gone out from the Romian Catholics. 
 There were about seventy adults and thirty-five chil- 
 dren. They were all taken on probation only. They 
 are fairly true to the legal requirements of Chris- 
 tianity, but have little grasp of real spirituality. Al- 
 ready, however, there has been a distinct advance 
 in religious activities. ]\Ien who have not been to 
 Church for years are coming again, seeking to be 
 reinstated as Church members. I have taken in direct 
 from Mohammedanism some five or six adults and a 
 number of children. 
 
 The last station to be opened was at Tjisaroea, fif- 
 teen miles from Buitenzorg. At this place there is an 
 estate owned by a family of Dutch Christians. At 
 their invitation I went there about the middle of 
 January of this year and formed a little group of 
 seven Christians into a Church, with one of them in 
 charge of the services. A bamboo building 15 by 30 
 feet was put up, and on the first ^Monday in February 
 a school was opened with two boys and one girl. By 
 the end of the week there were fifteen ]\Iohainmedan 
 children in attendance with the promise of more. 
 
 In addition to these appointments we have opened 
 an Anglo-Chinese school at Buitenzorg. There were 
 only six pupils when we began July 1st, but there are 
 now twenty, and we expect a number more after Chi- 
 nese New Year. We hope to see this school entirely 
 eelf-supporting by the end of the present year. 
 
 The woman's training school started by ^Irs. Den- 
 
 155 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 yes in 1905 has been kept- up, and three women are 
 in attendance. Of these one is about ready for service 
 as a Bible woman. 
 
 No brief statement can give an adequate idea of 
 the needs or opportunities of Christian service in the 
 island of Java. The field is open to the gospel and 
 earnest service is certain of abundant reward. 
 
 -W. T. Cherry, Acting Presiding Elder. 
 
 WOMAN'S CONFERENCE. 
 
 The report from this comer of the field must nec- 
 essarily take the form of a statement of the condi- 
 tions of woman's work and its needs rather than a 
 record of work accom-plished, for I am the only one 
 in Java whose report comes to this Conferenoe. There 
 are now in the territory assigned to us five native 
 Churches, one English Church, three day schools, and 
 a woman's training school. There lare various 
 Churches and schools situated long distances apart, 
 a.nd soime of them are difficult of access. One of them 
 I have not been able to visit even once during the 
 year. There were services in the Chinese Church 
 four evenings each week, and during the first few 
 months I attended almost every meeting, teaching the 
 women to read and sing. There were always from 
 eight to twenty women present and all eager to learn. 
 The women have shown a remarkable constancy in 
 the Church attendance, although there is rain nearly 
 everj^ evening in the year. Some months ago, a young 
 business man began to attend our services. His 
 mother became angry. She begged and threatened 
 and made offerings at the temple. But at last her 
 son persuaded her to attend one service. She came 
 once to see, and since that time has never been ab- 
 sent from a meeting when it was possible to attend. 
 
 156 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 She has not yet taken a stand, but recently she was 
 overheard scolding another heathen woman for not 
 allowing her son to be baptized. Two other women 
 have insisted upon their sons becoming Christians, 
 although they have not themselves joined the Church. 
 They are married to men who use opium and they 
 are compelled to support their families, and they feel 
 that so long as they must buy opium for their hus- 
 bands they dare not call themselves Christians lest 
 it bring discredit upon the Church. We are hoping 
 that the new opium cure will help us to set free, not 
 only the men who use this drug, but also their wives 
 and daughters. 
 
 The woman ^s training scliool has required a good 
 deal of time and attention. At the beginning of the 
 year we had only one woman in attendance. We now 
 have three. These are all widows of mature years 
 and give fair promise of future usefulness. They 
 have learned to read with some readiness, but we 
 are seriously hindered by the fact that the ]\lalay 
 books which we must use are in Singapore dialect. 
 We are, however, fortunate in that Ah Sow, the wife 
 of our Chinese preacher, has recently come to us and 
 she undei-stands both the language and I\Iethodist 
 methods. I anticipate a good deal of help from her 
 in caring for the women. If we can obtain the finan- 
 cial help necessary for this school there is little doubt 
 but that we shall soon see widespread work among 
 the women of Java. 
 
 At Pasar Senen, Weltevreden, from twenty to 
 thirty women attend the services regularly. They are 
 learning to sing our songs and seem to be entering 
 into the real spirit of Christianity. At Pondok Cede, 
 a village some fifteen miles from Batavia, there are 
 about forty women who are probationers in the 
 Church. Most of these have come to us from the 
 
 157 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Romian Church, but six of tihem have come direct from 
 Mohammedanism. Only a few of them can read, and 
 they all deeply need the training of some one who 
 can lead them into the light lof real spirituality. 
 
 Our day schools are in the beginning stages as yet. 
 Our Anglo-Chinese school at Buitenzorg is taught by 
 an English lady. The Sundanese school at Tjisaroea 
 is taught by a Malay man. The Malay school at 
 Pasar Senen is taught by a Malay girl eighteen years 
 of age. The most remarkable thing is that they are 
 co-educational, Chinese, Malay, and Sundanese boys 
 and girls sitting together in the same classes. 
 
 The great need of the work in Java is a lady who 
 can give her entire time to evangelistic work. There 
 is very great promise of an abundant harvest when- 
 ever the reaper shall come. 
 
 Mary Owens Denyes. 
 
 Buitenzorg, Java. 
 
 1907, 
 
 NETHERLANDS INDIES DISTRICT. 
 
 Java. — The beginning of the Conference year 
 found us with a comparatively large membership of 
 persons whO' were either backsliders of very long 
 standing or those who had newly, come into a knowl- 
 edge of the gospel. Both classes knew but little of 
 Christianity as a transforming power in the human 
 heart. Moreover, four out of the five native preach- 
 ers had had no previous knowledge of Methodist doc- 
 trines or polity, and but little of personal religious 
 experience. It was therefore decided from the outset 
 to devote the year to the building up and organizing 
 of <thosie already under our care, rather than to the 
 extending of the work. In this we can thankfully 
 
 158 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 record some measure of success. In every Church 
 there has been a distinct growth in spirituality, and 
 in the feeling of interest in, and loyalty to, the 
 Church. The preachers are laying more of emphasis 
 upon personal salvation, and the members are awak- 
 ening to a feeling of responsibility for spreading the 
 gospel. The machinery of the Church is being intro- 
 duced as rapidly as it can be done without confusion. 
 There is a growing willingness to submit to authority, 
 and an increasing appreciation of the value of method 
 and system in Christian work. 
 
 The statistics of this year do not properly repre- 
 sent the work accomplished. Three of the five 
 Churches show little or no increase in membership. 
 This, however, does not indicate either stagnation 
 or backsliding, but rather the holding rigidly to a 
 high standard of moral conduct on the part of mem- 
 bers on trial before they are admitted to full mem- 
 bership. It is a fundamental doctrine of Methodism 
 that the vilest sinner may find mercy and soul salva- 
 tion if he will but turn from his sins and seek the 
 cleansing power of the blood of Christ. Therefore, 
 the Church stands ready to receive all who come 
 seeking admission, provided they "desire to flee from 
 the wrath to come." 
 
 The jMethodist Church is not merely a place where 
 saints may exhibit their goodness, but a place where 
 the ignorant may be taught, the sorrowing may find 
 comfort, the weak find help to meet the battles of life, 
 and the wicked may find cleansing from their sins. 
 But our experience has led us to feel that many who 
 come seeking admission to our Churches do not as 
 yet appreciate the spiritual side of our religion and 
 can not be truly said to be seeking to flee from the 
 wrath to come. We have, therefore, added a class of 
 members for w^hich the Disciple makes no provision, 
 that is. Inquirers. Persons asking to be received into 
 
 159 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 the Church are first enrolled as inquirers for at least 
 two months, and only raised to the class of proba- 
 tioners when they have shown by their conduct that 
 they really mean to conform to Christian teaching. 
 The result of this rule is that at least fifty, who would 
 otherwise appear in the statistics as probationers, do 
 not appear at all, and thus the statistical tables fail 
 to reveal the whole work accomplished. It should 
 be added that probationers who become slack in their 
 attendance upon the means of grace are reduced to 
 the class of inquirers. 
 
 BuiTENzoRG. — The actual total membership in this 
 Church is less by three than it was last year. This, 
 however, does not indicate a retrograde movement, 
 but is due to the working out of the rule of holding 
 people in the class of inquirers till they are ready for 
 entrance as probationers. Eight Chinese adults have 
 been baptized and received into full membership, and 
 about fifteen others have been reduced from the rank 
 of probationer to that of inquirers, and hence they 
 do not appear in the statistics. 
 
 The general spiritual condition of the Church is 
 good. A Sunday school has been started. Cottage 
 prayer-meetings are being held, and the members are 
 both earnest and active in carrying the gospel among 
 their neighbors. In the early part of the year the 
 preacher, Khu Chiong Bi, began to go out once a week 
 to the Chinese village, Tjampea, some eight miles from 
 Buitenzorg, and hold services. The interest among 
 the people was so great that we decided to rent a 
 building and make it a regular preaching place. The 
 Christians of Buitenzorg collected the money to buy 
 chairs and lamps. The interest has continued 
 throughout the year, and I believe we shall soon 
 begin to see definite results, although no one has as 
 yet been enrolled. 
 
 One very decided advance step has been taken in 
 
 160 
 
A Native Church. 
 
 First Distrut Conferkxck of thk Nkthkr- 
 LANDs, India Distrut . 
 
 AVf pane 1'^. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 the purchase of a large brick building on the main 
 street of the Chinese quarter of Buitenzorg. This 
 building is well adapted for Church, Sunday school, 
 and native parsonage, and is adequate for a good 
 many years. The Church and day school were moved 
 to the new building on the first of November. 
 
 The ]\Iethodist English school has suffered severely 
 this year in the loss of the teacher, ]\Irs. Giodwin, 
 whose ill-health made it necessary for her to give up 
 the work. On the 1st of October the school was placed 
 in charge of Unosuki Ogawa, a Japanese from our 
 Singapore Anglo-Chinese school. This school has 
 steadily gro\\Ti in numbers and will, I trust, become 
 a distinct factor in the social and religious life of 
 that community. 
 
 Tanah Abang. — At Tanah Abang, Batavia, we 
 must record also a small decrease in the membership. 
 There have been no baptisms, and none of the proba- 
 tioners have been taken into full membership during 
 the year. This has been a disappointment, for at the 
 beginning of the year the prospects seemed bright. 
 But this Church has been unfortunate. The member- 
 ship is largely 'made up from the coolie class, and these 
 people are continually shifting from place to place. 
 Moreover, the people speak only Hokkien, of which 
 the missionary understands as yet but little. But the 
 worst misfortune came when the native preacher gave 
 up his position to go into business. He ha^, however, 
 continued to supply the pulpit, though giving no time 
 to pastoral work or to personal instruction. It will 
 be necessary to secure a regular pastor at the earliest 
 possible moment. 
 
 Pasar Senen. — The number of probationers in the 
 staitistics last year should have been thirty-nine in- 
 stead of fifty-nine, for some twenty baptized chil- 
 dren under ten years of age were accidentally included 
 in the list. Thus once more the statistics fail to re- 
 
 U 161 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 veal the whole truth. There have been five adult 
 baptisms. Of these, two were Chinese, two Japanese, 
 and one ]\Ialay. 
 
 The people have grown in grace and in earnest- 
 ness in seeking the ;salvation of their own people. 
 Some twenty-five have been received on probation, 
 and about eight or ten will soon be prepared for bap- 
 tism. A Sunday school has been started and it has 
 an average attendance of twelve children, most of 
 whom are from IMohammedan homies. In connection 
 with this Church is a day school taught in Malay, 
 w^ith an attendance of twenty-one boys and girls. 
 Christianity is made a prominent feature of the 
 school. About half of the pupils are Mohammedans. 
 The school fees more than pay the salary of the 
 teacher, but do not cover the rent of the building. 
 
 At this place are a number of workers who are well 
 taught in the Scriptures, and they are being used as 
 leaders of cottage prayer-meetings in the various kam- 
 pongs. There is a growing interest in the subject of 
 Christianity, and very frequently the native preacher 
 and his helpers meet the Mohammedan priests for 
 debates. As a result a number of Mohamme Jan Java- 
 nese, Simdanese, and Malays have occasionally at- 
 tended our services and a few enrolled as inquirers. 
 
 One very serious difficulty in the work of this 
 Church is the language question. Many IIakka» have 
 beco'm,e interested in Christianity and come with some 
 regularity. But they understand very little Malay, 
 and we have no preacher who can speak Hakka. I 
 believe a great work could be done if we had a Hakka 
 preacher. During the year the market at Pasar Senen 
 was destroyed by fire, and many of our members 
 moved to other places, but they are for the most part 
 remaining true to Christianity as they understand it. 
 
 During the latter part of the year the preacher, 
 Balok Arpasad, and an exhorter, a Javaneise, have 
 
 162 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 been holding services and visiting the people at an 
 outlying village. Some thirty years ago there were 
 at this place a large number of ]\Ialays who became 
 Christians under the teaching of an independent mis- 
 sionar}\ After the death of this man the missionary 
 society for West Java continued to hold services, but 
 the work ran down, and some ten years ago was aban- 
 doned. Recently we have been' able to rouse some 
 interest, and five of these persons have asked to be 
 enrolled as Christians. A number of others are con- 
 sidering the question. I am hopeful that before the 
 end of the coming year we shall be able to reclaim a 
 good number of these backsliders, and make them an 
 advance army in a campaign among the more bigoted 
 Mohammedans. 
 
 PoNDOK Gede. — The people have not yet suffi- 
 ciently developed to warrant their being raised to 
 full membership. And yet there has been some ad- 
 vancement. Six children and five adults, all from 
 the ranks of Islam, have been baptized. The people 
 of this village have all had their training under other 
 auspices, and it will take some time to bring them up 
 to IMethodi^t ideals in morals and methods. But they 
 are growing slowly. The village is so far away from 
 Batavia and so inaccessible that they can not be given 
 ss much care as is needed. They are learning to 
 sing our hynms, and are beginning to show some ac- 
 tivity in the way of cottage prayer-meetings. 
 
 During the year a substantial wooden church 
 building has been erected at a cost of $200, the Church 
 members doing a part of the work. This building will 
 seat two hundred people, and is well suited for the 
 place. The people at this place are ver>' poor, al- 
 though better off than many of their ^Mohammedan 
 neighbors. The time seems to be rapidly coming when 
 some missionary' should give a considerable time to the 
 study of sociological problems in the island of Java. 
 
 163 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Tjusaroea. — The work at Tjisaroea was begun just 
 at the close ot the last Conferenoe year by the open- 
 ing of a day school with fifteen children enrolled, and 
 the gathering of half a dozen nominal Christians into 
 a little Church organization. At Conference time 
 Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan were transferred from Singa- 
 pore to this place to begin what we hope will be some 
 day a great Sundanese Church. It took until the first 
 of May to get them settled at Tjisaroea, and even 
 then they were obliged to devote a great deal < f time 
 for two months more to repairing the house in which 
 they live. In August Mr. Buchanan was called to 
 Batavia to look after my work during my absence of 
 three months. They have, therefore, had but little 
 time during the ishort Conference year to devote to 
 the study of the Sundanese language, and to the culti- 
 vation of the people. In spite of these difficulties, 
 however, much has been accomplished. Both Mr. and 
 Mrs. Buchanan have gained a large acquaintance in 
 the surrounding villages. They have cared for hun- 
 dreds of cases of sickness, often as many as fifteen 
 or twenty persons coming to them in a single day. 
 These cases have been followed up in their homes, as 
 far as possible, and the occasions used for teaching 
 religious truths. 
 
 The day school has grown some in numbers, there 
 being now twenty-two boys and girls in attendanee. 
 The children are taught Christian doctrines as well 
 as reading. Already the gospel hymns are being 
 sung by the children throughout the kampongs all 
 around, and the people are being made to feel that 
 Christiandty is at work. A regular Church service 
 is held every Sunday afternoon with an average at- 
 tendance of twenty-five. Mrs. Buchanan conducts a 
 Bible-class for the women and girls. Mr. Buchanan 
 preaches in English every Sunday morning for the 
 Europeans on the estate. There are now one full 
 
 164 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 member, thirteen probationers, and thirty-nine in- 
 quirers. 
 
 During the year a whole village of Javanese, con- 
 sisting of fourteen adults and eighteen children, defi- 
 nitely renounced Mohammedanism and were enrolled 
 as inquirers. Two of these have already been bap- 
 tized, and the others are learning as best they can 
 the doctrines of Christianity. But communicating 
 religious truth to them is a problem. They under- 
 stand but veiy little of either Sundanese or Malay. 
 They are Javanese colonists from ]Mid-Java who set- 
 tled on this estate years ago. Our ]\Ialay preacher 
 goes weekly to them and teaches a young man who 
 speaks ^lalay. He in turn teaches the people in Java- 
 nese. Quarterly we send up our Javanese preacher 
 from Batavia for a day or tw^o. This is the best we 
 can do at the present time. The language question 
 at Tjisaroea is a serious one. 'Mr. Buchanan has made 
 a heroic effort for the time he has had, but he -works 
 under difficulties. There are no English-Sundanese 
 dictionaries or other books for beginners, so he must 
 need learn through the medium of ^lalay and Dutch. 
 Moreover, he is handicapped by the lack of Hymnals, 
 Disciplines, and other books necessary to the develop- 
 ment of the work. 
 
 We desire to record our sincere thanks to Mr. 
 Paul Bik for supplying the Sundanese equivalents 
 to the English words in the Triglot vocabulary. Also 
 to Mr. Francis Keuchenius for his kindness in trans- 
 lating into Sundanese for us some twenty-five hymns 
 and most of the Ritual of the Church. These will 
 prove of very great assistance to us in our work. We 
 also desire to record our appreciation of the kindness 
 of Mr. Bruno Bik, the owner, and ^Ir. Edward Keu- 
 chenius, the manager of the estate, in providing a 
 house rent free for our missionary and for our native 
 preacher, and for their other manifold kindnesses. 
 
 165 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 We earnestly pray that they may receive of God rich 
 temporal and spiritual reward. 
 
 Prophecy without inspiration is always an uncer- 
 tain matter, and yet 'my faith sees within a few years 
 a large spiritual work among the Mohammedans of 
 Tjisaroea. 
 
 Among the incidents of the year none is more 
 pleasant to remember than the visit of Bishop and 
 Mrs. Oldham, and 'the District Conference, over 
 which the bishop presided. Here for the first time 
 our workers were gathered together to take a look at 
 the whole work. Eighteen workers assembled at the 
 First District Conference in Netherlands, India, where 
 three years ago we had not a single Church member. 
 It was all new to them, but the significance of it grew 
 upon them and produced a Isisting impression. Men 
 and women who had never before taken part in a 
 public meeting read reports and gave testimonies of 
 religious experience in a way that brought hope and 
 encouragement to the hearts of the missionaries. Two 
 of those who took part in this Conference have defi- 
 nitely given their lives to God's service. One is a 
 Sundaniese woman whom Mrs. Denyes had been teach- 
 ing for some months. She is now in the woman's 
 school at Malacca preparing herself for a teacher and 
 Bible woman. The other is a young Javanese who 
 has entered the training school to prepare for the 
 ministry. 
 
 We rejoice in the victories already gained, but 
 we look with burdened hearts upon the fields yet to 
 be won. Satan is stronger and sin is bolder in this 
 district than we have ever seen elsewhere. We need 
 more helpers, wc need suitable literature in the ver- 
 naculars. But the work is God's work, and He will, 
 in His own good time, supply all our needs. 
 
 J. R. Dentes, Presiding Elder, 
 
 166 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 WOMAN'S CONFERENCE. 
 BATAVIA AND BUITENZORG. 
 
 The year that has just passed has been largely 
 spent in moving from place to place. The first two 
 months after last Conference we continued to live at 
 Buitenzorg. Here the work amongst the women was 
 most encouraging, and I was very loath to leave it. 
 From; fifteen to thirty women were always in attend- 
 ance at the meetings. During the last few months, 
 however, the attendance has fallen off somewhat. One 
 reason for tliis has been the fear of ghosts. Two Chris- 
 tians have died and the story has been started that 
 their souls are wandering about begging for food 
 which was not given them at their funeral. This has 
 so frightened a number that thej' have stopped coming 
 to Church. But we believe that in the course of time 
 even this foolish alarm w^ill prove to have been a 
 blessing in that it will lead many to talk and think 
 about the Christian religion. 
 
 The preacher's wife, Ah Sow, wdth her fine Chris- 
 tian spirit and her Deaconess Home training, is doing 
 much to win and hold the women, but with her two 
 tiny babies she can get out but little into the homes. 
 Since I moved to Batavia I have spent one day in each 
 month at Buitenzorg, leaving Batavia at 7 A. ]\L and 
 returning at 6 P. ]\L In this way it has been pos- 
 sible to visit many of the w^omen, and they have all 
 seemed to enjoy the reading, singing, and prayer. 
 
 In ]\Iay we 'moved to Batavia. The first few weeks 
 we were busy getting settled, as our furniture was 
 sent up with our new missionaries to our mountain 
 station at Tjisaroea. In and near Batavia we have 
 three Churches besides an outlying preaching place. 
 It has been my aim to distribute my efforts among 
 all these charges. However, it will be readily seen 
 
 167 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 that even the women who have been already reached 
 can not possibly be given the care and help that they 
 need. 
 
 The Church at Tanah Abang is a man's Church. 
 The women will not attend the services unless I or 
 some other women from Pasar Senem Church attend. 
 On the other hand, at Pasar Senen and Pondok Gede 
 the women come in goodly numbers. They are eager 
 to learn and are very faithful at the services. 
 
 I had scarcely begun to get acquainted with the 
 pleople when I was summoned to Singapore in Au- 
 gust on account of the illness lof Mr. Denyes. We 
 remained two 'months in Singapore and then spent a 
 month at Tjisaroea. 
 
 Much that I had hoped to accomplish during the 
 year has had to be laid aside for the home duties 
 which could not be omitted. But I have kept up the 
 teaching of the three women who are preparing for 
 service until I was called to Singapore, when two of 
 them returned to their homes and one went to the 
 training isichool at Malacca. 
 
 I desire lonoe more to urge the necessity of sending 
 to this field a lady missionary who can be free from 
 household cares and who can spend her time among 
 the women of Java. The field is 'white already to 
 the harvest. 
 
 Mary Owens Denyes. 
 
 WORK AMONG THE MOHAMMEDANS. 
 
 We have been in Java nine months and in Tjisa- 
 roea eight. 
 
 Our health has been good but we have been much 
 handicapped. The house we amoved into was a lumber 
 office, but with repairs and additions it has been made 
 quite a nice dwelling-house. With untrained serv- 
 
 168 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ants, I have been compelled to do most of the cooking 
 myself. We have had to do most of the marketing 
 ourselves, and in this way a great opportunity has 
 been afforded us to go among the people selling books 
 and tracts, and also helping them in the medical line. 
 Those who have been sick in their homes come to the 
 roadside as we pass and call ils to their homes. Many 
 have come to the house for medicine. We have been 
 able to help three hundred and eighteen different peo- 
 ple with medicine during these eight months. 
 
 Small villages are scattered all over the estate, and 
 the people have come from eighteen of these villages. 
 ]\Iany times we have been able to go to the homes of 
 those ill and thus gained access to the villages and 
 met a host of people. 
 
 During Mr. Denyes' illness we lived in their home 
 in j\Ieester Cornelius. While there I visited among 
 the different Churches and the villages where work 
 had been started. 
 
 I have two classes, one for the women and one for 
 the girls. Although I have just begun w^e have had 
 very good prayer and testimony meetings. 
 
 I have been able to attend nearly all the English 
 services held in the home of the owner of the estate. 
 The native service is held in our own home. Mr. 
 Buchanan speaks in ]\Ialay and the native preacher in 
 Simdanese. After the seiwice we sing for a half hour, 
 which the young people enjoy much. 
 
 Emily Early Buchanan. 
 
 169 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1908. 
 
 NETHERLANDS INDIES DISTRICT. 
 
 JAVA. 
 
 Pasar Senen. — This Church hais grown? steadily 
 during the year. There were fifteen baptis.ms, about 
 half being from the ranks of Islam. One interesting 
 ease was that of a Malay woman who had become a 
 hadji, that is, she had been to Mecca, and for eighteen 
 years she had been a teacher of JMohammedanism. 
 Some little time ago she met with one of the exhorters 
 of this Church and w^as led to consider the claims of 
 Christianity. In a short 'time she was converted, and 
 she is novY one of the most faithful in attendance upon 
 the services of the Church. 
 
 During the year the government opened a number 
 of schools in the Dutch language for Chinese and 
 native boys. One of these schools is near the Pasar 
 Senen Church. Most of our boys left our Malay 
 school to enter this Dutch school; but after a few 
 months we were able to secure new boys and the school 
 is slowly gaining again. 
 
 Just at the close of the year the health of the 
 Malay preacher failed to such an extent that it was 
 necessary to send him to another place, so it was de- 
 cided to open another station in a village some twenty 
 miles from Batavia. This ''kampong" is wholly Mo- 
 hammedan, but the people are inclined to be friendly 
 and willing to listen. 
 
 There are two out-stations connected with this. 
 Church. One is in a Mohammedan village, twenty- 
 five miles from Batavia; the other is in the old town 
 of Batavia, among the Baba or Java-bom Chinese. 
 Both of these stations are served by local preachers 
 from Pasar Senen. At the first of these places eight 
 
 170 
 
Some Convkrts. 
 
 A Nativk School. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 adults have been enrolled as probationers. At the 
 other two have been baptized and several others are 
 on trial. 
 
 Tanah Abang, Batavia. — Shortly after Confer- 
 ence Diong Eng Seng and his wife came to ns from 
 Sarawak, Borneo, and were put in charge of the 
 Tanah Abang Church. It was a hard place to work, 
 for the full members of the Church had all been bap- 
 tizycd before coming into our Church, and they were, 
 with the exception of one, living far below the Chris- 
 tian standard. Of the vseven full members reported 
 last year, only one remains. The rest have all moved 
 away and their names have been dropped from the 
 roll. By quiet, persistent work Eng Seng has wrought 
 a great change. There are now ten real Christians in 
 full membership with thirteen hopeful probaitioners. 
 
 PoNDOK Gede. — This is the only real Malay 
 Church in all ^lethodism. It is surrounded on all 
 sides by ^Mohammedan villages, and these of unen- 
 viable reputation. It has maintained its Christian 
 standing for thirty-five years, but it has not been an 
 evangelizing force. Those "who have drifted away 
 to other places have about neutralized the natural 
 increase from the birth of children of Christian par- 
 ents. Lack of pastoral oversight and extreme pov- 
 erty have led them into general indilference to things 
 religious and into the habit of Sabbath labor. The 
 long distance and the poor roads have made it difficult 
 for us to give them the care they need. But of late 
 there have been signs of growth in spiritual life. 
 Three adult Mohammedans and nine children have 
 been baptized. 
 
 BuiTENZORG, City. — The most important feature 
 of the work in Buitenzorg during the year was the 
 coming of Rev. 0. A. Carlson to take charge of the 
 English school and the station. The English school 
 
 171 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 has been in existence for t"(\^o and a half years. The 
 English lady who had been in charge left us at the 
 end of the first year. The school was small and could 
 not pay the salary of a European teacher, so a native 
 was put in charge. In January of last year Mr. Tan 
 Guan Huat, a wealthy Chinaman of Buitenzorg, of- 
 fered us a subsidy sufficient to cover the extra ex- 
 pense, provided that we would get an American 
 teacher for the school. Bishop Oldham at once trans- 
 ferred Mr. Carlson from Kuala Lumpor to Buiten- 
 zorg. The school is growing in numbers and the boys 
 and girls are making good progress. Ten or twelve 
 of them attend the Sunday school. 
 
 Last year an out-station was opened at Tjampea, 
 ten miles from Buitenzorg, where the preacher holds 
 a weekly service. For more than a year there were 
 no visible results; but some three months ago there 
 came a break, and twelve were enrolled as probation- 
 ers. Most of these are bright young Chinese men. 
 
 This year another out^station was started at Tjibi- 
 noeng, a little village twelve miles from Buitenzorg. 
 There have been no apparent results so far, but the 
 people show a remarkable willingness to listen to 
 the gospel. 
 
 A large part of the debt on the Buitenzorg build- 
 ing was paid off during the year by the generous gift 
 of two thousand guilders from Dr. Groucher, of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 Tjisaroea, Buitenzorg. — In the early part of the 
 year the preacher-teacher resigned, leaving both the 
 church and the day school to be cared for by Mr. 
 Buchanan. It was impossible to secure another suit- 
 able man for the school, but a Chinese lad was em- 
 ployed as an assistant, and so the school was kept 
 going. Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan have made good prog- 
 ress in the Sundanese language. Four services are 
 held each week, one in English for the Europeans on 
 
 172 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 the estate, one in Malay, and two in Simdanese. Dur- 
 ing the year a small hymnal has been printed, and 
 the ritual is now ready for the press. 
 
 J. R. Denyes, District Superintendent. 
 
 WOMAN'S CONFERENCE. 
 
 BATAVIA AND BUITENZORG. 
 
 It is with pleasure that we are able to report that 
 there has been continuous and healthy gro\vi:h in the 
 work among the women in this field during the past 
 year. At Buitenzorg there continues to be a good 
 attendance of women at the services of the Church. 
 The pastor's wife has a weekly class for the women. 
 During the most of the year I have spent one day 
 each month visiting from house to house in Buiten- 
 zorg. Out some twelve miles from Buitenzorg are 
 two preaching stations. At these stations the women 
 have shown a great willingness to listen to the gospel, 
 but it has been impossible to go to them regularly. 
 
 At Batavia the opportunity for direct evangelistic 
 work among the women is limited only by the ti'me 
 and strength of the missionaiy. From fifteen to 
 twenty women are in attendance at every service at 
 the Pasar Senen Church. There have been several 
 interesting conversions among these people, one being 
 that of a woman wiio has for eighteen years been a 
 teacher of ^Mohammedanism. 
 
 For two years the Church at Tanah. Abaug was 
 a serious problem. The preacher was a single man 
 and the women could not be induced to enter the 
 Church. Last ^March Diong Eng Seng was sent to 
 this Church. He brought with him his wife, Dorcas, 
 who had been educated in the school at Penang. She 
 has won her way into the hearts of the women of 
 Tanah Abang, and now there is a regular attendance 
 
 173 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 of eight or ten womeiL at the Church. Unfortunately 
 the services are all in the Hokkien language, and these 
 women, the wives of the Chinese 'miembers, are all 
 Malays. They can not understand what is said, but 
 they get together before and after the services and 
 talk over religious matters. Two women have already 
 been baptized. One of these is a woman living two 
 miles from the church. She came for the first time to 
 the services at the time of our District Conference in 
 July. For three months she spent almost the whole 
 time, day and night, in prayer for salvation. The 
 strain became so great that it was feared that she 
 would die. But the light dawned at last, and now 
 she fairly lives for the speed of the good news. Sev- 
 eral of her people are becoming intereisted and it 
 looks as though her whole village would soon be 
 reached. 
 
 Fifteen miles from Batavia is our Malay Christian 
 village. I have been able to visit there but once dur- 
 ing the year, for the roads are very bad. There are 
 fifty-nine women on probation at this village. Only 
 about half a dozen of these can read. There is very 
 great need for some one to go aimong them and teach 
 them. All around them are thousands of Moham- 
 medan homes which could be reached, were some one 
 able to do the work. 
 
 We have waited and prayed for a lady missionary 
 who oould give her whole time to teaching the women 
 of Java. Miss Blackmore spent three weeks with us 
 this year and her visit was greatly appreciated. Now 
 comes the good news that already there is on the way 
 a young lady whose heart and time is to be given to 
 this work, and we are even now rejoicing over the 
 lives that will be brightened and the souls that are 
 to be saved by the power of the Holy Spirit working 
 in and through her. 
 
 Mary Owens Denyes. 
 
 174 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1909. 
 NETHERLANDS INDIES DISTRICT. 
 
 The year has been one of victory. Difficulties 
 there have been, weak spots in the work due to ill- 
 health, misfit helpers, and lack of funds, yet withal 
 it has been a year of progress and victory. 
 
 There have been many changes in the personnel 
 of the mission force. Of the six men and women 
 who appeared on the roll at the opening of last Con- 
 ference only two remain, ]\Irs. Denyes and myself. 
 
 Brother Carlson returned with us from Confer- 
 ence only to set his affairs in order, and then started 
 for the homeland. AVe knew that his health was poor, 
 but we little thought as we waved him farewell that 
 it was the last time we should look upon fthe face of 
 our comrade in service, our loving-hearted apostle 
 with tlie enthusiasm of a boy and the courage of a 
 man. But God called him in the midst of his home- 
 ward journey, and from the hiospital in Colombo he 
 went to his reward. 
 
 Brother and Sister Baugliman came to take up the 
 work at Buitenzorg, and earnestly and loyally have 
 they done their part. IMiss Ruth, supported by the 
 young people of the Pittsburg Conference, came to 
 us at Conference time to help in the woman's work 
 at Batavia. She has given herself unsparingly to 
 the study of the Malay and to visiting among the 
 people, and has <made a place for herself in the mis- 
 sion. Soon after Conference, ]\Ir. Worthington left 
 for a well-earned furlough, and during the latter part 
 of the year ^Ir. Horley has had charge of the work 
 in West Borneo. After several months of warning 
 Mr. Buchanan's health finally gave way, and in Sep- 
 tember he was compelled to leave for America with 
 his family. 
 
 175 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Java. — The striking features of the Buitenzorg 
 work have been the addition of twenty-five to the 
 Church membership, a large increase in the attend- 
 ance upon the regular services, extensive repairs on 
 the church building, rapid growth in the English 
 school, the opening of Malay schools at Buitenzorg 
 and Tjibinong, and the beginning of a boys' boarding 
 school. There are sixty pupils in the English school 
 and fifty-five in the Malay school. 
 
 The work at Tjisaroea was apparently just about to 
 bear fruit in the gathering in of a number of Sunda- 
 nese Mohammedans, when ]\Ir. Buchanan was com- 
 pelled to leave. Two were baptized, and it is hoped 
 that others will soon follow. These itwo baptisms are 
 significant in that they are the first break that we have 
 had in the ranks of the Sundanese. At this station 
 there are now four preaching places, two schools, and 
 the nucleus of a Christian colony. 
 
 In the variious Batavia Churches there has been 
 a steady growth. The percentage of those received 
 on probation who become full members is much 
 greater, in fact only a small propontion now fail to 
 reach full membership. In August a new church 
 was lopened at a village eighteen miles from Batavia, 
 and already eight adult Mohammedans have been en- 
 rolled as probationers. Others, including some of the 
 most influential men of the village, attend the services 
 occasionally and are favorably disposed. 
 
 In June we opened a Hokkien-Foochow Church at 
 Sioerabaya, in East Java. There are now ten proba- 
 tioners and a good number of inquirers. There would 
 have been severpj baptisms had I been able to visit 
 the station again before Conference. Soerabaya is a 
 city of twenty-five thousand inhabitants, and almost 
 nothing is being done for its evangelization. A mis- 
 sionary should be placed there at the earliest possible 
 day. J. R. Denyes, District Superintendent, 
 
 176 
 
APPExXDIX. 
 
 WOMAN'S CONFERENCE. 
 
 BATAVIA. 
 
 The close of the Conference year serves but to re- 
 mind me of how little I have been able to accomplish 
 during the months that have passed. Nervous exhaus- 
 tion and typhoid fever have confined me largely to 
 my home. I have done but very little of visiting 
 among the women and have but seldom attended the 
 services of the Churches. 
 
 The coming to Java of ]Mrs. Baughman and Miss 
 Ruth has been a great blessing to the women. It has 
 been no longer necessary for me to make monthly 
 visits, as I did last year, to Buitenzorg; and Miss 
 Ruth's diligence in visitation has not only kept those 
 whom we might otherwise have lost, but has strength- 
 ened the Churches and brought others into the King- 
 dom. Now that I am strong enough again to move 
 about, it will be possible for ^liss Ruth and myself 
 to visit the out-stations where one woman can not 
 well go. 
 
 Though unable to visit aimong the people, I have 
 been enabled to have some part in the work in that so 
 many people have visited me. Day by day the}^ have 
 come singly or in groups with their joys and their 
 troubles until I have been partially reconciled to stay- 
 ing at home. 
 
 ]\Io->>t of the year two women have been in our 
 training home. One has left, as she was unable to 
 learn to read, although she learned the way of life. 
 The other, the hadji, is eager to learn and is making 
 fair progress, considering her age. Part of her time 
 is given to visiting. 
 
 Keng Neo, the Bible woman, has been a joy. She 
 is diligent, effective, and spiritual. She does a great 
 
 12 177 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 deal of general visiting among the Church, people and 
 outsiders, but her principal work is that of drilling 
 the new converts on the Lord's Prayer, the Apostles' 
 Creed, and the Ten Commandments. It is our desire 
 that our women should not only get a Christian ex- 
 perience, but also that they shall get something of 
 an intellectual foundation. 
 
 We have seen some real conversions among our 
 women this year. And they bravely, yet modestly, 
 (testify of a personal knowledge lof the Saviour. Al- 
 ready large numbers of women aittend the services of 
 the various Churches, and the work is scarcely yet 
 begun. ' ' The best of all is, God is with us. ' ' 
 
 Mary Owens Denyes. 
 
 With the close of this, my first year in the Malay- 
 sia Mission, it is with not a little reluctance that I 
 undertake to submit in any manner an account of 
 my part in the work of this vast harvest field which 
 lies before us. However, I am glad that during these 
 ten months and a half of my life in Java I have had 
 the joy of talking with many in their native tongue 
 of ' ' this great salvation. ' ' Until very recently, owing 
 to my lack of a ready use of the language, my time 
 has largely been given to helping and teaching the 
 women of our own Christian circles, and it is inter- 
 esting to see their eagerness to learn, and their per- 
 severance to the completion of (their lesson, whether 
 it be studying to read or memorizing the Lord's 
 Prayer and the Ten Commandments. 
 
 The Lord has helped me to find the same to some 
 non-Christian homes, from which have resulted the 
 entering into a new life of several souls. During t^yo 
 or three successive visits to a certain kampong in 
 search of a woiman deeply interested in Christianity, 
 but who had been absent from her home for several 
 
 178 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 weeks, an old lady whose house I always passed was 
 accustomed to watch and give me the latest news of 
 the other. One day, as usual, I found her on her tiny 
 front veranda, and after standing outside for a few 
 moments, talking of the one I sought, she asked me 
 to come in. Availing myself of the opportunity, I 
 was in a short time able to open up the all-important 
 subje'Ct with her. I found that she had lived twenty- 
 three years with a Dutchman who was not her hus- 
 band, and tried to tell her of her wrong and of One 
 who could and would save her. She listened with 
 apparent interest, and begged me to come soon again. 
 The next week I went again, and Oh, how very eagerly 
 did. she question again and again if salvation were 
 really for her. At first she argued that she was too 
 old, then she feared she did not know enough, and 
 then perhaps she was too sinful. But as at every 
 doubt I was able to reassure her — ^that salvation was 
 for the sinful, the unlearned, and all ages — her face 
 lit up with hope and courage, and she said, so long- 
 ingly, *'0h, help me to find the Savior, and to get a 
 clean, a satisfied heart." 
 
 From; that time she never missed a service at the 
 Church, and in a couple more weeks we succeeded 
 in getting the man to Church, when his heart was so 
 moved by the Holy Spirit that he repented, gave his 
 heart to God, and consented to marry at once. The 
 dear woman's face is bright with her new found joy, 
 for she very early rejoiced in a personal Savior, and 
 together they are living a new life before God and 
 the world. I. The night of their simple marriage at 
 the church, they brought with them another Dutch- 
 man who that same hour, with these, the missionaries, 
 and a few others, kneeling about him, wept his way 
 to Calvary. 
 
 There are many such homes still to be reached, 
 
 179 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 and God ia preparing the way through the hearts of 
 the women in urnany, if not all cases, as in this. The 
 women of Java are ready for 'the gospel; may this 
 coming year, through the power /of the Holy Ghost, 
 be one of abundant fruitage, and deepening of those 
 who have already realized an experience of salvation — 
 of a heart renewed wherein dwells their Savior. 
 
 E. Naomi Ruth. 
 
 APPOINTMENTS FOR 1910. 
 
 NETHERLANDS INDIES DISTRICT. 
 
 J. R. Dentes, Superintendent^ 
 (P. 0., Batavia, Java). 
 
 Batavia. English School C. M. Worthington 
 
 Kebantanan Supplied by Balok Arpasad 
 
 Pasar Senen To be supplied 
 
 Pondok Gede To be supplied 
 
 Tanah Abang Supplied by Sia Oan Seng 
 
 Tjilangkap To be supplied 
 
 Tjiater To be supplied 
 
 Buitenzorg. English School B. J. Baughman 
 
 Malay School Supplied by Ezekiel 
 
 Chinese School Supplied by Li Teng Ho 
 
 T jampea To be supplied 
 
 Tjibinong To be supplied 
 
 Tjisaroea C. S. Buchanan 
 
 Sundamese Supplied by Lewi 
 
 Soerabaya Supplied by Diong Eng Seng 
 
 Batavia Mrs. Denyes, Miss Ruth 
 
 Buitenzorg Mrs. Baughman 
 
 Tjisaroea Mrs. Buchanan 
 
 On leave Mrs. Buchanan 
 
 180 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 in 
 
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 C 
 
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 Soerabaya ... 
 
 
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 TJlsaroea 
 
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 ;::::: 
 
 
 
 TJiblnong ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tjampea 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bultenzorg 
 City 
 
 2gSg? 
 
 
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 TJlater 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kebantenan 
 
 ^•^■^^ 
 
 «ooo.-i^o-<Sph^ : : 
 
 
 
 Knmpong 
 Sawa 
 
 gg«^ec-.-H-.^o-.g \\\\\ 
 
 
 
 
 Tanah 
 Abang 
 
 SSS^ 
 
 eo c-1 ^ 0^ o : 
 
 iMNs! M 
 
 
 Pasar Senen. 
 
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 Batavla, 
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 D 
 
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 7 
 
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 I 
 
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 1 
 
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 35 
 
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 3 
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 « - 
 
 =1 
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
 Parsonages 
 
 ProhjihlH Value 
 
 Pastor's Hupport— Halary 
 
 Kent 
 
 Total 
 
 Current Expenses— UirhtinEr. etc, 
 
 Lesson Papers, etc 
 
 BKNEV01.ENT COLLECTIONS— 
 
 Missionary Collections— Church 
 
 Bundny Rchool 
 
 Tralnlnir Hchool 
 
 ■3 ^ 
 CO 
 
 181 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 SOME LETTERS FROM OUR MISSIONARIES. 
 
 BuiTENZORG, Java, Jan. 10, 1906. 
 Dear Fellow Leaguers : 
 
 In my first letter to you I said, ' * This is your time 
 of trial. Waiting for thei beginning of the ingather- 
 ing of soula will try your patience, as it will mine. ' ' 
 In one city in Java a Dutch missionary worked for 
 six years and at the end of that time was transferred 
 to another place without having seen a single Chinese 
 or native convert. Another missionary came and 
 worked for sixteen years and still not one had been 
 baptized. Had I been called upon to endure such a 
 trial I fear that my faith would have failed. But for- 
 tunately no such test has been required. Our work 
 has been blessed beyond what we might have reason- 
 ably expected. 
 
 The Church -of which I wrote you before as a 
 hope of the near future has become a reality. On the 
 5th of November, 1905, we organized the First Metho- 
 dist Church of Java at Buitenzorg. Mrs. Denyes was 
 received by letter and four Chinese men and two Chi- 
 nese women were taken in on probation. Since then 
 five more men have been received. These are heads of 
 families, and, while the women and children have not 
 yet joined the Church, they are learning and probably 
 will soon come in- 
 
 I often wish that you might isee us as we meet for 
 our regular services. We have rented a good building 
 in the midst of the Chinese quarter of the city, and 
 there we hold services Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 
 and Sunday nights. At 7.15 Mrs. Denyes and I reach 
 the church. There is always a double line of people 
 on the veranda waiting for us. We shake hand^ with 
 
 182 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 each of them, inquire as to their health and their fam- 
 ilies, and then all gather in the church. The average 
 attendance is about twenty men. and ten women. If 
 you could look in some evening, you might see some 
 things that would not accord with your ideas of pro- 
 priety. A man strolls in with his hat on and a lighted 
 cigar in his mouth. He sits dowTi, takes off his shoes, 
 and draws one foot up under him. We say nothing, 
 but soon some neighbor gives him a friendly nudge 
 and dowTL goes his foot. He sees that no one else has 
 a hat on or a cigar, and before long both hat and cigar 
 have disappeared. But it's almost amusing to see him 
 when it comes time for prayer. When I say ''Baik 
 kita minta do 'a/' every man, woman, and child 
 kneels. The stranger looks about in a dazed sort of a 
 way, and then he goes on his Imees upon the stone 
 floor, outwardly as reverent as though he had been 
 bom a Christian. After prayer and song we separate 
 the men and women. I take 'the men to another room^ 
 while Mrs. Denyes keeps the women. The women are 
 mostly learning ix) read Malay, so I\Irs. Denyes gives 
 them twenty minutes on the rudimentis of the lan- 
 guage and fifteen minutes of Bible story. I am taking 
 the men through the Catechism. I usually give them 
 ten mdnutes in which to ask questions, and this gives 
 me an opportunity to get an insight into their mode 
 of thinking. The people that are attending the meet- 
 ings are all skilled mechanics or shopkeepers. All of 
 them have a reading knowledge of one language, and 
 many of them of two or three. We return to the main 
 room for a final song and prayer service. On Sun- 
 days the service is more formal. These regular day- 
 by-day meetings, with the close personal element that 
 enters into them, will surely bring an early harvesiL 
 A ver}' important advance step has been taken in 
 the beginning of a Bible woman's training school. 
 Mrs. Denyes has fitted up a little room in a shed on 
 
 188 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 the mission oompoimd and has one woman giving her 
 whole time to study. This is a small beginning, but 
 it is a beginning, and from this school we hope in time 
 to turn out qualified helpers for our work. 
 
 Since my last report there has been an entirely new 
 departure. Nearly two months ago a Chinaman 
 hunted me up and wanted me to go with him to see 
 some people who wanted to be baptized. I went with 
 him to a little village near Batavia and found there 
 eleven Chinese who had been gathered together by a 
 Malay man and taught for nearly a year. The Malay 
 had formerly beien a teacher in a mission school at the 
 other end of the island, but had moved to this village 
 some time before. We opened a school for IMalay and 
 Chinese boys and girls, but as he became acquainted 
 with the parents he began to teach them Christianity. 
 At the end of the year he had prepared eleven of 
 them for baptism and he wanted me to baptize them. 
 I examined them and found them pretty well pre- 
 pared. They could repeat the Lord's Prayer, the Ten 
 Commandments, the Apositles' Creed, and part of the 
 Catechism. I baptized them, and then they wanted me 
 to take over the Church and unite it with the Metho- 
 dist Church. So I organized them into a Church on 
 the Methodist lines, appointing Balok Arpasad, the 
 Malay, an exhorter in charge. We have now at that 
 village, Karet, fourteen full members and ten proba- 
 tioners. There is also a school of fourteen boys and 
 girls. One fine yoimg man goes with me next month 
 to Singapore to enter the Jean Hamilton Bible Train- 
 ing School to prepare for the ministry. 
 
 Christmas is passed. It has been a busy time for 
 us. There w^as a Christmas tree at Karet, but the 
 rains had made the roads impassable, so we could not 
 attend. At the English Church, Batavia, and the 
 Chinese Church, Buitenzorg, we had religious services 
 but no tree, as we had only three or four children in 
 
 184 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 each Church. It was a bit lonely for us, for there 
 are no English people in Buitenzorg, and we have 
 been accustomed to being with so many missionaries 
 in Singapore. 
 
 Missionaries always want something. "We are no 
 exceptions. We are hoping that the Ep worth League 
 will send us a Christmas box for our people next year. 
 But it should be sent by the first of July to make 
 sure that it will reach here on time. We also want 
 very much a good supply of Scripture picture cards 
 and Leaf Clusters. 
 
 Let me urge once more that the Leaguers do not 
 forget that this work is their work, and that we are 
 depending on them to share with us in that burden 
 of intercessory prayer that will bring the showers 
 of spiritual blessing upon the Church in Java. 
 Sincerely, your substitute, 
 
 J. R. Denyes. 
 1-73 Salemba. 
 
 Batavia, Java, May 4, 1908. 
 Dear Friends: 
 
 If it were as great a pleasure to write about one 's 
 work as it is to do it, you would doubtless hear more 
 frequently from the field. It is hard to realize that 
 in the homeland there are people who are saying, 
 ''Poor fellow, he has to live in that far-awaj^ land." 
 The missionary who lives in Java needs the prayers 
 of Christians that he may be wise and strong and 
 spiritual, but he does not need their pity. It is a 
 privilege that any one might covet to be engaged in 
 a work that is growing steadily and solidly and with 
 a prospect of continued development. Such has been 
 the work in Netherlands India from the beginning. 
 There have been a few halting here and there, but 
 these have but served to emphasize the fact that as a 
 whole was steadily moving forward. I am firmly con- 
 
 185 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 vinced that the continuous victory here has been due 
 in no small measure to the prevailing prayers offered 
 up by the young people of the Pittsburg Conference. 
 
 Since our last report there have been several ad- 
 vance steps taken. One of these has been the opening 
 of a new preaching station in Batavia itself. This 
 place is called Jembatang Biisok, or the ''Bad 
 Bridge, ' ' from, the fact that years ago the bridge was 
 used as a place for hanging criminals. The work here 
 is among the Malays and the Java-bom Chinese. We 
 are meeting with a good spirit among the people, and 
 already two Chinese have been baptized. Eight more 
 are being prepared for baptism, and there are a good 
 number of regular listeners. 
 
 Some twenty miles from Batavia on the line of 
 the railroad w^e have opened another station at Tjiater. 
 One of our Javanese local preachers goes out there 
 every Saturday afternoon and stays over night. He 
 holds a short instruction and conversation meeting 
 on Saturday night and a regular preaching service on 
 Sunday morning. Thirty years ago there was a flour- 
 ishing church at this place among the Malays. The 
 missionary died and the place was not cared for. The 
 people gradually became indifferent and in the course 
 of years backslid. When the government required 
 them to register according to religious belief, the 
 younger generation mostly registered as Mohammed- 
 ans in order to avoid persecution. When we went 
 there we found only one old man and his wife who 
 had kept up a semblance of Christianity, though none 
 of the former Christians ever really went back to 
 Mohammedanism. We put up a little bamboo church 
 costing twenty American dollars, and began services. 
 We have won back about ten of the people, and others 
 seem about ready to come in. As soon as we can get 
 the money we will open a school for the children, and 
 then we will probably get most of the older people and 
 
 186 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 many of the younger families intx) sympathy with the 
 Church. 
 
 We were also fortunate in the early part of Mar(^ 
 to get again a regular preacher for our Tanah Abang 
 Chinese Church. Diong Ing Seng was sent to us from 
 Sarawak, Borneo. The church here was not in a good 
 condition, but Ing Seng seems to be getting the hearts 
 of the people. They are putting a new platform and 
 altar in the church and have done some repairing. 
 The people are being brought to see the need of better 
 lives, and several are making distinct progress in spir- 
 itual life. 
 
 Probably the most importanft move th^t has been 
 made during the last few months was the adding of 
 Rev, Otto A. Carlson to the working force of Java. 
 In Januar}^ a wealthy Chinaman of Buitenzorg of- 
 fered to pay a subsidy to the mission, provided we 
 would get an American teacher for our Buitenzorg 
 school in place of the Japanese who was then teaching. 
 He signed a legal contract obligating himself and his 
 heirs for five years to pay the difference between the 
 amount received from vschool fees at a fixed rate and 
 the full amount of a missionary 's salary, thus making 
 the school entirely independent of mission support. 
 
 No restrictions are placed upon religious teachings, 
 and we may receive all the really poor children we can 
 care for at his expense. The bishop at once trans- 
 ferred ^Ir. Carlson fronu the I\Ialay Peninsula to 
 Buitenzorg. ]\Ir. Carlson will also be the missionary 
 in charge of the native churches at Buitenzorg and 
 Tjampea. AYe have now on the district two married 
 and two single men. 
 
 Opportunities for work are now coming to us faster 
 than we can find the funds to care for them. I have 
 baptized about twenty since the first of the year, about 
 half of them coming direct from ]\Iohammedanism. In 
 two places Mohammedans have asked for a teacher 
 
 187 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 to be sent to them. In other places the people would 
 be glad to have us open Christian schools and would 
 listen to the gospel. Chinese and Malays who have 
 become Christians, but have moved away to other 
 places, are continually sending to us asking that 
 churches be opened in their villages. There is a rich 
 harvest waiting for the reapers. Pray ye therefore 
 the Lord of the harvest that He will send forth labor- 
 ers into the harvest. 
 
 Yours in His service, 
 
 J. R. Denyes. 
 
 "Singapore, Straits Settlements, Jan. 21, 1909. 
 To Pittsburg Conference Leaguers : 
 
 Though thousands lof miles of land and water now 
 separate us, and though my present surroundings are 
 new, strange, and fascinating, yet 'my thoughts are 
 often of the bright faces full ot enthusiasm, into which 
 I looked at the Epworth League rallies about nine 
 weeks ago ; and I would send you a few lines of greet- 
 ing from this beautiful city of Singapore. The bless- 
 ings of God, temporal and spiritual, have been rich 
 and bountiful throughout the voyage; and my "soul 
 doth magnify the Lord. ' ' On the mo-ming of Thanks- 
 giving Day I left my home for New York, whence we 
 sailed November 28th. The party consisted of Bishop 
 and Mrs. Oldham, their niece, who went only as far 
 as England, a young lady coming to Malaysia as a 
 teacher, and myself. 
 
 We who had not seen England before put to good 
 use the twelve days spent there, appreciating greatly 
 the privilege of visiting the many places of interest 
 and renowTi. We were very glad, however, when the 
 eighteenth day of December appeared, and we once 
 more turned our faces towards the land which our 
 hearts most longed to enter. Southward we sailed, 
 until in a few days the sunny skies of Gibraltar were 
 
 188 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 abov^ us. During the voyage from London to Singa- 
 pore we touched port at Gibraltar, Marseilles, Port 
 Said, Aden, Colombo, and Penang, and all along the 
 skies and each sight of land became more beautiful. 
 As we moved through channels between and among 
 richly green peninsulas and islets in the Singapore 
 harbor, the scene was most charming, and my thoughts 
 and emotions became conflicting a.s I reveled in the 
 beauties of nature, and reflected, ' ' Can heathen dark- 
 ness abide where the hand of God has so mani- 
 festly wrought ? " As we drew closer to the city, how- 
 ever, where I caught sight of native people, with a 
 dull aching in my heart I realized that it was true; 
 and at once the prayer was intensified that the effort 
 of the Pittsburg Conference Epworth Leagues to 
 spread the gospel light to those whose hearts and lives 
 are in darkness and total ignorance of their Crea1;or, 
 might soon, very soon, abound in fruitfulness. 
 
 Having been, left at Colombo by Bishop and ]\Irs. 
 Oldham, and at Penang by ]\Iiss Sutherland, I was the 
 sole member of our party to reach Singapore at the 
 appointed time. Miss Olson, one of our Singapore 
 missionaries, met 'me at the wharf, and we were soon 
 in a comfortable carriage driving over beautiful roads 
 toward the government groimds, in. which the ]\letho- 
 dist missionaries have their homes. I was brought to 
 the Deaconess Home, which is located upon a hill 
 overlooking the sea and surrounded by a luxuriant 
 growth of trees, shrubs, and flowei^. 
 
 The fii'st evening I spent in the city I attended a 
 service in a neat little church, where I was surprised 
 and greatly pleased with the appearance, singing, and 
 prayei^s of the Chinese ancl ]\Ialay congregation. 
 Surely this is ample and gratifying reward to those 
 who spend their means and their strength to lift up 
 the teeming humanity of the Orient. The coming two 
 or three weeks will be spent in Singapore, but when 
 
 189 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 you read 'this letter I shall doubtless be in Java. And 
 so, dear young people, remembering that you have 
 ''tightened the ropes and driven further the stakes" 
 on behalf of Java, I would again say to every indi- 
 vidual Epworth Leaguer, that this will not be suffi- 
 cient unless you ''keep at it" by intercession at the 
 throne of grace. Keep in clooe touch with our Leader, 
 and keep Java before Him by your own personal 
 requests. 
 
 Your sister in His ma^t blessed service, 
 
 E. Naomi Ruth. 
 
 Batavia, Java, July 15, 1909. 
 Dear Pittsburg Conference Epworth Leaguers: 
 
 With a heart full of praise to our dear Savior who 
 grants us the high privilege of being workers to- 
 gether with Him, and whose grace is more than suffi- 
 cient for His trusting children in whatever land or 
 conditions, I greet you from this lovely island of the 
 Southern and Eastern Hemisphere, among the people 
 for whom we are jointly laboring. Tlie rains are con- 
 tinuing into the so-called dry season, and the world 
 of nature is bright, fresh, and beautiful. The birds 
 down here seem to sing the same songs as those of 
 American woods in the springtime and sumimer; at 
 least the theme is the same set to different music. 
 Vegetation is rich and luxuriant ; and with the grace- 
 ful, brilliantly green palms, together with other large, 
 beautiful native trees, beneath a radiant slr^ , the scene 
 is charming indeed. Nature is a faithful witness to 
 her Creator, but human woes, 'moral and spiritual 
 darlmess are evident on every hand. 
 
 On a Sabbath morning about half-past eight I 
 start out to walk to the little church at Passer Senen, 
 for the air is fresh and pleasant, and I am soon roused 
 from my sweet meditations to see how real are the 
 people and their needs in a non-Christian land. As I 
 
 190 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 walk along the street I find myself in a moving, cease- 
 less strain of vehicles and people. ]\Iost numerous are 
 the men, women, and boys carr^-ing heavy burdens 
 upon their head or shoulders; some with baskets of 
 fruit and vegetables for sale, others with loads of wood 
 and grass. Frequently I am met by a group of men 
 walking two abreast, about six or eight feeit behind 
 each other, with bamboo poles extended on their shoul- 
 ders, laden with chairs, tables, and heavier articles of 
 furniture. They are carr\nng the household goods of 
 some Dutch family who find it more convenient to 
 move on Sunday than on any other day of the week. 
 Here and there along the sides of the street are men 
 with trinkets or cooked food for sale, surrounded by 
 noisy, chattering groups of men, women, and children 
 who thoughtlessly spend their last *'duit" and go to 
 their neighbor or master to borrow sufficient for self- 
 support until the next pay day. Now I am met by a 
 Malay man or woman who wears the conspicuous 
 head attire indicative that he is a hadji — that he has 
 made a pilgrimage to ]\Iecca. Here comes a Hindu 
 priest, with proud step, arrayed in a long white gar- 
 ment flowing loosely from the neck to the ankles. 
 Here and there is a blind man, or lame, clad in a few 
 rags, led by a small child, seeking his sustenance by 
 begging. A little farther and a slowly moving proces- 
 sion of men and women appear all in white, those in 
 front bearing upon their shoulders an oddly shaped 
 box covered over with a red and gold cloth. It is a 
 Chinese funeral; the dead burynng their dead — and 
 how my heart sickens at the thought ! How dreadful, 
 how sad it is, that men and women — people for whose 
 souls Christ made atonement — are so blind to and ig- 
 norant of the truth that they have themselves made 
 gods and creeds to suit their o^^^l distorted, dark ideas 
 of worship ! 
 
 Not least in number in this living picture of hu- 
 
 191 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 manity are those natives of the island who have 
 turned from the claims of Islam, acknowledging them- 
 selves Christians, whom the Dutch have educated and 
 given positions in the Church, but whose faces plainly 
 show that the blessed light of salvation has never 
 found its way to their hearts. Grod had designs in 
 planting the Methodist Church in Java, and undoubt- 
 edly this was one : to show to natives and Europeans 
 alike that the salvation of the Lord Jesus Christ is 
 to be divinely wrought in the heart of, and enjoyed by, 
 every one who will open his heart to Him*, no matter 
 what the color of his skin, or under what sky he was 
 bom. As I reach the end of my half hoar's walk and 
 enter the humble, outwardly uninviting room in which 
 the service is held, the people who greet me are proof 
 of this blessed fact. Not one of them is ^ich in this 
 world's goods, but the happy smile on their faces tells 
 that they have found the mine of eternal treasures. 
 There is Manasseh, an educated Javanese, who had 
 formerly tried in succession several religions — Islam, 
 Confucianism, Catholicism, and perhaps others, but 
 now he says with a beaming countenance', ''Now I 
 know ithat Jesus Christ will cleanse our hearts from 
 sin, and we may be His children. Very great ! ' ' Then 
 there is Amena, an ex-hadji, who for twenty years 
 was a teacher of Mohammedanism, but who was after- 
 Avard touched and won by the Gospel stcry, and whom 
 now we have in training for a Bible woman. Her 
 heart seems bubbling over with love and praise to 
 Him whose matchless love found her, and she never 
 loses an opportunity to bear testimony to what she 
 experiences and enjoys in her heart, and to the saving 
 power of Jesus Christ. 
 
 Yes, dear young people, with fruit 'such as these 
 precious souls, we know we shall never regret any- 
 thing we may have done, or any offering made of our- 
 selves, our time, our means, or the tears we have shed 
 
 192 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 on our knees before the Father, that these people may- 
 be brought to a knowledge of Jesus and be lifted from 
 their darkness into His marvelous light! 
 
 And how supremely sweet will be His smiling fa- 
 vor and blessing in our own souls, and to hear Him 
 acknowledge before the Father, ' ' They have done what 
 they could!" 
 
 In bonds of love-service to our King. 
 
 E. Naomi Ruth. 
 
 Batavia, Java, February 22, 1910. 
 My Dear ]\Iiss Brooks: 
 
 I am afraid you are thinking me a very indiffer- 
 ent, inappreciative individual, and of course I can not 
 blame you, after delaying so long writing to you to 
 aclaiowledge and thank you for the personal remem- 
 brances in the Christmas box. It was sweet indeed to 
 be remembered by the different ones at the Christmas 
 season, and I do want to assure you 'that I thoroughly 
 enjoy and appreciate the gifts you sent — both lovely 
 and useful. The little book, especially, not only gives 
 me pleasure, but others are being profited by it, as it 
 is quite new to the Europeans here, and I am loaning 
 it out to some, expecting it to help them. 
 
 The little sewing-kit is also — ^to use an American 
 expression which to me here has almost become imfa- 
 miliar — just as "dear" as can be, and I am very glad 
 to have it. Thank you for both. 
 
 It scarcely seems possible, as I look back over the 
 past, that I have already entered on 'my second year 
 in Java. I thank my Father for the blessings and joy 
 He has given me in His service thus far, and for the 
 bright outlook of the future. There is such real glad- 
 ness in realizing myself with the privilege of bringing 
 the news of salvation to these people, and meeting 
 with them, seeing and knowing them, in their homes. 
 There is, of eourse, the feeling that we ai-e all bound 
 
 13 193 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 to have at times, no matter where we labor, that the 
 few I am able to touch, as compared to the multitudes 
 about me, can not be counting for very much; and 
 then, too, are the disappointments and anxieties over 
 the different ones whom I hope to see "strong in the 
 faith." But, after all, a soul does count for so 
 much ; and the dear sheep, though wandering, are His, 
 and He bears them on His heart. While it is sadly 
 true that some before getting a real heart vision of 
 Jesus will be drawn away into sin again, yet there are 
 the many over whom to rejoice because of the tenacity 
 with which they hold to and follow the new way; 
 whose faces are lit up with an inner spiritual joy (how 
 precious this is to see!) and whose feet are planted. 
 And there are always those to be found, who after 
 being told tho story, exclaim with great eagerness, 
 ' ' How I love to hear it ! When will you come again 
 to read to me from that book. ' ' ( The book, of course, 
 is the Gospels.) I seldom ever in my daily calling 
 have an audience of but one woman, for the neighbor 
 women, seeing me enter a house, gather there one by 
 one until I am surrounded by a group of eager listen- 
 ers. Then with picture illustrations I give them some 
 lesson story, or sitories, from the life of Jesus and 
 the apostles; that is, if they are Mohammedans; if 
 they happen to be Chinese, the It^sson must be directed 
 more along the line of God as the Father, the Creator, 
 while the Mohammedans need to know Him as the 
 Son of man, the Redeemer. Not long ago a Moham- 
 medan woman said to me, ''Oh, that is just what I 
 am looking for, just what my heart longs for!" Of 
 course it is what all their hearts crave, though not 
 all realize it as yet. But the Spirit is manifestly mov- 
 ing on their hearts, and I feel confiden. that there is 
 in the near future a great movement not only towards, 
 but into Christianity on the part of these Mohammed- 
 
 194 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ans of Java. It is already on the way. Praise Ilis 
 Name ! 
 
 Pray that there be a greater readiness within 
 tliem to receive the message, and that I be filled with 
 the wisdom and power from above in dealing wiith 
 these people, leading them to the Savior. I feel keenly 
 my need of careful judgment and wisdom, and can 
 depend only on Ilira for it. It is all for His dear sake. 
 
 If there be anything of interest in this for the dear 
 Leaguers, give it as my message ito them, 'with my 
 greetings. 
 
 I hope soon to write them more at length. 
 Ever your sister, lovingly, 
 
 E. Naomi Ruth. 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 IMPORTANT DATES. 
 
 October 25, 1904, Denyes farewell meeting, Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 October 28, 1904, Denyes family sailed for Java. 
 
 March 14, 1905, Dr. West and Mr. Denyes make pre- 
 liminary trip to Java. 
 
 April 2, 1905, First ^Methodist Episcopal baptism in 
 Java. 
 
 July 17, 1905, Denyes family arrive in Java. 
 
 November 5, 1905, First Methodist Episcopal Church 
 organized in Java. 
 
 February 5, 1907, C. S. Buchanan appointed to Mo- 
 hainniedan Avork in Java. 
 
 November 20, 1908, Farewell meeting for Miss Ruth 
 in Pittsburg. 
 
 November 28, 1908, Miss Ruth sailed for Java. 
 
 April 19, 1909, Otto A. Carlson died; first Java mis- 
 sionary to pass to his reward. 
 
 195 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 LIST OP REFERENCE BOOKS. 
 
 Java, the Garden of the East. By E. R. Scidmore. 
 The Century Company. $1.50. 
 
 Java, the Pearl of the East. By S. J. Higginson. 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 75c. 
 
 The Mastery of the Pacific (chap. 12). By A. R. 
 Colquhoun. Williajm Heinemann, London. $4. 
 
 The Dutch in Java. By Clive Day. The Macmillan 
 Company. 
 
 History of Java. By Sir Stamford Raffles. 2 Yols. 
 
 Java ; Facts and Fancies. By Augusta de Wit. 
 
 Island Life. By Alfred Russel Wallace. The ]Mac- 
 IMillan Company. 
 
 Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Siam and 
 Java. By Thos. W. Knox. Harper Brothers. 
 
 Stories of the Island World. By Wordhoff. 
 
 Malaysia, Nature's Wonderland. By Bishop Oldham. 
 Eaton & Mains. 35c. 
 
 Islam and Christianity in the Far East. By Wherry 
 (chap. 3). Fleming II. Revell Company. $1.25. 
 
 The Mohammedan World of To-day. Edited by Bar- 
 ton, Zwemer, and Wherry (chap. 1-4). Fleming 
 H. Revell Company. $1.50. 
 
 Our Moslem Sisters. Edited by Van Sommer and 
 Zwemer (chap. 23). Fleming H. Revell Com- 
 pany. $1.25. 
 
 196 
 
3384CF. 331 f 
 
 82-19-08 32180 MCf ^ 
 
JAPAN STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR I9I3. 
 
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 289 
 7,291 
 2,552 
 13,404 
 
 "4 
 762 
 51 
 803 
 101 
 
 23 
 44,9851: 
 
 1 
 
 54 
 46 
 20 
 
 234 
 
 la-l 
 2,776 
 2,066 
 8,557 
 
 2 
 
 41 
 
 300 
 
 900 
 
 1* 
 
 16 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 8,050 
 6.408 
 1,843 
 
 3,771 
 7,180 
 3,977 
 4,972 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 45 
 162 
 
 2,109 
 
 ]^ 
 
 193 
 
 184 
 
 114 
 39 
 
 15 
 20 
 
 1 
 4,?00 
 
 420 
 
 1,225 
 1,157 
 
 2.927 
 
 13. 
 
 85 
 7 
 
 656 
 466 
 
 10.822 
 9,54S 
 
 40;M8 
 
 171 
 '.',Vfi8 
 
 '" '.* 
 
 •If 
 
 4 
 
 4l,187t 
 
 15.6<i7 
 11.122 
 788 
 
 19,440 
 6,S73 
 
 26 
 
 275 
 
 6,292 
 
 ■ 1,173 
 
 9,174 
 
 120 
 u'3 
 
 084 
 
 It 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 120 
 
 75 
 
 i 
 
 2,291 
 4,741 
 
 27 
 51 
 
 10 
 221 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 211 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Other Kmploy^l Workors 
 
 ToUl Korean Workers 
 
 Church buildincs '' 
 
 Commilnicants 
 
 
 Toul Adhereius 
 
 Kdccationat. STATrSTICS: — 
 
 Boarding an.l lli(;li SchooU-tiirls 
 
 Primary Schools 
 
 
 
 SimeM .;..::■':; ":::: 
 
 
 
 
 KnroUraent 
 
 MiniCAI. STATISTICS :- 
 llosnilals 
 
 
 ll.spHn.arv ]'MiM, 
 
 Tul;,l l-,X|.v,.M- 
 
 thhlrOWieHTZZZZZZ'.'.'.'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 .-- 
 
 
 ■' 
 
 ■" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * The four Presbyi. 
 § lIo!>pila1s and Die 
 
 1 eome inslauces the above f 
 
 MisBiODaries-Men 
 
 . Theoloftical Seminary, 
 
 'omen's fioard not here reported. 
 
 iitimated. flanks appear where i 
 
 : Baptized Me 
 ate Members 
 
 ivliere estimates could i 
 IMIAN ASSOCIATIOX 
 ^[.lessii g Intention to Begin Christian Life 27S