1 I^B il 1 !i W 1 ! ' l! ' 111! III! ■ > t j pi 'i , ■ ' ■. 1 t k !' • ' ' '. il 1 ill! l$A iikJi ^farSiL^/ii?!. .t*il&^Ul. „iib;Mi3^ ■s^jy^' ■r-~^^:i^!Cf^&^^^^-mm>-^^^mmim- yj/.'o Stom t^e feifirati? of (|)rofe06or T3?iffiam I^^^^K (Bteen Q^equeaf^eb fij? ^im fo f 5e feifitari? of (princefon ^^eofogtcaf ^emtnarg BV 4500 .J3 1844 Jay, William, 1769-1853. The Christian contemplated in a course of lectures CHRISTIAN CONTEMPLATED IN A COURSE OF LECTURES, DELIVERED IN ARGYLE CHAPEL, BATH. BY WILLIAIVI JAY. Behold the awful portrait, and admire : Nor stop at wonder — imitate and live Young. STEREOTYPE EDITION. NEW YORK : ROBERT CARTER 58 CANAL STREET. PITTSBURG :-TIiOIS[AS CAUTER. 1844. PREFACE CtikroM seems to have rendered it almost necessary, for an Author nev«'r to appear before the Public without a Preface ; in which some- thing, if not concerning himself, yet concerning his work, is looked for, as a respect due to his readers. Yet Rousseau says, it is a part of the book never read, unless by women and children. The Au- thor, however, indulges a hope that this is not very extensively tme ; since, in writing the following introductory remarks he certainly in- tended, as will appear from their length, something more than a cer- emonious conformity to example. The design of this Series of Lectures was — to diversify a little the ordinary course of ministerial instiuction — to excite and secure at- tention by a degree of allowable novelty and curiosity — and to bring together various things pertainins to the same subject ; so that they might aid each other in illustration and improvement, by their ar- rangement and union. But why are they published ? The writer is aware what an abun- dance of religious works is perpetually issuing from the press ; and he would not wonder, if some should think that he has too often ap- peared before the public already. Yet he trusts an author is not nec- essarily supposed to say to his readers, " Now attend only to me." Surely many publications may be serviceable for diiferent purposes, and in different deirees ; and" a writer may be allowed to conclude, that the production of his pen may obtain a measure of welcouie and useful attention — without the vanity of supposing that it is superior to every other, or the folly of expecting that it is to supersede amj other. If, too, the author be a public teacher, and has met with acceptance, it is natural to suppose that he will secure a considerable number of connexions more immediately his own, and who will be rather par- tial to tiie writer, for the sake of the preacher. Such was the case here. In two or three days after this course of Lectures was finished, a large number of copies was called and subscribed for, by those who had hearii them. Many of these applicants were persons whose opin- ion and desire would have had weight with any one who knew them ; while all of them had claims upon the Preacher, as stated, or occasional parts of his audience. The Author can truly say that he yielded to publish, with a reluo- tance which only an ascertained earnestness could have overcome. Yet he is now glad, especially with regard to his own audience, that the importunity was expressed, and has been complied with For nearly thirty-five years he has been laboring to serve his present charge, in the unity of the spirit, and in the bond of peace, and he hopes he may add, in righteousness of life : and though he commenc- ed his connexion young, yet such a period strikes far into the brevity IV PREFACE. of human life, and calls upon him to think, and feel, and act, with increasing seriousness and diligence, knowing that the nisht cometh, wherein no man can work ; and to be concerned that after his de- cease, his people may be able to have the things he has spoken al- ways in remembrance. The work, therefore, as a brief epitome of his preaching, will serve as a kind of ministerial legacy to be perused, particularly by the younger members of his church and congrega- tion, when the clods of the valley will be sweet about him -, and by ■which, though dead, he may yet speak — perhaps, in some cases, to more purpose than while living. The work may tend to correct some pious mistakes both on the right hand, and on the left. It con- tains many of the Author's views on important subjects, after consid- erable experience and observation. For such remarks his station has been favorable, and his opportunities numerous; especially from the variety and latitude of his religious intercourse. This has never heen confined to Christians of his own denomination. He has not suffered prejudice so to magnify— what his convictions might have led him to consider the mistakes or imperfections of any who differ from him — as to make him overlook their excellencies as individuals or communities ; or to prevent his mingling with them in company, and cooperating with them in services ; or to deprive him of that pleasure and profit which he knows may be derived from those who cannot frame to pronounce exactly the Shibt)oleth of a spiritual tribe. He has always preferred to study religion, not in its abstractions, hut in its subjects ; not in its speculative opinions, but in its practical principles ; not in its distant generalities, but in its appropriated and particular influences. He has always endeavored to follow it out, from its too common confinement in certain notions, seasons, and services, into actual and ordinary life •, and to esteem and applaud it only in proportion as it exerts and displays itself in that " wisdom which is from above, which is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality and without hypocrisy." This may in some measure account for the desire which has given rise to the publication. For it is to be presumed, that there will be some considerable conformity between the views of a minister and the people of his charge after a voluntary, long, and perfectly affection- ate connexion. It is certain that these Lectures would not have been completely congenial with the taste of some hearers. They would in any course of religious discussion have said, "We want more of doctrine, and more of Christ." Now we are far from treat- ing these terms themselves with contempt or disrespect. We love the doctrines of the Gospel ; and believe that it is a good thing that the heart be established with grace. We attach importance to evan- gelical truth ; and have no notion of piety without principle, or of good fruit but from a good tree— This is our creed : by grace are ye saved through faith ; and that not of yourselves ; it is the gift of God : not of works, lest any man should boast. For we are hia workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, whicli God hath before ordained that we should walk in them." Yet, we can- not be ignorant that the complaint we have supposed, is too often the whining and seditious j^.rgon of a party ; and the very last party in the world we should ever consult with regard to preaching. These dcisperate adherents to something not easily fixed and definable in PREFACE. V sentiment, but always accompanied with a spirit as well known and invariable in its operation, as any of the laws of nature ; are, in spir- itual things, what some discontented zealots are in political ; and as the latter render the cause of rational liberty suspicious and despica- ble, so the former disserve and disgrace the cause of evangelical re- ligion — They are gospel radicals. They are not always even moral : they are never amiable. They neither pursue nor think upon the things that are lovely, and of good report. They set at nought all sa- cred relations, proprieties, and decencies ; while many of them aban- don family worship, and leave their children without any attempts to bring thern into the way everlasting, not knowing but they may be some of those against whom God " has sworn to have indignation forever," and not daring to go before him, or to be profane enough to take the work out of his hands. Self-willed are they; self-confi- dent ; presumptuous ; censorious ; condemnatory of all that are not initiated into their temper and exclusions. With regard to their ministers, they are not learners, but judges ; and often make a man an offender for a word. In hearing, all is fastidiousness. Appetite has given place to lusting. They go to the house of God, not for wholesome food, but for something to elevate and intoxicate. The preacher is nothing, unless he can make them drink and forget their duty, and remember their danger no more. Their religion is entirely an impersonal thing, any further than as it consists in belief and de- lusion. They look for all in Christ, not as the only source from which it can be received into us— this is truth — but as the only resi- dence in which it is to remain, while they themselves continue the same. They are complete in him — not as to the all-sufficiency pro- vided in him for their actual and entire recovery, but without their being new creatures. They look after nothing in themselves — and nothing in themselves should be looked for as the ground of their acceptance with God, or as self-derived or self-sustained : but they look after nothing in themselves even as the effect of divine agency and communication — forgetful of the inspired prayer, " Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a riglit spirit within me : regardless of the assertion, " It is God that worketh in you to will and to do of his good pleasure :" subverting the promise, " Then will I sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be clean : and from all your fil- thiness and from all your idols will I cleanse you ; a new heart also will I give unto you, and a new spirit also will I put within you j and I will put my Spirit within you, and cause you to walk in my statutes, and ye shall keep my judgments and do them." Their state is not a condition to be submitted to any process of trial — as those ene- mies to Christian comfort would have it, who admonish persons to examine themselves whether they are in the faith •, and to prove their ovvnselves ; and to give all diligence to make their calling and elec- tion sure. Their peace requires that all this should, without hesita- tion, be taken for granted ; while every thing is to be cried down as unbelief that would dare to lead them to question, for an instant, their eecurity, or to keep them from being at ease in Zion. The sinner is not only guilty, but diseased — but they are concerned only to re- move the sentence of condemnation, while the disorder is left. They absolve, but not heal : they justify, but not renovate. The king's daughter is all glorious within, while her clothing is of wrought gold --with them the righteousness of Christ is a fine robe to cover a fil- VI PREFACE. thy body. All their sin, past, present, and future, is so completely done away, that it were folly to feel anguish on the account of it. Their miscarriages are not theirs ; but those of sin that dwelleth in them. Their imperfections are regretless, because unavoidable — no man can keep alive his own soul. Now we are willing to concede that all those from whom we occa- sionally liear complaints, do not go into these lengths ; and we are persuaded that were these worthier individuals perfectly informed concerning the men we have very truly but inadequately sketched, they would exclaim, " My soul, come not thou into their secret ; and mine honor, to their ' system' be not thou united." Yet theij some- times murmur, as if in sympathy with them ; and borrow their lan- guage, unconscious whose technicality it is ; and are in danger that their good should be evil spoken of. To be strenuous for evangelical preaching is commendable; but they view the desideratum in too confined an import. Tliey think it, if not improper, yet needless, for a minister to inculcate many things which he must feel to be binding upon him. " O ! " say they, " the grace of God will teach people all this." The grace of God will incline and enable us to do all this : but it is the Bible that teaches. This contains all our religious infor- mation ; and we only want to be led into all truth. The sacred wri- ters never left these things to be taught by the grace of God, without instruction. They never intrusted them to inference. Tliey par- ticularized and enforced them. There is not one of Paul's Epistles, a large proportion of vvliich might not liave been spared as imperti- nent, upon this plea ; for as surely as the former parts lay the foun- dation doctrinally, the latter, labor to build us up on our most holy faith. But these would restrain a public teacher from the extensive- ness of the gospel itself. They would oblige him to hold forth Chris- tianity only in the first rudiments, not in the advanced science. They would confine him to a kind of abstract inculcation of a small class of principles ; which principles are indeed unspeakably impor- tant, yet lose much of their importance, by being accompanied with certain alliances, and developements, and applications. Yea, they would not willingly allow him to do more than constantly iterate from Sabbath to Sabbath, a few well-known and favored sentiments, in a manner the most undeviating, and in phraseology the most hack- nied. They prefer a scheme of divinity drawn up by some fallible fellow-creature, to the Scripture at large, which, like God's other works, no one can perfectly systematize ; but in which, as in Nature, we have, instead of Mechanism, infinite freshness, and richness, and variety, and irregularity ; that is, order beyond our reach. Tliey are sure, if not to oppose, yet not to aid ; if not to stigmatize, yet not to countenance and applaud any attempt the preacher shall make to ex- tend the views of his hearers; to improve their understandings ; to lead them through the whole land of revelation in the length and breadth thereof; in a word, tn do any thing that would follow up the recommendation of the Apostle, "Leaving therefore the princi- ples of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection." Here the Lecturer is unspeakably happy in being able to say to the people he addresses, " Ye have not so learned Christ." He, there- fore, felt no embarrassment in the study or in the delivery of these dis- courses. He had only to consult his own convictions, and was not necessitated to think of the likings or dislikings of a sickly fancy, a PREFACE. Vll perverted orthodoxy, a party spirit, or an anathematizing bigotry. Neither would he ever consent to officiate in any congregation where he could not stand fast in the liberty wherewith Christ has made him free. This freedom he thinks a preacher cannot too high- ly value and assert in the discharge of his work — A freedom from the fear of man that bringeth a snare — inducing and enabling him to say, as he rises from his knees to enter the pulpit, "Careless, myself a dying man, Of dying men's esteem -, Happy, O God, if thou approve, Though all beside condemn," — A freedom (whatever advantages they may afford him by their col- lectivetiess and arrangements) from the fetterings and exclusiveness of human systems of theology — a freedom from the least sense of any obligation requiring him, in the interpretation and improvement of any passage of Scripture before him, to force its natural and obvious meaning into any frame of Arminian, or Calvinistic theory or author- ity — A freedom also from spiritual favoritism, and which might lead him, from parLiality, to shun to declare all the counsel of God, as well as from timidity. May the Author be permitted to plead for a freedom of another kind ? — An exemption from a wish to gratify the few, at the expense of the protit of many : an exemption from fastidiousness of composi- tion and address ; an exemption from such a primness of diction, as admits of the introduction of no anecdote, however chaste, and shuts out the seizure of all hints suggested by present feelings and occur- rences : an exemption from the too serious apprehension of little faults in seeking to secure great impressions. Here, to the intimida- tion and checking of the preacher, how often is he told of the dignity of the pulpit — as if there was any worthy, ox real dignity in a case like this, separate from utility ! What is the highest, and should be the most admired dignity in the preacher — but an apparent forgetful- ness of every claim, but his object; and such an absorbing solicitude for the attainment of it, as leaves him unable to notice inferior things .' Without such an impression, no man can do a great work gracefully; for if in the execution lif? is observed to be alive and at- tentive to any littleness, it will revolt the beholder, instead of pleas- ing him. An otRcer in the midst of action, will be all occupied in urging and comideting the conflict — what should we think of him if he turned aside after a butterfly, or showed himself at liberty to mind and adjust his ring, or his dress .' Let a preacher be as correct as possible ; but let him think of founding his consequence upon something above minuteness and finesse. Let him never imagine that \i\s influence , or dignity, will ever be impaired by his feeling and displaying a noble elevation ; an indifterence to every thing else — while the love of Christ bears him away, and he is lost, in endeav- oring to save a soul from death, and to hide a multitude of sins. There is nothing with which a preacher should be less satisfied than a tame correctness, or his producing something that will bear criti- cism, but which is as devoid of excellency as it is free from defect. He that winneth souls is wise. What is every other praise of an in- strument, if it does not answer its end.' What is every other com- Vlll PREFACE. mendation of a preacher, if he be useless ? unimpressive ? uninter- esting? What is It, that nothing: is complained of, if nothing is applauded? What is it, that nothing offends, if nothing strikes? What is the harangue that dies in the hearing, and leaves nothing for the hearers to carry away, to think of in solitude, and to speak of in company ? What but a fault is the smoothness of address, that prevents every excitement that would rend by terror, or melt by ten- derness ? A sermon may resemble a French Drama that observes inviolably all the unities, and challenges severity as a finished piece ; but excites no sentiment, and produces no effect. But give us rather the Shakspeare, who, with blemishes which a less shrewd observer than Voltaire may detect, actually succeeds ; arrests ; inspires ; and enchants. We need not plead for coarseness or faults. A speaker may be animated, yet decorous and orderly too ; but in popular ad- dresses, if either fails, it is far better to sacrifice correctness to im- pression, than efiect a nicety of endeavor. Let the squeamishly hypocritical remember that he is laboring to little purpose while consuming his time and atteTition in subtle accuracies, and polished dulness. And let the man who is in earnest about his work, never yield to an under anxiety resulting from the possibility of a trifling mistake ; and which, as Gray says of penury, would repress his no- ble rape and chill the genial current of his soul. Let him feel his sub- ject, and follow his ardor, recollecting that great excellencies or im- pressions will redeem small failures •, and even prevent their being noticed— unless by the little and perverse-minded, who only sit to discover and remark any minute impropriety — adders to every thing else in the charmer, clnirm he never so \visely. There is also some difference between the heat of delivery and the coolness of review ; between the leisure and discrimination of readers — and hearers. More freedom therefore will be permitted in preach- ing than in publishing : and what the press may forbid, the pulpit may tolerate. Yea, the pulpit may require it, especially for the sake of a large part of the congregation. For these, though they have not the advantage of culture, yet have souls as well as others, and their moral wants must be attended to. Now a preacher need not grovel down to the lowest level of the vulgar ; yea, he should always take his aim a little above them ; in order to raise and improve their taste : but he must not soar out of their sight and reach. Yet he may be tempted to this by the presence of others. But let him remember, that those who are more educated and refined, ought, not only to en- dure, but to commend his accommodation •, yea, and they will com- mend, instead of censuring him, if they are really concerned for the welfare of their brethren less privileged than themselves. If they are benevolent and pious, as well as intelligent, they will always be more pleased with a discourse suited to general comprehension and improvement, than with a preparation, which, in other circumstan- ces, they might relish as an intellectual treat for themselves. To which we may add, that there is not so great a difference here as some mistaken and elaborate orators imagme. Genuine simplicity knows a mode, which while it extends to the poor and unlearned, will equally please their superiors. For — " So it is when the mind is endued With a well-judging taste from above 5 PREFACE. IX Then, whether embellished or rude, 'T is nature alone that we love. " The achievements of art may amuse, May even our wonder excite ; But groves, hills, and valleys diffuse A Lasting, a sacred delight.^' In one of his charges, Archbishop Usher says to his clergy, " How much learning and wisdom, my brethren, are necessary to make these things plain ! '^ Could he have said any thing more fine and judi- cious than this? Here is the proper direciion and exertion of a minister's talents, whether natural or acquired. They are not to unfit him for any part of his office— which they may easily do, at the stimulation of vanity or pride ; but to qualify and aid liim the better to perform it. It is to be feared that some do not employ their abil- ities to make things plain — if they do, we can but lament their de- plorable want of success. But it would seem as if their aim was to dazzle, rather than enlighten ; to surprise, rather than inform ; to raise admiration at their difficult composition, rather than with the Apostles to use great plainness of speech. Even their claim to originality often regards only the mode of representation. The ideas they wish to pass off as new, when examined, are found only common-place sentiments. The well is not really deep 5 but you cannot see to the bottom, because of their contrivance to make the water muddy. They are not really tall ; and so they strain on tiptoe. They have not a native beauty that ahvays appears to most advan- tage without finery ; and so they would make up the deficiency by excess, and complexity, and cumbersomeness of ornament. He who cannot rise in the simple grandeur of a morning sun, can excite notice by the gaudy brilliancy of manufactured fireworks ; and flame and sparkle down, as well as up. To notice in some respects a style that has been constructed (for it could hardly have been involuntary) so inverted, involved, obscure, difficult— half blank verse ; might seem to be going out of the Author's province. He leaves, tlierefore, others to remark, that this style, though it may be extolled by the lower orders of professional men, and half-educated artisans, and excitable youth, with a smattering of science and a bad taste ; it will never obtain the approbation of the really judicious and discerning. He leaves others to remark, that it is disdained by scholars, and at war with classical purity. Lord Kaimes tells us, that in every lan- guage, clearness of expression and simplicity of thought are the first marks of elegance. Milton observes, that nothing accords with true genius but what appears easy and natural when once it is produced. Agreeably to which, Addison says, that the secret of fine writing is, for the sentiments to be natural, without being obvious 5 and con- tends, that what produces surprise without being simple, will never yield lasting pleasure to the mind. Hume, in his Essay on Refine- ment and Simplicity in Style, comes soon to this conclusion : that it is better to err in the excess of simplicity, than in the excess of refinement ; the former extreme being moie beautiful and less dan- gerous than the latter. He observes, that the works read again and again with so much pleasure, all lean more to the one side than to the other— that it is increasingly needful to be guarded against the X PREFACE. extreme of refinement wlien learning has made much progress, and good writers appear in every species of composition : as men will then be the more tempted to endeavor to please by strangeness and novelty, and so fill their writings with affectation and conceits, —and that simplicity may be lost, not only in subtlety, but in effort and straining ; and nature and ease be buried under an artificial load of laborious difl'usion. But while the preacher leaves others to speak upon this subject as a literary question, it cannot be improper for him to notice it in another and far more important connexion ; and to deprecate the adoption of such a style in divinity, and to warn his younger brethren against every approach and tendency towards it. For how perfectly is it unlike the language of inspiration 1 What an entire contrast does it form with the simplicity tliere is in Christ Jesus ! And how useless must such hard and uniuteliigible diction be to ordinary minds! And who are the mass in almost every audience ? They, who are often comparatively neglected, if not despised, there. Leigh- ton, and Watts, and a thousand other names, whose works praise them in the gate, and are now useful to all, mi2ht have been so written as to be useless to many. Had our Saviour felt the low ambition of some, he might easily liave been beyond the comprehen- sion and the attraction of the multitude, in him were hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. lie spake as never man spake. But was itaproof agaiust his manner, or the highest recommendation of it, that the common people lieaid hiui gladly ; and tliat all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth .? The Author would not for the world be in the con- dition of that preacher whose attendants do not, cannot say, " Here the poor have the Gospel preached unto them." They not only need it, and should excite our compassion by their temporal priva- tions and sufferings, as well as by their spiritual condition ; but they are capable of understanding, and receiving, and admiring it. Learning is not necessary liere. 1'he doctrines of the Gospel are not the result of research, but testimony. There are funds of good sense and good feeling in the common people, as well as in others : and they are even capable of appreciating what is truly superior in preach- ing, if it be properly presented and illustrated. The fault is always much more with the preacher than with them. He does not adapt himself to those he professes to teach ; he does not make them his aim ; he does not study them ; he does not throw himself into their modes and habits of thinking and feeling ; he has nothing simple and natural in his official beimr. They understand and relish the Pilgrim's Progress ; and the history of Joseph ; and the parable of the lost sheep, and of the prodig:il son. They are easily intorm- ed and impressed by the sayings of our Lord, and the language of the Scriptures. But nothing is to be done in tliem without excite- ment 5 and they are addressed without emotion. Their very un- derstandings must be approached through their imaginations and passions ; and they are lectured as if they had none. They are never to be starved into a surrender; and "they are circunivallalcd and trenched at a distance. They are only to be taken by an assault ; and they are slowly and formerly besieged. They want familiar and seasonable imagery ; and to show the preacher's learn- ing, they are furnished with allusions taken from the arts and sci- PREFACE. XI ences. They want striking sentences, and the words of the wise, which are as goads and as nails; and they have long and tame para- graphs. They only want truths to be brought home to their con- sciences, for they admit them already; and they are argued and reasoned into confusion, or doubt. They want precedents ; and are furnished with precepts. They want instances ; and are deadened by discussions. They want facts ; and are burdened with reflec- tions. The Bible adapts itself to the state of our nature : and knowing how little all are, and how little many can be affected with abstract representations of virtues and duties, it blends religion with history and biography ; so that while we read the rule, we may see the exemplification ; and be reproved, excited, and encouraged, while •we are informed. It is not a series of losicaJ definitions, like dead bodies well laid out and dressed— all is life and motion. It gives us actions rather than words. We view the fruits of righteousness growing on the tree. We have, not the pilgrimage, but the pilgrim ; and go along with him from the city of destruction to the shining city. We are not spectators only ; we are his companions ; we are interested in all he meets with ; we weep when he weeps, and re- joice when he rejoices. It is not Christianity that is set before us, but the Christian ; and we attend him following his Saviour, deny- ing himself, taking up his cro?s, resisting temptation, struggling with unwearied patience through a thousand difficulties, braving with fortitude every danger, and emerging out into glory, honor, and im- mortality. By nothing can the attention of children be so elfectually cauglit as by facts and narratives : and " men are but children of a larger growth." Wliat is the greater part of the Old Testament but history ? There is scarcely a Psalm, but refers to some fact in the experience of the composer. What are the prophets, but historians by anticipation ? Many of them state various past, and contempo- rary events. The book of Jonah has only one prediction in it ; but it describes in a most vivid and interesting manner, the actual and wonderful occurrences that befel the bearer himself. How pleasing and striking are tlie short and simple annals of Ruth ! Wliat is the book of Jo!) l)ut the matchless dramatic story of a good man in his affluence, his adversity, and his deliverance.' In the book of Genesis, we are present at the creation, the destruction, and the re- peopling of the world; we live, we travel, we worship with the patriarchs : we stand round their dying beds. It is needless to add, that the remainder of the Pentateuch, with the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther, are all of the narrauve kind, including general and individual sketches of the most wonderful people on earth. But what is the Gospel itself, according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John .' Is it any thing like our treatises and bodies of divinity .'' It is the history of "the Son of God : While the Acts are a portion of the history of the Apostles : and the Epistles are evermore enlivened with charac- ters, incidents, and allusions. Is this the work cf God.' Does he know perfectly wliat is in man, and necessary to him .'' Has he herein abounded towards us in all wisdom and prudence.' Is it not, then, surprisins that religious instructers should not think it necessary or desirable to resemble him? And can anything be more unlike this inspired, and attractive, and irresistible, and im- XU PREFACE. pressive mode, than the strMCtiire of many of the discourses that STQ delivered in our public assemblies? Hence, they awaken so little attention ; and yield so little pleasure ; and take no firm hold on the mind and feelings, especially of the young and the common people— " And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds." General declamations and reflections do little in a popular audi- ence. The preacher must enter into detail, and do much by circum- stances. Nothing can penetrate, but what is pointed. Every indict- ment must particularize and specify. The eye may take in a large prospect ; but we are affected by inspection. We must not stand long with our people on the brow of the hill, showing them a wide and indistinct expansion, but take them by the hand, and lead them down to certain spots and objects. We are to be characteristic — not only with regard to persons, though this is of great importance, but also with regard to vice and virtue, faults and excellencies. To what purpose is Ft to admonish servants to be good ? The question is, in what is their goodness to appear ? Therefore, says the apostle, " Exhort servants to be obedient to their own masters, and to please them well in all things ; not answering again .- not purloining, but showing all good fidelity, that they may adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour in all things." Does Solomon only condemn drunken- ness? What is there in the wretched crime ; in its excitement, progress, evil, danger, misery, that he does not strike ? " Who hath wo? who liath sorrow? who hath contentions? who hath babbling? who hath wounds without cause ? who hath redness of eyes ? They that tarry long at the wine, they that go to seek mixed wine. Look not thou upon the wine when it is r(>d, v.'hen it giveth his color in the cup, when it moveth itself aright : at the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. Thine eyes shall behold strange women, and thv heart shall utter perverse things : yea, thou shall be as he that lieth down in the midst of the sea, or as he that lieth upon the top of a mast. They have stricken me, shalt thou say, and I was not sick ; they have beaten me, and I felt it not : when shall I awake ? I will seek it yet again." A preacher must also "indulge in a certain degree of diffusiveness. He who passes rapidly from one thing to another is not likely to im- press, or indeed even to inform the majority of his audience. To affect them, he must commonly dv/ell upon the thought a little ; and sometimes more than a little ; even with an enlargedness that may seem needless ; and with a repetition in other words and exemplifi- cations, that may go for tautology, with persons of quicker apprehen- siveness. Hints will please the scholar, and set his own mind pleas- ingly in motion ; and he can instantly add from his own stores. But many have nothing but what they receive. Besides, some are more struck with one species or instance of illustration and confir- mation, and some with another : and he whose mind was wandering or heedless at first, may haply be seized afterward. For precept must he upon precept, line upon line •, here a little, and there a little. And the preacher will often see by the look and manner of a hearer that what he failed to accomplish'by a first stroke, has been done by a second, The Author is perhaps furnishing materials with which to condemn PREFACE. XIU himself. And let him be condemned, as far as he deviates from these rules. He is fully persuaded of their goodness and truth. He can only say, it has long been his endeavor to conform to them. Upon the same principles he has acted with regard to a few other things, in which, if he has erred, he has erred from design. Such is the large use he has made of Scripture language. If holy men spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost, we should pre- fer the words the Holy Ghost useth. They are surely, on their own subjects, the most definite and significant. They are also well known ; and it is a great advantage in addressing hearers that we are not perplexed with terms and phrases ; but have those at hand which they understand — What a difficulty do we feel in dealing with those who are ignorant not only of the doctrine, but the letter, of the Scripture. It is probable that a very judicious critic and eloquent Divine* would censure the author as in an extreme here : yet he seems to allow it to be an error on the safer side ; and thinks that a great and original writer has condemned the copious use of Scripture language with too much severity. We avail ourselves of his striking remarks in his review of Mr. Foster's Essays. " To say nothing of the inimitable beauties of the Bible, considered in a literary view, which are universally acknowledged ; it is the book which every de- vout man is accustomed to consult as the oracle of God \ it is the com- panion of his best moments, and the vehicle of his strongest consola- tion. Intimately associated in his mind with every thing dear and valuable, its diction more powerfully excites devotional feelings than any other ; and when temperately and soberly used, imparts an unc- tion to a religious discourse which nothing else can supply. Besides, is there not room to apprehend, that a studied avoidance of the Scripture phraseology, and a care to express all that it is supposed to contain in the forms of classical diction, might ultimately lead to the neglect of the Scriptures themselves, and a habit of substituting flashy and superficial declamation, in the room of the saving truths of the Gospel ? Such an apprehension is but too much verified by the most celebrated sermons of the French ; and still more by some mod- ern compositions in our own lancuace, which usurp that title. For devotional impression, we conceive that a very considerable tincture of the language of Scripture, or at least such a coloring as shall dis- cover an intimate acquaintance with those inimitable models, will generally succeed best.'' If it be allowed from all these considerations, that the language of the Bible has such claims, will it not follow that the frequent use of it, will tend to bring the preacher's own language into some de- gree of keeping with it "f Surely that style is best for religious instruc- tion which most easily and congenially incorporates the composition of the Bible with it. This is not the case with some modes of writing and speaking. But if there be unsuitahleness, and difficulty, and discordancy, in the junction 5 which is to blame .'' and which requires to be altered in order to their readier coalescence .'' the language of Scripture, or our own .? Knox has alhrmed, that no writer or speak- er will ever be so tender, and pathetic, and touching, as he whose diction is most imbued with the manner and phraseology of the sa- cred authors. *Mr. Hall. XIV PREFACE. It will be perceived that the Lecturer has not unfrequently made use also of the language of poetry. This is sometimes condemned : but a sentence of this kind will often relieve, and often revive the attention ; while it serves to fix a sentiment more firmly in the mem- ory. And is it not in this very way that God has addressed men? How much of the Bible is poetical ! How curiously constructed are some of its divisions ! In one case a whole Psalm is divided into as many sections as there are letters in the Hebrew alphabet : every division contains an equal number of verses ; and each verse begins with the same letter. "I," says inspired Wisdom, "dwell with •prudence, and find out knowledge of witty inventions." And will a man inquire — not whether an usage accords with God's condescen- sion, and is likely to be useful, especially to the middle and lower classes— but whether, after a poetical quotation, his style will not seem to sink ; or whether the thing be sanctioned by any first-rate authority — and this too — this weighing of trifles 5 while he is doing the work of eternity, and has souls perishing in viewl Paul knew the end would not sanctify sinful means; but he knew it justified the use of any lawful ones ; and therefore, with a nobleness of mind that raises him infinitely above the intellectually proud and unac- commodating, he could sny, "Though [ be free from all men, yet have I made myself servant unto all, that I might gain the more. Un- to the Jews I became as a .Tew, that I might gain the Jews ; to them that are under the law, as under the law, that I might gain them that are under the law ; to them that are without law as without law, (be- ing not without law to God, but under the law to Christ,) that I might gain them that are are without law. To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak : I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some. And this I do for the Gospel's sake, that I might be partaker thereof with you." In the following documents, some things may be found looking rather inconsistent with each other. This arises from a wish the Au- thor felt strongly to represent and recommend — whatever it was — the ■present subject. And he is greatly mistaken if this be not the meth- od of the sacred writers. They never seem afraid of expressing themselves too forcibly at the time. They never stop to qualify the things they are delivering. There arc qualifications to be found ; but these are brought forward in other places, and where they are themselves the subjects enforced. Our Saviour makes no limitations or exceptions, when he is enjoining confidence in the care and provi- dence of God — " Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink ; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment ? — Take therefore no thouglit for the morrow : for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." But the same authority says elsewhere — " Go to the ant, thou sluggard : consider her ways and be wise : which having no guide, overseer, or ruler, provideth her meat In the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest." " How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard? when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep?" "Let thine eyes look right on, and thine eyelids straight before thee." " He becometh poor that dealeth with a slack hand ; but the hand of the diligent maketh rich." He must be a spiritless teacher who never produces the surprise of paradox ; who never alarms the timid and PREFACE. XV cautious ; and whose strength of statement and urgency, does not furnish some seeming contradictions. The Author is not sure the same thought or expression, may not occur more than once in these Lectures ; or that he may not have used them before in some of his other publications : for writers are often the least acquainted with their own works ; being afraid to read them, lest they should discover faults too late for correction, and be only rendered miserable by the discovery. Should this be the case, it is only hoped that they may be excused on the ground of in- advertence ; but also that they may prove not wholly unuseful, be- ing found in difterent connexions, and applied to difterent purposes. The subjects were commonplace in themselves ; and could be on- ly rendered novel in any degree by their order and treatment. They were also very extensive subjects, and the difficulty of the Preacher arose from the necessity of selection and concentration. He was obliged to reject much that offered, and to confine himself in each instance to two or three views. These ought to have been the most leading, and comprehensive, and profitable. But here the Au- thor can only be answerable for intentions and endeavors. To conclude. No thought was entertained of any thing more than the delivery of these Lectures from the pulpit till many of them were preached. They were therefore only distinguishable from his ordinary public addresses by their length. Into this he was led by a wish to do some justice to "the subject without a second discourse upon the same topic, which always divides