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 Piiblishea Monthly. Volume 133. Nnmber 4 
 
 SIXTY-SEVENTH YEAR. 
 
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 THE 
 
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 NORTH AMERICAN 
 REVIEW. 
 
 EDITED BY ALLEN TH^BNDIKE RICE. 
 
 m 
 
 October, 1881. 
 
 I. Some Dangerous Questions Senator John T. Morgan. 
 
 II. The Elements of Puritanism Prof. George P. Fisher. 
 
 III. The State and the Nation Senator George F. Edmunds. 
 
 IV. The Idea of the University President Daniel C. Gilman. 
 
 V V. Why Comwallis Was at Yorktown Sydney Howard Gay. 
 
 VI. Shall Two States Rule the Union? Thomas A. Hendricks. 
 
 VII. The Ruins of Central America. Part IX D6sir6 Charnay. 
 
 VIII. Washington as a Strategist Col. Henry B. Carrington. 
 
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 NOW READY, COMPLETE. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 JANUARY. 
 The Philosophy of Persecution. Professor John Fiske 
 Controlling Forces In American Politics. Senator G. F. Edmukdb. 
 Atheism iu Colleges. Pre«iaent John Bascom. 
 The Kuius of Centml America. PartV. D^ib6 Chabnat. 
 Partisan GoTemmeut. Wm. D. Lk Sueur. 
 Popular Art Education. Professor JOHN F. WEIR. 
 The Limitations of 8ex. Nina Mora». 
 
 The Iflission of the Democratic Party. Senator W. A. Wallack. 
 Recent Philological Worlis. Professor F. A. March. 
 
 FEBRUARY. 
 The Nicaragua Canal. General U. S. Grant. 
 The Pulpit and the Pew. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
 Aaron's Hod in Politics. Judge Albion W. Tourcee. 
 Did 8hnkeHpenre Write Bacon's Works? James' Freeman Clarkc 
 Partisanship iu the Supreme Court. Senator John T. Mouoan. 
 The Ruin^i of Centi-al America. Part VI. D^siRfe Charnay. 
 The Poetry of the Future. Walt Whitman. 
 
 MARCH. 
 Theology in the Public Schools. Bishop A. C. COXB. 
 The iHthiniau Ship- Railway. JAftiES B. Eads. 
 The Eflects of Negro Suffrage. Chief-Justice H, H. Chalmers. 
 Hie Success of the Free- School System. John D. Philukick. I 
 
 Despotism in Lunatic Asylums. I>okman B. Eaton. ' 
 
 The Political Attitude of the Mormons. Judge C. C. Goouvruf. ^ 
 
 Thcolofficnl Charlatanism. John Fiske. ] 
 
 Recent Publications in Physics. Prof. A. W. Wright. \ 
 
 APRIL. I 
 
 Reform versus Reformation. Judge Albion W. Tourgbb. ^ 
 
 The Thing that Might be. Mark Pattison. } 
 
 ReliKion in Schools. Hishop B. J. McQuaid. 1 
 
 The Ownership of Kail road ^Property. Geo hob Ticknor CUBTia. \ 
 
 The Historic Genesis of Protestantism. John Fiskb. 
 The Telegraph Monopoly. William M. Springer. 
 Henry Wndsworth Longfellow. Anthony Trollopb. 
 
 MAY. 
 Centralization in the Federal Government. David Dudley Pibia 
 The Old Version and the New. Rev. Dr. Philip Schaff. 
 The Needs of the Supreme Court. William Stronq. 
 Utah Rud Its People. George Q. Cannon. 
 Shnii Americans Build Ships? JOHN ROACH. 
 The Life- Saving Service. S. 8. COX. 
 
 The Ituliis of Central America. Part Vir. D68Ir6 Charnat. , 
 
 What Mornlity Have We Left? A New Light MOBAUST. I 
 
 JUNE. I 
 
 Our Future Fiscal Policy. Hugh McCulloch. ' 
 
 The Patrician Element in American Society. George B. Lorino. 
 
 A New Phase of the Reform Movement. Dokman B. Eaton. 
 
 Shall Americans Own Ships? ITof. W. O. Sumner. 
 
 The Color Line. Fuedkkick DOUOLASS. 
 
 The Ku ins of Central America. Part VIII. Di::sik6 Charnay. 
 
 Vaccination. Dr. Austin Flint. 
 
 The Right to Regulate Railway Charges. J. M. Mason. 
 
 Prehistoric Man in America. Prof. Edward S. Morse. 
 
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 Address TllK NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, New- York. 
 
THE 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 OCTOBEE, 1881. 
 
 No. 299. 
 
 Tros Tvi'iusque mihi nullo discriraine agetur. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 
 
 1S81. 
 
COPYKIGHT BY 
 
 ALLEN THORNDIKE RICE. 
 
 1881. 
 
SOME DANGEROUS QUESTIONS 325 
 
 been "beyond the hounds of a reasonable hope to have expected a 
 peaceful result in this gauntlet of chances to which this great 
 office would have been thus exposed. It should be enough to say- 
 to a wise people that all questions are open and dangerous that 
 relate to the counting of the votes of Electors. They are as 
 numerous as it is possible for the ambition, the cupidity, the 
 fraud, and the skill of wicked men to invent. 
 
 Other questions of momentous consequence are also open and 
 dangerous, but as they do not relate particularly to the organic 
 system and functions of the Government, they are passed by. 
 What the remedy should be for the evUs which so abound in our 
 Government, is left to the reflections of thoughtful men. 
 
 It may be impossible to provide by law for the performance 
 by others of the duties and powers of the President during a 
 temporary inability, or for determining when, and how, and under 
 what circumstances his permanent disability vacates his office. 
 But the Government cannot stop because a President is unable to 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 OCTOBER, 1881, 
 
 Art. Page. 
 
 I. Some Dangerous Questions. By John T. Mor- 
 gan, United States Senator 315 
 
 II. The Elements of Puritanism. By Prof. George 
 
 P. Fisher 326 
 
 III. The State and the Nation. By George F. 
 
 Edmitnds, United States Senator 338 
 
.^^^i OF PR/-^ 
 , ^MY 16 1932 "^ 
 
 / 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF.PURITMISM. 
 
 If a Connecticut or Massachusetts Puritan of the first age of 
 New England were to revisit the places where he had once dwelt, 
 he would be not a little amazed, and — supposing him to retain 
 his former opinions — not in the least gratified, at the ecclesiasti- 
 cal changes which would first meet his eye. He would experience 
 the same feeling of surprise and regret almost everywhere among 
 the ancient abodes of Puritanism, in the Old World and the New. 
 In the room of the plain meeting-house, whose architecture was 
 conformed to no historic model, although possessed of a certain 
 dignity and comeliness of its own, he would find his descendants, 
 in most of the large and in not a few of the smaller towns, gather- 
 ing within the walls of a Gothic structure, mediaeval in its form 
 and associations. Raising his eyes to the spire, he would be aston- 
 ished at beholding a cross on its summit, restored to the place 
 whence he had indignantly dislodged it. Entering, with a frown, 
 within the arched door, he would find the interior illuminated with 
 mingled colors, transmitted through stained glass, resembling 
 that which his contemporaries broke out of the windows of Can- 
 terbury Minster and St. Paul's, in the days of the Civil "War. If 
 it were Sunday, and the hour of worship, he would not have 
 time to soothe the feeling excited by this transformation of a 
 Puritan conventicle, before his ears would be offended with the 
 sound of instrumental music, and he would descry the organ, 
 which he had excluded from the sanctuary, reinstated in its old 
 place of honor. According to the unpublished diary of the late 
 President Stiles, of Yale CoUege, the first organ ever introduced 
 into a Nonconformist congregation in England or America was 
 placed in a Congregationalist meeting-house in Providence, in 
 1770. It was a wonder and a scandal unto many. One had been 
 used ))efore at Princeton College, but not in the Sunday services ; 
 and the misgivings occasioned there by the use of it in coUege 
 
THE ELEMENTS OF PURITANISM. 327 
 
 prayers had caused it, Dr. Stiles iuiorius us, to be laid aside. A 
 few years ago, I \dsited the old chiu'ch at Zurich, where Zmngle 
 preached, the edifice from wliicli, haviuj^ the same opinion on the 
 matter of cliurcli music as the IHuitans, he had, notwithstanding 
 his fondness for the musical art, and his skill in it, expelled the 
 organ ; and there I found the organ again in its place, and was 
 told by the sexton that it had been brought in only a fortniglit 
 before, aft.er thi*ee centuries of exile, the way for its return ha\dng 
 been paved by a previous use of a melodeon. The same retro- 
 gression in this particular takes place generally, though in some 
 localities more tardily than in othei's. Hai'dly more than a score 
 of yeai's have passed since an organ was allowed in the First 
 Church in New Haven — the church founded by John Davenport. 
 Returning to our Puritan visitor to the Congregational and Pres- 
 byterian churches of the present day, we observe that his grief 
 and astonishment would only have begun on the discovery of the 
 mutations which have been just described. His displeasure, if he 
 were a Massachusetts Puritan of the early day, would l)e excited 
 at hearing the Scriptures read by the minister, without comment, 
 a practice which in his time was regarded as reprehensible. 
 And this displeasure would be aggravated on hearing the minis- 
 ter read, and the people or a choii' sing, hymns by iminspired 
 authors. He might, in some congregations, hear the Lord's 
 Prayer repeated in concert, the responsive reading of the Psalms, 
 and other liturgical exercises which he liad l)een wont to regard 
 with reprobation. If favored with an in\dtation to a wedding, he 
 would experience a pang, if not retire in disgust, at seeing the 
 ring placed on the bride's finger. The participation of a minister 
 in the ceremony might itself be offensive to him, since mar- 
 riage in the old Puritan colony was by the civil magistrate 
 exclusively. So a rehgious service at a funeral, and especially at 
 a grave, would strike liim as a revival of a dangerous custxjm, a 
 custom adapted to encourage superstition — which the Puritan 
 community had, therefore, sternly discarded. If emotions of sor- 
 row and condemnation would arise in his mind in \dew of 
 these innovations, what would be his im])ressions on seeing his 
 descendants engage in the celebration of Christmas, in the com- 
 memoration of Easter, and even in delivering and hearing Lenten 
 lectures for their spiritual edification? We have touched on 
 sundry departures from old usage in matters purely ecclesiastical, 
 without referring to various amusements and social customs 
 
328 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 which are more or less in vogue in churches and circles still nom- 
 inally Puritan, — pra<itices which our fathers put under the ban. 
 
 Let us not be misunderstood. Puritanism had many types 
 and phases. It was sometimes moderate and sometimes extreme. 
 It was not just the same thing in Old England as it was in New. 
 In England there were Puritans who would not quarrel with a. 
 moderate episcopacy. A churchman like Ussher did not differ 
 materially from a Puritan like Baxter. There was a vast num- 
 ber of Puritans, under James I. and the Stuarts after him, who 
 would have continued to use the prayer-book if a few obnoxious 
 passages had been stricken from its pages. There were pohtieal 
 Puritans, who cooperated with theological Puritans mainly from 
 a wish to further the cause of civil liberty against hierarchical, as 
 well as regal, usurpation and oppression. From the beginning 
 of Elizabeth's reign, there was a numerous bod;/ of Puritans in 
 the Church of England. Her bishops were most of them, in 
 principle, Puritans. In the vestment controversy, which formed 
 the first conspicuous epoch in the conflict, prelates like Jewell 
 would have been glad to cast off the cap and surpHce. It was 
 only the determined wiU of the Queen — a Lutheran in her 
 creed, with strong ritualistic proclivities — that prevented the 
 Church of England from becoming Pui'itan in its ceremonies — 
 that is, much more closely conformed to the example of the 
 Reformed Church on the Continent. Burleigh, Sir Nicholas 
 Bacon, Leicester, were Puritan statesmen. Puritanism was 
 identified with no single form of chiuvh polity. A Puritan 
 might be a Presbyterian, or Independent, or even favorable to 
 an episcopate with limited functions of government. He might 
 believe in a church establishment, or oppose it. Puritanism 
 generally was hostile to the subjection of the church to the state, 
 and looked with no favor on the Erastian theory, that church 
 and state are one and the same, on which Cranmer and Ms asso- 
 ciates at first proceeded, and which never ceased to exert a power 
 ful influence in shaping the Anglican polity. Yet even when 
 Puritanism was completely dominant, under the Long Parlia 
 ment, there was a steady refusal to constitute in England u 
 general assembly, such as existed in the Church of Scotland, or- 
 to relinquish the independence and supremacy of the civil author- 
 ity in the affairs of religion, as well as in the secular sphere. As 
 to liturgical worship, Calvinists at Geneva and elsewhere on the 
 Continent, and in the Church of Scotland, organized by Knox, 
 
THE ELEMENTS OF PURITANISM. 329 
 
 had litur«»-ical forms. The principal festivals, especially Efister, 
 were frequently observed by bodies of Protestants who were 
 closely affiliated wdth the Puritans. Puritans were bent on re- 
 stricting tlie power of the Crown, especially in the regulation of 
 the rites and ceremonies of Christian people, and in the exercise 
 of church discipline. They wanted to simplify the English hier- 
 archy by doing away with various ecclesiastical offices having no 
 precedent in Scrip tiu-e, and by curtailing the authority of bishops. 
 They were disposed to sweep away from the ritual ^' the relics of 
 popery," — such as the clerical apparel, and the phraseology 
 included in prayers which was thought to countenance Roman 
 Catholic tenets ; and they were zealous for an educated ministry 
 and for the exclusion from communion of unworthy participants. 
 The drift of Puritanism was toward the banishment from polity 
 and from worship of everything which could not sustain itself 
 by a definite appeal to Scripture. The church, the Puritan felt, 
 was emerging from a long period of corruption. It must look 
 for its patterns of government and rite, not to the middle ages, 
 which were ages of superstition, not even to the comparatively 
 pure centuries following upon the apostolic era, but to the church 
 of the apostles itself and to the Scriptures. The settlers of New 
 England carried the tendencies inherent in their system to a far- 
 ther limit than was reached by most others who had been desig- 
 nated by the name of Puritan. They went back to what they 
 considered the primitive organization of Christian societies. 
 They discarded altogether written forms of prayer. They 
 abjui-ed aU Christian festivals, except the Lord's Day, which 
 they rested on a revealed commandment. Observances which 
 emanated from ecclesiastical authority in ages subsequent to 
 the apostles, observances which symbolized dogmas not consist- 
 ent with evangelical doctrine, or even thought to give countenance 
 to a superstitious conception of the Christian ministry — an exag- 
 geration of its function and prerogatives — they unsparingly 
 swept away. Esthetic and sentimental considerations went for 
 nothing, in comparison with the demand of what they judged to 
 be apostolic and enlightened Christianity. Saints^ days, a monu- 
 ment of mediaeval superstition, and linked to the Romish claim 
 to a power of canonizing the departed; vni\\ them all fasts and 
 feasts hauded down in the church, but of merely human ordination ; 
 vestments suggesting to the people that their religious teacher 
 was something more than a minister j the agency of a clergyman 
 
330 THE NOBTH AMEBIC AN REVIEW. 
 
 in iinitiug persons in marriage and in the burial of the dead 
 which for ages had been deemed indispensable on these occasions- 
 the attaching of a mystic sacredness to church edifices; accessories 
 of worship which sprang out of moods of f eehng, or kindled moods 
 of feeling, not involving of necessity intelligent acts of devotion ; 
 all these institutions and practices the Puritans, in the first age 
 of New England, abolished. They were Protestants of the 
 Protestants. With the Bible in theii* hands, thej^ undertook a 
 ngid excision of whatever had crept into the church, or been 
 imposed on the church by its rulers, after the canon of the New 
 Testament had closed. 
 
 One who glances at the ecclesiastical and exterior aspects of 
 Puritanism may judge it to be undergoing a rapid process of dis- 
 integration. Forms of church government which Puritanism 
 established, to be sure, still subsist and flourish. But even these 
 — in New England, at least — have materially changed since the 
 time when a minister lost his clerical character on lea^dng his 
 office in a particular congregation, and became, in aU respects, a 
 layman. Amid these changes of custom and rite, what is there, 
 it may be asked, that abides f What are the permanent elements, 
 which time has spared, and which will continue to live f 
 
 There is, in the first place and preeminently, the Puritan 
 rejection of the dogma that the minister is a priest. 
 
 This denial was a part of the protest which constituted Prot- 
 estantism. Luther proclaimed it in his earliest proclamations 
 of evangelical doctrine. But Puritanism reiterated this protest 
 in the most emphatic and practical shape. What was the doctrine 
 of the priesthood? It was the doctrine that the clergy are recip- 
 ients of a special grace, — an ''indelible'^ grace, — by which they 
 are constituted the indispensable almoners of heaven's gifts to 
 the flock, the exclusive channel through which the good offered 
 to men in the Gospel must be received — mediators, thus, between 
 Christ and the laity. This body of priests are a close corpora- 
 tion ; without their act and consent none can enter their ranks. 
 Coupled with these tenets is the doctrine of the sacraments as the 
 indispensable means of conveying grace to the indi\'idual, as oper- 
 ative by a mysterious, intrinsic virtue, and as rites which the 
 priest alone is competent to administer. 
 
 The essence of the Puritan protest must be distinguished from 
 its accidents. To give effect to their rejection of the doctrine of 
 a priesthood, they adopted measures which some may consider to 
 
THE ELEMENTS OF PURITANISM. 331 
 
 have been, even at tliat time, more radical tlian was necessary; 
 the significance and propriety of which, however, can be jndged 
 aright only by those who penetrate to the core of the great con- 
 troversy in which they were parties, and form a jnst idea of its 
 momentons character. In other words, we mnst not overlook the 
 principle for which they were consciously contending. And, as to 
 these special practices, it may be that usages which are now safe 
 and innoxious have acquired this character by means of the 
 Pimtan protest which led to the temporary displacement of them. 
 
 Look, for example, at the subject of marriage. This had 
 been deemed a sacrament. As such, it was valid only when sanc- 
 tioned by the priest. In no other way could the grace required 
 for securing the benefits of matrimony be procured. JVIaiTiage 
 without the act of the priest was impossible ; it was unchristian 
 concubinage. This had been the belief of Christian Europe. It 
 gave to the clerical corporation of the Church of Rome an abso- 
 lute control over marriage in the Christian nations under its sway. 
 This tremendous prerogative had been acknowledged to inhere in 
 the clergy. All this the Puritan of New England repudiated in 
 the most practical way possible. He married without the help of 
 a minister. He went with his bride before the civil magistrate, 
 and entered into covenant with her. Those who call to mind the 
 conflict, in recent days, in Roman Catholic countries — as Belgium, 
 Italy, and France — over the validity of marriage by the civil 
 contract, will better appreciate the magnitude of that question on 
 which the Puritans, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 
 were called upon to act. When the battle has been won, — when 
 there is no longer practical danger that the indispensableness of 
 the clergyman to give validity to a marriage will be asserted, — 
 the reasons, such as they were, for disconnecting the marriage 
 covenant from religious services are no longer applicable. 
 
 The objection to the use of a ring in the marriage ceremony 
 was felt by Puritans generally, in England as well as here, even 
 by those who had no scruples about the solemnization of the rite 
 by a minister. Tlie main ground of this objection was the common 
 idea that the ring was s;yTnboUcal in such a sense as to imply 
 the sacramental character of man-iage. The ring was used in 
 espousals by tlie ancient Greeks and Romans, but was not used 
 by them as a part of the marriage ceremony. In the Church 
 it continued to be used in betrothal, as a symbol of the tie which 
 had been formed ; but in the marriage rite itself it was probably 
 VOL. cxxxiii. — NO. 299. 23 
 
 23 
 
332 THE NOETH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 not used until about tlie tenth centuiy. The introduction of the 
 marriage-ring was probably derived from the custom of giving 
 the ring, with the staff, to bishops at their consecration. Whether 
 coiTectly or not, the ceremony of placing the ring on the bride's 
 finger was held, as we have said, to indicate the symbolic and 
 sacramental nature of marriage itself. The couples of Puritan 
 descent who go through the form of bestowing and receiving the 
 ring, at the present day, certainly have no such dogmatic associa- 
 tion with what they regard as a harmless and pleasing custom. 
 But there is no ground for flinging stones at their Puritan ances- 
 tors who were in the thick of the battle with Romish theologj^, 
 and who felt called upon to scrutinize the usages which had come 
 down fi-om times when Christianity was taught in a perverted 
 form, and the rights of the laity were absorbed by the clerical 
 body. 
 
 It w^ould be easy to show how a variety of Puritan usages are 
 thus the offshoot of a deep-seated antagonism to the sacerdotal 
 theory of the ministry. Those who adhere to this theory, and 
 those who play fast-and-loose with it, not distinctly knowing 
 what they do hold, will find nothing to respect in the sturdy, 
 unsparing protest of Puritanism. It cannot escape the 
 student of English history that it was the Puritans who, as 
 regards EngHsh Christianity, inflicted upon sacerdotalism a blow 
 from which it has never recovered. 
 
 In the second place, the Puritan was the champion of the truth 
 that Christian worship must be a " reasonable service,'' that is, 
 intelligent and spiritual. 
 
 The idea lingered in the minds of men that God has a special 
 abode in consecrated temples, which have thus a mysterious 
 sanctity. This idea, which the Puritan saw to be contrary to the 
 letter as weU as spirit of the New Testament, he took effectual 
 measures to dispel. He used his "meeting-house" for town- 
 meetings, or any other lawful secular purpose. 
 
 Another phase of this conviction as to the nature of true 
 religion led to an abhorrence of all ceremonies which either 
 convey no clear meaning to the mind, or were thought to 
 encourage a piety divorced from intelligent perceptions of truth 
 and sound principles of conduct. Vague, dreamy sentiment, 
 emotions which spring out of no truth reciognized by the mind, 
 nnd leave the character and actions of those who indulge in them 
 unaltered, were odious to the Puritan. In oui- times, from 
 
THE ELEMENTS OF PURITANISM. 333 
 
 aesthetic impulses, there has been a tendency toward mediaeval 
 t}'pes of devotion. Puritanism was a vigorous reaction against 
 analogous conceptions of piety. 
 
 If the Puritan sometimes laid a rougli liand on '^the fail* 
 humanities" of the old ritual, the motive at least may be honored. 
 He meant that religion and religious worship shoidd be genuine ; 
 should be a real approach of the rational creature to the Creator. 
 When Oliver Cromwell, in 1644, was Governor of Ely, he wrote 
 to a clerg;vTnan named Hitch to forbear from the service of choral 
 worship in the cathetlral, which he styled " unedifying and offen- 
 sive." The clerg\Tnan, however, did not desist. Entering the 
 chui-ch and finding Hitch chanting in the choir, Oliver reiterated 
 the command, and as the clergyman still persisted, said to him, 
 "Leave off youi- fooHng, and come down, sir," — an injunction 
 which had the effect to break off the service. It appeared to 
 CromweU, and to many Puritans of that day, to be mere " fool- 
 ing." Ceremonies which had been transmitted from less enlight- 
 ened times struck them as either a substitute for spiritual worship, 
 or as artificial, cumbersome performances, as repugnant to sincere, 
 manly devotion, as the elaborate etiquette of Louis XlVth's 
 court is repugnant to our idea of genuine kindness and courtesy. 
 There was a \drility in the Puritan which made him impatient 
 of ceremonies which he felt that he had outgrown, impatient 
 of the pageantry of worship which was an heirloom from the 
 days when imagination shaped the usages of court and temple. 
 This was the secret of his cra\dng for simplicity in religious 
 services. The Puritan was a stanch enemy of formalism ; and 
 formalism, it cannot l)e denied, is a besetting danger in the Chris- 
 tian church as under other religions. While, therefore, many 
 of these questions relating to worship are open to debate, and 
 while no single individual can make himself a measure of what is 
 edifying to all others, and no more any one generation determine 
 what is wholesome for another, the Puritan's grand assertion that 
 religion, if it have any worth, must be intelligent and spiritual, 
 retains a perpetual force and value. 
 
 Thirdly, the Puritan inculcation of the supreme authority of 
 religion in ever^' pro^'ince of human life has lost none of its im- 
 portance. 
 
 Others did not deny tliat the civil magistrate was l)()und by 
 the law of God, but the Puritan thundered this tiiith in the mag- 
 istrate's ear. The Puritans never forgot ^'the higher law." 
 
334 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 James I. was not wrong in thinking that Puritanism did not 
 comport with such prerogatives as he wanted kings to possess. 
 This lesson his descendants practically learned. No Puritan 
 would ever have fallen on his knees and assured that theological 
 despot that his twaddle was uttered with the special assistance of 
 the Holy Ghost. The temptation of Puritanism Avas to substi- 
 tute a tyranny of the church for a tyranny of the state; but 
 their system nourished a spirit of independence which eventually 
 proved too strong for any spiritual authority of their own crea- 
 tion to withstand. 
 
 It was the idea of the supreme place that belongs to religion 
 as the guide and motive of all conduct, that inspired Puritan views 
 in respect to amusements. Many of the amusements which they 
 proscribed no Christians now approve. Macaulay wittily re- 
 marks that they forbade bear-baiting, not because it gave pain to 
 the bear, but because it gave pleasure to the spectators. But 
 this reason, as everybody now allows, was good and sufficient. 
 It was a demoralizing sport. It is a disputed point whether the 
 theater is, or is not, a legitimate instrument of culture and 
 source of entertainment. But few sober-minded persons would 
 now sanction that theater which the Puritans forbade. Extreme 
 Puritanism made too little room for recreations. Its tendency 
 was to give a too somber hue to the life of the young. In its 
 degenerate form, Puritanism might run into that exclusive ab- 
 sorption in the affairs of religion which has been designated 
 " other-worldliness.'^ But one should not be ashamed to declare 
 it to be the glory of Puritanism that it cut out of the programme 
 of life everything frivolous and everything debasing, and 
 affirmed that man's pleasures as weU as grave employments must 
 be conducive to the advancement of his intellectual and moral 
 natui'e, and consonant with his destiny as an immortal being. 
 Matthew Arnold has made much of the want of the '^ Hellenic" 
 element in the Puritan ideal of man and of life. Whatever 
 fault there was of this character sprang from the excess of a 
 virtue. If the injunction of Christianity be right that " tvhatso- 
 ever ye do '' is to be done for the glory of God, or for a religious 
 spirit and for religious ends, the Puritans must be allowed to be 
 distinguished among all witnesses to this fundamental truth. 
 
 Dean Mozley has called it a sufficient argument agaiast Puri- 
 tanism that it came to be laughed at. It succeeded in making 
 itself an object of derision. But the first Christians had the 
 
THE ELEMENTS OF mrjRITANISM. 335 
 
 same lot. They were '^ mocked at." It was not the Englisli 
 Puritans that Lucian derided. Moreover it must l)e r(^membered 
 that not all Puritans were ascetic. John Milton was a zeahjus 
 Puritan. The extravagances and hypocrisy which Puritanism, 
 like other religious movements, could not fail to breed were ex- 
 crescences by which the system is not to be judged. The Puri- 
 tan sense of the responsibility and seriousness of life will be 
 denied only by those who attach little weight to the precepts of 
 the New Testament. 
 
 These are signs that the long controversy of Churchman and 
 Puritan is approaching its end. Its dimensions are becoming 
 every day contracted. 
 
 First. One principal bone of controversy grew out of the 
 union of church and state. What should be the power of the 
 magistrate in the concerns of the church ? With the severance 
 of the connection of church and state, disputes of this sort are 
 superseded. In this country, all parties imite in the convic- 
 tion that the civil authority should l)e neutral as regards the 
 different denominations, and that these should severally govei-n 
 and sustain themselves. In England, Nonconformist and Ritual- 
 ist appear disposed to join hands in securing disestablishment. 
 It is curious to observe that a considerable portion of the former 
 class have hardly any other objection to the Anglican Church 
 except that it is allied to the state. Disestablishment might 
 bring opposers within its pale. 
 
 Second. The number is comparatively small who maintain a 
 divine right for either system of church organization. Not 
 only Episcopalians, but Presbyterians also, and even Congregtv 
 tionalists, have often stoutly asserted that their peculiar method 
 of government is the only admissible one according to the laws 
 of the New Testament. Such pretensions have less and less 
 sui)p()rt. A multitude of chur(;hmen agree with th(^ gi-eat lights 
 of the English Reformation down to Hooker and including him, 
 — not to speak of eminent Anglicans of a later day, — that episco- 
 pal government, however ancient and however beneficial, is not 
 essential to the being of a church or to the existence of an 
 authorized ministry. The various systems of church order show 
 their character by their fruits, and by their fruits they wiU be 
 judged. The j//r^ dirhio claims must share the fate of the ])oliticiil 
 theories that affirmed the divine right of kings or the divine 
 right of democracy. 
 
336 THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. 
 
 Third. The historical questions, anciently so much disputed 
 between Anglican and Puritan, are less and less controverted 
 among unbiased scholars on either side. Let me mention two 
 works of a recent date. The '' Essay on the Christian Minis- 
 trjj^^ by Professor Lightfoot, now the Bishop of Durham, and 
 the Bampton Lectures on the '^ Organization ot the Primitive 
 Churches," by Mr. Hatch, another eminent scholar, contain little 
 which candid Presbyterian or Congregationalist scholars would 
 dispute. The removal of such inquiries from the atmosphere of 
 partisanship to the field of true scientific and historical inquiry, 
 brings to pass a substantial agreement among students. The 
 origin and character of early episcopacy are pretty well ascer- 
 tained, and the results of historical research dispose of extrava- 
 gant assertions which have been made on both sides. 
 
 Fourth. Aright apprehension of historical development in the 
 church has contributed to an agreement in more enlightened 
 views. The Anglican often planted himself on the church of the 
 first three centuries. The Puritan denied any special authority 
 in the post-apostoHc church. He found, pretty early, prayers 
 for the dead, and other unscriptui-al and obnoxious practices. 
 On the other hand, the Puritan not unfrequently, tacitly if not 
 expressly, rejected in a peremptor}^ way whatever could not plead 
 for itself an explicit scriptural warrant. Protestants, on both 
 sides, are coming to perceive that, as the Spirit of God did not 
 forsake the church at the death of the apostles, there might be a 
 legitimate development in doctrine, in ethics, in forms and modes 
 of worship, in polity. Rejecting the theory of Cardinal Newman 
 and the Roman Catholics of his school, which assumes that 
 development was of necessity normal, and bears throughout 
 the seal of infallibility, we can still value ever^i:hing in the 
 church of the post-apostoHc ages, down to the present, which is 
 not discordant with the genius of the Gospel. "We neither cut 
 ourselves off from the past, nor make ourselves slaves to the past. 
 Here is an advance beyond the point of view of the average 
 Churchman and of the average Puritan of a former day, and a 
 basis for agreement. 
 
 Fifth. As regards worship, few, if any, would now assert the 
 unlawfulness of written forms. Few would speak slightingly 
 of those which are collected in the Book of Common Prayer. 
 Who can fail to discern the power of that Litany through which 
 multitudes of devout Christians, for a thousand years past, have 
 
THE ELEMENTS OF FURUANISM. 337 
 
 poiired out their supplications for deliverance ? On the other 
 hand, the time is past for persons to speak contemptuously 
 of extemporaneous prayer — especially persons who have much 
 knowledge of the early church. There are many wh(^ prize the 
 Litm-gy, but yet crave the liberty of offering in public worship 
 spontaneous, un\vTitten supplications. And it is more and more 
 recognized that all Cliristian souls are not edified by precisely 
 the same methods of worship. To preserve and to use the rich 
 legacy of devotion, the treasures of prayer and hymn, which 
 have come down fi*om the past, and, at the same time, to give 
 unfettered expression to the aspirations and all the deep religious 
 emotions which belong to the Hving present, to the hour that 
 now is — this is the problem which thoughtful and reverent Chris- 
 tian men will eventually solve. In worship, as in government 
 and discipline, order and liberty are to blend. 
 
 George P. Fisher. 
 
THE STATE AND THE NATION. 
 
 ''The unity of government, wliich constitutes you one people, is also now 
 dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your inde- 
 pendence — the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your 
 safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But 
 as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, 
 much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in youi* minds 
 the conviction of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress 
 against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most con- 
 stantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, — it is of 
 infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your 
 national union to your collective and individual happiness." — Washington's 
 Farewell Address. 
 
 A LEARNED and acute gentleman has recently put forth a new 
 edition of a large book, designed, as thSfe preface states, to show 
 that the authors and promoters of the late rebeUion committed 
 no crime against the laws of the United States, for the reason 
 that their States having passed ordinances of secession, they were 
 no longer amenable to the Constitution and laws of the United 
 States against treason, insurrection, etc., and that now the Ameri- 
 can people " are, in form, and life, and action, an association of 
 republics,'^ and, as we understand him, nothing more or other.* 
 
 Another writer, justly very eminent at the bar, and very pow- 
 erful in the political party that resisted the last three amend- 
 ments of the Federal Constitution, and all legislative action to 
 enforce them, has, in the May number of this Review, given his 
 views on the nature of the relation of the national and State gov- 
 ernments, and has pointed out what he considers to have been 
 the invasions of State rights by the national Government, and 
 the dangers of many acts of Congress in the direction of cen- 
 tralization, t 
 
 * ''The Republic of Republics, or American Federal Liberty." By C. P. 
 Centz, Barrister. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1881. 
 
 t " Centralization in the Federal Government." David D. Field. 
 
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS' 
 
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 ihe Countries of Moab, Gilead, and Bashan, during the years 1875-1877. By Selah 
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 Map. ivol.,8vo. $4.00. 
 
 The Bible Commentary: Ne^w Testament, 
 
 Vol. 3. The Epistle to the Romans, by Rev. E. H. Gifford; Corin- 
 thians, by Canon Evans and Rev. Joseph Waite ; Galatians, by Dean Howson ; 
 Ephesians, by Rev. F. Meyrick ; Philippians, by Dean Gv^tynn ; Colossians, Thes- 
 saJonians, and Philemon, by the Bishop of Derry ; Timothy and Titus, by Rev. H. 
 Wage and the Bishop of London, i vol., 8vo. $5.00. 
 
 The Theory of Preaching ; or. Lectures on 
 
 Homiletics. By Professor Austin Phelps, D. D. i vo1.,8vo. $2.50. 
 
 (In Press.) 
 
 The Orthodox Theology of To-day. By newman 
 
 Smyth, author of "Old Faiths in New Light." i vol., i2mo. $1.25. 
 
 The Law^ of Love, and Love as a Law^; 
 
 or, Christian Ethics. By Mark Hopkins, D. D., LL. D. A New Edition with im^ 
 portant additions. I vol., i2mo. $1.75. 
 
 The Origin of Nations. By Professor George Rawlinson, 
 
 M. A. I vol., i2mo. With Maps. $1.00. 
 
 Literary Varieties, voi. i. work and piay. voi. ii. The 
 
 Moral Uses of Dark Things. Vol. III. Building Eras in Religion. By Horace 
 BUSHNELL, D. D. 3 vols., i2mo. Each, $1.50. 
 
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 *^*A new Library edition of Chips from a German Workshop (5 vols.) has been 
 issued, price reduced to $2.00 per vol. 
 
 DEAN STANLEY'S WORKS. 
 
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 crown 8vo. $1.50. 
 
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 Arnold, D. D., late head master of Rugby School. 2 vols, in one. 
 Crown 8vo. $2.50. 
 
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 %* These books are for sale by all book-sellers, or will be sent, prepaid, upon receipt of price, by 
 
 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, Publishers, 
 
 Nos. 743 & 745 Broadway, New-York. 
 
COMPOUND OXYGEN. 
 
 1 
 
 For the Cure of Consumption, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, 
 
 Dyspepsia, Headache, (Dzaena, Debihty, and all Chronic 
 
 and Nervous Disorders, by a Natural Process 
 
 of Revitalization. 
 
 A RAPID DECLINE ARRESTED AND 
 
 THE PATIENT RESTORED 
 
 TO HEALTH. 
 
 The following testimonial from Mrs. Anna G. Four- 
 qurean, of San Marcos, Texas, came to us unsolicited. 
 No stronger evidence could possibly be given of the 
 curative value of Compound Oxygen. It is unequivo- 
 cal in its statements. The lady's husband, from whom 
 we have had several letters, in which he spoke of the 
 wonderful restoration to health in the case of his wife, 
 is a well-known and influential citizen of San Marcos, 
 and will, at any time, corroborate the statements con- 
 tained in the communication we give below: 
 
 "San Marcos, Texas, May 21, 1881. 
 
 "Dear Drs. Starkey & Palen: I can not refrain 
 from adding my testimonial, as to the merits of your 
 Compound Oxygen, to the many which are being sent 
 to you from all parts of the country. I can testify, not 
 that your ' Treatment' benefited me, but that it cured 
 me. My symptoms indicated consumption. For seven 
 or eight years I had been troubled, more or less, with 
 deep oppression in the chest and pains through the 
 lungs; slight colds would make me cough and spit up 
 blood. In the spring of 1878 a deep cold settled on 
 my lungs; I had a dreadful cough, accompanied by 
 daily fevers, sleepless nights, indigestion, loss of flesh 
 and strength, mental depression, and hcemorrhages 
 front the lungs. This state continued for eighteen 
 months, notwithstanding I had the treatment of good 
 physicians. By this time I had lost all vitality, spent 
 most of the time in bed, coughed continually, raising 
 a large quantity of deep-yellow mucus, and, after a 
 little sleep in the latter part of the night, / ivould 
 awaken drenched with night-sweats, and so prostrated 
 that I could not raise myself in bed until I had taken a 
 little brandy. 
 
 "/ began to lose hopes of life. My husband and 
 my neighbors thought I could not possibly live. About 
 this time your 'Compound Oxygen Treatment' was 
 brought to our notice. My husband immediately sent 
 for it; I stopped the use of all medicines and began 
 the ' Treatment.' I was too weak at first to take it for 
 as long a time as two minutes; but gradually the in- 
 halations increased in length and strength, and would 
 leave such a delightful sense of relief to my lungs that 
 I loved to inhale. My fever grew lighter each day 
 until I had none. 
 
 " Two weeks from the beginning of the ' Treatment ' 
 I began to feel like a new person ; could take walks ; 
 found myself singing while at my work ; indeed, I 
 scarcely recognized my own self; my flesh increased, 
 and I felt and looked younger. 
 
 "I used the 'Treatment' four months faithfully; 
 after^that irregularly for several months, and, at the end 
 of twelve months from the time I began it, / had no 
 cough, no sign of lung-diseast ; in other words, I was 
 
 WELL. 
 
 '* It is more than a year since I left off taking the 
 Oxygen, and I have had no return of the disease. It 
 is almost needless to say my heart is filled with grati- 
 tude to Drs. Starkey and Palen for their wonderful 
 remedy. My neighbors think I am one-idead on the 
 subject, and I wish I could get my one idea into the 
 heads of all suffering from disease. Some people are 
 slow to believe its merits, but it seems to me its very 
 name should serve as a ' pass- word.' 
 
 " Hoping that this may influence some one likewise 
 afl[1icted to use the ' Compound Oxygen Treatment,' I 
 remain one among its strongest advocates. 
 
 "Anna G. Fourqurean." 
 
 PROMPT ACTION AND REMARKABLE 
 IMPROVEMENT. i. 
 
 In November last we received aul^ttaJ MlBn i the 
 editor and proprietor of a newspapeAA^the^i^te of 
 Ohio, in which he gave us a statemelPbf his condi- 
 tion, which we condense, giving the leading points in 
 the case : 
 
 " Age 30. Four months ago I was apparently in 
 good health. I was at that time kept awake by one of 
 our children, who was sick, until at last I was unable 
 to sleep at all. I then used Chloral Hydrate for five 
 weeks every night. I finally became despondent, mel- 
 ancholy, and dyspeptic, and totally unable to attend to 
 business. Lost all interest in everything. I then put 
 myself under the care of our best physician, but was 
 not benefited. My vitality is below par." 
 
 A Treatment was sent early in December, and its 
 use promptly commenced and steadily used according 
 to directions. After the lapse of a month we received 
 the following letter: 
 
 " , Ohio, January 3, i88x. 
 
 "Drs. Starkey & Palen — Dear Sirs: It is now 
 nearly four weeks since I commenced the use of Com- 
 pound O.xygen, and / atn happy to report that I am 
 much better. During the first two weeks I did not 
 mark any change, but during the last week have felt 
 almost well again. My sleep is noiu so refreshing; 
 and although I get nervous and afraid I will have a 
 bad night nearly every evening, yet / have net failed 
 to get to sleep since the first night I used the Oxygen. 
 At first I was restless and wakeful, but now I sleep 
 six or seven hours at a stretch. As to my business 
 capeuity, I have not been in better tnm or felt a great- 
 er interest in my w ork for a year or more. In fact, I 
 believe I am now where I was a year since. I realize 
 from that that my complaint has been coming on me, 
 slowly but surely, for a long time — possibly years ; but 
 I am now stepping backward out of it at a very rapid 
 rate. I could stand a slower progress, now life is en~ 
 durable, and I can begin to see the silver lining of my 
 cloud, although I am but a few days from the b^k vol' 
 ley. I atn much better ! ..." . ' 
 
 After a period of nearly seven weeks, another let- 
 ter was received, bearing the date February i8th, and 
 ordering a second Treatment, from which we take an 
 extract showing that he had not only held to the gain 
 which he had received, but was still improving: 
 
 " I am," ho says, "nearly well. I feel splendidly, 
 and my weight is more than it has ever been, with 
 a steady increase of two pounds per week. I am 
 troubled some with nervous fears, and am in dread of 
 another attack of sleeplessness, something that is very 
 foolish, but over which I have not yet gained the mas- 
 tery. . . . Aly dyspepsia has vanished. Altogether I 
 am much better, and I thank the Compound Oxygen 
 for my f resent health. Do you not think it advisable 
 to contmue a while longer? I am s.-itisfied with ray 
 progress, but want to keep on until 1 have neither a 
 pain, ache, nor morbid fancy." 
 
 Our Treatise on Compound Oxygen is sent free of charge. It contains a history of the discovery, nature, and 
 action of this new remedy, and a record of many of the remarkable results which have so far attended its use. 
 
 Also sent free, ''Health and Life," a quarterly record of cases and cures under the Compound Oxygen 
 Treatment. 
 
 Depository on Pacific Coast. — H. E. Mathews, 606 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California, will 
 fill orders for the Compound Oxygen Treatment on Pacific Coast. 
 
 DRS. STARKEY &o PALEN, 
 
 G E." plLEN,^Ph R.,''M.^n.^" 1 1 09 6^ 1 1 1 1 Girard St. (bet. Chestnut & Markel). Phila., Fa,