X^eM^o^i^cclinc an& Sbtinhaae ^/<»-rr <^^ -'TOd?l-5y,%-;Cf noie-T; in tbe 3 PRINCETON, N. J. ^ ^ BX 8957 .13 A315 1898 The loss, decline and shrinkage in the cause of THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, U. S. A. Vihc %oss, decline an^ Sbtinhaae in tbe Cause of /fflbinistedal l£6ucation. A REPORT APPROVED BY THE SYNOD OF ILLINOIS AND PUBLISHED BY ITS AUTHORITY. PREFATORY NOTE. The following report was presented to the Synod of Illinois, in session at Bloomington, on Thursday, October 20, 1898. It was received and approved by the Synod and the resolu- tions accompanying it were unanimously adopted. It is printed in the Minutes of Synod for this year, and by order of Synod, it is now published in this form for general circulation, D. S. Johnson, Hinsdale, Illinois, Stated Clerk. Nov. 15, 1898. REPORT ON MINISTERIAL EDUCATION. To the Synod of Illinois, in session at Bloomington, the Permanent Committee on 2Iinistenal Education, resjjectfully submits the following as its annual report : The past year has emphasized certain changes which of late have been coming over the cause of Ministerial Education. JNo cause is more vitally related to the welfare of the Church and in none is a change for the better or for the worse more significant. These changes have not been sudden. For a long time they have been tacitly recognized and of late this recognition has begun to be outspoken ; yet it is doubtful if to-day the Church at large realizes how great these changes are. These wliich we note are sucli as have taken place within the last four years and this period is selected because it covers the active connection with this ^|prk of the author of the report, the chairman of Dur Committee for this year. These changes which must have had their beginning long before this period have developed rapidly and now it is upon us that the burden rests of interpreting correctly tlieir significance. In doing this, the facts are at hand. They are plain and open to one who reads the records of our Presbyteries, the reports of our Board of Education and the minutes of our Assembly. Any mistakes In our interpretation of them can readily be corrected. LOSS, DECLIXE AND SHRINKAGE. These facts tell a story of loss, of decline and of shrinkage, and the story is the same, whether we look at the number of candidates for the gospel ministry, or at the number of beneficiaries receiving pecuniary ai(Jin their courses of study, or at the contributions of our Church to this cause. Table A shows this loss. In the number of candidates there is a loss of 316, or 21 per cent ; in the number of beneficiaries, there is a decline of over 21 per cent., or 217 ; in the contributions to the cause of Education as a wliole. there is a shrinkage of over 60 per cent., $130,581, from $214,637.00 to $84,056.00.* The receipts of the Board of Education show the effect of this shrinkage. Its total figures for 1895 were $125,554, for 1898, $75,625, a difference of $49,000.00, or 39 per cent. Some of this difference is due to legacies, .some due to in- vestments paid in ; but the contributions of the churches. Sabbath Schools and Young People's Societies have shrunk steadily from $50,901 in 1895 to $43,368 in 1898, a loss of $7,532.00 or 15 per cent. Belief for this shrinkage in the receipts of the Board has been sought * The fig-ures for 1895 are the largest since 1890 i$i70:656). The flg-ures for 1898 are the smallest since 1879 ($82,585). That is, the Church g-ave less last year to the g-eneral cause of Ministerial Education than it has g-iven for nineteen years. in the increase of contributing cliurclies from 3,1(35 to 3,523, or 358 ; but the relief is more apparent than real, for there are still more churches that do not contribute to the Board tlian those that do, the difference being 585. Further, an increase in the number of offerings, accompa- nied bj' a steady shrinkage in the total amount of the offerings, is anomalous and unsatisfactory. Our Synod lias had its full share of this decline and shrinkage. In 1895 we had 72 candidates receiving aid and 228 of our churches contributed $4,576.00 to the funds of the Board; but in 1898 we had only 41 candidates receiving aid and 248 churches contributed only $3,108.00, a loss of 31 candidates and $1,468.00 in offerings. These are the figures. They are easily accessible, and errors in the use of them can be coiTccted readily. In our view, they are enough to arouse the Church to the most searcliing inquiry. A business house which loses 60 per cent, of its income in four years would not rest until the cause was explained, and a Church which suffered a decline of 21 percent, iu its -candidates for the ministry, must sooner or later cry out in alarm for her perpetuity. The Synod will doubtless be surprised by this condition of affairs. Most of us luive felt that something was wrong, but we have been en- tirely unprepared for sucli a showing. It dismisses at once all super- ficial and temporizing explanations wliich have been offered and it sends us to the root of the matter that we may make inquiry into the cause and the cure of this condition of affairs. VARIOUS KXPLANATIOXS — "MINISTERS ENOUGH." Various explanations of this loss, decline and shrinkage are offered: fa) It is said that the supply of ministers is sufficient and that for this reason the number of candidates has fallen oft'. The growth of the Church, however, within this period has been steady, if notrapid. We are stronger by 139 churciies. 7,635 as against 7.496. We have 52,- 973 more communicants now than four years ago, 975,877 as against 922,904, an increase of over 5 per cent. Our Sabbath schools are stronger by 39,371 members than they were in 1895, 1,034,164 as against 994,793, an increase of over 4 per cent. This is real progress, even if it be slow progress and these cliurches must be supplied, these com- municants must be ministered to, these Sabbath scliool children must be cared for; yet in the number of men we are preparing to take charge of these churches and of tliese members, we show a decline of 317 or 21 per cent, and a shrinkage in the total contributions of the Ciiurch of over 60 per cent. While the Church has been moving for- ward, our supply for tlie future ministry is moving backward. ••5IIN1STEUS FKOM OTHER SOURCES." (bi it is urged tliat from other sources than our own system of can- didature, the number of ministers is now recruited and that in this way our clmrches are supi)lied. Tliese sources are ministers from other denominations and ministers ordained witliout our regular course of training. Unfortunately the facts do not sustain this claim. We received last vear from other denominations onlv .54 men. wiiile at the beginning of this period we received 82. or 28 more. Whatever the danger then from the incursions of these men of other bodies may be, it is diminishing. There are here and there exceptional cases in which candidates have been ordained without the full course of train- ing. But there have alwaj-s been such cases and it has not been proved that they are on the increase. The number of ordinations last year (290) compared with the number of candidates (1,161) and licen- tiates '469) affords no ground for assertion on this point. The alarm felt lest our ministry be degraded from these sources is probably ex- aggerated. In any case these sources of supply are not enough to explain the decline in our number of candidates and the shrinkage in our contributions. The cause lies deeper than that. "VACANT CHURCHES AND UNEMPLOYED 3IIN1STEKS. " ici It is sometimes urged that an explanation is to be found some- where within the difficult problem of the vacant church and the un- employed minister and it is said that if our unemployed ministers should be settled over our vacant churches, we would not need candi- dates for many years to come. Theoretically, this is in a great meas- ure true. Table C has recently been prepared and it shows that if the ministers marked "Ev." (many of whom are without regular ministerial occupation,) be added to those marked "W. C", the total (885) would be sulUcient to supply the vacant churches of the year (837). This, however, is only a theoretical possibility, for no method has ever been devised to bring it about practically. The churches continue vacant and the ministers unemployed: for what reason, we need not here inquire. Vv^e must note, however, that the number of vacant churches has lessened by 184, showing a demand for more ministers and at the same time the number of unemployed ministers shows a slight increase. If there were any vital connection between our system of candidature and our number of unemployed ministervS, the decline in the number of candidates should have been accom- panied by a decline in the number of unemployed ministers to show that the unemployed were filling the places for which the candiaaxes were being educated. That such is not the case, however, appears from the table and the problem is left unsolved. "the financial depression." id) The financial depression of the last four j'ears is confidently urged in explanation of the shrinkage in contributions. Doubtless the churches have felt the depression that has affected the business world so seriously; but that depression is not apparent in the reports of the Presbyteries for the period under consideration. Our Church gives evidence of her steadfastness in these trying times by an in- crease of $298,750.00 in her contributions for congregational expenses, $10,219,891.00 as against $9,921,141.00. At what cost to her faithful sons and daughters this generous increase has been made, the figures do not tell. The same encouragement appears from a comparison of our benev- olent contributions during that period. Table D shows these contri- butions for the period. It is compiled from tlie reports of Presby- teries, not of the Boards, for the reason tliat our purpose is to ascertain the general interest of the Church in these respective causes. Our report deals with the cause and only incidentally with the Board of Ministerial Education. This table shows that within this period Foreign Missions made an increase of 5 per cent., Ministerial Relief of 2 per cent., Freedmen of 6 per cent, and Aid for Colleges of 11 per cent. The decrease in Home Missions is only H per cent, and that in Church Erection is 31 percent; while the decrease in Education is 60 per cent. The increase in gifts to live of our causes during this depressing period is encouraging and the decrease in Home Missions is so small as to be equally encouraging considering all that has transpired within this period. The question, however, forces itself upon us, why, if other causes siiow increase, or only a sliglit decrease, must the cause of Education suffer so fearfully as 60 per cent? Why is it tliat the decrease in the contributions to Education should be nearly twice as much as that of Home Missions and Churcii Erection put togetlier? THE HEAT. EXPLANATION — A WANING INTEREST. These explanations, therefore, are not sufficient. The loss, decline and shrinkage in the cause of Ministerial Education is in the face of our solid growth in churches, in members and in Sabbath School attendance. It is not accounted for by an increased supply of ministers from other sources; it is not explained by the number of unemployed ministers; it is without parallel in our other causes and in money it represents a loss greater than all the others put together. There can- not be much doubt that the loss, decline and shrinkage in the cause of Education is due to lack of interest and that this has spread through the whole Church, affecting ministers, ruling elders and congregations alike. It lias made ministers and elders half-liearted in their advo- cacy of the cause. It has made congregations luke-warm and iiesitating in their gifts, so that it is reported to this Synod that some of tlie largest and most influential churches within our bounds have failed to contribute during the past year. It has made young men insensible to the claims of the ministry upon their serious attention. If any other conclusions than these can be drawn from the facts, they ought to be given out. Tlie Synod, however, will doubtless require of its Committee that it pause not at this point, but indicate, if possible, the cause of this lack of interest. Various causes may be j^iven, eacli of wtiich deserves con- sideration, for, in complicated questions like this, there is no one cause that explains all the facts. Thus it has been attributed to a decaying piety in the Church at large affecting both our young men and our contributors. In view, however, of the increase of contributions to other Boards no more closely related to the welfare of the Church than this, this explanation is not sufficient. THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. It has also been attributed to the methods of the Board of Educa- tion, the central bureau through which the Church provides tor the support of candidates. These methods, like those of every human organization, are not perfect and our official correspondence with the Board, as well as our practical connection with the work, obliges us to say that those methods could be improved upon. The Board has become too much of an administrative body, busy with the details and statistics of the office. It has ceased in large measure from that stren- uous personal advocacy of the cause by the living voice of its represen- tatives, which in the early days of its history gave it such hold upon the conscience of the Church. It has come to rely of late upon correspondence and circulars and magazine articles : and its literature is not always relevant to the great work at hand nor does it always exhibit a just appreciation of the Board's relation to tlie Presbyteries. Its policy towards the candidates re- ceiving the aid of the Church at its hands is at times lacking in vigor and precision. Further than this, it must have recognized the changes which have been coming over the work : yet instead of arousing the Church to their significance, it has been content to re- cord them in its statistical reports and to exercise almost herculean efforts to provide by special gifts against our failing contributions. Less than this cannot be said in any just estimate of the present loss, decline and shrhikage in the cause of Ministerial Education : yet it is easy to exaggerate these defects. The zeal and devoted interest in this work felt by the members of the Board is abundantly manifest. What its struggles have been, no one of us who are on the outside can surmise. The Board, too, is merely the agent of the Church and not its mentor, and the duty of arousing the Church to the present condition of affairs devolves not upon the Board only, but upon the Presbyteries and the Synods as well. That the Board's operations are subject to improvement has just been plainly indicated; that the trouble lies deeper tluin the Board and could not be corrected merely by changes in its methods we will now endeavor to show. THE PKESEYTERIES THE 3IAIN SOURCE. The main source of the lack of interest which has resulted in the decline of candidates and the shrinkage of contributions is, in our judgment, to be found in our Presbyteries. This is a confession as well as a criticism, for the signers of tliis report represent their Pres- byteries ill this work. Tlie Presbyteries are the original and the per- petual authority over candidates for the ministry, and their autliority outranks institutional authority and administrative authority. Neitiier the institutions of learning, at which our candidates study, nor the Board of Education through which pecuniary assistance is provided foi- some of them can absolve the Presbyteries from their obligations, or divide with them their responsibility. We may aban- don the beneticiary method of support and the institutional method of instruction, but as. long as ours is a Presbyterian Church, the min- istry nmst be recruited in the main from candidates gathered by the Presbyteries. The Presbytery oversees the ciuirches, out of whicii the candidates come; it ascertains their personal piety and their motives for seeking the ministry; it guides them in their course of study and at its close opens to them their fields of usefulness and any investigation of this kind which stops short of the Presbytery is super- ficial and unvrorthy the serious attention of the Cliurch, If the Pres- byteries will arise and do their duty thoroughly, the difficulties will, under God's blessing, be found to disappear and any changes in our administrative methods that may be needed will follow easily. PRESBYTERIAL AUTHORITY. Presbyterial authority over candidates, properly includes candi- dates, licentiates and local evangelists. That authority has three distinct fields for its exercise, the reception of candidates, the super- vision of candidates and the support of candidates. In each of these, it is submitted there are at present great defects and these defects are the chief sources of our present diiticulties. I. The Reception of Candidates. 1. Presbyteries have a duty to search out among tlieir churclies constantly for godly and gifted men, who may till tlie sacred office; to press upon these the claims of tliat office and to relieve their minds of the difficulties wiiich present themselves, and to obey the Master's in- junction — "Pray ye therefore, the Lord of tlie harvest, that He will send forth laborers into His harvest." If in making this search, the Presbyteries have failed and have contented themselves v/itli examin- ing the young men who on their own responsibility seek the ministry, we have at once some explanation of the decline in tlie numbor of candidates. 2. There has grown up in some Presbyteries, a practice of leaving to the committee all dealings with the candidates. Two cases- liave recently come to our notice; the one an ordained minister and tlie otlier a senior in the Seminary course, both of whom received aid of the Church through their courses of training, and yet by no fault of their own were never received as candidates by the Presbytery. In their cases. Presbytery allowed itself to be made a mere bureau for registering applications for pecuniary aid and devolved its own duty upon a committee, which may recommend to, but ought never to be re- quired to act for, the Presbytery. 3. Presbyteries are responsible for their candidates to the Cluirch at large. If they receive unfit men, they are not only at fault, but through their fault have afflicted the whole Church, for such men once started on tlieir careers pass readily from Presbytery to Presby- tery. It is difficult to refuse applications and the best of rules is liable to fail in a concrete case; but if tenderness to the individual wvercomes the sense of fidelity to the whole body of believers, there can be but one final result. Fidelity requires tliat the examination upon receiving a candidate should be close and particular as to his per- sonal piety and his motives for seeking the ministry. If our Presby- teries content themselves with examinations which are formal and superficial, it is no wonder that men creep in who bring disgrace upon the Church and the ministry. One sucli case is enough in the public mind to offset the blameless and devout lives of ninety-nine worthy candidates. fokeigxers and sthangeks. This laxity in receiving candidates appears with regard to four dis- tinct classes: (1) Foreigners, such as Persians. Japanese and Italians, who make their way to this country and have a desire to study for the ministry. Their nationality lends special interest to their application and they are received, often with no credentials and upon no careful examin- ation into their antecedents or their personal character. Within our "period, and under our knowledge, four such cases have arisen; two of them Persians, one a Japanese and one a Bulgarian. These candidates all completed their Seminary course, l^ot one of them is in the min- istry and only one of them remains in connection witii the Presby- terian Church. (2) Strangers in the bounds of Presbyteries often apply to be re- ceived as candidates and our Presbyteries with scarcely more knowl- edge than if they were foreigners, grant their applications. Men of this class who are called to the ministry will always be able to furnish satisfactory evidence of their blameless lives and of their previous his- tory. So true is this tliat only a rare euK-rgency can justify Presbytery In receiving a man from beyond its own bounds merely upon his own statements, or the testimony of those w ho are but slightly acquainted witli him. (3) Students, members of other cLi'iioininations, often apply for ad mission, giving as their rea.son their decided preference for some one or other of the distinctive features of Presbyterianisra. and Presby- teries, feeling a natural gratification in this preference, hesitate to inquire closely into the record of the new convert. Tlie result is that in some cases the discovery is made too late, that the candidate left his own denomination, not uf his own choice, but through necessity and that his preference for I^resbyterianism was a forced preference. This applies, not only to men coming from the Koman Catholic Church and from Judaism, but to men coming from bcKlies more closely re- lated to us. Correspondence with representative men in othei' evan- gelical churches shows that we are not alone in this experience. (4) Candidates from other Presbyteries are often received upon let- ter without inquiry as to the grounds on which the change was sought. Such changes are often desiraule because of a change in the place of residence or of study of the candidate; but in other cases the reason, if searciied into, would be found to be the stricter method of examin- ation for licensure and ordination, or in some cases an attitude towards his own Presbytery which must have led to a rupture of relation. Careful inquiry on the part of the Presbytery will develop these facts and check such tendencies, and the great body of our candidates will lieartily welcome such inquiry as will not only protect the Church fr(»m unworthy men. but maintain its high stamiard for learning and for discipline. 10 II. The Supervision of Candidates. This supervision is in its nature, pastoral. Tlious^h the candidate continue a member of an individual church, he passes practically from the care of its session to the care of the Presbytery, and yet he needs such supervision as only a pastor can give. He is in the formative period of his life, usually from eighteen to twenty-tive years of age. and needs a guidance, the lack of which he is often painfully aware of. This supervision of the Presbytery should be regular, systematic and definite from the beginning of the course and should cover every department of the candidate's life and training. Yet, as a matter of fact, it is very much neglected. In one Presbytery which reported four years ago seventy-five candidates, no account had been taken for sev- eral years and it was found upon inquiry, that one or two of the can- didates were dead : that two or three had connected themselves with various religious bodies; that several more had abandoned the ministry for secular callings, and of a dozen at least no trace whatever could be found. If the Presbyteries do not assert the authoi'ity which belong.s to them, they need not be surprised if candidates fail to recognize it and sometimes make mistakes which, by wise counsel, might be avoided. This supervision includes : 1. The personal demeanor of the canidatc as a Christian man in training for the ministry. Habits into which a young man left alone is apt to fall, may be checked by the firm and kindly v/ord of the Pres- bytery through a judicious committee. Extravagance in dress and in manner of life and indulgence in amusements condemned by the experience of Christian people, are frequently cited in criticism of our young men. The early marriages which some of them contract, burdening themselves through their course of training with family cares, furnish another ground of criticism. That these criticisms are often well taken, no one will deny ; neither can anyone deny that they might be made unnecessary by a proper supervision. A wise commit- tee always does far more than it reports and it carries seci'ets safeh'. COURSES AND INSTITUTIONS. 2. The course of .study adopted. In nearly all academic institutions, elective courses are offered, and candidates left to themselves will choose such as accord with their individual tastes, not always having regard to their future work. One young man was found a year ago to" be pursuing a course of botany, zoology, French literature and oratory, and when he was informed that this could not be permitted, he with- drew from the care of the Presbytery, announcing at the same time his determination to continue his studies for the ministry. Presby- teries to-day may properly insist that classical, as opposed to scientific or eclectic courses must be pursued by candidates as leading up to the studies of the theological course. In the same connection. Presby- teries ought to see to it that the course taken is faithfully pursued. A professor in an institution beyond the bounds of our own Synod, in which many candidates for the ministry are studying, said recently that it is unusual for Presbyteries to take notice of the reports of his 11 faculty showing the unexcused absences of students from their classes even when in some cases these absences number seventy-five during the year. 3. The institution at which the candidate pursues his studies comes within the Presbyterial Supervision. Within the Church, candidates may properly exercise their own choice as to Seminaries and even as to colleges ; although some candidates in choosing colleges need to be re- minded that the highest qualification in a college course for men looking to the ministry, is not the work of the college foot-ball team, or glee-club, but the adaptation of its methods to their future work. Some of our candidates are inclined, for private reasons, to study at institutions, the influence of which is bad from a religious standpoint. There are academic atmospheres of great reputation for learning, the effect of whicli within the four years course is to transform the earnest Christian into a cynic or an agnostic. Presbyteries that fail to prevent their candidates from attending such institutions, need not wonder if these candidates sometimes go astray. 4. The vacation time of the candidate is a proper subject for Pres- byterial inquiry. Academic students of limited means may well engage in secular employment to provide for their support in the year to come: yet they need often wise advice concerning the character of the business offers which are made to them and for which they are entitled to look to the Presbytery through its comnjittee. Seminary students should be encouraged during their vacations to try their gifts at preaching and the Presbyteries have not only the right, but the duty to provide work, if possible, within their own bounds for their own candidates. EASY LICENiSURE AND ORDINATION. 5. The licensure and ordination of the candidate is with many Presbyteries, a matter of form only. The examination is held, but if the candidate has completed his course of study in some well-known theological institution, it is taken for granted that he ought to be qualified to preach, even though his answers betray woeful ignorance: and the Presbytery, even against its own judgment, ushers him into the sacred ministry out of mistaken deference to the institution from which he comes. '-Mistaken deference." we sa}% because our experi- ence with theological faculties warrants us in saying that they recog- nize the presbyterial as superior to the institutional authority and the fact that some men may pass their technical examinations wlio- are really not qualified to preach. Of this only the Presbytery can judge. There is no more painful siglit than that of men. accredited ministers of the gospel, who are unable to do the work of the ministry. Fidelity to the Church as well as a tender regard for the welfare of these men, requires of our Presbyteries, that their examinations for licensure and ordination should be thorough and exact. This supervision is not difficult if conducted in a systematic way. If the candidate is informed that it is a part of his candidature, he will expect it and will adjust himself to it. In some Prcsbytei'ies this 12 is done at an annual nieetin^i' of the Committee, at wliich meeting every candidate is required to be present in person, it possible, and if not, to report fully upon the points named above. Upon the basis of this report, the Committee either sanctions or disapproves of the course of the candidate, and if disapproved, requires him to amend it. Candidates who fall to report are. after due notice, dropped from the rolls by the Pi-esbytery. III. The Support of Candidates. This question is in many minds the center of the controversy con- cerning- Ministerial Education: if the foregoing positions be well taken, it is last and least. Concerning the Church's support of candidates, three opinions are held. One is that the Cliurcli should decline to provide support for its candidates. This is the method of the Scottish churches, which have no such system as ours and whose institutions of learning offer only bursaries or scholarships, such as may be tal^.226.00, 1898 S { $ 95,149.00 ) ^^ ^ I^®' ^®"^- ^^'nr,eeclnien i '^ ^^^'^^^-^^N. Increase S6,91L0O, 1898 i I $ 118,359.001 ^^ ^ P^^' ^^°^- 1895 ) ( $ 145,964.00 ) T,.,.„..,.p «m stc. (IO \ Aid for Colleges. - - ^"^^^'i^c $18.8 .0.00- 1898 \ { $ 164,840.00 ) On the other hand, causes showing decrease are : '^^nHo„,e Mission. ] * ^^^'™-'» [ Deere.se ,H.,»-,_0«,, 1898 ) ( $ 972,993.00 ) 1895 1 ( $ 217,824.00 ) -n^^,,^^^^ ^a» n-w nn [ Chnich Erection. - I Deciease $68,032.00 1898 ) i $ 149,792.00 ) °^ '^^ P"^ ^^^^- '''' I Education ^ ' '''''''''' 1 1>-^-^«^ $130,581.00- 1898^ ■ 1$ 84,056.00 i Nearly 61 per cent. 11 per cent. or li per cent. TABLE B. The Loss in Our Syxod. YEAR. Candidates Aided by tho Board. Amount Keceivfd by tho Board. Amount Given to Can- didates. Contributing Churches. Xon-coutrib- utinff Churches. 1I95 189S 72 41 $ 4,5T«.00 $ .3,615.00 2.n:io.(>» ,'i2S 24S 23!) 241 Loss Kl Loss $1,472.00 Los.s $3,68.3.00 Gain 20 Gain JS TABLE C. Vacant Ciiukciies and Ministeus Without Kegulak C'hahge Vacant Ministers. SYNODS. CUUKCHES. 1895 1898 1895 1898 w. c. EV. w. c. 1 EV. Atlantic ir, 14 8 17 9 23 3 10 27 1 1 Ba-ltiniort! California 27 3:) 48 8 42 2 Catawba 6 1 •> 1 2 4 Colorado 19 81 43 66 33 24 31 13 23' 12 16 42 20 1 Illinois 25 Indiana 5 Indian Ter 18 12 6 3 1 Iowa 43 44 24 (J 31 5 Kansas (52 .54 15 (5 18 10 Kentucky 21 12 .) 3 .) Michigan 38 43 23 12 22 j 13 Minnesota 43 40 <) 9 11 10 Missouri 55 27 •>•> 8 •> '. ;> Montana 3 76 4 34 2 8 1 8 1 15 •> Nebraska 11 New Jersey. .. 25 15 40 10 46 ; 11 New York 71 61 95 85 97 1 98 North Dakota 10 42 6 3 Ohio 100 43 36 20 46 j 40 Oregon 9 19 7 2 4 3 Pennsylvania .. 175 100 60 72 67 54 South Dakota.. 31 28 8 9 3 Tennessee 23 17 4 3 4 3 Texas 3 4 3 3 1 Utah 1 5 •t i 5 Washington ... 16 17 4 8 19 1 Wisconsin 22 34 837"" 16 3 9 2 Totals 1,021 545 312 572 313 Totals, W. C. and Ev., 1895, 857. Totals, W. C. and Ev., 1898, 885. Date Due Y 3- '48