Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/historyofwilliamOObodd HISTORY OF ( FEB 16 1924 X&fffilGAL %lf&y WILLIAMSBURG Something About tbe People ol Williamsburg County, South Carolina, from tbe First Settle-* ment brj Europeans About 170!) until 1Q23. BY WILLIAM WILLIS BODDIE COLUMBIA, S. C. THE STATE COMPANY 1923 COPYRIGHT, 1923, BY WILLIAM WILLIS BODDIE INTRODUCTION Preparing what I have called the History of Williams¬ burg has given me great pleasure. It was designed to give statements of fact to one who cares simply for such, as well as to lure the student who wants to learn something of Williamsburg’s place in the world. Prac¬ tically everything herein contained is based on ancient documents or official records. I am very grateful to Mr. A. S. Salley, Jr., Secretary of the Historical Commission of South Carolina, for his sympathetic patience with me while gathering material from his office and for much aid given me; and, likewise, to the authorities in the office of the Secretary of State and the Charleston Library. Miss Mabel L. Webber, Secretary of the South Carolina Historical Society, gave me many helpful suggestions. Judge of Probate W. E. Snowden and Clerk of the Court John D. Britton, of Williamsburg, Judge of Probate Frank M. Bryan, of Charleston, and Judge of Probate Thomas E. Richardson, of Sumter, were always very kind and helpful when I worked in their offices. Mr. B. E. Clarkson allowed me the use of the Confed¬ erate War Diary of his late father, William J. Clarkson; Mr. E. C. Epps furnished me a copy of the Retaliation War Prison Diary of his father, the venerable William Epps; and Mrs. J. B. Morrison, Jr., permitted me to gather much material from “Ervins and Their Kin” man¬ uscript of her late father, Reverend E. E. Ervin. Nothing helped me with the early history of this County more than Colonel J. G. Wardlaw’s “Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family.” Mr. Louis W. Gilland allowed me to make a copy of the old Session Record Book of Williamsburg Presby¬ terian Church, and Mr. D. E. McCutchen one of the Indian town Presbyterian Church. I have used freely “The Register Book for the Parish Prince Frederick Winyaw,” IV INTRODUCTION edited by the late Mrs. Elizabeth W. A. Pringle. I have drawn at will from all the published histories of South Carolina, the biographies of men of Williamsburg, and the newspaper files in the Charleston Library. Mrs. D. C. Scott, during many years, collected histori¬ cal material in connection with her work in the patriotic societies of Williamsburg and the Pee Dee Historical Society. I became heir to all this. It was she who first told me the story of the people of Williamsburg and in¬ fluenced me to undertake this delightful labor. Dr. D. C. Scott, out of his more than seventy years of comprehensive understanding of Williamsburg, and Mrs. Boddie, from her naturally beautiful enthusiasm for my work, have both been continuously helpful. They have been most generous in avoiding even an attempt to color my scheme and I desire that no questionable opinion herein be charged to them. Mr. Samuel R. Mouzon, Mr. Harvey J. Brown, Mr. William M. McKnight, and Mr. Alonzo W. Flagler, all Confederate Veterans of more than four score years of age, whose minds are clear and whose memories are vivid, gave me invaluable information. Mr. J. J. B. Montgomery told me a thousand good stories that he would not allow me to publish and helped me to understand many things. Peter G. Gourdin, C. E., contributed for use in this volume his excellent map of Williamsburg, 1923. Mrs. John A. Scott allowed me to copy the Robert Frierson map of Williamsburg (Kingstree) 1801, which greatly adds to the value of this History. Miss Ann Fulton (now Mrs. Glenn E. Scott, Sarasota, Florida,) used her good judgment, both in including and excluding material, in copying for me thousands of pages from old manuscripts. Miss Adeline Shuler prepared from dictation the manuscript for this book. Out of her keenly intelligent interest, she made many helpful sug- INTRODUCTION v gestions, both as to form and content, that have been incorporated in the work. WILLIAM WILLIS BODDIE. Kingstree, South Carolina, June 22, 1923. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Before Williamsburg Had a Name - 1-7 II. The King’s Tree and Williamsburg Township - 8-20 III. Original Settlers - 21-26 IV. The People Who Settled Williams¬ burg . 27-37 V. Economic Conditions - 38-43 YI. Churches and Churchmen - - 44-58 VII. Growing Pains and Petitions - - 59-72 VIII. Colonial Wills . 73-86 IX. Political and Social Matters - - 87-93 X. The War of the Revolution - - 94-113 XI. Williamsburg Soldiers in the Revo¬ lution . 114-130 XII. Government by the People - - 131-136 XIII. The Town of Williamsburg, 1788 - 137-153 XIV. Williamsburg Census, 1790 - - 154-170 XY. Presbyterianism Regnant - 171-198 XYI. Williamsburg Taxpayers, 1811 - - 199-206 XVII. Roads and Ferries from 1788 to 1830 207-212 XVIII. Government and Officials, 1783-1830 213-219 XIX. Old Wills and Xotes on Them - - 220-246 XX. Economic and Social Life, 1783-1830 247-257 XXI. Indiantown Church, 1819-1830 - - 258-265 XXII. The Nullification Movement, 1832 - 266-270 XXIII. Puritanism, Calvinism, and Armini- anism ------ 271-303 XXIV. Things, Political and Social, 1830- 1860 . 304-322 XXV. Transportation, 1830 to 1860 - - 323-328 XXVI. Slavery and Secession - 329-342 XXVII. Williamsburg, C. S. A., 1861 - - 343-378 XXVIII. Williamsburg, C. S. A., 1862 - - 379-396 XXIX. Williamsburg, C. S. A., 1863 - - 397-402 XXX. Williamsburg, C. S. A., 1864 - - 403-412 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XXXI. Williamsburg, C. S. A., 1865 - - 413-432 XXXII. Williamsburg, U. S. A., 1865 - - 433-439 XXXIII. Reconstruction . 440-457 XXXIV. Another Williamsburg - - - 458-466 XXXV. Public Education since 1880 - - 467-479 XXXVI. Religious Denominations, 1865-1923 - 480-495 XXXVII. Banking in Williamsburg - - 496-502 XXXVIII. Throbbing War Drums Call - - 503-516 XXXIX. Many Things . 517-532 XL. General Progress - 533-548 ILLUSTRATIONS Lieutenant Joseph Scott . 123 Lieutenant Colonel John G. Pressley - 343 Colonel James F. Pressley . 349 Major C. S. Land . 359 Colonel James McCutchen . 379 Lieutenant Junius E. Scott . 400 Lieutenant William Epps . 418 Lieutenant David Ervin Gordon . 419 Lieutenant Colonel Edward C. Register - - 505 Sergeant Leroy W. Smith . 511 Honorable R. C. Logan . 521 LIST OF MAPS. Proposed Town of Williamsburg, 1737 — Williams - 8 Williamsburg Township. Mouzon’s Map, 1775 - - 87 Town of Williamsburg, 1788 — Old Map - - - 137 Williamsburg, 1801 — Frierson . 257 Williamsburg District, 1825 — Mills - 257 Williamsburg County, 1923 — Gourdin - 533 CHAPTER I. BEFORE WILLIAMSBURG HAD A NAME. The territory in Southern North America claimed by the British at the beginning of the seventeenth century was called Virginia. In 1663, that portion South of the parallel of latitude 36° 33' was separated from Virginia and named Carolina in honor of Charles II, King of England. This territory, however, had been designated Carolina by Charles I when he made in 1629 a grant of land to Sir Robert Keith. Charles II granted Carolina in 1663 to eight noblemen, known as Lords Proprietors. At that time, there were a few scattered settlements along the Roanoke and Chowan Rivers, in what is now North Carolina, but none other in all the vast territory denominated Carolina. These Lords Proprietors believed that they could establish almost at once in this naked country a feudalistic civili¬ zation more complex than had grown up in many centu¬ ries in their mother country. They secured John Locke, a celebrated English philosopher, then under the patron¬ age of Ashley, one of the Lords Proprietors, to write a Constitution for Carolina. While Locke was one of the most influential thinkers of modern times and wrote a Constitution for Carolina from which Jefferson, Hamilton, and Marshall, a century later, drew many valuable suggestions, he had never visited Carolina and had only his vast store house of learning and his imagination to aid him in creating his remarkable scheme for the government of the widely scat¬ tered settlements in these wilds. His Fundamental Con¬ stitution for Carolina was accepted by the Lords Propri¬ etors and made the law of the land. It was a beautiful theory which Locke had created and he and the Lords 2 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Proprietors had many hopeful dreams that their plans would materialize. The Lords Proprietors did all they could to consummate the ideal empire that had its origin in the brain of Locke. They made large grants of land in Carolina to seemingly eager English noblemen, expecting these pampered prod¬ ucts of wealth and ease to migrate with their retainers to this wilderness and soon establish an aristocratic Carolina. These English lords did not come to Carolina to live on their estates. They attempted to send hirelings to over¬ come the pioneer matters and create a condition their masters could endure. But hirelings never make a wilder¬ ness a garden unless severely superintended. The English government gave the Lords Proprietors a free hand for more than a half century while Carolina was a Proprietary Province, but the plans of Locke would not work. Finally, seven of the Lords Proprietors ceded back to the King their claims to Carolina, and in 1719 it became a Royal Province. In 1729, Carolina was divided into the provinces of North Carolina and of South Caro¬ ling along the lines now obtaining. In 1729, there were only two small settlements in South Carolina. These were Charleston and Beaufort, both along the coast. These two settlements had no back country to support them and nothing for maintaining their existence except the nominal trade with the Indians. Charleston and Beaufort then produced practically nothing. Besides, they were dangerously near the Spanish territory of Florida, and the Spaniards were forever foraying on them. The Indians from the West were likewise frequently dis¬ turbing them and constantly threatening their existence. King George knew that up to 1730 but little of prac¬ tical value had been done towards the creation of a suc¬ cessful colony in South Carolina. He realized that the colonies at Charleston and Beaufort were not self sus¬ taining and could not be made so without the development BEFORE WILLIAMSBURG HAD A NAME 3 of the back country ; and, furthermore, that the Spaniards and the Indians might at any time unite and exterminate these two towns on the coast. In 1730, he gave the fol¬ lowing instructions to Governor Robert Johnson of South Carolina: “Whereas, it has been found by long experience in our province of New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay, that the settling of such persons as were disposed to become planters there hath redounded very much to their ad¬ vantage, not only with respect to the assistance they have been able to afford each other in their civil concerns, but, likewise, with regard to the security they have thereby acquired against the insults and incursions of the neigh¬ boring Indians : “We have thought it for our service, and you are hereby required to mark out and set apart eleven townships in our said province, on the banks of rivers, at sixty miles distance from Charleston; that is to say, two townships on the Altamaha, two on the Savannah River, one on Ponpon River, two on Santee River, one on Wateree River, one on Black River, and one on Waccamaw River. Each of these townships must consist of twenty thousand acres of land, to be laid out in square plots, — one side thereof to front the respective rivers on which they shall be settled. “In each of these townships, you shall mark out proper place for the situation of a town, contiguous to the river, where the township lies, to consist of so many lots, and each lot of such quantity of land as you shall judge con¬ venient, and to each inhabitant, at their first settling there, besides their respective town lots, you shall grant fifty acres, part of the above mentioned twenty thousand, for every man, woman, or child, of which the grantee’s family shall consist, which grants shall be augmented from time to time as the abilities of the respective inhabitants shall render them capable of cultivating more lands, always 4 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG taking care to proportion profitable and unprofitable land in each grant and to mark the same out in such manner that every grantee, by the situation of his land, may reap equal advantage of access to the river to which the town¬ ship shall be contiguous, and to the intent that land near the said township may not be wanting for the convenience of the inhabitants, as their substance shall increase. “No person, except the inhabitants, shall be allowed to take up land within six miles of the said townships, respectively, to which the said township shall be contigu¬ ous. “Each of these townships, together with all the lands on the same side of the river, lying within six miles of the said townships, respectively, be erected into a distinct parish, and that when any of the said intended parishes shall have one hundred householders, it shall be entitled to send two members to our Assembly and to enjoy all such other privileges as of right and common usage belong to other parishes in our said province. “As other encouragement to such persons as shall be disposed to settle in these townships, we are graciously pleased to allow the inhabitants there the right of common and herbage in and through all such lands contained within the extent of the said townships as shall not be taken up by grants made to the said inhabitants; and that a quan¬ tity of land not exceeding three hundred acres contiguous to the said town shall be set apart for a common in per¬ petuity to each of the said towns free from quitrent ; and it is our pleasure that no person claiming right to take up land in South Carolina by former grant from the Lords Proprietors be allowed to take up lands within six miles of these townships by virtue of such grant. “We have been informed that the number of white men in our said province bears a small proportion to that of the blacks, which is not only a hindrance to the peopling and settling of the same but may be also of dangerous BEFORE WILLIAMSBURG HAD A NAME 5 consequence from the attempts of an enemy and from an insurrection of the negroes. It is our will and pleasure that you recommend in the strongest terms to the Assembly that it pass an Act giving suitable encouragement to all who shall import servants into the province, either men or women; and, as an encouragement for white servants to come, we are gracious to allow you to grant fifty acres of land, free of quitrent, to all white servants, men or women, who shall have served their masters the whole term of their agreement, and shall be allowed afterwards to become planters or settlers in the said province. “You will not make any grants of land to any person whatsoever under a less quitrent than four shillings, proc¬ lamation money, for over one hundred acres, except for the first ten years to white servants as mentioned in the foregoing article and for those who shall undertake to settle the eleven aforementioned townships, or any of them. “And to the end, the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction of the Lord Bishop of London may obtain in that, our province, so far as conveniently may be, we do think fit that you do give all countenance and encouragement to the exer¬ cise of the same. “No school master shall be allowed to teach school in the province without the license of the Lord Bishop of London. “A table of marriages established by the Canons of the Church of England must be hung up in every orthodox church and duly observed, and you must get a law passed in the Assembly of that province, if not already done, for the strict observance of said table. “We have granted unto Edmund, Lord Bishop of Lon¬ don, the Right Reverend Father in God, and under our great seal of Great Britain, whereby he is empowered to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction by himself, or by such commissaries as he shall appoint in our several plantations in America. And you must give all commissaries due en- 6 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG couragement to the said Lord Bishop of London, in the legal exercise of such jurisdiction. “You must cause all laws already made against blasphemy, profaneness, adultery, fornication, polygamy, incest, profanation of the Lord’s Day, swearing, and drunkenness to be vigorously executed. You are so to punish the above named vices that, by such example, infi¬ dels may be invited and persuaded to embrace the Christian religion. “You must recommend the Assembly to enter upon proper methods for erecting and maintaining schools in order to be training up youths to read and to the neces¬ sary knowledge of the principles of religion; and you are also, with the assistance of the Council and Assembly, to find out the best means to facilitate and encourage the conversion of Negroes and Indians to the Christian reli¬ gion. “You are particularly enjoined to use all possible ways and means for regaining the affections of the Indians and to preserve a good correspondence with such of them as remain faithful to our interest, but especially to the Cherokees. You are hereby directed to recommend in strongest terms to Indian traders to be just and reason¬ able in their dealings with the native Indians, and to recommend to the Assembly the passing of such laws as may be necessary for the encouragement and protection of such Indians as shall adhere to our interest. “You shall take care that all planters and inhabitants and Christian servants be fitly provided with arms, and that they be listed under good officers, mustered, and trained, to be in readiness for the defense of the province, and especially in those parts bordering upon the Indians. “Give due encouragement and invitation to merchants and others who shall bring trade to the province, particu¬ larly to the Royal African Company, and others, to the end that the province may have a constant and sufficient BEFORE WILLIAMSBURG HAD A NAME 7 supply of merchantable negroes at moderate rates.” (B. P. R. O., copy in archives Historical Commission of South Carolina, Columbia.) In compliance with these orders of the King in 1730, nine townships in South Carolina in the interior on the banks of rivers were laid out. In establishing and set¬ tling these townships, the English government laid the foundation for the prosperous colony of South Carolina, which later became the State. Until these townships were settled, the colony of South Carolina at any time might have failed. CHAPTER II. THE KINOES TREE AND WILLIAMSBURG TOWNSHIP. Some explorer, whose name has been lost, long before 1730, laboriously rowed his pettiagua from Winyaw Bay up the sinuous channel of Black River to a large white pine tree on the north bank, which he marked and called the “King’s Tree.” This explorer went no further west¬ ward up the river but returned to Charleston and reported to the Colonial Governor that he had worked his way up the Wee Nee River for more than a hundred miles to a place where he found a white pine tree, one like those growing on the New England hills, and that he had chopped into the sap of this “King’s Tree” a broad arrow just as the King’s trees in New England had been marked. This explorer told wonderful tales about the King’s Tree section, and the “King’s Tree” became a basal point in the “back country”. White pine trees grow normally only on highlands in Northern latitudes. It was purely by chance that this white pine tree, christened by that nameless explorer the “King’s Tree”, grew in Williamsburg. Only to the poet’s mind can its history be known. Possibly some Indian brave, coming southward from the Great Lakes, camped on this bluff on the Wee Nee River and unwittingly dropped the seed that grew into the King’s Tree. Or did some bald old eagle, bloody from his battle in the moun¬ tains, rest a while on this spot, and in a cooling shower, have washed from his matted feathers the little bit of life that grew into the King’s Tree? This white pine tree on the Wee Nee River possibly caused King George to reserve in every grant of land in these parts all white pine trees forever as the sole property of the King. In those days of sailing ships, white pine made the best masts available and the King kept them « * ^aAtb 'f S 'b'txYt* kJ^2 U HfcidA. fcr* cf^-^e p ^ iVis*- x .32 Gfc*** >»' U+Ti*^ y ^ ft ; 1— «- n x c Ja. 4- cd ix — *T> N ■*- X CD 0* ■ 1 ^ n -SD - 1 ^ £> J J -Ci — C£^ * d X Os %k ~i X %s X DO *D CD O * . b cs * X X Vs *- _ S=L_ 5 <. 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C~&t*V^ y*Q PLAN OF THE TOWN OF WILLIAMSBURG, 1737. ■ - f. r , . ■; • ' f ' ■ ' '■ ' > r- (■ . f • . • < ‘ > -'•* • •. . ■ i* " s THE KING’S TREE AND TOWNSHIP 9 for his own. Few of these white pine trees had ever grown in Williamsburg and none of them ever went into a ship flying a Royal Banner. Although even the English Government at this time had begun practical schemes for the development of South Carolina, it had not entirely lost hope that it would find a land of gold. When these eleven townships were decreed established in 1730, in every grant of land in them, there was reserved to the King one-tenth of all the gold and silver mined. The Township on Black River had the King’s Tree as its basal point and its establishment conformed to the order of the King made in 1730. The Township, as surveyed with the reserved lands surrounding, consisted of one hun¬ dred ninety-eight thousand and twenty-three and seven tenths English acres. It was admeasured and laid out by Anthony Williams, Deputy Surveyor, on the 18th day of March, 1736. On August 28, 1737, the Town of Williams¬ burg was laid out by the same surveyor. The King’s Tree was located on town lot No. 1 of the plat then made. In 1923, the colored Methodist Episcopal parsonage on Main Street was situate on this spot of ground. Williamsburg Township was a part of Craven County, one of the four original political divisions of South Caro¬ lina. In 1734, Craven County was divided into parishes, and the territory later becoming Williamsburg was a part of Prince Frederick’s Parish. Prince Frederick’s Parish was named in honor of one of the many imbecile sons of King George II, who never ascended the throne. It was due, probably, to the influence of William James, who settled on Black River in 1732, that the township was named Williamsburg, in honor of William of Orange. Cap¬ tain John James, father of William, served under the Prince of Orange before he came to the British throne, and had great admiration for that excellent Protestant. The wonderful tales that had been told about Charles- 10 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG ton of the King’s Tree country, and from thence had been retold in England, Scotland, and Ireland, made many poor Protestants in those countries look longingly across the Sea. Finally, they began coming. When they reached the King’s Tree and saw endless pine barrens enmeshed in impenetrable swamps, from whence came strange shrill screams of unknown birds, rasping cries of savage beasts and war whoops of still more savage men, and when they realized that they must begin against primeval conditions, under unknown skies, and by black waters, they needed all the firmness of mind and body they had accumulated through a hundred generations of struggle against severity. In 1732, a colony of forty Scotch-Irish under the leader¬ ship of Roger Gordon settled about the King’s Tree on Black River on lands now within the immediate vicinity of Kingstree. Making up this colony of forty, were the families of the following men : Roger Gordon, Edward Plowden, Robert Ervin, James Armstrong, David Johnson, Adam McDonald, William James, Archibald Hamilton, David Wilson, and John Scott. This colony came up Black River and, disembarking from their vessel at Brown’s Ferry, blazed their way through the forests along what is now the Kingstree-Georgetown road to the King’s Tree. These were the first settlers in Williamsburg Town¬ ship. In 1734, John Witherspoon and his seven children, six of whom were married and brought children of their own, came up Black River as far as Potato Ferry; and, from this point, settled in various parts of the Township. Robert Witherspoon, grandson of John, in 1780, wrote the fol¬ lowing account of the Witherspoon Colony, the original manuscript, of which this is a true copy, is in the posses¬ sion of the descendants of the late Dr. J. R. Witherspoon, of Alabama. “John Witherspoon and Janet Witherspoon were born in Scotland about the year 1670. They lived in their THE KING’S TREE AND TOWNSHIP 11 younger years near Glasgow, at a place called Begardie, and were married in 1693. In 1695, they left Scotland and settled at Knockbracken, in the Parish of Drumbo, County of Down, Ireland, where they lived in comfortable cir¬ cumstances and good credit until the year 1734. He then removed with his family to South Carolina. “We went on board the ship called ‘The Good Intent’ on the 14th of September, and were detained by head¬ winds fourteen days in the Lough at Belfast. On the sec¬ ond day after we set sail, my grandmother, Janet, died and was interred in the boisterous ocean, which was an affecting sight to her offspring. “We were sorely tossed at sea with storms, which caused our ship to spring a leak; our pumps were kept inces¬ santly at work day and night for many days together and our mariners seemed manv times at their wits’ end. But it pleased God to bring us all safe to land, except my grand¬ mother, about the first of December. “But to return, — my grandfather and grandmother had seven children. Their names were as follows, viz. : Janet (or Jennet), David, James, Elizabeth, Robert, Mary, and Gavin. Their daughter Janet was born in Scotland and was married to John Fleming in Ireland. They had a large family of children born in Ireland and brought seven of them to this place, Williamsburg, viz. : Isabella, John, Elizabeth, James, Janet, Penelope, and William. My uncle, John Fleming, died in 1750, in a good old age; my aunt Janet died in 1761 in the sixty-sixth year of her age. My uncle David was born in 1697, married to Ann Pressley and brought with him to this place two children, viz. : Sarah and Janet. He died in the year 1772 in the sixty- seventh year of his age. “My aunt Elizabeth was married to William James and they brought with them to this place four children, viz. : Mary, Janet, John, and William. They both died in the year 1750, he forty-nine and she forty-seven years of age. 12 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG “My uncle Robert was married to Mary Stuart and by her had two children, Mary and John ; his first wife, Mary, died in Ireland. He married his second wife, Hester Jane Scott, a short time before he left Ireland and brought his two children with him to this place. His wife, Hester Jane, died in 1756, aged forty years ; he died in 1758, aged fifty-three years. “My aunt Mary was married to David Wilson in Ireland, and brought to this place two children, William and John. My uncle David died in 1750, aged fifty years, and she died in 17 65, in the fifty-eighth year of her age. “My uncle Gavin, the youngest son of my grandparents, was born in 1712, and was unmarried when he left Ireland. “It is to be remembered that we did not all come over in one ship, nor in the same year, for my uncles, William James and David Wilson, and their families, with uncle Gavin, left Belfast in 1732, and uncle Robert followed in 1736. As I said, we landed in Charleston three weeks before Christmas in 1734. We found the inhabitants very kind. We remained in that place until after Christmas and were put on board an open boat, with tools, one year’s provisions, and one steel mill for each family. Our pro¬ visions consisted of Indian corn, rice, wheat flour, beef, pork, sdme rum, and salt; and, for each hand over six¬ teen years of age, one axe, one broad and one narrow hoe. “We were much distressed in our passage, as it was in the depth of winter and we were exposed to the inclemency of the weather by day and by night ; and that which added to the grief of all persons on board were the profane and blasphemous oaths and expressions of the patroon and his boatmen. They brought us up as far as Potato Ferry on Black River, about twenty miles from Georgetown, where they put us on shore. “We lay for some time in Samuel Commander’s barn, while the boat made her way up to the King’s Tree, with the goods and provisions on board, and was probably the THE KING’S TREE AND TOWNSHIP 13 first boat that had ever ascended the River to that place. While the women were left at Commander’s the men went up to build dirt houses, or rather potato houses, to take their families to. They also brought up a few horses and what help they could get from the few inhabitants, in order to carry their families, children, and other necessary articles up; as the woods were full of water, and the weather very cold, it made it go very hard with the women and children. “We set out in the morning the last of January, a part reached Mr. McDonald’s, others as far as Mr. Plowden’s, and Mr. James Armstrong’s, and a part to my uncle, Wil¬ liam James’. Their little cabins were as full that night as they could hold and the next day every one made the best he could to his own place. This was on the first of February, 1735, when we came to the place called the Bluff, three miles below the King’s Tree. My mother and we children were still in expectations of coming to an agree¬ able place, but when we arrived and saw nothing but a wilderness, and instead of a comfortable house, no other than one of dirt, our spirits sank; and what added to our trouble was that the pilot who came with us from uncle William James’ left us as soon as he came in sight of the place. My father gave us all the comfort he could by telling us that we would soon get all the trees cut down and in a short time there would be plenty of inhabitants and that we would be able to see from house to house. “While we were here, the fire went out that we brought from Boggy Swamp. My father had heard that up the river swa mp was the King’s Tree. Although there was no path nor did he know the distance, he followed up the mean derings of the swamp until he came to the branch and by that means he found Roger Gordon’s place. We watched him as far as the trees would let us see and re¬ turned to our dolorous hut, expecting never to see him or any human being more. But after some time, he returned 14 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG with tire and we were somewhat comforted, but evening coming on the wolves began to howl on all sides. We then feared being devoured by wild beasts, as we had neither gun nor dog, nor even a door to our house, howbeit we set to and gathered fuel and made a good fire and so we passed the first night. “The next morning being clear and moderate, we began to stir about, and about midday there arose a cloud at Southwest, attended with high wind, lightning, and thun¬ der. The rain quickly penetrated through the poles of the hut and brought down the sand with which it was covered and which seemed for a while to cover us alive. The lightening and claps were very awful and lasted for a good space of time. I do not remember to have seen a much severer gust than that was. I believe we all sin¬ cerely wished to be again at Belfast. But the fright was soon over and the evening cleared up comfortable and warm. “The boat that brought up the goods arrived safe at King’s Tree. People were much oppressed in bringing away the articles, for as there were no houses near, they were obliged to toil hard and carry them on their backs, consisting of clothing, beds, chests, provisions, tools, pots, bowls; and, as at that time there were but few roads or paths, every family had to travel the best way it could, which was near double distance to some, for they had to follow swamps and branches as their guides at first and after some time, some men got such a knowledge of the woods as to be able to blaze paths, so that the people soon found out to follow blazes from place to place. “As the winter season was far advanced, the time to prepare land for planting was very short, yet the people were generally healthy and strong. All that could do anything wrought diligently and continued clearing and planting as long as the season would admit. So they made provisions for that year. As they had but few beasts to THE KING’S TREE AND TOWNSHIP 15 feed, a little served them; and as the range was good, there was no need of feeding creatures for several vears. “I remember that the first thing my father brought from the boat was his gun, which was one of Queen Anne’s mus¬ kets. He had her loaded with swan shot, and one morning while we were at breakfast there was a travelling ’possum passing by the door, my mother screamed out, “There is a great bear!” Mother and we children hid ourselves be¬ hind some barrels and a chest at the far end of the hut, while father got his gun and steadied her past the fork that held up the other end of our house and shot him about the hinder parts, which caused him to grin in a firightful manner. Father was in haste to give him another bout, but the shot, being mislaid in the hurry, could not be found, and we were penned up for some time. Father at last ventured out and killed him with a pole. Another circumstance which gave us much alarm was the Indians when they came to hunt in the Spring. They came in great numbers like the Egyptian locusts, but were not hurtful. “We had a great deal of trouble and hardships in our first settling, but the few inhabitants were favored with health and strength. We were also much oppressed with fear on divers other accounts, especially of being mas¬ sacred by the Indians, or bit by snakes, or torn by wild beasts, or of being lost and perishing in the woods, of whom there were three persons who were never found. “My uncle Robert, with his second wife and two chil¬ dren, Mary and John, arrived here near the last of August, 1736. He came on the fine ship called the ‘New- built’, which was a ship of great burthen and brought a great many passengers, who chiefly came and settled here and had to travel by land from Georgetown, and instead of being furnished with provisions, etc., as we were, they had money given them by the public. When they arrived, our second crop had been planted and was coming for¬ ward, but the season being warm and they much fatigued, 16 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG many were taken sick with ague and fever, some died and some became dropsical and also died. “About this time, August or September, 1736, the people began to form into a religious society, built a cburcb and sent to Ireland for a minister. One came whose name was Robert Herron, who staid only three years and returned to Ireland. The first call was made out for Reverend John Willison of Scotland, author of the ‘Mother’s Catechism’, ‘A Practical Treatise on the Lord’s Supper’, and of the ‘Discourses on the Atonement’. “The following anecdote is handed down by tradition of Mr. Gavin Witherspoon; meeting a neighbor one day, this conversation is reported to have taken place. Wither¬ spoon — ‘Wull, we must have a minister.’ ‘Wull, Mister Witherspoon, wha wull ye git to be your minister?’ ‘Wull, wha but Mister Willison o’ Dundee?’ ‘But the minister must have a muckle sight o’ money for his living,’ ‘And that we must gie him,’ says Mr. Witherspoon. ‘An’ how much, Mr. Witherspoon, wull ye gie?’ ‘Ten pounds’, was the ready reply. ‘But, Mr. Witherspoon, whar’ll ye git the ten pounds?’ ‘Why if wus comes to wus, I ien can sell my cow,’ says he. Mr. Willison, of Dundee, was ac¬ cordingly sent for to preach the Gospel in the wilds of America. “In the fall of the year 1737, my grandfather, John Witherspoon, took a disease called Rose-in-the-leg, which occasioned a fever from which he died. He was the first person buried at the Williamsburg Meeting House, which he had assisted to erect. About the same time, 1737, my father had a daughter, Elizabeth, that died, aged three years, born at the place called the Bluff, where we lived. “My grandfather was a man of middling or common stature, of a fine, healthy constitution, of fair complexion, and somewhat bow-legged. He was well acquainted with the Scriptures, had volubility in prayer, and was a zeal¬ ous adherent to the principles of what was called in his THE KING’S TREE AND TOWNSHIP 17 day the Reformed Protestant Church of Scotland. He had also a great aversion to Episcopacy, and whoever will impartially read the history of the times of his younger years in Scotland will see that his prejudices were not without cause. It was his lot to live in a time of great distress to the persecuted Church, during the reign of James the Seventh of Scotland and Second of England. Being one who followed field-meetings, he and some others of his kindred were much harassed by the Papists. Yet, notwithstanding, if his younger years were attended with some trouble, he still enjoyed great peace and tranquility in his after life and had the comfort and happiness of liv¬ ing to see his seven children all creditably married and settled for thejmselves ; and, except the death of my grand¬ mother, his beloved wife, he never knew what it was to part by death with one of his own immediate family, a blessing which few persons have granted to them, espec¬ ially at his advanced age. “My father’s name was James, the third child and sec¬ ond son of my grandparents. He was born at the begin¬ ning of the present century, lived with his parents at Drumbo, County of Down, until he was twenty-five years old, when he married my mother, whose name was Eliza¬ beth McQuoid, in the twentieth year of her age. “My grandfather, Robert McQuoid, married Sarah Camp¬ bell. They both died in Ireland, he in 1728, aged eighty-six, and she was aged about eighty. My father and mother set¬ tled in the Parish of Graba, near the Canningburn Mills, where they lived about nine years and sold their possessions to embark for America. My father brought the family to my grandparents at Knockbracken about the 1st of May, 1734, and left us there until the 1st of September. In the mean¬ time, he wrought at the reed-making business. He brought four children on board of the ship, viz. : David, Robert, John, and Sarah. Sarah died in Charleston shortly after 18 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG their arrival, and was the first person buried in the Scotch Meeting House Yard. “In May, 1743, the Reverend Mr. John Ray arrived here from Scotland. He came upon a call which his congre¬ gation had sometime before sent to the Reverend Mr. John Willison, of Dundee. Mr. Ray continued a faithful, zealous, and laborious worker in the congregation until 1761. He being abroad on a visit up Black River was taken sick with the pleurisy and died. The remains of this eminently pious man were brought down from Salem, where he died, and buried at the church where he had for eighteen years successfully labored, being about forty-six years of age. i Blessed are the dead that die in the Lord from henceforth : Yea, saith the spirit, that they may rest from their labors, and their works do follow them.’ “I was born in Ireland on the 20th day of August, 1728, was my father’s second son ; in my youth he taught me to weave, as he also taught my elder brother, David, to make reeds. The family lived together at the Bluff until March, 1749. My father then moved to Thorntree, a place situated between the Lower Bridge on Black River and Murray’s Ferry on the Santee. I there went out and wrought at the weaving business with my uncle, Gavin Witherspoon, who lived at a place called Megart’s (McGirts) Swamp, until the September following. I went next to overseeing for a Mr. Fleming, near Black River Church, tAventy-five miles below King’s Tree, where I remained until January, 1752, and then returned to my father’s. “The reason of my return was that it had pleased God — in the last awful epidemic that prevailed in Williamsburg in the year 1749 and 1750, usually called the 6 Great Mor¬ tality’, and which had carried off near eighty persons, many of them the principal people or heads of families — to remove by death my elder brother, David, and my sis¬ ter, Jane, both in the year 1750. My father being then in a verv feeble and infifim state of health and unable to at- THE KING’S TREE AND TOWNSHIP 19 tend to his own business, I left my own to take care of his. I remained with my parents until 1758, when, on the 2nd of March, I married Elizabeth Heathly, a young lady then in the eighteenth year of her age, and settled for myself four miles below King’s Tree and near the River. “I afterwards removed and settled one mile higher up the River nearer King’s Tree, in 1761, and immediately on the public road leading from that place to the Lower Bridge on Black River. Here I had a more comfortable and healthy residence, and here also, I expect to spend the remainder of my days. “Our first son, James, was born on the 20th of March, 1759; our second son, Thomas, was born on the 22nd of March, 1761, and died on the 8th of September, 1765, aged four years and six months ; our first daughter, Ann, was born January 4, 1763; our third son, John, was born January 20, 1765, and died on the 24th of July, 1767, aged two years and six months; our fourth son, Robert, was born January 29, 1767 ; our second daughter, Mary, was born March 20, 1769; our third daughter, Elizabeth, was born July 25, 1771; our fifth son, John, was born March 17, 1774; our sixth son, Thomas, was born July 23, 1776. “My honored mother departed this life on the 22nd day of January, 1777, in the seventy-second year of her age, and was the last surviving branch of the old stock of our family. As I have had an intimate personal knowledge of their lives and deaths, I bear them testimony that they were servers of God, were well acquainted with the Scrip¬ tures, were much engaged in prayer, were strict observers of the Sabbath, in a word, they were a stock of people that studied outward piety as well as inward purity of life. “Indeed God blessed this settlement at first with a num¬ ber of eminently pious and devoted men, out of whom I chose to set down some of their names, viz. : William Wil¬ son, David Allen, William Hamilton, John Porter, William 20 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG James, David Wilson, John James, James McCleland, Rob¬ ert Wilson, Robert Paisley, James Bradley, John Turner, William Frierson, to whom I add my own father and my three uncles, David, Robert, and Gavin. These were men of great piety in their day, indeed they were men of re¬ nown. May the glorious King and Head of the Church for His own glory still maintain and keep up men of piety and holiness as a blessing to this place and congre¬ gation to the latest posterity is the heart request of the unworthy scribe.” CHAPTER III. ORIGINAL SETTLERS. From 1735 to 1737, a great many settlers came to the new township on Black River and practically every acre of land had been taken up by these settlers within a year after the township had been surveyed. Every man set¬ tling here was granted a half acre town lot and fifty acres of land in the township for himself, his wife, and each one of his children. These are the names of the heads of families who had settled in Williamsburg Township up to 1737 : Robert Alli¬ son, John Anderson, James Armstrong, David Arnett, James Adams, John Athol, John Ballentine, John Barnes, George Barr, Joseph Barry, John Basnett, Benjamin Bates, Matthew Bernard, Joseph Bignion, James Blakely, John Blakely, John Bliss, John Borland, Jonathan Bost- wick, James Bradley, Thomas Brown, George Burrows, William Camp, William Campbell, William Cochran, John Connor, William Copeland, William Cooper, James Craw¬ ford, Thomas Dale, John Dick, Nathaniel Drew, Thomas Dial, Robert Ervin, Francis Finley, Robert Finley, James Fisher, John Fleming, John Frierson, William Frierson, Aaron Frierson, David Fulton, James Gamble, Roger Gib¬ son, Gabriel Girrand, John Gotea, Roger Gordon, Francis Goddard, Hugh Graham, Hugh Green, George Green, Richard Hall, Tholnas Hall, Archibald Hamilton, William Hamilton, Christopher Harvey, William Harvey, John Herron, George Hunter, Peter Hume, John Janies, Wil¬ liam James, John Jamison, William Johnson, Joseph Johnson, David Johnson, Abraham Jordan, Samuel Ken¬ nedy, John Knox, Crafton Kerwin, Richard Lake, John Lane, James Law, Patrick Lindsay, William Lowry, Richard Malone, John Matthews, Samuel Montgomery, Daniel Mooney, John Moore, William Morgan, Joseph 22 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Moody, John McCullough, Nathaniel McCullough, Daniel Murray, David McCants, John McCants, Janies McCauley, Janies McCutchen, Janies McClelland, Alexander Mc- Clinchy, William McCormick, William McKnight, John McElveen, Thomas McCrea, Alexander McCrea, William McDole, Hugh McGill, David McEwen, James McEwen, Andrew McClelland, James McGee, Edward McMahan, Matthew Nelson, John Nicholson, William Orr, James Pollard, John Porter, John Pressley, William Pressley, Edward Plowden, John Robinson, Joseph Rhodus, Andrew Rutledge, John Scott, James Scott, William Scott, James Smith, Charles Starne, James Stuart, John Stubbs, John Sykes, William Syms, James Taylor, William Turbeville, William Troublefield, Matthew Vannalle, John Whitfield, William Williamson, Henry Williams, Anthony Williams, David Wilson, John Wilson, William Wilson, David Witherspoon, Gavin Witherspoon, James Witherspoon, John Witherspoon, Robert Witherspoon, Robert Wilson, and Robert Young. These original settlers in Williamsburg Township came from England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, Holland, and from the New England States, Pennsylvania and Virginia. They were all about the same class of men. They were people who had been non-conformists as to State-Church religion, and nearly all of their families had lost their property in the religious conflicts of the seventeenth cen¬ tury. The greater number of them had lived in Ireland for many years before coming to America. They had migrated from England and from Scotland to Ireland on account of fair promises on the part of the English King. These failing them, they sought refuge in America. The Blakelvs, Bradleys, Browns, Finleys, Gambles, Halls, Humes, Johnsons, Matthews, Murrays, Nelsons, Plowdens, Rutledges, Taylors, and Wilsons were of Eng¬ lish blood. The Barrs, Dials, and others were of German descent. The Bignions, Janneretts, Vanalles, and Orrs ORIGINAL SETTLERS 23 were of Swiss origin. The Barrys, Kennedys, Lindsays, Lowrys, Malones, and Morgans were Irish. The Arnetts, Campbells, Crawfords, Ervins, Friersons, Fultons, Flem¬ ings, Grahams, Hamiltons, Montgomerys, McColloughs, McCreas, McGills, Pressleys, Scotts, and Witherspoons were Scoteh-Irish. The Williams and the James families were Welsh. Within the territory limits of what is now Williamsburg County, but outside of Williamsburg Township as surveyed in 1736, and whose names have not heretofore been men¬ tioned, had settled the following: William and Hesther Brown; John and Sarah Lane; Daniel and Sarah Shaw; Caleb and Mary Avant; Samuel and Mary Miller ; John and Hannah Avant; John and Martha Thompson; An¬ thony and Mary Atkinson; Anthony and Mary White; John and Elizabeth Green; John and Anne Brunson; John and Mary McIntosh; John and Elizabeth Cribb; Thomas and Elizabeth Cribb; John and Margaret Henlin; Thomas and Mary Harrington; William and Mary Barton; John and Rebecca Evans ; William and Mary Heathly ; William and Lydia Green; William and Margaret Turbeville; Joseph and Ann Rhodus; James and Priscilla McGirt; Joseph and Mary Cantey; Samuel and Anne Cantey; Wil¬ liam and Mary Snow; Robert and Mary Oliver; Abraham and Lydia Michaux; Michael and Mary Murphy; James and Elizabeth McPherson; John and Lucretia McDowell; William and Elizabeth Chicken; William and Elizabeth McGee; John and Sarah Frierson; Henry and Rebecca Bennett ; Paul and Margaret Jaudon; William Cooper, Francis Cordes, Peter Guerry, William Saunders; John and Ann Leger; Daniel and Mary McDaniel; Jonathan and Hesther Christmas; John and Ann Conyers; Bryan and Mary Kennedy; James and Frances Jenner; John and Isabella Jamison; James and Cassiah Crawford; Hardy and Elizabeth Futhy; Thomas and Mary Mc¬ Cormick; Anthony and Ann Phillips; Alexander and 24 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Priscilla Campbell; John and Elizabeth Kelly; John and Elizabeth McDonald; Thomas and Dorothy Jenkins; Richard and Elizabeth Jones; John and Philadelphia Turbeville; John and Margaret Lee; Stephen and Eliza¬ beth DuBose; John and Rebecca Hodges; John and Mary Singleton; William and Sarah Purvis; John and Arabella Scott ; Lodowick and Anne Hudson ; Daniel and Susannah McGinney; William and Jane Green; John and Elizabeth Dozier; John and Hannah Davis; James and Mehitabel Boyd; John and Mary Britton Sinkler; William and Sarah Tompkins Dinkins; Moses and Hester Jolly Britton; Alexander and Elizabeth Ball Davidson ; Charles and Susannah Sanders Turbeville ; Moses Britton ; Daniel and Elizabeth Hyrney Britton ; George and Hannah Saunders ; and Peter and Isabel Tamplet. These people settled along Black River from the point where it turns abruptly Northward, just after entering Georgetown County from Williamsburg County, and along the present Williamsburg-Georgetown County line to the Pee Dee River. This settlement was called Winy aw, and this was the first part of the present County of Williams¬ burg that was inhabited by white people. Some of these people lived there in 1710. They organized Prince Fred¬ erick’s Church in 1713. Reverend William Screven and his Congregation of Dis¬ senters from the Church of England were the first per¬ manent settlers in the Winyaw section. They were granted a large part of the territory on both sides of that section of Black River flowing through ancient Winyaw. While Mr. Screven was a militant Antipaedo-Baptist, many of the Dissenters who came with him were of the Presby¬ terian faith. The names of some of these Baptist and Presbyterian Dissenters who settled in Winyaw along Black River and Black Mingo from 1700 to 1736 were: Reverend William Screven, and his sons, Elisha, Robert and William; John ORIGINAL SETTLERS 25 Peter Somerhoeff, Dugal MacKeithan, John Nesmith, Wil¬ liam Brockinton, John Godfrey, Jonah Collins, Sabrine Burnett, Alexander McGuinness, David Fulton, Dr. Thomas Potts, William Shepard, Dr. James King, John Hendlin, Samuel Commander, Joseph Commander, John Commander, Joshua Green, Samuel Vareen, Thomas Wood, Jeremiah Vareen, Jonathan Westberry, Nathaniel Pygott, John McNally, Joseph Chandler, James Armstrong, Isaac Brunson, Thomas Boone, James Hoole, Joshua Jolly, John Wallace, Thomas North, Dr. John A. Fincke, William Davis, Sr., Francis Futhy, William McFarland, Ebenezer Jones, James Cunningham, Samuel Jenkins, Charles Bax¬ ter, William Fraser, George Powell, Dr. John Cantzor, David Mclver, Abraham Giles, Daniel Myers, and William Daniel. From the South from 1720 to 1737, there crossed over the Santee River at Lenud’s Ferry into Williamsburg many French Huguenots, who had fled in 1685 from their native land after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to Charleston and had gradually gone Northward. Among these were John Leger, Peter Lequex, John Perret, Noah Sere, Henry Bedon, James Sinclair, Abraham Perdreau, Henry Mouzon, Francis Lesesne, Abraham Michau, Paul Jaudon, Peter Gourdin, Theodore Gourdin, James Ferdon, Daniel Bluset, Abraham Lenud, Paul Bonneau, and Rene Richbourgh. There were a large number of settlers who came to Wil¬ liamsburg during the period from 1737 to 1775. Among them were John Gregg, John Boone, John Burgess, Wil¬ liam Burgess, William Byrd, John Cameron, James Ken¬ nedy, Charles Cantley, Benjamin Capell, George Chandler, William Cockfield, Arthur Cunningham, Daniel Epps, James Ferguson, Henry O’Neal, Ebenezer Bagnal, James Conyers, Charles F. Gordon, William Gordon, David Gor¬ don, Dr. John Graham, John Grant, James Harper, Drury Harrington, Daniel Holliday, William Holliday, Samuel 26 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Haselden, George McCutchen, Andrew Patterson, William Reagin, William McDonald, Jeremiah Rowell, Peter Sal¬ ters, Richard Singletary, Matthew Singleton, William Douglas, John and Mary Dickey, James Dickey, Charles McCallister. These were nearly all Scotch-Irish, coming here, in most cases, from the Scotch-Irish settlement in Pennsylvania, Some of them, however, came directly from Ireland. While there were among these original settlers in Wil¬ liamsburg men and women of English, Scotch, French, Irish, Welsh, German, and Danish descent, most of them came to this district from Ireland. The Scotch-Irish ele¬ ment, largely influenced by the French Huguenot, soon gained the ascendency, and has remained the dominant element in the life of Williamsburg. CHAPTER IV. THE PEOPLE WHO SETTLED WILLIAMSBURG. The history of the Scotch-Irish for more than two thou¬ sand years is one continuous story of hardihood made splendid by heroism. Some students think they were descendants of the Gog of Magog, of whom Ezekiel writes, and connected with the Scythians whom Alexander fought and failed to conquer. Others believe they were the back¬ bone of the warlike tribe of Sahi that so disturbed the Assyrian King Asurbanipal (668-626 B. C.) It is generally accepted that these Scotch-Irish were the same nomad tribes that worked their way eastward along the shores of the Black Sea, by the Danube through Swit¬ zerland and France and Spain, from whence they went into Ireland before the days of Saint Patrick. After spend¬ ing six centuries in Ireland, some of them crossed over the Irish Sea into North Britain. Here they fought the Piets continuously for hundreds of years. After remain¬ ing in Scotland for almost a thousand years, during which time they gave this land a name and made it a “thing of the soul,” in the seventeenth century, they turned again home into Ireland, and settled in Counties Down and Antrim, along the northern shores. In his wars on the Roman Catholics in Ireland, James I destroyed almost all of the people who lived in the northern portion of Ireland, Counties Donegal, Londonderry, Tyrone, Armagh, Antrim, and Down. This part of Ire¬ land was left a wilderness after his forces had completed their conquest. There were, in Scotland, at this time, a great many men of influence and power who were Roman Catholics, and who continuously made the lives of these Presbyterians burdensome and their condition intolerable. After this northern part of Ireland had been cleared of Roman Cath- 28 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG olics and their property confiscated, the English Govern¬ ment induced a great many of these Scotch Congregation- alists, living in Argyll, Sterling, Renfrew, Glasgow, Lan¬ ark, Ayr, and Bute, to cross the North Channel into Counties Antrim and Down, Ireland, and there repopu¬ late the country. These Scotch were made fair promises, both as to the ownership of the land and as to permission to enjoy their own religion. They came in great numbers. When William of Orange ascended the throne of England, it seemed that these Congregationalists, or Presbyterians, in Scotland, and especially in Ireland, would enjoy the right to work out their own spiritual salvation according to their own notions. It was at this time that most of the Scotch, who later came to Williamsburg, migrated into the Counties Down and Antrim, Ireland. For about thirty years, the Scotch, who had gone into the north of Ireland, thought that they had found the promised land. They understood they had received abso¬ lute titles to the lands on which they lived and went to work immediately to develop them. They were industri¬ ous and frugal by nature. Later, after they had trans¬ formed a wilderness into a pleasing place for human habi¬ tation, they realized that they had been tricked when they were forced to submit to the imposition of enormous rents imposed by absentee landlords. Many of these Scotch-Irish, as they then had begun to be called, chose to leave the foundations which they had laid in Ireland, and migrate to America. Many of them about 1720 came to the New England States, Pennsylvania and South Carolina, but most of the original settlers in Wil¬ liamsburg elected to remain in Ireland until about 1735, when they came direct to Williamsburg Township. A few of them had come to this section between 1725 and 1732 and had settled on Black River. PEOPLE WHO SETTLED WILLIAMSBURG 29 Many of these original Scotch-Irish settlers can trace their lineage until pleasing records run into beautiful tra¬ dition. The following are taken as types: John Nesmith settled North of Black Mingo in Williams¬ burg in 1725. He was the progenitor of all the Nesmiths of this section. He was born on the shores of the River Bann in the North of Ireland in 1670 and died in Wil¬ liamsburg in 1750. The Nesmiths have owned land on the Tweed since the thirteenth century. Twelve miles from Glasgow are two ancient homes of the family, one at Hamilton and another at Auchingraymont, The name is said to have originated in this way : Between September 8, 1249, when Alexander III, of Scotland, was crowned King, and March 16, 1286, when he died, the story goes, an aide-de-camp of the King on the eve of a battle was required by him to mend his armor. Though a man of powerful physique and a brave warrior, he was unsuccessful as a mechanic. For his prowess, great daring, and achievements in the battle, he was knighted by the King, with this laconic saying, “Although he is nae smith, he is a brave gentleman.’’ The armorial bearings of the family refer to this remark: A drawn sword between two war “martels” broken, with the motto in old Scotch dialect, “Not by knavery, but by bravery.” John Scott settled at the King’s Tree on Black River November 1, 1732. From that day until this, March 7, 1923, there has lived a John Scott at the King’s Tree in Williamsburg. The original settler was born in Galloway, Scotland, in 1665, migrated to County Down, Ireland, in 1690, and died in Williamsburg in 1749. Legend says two brothers of GalloAvay, banished for participation in a rebellion, retired to Rankelburn in Ettrick Forest, where the keeper received them gladly on account of their skill in the chase. Soon afterwards, Kenneth MacAlpin, King of Scotland, came to hunt in this 30 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG royal forest and pursued a buck from Ettrick to the glen now called Buccleuch. Here the stag stood at bay on the top of a steep hill, and the King and his attendants were thrown when attempting to reach the object of that chase. John, one of the brothers from Galloway, had followed the hunting party on foot ; and, coming in, ran up the hill, seized the buck by the horns, threw him across his shoul¬ ders and ran about a mile to Cracracross, where Kenneth had halted, and laid his prey at his sovereign’s feet. Ken¬ neth then said : “And for tile buck thou stoutly brought To us up that steep heuch, Thy designation ever shall Be John Scott in Bucksleuch.” This line of Scotts is one of the most illustrious and ancient in Scottish history. As well at Flodden as on other famous fields, the banner of the Scotts has ever shone in the far flung battle line. The coat of arms is thus described in Burke: Gold on a bend a mullet of six points two crescents gold ; Crest, a stag proper horned and hoofed gold. John Witherspoon settled on Boggy Swamp in Williams¬ burg in 1734, and died in 1737. He was the first person buried at the Williamsburg Meeting House. He was born near Glasgow in 1670, moved to County Down, Ireland, in 1695, from whence he came to this country. He was the great grandson of John Knox and his sec¬ ond wife, Margaret Stuart. From his Stuart great grand¬ mother, he drew some of the blood of Robert Bruce as well as that of other Scotsmen of great strength and power — even from the Laird who became Shakespere’s Banquo’s Ghost. Witherspoon is an old Scottish name and is frequently mentioned in accounts of ancient battles. A description of the coat of arms may be found in Burke’s Armory. The PEOPLE WHO SETTLED WILLIAMSBURG 31 cross and crescents thereon indicate crusader ancestry and the engrailed cross denotes possession of landed estates. Dr. John Witherspoon, President of Princeton, member of the Continental Congress, and signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a nephew of the John Witherspoon, original settler in Williamsburg. John Gregg settled on Cedar Swamp in Williamsburg in 1752. He was a son of Captain David MacGregor of the army of William of Orange. After the war, Captain MacGregor settled in Londonderry, Ireland, where later he was massacred by Irish Roman Catholics. John Gregg’s mother migrated with him and his three brothers to Bos¬ ton in 1717. As an old man, he finally came to this town¬ ship. The Gregg family is one of the most ancient and most honorable of the Irish-Scots. A Celtic proverb says, “The mountains, the MacGregors and the Devil are coeval.” Another Highland saying runs, “Where MacGregor sits, that is the head of the table.” Gregg, or Gregory the Great, as he is known in history, was the fourth King of the Alpin line and reigned from 876 to 893. He was of mixed Scottish and Pictisli descent. The next Gregg King of Scotland was ninth in line after Gregory the Great. His grand daughter, Lady Gruoch, was the Lady MacBeth of history and of Shakesperian drama. A description of the Gregg crest and coat of arms may be found in Burke’s Peerage. The ancient motto of the family was “S’rioghail Mo Dreahm,” (My race is royal.) Much romantic interest attaches to the Gregg clan. It lived under act of attainder for about three centuries, during which time it was unlawful to name a child Gregg or MacGregor. They called themselves outwardly Drum¬ mond or Murray, but every Gregg knew his name. Notwith¬ standing this terrible ordeal of attainder for such a long time inflicted by their government, and even though they could not call themselves by their own name, when Charles 32 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG II sought to regain the throne of England from the younger Cromwell, every member of the clan, by whatsoever name known, promptly enlisted under the banner of the man who had the royal blood. The Greggs remembered that they had occupied the throne, and it was then the Stuart’s turn. For this supreme evidence of loyalty, Charles II, immediately after the Restoration, removed the attainder from them and they used their rightful name. Probably one half of the white people of present day Williamsburg have in their veins some of the blood of one of these four original settlers, John Nesmith, John Scott, John Witherspoon, and John Gregg. All of their descen¬ dants seem to have believed in marrying early and as often as the law allowed. Their tribes have increased. It is an old Scotch custom which seals the lips of elders everywhere but around their own firesides. No Nesmith, nor Scott, nor Witherspoon, nor Gregg, of the “straitest sect,” would tell the foregoing tales of royal lines and loyal service, save to his own sons, when a look would seal the story within the family circle. Centuries of severe struggles as non-comformists have taught these Scotch- Irish or Irish-Scots many things, not the least of which is the value of keeping within yourself what little con¬ cerns only yourself. This habit of concealing within the family as much as possible of its history has made tradition in Williamsburg exceedingly rich. Further, the effect of these tales told by fathers in sacred secrecy to sons has made a wonderful morale among these Scotch-Irish. Follow down the years the several Scotch-Irish names on the roll of original set¬ tlers in Williamsburg and some uncanny force will be felt calling all generations to answer the first roll call to war and to respond effectively in every emergency. The French Huguenots who came to Williamsburg were strikingly like the Scotch-Irish in fundamental racial traits and instinct. It is believed that the Huguenots were PEOPLE WHO SETTLED WILLIAMSBURG 33 derived from the same nomads that passed through France on their way to Scotland, some of these having elected to remain along the Rhone. The easy union of the sons of Francis Lesesne, Theodore Gourdin, and Henry Mouzon, who dwelt along the North bank of the Santee, with the sons of Samuel Montgomery, John McCullough, and Hugh McGill, who lived at the King’s Tree, in all es¬ sential pioneer matters, notwithstanding the fact they spoke different languages, shows much to the student. History tells no more pathetic tale than the story of these French Huguenots, — how persecution, in the name of the merciful Fisherman, drove them from the citron groves and sunny vineyards of France into the wilderness of America. A traveler in this Santee countrv in 1721 wrote most vividly of what he saw among these people and of how bravely and uncomplainingly they were strug¬ gling with famine and fever in this strange land. They won. Sacred fire, older than the Caesars, still burns in their bosoms. Another distinctive race out of which Williamsburg has come was the English that settled along Black Mingo and Black River. Among these, when they came, there were two distinct and well defined factions, to wit : Those who were communicants of the Church of England and those who were Dissenters. Each of these two classes showed factional differences. The stricter sectarians of the Church of England along Black River, of whom An¬ thony White and Meredith Hughes are selected as typical, struggled along for years with the ever increasing Dissen¬ ter forces and finally abandoned Prince Frederick’s Church and the community. The other element of these adherents of Prince Frederick’s Church, of whom Edward Plowden, James Gamble, and Thomas McCrea are representative, finally joined the Dissenters becoming members of the Presbyterian Congregations of Black Mingo and of Indian- 34 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG town. This element has remained in Williamsburg to this day. The two elements among the original Dissenters of the Winyaw country were the Presbyterian and the Antipaedo Baptists. Typical of the Presbyterians were Alexander McKnight and David Mclver. Their descendants sup’ ported the ancient Black Mingo Church until it failed and then united with other Presbyterian Congregations. This class were Scotsmen of the ancient faith and tradi¬ tions. The Antipaedo Baptist Dissenting element was dom¬ inated by Elisha Screven and his brothers. This element was composed almost entirely of the Screven family and the descendants of the retainers that the Reverend William Screven had brought with him into Carolina. The Reverend William Screven was the Father of the Baptist denomination in South Carolina and his influence on the religious history of the South has not been less than that of Roger Williams in the North. In his youth, he was educated for priesthood in the Church of England. Later, he was overcome by the idea that immersion was the only authorized form of baptism and dissented from the Church of England. He married Bridget Cutt, daughter of the Governor of Jamaica, whose mother mar¬ ried a Champernown the second time, and hence became connected with some of the oldest and most distinguished families of England. On account of his faith in immersion and of the feeling of his wife’s Church of England rela¬ tives against him for preaching to dissenting congrega¬ tions, he migrated to Kittery, Maine, where he had ex¬ pected to preach the Gospel according to his own notion, and without let or hindrance. But, even in this wild, un¬ settled Colony of Maine, the Church of England still per¬ secuted him; and, for some of his preaching, the Eccle¬ siastical Courts had him arrested and placed under bond not to preach the Antipaedo Baptist doctrine in Maine. PEOPLE WHO SETTLED WILLIAMSBURG 35 In 1696, be brought with him from Kittery, Maine, his congregation to Charleston, South Carolina, obtained a grant of land in what is now Berkeley County, and settled there on his plantation, “Somerton”. A few years later, Mr. Screven abandoned his Somerton plantation and moved to Charleston, where he organized the first Bap¬ tist Church in that city. Afterwards, about 1705, he se¬ cured land on Black River and there located as the first English settler in the Black Mingo country. He saw the future for a seaport, about twenty miles down the River from his Winyaw plantation, and there planned to lay out Georgetown. He died, however, in 1713, before that work had been done. Mr. Screven was a strong man. It seems that one drop of his blood will make a deep water Baptist, even two centuries after his death. An excellent illustration of this is found in the McCullough family of Williamsburg. John McCullough, original settler in 1736, was a Presbyterian of the severest type. He married a daughter of William James, herself a Presbyterian of the same kind. All of the McCulloughs were Presbyterians until one of them married a woman of Screven blood. All generations of the Mc¬ Culloughs descended from this woman have been Baptists. One of them now living in Williamsburg, John Graham McCullough, is a leader of his denomination in this section. The Reverend Elisha Screven was a director of both tem¬ poral and spiritual affairs in Winyaw. In 1734, he made a deed of trust to two hundred seventy acres of land for the city of Georgetown, granting plots for the necessary public buildings and for the churches of all religious denomina¬ tions then represented in the Colony of South Carolina. The people of Williamsburg were strikingly alike, al¬ though born of many nations. Probably no part of the American continent began its existence with a more homo¬ genous colony. They were known as “poor Protestants/’ 36 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG those who had been reduced to poverty on account of the politico-religious wars of the seventeenth century. During the seventeenth century, there were three great Church factions in Great Britian continuously warring for supremacy. These schemes were called by Green Popery, Prelacy, and Presbyterianism. While each one claimed that it, only, knew and offered the way, the truth and the life from this world to a better one, students of history know full well that the leaders of each one of these three great Church systems were seeking more for tem¬ poral power and dominion than for spiritual grace and salvation. The fact is, in the seventeenth century, Popery and Prelacy and Presbyterianism were simply three great relentless political parties that worked for success and counted not the cost of human suffering and human woe. It may be said, however, that the party denominated Prelacy did not use such fearful means for promoting its ends as did Popery or Presbyterianism. By Prelacy is meant the scheme of the Church of England. The Pres¬ byterian idea and the Papal idea had been, up to this time, the two great warring Church factions. The Church of England grew out of an attempted compromise between the other two uncompromising schemes. It essayed to appropriate the body of Roman Catholicism and to breathe into it the breath of Presbvterianism. The severities practiced by the Roman Catholic Church and by the Presbyterians in the name of the merciful Nazarene were limited only by the mental abilities of their leaders. Both Papacy and Presbyterianism used the gib¬ bet, the rack, the torch, the screw, and the cross, in Eng¬ land and in Scotland and in Ireland, whenever they had opportunity, up to the time of Oliver Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell and his Ironsides made the English speaking world realize the inhumanity and the absurdity of both Roman Catholicism and of Presbyterianism at that time. PEOPLE WHO SETTLED WILLIAMSBURG 37 Oliver Cromwell was the first man who applied the rule of reason to the Christian religion in England. It is true that much of the absurdity in Puritanism grew out of his labors; but when he made the average man in England realize that neither the Roman Catholic Church nor the Presbyterian Congregations controlled the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven, he made a great contribution to the world. He hated alike Roman Catholicism and Presbyterianism, and cared but little for the compro¬ mise, the Church of England. John Milton, his Latin Secretary, recorded that he said, “Presbyter is but priest writ large.” Cromwell punished alike the criminal priests and the presbuteros, who were violating the principles of humanity in the names of their political religions. It was out of these fierce religious wars that the settlers of Williamsburg came. Many of them had lost their fathers in Scotland and Ireland, when, incited by their religious leaders, their own tribes had undertaken to ex¬ terminate a settlement of Roman Catholics or a force of Roman Catholics had attacked them. The deepest desire of every one of the original settlers, who came to Williamsburg, was to be let alone by every¬ body and by everything, from his nearest neighbor to the King of England ; and every settler in Williamsburg Township realized that every other settler was dominated by the same desire. Each man built his pioneer hut as far away from the blazed trails, called roads, as was pos¬ sible, and where it was most inaccessible from these beaten ways. They found abiding peace in these wilds of Wil¬ liamsburg. CHAPTER V. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. Priests and kings could not make these Scotch-Irish conform to a religion which was not of their very own, but these same priests and kings could withhold lands from them and could confiscate what little worldly goods the Scotch-Irish accumulated from time to time. The original settlers of Williamsburg came to this wilderness for economic reasons — to secure titles to land and to make it bring forth what was necessary for their sustenance and comfort. They were called “Poor-Protes- tants” when they came and were so described in official records of South Carolina until the War of the Revolu¬ tion. Their struggles against the fearful power of the mediaeval political state church gods had made them poor, and had bereft them of all save their strong bodies and their unconquerable spirits. These Scotch-Irish paid their passage to this province, but accepted aid from the King in the way of provisions and agricultural implements for the first few years. It takes a strong imagination to conceive the conditions the first forty found when they arrived at the King’s Tree on Black River in 1732. Immediately surrounding the King’s Tree were swamp lands within which sandy pine barrens were scattered. These swamps were thickly covered with Cyprus trees bearded with long gray moss. Underneath these Cyprus trees were massed and matted luxuriant un¬ dergrowth tangled with muscadines, Cherokee roses, and jessamine. Over the tree tops, strange birds screamed. From the dark recesses about their roots, wolves and pan¬ thers howled; venomous snakes crawled here and there; and swarms of death-dealing insects shaded the sunny skies. But in the midst of all this rampant nature, the mocking bird sang and the wild dove called, and the Scotch-Irish ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 39 knew that a benevolent God reigned and rewarded right¬ eousness. They found dry places in the pinelands and there they erected rude huts as they had known in Ireland. Clearing this thickly wooded land was a labor of Her¬ cules, but these Scotch-Irish toiled until they had pre¬ pared and planted grain in a soil of which they knew but little. The soil here was not like that in Northern Ire¬ land, and their first harvest brought but little reward for their labor. In 1734, Samuel Eveleigh, a merchant in Charleston, wrote to George Morley, Provost Marshal of the Colony of South Carolina, who was then in London, a letter from which the following is an extract: “Last November was twelve months came over a party of Irish Protestants from the North of Ireland, which the Governor got set¬ tled at a Township called Williamsburg at Winyaw on Black River, where the land is good. They immediately made up some huts to cover them from the weather and then went to clearing the land, which they planted and made very good crops so that they had grain enough for themselves and five hundred bushels to spare. There are several families since arrived and gone there to settle and I believe in the usual time, it will be a considerable set¬ tlement. I can not tell you the particular allowance they have out of the public exactly, but I think it is a cow and a calf and a sow to two families, one hundred weight of beef, half a hundred of pork, one hundred weight of rice and five bushels of corn to each person, besides tools. This is and will be a considerable charge to the Province.” This letter refers to the Colony under Roger Gordon, which first settled about the King’s Tree. In 1734, afiiong the estimates made by the several colo¬ nial officials is found the following: “To allowance for one year to Mr. Roger Gordon and forty Highlanders in one of the Northern Townships (Williamsburg) and to Mr. William York with sundry Palatines from Pliiladel- 40 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG pliia and also to several from England, £5,000.” The al¬ lowance made that year was to each adult eight bushels of corn or peas, two hundred pounds of rice, four hundred pounds of beef or three hundred pounds of beef and fifty of pork ; to each child under twelve years of age, half these amounts. From the beginning, the men produced an abundance of corn. They did not succeed in wheat cultivation. The rivers and swamps swarmed with enormous quantities of excellent edible fish and the forests were full of herds of deer. Wild turkeys were abundant. Fifty years later Cornwallis said “ Williamsburg is worth capturing for the fish in Black River;” and a hundred years afterwards, John Ervin Scott, who lived in the Cedar Swamp section, said that he never went early in the morning to his hog pens, about a mile from his home, without seeing three or four deer. Every two families among the original settlers were given a cow and a calf. These found abundant grazing lands all over the District and soon there were large herds of half wild cattle roaming the country. Cattle have been, from the first days of Williamsburg until the present time, the thing which has given hope to the people of this section, when everything else seemed wanting. They flourish in these meadows without any food except what they find themselves. From cow hides these pioneers made not only their harness for horses, but leather breeches for men, aprons for women, coverings for their chairs, and used them in the place of modern springs on their high posted beds. Sheep and hogs were also brought to Williamsburg and they have proved continuous assets to the section. Both of these useful animals live well in the wildwood and mul¬ tiply rapidly. Much of the clothing of ancient Williams¬ burg was made on the plantations from wool produced at home. The first articles exported from the township ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 41 were deerskins, pork, and lard. There were many horses in the colony. The original settlers brought some with them and they, too, multiplied rapidly in the swamps. Whenever a man needed another horse, he called together his friends, and they drove these half wild horses into a spe¬ cially made pen from which the party selected such as it needed. The settlers, who came to Williamsburg, had learned the cultivation of flax in Ireland and many of them were expert weavers. In 1742, William Lowry, of Williams¬ burg, exhibited before the Governor and his Council in Charleston a sample of Holland’s cloth, which he had made on his own plantation by his own hands, from the flax seed to the finished product. He was granted the sum of twenty pounds as an encouragement. There were many plantations in the District at that time making linen and some of it then made is yet held as heirlooms in the old families of Williamsburg. Some cotton was produced for plantation purposes. The seed were laboriously sep¬ arated by hand from the lint on long winter nights and the lint spun and woven into cloth. For many years, these people fought the forests and the swamps, enduring and overcoming handicaps incon¬ ceivable. Slowly they prospered. Within a few years, they began to sell their surplus products in Charleston. In 1749, they had a crop failure; it did not rain that year. In August, they gathered together in the Williamsburg Meeting House to offer prayers for rain. The rains did not come in time to fill the ears of the withered corn. They bought corn from North Carolina, but that winter nearly one-fourth of the people of the colony died. Some strange sickness, probably influenza, overtook them, and caused eighty newly made graves in the Williamsburg Church¬ yard. About that time, the planting of indigo was begun. Some few negro slaves had already been brought in the 42 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Township, and used in the cultivation of this indigo. Within five years after its first introduction, prosperity came to this people and riches were not far away. They bought more negro slaves and blooded horses from Charles* ton. It is said that indigo sold for such enormous prices that at this time a planter could fill his wallet with this product, ride horseback to Charleston and exchange it for a slave. Indigo covered the country and every plantation had its indigo vats. These vats were holes in the ground about thirty feet square at the top, shaping downward to resem¬ ble half of a broken inverted pyramid. These holes were lined with a composition of sand and pitch which was waterproof. In these vats they poured water, into which they packed and crushed the plant. The water absorbed the dye from the bruised plant after a certain period of time. Another deeper pit was dug by this vat and from the bottom of this vat, a line of wooden pipe permitted the drainage of the water filled indigo to pass into casks in the pit below. This indigo filled water had to be drained from the vat at the proper time or the whole product would spoil. Now these Scotch-Irish were the most God-fearing peo¬ ple in the world. On Saturday evenings they made their small sons go out into the fields and shut down their bird traps and their rabbit gums. They took their pocket knives from these youngsters at the same time. Promptly on Monday morning these boys were given back their knives and allowed to place their traps in proper con¬ dition to receive unwary game. But these Scotch-Irish brethren simply had to devise some scheme to start their indigo tanks draining when their product would be damaged by waiting until the fol¬ lowing morning. One beautiful Sunday afternoon, when an Elder was strolling out with his family on its solemn service, he passed one of his indigo vats that was rich ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 43 and ripe for draining. Monday morning his indigo would he ruined. This good Elder’s foot accidently struck the peg that held the rich, ripe indigo fluid in leash, the peg fell out and the casks below began receiving the bluish drippings. They had the future Revolutionary hero up in the Church for his accident, but the good Session of Elders finally decided that accidents would happen and that men could not be held too strictly accountable for them. Similar accidents often happened after that time, and much indigo was saved thereby for the commerce of the world. CHAPTER VI. CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN. While the original settlers of Williamsburg came to the township on Black River primarily for economic reasons, yet the congregational religious principle, which had grown in the majority of them for centuries and which was largely responsible for their temporary impoverished con¬ dition, was, in fact, the cause of their migration into this wild country. Until the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789, the Church of England determined the ecclesi¬ astical polity of South Carolina. The colonists were forced by law to support the Church of England and this was the only church recognized as such by law. No man could hold office under the government unless he were a com¬ municant of the Church of England and would take an oath that for one year prior to his accession to office he had not received the sacrament of communion except from the hands of a priest of the established religion, and, when a man took the oath of office, he was required, then and there, to receive the Holy Sacrament administered ac¬ cording to the ritual of the Church of England. Further¬ more, no man was allowed to teach school in the colony unless a communicant of the Church of England and duly licensed for such purpose by the Lord Bishop of London. When Williamsburg Township was surveyed and laid out on August 28, 1736, the most desirable acre of ground in the town of Williamsburg was reserved for the Church of England, and an adjoining acre was granted for the Churchyard. These two acres of land were those making up the northwestern half of the block in Kingstree where¬ on the Bank of Kingstree now stands. At the same time, one hundred acres of glebe land on the northern boundary of the town of Williamsburg, adjoining the lands of John CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN 45 Henderson, were surveyed and granted to the use of the minister of the town of Williamsburg. But the Church of England and its “ Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts” were never too seriously concerned about the religious condition of the “Poor Protestants” of Williamsburg. A few times between 1735 and 1750, the Rev. John Fordvce, minister of Prince Frederick’s Church of Winyaw, and the Rev. Joseph Bugnion, minister of Orangeburg, visited the town of Williamsburg on Easter, Whitsuntide, and Christmas, and conducted services, baptized a few children, and re¬ ceived nominal contributions from these poor Protestants in Williamsburg, but no Church of England was erected or even undertaken in this township on Black River. Practically all of the original settlers in Williamsburg Township were of the Congregational or Presbyterian faith and their exceeding enthusiasm was shown in the promotion of Presbyterian principles. Although many of them inclined to the Church of Scotland as “reformed” by John Calvin and John Knox, yet in heart they were adherents of the untouched ancient doctrines. On July 2, 1736, the following “indwellers in Williams¬ burg” met and formed the Williamsburg Presbyterian Congregation, which congregation has maintained its or¬ ganization continuously until the present day: John Witherspoon, John Fleming, William James, David Wil¬ son, Jajnes Bradley, Robert Wilson, John Porter, David Pressley, Robert Ervin, William Pressley, John Hender¬ son, William Frierson, Thomas Frierson, William Syms, David Allen, John James, James McClelland, and David Witherspoon. This congregation petitioned for a grant of land for erecting thereon their Meeting House, but the Colonial Governor did not act promptly on their petition. Two years later, in 1738, they secured from Captain Roger Gordon two acres of land on the eastern boundary of the 46 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG platted “Town of Williamsburgh”, and there built the Wil¬ liamsburg Meeting House. On this spot, the congregation worshipped continuously until 1890, when the church was moved to Academy Street in the town of Kingstree. The lot was then devoted exclusivelv to the use of the white people of the vicinity as a burying ground. The title to this property was made to the following as trustees of the Congregation : James Bradley, William Syms, David Allen, William Janies, John James, John Porter, Jaimes McClelland, and David Witherspoon. This Congregation chose as its first elders, John Witherspoon, John Fleming, James McClelland, James Bradley, Wil¬ liam James, and David Witherspoon. This Session of Elders and its successors have played a remarkable part in the administration of the law of Williamsburg, civil and religious, until this day. The first Williamsburg Meeting House was built of logs and was used until 1746, when the log structure was re¬ placed by an excellent house of worship. William Swin- ton, a prominent member of Prince George’s Church, left a legacy of one hundred pounds in his will for aiding the erection of this second Meeting House. This was the largest building in the township until the War of the Revolution. It faced the East and was located in the Western part of the present Williamsburg cemetery. As one entered he came first to the Deacons’ seats, ele¬ vated about six inches above the floor of the aisle. Back of the Deacons’ seats, and elevated twelve inches higher, was the pew for the Ruling Elders, larger than that of the Deacons’, and about square. Back of the Elders’ pew and three feet higher and up against the wall was the pulpit. The pews were all high-backed. The head of each family owned a pew and the Church and the Minister were sup¬ ported by a tax on these pews. Some of the pew owners were not members of the Church, yet each pew owner had an equal voice and vote in the congregational meet- CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN 47 ings. This rule resulted in serious conditions in later years. In 1770, on account of the rapid growth of the colony, both by birth and by new immigrants from Ireland, this house of worship was doubled in size, which was done by extending the side opposite the pulpit. It was customary among the Presbyterians of ancient Williamsburg to leave something, if not more than one hundred pounds or fifty acres of land, in their wills to their church. Among the first bequests to the Congrega¬ tion were those of James McClelland, John Blakeley, James Blakeley, John Watson, John Scott, and Nathaniel Drew. Frequently, outsiders remembered this Congrega¬ tion at the King’s Tree and made bequests. Henry Sheriff, of James Island, and William Swinton, of Georgetown, were among this class of non-residents. When one now looks over the list of valuable bequests to this congrega¬ tion during the first century of its existence, he wonders why the present Williamsburg Presbyterian Church cor¬ poration is not as wealthy as some other ancient church or¬ ganizations in America. The first minister of the Williamsburg Presbyterian Con¬ gregation was the Reverend Robert Heron, of Ireland, who served three years, returning to his native land in 1740. The next minister was the Reverend John Rae, installed in 1743. He was a “high church” Presbyterian and saw that everything done in this pioneer settlement congre¬ gation was according to the ritual of the most elect and select Church of Scotland. He required his congregation to fast and pray on Saturday, listen to his four hour sermon on Sunday, and spend Monday in thanksgiving that they had heard such a wonderful discourse. Mr. Rae was not much of a Puritan, since he did not preach about drinking whiskey, horse racing, and permit¬ ting slaves to work for themselves on Sunday, but he was a great Presbyterian advocate. His sermons were remark- 48 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG able displays of theological learning. He hated the Roman Catholic Church a great deal more than he did the Devil, and feared God to the limit of his capacity. May 19, 1752, the following officers of the Williamsburg Congregation signed the Confession of Faith: John Rae, minister; John James, James McClelland, James Wither¬ spoon, John Leviston, Robert Witherspoon, Samuel Fulton, Robert Wilson, Robert Paisley, Gavin Witherspoon, Wil¬ liam Dobein, Elders. Mr. Rae served the congregation eighteen years and died in 1761 at Salem. He was buried in the Williamsburg churchyard, although the exact location of his grave is unknown. He was a man of strong personality and was very influential in his congregation. Dr. J. R. Wither¬ spoon says he went about “with unwearied diligence and fidelity reproving the negligent, encouraging the doubt¬ ful and desponding, visiting the sick, comforting mourn¬ ers, and relieving the distressed.” This Williamsburg Presbyterian Congregation was the only religious organization maintained in Williamsburg Township until 1786. Out of the township, prior to the Revolution, there went several colonies who formed Pres¬ byterian Congregations in other sections, and the Wil¬ liamsburg Church may rightfully regard them as offspring. Among these may be mentioned : Salem Black River, Aimwell on the Pee Dee, and Indiantown. The first House of Worship or Church built on the ter¬ ritory now known as Williamsburg County was the Black Mingo Meeting House located on Church Creek in the corner where the Williamsburg-Georgetown County line road leads to the South from the Georgetown-Kingstree highway. This was an excellent brick structure, forty by sixty feet, and was erected in 1726 for use by the religious Dissenters in that Black Mingo community. The Reverend Elisha Screven, an Antipaedo Baptist Minister, was the moving spirit in the building of this Church, contributed CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN 49 the greater part of its cost and preached the first sermon from its pulpit. Although it was largely through Screven influence, money, and energy that the Black Mingo Church was built, since there were few of the Baptist faith in the community, this ancient Church was soon dominated by the Presbyterian element in the Congregation; and, after the death of the Reverend Elisha Screven, it became known as the Black Mingo Presbyterian Meeting House. It was used, from its beginning, by dissenting congregations, first come, first served. The Reverend John Baxter was the first Presbyterian Minister who preached there. In 1729, he baptized John Nelson, son of George and Helen Nelson, the first baptism among the Calvanists in Wil¬ liamsburg. This Church was the first structure erected by a dissenting congregation between the Santee and the Cape Fear Rivers. The records of this old Church have all been lost. Here and there one finds reference to it and its congregations in old diaries written in that period. The last reference to it is found in the Indiantown Session Records of June 20, 1824, and reads as follows : “Mrs. Margaret McConnell was received into this Church on reputable testimony of her having been an acceptable member of the Black Mingo Church, this Church being now extinct.” The walls of this old Church stood until about 1890, when the bricks were hauled away and used for planta¬ tion purposes. The church site is yet plainly discernible, and about four acres of ancient graves, with a few old tombstones, still tell simple tales of the men and women who there more than a century ago lived and labored. Indiantown Presbyterian Congregation consisted of John James, Robert Wilson, David Wilson, William Cooper, Sr., William Cooper, Jr., Robert McCottry, George McCutchen, George Barr, Thomas McCrea, Robert Wither¬ spoon, James McCutchen, and about fifteen other heads of 50 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG families when it was organized in 1757. The first Indian- town Church was built that year on the four acre lot of ground left in the will of William Thompson for that pur¬ pose. Mr. Thompson also bequeathed one hundred pounds sterling towards the building. John James, Robert Wil¬ son, and David Wilson were its first elders and the Rever¬ end John Knox its first minister. There were many causes contributing to the founding of Indiantown Church. Williamsburg Township had over¬ flown into this district, as had the Black Mingo section, and those who had settled in the Indiantown community had prospered. The founders of the Indiantown congrega¬ tion [were, for the most part, the sons of settlers in Williamsburg Township. At that time, there were two flourishing Presbyterian Churches in Williamsburg, the Williamsburg and the Black Mingo Churches. The founders of these two churches had come from Europe and were belligerent dis¬ senters. Many of them had actually witnessed, and some of them felt, the fires of religious persecution adminis¬ tered by the political state church. These Presbyterians represented one of the extreme factions in the religious life of the English speaking peoples for many genera¬ tions. While the Roman Catholic Church had been the organization of the other faction, and while the Church that was created with the view of reconciling these two extreme factions had succeeded in becoming the Church of England, neither the extremists of the Presbyterian fac¬ tion nor those of the Roman Catholic faction accepted the Church of England as constituted, but both factions hated it to the limit of their ability. These Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who came to Wil¬ liamsburg, were, for the most part, uncompromising in their religious conceptions. The ancient Presbyterian doc¬ trine was very largely monotheistic, strikingly similar to that of Judaeism. The Roman Catholic Church made CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN 51 Jesus Christ outstanding in the Holy Trinity. The Church of England adopted very largely the Roman Catholic idea of Jesus Christ. Scotch-Irish Presbyterians hated any¬ thing that had in it a suggestion of the Roman Catholic Church, and so the Presbyterian Churches at Black Mingo and at Williamsburg, following the doctrines of the Church of Scotland, were practically Unitarian. Their ministers were called to preach by virtue of their being entitled to certain hereditary rights under the British Government, the right of presentation to a benefice inherent in certain families, were educated in Scotland and Ireland, and preached in this country the doctrines of the Church of Scotland. There are now, in old diaries, minute books, and other ancient documents, references to more than one hundred sermons preached by these ministers in these two old Williamsburg Churches and not one of these sermons was based on a text taken from the New Testament. The Church of Scotland ministers of that day seemed to over¬ look the New Testament. One finds among the original Presbyterians who came to Williamsburg Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Moses and Aaron, Nathan and David and other Old Testament names, but he looks in vain to find a man called Matthew, Mark, Luke, Paul, Silas, or Cornelius. In all the wills of the pre-revolutionary period, the first paragraph dedicates the soul of the testator to God. There are shown in them two ideas of Christ — the Presbyterian, which does not call His Name; and that of the Episcopa¬ lians and the Baptists, which does. A typical Church of Scotland Presbyterian was James McCown, who says, Principally and first of all, I give and recommend my soul into the hands of God that gave it, and my body I recommend to the earth to be buried in decent Christian burial, nothing doubtful but at the general resurrection, I shall receive the same again by the mighty power of God.” 52 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Contra, the first clause in the will of Nathaniel Snow, Church of England : “First and principally recommending my immortal soul into the hand of Almighty God, my Heav¬ enly Father, trusting in the merits of my Blessed Saviour for pardon and remission of all my sins and an happy ad¬ mission into the regions of Bliss and Immortality. ” Also, the will of Isaac Chandler, Baptist : Principally, I com¬ mend my soul into the hands of Almighty God and my body to the earth to be decently buried in the hopes of a joyful resurrection at the last day unto Life Eternal by the Mighty Power and through the merit of Jesus Christ, our Mighty God and Saviour.” The original Presbyterians who came to Williamsburg scorned the celebration of Easter or Christmas, declaring that they were of heathen origin and unworthy of the Church. Until this day, some men and women in Williams¬ burg seriously object to special Easter and Christmas dec¬ orations and music, even in other churches than their own. While the Church of England exercised over lordship of the colony of South Carolina until the War of the Rev¬ olution, and built its churches and supported its minis¬ ters out of public funds, it allowed a large measure of freedom to dissenting congregations. The young men who grew up in Williamsburg gradually assimilated the Ameri¬ can Presbyterian idea and accepted Jesus Christ and the Holy Trinity. The Black Mingo Church from 1726, when it was founded, until 1811, when it became extinct, was, for all practical purposes, a Unitarian Church. The Wil¬ liamsburg Presbyterian Church did not worship Jesus Christ nor say much of His Divinity until its union with the Bethel congregation in 1828, ninety-two years after it was organized. The Indiantown Church was dedicated to the Holy Trinity at its foundation and many of these younger Presbyterians from Black Mingo and Williams¬ burg united with the Indiantown Church for the reason CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN 53 that it was Trinitarian in conception and American in its organization. An act of the Colonial Assembly of 1706, generally known as the Church Act, divided South Carolina into ten parishes. Craven County was one of these Parishes. In 1721, the Parish of Prince George Winyaw was established — bounded on the Southwest by the Santee River, on the northeast by the Cape Fear River, on the east by the ocean, and on the west by the Indian country. In 1734, Prince Frederick’s Parish was divided from that of Prince George Winyaw. In 1713, on a beautiful bluff on Black River, probably the most striking river scene in South Carolina, Prince Frederick’s Church was built. When Prince Frederick’s Parish was separated from Prince George’s Parish, it was intended that this Prince Frederick’s Church should be included in Prince Frederick’s Parish; however, the eastern line of Prince Frederick’s Parish as established by law was afterwards found to be west of the church. This church remained, however, for nearly half a century the place of worship for the few adherents of the Church of England in Prince Frederick’s Parish, which later became Williamsburg. The pew holders in Prince Frederick’s Church in 1734 were as follows: John Brown, John Lane, Reverend Thomas Morritt, John Thompson, Daniel Shaw, Francis Avant, John Wallace, Esq., Captain Anthony White, An¬ thony Atkinson, John White, Paul Laroche, William S win- ton, John Borrell, Josias Dupre, and Caleb Avant. All of these men lived along Black River, some of them as far westward into the present Williamsburg County as Indian- town and Cedar Swamp. This Prince Frederick’s Church was wealthy. The Reverend Mr. Morritt, who conducted services one Sunday in each month of 1735 in Georgetown and three Sundays at Prince Frederick’s, admitted that his income was more than $7,500.00 a year. 54 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG In 1736, the Reverend John Fordyce became the minis¬ ter of Prince Frederick’s Parish “in the room of” Reverend Mr. Morritt. Mr. Fordyce resigned in 1741. In 1743, Rev¬ erend Mr. Fordyce held communion services at the King’s Tree on April 3rd and July 1st. His collection taken on these two occasions amounted to about $55.00. Prince Frederick’s Church had an eventful history. Its records were kept and throw much light on the beginnings of Williamsburg. In 1756, the Church wardens and ves¬ trymen wrote a letter to the Lord Bishop of London com¬ plaining of spiritual conditions in Prince Frederick’s Parish. The letter was signed by John White, George Atkinson, William Green, Anthony White, James McPher¬ son, William Walker, James Crockett, and Charles Wood- mason, and begged for a Minister to succeed the Reverend Michael Smith, who, they said, had done more injury to the cause of virtue, religion, and the Church in three years time than “his successors could repair in many.” They wrote that this Parish was the largest and most populous in the province, yet, “though numerous in inhabitants, the members of the Church are widely scattered and but few in number.” They state that the people of this section were for the most part of the communion of the Church of Scotland, being settlers from Scotland from the North of Ireland. The Church of Scotland then had two Meeting Houses in the Parish, one at Black Mingo and one at Williams¬ burg and large congregations at each of these places. They say that “Our back country”, meaning Williamsburg, “is filled with numbers who never saw a minister of the Church of England.” The letter also states that the Reverend Mr. Smith did make “a Tour into these remote Parts of the Parish, But He had better stay’d at home, for the Consequence has been, that thro’ his indiscreet Carriage, (We shd rather say immoral Conduct), among them, instead of bringing CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN 55 them over, and joining them to the Communion of our Church, he has unhappily driven them to send for Ana¬ baptist Teachers from Philadelphia, who dip many, and form them into Congregations; so that the regaining of them, and making them Members of the Established Chh will (we judge) be attended with great Pains, if not an im¬ possibility.” In the following year, Charles Woodmason, Register of Prince Frederick’s Parish, wrote the Lord Bishop of Lon¬ don the following: “Our Parish Church, Parsonage & Glebe is daily falling to Ruin by being unoccupied. That there are now 4 Meeting Houses in this Parish, and two more talked of being built, (wch Increase would not have been except thro’ Weakness, Supineness, & Immor¬ ality of our Incumbents) Whereas, had we Godly Minis¬ ters, Chapels of Ease would probably be raised in their places, and less Room for the Sectaries to spread them¬ selves. That the People of the Lower Part of our Parish, are a sober, sensible & literate People, those of the upper part, far otherwise; whose Numbers daily increase by Refugees from ye other Provinces. That if a Minister be not settled here soon, the defection from the Church will be so great, as hardly to leave enough Church Members to form a Congregation. “That Itinerant Teachers from the Noard, are Yearly making of Converts that illiterate Persons set up for Pastors ; That the Presbyterian Missionaries from the Northern Colleges, use unwearied pains & Diligence to extend their Influence & Interest, to the hazard of this whole Parish being soon entirely in their Hands; That this Prospect grieves every true Son & Well-wisher to the Church of England, while our Establish’d Clergy calmly look on, But that our Assembly, Alarm’d at our Situation, has lately divided into this extensive Parish, taking a New one out of it, to be called by the Name of St. Mark alloting also 100 L stg. pr. ann. for an Itinerant Minister to oflici- 56 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG ate the Waterees, & ye Catawba Settlemt So that we want 3 Ministers Sir at present, in this one Parish only.” On August 10, 1756, thirty-two Acadians were sent to Prince Frederick’s Church and distributed among the good people of that Parish for sustenance and support. Among these Acadians were Joseph Durong (Durant) and his wife, Ann Lambert ; and their children, Mary, J osette, Ann, Margaret, Mary Ann, and Rosalie; John Daigle and his wife, Rosalie Richard, and their child, John Baptist; Peter Lambert and his sons, Peter and John; Francois LaBlanc and his wife, Magdalene Comie, and their chil¬ dren, Josetta, Ozick, Magdalene, Tesslie, and Margaret; Paul Oliver and his wife, Magdalene Bourk; Margaret Daigle Forrait and her three children, Paul, Larion, and John Baptist; John Baptist Porrier; Michell Porrier, Peirre Caisee ; Michell Lapierre ; and Renaie Drowhanny. On the 3rd of November, 1770, Mary Bonnell died under suspicious circumstances. The matter of her sudden pass¬ ing created great interest in all this community. After she had been buried thirty-six days, her body was raised from its grave and examined by Samuel Nesmith, Esq., Coroner, “For our said Lord the King,” and his Coroner’s jury composed of James Lane, Foreman, Bartley Clark, Elias McPherson, Richard Green, Francis Green, William Green, William Green, Sr., Francis Futhy, John Glenn, Sr., Daniel Williams, James McPherson, and John McCrea. The first sessions of this Jury were held in the Prince Frederick’s Church but later meetings were had at Black Mingo. The last record in “the Register Book” of this old Prince Frederick’s Church on Black River is a petition to the Church wardens for the assistance of an old woman who had been of good behavior and of good reputation in Wil¬ liamsburg for more than thirty years. It was dated the 21st day of January, 1778, and signed by the following: James McCollough, Andrew Patterson, John Jones, Wil- CHURCHES AND CHURCHMEN 57 liam Scott, William Cooper, James Daniel, George Mc- Cutchen, John Scott, Thomas McConnell, Alex. H. Crase- ner, William Miller, William Dobien, William Hamilton. This petition was filed, but never was heard, for the last meeting of the officers of this old Church had been held and its doors had been closed forever, but for nearly a hundred years thereafter people of the community used this old Churchyard as a burying ground. It is situated on a high bluff on the convex side of the river where its deep dark waters form a crescent, the horns of which seem to pass into infinite distance, fading away in fringes of live oak and cypress. Prior to this time, many, even of its officers, had with¬ drawn from the Church and united with the Black Mingo and the Indiantown Presbyterian Churches. Among these may be mentioned William Wilson, Thomas G. Scott, John Ervin, Thomas Goddard, Francis Britton, Jr., Daniel Mc- Ginney, John McDowell, Moses Britton, John James, Hugh Ervin, James Lane, William McCottry, Adam Mc¬ Donald, Jatnes McPherson, George Burrows, Edward Plowden, William Gamble, William McGee, Moses Brown, John Futhy, Alexander McCrea, Benjamin Duke, Thomas Potts, William Hamilton, and Thomas McCrea. The com¬ municants of this Church who retained their connection with the Church of England transferred their membership to the Church at Georgetown. The Santee French Huguenots built a Chapel of Ease a few miles North of Lenud’s Ferry on the Britton’s Ferry road about 1730, and another Chapel of Ease on Murray’s old field near Murray’s Ferry, where they worshipped in their native tongue but according to the ritual of the Church of England. The use of the French language in these Chapels of Ease along the Santee for more than half a century had a great influence in determining the language used in Williamsburg. Until the present day, one finds many French idioms in the speech of the Wil- 58 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG liamsburg people and their pronunciation shows a strong Romance language influence. At the beginning of the War of the Revolution, there were large congregations supporting the Williamsburg Church at Kingstree, and the Black Mingo Church on the Kingstree-Georgetown road, which two churches were con¬ nected with the Presbytery of Scotland; about one hun¬ dred families supporting the Indiantown Presbyterian Church, which belonged to the Presbytery of Orange, an American organization; a few members of the Church of England living along what is now the Williamsburg- Georgetown County line, some of whom worshipped in Georgetown and others at the Chapel of Ease near Lenud’s Ferry; and a few other communicants of the Church of England, who worshipped at the Chapel of Ease at Mur¬ ray’s old field near Murray’s Ferry. There were prob¬ ably a dozen Baptists in the Black Mingo community and nearly every one of these was a lineal descendant of the Reverend William Screven. At the outbreak of the Revo¬ lution, at least ninety-five per centum of the people of Williamsburg were Presbyterians. CHAPTER VII. GROWING PAINS AND PETITIONS. Ancient inland communities all grew np on the banks of rivers. With few exceptions, the world depended upon water transportation until recent modern times. King George decreed that Williamsburg Township should be laid out on the banks of Black River, and that every grantee of land in the Township should have free access to the River. He also decreed that no grant of land should border the River for a distance more than one-fourth the distance it extended backward into the forest. This rule was established to give as many settlers as possible actual as well as constructive access to the river. The river was planned as a highway over which transportation to and from this back country was to be effected. In 1730, for a great part of the year, Black River seemed almost a large inland sea as far westward as the King’s Tree. Generally it was then very deep and the King’s mariners reported that it would be navigable as far westward as the King’s Tree for all the King’s vessels. But, during the long summer seasons, Black River some¬ times decreased until it became at the King’s Tree a very small stream. The River from Georgetown westward to Kingstree is one continuous series of elbows, and, at some points, frequently shows dangerous sandy shallows. The very large trees that grow along its banks have frequently fallen into the current and have always been serious men¬ aces to the navigation of the river. On Friday, December 10, 1736, Robert Finley, Crafton Kerwin, and Richard Middleton, residents of Williams¬ burg, petitioned the Colonial Council to clear Black River and make it navigable. This petition brought the first act of the Colonial Government applying specially to Wil¬ liamsburg Township, which was passed in 1738, “An act 60 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG for clearing, cleaning and making navigable Black River from the ‘Narrows’ to the western boundary of Williams¬ burg Township, inclusive.” This act created a district for taxation for raising necessary funds to clear the river. This district was all North of a line half way between Santee River and Black River and all South of the line half way between Black River and Pee Dee River, from ten miles above Phineas Spry’s plantation to the “Narrows” on Black River. Every man under sixty years old, white and black, free or slave, should be a unit for taxation, and every two hundred and fifty acres of land should be counted as a man for taxation. The commissioners ap¬ pointed were so to clear Black River that it would be navi¬ gable for “boats, barges, pettiaguas, lighters, and other vessels.” In 1732, the Roger Gordon colony came up Black River, disembarked at Brown’s Ferry and blazed its way through the country to the King’s Tree. This blazed trail, which is now a part of the Kingstree-Georgetown highway, was the first trail the white men made to the King’s Tree. It has been continuously used as a road since 1732. In 1734, John Witherspoon came from Belfast, Ireland, by way of Charleston, Georgetown, and thence up Black River to Potato Ferry, where he and his people disem¬ barked and blazed a trail westward to the King’s Tree. This blazed trail became the Kingstree-Potato Ferry road and has been open to wayfarers since 1734. Many years before this time, a trail had been made from the Black Mingo community southward to Lennd’s Ferry on the San¬ tee. The Williamsburg-Georgetown County line road fol¬ lows this ancient trail. The Wee Tee Indians had a trail from Lenud’s Ferry westward along the north bank of the Santee River to where the abandoned Lower Saint Mark’s Church now stands, and to the West. This Indian trail grew into the Santee River road. GROWING PAINS AND PETITIONS 61 The first public road established by law in Williams¬ burg was that from Murray’s Ferry to the King’s Tree. This road was laid out by Act of the Colonial Council on the 8th day of March, 1741. All of the inhabitants and owners of slaves on the North side of the Santee River, within so many miles of Murray’s Ferry as the commis¬ sioners of the public roads judged proper, were obliged, made liable, and directed to make and keep in repair the Murray’s Ferry road to the King’s Tree in the same manner as was described by the Highway Act of the General As¬ sembly of the province. By the same Act, Murray’s Ferry over the Santee River, connecting this road with the road to Charleston, was vested in Joseph Murray. By the terms of this Act, Joseph Murray, his executors, administrators, or assigns, were required to provide and keep at the said ferry for a term of seven years “one good and sufficient boat with at least two able men (one of which shall be a white man) fit for transporting passengers, horses, and cattle.” He was allowed to charge ferriage for each passenger on foot two shillings and sixpence; for each horse, three shillings and nine pence ; for a man and a horse, five shillings ; for neat cattle, per head, ferried or swam, one shilling; for calves, sheep, or hogs, per head, six pence. “When the ‘freshes’ are so high that they are obliged to go from highland to highland, then all persons passing the ferry shall be obliged to pay double the rates above mentioned.” This ferry was to be free at all times to all persons sent on His Majesty’s service. About 1750, somebody blazed a trail from Kingstree to Camden over Broad, Clapp’s and Pudding Swamps, and about the same time, a trail from Kingstree northward by Effingham toward Cheraw. The Witherspoons made a trail from Kingstree over Black River at what is now known as the Lower Bridge about 1740. 62 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG On the 25th day of May, 1745, Thomas McKeithen, John Mclver, David Allen, Nathaniel Drew, and John McCants were appointed commissioners for cutting and clearing the lakes and water courses in the swamp at the head of Black Mingo Creek from the plantation of Colonel An¬ thony White to the mouth of Heathley’s run and to make the stream navigable for flats and canoes. These persons were allowed to charge toll rates on everything passing through the canal and required to render an account yearly of the money collected by them. The highway commissioners for the township of Wil¬ liamsburg, or said part of Prince Frederick’s Parish as lies on Black River, in 17 47, were as follows : Robert Gib¬ son, William Young, William Frierson, Isaac Brunson, John Leviston, Roger Gordon, Robert Wilson, John Jones, and John Allen. This board of commissioners was ordered to meet on Easter Monday and on the first Monday of August of every year. They were authorized to exercise general supervision over the roads and ferries in the district. In 1748, the following commissioners were instructed to build a bridge over Black River at the King’s Tree: Nathaniel Drew, John Allen, William Young, John Levis¬ ton, William Frierson, William Nelson, and William James. In 1756, the inhabitants of Williamsburg Town¬ ship petitioned the Council that “a ferry be established from the plantation of Theodore Gaillard on the South side of Santee River to Murray’s Landing on the North side of the River; and have a more convenient passing when the freshes are up; that the Creek called Ferry Creek on the South side of the River and the Creek leading to the North side of the river to Murray’s house be cleared and cleansed.” This ferry was vested in Theodore Gaillard. The Council ordered that the Creek on the North side of Santee River leading from Murray’s house to the River be cleared and thereafter kept clean and clear so that GROWING PAINS AND PETITIONS 63 there might be free passage for the ferry boat or boats in the said Creek when the river was high, by the male in¬ habitants from sixteen to sixty years of age living and residing in the township of Williamsburg, or within five miles of Murray’s Ferry. John Leviston, William Young, and William Nelson were appointed commissioners for clearing this Creek. The Williamsburg section was thought to offer great opportunities and all of the land in the Township was taken up by grants within a very short time after the lines of the township had been established. In 1737, John Hamilton petitioned the King for a grant of two hundred thousand acres of land as near as possible to Williams¬ burg Township. In his petition, he stated that he could bring over immediately about one hundred forty Protes¬ tant families, skilled in the production of wine, currants, raisins, oil, coffee, cocoa, hemp, flax, wax, honey, saffron, and all kinds of grain and cattle, and that this section was well adapted to the production of all of these things. John Hamilton’s grandfather, John, and Robert Mont¬ gomery, were the two leading spirits in the migration of the Scotch into Northern Ireland during the seventeenth century, and the John Hamilton of 1737 hoped to found a colony in this section. His petition, however, for the grant of two hundred thousand acres of land for his colony was not given action by the King, and John Hamilton became an ordinary citizen of Williamsburg. Another petition of interest, dated 1742, and signed by Thomas McCrea, Alexander McCrea, Crafton Kerwin, and William McNeedy, represents to the Colonial Council that these four petitioners had been granted lands in the North¬ eastern corner of the Township as originally surveyed; that they had settled thereon and had gone through much labor and expense in making their plantations suitable for habitation and for the production of salable articles; that some time later the Colonial Council had sent a man 64 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG purporting to be a surveyor to this section and that this man had gone to the hospitable home of John Peter Somer- lioeff, about fifteen miles from any point of Williamsburg Township, and, without approaching any nearer the Town¬ ship than Mr. SomerhoefFs piazza, had made another plat of the township which so changed the lines that the grants of these petitioners therefore made in good faith, accepted, and acted upon, had been left outside of the Township and had thereafter been included in grants to other per¬ sons. These four petitioners further said that they had been caused great annoyance and expense in defending their claims to original grants and submitted bills for the damages they had sustained. This matter was finally ad¬ justed to the satisfaction of these petitioners. Many grants of land were made in Williamsburg Town¬ ship in violation of the order of the King establishing the Township. By decree, land in Williamsburg Township should have been granted only to bona fide settlers, but there were a great many influential people in Charleston, suspecting the value the lands in Williamsburg would probably have, secured grants within the territory without having any intention of actually settling thereon. These grants greatly damaged the Township and were a source of much ill feeling among the bona fide settlers. The two petitions following represent something of public opinion in Williamsburg in 1742 in regard to these illegal grants. Representation of the inhabitants of Williamsburg, complaining to His Majesty’s Forty-third instruction be¬ ing broke thro’ by the Governor and Council. “To Henry McCulloh, Esq., the Humble Representation of the inhabitants of the town of Williamsburg showeth that, being informed, His Majesty has been graciously pleased to constitute and appoint you as His Commissary with full power to inquire into the abuses with respect to the grants of land and the quitrent payable thereupon GROWING PAINS AND PETITIONS 65 and towards preventing and determining all matters in relation to the premises : “We beg leave to represent that by His Majesty’s Forty- third instruction to his Governor of this province, there were eleven townships set apart for the reception of such Protestants as might come and settle in this province; that in consideration of the encouragement given us by the Government and Council and from the certainty we appre¬ hended with it, under His Majesty’s Royal Instructions to His Governor, had secured our properties and the re¬ mainder of the township lands would remain only for the uses, direct by his Majesty’s instructions, which would have enabled us to have brought over our friends and rela¬ tives to settle in our neighborhood. We, under these en¬ couragements, transported ourselves and families to this province and settled in Williamsburg Township. “But to our great concern, we have found the land in this township a common unrestrained range to all per¬ sons, and the best land therein taken up by persons, who have not at this time settled the same nor, in all probabil¬ ity, will at any time reside thereon. Some of us have been sued for trespass on land pointed out to us by the Deputy Surveyor and have been caused considerable damage and others have become tenants rather than remove their fam¬ ilies. Some time past, we presented our humble petition to the Governor’s Council setting forth our said griev- « ances and praying, but we could obtain no answer. We, therefore, take leave to trouble you with a copy of the same, wherein the hardships we have labored under here are, which we humbly submit to your consideration. “The river, by which we can have any convenience of our goods to a market, is rendered difficult in the navi¬ gation, by reason of great trees, which fall therein and which the General Assembly should pass a law for clear¬ ing same. Now the whole burden of that work falls on us, the residenters, while those who are possessed of large 66 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG tracts of the most valuable lands contribute nothing to it. “We have letters from our friends in Ireland, acquaint¬ ing us of their desire to come here, if we could in any shape encourage them, which we have to decline because of the lands being run and possessed by others. We take leave, Sir, to assure you that every tract alleged in our said petition and in this, our humble representation, shall be effectually proved, with the addition of many more particulars, when you will please to require it. “We pray, therefore, you will take the premises into consideration and that you will relieve us of the many op¬ pressions and hardships we labor under, in relation to our possessions in the said Township of Williamsburgh. And we shall ever pray. “Williamsburg Township, the 19th day of January, 1742. (Signed) James Bradley, Thomas McCrea, Alexander Scott, John Fleming, James Scott, John Bradley, Wil¬ liam Bradley, Thomas Bradley, Samuel Bradley, William Dick, Thomas Scott, Patrick Lindsay, William McCormick, Joseph Anderson, James Armstrong, John Moore, Henry Montgomery, William Pressley, John James, John Flem¬ ing, John Hamilton, Robert Witherspoon, John Dick, Robert Wilson, Roger Gibson, George Burrows, Adam Strain, John Watson, Avagbel Campbell, David Wither¬ spoon, John McCullough, James Gamble, George Mont¬ gomery, John McKnight, William James, Alexander Mc¬ Crea, Robert Wilson, John Pressley, Hugh McGill, John Matthews, John Anderson, James Dick, John Lemon, Robert McCottry, John McFadden, John Anderson, Jr., James McClelland, John Blakeley, James Law, Roger Gordon, William McKnight, David Wilson, Thomas Mc¬ Crea, John Scott, John Leviston, John Porter, Gavin Witherspoon, John Ervin.” The following is a copy of first petition in the same mat¬ ters. GROWING PAINS AND PETITIONS 67 “To the Honorable William Bull, Esq., Lieutenant Gov¬ ernor, and Commander-in-chief in and over His Majesty’s Honorable Council. “The humble petition of several subscribing persons, in¬ habitants of Williamsburg Township, showing that your petitioners and the rest of the inhabitants of the said Township are chiefly Irish Protestants, who came over from their native country to this province at their own expense, to settle in the said Township, encouraged by an account they received that the lands in the said township were for the most part good and fertile, and the same wholly reserved for such distant Protestants as should come here from Europe to settle same and particularly for Irish Protestants. “That your petitioners were informed and apprehended a scheme of settling as well the said Township as other townships; were strictly enjoined by His Majesty’s Royal Instructions to His Late Excellency, Governor Johnson, with the view of encouraging back inhabitants who would make no great use of slaves in these parts but from their own labor that they might have a competent maintenance and, upon any occasion, be the more ready to unite for the public safety, for the said instructions, as your peti¬ tioners are informed, have been not altered from their first frame in that particular, since the demise of the said Government, but continues still in force as His Majesty’s stated plan for the settling of the said Township; that several of the said inhabitants, who first arrived in the said Township, were obliged by the Deputy Surveyor to settle on contiguous tracts of land laid out for them in square forms beginning at a certain place there called the King’s Tree, which your petitioners thought a great hard¬ ship, to be debarred from making any choice, for rather the said lands were for the most part infertile, pine bear¬ ing lands, and not likely to afford any produce or profit to compensate the trouble of cultivating same, but as 68 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG they were given to understand that the said Deputy Sur¬ veyor was instructed by the Government to settle them in such a manner, that a square of land six miles round the township line was reserved for the further accommodating of the said Township inhabitants, the said inhabitants proceeded to improve and settle the said squares in tracts to the best of their power in hopes of being afterwards better provided for out of the said reserved lands. “That the second set of people who arrived in the sec¬ ond ship to settle the said township were subject to the same strictness and hardships, but were nevertheless en¬ couraged with the same hopes of having better lands in the parish line, as well for themselves as for their relatives and countrymen who they expected would follow them. “But, your petitioners cannot but represent to your Honor how greatly disappointed in finding the lands of the said Township afterwards become a common unrestrained range for other people. All of the good lands of both are taken up by gentlemen residing in other parts of the prov¬ ince who were better able to pay surveyors, and were resid¬ ing at Charleston, to get their grants passed for them so that only these first families who came over last to settle with their countrymen in the said Township were greatly disappointed. “Many of them have been obliged to become tenants in the said Township to gentlemen who had lands there granted them in great tracts, who were directed by the Township Surveyor to settle with their families in par¬ ticular places, and had the misfortune to find their posses¬ sions granted others and so became subject to actions at law attended with great expenses, and others obliged to struggle into other parts of the province. “Your petitioners cannot but further represent your Honor that, notwithstanding the many discouragements they have labored under, yet they have adhered to each other and the said Township still consists of about one GROWING PAINS AND PETITIONS 69 hundred and fifty able male persons willing and ready to furnish their assistance in defense of the province against any of His Majesty’s enemies, but must at the same time, humbly desire that the scheme for settling them directed by His Majesty be fulfilled to have that said Township lands rendered wholly for the Township inhabitants and that the township be made a parish with the privileges of sending representatives to the Assembly as His Majesty has most graciously directed ; otherwise, most of your peti¬ tioners must think it prudent to remove to some other of His Majesty’s provinces where they may hope to meet with less danger and more encouragement. “Your petitioners take leave to set forth the names of several persons who have had lands granted to them in the said township, but who reside in other parts of the province, viz. : George Hunter, John Ballentine, Captain John Cleland, the Reverend John Baxter, Charles Starnes, Andrew Rutledge, Esq., Thomas Monk, Bridget Hughes, Samuel Pontovine, Captain James Fisher, John Scott (of Charleston), Elisha Screven, Captain John Whitfield, Sarah Blakeway, Jane Eldridge, John Wilson, Lieutenant Thomas Farrington, and Captain J ames Atkins, and many others, upon the view of which list your petitioners have reason to hope your Honor will take the premises into consideration and grant such relief as your Honor in your great wisdom, shall think most meet. And your peti¬ tioners will ever pray.” In 1742, when a number of citizens of Williamsburg petitioned the King for the redress of certain grievances, among other things, they stated that they stood ready at all times to serve His Majesty and to fight his battles. Not many years after this time France and England began the final war which determined that England should con¬ trol this continent. The French enlisted the services of the Indians in this war and the Cherokee tribe threatened South Carolina. It is very interesting to note that in 70 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG 1759, when the King called for volunteers to serve in this French and Indian War, two companies from Williams¬ burg immediately responded. The first company : Captain William Scott; Sergeant Alexander Scott; privates, George Davis, Thomas Davis, Matt Young, John Anderson, John Garrison, James Barr, George Whitby, Robert Wilson, George Crawford, John McNally, Samuel Ervin, Hugh Ervin, Samuel Ford. The second company : Captain David Anderson; Ensign Robert Lewis; Sergeant Thomas Hume; privates, Peter Mellett, William Grimes, Thomas Dial, Joseph Chandler, Roger McGill, Charles McCoy, Thomas Player, Thomas Newman, John Rowell, John Kennedy, James Ferdon, John McIntosh, John DuBose, John Lloyd, Thomas Commander, Daniel Butler, John Bradley, Aaron Frierson, James Armstrong, William Westberry, Sylvester Dunn, Nathaniel Pygott, Stephen Motte, James Berwick, James Gordon, Henry Price, Daniel Bluset, Alexander Chosewood, John Dubush. Since one of the reasons expressed by the King for the creation of Williamsburg Township was the protection of Charleston and Beaufort from the incursions of the Indians from the West, it was natural that those colonists, who first came to the Township, feared the Red Men. The first colony elected Roger Gordon as Captain of the Militia Company at the King’s Tree and all able bodied men in the township immediately enlisted. They built a stock¬ ade fort on Roger Gordon’s land near where the Williams¬ burg cemetery stands at present. It was planned that all the colonists in this vicinity should take refuge within this stockade whenever an Indian attack was impending, but the Indians never disturbed the Williamsburg colony. As the territory of Craven County was settled from time to time, other communities organized militia com¬ panies and these were mustered into the regiment. Roger Gordon became the first colonel of this Regiment, which GROWING PAINS AND PETITIONS 71 played a distinguished part in the history of South Caro¬ lina so long as the territory belonged to Great Britain. The first regimental mustering ground in Craven County was on the spot where the Williamsburg Court House now stands. Later, the Regiment sometimes was mustered near Willtown on Black Mingo. Sometimes the various companies gathered at Murray’s Ferry on the Santee. Among the colonels of this Craven County Regiment were Roger Gordon, George Pawley, John White, Anthony White, and Richard Richardson; Captains, Abram Mich- aux, John Waites, William Scott, John McDonald, David Anderson, William Nelson, John McDaniel, Isaac Brun¬ son, John Jannerett, John James, Daniel Horry, Henry O’Neal, James McGirt, and James Crockett; and the lieu¬ tenants, William Frierson, Peter Robertson, John Levis- ton, Daniel McDaniel, Samuel Cantey, Abraham Lenud, Paul Bonneau, Edward German, Charles Woodmason and Robert Lewis. Long before the Scotch-Irish came to Williamsburg, the Indians had abandoned the section as a place for per¬ manent residence. Sometimes, however, they came to fish and hunt in the swamps of Black River and the Santee. They did not like these parts during mosquito season. Tradition says that there were three small tribes of Indians that had their headquarters within the territory now known as Williamsburg County, and there is yet some evidence visible to sustain it. It is said that the Mingoes had their camp ground in the fork made by the junction of Indiantown Swamp and Black Mingo Creek. Their burying ground on the bluff at this point has yielded many relics of the time of their occupation. The word “Mingo”, in one Indian language, means black; in another, a kind of officer. Possibly, the Mingoes were Indian chiefs who spent their vacations in the Indiantown-Black Mingo country and hoped to find there after death the “happy hunting ground.” The Americans who dwell in this sec- 72 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG tion now will tell yon that it is the favored spot on earth and give reasons from the past and present to prove their statement. The Wee Nee Indian camp was located in the forks of Black River near the present Williamsburg-Clarendon line. Many war clubs, arrow heads, and other Indian inn plements of battle may be found in this community. Marion’s Men fought many skirmishes in this section dur¬ ing the War of the Revolution. Perhaps this might be called the “dark and bloody” ground of Williamsburg. Wee Nee is a favorite name for associations in Williams¬ burg, all the way from sewing societies to banking corpor¬ ations. The Wee Tee Indians lived once in the vicinity of Lenud’s Ferry and several miles westward along the San¬ tee. They built mounds all over this section. Excavations in these mounds have brought to light many things that Indians loved and treasured. B. E. Clarkson says when he was a boy, about 1875, he dug into one of those mounds. Among the interesting things he found was a baby skele¬ ton enmeshed in beads. This was contained within two pieces of pottery attached. It is said that these three bands of Indians, the Wee Nees, the Wee Tees, and the Mingoes, belonged to the five great nations that had their headquarters along the Great Lakes. It is believed, however, that these Indian camping grounds in Williamsburg were not places of permanent residence, but that they were occupied from time to time by hunting and fishing parties from the North and the West. CHAPTER VIII. COLONIAL WILLS. The wills of the people of Williamsburg who died dur¬ ing the Colonial period are recorded in the office of the Judge of Probate, Charleston. To those who can see, these wills contain a vast amount of historical material. One reads in them that the average man of Williamsburg who came about 1735, without a material possession, amassed a considerable estate wfithin a score of years. When he died, his will and inventory of his goods show that he owned many broad acres of land, a number of valuable slaves, droves of horses, and herds of cattle. It shows, too, that sometimes he wore silver shoe buckles and a “Wigg,” and was ready to furnish a “pair of pistols” whenever the code duello demanded. The rapid recuperation of these Scotch-Irish of Williamsburg under these pioneer condi¬ tions proves what manner of men they were. Their sus¬ tained strength under further development is simply ad¬ ditional evidence. In these old wills, the women, wives and daughters and sisters, are called by name. And well may they be re¬ membered, for women have borne the burdens of the day since the curse was pronounced in Eden. When one looks into the first life of these “Poor Protestants” in Williams¬ burg and regards the women, he draws on all his virtuous manhood to salute them. These ancient women of Wil¬ liamsburg were the real “Colonial Dames of America.” Whether or not their fathers had been commissioned by the King for service in the colonies, their sons were called by God Almighty for the accomplishment of American freedom and for the establishment of the American Com¬ monwealth. And right worthily did these sons fulfill their high calling! 74 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Here follow some statements taken from these ancient wills, and a few comments. All are described as planters unless otherwise specified. William Anderson married Ann Baxter, a widow. He left a son, Alexander Anderson, and a daughter, Ann Anderson. Charles Baxter was his stepson. William Anderson died in 1746. John Avant died in 1750 leaving two sons, Francis and John; and three daughters, Lydia, Hannah, and Rebecca. One of his daughters married a Green, for he left two grandsons, William and Francis Green. James Bradley died in 1775. He left an annuity of one hundred pounds to be paid to his mother, Jane, who, when a widow, married William Burrows. His sister, Mary, married Robert McConnell. He had three half-brothers, George, Samuel, and Joseph Burrows; and one half-sister, Jane Burrows. He had a cousin named James Bradley, who was the son of his uncle, Samuel Bradley. Moses Britton died in 1773. His will shows that he left a widow named Ann ; two sons, Daniel Lane and Ben¬ jamin; and a daughter, Rebecca. He had three brothers, Philip, Henry, and Francis. Joseph Britton died in 1773. His wife was named Ann. He left eight children, Elizabeth, Philip, Thomas, Martha, Mary, Moses, Joseph, and John. William Barr died in 1764. His wife was named Esther. His children were James, Margaret, Isaac, Nathaniel, Rachael, Caleb, Jacob, Silas, Esther, John, and William. He instructed his executors to have each one of his chil¬ dren taught a trade. William Brockinton died in 1741. He and his wife, Sarah, lived on the South side of Black Mingo Creek. His sons were William, John, and Richard; his daughters, Elizabeth, afterwards wife of James Hepburn; Mary, married Joshua Jolly; Hannah, married James Hoole; and Sarah Jane. Sarah, wife of William, died in 1759, COLONIAL WILLS 75 leaving a will in which she made her son Richard executor. William and Sarah Brockinton were ancestors of all the South Carolina Brockintons. William Brockinton, Jr., married Rachel Commander in 1742 and died in 1743. He left all of his property to his wife, providing for an unborn child. This “unborn child” became, in all probability, the Joseph Brockinton of whom Bishop Gregg writes in his “History of the Old Cheraws.” William Borland died in 1741. His wife was named Mary. He left two sons, William and Archibald; and three daughters, Mary, Jean, and Elizabeth. Timothy Britton died in 1749. He divided his prop¬ erty between his wife, Mary, and his child, who was not named. His executors were his wife, Mary, his brother, Joseph, and his brother-in-law, Francis Goddard. Philip Britton died in 1749. He left a wife named Jane, but no child. He bequeathed property to his broth¬ ers, Joseph, Moses, Francis, and Timothy Britton; his nephew, John Rae; his nieces, Ann and Rachel; and, also, gives some property to Walter Martin’s two children and to William and Francis Goddard. Daniel Britton died in 1748. He left property to his wife, Elizabeth, and to his unborn child. John Blakeley died in 1747. He left a wife, who was born Elizabeth Fleming, and four children who were not named in his will. He designated James Armstrong, Wil¬ liam Pressley, and James McClelland, and his brother James, executors, and ordered that if his wife, Elizabeth, remarried, his brother James was to have control of his children and of his estate. He left fifty acres of land to the Williamsburg Presbyterian Congregation. Elizabeth Clapp died in 1751. She was the daughter of Gibson Clapp, for whom Clapp Swamp was named. In her will, she mentions her grandfather, Colonel Thomas Lynch ; her uncle, the Honorable Joseph Blake ; her beloved 76 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG sister, Mary Clapp; her mother, Sarah Hopton, wife of William Hopton ; her aunt, Sarah Blake, half-sister to her father; and her aunt, Mary Acheson, daughter of her grandfather, Thomas Lynch. Isaac Chandler died in 1748. He left a widow named Elizabeth; two sons, Samuel and Isaac; and a daughter, Ann. He was an Antipaedo Baptist minister and was trained under the Reverend William Screven, the elder. Mr. Chandler was a member of the Baptist colony which came with Reverend William Screven from Kittery, Maine, and settled at Somerton. He was at his death a man of considerable wealth, much learning, and liberal culture. His will indicates that he owned one of the largest private libraries of his day, and many heirlooms of silver and gold. John Dick died in 1749. His will names his wife, Jane; his sons, Robert, John, and William; his daughter, Jannet, who married Packer ; his daughter, Elizabeth, who married John Leviston; his daughter, Margaret, who married John Scott ; his daughter, Mary, who married Runnels ; and his daughter, Susannah, who married Wirter. He names two of his grandchildren, John and Samuel Leviston. Nathaniel Drew died in 1750. His wife was born Mar¬ garet Barr. He mentions in his will his son, Samuel Drew; his brother, David Drew; and his sister, Mary Drew, who married Thomas Ervin, of Fog’s Manor, Pa. ; and his son-in-law, John Barr. He left some money for the education of his two grandsons, John and Samuel Nesmith, sons of John Nesmith, deceased. After specific bequests, he instructed his executors to sell the remainder of his estate and place one-third thereof in the hands of Reverend John Baxter, Thomas Carne, and Alexander Mc- Cants, trustees, for the use and benefit of the Presbyterian Congregation at Black Mingo Creek. The remaining two- thirds he gives to James McClelland and John Leviston, trustees, for the benefit of the Presbyterian Congregation COLONIAL WILLS 7T at Williamsburg. He provides that these trustees shall give security for this money and that none of it shall be paid to any minister but one who preached and taught the doctrines and submitted to the rules and discipline of the Church of Scotland and who was of moral conduct. Margaret Drew died in 1762. She was the widow and relict of Nathaniel Drew. She mentions her son, Samuel Drew, and makes her trusty and well beloved sons-in-law, John Brockinton and Samuel Nesmith, her executors. John Frierson died in 1760. He left four sons, Aaron, Moses, John, James, and a daughter, Mary. John Fleming died in 1750. He left three sons, John, James, and William; and three daughters, Elizabeth, who married Blakeley; and Jannet, who married James; and Isabella, who married John Presslev. David Fulton died in 1745. In his will, he mentions his wife, Rebecca, and his son, Samuel. After making spe¬ cific bequests to them, he leaves the remainder of his prop¬ erty to his son, Samuel Fulton, subject to the payment of one hundred pounds to Jean Fulton, only daughter of his son, Paul Fulton, deceased, when she attains the age of fifteen years. Paul Fulton died in 17 42. He mentions his wife, Mary ; his daughter, Jean; his nephew, David Fulton; and his brother, Samuel Fulton. Roger Gordon died in 1750. His wife was named Mary. He had three sons, James, John, and Moses; and four daughters, Sarah, who married Hugh McGill; Margaret, who married Robert Wilson; Elizabeth and Mary. He mentions his granddaughter, Mary, and his grandsons, Roger Wilson and Roger McGill. Peter Gourdin died in 1774. He gives his son, Peter Gourdin, all of his property when he shall arrive at the age of nineteen years. He instructed that his son should have as good an education as could be had in the province of South Carolina. He directed that his negro man, 78 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Billy, should not be put to any field work but to be kept jobbing on the plantation and, in proper seasons, to tend the indigo works about the vats, and further that Billy should not be under the power or authority of any over¬ seer which should be put on his plantation after his de¬ cease. His first wife was named Esther Sullivan. He wills, if his son, Peter, die before he arrives at the age of nineteen years, that the property coming to him from his wife, Esther, shall return to his brother-in-law, John Sul¬ livan, and to his sister-in-law, Margaret Richbourgh. If his son, Peter, die before reaching the age of nineteen, the property which came to him from his late wife, who was Ann Lester, should return to his brother-in-law, John Les¬ ter, and to his sister-in-law, Martha Lester. He mentions his niece, Mary Ann Finley; his nephews, Theodore and Samuel Gourdin; and his brother, Isaac Gourdin. Elizabeth Jaudon died in 1743. She left three young children, Paul, David, and Elisha. Paul was the oldest and yet a minor. She waived his age and made him her sole executor. John Hamilton died in 1744. His wife was Christian McClelland. They left no children. He bequeathed three hundred acres of land in Williamsburg Township for the support of the Williamsburg Presbyterian Church, then under the management of Reverend John Rae. William James died in 1750. His widow was named Elizabeth. He had four sons, John, William, Robert, and Samuel; and four daughters, Jannet, Elizabeth, Esther, and Sarah. He mentions his sons-in-law, David Wilson, Gavin Witherspoon, James McCullough, and Nathaniel McCullough. William Heathly died in 1742. He mentions his wife, Mary; his son, William; and his daughter, Elizabeth. William Jamison died in 1756. He left a large estate which he gave to his sister, Agnes Still, widow of James Still, who lived in Ireland. Agnes Still came to Wil- COLONIAL WILLS 79 liamsburg with James McDowell, who was married to her granddaughter, Agnes Davidson. Agnes Still died soon afterwards and left her property to James McDowell. When James McDowell died, his widow, Agnes, was made attorney for them by the following heirs, who then lived in Ireland; Archibald Drew, Margaret Drew, Adam Wilson, William McCormick, James McCormick, George Maxwell, Dorothy Maxwell, Robert Adams, and Sarah Adams. Crafton Kerwin died in 1747, leaving a widow, Mary; and a son Thomas. His widow afterwards married the Reverend John Fordyce, minister of Prince Frederick’s Church. Sarah Mongtomery died in 1770. She mentions her two sons, William and Henry; and her two daughters, Janet, who married Dunn; and Mary, who married Armstrong; and her niece and her nephew, Margaret and John Barr. William McCalla died in 1750. He mentions his daugh¬ ter, Jannet; his daughter, Margaret, wife of Alexander McCrea; his daughter, Sarah; and his daughter, Jean, wife of John James. John McCormick died in 1752. He mentions his sister, Isabella McCormick; and his three other sisters, Mary Averton, Agnes Carson, and Jean Dick. William McCormick died in 1750. He mentions his son, John McCormick; his daughter, Mary, who married John Dick; and his daughter, Isabelle. James McCown died in 1750. He left all of his prop¬ erty in the hands of William Young, Samuel Montgomery, and Gavin Witherspoon, to apply so much of same as was necessary for the “Christian education” of his children, and the remainder to be paid to his sons, David, Thomas, and James. John McCrea died in 1765. He mentions his wife, Mar¬ tha; his sons, Thomas, William, John, and Joseph; and his daughter, Sarah. 80 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Joseph McCrea died in 1762. His wife was named Mary. He left two daughters, Mary, and Ann, who married John Matthews. James McClelland died in 1761. His wife was named Mary. He had six children, James, John, Leonard, Bryce, Samuel, and Grizelle. Abraham Michaux died in 1767. His wife was named Lydia. He had four sons, Peter, Daniel, Paul, and Wil¬ liam. Of his daughters, Lydia married Clegg; Julia mar¬ ried Perry; and Hester married Cromwell. Samuel Montgomery died in 1751. He left his wife, Jeleba, his plantation and all his slaves so long as she remained his widow. He mentions his sons, Nathaniel and William. Jonathan Murrill died in 1743. He left legacies to his children, Anthony, William, Elizabeth, Susannah, Sarah, Mary, and Martha. John Matthews died in 1750. His wife was Ann McCrea. He left four sons, William, John, Isaac and Abraham ; and four daughters, Mary, Sarah, Elizabeth, and Jean. Matthew Nelson died in 1742. He mentions his eldest son, George; his daughter, Mary, and his daughter, Eliza¬ beth; and his four grandsons, Matthew, son of the oldest son, George; Samuel, son of his son, John; William, son of his son, William ; and William, son of his son, Samuel. George Nelson died in 1742. His wife was named Eleanor. He had two sons, Matthew and Jared; and three daughters, Mary, Jane, and Isabelle. John Porter died in 1750. He had a son named James and a daughter named Mary and a brother-in-law named Joseph Bradley. Dr. Thomas Potts died in 1760. His wife was named Sarah. He had a son named Thomas, and four daughters, Mary, Ann, Elizabeth, who married Swinton, and Mar¬ garet, who married Potts. He had a grandson named Thomas Johnson. COLONIAL WILLS 81 Robert Paisley died in 1761. His wife was named Mary. He bad four sons, John, Robert, James, and William; and two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. John Rae died in 1760. He was the first Minister of the Williamsburg Presbyterian Church. His wife was named Rachel. They left no children. Samuel Scott died in 1774. He married Margaret Gregg. They had two daughters, Janet and Elizabeth. His widow married second William Gordon, third William Flagler. She was the Margaret Gregg Gordon of the Revolution. Reverend Elisha Screven died in 1756. His wife was named Hannah. He had six sons, Joseph, Elisha, Joshua, Samuel, William, and Benjamin; and two daughters, Elizabeth, wife of James Fowler, and Hannah. This man was the founder of the city of Georgetown. Nathaniel Snow died in 1760. He had three sons, George, James, and John; and two daughters, Mary and Ann. James Scott died in 1750. He left all of his property to his two brothers, Alexander and John. John Scott died in 1750. He left his property to his wife, and children, not named, and made his brother William Scott, Richard Richardson, and William Cantey, his executors. Samuel Vareen gives all of his property to his grand¬ daughters, Martha and Elizabeth Crousby and Elizabeth Harbin. He makes his son-in-law, Francis Harbin, and his daughter, Ann Harbin, executor and executrix. John White died in 1750. His wife was named Mary Ferguson. They left one son, Blakely White. John Watson died in 1760. He left two hundred pounds to the Williamsburg Presbyterian Church and the remain¬ der of his estate to be equally divided among the duaghters of Thomas Scott, of Williamsburg, deceased. James Witherspoon died in 1768. He married Eliza¬ beth McQuoid. They had four sons, James, Gavin, Robert, 82 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG and John; and one daughter, Ann, who married Archibald McKee. In his will, he mentions his granddaughter, Elizabeth McKee. Elizabeth Mouzon died in 1748. She mentions her five sons, Louis, James, Peter, Samuel, and Henry; and two daughters, Elizabeth and Ann. Henry Mouzon died in 1749. His wife was named Ann. He had seven children, Henry, Ann, Esther, Jane, Sarah, Susannah Elizabeth, and Mary Ann. John Pressley died in 1750. His wife was named Mar¬ garet. He left legacies to his son, William; his daughter, Susannah, of tender age ; his daughter, Sarah ; his daugh¬ ter, Jane McCullough; and his daughter Eleanor Thomp¬ son. In his will, he directs that if his house, which he leaves to his wife, should become unlit to live in, that his son, William, should build her a house twenty-eight feet in length, and eighteen feet in breadth and that he shall keep her comfortable. Joshua Screven died in 1761 and is buried on the North side of Big Dam Swamp. The tombstone standing at the head of his grave is the oldest monument in Williams¬ burg County. He endows his wife, Hannah, and gives to his brother, Benjamin Screven, his plantations on the North side of the North bank of Black River. He gives his silver knee buckles to his brother, William Screven, and his watch to his brother, Benjamin Screven; and some negroes to his mother, Hannah Screven. William Matthews died in 1760. He left legacies to his wife, Elizabeth, and to his son, William. William Sabb died in 1765. His wife was named Debo¬ rah. He left two sons, Thomas Sabb and William Sabb; and four daughters, Deborah, Anna, Elizabeth, and Mary. In this will, he mentions his brother, Thomas Sabb. John McBride died in 1766. He gives his wife, Eliza¬ beth, a liberal share of his property and his family Bible. COLONIAL WILLS 83 He provides for his five children, John, James, William, Samuel, and Rebecca, and for an unborn child. Esther Yanalle died in 1749 and gave all of her prop¬ erty to her husband, Matthew Yanalle. John Scott died in 1788. He mentions his wife, Sarah; his mother-in-law, Mrs. Elizabeth Williams, and his sis¬ ter-in-law, Mrs. Rebecca Screven. Thomas Scott died in 1766. He provides for his wife, Jannet, and his seven daughters, Elizabeth, Jean, Mary, Jannet, Katherine, Margaret, and Sarah, and gives all of his real estate to his son, William. These seven daughters were given much property in the will of John Watson. John Scott died in 1769. His wife was named Catherine. He left three sons, Samuel, Joseph, and Moses, and one daughter, Isabelle. Thomas McCrea died in 1760 without leaving a Avill. His oldest son, William McCrea, did not come to this country with his father but remained in Belfast, County Antrim, Ireland. Thomas McCrea left some children liv¬ ing in Williamsburg. When he died, his brother, Robert McCrea, of Lisnabrin, County Down, Ireland, made affi¬ davit to these facts, aiding William McCrea to appoint attorneys in South Carolina. Jannet Scott of Williamsburg. She mentions her grand¬ son, Thomas Scott; son, William Scott; seven daughters, Elizabeth, Jean, Mary, Jannet, Catherine, Margaret, and Sarah; and her son-in-law, John Burrows. This will was probated on the 29th day of March, 1772. James Fowler, planter and merchant, died in 1772. He mentions his father, Richard Fowler; his mother, Sarah Fowler, and his sister, Joanna Fowler, all of whom then lived in England; his wife, Elizabeth Screven, and his only child, Martha Fowler. He provides that his daughter, Martha, should inherit when she reached the age of eighteen years, and appointed his friends, John Scott, Wil¬ liam Scott, and his wife, Elizabeth Screven, his executors. 84 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG William Frierson died in 1773. In his will, he mentions his wife, Mary; his son, Robert, and his son, John James. William Brown, William Campbell, and Isaac Nelson were his executors. Theodore Gourdin’s will was probated January 8, 1774. He mentions his brothers, Isaac and Peter Gourdin; his sons, Theodore and Samuel; and his niece, Marian Bois- seau. He left legacies to John Buddin, Esther McDonald, daughter of the late Captain John McDonald, and Edward Howard, son of George Howard. He wills that in the division of his negroes families should not be separated. His will was witnessed by James Lynch, William Buford, and Daniel Rhodus. Francis Britton’s will was proven before Samuel Ne¬ smith, Esq., March 24, 1768. He mentions his sons, Moses, Francis, and Henry, and his daughter, Mary; his grandson, Daniel Lane Britton, son of Moses; Martha Britton; and Philip Britton, son of Joseph, his brother. Isaac Brunson’s will was proved September 7, 1770. He mentions his wife, Mary; his son, Daniel; and his other children — his sons, David, Isaac, Josiah, Matthew, Moses, and Joshua ; and his daughters, Mary Mellett and Susan¬ nah. John Fleming’s will was proved before James McCants, Esq., May 11, 1768. He mentions his wife, Elizabeth; his brother’s daughter, Elizabeth; his cousin, Samuel Shan¬ non; his sister, Agnes Cooper alias Fleming, and her two sons, James and Thomas Cooper; his sister’s son, George, and daughter, Elizabeth Cooper; his wife’s daughter, Jan- net, and her daughter, Elizabeth Blakeley; his brother, James Fleming and his son, Peter Blakeley Fleming. Henry Montgomery’s will was proved January 26, 1769. He mentions his wife, Sarah ; his sons, William and Henry ; his daughters, Sarah Jannett Dunn and Mary Armstrong and his nephew, Hugh Montgomery. This will was wit- COLONIAL WILLS 85 nessed by Alexander McCrea, John McElveen, and Wil¬ liam McCullough. Jeremiah Vareen’s will was proved July 5, 1767. He mentions his wife, Mary Yareen; his sons, William, Jere¬ miah, and Ebenezer; his son-in-law, James Sullivan; his daughters, Sarah Lewis, Ann Jenkins, Rebecca, Hannah, Rachel, Jane, and Martha, Thomas Frierson’s will was proved December 27, 1770, before James McCants, Esq. He mentions his wife, Mary Frierson; his daughter, Mary Wilson, and his daughter, Sarah Scott ; and his grandson, Thomas Wilson. He makes his two sons-in-law, Roger Wilson and John Scott his sole executors. Mary Gordon’s will was proved the 23rd day of May, 1766. She mentions her six children, Moses, Elizabeth, Sarah, Margaret, Jean, and Mary. She left a legacy to Mary Wilson and also one to John Gordon, if he come to this province. She makes her son, Moses, Samuel Bradley, and William Frierson, Jr., her executors. This will was witnessed by James Dickey and Robert Wilson. Royal Spry’s will was proved December 27, 1770. He mentions his wife, Rebecca; his four children, Jean, John, Elizabeth, and Rebecca. He wills that his oid slave Phyl¬ lis should have her freedom immediately after his death and be maintained and clothed out of his estate. Thomas McKnight’s will was proved November 29, 1772. He mentions his sons, Robert, James, and William; and his daughter, Mary; and his brother, Robert. His will was witnessed by William Law, George Dickey, and Rich¬ ard Tyser. John McFadden’s will was proved July 19, 1773. He mentions his five children, John, James, Robert, Thomas, and Mary. His executors were Robert Wilson, Sr., and his son, John McFadden, at the age of twenty years, Wil¬ liam Orr, and Robert Paisley, and Joseph McKee. 86 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG John Gregg’s will was proved October 3, 1775. He men¬ tions his wife, Eleanor; his sons, James, John, Robert, and William; and his daughters, Margaret, Mary, and Janet. “It is my desire that my sons, Robert and William, and my daughter, Jannet, be learned to Read, and Right, and Cypher through the common rules of Arithmetick.” Archibald McKee’s will was proved October 3, 1776. He mentions his wife, Elizabeth; his five children, Adam and Joseph McKee, Martha Cooper, Jane Miller, and Archi¬ bald Knox, and his two sons-in-law, William Miller and Samuel Knox. . \ ‘ * m '•* ; V- '"Vvy ' ' wi ■ *s -/ijrrsxrt ^ ■jBnintfatf *j4? Si: :: c. nderson ^ _ *1 me/son 'v'QlJ W (terson 7 - t/wlor Zfowsron -0$^ ^Wsa JChapel . /&„„ , - \/urAirdro/} y\„ . / . / ? \ „ j./ , Me J’rovinrt - \\ n/r-i/fv/.y ^ / !^st Marts !\ / Mi. rOM A M. C> x\ F. Yyy{7)t/wy.r \YO'[wjj «... *Smtfh l ■ ih! //opp(?y ;»» / v iVorn^ ytyJroU-. - ;1_ J^ff&TV , 'fphwtorrs N> ^QoniutS batmans TTtT* (Wy i#* 'X GjpfBarAet < Cap.Bar/ccr x\ ' J) v ^Vs. «rr ♦ Zanp/onf *r {b/?tar'y^\f fp£h7. lrcn. J7UJ \ aaIL PS? v» wpu/mr^ 'Vr Ohver \ Jfarc/y \ §T S/ryntfco/i* \ Ori/r?rs m tephen o .vj/azri 'ion !es Porr/rer 9/arAs W \ \j 3D1BS ^ \ £rvwn ft}' I) _. , 1 I Monks Coraei fajrZatt7il cci\ r % 9ipamB/idp< ' ^ i»-_ ~$S^; ' WILLIAMSBURG TOWNS • ■ - ■ . •f '** =« ■ ".»: ; ■ •' ■ ' ' ' ' ■ ■■> , :u ■: t • • 1 CHAPTER IX. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MATTERS. It is probable that Williamsburg lived from 1735 to 1745 as nearly within itself as any part of the civilized world. Its citizens had been made sick of other peoples, and their means of transportation during this period were nominal. These pioneers cleared enough land to produce the required amount of corn and vegetables, flax, and cot¬ ton for their own use. Their horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep grew unattended in the swamps. When anything was needed from outside markets, these pioneers drove a herd of cattle to Charleston, or sent a consignment of deer skins, and from the proceeds secured the required supplies. Rounding up cattle and horses in cowpens and horsepens taught these people how to ride and control horses. Further, it made them love horses and obtain good ones. Hunting deer was a productive occupation. Venision is excellent food and deerskins sold at high prices. Herdsmen and hunters did not need many slaves. No slaves were brought in 1732 when the first settlers came, and but few had been imported up to 1745. Indeed, the average citizen of this time owned not more than five. John Matthews had six; Samuel Montgomery, two; Wil¬ liam James, nine; Joseph Burgess, four; Roger Gordon, five; Richard Middleton, eleven; Robert McCottrv, five; William Pressley, one; John Scott, nine. The Williamsburg woman of this pioneer period existed solely for the use of her husband. Even on the Church books her name was not recorded, and she had no interests outside of her home. Her husband held her at home and she conformed completely to his habits and his will. Sometimes he took her to church, and once or twice each year he carried her to her mother’s home for a few 88 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG hours visit. She never left home unless under his cautious care. The jealous zeal with which the original settler in Williamsburg guarded his wife and the complete dominion which he exercised over her may be better imagined when it is known how the exceptionally conservative man of the old stock now in the County regards his wife and how fully he believes his life should completely circumscribe her very own. The man made the corn and hauled it to his barn ; the woman shucked and shelled it, ground it into meal and baked it into bread. The man killed and dressed a steer at the slaughter pen; the woman cured and cooked the meat, and made the hide into breeches for her husband, moccasins for her children, and aprons for herself. The man sheared the sheep ; the woman picked the burrs from the wool, carded, spun, and wove in into cloth from which she made the family clothing. The average woman of this time married about fifteen years old, bore her husband about ten children, at least half of whom did not survive infancy, and she died about thirty years of age. About one year after her death, her husband married another fifteen vear old girl. Her life was similar to that of the first wife. The man probably married a third time. The average man of Williamsburg of seventy-five years of age had probably been married three times and had fifteen living children and an equal number who had died in infancy. The average colonial Wil¬ liamsburg man married young and kept married all his life. Sometimes, however, a woman survived the strenuous life of the day and showed wonderful virility. Mary Frier¬ son was born in Ireland in 1701, came to Williamsburg in 1735, and died in 1791. She married Thomas Frierson when she was very young. Her youngest child, Mary Frierson, afterwards wife of John Scott, was born when her mother was more than fifty years old. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MATTERS 89 Mary Heathly married first William Brady and bore seven children to him. He died and she married Thomas Witherspoon, to whom she bore seven children. After¬ wards, she married Thomas McCrea and bore three chil¬ dren to him. She survived her husband, Thomas McCrea, but did not marry again. Janies Witherspoon was married five times. He seems to hold the record in old Williamsburg, although there were many of his friends who were married four times, according to the records; but possibly some of these old fellows omitted recording one or two of their marriages. The thing a fifteen year old boy of 1750 most wanted was the finest rifle to be bought in the world. He desired one that would bring a squirrel from the highest cypress on the Santee and fell a deer at three hundred yards. His father wanted the finest looking and fastest running horse in the colony. Soon after the cultivation of indigo was begun, this father and son became more concerned as to where their hearts’ desire might be obtained than about the price they would have to pay. Planters on the lower Wee Nee and the Santee allowed their rice paddies to fail while digging and cementing indigo vats. All the Williamsburg country cultivated indigo and it brought forth an hundred fold. These old indigo holes may yet be seen in all parts of the present County. There is one within a hundred yards of Sutton’s Methodist Church and is plainly visible from the Santee road. A series of them may be found in George’s field on Cedar Swamp, and some on the Flagler plantation on Finley Bay. These indigo vats were made by digging out a cavity in the earth and plastering this cavity with a waterproof composition of pitch and sand. The story goes that the secret of this composition for lining indigo pits came with African slaves, and that they so jealously guarded it that their masters never discovered it. But few slaves had the secret and could successfully 90 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG line indigo vats. They were invaluable to their masters. When an indigo planter discovered that he had a slave possessing this valuable secret, he immediately made that slave the prime minister of the plantation, clothed him in purple and fine linen, and caused him to fare sumptu¬ ously every day. Cattle made Williamsburg substantial; indigo made it rich. By 1765, Williamsburg citizens were far removed from want. Nearly all of them had a considerable surplus and their estates grew until the Revolution. Wealth brought no specially noticeable change in their manner of living. Cultivating indigo and herding cattle did not require much labor, so a very few slaves were all that a planter could use. Consequently, nobody in the District ran riot ac¬ cumulating negro slaves. Nobody in this section built a colonial mansion, as did most of the wealthy men in many other parts of the country. Nobody in Williamsburg ever has until this good day erected such an “old Southern home” as Henry W. Grady remembered and described in his Boston banquet speech. The people of this community have elected to live in modest comfortable homes, although man}^ of them might have erected splendid mansions. Is it that the crvptomnesic content of forty generations of nomad life on the continent and a thousand years of war¬ ring and wandering in Ireland and Scotland deter them? Is there an unconscious vet determining instinct in them that “something might happen to move me and 1 could not carry a mansion ?” Yet no people on earth ever had a deeper land love than did the Colonial Scotch-Irish masters of plantations. Every one ruled his little realm as absolutely as any ancient monarch attempted in his sphere, and every one knew his rights, required them, and respected those of his neighbors. This same idea still obtains in WTlliams- POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MATTERS 91 burg. “Woe to trespassers— all others welcome” might well be graven over all its gates. Prior to the War of the Revolution, no person coulcl teach school in the colony unless he were a communicant of the Church of England and duly licensed by the Lord Bishop of London. These Presbyterians in Williamsburg at that time had much rather have employed the Devil to teach their children than a member of the Church of England. Consequently, Colonial Williamsburg children were taught in their own homes. Remarkable it may be, but the truth is the average man and woman of Williams¬ burg in 1776, although born and reared under severe pio¬ neer conditions, were more familiar with letters that at any period since that time. Not more than one man out of the first one hundred wills and transfers of property made and recorded between 1765 and 1775 had to make his mark, nor did a greater per centum of women releasing rights fail to write legibly their names. Out of more than three hun¬ dred of Marion’s Men from Williamsburg who filed their statements for pay, only six made their marks where they should have signed their names. Almost every one of these men was born in Williamsburg later than 1740. The old manuscripts of the Colonial period, though written with goose quill pens and red oak ball ink, are beautiful in general appearance and the chirography is almost per¬ fect. All office holders in the colonial period were required to take communion according to the ritual of the Church of England and from the hands of a priest of the Estab¬ lished Church. This eliminated nearly all of the indwell¬ ers in Williamsburg from official duties, for no Presby¬ terian of that day would have touched the elements after blessed by a priest of the Established Church sooner than he would have torn out his tongue. Besides, the Scotch- Irisli in Williamsburg desired only to be let alone and they had too much caution to enter where they would be 92 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG disturbed. Williamsburg Township was entitled to two representatives in the Colonial Assembly from the day it was surveyed in 1736, since then it had more than one hundred heads of families, yet it did not choose to exer¬ cise this right until the war drums sounded. Prince Frederick’s Parish, or Williamsburg, elected these men to the Provincial Congress of August, 1775 : Thomas Gilliard, Jr., Thomas Port, Anthony White, Ben¬ jamin Screven, Archibald McDonald, John James. This Provincial Congress, on March 26, 1776, resolved itself into the first General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. This general assembly appointed the following as Justices of the Quorum for this Parish: Anthony Bonneau, John Brockinton, Sr., Francis Britton, Ben¬ jamin Gause, Peter Simons, William Wilson, John James, Thomas Lynch, James McDonald, William Snow, Anthony White, Gavin Witherspoon, William Michau, Samuel Nesmith, John Plowden, Benjamin Screven, and John Witherspoon. The legal holidays in South Carolina for many years prior to the Revolution were as follows: All Sundays; Circumcision Day, January 1, Martyrdom of Charles I, January 30; Good Friday; Monday in Easter Week; Tues¬ day in Easter Week ; King George’s birthday, June 4 ; Mon¬ day in Whitsuntide; Tuesday in Whitsuntide; Nativity of Our Lord, or Christmas, December 25 ; St. Stephen’s Day, December 26; St. John Evangelist’s Day, December 27. These were all fast or feast days of the Established Church and the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians of Williamsburg scorned to recognize them or even to know their names. It must not be understood, however, that Williamsburg observed no holidays. The fact is the making of a living was then, is now, and ever will be an easy matter in Wil¬ liamsburg, and its people were then inclined to holidays. Once every two months, the militia companies mustered. Twice a year, the militia battalions were assembled. Once POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MATTERS 93 a year, the Craven County Regiment of Militia was called together. All of these days were holidays in ascending de¬ gree of intensity. Every man essayed his utmost to make a “perfect day” on the regimental muster ground. Besides these muster occasion holidays, there were the midsummer and midwinter racing seasons. Sometimes, these lasted for many days before all were satisfied. At that time a horse provided the most rapid means of transit available. No colony knew more the value of good horses than did Williamsburg, nor anywhere was the racing spirit more rampant. These old pioneers introduced the best breed of horses they could find and developed some fast racers. All the section gathered to witness these biennial races, and no winners ever more appreciated a victory. Owners trained and rode their own horses and the keen¬ est possible rivalry existed. These races were not Sunday School picnics, nor were they religious communion occasions. The distillers of North Carolina knew well the dates of these races and always kept the gentlemen of Williamsburg well supplied with old, ropy corn whiskey, and rich, ripe apple brandy. Sometimes a Puritan minister would preach about these ungodly races and say all manner of evil things about them. Who can say that such a one was declaring the way of God to man? Grant it that John James always parti¬ cipated in these races, sometimes swore a combination of Scotch and Welsh oaths, and occasionally drank himself into dreamland before the night came — was it not he who rode from Georgetown to the King’s Tree on “Thunder” and called all Williamsburg to “Liberty or Death?” And could Mouzon and Macaulay and McCottry and McDonald and Witherspoon and Scott and their Selim and Saladdin and Mecca and Medina and Bucephalus and Buddha have come out of other times and things than these? CHAPTER X. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. I hear the drums of War’s alarum beat, I see them seize their arms, rise to their feet, Their enemies — and Liberty’s — to meet ! Roselle Mercier Montgomery. Williamsburg was peaceful and happy in 1775. Its doors were never locked and its windows were never barred. Its cornfields produced abundantly and its mead¬ ows were overflowing with cattle. Indigo ran riot so that cleared acres could not contain it. Tobacco and flax flourished wherever their seeds were sown. Roses bloomed and geraniums grew about the doorways. Morn¬ ing suns came fresh out of the sea and evening showers brought peace to the troubled sands. Williamsburg had not been disturbed bv outsiders for half a century. It had been left alone to work out its own political and social and religious salvation. And it had accomplished that for which it had come. It had builded its foundation on the Rock of Ages and its dreams were continuously coming true. The “Mother Country” had been good to Williamsburg. It required in theory that this Township coniform to the Established Church, but in fact it permitted Presbyteri¬ anism to rule this little realm. No meddling colonial officers came this way and the Stamp Act was but a name. Williamsburg produced its own tea and a surplus. It had no use for commercial papers that were taxed. The only people who came not to stay were traders from North Carolina and from Georgetown and Charleston. These traders bought Williamsburg cattle and indigo and sold tape and buttons. Williamsburg fixed the prices. Traders are the practical diplomats of the ages — the promoters of good feeling — the unifiers of peoples. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 95 The people of Williamsburg heard about the Edenton Tea Party, where fifty-two colonial dames had gathered in the home of Mrs. Thomas Barker and signed a solomn agreement to use no more tea so long as it was taxed by London authority. They knew something of the Boston Tea Party where a number of men, disguised as Indians, boarded a ship in the harbor and threw all of its cargo of stamped tea into the depths of the sea. Charleston and Georgetown business men had told these planters how burdensome the stamp taxes were and how the Tory party in England had the ascendency and was trying to force upon the American colonies such a policy as Spain had practiced. Williamsburg knew that Lord North and others had swung the pendulum as far as possible from William Pitt. These things made Williamsburg think seriously. It was happy. Reason revolted from breaking the longest and most beautiful peace that these Scotcli-Irish had known. One summer day in 1776, young Thomas Lynch came from Philadelphia to his plantation home on Lynch’s River, and told Williamsburg that he had, with some other South Carolinians, signed the Declaration of Inde¬ pendence on July Fourth, and that the thirteen colonies were at war with Great Britain. A youth in whose veins there runs the blood of a hun¬ dred generations of men of war and into whose ears a thousand times have been poured tales of the valor and the heroism of his fathers does not hesitate when he hears the war drums. No wonder the Montgomerys and Nesmiths, Gordons and Gambles, McDonalds and McCottrys, Scotts and James, the Witherspoons and Wilsons sniffed the noise of battle from afar and volunteered for service in the first South Carolina troops. From these young men, Williamsburg sent as many in the beginning as the colony desired from the district. These men showed the fighting force of their fathers. Captain John Janies was cited for 96 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG valor and conspicuous ability in the skirmish of Tulifinny Bridge. After Charleston had fallen on May 12, 1780, the citi¬ zens of Williamsburg, many of whose sons had served in the seige of that city, decided that “something must be done.” That was the darkest day of the Revolution in South Carolina, One who knows and understands the Williamsburg people of 1780 can see these Scotch-Irish discussing the situation. There were no mass meetings held at the King’s Tree, no brass bands playing martial music, no eloquent orators sounding striking climaxes, no rais¬ ing of liberty poles, and nothing of the spectacular. No fiery cross summoned the clans to council, but somehow every Scotchman determined on “liberty or death.” John James just before that time had been sent from Charleston to Williamsburg to organize the district into a fighting force. He knew the people of Williamsburg and the people of Williamsburg knew him. Quietly and without the waving of banners, he went to the several clan leaders in Williamsburg and told them in low tones that “something must be done,” and every clan leader repeated the state¬ ment John James had made to every member of his clan personally and individually, and every member of every clan repeated the statement, “something must be done.” For some time, men and women of Williamsburg looked seriously into each others’ faces and said but little. They decided to send Captain John James to interview the Brit¬ ish commander at Georgetown, and to ascertain just what would be expected of the people of Williamsburg. Their sons had been paroled after the fall of Charleston and their status was not clearly understood. When Captain James referred to the people “whom I represent,” the British Commander shouted, “I shall re¬ quire unqualified submission from them; and, as for you, I shall have you hanged.” The Britisher drew his sword, which Captain James parried with a chair. In a moment, THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 97 Captain James had escaped and mounted “Thunder,” and that celebrated war horse was moving towards Wil¬ liamsburg. Here is where the historian calls the poet. But even the historian must see that coal black charger, outside the house of that interview, unhitched, the reins falling separate to the ground, there standing alert and understanding his master; the strained nervousness and assembling strength of that thoroughbred as he saw his master hurriedly approaching; the furious power he felt with his master’s mounting ; and his haughty scorn of dis¬ tance. Here were a man and a horse that Williamsburg had produced. They were both necessary. Captain John James reached the King’s Tree that night. He told his story to John and Joseph Scott and William Frierson and David Witherspoon. John Scott saddled his horse and went to Pudding Swamp and told the story to Henry Mouzon ; Joseph Scott, to Cedar Swamp and advised Robert McCottry ; William Frierson, to Thorntree Swamp and informed John Macauley; and David Witherspoon to Lynch’s Lake and notified John James, Jr. Captain John James remained at the King’s Tree and rested the following day. The third day the Ervins, Scotts, Burgess’, Dickeys, Friersons, Nelsons, McClarys, Montgomerys, and Camp¬ bells came with Henry Mouzon and elected him Captain of the King’s Tree Company; from South of Black River, the Gambles, McGills, Friersons, Watsons, Boyds, Gordons, and Witherspoons chose John Macauley Captain; from Lynch’s Lake, the James’, McBrides, McCallisters, Mat¬ thews’, Haseldons, McFaddens, and Rodgers called John James, Jr., to command them; and from Cedar Swamp and Black Mingo, the McCants’, McConnells, McCulloughs, McKnights, McCreas, McCutchens, and Nesmiths, made Robert McCottry Captain. These four companies assem¬ bled at the King’s Tree, formed a battalion, and elected 98 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG John James Major. This battalion became the nucleus of Marion’s Brigade. Williamsburg began again the War of the Revolution when it organized James’ battalion. This district dedi¬ cated all its strength to the cause of Liberty. There were only three hundred men in Janies’ battalion. There were a thousand between the ages of sixteen and and sixty who were alert and strong and who begged for service. And there were a thousand women in Williamsburg who had the capacity and the will to sustain these thousand men in the field. Everybody saw the possibility for the future Brigade. There were hundreds outside of Williams¬ burg who would join the Brigade. The leader was the thing for which they looked. Major James and Captain Mouzon knew Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion. They had been close to him under fire. Many others of James’ battalion knew him. He did not talk very much. He did things. Williams¬ burg called Francis Marion to command and he came. He was a French Huguenot by descent. So was Captain Mou¬ zon. Scotch clan leaders have an uncanny control over their clansmen. A McDonald will follow a McDonald to the ends of the earth ; a Campbell will help a Campbell swim a lake of fire. But, place the McDonalds and the Campbells under either a Campbell or a McDonald, and soon they forget the common enemy and fight each other. Nobody knew this better than Major James. His knowledge of Scotch character made him suggest Francis Marion to Williamsburg. No man ever commanded several Scotch companies with greater success than did this asilent man.” General Marion took command of this Williamsburg Battalion on Lynch’s Creek. There was nothing of the spectacular in his assuming command. When it is real¬ ized that he was of Latin blood and was a trained soldier accustomed to command, it may seem strange that no THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 99 formalities were observed, — no roll of drums, no present¬ ing of arms. These four companies were resting under some oaks on the side of a swamp close by the river when he came. William James, then fifteen vears old and a soldier, who afterwards became Judge James, the Historian, was an eyewitness. He says, “The officers and men flocked about General Marion to obtain a sight of their future commander, who was rather of bold and middle stature, lean and swarthy. His body was well set, but his knees and ankles were badly formed, and he still limped upon one leg. He had a countenance remarkably steady; his nose was aquiline, his chin projecting; his forehead, large and high ; he was then forty-eight years old, with a frame capable of enduring fatigue and every privation. Pie was dressed in a close round-bodied crimson jacket of a coarse texture and wore a leather cap, part of the uniform of the Second Regiment, with a silver crescent in front inscribed with the words, ‘Liberty or Death! ” General Marion knew the minds of the men before him, was in perfect harmony with their purposes, took the position which they had assigned to him; and, from that moment until the end in view had been accomplished, commanded their high¬ est respect, enjoyed their supreme confidence, and directed them to utmost endeavor. Weems says that when Marion took command he formed the men into a circle and swore them upon their swords never to yield until the liberty of their country had been accomplished, but neither James nor Horry describes the event in such a manner, nor would Marion have instigated such a spectacle in the presence of those Scotch-Irish whom he knew. Marion secured and held the faith of his com¬ mand by simple, prudent, and severe action and conduct. While he was exceedingly daring in the exercise of many of his activities, the security of his forces seemed always his first consideration. His ability to strike the enemy 100 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG a hard blow with the minimum loss to himself soon gave his command a wondrous faith in him. Marion had from the beginning a remarkable faculty for securing information. Probably his spy system has never been improved. The women of the district were his dependable aids in all things but especially in furnish¬ ing him information. Many of the women of the dis¬ trict at this time could ride horses as well as their brothers. They looked to Marion for protection and they gave him all they could. General Marion made his headquarters on Snow’s Island. From that point, he conducted his cam¬ paigns throughout eastern Carolina. It has been said of him that he was never beaten, never surprised, and it does not appear that he ever made a serious military mis¬ take. After Charleston had fallen into the hands of the British, Lord Cornwallis marched with about twenty-five hundred men and five pieces of artillery from Charleston by way of Lenud’s Ferry to Camden. At Lenud’s Ferry, his army was met by the American troops under Colonels White, Washington, and Jamison, and engaged in a severe battle. The Americans lost five officers and thirty-six men, killed; and seven officers and sixty men, all the horses, arms, and accoutrements, captured. The three American colonels escaped by swimming. The British lost two dra¬ goons and twenty-four horses. This was a complete vic¬ tory for the British. Cornwallis led his army westward along the Santee River road by Murray’s Ferry and St. Mark’s Church toward Camden. Tarleton separated from the main army at Lenud’s Ferry and went to Georgetown, taking with him the Legion and a detachment of the Seventeenth Dragoons, “to take prisoners of all violent enemies of the British Government and to receive the allegiance of others.” Corn¬ wallis encountered no resistance on this journey along the Santee. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 101 Tarleton remained in Georgetown about six weeks, dur¬ ing which time he suffered a severe attack of fever. On August 1, he led a cavalry command from Georgetown to Lenud’s Ferry and thence to Black River where he crossed at the Lower Bridge. His command reached the King’s Tree on August 6, and pitched camp on the parade ground where the County Court House now stands. Major James, who was then at Witherspoon’s Ferry on Lynch’s Creek with his command, learned of Tarleton’s progress in the district and advanced to meet him. That afternoon Tarleton learned that Major James’ Battalion, with McCottry’s riflemen as advance guard, was approaching the King’s Tree, whereupon Tarleton immedi¬ ately decamped and proceeded toward Camden. Mc¬ Cottry’s men arrived a few hours later. Tarleton took with him on that evening as prisoners of was several men from the King’s Tree, among whom was Samuel McGill. That night he burned the mansion house and fourteen buildings of the messuage of Captain Henry Monzon, about eight miles from the King’s Tree. This was the first dwelling house burned by the British in Williamsburg. When Tarleton reached Salem, he dis¬ guised himself as an American officer and went to the home of James Bradley, a former citizen of Williamsburg, and passed himself off as Colonel Washington. Mr. Brad¬ ley was expecting Colonel Washington and was deceived by Tarleton. Tarleton persuaded him to lead him across the swamps of Black River, when he threw off his disguise and made his aged guide a prisoner. Colonel Tarleton was sent on this campaign through Williamsburg, as he admits, “to punish the inhabitants in that quarter for their late breaches of parole and per¬ fidious revolt.” The breaches of parole to which he refers came about in this way. There were some of the soldiers of Williamsburg taken by the British at the fall of Charles¬ ton. Among them were John James, Jr., John Watson, 102 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG and Isaac Matthews. These Williamsburg soldiers taken at Charleston were paroled on condition that they would no longer carry arms against the British Government. Afterwards, all Williamsburg was ordered by the British to enlist in the British army for the suppression of the American cause. This order, emanating from British au¬ thorities to the men of Williamsburg, who had been pa¬ roled, they rightly regarded as relieving them from their parole; and, after Major James’ interview with Captain Ardesoif at Georgetown, practically all of Williamsburg enlisted in the American cause. The names of only three Tories of Williamsburg are now known. They were Captain John Brockinton, Major John Hamilton, and Major Wil¬ liam Sabb, all three of them merchants. Colonel Tarleton was a typical English Cavalier of his time. He was a game fighter, chivalrous in his treat¬ ment of women, and apologetic in the severities which orders required him to practice upon the people of this section. The fact is the only house which he burned in Williamsburg County was that of Captain Henry Mouzon. Tarleton knew Captain Mouzon was one of the leading spirits and the ablest exponents of the American idea in Williamsburg and was, at that very time, engaged in severe warfare against the British. Furthermore, Colonel Tarleton had an abiding hatred for France, growing out of the series of wars between England and France that had recently ended and from the French aid then being given the American colonies by Lafayette and others. Colonel Tarleton knew Captain Mouzon was of French descent, spoke the French language, and hated the English as earn¬ estly as he himself hated the French. Colonel Tarleton took Samuel McGill as a prisoner of war from Kingstree to Camden, and held him there in irons for some time. It is possible that the only way that Tarleton could have held Samuel McGill was to have put him in irons. For, Samuel McGill was about forty years THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 103 old at that time and was a real man. He had in him all the daring of his wild Welsh, the craftiness of his Scotch, the magnetism of the Irish, and the perseverance of his English ancestors. While Colonel Tarleton was encamped on the Wither¬ spoon plantation below the King’s Tree, there were a num¬ ber of the Williamsburg young women within his lines. Record and tradition indicate that Tarleton and his officers accepted with becoming grace the frequent sallies of sharp¬ ness coming from the tongues of their fair, spirited cap¬ tives, and were as gracious to them as conditions permitted. The war path of the British from Camden to Charleston at that time was by way of Nelson’s Ferry on the Santee River. Unconquered Williamsburg lay dangerously near to this warpath, less than ten miles in many places, and it was very important from a military standpoint to the British that they should crush this Williamsburg spirit. The British first sent Tarleton through Williamsburg, but Tarleton was too chivalrous a foe to do the destructive work the British authorities deemed necessary, so, a few days later, Lord Cornwallis sent Major Wemyss through Williamsburg to do the work that Tarleton had left un¬ done. Major Wemyss crossed Black River on the west side at Benbow’s Ferry on the western boundary of Williamsburg August 20, 1780, and destroyed all the dwelling houses, cattle, and sheep in that community. He burned the homes of John Gamble, Major James Conyers, James Davis, Cap¬ tain John Nelson, Robert Frierson, John Frierson, Robert Gamble, and others. The Reverend James A. Wallace says that, “Wemyss laid waste a tract of country between Black River and the Pee Dee, seventy miles in length and in some places fifteen miles wide.” Major Wemyss proceeded without hindrance on his way of destruction from Benbow’s Ferry to the King’s Tree. Just about the time he arrived at the King’s Tree on 104 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG August 27, 1780, Major James met him and killed fifteen of his men and took a number of prisoners. Major James lost thirty men in this action. It was a sharp, severe con¬ flict for a few minutes, after which Wemyss withdrew and hurried on the Indiantown road to Georgetown. Major James’ forces were constantly attacking him from the rear. It was on this campaign through Williamsburg that Wemyss burned the Indiantown Church and the home of Major James. In August, 1780, Marion’s Brigade was the only body of American troops in South Carolina. The Continental forces had all been dispersed or captured; the Virginia and North Carolina Militia in this State had been scat¬ tered and disorganized, and Sumter’s Legion had been destroyed by Tarleton. The British had a strong garri¬ son at Georgetown and one at Camden. Williamsburg and Francis Marion alone and unconquered stood in the way of complete domination in South Carolina. The Georgetown and Camden road by way of Black Mingo to Kingstree ran through the heart of Williamsburg. The British planned to establish a chain of strongholds along this way from Georgetown to Camden, to fortify these points, and to keep them strongly garrisoned with men and full of supplies and munitions of war. The first one of these strongholds along this road, which the British strategists had planned, was about twenty miles on the way from Georgetown to Kingstree on Black Mingo Creek. The British under Colonel Elias Ball pro¬ ceeded up Black River and a short distance up the Black Mingo to Patrick Dollard’s Inn, known as the Red House, just South of Shepherd’s Ferry. The British made this Red House headquarters, and from this point they dug communicating trenches to the Black Mingo, along the banks of which they entrenched for about a mile so as to command this navigable stream for such distance. From the point at the Red House, the two trenches com- THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 105 municating with the stream formed an angle of about sixty degrees. These trenches are yet discernible along the banks of the River and were visible to the point where they converged at the Red House until about thirty years ago, when they were filled for the purpose of making the land available for corn fields. The British expected to complete this chain of fortifications through Williamsburg. They did considerable work on this stronghold at Black Mingo and placed a large body of troops there. Marion knew all about this British plan and this fort on Black Mingo. He was then at his headquarters on Snow’s Island. On the 14th of September, 1780, he col¬ lected his troops and proceeded in the night southwestward from Snow’s Island to Willtown, the only place he could cross Black Mingo in that vicinity, except at Shepherd’s Ferry, too near the British stronghold. Marion crossed the bridge over Black Mingo at Willtown in the night, and the noise his cavalry made in crossing warned the British at the Red House and they came out to meet him. A sharp engagement ensued in which seventy-one patriots under Marion were killed and seventy-four of the British, including Colonel Ball, the commander of the garrison. Half of the soldiers under Marion and half of the British were probably wounded within a few hours. At daybreak, the British retreated into their stronghold and there re¬ mained. General Marion held his ground and kept up almost a continuous firing on the entrenched British for two days, when they embarked in their boats and proceeded to Georgetown, taking away their wounded but leaving their dead. General Marion buried his seventy-one dead in the field on the left hand side of the road about five hundred yards going South from Shepherd’s Ferry. He interred the British dead at the Red House about one mile further South on the same side of the same road. This battle of Black Mingo resulted in the abandonment of the British 106 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG plans for building a chain of forts through Williamsburg and was a turning point of the Revolutionary War in the South. Captain Mouzon’s and Captain James’ companies from Williamsburg suffered most severely in this battle. Cap¬ tain Mouzon’s company was almost wiped out. Captain Mouzon and Lieutenant Joseph Scott were both so severely wounded that they were rendered useless for further mili¬ tary service in the War and made cripples for life. It is strange that there is no monument on this Black Mingo battlefield. It is stranger still that years ago some¬ body was permitted to move away for building chimneys to cabins the brick which had walled in the spot where the seventy-one of Marion’s valiant dead were buried. The Historian Simms thinks that Marion was in error in permitting his troopers to make so much noise in passing over the Black Mingo Bridge that the British at the Red House knew of his coming. Simms says Marion learned a lesson from this and henceforth whenever he crossed a bridge with cavalry his troopers covered the bridge with their saddle blankets so that the horses might pass over without making noise. With due deference to Simms, it would seem that the noise which Marion’s horses made in crossing the bridge was just exactly what the “ Swamp Fox” desired. General Marion knew that the number of the British under Colonel Ball at the Red House equalled his own of Americans, and certainly Marion preferred attacking these British in the open and about the swamps to besieging them in a strong¬ hold. Marion’s force of cavalry and riflemen would have stood little show against these British in their trenches with their excellent artillery. Colonel Ball would not have led his forces out in the open if he had known the strength of Marion’s command. Colonel Ball attempted by scat¬ tering his forces to surround Marion and capture him, since the capture of General Marion was the one thing THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 107 the British forces desired. This fighting of small detach¬ ments of troops in the swamps was Marion’s strongest point. For, like Brer Rabbit, who was “born and bred in the briar patch,” so Marion’s men were born and bred in the swamps. Late in September, 1780, Marion left Snow’s Island and proceeded up Lynch’s Creek for the purpose of driving out the British and the Tories under Colonel Harrison, who were threatening Williamsburg. While on his way, Gen¬ eral Marion learned that Colonel Tyrnes was at Tarcote, in the forks of Black River, where he had collected large supplies of provisions and war material. Marion’s forces were sorely in need of rifles, powder, and balls, and cloth¬ ing, and Tyrnes was stirring up much trouble in the Black River vicinity. General Marion camped near where the town of Cades now stands while he was on his way to Tarcote. His camping there gave the name “Camp Branch” to that vicinity for a hundred years. From that point, General Marion proceeded on his way to Tarcote, crossing the lower ford on the North branch of Black River at Nelson’s plantation, and came upon the camp of Tyrnes at midnight. Tyrnes and his Tories were enjoying them¬ selves. Some of them were sleeping, others were eating and drinking, and others were playing cards, but none of them were looking for the “Swamp Fox.” Marion fell upon them immediately, killing twenty-six, capturing Tyrnes and two of his officers, and many of his men, without resistance on their part. Most of the Tories escaped in the swamp and never reassembled. General Marion se¬ cured many valuable supplies and was enabled from them to outfit his entire brigade. A little later than this, Tarleton, with a very superior force, attempted to capture Marion, while on the South branch of Black River. The story goes that Tarleton fol¬ lowed up Marion for many miles until the Britisher reached Ox Swamp. Looking over the way that Marion had gone, 108 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG this miry waste, he exclamed to his Legion. “Come, my Boys! Let us go back. We will soon find the Game Cock, (meaning Sumter) but as for this ‘ Swamp Fox’, the Devil himself could not catch him.” It was from this expression that General Marion became known as the “Swamp Fox.” Another invasion of Williamsburg was attempted in 1781 when Lord Rawdon undertook to crush Marion in his rendezvous on Snow’s Island. It was planned that Colonel Watson with a British Regiment and a large body of Loyal¬ ists should proceed from Fort Watson down the Santee and thence through Williamsburg, reach Snow’s Island about the time that another British Regiment and a band of Tories under Colonel Doyle, which was directed to proceed by way of McCallum’s Ferry and down Jeffry’s Creek to the Pee Dee, where these forces under Colonel Watson and Colonel Doyle were to form a junction and take Snow’s Island. Marion was advised by his scouts of these approaching British armies almost as soon as they had left Fort Watson. He hurried forward and met Colo¬ nel Watson at Wiboo Swamp about half way between Nel¬ son’s and Murray’s Ferries. The first point of contact between these forces at Wiboo was that of the Tory Cavalry under Colonel Richbourgh and Marion’s Cavalry under Colonel Peter Horry. These advance guards fell back on their main bodies. Finally, a troop of Tory Cavalry under Harrison attempted to pass over the narrow causeway toward Marion’s army. It was here that Gavin James, a private soldier, mounted on a strong gray horse and armed with a musket and bayonet, advanced in front of his comrades directly in the path of the enemy. He fired his rifle and felled the leader and drew a volley from the platoon approaching, not a shot of which took effect. A dragoon rushed upon James but was stricken down by the bayonet, another rushed for¬ ward to the assistance of his comrade and shared the same THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 109 fate, but, in falling, laid hold of the muzzle of James’ mus¬ ket and was dragged in the retreat about fifteen yards. Captains Macauley’s and Conyers’ troops of cavalry re¬ sisted the oncoming Tories and Captain Conyers here killed Harrison, the Tory leader. Marion’s force was not sufficiently strong to resist Watson, so he withdrew, march¬ ing down the river. Marion contested Watson’s advance again at Mount Hope in Williamsburg. He burned the bridges that crossed Mount Hope Swamp; and, while Watson’s engineers were rebuilding them, his sharpshoot¬ ers killed and wounded many. Watson had several pieces of artillery and finally succeeded by shelling the swamps in driving out Marion’s men. Watson led his command towards the Lower Bridge. General Marion sent Major James, commanding a detach¬ ment of fast moving cavalry, thirty of whom were Mc- Cottry’s expert riflemen, by a nearer way to the Lower Bridge. He crossed toward the King’s Tree, destroyed the bridge and placed his riflemen on the North side of the River before Watson’s command arrived. Later, Gen¬ eral Marion, having come by way of the King’s Tree, re¬ inforced Major James at the bridge. Marion arrived before Watson. The river at this point at the bridge is about fifty yards wide. Some distance below, it was fordable. On the southwest, the bank of the river is a high bluff; on the northeast, the land is low and swampy. Watson ap¬ proached the river from the southwest and opened up his field pieces upon the ford. Watson’s artillery could not fire effectively upon the ford without placing their guns in a position exposed to the deadly fire of McCottry’s rifle¬ men. Every attempt made to bring the field pieces to bear upon the low ground occupied by Marion’s men resulted fatally for the artillerists. Watson attempted to rush the ford. The officer leading this forlorn hope fell from Cap¬ tain McCottry’s rifle. Captain McCottry’s first shot was 110 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG a signal for his riflemen along the banks to Are; and, as fast as the British approached, they fell before the un¬ erring aim of McCottry’s men. Watson was terrified at the fierce resistance that he had received. He said that he had never before seen such shooting in all of his life. At night the firing ceased and Colonel Watson retired and took up his quarters at the house of John Wither¬ spoon. The losses to the British in this battle have never been known to the Americans, They buried their dead in the river. This defeat of Watson at the Lower Bridge possibly saved Marion’s Brigade from destruction. Watson re¬ mained on the Witherspoon plantation a few days, where he was constantly harassed by Marion’s forces. It was here that Sergeant McDonald climbed a tree on the Wither¬ spoon Avenue and shot the British Lieutenant Toriano at a distance of three hundred yards, a marvelous feat of marks¬ manship with a rifle at that time. Realizing that Marion was collecting sufficient forces to cross the river and at¬ tack, Watson proceeded by forced marches toward George¬ town. He was constantly annoyed on his way by troops of Marion’s Brigade ; and as he crossed the Sampit Bridge, was given a parting volley by McCottrv’s riflemen. In the meantime, Colonel Doyle had reached Snow’s Island unresisted. When General Marion set out from Snow’s Island to meet Colonel Watson, he left Colonel Hugh Ervin in command. Colonel Ervin realized that he had too small a force to resist Colonel Doyle’s command, so he threw all of his stores and ammunition into Lynch’s Creek and retreated. By that time, Marion was hurrying toward Snow’s Island, having driven Watson out of Wil¬ liamsburg. He arrived too late to meet Doyle; however, his brigade fired on Doyle’s forces as they were crossing Witherspoon’s Ferry on their way back to Camden. Soon after this time, Lee’s Legion joined General Marion and THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 111 the American cause found brighter hopes out of frequent victories. Marion’s Brigade brought light out of Williamsburg in the darkest hours of the Revolution. When Williamsburg invited General Marion to marshal its forces in the cause of Liberty, hope for independence in South Carolina had fled from all but the Scotch-Irish of Williamsburg. Out of action, which seemed suicidal, there came independence. Some time the American people will realize that Marion’s campaigns in Williamsburg kept the fires of liberty burn¬ ing when its flames were flickering low and then lovers of patriotism will visit these unmarked shrines in Williams¬ burg and will then do honor by placing marble and bronze on so many places where valiant dust reposes. One might place immortelles on almost any spot in Williamsburg and the muse of history would commend. Half a century of pioneer conditions in which Williams¬ burg lived, almost shut off from communication with the other parts of the world and rejoicing in the fact, had made them self-reliant, self-supporting and strong. Hunting and stalking wary game had taught them the secrets of field, forest, and stream. Rounding up horses and cattle had made them fearless riders. Marion’s horsemen and their horses knew the topography of all this country and how to overcome the difficult natural conditions. Shooting squirrels, on the Santee, made many of Marion’s riflemen for the Revolution. When Williamsburg formed James’ battalion, the nu¬ cleus of Marion’s Brigade, it was equipped entirely in the district. It had the finest rifles and the best horses and the strongest men in America ; and Marion’s troops, from that time until the war had been practically won, were supplied largely from the resources of Williamsburg and from the material obtained by capture from the enemy. It is true that Marion’s men were sometimes poorly sup¬ plied with clothing and with provisions and that often 112 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG they dressed in the skins of animals they had slain and lived on sweet potatoes and fish, and fought with swords their women had filed out of handsaws and shot the bullets these same women had moulded from their pewter spoons. Cornwallis said after the War, on being taunted on account of his inability to destroy Marion in Williamsburg, “I could not capture web-footed men who could subsist on roots and berries.” He was thinking of the ability of Marion’s Men to cross the swamps in Williamsburg and of their potato diet. All of the men of Williamsburg from fifteen to sixty fought under General Marion for more than two years. The women of the district showed remarkable adaptability in doing their men’s work about the home and on the plan¬ tation. These Williamsburg Revolutionary women deserve much notice from history. Tales of their labors, their hardships, and their triumphs have never been told. Know¬ ing how the average man of that time in Williamsburg dominated completely and how little exercise of discretion and authority he allowed his wife and the women of his family, it is remarkable, to say the least, how these Wil¬ liamsburg women apparently all at once emerged out of their restricted spheres and managed plantations and con¬ trolled slaves with such excellent judgment. They kept the home fires burning, the cornfields growing, and the cattle breeding. On of the best known heroines of Revolutionarv Wil- */ liamsburg was Margaret Gregg, wife of Captain William Gordon. For her and her soldier husband, the Margaret Gregg Gordon Chapter, Daughters of the American Revo¬ lution, is named. Two stories of her are told in Wallace’s History of the Williamsburg Church as follows : “Pending the predatory warfare of Hamilton, in Wil¬ liamsburg, a party of marauding Tories went to the house of Captain William Gordon, and commenced plundering the house. But conscience makes men cowards. The alarm THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 113 was given, whether false or not does not appear, that the Whigs were coming, when the whole party fled. One of them becoming fastened in some way on the fence, was unable to get over. Mrs. Gordon ran and caught the fel¬ low, and pulling him down on her own side of the fence, detained him until help came, and he was secured. “At another time, the free-booters came and carried off all Mr. Gordon’s horses, while he was absent fighting the battles of his country. Mrs. Gordon, unable to prevent the robbery, followed the party at a distance, and observed where the horses were enclosed. That night she went alone, caught the best horse in the lot — a better than any one of her own, and mounting him rode away in safety with her reprisal.” CHAPTER XI. WILLIAMSBURG SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION. So far as is known, all records of Marion’s Brigade have been lost; indeed, it is not certain that General Marion kept any rolls of his soldiers. Tradition is full of tales of these men of valor, but it is difficult to obtain authentic information of many who must have been among them. Some years after the War, those soldiers who sub¬ mitted accounts for services and supplies were paid. There are a great many of these “Pay Indents” in the office of the Historical Commission of South Carolina and from these records it has been established that nearly all of the fol¬ lowing served under General Marion. There are a few names on the list that have other incontestable evidence to warrant their worthiness among these mighty men. Colonels: John Baxter, Hugh Ervin, John Ervin, Archi¬ bald McDonald. Majors: John James, William Buford, James Conyers, Morgan Sabb, James Postell. Captains: John Armstrong, Philip Frierson, William Frierson, John Graham, James Green, William Gordon, John James, Hugh Knox, Andrew Lester, John Macauley, Robert McCottry, John McKenzie, John Mills, Henry Mouzon, Robert Paisley, William Spivey, John Nelson, Samuel Taylor, James Wilson, James Witherspoon, John Witherspoon, David Witherspoon, Gavin Witherspoon, Daniel Conyers, Andrew DuBose, Mark Huggins. Lieutenants : J ames H. Allison, Daniel Britton, Daniel Cottingham, John Frierson, William Gamble, James Gor¬ don, Roger Gordon, James Hamilton, John Hinds, Alexan¬ der James, Thomas Kerwin, Andrew Lester, James Mc¬ Dowell, Hugh Postell, John Reed, Joseph Scott, John McKenzie, James McDowell, John Wilson, William Wil¬ son, James Davis, William Huggins. SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 115 Sergeants : George Frierson, Gavin James, Thomas Mc¬ Gee, David Simms, William Nelson. Soldiers: Alexander Adair, Benjamin Adair, James Adair, John Adair, James Allison, James Armstrong, John Armstrong, William Armstrong, John Arnett, Fran¬ cis Austin, John Austin, Thomas Austin, John Anderson. Israel Baxter, Samuel Bennett, John Blakeley, James Bradley, John Borland, John Boyd, John Bradford, Joshua Braveboy, John Brockinton, James Brown, John Brown, James Brunson, William Brunson, Joseph Bur¬ gess, William Burgess, John Burns, William Burrows. David Campbell, Duncan Campbell, George Campbell, James Campbell, Thomas Campbell, William Campbell, John China, George Chandler, Isaac Chandler, Jesse Chandler, Jacob Coleman, Benjamin Coker, Nathan Coker, West Cook, William Cook, Samuel Cordes, Dill Cotting- ham, John Cunningham Thomas Clark, John Cantey, Charles Cantley, Thomas Coker, John Cousar. John Daniel, John Davis, James Davis, Robert Davis, John Dial, John Dickey, .Peter Dubose, Ben Duke, Wil¬ liam Duke, John Dye, Isaiah Dennis. Daniel Eaddy, Henry Eaddy, James Ervin. Hugh Ferguson, John Ferguson, Thomas Ferguson, James Fleming, John Fleming, William Fleming, Absalom Frierson, George Frierson, Joshua Frierson, Robert Frier¬ son, William Frierson, William Frierson, Jr., John Ford, William Full wood, Moses Ferguson, James Frierson, James Fleming, Jr., Robert Fraser, William Fraser. Hugh Gamble, James Gamble, John Gamble, Robert Gamble, Samuel Gamble, Stephen Gamble, Samuel Gar¬ ner, Jesse George, Richard George, William George, James Gordon, James Gibson, Robert Gibson, Roger Gibson, William Godwin, Moses Gordon, John Gordon, James Green, James Graham, William Graham, Samuel Garner, Benjamin Green, William Green, Andrew Gillespie. 116 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG James Hamilton, John Hamilton, William Hamilton, Richard Hanna, Sr., Robert Hanna, Jr., William Hasel- den, Richard Haselden, Robert Heathley, John Huggins, James Hodge, Benjamin Hodge, William Hodge, Benja¬ min Howard, Edward Howard, John Hutson, William Hutson, John Howard. Gavin James, William D. James, Robert Jamison, Na¬ thaniel James, David James, James James, Robert James. Abraham Keels, Isaac Keels, John Keels, James Kelly, John Kelly, Samuel Kelly, Alexander Kennedy, James Kennedy, Joseph Kennedy, Stephen Kennedy, Thomas Kennedy, Robert Knox, Archibald Knox. Andrew Lee, John Lee, Henry Lenud, Peter Lequex, Samuel Lequex, Daniel Lesesne, Francis Lesesne, John Lesesne, James Lester, Robert Lowry, William Lowry. David Matthews, John Marshall, Isaac Matthews, Joseph Matthews, Samuel Matthews, William Matthews, Samuel Mayes, David McCants, John McCants, Thomas McCants, William McCants, John McCown, Samuel McCown, Moses McCown, John McCreary, James McCreight, Alexander McCown, John McConnell, James McConnell, Hugh McConnell, Thomas McConnell, Robert McCormick, Hugh McBride, James McBride, Barkley McClarv, John Mc- Clary, Matthew McClary, Jr., Thomas McClary, Samuel McClary, William Michau, James Macauley, James Mc- Cutchen, James McCullough, John McCullough, Hugh McCullough, Nathaniel McCullough, William McCullough, Francis McDonald, James McDonald, John McDonald, William McDowell, James McDowell, William McElveen, Edward McFaddin, John McFaddin, Thomas McFaddin, William McFaddin, Adam McKee, Robert McKee, Thomas McKee, John McKnight, Moses McKnight, Robert Mc- Knight, James McGee, Thomas McGee, William McGee, John McGill, Samuel McGill, Thomas McGinness, Charles McGinney, John McCrea, Thomas McCrea, Thomas Me* Crea, Jr., James McCutchen, William McPherson, Andrew SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 117 Miller, Jesse Mills, Thomas Mills, Thomas Mitchum, Wil¬ liam Moffat, Hugh Montgomery, James Montgomery, Robert Montgomery, Samuel Montgomery, Norman Mont¬ gomery, Benjamin Morris, Thomas Morris, William Morris, Edward Murphy, John Murphy, James Murphy, William Murrell, John Mills, John Morris, George Morris, Andrew McMuldrow, John McMuldrow, James McMul- drow, William McMuldrow, Hugh McMuldrow, David McMuldrow. Isaac Nelson, Samuel Nelson, Thomas Nelson, William Nelson, John Nesmith, Lemuel Nesmith, Robert Nesmith, Samuel Nesmith, Thomas Nesmith, Joseph Nettles, Robert Nettles. William Oliver, William Orr. John Perdreau, John Paisley, James Parnell, James Parsons, John Postell, Joshua Patrick, James Patrick, Patrick Pendergrass. James Richbourg, John Robinson, William Robinson, Andrew Rodgers, John Rodgers, Jr., Nathanial Rodgers, William T. Rodgers, Benjamin Reeves. Morgan Sabb, Peter Salters, Alexander Scott, James Scott, John Scott, Samuel Scott, Thomas Scott, William Scott, Daniel Shaw, William Sellers, David Simms, Thomas Simms, Richard Singleton, Peter Sinkler, Samuel Smiley, William Smiley, James Smith, John Smith, Wil¬ liam Smith, James Snow, William Snow, John Staggers, Alexander Stewart, Hugh Stewart, James Steele, William Steele, Robert Strong, Hugh Sutton, Robert Swan, Wil¬ liam Swinton, Shadrack Simons, Edward Sexton, James Steele, William Shaw, Jacob Sutton. Edward Thomas, William Thompson, Archibald Thom¬ son, James Thomson, John Tomlinson, James Thomas, Na¬ thaniel Tomlinson, William Thomas. Michael Wallace, James Wallace, John Wallace, Wil¬ liam Wallace, John Watson, James Watson, Robert Watson, John Wheeler, John White, Jesse Williamson, 118 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Sterling Williamson, William Williamson, Hugh Wilson, James Wilson, Edward Wingate, Gavin Witherspoon, John Witherspoon, John Workman, Robert Workman, John Wilson, John Woodberry, David Watson. Among those who furnished supplies for Marion’s bri¬ gade were the following: John Armstrong, John Burns, David Campbell, John Cantey, Charles Cantey, Thomas Ferguson, Moses Gordon, Thomas Kerwin, James Lester, James Macauley, John Macauley, Robert McKnight, James McCullough, Samuel Montgomery, Nathaniel Mont¬ gomery, Mrs. Susannah Parsons, William Thompson, Michael Wallace, John Watson, Mrs. Catherine Watson, John Wilson, Mrs. Mary Wilson, Captain Hugh Knox, Robert McKee, John Mills, John Mills, Jr., William McFaddin, William Nelson, Alexander Kennedy, Robert Gibson, James Gibson, John White, Benjamin Screven, Benjamin Singleton, John Woodberry, Daniel Lesesne, Edward Thomas, William James, Mrs. Sarah James, Thomas Kennedy, Thomas Simms, John Lee, Archibald McDonald, Mrs. Rachel McDonald, Daniel Kelly, Abra¬ ham Keels, John Kennedy, Charles McGinney, John Gordon, John Arnett, Daniel Eaddy, William Graham, Robert Lowry, Peter Lequeux, William Michau, Isaac Nelson, James Richbourg, Peter Sinkler, Samuel Cordes, James Brunson, Henry Lenud, John Staggers, Joseph McKee, John McGill, Thomas McCants, William Bur¬ gess, John Perdreau, James Armstrong, John Adair, William Burrows, John Dye, Samuel Bennett, Nathaniel McCullough, James McCullough, John Scott, William Scott, Mrs. Jane Arnett, Mrs. Martha Boyd, John Boyd, Absalom Frierson, Hugh Gamble, Theodore and Peter Gourdin Estates, Mrs. Mary Lesesne, Thomas McFaddin, Mrs. Mary Salters, Morgan Sabb, Ben Duke, Mrs. Eliza¬ beth Dobbin, Henry Lenud, Hugh McCullough, James Belin, John Dickey, Mrs. Elizabeth Bradley, George Chandler, James McCullough for estate of Paul Fulton, SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 119 William Snow, John Gamble, Allard Belin, James Belin, Mrs. Margaret Gordon. Colonel John Baxter was a son of the Reverend John Baxter, minister of the Black Mingo Presbyterian Church in 1733. Colonel Baxter was born and reared in Williams¬ burg, where his father was a successful planter as well as a vigorous preacher. Colonel Baxter was severely wounded at Quinday, from which wound he never fully re¬ covered. Colonel John Ervin commanded the Britton’s Neck Reg¬ iment and served in Marion’s Brigade. He was born March 25, 1754, and died June 10, 1820, the son of John and Elizabeth Ervin. He married Jane Witherspoon, daughter of Gavin and Jane James Witherspoon, January 10, 1775. Their children reaching maturity were Samuel, who moved to Georgia and married Harriette Keith; Elizabeth, who married Mr. Ford of Mississippi; and James Robert, who married Elizabeth Powe. Jane, wife of John Ervin, died September 20, 1790, and he, on October 6, 1799, married his cousin, Margaret Ervin. Two of their children reached maturity, Hugh and John. Colonel Ervin was born in the Cedar Swamp section ,of Williamsburg County but moved just before the War of the Revolution to the Aim- well community of the great Pee Dee River. He was one of the founders of the Aimwell Presbyterian Church and one of its first Session of Elders. It is probable that he was the youngest man who attained to the rank of colonel during the War of the Revolution. Colonel Hugh Ervin was second in command of Marion’s Brigade. He was as a general rule left in command at Marion’s headquarters when the general was in the field. He was a son of Hugh Ervin, Sr., and was born in the Cedar Swamp community of Williamsburg. He moved to the AiinAvell community on Pee Dee just before the War of the Revolution and was one of the founders and first Elders of the Aimwell Presbyterian Church. 120 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Colonel Archibald McDonald was born in Orangeburg and later moved to Williamsburg and served in the Revo¬ lution from this district. Major William Buford lived on the Santee River and was a valuable officer in Marion’s Brigade. Major James Conyers was one of the most dashing offi¬ cers South Carolina furnished in the Revolution. He was born on his father’s plantation in the Brewington com¬ munity where a lake is still known as Conyers’ Lake. He first enlisted in Captain Fullwood’s company in 1775 along with his younger brother, Daniel. James Conyers was a major in Wade Hampton’s Regiment of State Cavalry in 1782 and served under General Sumter in the northwestern section of South Carolina, and under General Green in his campaigns in northern South Carolina. Major Con¬ yers was the officer chosen by General Green to bear his confidential communications to General Marion, eviden¬ cing unmistakably the high esteem in which he was held by the Commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary Armies of South Carolina. Judge James, in his Life of Marion, relates how Major Conyers, when attacked by cavalry force of the British by night, rather than fall back on the main body in camp where he knew it must be asleep and liable to disastrous surprise, took the dangerous risk of leading the enemy off on another road, continuing a running fight, and by so doing, saved the camp. Major Conyers was killed after the British in South Carolina had been driven into the City of Charleston and the War of the Revolution had been practically won. One day late in the year 1782 his body servant came home leading his master’s horse and telling that Major Conyers had been killed by a foraging party of the British at the Round O near Charleston. Captain John Nelson was born September 17, 1753, and died December 27, 1803. In the War of the Revolution, he first enlisted as a private in Fullwood’s Company, Sep- SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 121 tember 30, 1775, and afterwards became a captain in Marion’s Brigade. He married a Miss Kingswood who was born 1768 and died 1864. Captain Nelson lived on his plantation in the Brewington community. Close by was the ford across Black River Swamp frequently used by General Francis Marion in his military forays. A few miles from this Nelson plantation Marion fell on the Tories at Tarcote and scattered them with great loss. Captain John Nelson’s house was burned bv Wemvss, the British Commander, but rebuilt on the same spot. Captain Nelson was an interesting character and his home was the center of the social life of the Brewington community. As long as he lived, Captain Nelson kept at his home a cannon that had been used in the War of the Revolution ; and, whenever he desired that his friends and Revolutionary comrades gather at his home for a few hours of feasting and fellowship, he would fire this old cannon and everybody in the community would hasten to his home. They knew very well that Captain Nelson had already roasted many pigs, and a barrel of good old brandy had been skidded out in the grove and made ready for tapping. His bread was baked in a large brick Dutch oven built out under the oaks. Sometimes a hill of luscious sweet pota¬ toes was baked all at once in this oven. The corn meal used on his plantation was all ground in a hand mill and his slaves knew how to bake corn bread in a manner not known in the present day. The fact is the baking of corn bread is as much a lost art in Williamsburg as the tem¬ pering of Damascus’ swords is in the world at large. Captain Nelson loved his friends and hated his enemies. The story is told that after the War a man who had been a troublesome Tory during the conflict and who after¬ wards wanted the Captain’s friendship and to “neighbor” with him rode up the long avenue one day and, prudently remaining on his horse outside the gate, hailed. When Captain Nelson appeared on the porch, the former Tory 122 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG began to announce his errand, which was never finished, for the old Captain stepped back within the door where his loaded rifle always hung and the kind hearted housewife or somebody who understood, cried out, “Ride, Tory, ride/’ and when Captain Nelson with his rifle appeared on the porch, the only thing visible in the land was a cloud of dust. Captain William Gordon was a native of Pennsylvania. He settled in the Cedar Swamp section in 1770. Some time later, he married Margaret, widow of Samuel Scott, and daughter of John Gregg. In 1774, William Gordon moved into the Aimwell community. He died in 1783, before any claims for the services of Marion’s men were paid. When his widow submitted her claim for his ser¬ vices, the separate items amounted to a considerable sum. Endorsed on this claim for payment and signed by Robert Baxter, Justice of the Quorum, is the following: “Cap¬ tain Gordon is dead ; there is therefore no person to prove his account; however, I can assure the Auditor that Mr. Gordon was as constantly and as regularly in the service of his country as any Militia officer in the Pee Dee Regi¬ ment; and, from the character of the officers who have given his service, I really think his account must be just.” The claim was paid in full. Captain Gordon was elected a member of the General Assembly of South Caro¬ lina for the district “East of the Waterees” in 1782. Captains John McKenzie, William McKenzie, and John Mills were from the northwestern section of Williams¬ burg and served under General Sumter. Captain Samuel Taylor lived in the Pudding Swamp community and was an aide-de-camp to General Sumter and one of his most dashing officers. Lieutenant Roger Gordon was a grandson of Colonel Roger Gordon, an original settler in Williamsburg in 1732. In 1781, General Marion sent him out to patrol on Lynch’s Creek. He and his company were surrounded by a much I I I... U «• . ' I LIEUT. JOSEPH SCOTT, MARION’S BRIGADE SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 123 larger body of Tories; and, after haying capitulated, he and all his men were murdered. Lieutenant Gordon left a widow and one son, who was an infant. They lived afterwards in Sumter District. Lieutenant Joseph Scott was born August 18, 1747, son of John Scott, an original settler in Williamsburg. He married Jannet McCrea, born August 5, 1747, daughter of Alexander McCrea, original settler in Williamsburg. They had four daughters, Margaret, Jannet, Elizabeth, and Mary, and one son, John. Lieutenant Joseph Scott was one of the most daring officers in Marion’s Brigade. He served under Marion but a short time, from the formation of the Brigade in June until wounded by a rifle ball which shattered his thigh in the Battle of Black Mingo, which prevented him from further active duty with troops. His record was such that he has always been a favorite Revo¬ lutionary hero in Williamsburg, and fiction writers have frequently found material in his exploits. The bullet which shattered his thigh still remains in the possession of one of his descendants in Kingstree. Major John James was born in Ireland, April 12, 1732, son of Elizabeth Witherspoon and William James, who brought him to Williamsburg when he was less than a year old. Major James’ grandfather was John James, Cap¬ tain of Dragoons, under William of Orange against James II. Major James was a powerful man from every point of view, broadshouldered, clearminded, and commanding in appearance and character. He was captain of militia under George III in 1775 and immediately resigned when the Revolutionary War began and served with distinction during that seven year conflict. He gained special dis¬ tinction in commanding a company at the battle of Tuli- finny’s Bridge before the fall of Charleston. Major James, before the fall of Charleston, was sent by Governor Rutledge to Williamsburg to organize the district into a fighting force for service in the Revolution. 124 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG While doing this work, Charleston was taken by the Brit¬ ish and thus Major Janies escaped capture. A number of the men of Williamsburg were soldiers in the American forces at the fall of Charleston, May 12, 1780. These soldiers were paroled and allowed to come home on con¬ dition that they would refrain from further active par¬ ticipation in the war against the King’s forces. Major James had already begun his work organizing and train¬ ing soldiers in Williamsburg for service in the Revolu¬ tion when these paroled soldiers reached home. Their coming on parole gave an element of uncertainty in the district. The men who Major James had already incited to action and enlisted in the service of the colonies did not know just what to do. Major James was sent to Georgetown to interview Captain Ardesoif, British Com¬ mander at that time. The military record of Major James is shown along with the story of the participation of Marion’s Brigade in many battles of the Revolution. History is full of records of his daring deeds. Frequent references to him are found in Weems’ Life of Marion, Simms’ Life of Marion, McCrady’s History of South Caro¬ lina, and Ramsay’s Revolution. Major James was Ruling Elder in the Indiantown Church, represented his people in the Provincial Assembly, and was a member of the Legislature after the formation of the State. His statesmanship is well shown in his services in the State Legislature during the trying time when the colony was being transformed into the State. January 18, 1753, Major James married Jean, daughter of William Dobein, of Indiantown, and to them were born four children; John, who was a Captain in the Revolu¬ tion; William Dobein, a seventeen year old soldier in the Revolution, later a Chancellor in Equity and the author of the Life of Marion ; and two daughters, Eliza¬ beth and Jannet. SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 125 Captain John Witherspoon, the son of Gavin and his cousin, Jane James, was born in Williamsburg in 1742 and died in 1802. He married Mary Conn. He was an Elder in the Hopewell Church and lived in the Pee Dee section. He was a captain in the Revolutionary War. Simms in his life of Marion says of him, “Like his brother, Gavin, he is distinguished for great coolness, strength, and courage, and delighted in rash adventure, the rashness giving a sort of relish to the danger.77 Gavin Witherspoon, son of Gavin, was born in Wil¬ liamsburg in 1748 and died in 1834. Marion called him an extraordinary soldier. He was a great athlete all of his life. He died at eighty-five years old ; and, on the day of his death, he rode thirty miles on horseback and died in his chair. The children of Gavin Witherspoon all gave distinguished service in the Revolutionary War: John and Gavin as captains, and Robert and William as private soldiers, while two of his daughters married the Colonels Ervin, who ranked next to Marion in his Brigade. Captain James Witherspoon, son of Robert and Eliza¬ beth Heathly, was born March 20, 1759, and died Sep¬ tember 9, 1791. On July 15, 1781, he was commissioned first Lieutenant of Captain John McBride’s company, Colonel Archibald McDonald’s Regiment. On April 16, 1782, he was promoted to be Captain of the Kingstree Com¬ pany. In transmitting his commission, as Captain, Gen¬ eral Marion in a letter thus referred to him, “A man whose conduct and spirit I have been an eye-witness of, whom I have always had the highest opinion and the highest regard for.” Captain Witherspoon was one of the most popular officers in Williamsburg. He was engaged in most of the battles of the Revolution fought in South Carolina. He is buried in the old Indiantown Church¬ yard. No stone marks the spot. He married Miss Nancy White January 8, 1782, and to them were born four chil- 126 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG dren, Robert Lynn, Janies Harvey, George White, and Martha Ann. John Witherspoon, son of John and his first cousin, Mary Witherspoon, was born in 1755 and died in 1827. He was an active soldier in Colonel Taylor’s Regimnet during the Revolution. He married Rebecca Ervin, widow, whose maiden name was McBride. He lived near Midway Church and served for a time as Judge of Probate in Wil¬ liamsburg District, Captain David Witherspoon lived near Salem Church. He was an active officer under Marion. He married twice : first, Elizabeth Bradley; and second, Mary Story. Gavin Witherspoon was a Corporal in Captain Daniel Conyers’ company of Marion’s Brigade. Captain Daniel Conyers was a daring officer under Marion. Many tales of his exploits are told. One story in which the young woman who afterwards became his wife figures. The British were encamped on the Wither¬ spoon plantation about seven miles South of the King’s Tree. They held possession of the place for several days. It seems that the British protected the Witherspoon women and showed them commendable courtesies. Mary Witherspoon, daughter of the house, was affianced to Cap¬ tain Conyers. He was then serving under Marion and Marion’s forces were preparing to drive the British from the Witherspoon plantation. Before Marion had made his final successful attack on the British at the Witherspoon house, Captain Conyers had ridden up the Witherspoon Avenue and challenged any British officer to mortal com¬ bat, On the afternoon of the day on which Captain Conyers had issued this challenge, a British officer was taunting Miss Mary with the hopelessness of the American cause and telling her how soon Captain Conyers would be his prisoner. Miss Mary pulled off her slipper, struck the British officer in the face, saying at the same time, SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 127 “He is ready to meet yon; go out and fight him, you coward.” From these old pay vouchers on file in the office of the South Carolina Historical Commission, Columbia, S. C., the following statements are taken : “Thomas Ferguson furnished Marion with seventy-five thousand feet of lum¬ ber which Marion used in the Brewington vicinity ; Samuel Montgomery made boots and shoes for Marion’s men; Alexander Kennedy, a saddler; James Hamilton, a pay¬ master; William Murrell, commissary; Richard George frequently ferried Marion’s men across the Pee Dee ; Daniel Eaddy was a bootmaker; John Perdreau was Marion’s ferryman at Lenud’s; Ben Duke was saddler for Colonel Peter Horry; John Dickey was one of Marion’s purchasing commissaries; James Armstrong was a wagon master; Governor Rutledge in 1781 impressed five hundred thirty- four pounds of indigo from Allard Belin; John Hamilton was one of the keenest observers in Marion’s remarkable secret service.” The four Nesmith brothers, John, Robert, Samuel, and Lemuel, were General Marion’s bodyguard. These Ne¬ smiths were herdsmen in their boyhood days and knew the country from following the cattle. They were excep¬ tional physical men, each one of them more than six feet, straight, active, and alert as Indians, and every one an expert rifleman. They all loved their leader with surpassing loyalty and devotion. Tradition says that General Marion and a Continental officer, who had a mes¬ sage from General Green to General Marion, were dis¬ cussing one day at Tarcote conditions then existing when a body of Tories under Major Gillis appeared in the dis¬ tance. General Marion and the Continental officer stood their ground but the four Nesmith brothers disappeared immediately behind a little milk house. Marion understood, but the Continental officer doubted. The Tories came on. When their leader had arrived at a 128 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG point about three hundred yards from General Marion, four rifles from behind the milk house shot as one and the Tory leader fell. His followers fled. General Marion and the Continental officer walked up to the body of the dead Tory. General Marion placed his hand over the heart of the dead man and asked the Continental officer to locate the wound. The four Nesmith brothers had each placed a bullet in the space covered by Marion’s hand. The Continental officer then told General Marion that he would go back to General Green and tell him that the swamps of South Carolina were safe for liberty. The four captains, Henry Mouzon, Robert McCottry, John Macauley and John James, Jr., who organized the companies forming the Williamsburg battalion about which Marion’s Brigade grew, are outstanding officers in the War of the Revolution. Captain Mouzon was of French Huguenot descent, had been schooled in France, and spoke French as fluently as English. He was one of the peculiarly active influences in the amalgamation of the Huguenot and the Scotch- Irish elements in Williamsburg. It was largely due to him that these two peoples lived so harmoniously in the first days of contact and finally united in the Americans of the present time. He was a civil engineer of the first rank. He made the first map of North and South Caro¬ lina drawn anything like to scale, which map became the basis of all maps of these States made since 1775. It was in that year that his map was first published in London and afterwards in Paris. He made the first survey for the Santee Canal. Within a month after Marion’s Brigade began its work, Captain Mouzon was so severely wounded in the battle of Black Mingo that he could not further participate on the field. He was buried in the Mouzon graveyard near where he lived on Pudding Swamp. Captain Robert McCottry developed, in all probability, the most effective fighting unit of his age. Tales of SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTION 129 McCottry ’s riflemen told by Tarleton and Wemyss and Ardesoif in London caused all the world to wonder; and it may be that the marksmanship displayed in battle by these men of Cedar Swamp and Black Mingo has had much to do with the careful training of modern riflemen. Captain McCottry was the leading man of his organiza¬ tion, from every point of view. When he fired, a victim fell. Many stories are told of his unerring aim. One tale of him goes : He saw across Black River a Tory leader, raised his rifle, drew a bead on the Tory, and the men looked to see the Tory fall. But Captain McCottry lowered his rifle without firing. The unconscious Tory did not know. Three times Captain McCottry raised his rifle, and every time he refused to fire. His men wondered. “That Tory is one of my neighbors, Captain John Brockinton,” he explained, “and I cannot kill him.” Captain McCottry is buried in George’s Field and no stone marks his grave. McCottry’s Lake, a favorite pleasure ground of Williamsburg, is named for him. Captain John Macauley was the conservative force in the Williamsburg battalion. He was of the scholar type. It must not be understood from this statement that he was wanting in daring, dash, and executive ability, for no man could have commanded his company a single day unless he had these qualities. But, rather, that his un¬ derstanding was a positive factor. When Captain Macauley expressed an opinion, his soldiers ceased to think and translated it into action. Captain Macauley was elected to the General Assembly for many years after the Revolution, and was of great usefulness and strength in that body while it was building the State on the broken *Captain McCottry was called “Robert” by his family and his namesakes for gen¬ erations have been Roberts. Family records refer to him as Robert. He is known, however, as “William” in the South Carolina General Assembly Journal, and so de¬ nominated by some historians who have referred to Williamsburg in the Revolu¬ tion. His name was probably William Robert McCottry. 130 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG colonial foundation. He was for some time Major of the upper Williamsburg battalion of Militia. He was buried with his fathers in the Frierson graveyard. No stone shows the spot. Captain John James, son of Major John James, was born in 1754. Although young and somewhat overshad¬ owed by his illustrious father, Captain James was worthy of his place in the “Big Four” captains of Revolutionary Williamsburg. He was the chief actor in many thrilling exploits during the War wherein he added reputation for valor to his name and to the lines of his blood. He was a soldier in the War before the fall of Charleston. After he had joined Marion’s Brigade, he was, therefore, out¬ lawed by the British. Once they captured him and he escaped the halter merely because the British soldiers who could identify him would not testify against him. He was long a useful, substantial citizen and a ruling elder in the Indiantown Church. He was buried in his church¬ yard, and his family placed a tombstone to mark his grave. Nearly every man in the foregoing lists of officers and men of Marion’s Brigade now has descendants living in Williamsburg County. Careful study indicates that less than one per centum of the people now living in Williams¬ burg have none of the blood of these heroes of the Ameri¬ can Revolution in the veins. CHAPTER XII. GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE. During the Revolution, the State of South Carolina considered few matters than those directly related to prosecuting the War to its successful conclusion. The General Assembly did, however, virtually abolish the over¬ lordship of the Church of England. It enabled men who were not communicants of this Church for the first time to hold official positions. This permitted the Scotch-Irish to enter politics. In 1782, Williamsburg, or Prince Frederick’s Parish, sent to the House of Representatives the following : Colonel John Baxter, Major John James, Major John Macauley, Captain Robert McCottry, and Djr. Thomas Potts. All of these men were serving as officers in the Revolutionary War at that time. Dr. Potts was a surgeon in Marion’s Brigade. James Postell was the sixth member chosen from Williamsburg, but he was elected at the same time from St. Philip’s and St. Michael’s Parishes in Charles¬ ton and represented these parishes. The General Assembly of 1783 began real constructive work for the permanent welfare of the State of South Carolina. Williamsburg was fortunate in having in this Legislature such an able delegation. This General Assem¬ bly found the State in a most precarious condition. The people of the state had determined to form a republic and had little precedent for guiding them along the way they had chosen. The Whig or Patriot element in the state, while vic¬ torious and dominating, had the defeated Tory faction always present and portending evil to the new state. This Tory element included most of the men who had theretofore governed the colony and were therefore conversant with conditions and experienced in controlling. A majority 132 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG of tlie men who lived in Beaufort, Charleston, and George¬ town had opposed the Revolution and had remained loyal to the Mother Country during that great struggle. The “back country” in South Carolina, of which Williamsburg formed a part, was composed almost entirely of men who had favored the Revolution and fought the war for independence to its successful conclusion. Beaufort, Charleston, and Georgetown, before the Revolution, had paid but little attention to this “back country” and this “back country” had no special bond of union with these places. When a certain element of these three cities elected to remain loyal to England and the men of the “back country” determined to struggle for independence, this breach was widened. The Tories in South Carolina, while in the minority and defeated in war in 1783, for the most part were even then unwilling to accept the result of the War and to enter enthusiastically into the formation of the inde¬ pendent State of South Carolina. This Legislature of 1783 had this Tory opposition to face. The Patriots were in the majority in the Legislature, however, and passed laws confiscating the property and banishing many of the lead¬ ing Tories from South Carolina. Of the three Tories of Williamsburg, Major Sabb died during the War; Major Hamilton left the colony when the British finally evacu¬ ated Charleston and did not return; and Captain John Brockinton remained on his plantation on Black Mingo. This Legislature ordered that his property be confiscated and that he be banished. Immediately in 1783 upon the passage of this act naming him for banishment, he peti¬ tioned the General Assembly to waive the penalties pro¬ vided in the act so far as he was concerned and his peti¬ tion was referred to the delegates from this parish and from Saint David’s. Every member of this committee knew Captain Brockinton personally before the War of the Revolution and liked him. GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE 133 This committee, although composed entirely of men who had served under Marion, among whom were Major John James and James Bradley, took a large view of the whole situation, and their decision to remove the disabilities im¬ posed upon Captain Brockinton had much weight in deter¬ mining the future liberal policy of the State of South Caro¬ lina toward the Tories. Perhaps that one act dissipated more of the hatred then existing between the Whigs and Tories in South Carolina than any other, and opened the way for all men to unite for the upbuilding of the commonwealth. A few of the Tories were banished and the estates of some of them were confiscated ; however, the State very soon began to welcome these men, once so hated, as valuable citizens of the new nation, which they so soon proved themselves. While a majority of the people realized that the Whigs and Tories were simply, in the beginning, two great poli¬ tical parties in England and America, and that a colonial citizen, in all good conscience, might have espoused the cause of the “Mother Country,” some regarded the Tory taint as ineradicable. In 1787, when a bill to restore the civil rights of a certain Tory was before the General Assembly, the Williamsburg delegation voted as follows: Aye, Robert Paisley, John Dickey, and Benjamin Porter; Nay, John Thompson Green. From the close of the Revolution in 1783 until South Carolina became a member of the Federal Union in 1788, Williamsburg was concerned primarily in working out its own economic salvation. No other section in South Caro¬ lina suffered so severely during the Revolution as did Williamsburg. When the War began, Williamsburg had grown rich producing indigo and tobacco and raising cattle and sheep. This indigo that Williamsburg produced was exported to England ; and, when the War of the Revo¬ lution began in South Carolina, the sale of indigo ceased. The one thing upon which Williamsburg had for so long 134 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG depended for its economic prosperity failed all at once. Its immense stock of indigo on hand rotted. Its indigo tanks decayed and its indigo fields grew into wild wood. During the Revolution, the large herds of cattle that fed and flourished along the swamps and creeks and rivers emptying into Black River had either been exhausted in supplying Marion’s men with beef or wantonly destroyed during the several British campaigns in this district. After the Revolution, Williamsburg had to come again almost from pioneer conditions. Of course, pessimists preached that the end had come, but this district then evidenced its most striking recuperative powers, which have been evident ever since in the many calamitous con¬ ditions that have befallen the section. For several years, the men of Williamsburg paid especial attention to cattle raising, and, within a few seasons, many were abundantly rewarded. It is said that Captain John Nelson, whose home was burned, whose plantation was destroyed, and whose cattle were all lost in the Wemyss destruction of 1780, by 1790 was marking more than a thousand calves every season, while in other sections of the district, Major John James, Major John Nesmith, William Wilson, Ben¬ jamin Screven, Alexander McCrea, and John Snow owned herds as large as Captain Nelson. Ready markets for these cattle were found in Charleston and Georgetown. They were driven by cow boys across Murray’s Ferry to Charleston and Brown’s Ferry to Georgetown. Much tobacco was grown in Williamsburg immediately after the War and was a source of great revenue. Some cotton for market was grown on the Santee. Rice for plantation use was grown all over the section, but only along Big Dam Swamp was it produced in marketable quantities. The State Convention for the purpose of considering and ratifying or rejecting the Constitution framed for the United States by a Convention of Delegates assembled GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE 135 in Philadelphia in May, 1787, met in Charleston on May 12, 1788. One hundred delegates from the various dis¬ tricts in South Carolina were present. The members of this Convention from Williamsburg, or Prince Frederick’s Parish, as it was then called, were William Wilson, Pat¬ rick Dollard, Alexander Tweed, William Frierson, Wil¬ liam Reed, James Pettigrew, and John Burgess, Jr. A temporary organization was effected and the Convention adjourned until the following day. When it reassembled, there were two hundred twenty-four delegates present. General Thomas Sumter moved the postponement of fur¬ ther consideration of the proposed Constitution, which motion was lost. Ayes, 89, and nays, 135. The delegates from Prince Frederick’s Parish voted as follows : Patrick Dollard, William Reed, James Pettigrew, and John Bur¬ gess, Jr., aye; William Wilson, Alexander Tweed and William Frierson, nay. This Convention considered in detail every article of the proposed Constitution. William Wilson of Williamsburg was appointed a member of the committee of seven from this South Carolina Convention to suggest to Congress amendments to this Constitution. One of the points most feared was its failure to limit the eligibility of the Presi¬ dent of the United States to re-election after the expiration of one term of four years. This section was hotly con¬ tested. It was urged that the failure to limit the Presi¬ dent to one term of four years was dangerous to the lib¬ erties of the people and calculated to perpetuate in one person during life the high authority and influence that inheres in the chief magistracy; and that in a short time unlimited terms of office for the President would termi¬ nate in a hereditary monarchy. The Convention voted on a resolution to limit the tenure of the President to one term of four years. The final vote stood : ayes, G8, and nays, 139. The delegates from Prince Frederick’s Parish voted as follows: William Wilson, William Frierson, and 136 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG James Pettigrew, nay; Patrick Dollard, William Reed, and John Burgess, Jr., aye. The following resolution was passed : “This Convention doth declare that no section or paragraph of the said Constitution warrants a construc¬ tion that the states do not retain all powers not expressly relinquished by them and vested in the General Govern¬ ment of the Union.” South Carolina ratified the proposed United States Constitution on May 23, 1788, the vote of the Convention being ayes, 149, and nays, 73. The delegates from WiL liamsburg voted as follows: For ratification, William Wilson, Alexander Tweed, William Frierson, James Pettigrew; against ratification, Patrick Dollard, William Reed, John Burgess, Jr. Thus it will be seen that four of the seven delegates from Williamsburg in the South Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1788 voted for the ratification of the United States Constitution as adopted by the Thirteen States and three voted against it. The four delegates who voted for ratification were sons of original settlers who came from Ireland to Williamsburg in 1736 and were Scotch-Irish ; the three delegates who voted against ratification had themselves come directly from Ireland to Williamsburg about 1770 and were of Irish ancestry. William Wilson was one of the leaders of the Convention for ratification; while Patrick Dollard was especially earnest and eloquent in opposing South Carolina’s entering the Union. In 1788, South Carolina had been a free and indepen¬ dent republic for twelve years. A very substantial mi¬ nority of its people most vigorously opposed the surrender of one jot or tittle of its sovereignty. ' **v g. v. V* . \ '> Bar . ■* \ •- »-* ..:• - ; V 5 /^C ■/$-*-X-^^ ^^(iAXZ&d ^b^I/^jLfjff^ 4(| /Q OAs-lsC-L* <£ -^uf- UrT^ JicMt^AtsZcfy J ZctsUrO-A c/ua. “ii4U4 fr^ajUd- ^U*+0 Ci^nuu J - 4' I- a r- **-i-*-$tt-tt ’t't" oo ^0 3X ■ ** i ;‘» , ... ‘ v ;•-, „ .... ,4M • ■* ; >r- .•Sv ’ f.. v .r / . '* -V ’ . 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O SP 0* to *> n 7s "5 07 «j c 4J "7 Oa >• > > y> c «» s V £ £ e <4- c i J? / ' I . t ^ - »'( ^ V c/ V ^ y \ > -» J . •. _ - • - *m *«1 'li r kft.*- -■• >1 ■:.H U™ WILLIAMSBURG DISTRICT, 1825. MW'; ••• !■ •' '.. Mt •- ..flwr ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE, 1783-1830 257 In 1830, property was probably more equally distri¬ buted in Williamsburg than in any other district in South Carolina. There were practically no poor whites here. Everyone, except overseers, owned a plantation, and these plantations were miniature empires. A sufficient number of the sons of overseers to supply the demand remained. The surplus went West. Some of this surplus became the bitterest element of the abolition party in Kansas and Nebraska of later years, “Free schools/’ designed for people too poor to have their children taught to read and write, were authorized in South Carolina in 1811. There were none of these schools in Williamsburg. Lands were worth from $2.00 to $3.00 an acre; slaves from $500.00 for an ordinary farm hand to $3,000.00 for a skilled blacksmith, carpenter, or patroon. Black River was navigable for flatboats carrying a hundred bales of cotton for some miles above Kingstree. Black Mingo was navigable up to the site of the old Indian village on Indiantown Swamp. There were three times as many slaves as whites in the district. Up to this time, when a man died he usually willed all of his land to his eldest son and provided for his other children out of his personal property. Many of the younger sons took their property and migrated into other states. A number of these younger sons founded families in Western South Carolina, and in Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. CHAPTER XXI. INDIANTOWN CHURCH, 1819-1830. The Session of Elders of Indiantown Presbyterian Church was the supreme court of all that section. In civil as well as religious matters, the people required no other tribunal than this ecclesiastical court. No Sanhe¬ drim at Jerusalem nor College of Cardinals at Rome, in its time and place, ever exercised more complete control than did the Session of Elders at Indiantown. A re¬ markably conservative citizenship has composed the In¬ diantown Congregation in all its history. It is very pos¬ sible that no other community in this country has for so many years required so little interference by civil authority. The unwritten law is so high in conception and so strong in execution that hardly ever is it neces¬ sary for the State to use its authority in Indiantown. The Session Records of Indiantown Church from 1819 are complete and existing. On February 12, 1819, the Reverend Robert Wilson James, a graduate of Princeton, and a licentiate of the Presbytery of Harmony, was or¬ dained pastor of the Indiantown Church and of the Bethel Church at Kingstree. At this time, the old Williamsburg Presbyterian Church was maintaining a feeble organi¬ zation and had not had a minister for a score of years. The other faction of this old Williamsburg Church, the Bethel Church, had lost most of its leading members by removal to Maury County, Tennessee, and to other states. Indiantown Church was the only strong militant con¬ gregation worshipping in Williamsburg District. For eighteen years, from 1790 until 1808, Indiantown enjoyed the ministry of the Reverend James W. Stephen¬ son. Dr. Stephenson had a remarkable influence upon Indiantown. He came very near Puritanizing it in a single score of years. The other ministers who had fol- INDIANTOWN CHURCH, 1819-1830 259 lowed Mr. Stevenson up to the time of Mr. James’ com¬ ing were all good men and the church was in excellent condition when he was ordained. Some of these old re¬ cords in the Session Book here are copied : “The following infants were received into the church by Baptism, February 22, 1819 : Calvin, son of Hugh and Elizabeth Hanna; Alexander James, son of Alex¬ ander and Martha McCants; William Hitch, son of John and Jane Price; Mary Scott, daughter of George and Jannet Barr; Frances Jane, daughter of Alexander and Jane McCrea; Samuel Davis, son of Mary Ann and Samuel McGill; Alexander Washington Jackson, son of William and Susan Graham. In the summer and fall of 1819, the following infants were received into the Church by baptism : David Flavil, son of Samuel J, and Jane Wilson; D&vid Edward, son of David D. and Mary WTilson; Sarah Margaret, daughter of William and Esther Daniel; Jane McGill and Elizabeth, daughters of Enos and Mary McDonald. This year Hugh Hanna, George Barr, George McCutchen, Jr., and Samuel J. Wilson were elected and ordained to the office of Ruling Elders. In November, applications for membership from two black men received attention. Upon recommenda¬ tion of their masters and after satisfying the Session as to their knowledge and piety, Cupid was first admitted to the ordinance of baptism and then to the Lord’s Sup¬ per; Hannibal, having been previously baptized in the Methodist Church, was admitted to the Supper.” “At this meeting of the Session of Elders, a young woman in the community who had, some years before that time, been charged with incest, applied for member¬ ship in the Church, making full confession before the Session. The Session was uncertain about receiving her into full membership and referred the case to the Pres- bvtery, to which the Presbvtery at its next meeting re- plied, ‘The opinion of the Presbytery in the above case 260 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG is, the person in question may be correctly admitted to the communion of the Church, upon giving satisfactory evidence of experimental piety; and that it be recom¬ mended to the Session to receive a public confession of penitence for the crime above alluded to. Signed: John Cousar, Moderator.’ This recommendation was made known to the applicant, but she declined to make a con¬ fession of her crime before the congregation and she was not admitted to membership.” April 30, 1820, “At a meeting of the Session, the Elder¬ ship came to the determination to take into considera¬ tion and to state formally to this Church Judiciary the conduct of some members that were guilty of unchristian practices. At a meeting held in May, the following members were reported : Hugh Paisley, charged with intoxication; John J. McCullough, intoxication; Robert Brown, gambling and fighting; John S. Dick, intoxica¬ tion; Samuel James, intoxication; Sam, a black man, theft. “The Session adjudged it most proper that Hugh Pais¬ ley shall be conversed with by two of their members in a private manner referring to his crime. George Mc- Cutchen, Sr., and Samuel J. Wilson were appointed for this purpose. The Session adjudged that John J. Mc¬ Cullough should be warned of his crime, reminded of his relation to the Church and informed that the Church would proceed farther in the case without his reforma¬ tion. George McCutchen and James Daniels were ap¬ pointed to converse with him. The Session adjudged that Robert Brown should be warned of his conduct by a private letter. Hugh Hanna and George Barr were ap¬ pointed to converse with James Barr and warn him that he had scandalized his Christian profession and that the Session would find it necessary to exclude him from the communion, unless he manifest the fruits of repen¬ tance and reformation. The Reverend Robert W. James INDIANTOWN CHURCH, 1819-1830 261 was appointed to converse with John S. Dick and Samuel James and warn then against their alleged crimes. Captain John James was instructed to collect the evi¬ dence against Sam, the black man, and lay it before the Session. “The committee appointed to wait on James Barr re¬ ported that he would not hear or attend to the warning of the Church. Samuel James acknowledged his offense and professed repentance for it. John J. McCullough acknowledged the crime made to his charge, admitted its being a crime, but excused himself as being under the decree of God. He made a promise that he would en¬ deavor to amend. The Session did not accept Mr. Mc¬ Cullough’s excuse and refused to admit him to partake of the Communion of the Lord’s Supper until he had further acknowledged his crime and repented. Hugh Paisley came before the Session, acknowledged his crime, was permitted to make profession of his repentance agree¬ able to the form prescribed in the Book of Discipline. James Barr was suspended. The black man, Sam, was rebuked but permitted to retain his privileges in the Church.” This entry is found in the records of the next meeting of the Session, “The Session of this Church has to lament the apostacy of Hugh Paisley, who has again been guilty of intoxication and appeared in that condition in the presence of the whole church on the Sabbath Day.” It was then resolved that Hugh Paisley be cited to appear before the Session on the 2nd day of February for trial for his crime. “2nd of February, 1821. The Session at this time finds itself at a loss on the cases of two negro men who have been in communion with the Church and whose wives have been removed from them by their owners. These men have taken other wives. The Session is at a loss to determine on the propriety of their conduct. It 262 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG refers their cases to the Presbytery and suspends them until its opinion is known. February 4, 1821, James Daniel, a Ruling Elder in this Church came forward, confessed to the Session that he had been overtaken with the crime of intoxication and professed a sincere repentance. The Session deemed it advisable that James Daniel, in consequence of his stand¬ ing as an officer of the Church, should make public con¬ fession of his crime and repentance. “October 10, 1822, three black persons in connection with the Methodist Church made application for member¬ ship in this. It was the voice of this Session that if they fell under its jurisdiction, it should be satisfied with their piety and knowledge. They were accordingly examined, but being very deficient in knowledge so far as this Ses¬ sion could judge, they were for the present excluded. “June 1, 1823, the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper was administered and the following black members received into full communion: Sena, Phoebe, Jannet, Cupid, and Jenny, of the Methodist Society. “October 29, 1823, charges next were exhibited against Entrum, a black man on the plantation of Mr. Hugh McCutchen. Entrum was charged with adultery. Two witnesses supported this charge and his own state¬ ments amounted to a confession. The Session, after giving the parties a full hearing, decided that Entrum should be suspended from the Church. “The Pastor of the Church now laid before the Ses¬ sion plans for carrying into operation a Bible class, a Sunday School, and a regular catechizing of the black people, which plans were concurred in and measures taken for their early commencements. “January 22, 1825, David Wilson, a Ruling Elder of this Church, with Sarah Florilla Wilson, his wife, took their dismission from this Church to remove with their family, James Stephenson, Thomas Edwin, Robert Man- INDIANTOWN CHURCH, 1819-1830 263 ton, Samuel Addison, and William McClary, to the State of Alabama. “December 31, 1825, it has pleased Almighty God, the great head of the Church, to remove from us our vener¬ able fathers, Captain John James, Mr. James Daniel, and Mr. George McCutchen, Sr. While the surviving members of the Session of Indiantown Church feel the heavy affliction and deeply deplore the loss of these very respectable, much esteemed, and good, useful Church officers, they must, at the same time, express their grati¬ tude to a Good and Gracious God for their long spared lives, for the services they were enabled to render by their exemplary and pious conduct, but, above all, for preparing them, as we trust, for glory and honor with Himself. “Captain John James, after filling useful stations in State, as well as Church, with honor to himself, and having through life manifested great liberality of mind and generosity of conduct, was removed by death on October 12, 1825, in the sixty-ninth year of his age. “Mr. James Daniel was removed from life and from his services among us as a Ruling Elder, September 12, 1826, aged seventy-eight. His life was a retired one, but useful in his sphere. Sound principles appear to have possessed his mind and under the influences of these, the tenor of his life was uniform, unpretending, conscien¬ tious, and faithful in all his duties. Mr. George McCutchen was called from this scene of earthly existence on the 26th day of November and in the seventy-third year of his age. Blessed by his God with a calm and discriminating mind, a paternal temper, and a satisfied and placid disposition, his life was to us, dignified, pious, and lovely. “It having been made known to the Session and Church by the present Pastor that he intended to resign his pas¬ toral charge in this congregation in the ensuing April, 261 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG this having been signified almost twelve months ago, it was deemed expedient to take another Pastor. This business was referred to the Reverend R. W. James to correspond or communicate with certain gentlemen on this subject as preparatory to this business. “It was determined in the Session that there should be a meeting of the Congregation, called for the purpose of electing five more Ruling Elders to our Session on Jan¬ uary 29, 1827. “February 10, 1827, the Congregation met according to appointment and elected Benjamin Britton, James Mc- Faddin, Hugh McCutchen, William McFaddin, and David D. Wilson as Ruling Elders in the Church. David D. Wilson only accepted the appointment and was ordained the 13th of November, 1827. “Our Pastor, Reverend Robert Wilson James, previous to this, made known to the Congregation his intention of giving up the charge of this Church in May, 1827. “November, Sam, a black man, belonging to William E. James, was restored to the privileges of the Church by making public acknowledgement and confessing repen¬ tance for the crime of fishing on the Sabbath Day. “October 25, at a meeting of the Session, the following members were admitted to the Ordinance of the Lord’s Supper, namely: Alexander McCrea, Jane J. McKnight, Agnes K. Singletary, Sarah A. B. Singletary, Elizabeth Pressley, Sarah Gotea, Mary M. McGill, Sarah A. James, William Pressley, Elizabeth M. Pressley, John J. Clark, Jane P. Clark, Samuel E. Graham, Martha M. Graham, Margaret E. McCrea, Jane E. McFaddin, Elizabeth M. Wilson, Sarah R. J. Snowden, and Jane Barr. “October 28, Adam Smith was suspended for intemper¬ ance on the 14th of March and for want of candour in not stating his reason for not communing on a former oc¬ casion when present. INDIANTOWN CHURCH, 1819-1830 265 “October 28, Samuel James was suspended for intem¬ perance on the 14th of March. The suspension of Samuel James was continued and the next Session unanimously decided that on some day, just previous to the next Sacrament in April, the Session would receive the said Samuel James in full communion in case of his amend¬ ment; or if, at that time, there be not satisfactory evi¬ dence given of reformation, the Session will proceed to ex- communiate the said Samuel James from the sealing or¬ dinances of the church. And further resolved by the Ses¬ sion, that a copy of these minutes be handed to Samuel James within the space of a few days, signed by the Moderator, and all the Session.” CHAPTER XXII. THE NULLIFICATION MOVEMENT, 1832. When the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Great Britain was signed in 1783, the United States were thirteen independent republics bound together by a “rope of sand.” These thirteen independent states covering a vast territory were settled by peoples of widely differing European nations, of many classes, religions, occupations, and characteristics. The means of com¬ munication among these thirteen states were practically impossible. A journey over land from Boston to Savan¬ nah by the most rapid means of travel required many weeks and could be made only by strong and daring men inured to hardships and unaccustomed to fear. In 1789, these thirteen independent American states united into one state and adopted the Federal Consti¬ tution. This union was effected after many years of fasting and praying by the righteous, of scheming and dreaming by politicians, and laboring and compromis¬ ing by statesmen. There were two well defined schools of political thought in almost every one of these thirteen states from the time of the actualization of their inde¬ pendence. One school believed that the success of this new thing in nations depended on a strong central govern¬ ment in which the thirteen states should play but minor parts. The other faction believed just as sincerely that the central government should be largely formal and possess but nominal authority and power. The economic interests of the northern section and the southern sec¬ tion of the territory of these United States were widely different. The North was better suited for manufactur¬ ing and commerce and the South for agriculture and stock raising. THE NULLIFICATION MOVEMENT, 1832 267 This new government of the United States required money for supporting its many agencies or functions. A tax on imported goods was adopted in the beginning to raise the required revenue. This tax on imported goods actually subsidized manufacturing and commerce, but it placed a heavy burden on agriculture and stock raising. The tariff question was from the beginning, and has con¬ tinued until this day, the direct or the indirect cause of nearly all the conflicts which have befallen the American people. The sections were first divided on this matter and still divide on it as interests conflict in the ever changing economic conditions in the various parts of the nation. If some statesmen of 1789 could have written into the Constitution of the United States an article that would have, without favoring any section, produced revenue sufficient to maintain the Federal Government in all of its activities forever, in all probability the “States’ Rights” question would have been the subject of nothing more than fanciful, theoretical, senatorial orations, and the slavery matter of little more than long winded ser¬ mons by sharp nosed Puritans, “full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.” South Carolina was the one state of all the thirteen most grievously burdened by the taxes, known as the tariff, levied and collected by the Federal Government. South Carolina was, is, and will be, a state dependent largely on agriculture and animal husbandry, and there is no portion of South Carolina more entirely devoted to agri¬ culture and stock raising than is Williamsburg. About 1830, the tariff then in force was especially burdensome to South Carolina; and in 1832 a State Con¬ vention was held in Columbia and declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void, and that if the United States Government attempted to enforce them, South Carolina would set up a government of its own. The great leaders 268 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG of the Nullification in South Carolina were Calhoun, Hayne, McDuffie, and Hamilton; the Unionist leaders were Legare, Grimke, Pettigru, and Elliott. Practic¬ ally everybody in South Carolina opposed any tariff ex¬ cept for revenue. The division between the Nullifiers and the Unionists in South Carolina lay in the means to be used for opposing the ever increasing tariff. The Nulli¬ fiers claimed that the Constitution was a compact be¬ tween the states as equals, that this Constitution had granted certain powers to the general government and reserved all others to the states; and that when the Federal Government should exceed its granted powers, any state had the right to veto such action. The Union party held that the Constitution was for the government of the American people as a whole, and that no state had the right to nullify any act of the National Government. In Williamsburg District, the lines between the Nulli¬ fiers and the Unionists were clearly drawn. In Kings- tree, Dr. James Bradley was Unionist leader; allied with him were the Scotts, Fultons, and Witherspoons. Dr. Thomas D. Singleton was the leading Nullifier and with him were the Gourdins, Nelsons, and Salters’. On the Santee, Dr. William Buford and Major Morgan Sabb were Unionists, while the Campbells, Gourdins, Keels, and Mc¬ Donalds were Nullifiers. Anderson Township, under the leadership of Matthew L. Martin, was almost unanimously Union; on Black Mingo, the Doziers and Captain Jack Graham were Unionists, and the Nesmiths and Brockin- tons were Nullifiers; the Johnsonville section was com¬ posed largely of Unionists under the leadership of the Johnsons, Haseldens, and Coxs; the Lake section, in its northern and middle portions, under the leadership of A. F. Graham, Samuel E. Graham, the Cockfields, Mc- Callisters, Matthews’, and Rodgers, was largely for Nulli¬ fication, while its lower and eastern portions, under the leadership of James Graham, the Singletarys, and THE NULLIFICATION MOVEMENT, 1832 269 Browns, largely espoused the Union cause. Indiantown was almost as a unit favorable to the Union cause. Many of the old families of the district were seriously divided on this question, as were the Grahams, Mouzons, McClarys, and Hannas. The feeling between these two factions in Williams¬ burg grew intense. The Nullifiers denounced the Union¬ ists as submissionists or cowards, and the Unionists re¬ torted that the Nullifiers were “all smoke and no fire.” The Nullifiers adopted as a badge a cockade made of white and blue ribbons representing a palmetto tree and wore these badges on the side of their hats. Great public dinners were given by each party in the several sections of the district. Sometimes, both parties held their feasts on the same day and at the some place. At these dinners, fiery orators addressed the multitudes and frequently feeling ran so high that rioting was begun. Many were the fisticuff fights occurring between parti¬ sans at this time. Tradition tells of some of these. Among them, that between W. G. Gamble, Nullifier, and Colonel William Cooper, Unionist, which occurred at Kingstree; one between Robert W. Fulton, of Kingstree, and John F. Graham, at the crossroads in the vicinity of Cades. Another between Sam Graham, Unionist, and C. W. Cades, Nullifier, at the same place. Among the orators who addressed the Union gatherings in Williamsburg, were Dr. James Bradley, Colonel David D. Wilson, and Honor¬ able Thomas R. Mitchell, while the most important Nulli¬ fier speakers were Dr. Thomas D. Singleton and Peter Gourdin. As evidence of how nearly these two factions in Wil¬ liamsburg were equal, Dr. Thomas D. Singleton and Colo¬ nel David D. Wilson were candidates for the Senate from Williamsburg, and when the vote was tabulated it was found that each of them had received the same number. Members of the Legislature from Williamsburg elected 270 HISTOKY OF WILLIAMSBUKG that year were Dr. T. D. Singleton, William Cooper, and Joseph Bradley, two Unionists and one Nullifier. The Nullifiers elected all three of their delegates to the Nulli¬ fication Convention which was held in November, 1832. The delegates from Williamsburg to this Convention were Peter Gourdin, Dr. T. D. Singleton, and William Waites. CHAPTER XXIII. PURITANISM^ CALVINISM; AND ARMINIANISM. Williamsburg was wealthy in 1830. This was the first time within two hundred years these Scotch-Irish had not been enthralled by a superior force, when they were free and able to act. Calvinism had been thrust upon them in the most strategic period in their history, when they were torn and bleeding and bereft of all worldly goods, and it must have seemed that God had forgotten them. John Knox then came and preached Calvinism to them, de¬ claring unto them that they were God’s own elect, “pre¬ destinated and foreordained” as His own elect. How easy was it then for the Church of Scotland to embrace Calvinism ! Economic independence is indispensable for religious progress. Circuit riders, following Bishop Asbury, had been preaching the doctrine according to St. James and the Dutch theologian, James Arminius, but until about this time few men had reached the financial condition where they felt able to fight for a faith. Besides, these Scotch-Irish had a most comforting religion in Calivnism. Did not the whole weight of responsibility for their salva¬ tion rest on God? Had not God “elected” them from the foundation of the world? Nobody but a fool would be¬ lieve that a man had to work out his own salvation when it was so plain and simple that “This effectual call is of God’s free and special grace alone, not from any¬ thing at all foreseen in man, nor from any power or agency in the creature, coworking with His special Grace, the Creature being wholly passive therein.” The Baptists, until about 1830, had been dominated by Calvinism. They had made no inroads on the Pres¬ byterians in Williamsburg. The preaching of baptism by immersion only had not been sufficient to disturb these 272 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Presbyterian Congregations. The Church of England in South Carolina had not been vitally interested in bring¬ ing these “poor Protestants” into communion with them in 1730, nor had its successor, the Protestant Episcopal Church, seemed to care much about these “back country” people in 1830. In 1830, the Presbyterian Church in Williamburg be¬ lieved this district its very own. Ever since the War of the Revolution, it had been rightly confident that the Protestant Episcopal Church would not disturb the realm. It knew that the Baptist Church would not seriously interfere with its undisputed sway so long as it offered only immersion as an inducement. But the continual coming of the Methodist circuit riders began to weary the Presbyterian leaders. Not that these circuit riders had made many converts to their faith, especially from among the “elect,” but their continual coming and fer¬ vent preaching disturbed them. About this time, too, many Baptist preachers were losing faith in Calvinism and proclaiming “Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap.” The old breach in the Presbyterian Congregation at Williamsburg had just been healed, a new church erected, and the Indiantown Church seemed approaching the full meridian of its glory and power. These two Presbyte¬ rian Churches were the only religious organizations in the district that were, to all appearances, worthy of more than a name. But the Presbvterians decided it would be t/ wise to begin preaching Calvinism in all its intensity. Then at least ninety-five per centum of the church mem¬ bership of the district was Presbyterian. The Reverend John M. Ervin, who came from North Carolina as pastor of the Williamsburg and the Indian¬ town Churches in 1828, was the second Puritan Presby¬ terian preacher who came into Williamsburg, and who undertook to impress ideas of religion that had not grown PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 273 out of the people of the community. Mr. Ervin, when he came, was in the prime vigor of manhood, tall and slender, and sharp faced, “with a long grey beard and a glitter¬ ing eye.” He found in the reunited church at Williams¬ burg that “conquered Greece had captured Rome,” for that the seceders of the Bethel Congregation with their Puritan tendencies, somewhat influenced by Arminianism, had become the dominant element in the ancient Williams^ burg Church. In his Indiantown Congregation, his board of elders were men of strongly pronounced Puritan tendencies. Nearly everybody in both of these congre¬ gations believed that the Presbyterian Church should com¬ pletely dominate temporal as well as spiritual affairs. Mr. Ervin found that there was in this section much not in consonance with his notions of religious conduct. Especially at Indiantown did he find many of his con¬ gregation given to enjoying such wordly amusements as dancing and horse racing. With the unreserved support of his Session of Elders in that Church, he preached power¬ ful sermons against these practices. On the 8th of Jan¬ uary, 1830, he and his Session of Elders published the following statement : “At a meeting of the Session of Indiantown Church, it was resolved to address the follow¬ ing to the communing members of this Society : Whereas, your Session has reason to believe that some of the members in full communion in this Church give encour¬ agement to and take active part in balls or dancing frolics; and, Whereas the encouragement thus given to this amusement is a great grievance to some, perhaps to a majority of this Society, and if we mistake not, a stumbling block to others; and, Whereas, the General Assembly of our Church has expressly disapproved of this amusement as inexpedient among professors in our Church; the Session, after deliberately viewing these things in connection with its responsibilities as officers of this Church, does hereby declare to you its approval of 274 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG the decision of this judicatory of the Church and that it will henceforth feel itself bound to view all professors of religion in this Church who encourage or take an ac¬ tive part in dancing as offenders against this Church and prosperity. Finally, brethren, we affectionately ex¬ hort you to abstain from all appearance of evil. Directed to be read by the Moderator next Sabbath.” Signed, John M. Ervin, George Barr, George McCutchen, David D. Wilson, and Samuel J. Wilson. At the next meeting of the Session, the Reverend Mr. Ervin was directed to admonish privately all those persons whose names may have come to his knowledge as having violated the resolution on the subject of dancing. At this meeting, no satisfactory evidence of the reformation of Samuel James having been produced, the Session excom¬ municated him, and the clerk was instructed to notify him of its action. These actions on the part of this Session of Elders did not terrify some of the communing members of this Church and they continued enjoying themselves as if these edicts had not been promulgated. Finally, the Session of Elders appointed a committee of two, Reverend John M. Ervin and Elder D>. D. Wilson, to “converse in a pri¬ vate manner” with Samuel McGill and to endeavor to bring him to repentance for his dancing and permitting dancing parties to be held in his home. This committee visited Mr. McGill, who “assumed principles and used expressions,” a summary of which the committee made known to the Session previous to administration of the Lord’s Supper on the next occasion. After hearing this committee report, he was warned by the Session not to come to the Lord’s Table for communion. After this, the Session cited Mr. McGill to appear before it to answer the following questions. “1. Do you ac¬ knowledge subjection to the government and discipline of the Presbyterian Church? 2. Do you acknowledge the PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 275 permanent authority of the pastoral letters of the Gen¬ eral Assembly of 1818 as far as it respects dancing? 3. Do you acknowledge that when an officer of the Church is properly authorized to converse with an offending member and the offense is confessed as a fact, that, in such a case, it is the immediate duty of the officers to endeavor to bring the offender to repentance and amend¬ ment by all proper means?” May 30, 1830. “The Session at Indiantown met at twelve o’clock and continued in session until six o’clock in the afternoon, awaiting the result of Mr. Samuel Mc¬ Gill’s deliberations on the admonitory letter addressed to him on the 16th instant, and also his decision on the pro¬ positions submitted to him on the 25th, and Mr. McGill did not appear nor was any communication received from him. After mature deliberation, the Session unanimously resolved to prefer the following charges against him: “1. Samuel McGill is charged with obstinacy by avow¬ ing and adhering to the following as a principle in dis¬ cipline, viz., That all we do is sin,’ in direct opposition to the plain import of discipline read audibly in his pres¬ ence. This obstinacy occurred on the 11th instant at his own house, and was persevered in during the stay of the committee, without any apparent charge of sentiment, in the presence of three members of his own family, the pastor of the Church, and D. D. Wilson, ruling elder, the two last being present on official duty with reference to a case of discipline with a member of his own family. “2. Samuel McGill is charged with disrespect to the authorized expressions of the General Assembly of 1818, as contained in the pastoral letter on the subject of dancing. This disrespect was manifested in the day, at the place, and in the presence of all the persons above mentioned, and after it had been distinctly and audibly announced to him that these expressions were matters of permanent authority in the Presbyterian Church. 276 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG “3. Mr. Samuel McGill is charged with slandering an individual of this Session by plainly intimating that the Elder had used improper means to force an offending member of this Church to make promises of an amend¬ ment ; and afterwards, as he asserted, the member did the same thing again, and then said Samuel McGill laid the criminality of the breach of promise on said member of Session. This slander was uttered on the day, at the place, and in the presence of all the persons mentioned in the first charge. “The Reverened J. M. Ervin and D. D. Wilson are cited as witnesses to substantiate the above charges. “Mr. Samuel McGill, you are hereby cited to appear before this Session on Thursday, the 9th day of June next, to answer the above charges.” Thus, the issue was clearly drawn. The moving spirit in the effort to eliminate dancing as an amusement and a recreation in Indiantown was the Reverend John M. Ervin, a minister who had latelv come into the com- munity and who had been trained under Puritanic con¬ ditions. He was a man of considerable force and ability and of a higher degree of learning than the average Pres¬ byterian minister of his generation. He was supported and sustained by his Session of Elders, three out of four of whom were direct lineal descendants of the great John Knox, of whom it was said, “He never feared the face of any man.” Colonel Wilson, of this board of el¬ ders, was one of the most uncompromising, influential, and vigorous men of his day in eastern South Carolina. He was colonel of the Pee Dee Regiment of militia and State Senator, and held other places of distinction and power. The other three members of this Session of El¬ ders were wealthy, influential, educated, and uncompro¬ mising in their views. From the beginning, it was gener¬ ally understood that this was a fight to the finish. PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 277 The trial of Samuel McGill before this Session of El¬ ders continued for nearly four years, during which time it was brought to the official notice of the Presbyterian organizations of highest rank in this country and at¬ tracted exceeding interest in the State of South Carolina. This trial was conducted in strict compliance with canonical procedure, customs, and law, and the testimony recorded in full in the old Indiantown Sessional Record book. This trial and the records that were made of it indicate unmistakably the forensic abilities of the contend¬ ing parties. Some of the questions asked Samuel Mc¬ Gill and his replies thereto shoAv that it was a case of Greek meeting Greek, and some of them, when placed within their intensely serious and penetrating religious atmosphere, are now very amusing. For instance, ques¬ tion 9 in the direct examination of the prosecuting wit¬ ness, the Reverend John M. Ervin, “Did you recommend any religious exercise in preference to dancing as an amusement ?” Answer, “I did, I recommended the sing¬ ing of hymns.” Mrs. McGill was offered as a witness to the matters and things occurring at the time Mr. Mc¬ Gill was first rebuked at his home by this Session for dancing. Question 8 asked her was as follows: “Did this conversation exasperate Mr. McGill and determine him to take higher grounds in favor of the practice, or did it shake his confidence and cause him to vield the t/ justification of the amusement?” Mrs. McGill’s answer was “He remained much the same.” On the third charge against Mr. McGill, the following question was asked Mrs. McGill : “Who was the person that extorted the promise, and from whom was it ex¬ torted?” Answer, “George McCutchen was the person that extorted it and Leonora Montgomery was the person from whom it was extorted and violated it.” The fol¬ lowing is Miss Leonora Montgomery’s evidence on third charge. “Did George McCutchen take you out at George 278 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Cooper’s and have a talk with you respecting dancing?” Answer, “Yes.” “Were you not badly scared?” Answer, “Yes.” “Did you not make a promise to him that you would not dance?” Answer, “Yes, I was so scared I hardly knew what I said.” “Did you break that promise again?” Answer, “Yes.” “Did you impute the blame to Mr. McCutchen?” Answer, “He did not attempt to frighten me into a promise.” “Did he extort a promise?” Answer, “No.” Samuel McGill was found guilty of the crime of danc¬ ing and excommunicated. He appealed and his appeal has an interesting history. For all practical purposes, it was not sustained. “Whereupon, the Moderator read to him the decision of that judicatory and asked him if he were ready to receive the admonition and rebuke passed by this body on him. The censure itself he did not absolutely refuse, but gave the Session sufficient answer to believe that being interrogated as to his convictions of guilt or as to his penitence that he was still impenitent. The Moderator then proceeded to inflict censure so far as the Session judged expedient, but in so far as it could perceive, no satisfactory effect was produced on the offender.” The following letter shows some of the subsequent history in the case, “April 28th, We, the undersigned, El¬ ders of the Indiantown Church, having for some years past been contending against a prevailing practice in the Church, which we deem unchristian, and when bringing discipline to bear upon offending members, we were plainly told by a member of full standing that he knew the mind of the congregation two times better than we did and that there were not three individuals in Indian¬ town Church that would sustain our proceedings, and, having received very little support or countenance from the congregation, we were induced to believe his state¬ ments measurably correct; and, moreover, at a house in PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 279 the immediate vicinity of the Church (the heads of the family in full membership) at which a large number of the congregation attended a wedding, on the night pre¬ vious to a three-days’ meeting, at which the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper was administered, these practices were introduced and persevered in through the night, and to much excess that we believe it hopeless to proceed farther against such determined opposition, and as we cannot conscientiously serve the Church as ruling elders, seeing the practices of dancing, excessive drinking, and their accompanying evils cannot be suppressed by us, and judg¬ ing from the efforts already made that our influence is insufficient for this, or to promote the purity and edifica¬ tion of this Church; and, therefore, after mature reflec¬ tion, we have unanimously resolved that we claim the constitutional privilege of ceasing to act as officers of this Congregation, (Confession of Faith, Book 1st, Chap¬ ter 13, Sec. 6 and 7), and now we earnestly pray the Great Head of the Church, the efforts of those who may be called to succeed us in His Providence, may be accom- pained with His Almighty power of blessing and make theirs more successful than ours have been.” Signed, S. James Wilson, George Barr, George McCutchen, and David D. Wilson. Early in the following year, 1835, the Indiantown Con¬ gregation met and elected William Daniel and Samuel Scott as Elders of the Church, the former board of elders having resigned. The Reverened Mr. Ervin also resigned as minister of the congregation. The new board of el¬ ders called the Reverened A. G. Peden to the charge. He accepted and was installed as its pastor. Samuel Mc¬ Gill was reinstated in the Indiantown Church and died in 1840 a communing member. This trial of Samuel McGill for dancing was one of the most important and far-reaching events in the his¬ tory of Williamsburg County. It shows the fundamental 280 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG character of the people of Williamsburg, a character which has grown out of the same root for more than a thousand years. After this powerful session of elders with all the force that Puritanism could muster had spent all of its fury on Samuel McGill, his wife testified that “lie remained much the same.” Samuel McGill is Wil¬ liamsburg. It may have been expected that after this trial of Samuel McGill for dancing had resulted in a full and ef¬ fective defeat for the forces of ultra-Puritanism in the dominant church congregation, Williamsburg District, that its people would have reacted into a season of riotous living such as occurred during the reign of the “Merrie Monarch” in England, but it was not so. Williamsburg remained “much the same.” The records in old Indian- town Church continued to show births, baptisms, mar¬ riages, communion celebrations, and session meetings. In 1836, the Williamsburg Church made application to the Indiantown Church for part of the services of the Reverened A. G. Peden. Mr. Peden was allowed for six months to preach twice each month in the Williamsburg Church. On July 4, 1836, an education society was formed in Indiantown Church. The following officers were ap¬ pointed : Reverend A. G. Peden, president; Colonel David D. Wilson, vice-president; Dr. Lee, recording sec¬ retary; and George Barr, treasurer. At this time, a col¬ lection was taken and from the proceeds, a substantial increase was made in the Church Librarv. At the end of this year, the Church increased its Session of Elders by electing the following: Colonel David D. Wilson, Captain Samuel J. Snowden, Alexander Knox, and John M. Fulton. It will be seen that the Church regarded the services of Colonel Wilson of great value and would not permit him to remain outside its official body. PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 281 About this time, the Indiantown Church began a pro¬ gressive program. The congregation was wealthy and inclined to liberality. Collections were taken in the Church for various causes and much contributed to edu¬ cation and to foreign missions. On February 5, 1837, the ladies of this congregation gave $50.00 to constitute their pastor, the Reverend A. G. Peden, an honorary mem¬ ber of the Southern Board of Foreign Missions. In 1840, the Reverend H. B. Cunningham was elected and ordained minister of the Church. During the pas¬ torate of Mr. Cunningham, the Puritanic element in the Church began another campaign against dancing, as will be seen from the following entry of June 3, 1843: “In as much as some of the members of this Church are charged by common fame with dancing, the Session had conversed with them privately and some of them expressed a desire to make acknowledgment before the Session and it was agreed that they should have an opportunity of doing so. The following persons appeared, J. W. Scott, Miss Rebecca C. Scott, Miss Rebecca E. Gordon, and Miss Martha McCants, who acknowledged that they had danced, professed repentance, and promised to abstain from this practice in the future. Whereupon it was re¬ solved that they be admonished by the moderator, and if they submit to this censure that their standing be de¬ clared regular. All of this was attended to immediately. Mr. John T. McCants also appeared and acknowledged that he had danced but said that he did not consider it a sin and therefore was not sorry. Whereupon it was unanimously resolved that he be suspended from the privi¬ leges of the church until he gives evidence of repentance.’’ Under date of February 18, 1844, the following entry is found, “Lisbon, belonging to Mr. A. J. McKnight, ap¬ peared before the Session on a charge of adultery, that is, keeping two wives, both of whom were present. Lisbon acknowledged that he was guilty and said he was sorry 282 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG but did not seem to be really penitent, and, of course, he was suspended until he gives satisfactory evidence of repentance. Hagar, belonging to J. M. Fulton, one of the women implicated, said that whereas Lisbon came to see her, he told her he intended to make her his wife again, they having been separated several years, and believing him sincere in his professions, she had lived with him as his wife. In view of these statements, the Session did not think her case worthy of church censure. Candice, belonging to George Cooper, the other woman in the case, said that she lived with Lisbon as his wife because he solemnly declared to her that she was his wife and that he had no other. “Believing these statements to be in the main correct, the Session did not feel that she should be debarred from church privileges ; but, in as much as they had good reason to believe that she was visiting Lisbon at night, contrary to the wishes and orders of her master, she was required to promise faithfully that she would do so no more, with which requisition she complied. It was ordered that Lisbon’s suspension should be published to the colored congregation this afternoon.” Another entry after the Reverend J. P. McPherson became pastor of the Church in 1844 follows : “Mr. Mc¬ Pherson stated to the Session that he had been requested to baptize the children of Mr. James and Mrs. Mary Ann Cooper, and that he had declined complying with that request because one of these children was seventeen years old and nearly, if not quite, grown, and therefore he deemed it proper that the Session should determine whether that member of the family was entitled to in¬ fant baptism according to our standards. Whereupon, after mature deliberation, it was resolved that in as much as the said child had arrived at that period of life when, according to our views of the Bible and of our Confes¬ sion of Faith, an individual becomes a moral agent, it PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 283 is in our judgment not proper that this member of the family should be entitled to infant baptism. ” Here follows the entry of April 16, 1848. “A communi¬ cation was received from Dr. H. L. Byrd, a member of our Church, dated Georgetown, S. C., March 30, 1848, giving a statement of a date unpleasant difficulty between Mr. Shakleford and himself and referring to the cor¬ respondence which had been recently published in the Winyah Observer, and asking in the judgment, the honor of religion, and the interests of the Church might seem to require, and at the same time declaring his readiness to submit to any censure that we might think necessary to inflict and likewise most deeply deploring his connec¬ tion with such an unfortunate affair and promising here¬ after to ‘keep all points guarded against difficulties of whatever characters.’ “After a careful reading of this communication in con¬ nection with the correspondence referred to by Dr. Byrd, and having heard statements from some members of the Session, who had learned all the facts in the case from persons residing in Georgetown, who may be considered as unprejudiced, the Session came deliberately to the following conclusion, viz. : “That whilst Dr. Byrd’s conduct is somewhat palliated by the peculiar circumstances of the case, yet we are con¬ strained to feel, that he has acted very improperly and to an extent that cannot be justified by the laws of Christ’s house; and while we fully believe that he has committed a great sin, for which he should humble him¬ self in the dust before God; yet in as much as he volun¬ tarily brought his case to the notice of this body and professes to be sincerely sorry for his conduct; and in as much as he has given us a promise to be more guarded in the future; whereupon, it was unanimously resolved that in as much as the ends of church discipline seem to have been accomplished, our pastor be directed to 284 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG write to Dr. Byrd, setting forth our views on this whole subject and giving him such advice, counsel, and ad¬ monition as the case seems to require; and if he submit to this decision, his standing in the Church be declared regular. To this decision, Dr. Byrd cheerfully sub¬ mitted.” The following entry was made for February 25, 1849. “In entire accordance with the views and wishes of Dr. S. D. McGill, the academy under his care was received under the supervision of the Session as a parochial school ; and it was resolved that the pastor of the church visit said school frequently to catechize, talk to, and pray with the pupils and that he report its state and prospects to his body.” The following entry was made for July 22, 1849. “Ses¬ sion met and was constituted by prayer. Present, J. P. McPherson, Samuel Scott, D. D. Wilson, William Daniel, S. J. Snowden, and W. F. Blakely; and took into con¬ sideration the recommendation of the President of the United States that the first Friday in August next be kept as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer, calling upon all religious denominations to abstain as far as practicable from all regular occupations and to assemble in their respective places of worship, to acknowledge the infinite goodness of God which has watched over us as a nation and to implore His Almighty aid in His own good time to stay the destroying pestilence which is now wasting our land. “The Session highly approving the said recommenda¬ tion, resolved that the day be kept by the members of this congregation as a day of solemn fasting, humilia¬ tion, and prayer, that they abstain from their usual avocations, and that they urge it upon their servants to attend on that day the sanctuary of Almighty God. It was further resolved that the Sacrament of the Lord’s PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 285 Supper be administered at this place on the Sabbath suc¬ ceeding the first Friday in August, next.” This entry was made for April 5, 1851. “A communi¬ cation was received from W. F. Blakely tendering his resignation of the office Clerk of Session and also resign¬ ing his office as an acting elder of this Church on the ground of his unacceptability to a portion of the church. Whereupon, it was resolved : 1st. that his resignation of the clerk’s office be accepted and that the moderator be requested to act as temporary clerk. On motion of Colonel D. D. Wilson, it was resolved: 2nd. that his resignation of the office of ruling elder be accepted. On motion of Colonel Wilson, it Avas also resolved : 3rd. that his letter to the Session be inserted in our Session Book. Session adjourned, closed with prayer. “April 6th. An extract of W. F. Blakely’s letter to the Session of Indiantown Church. Gentlemen : From a sense of duty which I owe to myself and possibly the Church over which you so worthily preside. I am con¬ strained to tender to you my resignation as Clerk of the Session. This step has not been taken hastily or unad¬ visedly; but after mature deliberation and much prayer for guidance on the issue. It is not that I have ever thought that the duties it devolves on the incumbent are onerous or burdesome; however responsible they may be, that has induced me to arrive at this conclusion. No, far from it. On the other hand, I have ever felt gratified when it has been in my power to contribute so far as in me lay to the general good of either Church or State. “I hold the maxim, no man should live for himself alone, but causes of which none of you are ignorant and, of course, unnecessary for me here to enumerate or men¬ tion have influenced me in this matter. When an indi¬ vidual, however exalted he may be, or however humble be bis condition, is called upon by others to perform services of any kind and fails to give the necessary satis- 286 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG faction to those by whom he is employed or who may be disagreeable to all or any of those with whom he is as¬ sociated, he should forthwith decline his position and give way to some more desirable than himself, is a duty so plain that it requires no sophistry to prove. Being convinced of the justness of my argument, I cannot in reason expect to exempt myself from doing that which I think to be the duty of another. I regret exceedingly that circumstances compel me to adopt the course I have ; and that I no longer can consistently cooperate with you, nor share with you the responsibility. With my best wishes for you individually and for the Church over which you preside, I pray God to have you and it in His holy keeping and to build it up and strengthen it and deliver me from sowing the seeds of discord and con¬ fusion amongst His people. I now respectfully take my leave and again repeat that you have my best wishes and shall ever pray that the Almighty disposer of all events will ever bless you and graciously smile upon your labors. Hoping you may select from your respected body some one better qualified to discharge the duties of Clerk of the Session, I remain very respectfully, W. F. Blakely.” Mr. Blakely is still remembered as Squire Blakely of Indiantown Church. He was Clerk of the Indiantown Session of Elders for many years and his handwriting makes the pages, whereon he placed the records, strik¬ ingly beautiful. Partly from the Session records and partly from abundant tradition, it seems that Nero, a slave, belong¬ ing to Captain S. -J. Snowden, and a member of the Indiantown Church, gave the learned and austere Ses¬ sion food for thought. Nero was being tried for stealing two of his master’s hogs, killing them, and concealing and eating the meat. Nero confessed his “crime” and thus sought to excuse himself. “It wuz dis way, Massuh PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 287 Colonel Wilson. Nero wen’ to ole marster and axes ole marster for sum meat. Ole marster he say ‘Nero, you go git sum meat from ole missus.’ Nero he wen to ole missus and she say ‘Nero, you have ter git dat meat from ole marster!’ Den Nero wen to de Lord, case Nero wanted sum meat. De Lord say ‘Nero, old marster got plenty ob hawgs down dar in de swamp. Ole Nero is marster’s nigger and dem is marster ’s hawgs.’ Nero wen down to de swamp dat nite and killed two ob marster’s hawgs and et dem up.” About that time, the Moderator of the Session looked into the eyes of its several members and, without waiting for a word from them, said, “Nero, you go home.” In 1852, the Reverend Daniel Baker, D. D., held a protracted meeting at Indiantown and one of the results was that the following persons were admitted to full communion : William J. Graham, Robert F. Blakely, J. M. Graham, Samuel J. Graham, E. P. Blakely, Eliza¬ beth L. Blakely, Sarah J. Blakely, William S. McCon¬ nell, L. M. McConnell, Robert M. Cooper, Thomas Cooper, Samuel Cooper, James McCutchen, Thomas M. Britton, Janet Cooper, Amelia Burgess, Mary Nesmith, Joanna Nesmith, Sarah B. Hanna, and Joseph Fulmore. On December 26, 1852, the following persons were granted certificates of dismission for the purpose of con¬ necting themselves with the White Oak Church : Minto W. McGill, Sarah Elizabeth McGill, James Burgess, Janet D. Burgess, Amelia E. Burgess, Andrew J. Murphy, Mary Ann Murphy, Mary M. C. Burgess, Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Cooper, Mrs. Thermutas Cooper, and Mrs. E. W. Montgomery. At the same time, Messrs. George, John, Robert, and S. G. Cooper asked for certificates to unite with the White Oak Church, but these men were under the charge of “fighting” some time previous and their certificates were not granted at this time. 288 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG This fight was between the Messrs. Cooper and Messrs. S. J. Snowden, Jr., Italy Wilson, and others, opposing. It seems that both sides in the fight had acted strictly according to the Irish code and the whole of Williams¬ burg District became interested. The Indiantown Ses¬ sion of Elders investigated the matter for a long time and finally decided that it could not arrive at a just and righteous decision and dismissed the case against the Messrs. Cooper and they were given certificates for uniting with the White Oak Church. On February 24, 1856, J. C. Dve, a member of the Indiantown Church, was charged before the Session as neglecting the ordinances of the Church; secondly, selling ardent spirits; third, permitting intemperance at his store, and cited to appear before the Session for trial. Mr. Dye appeared before the Session and confessed that he had sold ardent spirits and that he did not regard the selling of whiskey as wholly sinful in itself but led to sinful or bad consequences. Mr. Dye, having promised to abstain from selling ardent spirits in the future ex¬ cept for medicinal purposes and likewise having ex¬ pressed his sorrow for the past error, was, after being ad¬ monished by the Moderator, restored to his former stand¬ ing in the Church. This is the first recorded church op¬ position to the sale of whiskey in Williamsburg District. Until this time, whiskey had been sold by practically all merchants and without criticism by the religious bodies of the district. Some time prior to this, a chapter of the “Sons of Temperance” in the Indiantown community had been organized and this trial of Mr. Dye was one of its results. During the late fifties, many of the men who had been leaders in the Indiantown Congregation for more than half a century, began resigning their offices in the Church and soon thereafter passing away. The first of these was Samuel Scott, who wrote, “My age and infirmity PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIAN1SM 289 admonish me that I can be of little or no service to the Church by continuing to act any longer, now in my seventy-eighth year, and I therefore tender my resigna¬ tion as an Elder and Clerk of the Session.” Later, Captain S. J. Snowden was deprived of the power of speech by a stroke of paralysis and he resigned. Within a few years, William Daniel, James McCutchen, George Barr, and Captain R. H. Wilson, all men of long and valuable service in the Church, died. Robert Strong united with the Williamsburg Presby¬ terian Church in 1799, and in 1830 was the oldest living communicant in point of church membership. There were then living the following members of the Church who had been enrolled prior to 1822 : Daniel Frierson, Jane Frierson, Henry Frierson, Martha Mouzon, Nancy Mou- zon, Elizabeth McGill, V. Tyson Fulton, James Bradley, Cecelia Bradley, Mary S. Wilson, Ezra Greene, Eliza Fulton, Joseph Scott, Sr., Mary Scott, Sarah Bradley, Martha Greene, Samuel Fluitt, Catherine McLean, Caro¬ line Scott, Amelia Scott, D. R. McClary, Ann McClary, Charlotte Fleming, Elizabeth Knox, William Douglas, Mary H. Duke, E. M. Cantey, Mary McClary, Elizabeth Tisdale, William Lifrage, Nancy Lifrage, Mary Watson, Francis Gowdy, Martha Barrineau, Joseph Chandler, Susannah Chandler, Sarah Salters, R. G. Ferrell, Elvira Chandler, and Martha Graham. The following joined the Church during the ministry of the Reverend John Covert in 1822: Eliza Brockinton, John Murphy, Margaret Strong, Margaret Scott, H. D. Shaw, Agnes Shaw, William Camlin, Elizabeth Camlin, Mrs. M. Davis, William G. Flagler, and Mary Flagler. The following joined the Williamsburg Church after the union of the Williamsburg and Bethel Congrega¬ tions had been effected in 1828, and during the ministry of the Reverend John M. Ervin; Samuel R. Mouzon, Sarah Devers, J. M. Fulton, James E. Fulton, T. D. 290 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Singleton, Hester Singleton, M. M. Singleton, Susannah Staggers, Nancy Witherspoon, William R. Scott, J. T. Scott, Sarah Murphy, Emerline Burrows, Sarah E. Mc¬ Clary, D. S. McClary, M. M. McClary, J. H. Fleming, S. A. Knox, Joseph A. Scott, William D. Scott, Martha Troy, G. H. Chandler, John A. Gordon, Margaret Smith, Elizabeth Douglas, John Watson, Emma Watson, Isaac Nelson, Jr., Rebecca Scott, George Barrineau, Priscilla Barrineau, Caroline Troy, Albert Scott, A. F. Graham, J. C. Graham, Jane Miller, John Knox, and S. E. Graham. Mr. Ervin gave most of his attention during his four years service in Williamsburg to the Indiantown Con¬ gregation. However, from the above, it will be seen that a large number of substantial members were added to the Williamsburg Church during his ministry. The Reverend Alexander Mitchell, a native of Argyle- shire, Scotland, succeeded Mr. Ervin in 1832. Mr. Mitch¬ ell contracted fever a few weeks after his arrival in Kingstree and died November 4, 1832. He was buried near Mr. Covert in the Williamsburg Cemetery. The Reverend John McEwen succeeded Mr. Mitchell as minister of Williamsburg Church, but he served only a few months when he died on Mav 31, 1833. In February, 1835, the Williamsburg Church secured the Reverend George H. W. Petrie, a native of Charleston and a graduate of the College of Charleston and of the Theological Seminary, as its minister. He served four vears. The officers of the Church at that time were, Elders, Daniel Frierson, Isaac Nelson, Henry D. Shaw, David McClary, and James E. Fulton. Mr. Fulton was clerk of the Session and Mr. Nelson treasurer of the con¬ gregation. A great many persons united with the Church during his ministry. The Session Records of the Williamsburg Church from the beginning of the minstry of the Reverend A. G. Peden in 1839, have been preserved. Mr. Peden’s Session PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 291 of Elders was composed of the following men : Isaac Nel¬ son, Daniel Frierson, H. DL Shaw, James E. Fulton, E. W. Greene, W. Camlin, Joseph Chandler, and John A. Gordon. During the ministry of Mr. Peden, the Session of El¬ ders had one trial of considerable interest. On May 24, 1844, the Reverend Philip Pearson preferred charges of slander and defamation against Elder Daniel Frierson. The Moderator charged the members of the Session “re¬ garding their characters as Judges of the Court of Jesus Christ and the solemn duty in which they were about to come.” The specifications were these: “Mr. Frierson had in a written communication to Reverend P. Pearson, ac¬ cused said Pearson ; first, with the crime of removing his neighbor’s land mark; and, second, with having re¬ sisted the civil law.” Elder Frierson plead not guilty. The witnesses were then called and sworn and the testi¬ mony heard on both sides. The parties discussed their cases. Elder Frierson was found guilty and excommuni¬ cated. Some time after this, Mr. Frierson wrote a re¬ markable letter to this Session applying for reinstate¬ ment in church membership. He confessed repentance and declared to the Session that he had from his youth up walked in the straight and narrow way, that he had diligently studied many of the prescribed theological works of that period, and that he had an earnest desire to enjoy communion with the Church. Mr. Frierson was again received into the Church. The Reverend James A. Wallace became minister of the Williamsburg Church on May 20, 1848. Mr. Wallace came here from Cabarrus Countv, North Carolina, where he was born a son of the Reverend Jedekiali Wallace, himself a Presbyterian preacher. When Mr. Wallace took charge of the Williamsburg Church, it had renewed its youth and had become a leading factor in the social, 292 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG political, and religious life of Williamsburg District. Soon after his arrival, he married Miss Mary Flagler, a daughter of one of the most prominent families in the district. When he began his ministry here, he firmly be¬ lieved that Calvinism was the Key to the Kingdom of Heaven, and that the Presbyterian Church held this Key by the election of Almighty God. Mr. Wallace knew that Cleland Belin had built the beautiful Black Mingo Baptist Church in 1843. This church, still standing near where Willtown once was, abandoned and open, is almost as beautiful and entire and clean as when Mr. Belin had it dedicated to God. It is a wonderful piece of workmanship, a fit place for God to dwell. But when one now looks above its sacred altar expecting to see the Burning Bush, his eye will fall on leather winged bats clinging to its frescoed walls. Mr. Wallace knew that Cleland Belin wore a black silk gown whenever he attended this church on official duty as its Senior Deacon ; that he was “faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly swell that his personality dominated the Church and the Black Mingo people regarded him with superstitious awe; and that the Presbyterians need not fear the “Belin Church.” Mr. Wallace did not see that the same cancerous Calvinism with which he was about to revaccinate his Williamsburg Congregation was that very same virus out of which came the bats and owls to the Belin Black Mingo Baptist Church. Mr. Wallace learned soon after he came to Williams¬ burg that Francis Asbury, Lemuel Andrews, John Bunch, William Capers, John Dix, Henry Hill Durant, John Gamewell, Hope Hull, George Huggins, William Ken¬ nedy, Cornelius McLeod, Hugh Ogburn, John R. Pickett, Frederick Rush, Isaac Smith, Alexander Walker, Henry Willis, and other Methodist circuit riders had been com¬ ing this way for more than half a century and had been preaching the Fatherhood of God and the Fellowship of PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 293 Man; that Love fulfilled the Law; that Jesus Christ came to show Man his part in the Way to Life. The two little Methodist Churches, one at Ebenezer and the other at Suttons, did not disturb Mr. Wallace. It was the Arminian spirit that was touching the Rock of Calvinism in Williamsburg and making Healing Waters to flow. Mr. Wallace was a rigorous Calvinist. He proclaimed with a Crusader’s zeal the infallibility of the Philadel¬ phia Confession of Faith and honestly believed it the most perfect theological statement in existence. Some quotations from this Confession of Faith show its nature : “God hath decreed in Himself from all Eternity, by the most wise and holy Councel of his own will, all things whatsoever comes to passe,” Chapter III, Section 1; again in Section III : “By the decree of God, for the manifestation of His glory, some men and Angels are predestinated, or foreordained, to Eternal Life, through Jesus Christ, to the praise of His glorious grace; others being left to act in their sin to their just condemnation, to the praise of His glorious justice.” Section IV : “These Angels and Men thus predestinated, and foreordained, are particularly, and unchangeably designed, and their number so certain, and definite, that it cannot be either increased, or diminished.” Again in Chapter X, it said, “Those whom God has predestinated unto Life, He is pleased, in His appointed, and acceptable time, effectually to call by his word, and Spirit .... This effectual call is of God’s free and special grace alone, not from anything at all foreseen in man, nor from any power, or agency in the creature, co-working with his special grace, the crea¬ ture being wholly passive therein, being dead in sins and trespasses. ... Elect infants dying in infancy, are regen¬ erated and saved by Christ through the Spirit.... So also are other elect persons, who are uncapable of being outwardly called by the Ministry of the Word.” This was the doctrine on which nearly all of the people of 294 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Williamsburg had been brought up and this was the foundation on which Mr. Wallace planned to circumscribe and include the District of Williamsburg. No knight under the banner of the Cross ever charged the Moslem guarded walls about the Holy Sepulchre more valiantly than did Mr. Wallace that silent growing Ar- minianism in Williamsburg. He preached Calvinism more eloquently than Williamsburg had theretofore heard. He was a strong man. Somehow, Arminianism kept grow¬ ing. The more furious the onslaughts of Mr. Wallace the stronger Arminianism grew. Mr. Wallace, one time, almost lost faith in himself. It seemed that the more fervently he preached and the more earnestly his congre^ gation listened the larger Arminianism loomed. So, in 1852, after great effort, he secured the Reverend Daniel Baker, D. D., probably the most powerful Presbyterian evangelist of his age, to conduct a series of meetings at the Williamsburg Church. “The meeting commenced on the 2nd Sabbath, the 8th of August, and continued nine days; the fruits of which were fifty-nine additions, and the conversion of some of the old members, one of whom is now a Ruling Elder. A few of these persons have apostatized ; but in justice to the character of the work, not a greater proportion than of those who have been received from time to time. The character of our congregation is someAvhat peculiar — par¬ taking more than is usual of the feelings and habits of the old country. And those who have proved unworthy were mostly such as had been but little impressed, if at all, by Dr. Baker’s preaching. They came to the meeting near the close, and united, I fear, only for the purpose of obtaining baptism for their children, and other church privileges. But not the least of the benefits arising from Dr. Baker’s visit was the healing of the old schism in the Indiantown Church. Though a few families left, never to return, in consequence of Mr. McPherson’s departure, PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 295 those who had been worshipping with us returned, and the Church is now prospering. We have still received some valuable members from time to time.” (Letter of Reverend James A. Wallace, of December 26, 1855.) The members who united with the Church were as follows: John Armstrong, James Tisdale, N. G. Rich, D. M. Mason, S. C. Murphy, T. J. China, J. C. Matthews, John Murphy, Robert W. Fluitt, Sam Strong, William Kinder, Samuel M. Matthews, John P. Bradley, P. O. Fulton, T. J. Strong, Asa E. Brown, M. F. McCottry, S. E. Fulton, Thomas M. Fulton, J. N. Matthews, John Wheeler, S. J. Montgomery, D. Dukes, William McCul¬ lough, S. McBride Scott, Theodore M. Lifrage, Calvin Mc- Clary, James S. Brockinton, Mrs. E. S. Armstrong, Leonora McClary, Mary S. Fulton, Agnes Strong, Susan Strong, Rebecca Matthews, Eleanor Fluitt, Mary J. China, Mary McClary, Margaret Fluitt, Adelaide Dukes, Virginia Brockinton, Sarah S. Boyd, Mrs. Daniel Jones, Miss Margaret Tisdale, Miss Elizabeth Tisdale, Elizabeth Staggers, Isabella Dukes, Agnes Murphy, Mary Patter¬ son, Jannet E. Murphy, Adeline S. E. Graham, Sarah C. McClary, Mary Lifrage, Jane McClary, Margaret Strong, Martha McCutchen, Franklin Boyd, Duncan M. Mouzon, and Robert McCants. Most of these members were heads of families and leading citizens in this community. After this meeting and the one at Indiantown held by Dr. Baker, which had similar results in that community, Mr. Wallace realized that the Presbyterian Church had as communing members nearly all of the influential people in the district. He looked on the field and called it fair. That same year the Harmony Presbytery met in Sum¬ ter. Mr. Wallace attended. He was full of his conquest of Williamsburg. He told the other Presbyterian minis¬ ters how complete it was and they congratulated him. He was a shining light in that Presbytery. The Modera¬ tor called on him to lead in prayer. In this prayer, he 296 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG thanked God that he had been instrumental in prevent¬ ing the organization of a Methodist Church in the town of Kingstree. A. Isaac McKnight, one of the members of the Williamsburg Church, was present and heard that prayer. Mr. McKnight was a lawyer and one of the leading citizens of Williamsburg District. Mr. Wallace’s prayer set him to thinking. Mr. McKnight had heard the circuit riders preach and realized that they proclaimed a doc¬ trine that worked in making good citizens in this world as well as sanctified saints for that which is to come. Some time thereafter, Mr. McKnight talked over this matter with some of the influential men of Kingstree and of the surrounding country and they agreed that a Methodist Church in Kingstree would prove a progressive factor in the community. On January 31, 1853, the following deed was given and recorded at Book G, page 410, Williamsburg County Registry: Alexander Isaac McKnight “for and in con¬ sideration of the regard which I have and bear towards the Christian religion and also for and in consideration of the sum of $1.00 to me in hand paid by Thomas R. Mouzon, Samuel E. Graham, James H. Stone, William G. McCallister, and Thomas S. Lesesne, trustees of the Metho¬ dist Episcopal Church of the village of Kingstree, one town lot consisting of one-half acre of land bounded on the North by the lands of the said Alexander McKnight and running seventy yards or two hundred ten feet on said lands; on the East by the street leading to Broad Swamp bridges; on the South by the street which was parallel with the Main and Broad Street of the said Village of Kingstree; on the West by the lands of the said Alexander McKnight and running thirty-five yards or one hundred five feet on said land. Said land being in the shape of a parallelogram whose North and South lines are parallel and each one hundred five feet in PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 297 length, all of whose angles are right angles; said half¬ acre of land or lot is known and designated in the town plat of the King’s Tree by No. 159, according to the survey made of the said town of Williamsburg on the 25tli day of August, A. D. 1737, by Anthony Williams, D. S., in obedience to an order of the Honorable Thomas Broughton, then Lieutenant Governor, bearing the date of the 8th day of August, 1735.” The Methodist Episcopal Church in Kingstree was built on the lot donated by Mr. McKnight that same year. B. P. Pendergrass had a sawmill near Kingstree and supplied the lumber; John Ervin Scott of Cedar Swamp had a force of carpenters on his plantation and they built the church. That same year, under the leadership of John Ervin Scott, Joseph B. Chandler, and Dr. John C. Williams, the Cedar Swamp Methodist Church was organized and built. Messrs. Newsom and Price erected at the same time the Methodist Church on the Green road about four miles west of the present town of Cades. The Rough Branch Methodist Church, several miles to¬ ward Indiantown from Cades, was built by John Frierson and others. A great many substantial men in Williams¬ burg, whose ancestors had been Presbyterians for gem erations, united with these churches and supported them. Very soon after this time, William Staggers donated to John L. Rollins, James M. Staggers, John G. Pressley, and William Bradham, lot No. 401 in the Village of Kingstree, bounded “on the South by Main Street lead¬ ing from the bridge across Black River; West by Black River; and on all other sides by lands owned by said William Staggers” and containing one-half acre of land “in trust to permit and allow the Baptist denomination to which the said John L. Rollins, James M. Staggers, John G. Pressley, and William Bradham now belong to enter upon and build a Church or meeting house for the use of the said denomination and to permit the members 298 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG of the Baptist Church, which shall at the said meeting house regularly worship, and for the exclusive control of the said meeting house according to the usages and customs of the Baptist denomination.” It is also pro¬ vided in this deed that should the Kingstree Baptist Con¬ gregation desire at any time thereafter to change the location of its house of worship, that the congregation might sell this land donated by Mr. Staggers and use the proceeds in building another church. This deed was dated October 25, 1856. The Baptists of Kingstree immediately erected a church on this lot and there worshipped until the church was moved to its present site on Academy Street. The lot on the river whereon the first Baptist Church was built was used as a burying ground for a great many years, and is now known as the old Baptist Cemetery. Twenty-one Confederate soldiers, who died here during the War between the Sections, are buried in one plot there and a modest monument stands to their memory. Some other Baptist Churches were organized and built in the district about this time. Ebenezer Cockfield gave an acre of land on the west side of Lynch’s Creek on the road to Indiantown in 1855 to the Baptist Church which was there erected. Aaron F. Graham conveyed on May 11, 1856, “one acre of ground lying on the public road leading to the Williamsburg Court House in the fork of two branches including the new Baptist Church or meet¬ ing house near the said Aaron Graham’s present resi¬ dence.” Charles McCallister and S. C. McCutchen deeded to M. S. Feagin, Deacon, in behalf of the Midway Baptist Church “one piece of land containing one acre, a part of the Fullwood survey, lying in the Kingstree Swamp on the waters of Black River, one side being on the public road known as the Green road at or about Brown’s Avenue.” This was in October, 1860. PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 299 In 1857, the Reverend James A. Wallace preached a sermon in his church at Kingstree which in reality was a powerful oration seeking to convince his auditors that Williamsburg had been predestined for Presbyterians from the foundation of the world, and that no other re¬ ligious denominations had any rights therein. In this sermon, he outlined the tradition of Williamsburg Town¬ ship, and purported to give quotations from grants of King George to the Presbyterian Church, and asserted that grants were made herein only to people who wor¬ shipped according to the tenets of the Church of Scotland. No such grants were made by King George, for that the Church of England was the only Church recognized by law in South Carolina until the Declaration of Indepen¬ dence had been signed. The advocate in Mr. Wallace overcame the scholar in preaching this sermon. This sermon was the supreme effort of Mr. Wallace to hold Williamsburg to Calvinism. It was published as Wallace’s History of Williamsburg Church, and is a most treasured volume in many public and private libra¬ ries. It is intensely interesting to students of psychology and of history. This sermon did not stay the hand of Arminianism in Williamsburg. It made hundreds of militant Baptist and Methodists. Mr. Wallace could not see that the hand of God Almighty had written Upharsin over the tabernacles of Calvinism. He lost faith in himself. His mercurial temperament overcame him. One day, while “cleanly weeding his corn” and a slave was ploughing a mule in an adjoining row, Mr. Wallace, without warning, brained the mule with a hoe, cutting that beast off in the blossoms of his sins, “unshriven, unhouseled, un- aneled.” His unconscious self saw Calvinism materi¬ alized in that hapless animal. Mr. Wallace resigned as minister of the Williamsburg Church, a broken hearted man. One cannot help remem- 300 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG bering Shakespeare’s Cardinal Wolsey in connection with his resignation: “Had I but served my God with half the zeal I served my King, he, in mine age, Would not have left me naked to mine enemies.” And hear Mr. Wallace soliloquizing when departing for Arkansas : “Had I but served my God with half the zeal I served John Calvin’s god, I should not now Be leaving for unknown lands.” Saul began a journey to Damacus. Paul arrived. Wallace the Calvinist began the journey to Arkansas. Wallace the Christian reached those fertile fields. It was a long way, that half thousand leagues in 1858. Thirty miles was a good day’s journey, and frequently stormy seasons and swollen streams impeded onward movement. Somewhere along this way, the Reverend James A. Wallace saw a strange Light. It showed him that Calvinism was the theological monstrosity of the ages; that John Calvin created the only god unapproach¬ able by man; that Hope hovers above a praying Igorrote, but Fear alone stalks and grins about a petitioning Cal¬ vinist. This Light showed Mr. Wallace that God is Love. He made a remarkable record in Arkansas preaching the Merciful Nazarene. It may be that Mr. Wallace never knew that he had been so wonderfully instrumental in saving a remnant of Williamsburg from Calvinism to the ancient Presbyterian faith, the same that grew out of the spirit of Abraham and Isaiah and Christ. It is pos¬ sible that he always remembered he came to Williams¬ burg and found it ninety-five per centum Presbyterian, remained nine years and left his denomination in the minority. It is to be hoped that he realized that he had come for just such a time as this, and that his almost superhuman efforts had made Williamsburg know more certainly than any Arminianist how to give a cup of cold PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 301 water in Jesus’ name. No Presbyterian minister who ever came to Williamsburg drew more Light into this Land. God rest him! Union Presbyterian Church was organized in 1857. That year William Lifrage granted to J. A. McCullough, W. J. J. Lifrage, and W. F. Rodgers, trustees of the Union Presbyterian Church, one acre of land on the Broom Straw road on which the church was built. Nearly all of the members of this Church had just withdrawn from the Williamsburg Church. Elon Presbyterian Church was organized in 1856. Thomas China then granted to Henry Montgomery, S. J. Montgomery, and James Plowden, trustees, nine acres of land on the Coleman road on which the church was built. This congregation withdrew from the Brewington Congregation. The story is told that about this time a singing school master came into the Brewington com¬ munity and everybody in the congregation enrolled in his singing school. Some proved apt pupils and learned new music and wanted to sing it in the Brewington Church. Part of the congregation failed to improve on account of the singing master’s efforts, and finally refused even to attempt to sing the new songs, but clung to the old songs and the ancient tunes which had been used by their people since “the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.” The faction that could sing the new songs and the faction that could not or would not became hostile to each other. The faction that clung to the old psal¬ mody organized the Elon Church. The Elon Church prospered for about twenty years, when its organization was discontinued. The Rehoboth Methodist Episcopal Church dates from 1857, when John W. Brogdon and wife, Mary B. Brogdon, conveyed to J. Warrington Oliver, W. J. R. Cantey, J. C. Strange, R. T. Lowder, T. J. M. Davis, R. el. Ragin, 302 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG and M. M. Benbow, trustees, two acres of land whereupon this church was built. The Bethel Presbyterian Church was built in 1858. Robert Epps gave the site and the building committee consisted of William H. McElveen, W. J. Burgess, and Daniel H. Smith. This Church was organized by the Burgess’, McElveens, Smiths, Friersons, Fultons, Mouzons, and Kinders, who lived on the east side of Pudding Swamp and who heretofore had been members of the Mid¬ way Church Congregation. There were fifty-two mem¬ bers of this Church when organized. Samuel A. Burgess, William H. McElveen, W. S. Brand, were its first Ses¬ sion of Elders, and W. D. McFaddin and J. A. McElveen were its first deacons. The Reverend P. Pearson was its first minister. Samuel A. Burgess and William S. McElveen served the church as elders earnestly and faith¬ fully for more than fifty years. During this period between the War of the Revolution and the War between the Sections, Williamsburg Dis¬ trict furnished many ministers of the Gospel. Among them may be mentioned, Robert W. James, William J. Wilson, E. O. Frierson, Elmo Kinder, Jeremiah Snow, R. G. McCutchen, and W. S. Hemingway. The three first named have been mentioned in this text. Mr. McCutchen migrated to the State of Indiana in 1856. Mr. Kinder was the son of Elder John M. Kinder, of Kingstree. The young man was graduated at the Columbia Presbyterian Theological Seminary in 1855, and died in the month following the completion of his education. Some of his old library books in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin may now be found in the Kingstree Carnegie Library. The Rev¬ erend W. S. Hemingway was graduated at Wofford Col¬ lege and was a Methodist minister of considerable influ¬ ence and power. He preached the dedicatory sermon at Spring Street Church in the city of Charleston. He was a Chaplain in the Confederate Army. PURITANISM, CALVINISM, ARMINIANISM 303 In 1860, there were in Williamsburg, the following churches : Presbyterian : Williamsburg, Union, Elon, Bethel, and Indiantown; Methodist: Ebenezer, Union, Suttons, Kingstree, Rehoboth, Rough Branch, and Cades; Baptist: Black Mingo, Kingstree, Lynch’s Creek, Black River, Midway, and the Free Will Baptist Church at Pine Grove. Midway and Brewington, Presbyterian, and Saint Mark’s Methodist, were near the Clarendon-Wil- liamsburg County line and served many of the people of the district. From 1730 until 1860, probably no citizen of Williams¬ burg admitted being a member of the Roman Catholic Church. No person was permitted as an immigrant into the Williamsburg Colony until he had signed an oath that he was a Protestant. Even children from six vears «/ of age were required to subscribe to this solemn declara¬ tion regarding religious belief. CHAPTER XXIV. THINGS, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL, 1830- 1860. On the first day of December, 1922, there were a number of people living in Williamsburg who were born about 1830, and were, therefore, more than ninety vears old. Several of these were of the highest types of citizen¬ ship, men and women whose minds were still keen and clear and strong and whose memories and judgments were remarkable. Among these were two physicians, Dr. James S. Cunningham and Dr. Isaac W. Graham. As an indication of the interest that these venerable men still held in things, each one read first in his family the news¬ paper as it came every morning. These men and women who had lived in Williamsburg for more than ninety years seemed to regard the period between 1830 and 1860 as a wonderful epoch. While old men usually remember their youth as the greatest time in their lives, yet these old fellows had many reasons to give in arguing that from 1830 to 1860 was the halcyon period. There were no poor people in Williamsburg then except those willfully in want. Williamsburg’s cupboards were full and its woodsheds overflowing. Kindly masters ruled from their mansion houses their large planta¬ tions, and in the evening negroes sang about the “great house” door. The only discord that marred this happy period grew out of arguments on religion and politics. Nobody then cared very much about the price of cotton or tobacco. If the world did not want to buy from Wil¬ liamsburg, Williamsburg did not care. It had all it wanted. When a man owned more than one hundred slaves, he seemed to lose interest in acquiring temporal things and to devote his special attention to religion and to politics. THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 305 Public schools were authorized, but they were designed only for those people who were themselves unable to educate their children. Prior to 1860, all public schools in Willimsburg were more largely in name than in fact. Nearly every planter kept governesses and tutors in his home while his children needed them. There were some community, or parochial schools, like those conducted by Mr. North at Willtown, Mr. Durand at Indiantown, and Mr. Rowe at Kingstree. These schools were more in the nature of academies which the larger children in these communities sometimes attended. The young men were prepared for college at Reid’s Academy in Concord, N. C. Bethany Academy in Iredell County, N. C. Yorkville Academy and at Waddell’s Academy at Williston. The young men completed their education at the University of South Carolina, the University of North Carolina, the University of Virginia, Princeton, and at Davidson Col¬ lege, North Carolina, Wofford, and Furman Colleges. Medical students attended lectures at the South Caro¬ lina Medical College, Charleston. The young women were usually trained under governesses at home and some of them were sent to Salem Female Academy at Winston Salem, North Carolina, and others to Bradford Springs, Dr. Taylor’s School at Darlington, and the Barhamville Female College near Columbia, South Carolina. A great many young men from this district received military and technical training at the Citadel, or South Carolina Mili¬ tary College, in Charleston. Many are the interesting stories told of the College experiences at this time. Dr. Isaac W. Graham and the Reverend James E. Dunlap were students at the Univer¬ sity of South Carolina in 1854. Dr. Graham says that a “bigger devil” than James E. Dunlap, in his younger days, never lived. One time, while they were there at the college, a number of students succeeded fairly well in making a night hideous. Among other things, they 306 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG tore down and concealed within their rooms in the University tenements several sign boards that had right¬ fully reposed over the doorways of Columbia merchants. The next morning, the University marshal made a tour inspecting the rooms of the students, looking for these pieces of stolen property. Mr. Dunlap had some of them in his room and heard the marshal’s footsteps approach¬ ing. Mr. Dunlap hurriedly threw the sign boards in the fire and began praying in the “holy tone” so often used in that period by pious preachers in their supreme flights of petitioning eloquence. The marshal heard Mr. Dunlap’s marvelous praying and stood spellbound at the door until the sign boards had burned and Mr. Dunlap had ceased praying. Then the marshal entered and com¬ mended Mr. Dunlap for his exceeding religious fervor. He did not even look for any sign boards. Some time during the presidency of Dr. Thornwell, the mess steward did not give the students so many biscuits as they wanted. The students claimed the right to take their meals outside of Steward’s hall, but Dr. Thornwell refused and required them to fare where the authorities had provided. Practically all of the students of the University held a “Secession Convention” and unani¬ mously resolved to withdraw from the University of South Carolina and enter the University of Virginia. Dr. Graham and Mr. Dunlap were two of these students em gaged in this “Biscuit Rebellion,” and so completed their college courses at the University of Virginia, graduating there in 1857. Dancing, horse racing, and tournaments were the prin¬ cipal social recreations of antebellum Williamsburg. Nearly every planter in the district kept thoroughbred horses, and at least once every year each one thought he had developed a horse that could outrun any other horse in the world. These old men were firm in their convic¬ tions in this matter and usually staked a considerable THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 307 amount of gold on their horses. Racing Days at Kings- tree and Willtown and Murray’s Ferry were time markers for the whole year. The whiskey distillers of western North Carolina knew these dates well and sent in covered wagons from Concord and Salisbury and Charlotte to Williamsburg sufficient supplies of “mountain dew” to accommodate the gentlemen in Williamsburg. Tournaments were frequently held when the lords and ladies of Williamsburg appeared at their best. The young men who rode in the tournament impersonated in cos¬ tume and conduct some favorite knight of ancient history. The herald called the turn in the list, “Earl of Sterling,” “The Knight of Dalkeith,” or the “Laird of Lochinvar.” Out into the softened sunlight and on to the course the rider dashed on Selim of the proud Arabian line. The ladies witnessing held their breath and each one antici¬ pated the winning of her knight and felt beforehand on her brow the crown as Queen of Love and Beauty. That night at the grand ball, the Queen was crowned and her descendants even now of the third and fourth genera¬ tions know all about this wonderful occasion. Some of these old Scotchmen had Irish blood in their veins and by virtue of it a sense of humor. Frequently, just after one of these tournaments, where so much pomp and ceremony and splendor had shone, they would stage a gander pulling on the field. Instead of rings, ancient, toughnecked, well greased ganders were suspended by the feet from the posts. The mock herald would call in stentorian tones the “Knight of Tater Hill” or the prince of “Punkin Centre,” when out from the lists a clownish clad rider, his long eared steed essaying his utmost, would dash and try to gather gander necks along his way. The “Queen of Fun and Frolic” crowned by the winning gander puller was usually the fairest and fattest man available. It is said jolly John Brockinton, approaching 308 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG four hundred weight in ordinary times, was prime favorite for this distinction. Usually grand balls were closing events of Fourth of July celebrations at Kingstree, Willtown, and Lenud’s, and sometimes the dances following wedding feasts were of considerable dignity and proportions ; but the frequent plantation dances, where almost every one was a close cousin to every other, were the most pleasing and beauti¬ ful social affairs of this generation. Many plantations had negro fiddlers who could make shouting Methodists as well as pious Presbyterians “chase the fox.” Almost every young person in the district loved to dance, and perhaps the man who knows would say that nothing ever brought more light and love and joy to old Williamsburg than did these plantation dances of the long ago. Tradition says Dick, the first African slave brought into Williamsburg, was a fiddler. Colonel Roger Gordon, his master, bequeathed him in his will to his daughter Sarah, who married Hugh McGill. Dick became fiddler facile princeps of all Williamsburg. Prior to Dick’s com¬ ing into the McGill clan, it is not known just how strong the dance lure lived in them. It is certain, however, that since Dick began to fiddle for Hugh McGill, no Mc¬ Gill has ever been able to keep his feet from keeping time when a fiddle starts. Dick’s spirit must even hover over the ground in which his body rests. He lived and died on what is now the Boyd plantation on Campbell Swamp. Fundamentally religious in conception, but largely social in their working, were sacramental communion oc¬ casions and camp meetings. Bethel Congregation intro¬ duced camp meetings in Williamsburg amout 1800, but the Presbyterians soon abandoned them for biennial com¬ munion meetings. These communion occasions were held in the spring and in the fall of each year at all of the THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 309 Presbyterian Churches in the district. There were four days of religious services conducted, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. The congregations of Aimwell, Hopewell, Brewington, Midway, and Salem had been formed originally of people of the Williamsburg and In- diantown communities and were closely related by blood to these people. These communion meetings were an¬ nounced many weeks before their occurrence, and large numbers from the surrounding Presbyterian Congrega¬ tions embraced these opportunities of visiting their friends and relatives, as well as of participating in these great feasts of the Church. Frequently, visiting families would come in covered wagons and camp in the churchyard. Ministers preached two long sermons every day and a most solemn religious atmosphere settled down about the churchyards. All the children of the community were baptized; all erring brethren humbled themselves in the dust before the congregation, received the forgiveness of the elders, and were restored to good standing in the Church. So called sinners were convinced that they were the peculiar elect and were then received into the rights and privileges of the Church. It was on these occasions that the Presbyterian Churches increased their member¬ ship. Incident to these meetings was the deep social influence. About this time, men were exceedingly careful in guard¬ ing their daughters even from the appearance of evil. The young women were hardly ever permitted out of sight of duennas, and it was a rare occasion then when a young man could speak a word of love to a young maiden with¬ out its being heard by her protectors. Wooing in those days was exceedingly difficult and required practical diplo¬ macy; but, on these communion occasions in this dim religious light, soft eyes could look love and the elders would not disapprove. The matches made were of great sociological value. The friendly relations continued 310 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG through them, and the knowledge gained by this means of communication between the several communities in this section of South Carolina were of considerable import. Towards the end of this period, the Churches at Williams¬ burg and Indiantown held four of these communion oc¬ casions every year. The Methodist denomination used camp meetings for evangelism from their introduction in 1800 until 1860. These camp meetings were held in Williamsburg at Popu¬ lar Hill and at Suttons and sometimes in other sections of the district. The largest camp meetings held in South Carolina were those at Centenarv Church in Marion District and at Remberts in the Sumter District. Hun¬ dreds of people from Williamsburg attended the meetings that were held at these two churches. A well suited section of land was selected, usually a large live oak grove, and an immense bush arbor erected. The seats were simply strong pine boards placed on logs that had been lain at proper distances under the arbor. Frequently, more than a thousand people would listen, while seated under such conditions, to the burning elo¬ quence of the evangelists. During the latter part of this period, many of the wealthier Methodists maintained tents at these camp meetings. These tents were immense in size and parti¬ tioned into five sections. In one of these sections, the family lived and slept; in another, the cooking was done and the groceries stored ; in the third was the dining room where all meals were served; sections four and five con¬ tained sleeping apartments for men and women, respec¬ tively. These two sections contained large numbers of mattresses and any one attending the services was gladly received for shelter during the night. All were invited to partake of any meal served. To these large tents every day came supplies in wagons from the owners* plantations and the best in the land was served. Every THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 311 one who attended these camp meetings had a comfortable place to sleep and an abundance of food. Sometimes, thousands came to these camp meetings; and the social and political as well as the religious results were con¬ siderable. Williamsburg between 1830 and 1860 was concerned deeply with certain fundamental political ideas. The States’ Rights question was always before the people and everybody was deeply interested in national affairs in Washington. Local political matters received little at¬ tention. The men of Williamsburg voted only for mem¬ bers of the Legislature. The Legislature elected other office holders from governor to constable. The men of Wil¬ liamsburg knew well how almost every one in the district would vote on stated occasions, when members of the Legislature were to be elected, and so it was difficult to induce many men of the district to take interest in elec¬ tions and still more difficult to find men who were will¬ ing to leave their plantations for about two months every vear to attend the session of the Legislature in Columbia. In 1842, Williamsburg did not elect any representa¬ tives in the Legislature at all, nor did it elect any senator in 1846. During the period from 1830 to 1860, the mem¬ bers of the Senate and House of Representatives from Williamsburg were nearly all remarkable men. They were: Senators, D. D. Wilson, William Cooper, E. H. Miller, P. H. Moore, and S. J. Montgomery; House of Representatives, Joseph Bradley, T. D. Singleton, W. J. Buford, W. J. Campbell, Joseph Scott, Joseph R. Ful- more, Robert L. Mouzon, J. W. McCutchen, J. A. Salters, B. W. Bradley, S. J. Montgomery, H. M. McKnight, David Epps, J. C. Wilson, J. G. Pressley, W. M. Belser, and J. S. Brockinton. Among the county officers of this time were: Sheriffs, S. E. Graham, William R. Scott, D. B. Mouzon, William Carter, S. J. Bradley, W. R. Nelson, and W. N. Y. Rodgers; Clerks of the Court, R. G. Fer- 312 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG rell? William R. Scott, R. W. Rockingham, and W. R. Brockinton; Commissioners in Equity, T. D. Singleton, P. G. Gourdin, William R. Scott, William Flagler, Isaac Nelson, D. J. Porter, Dr. Henry Thorne, Reverend J. A. Wallace, Ikey Coleman, and R. C. Logan j Ordinaries, David McClary and N. M. Whitehead; Coroners, Samuel Fluitt, David McClary, Isaac Nelson, J. B. McElveen, and James McClary. The American Grand Jury seems, of all good function¬ ing governmental agencies in our Republic, that which most nearly approaches idealism in its working. When the average man takes his seat in a grand jury room, he seems then and there to be nearer both God and man than he can be elsewhere. Even the average American Grand Jury works nearly always as if it were conscious of both its human and its divine origin and responsibility. Nothing in American life is respected more than a Grand J ury. There may have been in Williamsburg from 1830 to 1860 even more regard for its Grand Jury than other districts had. It is certain that this “grand inquest from the body” of Williamsburg was always heard when it spoke and that all good citizens asked for no higher authority for action than its suggestions. At the fall term, 1833, of the Williamsburg District Court, the Grand Jury made the following presentment: “We, the Grand Jurors of the District of Williamsburg and State aforesaid, present as a grievous evil in our land the intemperate use of ardent spirits. Few causes, indeed, all other causes together, as the Grand Jury be¬ lieves, have contributed as much as this to produce in¬ dividual misfortune and distress and public crimes and misdemeanors. A candid exhibition of facts would doubt¬ less lead to the lamentable conclusion that nine-tenths of the domestic evils which disturb the quiet of families and THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 313 fully as great a proportion of the crimes and minor of¬ fences which fill up our Sessions dockets. “Thus believing, without adding a word touching the great inroads on good morals and the permanence of our civil institutions, which this evil has made and is likely to make; this Grand Jury would earnestly, tho? with great deference, recommend to the Legislatures to grant all the aid and facilities which in their wisdom may be proper for them to grant in restraint of this great evil.” Signed : Thomas Steele, Foreman, J. M. Pendergrass, William Brown, Jr., R. Morris, W. Parker, J. S. Dick, William Crapps, Samuel McKenzie, James Tedder, John M. Smith, John G. McKnight, Jesse Mild, George W. Cooper, Ran¬ dall McDonald, B. R. Pendergrass, and H. D. Shaw. It is very probable that this report of the Williams¬ burg Grand Jury, with its recommendation to the Legis¬ lature, was the highest recognition the cause of Prohibi¬ tion had received in the State of South Carolina. It was time that something happened in Williamsburg. The Asbury kind of circuit riders had been preaching in these parts for nearly a half century that Man worked out his own Salvation. “The Grand Jury for the District of Williamsburg for Fall Term, A. D, 1846, in the discharge of its duty would most respectfully make the following presentments : “That in its examination of the Public Buildings of the District it finds nothing worthy of remarks, with the ex¬ ceptions of the windows and doors of the Court House. It finds sundry panes of glass in the windows and lights of the circular room below the stairs broken and think they should be supplied. The cobwebs collected on the panes of the windows and other portions of the Court Room give it a dingy appearance and the Grand Jury think they should be kept away. “The reports of the various boards of commissioners in the district, with the exception of the report of the Board 314 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG of Commissioners of Public Buildings, have not been presented to the Grand Jury and of course it cannot ex¬ press an opinion as to them. “The Grand Jury presents the present system of Mag¬ istrates throughout the State as a great and growing evil. The Jury thinks that unless some change be made it would be better for the quiet and interest of the people that the whole system should be abolished. The change which this Grand Jury thinks advisable is in lieu of the present number, to have only one magistrate for each beat Company within the limits of the district and one extra magistrate for each Court House. The grievance complained is as to the number and as to the character of the magistrates appointed. This Jury thinks that by diminishing the number more competent persons than those who now fill the office may be obtained. “The Grand Jury would advise an extension of the jurisdiction of the Ordinary in the matter of real estate. While the present law is continued, the rich may not complain, but the poor man has but slight consolation in the reflection that his hard earnings, instead of supply¬ ing the wants of them he leaves behind, find their way into the pockets of the officers of the Court of Equity. The forms of proceedings in that court are confessedly costly. The Jury is content that those who are able and willing should be permitted to pursue their rights before that Chancellor, but it deems it a grievance that the poor are not offered an option to adopt a cheaper course. “The Grand Jury presents that Mr. Cleland Belin has obstructed the public road leading from the big George¬ town road to Black Mingo Creek by the erection of a house and the construction of a gate. The Grand Jury presents the obstruction as a nuisance and would suggest the names of Messrs. S. T. Cooper, J. B. Miller, W. F. Blakely, James Snow, as witnesses in relation to this nuisance. George Barr, Foreman.” THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 315 “Judge John Belton O’Neal ordered the commissioners to repair the court house at once ; that a copy of the report be served on the Senator and Representatives to be by them laid before Legislature and that a bench warrant issue for Cleland Belin.” “In 1848, the Grand Jury notes with pleasure the neat appearance of things about the court house and the general orderliness prevailing.” Judge Wardlaw had been exacting in seeing the recommendations of former Grand Juries had been executed. It seems that at this time the county officers for the first time found it neces¬ sary to account for all fines and penalties collected. At a preceding term, every county officer was indicted for neglect of duty along this line. This Grand Jury of the Spring Term, 1848, suggested that “comfortable chairs replace the benches then in use for jurors and that the bar be made comfortable for lawyers and that this dis¬ trict might well model its court room and furnishings after the court room in Marion.” A. W. Dozier was Fore¬ man of this Jury. From report of Grand Jury, Fall Term, 1854: “We present as our unanimous opinion that the Federal law abolishing the African slave trade is a public grievance. We hold it has been, and would be, if reestablished, a bless¬ ing to the American people and a benefit to the African himself. We hold further that this trade is consistent with the true policy of the South, and that slavery is authorized and sanctioned by Holy Writ, and experience has taught us that by introducing African slavery into these United States, the African has been elevated from a condition of absolute barbarism into one of compara¬ tive civilization; from a condition of heathen darkness into one of Christian light; from a condition of despotic and chaotic misrule into one of benign and regulated law. We hold that slavery is forbidden by no principle of policy or religion except that which springs from the 316 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG frenzied imagination of fanatic philanthropy which arro¬ gantly assumes to be purer and holier than what is written. We therefore recommend this subject to the consideration and action of the Legislature of the State, trusting that through its influence the evil complained of may be remedied.” D. M. Mason, Foreman. The Fall Term, Grand Jury, 1855, presented as a griev¬ ous nuisance the dragging of the mouth of Black River with seines by men from the North, so that Williams¬ burg was deprived of its normal and accustomed supply of fish in its waters. The Legislature is asked to remedy this evil condition. Trading with slaves seems to have been the most com¬ mon yet most serious offence general in Williamsburg in 1858. The Grand Jury that year asks the Legislature to pass an Act making trading with slaves punishable by whipping. Some of the richest merchants in the district at that time persisted in buying seed cotton at night from slaves. A pillory was erected on the Court House Square in Kingstree at this time for one of these offending mer¬ chants and he would have been placed in the stocks had not one man, his friend, suspected the purpose for which the structure was being erected and informed him in time for his escape. The pillory had been used in the district at an earlier date than this, for a man convicted of “Assault with in¬ tent to murder” in 1815, was sentenced to one month in jail, fined fifty dollars, and to stand in the pillory fifteen minutes between twelve o’clock noon and two in the after¬ noon on the first Monday in April. In 1841, two white men, convicted of stealing three bushels of corn, were sentenced to receive on the first Monday in December, ten stripes; the first Monday in January, ten stripes; and the first Monday in February, ten stripes; and to be imprisoned for three months. THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 317 In 1859, the Grand Jury report contained the follow¬ ing: “We recommend that the Commissioners of Public Buildings apply to the Legislature for authority to sell a portion of the Eastern and the Western boundaries of the Public Square (Court House Square.) We find same unnecessarily large. We present the free negroes of the district as a nuisance and recommend that the Legisla¬ ture pass some law that will have the effect of relieving the community of this troublesome element. We also present the present militia system as a nuisance and rec¬ ommend that the same be abolished and another more efficient be substituted.” Signed, D. D. Wilson, Foreman. In the Williamsburg District in 1860, there were the following postoffices: Black Mingo, Camp Ridge, China Grove, Indiantown, Johnson ville, Kingstree, Lynch’s Lake, Murray’s Ferry, Santee, Natural Grove, and Parsonage. Among the professional men of this period were: Law¬ yers, N. G. Rich, E. J. Porter, John G. Pressley, A. Isaac McKnight, and Samuel W. Maurice; Physicians, Dr. T. M. Mouzon, William Dollard, B. W. Bradley, S. D. M. Byrd, D. M. Mason, T. D. Singleton, Richard Jarrott, J. W. Staggers, S. J. Singletary, J. C. Williams, S. D. McGill, Isaac W. Graham, James S. Brockinton, John F. Brockinton, and Henry Thorne. The Thirty-first Regiment of militia played a promi¬ nent part in the life of Williamsburg during this period. Once every month, the several companies met on their respective drill grounds in the many parts of the district and every Fourth of July all of the companies gathered on the Regimental Parade Ground at Black Mingo for regimental manoeuvres and a parade. These regimental meetings were occasions of great ceremony and were anti¬ cipated all during the year. Not only were then the several companies in the Regiment recruited up to legal strength and the Regiment drilled as a whole, but also 318 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG on this day great barbecue feasts were enjoyed and usually the Governor of South Carolina delivered a e/ patriotic address. On nearly every regimental muster day at Willtown the governor came, since it was a valuable opportunity for his own political future as well as the inculcation of patriotic principles. The Declaration of Independence was always read and patriotic songs were sung. After the official and formal social events of the day had concluded, the “bullies” tried their strength and the district champion for the year was determined. Every section of the district had its “bully,” the man who thought he could whip every other man in his community, at these regimental musters. The several communities brought out their respective champions and by a process of elimination in actual fist fights, the “bully” for the whole district was determined. These “bully” contests excited intense interest and formed the subject of con¬ versation for the district for many moons. Sometimes, brigade reviews were held and the “bullies” from each regiment would meet in combat and the brigade “bully” would receive his laurel wreath. On these regimental muster occasions at Willtown, the Governor of South Carolina was usually the guest of Cleland Belin. Mr. Belin was wealthy, had a beautiful home, and was one of the most unique characters that Williamsburg ever produced. His home was a splendid structure, finished and furnished in the similitude of a palace. He had considerable mechanical ability and supervised the erection of his residence. He required the builders to finish even its hidden corners with greatest care. Probably no other building erected in South Caro¬ lina up to that time was, from floor to roof, more nearly perfect. In his home, he gathered many objects of art and beautiful books and curiosities from the four corners of the globe. There were twelve bedrooms in his house. THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 319 In each one of these bedrooms, he had a grandfather’s clock out of which fairies came at the end of each hour and danced and played on their little stages. These clocks in the several rooms were set successively five minutes ahead of each other so that every five minutes in the day in some room in the house fairies played. Mr. Belin’s home excited great interest in this section of South Carolina. Thousands of people visited it every year and all of them, prince and peasant alike, received a cor¬ dial welcome. Mr. Belin was a very successful business man and a man of considerable natural mental ability. His educa¬ tion was limited, yet some of his manuscripts and the in¬ scriptions which he placed on monuments show a remark¬ able depth of thought and an excellent command of language. Governor Gist, after he had been entertained in Mr. Belin’s home on one occasion, when returning to the Capitol, said in Kingstree, “If Cleland Belin had re¬ ceived a liberal education in his youth, he would have become the most powerful man in South Carolina.” Battalion musters were held in Kingstree and near Lenud’s Ferry every year. On these battalion muster occasions, the Declaration of Independence was read and patriotic songs were sung. From the Revolution until the War between the Sections in 1861, it is probable that no part of the United States loved or regarded with greater veneration and respect than did Williamsburg what it regarded as the Constitution of the United States. That its interpretation was over-ruled by the supreme court of war detracts nothing from the splendor of its homage. In 1837, when the Seminole Indian outbreak occurred, the Williamsburg Regiment of Militia furnished its quota of men. Among the volunteers at the first opportunity for service may be mentioned: John F. 1). Britton, 320 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Thomas R. Greer, J. L. Brown, W. G. Cantley, Samuel McGill, Winfield Scott, and E. P. Montgomery. When war was declared with Mexico in 1844, a large number of the young men of Williamsburg volunteered and won everlasting fame as soldiers in the Palmetto Regiment. This Regiment was in the severest fighting at Buena Vista and Cherubusco, and sharpened its sabers on the walls of old Chapultepec. Among the officers of the militia during this period, the following are outstanding: Colonels, D. D. Wilson, Washington Cockfield, William Cooper, and S. J. Mont¬ gomery; Captains, S. J. Snowden, John E. Scott, John G. Pressley, John Coachman, Leonard Dozier, John Green, and William G. Flagler. These men were very influen¬ tial in civil as well as military affairs. Colonel Mont¬ gomery was commanding the Regiment at the beginning of the War between the Sections. He was also Senator from Williamsburg and died holding this high place. Colonel Washington Cockfield seems to have been one of the most spectacular officers of the day. The old men of present Williamsburg, who were then boys, remember him in full regimentals, his long waving plume and flash¬ ing sword, dashing about the Willtown muster ground on his coal black charger. The one great curse of this halcyon period in Williams¬ burg was fever. Almost everv vear at least half of the people were incapacitated for business and for social ac¬ tivity on account of this malady. A few times typhus became epidemic and took a tremendous toll of human life. In 1815, the first epidemic occurred and hardly a home in the district was left untouched by the death angel. Again in 1854, it raged. At the spring term of the court in 1857, the district officers were ordered by the court to occupy their new quarters which had been re¬ cently added to the Court House. This order had not been obeved when court convened in October. When the c / THINGS, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, 1830-1860 321 offending officers were served with the rule to show cause why they should not be punished for contempt, they showed to the satisfaction of the court that for three months prior to that time there had not been a sufficient number of people in the town of Kingstree unafflicted by fever to care for the actual needs of those who were stricken. But the great continuous curse of this period was malaria. Infected mosquitoes clouded the country. Dr. Isaac Graham says that when he was a small boy on Santee frequently he found difficutly in drawing a “bead” with his rifle on a squirrel up a tree on account of the mosquitoes swarming in the air. Everybody in this country then had two residences. The house in which the family lived in winter was called its home. The place it lived in summer was either far removed from the swamps, or in the mountains of North Carolina. Women and children who lived near the swamps in summer were in great danger. The old family graveyards filled during these periods tell fearful tales. Planters usually selected a square plot of about one-fourth an acre for their burying ground and there only the members of the family were interred. There are now hundreds of these old graveyards that show the father, mother, and five or more of their children of less than five years old buried by their sides. Diphtheria and malaria did their deadly work, so that in few families half of the children born reached maturity. The most pathetic tale told by these old tombstones is that of Cle- land Belin and Sarah Margaret McFaddin. To them were born thirteen children before she died at forty years of age. Eleven of these thirteen are all buried in a row beside her, not one of the eleven having reached the age of five years. Mrs. Belin died before her husband and he placed a tomb¬ stone to her and one to each of their eleven dead children. He wrote the following inscription on the stone erected to her memory, “Sarah Margaret Belin, daughter of Mr. 322 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG William McFaddin, beloved wife of Cleland Belin, born 27 August, 1811, died 3 October, 1851. She was indus¬ trious, careful, and domestic in her habits, retiring in her manner, calm and tranquil in her demeanor, hospitable in her feelings, forgiving in her temper, and Christian in her principles.” It is said that when the French Huguenots first settled on the Santee River in Williamsburg, there were then quantities of mosquitoes infesting the section but that they were not infected with the germs that produced malaria. For many years these mosquitoes were not a serious men¬ ace to the community, but that some years after the in¬ troduction of African slaves, the malaria germ began to threaten the whole section, and, sooner or later, the pest made the section almost uninhabitable for Caucasians. It is believed that the malaria germ came into Williams¬ burg by way of the slaves imported from Africa. Malarial fever, as it developed in the fifties, on the San¬ tee, surpasses human capacity for description. When the germ once overpowered a human system, it was relentless. It took away life slowly and certainly. A man might be plowing in the fields when he first felt its force and from that moment he gradually failed. Some of the men and women of this period who overcame this malignant germ showed ever afterwards remarkable resistance to all the ills to which flesh is heir. One hears now the statement made, in opposition to the use of vaccines and mosquito exterminators, that a great many people who dwelt in the Santee swamps lived to be a hundred years old. These relators overlook the fact that nine average persons per¬ ished where one extraordinary physical specimen survived. Many years ago the mosquitoes were conquered, the fevers ceased to burn. CHAPTER XXV. TRANSPORTATION, 1830-1860. Men called the ways over which they travelled in Wil¬ liamsburg during this period roads. It is strange that men of their intelligence and their patriotic impulses and unlimited quantities of slave labor built no highways, but continued to worry along with ways over which they might go only at certain seasons of the year. The roads of this period wound in and out and around about the swamps. Much of the time they were half covered with water and boggy to an impassable degree. Perhaps these men of the prewar period had on their plantations about everything they wanted and did not see the necessity for roads. With the slave labor at the command of Williamsburg during this period, and without effecting its production of cotton one bale, the district could have constructed roads that would have lasted like Indian mounds and have been for the good of a hundred generations. These planters usually had small boats that carried their cotton down the winding Wee Nee River to Georgetown. They seemed not to care that the courses these boats had to follow were a hundred miles. They could have, with a minimum amount of cost, straightened the river and made the distance less than half. Xor did they ever make any effective attempts to dredge the river. It is true that sometimes they would cut long pine trees that had fallen into the river and had become serious menaces to their sloops and flat boats, but this was about all that they did to improve the navigability of this natural highway. Black River has run by Kingstree for two hundred years without any businesslike effort undertaken to make its use valuable to the district. 324 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG The planters of Williamsburg marketed their cotton and tobacco at Georgetown since they could float these products down the river. Bringing back things up the river was a more difficult task and possibly this was a factor in the increasing wealth of the Williamsburg Dis¬ trict during this period. It was much easier to carry things to market than to bring things from the market home. Always, except in emergencies, Williamsburg has chosen the easier way. Some of the planters of Williamsburg lived at such a distance from the river that they transported their cotton and tobacco overland, crossing Black River at Brown’s Ferry. A few marketed their products in Charleston, crossing the Santee at Murray’s and Lenud’s Ferries. All the district north of Williamsburg as far as North Caro* lina used the Murray’s Ferry road through Kingstree and crossed the Santee there in going to Charleston and re¬ turning. Murray’s Ferry was for a century one of the most important points in South Carolina. Usually in history rivers proved great blessings to the communities through which they flowed, but not so the Santee. It is a treacherous river, uncertain and dangerous. It was a barrier to eastern South Carolina for two centuries. Often passengers could not cross it at Murray’s Ferry, and had to wait until its floods subsided. Sometimes when a crossing could not be effected at Murray’s Ferry, it could be accomplished at Lenud’s Ferry forty miles down the river. Lenud’s Ferry was not used, however, from 1830 to 1860 so much as Murray’s Ferry. In 1856, the Northeastern Railway was built from Charleston northward through the Williamsburg Dis¬ trict. The building of this railroad proved at once that it was an enormous factor in the life of Williamsburg Dis¬ trict. On this railroad, planters could ship their prod¬ uce and could go themselves in a few hours over the same distance that theretofore had required several TRANSPORTATION, 1830 TO 1860 325 laborious days. Very soon, the greater part of the busi¬ ness of Williamsburg was done in Charleston, and George¬ town ceased to be the trading seat of this district. Plant¬ ers from Williamsburg shipped their cotton to factors in Charleston every fall. These factors sold their cotton and accepted their drafts from time to time. All of the cotton was thrown on the market about the same time and sold at such prices as the factors determined. Planters of Williamsburg secured their supplies from merchants in Charleston almost entirely after the build¬ ing of the Northeastern Railroad. These planters knew and were known to certain merchants in Charleston who filled the orders of the planters all during the year. If the cotton crop had been a good one, these merchants ac¬ cepted their pay about November first. Nobody ever thought of paying bills oftener than once a year. If the Williamsburg planter had failed to make a good crop, the merchant permitted him to postpone payment until the following November. It was so easy to buy on order and pay days were so far away that just about the begin¬ ning of the War between the Sections, Williamsburg was enjoying a season of riotous living. Bridging the Santee and completing the railroad through Williamsburg District was a tremendous task in those days when practically all labor was done by man power. Such engineering projects were also attended with great danger and several men lost their lives while this work was being done. Railroading was extremely hazard¬ ous in that experimental stage and often railroad men were killed in accidents. The supervising constructor of the Santee trestle, Mr. Littlefield, lost his life before com¬ pleting his task. The first bridge built there in 1856 was a wooden structure and manv miles of trestle work were required before the embankments were placed many years later. The first section boss was killed on this trestle 326 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG within a year after trains began running. The first sec¬ tion boss in the Cades community was also killed in 1857. The first train that ran through Williamsburg County is remembered distinctly by many persons now living. Celebrations were staged at its several stopping points in the district and multitudes of people, brass bands, and barbecue feasts greeted the day the locomotive whistle first startled the denizens of these swamps. Dr. D. C. Scott, then a six-year old boy living in the Cedar Swamp community, was brought by his father to see the first rail¬ road train come into Kingstree. Dr. Scott’s father had bought him a hobby horse in Kingstree that day and as the train was approaching, his father cautioned him to hold his horse or the train would frighten him. Every real horse in Kingstree that day was securely tied far away from the railroad. At that time, people in Kingstree enjoyed seeing the trains pass. Some built their houses on Railroad Avenue for the purpose of witnessing railroad trains pass morn¬ ing and evening. Seventy-five years later, when the great Atlantic Coast Line Railroad runs almost a continuous line of trains over its double tracks along Railroad Avenue in Kingstree, the descendants of these same people, who live in the houses which they built, are much disturbed by the passing of so many trains. Up to this time, probably no other event in the history of Williamsburg, save the War of the Revolution, had such an immediate and far-reaching influence on the district as did the building of this Northeastern Railroad. The innkeepers in Kingstree and at Murray’s Ferry and the ferrymen viewed the situation with alarm. All at once the line of travel from the North ceased coming through Kingstree and passing over Murray’s Ferry, and it was not many years before the last ferry boat on the Santee had sunken and the ferryman’s song forever hushed. TRANSPORTATION, 1830 TO 1860 327 The building of the Northeastern Railway inflicted a serious blow on Georgetown. Up to that time, a consider¬ able part of its trade had come from Williamsburg. This trade moved to Charleston almost at once after the rail¬ road service began. Henceforth, Charleston and not Georgetown was the center of the commercial interest of Williamsburg. Immediately after the Northeastern Railway was built through Williamsburg, there came “down here from North Carolina” a multitude of turpentine workers and dis¬ tillers who began to develop the lumber and naval stores industries. These immigrants for the most part were a vigorous, hardy, and energetic people. They were about the first white people whom that generation in Williams¬ burg had ever seen who worked with their hands as well as their heads. This working of white people with their hands produced uncertain and conflicting opinions of them in Williamsburg. Some regarded these turpentine workers simply as “poor white trash” unworthy of notice. Others were not so sure. Williamsburg sold them turpen¬ tine rights at first for a song, but soon learned from the fortunes being made by these turpentine workers the value of a pine tree. Richard H. Kellahan came into Kingstree without a dollar in the world. He was a likely looking youngster. M. J. Hirsch, Esq., a lawyer in Kingstree, took a fancy to him, bought him a pair of shoes and an axe and grub¬ staked him for three days. Mr. Kellahan went into the woods and chipped turpentine trees until he became a millionaire. Ferney Rhem “came down here from North Carolina” about 1847, settled on the Georgetown-Wil- liamsburg County line and began to work turpentine. A few years later, he had a small empire in that section. When he died, he was one of the largest land owners in South Carolina and his descendants have been contin¬ uously adding to their estate. There were many others 328 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG of these men who made fortunes and were influential factors in Williamsburg. Among these “Tar Heels” who came to Williamsburg, Dr. McGill mentions J. F. Carraway, P. H. Bufkin, Isham Hinson, R. P. Hinnant, Augustus Haddock, John, James, and Edwin Harper, James, William, and Walter Bryan, James E. David, Thomas Edwards, Edward and Henry B. Johnson, S. B. Newsom, S. W. Mills, Hardy Hallimer, Samuel Moore, W. Lee, R. H. Kellahan, N. G. Pitman, Augustus Perkins, E. J. Parker, Jessie Turner, F. Rhem, W. T. Willoughby, Cicero and Hagard Whitfield, and W. K. Lane. CHAPTER XXVI. SLAVERY AND SECESSION. There were two great ideas obtaining at the time of the creation of the American nation. For twelve vears, there had been thirteen independent states along the Ah lantic coast. It was realized that some form of union was necessary for the mutual protection of these states and for their highest opportunity for development. Until this time, a state had depended most largely on the per¬ sonality of some individual leader, or king; and about him, the personalities of several lesser leaders, who domi¬ nated sections of the country, gathered. A strong king made a strong nation but the making of a strong nation usually worked unnecessary hardships upon the indi¬ viduals composing this state. The founders of the American Union were learned men. They knew the history of nations and had followed them as they rose and fell. One faction of the founders honestly believed that these thirteen states, along the Atlantic sea¬ board, should unite, surrendering to the Federal Union all of the powers inherent in a state and thus make the union one great state wherein all the powers of these thirteen smaller states should be amalgamated. This fac¬ tion realized the practically unlimited possibilities of this great union existing in their minds. The individual leaders of this faction lived in the northern portion of these colonies where commerce and manufacturing pre¬ dominated. They had much relationship with the other states of the world and saw very clearly how much better for them would be such a powerful state as the com¬ plete fusion of these thirteen states would make. The other idea as to the formation of the American state obtained in the southern portion of the territory. The Southerners were planters and stock raisers. They 330 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG lived largely on their plantations and had but little actual need for anything which they did not produce. The dominant element in this southern portion were extreme individualists by inheritance. They wanted to be let alone. They saw that economic conditions in so large a territory would result in inevitable clashes of interest and believed that the best thing for them would be to preserve, as far as possible, states’ rights in their own section. Sentiment, however, was by no means unanimous in either the northern or the southern sections of the Ameri¬ can territory. The strong central government idea, how¬ ever, predominated in the North, while the sectional rights idea maintained the ascendency in the South. Sentiment in the State of South Carolina was overwhelmingly in favor of the retaining all rights possible in the forma¬ tion of the Federal Government. Sentiment in Williamsburg District, however, was com¬ paratively evenly divided. In the Constitutional Con¬ vention at Columbia, in 1788, when South Carolina joined the Union, Wiliam Wilson was one of the leaders in the promotion of the strong central government idea in the convention, while Patrick Dollard was equally enthusi¬ astic and effective in his efforts for retaining everything which South Carolina could before adopting the Federal Constitution. Mr. Dollard eloquently opposed to the end the adoption of any Federal Constitution. For several decades, Williamsburg had close relations with Charleston and Georgetown, where commerce and shipping interests predominated. In these two cities the strong federal union idea was in the ascendency in the beginning, and probably from them came the force that inclined Williamsburg until the tariff became unreason¬ able. When the cost of maintaining the Federal Government became considerable and the levying of indirect taxes, SLAVERY AND SECESSION 331 popularly known as the tariff, became burdensome, senti¬ ment in Williamsburg began to change; and later when the tariff in the beginning levied for the support of the Federal Union began practically to subsidize manufactur¬ ing and commercial interests and lay grievous burdens on stock raising and agriculture, the sentiment towards states’ rights grew rapidly. The first state action in South Carolina was the Nulli¬ fication Convention in 1832. Sentiment about that time in Williamsburg was by no means unanimous. In fact, the more substantial element in the district did not favor the proceedings of the Nullification Convention. When the manufacturing section of the United States secured control in the Congress and began to use a giant’s strength like a giant, agriculture of South Carolina arose and asserted what it believed its rights under the Ameri¬ can Constitution as adopted in 1789. In the beginning and until the production of cotton in large quantities began about 1800, slave labor was not profitable in South Carolina, and up to this time the State had often considered the abolition of slavery. Gradually, from 1800, African slaves grew in value in South Carolina, since slaves had produced cotton and rice at a profit. African slaves were not profitable in the northern sections of the country. From about 1800 until 1860, the northern section of the country was just as eager to sell its slaves as the southern portion was anxious to buy, and it did not take many years of eager sellers and anxious purchasers to shift slavery to the South. The conflict of these two ideas as to the American Union, the strong states’ rights idea and the strong fed¬ eral union notion, had inextricably mixed in it serious economic conditions due to differences of sectional in¬ terest. Each section soon began to consider only itself 332 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG and gradually compromises of conflicting economic in¬ terests grew more and more difficult. Slavery was the source of great power in the South. The North realized this. It is but a short way from the realization of an economic interest to the actualization of a strong religious sentiment to sustain and support it. It did not, therefore, take a long time for professional Puritan religious reformers to begin to preach and to pray about the evils of African slavery in the South. Some of them were sincere and honest, perhaps most of them, but like all reformers, they lost themselves in their own delusions. The power which slaves gave the South in Congress was the real reason for so many pathetic “Songs of Labor’7 which were written in the section where no darkies sang around the “Great House77 door. The rabid Abolitionists at the North usually proclaimed only the inhumanity of African slavery in the South. The most charitable thing that may be said about them is that they did not know. This is no defense of African slavery in the South. African slavery in the South did not grow out of mis¬ sionary ideas for the promotion of the Christian spirit in the world, nor was it designed for the promotion of al¬ truistic sentiment, but it did take a race of men that for thousands of years had roamed the pampas and plains and jungles of Africa like wild beasts, and, within a single century, bring forth multitudes of substantial Christian men and women. In 1808, there was a shipload of Guinea negroes sold in Williamsburg, South Carolina. They spoke no lan¬ guage save that of grunts and nods. They knew not their right hand from their left. One hundred years later, in 1908, the descendants of these same Guinea negroes were prosperous citizens. Some of them owned considerable plantations and produced large crops of corn, cotton, and tobacco; some of them were members of the bar in New SLAVERY ANDi SECESSION 333 York City; some were practising medicine; some were architects and builders. There is no other case of such remarkable development of a race recorded in history or told in tradition. Slave owners in Williamsburg, South Carolina, were neither more nor less saintly, human nor inhuman, than other men of the world of their day and generation. When these savage Africans were brought to this district, they could not be disciplined or controlled and civilized and made serviceable only by the use of smooth tongues and gloved hands. It was necessary that the planter trans¬ form a wild man into a profitable workman within a short period of time that the slave might be profitable. This was a tremendous task and it was well done with as little physical force as was expedient. One now marvels that the transformation was often effected by these planters within such a short period of time. Slaves were required to render instant and unquestioning obedience and this proved their salvation. Out of this slave train¬ ing, came some of the most noble characters, the most loyal subjects, and the most beautiful service ever seen in the world. One wonders now when he thinks that the son of a cannibal could become the “major domo” of a southern plantation. It required clear minds, strong arms, and endless patience to make Guinea negroes into service¬ able citizens. South Carolina did it. It must not be thought for one moment that the transformation of these savages into good men and women was effected for other than utilitarian and economic motives, but the resulting love and loyalty fostered in this reformation often proved the most beautiful thing in the world. Bill was the son of a negro captured in the jungles on the Congo, and sold as a slave on the block in Charles¬ ton. In the graveyard about the beautiful old Black Mingo Baptist Church, one now finds a marble slab on which is graven : “Sacred to the memory of Bill, a 334 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG strictly honest and faithful servant of Cleland Belin. Bill was often intrusted with the care of Produce and Mer¬ chandize to the value of many thousand dollars, without loss or damage. He died 7th October, 1854, in the 35th year of his age, an approved member of the Black Mingo Baptist Church. Well done, thou good and faithful ser¬ vant. Enter thou into Joy of thy Lord.” It must not be understood that slaves were always well and kindly treated. It must be realized that there were many thousand masters of so many thousand minds and hearts. It must be remembered, however, that nearly every one of these many thousand masters was essaying his utmost to make his slaves as valuable as possible and knew the value of good treatment and kindness in the development of the serviceability and dependability of his slave. It is told of a large slave owner, one in Williamsburg District, that sometimes he moved up and down his line of slaves, while they were working in the fields, beating them promiscuously with his cane, and sometimes he knocked one senseless. It is told of another slave owner in the district that once he hanged a negro man up by the thumbs and used the claws of an enraged tom cat to lacerate the bare back of the suspended slave. These two stories are probably true. Each of these masters, how¬ ever, would now be considered a paranoiac. At least half of the descendants of each one of them have spent a considerable part of their lives in sanitariums for the treatment of nervous diseases. That same master of whom the story is told of suspending the negro by the thumbs was seen one morning digging a ditch in a swamp while several of his slaves stood near on dry ground. A man passing asked the master why he did not make the negroes do the work. The master replied, “It might make the negroes sick.” SLAVERY AND SECESSION 335 In Williamsburg, slave owners fed and clothed their negroes the best they knew. The best physicians that could be secured were kept on the plantations and negroes were given every possible medical attention. They were too valuable to lose. Stories of cruelty and inhuman treatment of slaves in Williamsburg in individual cases may be true but the fact remains that the Williamsburg slave prepared his master’s food, nursed his master’s children, and closed his master’s eyes in death. The master loved his negro and the negro loved his master, and out of their relations, grew much of the beauty of the world. In 1835, petitions from the North began to flood Con¬ gress for the abolition of slavery in the District of Colum¬ bia and from this time until slavery was abolished in the United States, the activities of the abolitionists in¬ creased. Almost everything done by act of Congress in the city of Washington was tinctured with the slavery question and it was a continuous struggle between slavery and the anti-slavery forces to secure a majority in the Congress. The anti-slavery section was much larger in territory and in population than the slavery section. Every time, during this period, that new territory asked to be admitted into the Union, there was a fight as to whether it should be a free or a slave state; and for a long time states were admitted in pairs, one free and one slave. They could be admitted in no other way. This continuous agitation on the subject of slavery, the means used for its abolition and the realization of the effect of its abolition on the South, made practically every southern planter a secessionist. Until about 1856, when the Dred Scott decision was delivered by Chief Justice Taney, there had been a great many union men in South Carolina, those who had steadfastly hoped and believed that the Union might continue and that the slavery ques¬ tion might be settled without secession. Some of the 336 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG best men in Williamsburg District were among these union men. Love for the United States of America, until 1850, was nowhere greater than it was in Williamsburg. When the Unionists of Williamsburg realized that the Dred Scott decision would be nullified by some means, and when they fully understood the principles of the Con¬ stitution of the United States, supplemented by the de¬ cision of the Supreme Court, would be nullified in one way or another, then all Williamsburg saw that seces¬ sion was the only way that states’ rights, as had been and were being held in these parts, could be maintained. In 1851, there was an election held in the State of South Carolina on the question of secession. The largest vote ever cast in the State was recorded at that time, — Secession 17,056 ; Cooperation, 24,914. The Secession party after its election renewed its efforts. A confidential letter distributed among the members of the Secession party, which letter was written by Maxcy Gregg, after¬ wards a distinguished general in the Confederate Army, contains the following paragraphs: “The defeat of the Secession Party has been effected by a coalition of Par¬ ties repugnant to each other in their principles, and by means most pernicious to the safety, as well as humiliat¬ ing to the character, of the State of South Carolina. “The Anti-Secession coalition is composed of two prin¬ cipal sections. The first, which is much the smallest (sic) in number and has heretofore been regarded as of inconsiderable power, is the Union Party. Adherence to the Union, at the expense of whatever submission and degradation may be required, is the object of this party. The success of the coalition thus far enures to the benefit of the Union Party. “Another section of the coalition, and a much larger and more powerful one, consists of disunion men, who, sensible of the degradation and danger of our condition, desire to resist, and to form a Southern Confederacy, but regard SLAVERY AND SECESSION 337 the cooperation of other States in the resistance either as indispensable or of such paramount importance as not to justify the separate action of South Carolina at the present time. “Between these two sections is perhaps to be placed another class of men professing the resistance principles of the last as most popular, but really desirous of defeat¬ ing all efforts for resistance and continuing in the Union. This class may at any moment, when their time serving propensities may prompt it, bring a great and sudden ac¬ cession of power to the Union Party. “Gloomy as is the prospect, it is not yet necessary to give up the cause of the State in utter despair. Sub¬ mission is not yet to be contemplated as our inevitable destiny.” In 1852, a Secession Convention was held in the city of Columbia, at which the resolution as follows was adopted : “We, the People of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That South Carolina, in the exercise of her sovereign will, is an independent State, acceded to the Federal Union, known as the United States of America, and that in the exercise of the same sovereign will, it is her right, without let, hindrance, or molestation from any power whatsoever, to secede from the said Federal Union; and for the sufficiencv of the causes which may impel her to such separation, she is responsible alone, under God, to the tribunal of public opinion among the nations.” The representatives from Williamsburg were S. E. Graham, A. W. Dozier, and D. M. Mason. Mr. Dozier did not attend this convention. This convention shows the feeling in South Carolina at that time. It makes it very plain that all hope of re¬ maining in the Union had not been lost, but just as clearly does it show the determined opposition to the en- 338 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG croachment on states’ rights by the dominant element in the American Congress. In 1854, Governor James H. Adams recommended that the African slave trade be opened. Committees were ap¬ pointed by both branches of the Legislature to consider the matter and report at its next session. In this Legis¬ lature, a member of the committee appointed by the House of Representatives was J. Johnston Pettigrew, one of the most brilliant men that South Carolina ever pro¬ duced. He read the minority report for this special com¬ mittee of the House of Representatives. Trescot said that it was “a clear, complete, eloquent, and forceful exposi¬ tion of the convictions of three-fourths of the slave holders of the South.” Pettigrew’s report is one of the greatest papers of the slavery regime. Many people in South Carolina hoped that such men as he would be able so to direct the opinions of the majority that secession and bloodshed would be avoided. The slave trade was not reopened. There were at this time eighteen thousand slaves owned by negro masters in the United States and negro masters in the State of South Carolina more than that relatively proportionate number. There were some negro slave owners in Williamsburg. The descendants of Joshua Braveboy, a negro who had won his freedom on account of his services in the Revolutionary War, owned many negroes in this district. The value of a good farm negro in Williamsburg in 1800 was $500.00; in 1820, $725.00; in 1840, $800.00; in 1850, $700.00; in 1860, $1200.00. Slaves who were well trained as house servants, horsemen, mechanics, carpen¬ ters, blacksmiths, and to other useful trades, frequently were sold for prices ranging from three to five thousand dollars in gold. In 1860, South Carolina stood third among the states in the Union in per capita wealth, $779.00 a head. The state taxation amounted to $1.85 per capita. SLAVERY AND SECESSION 339 Slaves and general wealth were probably more evenly divided in Williamsburg County in 1850 than in any other district in the State of South Carolina. There were practically no poor people in the district and there were few who were very wealthy. There was no place in the district for a man who did not own slaves except as an overseer of slaves. Men who did not own slaves, except those who could find places as overseers on the planta¬ tions, did not remain long in Williamsburg. They mi¬ grated westward. Some of them went to Kansas and to California and usually became spitfire abolitionists. The doings of Kansas, Nebraska, and California had much more influence on the secession of the South and the abolition of slavery than did the preaching of ministers and the publishing of pamphleteers in Massachusetts and Ohio. Some of the very men who could find no place in Williamsburg were those most aggressive in the new states. There was, however, a class of white citizens in Williamsburg prior to 1860 who owned but a few slaves and who worked with their own hands. These were the turpentine men who began coming to this district in 1843. From 1850 until 1860, however much the conservative element in South Carolina had labored to avert scession, it was known that such would finally result. The relig¬ ious denominations in the countrv broke their bonds of ts union. There became a Presbyterian Church North and a Presbyterian Church South ; a Methodist Church North and a Methodist Church South; and a Baptist Church North and a Baptist Church South. The Protestant Epis¬ copal Church in the United States had no such bond of union as the Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists. Each diocese determined for its own territory its polity. It had, therefore, no reason for further disunion. Theological diplomats of these several denominations declared one reason and another for these separations, but all their ex cathedra utterances were so thinly veiled 340 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG by truth that the everlasting fact stood out unmistakable and clear. The ruling element in the membership of Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian Churches in the North held that slavery was wrong, and the dominant faction in those same churches in the South declared that slavery was right. These churches, and all other churches, by whatsoever name known, in every age and clime, follow the will of Man, their Creator, Preserver, and Pro¬ moter. Some of the most powerful sermons ever preached in Massachusetts were based on the doctrine that Slavery was the incestuous offspring of Sin and Death. Even more eloquent were some of the proclamations coming from South Carolina pulpits at the same time declaring that same slavery most pleasing to Almighty God. It is strange that so few men have ever realized that one must go straight to Almighty God to find the Truth. Out of the ever increasing conflict and the more and more difficult compromising between the sectional ideas existing for three quarters of a century in the United States in the matter of relationship between the several states and the Federal Union, with the difficult economic condition and the resultant severity of feeling induced by African slavery, there came on November 6, 1860, the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. The southern section knew that it had lost on the forum and that it must resort to the field to realize its rights. On November 7, 1860, the day after Lincoln was elected, the Grand Jury of the United States District Court in Charleston refused to function. When asked by the judge whether the jury had any presentments to make, Robert N. Gourdin, foreman, replied, in effect : “The verdict of the ballot-box on yesterday has swept away the last hope for the permanence of the Federal Government of these several States. In these extraordinary circum¬ stances, the Grand Jury respectfully declines to proceed SLAVERY AND SECESSION 341 with its presentments.” Whereupon, Judge A. G. Mc¬ Grath arose, doffed his silken gown, and formally resigned his office, saying, in part : “So far as I am concerned, this Temple of Justice, raised under the Constitution of the United States, is now closed. If it shall never be again opened, I thank God that its doors have been closed before its altar has been desecrated with sacrifices to tyranny.” Governor Gist called the Legislature of the State in extraordinary session, recommended that the militia be reorganized, the whole military forces of the State placed in a position to be used at shortest notice, and every man between the ages of eighteen and forty-five be well armed, and that the services of ten thousand volunteers be im¬ mediately accepted. He designated November 21, as a day to be observed by all people of South Carolina in fasting and prayer, pleading for Divine guidance in the existing condition. Secession clubs were immediately formed in every Mili¬ tia beat in Williamsburg District. On December 16, 1860, the Secession flag was raised in Kingstree, and the three delegates which Williamsburg had chosen to represent it at the Secession Convention in Columbia on December 17, John G. Pressley, Anthony W. Dozier, and R. C. Logan, assembled to depart for the convention. About them, as they left the Court House for the train, there stood all Williamsburg. The district had gathered to ex¬ press silently and unmistakably its verdict. On December 20, every member of the Secession Con¬ vention from every district in South Carolina signed the Ordinance of Secession, dissolving the bonds between the State of South Carolina and the Federal Union. Shouts of deliverance coming from that Convention Hall in Charleston were sounded unbroken to the uttermost ends of the Commonwealth. That night bonfires burned and bugles blew in every city and hamlet in the land. 342 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG It was no simple matter that Williamsburg had con¬ sented and had aided in the dissolution of this Federal Union, which it had so valiantly served to create and which it had sustained with its best blood for three quarters of a century. It had not forgotten Marion and Mouzon and Macaulay and McCottry and James and Scott. Its children had played about patriots* graves in infancy and its old men had told tales of their heroism about every fireside in the land. The Declaration of In¬ dependence hung in every hall in the district and it had been read at public gatherings on every birthday of the nation. Secession came out of the depths of Williams¬ burg. LIEUT. COL. JOHN G. PRESSLEY, C. S. A CHAPTER XXVII. WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861. On January 1, 1861, at a gathering of the men and women of Williamsburg, the Wee Xee Volunteers were organized into a company for serving the State. It was some privilege to have the opportunity of placing one’s name on the list of this company and of answering its first roll call. The men who were accepted were select men from every part of Williamsburg District. Com¬ munities contested for the number of representatives they should furnish and the list, which was finally made, con¬ tained names that were known at Tours, Hastings, Run- nymede, Bannockburn, Black Mingo, Camden, Cowpens, and Yorktown. Here is the first Muster Roll of the Wee Xee Volunteers that left Kingstree for Charleston, January 4, 1861: John G. Pressley, captain ; Samuel W. Maurice, first lieutenant ; R. C. Logan, second lieutenant ; E. C. Keels, third lieu¬ tenant; D. B. McCreight, first sergeant; W. R. Brockin- ton, second sergeant; S. McBride Scott, third sergeant; G. F. McClary, fourth sergeant; W. A. China, fifth ser¬ geant; John A. Keels, sixth sergeant; J. B. Montgomery, first corporal; S. I. Montgomery, second corporal; F. J. Lesesne, third corporal; T. S. Chandler, fourth corporal; H. Montgomery, Jr., fifth corporal; and S. F. Pender¬ grass, sixth corporal ; privates : E. S. Arines, James Bradley, J. S. Brockinton, B. P. Brockinton, S. D. M. Byrd, R. J. Bradham, J. A. Bradham, R. H. Barrineau, F. W. Boyd, T. J. China, S. M. China, J. R. China, W. D. Cook, J .F. Cook, X. J. Conde, P. J. Creesey, S. W. Crapps, W. J. Cockfield, W. D. Duke, David Epps, A. W. Ezell, John Frierson, W. X. Fluitt, D. P. Fulton, J. M. Foot¬ man, W. J. Ferrell, J. A. Feagin, T. B. Fleming, J. W. Gamble, W. G. Gamble, William Guess, J. G. Green, R. 344 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Henry, Janies Hopkins, Charles Jones, J. H. Keels, J. M. Kirton, S. W. Kirton, C. Lesesne, E. R. Lesesne, D. W. Logan, Calhoun Logan, H. J. Lynam, C. S. Land, D. C. McClary, S. B. McClary, S. A. McClary, J. L. McClary, William McCollough, J. S. McCollough, J. P. McElveen, Geo. G. McElveen, W. M. McCrea, T. A. McCrea, A. J. McCants, C. W. McClam, W. M. McKnight, E. R. Martin, J. J. Martin, I. J. Martin, J. T. Modlin, E. P. Mont¬ gomery, J. F. Montgomery, S. Montgomery, J. A. Mont¬ gomery, W. J. Montgomery, D. K. Mouzon, J. P. Mouzon, W. E. Mouzon, S. S. Mitchum, G. K. Mitchum, J. M. Morris, T. E. Ragin, Henry Ragin, J. A. Nexsen, E. B. Scott, W. P. Scott, W. N. Y. Rodgers, B. F. Scott, T. J. Strong, J. Y. Tisdale, J. S. Tisdale, S. Tisdale, George Wear, T. A. Wallace, A. Welch, L. E. Young. The Wee Nee Volunteers entrained at Kingstree for Charleston on January 4, 1861. That very day the North, by proclamation of President Buchanan, was spending in fasting, humiliation, and prayer “to avert the alarm¬ ing immediate political dangers and the fearful distress and panic in the land.” For about two months, to Presi¬ dent Buchanan and the North was Darkness visible. They remembered South Carolina and 1832, and hoped. But Andrew Jackson, a South Carolinian, was then President. Yet sixty more days and another South Carolinian, hardly knowing his own high birthright, came with the Day in the hollow of his hands. During this sixty days, there was about as much un¬ certainty at the North as there was certainty at the South. The South said : “Cotton is King and the Nations of the Earth will fall down before him. Yankees will not fight. We can wipe up with one cotton handkerchief all the blood spilled; God is with us, for slavery is a divinely appointed institution.” South Carolina women wore bonnets of white and black cotton, long waving plumes fashioned out of fleecy WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 345 staple, streamers ornamented with palmetto trees and stars embroidered in gold. Orators inspired the multi¬ tudes with tales of the heroism of the South Carolina for¬ bears in the War of the Revolution. Ministers proved conclusively to them that African slavery was pleasing to Almighty God and that He would give victory to southern arms. In the North, fanatical abolitionists who had crusaded for this condition for so many years, gloated over the blood stained fields they saw in the future. These fren¬ zied abolitionists were about the only people, North or South, who were happy. They were frantic for the sight of blood. From afar they glutted their souls on it at Gettysburg. There were many serious efforts made to avert the War. The North would not consent to the withdrawal of the Southern States. The South would not reunite with any territory opposing African slavery. Finally the North, with the New York Herald, realized, “The discussion of the right and the wrong in the matter, and the constitu¬ tionality of this thing, that thing, or the other, would now be a waste of time.” This same paper, at the same time, said : “The longest purse and the largest popula¬ tion, when both races are equally brave, must tell in the end, and give the final victory to the North.” Finally, at four thirty o’clock on the morning of April 12, 1861, General Beauregard, commanding the Confede¬ rate troops at Charleston, fired on Fort Sumter, occupied by Union troops under Major Anderson. Major Ander¬ son and his garrison of sixty-five men returned the fire. This was a beautiful battle. The bombardment lasted thirty-four hours. Once the Confederate flag was shot down from Fort Gregg. Samuel Montgomery and David Duke, of Williamsburg, volunteered and replaced it. The defenders of Fort Sumter saw this act of valor and ceased firing for a moment. When these two Williams- 346 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG burg men realized their enemy recognized and respected their bravery, they both faced the foe, drew themselves rigidly to attention, and saluted him. Major Anderson capitulated on April 13, 1861, and on Sunday, April 14, 1861, marched his little force from the fort on to a wait¬ ing Union transport, his banners flying and his bands play¬ ing. As the transport made its way out of the harbor, the Confederate forces along the beaches uncovered, honor¬ ing a brave and chivalrous enemy. The War between the Sections had begun. Not a man on either side had been killed in the first battle. The big guns fired during the Battle of Fort Sumter were distinctly heard in Williamsburg. At first these people along Black River thought the roar of the cannon was nothing more than a summer thunderstorm, but soon was realized the noise of battle. And Williamsburg was there! When the six months time for which the Wee Nee Volun¬ teers enlisted had expired, the company returned to Kingstree and was reorganized. On September 5, 1861, it joined the Twenty-Fifth South Carolina Regiment at Fort Johnson. The Muster Roll then showed; John G. Pressley, captain; Thomas J. China, first lieutenant, age 32; Calhoun Logan, second lieutenant, 25; Henry Mont¬ gomery, third lieutenant, 29; (Brevet second lieutenant) ; B. P. Brockinton, first sergeant, 36; J. M. Footman, second sergeant, 31; W. D. Duke, third sergeant; J. G. Tisdale, fourth sergeant; D. M. McClary, fifth sergeant; J. R. China, first corporal, 20; S. M. China, second corpo¬ ral; J. L. McClary, third corporal; T. B. Fleming, fourth corporal; L. E. Young, fifth corporal; and J. C. Sanders, sixth corporal. Privates : D. A. Allen, 37 ; E. G. Ard, 23 ; James Ard, Jr., 23; Joseph Ard, 25; S. Reuben Ard, 21; M. R. D. Baker; J. T. Barrineau, 25; Joseph Bradshaw; Jesse W. Braxton; S. W. Browder; H. J. Brown, 20; M. A. Brown; WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 347 J. M. Buckles; James M. Burgess; W. E. Graham, 16; J. F. Jones, 40; H. J. Cameron; J. W. Cameron; J. S. Coker; P. J. Coker; S. L. Coker; T. J. Cook, 24; W. D. Cook, 27; A. B. Cooper, 23; Jesse E. Christmas; E. G. Dennis, 32; S. R. Dennis, 22; B. F. Duke, 16; R. E. Duke, 20; E. S. Ellis, 30; J. H. Epps; J. J. Evans; R. E. Feagan; W. E. Fleming; G. S. Floyd; J. K. Gamble, 18; R. K. Gamble, 16; George Gist, 18; S. J. Graham; G. A. Guess, 30; S. S. James, 23; Joseph J. Jaudon, 22; John W. Jayroe, 18; Edward Johnson; Samuel M. June, 17 ; J. W. Kelly, 18 ; E. J. Kelly ; W. J. Knox ; James Land; Isaac E. Lee, 17 ; R. K. Liles; John Markey; J. M. Matthews, 20; S. A. McClary, 33; J. E. McCullough, 32; T. M. McConnell, 40; P. B. McCormick; Shadrack Mc¬ Kenzie; Charles Mitchum; G. K. Mitchum, 39; J. S. Mitchum, 38 ; S. E. Montgomery, 29 ; Samuel Montgomery ; J. B. Parker; W. K. Parker; A. J. Parsons, 24; D. M. Smith, 29; E. W. Rush, 23; J. C. Sanders; W. J. C. Scurry; H. D. Shaw, Jr.; E. J. Singletary; J. E. Thig¬ pen; W. H. Thigpen; W. W. Tisdale, 18; Hugh Tyler, 23; R. B. Walters, 23; G. H. Young, 18; L. E. Young; and W. H. Young, 23. These enlisted in the company at Battery Island, February 26, 1862 : D/. E. Adams, 35 ; C. R. Barrineau ; E. M. Barrineau, 16; G. W. Barrineau, 38; John Bar¬ rineau; R. H. Barrineau, 30; W. L. Barrineau, 22; J. A. Bradham, 21; I. M. Brown, 17; J. H. Burgess, 19; R. G. Burgess, 18 ; W. J. Burgess ; E. R. Cook, 22 ; T. J. Dukes, 18; H. E. Footman, 17; H. S. Grayson, 18; W. E. James, 25; J. M. Grayson, 20; W. Guess, 32; J. B. Johnson, 17 ; W. M. Kinder ; W. F. Lambert ; E. R. Martin ; I. J. Martin, 28 ; G. F. McClary ; D. M. McClary, 30 ; E. R. Mouzon, 44 ; J. G. McCants, 17 ; Isaac Montgomery, 25 ; J. S. McCullough; W. M. McKnight, 28; J. B. Miller; J. T. Miller; E. P. Montgomery, 20; el. A. Montgomery, 22; J. B. Montgomery; J. F. Montgomery, 28; S. J. 348 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Montgomery; S. R. Monzon; F. R. Parsons, 30; W. H. Parsons, 32; J. M. Player, 30; E. M. Smith, 30; John Wilson, 23; and P. Wilson, 25. These at Coles Island, December 30, 1861 : J. A. Fea- gan, 22; H. S. Garner, 18; J. J. Johnston; W. D. Logan, 30; E. W. McClam; S. S. Mitchum. At the same time, Captain Pressley reorganized the Wee Nee Volunteers in Kingstree in July, 1861, Lieutenant Samuel W. Maurice withdrew and became Captain of the Wee Nee Riflemen, which he organized. The Wee Nee Riflemen became a part of the Third Regiment, Pee Dee Legion, at Camp Harlee, near Georgetown. Follows a list of this company : Samuel W. Maurice, captain ; R. C. Logan, first lieutenant; William McCullough, second lieutenant; S. Isaac Montgomery, third lieutenant; W. M. McCrea, first sergeant; D. M. Duke, second sergeant; S. B. McClary, third sergeant ; S. S. Tisdale, fourth sergeant ; E. P. Montgomery, fifth sergeant; R. A. Murphy, first corporal; T. F. Duke, second corporal; Alexander Mont¬ gomery, third corporal; S. W. Curtain, fourth corporal; N. G. Rich, fifth corporal. Privates: W. J. Adams, J. E. Barrineau, J. A. Brad- ham, John Bradham, J. M. Brown, J. S. Brockinton, F. W. Boyd, Charles Boyd, R. W. Boyd, T. E. Barfield, A. E. Brown, F. G. Cantley, S. J. Carter, H. W. Carter, S. W. Crapps, William Cooper, Jr., J. J. Cooper, P. C. Creesy, J. S. Cunningham, T. J. Duke, S. Dreifus, L. Donath, J. L. Ferrell, H. E. Footman, Robert Gamble, A. F. Gardner, H. L. Grayson, William Guess, K. Guinna, L. Grendfield, R. Henry, R. H. Hudson, Edward Howard, Samuel Hanna, A. M. Jayroe, J. B. Johnston, J. M. Kir- ton, Joe Lewis, W. B. Lester, S. L. S. Lifrage, T. B. Logan, J. G. Martin, E. R. Martin, D .Z. Martin, W. J. Montgomery, J. B. Montgomery, J. F. Montgomery, John Morris, Augustus Morris, J. P. Mouzon, D. K. Mouzon, S. R. Mouzon, J. C. Murphy, S. D. McGill, R. B. McClary, COL. JAMES F. PRESSLEY. WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 349 J. J. McCants, H. A. McCullough, John McCabe, T. A. McCrea, J. A. Nexsen, W. H. Pace, T. E. Ragin, R. F. Scott, J. F. Scott, J. E. Scott, J. M. Speights, Elias Speights, T. J. Strong, J. J. Steele, T. S. Steele, T. S. Stuart, M. Schwartz, W. J. Tisdale, J. H. Tisdale, J. T. Tisdale, R. S. Tisdale, and John Thompson. The Tenth Regiment was mustered into service of the Confederate States, July 19, 1861, for a term of twelve months, at White’s Bridge near Georgetown, South Caro¬ lina. The officers of the Regiment then were: A. M. Manigault, colonel, 36; James F. Pressley, lieutenant colonel, 26 ; A. J. Shaw, major, 32 ; C. I. Walker, adjutant captain, 19 ; B. H. Wilson, quarter master captain, 42 ; T. N. Britton, commissary and captain, 46; J. P. Cain, assistant surgeon and first lieutenant; W. T. Capers, chaplain and first lieutenant, 36; H. E. Huger, sergeant major, 17 ; J. F. B. Leighton, quarter master sergeant, 47. Several companies were organized in Williamsburg in the early summer of 1861 and joined the Tenth South Carolina Regiment under Colonel Manigault. Company E of the Tenth Regiment South Carolina mustered on July 19, 1861 at White’s Bridge : James F. Carraway, captain, 34; F. M. Miller, first lieutenant, 22; F. M. Britton, second lieutenant, 23; J. F. D. Britton, third lieutenant, 45; J. P. Anderson, first sergeant, 23; D. D. Barr, second sergeant, 24; S. I. Wilson, third sergeant, 26 ; W. P. Nesmith, fourth sergeant, 27 ; J. T. McConnell, fifth sergeant, 26; Thomas M. Britton, first corporal, 29; I. W. Hughes, second corporal, 42; T. N. Martin, third corporal, 24; Thomas G. Altman, fourth corpora], 29. Privates : R. H. Gibson, 24 ; C. W. Cockfield, 40 ; R. T. B. Abrams, 40; A. Akerman, 43; T. E. Altman, 24; E. G. Barrineau, 21 ; W. I. Britton, 18 ; T. J. Britton, 16 ; S. S. Britton, 19; J. W. Baxley, 38; W. I. Baxley, 33; J. F. Brockinton, Sr., 38; J. F. Brockinton, Jr., 17; J. S. 350 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Brockinton, IT ; Benjamin Beatty, 19 ; H. W. Blakely, 19; B. E. Britton, 23; J. H. Cockfield, 21; J. C. Conrad, 26 ; A. J. Council, 38 ; George Cumbee, 24 ; J. B. Freeman, 24; L. W. Fenters, 21; D. F. Fenters, 29; J. C. Fen¬ ters, 27; W. Daniel Fenters,. 18; J. J. Fenters, 20; Gilkee Fenters, 24 ; L. F. Fenters, 29 ; J. B. Godwin,. 17 ; N. H. Griggs, 35 ; David Greetless, 17 ; D. B. Hughes, 21; G. A. Howard, 21; J. W. Howard, 45; F. M. Howard, 17; W. B. Herdick, 19; W. J. Hewitt, 21; M. O. E. Hickson, 24; Daniel Johnson, 30; J. M. Johnson, 30; G. W. Johnson, 21; J. P. Johnson, 45; Gilbert John¬ son, 18; R. H. Kimball, 45; Henry Young, 23; John Young, 21; J. C. P. Martin, 26; W. A. Marshall, 22; H. L. Marlow, 20; R. G. Martin, 30; J. F. Martin, 25; I. F. Martin, 36; E. Morris, 44; J. Z. McConnell, 26; H. T. McConnell, 17; John McNaemee, 26; E. I. Moyd, 26; J. G. Miller, 19; J. J. Miller, 18; W. H. Miller, 20; J. L. M. Smith, 21; B. S. M. Smith, 16 ; G. I. Nesmith, 16; Nathaniel Nesmith, 22; W. I. Pipkin, 27; Thomas Port, 35; E. T. Ray, 32; J. B. Russ, 39; W. C. Small, 40; J. H. Smith, 22; D. C. Tilton, 17; W. T. Wallace, 19 ; J. W. Sauls, 21 ; J. W. Cherry, 22 ; William W. Bras¬ well, 22. The Muster Roll of Captain J. R. Nettles’ Company H, July 19, 1861, for a term of twelve months : J. R. Nettles, captain, 22 ; W. J. M. Lee, 'first lieutenant, 23 ; S. P. Burket, second lieutenant, 38; W. D. Fitch, third lieu¬ tenant, 20; J. C. Osborne, first sergeant, 43; E. M. Scurry, second sergeant, 36 ; J. M. Weaver, third sergeant, 29 ; E. S. Sauls, fourth sergeant, 27 ; J. T. Kirby, first corporal, 21; S. F. R. Godwin, second corporal, 19; J. J. McKnight, third corporal, 21; John McGee, fourth cor¬ poral, 26; Samuel Kirby, fifth corporal, 26; S. W. Mc- Clam, sixth corporal, 23; R. N. Brown, seventh corporal, 23. WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 351 Privates: G. W. Anderson, 41; S. W. Burrows, 22; W. P. Budden, 23; T. E. Burkett, 23; Moses Braveboy, 19 ; M. M. Braveboy, 23 ; J. W. Brown, 16 ; J. W. Carter, 22 ; J. M. T. Carter, 24 ; J. P. Cannadv, 29 ; Allen Cook, 24 ; J. W. Cook, 34 ; E. W. Cook, 19 ; M. B. Coward, 18 ; D. C. Coward, 25; E. Cain, 26; W. Collins, 26; E. Car- raway, 23; W. Carraway, 27; E. W. Daniels, 25; A. H. Evans, 35; J. E. Evans, 18; R. N. Flowers, 19; E. A. Flowers, 21; L. D. Floyd, 20; J. O. Filligan, 39; Alfred Gray, 21 ; N. Gray, 25 ; D. B. Godwin, 22 ; G. W. Graham, 25; G. D. Green, 25; W. M. Gause, 25; J. W. Huggins; J. I. Huggins, 20; A. J. Hatchell; T. H. Hatchell; J. N. Hatchell, 24; D. Hanford; M. Jones; G. W. James; L. Jones, 16; W. Jones, 18; T. Jordan, 15; D. P. Kirby, 27 ; R. W. Kirby, 25 ; J. M. Lacey, 18 ; M. C. Langston, 24; James L. Lee, 22; Hampton Lee, 20; John Laws, 19 ; C. W. Lee, 18 ; J. L. Lynch, 18 ; J. W. Lee, 19 ; W. C. Lee, 22; W. M. C. Lee, 19; N. D. Lee, 20; J. A. Lee, 22; B. Lee, 19; A. R. Lee, 20; Jason Lynch, 18; A. Lynch, 16; R. I. McKnight, 18; William Matthews, 60; A. M. Matthews, 20; H. Matthews, 19; P. McGee, 24; S. Miles, 38; M. Matthews, 21; G. W. Matthews, 21; F. Matthews, 25; John McKnight, 20; G. R. Matthews, 28; Elias Matthews, 18; R. M. Matthews, 19; S. I. Kettles, 17; Joseph Pate, 24; N. S. Parker, 30; Alex Parker, 28; G. W. Reed, 30; W. D. Smith, 39; S. D. Smith, 42 ; R. Spring, 26 ; J. J. Steele, 20 ; T. H. Wilkes, 23; S. A. Young, 20. Company I, Tenth Regiment, enlisted on August 13, 1861, for a term of twelve months, at White’s Bridge. There were about as many men in this company from Williamsburg as from Marion. H. M. Lofton, captain, 21; B. B. McKnight, first lieutenant, 21; S. S. Gasque, second lieutenant, 36; B. Poston, third lieutenant, 34; Jasper Bartell, first sergeant, 40; Andrew Poston, second sergeant, 32; T. J. Bostwick, third sergeant, 26; William 352 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Bartell, fourth sergeant, 30 ; Ransom Turbeville, first corporal, 22; N. C. Hicks, second corporal, 16; G. C. Finklea, third corporal, 19; W. H. Me White, fourth cor¬ poral, 17. Privates: Jacob Atkinson, 34; C. T. Altman, 22; A. T. Altman, 42; D. J. Andrews, 39; B. Ard, 18; J. A. Askins, 18 ; B. J. Barnes, 37 ; J. H. Bostwick, 17 ; J. B. Brogdon, 18; E. E. Cain, 32; William Cain, 22; W. E. Carter, 27; James Calcobb; L. Cooper, 28; S. Cooper, 23; N. B. Cowls, 40 ; R. Finklea, 21 ; W. B. Finklea, 48 ; C. Flowers, 32 ; J. H. Flowers, 21 ; C. B. Foxworth, 32 ; D. W. Glas- sen, 32; J. J. Gordon, 45; A. B. Gordon, 40; J. B. Hanes, 19; D. P. Hanna, 24; J. R. Hanna, 28; E. Hanna, 18; J. H. Holland, 30 ; E. B. Hutchinson, 21 ; J. H. Hutchin¬ son, 33; L. N. Hutchinson, 18; J. L. Hammond, 40; W. L. Hammond, 34; W. A. Lee, 16; W. E. McGee, 22; T. Mayville, 18; W. W. McKissick, 24; B. A. Poston, 18 ; W. Poston, 27 ; J. H. Poston, 30 ; J. L. Poston, 17 ; M. M. Poston, 25; T. W. Poston, 43; W. L. Poston; A. Poston; J. S. Powell, 42; S. C. Powell, 31; M. B. Prosser, 23; Nathan Prosser, 35; B. Shaw, 25; D. C. Smith, 24; S. B. Sturges, 25; John Tanner, 21; L. Tanner, 24 ; E. P. Wiggins, 16 ; S. Williams, 17 ; A. Willebard, 16; D. W. Woodson, 27. Captain William B. Gordon’s Company, for some time stationed as guard at the Northeastern Railway’s Santee Bridge, afterwards became Company K, of the Twenty- Fifth Regiment. The Muster Roll of Captain Gordon’s Company follows : William B. Gordon, captain ; Francis J. Lesesne, first lieutenant; Samuel McDonald, second lieutenant; Charles Lesesne, first sergeant; Joseph W. Gamble, second sergeant; Edward R. Lesesne, third ser¬ geant; Thomas H. Davis, fourth sergeant; William H. McConnell, first corporal; Javhew P. Cooper, second corporal; James H. Brunson, third corporal. WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 353 Privates: Tkeo. M. Lifrage, Nicholas T. Altman, Wih liam J. Altman, Eliliu Ard, John Ard, Benjamin Ard, Malacki Bradshaw, Thomas E. Blakely, Thomas W. Blakely, John J. Blakely, William J. Blakely, Isaac Browder, McKenzie Browder, Edwin Browder, Benjamin R. Browder, James W. Browder, Gadsden Browder, Wil¬ liam T. Browder, Thomas E. Barfield, William R. Burdick, John Cubstead, John J. Cooper, John David, James E. Davis, Andrew J. Davis, John Davis, Jay hew P. Davis, Thomas B. Davis, Solomon Driefus, George Gamble, Louis Grendfeld, Benjamin Hix, John Hix, William Hodge, David Hodge, John H. Hodge, Thomas T. Keels, Jay hew H. Lamb, Samuel D. Lamb, Britton L. Land, Thomas S. Lesesne, George Martin, George K. McDonald, Maj or H. Mitchum, John B. Mitckum, John S. Mitchum, Charles M. Matthews, John N. Mims, John G. Player, Sylvester D. Player, Joel G. Rkodus, John A. Salters, William W. Smith, Francis N. Smith, William N. Stukes, James D. Thomas, George W. Ferry, Samuel Wilder, and John Wilder. The Williamsburg Riflemen was organized September 16, 1861, by Captain J. B. Chandler, who resigned Decem¬ ber 1, 1861, and Captain James McCutchen was promoted from First Lieutenant and commanded the Company during its battle service. It became Company G, Fif¬ teenth Regiment, Colonel W. G. DeSaussure. Here fol¬ lows the roll at its organization : J. B. Chandler, captain, 33; James McCutchen, first lieutenant, 31; William M. Haselden, second lieutenant, 21; Benjamin P. Barron, second lieutenant, 21 ; Thomas M. Fulton, first sergeant, 24 ; Martin V. Timmons, second sergeant, 24 ; William J. Wilson, third sergeant, 26 ; Hugh D. Gamble, fourth sergeant, 27; John J. Brown, first corporal, 20; William N. Johnson, second corporal, 20; Thomas J. Burrows, third sergeant, 18; Robert Nesmith, fourth sergeant, 19. Privates: John B. Abrams, 31; Samuel R. Ard, 35; 354 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Bartemus L. Barrineau, 47; John J. Barrineau, 16; Alexander Bradshaw, 24; John Brown, 30; Henry Brow¬ der, 21; Henry Buckels, 24; Lydford Buckels, 21; James H. Burns, 18; Asbury B. Carter, 22; John B. Carter, 21; George W. Carter, 42; James Collier, 30; William G. Cox, 23; John T. Cox, 22; David W. Cribb, 22; Flavius E. Cooper, 21; Tristam Faddy, 28; John T. Faddy, 21; William S. Faddy, 21; Andrew J. Eaddy, 22; Ben¬ jamin F. Ferrell, 24; Andrew P. Flagler, 44; Josiah J. Gaskins, 24; Elias B. Gaskins, 30; Charles A. Gaskins, 22; Charlton H. Gordon, 22; William L. Graham, 23; Julius J. Hanna, 24; George W. Hanna, 21; Robert Hanna, 19; James F. Hanna, 23; John Haselden, 21; James Hudson, 19; Joseph A. James, 32; Edward H. Johnson, 22; Harvey H. Kinder, 20; Francis H. Lene- rieux, 23; William W. Matthews, 20; Robert F. Maurice, 31; James McClary, 37; John J. Matthews, 18; Henry A. Poston, 25; A. Winfield Scott, 41; George C. Scott, 38; Palvey T. Stone, 24; James B. Stone, 17; Sidney B. Thompson, 24; John Thompson, 25; Nathaniel M. White- head, 38; Orlando R. Avant, 22; Abner H. Brown, 33; David L. Brown, 31; Jacob Whitehead, 17; William J. Christmas, 30; Gabriel G. Gist, 32; William J. Tilton, 18; James W. Scott, 44; George W. Carter, 47 ; Theodore G. June, 19; Adam H. June, 17 ; W. Augustus Perkins, 22. The Williamsburg Light Dragoons was a militia organi¬ zation commanded by Captain J. C. Wilson. When Governor Pickens called for volunteers to serve the State for twelve months, this troop of cavalry volunteered and was sent to Georgetown, where it became a part of the Harlee Legion. Four troops of cavalry were formed into a squadron, one of which was this Williamsburg troop and Captain J. C. Wilson was elected major. He was succeeded by Captain John Watson. At the expira¬ tion of the twelve months, Major Wilson was defeated for re-election as commanding officer of this squadron by WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 355 Major W. P. Emanuel. Whereupon, Major Wilson showed his manhood by enlisting in the Williamsburg troop as a private, and serving therein in such capacity until he was mortally wounded at Cold Harbor, and died in the Jackson hospital at Richmond several weeks later. In this troop from Williamsburg were at least three men who had served as captains in the militia prior to the Confederate War. They were: Captain J. A. Sal¬ ters, Captain J. C. Wilson, and Captain D. E. Gordon. This troop finally became a part of the Fourth Cavalry. This regiment was composed largely of the wealthier young men of the State. When they arrived in Richmond for participation along the battle line, nearly every indivi¬ dual soldier in the regiment had a negro servant attending him. The Confederate Government realized that it was sufficiently difficult to feed the soldiers without their negroes, so that these young men found it necessary to dispense with their servants and care for themselves. The regiment arrived in Virginia on Monday and on Friday it met the enemy at Haws Shop, where a number of men were killed, and on Monday, Tuesday, and Wed¬ nesday, it participated in the battle of Cold Harbor, one of the bloodiest battles of the War, and on Saturday, it met the enemy at Trevillian Station, where a number were killed, wounded, or captured. These were captured at Trevillian : Captain D. E. Gordon, S. R. Mouzon, James A. McCrea, B. P. Barron, John Coker, Robert Cade, and James Knox. The story is told that Blackwell McClary, a private in this troop of cavalry, was very much afraid of “haunts,” that his nervousness at night when in the vicinity of graveyards was a standing joke in the troop. The first time this regiment was shelled was at Cold Harbor, and this was as severe shelling as occurred during the war. This began unexpectedly and practically all of the men of Butler’s Cavalry and their horses immediately under- 356 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG took to move out of that shell fire, notwithstanding General Butler’s orders, “Steady, men, steady.” When the shell¬ ing had ceased and General Butler looked around him for his command, he saw about thirty troopers. All the others had departed. One of this thirty was Blackwell McClary. When the Williamsburg Light Dragoons reas¬ sembled, Blackwell McClary appeared before the men and told them in most emphatic language just what his opinion was of men who were afraid of exploding shells. Nobody ever attempted to taunt Mr. McClary about being afraid after this day. In these three battles, occurring within ten days, Wil¬ liamsburg Light Dragoons had a large number of men who were seriously wounded. They were all taken to the Jackson Hospital in Richmond, where many of them died. When their negro body servants had been left in Rich¬ mond, trooper Samuel R. Mouzon had succeeded in plac¬ ing his negro, Peter, who was about sixty years old and one of the best servants in the countrv, in the Jackson Hospital in Richmond. When these wounded troopers from the Williamsburg organization found Peter there, they must have breathed a prayer of thanksgiving. Peter’s master’s brother, John P. Mouzon, lost a leg and was there. So was Major J. C. Wilson, who afterwards died, E. P. Montgomery, William Montgomery, E. R. Martin, and T. S. Nelson, and many others whom Peter had known and served in Williamsburg. Probably no other wounded men in the history of the world received more faithful service than did these men whom Peter knew and loved. God may have made men who served others more faithfully and beautifully than did these negro battle attendants their masters, but doubtless He never did. Ten of these old negro body servants of Williamsburg were living in 1923 and receiving pensions from the State of South Carolina : William Bragdon, Caesar Chandler, WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 357 Richard Daggett, Charles Lee, Peter McCrea, George McCutchen, George Miller, Derry Montgomery, Joe Shaw, and Ned Washington. The Williamsburg Light Dragoons, Captain John Wat¬ son, joined in July, 1861, the Pee Dee Legion, Colonel R. F. Graham. The Lieutenants were then G. P. Nelson, S. J. Snowden, and W. K. Lane. At the reorganization of the troop in October, G. P. Nelson was elected captain. He commanded the troop for nearly a year when he re¬ signed and S. J. Snowden became the War Captain of this distinguished troop. It was officially known as Troop I, Fourth South Carolina Cavalry, Colonel B. H. Rutledge. Here is its muster roll: S. J. Snowden; W. W. Fluitt, first lieutenant; T. S. Nelson, second lieu¬ tenant; D. E. Gordon, third lieutenant; R. M. Wilson, first sergeant; J. H. Fluitt, R. S. Tisdale, S. L. Lifrage, J. H. McGavy, sergeants; J. D. Thomas, W. J. Hanna, S. W. Crapps, T. B. Fleming, corporals. Privates : J. P. Adams, W. I. Adams, J. A. Arnett, B. L. Barrineau, J. E. Barrineau, W. J. Barrineau, John Bradham, J. R. Bryan, S. S. Blakely, E. P. Blakely, T. G. Britton, F. Brisket, R. A. Buckels, J. M. Bell, T. J. Coleman, P. Crapper, R. T. Cade, Samuel Cooper, J. M. Coker, J. S. Coker, James Colin, P. F. Duke, J. P. Davis, J. T. Davis, J. V. Epps, J. W. Edwards, W. E. Fleming, J. B. Fleming, J. M. Fulton, D. B. Fulton, J. W. Gordon, J. J. Flowers, R. K. Gamble, W. J. Gamble, W. S. Grayson, P. Holliday, T. J. Hughes, J. E. Hanna, J. Harper, E. C. Keels, W. J. Knox, J. S. Lifrage, Joe Lewis, J. E. McCullough, W. B. Lester, B. J. Lam¬ bert, R. B. McClary, J. J. Marshall, J. C. McClary, S. J. McClary, J. H. McClary, J. M. McClary, James McCrea, A. Mitchum, T. M. McCrea, R. A. Murphy, J. P. Mouzon, L. W. Mouzon, S. R. Mouzon, A. J. McCrea, T. M. Mc¬ Cutchen, W. R. Moyd, W. J. Morris, H. M. Morris, R. F. McCottry, J. H. Norton, S. M. Plowden, R. J. Patterson, 358 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG J. H. Parham, J. M. Porter, P. Reagin, T. E. Reagin, J. A. Salters, R. H. Shaw, W. F. Small, H. Singletary, W. D. Singletary, S. M. Singletary, T. J. Spooner, J. F. Spooner, S. J. Thorp, C. C. Thomas, J. B. Thompson, W. J. Thompson, J. G. Thomas, J. L. Turner, W. D. Perry, J. G. Tisdale, S. Thomas, W. J. Walters, O. H. Whitefield, F. W. Wilson, J. C. Wilson, C. C. Wilkes, J. Wilder. Dr. S. D. M. Byrd organized a company during the summer of 1861, and soon thereafter became Major of Byrd’s Battalion formed at McClellanville. When Major Byrd took command of the Battalion, Lieutenant C. S. Land was promoted captain of the company. Later this company became Company I, Twenty-Sixth South Caro¬ lina Infantry. Here is a roll of Captain Land’s Com¬ pany: C. S. Land, captain, 30; J. C. Graham, first lieu¬ tenant, 28; John A. Godwin, second lieutenant, 26; R. E. Cade, third lieutenant, 45. Non-commissioned officers and privates : J. M. Thomas, 35; John L. Scott, 30; Thomas S. Stuart, 35; Thomas L. McClam, 18; Pleasant Matthews, 24; Robert F. Tilton, 18; W. L. Cameron, 38; John W. Cameron, 21; George Y. Cameron, 18; Jacob D. Casselman, 39; Frank Collins, 25; Henry Collins, 17 ; John W. Collins, 19 ; Henry Carra- way, 30; S. J. Coker, 28; J. J. Coker, 20; James W. Cock- field, 17; Josiah Cockfield, 37; William P. Cook, 20; Benjamin B. Dennis, 38; Benjamin R. Evans, 35; Joseph E. Evans, 18; S. W. Evans, 25; J. P. Floyd, 18; Joseph M. Godwin, 24; Henry E. Godwin, 18; John J. Godwin, 25; Samuel C. Godwin, 20; Thomas G. Gray, 23; Jeffer¬ son Gray, 17; Thomas Gray, 20; B. F. Gray, 16; John Graham, 17 ; Samuel J. Graham, 22 ; Hugh L. F. Graham, 25 ; Andrew J. Gaskin, 30 ; William G. Hicks, 50 ; George W. Hicks, 20 ; W. J. Hicks, 16 ; William J. Lee, 18 ; Isaac E. Lee, 20; Timothy Lee, 35; Ira Lee, 20; Simon Lee, 38; John E. Lynch, 18; George W. Lynch, 20; William E. Lynch, 21; J. Lazarus, 19; Benjamin Matthews, 25; MAJ. C. S. LAND, C. S. A WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 359 Madison Matthews, 25; James A. Matthews, 20; Dunnin Matthews, 17 ; Gordon Matthews, 36 ; Jef¬ ferson Matthews, 16; Ralston Matthews, 18; James S. Matthews, 17; D. K. Mouzon, 30; Jacob Miles, 30; Robert Miles, 17; Leonard Miles, 17; W. J. Miles, 40; J. W. Miles, 17; Joseph Miles, 16; Thomas Miles, 32; Benjamin Miles, 27; Wright Miles, 32; John J. McGee, 25 ; Gadsden G. McGee, 27 ; Daniel S. Mc¬ Kenzie, 16; William H. McKnight, 19; John H. Mc- Knight, 17 ; Thomas M. McKnight, 22 ; James M. Mc- Callister, 40; James E. McCallister; James C. Nettles, 22 ; William W. Odom 37 ; William H. Parker, 16 ; James R. Parker, 30; Jesse Parker, 18; Evander Pickett; John M. Powell; E. H. Sauls, 19; Evander G. Sauls, 15; John A. Smith, 25; Francis H. Smith, 28; Elias Speights, 25; Samuel A. Scott, 35; Henry B. Thomas, 34; William G. Williamson, 17 ; Henry J. Williamson, 17; John Yar¬ borough, 36; William Young, 25. Captain Land was promoted Major on December 9, 1864, by President Jefferson Davis “for distinguished valor and skill.” Major Land commanded the picket line of Wallace’s Brigade and on January 13, 1865, received high praise from the inspector general. In a letter to General Bushrod Johnson, referring to this report, Gen¬ eral Robert E. Lee wrote on January 18, 1863: “I note with pleasure the commendation bestowed upon Major Land, 26th South Carolina Regiment, permanent com¬ mander of the picket line of the Brigade, who appears to be an efficient and capable officer.” There were a great many men from Williamsburg District who served in the Confederate Army in organi¬ zations recruited principally from other districts, and their names may not have appeared so far in the rolls of Williamsburg’s Confederate Soldiers. In 1861, Dr. Robert Gourdin organized a company from the Lenud’s Ferry section. This company went to White’s 360 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG Bridge in Georgetown and there volunteered for service in the Confederate Army. Dr. Gourdin was found physi¬ cally unfit for military service — too old — and his com¬ pany immediately broke up, the men uniting with other organizations. Many of those men joined Company A, of the Tenth Regiment, Captain Plowden C. J. Weston commanding. Among these were: N. B. Clarkson, James Sloan, E. Blakely, S. G. McClary, J. L. Blakely, W. J. Clarkson, Dr. I. W. Graham, W. G. Gamble, J. P. Gamble, J. E. Holmes, J. S. June, F. L. McCants, D. F. Micliau, J. J. Morris, W. C. Ogburn, L. K. Pipkin, J. N. Row, J. C. Small, I. D. Singletary, W. H. West, John Wilson, and F. W. Wilson. In the Fourth Cavalrv: Ebenezer Row, John W. Mar- shall, 18; S. P. Morris, 36; James W. Rodgers, 49; David Harlee, 37; Riley Baxley, 48; William Baxley, 38; Jacob Benson, 30; James W. Newton, 40; James Epps, 18; L. D. Robinson, 42; N. P. Smith, 42; James Smith, 40; Ely Smith, 39; J. G. Smith, 37; R. Smith, 36; W. B. Smith, 45; Everett Smith, 50; Wesley Smith, 39; John Smith, 60 ; S. Smith, 37 ; A. E. Stephenson, 50 ; William Stone, 52; Evander Stocks, 48; John Lequeu, Robert Glass, Noah Michan, Fletcher Michau, Y. E. Lifarge, William Henderson, and S. B. W. Courtney. There were three cadets from Williamsburg at the Citadel in 1861. They volunteered as a part of Company F, Sixth Cavalry : Anthony W. Dozier, first lieutenant ; Edward C. Dozier, corporal; and S. H. Owens, private. In the Seventh Cavalry from Williamsburg were : S. B. Green, D. Z. Martin, W. R. Godwin, John Ferdon, W. F. Thompson, J. W. Britton, W. H. Britton, W. T. Thomp¬ son, H. L. Crawford, Lieutenant W. D. Fitch, John Green, Richard Green, Thompson Green, J. D. Gordon, S. B. Gor¬ don, Ely Rodgers, J. F. Rodgers, L. P. McCullough, J. F. Brockinton, James Hanna, and Sam Hanna. WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 361 These were in the Palmetto Battalion of Light Artil¬ lery : James A. Coward and Rix A. Coward; these in Gregg’s Battery, Jacob Atkinson, and John J. Altman. These served in Inglis’ Light Artillery : Lieutenant Texas B. Logan, James M. Nelson, E. S. Jones, G. Purvis Nelson, George O. Wheeler, John Shaw Tisdale, James J. Martin, Francis M. Britton, William B. Epps, James N. Fluitt, Richard M. Fulmore, Arthur Hammett, Frank M. Jones, James M. Kirton, S. W. Kirton, Samuel G. McClary, W. S. Camlin, T. J. Strong, William J. Thorn¬ hill, James E. Timmons, J. Y. Tisdale, Robert S. Tisdale, and Samuel Tisdale, and James Sloan; these in Gaillard’s Light Artillery: Lieutenant W. R. Cooper, F. W. McCot- t.ry, J. H. Porter, J. H. Saunders, John W. Witherspoon, D. Barr, John Cooper, Robert Cooper, W. A. Cooper, William D. Fulton, and J. H. Kinder. Captain Alexander Colclough’s Company, D, of Colonel Blanding’s Regiment, had a number of men of Williams¬ burg: Lieutenant W. Elliott Keels, R. J. Bradham, W. I. Connell, T. J. Etheridge, J. J. Ellis, J. J. Gamble, A. M. Gamble, W. J. Mouzon, J. S. Mitchum, T. G. Mitchum, H. J. Ragin, W. J. Ward, E. S. Arms, Robert Chandler, J. F. Chandler, A. W. Flagler, R. M. Footman, J. G. Green, T. M. Keels, G. T. Rollins, B. F. Scott, Lieutenant J. E. Scott, Lieutenant E. B. Scott, J. P. Thames, A. J. McCrea, D. M. Tisdale, J. M. McCullough, T. S. Chandler, W. S. Grayson, J. M. Grayson, Daniel Keels, N. McKenzie, W. M. McKnight, G. W. Morris, S. W. Mims. Captain W. S. Brand was from Clarendon District, but about half of his Company, K, Sixth Regiment, were men of Williamsburg : Among these were : Lieutenant R. A. Flagler, Lieutenant E. B. Scott, Lieutenant Z. R. Full more, W. J. Ferrell, E. M. Graham, B. F. Scott, W. D. McFadden, J. P. Epps, W. W. Cunningham, J. H. Fullmore, S. W. Cockfield, T. S. Chandler, J. F. Chandler, B. S. Croft, A. W. Flagler, S. M. Flagler, R. M. Footman, 362 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG G, J. Graham, A. M. Gamble, G. S. B. Huggins, T. M. Keels, G. G. McElveen, J. A. McCrea, J. S. McCullough, W. McCullough, J. C. MeCutchen, T. G. Mitchum, W. J. Matthews, J. Parker, S. J. Taylor, A. W. Williams. In Captain D. W. Harrington’s, these : William W. Cunningham, J. M. Gardner, John A. Graham, William W. Hair, M. E. Hodge, LeGrand N. Joy, Francis E. Joy, J. Harvey Wilson, L. P. McCullough, J. S. McCullough, J. A. McCrea, and N. W. Baggett. These officers and men from Williamsburg : Captain William J. Tavlor, Tenth Infantry; William J. Matthews, First Infantry; R. D. Rollins, Seventh Infantry; Frank Cox, Eight Infantry; Captain Peter C. Dozier, Chaplin J. E. Dunlap, of the Twenty-First Regimental Staff; Surgeon T. S. Hemingway, Staff, Seventh Cavalry ; Thomas Burrows, Ben Ard, and E. LI. Ard, Twenty-First Infantry; Jesse B. Ellis, Allen Miles, and John C. Scurry, Twenty-First Infantry; Nabor D. Lesesne, Charles Jones, George Weir, Samuel A. Jones, Robert A. Flagler, in Hampton’s Legion; R. M. Footman, J. R. Hair, J. M. Gardner, J. G. Green, William Winkles, L. D. Winkles, in the Palmetto Sharpshooters. These men of Williamsburg served in organizations as follows: R. E. Rodgers, Seventh Battalion; Lieutenant A. M. Snider, Hampton’s Legion; Edwin Harper, Troop H, Seventh North Carolina Cavalry; John Todd, Company I, Fifty-First North Carolina Infantry; F. Thompson, Company F, Nineteenth Arkansas Infantry; R. W. Cow ard, Company E, Eighth Infantry; G. W. Ard and T. S. Ard, Company C, Second Arkansas Infantry; John A. Kelly, Company B, Second Infantry; Lieutenant Thomas M. Gilland, Third Infantry; Lieutenant William Epps, Fourth Cavalry; J. P. Shaw, Company B, Fourth In¬ fantry ; D. B. Young, Company E, Reserves ; E. J. Player, Company K, Twenty-Third Infantry; E. J. Jove, Com¬ pany K, Twenty-Third Infantry; P. W. Morris, Company WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 363 C, Ninth Infantry; J. E. Baker, Company A, First Artil¬ lery; G. W. Burgess, J. P. Burgess, R. W. Burgess, Com¬ pany F, Twenty-Sixth Regiment; J. A. Burgess and J. C. Burgess, Company C, Ninth Regiment; S. H. Burgess and D. I. Burgess, Company C, Twenty-Fifth Infantry; J. W. Braxton, Company E, Seventh Infantry; G. T. Rol¬ lins, Company A, Ninth Regiment; F. M. Player, Com¬ pany E, First Regiment; H. J. Lamb, Company E, Tenth Infantry; First Lieutenant J. G. Iv. Gourdin, Twenty- Second Carolina Infantry; Louis Jacobs, Hampton’s Legion; M. J. Hirsch, Commissary Sergeant, Tenth Regi¬ ment, South Carolina Infantry; Daniel Convers Nesmith, Fourth Georgia Infantry. On December 31, 1861, there were more men from Wil¬ liamsburg in the military service than there were voters in the district. After the thrills that came with Secession on Decem¬ ber 20, 1860, and the departure of the Wee Nee Volunteers under Captain John G. Pressley on January 4, 1861, there was comparative quiet in Williamsburg for about three months. The people seemed greatly relieved that South Carolina had withdrawn from the Union and be¬ lieved that things would come out “all right.” Williams¬ burg had “much goods” laid up for many years. It felt free. President Buchanan and the cabinet in Washington could worry, but Williamsburg would wait. Williams- burg listened to sermons preached in the old church at Kingstree by Reverend E. O. Frierson; at Indiantown by Reverend J. R. Gilland; in the Methodist Church at Kingstree by Reverend J. M. Little; and in the Black River Churches by the Reverend J. C. Stoll. These “fathers in Israel” told Williamsburg that the Lord was with the South and would see that right triumphed. Sometimes, Mr. Gilland played the fiddle for his younger congregation to dance. 364 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG The little “swamp rabbit” mail and passenger trains on the Northeastern Railway passed Kingstree morning and evening as theretofore. The coming of these trains were the events of the day. Everybody went to the sta¬ tion to meet them, hear local gossip, and get the “Mer¬ cury” or the “Courier.” The Kingstree Star had sus¬ pended publication when the Wee Nee Volunteers left, for in that company was all its force, editor, printer, and devil. The Courier, January 8, 1861, said “Our esteemed contemporary, the Kingstree Star, is under temporary sus¬ pension — occupation by Mars — editor, foreman, and com¬ positors are all in arms and are now near this City.” The booming of the big guns at Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, somewhat disturbed Williamsburg. But that was a bloodless battle, and its results were comforting. All the lighting might be just like that at Fort Sumter. And those days were just right for holding patriotic celebrations. Orators had eager auditors for the asking and abundant subjects for expression. Williamsburg dearly loved, and yet loves, fiery orations. The Fourth of July celebrations that year exceeded in grandeur anything of the kind that had ever been held in Williamsburg. The pomp and circumstance and cere¬ mony of war entered them. Stalwart men in uniform, mounted on spirited chargers, flashed shining sabers in the sunlight. Every woman had her hero. War looses so many feelings that one loves! The celebration on the Santee on that Fourth of July was just like the others held at Kingstree and Black Mingo. There was a squadron of cavalry drilling and parading during the day, a dinner in the early evening, and a grand ball that night. Here were some of the toasts : 1. The Day Sacred to the Cause of Constitutional Liberty ; 2. The Father of His Country ; 3. The Confede¬ rate States of America, True to the Spirit of ’76 ; 4. The President of the Confederate States of America, — a states- WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 365 man and civilian wise in counsel and successful in arms; 5. Tlie Army — free men who have gone to battle for their rights and the protection and sanctity of their homes; 6. The State of South Carolina, patriotic and brave, the first to throw off the yoke of a corrupt and fanatical government; 7. The Late United States — its government when administered in its integrity challenged our admira¬ tion and respect and had our most devoted loyalty and support : we mourn over its death by Northern fanaticism and misrule; 8. King Cotton — its Empire is the World; 9. The Institution of Slavery, — just, humane, wise, and Christian; one of Earth’s greatest blessings to the be¬ nighted African and a cause of the prosperity and welfare of the South; 10. Woman — her sanctuary the home, — her mission, love, peace, and happiness. Many other toasts were given, all impressive of the fact that the people felt they were now really free and were celebrating the anniversary of the Fourth of July, 1776. At the grand ball that night, Williamsburg “had gathered there her beauty and her chivalry, and all went merry as a mar¬ riage bell.” The morning came and with it wild rumors of war. But these were nothing. Wild tongues had so often been loosed that no one seriously regarded them. Even the papers had begun to doubt their own startling stories printed day after day. The Richmond correspondent of the Courier, July 11, 1861, wrote: “There is an old Mokish law that when a man circulates a false report, his forehead shall be branded with a hot iron. With such retributive justice exercised just now, the counte¬ nance of every other individual in the community would be disfigured beyond redemption. Not that there is any intentional perversion of fact or a desire to mislead the public mind, but rather a diseased condition of the cere¬ bellum which magnifies uncertainties a thousand times beyond their proper proportions. We have proofs of this 366 HISTORY OF WILLIAMSBURG daily. Let the mere skeleton of a rumor arrive in town, no matter from what source, and incidentally men, women, and children put on the seven-leagued boots of imagination and a historical monstrosity is created in half an hour worthy of an Arabian story teller. Before the day has expired, it will have become as contagious as the measles. By night, the telegraph wires will be flashing the epidemic to every hamlet in the South.” Out of all these wild rumors and incident doubting there came to Williamsburg on the afternoon of July 22, 1861, the Mercury and the Courier from Charleston, with headlines like this : “Terrible Battle. Southerners Victorious. Great Slaughter on Both Sides. Enemy in Full Flight and Closely Pursued. Battle Commenced four o’clock on the Morning of July 21, and lasted until seven o’clock in the evening.” A great shout went up at the Kingstree Northeastern Railway station that evening. In a moment, after the tumult of triumph ceased, some one saw following “South¬ erners Victorious” the words “Great Slaughter.” And Williamsburg was there ! Some one said, “Don’t you know that Nabor Lesesne, and Charlie Jones, and George Weir, and Bob Flagler, and others from here were in Hampton’s Legion, and Hampton’s Legion was in the thickest of the fight?” Nabor Lesesne had married Marian Ervin in 1860. Both of them were kin to half of the people of Williams¬ burg. They had Huguenot and Scotch-Irish blood in their veins, the best of Williamsburg. All Williamsburg knew and loved them both. Later, a message came “Nabor Lesesne is wounded.” Then a letter from him to his Marion, telling her he was comfortable in the hospital at Culpepper, and that she must conserve all her strength for the coming of a little life dearer to each of them than their very own. A few days later, a telegram read, “Nabor Lesesne is dead.” WILLIAMSBURG, C. S. A., 1861 367 Wiliamsburg had made its first sacrifice on the altar of the Confederacy Heaven and Hell hovered about Nabor Lesesne as he died in that Culpepper hospital. He heard the shouts of victory that went up on the field at First Manassas and saw Marian singing saddened lullabies to their first born vet to be. The best and the worst of the world came to him ±ary, 231. Benton, Martha, 233. Benton, Moses, 199, 231, 233. Benton, Rachael, 233. Benton, Robert, 200, 233. Benton, Sarah, 231, 233. Benton, Simon, 231. Benton, Susannah, 233. Benton, Vila, 233. Benton, William, 199. Bennett, Henry, 23. Bennett, Rebecca, 23. Bennett, Samuel, 115, 118. Benbow’s Ferry, 208. Benbow, M. M., 302. Bennett’s School, 75. Benson, Jacob, 360. Bentonville, 413. Bethel, Bequest, 236. Bernard, Matthew, 21. Bernard, Paul, 155. Berry, James, 155. Berry, Lydford, 155. Berry, Thomas, 155. Berwick, James, 70. Bethany Academy, 305. Bethel Church, 176, 179, 302. Bethel Congregation, 176, 179. Bethel faction, 177. Bethel School, 474. Bethesda Church, 487. Beulah School, 475. Bible Class, 262. Bible Desecrated, 429. Bible Society Formed, 180. “Big Four” Captains, 130. Bigamy (?) among Slaves, 261. Biggen, James, 154. Bignion, Joseph, 21, 45, 152. Bill, Son of a Cannibal, 333. Bineau, Michael, 155. Birds of Passage, 458. Birch Creek School, 475. Birch, Joseph, 155. Biscuit Rebellion, 306. Bishop, J. W., 486. Bishop, S. E., 483. Blackberry Time, 541. Blackborn, Gabril, 155. Blackmon, James, 208. Blackwell, C. A., 468. Blackwell, J. H., 463. Blackwell, Mary A., 245. Blackwell, Michael, 200, 205. Blackwell, Thomas, 200. Blackwell, T. J., 40S. Blackwell, W. E., 472. “Black and Tan” Legislature, 439. Black Border Counties, 455. Black River, 3, 59. Black River Church, 18. Black River P. O., 531. Black River School, 475. Black Church members, 262. Black Mingo, 24, 187. Black Mingo Bridge, 210. Black Mingo Church, 48, 52, 172, 176, 195, 292. Black Mingo Congregation, 76. Black Mingo Ferry, 207. INDEX 553 Blake, B. G., 382. Blake, Captain, 434. Blake, James, 246. Blake, Jane, 246. Blake, John, 246. Blake, Joseph, 75. Blake, Mary, 246. Blake, Sarah, 76. Blakely resigns, 285. Blakely’s letter, 285. Blakely, Bertha, 473. Blakely, Catherine, 239. Blakely, Charlie, 503. Blakely, Dorothy, 233. Blakely, Elizabeth, 75, 77, 84, 287, 360. Blakely, E. T., 287. Blakely, E. P., 357. Blakely, IJ. W., 350, 383. Blakely, James, 21, 47, 75, 142. 143, 179, 180. Blakely, Jannet, 84, 179, ISO. Blakely, John, 21, 47, 66, 75, 115, 143, 179, 199, 200, 226. Blakely, J. J., 353. Blakely, J. L., 360. Blakely, Madge, 475. Blakely, R. D., 465. Blakely, Robert F., 287. Blakely, R. R., 381. Blakely, R. W., 474. Blakely, Sarah, 287. Blakely, S. S., 357. Blakely, T. A., 498. Blakely, Thomas, 353. Blakely, Thomas W., 353, 400. Blakely, W. F., 284. Blakely, William J., 353, 400. Blakeway, Sarah, 69. Blanding, Colonel, 361. Hlanchard, Benjamin, 200, 224, 228, 244. Blanchard, Catherine, 233. Blanchard, Henry, 242. Blanchard, William F., 224. Bland, Thomas, 155. Bliss, John, 21, 151. Bloomingvale School, 475. Blunt, Jesse, 200. Blunt, J. G., 155. Bluset, Daniel, 25, 70. Boatwright, W. N., 409. Boddie, Helen Scott, 466. Boddie, W. W., 470, 528. Boggy Swamp, 13. Boisseau, Marian, 84. Boll Weevil, 544. “Boll Weevil” Pest, 540. Boll Weevil Superstition, 541. Bolling, John, 142. Bonneau, Anthony, 92. Bonneau, Paul, 25, 71. Bonnell, John, 53. Bonnell, Mary, 56. Boone, Capers, 155. Boone, John, 25, 155. Boone, Mary, 155. Boone, Robert, 155. Boone, Thomas, 25, 155, 188, 207, 384. Boonesboro, 383. Booth, Robert, 155. Borland, Archibald, 75. Borland, Elizabeth, 75. Borland, Jean, 75. Borland, John, 21, 115, 142. Borland, Mary, 75. Borland, William, 75. Bossard, John, 210. Bostwick, Ann, 229. Bostwick, Elijah, 228. Bostwick, Henry H., 199, 227. Bostwick, J. H., 352. Bostwick, Jonathan, 21, 155, 200. 222. Bostwick, T. J., 351. Bostwick, William H., 228. Boston Tea Party, 95. Boswell, C. W., 473, 499, 513. Bottom Rail on Top, 449. Botsford, John, 195. Bouquets from Ladies, 3S7. Boutwell, Joseph, 155. Bowden, Henry, 378. Bowen, Bishop, 186. Bowen, Margaret, 161. Bowlee, Margaret, 162. Boyd, A. C., 501. Boyd, Capers, 474. Boyd, Charles, 348, 487. Boyd, Eleanor, 236. Boyd, Evans, 155. Boyd, Franklin, 295. Boyd, F. W., 343, 397, 416. Boyd, Hugh, 200, 236, 429, 4S7, 514. Boyd, I. N., 499, 527. Boyd, James, 24. Boyd, John, 115, 118, 143, 152, 155, 199, 503, 527. Boyd, Mrs. Leamie, 475, 474. Boyd, Mrs. Martha, 118. Boyd, Mehitable, 24. Boyd, M. L., 474. Boyd, Pauline, 472. 554 INDEX Boyd, R. W., 348. Boyd School, 475. Boyd, W. S., 527. Boyd, Mrs. W. S., 532. Boyd, William W., 487. Bovkin, Isham, 503. Boyle, T. W., 473, 408, 515, 529. Bracey, William, 138, 143, 145, 146, 152, 155, 250. Bradford, John, 115. Bradford Springs School, 305. Bradford, Mrs. M. A., 370. Bradham, Benjamin, 200. Bradham, F. E., 514, 516. Bradham, J. A., 398, 343, 347, 348, 47(* Bradham, J. H., 407, 408. Bradham, J. J., 474. Bradham, John, 348. Bradham, R. J., 343, 361. Bradham, William, 297, 515. Bradley, Aaron, 200. Bradley, Cecelia, 289. Bradley, Elizabeth, 118, 126, 235. Bradley, Jane, 74. Bradley, Jannet, 230, 235. Bradley, James, 20, 21, 45, 46, 66, 74, 101, 115, 133, 142, 144, 146, 151, 155, 179, 183, 199, 225, 230, 232, 233, 235, 268, 269, 289, 343, 527. Bradley, John, 66, 70. Bradley, John P., 295. Bradley, Joseph, 80, 2701, 311. Bradley, Mary, 74, 230, 235. Bradley, Robert, 233, 235, 481. Bradley, Robert W., 230, 311, 317. Bradley, Samuel, 66, 74, 85, 230. Bradley, Sarah, 230, 235, 289. Bradley, S. J., 311, 402. Bradley, Thomas, 66. Bradley, William, 66. Bradley, William W., 230. Bradshaw, A., 354, 416. Bradshaw, Amelia, 235. Bradshaw, Asa, 200, 235. Bradshaw, James, 221. Bradshaw, John, 357, 381. Bradshaw, Joseph, 346. Bradshaw, J. R., 381. Bradshaw, Levina, 221, Bradshaw, Silas, 235. Bradshaw, Malachi, 353. Bradshaw, Moses, 235. Bradshaw, Samuel, 200, 235. Bradshaw, Mary, 200. Brady, John, 138, 149. Brady, William, 89, 216. Bragg’s Army, 385. Brogdon, J., 399. Brand, W. S., 302, 361. Brass, 396. Braswell, William W., 350. Braveboy, Joshua, 115, 154, 338. Braveboy, Morris, 199, 351. Braveboy, M. M., 351, 399. Braxton, J. W., 346, 363. Brewington, 121, 185, 1S6. Brewington Road, 208. Brewington Singing School, 301. Brewington, Orange, 4S8. Brick Mercantiles, 520. Bridge at King’s Tree, 62. Bridgman, A. C., 4S3. Bridgman, J. F., 384. Brisket, F., 357. Bristow, Louis J., 521. Britton’s Ferry, 139. Britton’s Ferry Road, 208. Britton, Ann, 74, 75. Britton, Benjamin, 74, 196, 200, 210, 211, 222, 244, 264. Britton, B. E., 350. Britton, B. F., 384. Britton, Daniel, 24. 75, Britton, Daniel L., 74, 84. Britton, Elizabeth H., 24. Britton, E. H., 397. Britton, Elizabeth, 74, 75. Britton, Francis, 57, 74, 75, 84, 92, 200. Britton, Francis M., 349, 261. Britton, Miss F. W., 468. Britton, Henry, 74, 84, 189. Britton, Hester J., 24. Britton, H. O., 405, 464, 504. Britton, Jane, 75. Britton, John, 74. Britton, John F. D., 319, 349. Britton, J. W., 43, 360. Britton, John D., 464, 503. Britton, Joseph, 74, 75, 84. Britton, Martha, 74, 84. Britton, Mary, 74, 75, 84. Britton, Moses, 24, 57, 74, 75, 84. Britton, Philip, 74, 75, 84. Britton, Rachael, 75. Britton, Rebecca, 74. Britton, S. P., 531. Britton, S. S., 349, 487. Britton, Timothy, 75, 200. Britton, T. G., 357, 406, 407. Britton, T. J., 349. Britton, Thomas M., 287, 349, 406, INDEX 555 408. Britton, Thomas, 74. Britton, T. N., 340, 377. Britton, W. II., 300, 413. Britton, W. J., 340, 383, 503. Brock, L. G., 500, 530. Brockinton, Burrows P., 242, 343, 340, 384, 307. Brockinton, Caroline M., 242. Brockinton, Cosmo E., 503. Brockinton, D. Arthur, 545. Brockinton, Eliza, 280. Brockinton, Elizabeth, 74, 426. Brockinton, Hannah, 74. Brockinton, James S., 241, 205, 311, 317, 343, 348, 350, 384, 307, 527. Brockinton, J. Screven, 480. Brockinton, John, 74, 77, 102, 115, 120, 132, 100, 242, 154, 155, 252. Brockinton, John F., 241, 317, 340, 300, 300, 307, 309, 464, 525, 527, 530, 538. Brockinton, Mrs. J. F., 306. Brockinton, John R., 408, 527. Brockinton, Joseph, 75. Brockinton, Joseph E., 464. Brockinton, Louise, 241. Brockinton, Laura A., 468. Brockinton, Martha, 200, 200, 242. Brockinton, Martha A., 242. Brockinton, Margaret, 468. Brockinton, Mary, 74. Brockinton, P. M., 464, 474. Brockinton, Rachael, 75. Brockinton, Richard, 74. Brockinton, Sarah, 74, 75. Brockinton, Virginia, 205. Brockinton,, William, 25, 74, 75, 100, 234. Brockinton, Mrs. W. E., 514. Brockintodn, William R., 241, 312, 343, 360, 440, 464. Brockinton, William S., 184, 237, 240, 241, 242. Brockinton, W. V., 527. Brockinton, Mrs. W. V., 532. Brogdon, J. B., 352. Brogdon, John W., 301. Brogdon, Mary B., 301. Brogdon, William, 356. Broomstraw Road, 301. Broome, John, 200. Broughton, Thomas, 207. Browder, B. R., 353, 470. Browder, E., 353, 406. Browder, Henry, 354. Browder, Isaac, 353. Browder, McKenzie, 353. Browder, S. W., 346, 308. Browder, Thomas, 200. Browder, William T., 353. Brown, Abner, 200, 230. Brown, Abner IT., 354. Brown, Agnes, 232, 245. Brown, Ann, 155, 224. Brown, Asa, 237, 205, 348. Brown, Augustus, 469. Brown, A. D., 503. Brown, B. A., 468. Brown, Mrs. B. A., 513. Brown, Daniel, 181, 109. Brown, D. L., 354, 406, 463, 468. Brown, Duncan, 101. ^ Brown, D. C., 473. Brown’s Ferry, 10. Brown, Hesther, 23. Brown, H. J., 346, 407, 414, 415, 400, 523, 520. Brown, H. P., 500, 501, 502, 515. Brown, I. M., 347. Brown, James, 115, 155, 199. Brown, Jeremiah, 154. Brown, J. E., 538. Brown, J. J., 353, 308, 468. Brown, J. L., 320. Brown, J. M., 348, 300, 408, 465. Brown, J. W., 351, 40S. Brown, John, 53, 115, 150, 154, 155, 101, 105, 354. Brown, Levi, 381, 400, 530. Brown, M. A., 340, 407. Brown, Moses, 57, 217. Brown, Robert, 100, 200. Brown, R. N., 350. Brown, Sarah, 37, 100. Brown, S. B., 384. Brown, Thomas, 21, 218. Brown, Thomas M., 150, 200, 222, 228. Brown, William, 23, 84, 104, 109, 343, 398. Brown, William C., 4S2. Brown, W. H., 381. Brown, W. J., 309. Brown, W. R., 465, 468. Brunson, Ann, 23. Brunson, Clarence, 503. Brunson, Daniel, 84. Brunson, David, 84, 228. Brunson, Isaac, 25, 62, 71, 84. Brunson, James, 115, 118. Brunson, James II., 352. Brunson, John, 23. Brunson, Joshua, S4. 1 556 INDEX Brunson, Josiah, 84. Brunson, Mary, S4. Brunson, Matthew, S4. Brunson, Moses, 84. Brunson, M. A., 488. Brunson, Susannah, 84. Brunson, T. S., 529. Brunson, William, 115. Bryan, James, 328. Bryan, J. R., 357. Bryan, Walter, 328. Bryan, William, 328. Bryan, W. B., 463. Bryan, W. D., 515, 516, 531. Bryan, W. R., 531. Buchanan, President, 344. Buchanan, Ethel, 473. Buckles, Henry, 354, 409. Buckles, J. M., 347, 3S1. Buckles, Lydford, 354, 398. Buckles, R. A., 357, 405. Budden, Ann, 244. Budden, F. A., 489. Budden, James, 244. Budden, John, 84. Budden, Moses, 236. Budden, Solomon, 199, 227, 244. Budden, W. P., 351, 384. Bueck, H., 472. Buffkin, P. H., 328. Buford, William, 84, 114, 120, 156, 191, 208, 226, 268. Buford, William J., 244, 311. Bull Run, 366. Bull, H. B., 484. Bull, William, 67. Bullock, E. J., 155. Bully Contest, 318. Bunch, John, 292. Bunch, W. H., 401. Burbage, Jonathan, 154. Burdick, Elam C., 224, 232. Burdick, E. H., 224, 232. Burdick, Fred A., 232. Burdick, Sarah, 229. Burdick, William R., 353, 406. Burch, Sarah, 473. Burgess, Amelia, 287. Burgess, Bartow, 503. Burgess, Mrs. Bishop, 515. Burgess, Caroline, 221. Burgess, C. C., 514. Burgess, C. L., 474. Burgess, D. I., 363, 538. Burgess, E. C., 481, 519, 520, 539. Burgess, G. W., 363, 483. Burgess, Israel, 512. Burgess, James, 145, 146, 147, 151, 1S7, 199, 200, 205, 208, 224, 230, 256, 287. Burgess, James M., 347, 4S0, 487, 527. Burgess, Jane, 221. Burgess, Jannet, 229. Burgess, Jannet D., 287. Burgess, Jannet M., 229. Burgess, J. A., 363. Burgess, J. C., 363. Burgess, J. D., 474. Burgess, J. H., 347. Burgess, J. P., 363. Burgess, John, 25, 135, 136, 139, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 220, 230, 515. Burgess, John D., 221, 233. Burgess, Joseph, 115, 87. Burgess, Louisa, 221. Burgess, Margaret, 221. Burgess, Martha, 472. Burgess, Mary, 221. Burgess, Mary M., 287. Burgess, Pomelia, 221. Burgess, R. G., 347. Burgess, R. W., 363. Burgess, S. A., 302. Burgess, S. H., 363. Burgess, Thomas, 229. Burgess, W. J., 302, 347. Burgess, William, 25, 115, 118. Burguson, William, 545. Burkett, J. H., 472. Burkett, Louis E., 399. Burket, F. B., 380, 384. Burket, T. E., 351. Burnett, Sabrine, 25. Burns, James H., 354. Burns, John, 118. Burns, R. W., 3S2. Burr, Aaron, 253. Burr, Theodosia, 253. Burrows, Emeline, 290. Burrows, George, 21, 57, 66, 74, 153, 155, 200, 221. Burrows, George W., 221, 408. Burrows, H. M., 473. Burrows, Jane, 74, 236. Burrows, John, 83, 115, 155, 200, 229. Burrows, John T., 407, 486. Burrows, Joseph, 74, 155. Burrows, Nathan, 512. Burrows, Samuel, 74, 155. Burrows, S. W., 351. INDEX 557 Burrows, Thomas, 200, 220, 232, 3G2. Burrows, Thomas J., 353, 308, 400. Burrows, William, 74, 200, 115, 118, 218, 221, 223, 224, 240, 242, 3S1. Burrows, W. D., 400. Burrows, W. E., 473. Burrows, William J., 224, 220. Burton, Nancy, 155. Bushart, J. B., 502. Butler, Daniel, 70. Butler, J. F., 405. Butler, General M. C., 35G. Butler, Sarah, 154, 155. Byrd, Ann, 222. Byrd, Amea, 242. Byrd’s Battalion, 358. Byrd, H. L., z83. Byrd, H. O., 527. Byrd, J. D., 381, 405. Byrd, J. H., 405. Byrd, Orpha, 222. Byrd, S. D. M., 317, 343, 358, 370, 45G, 4G0, 4G3, 527. Cade, Adeline, 230. Cade, Agnes, 230. Cade, Andrew, 230, 530. Cade, Charles, 230. Cade, C. A., 530. Cade, C. W., 260, 4SG, 520. Cade, Elizabeth, 230. Cade, Erasmus, 230. Cade, Felix, 230. Cade, Jane, 230. Cade, Jannet, 230. Cade, John, 230. Cade, Mary, 48G. Cade, Robert, 200, 200, 222, 224, 235, 230, 355. Cade, R. E., 358, 488. Cade, R. T., 357. Cade, S. E., 48G, 487. Cade, Violet, 230. Cades Church, 487. Cades Post Office, 520. Cades School, 473. Cain, Eric, 351, 352, 3S4, 300. Cain, J. P., 340. Cain, William, 352. Calcobb, James, 352. Calder, John W., 400. Caldwell, Samuel, 503. Calcot, James, 156. Calcot, Henry, 15G. Caledonians, 171. Calhoun, I. A., 513. Calhoun, Mrs. Ira, 473. Calhoun, James G., 224. Calhoun, William A., 224. Callebuff, Elizabeth, 15G. Galium, John, 156. Calvin, John, 171. Calvinism, 254, 271. Calvin Knox faction, 172. Cambralian, Bryan, 231. Cameron, Bryant, 200. Cameron, George B., 358. Cameron, Henry, 244. Cameron, H. J., 347. Cameron, John, 25. Cameron, J. W,. 347, 358, 408. Cameron, Margaret, 244. Cameron, W. J., 381. Cameron, W. L., 358. Camp Glover, 384. Camp Branch, 107. Camp Meetings, 310. Camp Ridge settlement, 529. Camlin, Camlin, 156. Camlin, Etna, 473. Camlin, Elizabeth, 289. Camlin, G. W., 473, 515. Camlin, Matthew, 142, 151, 156. Camlin, William, 200, 212, 289, 512. Camlin, W. O., 464, 472, 515, 538. Camlin, W. S., 361, 463, 468, 487. Camp, William, 21. Campbell, Alexander, 23. Campbell, Archibald, 156, 233. Campbell, Avagbel, 66. Campbell, David, 115, 118. Campbell, Duncan, 115. Campbell, George, 115. Campbell, James, 115, 147, 153, 156, 200, 208, 216, 221, 218, 219, 231, 244, 256. Campbell, Mary, 156, 232, 245. Campbell, Priscilla, 24. Campbell, Rebecca, 200. Campbell, Sarah, 17. Campbell, Thomas, 115. Campbell, William, 21, 84, 115, 153, 231, 232, 244, 3S2, 397. Campbell, W. II., 465, 529. Campbell, W. J., 311. Campbell, W. M., 231. Canby, R. S., 439. Cannady, J. I\, 351. Cannon, 455. Cantey, Ann, 23. Cantey, Charles, 118. Cantey, E. M., 289. 558 INDEX Cantey, Jane, 235. Cantey, John, 115, 118. Cantey, Joseph, 23. Cantey, Joseph F., 186. Cantey, Joseph S., 487. Cantey, Mary, 23. Cantey, Samuel, 23, 71. Cantey, Thomas S., 235. Cantey, William, 81. Cantey, W. J. R., 186, 301. Cantley, Charles, 25, 115. Cantley, E. G., 3S1. Cantley, F. G., 348. Cantley, John, 156. Cantley, Mary, 222. Cantley, Robert, 222. Cantley, Roger G., 226. Cantley School, 473. Cantley, W. G., 320, 381, 473. Cantzor, John, 25. Capell, Benjamin, 25. Captains Decline Promotion, 376. Captured at Trevillian, 355. Capers, William, 192, 292. Capers, W. T., 349. Capers Describes Camp Meeting, 192. Carge, James, 151. Carlisle School, 474. Carlisle, Alexander, 156. Carne, 76. Carolina, 1. Carolina Divided, 2. Carpet Baggers, 452. Carroll, L. F., 486. Carraway, A., 381. Carraway, E. 351. Carraway, Henry, 358. Carraway, Isaac, 194. Carraway, James, 38, 240. Carraway, J. F., 328, 349, 351, 379, 468, 536. Carraway, Washington, 383. Carr, W. II., 515, 519, 520. Carson, Agnes, 79. Carter, Asbury D., 354, 384. Carter, George, 235. Carter, George W., 354, 384, 554. Carter, H. W., 348. Carter, Isaac, 235. Carter, Jesse, 381. Carter, Josiah, 156. Carter, J. B., 398, 351. Carter, J. H., 384. Carter, J. M. T., 351. Carter, J. T., 468. Carter, J. D., 463. Carter, J. W., 408. Carter, Mrs. M. A., 468. Carter, S. J., 348. Carter, William, 156, 200, 311. Carter, W. E., 352. Carter, W. W., 440. Carter, Zachary, 156. Cash, E. D. C., 3S0. Casselman, J. D., 358, 407. Casselman, S., 465. Cattle, 134. Caswell, Elizabeth, 239. Caswell, Joseph, 239. Caswell, John, 239. Caswell, Samuel, 239. Cedar Swamp Aid Society, 370. Cedar Swamp M. Church, 297. Cedar Creek School, 473. Censure-proof, 298, Census, 1790, 154. Census, 1920, 539. Cetty, John, 200. Chancellorsville, 398. Chandler, Ann, 76. Chandler, A. W., 468. Chandler, B. B., 463, 465, 475. Chandler, B. J., 472, 502. Chandler, Caesar, 356. Chandler, Mrs. C. M., 525. Chandler, Dora V., 468. Chandler, Effie, 473. Chandler, Ellen T., 473. Chandler, Elizabeth, 76. Chandler, Elvira, 2S9. Chandler, E. G., 465, 521, 527. Chandler, George, 25, 115, 118, 200, 225. Chandler, G. IT., 290. Chandler, Isaac, 52, 76, 115. Chandler, Jesse, 115. Chandler, Joseph, 25, 70, 241, 289. Chandler, Joseph B., 297, 353, 378, 3S1, 463. Chandler, J. F., 361. Chandler, J. W., 465. Chandler, G. F., 502. Chandler, Martha, 370. Chandler, Ruth, 472. Chandler, Robert, 361. Chandler, R. W., 408. Chandler, Samuel, 76. Chandler, Susannah, 241, 289. Chandler, S. T., 383, 384. Chandler, T. M., 503. Chandler, T. S., 343, 361, 408. Chandler, W. R., 474. Chamberlain, R. H., 454, 459. INDEX 559 Chaos, 439. Chambey, William, 142. Chapels of Ease, 57. Charles II, 1. Charleston, 2. Chattanooga, 399, 401. Cherry, J. W., 350. Cheeseborough, John, 156. Cherokees, 6. Cherokee War, 70. Chickahominy River, 382. Chickamauga, 398, 401. Chicken, Elizabeth, 93. Chicken, William, 23. China, John, 115. China, J. R., 343, 346, 409. China, Mary J., 295. China, S. M., 343, 346, 398, 416. China, T. J., 295, 301, 343, 346, 369, 3S0, 384, 406, 407. China, W. A., 343. Christian Education, 79. Christmas, Jesse, 347, 487. Christening Basin, 187. Christianizing Slaves, 181. Christmas, Jonathan, 23. Christmas, Hesther, 23. Christmas, W. G., 409. Christmas, W. J., 354. Chosewood, Alexander, 70. Chovin, Alexander, 156. Church Charges, 275. Churches Divide, 339. Church of England, 5, 44, 272. Church of Scotland, 17, 45. Churches and Churchmen, 44. Church Act, 1706, 53. Churches in 1830, 197. Church Members, 490. Church Societies, 532. Church Torn Down, 174. Churches in 1776, 58. Church sues Church, 175. Citation from Church, 274. Citadel, 305. Cited for Valor, 400, 505, 511. Circuit Riders, 190, 292. Circuit Rider’s Story, 492. Civil Officials, 1863, 397. Claffy, Mayna, 508. Clapp, Elizabeth, 75. Clapp, Mary, 76. Clapp, Sarah, 76. Claims Presented, 142. Clarendon School, 475. Clark, Bartley, 56. Clark, D. M., 483. Clark, Henry, 156. Clark, Joseph, 200. Clark, James, 156, 264. Clark, J. E., 488, 514. Clark, John J., 264. Clark, M., 530. Clark, Sarah, 200. Clark, Thomas, 115. Clarkson’s Diary, 286. Clarkson, B. E., 72, 529. Clarkson, C. A., 571. Clarkson, G. F., 489. Clarkson, J. B., 500. Clarkson, N. B., 489, 360. Clarkson, W. J., 3S3, 386, 360, 480. Clarkson, W. N., 501, 502. Clay’s Farm, 407. Clearing Black Mingo, 62. Clegg, Lydia, 80. Cleland, John, 69, 151, 153. Clock Town, 528. Clubs, Democratic, 465. Clyde, T. J., 488. Coachman, Benjamin, 228. Coachman, Isaac, 228. Coachman, John, 219, 228, 320. Coachman, Joseph, 228. Coachman, Margaret, 228. Cobert, John, 176. Cochran, William, 21, 143. Cockfield, Ann, 200. Cockfield, Blondelle, 472. Cocktield, C. W., 349, 383. Cockfield, Ebenezer, 298. Cockfield, James W., 358. Cockfield, Josiah, 156, 358. Cockfield, Joseph, 200. Cockfield, J. C., 398. Cockfield, J. H., 350. Cockfield, J. A. II., 369, 468. Cockfield, Mrs. M. E., 468. Cockfield, R. L., 527. Cockfield, S. W., 369, 409. Cockfield, Washington, 200, 320. Cockfield, William, 25, 200, 237. Cockfield, W. II., 397. Cockfield, W. J., 343. Coffee Scarce, 371. Coker, Benjamin, 115. Coker, I., 3S1, 408. Coker, John, 355. Coker, J. J., 358. Coker, J. M., 357, 487. Coker, J. N., 475. Coker, J. S., 347, 357. Coker, J. W., 384. Coker, Nathan, 115. 560 INDEX Coker, P. J., 347. Coker, S. J., 35S. Coker, S. L., 347. Coker, Thomas, 115. Coker, W. G., 487, 488. Cold Harbor, 407. Coleman, George, 228. Coleman, Ikey, 312. Coleman, Jacob, 115, 200, 228. Coleman, Robert, 156. Colclough, Alexander, 361. Cole, J. A., 527. Coleman, R. L., 500. Coleman, Samuel, 200, 228. Coleman, Savannah, 228. Coleman, T. J., 357. Coleman, W. D., 399. Colin, James, 357. Collette, Ella, 468. Collier, James, 354. Collins, Alexander, 156. Collins, Frank, 358. Collins, Henry, 358. Collins, John W., 358, 407. Collins, Jonah, 25. Collins, R., 399. Collins, W., 351, 398. Collum, John, 200. “Colonels of the Cross,” 376. Colonial Elections, 213. Coltrain, S., 382. Columbia Made Capital, 215. Comb, Annie, 156. Commander, Hannah, 81. Commander, James, 156. Commander, John, 25. Commander, Joseph, 25. Commander, Rachael, 75. Commander, Samuel, 12, 25, 209. Commander, Thomas, 70. Commons, 3. Committee on Court House, 149. Commissioners, Town, 139. Co-operative Crusader, 547. Cooper School, 475. Cooper Store, 397. Cooper-Snowden Fight, 288. Copeland, Hugh, 151. Copeland, John, 156. Copeland, William, 21. Conde, N. J., 343. Confederate War Results, 434. Confession of Faith, 293. Confessions of Sins, 254. Confiscation, 447. Conflicting Ideas, 332. “Confusion Worse Confounded,” 446. Concord M. Church, 487. Conn, Mary, 125. Connel, Thomas, 200. Connell, W. I., 361. Connell, Abram, 200. Connor, Abraham, 235. Connor, Adam, 144, 151, 156. Connor, Archibald, 143, 144, 150, 151, 156. Connor, Ann, 228. Connor, John, 200, 21, 228. Connor, Rachael, 243. Connor, Sarah, 22S. Conrad, J. C., 350. Conscription, 395. Constitution of 1790, 213. Constitution to Voters, 439. Conyers, 109. Conyers, Ann, 23. Conyers, Daniel, 114, 120, 126. Conyers, James, 25, 103, 114, 120. Conyers, John, 23, 208. Conyers’ Lake, 120. Conyers, Mary, 185. Cooper, A. B., 347, 398, 501. Cooper, Agnes, 84. Cooper, Ben, 512. Cooper, B. L., 469. Cooper, Boston, 479. Cooper, D. E., 472. Cooper, D. S., 487. Cooper Elizabeth, 84. Cooper, F. C., 440. Cooper, F. E., 354. Cooper, George, 84, 156, 200, 223, 224, 221. Cooper, G. B., 473. Cooper, G. S., 446. Cooper, G. W., 238, 343. Cooper, Hugh, 487, 497. Cooper, Hugh M., 531. Cooper, Mrs. Hugh M., 532. Cooper, Ila, 475. Cooper, James, 84, 156, 200, 209, 2S2. Cooper, J. F., 477, 497, 519, 531. Cooper, J. J., 348, 353. Cooper, John, 156, 200, 361, 408. Cooper, Jane, 223. Cooper, J. B., 287. Cooper, Jannet, 287. Cooper, J. P., 352. Cooper, J. H., 527. Cooper, J. M., 464. Cooper, Lillie, 179. INDEX 561 Cooper, Mrs. L. M., 469. Cooper, Miss Mutie, 468. Cooper, Mary, 223, 246. Cooper, Martha, 86. Cooper, M. D., 473. Cooper, Nancy, 223. Cooper, Paul A., 527. Cooper, Robert, 361. Cooper, Robert M., 287. Cooper, R. H., 487. Cooper, Samuel, 287, 352, 357, 381, 405, 408. Cooper, S. G., 308. Cooper, S. T., 397, 440, 455, 468. Cooper, Thomas, 84, 287. Cooper, Mrs. T. M., 515. Cooper, Thermutas, 287. Cooper, William, 21, 23, 49, 57, 200, 205, 218, 219, 221, 238, 244, 246, 256, 269, 270, 311, 320, 348, 463, 464, 468, 470. Cooper, Willie, 475, 515. Cooper, W. B., 499. Cooper, W. A., 361. Cooper, William J., 156, 222, 223, 243 473. Cooper,’ W. J. B., 249, 396. Cooper, W. R., 361. Cooper’s Ferry Road, 208. Cook, Alexander, 408. Cook, Allen, 351. Cook, A. J., 400. Cook, Benjamin, 156. Cook, B. M., 398. Cook, E. R., 347, 416. Cook, E. W., 357, 400. Cook, Earle, 503. Cook, G., 407. Cook, Isaac B., 398. Cook, Joseph, 156. Cook, J. F., 343. Cook, J. M., 468. Cook, J. R., 408. Cook, J. W., 351, 384, 464. Cook, M. M., 405. Cook, May, 475. Cook, T. J., 347. Cook, W. D., 343, 347, 409. Cook, W. E., 521. Cook, William, 153. Cook, West, 115. Cook, William P., 358. Corbett, Emma, 226. Cordes, Francis, 23, 199, 200, 228. Cordes, Samuel, 115, 118. Corinick, Ann, 225. Cormick, Elizabeth, 225. Cormick, Jane, 225. Cormick, Patrick, 138, 149, 200, 225, 250. Cornwallis, 100, 112. Cornwallis’ March, 100. Corinth, 383. Corn meal and pickles, 422. Cornell, John, 153. Corruption, Official, 441. Coskney, W. R., 487. Conscripting Ministers, 403. Cottingham, Daniel, 115. Cottingham, Dill, 115. Cottingham, T. J., 500. Cotton, 41, 375, 449. Cotton Cultivation, 249. Cotton Market, 537. Cotton Growers Ass’n., 546. Cotton is King, 344. Cotton Planters, 433. Council, A. J., 350, 407. Cousar, John, 115. Counts, J. C., 488. Court House Built, 217. Court House Burned, 462. Court House Remodelled, 162. Court Sermons, 217. County Antrim, 27. County Board of Education, 472. County Down, 27. County Fair Ass’n., 519. County Judge, 464. County Officers, 218. County Orders, 443. County Records, 469, 521. Covert, John, 289. Covert, Laura, 244. Covert, Susannah, 244, 245. Covington, J. H., 474. Courtney, S. B. W., 360, 527. Coward, A. M., 408. Coward, D. C., 351. Coward, D. E., 383, 408. Coward, James A., 361, 399. Coward, John, 200, 231. Coward, J. M., 369. Coward, M. D., 351. Coward, Rix A., 361, 399. Coward, R. W., 362. Coward, Solomon, 236. Cowls, N. B., 352. Cox, Frank, 362, 398, 407. Cox, J. G., 407. Cox, John T\, 353, 400. Cox, Robert, 503. Cox, R. F., 3S2. Cox, William, 156. 562 INDEX Cox, W. F., 405. Cox, William G., 354. Cox, W. J., 407. Craven County, 9. Craven Regiment, 93. Crapper, P., 357. Crapps, S. W., 343, 348, 357. Crapps, William, 156, 246, 343, 407. Crawford, Casiah, 227. Crawford, Colwell, 227. Crawford, George, 70. Crawford, H. L., 360. Crawford, James, 21, 23. Crawford, William, 503. Crawford, W. B., 483. Creesy, B. J., 343. Creesy, P. C., 348. Cribb, A., 3S2. Cribb, C., 3S2. Cribb, D. W., 398, 353. Cribb, E. A., 512. Cribb, Elizabeth, 23. Cribb, E. C., 472. Cribb, John, 23, 156, 382. Cribb, L., 3S1. Cribb, R., 196, 382. Cribb, S., 3S1. Cribb, T., 382. Crockett, James, 54, 71. Croft, B. S., 361. Croft, G. S., 3S2. Crop Failure, 1749, 41. Cromer, L. F., 52. Cromwell, Oliver, 32, 36. Cromwell, Hester, 80. Crosby, J. R., 381. Crosby, Sarah, 156. Crosby, Elizabeth, 81. Crosby, Martha, 81. Crosener, Alex PI., 57. Cruelty to Slaves, 334. Cubstead, John, 353. Cubstead, J. E., 406. Cupid, a Slave, 259. Cumbee, George, 350. Cummings, David, 156. Cummings, J. B., 230, 231. Cunningham, Alexander, 156, 219, 240. Cunningham, Arthur, 25, 148, 149, 152, 200. Cunningham, Mrs. A. M., 370. Cunningham, Benjamin, 487. Cunningham, Evelyn, 505. Cunningham, H. B., 281, 521. Cunningham, James, 25, 156, 200. Cunningham, J. S., 304, 348, 481. Cunningham, John, 115. Cunningham, Mrs. John, 532. Cunningham, Mary, 156, 200, 370. Cunningham, Mose, 512. Cunningham, Mrs. S. D., 474. Cunningham, Mrs. Stuart, 532. Cunningham, W. W., 361, 362. Currency Depreciates, 404. Currency Scarcity, 436. Curtain, S. W., 348. Cusack, H. D., 409. Cutt, Bridgett, 34. Daggett, Richard, 357. Daggett, T. W., 430. Dale, Thomas, 21. Dancing, 178. Dancing Frolics, 274. Daniel, C. C., 475. Daniel, C. W., 3S3. Daniel, Mrs. W. D., 475. Daniel, Mrs. Dodd, 532. Daniel, Esther, 259. Daniel, E. W., 351. Daniel, James, 57, 157, 201, 230, 260, 262, 263. Daniel, James D., 369, 464, 482. Daniel, John, 115. Daniel, J. W., 488. Daniel, Martha, 201. Daniel, Sarah M., 259. Daniel, William, 25, 200, 259, 279, 284, 289. Daniel, W. W., 488. Danner, John, 153. D. A. R. Chapter, 524. Dargan, Jeremiah, 195. Dargan, Timothy, 528. Dargan, W. F., 528. Darnall, R. L., 483. Darwin, Lucile, 474. David, James E., 328. David, Jannet, 233. David, John, 233, 353. David, Walter, 473. Davidson, Agnes, 79. Davidson, Alexander, 24. Davidson, Elizabeth, 24. Davidson College, 305. Davidson, William, 157. Davis, Abraham, 235. Davis, A. J., 353. Davis, George, 70. Davis, George W., 463. Davis, Anna, 24. Davis, Isaac E., 512. Davis, James, 103, 114, 115, 175, INDEX 563 406. Davis, James E., 353. Davis, J. P., 353, 357, 400. Davis, J. B., 468. Davis, Jefferson, 350, 411. Davis, John, 24, 115, 353, 406. Davis, John, W., 481, 495. Davis, John G., 235. Davis, Mary, 157. Davis, J. T., 357. Davis, Martha, 234. Davis, Mrs. M., 289. Davis, Robert, 115, 157. Davis, Thomas, 70. Davis, Thomas B., 353. Davis, Thomas EL, 352. Davis, T. P., 218, 221, 225. Davis, T. J. N., 301. Davis, William, 25. Davis, W. B., 382. Davis, William Henry, 407. Davison, Mary, 157. Dawsey, D. D., 244. Dawson, Ervin, 144. Dawson, John, 150, 157. Day, L. G., 472, 502. Day of Fasting, 2S4. Day, John, 157. Day of Prayer, 411. Deery, S. J., 513. 515, 516, 517. Deffee, W. A., 405. DeHay, Estelle, 473. Deflation, 540, 548. Democracy, 438. Delegation, 1782, 131. Delegation Provincial Congress, 92. Democratic Clubs, 454. Democracy Unlimited, 458. Democratic Party, 461. DeLoache, Alma, 472. Dennis, B. B., 358. Dennis, D. I., 456. Dennis, E. C., 460. Dennis, E. G., 347. Dennis, Isaiah, 115. Dennis, Littleton, 530. Dennis, L. J., 381. Dennis, Mrs. L. S., 532. Dennis, Nelson, 30S. Dennis, S. R., 347, 308. Dennis, W., 406. Dennis, W. IJ., 472. Denominational Outlook, 183, 197. Dentists, 527. Derrick, C. C., 488. Derrick, T. E., 488. DeSaussure, W. G., 353. Deserter Shot, 304. Devers, Sarah, 280. Development, Township, 137. Dial, John, 115. Dial, Thomas, 21, 70. Diary, Epps’, 41S. Dick, a Slave, 247, 308. Dick, Elizabeth, 76. Dick, Jane, 76. Dick, James, 66. Dick, James M., 230. Dick, Jannet, 76, 242. Dick, Jean, 70. Dick, John, 21, 66, 76, 79, 151, 153, 200. Dick, J. S., 260, 343. Dick, Mary, 76. Dick, Margaret, 76. Dick, Samuel E., 233. Dick, Susannah, 76. Dick, Robert, 76, 157. Dick, William, 56, 76, 200, 225. Dickerson, Joseph, 246. Dickerson, L. R., 474. Dickson, James, 153. Dickson, John, 157, 200. Dickey, Catherine, 233. Dickey, George, 85, 157, 221. Dickey, James, 26, S5, 201, 238. Dickey, John, 26, 115, 118, 127, 133, 141, 143, 145, 157, 170, 180, 201. Dickey, Mary, 26. Dickey, Martha, 238. Dickey, Martha E., 233. Dickey, Samuel E., 201, 233. Dickey, Sarah, 221. Dickey, Sarah M., 233. Dickey, Stuart, 157. Dickey, William, 224, 235. Died, World War, 512. Digman, Robert, 157. Dinkins, Sarah T., 24. Dinkins, William, 24. Discussion with Sticks, 217. Dissenters, 24, 33. Division on Tariff, 267. Dix, John, 202. Dixie Post Office, 531. Dixon, Robert, 152. Dobbin, Elizabeth, 11S. Dobbin, James, 224. Dobbin, Jean, 124. Dobbin, Sarah, 223. Dobbin, William, 48, 57, 124, 157, 170, 201, 22S, 231, 232, 235. Dollard, Caroline M., 233. Dollard, Louisa J., 237. 564 INDEX Dollard, Patrick, 104, 135, 136, 157, 253. Dollard, William, 201, 221, 230, 242, 317. Donatk, L., 348, 440. Donegal, 27. Donnelly, E. J., 474. Donnelly, James S., 238. Doty, A., 377. Doughty, William, 186. Douglass, A., 236. Douglass, D. H., 512. Douglass, Elizabeth, 238, 290. Douglass, Eleanor, 222, 243. Douglass, James J., 235. Douglass, S. A., 397. Douglass, Samuel, 201, 205, 157, 145, 146, 151. Douglass, Sarah, 239, 157. Douglass, Isaac M., 239. Douglass, William, 201, 225, 289, 157, 145, 26. Duel Government, 215, 459. DuBose, A., 114., 381, 487. DuBose, Charles, 530. DuBose, C. W., 405, 487. DuBose, Elizabeth, 24. DuBose, Hampton, 483. DuBose, Henry, 527. DuBose, John, 70. DuBose, J. W., 472, 514. DuBose, Peter, 115. DuBose, R. M., 488. DuBose, Stephen, 24. DuBose, S. C., 408. Dowing, Ranatus, 157. Dowen, James, 157. Downing, Martha, 201. Dove, L. C., 499, 513. Doyle, J. A., 500. Dozier, A. W., 315, 337, 360. Dozier, Edward C., 360. Dozier, Elizabeth, 20. Dozier, John, 24, 196, 205, 210, 211, 218, 219, 226, 253, 484. Dozier, Leonard, 205, 219, 245, 320. Dozier, N. W., 341. Dozier, Peter C., 362. Drake, Thomas, 201. Draughn, Hampton, 240. Drew, Archibald, 79. Drew, David, 76. Drew, Margaret, 76, 77, 79. Drew, Mary, 76. Drew, Nathaniel, 21, 47, 62, 76, 77, 142. Drew, Samuel, 76, 77. Dreifus, S., 348, 353. Driggers, Jobe, 246. DuBush, John, 70. Dufford, Neill, 503. Duke, Adelaide, 295. Duke, Benjamin, 57, 115, 118, 127, 201. Duke, B. F., 347, 407. Duke, David, 295, 345. Duke, David M., 240, 248, 440. Duke, F. E., 483. Duke, Isabella, 295. Duke, J. E., 475. Duke, Jannet P., 241. Duke, Joseph C., 408. Duke, Mrs. J. M., 474. Duke, Mary E., 240. Duke, Mary F., 240. Duke, M. F., 488. Duke, Mary H., 289. Duke, P. F., 357. Duke, R. E., 347, 407. Duke, Sarah, 240. Duke, Thomas, 240. Duke, T. F., 348. Duke, T. J., 347. 348. Duke, W. D., 343, 346, 406. Duke, Thomas, 183. Duke, William, 115, 225, 398, 406. Duncan, W. B., 469. Dunlap, James E., 306, 362, 481, 4S2, Dunlap’s Praying, 306. Dunn, Jannet, 79. Dunn, Sarah, 84. Dunn, Sylvester, 84. Durant, Benjamin, 147, 157, 201, 225. Durant, Daniel, 480. Lurant, George, 152, 157. Durant, H. H., 292. Durant, John, 225. Durant, John H., 233. Durant, Letitia S., 233. Durant, Levi, 253. Durant, Martha M., 225. Durant, Mary, 225. Durant, Paul, 157. Durant, Ruth, 224. DuPre, James, 157. DuPre, Josiah, 53, 208. DuPre, Margaret, 200. DuPre, Thomas, 200. Durong, Joseph, 56. Drainage, 529. Drainage Needed, 535. Draining Swamps, 545. INDEX 565 Drainage Work, 518. Dredging Black River, 212. Dress Parade, 287. Drunk with Power, 452. Drury’s Bluff, 406, 407. Dwellings, Colonial, 90. Dye, John, 115, 118. Dye, J. C., 288. Dye, S., 384. Dyestuffs Scarce, 371. Eaddy, A. G., 527. Eaddy, A. J., 354. Eaddy, Andrew D., 115., 118, 127. Eaddy, Daniel S., 217. Eaddy, Edward D., 235, 487. Eaddy, Elizabeth, 246, 487. Eaddy, Frances, 246. Eaddy, G. S., 383. Eaddy, Henry, 115, 235. Eaddy, H. E., 463, 500. Eaddy, James, 157, 201, 217, 235, 487. Eaddy, James A., 246. Eaddy, James D., 527. Eaddy, J. M., 469, 500. Eaddy, Jenny, 201, 246. Eaddy, John F., 398. Eaddy, John, 235. Eaddy, John T., 354, 465. Eaddy, J. M. G., 502. Eaddy, Mary, 235. Eaddy, Margaret D., 246. Eaddy, Martin, 468. Eaddy, O. R., 465. Eaddy, P. O., 381. Eaddy, R. J., 381, 397. Eaddy, Samuel, 201, 217, 246. Eaddy, S. C., 545. Eaddy, S. J., 246. Eaddy, S. O., 464. Eaddy, Tristam, 354. Eaddy, Mrs. Wilbur, 532. Eaddy, W. S., 354, 383. Earle’s School, 473. Early, Andrew, 144, 151, 157. Early, Barbara, 201. Eason, F. W., 486. Easterling, John R., 196. Ebenezer Church, 190, 197. Economic Conditions, 38, 404. Economic and Social Life, 247. Edenton Tea Party, 95. Edict of Nantes, 25. Education, Colonial, 91. Education, Desire, 479. Education, Public, 467. Education Society, 208. Edwards, Amanda, 514. Edwards, James, 177. Edwards, Joshua, 195. Edwards, J. W., 357. Edwards, Thomas, 328. Edwards, Simon, 157. Effingham Mills Bridge, 209. Effingham Road, 207. Elders Resign, 278. Eldridge, Jane, 69. Elections, 465. Elections after Revolution, 213. Election, Negro, 440. Election on Secession, 336. Elim M. Church, 488. Elliott, Miss L. A., 468. Elliott, M. S., 377. Ellis, E. S., 347, 398, 407, 409. Ellis, G. L., 398, 408. Ellis, Jesse D., 362, 409. Ellis, J. J., 361. Elmira Prison, 415. Elon Aid Society, 396. Elon Church, 301. Elwell, A. F., 382. Elwell, J. T., 382. Elwell, W. H., 488. Emancipation Proclamation, 434. Emanuel, W. P., 355. Empire, Invisible, 451. Enfield Rifles, 399. English at Black Mingo, 33. Entrain, a Slave, 262, Episcopal Church, 272. Epps, A. L., 503. Epps, Annie M., 472. Epps, Carl, 527. Epps, Charles E., 503. Epps, Daniel, 25, 185, 201, 230, 382, 238. Epps, Daniel D., 233. Epps, David, 238, 311, 343, 369. Epps, D. J., 481, 533, 538. Epps, E. C., 463, 487, 496, 497, 498, 499, 501, 513, 516, 521, 547. Epps, Edward, 238. Epps, Edwin, 490. Epps, E. F., 483. Epps, Ernest, 489. Epps, G. O., 516. Epps, Isaac, 468. Epps, James, 23S, 360, 417. Epps, J. H., 347. Epps, Mrs. J. IJ., 532. Epps, J. J., 474. Epps, John, 238. 566 INDEX Epps, J. P., 361, 468. Epps, J. S., 474. Epps, J. B., 357. Epps, Leila, 480. Epps, Martha, 238. Epps, Mary C., 477. Epps, Miss Mollie, 468. Epps, Ossie, 514. Epps, Peter, 238. Epps, Robert, 238, 302, 405, 465. Epps, R. D., 527. Epps, T. O., 470, 516. Epps, Van., 527. Epps, William, 362, 382, 418. Epps, W. B., 361. Epps, W. J., 474. Erckmann, Agnes, 472. Ervin, Mrs. D. M., 532. Ervin, E. E., 481. Ervin, Elizabeth, 110, 157. Ervin, H. J., 407. Ervin, Hugh, 57, 70, 110, 114, 119, 157. Ervin, James, 115. Ervin, James R., 110. Ervin, Jane, 170. Ervin, John, 57, 66, 114, 119, 157. Ervin, John M., 183, 184, 197, 272, 274, 280. Ervin, Miss L. N., 468. Ervin, Margaret, 119. Ervin, Marian, 366. Ervin, Mary, 76. Ervin, Rebecca, 126. Ervin, Robert, 10, 21, 45, 142, 147, 157, 201. Ervin, Samuel, 70, 119. Ervin, Miss S. M., 468. Ervin, W. F., 440. Ervin, William, 227. Etheridge, T. J., 361. Evans, A. LI., 351. Evans, Benjamin R., 358. Evans, Mrs. D. E., 532. Evans, Frances, 157. Evans, J. E., 351, 358. Evans, John, 23, 460. Evans, J. J., 347. Evans, J. S., 538. Evans, S. W., 358. Evans, Rebecca, 23. Evans, Roberta, 475. Evans, W. F., 474. Everett, J. C., 465, 515. Eveleigh’s Letter, 30. Excommunication, 274. Exemption Board, 504. Exhorters, 480. Extorting of Promise, 277. Ezell, A. W., 343. Fair Oaks, 382. Fair Field, 172. Families, Williamsburg, 21. Fairey, F. W., 486, 497, 515, 525, 528. Fairey, L. H., 407. Fairy, W. A., 486, 488. Faith in Cotton, 433. Falcon, Peter, 157. Farm Products, 542. Farmers Bank, 501. Farris, J. E., 416. Farrington, Thomas, 69, 143. Fathers in Israel, 363. Fenegan, H. J., 500. Fenters, Daniel, 309. Fenters, D. F., 350, 384. Fenters, Gilkee, 350. Fenters, J. C., 350, 3S4. Fenters, J. J., 350, 384. Fenters, L. F., 350. Fenters, L. W., 350. Fenters, S. W., 384. Fenters, W. D., 350. Ferdon, C. B., 503. Ferdon, James, 25, 70. Ferdon, Joanna, 245. Ferdon, John, 360, 413. Ferdon, John B., 503. Ferdon, John P., 245. Ferdon, Joseph IL, 503. Ferdon, Richard J., 503. Ferdon, William, 245. Ferdon, William B., 384. Feagan, J. A., 343, 348, 406, 407, 530. Feagan, R. E., 347. Federal Law, 315. Felder, J. II., 472. Felder, Mrs. John L., 186. Felder Mattie, 472. Felps, Samuel, 158. Felps, William, 201. Ferguson, Ella, 473. Ferguson, Hugh, 115. Ferguson, James, 25. Ferguson, John, 115. Ferguson, Lou A., 473. Ferguson, Mary, 81. Ferguson, Moses, 115. Ferguson, Thomas, 115, 118, 127. Ferrell, B. F., 354, 384. Ferrell, Emmie, 515. Ferrell, H. D., 465, 498, 501. INDEX 567 Ferrell, J. A., 468. Ferrell, J. L., 348, 474. Ferrell, J. W., 404. Ferrell, Mary, 201, 239. Ferrell, Mellie, 515. Ferrell, R. G., 1S3, 184, 196, 218, 238, 289, 311, 397, 440. Ferrell, William, 239. Ferrell, W. J., 343, 361, 382. Ferry, George W., 353. Fertilizer Introduced, 535. Fever Epidemics, 320. Fiddlers, 308. Fillyaw, J. B., 351. Fillyaw, J. J., 400. Filth, 391. “Filthiest Place,” 388. Fincke, J. A., 25, 252. Finkley, Charles, 157. Finkley, G. C., 352. Finkley, John, 157. Finkley, R., 352. Finkley, Thomas, 157. Finkley, W. B., 352. Finley Bay, 89. Finley, Mary Ann, 78. Finley, Francis, 21, 153. Finley, Robert, 21, 59, 150, 179. “First among Equals,” 455. First Court House, 217. First Court Trial, 217. Fisher, Fort, 413. Fisher, James, 21, 69, 143, 150. Fishing on Sunday, 264. Fist Cuff Fights, 269. Fitch, Duncan, 413. Fitch, R. B., 405. Fitch, W. A., 473. Fitch, W. D., 350, 360. Flagler, Addie, 370. Flagler, Andrew P., 354, 384, 400. Flagler, A. W., 361, 382, 3S3. Flagler, Mrs. C. R., 370. Flagler, Margaret G., 81, 251. Flagler, Mary, 289, 292. Flagler, Mary M., 236, 237. Flagler, R. A., 301, 362, 366, 406, 408. Flagler, Rosa, 370. Flagler, S. M., 361, 408, 409. Flagler, William, 81, 147, 157, 201, 205, 219, 228, 251, 312. Flagler, William G., 219, 251, 289, 320. Flax Culture, 41. Fleming, Agnes, 84. Fleming, Ann, 158, 230. Fleming, Charlotte, 289. Fleming, Elizabeth, 11, 75, 77, 84, 226, 230, 237. Fleming, Hannah, 225. Fleming, Isabella, 11, 77. Fleming, J. B., 357. Fleming, Jannet, 11, 77. Fleming, James, 11, 77, 84, 115, 140, 141, 143, 145, 147, 152, 153, 201, 226, 230. Fleming, J. H., 290. Fleming, John, 11, 21, 45, 46, 66, 77, 84, 115, 143, 145, 158, 201, 230. Fleming, Mary, 179, 180. Fleming, Penelope, 11. Fleming, Pinckney, 230. Fleming, P. B., 80. Fleming, Samuel, 185. Fleming, T. B., 343, 346, 357, 384. Fleming, W. E., 347, 357. Fleming, William, 11, 77, 115. Flinn, J. W., 4S3. Flowers, A. E., 501. Flowers, Coker, 194, 352. Flowers, E. A., 351, 384, 400. Flowers, Harmon, 201. Flowers, J. B., 384, 400. Flowers, J. H., 352. Flowers, J. J., 357. Flowers, R. C., 473. Flowers, R. N., 351. Flowers, W. J., 473. Floyd, F. W., 348. Floyd, G. S., 347. Floyd, H. C., 382. Floyd, James, 405. Floyd, J. D., 475. Floyd, Jesse, 194, 399. Floyd, J. J., 405. Floyd, John, 398. Floyd, J. P., 358. Floyd, L. B., 3S4. Floyd, L. D., 351, 400. Floyd, Noah, 194. Floyd, Richard, 3S6. Floyd, Susannah, 3S6. Floyd, William, 386. Fluitt, Eleanor, 295. Fluitt, I., 152. Fluitt, J. II., 357. Fluitt, J. N., 361. Fluitt, Margaret, 295. Fluitt, Mary, 244. Fluitt, R. W., 295. Fluitt, Samuel, 149, 150, 205, 228, 237, 244, 250, 256, 289, 312. 568 INDEX Fluitt, W. N., 344. Fluitt, W. W., 357. Flynn, Andrew, 181. Folly, James, 201, 240. Folly, Margaret, 240. Folly, Mary, 201. Footman, H. E., 347, 348. Footman, J. M., 343, 346. Footman, R. M., 361, 362, 382, 413. Footman, W. C., 524. Forbes, I. W., 382. Ford, Elizabeth, 119. Ford, John, 115. Ford, Samuel, 70. Ford, Stephen, 158, 247, 249. Fordyee, John, 45, 54, 79. Fordyce, Mary, 79. Forrest, Thomas, 151. Forrester, Anthony, 158. Fort Finger, 380. Fort Sumter, 3S3. Fort Sumter, Falls, 345. Fort Wagner, 400. Fort, John, 232. Founding of Indiantown, 50. Fourth of July, 364. Fowler, Elizabeth, 81, 83. Fowler, Jane, 81, 83, 252. Fowler, Joanna, 83. Fowler, J. T., 488. Fowler, Martha, 83. Fowler Post Office, 531. Fowler, Richard, 83. Fowler, Sarah, 83. Fowler School, 473. Foxworth, C. D., 352, 399. Foxworth, John, 532. Foxworth, Thomas, 158. Foxworth, W. H., 473. Francis, Richard, 157. Franklin, Battle, 408. Franklin, Benjamin, 252. Fraser, Frances, 226, 227. Fraser, Hugh, 226, 227. Fraser, Peter, 226. Fraser, Robert, 115. Fraser, William, 25, 115, 158. Fredricksburg, 383. Free Negroes, a Nuisance, 317. Freeman, James, 157. Freeman, J. B., 350, 384. Freeman, G., 382. Free Schools, 248, 257, 467. Free Will Baptists, 194, 488. Frost, F. H., 440, 442. Frost, John, 244. Fryer, Dure, 158. Fryer, Joel, 157. Frierson, Absolom, 115, 118. Frierson, Aaron, 21, 70, 77. Frierson, Ben, 503. Frierson, Daniel, 184, 198, 233, 238, 241, 289, 290. Frierson, David, 179, 516. Frierson, D. P„ 472, 513. Frierson, Elias, 179. Frierson, E. O., 302, 363. Frierson, George, 115, 179, 241. Frierson Graveyard, 130. Frierson, Hattie, 479. Frierson, Henry, 289. Frierson, Hester, 238. Frierson, James, 77, 115, 153, 241, 233. Frierson, Jane, 289. Frierson, John, 21, 23, 77, 103, 158, 179, 201, 343, 530, 532, 114. Frierson, John J., 84. Frierson, Joshua, 115, 179, 180, 241. Frierson, J. S., 474. Frierson, J. T., 475. Frierson, Margaret, 179, 180, 402. Frierson, Mary, 77, 84, 85, 88. Frierson, Moses, 77, 179, 180. Frierson, Philip, 114. Frierson, Robert, 84, 103, 115, 140, 145, 146, 148, 158, 179, 180, 181, 201, 208, 212, 221, 225, 233, 234, 238, 245. Frierson, Robert P., 236. Frierson, Samuel, 158, 179, 180, 181, 238, 241. Frierson, Sarah, 23, 85, 236, 402. Frierson, Thomas, 45, 85, 88, 143, 152. Frierson, T. E., 525. Frierson Trial, 291. Frierson, William, 20, 21, 45, 62, 71, 84, 85, 97, 114, 115, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 145, 146, 152, 158, 179, 180, 201, 207, 212, 219, 222, 238, 241, 242. Frierson, William J., 480. Fullwood’s Company, 120. Full wood, John, 201. Fullwood, Robert, 143, 144, 150, 151. Fullwood, William, 115. Fundamental Constitution, 1. Funderburk, J. R., 486. Funk, Loraine, 511. Funk, W. R., 462, 485. Furman College, 305. Furman, Richard, 195. INDEX 569 Futhy., Elizabeth, 25. Futhy, Francis, 25, 56. Futhy, Hardy, 23. Futhy, Henry, 158. Futhy, John, 57, 158. Fulmore, James, 239. Fulmore, J. H., 301, 382. Fulmore, J. R., 311. Fulmore, J. S., 409, 479. Fulmore, Richard, 301, 527. Fulmore, T. P., 530. Fulmore, Z, R., 361, 463. Fulton, Agnes, 525. Fulton, D. M., 4S9. Fulton, David, 21, 77, 479. Fulton, D. B., 357, 413. Fulton, D. P., 343. Fulton, Eliza, 289. Fulton, George M., 226. Fulton, James E., 198, 289, 397, 530. Fulton, Jean, 77. Fulton, John, 146, 147, 158, 180, 201, 207, 219, 230. Fulton, J. M., 2S0, 282, 289, 357, 524, 532. Fulton, Margaret, 235. Fulton, Mary, 77, 295. Fulton, Paul, 77, 118, 177, 180. Fulton, Rebecca, 77. Fulton, R. J., 527. Fulton, Robert W., 269, 381. Fulton, Samuel, 48, 77, 226, 489, 516. Fulton, Samuel E., 181, 183, 201, 229, 234, 295. Fulton, Mrs. T., 515. Fulton, Thomas M., 295, 353, 384. Fulton, V. T., 289. Fulton, Walter, 512. Fulton, W. D., 361, 381, 515. Fulton, W. O., 514. Gadsden, Christopher, 159. Gaillard, Theodore, 62. Gaillard, Thomas, 92. Gaines Mill, 382. Gallinippers, 189. Galloway, Virginia, 472. Gamble, A. M., 361, 362, 382, 407. Gamble, Catherine, 239. Gamble, George, 146, 153, 201, 353. Gamble, Hugh, 115, 118. Gamble, H. D., 353, 383. Gamble, Henry S., 464. Gamble, I. K., 407. Gamble, Ivory, 512. Gamble, James, 21, 33, 66, 115, 142, 201, 225, 240, 244. Gamble, J. B., 485, 538. Gamble, J. K., 347. Gamble, J. J., 361, 3S2. Gamble, Mrs. J. P., 515. Gamble, John, 103, 115, 118, 159, 201, 230, 234, 245, 465. Gamble, J. P., 360, 440, 498, 501, 502, 503, 511. Gamble, J. W., 343, 352, 462. Gamble, Mary, 242. Gamble’s Muster Feld, 208. Gamble, R. D., 538. Gamble, R. K., 347, 357. Gamble, R. R., 245. Gamble, Samuel, 229. Gamble, Sarah, 229, 233. Gamble, Stephen, 115. Gamble, S. W., 463. Gamble, T. D., 474. Gamble, Robert, 103, 115, 145, 151, 158, 159, 225, 348, 3S2. Gamble, William, 57, 114, 142, 151, 159, 201, 229. Gamble, W. G., 269, 360, 383, 397, 413, 503, 343, 509, 527. Gamble, Mrs. W. G., 514, 524. Gamble, W. J., 238, 357, 400. Game, William, 409. Game Abundant, 40. Gamewell, John, 292. Gano, John, 195. Gantt, Myrtis, 473. Gapway Road, 209. Gardner, A. F., 348, 380, 381. Gardner, J. M., 362, 382. Gardner, John, 158. Gardner, Mrs. M., 370. Garland, Mary A., 231. Garner, H. S., 348. Garner, John, 409. Garner, Samuel, 115. Garrison, John, 70. Gaskin, A. J., 358. Gaskin, Ezekial, 158. Gaskin, James, 159. Gaskin, Samuel, 237. Gaskin, Sarah, 158. Gaskin, Vincent.. 159. Gaskins, A. M., 398, 406. Gaskins, Charles A., 354. Gaskins, E. B., 354. Gaskins, E. T., 501. Gaskins, E. V., 398. Gaskins, IJ. G., 397, 405. Gaskins, J. J., 354. 570 INDEX Gaskins, J. T., 474, 482. Gaskins, Mrs. S. G., 482. Gaskins, T. J., 384. Gasque, Aaron, 150, 210. Gasque, Loveless, 210, 211. Gasque, Minna, 473. Gasque, Nathan, 210. Gasque, S. S., 251. Gause, Benjamin, 92. Gause, W. M., 351. Geddings, Iva., 472. George II, 2. George III, 123. George’s Feld, 89, 129. George, Jesse, 115. George, Richard, 115, 127. George, Robert, 245. George, William, 115. German, Edward, 71. Gettysburg, 398. Gewinner, C., 440. Ghouls, 432, 452. Gibbons, Michael, 159. Gibbons, T. H., 399. Gibson, Alexander, 159. Gibson, Daniel, 158. Gibson, Ebenezer, 142, 144, 151, 159, 201, 205, 212, 221, 222, 223, 231. Gibson, Elander, 223. Gibson, Elisha, 151. Gibson, Francis, 222, 231. Gibson, George, 159, 223, 246. Gibson, James, 115, 118, 159, 201, 223, 224, 229, 244. Gibson, John, 158, 159, 201, 223. Gibson, Martha, 244. Gibson, R. H., 349. Gibson, Robert, 62, 115, 118. Gibson, Roger, 21, 143, 153. Gibson, Sarah, 236. Gibson, Susan, 230. Gibson, Thomas, 159, 222, 223. Gibson, William, 222, 223. Gilbraith, James, 146, 152, 159. Giles, Abraham, 25. Giles, Hugh, 205. Giles, R. B., 399. Gilland, Henry, 512. Gilland, H. G., 481, 482. Gilland, Jane, 477. Gilland, J. D., 528. Gilland, J. R., 363, 481. Gilland, L. W., 472, 481, 499, 504, 513, 516, 525, 527. Gilland, Mrs. L. W., 514, 515, 516. Gilland, T. M., 362, 430, 446, 449, 454, 463, 467, 525, 527. Gillespie, Andrew, 115. Gillespie, Daniel, 201, 229. Gillespie, John, 159. Gilley, John, 158. Gilles, Major, 127. Ginn, Shadraek, 158. Girrard, Gabriel, 21. Gist, George, 347. Gist, G. G., 354. Gist, J. G., 398. Gladden, Mary, 153. Glass, Alex, 227, 228, 232. Glass, Elizabeth, 232. Glass, J. A., 159. Glass, Robert, 360. Glassen, D. W., 350. Glebe Lands, 44, 184. Glenn, John, 201. Glenn, Louis, 201. Gloom, 427. Glover, Moses, 201, 205. Goddard, Francis, 21, 75, 142, 143, 150. Goddard, Thomas, 57. Goddard, William, 75, 158, 247, 248. Godfrey, John, 25. Godwin, D. B., 351. Godwin, G. W., 474. Godwin, H. E., 358. Godwin, J. A., 358. Godwin, J. B., 350, 384. Godwin, J. J., 358, 407. Godwin, J. M., 358. Godwin, Robert, 413. Godwin, S. C., 35S. Godwin, S. F. R., 358, 383. Godwin, William, 115. Godwin, W. J., 397. Godwin, W. O., 464, 528. Godwin, W. R., 360. Going, Bathiah, 158. Goode, C. B., 3S3. Goode, John, 201. Goodwin, Able, 158. Gordon, Abraham, 153. Gordon, A. B., 352. Gordon, A. M., 487. Gordon, B. E., 236. Gordon, Catherine, 243. Gordon. Charles F., 25. Gordon, C. H., 354. Gordon, David, 25, 223, 250. Gordon, D. E., 355, 357, 402, 418. Gordon, D. W., 472. Gordon, Elizabeth, 77, 85, 201. Gordon, Henry, 409. INDEX 571 Gordon, J. A., 200. Gordon, J. D., 360. Gordon, John, 77, 85, 115, 118, 158, 150, 201, 211, 240. Gordon, J. J., 352. Gordon, Mrs. J. A., 370. Gordon, J. M., 381. Gordon, J. W., 357, 406. Gordon, Jack, 469. Gordon, Jean, 85. Gordon, James, 70, 77, 114, 115. Gordon, J. W., 402. Gordon, Margaret, 77, 81, 85, 112. Gordon, Moses, 77, 85, 115, 118, 140, Gordon, Mary, 77, 85. Gordon, Rodger, 10, 13, 21, 30, 45, 66, 70, 71, 77, 87, 114, 122, 143, 220, 247, 524. Gordon, Sarah, 77, 85. Gordon, Sarah A., 402. Gordon, Sarah M., 402. Gordon, Samuel, 201. Gordon, S. B., 360, 382, 472. Gordon, William, 25, 81, 112, 114, 122. Gordon, W. B., 352, 379, 398, 402, 406, 408. Gordon, Rebecca E., 281. Gore, J., 405. Gorman, Catherine, 158. Gotea, Eleanor, 232. Gotea, Elender, 230. Gotea, Elizabeth, 222, 230, 241, 242. Gotea, George C., 222. Gotea, James, 150. Gotea, Jane, 223. Gotea, John, 21, 201, 211, 218, 222, 223, 230, 237, 246. Gotea, Sarah, 264. Gouge, John, 150. Gourdin, Elisha, 78. Gourdin, Esther, 78. Gourdin, Isaac, 78, 84. Gourdin, J. G. K., 363. Gourdin, Peter, 25, 77, 84, 118, 269, 270. Gourdin, P. G., 240, 242, 312, 481, 408, 513, 520, 545, 546. Gourdin, It. L., 210. Gourdin, Robert, 350, 527. Gourdin, Robert M., 340. Gourdin, Samuel, 78, 84. Gourdin, Susan, 242, Gourdin, Theodore, 25. 33. 78, 84, 118, 140, 150, 150, 175, 180, 100, 201, 207, 208, 200, 216, 247, 248. Gourdin, T. B., 463, 469. Gourley, Joseph, 158. Government and Officials, 213. Gowdy, Dess, 472. Gowdy, Francis, 240, 240. Gowdy, James, 144, 151, 201. Gowdy, James M., 221, 222, 231, 234. Gowdy, Mary, 221, 222. Grady, Henry W., 00. Graham, Aaron, 208. Graham, A. F., 231, 243, 268, 290. Graham, Adeline, 205. Graham, A. J., 243. Graham, Arthur, 503. Graham, A. W. J., 250. Graham, B. T., 230. Graham, Brown, 530. Graham, Charles N., 243. Graham, C. B., 487. Graham, D. B., 243. Graham, E. M., 361. Graham, Elizabeth 230. Graham, G. J., 362, 464, 475, 526. Graham, G. W., 351, 400. Graham, H. L., 358, 408. Graham, Hugh, 21, 142, 150, 225. Graham, I. W., 304, 317, 360, 394. Graham, Jannet, 242. Graham, Jack, 268. Graham, James, 115, 201, 223, 225, 231 268. Graham, John, 25, 114, 150, 170, 181, 180, 106, 201, 207, 218, 210, 224, 232, 225, 226, 227, 230, 241, 358, 406. Graham, J. A., 362, 308. Graham, J. C., 200, 463, 498, 500, 538. Graham, J. F., 243, 260, 530. Graham, J. M., 287, 383, 406, 468, 488, 516. Graham, J. J. M., 397, 464, 465, 473. Graham, J. J., 468. Graham, J. S., 405, 463. Graham, J. W., 527. Graham, Miss M. V., 46S. Graham, Martha, 264, 280. Graham, Nelson, 201, 382. Graham, N. M., 360, 460. Graham, Robert, 150. Graham, R. G., 230. Graham, R. F., 357. Graham, Samuel, 260. Graham, S. A., 364, 463, 464, 545. 572 INDEX Graham, S. E., 218, 243, 268, 200, 206, 311, 337, 367, 368, 360. Graham, S. J., 287, 347, 358, 463. Graham, Sarah, 225, 241, 243. Graham, Susan, 242, 250. Graham, Sevil, 225. Graham, Swingle, 464. Graham, W. E., 347, 407. Graham, William, 115, 118, 150, 201, 200, 210, 223, 225, 231, 242, 259. Graham, W. J., 287. Graham, W. L., 354, 383, 298, 406, 488. Grand Jury Committee, 446. Grand Jury, 312, 340, 441, 461. Grant, Hugh, 159. Grant, John, 25. Grant, U. S., 431. Graveyards, 321, 534. Gray, Alfred, 351. Gray, B. F., 358. Gray, Jefferson, 358. Gray, N., 351, 383. Gray, Thomas, 358. Grayson, L., 348, 407. Grayson, H. S., 347. Grayson, J. M., 347, 361, 407. Grayson, J. W., 405. Grayson, Mary, 370. Grayson, W. J., 381. Grayson, W. S., 357, 361. Grayson, W. W., 464. Great Mortality, 18. Greelyville, 529. Greelyville School, 473. Gregg, Bishop, 75. Gregg, Eleanor, 86. Gregg, Fort, 345. Gregg, Hugh, 159. Gregg, James, 86, 158. Gregg, Jannet, 86. Gregg, John, 25, 31, 86, 122, 158. Gregg, Joseph, 158. Gregg, Margaret, 81, 86. Gregg, Mary, 86. Gregg, Robert, 86, 158, 222. Gregg, William, 86. Green, Benjamin, 115. Green, Elizabeth, 23. Green, Ezra, 289. Green, Francis, 56, 74, 159, 210. Green, G. D., 351. Green, George, 21, 244. Green, G. W., 498. Green, Hannah, 228. Green, James, 114, 115, 159. Green, Jane, 24. Green, Jannet, 244. Green, John, 23, 159, 360, 382, 413. Green, J. J,. 211. Green, J. G., 243, 361, 362. Green, John T., 133, 159. Green, Joshua, 25. Green, Lydia, 23. Green, Mary, 240, 245. Green, Martha, 289. Green, R. B., 530. Green, Richard, 56, 158, 360, 413. Green, Church, 297. Green, Robert, 201, 231, 237. Green, Samuel, 158, z*±5. Green, S. B., 360, 413, 487. Green, Thompson, 3(50, 413. Green, William, 23, 24, 54, 56, 74, 115, 159. Greer, Barron, 527. Greer, H. L., 416. Greer, T. R., 440, 454. Greetless, David, 350. Gregg’s Letter, 336. Grendfield, L., 348, 353. Grier, Mrs. G. E., 476. Grier, James, 169, 210. Grier, John, 159. Griffis, David, 159. Griggs, N. H., 350. Grimes, William, 70. “Ground for Bed,” 389. Guard House, 525. Gresham, G. T., 486. Guerry, Benjamin, 159, 228. Guerry, F. P., 473. Guerry, Lydia, 164. Guerry, Peter, 23. Guerry, S. A., 515. Guess, B. G., 488. Guess, B. M., 398, 407, 408. Guess, G. A., 347. Guess, J. A., 409. Guess, William, 343, 347, 348, 407. Guards, Ripley, 379. Guild, Samuel, 244, 191. Guild, S. S., 398. Guilds, Fortune, 440. Guinea Negroes, 432. Guinna, Iv., 348. Gunther, Hugh, 407. Gurgamus, J. F., 384. Gwin, Bettie, 472. Haddock, Augustus, 328. Haddock, C. D., 527. Hagood, General, 400. INDEX 573 Hagan, O. F., 527. Hagan, O., 1G0. Hagan, Z., 1G0. Hair, J. R., 3G2. Hair, W. W., 3G2. Haines, L., 384. Hanes, J. B., 352. Hanes, Samuel, 1G0. Hall, E. S., 420, Hall, Thomas, 21, 150. Hall, Richard, 21, 142, 150. Hallford, William, 407. Hallimer, Hardy, 328. Halfacre, W. D., 472. Ham, J. D., 381. Ham, William, 160. Ham, Z. T., 382. Hamer, Stuart, 474. Hamilton, Archibald, 10, 21, 143. Hamilton, Christian, 28. Hamilton, James, 114, 116, 127. Hamilton, Major, 132. Hamilton, John, 63, 66, 78, 102, 116, 127, 151, 202. Hamilton, Margaret, 202, 225. Hamilton, Robert, 147, 152. Hamilton, William, 19, 57, 116, 142, 153. Hambelton, Rebecca, 160. Hamlin, Thomas B., 245. Hammett, Arthur, 361. Hammett, J. N., 465. Hampton, Wade, 120, 459, 456. Hampton Nominated, 455. Hammond, J. L., 352. Hammond, Lucy, 510. “Handwriting on the Wall,” 548. Hanna, Elizabeth, 229, 259, 352. Hanna, D. H., 474. Hanna, D. P., 352. Hanna, D. W., 503, 512. Hanna, Calvin, 259, 381. Hanna, G. W., 354. Hanna, Mrs. H., 469. Hanna, Hugh, 160, 201, 229, 259. Hanna, H. Z., 464. Hanna, James, 160, 201, 224, 360, 413. Hanna, J. A., 474. Hanna, J. E., 357. Hanna, J. F., 354. 382. Hanna, J. G., 381. Hanna, J. J., 354. Hanna, J. R., 352. Hanna, J. W., 384. Hanna, Motte, 503. Hanna, Pet, 515. Hanna, Richard, 116. Hanna, Robert, 116, 146, 354. Hanna, Samuel, 348, 360. Hanna, Sarah, 287. Hanna, S. D., 382. Hanna, S. S., 469. ^-anna, William, 160, 201, 469. Hanna, Mrs. W. D., 473. Hanna, W. E., 464. Hanna, W. F., 532. Hanna, W. J., 357. Hannibal, a Slave, 259. Hanford, D. 351. Harbin, Ann, 81. Harbin, Francis, 81. “Hard Living”, 391. “Hard Times”, 393. Hardee, A. W., 405. Hardee, General, 426. Hardee, Mrs. Ruth, 475. Harlee, David, 360. Hardick, W. B., 3S4. Hardick, W. S., 400. Hardger, Ann, 152. Harden, Michael, 145, 146, 151, 161. Harper, Belle, 474, 514. Harper, Bessie, 470. Harper, Edwin, 328, 362, 463, 470, 536. Harper, James, 25, 328, 357, 407, 536. Harper, John, 328. Harper, J. D., 381. Harper, Miss N. A., 469. Harper, T. B., 527. Harper, T. C., 527. Harper, W. H., 508, 527. Harmon, G. T., 488, 513, 516. Harmon, Mrs. G. T., 514. Harmon, Thomas, 160. Harmon, W. D., 501. Harmon, W. H., 502. Harmon, William, 160. Harmon, Shenneraft, 160. Harrington, Drury, 25. Harrington, D. W., 362. Harrington, Erline, 475. Harrington, J. W., 501, 502. Harrington, Mary, 23. Harrington, Thomas, 23, 161. Harrison, 108. Harrison, T. J., 383, 409. Harrison, Tim, 305. Harrison, Fort, 408. Harrell, Louis, 160. Harrelson, Della, 475. Harrelson, William, 160. INDEX 574 Harris, S. B., 409. Harshey, John, 151. Hart, David, 160. Hart, Oliver, 195. Hart, Simon, 160. Harvey, Judith, 161. Harvey, Christopher, 21, 153. Harvey, William, 21, 153. Hartley, James, 160. Haselden, Ann, 224, 237. Haselden, Elizabeth, 224. Haselden, Henry W., 542. Haselden, Herbert, 503. Haselden, J. F., 501, 527. Haselden, John, 202, 224, 354, 384. Haselden, J. P., 543. Haselden, Martha, 543. Haselden, Richard, 116. Haselden, R. M., 473. Haselden, Samuel, 26, 188, 190, 201, 224, 237, 244. Haselden, S. J., 502. Haselden, Thomas, 201, 237. Haselden, William, 116, 398, 397, 514, 527. Haselden, W. M., 353. Haselden, Violetta, 237. Hassell, W. M., 483. Hatched, A. J., 400, 351. Hatched, Joseph, 400. Hatched, J. N., 400, 351. Hatched, T. H., 400, 351. Hatcher, Moses, 161. Hatlihorn, Ann, 225. Hathliorn, Hesther, 225. Hathliorn, Jean, 225. Hathhorn, Mary, 225. Hathhorn, Sevil, 225. Hathaway, J., 381. Hathaway, Thomas, 3S3. Hatfield, W. J., 460. Hatcher, I sham, 160. Hate Rampant, 431. “Haunts,” 355. Haw’s Shop, 355, 407. Hawley, F. M., 483. Hawkins, Elizabeth, 229. Hawkins, Frank C., 486, 494. Hawkins, John, 202, 212. Hawthorn, George, 202. Hawthorn, Samuel, 202. Haynesworth, H. J., 527. Haynesworth, J. R., 498, 501. Heath, W. S., 488. Health Conditions, 536. Heathley, Elizabeth, 19, 78, 125, 180. Heathley, James, 144. Heathley, Mary, 23, 78, 89. Heathley, Robert, 116. Heatldey’s Run, 62. Heathley, William, 23, 78, 142, 152. Herren, William, 160. Hebrews, 489. Hebron Church, 487. Hebron School, 472. Hedelston, John, 202. Heineman, School, 472. Heins, C. A., 465, 476, 501, 515. Heins, Louise, 473. Hell, 441. Heller, M. F., 4S1, 484, 515, 519. Heller, Mrs. M. F., 514, 532. Heller, Philip, 440. Hemmington, Jiles, 202. Helms, Jonathan, 202. Hemingway, Post Office, 531. Hemingway School, 472. Hemingway, F. R., 464, 528. Hemingway, G. S., 501. Hemingway, J. A., 369, 397. Hemingway, J. E., 500. Hemingway, T. S., 362, 377, 504, 527. Hemingway, Mrs. T. S., 523, 532. Hemingway, W. A., 396, 397, 412. Hemingway, W. C., 500, 527, 531. Hemingway, W. S., 302. Henderson, Augustus, 483. Henderson, John, 45. Henderson, William, 360. Henlin, Benjamin, 161. Henlin, John, 23, 25, 161. Henlin, Margaret, 23. Henry, Miss A. M., 468. Henry, Robert, 343, 348, 463, 480, 485, 527. Henry Post Office, 531. Hepburn, James, 74, 161, 202. Hepburn, Elizabeth, 74. Henson, Nancy, 221. Herdick, W. B., 350. Herdsmen, 249. Herron, John, 21. Herron, Robert, 47. Herron, Eleanor, 160, 161. Herndon, J. W., 4S1. Hester, E. J., 539. Hetehinhan, Eliza, 238. Hetcliinhan, Thomas, 238. Hewitt, Anna, 224. Hewitt, E. II., 147, 149, 202, 229. Hewitt, Elizabeth, 224. Flewitt, Francis M., 224. INDEX 575 Hewitt, Jane M., 229, 232. Hewitt, John, 151. Hewitt, John G., 243. Hewitt, John J., 224. Hewitt, Mary, 224, 229. Hewitt, Sarah, 224. Hewitt, Thomas N., 224. Heyward, Jean, 506. Heyward School, 475. Hicks, Elisha, 202. Hicks, Elijah, 486. Hicks, George W., 358, 408. Hicks, Jesse, 202. Hicks, J. B., 486. Hicks, Mica j ah, 202. Hicks, W. J., 358, 408. Hicks, William G., 358. Hickman, Joshua, 160. Hickman, Isaac, 160. Hickson, James, 229. Hickson, John, 160, 161, 201, 229, 221. Hickson, Moses, 229. Hickson, M. O., 350. Hickson, Peter, 160. Hickson, R. S., 228. Hickson, Solomon R., 229. Hicks, N. C., 352. Hiddleston, Mary E., 237. Hiddleston, Thomas, 237. Hiddleston, William, 152, 161, 202, 205, 218, 230, 240. Highlanders, 39. Highway Commissioners, 62. Hill, Isaac, 160. Hill, John 415. Hill, Patience, 221. Hill, Thomas, 179. Hilton, C. E., 529. Hinds, A. C., 466, 4S6, 497, 500, 513, 516, 527. Hinds, Mrs. A. C., 514. Hinds, C. M., 485. Hinds, John, 114. Hinnant, Helen, 501, 515, 531. Ilinnant, O. C., 475. Hinnant, R. P., 328, 468, 4S0. Hinson, Isham, 328. Ilirsch, M. J., 327, 363, 416, 460, 467, 470, 525, 527. Hirsch, E. L., 528. History, SC Mark’s, 187. Hitch, William, 223, 225. Hix, Benjamin, 353. Hix, John, 353. Hix, William, 160. Ilixon, M. J. E., 400. Hoddy, Elizabeth, 160. Hodge, Benjamin, 116. Hodge, David, 553. Hodge, Fred, 474. Hodge, James, 116. Hodge, John H., 353. Hodge, M. E., 362. Hodge, William, 116, 353, 400. Hodges, Elizabeth, 24. Hodges, John, 24. Hodges, W. I., 473, 500, 515. Hodges, W. H., 4S8, 529. Holliday, Joseph, 239. Holliday, P., 357. Holliday, W. W., 499. Holliday, Mrs. W., 514, 532. Holland, J. II., 352. Hope, Ralph, 160. Hopkins, James, 344. Hopton, Sarah, 76. Hop ton, William, 76. Hopewell Church, 125, 185. Holliday, Daniel, 25. Holliday, William, 25. Holden, John, 151. Holden, Shoemaker, 161. Holden, Samuel, 161. Holman, J., 514, 516. Holland, James, 159. Holleman, Willie, 503. Holmes, J. E., 360, 408. “Homespun Dress”, 373. Hoole, Hannah, 74. Hoole, James, 25, 74. Horn, Richard, 160. Horry, Peter, 71, 108, 127. Horton, Joseph, 228. Horse Racing, 93, 178, 255. Horlbeck, M. L., 416. Housten, C., 384. House of Mourning, 436. Howard, Benjamin, 116. Howard, Edward, 84, 116, 220, 348. Howard, F. N., 350, 384. Howard, George, 84, 350. Howard, J. E., 382, 405. Howard, John, 116, 160, 161, 202, 220. Howard, J. W., 350. Howard, Rachael, 161. Howard, William, 220. Howard, W. R., 202. Howard, W. W., 484. Howe’s History, 178. Hudson, Ann, 24. Hudson, Benjamin, 160. Hudson, Hannah, 160. 576 INDEX Hudson, James, 354. Hudson, John, 383. Hudson, Joseph, 1G0. Hudson, Ludowic-k, 24. Hudson, R. H., 348. Hull, Hope, 202. Hull, Joseph, 1G1. Humphries, John, 144, 146, 151, 153, 160. Hume, Peter, 21. Hume, Thomas, 70. Huger, H. E., 349. Hughes, Bridgett, 66. Hughes, B. 468. Hughes, D. B., 350. Huggins, F. E., 500, 501. Hughes, I. W., 349. Hughes, Meredith, 33. Hughes, Richard, 152. Hughes, R. A., 532. Hughes, Sarah, 160. Hughes, T. J., 357, 382, 409. Huggins, D. G., 472, 501. Huggins, George, 292. Huggins, G. W., 383, 407. Huggins, G. S, B., 362, 383. Huggins, John, 116. Huggins, J. J., 351, 399. Huggins, J. W., 351. Huggins, Mark, 114. Huggins, William, 114. Huguenots, 25, 32. Hundreds, Bermuda, 408. Hunter, George, 21, 69. “Hurrah Grounds”, 546. Hurt, W. E., 485, 486. Hutchinson, Aaron, 160. Hutchinson, Arthur, 160, Hutchinson, E. B., 352. Hutchinson, L. N., 352. Hutson, John, 116, 194. Hutson, Joe, 194. Hutson, S. J., 529. Hutson, William, 116. Hydecker, J. A., 160. Hyman, J. C., 409. Hyman, T., 409. Hymns Sung, 490. Immortal Six Hundred, 418. Inabnit, J. P., 488. “Independent Order”, 176. Indians, 2, 6, 15, 71. Indiantown, 33. Indiantown Academy, 253. Indiantown Church, 48, 52, 124, 174, 179, 197, 258, 481, 483. Indiantown Church Destroyed, 178. Indiantown Congregation, 49. Indiantown Post Office, 253. Indiantown School, 474. Indiantown Session Records, 258. Indigo, 41, 133. Indigo Accident, 42. Indigo Vats, 89. Infants Baptized, 259. Influenza, 41. Irish Protestants, 39. Ironmonger, Recten, 161. Ivey, John, 161. Jackson, Andrew, 177, 344. Jackson, A. W., 468, 488. Jackson, John, 161. Jackson, Mabel, 473. Jackson, William, 161. Jacobs, C. D., 507, 527. Jacobs, Florence, 514. Jacobs, Louis, 363, 440, 459, 460, 470, 525. Jacobs, Mamie, 514. Jacobs, Maxmilian, 459, 531. Jacobs, M. H., 524. James I, 27. James II, 123. James’ Battalion, 97. James Island, 384. James, Alexander, 114. ,James, David, 116. James, E. L., 243. James, Elzabeth, 78, 124. 243, 245. James, Elizabeth L., 245. James, Esther, 78. James, Gavin, 108, 116, 202, 246. James, G. W., 351. James, Henry, 239. James, Ervin, 161. James, James, 116. James, J. C., 516, 527. James, J. I., 239. James, J. M., 472. James, Jane, 125, 161, 202, 227. James, Jannet, 11, 77, 78, 124. James, John, 11, 12, 20, 21, 45, 46, 48, 50, 57, 66, 71, 78, 92, 93, 95, 96, 101, 104, 114, 123, 124. 128, 130, 131, 133, 159, 161. 181, 202, 210, 221, 227, 243, 256, 261, 263. James, John T., 243, 245. James, Johnson, 161. James, Jones, 162. James, Jean, 79, 124. James, J. A., 354, 369, 527. INDEX 577 James, Mary, 11, 12. James, Mary E., 243. James, Meek, 102. James, Nathaniel, 116. James, Perry, 100. James, Philip, 105. James, Robert, 78, 116, 161, 238, 258. James, Robert W., 181, 243, 245, 264, 302. James, Samuel, 78, 227, 202, 243, 244, 245, 265, 274. James, Samuel W., 202. James, S. S., 347. James, Sarah, 78, 118. James, Sarah A., 243, 245, 264. James, Sarah J., 227. James, T. E., 468. James, William, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 35, 45, 46, 62, 66, 78, 87, 09, 118, 123, 142, 143, 161, 202. 246. James, William D., 116, 120, 124. James, William E., 238, 243, 245, 347, 308. Jamison, Isabella, 23. Jamison, John, 21, 23, 143. Jamison, Robert, 116. Jamison, William, 78. Jarrot, Richard, 317. Jarvis, H. M., 484. Jaudon, David, 78. Jaudon, D. J., 308. Jaudon, Elizabeth, 78, 228. Jaudon, Esther, 228. Jaudon, James, 228. Jaudon, Joanna, 201. Jaudon, J. J., 347, 308. Jaudon, Margaret, 23. Jaudon, Paul, 23, 25, 78, 228. Jaudon, Samuel, 228. Jaudon, Sarah, 228. Javroe, A. M., 348, 381, 307. Jayroe, John W., 347, 407, 408. Jefferson, W., 382, 405, 487. Jenkins, Ann, 85. Jenkins, Dorothy, 24. Jenkins, James, 161. Jenkins, Margaret, 161. Jenkins, Samuel, 25, 161, 202, 208. Jenkins, Thomas, 24, 224. Jenkinson, Martha, 514. Jenkinson, W. E., 525. Jerks, 103. Jeuner, James, 23. Johnson Swamp, 474. Johnson, Fort, 346. Johnson, Andrew, 437. Johnson, Bushrod, 359. Johnson, Carter, 512. Johnson, Celia, 244. Johnson, Cemmy, 224. Johnson, Chalmers, 483. Johnson, Daniel, 350. Johnson, David, 10, 142. Johnson, D. A., 520. Johnson, D. W., 399. Johnson, Edward, 222, 328, 347, 383, 408. Johnson, E. B., 202, 229. Johnson, E. H., 354, 308. Johnson, Francis, 244. Johnson, George, 161. Johnson, G. W., 350, 400. Johnson, Gilbert, 350. Johnson, H. B., 328. Johnson, Hugh, 383. Johnson, Jacob, 161, 202. Johnson, James, 202, 399. Johnson, J. B., 347, 413. Johnson, J. H., 3S1. Johnson, J. M., 350. Johnson, J. P., 350. Johnson, J. S., 474. Johnson, Joseph, 21. Johnson, L. B., 502, 527. Johnson, Mary, 202. Johnson, M. M., 407. Johnson, Paul W., 399. Johnson, R. Iv., 472. Johnson, Richard, 153. Johnson, Robert, 3. Johnson, T. A., 474. Johnson, Thomas, SO. Johnson, Thomson, 161. Johnson, William, 21, 161, 202, 224, 227, 244, 487. Johnson, W. H., 369. Johnson, W. N., 353. Johnson, W. W., 237. Johnston, J. B., 348. Johnston, J. J., 348. Johnston, Joseph, 416, 424. Johnston, W. W., 464. Jolly, Archibald, 161, 202. Jolly, Joseph, 161. Jolly, Joshua, 25, 74. Jolly, Mary, 74. Jones, Amos, 3S4, 400. Jones, Charles, 344, 363, 366. Jones, Mrs. Daniel, 295. Jones, E. S., 361. Jones, Frank M., 361. 578 INDEX Jones, George, 384. Jones, J. F., 347. Jones, J. L., 3G9. Jones, J. W., 488. Jones, Elizabeth, 24. Jones, Richard, 24. Jones, Ebenezer, 25. Jones, John, 56, 62, 101. Jones, L., 351, 384. Jones, Mary. 161. Jones, M., 351, 309, 400, 468. Jones, Peter, 161. Jones, Samuel, 161, 202, 362. Jones, W. E., 405. Jones, William, 161, 202, 224, 351. Jordan, Abraham, 21. Jordan, J. E., 512. Jordan, R., 397, 405. Jordan, Sarah, 202. Jordan, Thomas, 251, 383, 384. Jordan, W. P., 474. Josey, J. C., 468. Joy, E. J., 362. Joy, F. E., 362. Joy, L. M., 362. “Jumping Exercise,” 193. June, A., 354. June, J. S., 360, 407. June, P. P., 381. June, S. M., 347. June, Stacey, 409. June, Stephen, 161. June, P. G., 354. Justus, W. B., 488. Kaler, J. E., 407. Keels, Abraham, 116, 118. Keels, Bradford, 4S0. Keels, Daniel, 361, 382. Keels, E. C., 343, 347, 409. Keels, G. WT., 239. Keels, Isaac, 116, 162, 188, 202, 208, 239. Keels, John, 116, 162, 202, 224, 228, 235, 256. Keels, J. A., 343, 440. Keels, J. H., 344, 464. Keels, J. M., 4S5. Keels, J. W., 187, 224, 397. Keels, Mary, 186, 224. Keels, Miss M. T., 469. Keels, Peter R., 224, 239, 502. Keels, Richard, 186, 224. Keels, R. F., 224. Keels, S. J., 239. Keels, Sue R., 469. Keels, Susannah, 228, 239. Keels, T. M., 361, 362. Keels, T. T.. 353. Keels, W. E., 361. Keels, W. M., 463. Keith, B. L., 532. Keith, Harriet, 119. Keith, Robert, 1. Keith, Sarah, 162. Keith, William, 162. Kellahan, Flossie, 515. Kellahan, R. H., 327, 328, 463, 496, 524, 525, 536. Kelley, Mrs. Charlton, 497. Kelly, Daniel, 118. Kelly, Elizabeth, 224. Kelley, E. T., 527. Kelly, E. J., 347, 408. Kelly, James, 116. Kelly, John, 24, 116. Kelly, John A., 362, 455, 463, 496, 497, 519, 520, 525, 527. Kelly, J. W., 347. Kelly, Samuel, 116. Kelly, T. S., 474. Kelty, James, 235. Kelty, Jean, 235. Kelty, John, 162, 202, 235. Kennedy Faction, 175. Kennedy, Alexander, 116, 118, 127. Kennedy, Amelia, 470. Kennedy, Ann, 241. Kennedy, Archibald, 238. Kennedy, Bertha, 473. Kennedy, Bryan, 23. Kennedy, James, 25, 116. Kennedy, J. N., 405, 430, 487. Kennedy, John, 70, 118, 202. Kennedy, Joseph, 116. Kennedy, Mrs. Julia S., 524. Kennedy, Lyde, 472. Kennedy, Martha, 241. Kennedy, Mary, 23, 162. Kennedy, Muldrow, 194. Kennedy, Samuel, 21, 143, 144, 150, 151, 162, 172, 173, 175, 176. Kennedy, Sarah, 238. Kennedy, Stephen, 116. Kennedy, Thomas, 116, 118, 241. Kennedy, William, 241, 292. Kennedy, W. H., 405, 455, 463, 475, 525. Kennedy, W. P., 382. Kennedy, W. T., 405. Kennedy, W. W., 465. Kerwin, Crafton, 21, 59, 63, 79, 142, INDEX 579 143. Kerwin, Mary, 79. Kerwin, Thomas, 79, 114, 118. Key to Heaven, 292. Kimball, R. H., 350, 4G3, 536. Kinder, Elmo, 302. Kinder, H. H., 354, 378. Kinder, H. U., 525. Kinder, John M., 143, 152, 162, 202, 302. Kinder, J. C., 503. Kinder, J. H., 361. Kinder, L. P., 465, 525. Kinder, Maude Allene, 473. Kinder, William, 295. Kinder, W. M., 347. King, Eugene, 503. King, James, 25. King, John, 252. King, R. W., 408. King’s Tree, 8, 9, 13, 139. Kingstree Academy, 469. Kingstree R. Church, 397, 405. Kingstree Battle, 104. Kingstree B & L Ass’n., 520. Kingstree Library, 478. Kingstree Light Co., 520. Kingstree Ferry, 211. Kingstree School, 470. Kingstree Incorporated, 518. Kingstree Masons, 524. Killed, C. S. A., 382. Killed, World War, 512. Kingstree Meeting House, 207. Kingstree M. Church, 486. Kingstree Militia, 70. Kingstree’ s Own Company, 414. “Kingstree Star”, 364. Kingstree Drainage District, 545. King School, 474. Kirby, R., 382. Kirby, D. P.. 351, 405. Kirbv, E., 405. Kirby, J. F., 398, 405. Kirbv, J. T., 350, 408. Kirby, R. W., 351. 383. Kirby, Samuel, 350, 398, 468. Kirby, T. J., 406, 408. Kirk, R. J., 463, 527. Kirkley, Mrs. C. B., 473. Kirkley, C. B., 473. Kirkpatrick, James, 162. Kirton, James, 344, 348, 361, 468. ICirton, S. W., 344, 361. Knight, Catherine, 162. Knox, Alexander, 280. Knox, Archibald, 86, 116, 162, 185. Knox, Elizabeth, 289. Knox, Hugh, 114, 118. Knox, John, 21, 36, 151, 162, 171, 174, 180, 271, 290. Knox, Mary, 162. Knox, Robert, 116. Knox, Samuel, 86, 162, 202, 226, 290. Knox, William, 162, 176, 217. Knox, W. D., 449. Knox, W. J., 347. Koger, Pearl, 470. Koon, S. W., 398. Kramer, J. W., 486. Ku Klux Klan, 451. Labor, Negro, 536. Labor, White, 536. Lacey, Sarah, 162. Lacey, James, 162, 235. Lacey, J. M., 351, 400. LaFar, John, 483. Lake, Richard, 21. Lake, Thomas, 150. Lamb, Javin, 162. Lamb, Joseph, 163. Lamb, H. J., 353, 363, 398. Lamb, Levi, 202. Lamb, Robert, 406. Lamb, S. D., 353, 398. Lambert, A. J., 3S2. Lambert, Ann, 56. Lambert, R. J., 357. Lambert, B., 381. Lambert, E. M., 474. Lambert, H., 382. Lambert, W. F., 347. Lambert’s Post Office, 531. Lambson, J. R., 463, 536. Lancaster, Carrie, 472. Land, B. L., 353. Land, C. S., 344, 358, 359, 380, 528, 536. Land, James, 347. Lander, M. M., 469. Land, Grants, 137. Land Values, 257, 534. Lansdale, Thomas, 143. Lane, Elizabeth, 232. Lane, Hannah, 162. Lane, James, 56, 57, 232. Lane, John, 21, 23, 53, 162, 202, 230, 232. Lane. Rebecca, 162. Lane, Sarah, 23, 232. 580 INDEX Lane School, 473. Lane, Thomas, 205, 232. Lane, W. K., 327, 357. Lane, Bank of, 500. Laney, William, 309. Langston, M. C., 351, 398. Lanham, J. C., 525. LaRebour, J. F., 407. Laroche, Paul, 53. Larrimore, W. A., 432. Latham, Amos, 162. Law and Order, 461. Law, Martial, 434. Law, James, 21, 142. Law, William, 85, 145, 151, 162. Lawes, James, 66. Lawlessness, 444. Lawremore, William, 163. Lawrence, Lorena, 473. Lawrimore, W. A., 501. Laws, John, 351. Laws, John C., 398. Lawyers in 1860, 317. Lawyers, 527. Lazarus, J., 358. Layman, David, 162. Learning, 548. Legal Holidays, 92. Legion, Pee Dee, 357. Leighton, J. F., 349. Leger, Francis, 233. Lee, Andrew, 116. Lee, A. R., 400, 351. Lee, B., 351. Lee, Charles, 357. Lee, C. W., 351, 384. Lee, D., 223, 400. Lee, Elijah, 202. Lee, Fernay, 163. Lee, Hampton, 351, 383. Lee, Ira, 358, 408. Lee, Isaac, 347, 358, 408. Lee, J., 162, 405. Lee, J. A., 351. Lee, J. L., 351. Lee, J. W., 351. Lee, Jesse, 187. Lee, John, 24, 116, 118. Lee, J. H., 400. Lee, J. W., 400. Lee, LeRoy, 503, 504, 520, 527. Lee, Mrs. LeRoy, 514, 532. Lee’s Legion, 110. Lee, Margaret, 24. Lee, N. D., 351. Lee, Needham, 162, 202, 207, 209. Lee, P. D., 384. Lee, Robert E., 359, 423, 431. Lee, Sam, 162. Lee, Simon, 358. Lee, Sherrod, 202. Lee, Timothy, 202, 258, 408. Lee, Virginia, 484. Lee, W. A., 328, 352. Lee, W. C., 251, 384, 400. Lee, W. J., 358, 484, 485, 381, 440. Lee, W. L., 368. Lee, W. J. M.t 350, 401. Lee, W. M. C., 351. Leger, Ann, 23. Leger, Daniel, 162. Leger, James, 162. Leger, John, 23, 25, 162, 232. Leger, William, 162, 232. Lemon, John, 66, 153. Lenerieux, Francis H., 354, 398. Lenerieux, William, 399. Lentz, Frank O., 527. Lenud, Abraham, 25, 71. Lenud, C. C., 228. Lenud, Henry, 116, 118, 405. Lenud’s Ferry, 25, 139, 187, 324. Lenud’s Ferry Battle, 100. Lenud’s Ferry Road, 207. Lenud School, 475. Lequex, John, 162, 244, 360, 369, 397. Lequex, Peter, 25, 116, 118, 207. Lequex, Samuel, 116, 162. Lesesne, B. H., 503. Lesesne, Charles F., 186, 220, 235. Lesesne, Charles, 187, 244, 344, 352, 398, 407, 400, 406. Lesesne, Charles R., 465. Lesesne, Daniel, 116, 118. Lesesne, Mrs. Elizabeth, 480. Lesesne, E. R., 344, 352, 398, 463, 400, 416, 485, 468. Lesesne, F. J., 343, 406. Lesesne, Francis, 25, 33, 116, 256, 352. Lesesne, Fred, 496. Lesesne, J. C., 382. Lesesne, J. L., 538. Lesesne, John, 116. Lesesne, Margaret, 235. Lesesne, Mary, 118. Lesesne, N. D., 362, 366, 367, 464, 469, 497, 513. Lesesne, P. H., 407. Lesesne, Thomas S., 296, 353. Lesesne, W. E., 538. Lesesne, William, 226, 228. Lesesne, W. C., 408. INDEX 581 Lester, Andrew, 114. Lester, Ann, 78. Lester, James, 116, 118. Lester, John, 78. Lester, Martha, 78. Lester, Sarah, 227. Lester, Robert, 212. Lester, W. B., 340, 357. Lester, William, 162, 202, 227. Lever, James, 202. Leviston, Elizabeth, 76. Leviston, John, 48, 62, 63, 66, 71, 76. Leviston, Samuel, 76. Levy, Aaron, 154. Levy, Lamb, 154. Levy, William, 202. Lewis, Adria, 475. Lewis, Elizabeth, 474. Lewis, Joe, 348, 357. Lewis, Laurie, 503. Lewis, Robert, 70, 71. Lewis, Sarah, 85. Lewis, H. S., 420. “Liberty or Death,” 96. “Lice Amuse,” 393. Lide, T. P., 4S6. Lifrage, Ann, 401. Lifrage, Dulcie, 499. Lifrage, Emma, 474. Lifrage, J. G., 531. Lifrage, J. S., 357, 402. Lifrage, Margaret, 221. Lifrage, Mary, 295, 401. Lifrage, M. R., 469. Lifrage, Nancy, 289. Lifrage, S. L., 348, 357. Lifrage, T. M., 295, 353, 402, 406, 531. Lifrage, V., 360. Lifrage, William, 221, 289, 301, 530, 202, 241, 244, 245. Lifrage, W. J. J., 301, 382, 401. Ligneager, Isaac, 162. Liles, R. K., 347, 408. Lincoln, Abraham, 340, 344, 431. Lincolndom, 409. Lincolnites, 409. Lindsey, Patrick, 66, 21, 153. Linson, Thomas, 162. Liquor Selling, 446. Liquor Selling Opposed, 288. Little, J. M., 363. Little, Robert, 153. Lining, Doctor, 152. Local Board, 504. Local Preachers, 480. Locke, John, 1. Lockliear, Thelma, 472. Lockwood, P. B., 474. Lofton, H. M., 351. Logan, Calhoun, 344, 346, 380, 384, 406, 407, 414. Logan, George P., 522, 527. Logan, Joseph, 228. Logan, Maude, 522. Logan, R. C., 312, 341, 343, 348, 485, 519, 521. Logan, T. B., 348, 361, 440, 464, 527. Logan, D. W., 344, 34S. Logan, W. B., 522. Long, J., 405. Long, Henry, 384. Long, S. A., 405. Long, S. R., 474. Lord Bishop of London, 5. Lord’s Day, 6. Lords Proprietors, 1. Lottery in Kingstree, 175. Lovett, G. H., 475. Lovett, J. B., 475. Lovett, Mrs. Ozzie, 474, 503. Low Country, 214. Lower Bridge, 18, 430. Lower Bridge Aid Society, 370. Lower Bridge Road, 61, 207. Lowder, R. T., 301. Lowry, David, 239. Lowry, Elizabeth, 239. Lowry, John, 162. Lowry, Robert, 116, 118, 162, 202, 227, 239. Lowry, Samuel, 239. Lowry, William, 21, 41, 116, 239. Lowry’s Bridge, 211. Loyd, John, 70, 141. Lucas, John, 473. Luiser, Thomas, Lume, Charles, 221. Lume, Thelma, 472. Lynam, II. J., 344. Lynch’s Creek, 139, 187. Lynch, A., 351, 400. Lynch, E., 390. Lynch, G. W., 358. Lynch, James, 84. Lynch, Jason, 351. Lynch, J. L., 351. Lynch, J. M., 400. Lynch, John E., 358. Lynch, Laura, 472. Lynch, Thomas, 75, 76, 92, 95. 582 INDEX Lynch, William E., 358. Lynch, W. S., 527. McCauley, Amarynthia, 239. McCauley, James, 22, 116, 118. McCauley, John, 97, 114, 118, 128, 129, 131, 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 152, 151, 219. McCauley, Rachael, 239. Macon Telegraph, 371. Magistrate System, 314. Mahaffy, J. E., 48S. Malcolmson, James, 148, 152, 175, 255. Malcolmson, Samuel, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 203, 219. Malfeasance, 445. Mallard Lumber Company, 529. Malone, Richard, 21, 152. Malpess, Joel, 163. Malvern Hill, 382. Mammon, John, 165. Manigault, A. M., 349, 377, 401. Manning, James, 163. Manning, William, 202. Manual Labor, Delusion, 433. Marion’s Body Guard, 127. Marion Branch School, 475. Marion’s Brigade, 98, 104, 111, 114. Marion, Francis, 98, 104, 108, 121, 220, 529. Marion’s Headquarters, 105. Marion Takes Command, 98. Marion’s Spy System, 100. Marlowe, Charles, 164. Marler, Joseph, 203. Marlow, II. L., 350. Marlow, James, 163. Marlow, William, 164, 165. Marlow, Richard, 163. Market House, 140, 148. Market, Tobacco, 520. Markets of Williamsburg, 250. Markey, John, 347. Marriages, 5. Marsden, Elizabeth, 164. Marsh, Samuel, 237. Marshall, James, 203. Marshall, J. J., 357, 407. Marshall, John, 116, 384. Marshall, J. W., 360, 468. Marshall, R. B., 4S8. Marshall, Thelma, 476. Marshall, W. A., 350, 408, 475. March, John, 163, 165. March, Tarena, 163. Marler, Richard, 165. Marner, Charles, 163. Marsh, A. B., 398. Martin, Abraham, 235. Martin, C. R., 409. Martin, David, 225. Martin, D. Z., 348, 360, 397, 413, 468, 4S7. Martin, Ebenezer, 235. Martin, E. F., 525. Martin, E. R., 344, 347, 348, 356, 409. Martin, Francis Mann, 168. Martin, George, 353, 398. Martin, G. T., 516. Martin, I. J., 344, 347. Martin, James, 409. Martin, J. C. P., 350, 384. Martin, J. F., 350. Martin, J. G., 348. Martin, J. J., 344, 361. Martin, Matthew L., 268. Martin, R. G., 350. Martin, T. N., 349. Martin, W. S, 488. Martin, Walter, 75. Martin, Zachariah, 163. Maryland Heights, 383. Mason, B. M., 317. Mason, D. M., 295, 316, 337. Mason, J. M., 527. Mason, John, 252. Massachusetts Bay, 3. Massibeau, W. A., 488. Matthews, Abraham, 80, 203, 164, 400. Matthews, Ann, SO. Matthews, A. M., 351, 382. Matthews, Benjamin, 358, 407. Matthews, C. M., 353, 442. Matthews, C. W., 406. Matthews, David, 116, 203. Matthews, Dunnin, 359. Matthews, E. E., 405. Matthews, Eleanor, 222. Matthews, Charles, 351. Matthews, Elizabeth, 80, 82, 203. Matthews, E. J. C., 382. Matthews, F., 351, 400. Matthews, Gordon, 359. Matthews, G. R., 351, 383. Matthews, G. W., 351, 383, 400. Matthews, H., 351, 399, 400. Matthews, H. W., 407. Matthews, Isaac, 80, 102, 116, 143, 150, 164, 199, 203, 227. Matthews, James, A., 359. Matthews, T. A., 407. INDEX 583 Matthews, J. C., 295. Matthews, J. M., 383. Matthews, J. S., 359. Matthews, Jane, 257. Matthews, Jean, SO. Matthews, Jefferson, 359. Matthews, Jeremiah, 202. Matthews, John, 21, 66, 80, 87, 150, 153, 163, 180, 203, 222, 226, 227, 229, 232, 382, 354. Matthews, J. J., 194, 384. Matthews, J. M., 202, 347, 407. Matthews, J. N., 295. Matthews, Jonah, 165, 203. Matthews, J. L. R., 405. Matthews, Joseph, 116. Matthews, Moses M., 351, 359. Matthews, Mary, 80, 227. Matthews, Moses, 218, 227, 230, 400. Matthews, Pleasant, 358, 398, 400. Matthews, Ralston, 359. Matthews, Rebecca, 295. Matthews, Richard, 203. Matthews, R. M., 351, 400. Matthews, Robert, 400. Matthews, Samuel, 116, 207, 440. Matthews, Sarah, 80, 229. Matthews, Susannah, 229. Matthews, T. A., 398. Matthews, W. D., 529. Matthews, William, 80, 82, 116, 203, 351 405. Matthews, W. J., 362, 382, 408. Matthews, W. W., 354, 469. Maurice, R. F., 354, 527, 531, 537. Maurice, S. W., 317, 343, 348, 379, 397, 440, 449, 459, 463, 524, 525, 527. Maxwell, Dorothy, 79. Maxwell, George, 79. Maxwell, James, 397. Maxwell, John, 203. Maxwell, Samuel, 144, 145, 146, 151, 164. May, Enoch, 165. May, J. A., 455. Mayes, Samuel, 116, 180. Mayors of Ivingstree, 525. Meilett, Mary, 84. Mellett, Peter, 70. Merchants at Willtown, 252. Merriman, Thomas, 477. Messers, John, 164. Methodist Churches, 296, 488. Mexican War, 320. Mlchau, Abraham, 23, 25, 80, 71, 219. Michau, Alexander, 203, 227, 232, 235. Michau, Ann, 227. Michau, Charlotte, 227. Michau, Daniel, 80. Michau, D. F., 360. Michau, Dorothy, 227. Michau, Duplessus, 191, 203. Michau, Fletcher, 360. Michau, Hester, 80. Michau, Julia, 80. Michau, Lydia, 23, 80. Michau, Manassel, 164. Michau, Noah, 360. Michau, Paul, 80, 164, 203, 227. Michau, Peter, 165, 244. Michau, Susannah, 235. Michau, W., 80, 92, 116, 118. Michau, W. W., 472. Middleton, James, 399. Middleton, Richard, 59, 87, 142. Midway Church, 186, 298, 486. Midway School, 475. Migrations, 180, 257. Mikell, Jane, 163. Mild, Jesse, 343. Miles, Allen, 362. Miles, Benjamin, 359. Miles, Joseph, 359. Miles, J. R., 398. Miles, J. W., 359. Miles, Leonard, 359, 408. Miles, Robert, 359. Miles, S., 351, 400. Miles, Thomas, 202, 359. Miles, W. J., 359. Miles, Wright, 359. Militia, 218, 317, 320. Miller, Alexander, 203. Miller, Andrew, 117. Miller, Constant, 503. Miller, A. H., 311. Miller, F. M., 349. Miller, George, 357. Miller, H. A., 525. Miller, Henry, 212, 243. Miller, Jane, 86, 243, 290. Miller, J. B., 347, 398. Miller, J. G., 350. Miller, J. J., 350, 413. Miller, John, 243. Miller, J. N., 407. Miller, J. T., 347. Miller, Mary, 23. Miller, Moses, 164, 202. Miller, Samuel, 23, 202. 584 INDEX Miller, Stephen, 105, 199, 202, 243. Miller, Thomas, 203. Miller, T. N., 380, 384. Miller, William, 57, 86, 229. Miller, W. II., 350. Miller, Elam, 203, 223, 232, 238. Mills, G. W., 405. Mills, Jesse, 117. Mills, John, 114, 117, 118, 122, 165. Mills, R. D., 497, 520. Mills, Robert, 217, 462. Mills, S. W., 328. Mills, Thomas, 117. Mills, W. J., 408. Milton, John, 37. Mims, John, 246, 353. Mims, S. W., 361. Mims, Mrs. S. W., 532. Mingo School, 475. Mining Reservations, 9. Ministers, 488, 489, 493. Mingoes, 71. Minutes of Church, 183. Mishoe, F., 473, 529. Missionary Ridge, 399, 401. Mitchell, Alexander, 290. Mitchell, Thomas R., 269. Mitchell, Walter, 485. Mitchum, A., 357, 370. Mitchum, D. M., 503. Mitchum, Charles, 347. Mitchum, C. H., 400. Mitchum, G. K., 344, 347. Mitchum, H., 353. Mitchum, J. B., 353. Mitchum, J. S., 347, 353, 361, 408. Mitchum, R. C., 473. Mitchum, S., 406, 407. Mitchum, S. S., 344, 348, 409. Mitchum, S. R., 381. Mitchum, T. G., 361, 362. Mitchum, Thomas, 117. Mitchum, W. E., 406, 407. Missola, John, 409. Modlin, J. T., 344. Moffett, William, 117. Mon, Jemima, 203. Monk, T., 143. Monk, Thomas, 69, 151. Monroe, Fortress, 413. Montgomery, Alexander, 348. Montgomery, Allie, 474. Montgomery, D. M., 465, 507, 527. Montgomery, C. R., 401. Montgomery, Derry, 357. Montgomery, Donald, 525. Montgomery, Edgar, 413. Montgomery, E. L., 499. Montgomery, E. T., 320, 344, 347, 348, 356, 442, 468. Montgomery, Mrs. E. W., 287. Montgomery, George, 66. Montgomery, H. E., 481, 499, 516. Montgomery, Henry, 79, 84, 66, 152, 239, 301, 343, 346, 384. Montgomery, H. J., 398. Montgomery, Hugh, 84, 117, 163, 247, 249, 369. Montgomery, Isaac, 203, 228, 239, 347, 407. Montgomery, J. A., 344, 347. Montgomery, James, 117, 231, 239, 408. Montgomery, Jane, 239. Montgomery, Jannet, 79, 203. Montgomery, J. B., 343, 347, 348, 405. Montgomery, Jeleba, 80. Montgomery, .J. F., 344, 347, 348, 398, 407. Montgomery, J. J. B., 464, 465, 469, 526. Montgomery, Mrs. J. J. B., 532. Montgomery, John, 202, 226, 229, 236, 239, 243, 512. Montgomery, J. P., 221. Montgomery, J. W., 408. Montgomery, Leonora, 277. Montgomery, Mary, 79, 84. Montgomery, M. F., 464, 516. Montgomery, Mrs. M. F., 472. Montgomery, Miss M. L., 469. Montgomery, Nathaniel, 80, 118, 163. Montgomery, Norman, 116. Montgomery, Robert, 63, 117. Montgomery, Mrs. Robert, 532. Montgomery, Miss R. Z., 469. Montgomery, Samuel, 21, 33, 79, 80, 87, 118, 117, 127, 163, 344, 345, 347, 407. Montgomery, Samuel S., 239. Montgomery, Sarah, 79, 84. Montgomery, S. E., 347, 409. Montgomery, S. I., 343, 348. Montgomery, S. J., 295, 301, 311, 320, 348, 369, 400, 462, 465. Montgomery, S. F., 473. Montgomery, T. W., 408. Montgomery, W. J., 344, 348, 402. Montgomery, William, 79, 80, 84, 153, 212, 239, 356, 409. Montgomery, W. R., 243. Monument Erected, 523. INDEX 585 Moody, Joseph, 22. Moody, James, 151. Mooney, Daniel, 21. 142. Mooney, John, 151. Moore, Alfred, 474. Moore, B. C., 405. Moore, E. E., 405. Moore, E. H., 311. Moore, Felix, 512. Moore, J. C., 527. Moore, John, 21, 66, 142. Moore, J. P., 405. Moore, J. W., 309, 501. Moore, L. W., 473. Moore, Robert, 159. Moore, Samuel, 328. Moore, Sarah, 232. Moore, William, 150, 164, 165, 203, 232. Moorer, W. D., 486. Moreton, J. F., 384, 413. Moreton, T. N., 384. Morgan, II. J., 396. Morgan, Margaret, 151. Morgan, William, 21, 150, 151. Morland, Peter, 222. Morley, George, 39. Morris, Augustus, 348. Morris, Benjamin, 117. Morris, E., 203, 350. Morris, George, 117. Morris, G. W., 361. Morris, H. M., 357. Morris, J. B., 474. Morris, J. J., 360, 464. Morris, J. M., 344. Morris, John, 117, 165, 203, 348. Morris, J. W., 486. Morris, P. W., 362. Morris, R. J., 382, 487. Morris, Bobert, 202, 343. Morris, S. P., 360. Morris, Thomas, 117. Morris, William, 117, 165, 243, 487. Morris, W. J., 357. Morritt, Thomas, 53. Morse, J. T., 405. Mosquitoes, 321, 534. Moss, Wiliiam, 486. Moss Grove School, 475. Motte, Stephen, 70. Moultrie, Richard, 512. Mouzon, Ann, 82, 220, 233. Mouzon, B. B., 311. Mouzon’s Bridge, 208, 209. Mouzon, Mrs. Carrie M., 469. Mouzon, D. K., 344, 348, 359. Mouzon, D. N., 295. Mouzon’s Dwelling Burned, 101. Mouzon, Elizabeth, 82, 220. Mouzon, E. R., 347. Mouzon, Esther, 82. Mouzon, Harpy, 512. Mouzon, Henry, 25, 33, 82, 97, 102, 106, 114, 128, 149, 163, 203, 207, 208, 209, 233. Mouzon, IJ. H., 469. Mouzon, James, 82. Mouzon, Jane, 82. Mouzon, J. P., 344, 348, 356, 357, 397, 407, 464. Mouzon, Louis, 82. Mouzon, L. W., 357. Mouzon, Martha, 289. Mouzon, Mary, 224, 82, 220. Mouzon, Miss M. E., 469. Mouzon, M. M., 469. Mouzon, Nancy, 289. Mouzon, P. B., 412. Mouzon, Peter, 82, 203, 208, 233. Mouzon, R. L., 311. Mouzon, Samuel, 82. Mouzon, S. A., 230. Mouzon, Samuel R., 203, 211, 218, 229, 233, 289, 348, 357, 436, 449, 469. Mouzon, Sarah, 82. Mouzon, Susannah, 82, 220, 233. Mouzon, T. R., 296. Mouzon, T. M., 317. Mouzon, William, 233, 479. Mouzon, W. E., 344. Mouzon, W. H., 203, 225. Mouzon, W. J., 361. Mouzon, T. M., 527. Mouzon’s Toll Bridge, 211. Mouzon School, 475. Moyd, E. I., 350. Moyd, I. L., 475. Moyd, W. R., 357. “Much the Same,” 280. Muddy Creek, 188. Muddy Creek School, 472. Mulberry School, 474. Muldrow, David, 241. Mulhollen, Jannet, 164. Mulken, James, 409. Muller, T. D., 369. Munfordville, 385. Munn, W. J., 383. Munnerlin, W. H., 406, 408. Munnerly, Jane, 202. 586 INDEX Murfee, Moses, 163, 164. Murfreesboro, 383, 385. Murphy, Agnes, 205. Murphy, A. J., 241, 287. Murphy, Archibald, 163, 203, 237. Murphy, Catherine, 237. Murphy, Edward, 117. Murphy, Elizabeth, 228, 237, 241. Murphy, James, 117, 241. Murphy, J. C., 348. Murphy, Jane, 237, 241. Murphy, Jannet, 237, 241, 295. Murphy, Jean, 237. Murphy, John, 117, 237, 241, 289, 295. Murphy, Mary, 23, 236, 237, 241. Murphy, Mary A., 287; Murphy, Mary C., 241. Murphy, Michael, 23. Murphy, Moses, 247, 249. Murphy, Sarah, 241, 290. Murphy, S. C., 205. Murphy, R. A., 348, 357. Murray, Daniel, 22. Murray’s Ferry, 18, 61, 207, 208, 324, 326, 544. Murray’s Ferry Road, 61, 207. Murray, James, 207, 218. Murray, John, 165, 396. Murray, J. W., 412. Murray, Joseph, 61, 207. Murray, Mary, 479. Murrell, Anthony, 80. Murrell, Elizabeth, 80. Murrell, Jonathan, 80. Murrell, Martha, 80. Murrell, Mary, 80. Murrell, Sarah, 80. Murrell, Susannah, 80. Murrell, William, 80, 117, 127. Murrell, W. M., 233. Murrell, W. N., 232. Muster Days, 92. Myers, Daniel, 25. Myers, James, 225, 231. Myers, W. A., 382. Myrick, Carlyle, 503. Myrick, Henry C., 512. Mt. Hope Church, 485. Mt. Vernon School, 474, 475. Mt. Zion College, 177. McAlpin, Kenneth, 29. McBride, Elizabeth, 82, 231. McBride, Hugh, 116. McBride, James, 83, 116, 144, 151, 163, 179, 203, 222, 231. McBride, John, 82, 83, 125, 142, 143, 146, 152, 164, 223, 231. McBride, M. D., 469. McBride, Mary, 231. McBride, Rebecca, 83, 126, 231. McBride, Samuel, 83, 163, 231. McBride, William, 83. McCabe, John, 348. McCabe, Mrs. Marian, 510. McCabe, R. C., 527. McCabe, R. J., 481, 527. McCall, James, 399. McCall, Martha, 244. McCall, Mary, 473. McCalla, Jannet, 79. McCalla, Jean, 79. McCalla, Margaret, 79. McCalla, Sarah, 79. McCalla, William, 79. McCallister, Ann, 223. Mc-Callister, Catherine, 223. McCallister, Charles, 26, 165, 203, 223, 298. McCallister, Elizabeth, 225. McCallister, Ezekial, 223. MsCallister, F., 408. McCallister, J. E., 359, 408. McCallister, J. M., 359. McCallister, John, 164, 202, 206, 222, 223. McCallister, J. J., 408. McCallister, Mary, 223. McCallister, Robert, 222. McCallister, Sampson, 223. McCallister, Sarah, 223. McCallister, William, 223, 237, 383, 398. McCallister, W. G., 296. McCants, A. J., 344, 259. McCants, Alexander, 76, 164, 202. McCants, David, 22, 116, 153. McCants, F. L., 360, 383. McCants, Frank, 408. McCants, F. S., 408. McCants, J. E., 408. McCants, J. G., 347. McCants, J. J., 349. McCants, J. M., 487. McCants, James, 84, 85. McCants, H. L., 512. McCants, John, 22, 62, 116. McCants, J. T., 2S1, 382, 474. McCants, Martha, 259, 281. McCants, S. E., 409. McCants, S. J., 408. INDEX 587 McCants, Samuel, 203. McCants, Thomas, 116, 118, 142, 151, 163, 203, 246. McCants, William, 116. McCants, W. R., 474. McCarthy, Margaret, 164. McCave, David, 203. McChesney, P. S., 481. McClam, Bryant, 203. McClam, C. W., 344, 405, 464, 465, 486. McClam, Daniel, 235. McClam, E. W., 348. McClam, J. W., 468. McClam, Reddick, 512. McClam, S. M., 405. McClam, S. W., 350, 408. McClam, Solomon, 203, 225, 235. McClam, T. L., 358. McClam, W., 382, 405. McClary School, 474. McClary, Alexander, 240. McClary, Ann, 289. McClary, Barkley, 116. McClary, Blackwell, 355. McClary, Calvin, 295. McClary, D. C., 344. McClary, David, 179, 181, 202, 21S; 220, 237, 290, 312. McClary, D. M., 240, 346, 347, 406. McClary, D. R., 289. McClary, D. S., 240, 290, 407. McClary, Elizabeth, 226. McClary, G. F., 240, 343, 347, 398. McClary, Hannah R., 240. McClary, H. G., 512. McClary, J. C., 357. McClary, J. F., 398. McClary, J. H., 357, 409. McClary, J. L., 344, 346. McClary, J. M., 357, 240. McClary, James, 240, 312, 354. McClary, Jean, 295. McClary, John, 116, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152, 164, 165, 182, 198, 203, 208, 240. McClary, J. B., 212, 237. McClary, J. J., 236. McClary, J. R., 226. McClary, Leonora, 295. McClary, M. E., 402. McClary, M. L., 473. McClary, M. M., 290. McClary, Margaret, 240. McClary, Mary, 237, 240, 289, 295, 402. McClary, Matthew, 116. McClary, R. B., 348, 357, 407. McClary, S. A., 344, 347, 407. McClary, S. B., 240, 344, 348. McClary, Samuel, 116, 202. McClary, S. G., 237, 360, 361, 357. McClary, S. W., 408, 500. McClary, Sarah, 240, 290, 295. McClary, Thomas, 116. McClary, Willie, 474. McClary, Willi am t 512. McClary, Mrs. William, 515. McClary, W. D., 237. McClelland, Andrew, 22. McClelland, Bryce, 80. McClelland, Christian, 78. McClelland, Grizelle, 80. McClelland, James, 20, 22, 45, 46, 47, 48, 66, 75, 76, 80, 143, 152. McClelland, Jane, 142. McClelland, John, 80. McClelland, Leonard, 80. McClelland, Mary, 80. McClelland, Samuel, 80, 143, 152, 174. McCliDchy, Alexander, 22. McClure, D. M., 402. McConnell, Ann E., 240. McConnell, Augusta, 469. McConnell, Catherine A., 241. McConnell, Dick, 230. McConnell, E. H., 381. McConnell, Ebenezer, 222. McConnell, Evelyn, 474. McConnell, Francis, 222. McConnell, Francis, J., 240. McConnell, George, 144, 147, 151, 202, 203, 229, 230, 232, 241, 242, 243. McConnell, H. T., 350. McConnell, Hugh, 116. McConnell, J. T., 349. McConnell, J. Z., 350, 464, 527. McConnell, James, 116, 144, 203, 210, 223, 230, 232, 242, 243. McConnell, James, D., 149, 150, 469. McConnell, Jannet, 330. McConnell, John, 116. McConnell, John II., 150, 243. McConnell, L. M., 2S7. McConnell, Mamie, 476. McConnell, Margaret, 223, 239, 48, 241. McConnell, Mary, 74, 164, 202, 223, 230, 242. 588 INDEX McConnell, Mary B., 245. McConnell, Mary R., 241. McConnell, M. B., 469. McConnell, Rachael, 232, 243. McConnell, Richard, 475. McConnell, Robert, 74, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 151, 152. 164, 203, 232. McConnell, Robert F., 240. McConnell. Sarah, 230, 241, 242, 243. McConnell, Sarah E., 241. McConnell, T. A., 407. McConnell, T. M., 347. McConnell, Thomas, 23, 57, 116, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 151, 153, 163, 196, 203, 211, 225, 230, 232, 237, 242, 252, 253, 407. McConnell, W. P., 232. McConnell, William, 142, 152, 202, 222, 221, 239. McConnell. William, G., 232, 239. McConnell, William H., 352, 398. McConnell, William S., 241, 287, 384. McKenzie, J. M., 546. McCormick, A. P., 465. McCormick, Isabelle, 79. McCormick, James, 79. McCormick, John, 79. McCormick, Mary, 23, 79. McCormick, P. B., 347. McCormick, Robert, 116. McCormick. William, 22, 66, 79, 152. McCottry, David, 203. McCottry, Joseph, 223, 229. McCottry, F. W., 361. McCottry’s Lake, 129. McCottry, Mary, 203, 230, 242. McCottry, M. F., 2°5. McCottry, Nancy, 238. McCottry’s Riflemen, 101, 109, 129. McCottry, Robert, 49, 66, 87, 97, 114, 128, 131, 165, 203, 223, 230. McCottry, R. F., 357. McCown, Alexander, 116. McCown, David 79. McCown, James, 51, 79. McCown, John, 116. McCown, Moses, 116. McCown, Samuel, 116. McCown, Thomas, 79. McCoy, Charles, 70. McCrady’s History, 124. McCracker, David, 163. McCrea, A. J., 357, 361. McCrea, Albert A., 236. McCrea, Alexander, 22, 57, 63, 66, 79, 85, 123, 134, 203, 230, 231, 245, 246, 249, 259, 264. McCrea, Ann, 80. McCrea, Esther, 240. McCrea, Farquher, 165. McCrea, F. J., 259. McCrea, James, 153, 164, 357. McCrea, James A., 355, 362, 382. McCrea, Jane, 259. McCrea, Janet, 123. McCrea, John, 56, 79, 116, 213, 219. McCrea, Joseph, 79, 80, 160, 165. McCrea, Mrs. M. G., 370. McCrea, Margaret, 79, 264. McCrea, Martha, 79. McCrea, Mary, 80, 231. McCrea, Peter, 357. McCrea, Philip, 203, 235. McCrea, Robert, 83. McCrea, Sarah, 79, 240. McCrea, Susannah, 164, 231, 247, 249. McCrea, Thomas A., 231, 244, 249, 257. McCrea, Thomas, 22, 33, 49, 57, 63, 66, 66, 83, 89, 116, 164, 202, 203, 220, 223, 231, 240, 249. McCrea, William, 79, 83, 203. McCrea, W. M., 348, 344. McCreight, D. B., 343. McCreight, James, 116. McCreary, John, 116. McCullough, Alexander, 203. McCullough, E. D., 500. McCullough, Elizabeth, 164. McCullough, Elizabeth H., 230. McCullough, F. L., 503. McCullough, II. A., 349, 369. McCullough, Henry, 64. McCullough, Hugh, 116, 118, 142, 144, 151, 153, 165, 301. McCullough, J. A., 397, 500. McCullough, Mrs. J. B., 370. McCullough, J. E., 347, 357, 407. McCullough, J. G., 35, 464, 472, 514, 516. McCullough, J. M., 361. McCullough, J. S., 344, 347, 362, 382, 468. McCullough, Jack, 503, 527. McCullough, James, 56, 78, 116, 118, 144, 151, 163. McCullough, James J., 203. McCullough, Jane, 82. INDEX 589 McCullough, John, 33, 22, 6G, 116, 153, 164, 165, 202, 203, 220, 230, 503. McCullough, J. J., 260. McCullough, L. P., 360, 362. McCullough, Martha, 370. McCullough, Mary J., 370. McCullough, Nathaniel, 22, 78, 116, 118, 153, 203, 229. McCullough, Robert, 177, 179. McCullough, Sarah, 370. McCullough, Thad, 503. McCullough, Thomas, 151, 230. McCullough, T. J., 241. McCullough, W. B., 465, 468, 534. McCullough, William, 85, 116, 163, 179, 203, 220, 221, 222, 230. 295, 344, 348, 362, 406. McCullough, Will, 503. Mc-Cutchen, D. E,, 464, 465, 516. McCutc-hen, Elizabeth W., 238. McCutehen, F. M., 482. McCutchen, G. D., 405. McCutehen, George, 26, 49, 57, 164, 198, 202, 221, 223, 231, 238, 240, 245, 253, 259, 260, 265, 274, 277, 279, 357. McCutchen, Herbert J., 512. McCutchen, Hugh, 203, 211, 218, 221, 223, 229, 238, 243, 245, 264, 463, 483, 499, 516, 545. McCutchen, James, 22, 49, 116, 164, 203, 218, 287, 289, 353, 379, 383, 412, 440, 449, 454, 482. McCutchen, J. C., 362, 408. McCutchen, J. G., 465. McCutchen, Joseph W., 238. McCutchen, J. W., 311. McCutchen, Martha, 295. McCutchen, Mary, 241. McCutchen, Mary J., 245. McCutchen, Nancy, 238. McCutchen, Robert G., 238, 302. McCutchen, S. C., 298, 397. McCutchen, Mrs. S. L., 482. McCutchen, Samuel, 487. McCutchen, T. M., 357, 406, 407, 469. McCutchen, Thomas, 203, 238, 245. 369, 396, 464, 499, 514, 515, 516, 517. McCutchen, W. C., 405. McCutchen, William, 203, 223, 245. McDaniel, Catherine, 243. McDaniel, Daniel, 23, 71. McDaniel, Elizabeth, 243. McDaniel, Enos, 243. McDaniel, Honour B., 243. McDaniel, Isabella, 243. McDaniel, J. M., 503. McDaniel, James, 243. McDaniel, John, 71. McDaniel, Mary, 23, 243. McDaniel, Randol, 243. McDaniel, Thomas, 244. McDaniel, Varina, 472. McDaniel, Z. H., 532. McDole, William, 22. McDonald, Adam, 10, 13, 57, 163, 207. McDonald, Archibald, 92, 114, 118, 120, 125, 163, 186. McDonald, A. C., 234. McDonald, Catherine L.. 235. McDonald, Daniel, 163, 226. McDonald, Edward, 402. McDonald, Eliza M., 235. McDonald, Elizabeth, 24, 259. McDonald, Enos, 246, 259. McDonald, Esther, 84. McDonald, E. J., 242. McDonald, Francis, 116. McDonald, George, 269. McDonald, G. K., 353, 397. McDonald, Hester, 402. McDonald, Isabella, 245. McDonald, James, 92, 116, 202, 246, 383. McDonald, Jane, 165. McDonald, Jane M., 259. McDonald, John, 24, 71, 84, 116, 163. McDonald, Laura, 186. McDonald, Louisa A., 235. McDonald, Mary, 245, 259. McDonald, Mary E., 234. McDonald, Mrs. Rachael, 118. McDonald, Randol, 246, 343. McDonald, S. M., 398. McDonald, Sam, 163, 352. McDonald, Sergeant, 110. McDonald’s Company, 413. McDonald, Susan, 186. McDonald, Susannah E., 235. McDonald, T. E., 234. McDonald, W. N., 224, 234, 235. McDonald, William, 26, 153, 186, 199, 203, 234. McDowell, Catherine D., 240. McDowell, E. A., 486, 516, 517. McDowell, Forgas, 165. McDowell, James, 79, 114, 114, 116, 481, 483. McDowell, John, 57, 23, 164. 590 INDEX McDowell, Lucretia, 23. McDowell, Samuel, 163. McDowell, William, 116, 163, 164. McElroy, Andrew, 203, 223. McElroy, Elizabeth, 223. McElroy, James, 223. McElroy, John, 223. McElroy, Mary, 142, 223. McElroy, Samuel A., 223. McElroy, William, 165, 179, 203, 223. McElveen, B. W., 474. McElveen, Mrs. G. A., 472, 532. McElveen, G. A., 302, 513, 514, 516. McElveen, G. G., 344, 362. McElveen, Henry, 222. McElveen, J. D., 312. McElveen, J. P., 344. McElveen, J. V., 464, 513. McElveen, James, 204, 222, 229, 231. McElveen, James II., 240. McElveen, Jane, 222. McElveen, John, 22, 85, 142, 290. McElveen, Margaret, 222. McElveen, Mary, 222. McElveen, R. C., 375, 483, 514, 516. McElveen, Rebecca, 241. McElveen, Thomas, 222. McElveen, Walter, 503. McElveen, Wista, 472. McElveen, William, 116, 164, 203, 222, 302. McElveen, W. II., 302, 369, 440, 468. McEwen, David, 22. McEwen, James, 22. McFadden, Edward, 116. McFadden, James, 85, 203, 220, 226, 231, 236, 240, 245, 253, 264. McFadden, Jane, E., 264. McFadden, J. F., 487, 498, 514. McFadden, J. L., 500. McFadden, John, 66, 185, 85, 116. McFadden, Marian, 475, 524. McFadden, Mary, 85. McFadden, McBride, 510. McFadden, Robert, 85, 164. McFadden, Sarah Margaret, 321. McFadden, Thomas, 85, 116, 118, 185. McFadden, W. D., 302, 361. McFadden, W. S., 382. McFadden, William, 116, 118, 202, 226, 264, 322. McFadden, Hugh, 226. McFarland, William, 25. McGavy, J. PI., 357. McGee, Daniel, 202. McGee, Elizabeth, 23. McGee, Gadsden G., 359. McGee, James, 22, 116. McGee, J. C., 400. McGee, John, 350. McGee, John, J., 359, 408. McGee, P., 351, 398. McGee, Pleasant, 399. McGee, Thomas, 115, 116. McGee, W. E., 352. McGee, William, 23, 57, 116, 164. McGill, Beth, 515. McGill, Elizabeth, 289, 203. McGill, Elizabeth A., 244. McGill, Hugh, 22, 77, 153. McGill, J. W., 516. McGill, Mrs. J. Y., 532. McGill, J. Y., 538. McGill, James, 203, 233. McGill, J. G., 224, 149, 153, 220, 221, 228, 245. McGill, J. B., 237. McGill, John, 116, 118, 202, 246, 256. McGill, Margaret S., 237. McGill, Mary, 233. McGill, Mary A., 246, 244. McGill, Mary M., 264. McGill, Mary N., 259. McGill, Minto W., 2S7. McGill’s Reminiscences, 382, 526. McGill, Roger, 70, 77, 164. McGill, Samuel, 101, 102, 116, 161, 202, 229, 243, 244, 246, 256., 259. 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 320, 427, 430, 491, 526, 527. McGill, S. D., 259, 317, 34S, 380, 381, 284, 464, 467, 501. McGill, Sarah, 77. McGill, Sarah A., 370. McGill, Sarah E., 287. McGill, William, 202. McGinnes, Alexander, 25. McGinnes, A. J., 244. McGinnes, Thomas, 116. McGinney, Charles, 116, 118. McGinney, Daniel, 24, 57. McGinney, James, 163, 224. McGinney, Samuel, 165. McGinney, Susannah, 24. McGrath, A. G., 341. McGregor, A. L., 224. McGregor, David, 31. McGuirt’s Branch, 192. INDEX 591 McGirt, James, 23, 71. McGirt, Priscilla, 23. McGirt’s Swamp, 18. McGuirt’s Swamp Road, 208. McIntosh, A. W., 503. McIntosh, J. D., 473. McIntosh, John, 23, 70. McIntosh, Junius M., 509, 528. McIntosh, L. R., 525. McIntosh, Lachien, 166. McIntosh, Mary, 23. McIntosh, R. W., 384. McIntosh, W. K., 538, 539, 547. McIntosh, William, 185. Mclntree, Thomas, 163. Mclver, David, 25, 34. Mclver, John, 62. McKable, Alexander, 165. McKathan, Thomas, 62. McKee, Adam, 86, 116. McKee, Ann, 82. McKee, Archibald, 82, 86, 143, 226. McKee, Elizabeth, 82, 86, 226. McKee, James, 164. McKee, John, 163, 165. McKee, Joseph, 85, 86, 118, 163, 179, 203, 226. McKee, Martha, 86. McKee, Philip, 225. McKee, Robert, 116, 118. McKee, Thomas, 116. McKee, W. B., 377. McKeithan, Donegal, 25. McKinney, Thomas, 158. McKenzie, A. B., 475. McKenzie, Angus, 524. McKenzie, Daniel, 241. McKenzie, Daniel S., 359. McKenzie, D. D., 508. McKenzie, F. W., 397. McKenzie, Mrs. Garfield, 515. McKenzie, J. M., 409. McKenzie, J. Monroe, 516. McKenzie, J. N., 475, 514, 515. McKenzie, J. R., 408. McKenzie, John, 114, 122, 241. McKenzie, Mary, 241. McKenzie, Nancy, 241. McKenzie, N., 361. McKenzie, Peter, 241. McKenzie, Sam, 194, 241, 343. McKenzie, Shadrack, 347. McKenzie, William, 122, 241. McKindru, John, 163. McKissick, Archie, 165. McKissick, W. W., 352. McKnelly, James, 164. McKnight, Mrs. A. C., 186, 370. McKnight, A. Isaac, 296, 317. McKnight, Alexander, 34, 202, 222, 223, 224, 231, 238. McKnight, Allan, 164, 247, 249. McKnight, B. B., 351. McKnight, B. E., 475, 538. McKnight, H. M., 311. McKnight, Isaac, 143. McKnight, J. J., 350. McKnight, John G., 343. McKnight, James, 85, 163. McKnight, Jane, 264. McKnight, John, 66, 116, 164, 222, 351, 3S3, 399. McKnight, John J., 408. McKnight, J. EL, 359. McKnight, Mary, 85. McKnight, Moses, 116. McKnight, R. I., 351. McKnight, Robert, 85, 116, 118, 165, 384. McKnight, Thomas, 85, 163. McKnight, T. M., 359. McKnight, W. EL, 359. McKnight, W. M., 344, 347, 361, 398, 414, 415. McKnight, W. G., 397. McKnight, W. P., 538. McKnight, William, 22, 66, 85, 153. McLaughlin, John, 203. McLaurin, John, 229. McLeod, Catherine, 289. McLeod, Cornelius, 292. McMahan, Edward, 22. McMelly, Mary, 165. McRane, Daniel, 165. McMillan, R. A., 440. McMuldrow, Andrew, 117. McMuldrow, David, 117. McMuldrow, Hugh, 117. McMuldrow, James, 117. McMuldrow, John, 117. McMuldrow, William, 117. McMulkin, James, 383. McMullen, Hugh, 163. McMurray, Elizabeth, 228. McMurray, James, 203, 228. McMurray, Mary A., 228. McNally, John, 25, 70. McNaemee, John, 350. McNealy, Henry, 203. McNeedy, William, 63. McPherson, Elias, 56. McPherson, Elizabeth, 23. 592 INDEX McPherson, James, 23, 54, 56, 57. McPherson, J. P., 282, 284. McPherson, William, 116. McQuoid, Elizabeth, 17, 81. McQuoid, Robert, 17. McWhite, W. H., 352. McWhorter, C. G., 185, 191. Nashville, Battle, 408. Natural Ruling Element, 440. Naval Stores Products, 528. Negligence, Criminal, 445. Negroes, 6. Negro Body Servants Pensioned, 356. Negro Labor, 453. Negro Legislators, 447. Negro Legislature, 44S. Negro Schools, 478. Nero, a Slave, 450. Negro Slave Owners, 338. Nero Steals Hogs, 286. Neill, J. C., 377. Nelson, Ashton, T., 512. Nelson, Beulah, 524. Nelson, Mrs. Christina J., 524. Nelson, Eleanor, 80. Nelson, Elizabeth, 80. Nelson, George, 49, 80. Nelson, G. P., 357, 361, 455, 462, 465, 518. Nelson, Helen, 49. Nelson, H. G., 406. Nelson, Isaac, 84, 117, 118, 144, 183, 184, 198, 204, 206, 212, 219, 232, 233, 244, 245, 290, 312. Nelson, Isabelle, 80. Nelson, James M., 361. Nelson, Jane, 80. Nelson, Jared, 80. Nelson, John, 49, 80, 103, 114, 120, 121, 134. Nelson, J. W., 469. Nelson, Mary, 80. Nelson, Matthews, 22, 80. Nelson, Letitia, 165. Nelson, Samuel, 80, 117. Nelson, Mrs. S. A., 469. Nelson, Thomas, 117. Nelson, Warehouse Sales, 539. Nelson, William, 62, 63, 71, 80, 115, 117, 118, 204, 206, 208, 233. Nelson, W. R., 311. Nelson, T. S., 356, 357, 406, 407. Nesbit, James, 166. Nesmith, B. L., 396, 531. Nesmith, Daniel C., 363, 383. Nesmith, Eliza, 204. Nesmith, Elizabeth, 165. Nesmith, Flora, 516. Nesmith, G. T., 350. Nesmith, Joannah, 287. Nesmith, John, 25, 29, 76, 117, 127, 134, 149, 165, 175, 204, 216, 219, 222, 234, 369. Nesmith, John F., 245. Nesmith, John L., 383, 408. Nesmith, Lemuel, 117, 127, 204, 234, 245. Nesmith, L. W., 496. Nesmith, Margaret, 240. Nesmith, Martha, 234. Nesmith, Mary, 234, 287. Nesmith, Marie A., 245. Nesmith, M. D., 527. Nesmith, N. D., 165. Nesmith, Nathaniel, 350, 398. Nesmith, Post Office, 531. Nesmith, Robert, 117, 127, 165, 204, 234, 245, 353, 408. Nesmith, R. J., 531. Nesmith, Samuel, 56, 76, 77, 84, 92, 117, 127, 165, 304, 224, 234, 245. Nesmith, Sarah, 234. Nesmith School, 473. Nesmith, Solon, 538. Nesmith, Thomas, 117. Nesmith, W. B., 384. Nesmith, W. E., 405, 464, 469, 497, 500, 514, 516, 546. Nesmith, W. P., 469, 349, 397. Nettles, Isham, 166. Nettles, James C., 359. Nettles, J. R., 350, 379, 380, 383. Nettles, J. W., 485. Nettles, Joseph, 117. Nettles, Robert, 117. Nettles, S. I., 351. Nettles, S. J., 400. Nettles, W. IJ., 454. Nettles, W. J., 369. Neverfail School, 475. Newell, Janie, 472. Newman, J. R., 501. Newman, Thomas, 70. Newsom, S. B., 328, 488. Newton, James W., 360. Nexsen, J. A., 344, 349, 397, 468. Nexsen, W. I., 498, 499, 520. New Town, 519. The “New Built,” 15. New England Townships, 137. INDEX 593 New Enterprises, 519. New Hampshire, 3. “New Lichts,” 173. New York Herald, 345. New Market Methodist Church, 487. Nicholson, John, 22. Nigger Fiddlers, 308. Night, Thomas, 165. Norton, Allen, 235. Norton, Jacob, 204, 235. Norton, J. H., 357. Norton, Margaret A., 246. Norton, Miles, 235, 246. Norton, Thomas G., 512. North Britain, 27. North Carolina, 1. North’s Ferry, 208. North, Thomas, 25. North, Lord, 95. North, William, 245. Nowell, L. C., 425. Nullifiers, 268. Nullification Coventions, 267. Nullification Movement, 266. Oak Ridge School, 475. O’Bryan, J. D., 499, 504, 510, 513, 527. O’Bryan, John, 157, 166. O’Bryan, W. M., 498, 514, 515, 527. Odear, Samuel, 204. Odom, Aaron, 204. Odom, J. A., 408. Odom, Thomas, 408. Odom, William W., 359. Officials, Colonial, 91. Officers in World War, 505. Ogburn, Hugh, 292. Ogburn, W. C., 360, 399. Ogelby, Daniel, 166. Ogelby, Lewis, 166. Oliver, D. II., 502, 532. Oliver, II. D., 529. Oliver, II. L., 486. Oliver, Id. J., 503. Oliver, J. W., 301. Oliver, Mary, 23. Oliver, P. M., 239. Oliver, Robert, 23. Oliver, William, 117. “On Credit of State,” 448. O’Neal, Henry, 25, 71. O’Neill, John, 166. O’Neill, John B., 315. Original Settlers, 21. Orr, John, 166. Orr, Mary, 166. Orr, William, 22, 85, 117, 153. Osburn, A. C., 399. Osborne, C. S., 232. Osborn, E. C., 399. Osborn, Jesse, 194. Osborn, J. B., 475. Osborn, J. C., 350. Outgrown Shell, 548. Oven, Dutch, 121. Overseers, 257. Owen, David M., 153. Owen, D. S., 409. Owens, James, 166. Owens, James A., 409. Owens, J. M., 465, 487. Owens, Mary H., 224. Owens, Peter, 166, 224. Owens, S. H., 360. Owens, Stephen, 224. Owens, W. D., 468. Owens, Zacine, 224. Owens, Zacliariah, 204, 208. Owens, Jeremiah, 166. Owings, Eleanor, 473. Ox Swamp School, 474. Pace, W. Id., 349. Paisley, Elizabeth, 238. Paisley, Hannah, 204, 229. Paisley, Hugh, 167, 204, 238, 252, 260. Paisley, James, 81. Paisley, Janet, 238. Paisley, John, 81, 117, 165. I’aisley, Mary, 81. Paisley, Peter, 167. Paisley, Robert, 20, 48, 81, 85, 114, 133, 166. Paisley, Sarah, 229. Paisley, Sarah G., 238. Paisley, Susannah, 229, 238. Paisley, Thomas, 166. Paisley, William, 81, 166, 167, 238. Palatines, 39. Palmetto Battalion, 361. “Palmy Days,” 304. Parade Ground Divided, 146. Parham, J. H., 35S. Park, E. J., 487. Parker, Alexander, 351, 383. Parker, E. J., 328, 468. Parker, James R., 359. Packer, Jannet, 76. Parker, J. B., 347. Parker, Jesse, 359. Parker, John, 167. 594 INDEX Parker, J., 362. Parker, N. S., 351. Parker, Patrick, 530. Parker, N. G., 400. Parker, William, 204, 343. Parker, W. H., 359. Parker, W. K., 347, 405. Parkison, John, 167. Parler, Ida Lee, 472. Parnell, H. N., 473. Parnell, James, 117. Parochial Schools, 305. Parsons, Amos, 166, 204. Parsons, A. J., 347, 468. Parsons, Ann, 246. Parsons, David, 245, 246. Parsons, E. G., 407. Parsons, Elizabeth, 204. Parsons, Elizabeth P., 246. Parsons, F. F., 382, 408. Parsons, F. R., 348. Parsons, Jack, 480. Parsons, James, 117. Parsons, J. C., 407. Parsons, Joseph, 245, 246. Parsons, J. W., 473. Parsons, Mary, 204, 245. Parsons, Sarah, 204. Parsons, S. L., 515. Parsons, Solomon, 204, 245. Parsons, Mrs. Susannah, 118. Parsons, W. H., 348, 398. Parsons, W. J., 469. Parsons, William, 167, 204, 246. Parrott, R. J., 473. Pass, R. L., 500. Party Primaries, 465. Pate, Charles H., 527. Pate, E. M., 501. Pate, Joseph, 351. Patrick, James, 117. Patrick, Joshua, 117. Patrick, T. E., 405. Patterson, Andrew, 26, 152, 166, 204, 231, 235, 237. Patterson, A. L., 204. Patterson, Jane H., 237. Patterson, Jannet, 204, 237. Patterson, John, 170. Patterson, Margaret, 237. Patterson, Mary, 295. Patterson, Mary M., 229. Patterson, Robert, 204. Patterson, R. J., 237, 244, 357, 407. Paul, Walter, 512. Pawley, George, 70. Payne, John, 166. Pearson, Philip, 291, 302. Peden, A. G., 279, 280, 281. Pell, Gilbert, 166. Pee Dee Regiment, 121. Pee Dee River, 139. Pelt, John, 406. Pendergrass, Darby, 188. Pendergrass, B. P., 297. Pendergrass, B. R., 343. Pendergrass, J., 440. Pendergrass, J. C., 469. Pendergrass, J. M., 343, 406, 407. Pendergrass, Patrick, 117. Pendergrass, S. F., 343. Pendergrass, T. J., 516. Penn School, 474. Pennyfather, John, 151. Peoples Bank, Hemingway, 502. Perdreau, Abraham, 25. Perdreau, Alexander, 227. Perdreau, Elizabeth, 228. Perdreau, John, 117, 118, 127, 164, 191, 204, 227, 232, 235, 244. Perdreau, Samuel, 191, 204, 227, 228, 235. Pergamos School, 473. Perineau, Henry, 243. Perkins, Augustus, 328, 354. Perkins, Mrs. T. M., 482. Perkins, David, 166. Perkins, Lewis, 166. Perkins, Mary, 166. Permits, Teachers, 476. Perrit, Abraham, 166, 207. Perrit, Ann, 204, 221, 244. Perritt, Edward T., 191. Perritt, Francis, 166, 204. Perritt, Francis W., 244. Perritt, James, 166. Perritt, Peter E., 204, 244. Perry, John, 169. Perry, Julia, 80. Perry, R. D., 483. Perry, W. D., 358. Perryville, 385. Peter, a Servant, 355. Petersburg, Battle, 408. Peterson, James, 460. Petition, 67 Petition, Black River, 59. Petrie, George H. E., 290. Pettiaguas, 252. Pettingil, C. H., 440. Pettigrew, James, 135, 136, 153, 166. Pettigrew, J. J., 338. Pettigrew’s Report, 338. Pewholders, Prince Frederick’s, 53. INDEX 595 Pewholder’s voting, 173. Philips, Anthony, 23. Philips, D. A., 488. Physicians, 527. Physicians prior to 1860, 317. Phillips, Tom, 503. Phillips, W. T., 473. Pick, 27. Pickens, Ezekiel, 209. Pickett, Evander, 359. Pickett, John R., 292. Pierson, Philip, 483. Pierson, Robert, 528. Pigott, Nathaniel, 166. Pillory Erected, 316. Pills, 390. Pilkinton, DuRay, 166. Pilkerton, John, 166. “Pine Bark Stew”, 533. Pine Grove Church, 194, 197. Pine Tree, 428. Pine Forest School, 474. Pipkin, Hugh, 475. Pipkin, L. H., 399, 408. Pipkin, L. K., 360. Pipkin, R., 382. Pipkin, W. I., 350. Pipkin, W. J., 383, 384. Pitman, A. M., 486. Pitman, Isaac, 204. Pitt, William, 95. Pittman, J. H., 536. Pittman, N. T., 485. Pittman, N. G., 328. “Plant ’um Early,” 543. Plat, Elizabeth, 167. Player, E. J., 362. Player, F. M., 363. Player, I., 408. Player, I. C., 502. Player, J. B., 474, 538. Player, J. C., 476, 501. Player, J. G., 353, 398, 406, 407. Player, J. M., 348. Player, J. T., 398. Player, L., 398. Player, Sylvester D., 353. Player, S. T., 395. Player, Thomas, 70. Plexico, Frances, 474. Plowden, Edward, 10, 13, 22, 33, 57, 142. Plowden, Hanna, 490. Plowden, J. E., 473. Plowden, John, 92. Plowden, Mary J., 239. Plowden, M. H., 490. Plowden, S. M., 357. Post Office in Williamsburg, 317. Political & Social, 1745, 87. Political Debauch, 449. Political Thought, 266. Pollard, James, 22. Ponpon River, 3. Pontovine, Samuel, 66. “Poor Protestants,” 35, 38. “Poor Whites,” 433. Popery, 36. Pope, E., 382. Pope, Thomas T., 512. Popular Hill Swamp, 196. Population, 1920, 539. Port, Benjamin, 166. Port, Francis, 166. Port Royal, 378. Port, Thomas, 92, 250, 384. Porter, Benjamin, 133, 167, 247, 249. Porter, Charles, 484. Porter, D. J., 312. Porter, E. J., 317, 440, 527. Porter, E. T., 399. Porter, James, 80. Porter, J. H., 361. Porter, J. M., 358. Porter, John, 22, 45, 46, 66, 80, 142, 166, 167. Porter, Mary, 80. Porter, Minnie, 484. Porter, William, 166. Posted, Henry, 153. Postell, Hugh, 114. Posted, James, 114, 131. Posted, John, 117. Poston, Andrew, 351, 352, 398. Poston, B., 351. Poston, B. A., 352. Poston, B. D., 398. Poston, II. A., 354, 398, 407. Poston, H. L., 529. Poston, Isaac, 3S2. Poston, James, 166. Poston, J. H., 352. Poston, J. J., 474. Poston, J. L., 352. Boston, John, 166. Poston, Joseph, 167. Poston, Larry, 530. Poston, M. M., 352. Poston, Mrs. N. O., 469. Poston School, 476. Poston, T. W., 352. Poston, W., 352. Poston, W. H., 398, 399. 596 INDEX Poston, W. L., 352. Potatoes, 412. Potato Ferry, 10, 1S9, 210. Potato Ferry Road, 60, 207, 209. Potter’s Raiders, 429. Potts, Ann, SO. Potts, Elizabeth, 80. Potts, Margaret, SO. Potts, Mary, SO. Potts, Rebecca, 204. Potts, Sarah, 80. Potts, Thomas, 25, 57, 80, 131, 166, 204. Potts, William, 166. Powe, Elizabeth, 119. Powell, C., 408. Powell, E., 408. Powell, George, 25. Powell, J., 405. Powell, J. M., 359. Powell, J. S., 352. Powell, S. C., 352. Powell, S. E., 382. Powell, W. R., 405. Powers, T. D., 502. Pratt, J. H., 527. Prelacy, 36. Presbytery of S. C., 176. Presbyterianism, 36. Presbyterianism Regnant, 171. Pres. Church of Williamsburg, 272. Presbyterian Churches, 1923, 483. Presbyterian factions, 172. Presbyterian Ministers, 481, 483. Presbyterian Missionaries, 55. Presbyterians, 27. Pressley, Ann, 11. Pressley, David, 45. Pressley, Eleanor, 82. Pressley, Eliza, 237. Pressley, Elizabeth, 241, 264. Pressley, H. M., 398, 407. Pressley, H. P., 516. Pressley, Isabella, 77. Pressley, James F., 237, 241, 349, 377, 406, 408, 412, 429, 430, 440, 527, 380. Pressley, Jane, 82, 225. Pressley, John, 22, 66, 77, 143, 151, 204, 225, 226, 230, 234, 237, 245. Pressley, John B., 241, 368, 369. Pressley, John G., 237, 297, 311, 317, 320, 341, 343, 346, 363, 379, 406, 440, 464, 528. Pressley, Margaret, 82. Pressley, Martha, 237. Pressley, Mary B., 237, 242. Pressley, Sarah, 82, 241. Pressley, Susannah, 82. Pressley, Thomas, 487. Pressley, William, 22, 45, 66, 75, 82, 87, 153, 264. Pressley, William J., 237, 241. Price, Henry, 70, 166, 204, 226. Price, J., 399. Price, Jane, 224, 259. Price, J. B., 468, 469. Price, John, 204, 224, 259. Price, Margaret, 226. Price and Newsome, 297. Price, William H., 259. Prices of Articles, 404. Prince Frederick’s Church, 24, 53, 55. Prince Frederick’s Parish, 9, 53, 213. Princeton, 305. Princeton Seminary, 176. Pringle, J. J., 141. Pringle, Robert, 151. Printing Cost, 1871, 448. Prison, Elmira, 414. Pritchard, Simon, 166. Pritchard, Stephen, 166. Pritchett, W. R., 475, 483. “Produce,” 548. Products, 1920, 539. Products, 1923, 547. Prohibition Sentiment, 342. Promising Young Men, 494. Prospect M. Church, 487. Prosperity, 539. Prosser, H. L., 499, 524. Prosser, Tim, 382. Prosser, M. B., 352. Prosser, Nathan, 352. Prosser, Sarah, 235. Protestants only Admitted, 303. Provisions Furnished, 12. Pruitt, Lillie, 472. Public School Building, 149. Puckett, J. R., 186. Pudding Swamp Road, 61, 208. Pulpit Hidden, 174. Punch, Nicholas, 204. Puncheons, 189. Purtanism, 37, 180, 254, 271. Puritanism Again, 281. Puritanism Triumphant, 532. Purse, William, 237, 238. Purvis, Sarah, 24. Purvis, William, 24. Pygott, Nathaniel, 70. INDEX 597 Qualifications for Voting, 213. Queues Worn, 256. Quorum, Justices, 92. Race Courses, 256. Race Track, 137. Racing Days, 307. Rae, Christian, 228. Rae, John, 18, 78, 47, 48, 81, 75. Rae, Rachael, 81. Raffell, Margaret, 159. “Ragged Remnant,” 413. Ragin, Henry, 344, 398. Ragin, H. J., 361. Ragin, T. E., 344, 349, 407, 409. Railway, A. C. L., 528. Railway, N. E., 324. Railway, Weldon, 406, 408. Rambert, Joachern, 167. Ramsay’s Revolution, 124. Ramsbottom, C. F., 486. Raney, Herbert, 167. Ransom, Mrs. M. A., 469. Raphield, James, 167. Rappahannock, 398. Rasberry, Nathaniel, 167. Rasted, C., 440. Ratchford, Mary, 473. Ratchford, R. H., 483 Rawlinski, Mrs. M. J., 531. Rawls, Elisha, 167. Ravebelle, Allen, 512. Rawdon, 108. Ray, E. T., 350. Reagin, P., 358. Reagin, T. E., 358. Reardon, Sampson, 514. Reagin, William, 26. Reardon, W. C., 241. Reaves, Benjamin, 167. Reaves, James, 167. Reconstruction, 440. Rectory, St. Alban’s, 485. Red Cross, 513. Reddick, H. D., 487. Redman, Annie, 473. Redemption Campaign, 454. Red House, 104. Red Shirt Companies, 445. Reed’s Academy, 305. Reed, G. W., 351, 400. Reed, Hugh, 167, 207. Reed, John, 114. Reed, William, 135, 136, 167, 168, 206, 251. Reese, Joseph, 195. Reese, Thomas, 177, 179. Reeves, Benjamin, 117. Refugees, 436. Regiment, Craven, 70. Regimental Musters, 318. Register, A. R., 473. Register, C. E., 498. Register, D. W., 510. Register, E. C., 505. Register, J. F., 498, 527. Register, J. W., 501, 515. Rekberg, C. H., 501. Rekoboatk M. Church, 301. Reid, Mary, 204. Reid, William, 204. Religious Amusements, 277. Religious Denominations, 480. Rembert, Elijah, 189. “Repel Raids,” 401. Repentance and non-repentance, 261. Republican Congress, 438. Republican Rule, 441, Representatives in Legislature, 311. Retaliation, 421. Retreat School, 476. Revolutionary Soldiers, 114. Revolutionary War, 94. Rhem, D. D., 475. Rhem, Furney, 327, 328, 498, 538. Rhem, L. F., 539. Rhem, Mrs. L. F., 532. Rhoad, G. T., 488. Rhodes, John, 167. Rhodus, Ann, 23. Rliodus, Daniel, 84. Rhodus, David, 221. Rhodus, E. B., 501, 529. Rhodus, E. D., 498. Rhodus, G. D., 487. Rhodus, Joel D., 353. Rhodus, John, 221. Rhodus, Joseph, 22, 23, 152. Rhodus, Mary, 221. Rhodus, Nathaniel, 221. Rhodus, Solomon, 167, 221. Rhodus, Thomas, 1S5. Rhodus, William, 221. Rich, N. G., 295, 317, 34S, 441. Rich, W. D., 527. Riche, Anthony, 167. Riche, James, 167, 204. Richardson, David, 167. Richardson, Elizabeth, 226. Richardson, John, 500. Richardson, J. B., 209. Richardson, J. S., 226. 598 INDEX Richardson, Richard, 71. Richardson, S. M., 486. Richardson, William, 226. Richburg, James, 117, 118. Richburg, J. E., 482. Richburg, Margaret, 78. Richburg, Rene, 25. Rice Planting District, 248. Rice, John A., 487. Ridout, John, 485. Rigden, Ephraim, 167. Riggs, Agnes, 473. Righteousness, Civic, 463. Riser, Nina, 470. Risher, Codnelia, 473. Roads and Bridges, 443. Road Building, 544. Roads and Ferries, 207. Roads in 1860, 323. Roberts, Peter, 167. Roberts, W. M., 474. Rock Branch School, 475. Rochingham, R. W., 312. Robertson, Peter, 71. Robinson, Ann, 204. Robinson, John, 22, 117, 167, 207, 513. Robinson, L. D., 360. Robinson, William, 117. Rodgers, Andrew, 117. Rodgers, Claron, 413. Rodgers, David, 226. Rodgers, David P., 234. Rodgers, Elizabeth, 360. Rodgers, Eli, 413. Rodgers, Elmer, 515. Rodgers, E. L., 472. Rodgers, Furman, 413, 430. Rodgers, Isaac, 167, 204. Rodgers, Jacob, 486. Rogers, John, 117, 399, 204, 222. Rodgers, James W., 360. Rodgers, J. F., 360, 474, 485. Rodgers, J. M., 473. Rodgers, J. S., 473. Rodgers, L. D., 525. Rodgers, Mary, 224. Rodgers, Mary A., 226. Rodgers, Margaret, 222, 226. Rodgers, Micajah, 167, 204. Rodgers, M. I., 402. Rodgers, Nathaniel, 117. Rodgers, R., 382. Rodgers, R. E., 362. Rodgers, Shadrack, 167. Rodgers, Stephen, 413. Rodgers, S. R., 405. Rodgers, Thomas, 149, 150, 204, 226, 250. Rogers, William, 204, 226. Rodgers, W. C., 527. Rodgers, William F., 241, 301, 402. Rogers, W. N. Y., 311, 344, 405, 430. Rodgers, W. R., 397. Rodgers, William T., 117. Rollins, C. D., 527. Rollins, C. J., 531. Rollins, G. T., 361, 363. Rollins, J. L., 297, 486. Rollins, J. T., 486. Rollins, R. D., 362, 408, 464, 496. Rollins, W. C., 500. Rolls, Club, 466. Roman Catholics, 27, 489. Romish Wolves, 171. Rose, Thomse, 241. Rosecran’s 385. Ross, Jane, 143. Ross, J. A., 512. Ross, Lorena, 470. Ross, M. A., 485, 520. Rough Branch M. Church, 297. Rough Branch School, 473. Roulet, John, 159. Round O., 120. Rouse, R. A., 468. Row, Ebenezer, 360. Row, J. N., 360. Rowe, J. E., 416. Rowell, D. Z., 527. Rowell, Jeremiah, 26. Rowell, John, 70. Rowell, J. H., 473, 501. Rowell, Rebecca, 204. Rowell, William, 209. Rowell, W. T., 409, 464, 473, 501, 514, 515. Roland, Abraham, 167. Roland, Benjamin, 167. Roland, Elizabeth, 167. Rowlin, Margaret, 167. Royal African Co., 6. Royal, James, 167. Rumors, 365. Runnels, Mary, 76. Ruel, Benjamin, 170. Rush, E. W., 347. Rush, Frederick, 292. Russ, D. R., 382. Russ, J. B., 350. 383. Russell, Andrew, 167. Russell, Jeremiah, 196. Russell, Simon T., 486. INDEX 599 Russell, Thomas, 107. Rutledge, Andrew, 22, 69, 143. Rutledge, B. H., 357. Sabb, Anna, 82. Sabb, Deborah, 82. Sabb, Elizabeth, 82. Sabb, Mary, 82. Sabb, Morgan, 114, 117, 118, 132, 245, 268. Sabb, Thomas, 82. Sabb, William, 82, 102. Sacramental Communion Meetings, 309. Saddlecloths of Fine Linen, 429. Salem Church, 48. Salem Female Academy, 305. Salem Black River, 181, 185. Salt Scarce, 31. Salters, J. A., 311, 353, 355, 358, 370, 397, 402, 440, 516, 530. Salters, Jane M., 402. Salters, John, 409. Salters, Mrs. Mary, 118. Salters, Mary E., 402. Salters M. Church, 487. Salters, Peter, 26, 117. Salters Post Office, 531. Salters, Sarah, 289. Salters School, 473. Salters, Mrs. S. M., 469. Salters, T. E., 468, 473, 487. Salters, William, 183, 184, 204, 218, 231, 232, 234, 239, 242, 245. Sam, a Black Man, 260. Saunders, George, 24. Saunders, Hannah, 24. Saunders, J. C., 346, 347. Saunders, J. H., 361. Saunders, William, 23. Sand-Hills Camp Meeting, 182, 191. Sandy Bay School, 475. Santee Canal, 128. Santee Circuit, 186. Santee River, 3. Santee River Road, 60. Sasser, David, 529. Sauls, E. H., 359, 530. Sauls, E. S., 350, 398, 400, 406, 408. Sauls, Evander G., 359. Sauls, H., 397. Sauls, James, 400. Sauls, J. N., 530. Sauls, J. W., 350. Savage, Nathan, 168. Savage Station, 382. Savannah River, 3. Sawmill, first, 251. Seabrook, Thomas, 163. “Searching eats,” 392. Sease, R. W., 527. Sease, T. O., 473. Sea wright, James, 152. Secession, 341. Secession Clubs, 341. Secession Convention, 1852, 337. Secession Convention, 341. Secession Flags, 341. Second Bull Run, 382. Second ’76, 454. Sectionalism, 214. Seed Cotton Troubles, 450. Sellers, M. M., 405. Sellers, William, 117. Sellers, W. L., 516, 527. Seining in Black River, 316. Seminole Indian War, 319. Sere, Noah, 25. Sessions of Court, 217. Sessions, Edward, 205. Sessions, John, 168, 204, 229. Sessions, Richard, 205. Sessions, William, 168. Seven Pines, 382. Sexton, Edward, 117. Scallawags, 452. Scarcity of Ministers, 480. Scarf, Edward, 167. Scarf, William, 168. School Districts, 467. School Funds, 1801, 468. School Funds, 1922, 479. Schools in County, 476. School Officials, 1923, 471. School Progress, 471. Schwartz, M., 349. Scipper, A. B., 398. Seipper, G. W., 398, 400. Scison, Ebenezer, 168. Schoolmasters, 5. Scotch-Irish, 27. Scotch-Irish Colony, 10. Scotch-Irish Migrate, 2S. Scott, Albert, 290. Scott, Amelia, 289. Scott, Arabella, 24. Scott, Alexander, 66, 70, 81, 117, 168, 204, 205, 223, 513. Scott, A. Winfield, 354. Scott, B. F., 344, 361, 382. Scott, Caroline, 289. Scott, Katherine, 83. 600 INDEX Scott, David C., 430, 470, 473, 49G, 497, 519, 520, 521, 527. Scott, Mrs. D. C., 513, 514, 515, 523, 524. Scott, E. B., 344, 361, 384. Scott, Elizabeth, 81, 83, 123, 229. Scott, Eugenia P., 370. Scott, George C., 354. Scott, Gillespie, 201. Scott, Helen, 470. Scott, Hester Jane, 12. Scott, Isabelle, 83. Scott, James, 22, 66, 81, 117, 143, 152, 168. Scott, Janet, 81. Scott, Jannet, 83, 123, 204, 229, 246. Scott, Jean, 83. Scott, J. F., 290, 349, 398, 525. Scott, John, 10, 22, 24, 29, 47, 66, 69, 76, 81, 83, 85, 87, 88, 97, 118, 123, 140, 141, 142, 149, 151, 152, 168, 179, 204, 205, 219, 220, 226, 229, 230, 231, 236, 523. Scott, John Ervin, 40, 236, 297, 320, 349, 361, 382, 397, 430, 446. Scot t, J. H., 503, 512. Scott, John L ., 358, 400. Scott, Joseph, 83, 97, 106, 114, 123, 143, 145, 147, 149, 152, 168, 205, 236, 251, 256, 289, 311, 522. Scott, Joseph A., 290. Scott, Julia E., 370. Scott, Junius E., 398, 400, 406, 414. Scott, J. W., 281. Scott, James W., 354, 382. Scott, Louisa, 233. Scott, Margaret, 76, 83, 122, 123, 289. Scott, Margaret G., 81. Scott, Mary, 83, 123, 289. Scott, Mrs. Mary, 370. Scott, Mary G., 382. Scott, Maurice, 527. Scott, M. M., 407. Scott, Moses, 83. Scott, Rebecca, 290. Scott, Rebecca C., 281. Scott, R. F., 349, 381. Scott, Rebecca Gordon, 236. Scott, Robert K., 439. Scott, S. A., 381. Scott, Samuel, 81, 83, 117, 122, 204, 222, 231, 236, 245, 246, 279, 284, 288. Scott, Samuel A., 359, 407. Scott, Sarah, 83, 85. Scott, S. McBride, 295, 343, 397, 464. Scott, Susannah Theresa, 522. Scott, Lieutenant, 409. Scott, Thomas, 66, 81, 83, 117, 227. Scott, Thomas G., 57. Scott, T. M., 469. Scott, Walter, 472. Scott, W. D., 469. Scott, Winfield, 320. Scott, William, 22, 57, 70, 71, 81, 83, 117, 118, 153, 442, 460, 468. Scott, W. D., 226, 290. Scott, W. R., 236, 290, 311, 312, 481, 499, 515, 525. Scott, W. P., 344, 383. Scranton Red Shirt Co., 456. Screven, Ann, 227. Screven, Benjamin, 81, 82, 92, 118, 134. Screven, Elisha, 24, 34, 35, 48, 69, 81, 195. Screven, Elizabeth, 81, 83. Screven, Hannah, 81, 82. Screven, John, 195, 227. Screven, Joseph, 81. Screven, Joshua, 81, 82. Screven, Rebecca, 83. Screven, Robert, 24. Screven, Samuel, 81. Screven, William, 24, 34, 76, 81, 82, 195. Scrime, Thomas, 210. Scurry, E. M., 350, 384, 400. Scurry, John C., 362. Scurry, W. J. C., 347. Scythians, 27. Shackelford, Jean, 167. Shade Trees Planted, 150. Shannon, Samuel, 84. Shaper, W. A., 214. Sharp, Mamie Lou, 472. Sharpsburg, 383. Shaving Notes, 254. Shaw, Agnes, 289. Shaw, A. J., 349, 376. Shaw, B., 352. Shaw, Daniel, 23, 53, 117. Shaw, David, 226. Shaw, Elizabeth, 226. Shaw, H. D., 183, 198, 240, 241, 289, 290, 293, 347, 402, 408. Shaw, Mrs. H. D., 370. Shaw, J. M., 402. Shaw, Joe, 357. Shaw, John, 226. Shaw, J. P., 362. INDEX 601 Shaw, Lillie, 226. Shaw, Peter, 226. Shaw, R. H., 358. Shaw, Sarah, 23, 226. Shaw, William, 117, 226. Shealds, John, 168. Sheed, John, 168. Shell, J. W., 409. Shepard, H. N., 501. Shepard, William, 25. Shepard’s Ferry, 104. Sheriff, Henry, 47. Sherman Takes Columbia, 427. Sherman, W. T., 416. Shirer, Edward, 503. Shirer, P. C., 473. Short Rations, 421. Skrine, Thomas, 168. Shuler, M. A., 472, 513, 514, 516, 525, 527. Shuler, Mrs. M. A., 524. Simon, Joseph, 161. Sinclair, Carrie Belle, 373. Sinclair, James, 25, 373. Sims, David, 115. Simms’ Life of Marion, 124. Simms, Thomas, 117, 118. Simmons, Mrs. A. L., 469. Simons, Caroline, 484. Simons, Due, 168. Simons, Mary L., 228. Simons, Peter, 92. Simons, Shadrack, 117, 208. Simons, Thomas Y., 454. Simonton, Charles H., 379. Singletary, Agnes, 204. Singletary, Agnes R., 264. Singletary, Barfield, 482. Singletary, B. F., 382, 405. Singletary, Duncan, 482. Singletary, Ebenezer, 168, 204, 205, 235. Singletary, E. J., 347, 405. Singletary, Elizabeth, 233. Singletary, Eliza, 235. Singletary, H., 358. Singletary, Henry, 241. Singletary, Hesther J., 241. Singletary, H. H., 468. Singletary, Mrs. H. H., 482. Singletary, Miss H. S., 469. Singletary, I. D., 360. Singletary, Isaac, 149. Singletary, Isaac F., 227. Singletary, Jacob, 233, 246. Singletary, J. C., 408. Singletary, J. D., 497. Singletary, J. E., 469. Singletary, John, 238. Singletary, John D., 205. Singletary, Joseph S., 233. Singletary, Lamar, 482. Singletary, Lyda, 227. Singletary, Richard, 26. Singletary, Samuel, 204. Singletary, Sarah, 238. Singletary School, 474. Singletary, S. J., 317, 465. Singletary, S. M., 358. Singletary, Sophronia P., 238. Singletary, Virginia V., 482. Singletary, W. D., 358, 459. Singletary, W. J., 463. Singletary, W. R., 468. Singletary, W. W., 509. Singleton, Albert, 469. Singleton, Benjamin, 118. Singleton, B. V., 497. Singleton, Esther, 242. Singleton, Esther G., 238. Singleton, Mrs. Henry B., 186. Singleton, Henry B., 242. Singleton, Hester, 290. Singleton, James D., 218. Singleton, John, 24. Singleton, John D., 235. Singleton, J. S., 369. Singleton, Mary, 24, 242. Singleton, Mary B., 237. Singleton, Mary M., 242. Singleton, Matthew, 26. Singleton, Mrs. M. L., 481. Singleton, M. M., 232, 290. Singleton, Richard, 117. Singleton, Sarah, 237, 264. Singleton, T. D., 218, 204, 225, 226, 228, 232, 237, 242, 245, 268, 269, 270, 289, 311, 312, 317. S inkier, John, 24. Sinkler, Mary B., 24. Sinkler, Peter, 117, 118. Sinnott, W. I., 483, 516. Skrines Ferry, 208. Slaves, 41, 247. Slaves, 1745, 87. Slaves Deserting, 428. Slave Labor Profitable, 331. Slave Owners in Williamsburg, 332. Slave Values, 257. Slavery and Secession, 329. Slaves value in 1860, 338. Sloan, James, 360, 361. Small, Christopher, 168. Small, J. C., 360. 602 INDEX Small, W. C., 350. Small, W. F., 358. Small, William, 211. Smiley, Samuel, 116. Smiley, William, 117. Smiley, W. J., 463, 515, 530, 538. Smith, Abner, 168, 204, 231. Smith, Adam, 168, 264. Smith, A. J., 468, Smith, Bartow, 465, 472. Smith, Benjamin, 168. Smith, B. S., 488. Smith, B. S. M., 350. Smith, Charles B., 488. Smith, D. C., 352. Smith, Daniel H., 302, 475. Smith, D. M., 347, 407. Smith, Elizabeth, 360. Smith, E. J., 469. Smith, Everett, 360. Smith, E. M., 348, 464. Smith, Francis H., 359. Smith, Francis N., 353. Smith, Henry, 168, 196, 205. Smith, Henry J., 241. Smith, Hugh, 168. Smith, Isaac, 292. Smith, James, 22, 117, 151, 168, 231, 360. Smith, Jane, 238. Smith, J. E. M., 350. Smith, John, 117, 167, 168, 360. Smith, John A., 359. Smith, John H., 241, 350. Smith, James H., 399, 400. Smith, J. G., 360. Smith, J. K., 499. Smith, John M., 343. Smith, K., 405. Smith, Katie Lou, 475. Smith, Lemuel, 488. Smith, L. E., 473. Smith, Leroy Watson, 511. Smith, Margaret, 290. Smith, Michael, 54. Smith, Mollie, 231. Smith, N. P., 360. Smith, Noah, 204, 235. Smith, Olive, 515. Smith, Pat, 231. Smith, R. B., 464, 481. Smith, R., 360. Smith, R. S., 406, 407, 408. Smith, R. W., 465, 472, 538. Smith, S., 360. Smith, S. D., 351, 399. Smith, Simon, 231. Smith, T. K., 499. Smith, Thomas, 168, 522. Smith, Wesley, 360. Smith, William, 117, 168. Smith, W. B., 360. Smith, W. C., 481. Smith, W. D., 351. Smith, W. E., 487, 524. Smith, William W., 353. Smith Swamp School, 476. Smooth Bore Rifles, 399. Smyth, Thomas, 168. Snyder, A. M., 362, 527. Snyder, J. Henry, 486. Snow, Ann, 81. Snow, Emmie, 472. Snow Balling, 394. Snow, George, 81. Snow, Henry, 224. Snow, James, 81, 117, 168, 248, 487. Snow, Jeremiah, 302, 396. Snow, John, 81, 134. Snow, J. J., 531. Snow, J. P., 469. Snow, Mary, 23, 81. Snow, Nathaniel, 52, 81, 224. Snow, Philip, 233. Snow, William, 23, 92, 117, 119, 168. Snow’s Island, 105, 110. Snowden, Elizabeth M., 236. Snowden, H. P., 474. Snowden, James, 230. Snowden, L., 152. Snowden, Mary, 236. Snowden, P. D., 482. Snowden, Percy, 538. Snowden, Samuel, 146, 152, 153, 204, 208, 236. Snowden, Samuel J., 280, 2S6, 284, 289, 320, 357, 380, 430, 464, 469. Snowden, Samuel M., 236. Snowden, Sarah, 264. Snowden, Thomas J., 236. Snowden, W. D., 468. Snowden, W. E., 464, 469, 516. Snowden, William, 236. Soap Scarce, 411. Social Recreation, 306. Society, Propagation of Gospel, 45. Socinianism, 172. Soft hands, 433. Soldiers’ boxes, 371. Soldiers Families Aided, 368. Soldiers in Field, 379. Somerhoeff, John Peter, 24. “Somerton”, 35. “Something must be done,” 542. INDEX 603 “Songs of Labor,” 332. Sons of Temperance, 288. South Carolina Ind. Republic, 136. S. C. Medical College, 305. South Island, 3S5. Spaniards, 2. Spanish American War, 503. Sparkman, Richard, 168. Spears, William, 168. Speights, Elias, 349, 359. Speights, J. M., 349, 397. Speigner, Elizabeth, 472. Speigner, Raymond, 464. Speigner, R. N., 499. Speigner, R. W., 480, 4S8. Spinning Wheel, 375. Spit Fire Abolitionists, 339. Spivey, A. B., 474, 501. Spivey, William, 114. Spooner, J. F., 358. Spooner, T. J., 358, 407. Spottsylvania, 407. Spring, Ann, 167, 204, 222, 223. Spring Bank School, 475. Spring, Cornelius, 222. Spring, George W., 383. Spring Gulley School, 474. Spring, R., 351. Spring, Richard, 204. Spring, Robert, 168, 204, 240, 400. Spry, Elizabeth, 85. Spry, Jean, 85. Spry, John, 85. Spry, Phineas, 60. Spry, Rebecca, 85. Spry, Royal, 85. Stackley, Annie, 525. Stackley, L., 468, 470, 520, 525. Stackley, L. J., 487. Stackley, S. P., 473. Stage Line, 397. Staggers, Barbary, 168. Staggers, Elizabeth, 295. Staggers, George, 242. Staggers, James, 527. Staggers, James M., 297, 485. Staggers, John, 117, 118, 168, 205, 228, 233, 242. Staggers, J. W., 317, 485, 527. Staggers, Martin, 150, 153, 204, 225, 228, 242. Staggers, Susannah, 290. Staggers, William, 204, 242, 150, 297. St. Alban’s E. Chapel, 484. St. Amand, C. E., 528. Stamp Act, 94. Standard Lowered, 459. Stapleton, Levi, 167. Stapleton, Sarah, 167. Starnes, Charles, 168. Stark, L. B., 377. Starne, Charles, 22, 69, 151. “Start Something,” 456. State Convention, 1787, 135. Statement of Indiantown Session, 273. States Rights Question, 311. St. David’s Church, 187. Steam Engine, first, 251. Steele, Clara, 472. Steele, E. C., 484. Steele, Mrs. J. B., 514. Steele, James, 117. Steele, John, 206, 231. Steele, J. J., 349, 351, 405, 465. Steele, Thomas, 204, 243, 343. Steele, T. S., 349, 405, 430. Steele’s Company, 405, 430. Steele, William, 117. Stephens, Caleb, 205, 235. Stephenson, A. E., 360. Stephenson, James, 164. Stephenson, J. W., 258. Stephenson, John, 204. Stephenson, Thomas, 180. Stephenson’s Labor, 178. Stevenson, James W., 177, 181, 182, 254. Stevens, Ruben, 167. Stewart, Alexander, 117. Stewart, Hugh, 117. Stewart, J. W., 475. Stewart, Mary, 230. Still, Agnes, 78. St. John’s School, 475. St. Louis, Daniel E., 512. St. Mark’s Church, 186. St. Mark’s Parish, 55. Stocks, Evander, 360. Stoll, C. W., 469, 498, 499, 516, 515, 520, 525, 528. Stoll, J. C., 363, 412. Stoll, Philip H., 463, 487, 505, 527. Stone, Austin, 168, 204, 244. Stone, B. II., 487. Stone, Dottson, 205, 244. Stone, E. E., 382. Stone, James B., 354. Stone, James II., 246, 296, 487. Stone, Mrs. Mattie, 472. Stone, Philip, 204, 235, 246. Stone, Palvey T., 354. Stone, Pauline, 472. 604 INDEX Stone, P. T., 398. Stone, Mary, 235. Stone, Thomas, 382. Stuart, Thomas S., 358. Stone, William, 167, 360. Stone, W. J., 381, 382. Stone’s River, 385. Story, Mary, 126. St. Patrick, 27. Straight Out Ticket, 454. Strain, Adam, 66. Strange, J. C., 301. Streets Paved, 520. Streets in 1801, 148. Stretch, Mary, 204, 232. Strong, Agnes, 295. Strong, Hazel, 503. Strong, H. A., 503. Strong, James, 242. Strong, Margaret, 289, 295. Strong, Robert, 117, 184, 204, 236, 240, 242, 289. Strong, S. J., 381. Strong, Samuel, 204, 236, 295. Strong, Sarah, 228, 242. Strong, Susan, 295. Strong, T. J., 295, 344, 349, 361. Strong, William, 242. Strong, W. V., 499, 519. Stuart, James, 22, 153. Stuart, Lady Margaret, 171. Stuart, Margaret, 30. Stuart, Mary, 12. Stuart, T. S., 349, 381, 465. Stubbs, John, 22. Stuckey, B. N., 465, 538. Stuckey, R. W., 502. Stukes, H. H., 407. Stukes, William N., 353. Sturgis, Jane, 370. Sturges, S. D., 342. Suffrage, Male, 438. Sullivan, Esther, 78. Sullivan, James, 85. Sullivan, John, 78. Sullivan, Joseph, 168. Sumac Berry, 372. Summersett, G. K., 469. Sumter School, 472. Sumter, Thomas, 135, 177. Sunday School, 262. Sunday School formed, 180. Supervision by Elders, 482. Surrender, Twenty-Fifth Regiment, 416. Sutton, Ann, 244. Sutton, Dorothy, 244. Sutton, Elizabeth, 244. Sutton, Hugh, 117. Sutton, Jacob, 117. Sutton, Magdalene, 244. Sutton, Margaret, 244. Sutton, Mary, 244. Sutton, Robert, 188, 190, 191, 204, 232, 244. Suttons Church, 190, 197. Sutton School, 472. Swab, J. G., 168. Swabs, A. C., 472, 485. Swails, S. A., 440, 446, 460. Swails, Mrs. Lawrence, 532. Swails, F. H., 440. “Swamp Fox,” 108. “Swamp Rabbit,” 364. Swan, Robert, 117. Swift Creek, 406. Swinton, Elizabeth, 80, 204. Swinton, Hugh, 168. Swinton, William, 4, 47, 53, 117. Swittenberg, J. W., 472, 478. S Wittenberg, Mrs. J. W., 514. Sykes, John, 22, 151. Syms, William, 22, 45, 46. Taft School, 472. Tallevast, J. B., 538. Talliessin, 171. Tamplet, Isabel, 24. Tamplet, Peter, 24. Tamplet, Sarah, 191, 244. Taney, Chief Justice, 335. Tanner, John, 352. Tanner, L., 352. Tanner, W. E., 474. Tar Heel, 328. Tariff Question, 267. Tarleton, 100. Tarleton at King’s Tree, 101. Tart, R. E., 530. Taxes Confiscatory, 449. Taxpayers Convention, 448. Taylor, O. E., 527. Taylor, Mrs. O. E., 515. Taylor, James, 22. Taylor, J. L., 377. Taylor, Lex, 474. Taylor, Mary T., 231. Taylor, Richard, 159. Taylor, Ruffin, 143, 152, 169. Taylor, S. J., 362, 468, 498, 529. Taylor, Samuel, 114, 122. Taylor, S. P., 233. Taylor’s School, 305. Taylor, Mrs. W. L., 514, 515. INDEX 605 Taylor, William, 208, 229. Taylor, W. J., 362. Tea, 94. Teachers Marry, 532. Teachers’ Qualifications, 476. Teachers, White Schools, 472. Teaching of the Christ, 491. Teapot Tempests, 467. Tedder, James, 343. Tenth Infantry, 376. Tenth Regiment Mustered, 349. Terrey, George, 398. Terry, G. W., 408. Thames, B. D., 486. Thames, J. P., 361. Thigpen, J. E., 347. Thigpen, W. H., 347, 475. Thomas, Alexander, 169. Thomas, C. C., 358. Thomas, David, 169. Thomas, Edward, 117, 118, 207. Thomas, Elizabeth, 205. Thomas, Henry B., 359. Thomas, James, 117. Thomas, J. C., 405. Thomas, J. E., 405. Thomas, J. G., 358. Thomas, J. M., 358, 396. Thomas, J. D., 353, 357. Thomas, Jesse, 169. Thomas, P. S., 502, 527. Thomas, S., 358. Thomas, William, 117. Thomas, W. O., 503. Thompson, Alexander, 205. Thomson, Archibald, 117. Thompson, Connie, 474. Thompson, Edward C., 503. Thompson, Eleanor, 82. Thompson, F., 362. Thompson, Hannah, 205. Thomson, James, 117, 169. Thompson, James A., 512. Thompson, J. B., 358. Thompson, John, 23, 53, 169, 349, 354, 383. Thompson, Martha, 23. Thompson, O. L., 474. Thompson, R. G., 382. Thomson, Ruben, 169. Thomson, Samuel, 159. Thompson, Sidney B., 354. Thompson, T. S., 382. Thompson, W. E., 360. Thompson, W. F., 413. Thompson, W. G., 382. Thompson, W. J., 358. Thompson, William, 50, 117, 118, 205. Thompson, W. and W. A., 205. Thompson, W. T., 360, 413. Thorne, Henry, 312. Thorne, P. B., 484. Thorne, Mrs. P. B., 484, 522. Thorne, Selma, 514. Thornhill, William J., 361. Thorntree, 18. Thorp, Janet, 237. Thorp, John, 205, 224, 237. Thorp, Samuel, 169. Thorp, S. J., 358. Tilton, D. C., 350. Tilton, Robert F., 358, 408. Tilton, William, 235. Tilton, William J., 354. Timmons, Isaac, 231. Timmons, James, 169. Timmons, James E., 361. Timmons, John, 169. Timmons, Levi, 169, 205. Timmons, Martin V., 353. Timmons, M. O., 398. Timmons, Samuel, 233. Timmons, S. B., 472. Timmons, Simon, 231. Timmons, T. E., 487. Timmons, William, 231. Tisdale, Alex, 515. Tisdale, Ambrose, 442. Tisdale, Desmore, 503. Tisdale, D. M., 361. Tisdale, Elizabeth, 289, 295, 370. Tisdale, George, 344. Tisdale, James, 146, 153, 169, 205, 222, 295. Tisdale, Jane, 223. Tisdale, J. G., 346, 358. Tisdale, J. H., 349. Tisdale, J. M., 473. Tisdale, John J., 240. Tisdale, J. S., 344, 361. Tisdale, J. T., 349. Tisdale, J. Y., 344, 361. Tisdale, Margaret, 295. Tisdale, R. H., 503. Tisdale, R. S., 81, 349, 357, 361. Tisdale, Samuel, 240, 256, 361, 513. Tisdale, S. S., 348. Tisdale, W. J., 349. Tisdale, William, 240. Tisdale, W. W., 347. Tobacco, 34. Tobacco Growers Ass’n., 546. Tobacco Hogsheads, 250. 606 INDEX Tobacco Industry, 538. Tobacco in Williamsburg, 547. Tobacco Planters, 538. Tobacco Prizeries, 520. Tobacco Produced, 249. Tobacco Warehouses, 520, 538. Tobias, William M., 487. Todd, Elizabeth, 232, 245. Todd, John, 362. Tolley, W. F., 514, 521. Tolls on Ferries, 209, 211. Tomlinson, Nathaniel, 117. Tomlinson, John, 117. Tornson, Alexander, 169. Tomson, George, 168. Tornson, James, 168. Tories, 131, 133. Tories in Williamsbrug, 102. Tournaments, 307. Town Lots Advertised, 147. Town Lot Owners, 150. Town of Williamsburg, 9, 138. Town of Williamsburg, 1788, 137. Townsend, G. B., 40S. Townships, 3. Tracts Distributed, 376. Trading with Slaves, 316. Trapier, General, 385. Treating at Funerals, 178. Treatment of Slaves, 335. Travillian, 407. Trial of Samuel McGill, 276. Trio Post Office, 531. Trio School, 473. Troublefield, William, 22, 142. Troy, Martha, 290. Trucking Industry, 538. Trustees, of White Schols, 472. Truckers Company, 413. Tucker, John, 169. Turbeville, Charles, 24. Turbeville, John, 24. Turbeville, Margaret, 23. Turbeville, M. D., 405. Turbeville, Philadelphia, 24. Turbeville, R., 383. Turbeville, Ransom, 352. Turbeville, R. E., 475. Turbeville, Susannah S., 24. Turbeville, William, 22, 23. Turbeville, W. T., 531. Turkey School, 475. Turner, Amos, 169. Turner, Benjamin, 169, 205, 231, 233, 236, 369. Turner, Hugh, 233, 236. Turner, J. A., 486. Turner, J. L., 358. Turner, John, 20, 168. Turner, Mary, 242. Turner, Phoebe, 236. Turner, Ruben, 169, 236. Turner, William, 205, 231, 236, 237, 240. Turpentine Industry, 536. Turnout, Graham, 372. Tweed, Alexander, 135, 136. Two Ears of Corn, 393. Two Williamsburg Congregations, 174. Tyler, Benjamin, 169. Tyler, Hugh, 347, 407. Tyler, Samuel, 168. Tyrnes, 107. Tyrone, 27. Tyser, Richard, 85. U. D. C. Organized, 523. Unchristian Practices, 260. Union Church, 196, 301, 401. Unionists, 268. Union School, 476. Union Services, 494. Unlawful Grants, 64. University of N. C., 305. University of S. C., 305. University of Virginia, 305. “Unorthodoxy,” 495. “Up Country,” 214. “Uppish” negroes, 435. Vannalle, Esther, 83. Vannalle, Matthew, 22, 83, 151. Vareen, Ann, 81. Vareen, Ebenezer, 85. Vareen, Hannah, 85. Varneen, Jane, 85. Vareen, Jeremiah, 25, 85. Vareen, J. T., 405. Vareen, Martha, 81, 85. Vareen, Mary, 85. Vareen, Rachel, 85. Vareen, Rebecca, 85. Vareen, Samuel, 25, 81. Vareen, William, 85. Vareen, W. J., 408. Varn, Daisy, 517. Varner, W. S., 485, 529. Vause, Ed, 503. Vause, Mrs. Edward, 474. Vause, W. M., 519. Venters, J. L., 398. Venters, N. M., 500, 502. Venters, Washington, 383. INDEX 607 Vinegar Scarce, 411. Virginia, 1. Volunteers, Citadel, 360. Vote on Constitution, 135. Vote on Ratification, 136. Waccamaw River, 3. Wade, Ollie, 475. Waddell’s Academy, 305. Wagner Battery, 398. Walker, C. I., 349, 417. Walker, James, 170. Walker, William, 54. Wall, P. S., 463. Wall, W. J. B., 409. Wallace, Barney, 408. Wallace, David D., 215. Wallace, James, 117, 493. Wallace, James A., 103, 291, 295, 312. Wallace, J. B., 500, 515. Wallace, Jedekiali, 291. Wallace, John, 25, 53, 117. Wallace, Michael, 117, 118. Wallace, Pearl, 474. Wallace Preaches Calvinism, 294. Wallace Resigns, 299. Wallace, R. K., 464, 521, 528. Wallace, Mrs. R. K., 532. Wallace, Ruby, 474. Wallace, T. A., 344. Wallace, W. L., 430, 485, 527. Wallace, William, 117. Wallace, W. S., 384. Wallace, W. T., 352. Wallace’s History of Williamsburg, 299. Wallace’s Prayer, 295. Wallace’s Sermon, 299. Wallace’s Soliloquy, 300. Walsh, Frank, 221. Walters, E. Omitt, 473. Walters, Jacob, 169, 205. Walters, Patrick, 170. Walters, Priscilla, 170. Walters, R. B., 347, 407. Walters, W. J., 358. Walthall Junction, 406. Walton, Caleb, 165. War Loan Committee, 513. Ward, Benjamin, 384, 399, 400. Wardlaw, F. H., 483. Ward, James, 169, 205, 238, 244. Ward, Mary Grimke, 187. Ward, R. F., 473. Ward, W. J., 361. Ward, W. W., 440. Warehouse, Central, 538. Warned from Communion Table, 274. War Path through Williamsburg, 103. Warren, Virginia, 472. Warsaw School, 476. Washington, Samuel J., 236. Wateree River, 3. Water Works and Sewerage, 519. Watrons, Abner, 169. Watson, 109. Watson, Andrew, 205, 206. Watson, Mrs. Catherine, 118. Watson, David, 118. Watson, Emma, 290. Watson, George, 169. Watson, Hugh, 169. Watson, James, 117. Watson, J. F., 469. Watson, John, 47, 66, 81, 83, 101, 117, 118, 153, 222, 223, 226, 234, 242, 290, 354, 357, 369, 379, 402. Watson, Mrs. John, 370. Watson, Mary, 289. Watson, Mary F., 242. Watson, M. E., 402. Washington, Ned, 357. Watson, Bobert, 117. Watson, Sarah, 205, 234. Watson, Sarah Ann, 234, 242. Waxhaw Church, 177. Wayside School, 473. Weatherly, Isaac, 170. Weaver, J. M., 350, 486. Weaver, William, 170. Wee Nee Bank, 499. Wee Nee River, 8. Wee Nees, 72. Wee Nee School, 474. Wee Nee Volunteers, 343, 414, 348. Wee Tees, 72. Wee Tee School, 475. Weevil, Boll, 548. Weir, George, 362, 344, 366. Waites, William, 270. Welch, A., 344. Welch, Frank, 529. Welch, J. F., 384. Welch, W. H., 405, 464, 514, 545. Wells, Artesian, 518. Wells bored, 536. Wells, Miss S. E., 424, 425. West, John, 473, 503. West, W. II., 360. Westberry, B. F., 382. 608 INDEX Westberry, Jonathan, 25. Westberry, William, 70, 170. Weston, P. C. J., 360, 403. Weinyss, 179. Wemyss’ Invasion, 103. Weems’ Life of Marion. Wham, Gladys, 475. Wheeler, George C., 400. Wheeler, George D., 361. Wheeler, John, 117, 295. Whigs, 131. Whipping Posts, 316. Whitacre, Isaac, 170. Whitby, George, 70. White, Anthony, 23, 33, 53, 62, 71, 92, 170, 247, 248. White, Blakely, 81. White’s Bridge, 377. White, Daniel, 169. White, George, 170, 213. White, John, 71, 81, 118, 226. White, Joseph, 245. White, Mary, 23, 81, 240. White, Nancy, 125. White Oak Church, 287. Whites only Vote, 461. White School Teachers, 1887, 468. White Schools, 472. Whitehead, B. C., 464, 468. Whitehead, Cohen, 525. Whitehead, Jacob, 354. Whitehead, J. J., 384. Whitehead, N. M., 312, 354. Whitehead, W. L., 527. Whitfield, Benjamin, 244. Whitfield, Cicero, 328. Whitfield, Hagard, 328. Whitfield, John, 22, 69, 142. Whitfield, O. II., 358. Whitfield, Philip, 513. Whitfield, Thomas, 170. Whitfield, William, 169. Wiboo Swamp, 108. Wickham, T. J., 169. Wiggins, Ernest, 470. Wiggins, E. P., 352. Wiggins, Thomas, 146. Wilder, John, 353, 358, 407, 409. Wilder, J. T., 469. Wilder, Samuel, 353. Wilder, W. J., 382. Wilderness, 406. Wilkes, C. C., 358. Wilkes, Ester, 170. Wilkes, Lemuel, 170. Wilkes, T. II., 351, 400. Wilkins, Banna L., 507. Wilkins, G. H.. 503, 525. Wilkins, Mrs. G. PI., 525. Wilkins, W. T., 498, 547. Wilkins, Mrs. W. T., 514. Will, Holograph, 220. Willcox, A. M., 527. Willcox. F. L., 500. Willebard, A., 352. William of Orange, 9, 28, 123. Williams, A. H., 463, 527. Williams, Anthony, 9, 22, 141, 297. Williams, A. W., 362. Williams, Daniel, 56. Williams, Daniel J., 229. Williams, E. H., 527. Williams, Elizabeth, 83. Williams, Ellen, 476. Williams, Evelyn, 473. Williams, Dorothy, 473. Williams, Hannah, 169. Williams, Henry, 22, 151. Williams, Henry C., 512. Williams, Hetty, 228. Williams, PI. P., 496, 497. Williams, Jacob W., 228. Williams, J. C., 317. Williams, Mrs. J. C., 370. Williams, John, 205. Williams, J. G., 170. Williams, Muriel, 472. Williams, R., 382, 195. Williams, Roger, 34. Williams, S., 352. Williams, S. W., 469. Williams, Thomas, 145, 169, 205, 210, 238. Williams, William, 170. Williamsburg Academy, 175. Williamsburg Battalion, 128. Williamsburg Cemetery Ass’n., 524. Williamsburg Church, 16, 46, 52, 78, 81, 172, 197, 401, 480. Williamsburg Churches, 138. Williamsburg Churches, 1860, 303. Williamsburg P. Congregation, 45, 76, 143, 151, 152, 153. Williamsburg Court, 216. Williamsburg Congregations Re¬ unite, 182. Williamsburg County Created, 139. Williamsburg District, 216. Williamsburg Fair Ass’n., 542. Williamsburg Light Dragoons, 354. Williamsburg Preaching, 490. Williamsburg Riflemen, 353. Williamsburg Session Records, 290. Williamsburg Tax Payers, 199. INDEX 609 Williamsburg Township, 9, 39. Williamsburg Was There, 346. Williamson, Bertha, 475. Williamson, G. F., 475. Williamson, Henry G., 359. Williamson, H. J., 486. Williamson, J. M., 465. Williamson, Sterling, 118. Williamson, T. E., 383. Williamson, Thomas, 409. Williamson, William, 22, 118, 153. Williamson, W. G., 359, 407. Willis, Abram, 398. Willis, Claudelle, 473. Willis, Henry, 187, 292. Willison, John, 16. Willoughby, W. T., 320. Wills, Colonial, 73. Wills, Old, 220. Willson, John O., 527. Willtown, 71, 105, 195, 251. Willtown Church, 197. Willtown Post Office, 252. Willtown road, 209, 211. Wilson, Adam, 79. Wilson, Avagale, 232. Wilson, B. II., 349. Wilson, Charles, 170. Wilson, David, 10, 12, 20, 22, 45, 49, 66, 78, 142, 170, 205, 210, 236, 243, 244, 262. Wilson, David D., 196, 198, 218, 238, 240, 246, 259, 269, 279, 264, 274, 275, 280, 311, 320, 368, 397. Wilson, David E., 233, 259. Wilson, David F., 259. Wilson, E. D., 317. Wilson, Eliza A., 236. Wilson, Elizabeth, 243. Wilson, Elizabeth M., 264. Wilson, Elizabeth W., 233. Wilson, F. W., 358, 360. Wilson, Godfrey, 159. Wilson, Grace, 169. Wilson, Hugh, 118, 205, 226. Wilson, H. G., 407. Wilson, James, 114, 118. Wilson, James E., 233, 236. Wilson, James S., 262. Wilson, Jane, 205, 227, 240, 243, 259. Wilson, Jane I., 240. Wilson, J. D., 488. Wilson, J. Harvey, 362. Wilson, John, 22, 69, 118, 142, 144, 145, 146, 151, 152, 169, 179, 181, 205, 243, 348, 360, 407. Wilson, John C., 240, 311, 354, 355, 358, 368, 369, 407. Wilson, John L., 243. Wilson, John O., 528. Wilson, J. S., 527, 528. Wilson, John W., 233, 407. Wilson, Julian, 468. Wilson, Margaret, 77, 232. Wilson, Mary, 85, 246, 259. Wilson, Mrs. Mary, 118. Wilson, Mary Grace, 233. Wilson, Mary L., 240, 243. Wilson, Mary S., 230, 233, 235, 289. Wilson, P., 348. Wilson, Richard, 513. Wilson, Robert, 20, 49, 50, 48, 62, 66, 70, 85, 169, 170, 205, 228, 232, 243, 484. Wilson, Robert D., 243. Wilson, Robert H., 240, 289. Wilson, Robert I., 181. Wilson, Robert J., 229, 230, 234. Wilson, Robert M., 262, 357. Wilson, Roger, 77, 85, 226. Wilson, Samuel, 142, 152, 169, 179, 181, 205, 206, 233. Wilson, Samuel A., 263. Wilson, Samuel F., 238. Wilson, Samuel J., 198, 243, 244, 259, 260, 274, 279. Wilson, Samuel M., 233. Wilson, Sarah E., 240. Wilson, Sarah F., 237, 262. Wilson School, 475. Wilson, Shelton, 472. Wilson, S. I., 349. Wilson, Thomas, 85, 232, 500. Wilson, Thomas E., 236, 262. Wilson, Virginia, 474. Wilson, Walter, 466. Wilson, W. B., 500. Wilson, W. G., 469. Wilson, William, 19, 22, 57, 92, 114, 134, 135, 136, 142, 152, 169, 170, 179, 181, 183, 205, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 234, 235, 383. Wilson, William C., 233, 473. Wilson, William J., 302, 353, 383, 398, 409. Wilson, W. M., 263, 473. Wilson, Woodrow, 515. Wimper, John, 169. Winchester, Elhannon, 195. Windom, Jesse, 170. Wingate, Edward, 118. Winkles, L. D., 362. INDEX 610 Winkles, William, 362. Winn, Jonas, 157. Winn, Lucia, 472. Winter, J. S., 161. Winter, John, 221, 223. Winter, Robert, 170. Winyaw, 24. Winyaw County, 139. Werter, Susannah, 76. Wise, R. L., 503. Wisner, George, 205. Wisner, Jannet, 237. Wisner, Robert, 224. Wisner, Robert P., 237. Witherspoon, Ann, 19, 82. Witherspoon Colony, 10. Witherspoon, David, 11, 17, 18, 20, 22, 45, 46, 66, 97, 114, 126, 142, 152. Witherspoon, Elizabeth, 10, 16, 19, 81, 123, 169, 180, 205, 234, 236. Witherspoon, Esther D., 236. Witherspoon, Esther L., 240. Witherspoon’s Ferry, 208, 210. Witherspoon, Gavin, 11, 12, 20, 22, 48, 66, 78, 79, 81, 114, 118, 119, 125, 126, 142, 143, 152, 169, 170, 179, 205, 207, 222, 223, 226, 228, 234. Witherspoon, George, 236. Witherspoon, George W., 126. Witherspoon, I. B., 181. Witherspoon, James, 10, 19, 22, 48, 81, 89, 114, 125, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 169, 179, 205, 222. Witherspoon, James E., 227. Witherspoon, James H., 126, 236. Witherspoon, John M., 231, 234, 245. Witherspoon, Jane, 18, 119. Witherspoon, Jane James, 119. Witherspoon, Janet, 10, 234. Witherspoon, J. B., 210. Witherspoon, John, 10, 16, 17, 19, 22, 30, 31, 45, 46, 82, 92, 114, 118, 125, 126, 143, 169, 185, 208, 211. Witherspoon, John B., 227. Witherspoon, J. R., 10, 236. Witherspoon, J. R. D., 205. Witherspoon, John W., 361. Witherspoon, Joseph, 179, 205, 223. Witherspoon, Langdom, 236. Witherspoon, Mary, 11, 19, 26, 158, 234. Witherspoon, Mary A., 236. Witherspoon, Martha Ann, 126. Witherspoon, Nancy, 290. Witherspoon, Robert, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 48, 49, 66, 81, 125, 141, 143, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 175, 180, 205, 226, 227, 236. Witherspoon, Robert B., 205. Witherspoon, Robert L., 126, 150, 180, 205, 218, 219, 521. Witherspoon, Robert P., 179, 222, 234. Witherspoon, Robert S., 181, 227. Witherspoon, Samuel, 180, 234. Witherspoon, Samuel M., 231. Witherspoon, Sarah, 17, 142, 153, 169. Witherspoon, Thomas, 19, 89, 180, 181, 205, 218, 226, 232, 234, 236. Witherspoon, Thomas R., 234. Witherspoon, William, 125, 152. 170. Wofford College, 305. Wolfe, C. W., 520, 521, 522, 523, 536, 463, 464, 469. Wolfe, Mrs. E. P., 469. Women, 1745, 87. Women in Revolution, 112. Woman Suffrage, 465. Women’s Work in War, 370. Wood, William, 170. Wood, Thomas, 25. Woodberry, John, 118. Woodberry, John H., 505. Woodmason, Charles, 54, 71. Woods, J. M., 405. Woods, W. H., 527. Woods, Willis, 205. Woods, T. T., 149. Woodson, D. W., 352. Workers, Turpentine, 327. Workman, Florence, 469. Workman, John, 118. Workman, Robert, 118. Workman, W. H., 483. Worldly Amusements, 255, 273, 533. World War, 503. Wounded, C. S. A., 382. Wounded, Cold Harbor, 355. Wyatt, James, 237. Wyatt, Samuel, 237. Yarborough, John, 359, 408. Yeadon, Richard, 396. York, William, 39. Yorkville Academy, 305. Young, Arthur, 545. Young, Carolina, 473. INDEX 611 Young, D. B., 362. Young, Elizabeth, 170. Young, G. H., 347. Young, Henry, 350. Young, James M., 408. Young, John, 350. Young, J. C., 546. Young, J. D., 408. Young, J. H., 407. Young, L. E., 344, 346, 347. Young, Matt, 70. Young, Robert, 22, 142. Young, S. A., 351. Young, William, 62, 63, 79, 153, 359. Young, W. H., 408. Zimmerman, Effie, 472. Zuill, James, 170, 205, 225, 252. Zuill, John, 225. Zuill, Margaret, 225.