It PRINCETON, N. J. Division. .Ju!^. .C..^..O 5" Shelf Number. ANDOVER PUBLICATIONS W. F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER, ANDOVER, MASS. Among the Andover Publications will be found choice and valuable books for intelligent readers ; also works for the special use of Theological Students and Clergymen. The Catalogue embraces works on the Evidences and Defences of Christianity, Devotional books. Essays in Philosophy and Theology, Church History, Discrepancies of the Bible, Her- meneutics, Commentaries on various books of the Old and New Testaments, Harmonies of the New Testament in Greek and in English, Grammars of the New Testament Greek, Hebrew Lexicon and Grammars, etc. Descriptive Catalogues sent free on application. All books sent by mail postpaid, at the prices annexed. A special dis- count of twenty per cent is given to clergymen and theological students, excepting on the " Bibliotheca Sacra " and those books which are marked by a *. Address W. F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER, 24-80-2 ANDOVER, MASS. WORKS BY PROF. EDWARD 0. MITCHELL, D.D. DAVIES' HEBREW LEXICON. A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament. With an English-Hebrew Index. By Benjamin Davies, Ph.D., LL.D. Care- fully Kevised, with a Concise Statement of the Principles of Hebrew Grammar. By Edward C. Mitchell, D.D. 8vo. pp. 772. Cloth, $4.25 ; Half Turkey, $4.75. PRINCIPLES OF HEBREW GRAMMAR. A Concise Statement of the Principles of Hebrew Grammar. For the Use of Teachers. 8vo. Paper, 15 cents. » GESENIUS' HEBREW GRAMMAR. Translated by Benjamin Davies, D.D., from Rodiger's Edition. Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged, on the Basis of the Latest Edition of Prof. E. Kautzsch, D.D., and from other recent Authorities, by Edward C. Mitchell, D.D. With full Subject, Scriptures, and Hebrew Indexes. 8vo. $3.00 THE CRITICAL HANDBOOK. A Guide to the Authenticity, 'Canon, and Text of the Greek New Testament. Illustrated by a Map, Diagrams, and Tables. 12mo. $1.75 THE CRITICAL HANDBOOK. A GUIDE STUDY OF THE ^ttifiutttwitg, ^attjrti, mi I'at GREEK NEW TESTAMENT. BY J E. C. MITCHELL, ILLUSTRATED BY DIAGRAMS, TABLES, AHD A MAP. WARREN F. DRAPER. 1880. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by WARREN F. DRAPER, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. _Tr^ Happily the day is past when any respectahle scholar questions the legitimacy or value of the science of Biblical Criticism. It has come to be a recognized right and duty of one who would become acquainted with the New Testament revelation to press the inquiry, reverentially but persistently. In what does this revelation consist ? — Are these the words which holy men of God spake or wrote as they were moved by the Holy Ghost ? The difficulties as well as the facilities attending this inquiry are beginning to be understood. The means and appliances for a critical examination of the Sacred Text are coming to be indispensable to the Christian scholar who would be thoroughly furnished unto all good works. Indeed, no good modern Commentary upon the Scriptures can be intelligently used without some acquaintance with the sources of textual criticism. Unfortunately, the resources in this department of learning are not yet abundant, or easy of access. The few thorough and excellent treatises upon the subject are expensive, and not within easy reach of the ordinary student. They are, moreover, too extended and voluminous for the comprehension of beginners, and too minute for ready reference. IV PREFACE. The writer^ therefore^ while engag-ed in the work of instruc- tioiij has found it necessary to prepare for his classes a brief compendium of the subject, in order that they might proceed intelligently to the work of exegesis. The substance of this handbook was thus prepared, at first with no thought of publication ; but having been many times requested to make it available for general use, the writer has revised and enlarged the notes for the press, constructing, at the same time, a set of Tables, to serve as ready reference guides to the information most needed on the subjects discussed. The plan of the book embraces, in the first place, a view of the present field of controversy on the subject of the Authen- ticity of the New Testament Scriptures, as regarded from a historical and geographical stand-point; in the presentation of which a leading object has been to familiarise the mind with the periods and the persons most often referred to in the afterwork of textual criticism. This is followed by a brief discussion of the leading points in the History of the Canon, and then by a resume of the subject of Textual Criticism. In this part of the work, and the Tables which accompany it, care has been taken to combine brevity with the greatest possible accuracy of statement. The best recent authorities have been consulted, and the author has received valuable aid from eminent scholars in England and America. Among these, he desires to make grateful mention of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Angus, of Regent^s Park College, London^ whose PREFACE. V counsel has always been wise and useful ; and of Prof. Ezra Abbot; of Cambridge, Mass., the inspiration of whose friend- ship it has bsen the writers^ happiness to enjoy for many years, and whose sympathy is ever open towards any sincere effort to advance real scholarship. Though always over- burdened with his own labours, which g-ive him a recoornized place in the foremost rank among Biblical critics, Dr. Abbot had yet found time to bestow much patient thought upon this little Manual, giving to the whole of Part III., and the accompanying Tables, the great advantage of his careful revision, and suggesting many new points of interest and value. The author^s thanks are also due to the Librarians of the Bihlioilieque Nalionale and of the Faculte, Frotestante Theologique of Paris, and especially to Mr. U. Garnett, of the British Museum, London, for much cheerful help in obtaining access to books and manusciipts. E. C. M. Pauis : Augusiy IS SO. CONTENTS. I. AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTUEES. PA6B Chaptee I. Inteoductoey. § 1. The Question stated 3 § 2. Method of Investigation 4 Chaptee II. Data FUE^"ISHED by well-known Histoeical Facts. §1. Extent of the Church in the Third Century . . 6 § 2. Estimation of New Testament Books in the Third Century 7 § 3. Probable means then existing for verifying the Facts 8 § 4. Comparative View of Ancient with Modern History . 10 Chaptee III. Data fuenished by Pagan Liteeatuee. § 1. What might reasonably be expected . . . . 14 § 2. Notices of Secular Historians 17 § 3. Notices of Pagan Writers not strictly historical . . 18 Chaptee IV. Data fuenished by Cheistian Liteeatuee. § 1. The Apostolic Fathers 32 § 2. The Apologists and Martyrs 37 § 3. The Catechetical Schools of Alexandria and Carthage 41 CONTENTS. Vll CflAPTEE Y. Data fuenished by Opponents, and by Monuments. PAGE § 1. Evidence furnished by Heretical Writings . . 43 § 2. Evidence from tangible Memorials . . . . 45 § 3. Eetrospective View. Concluding Eemarks . . 48 II. HISTOHY OF THE CANOX OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. § 1. History of the Canonical Books . . . .55 § 2. Formation of the Canon 58 § 3. Early Catalogues of the Canon . . . .50 § 4. Classification of the Canon 61 III. HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTA]\IENT. § 1. Form of Manuscripts and Style of Writing . . G7 § 2. Divisions of the Text 68 § 3. Classification of Manuscripts 72 § 4. Uncial Manuscripts 73 § 5. Cursive Manusciipts 82 § 6. Versions of the New Testament 85 § 7. New Testament Citations by the Christian Fathers . 83 § 8. Textual Criticism 88 § 9. The Nature of various Readings . . . . S.") § 10. Rules of Judgment in critical cases . . . . 92 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE I. Table-Chart of History ; showing the Christian nations of Europe into which the Eoman Empire was divided 96 II. Sjnchronistical Tables of Ancient Civilization, Science, and Literature, B.C. 5J— a.d. 330 . . .97 III. Diagram of contemporaneous Christian Fathers . . 99 IV. List of Witnesses or Actors in the Scenes of Christian History ; arranged by localities . . . 100 Y. Eeferences to the Canonical Books by Christian Fathers and their opponents .... 102 VI. Catalogues of Disputed Books 103 VII. Facsimiles of ]\Lmuscripts of the Xew Testament . 104 VIII. The Uncial Manuscripts of the New Testament . . 108 IX. The Cursive Manuscripts 119 X. The Ancient Versions of the New Testament . . 133 XI. Christian Fathers arranged chronologically . . 137 XIL Alphabetical List of Greek and Latin Fathers . .139 XIII. List of the Eoman Emoeror.s B.C. 31 — a.d. 337 . . l-IJ* Feo>-tispiece. Map of the Eoman Empire, showing the Localities of Early "Witnesses. PART I. AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES CHAP. PAGE I. Introductory 3 II. Data furnished by well-known Historical Facts 6 III. Data furnished by Pagan Literature . . 41 IV. Data furnished by Christian Literature. . 3^ V. Data furnished by OpponentSj and by Monu- ments 43 AUTH NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. CHAPTER I. Inteoductory. § 1. The Question stated. The first question wliicli addresses itself to the critical student of the New Testament Scriptures has reference to the authenticity and trustworthiness of the records of fact which they present. Unless the Christ of history be genuine^ and the evangelic narrative an authentic record^ we have no revelation from a personal God; we have no authoritative basis for the Christian faith.^ And if, according to the theories of modern rationalists, the Gospel histories are largely mythical in their character, built upon a slender basis of facts by the fertile imaginations of pious enthusiasts, and accepted by a credulous public, long 1 " What is the Christianity for which ^ve can claim and hope to establish equal validity -with that of the accredited truths of science ? I answer, simply and solely the genuineness of the Divine mission of Jesus Christ ; that is, not of any Christ of one's ovm special shaping or fancy, but of the Christ of history, of the Gospels, of the Church, including of course the substantial authenticity of the evangelic narrative of what Jesus said, did, and suffered." — Dr. Andrew F. Peabody, Christianvty and Science. B 2 4 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCEIPTUHES. after their alleged occurrence, as veritable histories,^ tKen the work of critical exegesis becomes of comparatively slight importance, excepting for the detection of the fraud. It behoves the Christian scholar, therefore, to satisfy himself at the outset whether or not these histories, and the letters and treatises connected with them, are authentic and trustworthy documents. Without attempting any exhaustive discussion of Chris- tian evidences, it seems appropriate to the purpose of this handbook to furnish the student with an outline of such historical facts as furnish a basis of argument for the defence of the authenticity of the New Testament. For this purpose our discussion will take the form of an inquiry into the theory which has been propounded in modern times, that the accepted facts of the New Testament record are " unhistorical.'^ § 2. Method of Investigation. The simplest method of conducting such an inquiry will be to trace history up the stream, searching as we go for the supposed terra incognita out of which must have grown the ^' mythical '' Gospels. If we find that the links in the chain are unbroken ; if it shall prove that the only possible period for the actual origin of Christianity coincides with the period claimed for it in the New Testament record, our stand-point as students of the Scripture will be vindicated. We shall then be prepared to commence a direct examination of the history of the documents which compose these records; and, in doing so, shall be but retracing our steps over familiar ground. 1 Strauss, Lehen Jesu, §§ 13, 14. Seo note p. 51. INTEODUCTOKY. Thus the process of inquiry into the question of authenticity- will serve as an appropriate introduction to the study of the canonical and textual history of the New Testament writings. The question before us may be thus stated : — If the New Testament books are not genuine documents, and their historical statements records of fact, coming from their reputed authors, then at what period in the world's history did they originate ? Obviously not before the time assigned to the events alluded to or recorded in them. Not certainly since the days of Constantine the Great, because from that time to the present the leading nations of Europe have been avowedly Christian nations, in which these books have been generally recognised as authoritative.^ Our field of inquiry therefore is narrowed down to the interval between the above-named periods, viz. a.d. 65 — 311, as affording the only possible opportunity for such a process of origination as the mythical hypothesis assumes. To take a nearer view of tiis interval, let us transport ourselves in imagination to the latter period, viz. the age of Constantine, and ascertain, /?'s^, the extent of the Church, secondly J the number of New Testament books accepted, and thirdly J the means which then existed for verifying them. ^ To illustrate this, let the student notice upon Table I., p. 97, the Christian nations which once composed the Roman Empire. AUTHENTICITY OF a'HE NEW TESTAMENT SCEIPTUEES. CHAPTER II. DATA FURNISHED BY WELL-KNOWN HISTORICAL FACTS. § 1. Extent of the Church in the Third Century. Let us then take our stand at the close of the third cen- tury, and survey the position which the Christian Church held in the Roman Empire. We find ourselves on the threshold of the reign of an avowedly Christian Emperor, who carried the cross before his army, and everywhere recognised Christianity as the religion of the State. We find that at Nicomedia,^ the eastern capital of the empire, a splendid Christian church, built in the reign of Diocletian, is standing close by the imperial residence and proudly overshadowing it,^ and learn that such magnificent buildings for Christian worship are not uncommon throughout the empire.^ We find in the account by Gibbon that "episcopal churches were closely planted along the banks of the Nile, on the sea coast of Africa, in the proconsular Asia, and throughout the southern provinces of Italy ; " that " the Bishops of Gaul and Spain, of Thrace and Pontus, reigned over an ample territory, and delegated their rural suffragans to execute the subordinate duties of the pastoral office;" that the Bishops at this time ^ See Map of Roman Empire (Frontispiece). ^ Gibbon, ch, xvi. 3 Gibbon, ch. xx. See also Bingham's Antiquities of the Christian Church bk. VIII., ch. ii. § 3 ; Smith's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, vol. i., pp. 266 and 427. HISTOEICAL FACTS. 7 exercising jurisdiction numbered eighteen hundred, of wliom one thousand were seated in the Greek_, and eight hundred in the Latin provinces of the empire ; while the number of subordinate clergy may be conjectured from the circum- stances that the cathedrals of Constantinople and Carthage maintained an establishment of five hundred each, and that " almost in every city the ancient churches were found insufficient to contain the increasing multitude of prose- lytes/^ ^ In short, it is a matter of established history that the Church of the New Testament had at this period made its way, through terrific persecutions, to a foremost posi- tion in numbers, intelligence, and influence throughout the empire.' § 2. Estimation of New Testament hooks in the Third Century, It is equally matter of history, the evidence for which we shall see hereafter, that at this time, as indeed for a century * Gibbon, ch. xvi. 2 About a century before, Tertullian of Carthage, in his Apology, addressed to the Eoman authorities (" Romanii imperii antistites "), probably at Carthage, had said : " We are but of yesterday, and we have filled every place among you, — cities, islands, fortresses, towns, market-places, the very camp, tribes, companies, palace, senate, forum. We have left nothing to you but the temples of your gods .... "Without arms even, and raising no insur- rectionary banner, but simply in enmity to you, we could carry on the contest with you by an ill-willed severance alone. For if such multitudes of men were to break away from you, and betake themselves to some remote comer of the world, why, the very loss of so many citizens . . . would cover the empire with shame.'* — Apd. § 37 (Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Tert. vol. i. p. 116.) And in his treatise against the Jews, he says : " The Gothic peoples, the various tribes of the Moors, all the regions of Spain, diverse nations of Gaul, and places of Britain yet inaccessible to the Eomans, have submitted to Christ, as well as the Sarmatians, the Dacians, the Germans, the Scythians, and nations yet unknown." — Adt, Jud., ch. vii. 8 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCEIPTURES. previous, that part of the New Testament comprised in what is called the First Canon (viz. the Gospels, the Acts, thirteen Epistles of Paul, the First Epistle of John and the First Epistle of Peterz: Jg|9 , or about f of the New Testament), was generally regarded as authoritative and inspired, and co-ordinate with the Old Testament ; that the copies of this collection were multiplied so numerously as to defy the whole power of the government exerted to suppress them,^ and so sacredly preserved that many persons suffered an ignominious death rather than deliver them up. §. 3. Prohahle means then existing for verifying the Facts. Now, in view of the mythical hypothesis, it remains for us to inquire what means of knowledge the Christian Church of the third century could have possessed, on which to found her belief — maintained under persecution and in the face of death ^ — that the facts of the Gospel history were real and the writings authentic. The record professes to describe portions of the life and teachings of Jesus and the twelve Apostles in the three divi- sions of Palestine, and the travels of Paul for the purpose of founding Churches in Syria, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece, and Italy ; containing also letters purporting to be addressed by him to the Churches in Thessalonica, Galatia, Corinth, Rome, Ephesus, Colossa3, and Philippi, and to his brethren Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. These transactions are alleged to have taken place during the period immediately preceding A.D. 64, the date of Nero^s persecution, and of the probable death of Peter and Paul. 1 Gibbon, ch. xvi. 2 Gibbon estimates that the martyrs in the ten years of Diocletian's persecu- tions alone may have numbered 2000. — Chap. xvi. HISTORICAL FACTS. 9 The interval, therefore, through which Christians under Constantino must look for the facts, was about the same with that which has elapsed since the days of James the First of England. Since we are discussing a question of literary history, sup- pose, for illustration, that we inquire what evidence there is of the existence of such persons as the translators of the Authorized Version of the English Bible. ^ How do we know that the history of the Conference at Hampton Court, and all the proceedings alleged to have followed in the work of translation of the Sacred Scriptures, are not a collection of myths, the creation of fancy, collected and recorded by later historians ? The answer is, the facts have never been dis- puted. An intelligent public cannot be imposed upon in matters of this nature. If an attempt had ever been made 1 For American readers a more striking illustration of this argument may- be made by comparison with the history of the Plymouth colony which founded New England in 1620. Two centuries .and a half have elapsed since the settlement of America by the "Pilgrim Fathers;" a period precisely equivalent to the interval between Christians in the days of Constantino and the Apostles. How then, we might ask, do the citizens of the United States of America know that the reported incidents in the history of their colonial ancestors were not mythical in their origin ? In reply, the mind would first revert to the improbability of a whole nation being imposed upon in regard to the facts of its origin, and would then pro- ceed to review the positive evidence, the tangible relics within reach of all. The rock on which the Pilgrims landed, the houses and fortifications which they erected, the records and official documents which they executed, still exist. Their graves are preserved, and the inscriptions on their tombstones are exhibited to thousands. They are linked by family history with multitudes in all parts of the continent. The writer's grandparents were, for thirty years, contemporaries and in familiar intercourse with the gi-andchildi-en of the Pilgrim Fathers. And yet the entire number of those Pilgrim ancestors did not gi'eatly exceed a himdred, and the earlier events in their history had no other witnesses, excepting the " perishing sons of the forest." 10 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCKIPTUEES. by pretended historians to foist unliistorical records upon tlie reading community, protests would have come from all quarters, and the controversy would have formed a prominent part of literary history. Besides this, the positive evidence is abundant. The men who performed this work were well known and prominent persons residing in various parts of the kingdom, and their descendants are living amongst us. They are removed from us only by a few generations. Their memories are fresh, their personal histories are cherished, the inscriptions on their tombstones are still legible. The main facts respecting the work of translation could be substantiated by family tradition, aside from all printed testimony. § 4. Com^parative View of Ancient with Modern History, Now the entire number of men engaged in the work of translation did not exceed fifty or sixty, and their labours were confined to one place, and may be supposed to have been personally witnessed by very few.^ On the other hand, the actors in the scenes of Gospel history are claimed to have numbered many thousands, and most of their acts to have been witnessed by many thousands more. The record states that over five hundred brethren at one time saw Jesus after His resurrection, and PauPs letter to the Corinthians affirms that most of these persons were then living. We are further informed in the book of the Acts of the Apostles that shortly after the resurrection of Jesus three ^ See previous note, last clause, for a parallel application of American history HISTORICAL FACTS. 11 thousand were converted at Jerusalem (Acts ii. 41), and that this number daily increased thereafter, (Acts ii. 47) . We are told that these converts were natives of different and remote countries (Acts ii. 9 — 11), and that they were soon driven by persecution into all parts of the empire, preaching the Word; that Churches planted by them or others did exist in Samaria (Acts viii. 14, xv. 3), Syria (Acts ix. 19, xiii. 1, xv. 23), Phoenicia (Acts xv. 3), Galilee (Acts ix. 31), Cilicia (Acts XV. 23, 41), Pontus, Cappadocia, Bithynia (1 Peter i. 1), and Italy (Romans i. 8) . Paul himself is declared to have minis- tered to Churches in each of the principal cities north of the Mediterranean, from Antioch on the east to Eome on the west ; and striking incidents in the early history of some of them are narrated. It is apparent therefore that the points of connection, and opportunities for verifying or disproving the accuracy of the record, must have been ready and abun- dant to Christians in the days of Constantino. The facts therein alleged, if real, were public events, and occurred in the most populous places in all parts of the empire, and at a convenient proximity to the imperial centre. If imaginary or exaggerated, the evidence of their falsity must have been within easy reach of thousands, and must have exposed their authors to universal and merited contempt.^ If the actors in them were numbered by thousands, the disinterested spectators of them must have been counted by tens of thousands ; and the lineal descendants of both must have been living in the days of Constantino. The habits of the people were not generally so migratory as those of our own time, and the great body of the people were doubtless ^ See Map of Roman Empire, showing localities in which the scenes of New Testament History occurred (Frontispiece). 12 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. still living where tlieir fathers died. If miracles were per- formed by Jesus and His Apostles, tlie witnesses or tlie sub- jects of these miraculous works would have transmitted the facts through their children and grandchildren with con- comitant circumstances and corroborative incidents. If Churches were founded by Paul and Peter and John in the various cities of the empire^ most of those Churches must have been still in existence^ and must have possessed tan- gible relics of their origin and history^ such as places of worship ^ or of baptism, dwellings of pastors or leading mem- bers, etc. etc. If apostolic letters were written to different Churches, some trace of the original documents, or at least of very early copies, must have been still in existence. If, from the beginning, disciples of Jesus had sealed their faith in Him with their blood, the memorials of their death and of the place of sepulture of many of them must have been still visible. If the Chm-ch had existed as a Church through these two centuries and a half, it must have had a literature, more or less copious_, extending through the whole period. If it existed in sufficient magnitude to become an object of notice and of persecution by the Imperial Government, the facts must have been in some way alluded to by secular writers during the period. These concomitant evidences would have been necessary from the nature of things ; and a marked deficiency of any one of them would have given occasion to all intelligent 1 The church is still standing in Scrooby, England, where the Pilgrim Fathers worshipped before a.d. 1620, and the record of the baptism of William Bradford, George Moiton, and others, may still be read upon the Church Register. The meeting-house in Hingham, Mass., U.S.A., built in 1680, is still standing and in good condition, though constructed wholly of wood. HISTOEICAL FACTS. 13 persons for great distrust, if not for the entire rejection of the records. We must bear in mind that the period was one of unusual intelligence. The Christian era began in the most brilliant age of Roman literature^ — the Golden Age of Augus- tus, the age in or near to which flourished Caesar (died B.C. 44), Cicero (d. B.C. 43), Sallust (d. B.C. 34), Yirgil (d.B.c. 19), Horace (d. B.C. 8), Strabo (d. after a.d. 21), Philo {horn B.C. 20), Seneca [h. B.C. 2), Ovid (d.A.D. 18), Livy (d. a.d. 17), Tacitus (&. a.d. 61), Plutarch (6. A.D. 46), Pliny (6. a.d. 61), and Suetonius {b. A.D. 70).^ To suppose that the Church could have reached such a position in numbers and power as it held under Constantino, unless the main facts of Christian history were substantiated by some such corroborative cir- cumstances as we have mentioned, is to suppose a miracle of human credulity and folly more stupendous than humanity has ever witnessed, immeasurably more than any or all of those miraculous occurrences which the mythical hypothesis was contrived to discredit. Fortunately we are not left altogether to the nature of things for our evidence that these confirmatory circumstances did exist. Some of them remain to this day, and may be briefly noticed. We will adopt the inverse order to that by which they have just been cited, viz. 1, notices of secular historians ; 2, the existence and testimony of a Christian literature ; 3, the evidence from reHcs and monuments. > See synchronistical tables of ancient civilization, etc. (Xo. II.), pp. 98, 99. 14 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. CHAPTER III. DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. § 1. What might reasonably he expected. Before proceeding to this part of the discussion, it may be proper to inquire how frequent and extended a recognition of Christians and their doings we might reasonably expect from their heathen contemporaries. We should not look for a minute chronicler among their enemies. Even supposing the Christian Church to have occupied a distinct and prominent place among the sects at the beginning of her history, we should expect her to furnish her own historians, while the extraneous notices of her would be either controversial or of the nature of allusion and out- line. Nor should we expect that these notices would accord to her all the prominence which she might justly claim. ^ Perfect accuracy of information, or fairness of statement about opposing sects, has ever been a rare quality among men. 1 Lardner illustrates this point from Roman history thus : " Many writers of great worth, and many affairs of no small importance, have long lain in obscurity, or have been totally buried in oblivion. " It has been observed that Velleius Paterculus, a man of a good family, who flourished in the time of Tiberius, and -wrote an abridgment of the Roman History, in two books, has been mentioned by no ancient writer, excepting Priscian. . . . M. Annseus Seneca, father of L. A. Seneca the Philosopher, and author of divers works, has been confounded with his son, and has been almost unknown as a writer. . . . Lucian, a subject of the Roman Empire, who has DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 15 When we add to this the remembrance, that under the influ- ence of Pagan Eome the Christian faith, however prominent, was everywhere despised and hated as a ^'new and pernicious superstition,''^ whose avowed tendency and purpose was the overthrow of all existing religions, and the extinction of idolatry, we should not be surprised to find both ignorance and " silence ^^ respecting them on the part of the few writers which the Roman world at that day produced — writers many of whom filled official stations in the Roman Government. But the Christian Church did not occupy a prominent place, in the outset of its history. The uninformed are often misled by this erroneous presumption. It is by our partiality to it, and by our historical re- searches, that it has been brought into the foreground of the picture of the first three centuries. A moment^s reflection will show us that Christians and their doings were of but little comparative account in making up the history of the world under the Roman Emperors. At first they were but a mere handful, springing up in a remote province, a sect of a sect, so to speak, the petty disturbances of which seldom, if ever, excited attention in the Imperial City. Even after they had increased in numbers and extended very widely in various parts of the empire, it was some time ■written so many things, has taken little notice of Koman authors or Roman affairs. He has a laboured encomiimi of Demosthenes, but says nothing of Cicero. . . . Maximus Tyrius, a Platonic Philosopher, flourished in the time of Antoninus the Pious, and several of his Dissertations were written at Rome; * nevertheless,' as Davies, one of his editors, says, *he appears little acquainted ■with Roman affairs. Nay,' says he, 'I do not recollect that he has made any reference to the Roman History.'" — Credibility, "Heath. Test.," ch. xxii. (vol. vii. p. 305. Here and elsewhere reference is made to the London ed. of Lardner, 1838). 16 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. before they were distinguislied from the various sects of Judaism. There is, therefore, but little reason to expect that a heathen historian, writing of his own time, and having no personal interest in Christians, should make very frequent allusions to them, or be very minute or accurate in his description.^ And we should have still less reason to antici- pate that literary men of the same period, whose themes are not necessarily related to Christianity, should go out of their way to make mention of it. Nevertheless we shall find, upon examination, that a fair proportion of Pagan writers have in some way recognised the existence and spread of Christianity during the first two centuries. For convenience of reference we shall enumerate these as well as Christian writers in their chronological order. It will then be easy, at the close,^ to apply the retrospective process suggested above (ch. 1, § 2) as a method of argument. 1 In a history of the New Engl.and Colonies from 1630 to 1649, written by John Winthrop, the Governor, we find only very casual and indistinct allusions to Baptists as a sect, though this was a time of peculiar interest in their history ; so much so, that Uhden, in his History of Congregationalists (The New •England Theocracy, Boston, 1859), devotes to them nearly the whole of the thirty pages which describe this period. Facts are mentioned, indeed, which belong to their history, relating to individuals, but only as they seem to bave been forced into notice by their connection with civil government. Yet this was not the result of ignorance nor of any effort at concealment. The promi- nent events of Baptist history occurred under his very eyes ; and, on the other hand, fairness and impartiality are qualities ascribed by all parties to the work which he wrote. Had both these circumstances been reversed, — had the scene of their operations for the most part been remote, and his own mind blinded by prejudice, — how natural would it have been for him to avoid all allusions to them, or make such references as would throw discredit upon their account of themselves. 2 See ch. v. § 3, Retrospectire View, p. 48 DATA FUENISHED BY PAGAN LITERATURE. 17 § 2. Notices of Secular Historians, Only nine secular historians have a place in history as living in the first two centuries_, viz. Appian and Pausanias among the Greeks, and Livy, Paterculus_, Valerius, Justin, Florus, Tacitus and Suetonius among the Latins. Of these the first seven write respecting an earlier period. None of them records any events subsequent to the reign of Tiberius.^ Of the remaining two, Suetonius was a biographer, and wrote a series of brief sketches, entitled Lives of the first tiuelve CcBsars. In his life of Claudius he has an incidental allusion which confirms Luke^s account of the expelling of the Jews from Kome on account of Christian controversies," and in his life of Nero he notices the cruel persecution of Christians by that emperor.^ Tacitus, the historian of the empire, and Consul of Rome in A.D. 97, has given a somewhat extended statement "* respect- ' •■- s — ■ * The works of the earlier authors are as follows : — 1. Appian. A History of the World down to Augustus, who died A.D. 14. 2. Pausanias. An Itinerary descriptive of Grecian Axt, etc. 3. Livy. History of Rome to b.c. 9. He died A.D. 17. 4. VeUeius Paterculus. An abridgment of Roman History, nearly all lost. He died a.d. 31. 5. Valerius Maximus. "Dicta et facta memorabilia" dedicated to Tiberius, who died a.d. 37. 6. Justin. An epitome of the history of Trogus Pompeius, who lived in the time of Augustus. 7. Lucius Annaeus Florus. An abridgment of early Roman History. The biographers Curtius and Plutarch also treat of persons living before the death of Christ. 2 Claudius Judaeos, impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantes, Roma expulit. Claud, cap. 25. Comp. Acts xviii. 1, 2. 3 Aflflicti Bupphciis Christiani, genus hominum, superstitionis novae et maleficae. Nero, cap. IG. * The Annals of Tacitus were written about the year a.d. 100. The author, C 18 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. ing the numbers of Christians^ their diffusion throughout the empire, and their persecution in the days of Nero. Of this statement Gibbon (ch. xvi.) says : " The most sceptical criti- cism is obliged to respect the truth of it.^^ § 2. Notices of Pagan Writers not strictly historical. Beside these direct historical notices, we find the growth and spread of Christianity alluded to in literary works ori- ginating in various parts of the empire. Juvenal, a contemporary of Tacitus, has been supposed to Caius Cornelius Tacitus, was at this time over forty years of age, and had been Praetor and Consul of Rome, besides filling other posts of honour. The Annals ■were the last of his works which were preserved; they extended from the reign of Tiberius (a.d. 14) to the death of Nero (a.d. 68). In describing the reign of Nero, he comes to the terrible fire at Rome, which occun-ed in the tenth year of Nero, a.d, 64. After giving an account of this fire, and of the orders given for rebuilding the city, and the methods used to appease the gods, he goes on to say : " Sed non ope humana, non largitionibus principis, aut deum placamentis decedebat infamia, quin jussum incendium crederetur. Ergo abolendo rumori Nero subdidit reos, et quaesitissimis poenis adfecit, quos per flagitia invisos vulgus Christianos appellabat. Auctor nominis ejus Christus, Tiberio imperitante, per procuratorem Pentium Pilatum supplicio adfectus erat. Repressa in praesens, exitiabilis superstitio rursum erumpebat, non modo per Judaeam, originem ejus mali, sed per Urbem etiam, quo cuncta undique atrocia aut pudenda confluunt celebranturque." — Annah, lib. xv., § 44. He then goes on to describe the cruel nature of the tortures to which they were subjected, calling the victims multitudo tng&ns, "a vast multitude," and saying that they were condemned not so much for biiming the city as for their " hatred of mankind." Here are allusions to the death of Christ, its time and manner, the position He held as leader of those bearing His name, the origin of Christianity in Judaea, and its wide and rapid spread through that and other countries, so that even at Rome it had a great number of adherents. They come naturally into the course of the narrative, and their authenticity has ever baen disputed. I DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITEEATUEE. 19 refer to Nero's persecutions in a passage ^ in his First Satire, which. Dryden thus translates : " But if that honest license now you take, If into rogues omnipotent you rake, Death is your doom, impaled upon a stake, Smeared o'er with wax, and set on fire to light The streets, and make a dreadful blaze by night." He also closes his Fourth Satire with some expressions^ about Domitian, which, from some corresponding statements in the writings of Lactantius, have been supposed to allude to that emperor^s cruelty to Christians. In A.D. 104, or 112, was written the well-known letter^ of Pliny the Younger to the Emperor Trajan, in which he ^ " Pone Tigellinum, tseda lucebis in ilia Qua stantes ardent, qui fixo gutture f umant, Et latum media sulcum deducit arena." Sat. L, L 155, sq. 2 " Atque utinam his potius nugis tota ilia dedisset Tempora ssevitiae, claras quibus abstulit Urbi Ulustresque animas impune et vindice nullo. Sed periit, postquam cerdonibus esse timendus Coeperat. Hoc nocuit Lamiarum caede madenti." Sat. IV., 1. 150, sq. 3 Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, or Pliny the Younger, Governor of the province of Bithynia in a.d. 103, or according to Merivale, a.d. Ill (Hist. Emp eh. Ixv.), was a personal friend of Tacitus, and not far from the same age. He was a man of liberal education, and fond of literary pursuits. While in Bithynia, where he spent nearly two years, he wrote frequent letters to the Emperor Trajan on various matters of business and friendship. These -letters, as well as many of the answers to them, he afterwards collected and published. One of them reads as follows: "It is customary, my lord, for me to refer to you all matters concerning which I have any doubt. For who can better direct my imcertainty, or instruct my ignorance ? I have never been present at any examinations of Christians. So that I know not what or how much it is customary, either to punish or inquire into their con- duct. Nor have I been a little doubtful whether there should be any distinction on account of age, or whether you are pleased to have the tender in no way c 2 20 AUTHENTICITY OP THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTUEES. describes tlie spread of Christianity in tlie nortli of Asia Minor, and states many interesting facts respecting the religious observances of Christians. distinguished from the more robust ; whether pardon should be awarded to repentance, or whether to him who has been a Christian at all, it shall be of no avail that he has ceased to be one ; whether the name itself, even if it is without actual crimes, is to be punished, or only crimes which are found connected with the name. In the meantime, in respect to those who have been brought before me as Christians, I have pursued this course : I have inquired of them whether they were Christians. Those confessing, I again and a third time in- terrogated, threatening the death penalty (supplicium) ; such as still persisted I commanded to be led away to punishment. For I had no doubt, whatever might be the nature of their opinions, that contumacy and inflexible obsti- nacy ought to be punished. There were some of a like infatuation whom, because they were Roman citizens, I have noted down to be sent to the city." (We omit his mention of some who consented to supplicate the gods, and to revile the name of Christ ; " none of which things, they say, can they bo com- pelled to do who are really Christians.") " Others, named by an informer, declared themselves to be Christians, and Boon after denied it ; some that they had been, but had ceased to be some three years ago, and some longer, and one or more above twenty years. All these worshipped your image and the statues of the gods : they also cursed Christ. Moreover, they affirmed that this was the extent of their fault or error ; that they were accustomed to assemble on a stated day, before light, and sing among themselves, alternately, a hymn to Christ, as if God ; and bind themselves by an oath, not to any wickedness, but that they would not commit theft, nor robbery, nor adultery, that they would not falsify their word, nor, when called upon, deny a pledge committed to them ; which things having been enacted, it was the custom for them to separate and again come together to partake of food, a meal eaten in common, and harmless, which itself they had forborne to do after my edict, by which, according to your commands, I forbade assembhes (hetserias) to be held. From which (account) I regarded it more necessary to ascertain what was true, and that by torture, from two maid- servants, who were called ministrce. But I have discovered nothing, other than a bad and excessive superstition ; and so, suspending the trial, I have come to consult with you. " For the affair seems to me worthy of consultation, especially on account of the number endangered. For many of every age, of every rank, of both sexes even, are brought into peril, and will continue to be. For the contagion of this superstition pervades not cities only, but towns also, and the open country. DATA FURNISHED BY PAGAN LITERATUEE. 21 About A.D. 109 certain discourses were delivered at Nico- polis in Epirus by Epictetus, the Stoic, and published by ArriaUj which are thought to contain allusions to Chris- tians under the name of Galileans.^ Not far from the same period also flourished Dion Chrysostomus the Sophist ; from an oration by whom to the Corinthians a passage is quoted which seems to allude to Christians as haters of the prevailing idolatry.^ All of the writers thus far mentioned were subjects of the Emperor Trajan, who reigned nineteen years, from a.d. 98 to 117. The Emperor Hadrian succeeded him, and from his pen we find allusions to Christians, in letters addressed in A.D. 117 to Minucius Fundanus, Proconsul of Asia,^ and in A.D. 134 to his brother-in-law, Servianus, the consul which it seems (to me) may be restrained and corrected. It certainly is quite evident that the temples, just now nearly desolate, have begun to be frequented, and the sacred solemnities, after a long intermission, to be revived, and every- where victims to be sold, of which hitherto very rarely a buyer could be found. From which it is easy to imagine what crowds of men might be re- deemed, if there were space for repentance." — Plinii Epist. lib. x. 96 (al. 97). This epistle is followed by the answer of Trajan, which is brief and to the point, giving the desired directions, and commending his deputy for the coui'se he had taken. It, however, adds nothing to our present purpose, 1 Obx opas TTws €Ka(TTos Xeyerai'lovdalos ; iras "Zvpos ; nas AlyuitTios ; Kal orau Tipa inajiKpoTepi^ouTa etSw^ej', eicoOafiev X4yeiu, ovk eariu 'lov5a7os, aW' vnoKpiveTai' 'drav 5' avakd^r) t6 TrdOos rh tov ^efiajuLixevov Kal rjp-qjxivov, rore Kal €(TTt T V 'iroifxas, iav ^Stj aiToKv8r\vai der) tov (TufiaTOS, koX ijroi cr^i(Tdriuai, ^ tXKeSaadTJi'ai, ^ (Tvix/xi7i/ai. Tb 8e ^Toifiov rovro, 'Iva airh ISiKrjs Kpicreus tpxriTai, /xr] Kara \pL\7}y irapaTa^iv, us ol xptcrrmi'oi, oAAa \e\oyiafiei/(aSf Kal (Tefivus, Kal locrTe Kal &Wou iruaai, arpaycpScas. — Meditationes, lib. xi., § 3. 3 21. A. Antoninus, the Emperor, his Meditations concerning Himself. Translated out of the original Greek, by Meric Casaubon, D.D. 4th Ed. London, 1673. 28 AUTHENTICITY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES. made against Christians, occurs ttis remark : ^ '' Nor does your Fronto attest it as a positive witness, but he flings it out in the way of reproach as an orator/' Another literary man of some note during the reign of Marcus Aurelius was -^lius Aristides, the Sophist, large, extracts from whose orations have been preserved by Photius. In one of these he gives an account of certain "impious men in Palestine,''' who would not worship the gods; which is thought by Lardner" and others to describe Christians, though he does not use the name. To this period also may be referred the works of Galen, the physician, who is said to have been born a.d. 130, and to have died about a.d. 200. In one passage in his writings ^ he alludes to the " school of Moses or Christ," as one " where we must receive laws without any reason assigned ; " and in another he says : ^ ^' It is easier to convince the disciples of Moses and Christ, than physicians and philosophers who are addicted to particular sects." During the third century, as Christianity grew into pro- minence, it became the subject of laboured attack on the part of Pagan writers, and of active persecution on the part of ^ Et de incesto convivio fabulam grandem adversmn nos dsemonum coitio mentita est, xit gloriam pudicitise defonnis infamiae aspersione macularet .... Sic de isto et tuus, Fronto, non, xit affirmator, testimonium fecit, sed convicium, ut orator, adspersit. — Minuc. Felix, cap. 31, Corpus Script. Eccles. Latinorum, vol. ii., Vienna, 1867. 2 Lardner, ch. xx. (vol. vii. p. 295). 3 'K.aKKiov 5' Uv ^v TToWS, irpocrdeTvai riva, d Kal fx)] fiefiaiaP 6.ir65(i^iv, irapa- fjLvdiav yoi/v iKavrjv t£ \6yc^ inpl rwu oktw TroiOT-fjTuv, 'Iva (x^ris evdvs /car' dpxas, us els MoucroG Kal Xpiarov Siarpi^^v atpiyixdvos, v6ix(av dvaTroSet/CTWf ukovt], Kal ravTa iu oh t^kjo-to xp]!- — -^^ Differentia Pulsuum, Ed. Basil, iii. (p. 22). * &aTTOP yctp &u Tis tovs airh Moixrov Kal Kpicrrov fieraSiSd^ei ij tovs Ta7s atpeVeo-t ■npoaTerr]K6Tas larpovs re Kal ^ fypd(j)€LV, '"' writing by rows or lines. ^' Hence this method of writing has been termed " stichometry.''^ Whether accents and breathings were introduced a jprimci manu into any of our MSS. of the New Testament before the seventh or eighth century is a question on which paleographers difier. It is certain that their use in earlier manuscripts was at least very unfrequent. In the uncial MSS. of the New Testament generally, and in Yery many of the cursives, the so- called iota subscript does not appear. In the earlier cursives, which have the letter at all, it is adscript , i.e. written in the same line with the other letters. It results from all that has been said, that the punctuation of the text, the determination of accents and breathings, the insertion of iota subscript, and the division of words in the later manuscripts, are of no authority. On these points every scholar has a right to exercise his own judgment. § 2. Divisions of tlie Text, There is a division according to sense to be found in two manuscripts^ the Codex Yaticanus (B of the fourth century) DIVISIONS OP. THE TEXT. 69 and Codex Zacynthius (H of tlie eightli century) ^ whicli is un- doubtedly very ancient. According to this the New Testa- ment is divided into sections of unequal length marked by numerals in the margin. Of these sections^ Matthew has 170, Mark 62, Luke 152, and John 80. In the Vatican MS. the Acts has two sets, of which the longer and more ancient numbers 36, while the more recent has 69. The first 42 of these later chapters are also found in the margin of the Codex Sinai ticus. The Pauline Epistles are, in the older notation, reckoned as one book, and they with the Catholic Epistles have also two sets of sections, with some peculiarities of arrangement, fully described by Scrivener, which go to show that the older sections were copied from some yet older document, in which the Epistle to the Hebrews preceded that to the Ephesians. Another very ancient division of the Gospels is found in Codices Alexandrinus and Ephraemi, of the fifth century, and in later MSS. very generally, in which the sections or chap- ters are called r/rXot, because a title or summary of contents is appended to the numeral which designates them. A table of these t'ltKol or chapters is also usually prefixed to each Gospel. A curious fact about them is that in each of the Gospels they commence their designation and enumeration with what should be the second section, apparently because the general title of the book was regarded as sufficient to designate the first. Thus the first t/tXo? in Matthew, Trepl Twz^ ^d'ywv, '' Concerning the Magi,^^ begins with our second chapter. Of these titKol, Matthew has 6S, Mark 48, Luke 83, and John 18. There is a division of the Acts and Epistles into Ke^aXaca or chapters, to answer the same purpose as the tltKol of the Gospels, which is of still later date and of uncertain origin. 70 HISTOEY OP THE TEXT OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. It was used by Euthalius, and after liis time became common. The Apocalypse was divided by Andreas, Bishop of Csesarea, in Cappadocia, about a.d. 500, into twenty-four Xo^^ol or chapters, and each of these into three KecfydXata or sections. We will now notice the so-called '^Ammonian (more properly Eusebian) Sections '' and the ^^ Eusebian Canons,^' or tables which are connected with them. The object of these sections was to facilitate the finding of the pas- sages which in one or more of the Gospels are parallel or similar to a particular part of another. Their length, which is very unequal, is determined solely by their relation to parallel passages. Sometimes two, and in one instance (John xix. 6) three, of them are found within the limits of a single verse of our modern division. Of these sections, numbered consecutively in each Gospel, Matthew has 355, Mark 233 (as originally divided), Luke 342, and John 232, the numbers being noted in the margin. Under the number of each section in most manuscripts we find, in red ink, the number of the canon to which it belongs, according to the plan of Eusebius. He distributed the numbers representing these sections into ten tables, called '^ canons,^^ the first of which, in four columns, gives the sections that correspond to one another in all four of the Gospels; the next three exhibit the sections parallel in three Gospels, viz. (2) Matthew, Mark, Luke, (3) Matthew, Luke, John, (4) Mat- thew, Mark, John; the next five, the sections parallel in two Gospels, viz. (5) Matthew, Luke, (6) Matthew, Mark, (7) Matthew, John, (8) Luke, Mark, (9) Luke, John; while the tenth enumerates the sections 2^^cuUar to each single Gospel. In MSS. these tables were pre- fixed to the volume containing the Gospels. An example will show how they were used. Take the account of the DIVISIONS OF THE TEXT. 71 liealing of the leper, Matt. vlii. 1 — 4. Against this passage we shall find in the margin fy = 63, that being the number of the section, and under it /3= 2, the number of the " canon ''^ or table in which it belongs. Turning then to the second Eusebian table, we find opposite to 63 in Matthew, 18 as the parallel section in Mark, and 33 as the parallel section in Luke, which passages may readily be found by these numbers. In some MSS., to save the trouble of turning to the tables for this information, the parallel sections are noted at the bottom of the page. The earliest MS. in which the Eusebian sections and canons are found is the Sinaitic (fourth century), where they were added, as Tischendorf thinks, not a prima manUj but by a very early hand. They are also noted in the Codex Alexandrinus (fifth century). Some manuscripts have the sections without the canons. Ammonius of Alexandria, early in the third century, prepared a Harmony of the Gospels by taking Matthew as the basis, and placing in parallel columns by the side of the text of this Gospel the similar passages in the other three Gospels. This of course involved a disarrangement of their text. The work of Ammonius suggested to Eusebius, as he himself tells us, the idea of accomplishing the same object by a difi*erent method ; but it is to Eusebius rather than Ammonius that the existing division into sections, as well as their arrangement in canons, should probably be ascribed. The original authority on the whole subject is the Epistle of Eusehiits to Carpianus, published in Tischendorf s New Testament, ed. 1859, vol. i.,p. Ixxiv. ff., and in many editions of the Greek New Testament. The present division of the New Testament into chapters was made by Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro (Hugh de St. Cher) about a.d. 1248; that 72 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. into verses first appeared in Robert Steptens's edition of the Greek Testament^ published at Geneva in 1551. It was made by him while on a horseback journey from Paris to Lyons. § 3. Classification of Manuscrijjts. Manuscripts classified as to contents consist of (1) copies of the whole New Testament,, as Codex Sinaiticus (i^), Codex Alexandrinus (A), and Codex Ephraemi (C), the two latter being somewhat mutilated : (2) copies of portions^ such as the Gospels alonCj the Acts and Catholic Epistles, the Pauline Epistles^ or the Apocalypse^ and (3) Lectionaries or Church Lesson books. In most JSTew Testament manuscripts, whether of the whole or a part of Scripture, the order of books is that given above, viz. Gospels, Acts, Catholic Epistles, Pauline Epistles, and Apocalypse. To this rule, however, there are some noticeable exceptions. In Codex Sinaiticus (^^), Leices- trensis (69), Fabri (90), and Montfortianus (61), the Pauline Epistles precede the Acts, while the Codex Basileensis (1) and a few others have the Pauline Epistles immediately after the Acts, and before the Catholic Epistles, as in our English Bible. Other minor variations in the order of the books are noted by Scrivener. The four Gospels are usually found in their present order. I.e. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, but in Codex Mona- censis (X) the order is exactly reversed. In Codex Bez^ (D) they stand, Matthew, John, Luke, Mark ; in Codex Fabri (90), John, Luke, Matthew, Mark ; and in the Curetonian Syriac, Matthew, Mark, John, Luke. Lectionaries, or Church Service books, containing extracts for daily service through- out the year, are taken either from the Gospels, and called UNCIAL MANUSCRIPTS. 73 Evangelistaria — see Table ix._, B. (1), oi' from tlie Acts and Epistles^ and called ApostoU or Fraxapostoli. A full table of Greek Churcli Lessons may be found in Scrivener^s Intro- duction, pp. 75 — 82. The wbole number of manuscripts now known to exist is about 1770^ of which, fewer than one- tenth are uncials^ and the rest cursives. Very many of the latter class have not been collated. § 4. Uncial Manuscripts, Table viii. in this Handbook presents a list of the Uncial Manuscripts^ so far as at present known, arranged in the order of their probable date, with their designation, present place of deposit, contents and history. For any full or ex- haustive account of them the student will need to examine some larger work upon the subject of textual criticism, the most recent and trustworthy of which is the Introduction^ by Dr. F. H. Scrivener, second ed., Cambridge, 1874. A brief notice of a few of the principal uncials will best be given here. K. Codex Sinaiticus was discovered by Professor Tischen- dorf in 1859, at the convent of St. Catherine, on Mount Sinaij where forty-three leaves of the Septuagint, which afterwards proved to be a part of the same manuscript, had been found by him in 1844. It consists of 346^ leaves of thin yellowish vellum, made from the finest skins of antelopes (as Tischendorf thinks), 13? inches by 14 J inches in size ; 199 leaves contain portions of the Septuagint version. There are four columns on a page of forty-eight lines each, except in the poetical books of the Old Testament, which are written in arlxoc, and have but two columns each. The forty-three leaves of the Sinaitic MS., discovered by Tis- chendorf in 1844, were published by him at Leipsic in 1846j under the name of Codex Friderico-Augustanus. 74 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. Adding these to the 199 leaves already mentioned^ the Sinaitic MS. contains tlie following parts of tlie Septuagint : 1 Chron. ix. 27 — xix. 17; Ezra ix. 9 — x. 44; Nehemiah, Estlier_, Tobit, Judith, 1st and 4th Maccabees, Isaiah, Jere- miah, Lam. i. 1 — ii. 20 ; the last nine of the Minor Prophets, viz. Joel to Malachi, inclusive ; and the poetical books, in the following order : Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus (or Wisdom of Siracides), Job. In addition to the above, a small fragment of a leaf, containing Gen. xxiv. 9, 10. 41 — 43, was picked up by Tischendorf in 1853, and published in vol. ii. of his Monu- menta (1857), p. 321 ; and parts of two leaves found by Abp. Porfiri, in the binding of certain MSS., were published by Tischendorf in his Appendix codicum celeh. Sin. Vat^Alex., 1867, pp. 3 — 6. These contain Gen. xxiii. 19 — xxiv. 4; xxiv. 5—8; 10—14; 17, 18; 25—27; 30—33; 36—41; 43—46; Num. v. 26—30; vi, 5, 6; 11, 12; 17, 18; 22— 27; vii. 4, 5; 12, 13; 15—26. (In this statement some errors of Tischendorf are corrected.) The remaining 147J leaves contain the whole New Testament, the Epistle of Barnabas, and a part of the Shepherd of Hermas. On the margin of the New Testament part are the so-called Am- monian sections and Eusebian canons, apparently not by the original scribe, but, as Tischendorf thinks, by a con- temporary hand. The titKol are wanting. There are numerous corrections, some of which seem to have been by the original scribe, and others by a contemporary reviser, whom Tischen- dorf designates ^<^ ; others were made by two writers of the sixth century [^^), and many by a later hand belonging to the seventh century (hi^) ; besides which are corrections of a still later date. In all, Tischendorf finds in the New Testa- ment the work of ten different correctors. In the order of UNCIAL MANUSCEIPTS. /O New Testament books tlie Pauline Epistles precede the Acts and Catliolic Epistles, the Epistle to the Hebrews following 2 Thessalonians. Through the munificence of the Emperor of Russia, a beautiful edition of the MS., printed in facsimile type, was published at St, Petersburg in 1862, in four folio volumes. The edition was limited to 300 copies, 1 00 of which were given to Tischendorf, and were mostly put on sale, while the remainder were distributed as presents by the Russian Government. In 1863, the New Testament part of the MS., together with the Barnabas and Hermas, was published by Tischendorf at Leipsic, in quarto, in ordinary Greek type, but representing the MS. line for line, and with the Prolegomena somewhat enlarged; and in 1864 (with the date 1865) appeared Tischendorf s Novum Testamentum Greece. Ex Sinaitico coclice . . . Vaticana itemque Eheviriana ledione notata. A supplement to this, containing corrections, was prefixed to his Besponsa ad Calumnias JRomanas ; Lips., 1870. The best account in English of the Sinaitic manu- script will be found in Scrivener's Full Collation of the Codex Smaiticus luith the Received Text of the JSfeiu Testament, Cam- bridge, 1864; second edition, 1867. For some corrections of Scrivener's collation and also of Tischendorf s previous editions of the MS., see Tischendorf s Novum Test. Cr. Ex Sin. codice, as above, pp. xli. — 1. A. Codex Alexandrinus was placed in the British Museum at its formation in 1753. It was originally sent as a present from Cyril Lucar, Patriarch of Constantinople, to Charles I., and was probably brought from Alexandria by him. It is a quarto, thirteen inches high and ten broad, consisting of 773 leaves, of which 639 belong to the Old Testament, each page being divided into two columns of fifty lines each. 76 HISTOEY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. Some of the reasons for assigning its date to the fifth cen- tury are thus stated bj Scrivener : ^^ The presence of the canons of Eusebius (a.d. 268 — 340 ?) and of the Epistles to Marcellinus by the great Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria (300 ? — 373) before the Psalms, place a limit in one direc- tion^ while the absence of the Euthalian divisions of the Acts and Epistles, which came into vogue very soon after A.D. 458, and the shortness of the v7roypa(j)a[\ appear tolerably decisive against a later date than a.d. 450.''^ This MS. contains the whole of the Old Testament, except that part of a leaf has been torn out, so that Gen. xiv. 14 — 17, XV. 1 — 5, 16 — 19, xvi. 6 — 9, are wanting; also one leaf con- taining 1 Sam. xii. 20 — xiv. 9, and nine leaves containing Ps. xlix. (1.) 20 — Ixxix. (Ixxx.) 11. It is the basis of the editions of the LXX, by Grabe (Oxford, 1707— 1720),. Brei- tiuger (Zurich, 1730—1732), and Field (1859). The Old Testament text was published in facsimile type, under the editorship of H. H. Baber, London, 1816 — 1828, four vols. fol. The New Testament part of the MS. was published in facsimile type by C. G. Woide, London, 1 786, fol. ; in ordi- nary type by B. H. Cowper, London, 1860, 8vo., and a beautiful photographic facsimile has recently been issued by the Trustees of the British Museum (1880) . Woide's Notitia Codicis Alexandrini, with notes by G. L. Spohn, Leips. 1790, 8vo., is useful. In the New Testament, the following portions are wanting^ Matt. i. 1— XXV. 6; John vi. 50— viii. 52; 2 Cor. iv. 13 — xii. 6 : unfortunately, also, many letters have been cut away from the edges of the leaves in binding. The MS. contains also the First Epistle of Clement, and a part of the Second. The text of this manuscript in the Gospels agrees much more frequently with that of the later (in distinction from UNCIAL MANUSCRIPTS. 77 the earlier) uncials than it does in the rest of the New Testament. B. Codex Vaticanus is a quarto volume in the Vatican Library, numbered 1209. It appears in the earliest catalogue of the library in 14 75, and was very probably placed there at the foundation of the library by Pope Nicholas Y. in 1448. It consists of ^759 leaves of thin vellum, 142 of which belong to the New Testament. ^The text has three columns on a page, and forty-two lines to the column^ with no intervals between words except at the end of a paragraph. It con- tains the New Testament complete down to Hebrews ix. 14, breaking off* in the middle of a word, Ka6a-,' The rest of the Epistle to the Hebrews and the Apocalypse are written in a comparatively recent hand, j In the Old Testament it wants the larger part of the Book of Genesis (the MS. begins Gen. xlvi. 28, ttoXlv), Ps. cv. (cvi.) 27 — cxxxvii. (cxxxviii.) 6, and the Books of Maccabees. It was the main foundation of the Roman edition of the Septuagint (1586, in corrected copies 1587), which has been the basis of most subsequent editions; e.^. those of Pearson (1665), Bos (1709), Holmes and Parsons (1798—1827), and Tischendorf (1850, 6th ed. 1880). Till recently, critics have had to depend mainly for their knowledge of the New Testament text of this MS. on the imperfect collations of Bartolocci (1669, first used by Scholz, 1830—36), Mico (for Bentley, publ. by Ford, 1799), and Birch (1788 — 1801). The text of the whole manuscript was first published by Cardinal Mai, Rome, 1857, in five vols., folio (the New Testament also separately by Yercellone, 1859); but this edition was unsatisfactory, and is wholly superseded by the magnificent edition, in facsimile type, published by Yercellone, Cozza and Sergio, in five vols., fol. RomCj 1868 — 72^ of which vol. v., containing the New Testa- 78 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. mentj was first issued. Yol. vi.^ wliicli is to contain tlie Prolegomena and notes on tlie alterations of tlie different correctors, has not yet (1880) appeared. In reference to this MS. the following works still have value : J. L. Hug, JDe Antiquitate Codicis Vaticani Commentatioj Friburgi, 1810, reprinted in Granville Penn^s Annotations to the Booh of the New Covenant, London, 1837, pp. 91 — 112; Tischendorf, Novum Testamentum Yaticanuni, Leips. 1867, and Appendix ad. Novum, Test. Vat. (1869), in which he reviews the Roman edition (1868) of the New Testament part of the MS. See also Tischendorf's ^ppe?icZia? Godicum celeherrimorum., Sin., Vat. Alex. (1867), and Responsa ad Calumnias Romanas (1870). In the Prolegomena to Tischendorfs Novum Test. Vat. and Appendix Godicum, the latter especially, will be found the best account of the MS. from a palseographical point of view. He adduces plausible arguments to show that the scribe D, who wrote six leaves of the New Testament part of the Sinaitic MS., is identical with the scribe who wrote the New Testament in the Vatican MS. He would assisfn both MSS. to about the middle of the fourth century. The Rev. J. W. Burgon, who in 1860 examined the Vati- can MS. for an hour and a half, undertakes to prove ^' infal- libly, '' in his work on the last twelve verses of the Gospel according to St. Mark (London, 1871), pp. 291—294, that the Vatican MS. is 50 or 100 years older than the Sinaitic. But his arguments — some of which have an apparent plausibility — rest on false premises. See Ezra Abbot^ Com- parative Antiquity of the Sinaitic and Vatican MSS., in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. x. pp. 189 — 200. The Vatican MS. has corrections by a contemporary scribe, whom Tischendorf designates in his eighth edition of the New Testament by B^, and by another of the tenth or UNCIAL MANUSCRIPTS. 79 eleventli century, B^, who retouclied the faded ink of the MS. throughout, and suppplied accents and breathings, except when words were accidentally repeated. / In a critical point of view, the text of this MS. seems on the whole decidedly superior to that of any other of our New Testament codices. So judge Tregelles, Westcott and Hort, Lightfoot and Weiss. Next in value is the Sinaitic, to which Tischendorf is disposed to give the preferencejBut it must not be supposed that every reading which they both support is genuine. A very different view of the character of these MSS. is taken by Burgon and McClellan, who regard them as singularly vicious and corrupt. In regard to its omissions, see § 10, 5, p. 94. C. Codex Ephraemi is a palimpsest MS. in the National Library of Paris (No. 9), containing portions of the Old Testament on 64 leaves, and of the New on 145 leaves. In the twelfth century the ancient writing was effaced to receive certain Greek works of Ephraem, the Syrian Father. In the sixteenth century it was brought to Florence from the East, probably by Andrew John Lascar, and was brought into France by Queen Catherine de Medici. In 1834 an attempt was made to restore the original writing, by the use of a chemical preparation, which has defaced the vellum with stains of various colours. It was collated by Wetstein in 1716, and a fine edition was published by Tischendorf in 1843—45. The entire Epistles of 2 John and 2 Thes- salonians are lost. Of the rest of the New Testament the following portions remain: — Matthew i. 2 — v. 15; vii. 5 — xvii. 26; xviii. 28 — xxii. 20; xxiii. 17 — xxiv. 10; xxiv. 45 — XXV. 30; xxvi. 22 — xxvii. 11; xxvii. 47 — xsviii. 14; Mark i. 17— vi. 31 ; viii. 5— xii. 29; xiii. 19— xvi. 20; Luke i. 2— ii. 5; ii. 42— iii. 21; iv. 25— vi. 4; vi. 37— vii. 16 or 17; 80 - HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. viii. 28 — xii. 3; xix. 42 — xx. 27; xxi. 21 — xxii. 19; xxiii. 25 — xxiv. 7; xxiv. 46 — 53; John i. 1 — 41; iii. 33 — v. 16; yi. 38_vii. 3; viii. 34— ix. 11; xi. 8— 46; xiii. 8— xiv. 7; xvi. 21 — xviii, 36; xx. 26 — xxi. 25; Acts i. 2 — iv. 3; v. 35 — X. 42; xiii. 1 — xvi. 36; xx. 10 — xxi. 30; xxii. 21 — xxiii. 18; xxiv. 15 — xxvi. 19; xxvii. 16 — xxviii. 4; James i. 1 — iv. 2 ; 1 Peter i. 2— iv. 6 ; 2 Peter i. 1— I John iv. 2 ; 3 John 3—15 ; Jude 3—25 ; Eom. i. 1— ii. 5 ; iii. 21— ix. 6 ; X. 15— xi. 31 ; xiii. 10—1 Cor. vii. 18; ix. 6— xiii. 8; xv. 40 —2 Cor. x. 8; Gal. i. 20— vi. 18; Ephes. ii. 18— iv. 17; Phil. i. 22— iii. 5 ; CoL i. 1—1 Thess. ii. 9 ; Hebrews ii. 4 — vii. 26; ix. 15 — x. 24; xii. 15 — xiii. 25; 1 Tim. iii. 9 — V. 20; vi. 21— Philemon, 25; Apoc. i. 2— iii. 19; v. 14— vii. 14; vii. 17 — viii. 4; ix. 17 — x. 10; xi. 3— xvi. 13; xviii. 2 — xix. 5. Tischendorf assigns the MS. to a date somewhat before the middle of the fifth century, regarding it (with Hug) as a little older than the Alexandrine. It has been manipulated by two different correctors, one (C") of the sixth century, the other (C^), a Byzantine scribe, who prepared it for church use in the ninth century. This scribe changed the reading 09, in 1 Tim. iii. 16, to ^eo9. The typographical errors of Tischendorf's edition of the New Testament part (1843) are corrected in the volume con- taining the Old Testament fragments (1845). Tischendorf's Prolegomena discuss thoroughly all questions of interest pertaining to the MS. D. CoDEX Bezae, a Greek and Latin manuscript of the Gospels and Acts, belongs to the University Library at Cam- bridge, England. It was presented to the library in 1581^ by Theodore Beza. It is a quarto volume, ten inches by eight, with one column on a page, each left-hand page UNCIAL MANUSCEIPTS. 81 haviDg the Greek text, and the right-liand the correspond- ing Latin. It has thirty-four lines to the page, which are arranged in GTiyxii. The MS. has had eight or nine correctors besides the original scribe, extending through several centuries. The text is peculiar, preserving in many cases the primitive reading, where it has been lost in the mass of later MSS.^ but, on the other hand, defaced with many corruptions. ^^^o known MS. contains so many bold and extensive interpolations (six hundred, it is said, in the Acts alone), countenanced, ■v\'here they are not absolutely unsupported, chiefly by the Old Latin and some of the Syriac versions.^' (Scrivener.) The following passages are wanting : viz., in the Greekj Matthew i. 1—20; vi. 20— ix. 2; xxvii. 2—12 ; John i. 16 — iii. 26; Acts viii. 29— x. 14; xxi. 2—10, 15—18, xxii. 10 — 20, 29 — xxviii. 31 ; and in the Latin, Matt. i. 1 — 11, vi. 8 — xviii, 27; xxvi. 65 — xxvii. 1; John i. 1 — iii. 16; Acts viii. 20— X. 4; XX. 31— xxi. 2, 7—10; xxii. 2— 10, xxiii. 20— xxviii. 31. The MS. was published in magnificent style, in facsimile type, by Thomas Kipling, Cambridge, 1793, 2 vols. fol. Only 250 copies were printed. It is an uncritical edition, placing the readings of later hands in the text, and of the first hand in the notes. For all ordinary purposes it is completely super- seded by the excellent edition of F. H. Scrivener, Bezae Codex Cantahrigiensisj Cambridge, 1864, 4to, printed in ordinary type, but representing the MS. line for line. The Introduction to this edition is exceedingly thorough and valuable. He regards the MS. as written early in the sixth century, probably in Gaul. For two remarkable interpola- tions in Codex D, of considerable length, see the large critical Qt 82 HISTOEY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. editions of the Greek Testament^ on Matthew xx. 28^ and Luke vi. 5.^ § 5. Cursive Manuscripts. \ Of over 1500 MSS. in the cursive character^ written in and ^ter the tenth century, a very large majority have not been thoroughly collated* We shall have space only to notice carefully a few of t^e most important.^ 1. Codex Basiliensisj A. N. lY. 2, is an illuminated MS. at Basle, which has been assigned to the tenth century. It is an octavo, with thirty-eight lines to the page. It has the tltXoIj and contains prologues before the several books. It has also a Calendar of the Daily Lessons throughout the year. It has been collated by Wetstein, C. L. Roth and Tregelles. It contains the Gospels, Acts, and Pauline Epistles, but is especially valuable only in the Gospels. ] 3. Regius 50 is a quarto of the twelfth century, highly valued by Kuster (referred to as Paris 6) . It has the Daily Lesson Calendar. It, and 69, 1 24, 346, are regarded by some as transcripts of one archetype, whose text is not lower in value than the uncial Codex D.^ It contains the Gospels with the followirg omissions : Matthew i. 1- — ii. 21 ; xxvi. 33 — 53; xxvii. 26 — xxviii. 10; Mark i. 21 — 45; John xxi. 2—25. 1 An uncial ]\IS. of the sixth century, -^-ritten on purple yellum in silver letters, with remarkable miniatures, has recently been discovered by Gebhardt and Harnack in the Archiepiscopal Palace of Rossano, near the Gulf of Ta- ranto. It contains the Gospels of Matthew and Mark. This Codex Rossanensis ■will be designated by the letter 2. 2 For a condensed list of these MSS. the reader is referred to Table IX. of this Handbook. A full account will be found in Dr. Scrivener's Introduction to the Criticism of the Keic Testament, second ed,, 187-i. See also the Prolegomena to Tischendorf's larger critical edition of the Xew Testament, eighth edition. 3 See Ferrar and Abbott, Collation of four important Manuscri2)ts of tlie Gospels. Dublin, 1877. CUKSIVE MANUSCEIPTS. 83 22. Begins 72 (formerly Colbertinus 2467) is a quarto of the eleventli century, which has some remarkable readings,, though the MS. is very imperfectly known. It contains the Gospels, except Matthew i. 1 — ii. 2 ; John xiv. 22 — xvi. 27. It eminently deserves a new collation. 33. Regius 14 is a folio of the eleventh century, called also Codex Colbertinus 2844, and, by Mill, Colbertinus 8. It contains some of the Prophets and all the New Testa- ment except the Apocalypse. (It is numbered 13 in Acts, and 17 in the Pauline Epistles.) The text is one of the most valuable, resembling Codd. B, D, L, more than any other cursive. Carefully collated by Tregelles in 1850. Mutilated: Mark ix. 31 — xi. 11; xiii. 11 — xiv. 50; Luke xxi. 38 — xxiii. 26. 38. Of the Apocalypse, No. 579 in the Vatican Library at Eome, is an 8vo MS. of the thirteenth century, on cotton paper, but has a text of remarkable value. Collated by Birch, but much more thoroughly by B. H. Alford. 40. Of the Acts (Pauline Epp. 46, Apoc. 12), in the Vatican Library at Rome {Alexandrino-Vat. 179), is a quarto MS. of the eleventh century, which, containing the labours of Euthalius on the Acts and Epistles, was made by L. A. Za- cagni the basis of his edition of the Prologues, etc., of Euthalius, published in his Collectanea Mon. Vet. Ecclesv^ Gr, et Lot., Rome, 1698. Tischendorf calls it '^ Codex admodum insignis.''^ The latter part of Titus (from iii. 3), Philemon, and the Apocalypse are in a later hand. 47. Of the Pauline Epistles {Bodl. Roe 16), is a folio MS. of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with a text much resembling that of Codex A. After Mill., Tregelles thoroughly collated it for his edition of the New Testament. It has a catena, used by Cramer. CatencBj vols. v. and vi. g2 84 HISTOEY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 61. Codex Montfortianus is a MS. whose chief interest has grown out of its connection with the famous passage 1 John V. 7 , and the printed text of Erasmus. It is an octavo MS. at Trinity College^ Dublin, belonging to the fifteenth or sixteenth century. Erasmus refers to it as " Codex Britan- nicus."" It appears to have been the work of three or four successive scribes. It contains the whole New Testament, the Acts and Catholic Epistles being numbered 34, the Pauline Epistles 40, and the Apocalypse 92, as they appear in our tables of cursive MSS. Dr. Dobbin, the last collator, thinks that the Acts and Epistles were transcribed from Codex 33 of the Acts (No. 39 of the Pauline Epistles), and the Apocalypse from Codex 69 (see below). The part containing the Acts and Ca- tholic Epistles was probably written after the year 1500, and the text of the Three Heavenly Witnesses bears marks of having been translated from the Latin. (See Tregelles, Text. Crit^p. 213—217.) 61 . Of the Acts, is the designation now given to a very valuable cursive copy of the Acts discovered by Tischen- dorf in Egypt in 1853, and sold to the British Museum in 1854 (B. M. Addit. 20,003). It was formerly called lo^ i.e. Londinensis Tischendorfianus. It is dated April 20, 1044. Collated by Tischendorf, Tregelles and Scrivener. 297 verses are wanting, viz. ch. iv. 8 — vii. 17 ; xvii. 28— xxiii. 9. 69. Of the Gospels (Acts 31, Paul 37, Apoc. 14), is Codex Leicestrensis, a folio of the fourteenth century, partly on parchment and partly on paper, now in the Library of the Town Council of Leicester. It is written on 212 leaves of 38 lines to the page. It has been collated by Mill, Tregelles and Scrivener. The latter says of it, ^' No MS. of its age has a text so remarkable as this ; less, however. VERSIONS OP THE NEW TESTAMENT. 85 in the Acts tlian in tlie Gospels/^ It contains tlie wholo 'New Testament_, except Mattliew i. 1 — xviii. 15 ; Acts x. 45 — xiv. 17; Jude 7 — 25; Apoc. xviii. 7 — xxii. 21. See above^ under No. 13. 157. Of the Gospels^ in the Vatican Library at Rome {Cod. Urh.-Vat. 2) is an 8vo MS. of the twelfth century, regarded by Birch as the most important MS. of the New Testament in the Vatican, except Codex B. Very beautifully written on vellum, with ornaments and pictures in vermilion and gold. 209. Of the Gospels (Acts 95, Paul 108, Apoc. 46), in the Library of St. Mark at Venice {Venet. 10), is an 8vo MS. of the eleventh or twelfth century, the text of which in the Gospels is of remarkable value, resembling that of Codex B. The Apocalypse is in a later hand. Codex 205 in the Gospels is either a copy of this MS. or was transcribed from the same archetype. A good collation of Codex 209 is greatly needed. The above notices may serve as illustrations of the cha- racter and use of cursive MSS. For a fuller enumeration of the more important among them, the reader who has access to the work may consult the article "New Testament,^' in the American edition of Smithes Bible Dictionary, which contains valuable additional notes by Prof. Ezra Abbot_, of Cambridge. § 6. Versions of the New Testament. Next to the authority of MSS. in determining the text of the New Testament is the evidence furnished by certain ancient translations, made for the benefit of Christian con- verts unable to understand the original Greek. Some of these versions were from a text much older than any now existing. Of course the weight of this evidence is much impaired by the difficulty of estimating the degree in which the idioms of a language or the habits of a translator may have caused him to deviate from the exact structure of the Greek sen- 86 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. tence. Moreover^ we have the disadvantage of being obliged to reach the version through copies more or less remote from the original^ and correspondingly liable to corruption ; and in the case of some versions {e.^. the Egyptian, Ethiopic_, etc.), the acquaintance of scholars with the languages themselves has been confessedly imperfect (see Scrivener, p. 273). Nevertheless, after these allowances are made, the value of versions is still considerable, and in the matter of determining the authenticity of whole clauses or sentences inserted /)r omitted by Greek MSS., it is sometimes very great. ^In any case Ithey are mainly valuable as witnesses to the text! and not as models^ of translation or guides to interpretation^ Tha Peshito SyriacA however, is regarded as, on the whole, a translation of remarkable fidelity and excellence ;■ and the Vulgate has high merit.; Table x. presents a succinct view of the versions avail- able for critical purposes in the order of the date. For a full discussion of the subject the student is referred to Scrivener^ s Introduction, or to the admirable article, "Versions, Ancient,'^ by S. P. Tregelles, in Smithes Bible Dictionary, to which must be added, for the Latin versions, the elaborate article '' Vul- gate,^' by Prof. Westcott. The article " Vulgate,'^ in John- son^s CyclopcBdia, by Dr. Charles Short, of Columbia College, New York, is also worth consulting. § 7. New Testament Citations by the Christian Fathers. Among the sources of evidence for determining the text of the New Testament, we come to notice finally that derived from citations of passages made by early ecclesiastical writers, commonly spoken of as the Christian Fathers. For convenience of reference to these Fathers, a complete list of them is subjoined (Tables xi., xii.), with a descriptive designation and the time when they flourished, in assigning which the authority of Cave has usually been followed. CITATIONS BY CHEISTIAN FATHERS. 87 The evidence furnislied by patristic citations is subject to drawbacks similar to those which affect the versions of Scripture. Our text of the writings of the Fathers is itself more or less uncertain, and their citations are often loosely made from memory, or, if originally made verhatim, are liable to have been altered by subsequent correctors. Yet, as corroborative testimony in regard to readings which are already supported by manuscript authority, they have con- siderable value. Special importance is attached to them in cases where a discussion has arisen among the early Fathers respecting variations in the reading of the manuscripts, cases which are not unfrequent as early as the days of Origen, Eusebius and Jerome. The Greek Fathers most important for textual criticism are, in the second century, Justin Martyr (quotations generally free) and Iren^eus (for the most part preserved only in an old Latin version) ; for the end of the second or the earlier part of the third j Clement of Alexandria, Hip- polytus, and, far above all others, Origen ; for the fourtltj Eusebius, Athanasius, Cyril of Jerusalem, Didymus of Alexandria, Epiphanius (quotations often free and text corrupt), Basil the Great, and Chrysostom (text considerably corrupted by copyists) ; in theffth, Cyril of Alexandria and Theodoret ; in the beginning of the sixths Andreas of Ceesarea (for the Apocalypse) ; in the seventh, Maximus the Confessor ; in the eighth, Joannes Damascenus ; in the ninth, Photius; in the tenth, CEcumenius; in the eleventh, Theophylact; and near the beginning of the twelfth, Euthymius Zigabenus, the last three being commentators. The early Latin Fathers are of value in criticism mainly as indicating by their citations the readings of the Old Latin version or versions, for which they are, in many parts of the New Testament, our principal authority. Of these the 88 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. most important are, for the end of tlie second century and later, Tertullian, whose quotations have been completely collected by Ronsch, Das Neue Test. TertulUans (Leipsic^ 1871) ; for the third century, Cyprian and Novatian; for the fourth, Lucifer of Cagliari, Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrosiaster or Hilary the Deacon, Ambrose, Rufinus, and especially Jerome (Hieronymus) ; for the ffth, Augustine ; and for the sixthj Primasius (valuable only in the Apocalypse). § 8. Textual Criticism. The process of endeavouring to ascertain the original reading in any given passage, by a comparison of manuscript and other authorities, is attended with certain difficulties which require experience and skill to overcome. It does not come within the scope of this treatise to attempt an exhaustive discussion of the principles which underlie the work. We can only hope to give an outline of the nature of the process, and refer the student to the special treatises on the subject, and to critical editions of the Greek New Testament, as those of Griesbach and Tischendorf, for a fuller discussion. It was thought by the earlier critics that a classification of manuscripts should be made into groups or families, corresponding to the geographical sections whence they originated. Each of these groups was supposed to be marked by certain distinctive peculiarities of text, and the term '^ recension,^'' or critical edition, was applied to them. Maturer examination has led to an abandonment of the theory as such, though much useful knowledge about the characteristics of manuscripts has been acquired by this study of grouping. A good statement of points thus deduced will be found in the BihliotJieca Sacra, vol. xxxii. p. 237 — 2-42, and in the Appendix to Gardiner's Harmony of the Gospels. TEXTUAL CRITICISM — NATUEE OF VAEIOUS EEADINGS. 89 Another subject on which critics have been divided^ relates to the comparative value of the uncial and cursive manu- scripts, and to the relation which quality shall bear to number of witnesses, in deciding for or against any given reading. The progress of the discussion thus far has elicited some facts which are of interest to scholars, and prepare the way for a well-defined system of criticism. For example, it has become evident that there is no such harmony among the oldest uncials as to render it possible to reach infallible certainty in all points. Again, it is obvious that in appealing to cursives great discrimination must be used, since com- paratively few of those which have been thoroughly examined prove to have been taken from ancient or trust- worthy authority; and the great mass of them have as yet never been properly collated. § 9. The Nature of Various Beading s. Since no manuscripts are extant which date earlier than the fourth century, it is obvious that all now existing are the result of transcriptions from previous copies, and are liable to such variations and imperfections as are incident to all copies in manuscript. Of course these variations multiply with the increase of number of different manuscripts, and with the lateness and frequency of their transcription. The variations are of different kinds : 1. In the first place, there are two whole paragraphs of some importance which are wanting, in some or many of the best MSS., and other ancient authorities, viz. Mark xvi. 9—20 and John vii. 53— viii. 11. 2. There are shorter passages which may have crept into the text from the margin. Among them is the famous interpolation in 1 John v. 7, 8. So also, probably, John v. 4 90 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. (tlie angel at tlie Pool of Bethesda), and the doxology in Matthew vi. 13; and perhaps the account of the bloody sweat (Luke xxii. 43, 44) . Scrivener thinks that Acts viii. 37, '' If thou believest with all thine heart," etc., may have been de- rived from some Church ordinal, and that the last clauses of Eom. viii. 1, and Gal. iii. 1, are glosses of the transcriber. 3. Frequently a clause is lost by what is called Homceote- leuton {ofioiorekevTov), where two clauses happen to end with the same word, and the transcriber's eye passes from one to the other. Omissions from this cause occur in the Sinai tic MS. in the New Testament, according to Scrivener^ no fewer than one hundred and fifteen times, though many of them are supplied by a later hand. 4. Words are sometimes mistaken one for another where they differ in only one or two letters. This is specially liable to occur in uncial MSS., where several letters closely resemble each other, and the words are not spaced. 6. Numerous variations have arisen from the tendency to assimilate one Gospel to another, by bringing in clauses in one Gospel which belong in the same connection to another evangelist. Thus the prophecy about the parting of the garments, found in Matt, xxvii. 35, was probably borrowed from the parallel passage in John xix. 24. So also Acts ix. 5, 6, has been interpolated from the two other accounts of Paul's conversion. Acts xxvi. 14, 15, and xxii. 10. This, however, should rather be charged to Erasmus following the Yulgate, as the spurious addition does not seem to be found in any Greek MS. 6. Sometimes copyists have attempted to improve upon their originals in citations from the Old Testament, /copying the passage more fully or more accurately than the author thought it necessary. ] See, for example, the critical editions on. Matt. ii. 18, xv. 8 ; Luke iv. 18 ; Eom. xiii. 9 ; Heb. xii. 20. NATURE OF VARIOUS READINGS. 91 7. Several variations in the older copies arise from abbre- viations and other peculiarities in the modes of writing. Prominent among these is the remarkable passage, 1 Tim. iii. 16 (see Scrivener, pp. 452 — 3), where the difference between oc and ec (o? and 6e6^) consists only in the presence or absence of two horizontal strokes.^ 1 Briefly stated, the principal authorities for the different readings are as follows (see Tables for explanations where needful) : 1. In favour of os : « A (see below) CFG and the following cursive MSS., 17 {Regius 33, see p. 75), 73 (12th cent.), 181 (13th cent.). Versions: Goth., Mih.. (ed. Piatt), Philox. Syr. marg., and, with a relative pronoun which may represent either '6s or o, Copt., Sahidic, Pesh. Syr., Philox. Syr. text (so White, but Ward doubts this), ^th. (Polygl,), Arm., Erpenian Arabic, and a MS. Arabic version in the Vatican. Quotations or References: Origen, Basil, Epiphan., Jerome, Theod. Mopsuest., Cyr. Alex., Eutherius of Tyana, Gelasius (or Macarius of Jerusalem), Pope ^lartin I., Apollinarius, Chrysostom (see Ward), Xestorius, and others. 2. In favour of Oeos : i^^ (a corrector of the twelfth century), A (corrected by a modern hand), C^ (corrected in the ninth century), D^ (corrected in the ninth century), K L P and the great mass of cursive MSS. ; Arabic of the Polyglot, Slavonic and Georgian versions (all these versions are of little or no authority); Greg. Nyss., Didymus, pseudo-Athanasius, Macedonius, Euthalius (?) Theod. Stud., Theophyl. ; and pro^nW^/ pseudo-Dionysius Alexandrinus, Theodoret, Severus, Joannes Damascenus, Photius. 3. In favour of ^ : D, Old Lat. and Vulg. quod ; other ancient versions may have read o, but not probably (see above) ; on the other hand, the Old Lat. and Vulg. may have read os, but have rendered qaod, for the sake of the grammar. The Latin Fathers (except Jerome) generally read quod ; in one place pseudo- Chrysostom has '6. The fullest and most accurate account of the evidence is given by Dr. W. Hayes Ward, in an article in the Bibl. Sacra for January, 1865. The article, however, contains some unfortunate typographical errors. The reading of A a primd manu has been disputed ; and Scrivener is disposed to believe it to have been C ; but the matter has been very carefully examined by Wetstein, Porson, Tregelles, Tischendorf, Bishop EUicott, Alford, and Sir Frederick iMadden, who agree that the primitive reading was 3s. B does not contain the Epistle. As to the critical question, if BeSs were the original reading, it would be difficult to explain how all the leading ancient versions, representing widely eparated regions, should have dropped so important a word, and have substi- 92 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. 8. Besides these prominent causes of variation, tliere are slips of tlie pen, trifling varieties in spelling, interchange of synonymous words, omission or insertion of pronouns and particles, with occasional attempts at correction of words whose sense seems obscure, which go to make up the sum of those various readings whose number looks so large. § 10. Eules of Judgment in Critical Cases. While, therefore, the testimony of the most ancient manu- scripts is always decisive where it is harmonious, which is true of the great bulk of Scripture, it is obvious that there will yet remain a wide margin for the exercise of critical judgment in cases where the leading authorities differ. The number of these unsettled points would be alarming- if their character in the main were not so unimportant. That number has been estimated by thousands, but being chiefly orthographical or verbal, or at most grammatical, the instances are few in which they aS'ect the sense or bear upon any important fact or doctrine. Nevertheless the work of the conscientious critic is not done until all possible accuracy is reached, and the clearest possible light thrown upon what yet remains necessarily doubtful. To aid in this work certain principles of judgment have been laid down upon which critical scholars are pretty well agreed: 1. In the first place it has become established as a rule that conjectural emendations are to be discarded. Unless tuted a relative pronoun. The reading b'y has the best ancient authority ; it is the more difficult reading, and best explains the origin of the others. It is adopted by Griesbach, Lachmann, Tischendorf, Tregelles, Westcott and Hort, Scrivener, Alford, Ellicott, Wordsworth, T. S. Green, Olshausen, Wiesinger, Huther, Meyer, De Wette. EULES OF JUDGMENT IN CEITICAL CASES. 93 respectable external authority can be found for a readings it should not be admitted, however plausible may seem the arguments in its favour. 2. All scholars have agreed to adopt BengeFs prime canon^ ProcUvi scriptioni prcestat ardua, '^ To an easy read- ing prefer the harder."" Copyists were more likely to relieve a hard construction than to make an easy one difficult. 3. We may next mention the canon of Griesbach, Brevior lectio prceferenda est verhosiovi, '^The briefer reading must be preferred to the longer."" The reasonableness of this rule results from the tendency of scribes to incorporate marginal notes or fuller parallel pas- sages, or to amplify Old Testament quotations. And yet it must be modified by the consideration that words and clauses are sometimes omitted to remove difficulties (see Bengel's canon) _, or through Homoeoteleuton. See further, No. 5, below. 4. Another more comprehensive principle may be thus stated : That reading is probably genuine, from which the origin and diflfiision of the others may be most readily explained. In practice this will usually be found to cover Xcs. 2 and 3. We may say still more generally : In every question of textual criticism, we have to consider what supposition will best explain all the facts in the case. We cannot settle these questions by any mechanical rules. 5. In estimating the value of the evidence of different MSS., their peculiar characteristics must be taken into account. Thus Codex D has special weight where it omits, as its general tendency is to add. Some would apply the reverse of this rule to Codex B. But when Scrivener (p. 108) quotes Dr. Dobbin, as finding in B no fewer than 2556 cases of omissions of words or whole clauses, the fact will be less '"'' startling ^^ when we know, what Scri- vener and McClellan {New Testamentj vol. i. p. xxv., note) 94 HISTORY OF THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. do not tell us, that liis '' standard of comparison '' is no ancient or critical text, but " Elzevir, 1624'^ ! See Dublin Univ. Mag., Nov. 1859, p. 621. The question whether what Dr. Dobbin calls '^ omissions '^ in B are not rather, in a large majority of cases, interj^olations in Elz. 1624, cannot be thus disposed of by a cool assumption. The tendency of scribes was always to add rather than to omit. As Person remarks, '^ From this known propensity of transcribers to turn every- thing into text which they found written in the margin of their MSS. or between the lines, so many interpolations have proceeded, that at present the surest canon of criticism isj Free feratur lectio hrevior/' — Letters to Trams, p. 150. 6. Manuscripts differ also in the value of their testimony in different parts of the New Testament, some having a much better text of the Gospels than of the Epistles, and vice versa, e.g. A of the Gospels is quite inferior to A of the rest of the New Testament. And, in general, experience and critical judgment are needful accurately to weigh the comparative value of manuscripts. To illustrate this, Tre- gelles has prepared a table which he says may give '^ a general notion of the relation in which some of the leading MSS. of the Gospels stand one to another with regard to the text they contain.-" Western, Alexandrian, Constantinojpolitan, B. Z. D. C.L.I. 33. P.Q.T.RII.N. A. X. {A). 69. K. M. H. E.F.G, S.U.Y.T..1. In general, we may say that to estimate accurately the value of any one of our chief authorities, a careful inductive process is required, such as Griesbach has applied to some of the MSS. of which he treats in his Symholce Criticce, EULES OF JUDGMENT IN CRITICAL CASES. 95 Mucli yefc remains to be done in this direction. The general superiority of the older over the later uncials has^ however, been fully established by the process which Tregelles calls "comparative criticism.^^ See his Printed Text of the Greeh New Testament, London_, 1854_, p. 132. 7. With all the help in the work of textual criticism which a knowledge of these facts and principles may give, it is yet quite obvious that most students of Scripture will be mainly dependent upon the critical judgment and skill of experts in this particular department of sacred learning. The materials are so diflficult of access, and the labour of collating manu- scripts, and of acquiring suflScient critical skill to weigh them rightly, is so enormous, that Biblical scholars will usually find it wiser simply to learn how to make discri- minating use of the materials which critical editors have furnished to their hand. The Christian world are under profound obligations to the few men who, having special gifts for this kind of investiga- tion, have been prompted by a love of the truth to consecrate their lives to unrequited toil in this direction, and whose labours have already brought forth fruits of incalculable value to the Church of Christ. The student will find the whole subject of textual criticism discussed at length in the works of Scrivener and Tregelles above referred to, and in the Art. " New Testament " in Smith's Bible Dictionary. There is an excellent resume of the subject by Prof. Gardiner in the Bibliotheca Sacra, vol. xxxii., and in the Appendix to Gardiner's Harmony of the Gospels. See also Immer's Hermeneutics of the New Testament, Andover, 1877. 96 ,RLC. MAR18B1 TTIEOLOGlCi^i^BLE I )#Tyt?'THl'1:a^^TIAN NATIONS OF EUROPE INTO WHICH THE EOMAN EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED. (See page 5.) IOC V.D. ICO 200 300 400 Macedonia. Egypt. Steia. Death of Jesus Christ, 33. EOMAN EMPIRE. Conversion of Constantine, 311. 80C' 1000 HOC 1200 1300 14O0 1500 1700 180C British AVales. The Saxon Hept- archy. Gaul. EXGLAlfD. Bible trans lated at Hampton Court, 1611. Feance. Ghemant. Luther and Massacre of the Refor- St. Bartho- lomew, 1572. mation, 1517. Italy. (Papal States). MOOBS. Eastekit Empiee. Italy. Castile Aeka- and GOK. Leox. Ignatius Spaiit. POETU- Loyola founds order of Jesuits, 1535. Greek Empiee. Russia. The Greek Church. o CO 1^ PP h] o o o o )^ o M O ft « o M o o ■aiTd I n § g g o o -4 o s g § s s g S w u 2 » "-5 o 1 1 a Q '^ 1 .5 i 1 i. g 13 1^1 i ■^ .r :r- 2 -y ■S S)bO 03 r 1 i 1 2§S^ = i g Si 3 2 o o 5«S °o C^^C2 3 bo ~ 3 "a i ^1 ■li £;Ph C3 >>cc (2 o* P^ d R o 2 n CO t^ 6 1 1 ij in a 55 1 ^« 2 ,a jgt- h3 Pi .-3 11 n 5 H fc ill ,5 o 5 Ph 9 ^^•^P^ ^ o p lO § 8 B -4-3 ^S S « o H H P5 W « i o i E6 1^6 ^2 « |2 II" Ij & 8 1 2 M p i g5g i 5 M § g<-5 » o f^ ^ O EH Ph Hi PHPHCCt-s> 2 Ph 2 ft 4 g 00 ••=J? 1 00 a 1 o o 4 H is; 2 -< 2 02 ° ' o d A ^ t)^ O O > t^ c3 1^- 1 o 1 w o o M i 5 ^ g ^ g M M " s: 5 H 3 ^ < < ^1 e^^ ^ [E >!! tJ ^ ft • >-i CO . « 2 §"5 PI -^ -/! -»< p u (fl m 'i -3 1 V a -^ r:) H-l ??• ^ ''^ tT i f^ < t5 £ 5j 1-: g o S o rr' cii ^ 5 ■n o. -,' C ^5 O ;3 O rt p J3 33 02 • 0-5 cS 2 I® 2-S ? tj O © >5 O o ( _ fc ^ cS — ■ c § § (M (M (N -'l—l-'l-il-i^-'^-' — 1— >-'> 1 III lllllll Miinn 1 M 1 II 1 1 n 1 -Lc"--. HI llllllll niniM Ill 1 nil i^n— • ill nil II MM 11 iniini 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 nil 1 1 1 n inline <2"— "■ i 1 1 llllllll ! 1 1 iin 1 1 1 1 1 1 Papias. 1 1 1 Mill Mill 1 1 II 1 1 M II 1 1 1 III 1 nil 11! 1 1 mm M ' I i-i Maeciox. 1 n 1 Ml MM 1 1 llllllll i Theophill-s. i 1 1 II 1 Ml MM! 1 II J 1 M 1 1 M 1 i , 1 1 MIMII 1 II II II ' ' ' ' ' 1 Hegesippcs 1 1 M III 1 II MM 1 M 1 II II 1 j 1 1 1 Athexagoeas. 1 1 1 II 1 MM 1 lin II ill iiiJ^^inih— M II II 1 II M 1 II 1 1 1 II II 1 1 1 J-ULU i 1 1 TXTXA.. 1 1 MM II MIMII 1 1 1 M 1 1 Pakt^nus. 1 1 1 1 ^'^'T' 1 Mil M 1 II 1 MM 1 1 Melito. 1 1 1 1 II Ml 1 III j MM III 1 Clement of A. 1 ' 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 i il 1 1 JJ^ MM nil Teetullian". 1 ' ^1 1 1 lllllll MM 1 1 1 1 1 1 i III HiPPOLXTUS, v*^ MniMl Mill MM JJil II 1 1 1 1 OEiGEir. 1 -f-T 1 1 1 Ml M 1 1 1 M'M -i 1 nil 1 1 Ctpeian. 1 ~l 1 1 MM 1 MM 1 1 M 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 GEEG03.T ThACM. 1 1 1 MM II IIM 1 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 Theogitostus. 1 1 ! M u 1 II II III I^ACTANTIUS. 1 Ml 1 ILL M II 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |a..o=..s. 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 MM 1 lU Mill 1 Ill EusEBitrs. 1 1 1 1 1 1 TT 1 1 1 1 ' ' M J4I II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ATHAJfASITTS. | -LLJ ^ i IW-W •Ml 1 1 1 III h— 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III in II 1 1 1 1 Ambeosb. 1 1 1 1 Ji 1 1 1 1 • MM nil Mill III II II A...s„... 1 Mil A.D 100' 110 120 130 110 IGO 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 2-10 250 2(j() 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 310 3r.o 300 370 380 390 400 410 420 o o Q I— I %^ > ^ M O M M M I— i a? I— t > > Kt-I h2 100 TABLE IV, LIST OF WITNESSES OR ACTORS IX THE SCENES OF CHRISTIAN HISTORY, grouped in connection with localities in ivliicli they lived, laboured, or wrote, and withicJiich their names have heen associated in the history of the first three centuries. The period to which their respective testimonies chiefiy relate is given approximately in the third column. See Map at the heginning of the volume. Localities. Witnesses. 1 ..,. Christ, Apostles, Evangelists. 30-70 Paul, Apostle to the Gentdes. 36- 64 Barnabas, the Apostle. 36-73 Evodius. 50- 69 SYRIA. Ignatius. Saturninus, the Gnostic. 69-115 100-120 Scene of life and crucifixion of Jesus ; also of Paul's conversion. Seat of Apostolic Church, centre of Missions to the Gentiles. Justin, Apologist and Martyr. Hadrian, the Emperor. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch. Lucian. Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch. 118-165 117-138 168-180 130-200 260-273 Tatian. 130-174 Methodius, Bishop and MartjT. 290-300 Pamphilus, Presbyter of Csesarea. 294-309 Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea. 260-340 The Church at Jerusalem and Antioch. 36-300 Paul. 40- 58 Barnabas. 45-48 Timothy. 47- 96 Silas. 51- 54 Luke. 51- 58 Titus. 67- 59 John, the Apostle. 70-100 ASIA MINOR. Cerinthus, the Jew. PolycariJ, Bishop and Martyr of Smyrna. 70-100 100-155 Paul's birth-place and early residence. Scene of first, second, and third missionary labours. John's later home. Hadrian, the Emperor. Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis. Pliny Secundus, Governor of Bithynia. Irenseus, Bishop of Lyons. Marcion, the Heretic. 117-138 100-163 61-116 160-170 130- Justin, Apologist and Martyr. 140- Melito, Bishop of Sardis. 172-? Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapolis. 172-? Aristides, the Sophist. 130-180 Theodotus, the Gnostic. 190-195 Artemon. . [polis, and in Galatia. 200- The Churches at Ephesus, Smyrna, Hiera- 52-300 Paul. 52- 65 Silas. 52- 54 MACEDONIA and GREECE. Luke. 52- 54 Timothy. 52-58 Scene of Paul's second and Titus. 57- 59 third journeys. Seat of the Corin- Clementof Rome (Epistles). (tl02) - 95 thian Church, and of Paul's Epictetus, the Stoic. 109- labours for eighteen months. Dion, the Sophist orator at Corinth. 109- Quadra tus of Athens. 126- Aristides of Athens, Apologist. Dionysius [Beroea, and Corinth. 130- 170-176 The Churches at Philippi, Thessalonica, 53-300 101 Localities. WlTXESSKS. A.D. Paul. 61- 66 Peter (?). 61- 66 Linus, Bishop of Rome. 67- 7S Suetonius, Historian. 70-130 Clement, Bishop of Rome. 91-102 Tacitus, Historian. 55-117 Juvenal, Satirist. 80-120 lornatius, Martyr. 80-120 Diognetus (?), to whom Epistle is addressed. 130- ITALY. Pius. Hadrian, Emperor. Cerdo. 142-157 117-138 140- Scene of Paul's imprisonment Polycarp. 100-167 and place of writing his later Justin. 168- Epistles. Soter. Celsus, Irenaeus. Hegesippus, the Church historian. Galen. Hippolytus. Dion Cassius. Aurelian. The Church in Rome. 171- 175- 177- 170-180 130-201 198-235 155-230 212-276 53-300 EGYPT. Scene of the flight into Egypt, and residence of certain persons who were converted on the day of Pentecost. Hadrian, Emperor, Basilides. Carpocrates. Valenttnus. Heracleon. Justin, Martyr. Athenagoras. Catechetical School of Alexandria. Pantsenus. Clement. Origen. Dionysius. Gregory Thaum. Theognostus. A melius. Porphyry. Athanasius. Hierocles. 117-138 125-140 120- 130-160 150- 138-165 177- 166-395 181-190 190-213 185-25 i 247-261 244r-270 261-280 263- 233-305 296-373 300- AFRICA. Birth-place of Simon and Manaen. Residence of certain Pentecostal converts. Apuleius, the philosopher. Hermogenes. Praxeas (?) Tertullian. Catechetical School of Carthage. Cyprian. Amobius. Lactandus. Hilary. Ambrose. Augustine. 160-170 170- 196- 190-240 200-430 246-258 280-330 280-330 320-370 340-397 354-430 102 •sniqasua 0J03e3c3e8(SoJe3c3iqdo aqjj c3 c3o3 cScScScScS c8 08 •sapiiis^a c3cee3e3c3o3(So3 o3 c8 •?¥af Of -(fg- 'dJ^oilioj c3 c3e3eeeSc3cSiS oSc3c3o3 cScS o Vst^ar 'sBq-BUJ^a c3 :S C303 •snasuaji jo ejapig; c3 .c3 03 cS c3 c3 "^ •s^idBj ce cS c8 03 c3 OS •sni'^iiugi o3 c3 iS cS ce c8 c3 •icojgMj^ 0f}ns9j; owoooooooooooooooooo o o •araoH JO i^uaniaio c8esoc8e3 c8 i^cS oo ooo Mai ihew Lule JolQ Ads Ep. to Romans 1 £p. to Corinth. Ep. to Galatians „ Ephesians „ Philippians „ Colossians 1 Ep. to Thess. 1 Timothy " Titus" Philemon 1 Peter 1 John Hebrews James 2 Peter 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation 103 TABLE VL CATALOGUES OF DISPUTED BOOKS. CONDENSED BY PEEMISSION FEOM WESTCOTT's LIST, IN SMITH* " DICTIONAEY OF THE BIBLE." i (D ^ ^ . s 1 'ed ,4 '^ g ai: p. w l-B 1-5 N (M <^ I. CONCILIAR CaTAL. [Laodicea] (a.d. 366) Carthage (a.d. 397) Apostolic (Council Quinisext) II. Oriental Catal. (a) Syria : The Peshito Version Jiinilius Joann. Damasc Ebed Jesu (b) Palestine : Eusebius Cyril of Jerusalem (t A.D. 386) Epiphanius (c) Alexandria: Origen Athanasius(f A . d.373 ) (d) Asia Minor : Gregory Naz. (a.d. 389) Amphilochius (a.d. 380) Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ? ? ? ? ? Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ? ? ? ? ? Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ? ? ? ? Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ? ? ? ? ? (e) Constantinople Chrysostom Leontius Nicephorus III. Occidental Cat. (a) Africa : Cod. Claromontanus Augustine (h) Italy: Canon of Muratori . . Philastrius Jerome Rufinus Innocent [Gelasius] Cassiodorus (Vet. Trans.) (c) Spain: Isidore of Seville .. Cod. Baroc. 206 Q=Direct Quotation, ?=An expression of doubt. u= Uncertain Referenco ^ ^ t A Tt ^ < » A e V, 104 TABLE VII. FACSIMILES. No.l. — S INAITIO CODEX. Heb. sii. 27—29. To ^e e T I AH KIA H>?l T H N TCD N c XKey ciHCDcnerrojH TAM H cxKeyo m €N^ Al O R XC l\e IAN ACA XeyrON rjAf AAAli- RAHONTeceXOM^^ XXpNMHCAXTpT OM eNeyxf ecTcu« Tcu elu H,e Txe•v;^x K I AC K Ai'kfe o yc KW, PAp O e C H M CU H !!•«• KXTXN AXI CKon ' ' ./• No. 2.— ALEXANDRINE CODEX. John i. 1—5. GWith Ammonian Section 1 (A) and Eusebian Canon 10 (I). MApx^rtHNOAOrOCKAIOAoroCH J^ TlpOCTOMaTVu-MeCHMOXOro^ • OVToGHr>4eMXj>?ci-fnpOC"rONeN TTXMnr^iJ^iXYroVCrei^GTrOKXi^ui r^ « c NYTOve re m g-t o o v^v e e m O re r o M 6 rvi e M A.VT Al MCI KA|HCKOTriAAYTOOY>vArre 105 Xo. 3.— VATICAN CODEX. Ps. i. 1—3. I [11===========-^ K>< I e H O A. CO <5rH^pTCDXci N O Y K e C T H ^ \YT€Y No. 4.— CODEX PURPUREUS. John xv. 20. With Ammonian Section 139 (PA0) and Eusebian Canon 3 (r). pp TO yA o roy oy GrcDerrrONy Ml WOy KGCTlir. j5!uoyKO c M i x-^ TroyKyAY tov 106 o o Pi o o i i o o O o 111 o 111 8 z o 5 >4 :>- *• M K( JSi y K "7 f: O 0) S ^ ;3 S^ S 3 5 107 Q^ 'O 2 c r < S G\0 6 cue O o XI Q o I '?§• -aK.=>'C? .-i^t « ^ — <^ ^p :d C> < S ^ > 0) - EH l> w 1 i PI fl 5 i o 1 ^ d bb § t3 1 o 1 il 1 M 6 >H ^ ^ "►3 M 1 o B -^0 M 0(M r 3 w i> EH 52 pq m fe P5 L t) r- ;5i»^ H y ^^^ Ed H -H O 109 CS2 5 a; :^_1* §S ■fcc^ .3 t-5 22 PI cc p. ^ > H o cj mri >: ciw (B a o *i > 3 m m © IS « o .o o 3 2 i ® s r° S G ^ S.2 c o c o 1^ ^S-i .Si s — 1^9 ri. ^iil GO t. A ?* 2 I >• .«-'-l fjj ^ [J •-1^ CO « lO •!-< "CO -Sim « 2q 3^ 1.^ c« bo MrH O G? >^ 110 02 ;S--:|« c'-S o ^.t3 o O 2 i-H C: :« t>iPlp*^OfQ .„• ^ 1^ cd ii 4o '3 g a -"S ce-^-2 g £ I-"- ^ -I- V :d "^ J. A- tC . CO ■ '^ ."PI :Pl '3 (M CO I th' I CO ZO ipa3 t>i-. O 0) •SO Soc!, -MO ^ « o P :a o c» -3 ^g to , .'"' - "^3 -3 P3^-^ 3 . 5^ t* ill" ffl ^ g P! oJcS oc;p! 2? >-. be j5^ •s pi'S'S i3|.2 n -^ ,-^ c3 c3^- o -t^ p.M o eft f-i OJ Qj ."i^ 'C '^ 02 a p^ O o o o S| O 0) C3 0) 2> lis £ I 5 o!> CD rJ' . '-0 r* — : S S ^ ■* 5^gM . => "S "2 Cl «^ ^Sg^3§ jj- g iJl ;2 -I Pl2 r ?3 Pt • > Q ^" fe Old >: a-^ . ^ o cS cS o;::^!-^ P bp sg Ph 32"^- pi -^ •nag i be be +3 cS Pt ^■•3 2 lis ^ O N fcD ii p,ii (M(M St> 1 ^ I 2 2'-' ■q, . > 00 . ,• IB (M (M si P! M cSO "^ ^- f2 t^ g-s •r3 cS W| r lO !ZJ ^ . p a o o a ■4 o s: p ^ Ill 3 >j O ja >:? 2^5252- - a} 5 .£ X r- • ^§^55- 3 W ® rt ©-»= • a S X-? a .Sd> "^' '" r .r -li ^ ^ !^, 02 -g ^ ^ -■^ S a: ^ C ?|l ig _ - ■ o o d fc, 2 3 - S S ^"^ o .^ r. 3 ^ ^ .2 o !« ^ >s^ '5;"^ 73 ■^ ^ O t- r- -Jt S 'i: 's -2 £ ® "^ :^ - K o '/:• o o ii ;= II? Ill PI if o ^^ u O S._; t- CO J c ;x ^ 5^ i-ic;© -^ m H s >5 r3 ^ a ^ B 'S Pi ^ . to •3 S-" a.I?:] o . f*5 (O --I . C ^- o . >< > "< N rH CI ']^. ^ pa o 00 o 03 .^z <^ . i 7 2® . .r< ^ "O I C .rt" '-S s I i I s . .=3 *^ • 1 ^§1 CO Svl "y.M 1^1 .^ .M .rt" .PH- ;:^ 00 M . X > > M ** 112 ^ ^ © 05 as fl fco 1 .2 ^• 5:S'=*° •^ ^ "3 J S i: 1 is OQ g 5? 8 c3 "o o i e &'a m < filfl^i i^llii lie sfl P y 8:3 ^° i 1 o M 1 fl II It il |S IS' II 1 flS 11 il §1 og t- oQ'd ^a -be t2 fo -^ CO iS i 2 jT co"t>; ^ lO 1 gss d 11 2s 00 1 h" 11.1 "• ||is fl li tmXk OS'S c3 00 i ilii. p^ SPSS? f 1 fa f ^ 1 1 •fl '*^ 00 :i 1 ■f 2 o ^\lri^-kH ^^^ x:fl >i«->-:fl02 ^^^ < (N a. So i 1 1 1 1 m II i o u ■< l-l -I)'"! o r •t:! Cli KM a, H m o M w 5 h3 "=- E^ ,2 U o "^ u & fl II H Ph 2 H o o |5i iz; <& © M Tij H < rt H _ cr- ^ P5 t3 h— 1 K^l HH ^ ^i^ a K^ K ^^§ L>- O ^^ 113 i " One of tbo best second-rate uncials." (Scr.) Brought to Basle by Cardinal J. do Ragusio in 1131, probably from Constantinople. Collated by Wetstein, Tiscbendorf and Tregelles. " By far tbe most remarkable document of its age and class." (Scr.) It agrees remarkably with Cod. B., tbe quotations of Oriiren, and tbo margin of the Pbiloxeniau Syriac Version Palimpsest brought from Zante by Gen. Macaulay, and pre.seuted to tbe Bible Society in 1821. Tbo text is surrounded witb a com- mentary compiled from tbo writings of tbo Fatbers. It is of bigb critical val i lo. !l •3 Z 2§ ea§ d la li u if- |i i i 1 1 4 m 2 -2 5 . ::i N r-H nH eg i-i X ?o CQ Is © -< ^1 .a X 1 1 3 1 II If If, © © .0 1©" IS o o 12; to u 3 5 H o S! r SI 1 P^ h\ w ^ >-i (S ^ h- H 114 es, in the Royal 0. 15), formerly ,1866. Assigned uable Text. C 1 1 . 53d 111 rteen leav orbon. II. by Tisch. ury. Val 11 est of fou Naples (B eciphered r 9th cent f § IS ^-3 P-g ©^ p.^ 7^ ^ ^slS -'I -S XJl oho o ■Ti P* a °So rt! o o tfci S g s g ^-^ P! R-g'- ^ 5:; w a§' a -cv ° pi . f^ •^ o to . S '0 H c3 I: 'Sir 3 c^ o s ® •-. »-?:5 •~ ^' o Mill o ^t - p. 3 t>rH to u . o 5 -t= J -• I-l f-H 00 • eo . • •■■A . >'o ^o I 3 ° o 2 2 CO ^1 s§ >- P^ f^^ 115 cS tfl S OQ W >j 3 ^ ^ H f-i Ph S 1 >>c ^(S . -c^-T ;|s^^ OH — to ^ Si I .S|| •:Hc ^^•^ •^g-s 1^S§ bb ^ g^^l ^-sg CC 3 S 3 S, ^ fccs .^ goQ ^^>.§ ^ s i3 ;^ d ce ~ o ^ 'r S >^ ^tj-^ a o o © o ^ X] r^ o 2 =3 DO S OQ © g^ 5-2 1, Ho© o^3 o ~ » ©2^ fl s © PI -£ OS a 03M ^ O rr-i -"^ O .S 0^;g^ © 1-^ -5 3 ^?i x:3 .:i "© I C5 « © 03 t-i « •- .,^-<^ o 00 lO — H o j3 :§ I =-Ort.£ ■JorH . O & •a^-S4raH . © 9 "-I ►! ~ 5 © ^^> '^a Ph a I •« I -o O ;Ci -sS I 'C J § « p.'^ is ^0 ^0 |i is P-. ^1 13 .2.2 Is 1^ rl2 ;3§ m S^ -e) in* « rs S 0^ a ^1 nag i? c5 CO u Id • ^ ^ o O o o 3 -5; ->) 3 © & m Ph M g x 1^ ^ H i2 m a Originally from the Monastery of Augia Dives (Reichenan), in Lake Constance. Scri- vener regards F and G as copies of a common archetype : Dr. Hort believes G to have been copied from F. Accompanied with a Latin version. Collated by Tischendorf and Tregelles. "The history "of this MS. curiously coincides with that of T." (Scr.) The Gospels of Matt._ and Mark in cxirsive characters, formivg part of the same MS., were procured by Tisch. m 1859, and are now at St. Petersburg. Presented by Parodus, a noble Greek of Smyrna, to the Emperor of Russia in 1859. Described in Tischendorf's Notitia ed. cod. |_i Biblior. Sinait. (1S60), p. 51 fi". (— i A palimpsest found in possession of Abp. Porfiri at St. Petersburg. Its defects are Acts i. 1— ii. 12; 1 John iii. 20— v. 1 ; Jude 4— 15; Rom. ii. 16— iii. 5; viii. 33— ix. 11; xi. 22— xii. 1; 1 Cor. vii. 16, 17; xii. 23-xiii. 5; xiv. 23—39; 2 Cor. ii. 14, 15; Col. iii. 16— iv, 8; 1 Thess. iii. 5— iv. 17; Rev. xvi. 13—21 ; xx. 1— 9; xxii. 7—21. "The larger part of James li. 13 — 21 is illegible ; and words and letters are lost in many other places." (Abbot.) The text in Acts and 1 Peter is inferior ; in the other books much better than that of most MSS. of this date. Formerly owned by J. C. Wolff (together with Cod a, which was therefore called Wolfii A, see below). The defects are Matt. i. 1— xv. 30; XXV. 33— xxvi. 3 ; Mark i. 32— ii. 4 ; xv. 44— xvi, 14; Luke v, 18-32; vi. 8—22; x. 2— 19j John ix. 30— X. 25 i xviii, 2—18 ; xx, 12—25. gfl- 2 i fl 1 Pauline Epistles, ex- cept Rom. i. 1— iii. 19; 1 Cor. iii. 8- 16 ; vi. 7—14 ; Col. ii. 1—8; Philemon 21— 25, and the Epistle to the Hebrews. 11 if Four Gospels, except Matt. iii. 12— iv. 18; xix. 12— XX. 3; John viii. 6—39. Also Mark xvi. 18—20 ; John xxi. 22— 25, are in a later hand. 11 co,fl ■lg if J -2 ii fl'S 8 It U 4 1 ' «• 02 is 1 m It m P 1 o H I. hi o i 1 i ^ t! P5 PLI < M 117 >l O M H -go IS" |0 CO c tea- .2 >-.?^ "to T! C^ dj 2 ^^ bio © 00 gi=! ^ ^ S M ^ tzi C i^ p o ^ KM . to ="0 'S Kr-^ -^ O S'kJ-, CO '&a o S ^2g-^^.S «r5--Of4^ ^ a "S >j~ . 1 a '.Si- ^ 2 p "S '^ ° la ® "^ • ^ Is ^^§i r"" -"^ -S ° H O 0/ >-> 90 pH ^ P 2 o ^ b llli! •c '^ p-i ^ 5 a: >^. S a,o ^00 a ._ro ^■",:5S £-2s 3^ P.H^S3 P-fe O-d .2;§a;= =^ 6 bT ° o ^- ©o I ■ I ^ f u .. -S !^ a . »^" 50 • :^ o •- >-coo 00 ce o oe-o ••sla <5 o a goSf, Ts. PS S =^ b-i ^- f^ rJi «« Om rH := > .»a=d U5 I a © -»3 -O o ,rq t3 5i gcga 00 ►- cs ^ S =s o sal" •&.?•• = a> ^ - ^•_^ |S CO cj •- o 5 vi w o f-i iJ r ! SI O GQ ^ 119 TABLE IX. CURSIYE MANUSCRIPTS.t THEIR NUMBER, DESIGXATION, AND DATE. A.— CONDENSED LIST OF THE CURSIVE MANUSCBIPTS OF THE GOSPELS. t* The numbers in heavj type (1), the designation in Italics, the date in Roman numerals enclosed in parenthesis (XV.), or occasionally in figures (1168). Those marked with an asterisk (*) are regarded by Scrivener as having been satisfactorily examined. Abhrevidtions : g. stands for Gospeh, a. for Acts and Cathol. Epistles, p. for Pauline Epistles, e. tor Revelation, and E, for Eoangelistaria. 1.* Basileensis ^ a. n, iv. 2 (X.) V. p. 82. 2. do. A. N. IV. I (XV.). 3. Corsendoncensis ^ (XIL). 4. Regius-^ 84 (XIL). 5.R. 106 (XIL). 6.E. 112 (XL). 7. i2 71 (XL). 8. S. 49 (XL). 9. H. 83 (1168). 10. H. 91 (XIIL). n. i2 121-2 (XIL). 12. R. 230 (XL). 13. E. 50 (XIL) p. 82. 14. R. 70 (XIIL). 15. R. 64 (X.). 16. R. 54 (XIV.). 17. R. 55 (XVI ). 18 R. 47 (1364). 19. R. 189 (XIL). 20. R. 188 (XIL). 2L R. 68 (X.). 22. 72. 72 (XI.) p. 82. 23. R. 77 (XL). 1 In the Library at Basle. Facsimile in Scrivener. (See p. 82 in this Manual. ) 2 Once in the convent at Corsendonck; now at Vienna. 3 The designation of many MSS. in the National (for- merly Royal) Liljrary at Paris. 24. R. 178 (XL). 25. R. 191 (X.). 26. R. yS (XL). 27. .2. 115 (XL). 28. R. 379 (XL?). 29.R.S9 (XIL). 30. R. 100 (XVI.). 3L R. 94 (XIIL). 32. R. 116 (XIL). S3.*R. 14 (XL) p. 83. 34. Coislinianus ■* 195 (XL) 35. C. 199 (XL). 36. C. 2o(XL). 37. C. 21 (XIL). 38. C. 200 (XIIL). 39. C. 23 (XL). 40. C. 22 (XL). 41. C. 24 (XL). 42. Medicceus^ (?). 43. Gr(^cus^4 (XL). 44. Missxjamis '^ (XL). ■* This and the seven fol- j lowing were once in the library of Bp. Coishn, of Metz. They are now at I'aris. 5 Present locality unknown. ^ In the Arsenal at Paris. Formerly called San-Ma- gloriunus. "! In Brit. Museum, Add. MSS. 49i9. Brought from Mt. Athos by Caesar de Missy. 45. Bodleian^ Baroc. 31 (XIIL) 46. B. Baroc. 29 (XL). 47. B. Misc. 9 (XV.). 48. B. ]\lisc. (XIL). 49. B. Eoe i (XL). 50. B. Laud. 33 (XL). 51. B. Laud. 31 (XIIL). 62. B. Laud. 3 (1286). 53. 5. Selden28(XIV.). 54. J?. Seldeii29(1338). 55. B. Selden 6 (XIIL). 56. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 18 (XVL). 57. Magdalen Coll.{Oxt) Greek 9 (XIL). 58. Nov. Coll. (Oxf.) 68 (XV.). 59.* Caius Coll. (Csimb.) 403 (XII .j. 8 Bodleian Lib. at Oxford. Codices Barocciani are those purchased from the Lib. of Jacopo Barucci, of Venice, and presented to the Bodleian Lib. by Wm. Herbert, of Pembroke, a.d. 1629. Misc. are the codices Miscellanei; Laud, are the gift of Abp. Laud; Roe, of Thos. Roe ; and Selden, of John Selden, in the Bodleian Lib. * See Scrivener's Introduction for a fuller account of all these MSS., as well as of others more recently discovered and not yet numerically' classified. 120 CUESIVE MANUSCRIPTS : THE GOSPELS. 60. Univ. Lib. (Camb.) Dd. 9. 69 (1297). Ql.* Montfortianus(Trin. Coll. 'Dublin) g. 97 (XVI.) p. 83'. 62. Univ. Lib. (Camb.) Kk. 5. 35 (XY.). 63. Ussher i (Tiin. Coll. Dublin) A. I. 8 (X.). 64. Ussher 2 (Missing). 65. Harleianus (Hrit. Mus.)5776(XIIL). 66.* Galei Londinensis^ (XII.). 67. Bodleian Misc. 76 (XL). 68. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 17 (XIIL). 69.* Leicestrensis 2 (XIV.) V. p. 84 70. U7iiv. Lib. (Camb.) LI. 2. 13 (XV.). 71.* Lamibeths 528 (1160). 72. Earleianus (Brit. Mus.) 5647 (XL). 7Z. Christ-Church (Oxf.) Wake 4 26 (XL). 74. Ch.-Ch. (Oxf.) Wake 20 (XIIL). 75. Genevensis 19 (XL). 76. Ccesar. Vindobonen- sis,^ Nessel 300 Lambec. 28 (XL). 77. CcBS. Vind. N. 154, L. 29 (XL). 78. Nic. Jancovich de Vadass (Hungary ?) (XII.). 79. Geor. Douzce^ (?). 80. Grcevii7 (XL). ^ Once belonging to Th. Gale, Dean of York. '^ In Library of the Town Council at Leicester. 3 Lambeth Pal. Lib., Lon- don. "• Formerly belonging to Abp. Wake. ^ Imperial Lib., Vienna. ^ At Leyden. ' " Probably somewhere in Holland."— Scr. 81.S (?) 82." (?) 83. Monacensis ^ 518 (XL). 84. M. 568 (XIL). 85. M. 569 (XIIL). 86. Byzantinus [Pres- burg] (XL). S7 .Trevirensis^ [Treves] (XIL). 88. (?) 89.* Gottingensis (1006). 90. Jac. Fabri'-^ (XVL). 91. Ferronianus * (X.). 92. Foeschii i ^ (XV.). 93. GrcBvii (?). Q4:.Fceschi2 (XVIL). 95. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 16 (XIL). 96. Bodleian Misc. 8 (Auct. D. 5. I.) (XV.). 97. Hirsaugiensis ^ (1500). 98. EocZZemu E.D.Clarke 5 (XII-)- 99. Lipsiensis, Bibl. Paul. (XVL). 100. Faul. L. B. de Eubesivald [Pestb] (X.). 101. Uffenbach (XVL). 102.* (1591?) 7 103. Regius 196 (XL). 104. Hieronymi Vignerii (X.). ^ MSS. cited in a correc- toriiim of the Xlllth cent. 9 Seven unknown MSS., cited in 1440. See Scr. 1 Munich. 2 At Treves. See No. 250 for Wetstein's 87. 3 Copied by Jacobus Faber from a MS. dated 1293. ■* Forpaerly Card. Perron's. ■* At Basle. 6 Written by a monk of Hirschau. '^ Readings cited by Wet- stein, but believed by West- cott to be from Cod. B. See Smith's Bib. Diet., art. New Testament. 105. EbnerianxiH^ (Bodl.) Misc. 136 (XIL). 108. Winchelseanus (X.). 107. Bodleianus (XIV.). 108. Cces. Vindob. Koll. 4 P. 5- (XL). 109. Brit.Mios.Add.Siiy (1326). 110. Baviamis, Berlin (XVI.). 111. Bodleianus (XIL). 112. Bodl. (XL). 113. Harleianus 1810 (Brit. Mus.) (XL) 114. ifarZ. 5540 (XIIL). 115. Harl. 5559 (XIL). 116. Harl. 5567 (XIL). 117. Harl. 5731 (XV.). 118.* Bodleianus Misc. 13 (Marsh 24) (XIIL). 119. Regius 8$ (XIL). 120. Supplement Gk. Paris 185. (XIIL). 121. MS. once at St. Genevieve's (Paris) but now lost (1284). 122. Bibl. Lugd. Bata- voruw. (XIL). 123. Cces. Vindob. Nessel. 240 Lamb. 30 (XL). 124.* C. V. J^. 18S L. 31 (XIL). 125. C. V. Kollar. 6 Forlos. 16 (X.). 126. Guelpherbytaniis ' xvr. 16 (XL). 127. Vaticanus ^ 349 (XL). 128. V. 356 (XL). 129. V. 358 (XIL). 130. V. 359 (XIIL). s " A beautiful copy on 426 leaves ofvellum, with 27 lines in each, formerly belonging to Jerome Ebner von Es- chenbach, of Niu-emberg." (Scrivener.) 9 At Wvjlfenbiittel. 1 Vatican Lib. at Rome, CURSIVE manuscripts: the gospels. 121 131. V. 360 (XI.). 182. V. 361 (XL). 133. V. 363 (XL ?). 134. V. 364 (XL ?). 135. r. 365 (XL ?). 136. V. 665 (XIIL). 137. r. 756 (XII.). 138. V. 757 (XII.). 139. 7. 758 (XIL). 140. F. 1 1 58 (XIL). 141. V. 1 160 (XIIL) 142. F. 1210 (XL). 143. F. 1229 (XL). 144. F. 1254 (XL). 145. F. 1548 (XIIL). 148. Palatino-Vati- canus^ 5 (XIL). 147. P..V. 89 (XL). 148. P.-V. 136 (XIIL). 149. P..r. 171 (XIV. 150. P.-V. 189 (XL). 151. P.-V. 220 (XL). 152. P.-V. 227 (XIIL). 163. P.-V. 229 (XIIL). 154. Alexandrino - Vati- canus, or Christina} - 28 (1442). 155. A-F79(XL?). 156. A..V. 189 (XIL). 157. Urhino -Vaticanus ^ 2 (XIL). 158. Pii 11. Vatic. 53 (XL). 159. Barherinianus -i 8 (XL). 160. B. 9 (1123). 161. -B. 10 (X.). 162. J?. II (1153). 163. B. 12 (XL). 164. B. 13 (1040). 165. B. 14 (1197). 1 Formerly belongring to Palatine.Elector of Bohemia. 2 Gift of Christina, Queen , of Sweden, to Alexander , VIII. 3 Brought to Home from I Urbijio by Clement Vil. (see , p. 85). " AmouS'. Syn. 380 [Mt. 1.] 380 (XIL). 243.* Tvpographei S. S. 13 [Mt. m.] (XIV.). 244 * Typogr. S. S. i Mt. n.] (XIL). 1 Lib. of the Escurial in Spain. 2 Royal Lib. .Copenhagen. 3 Lilj. of Holy Synod, Moscow. Collated by C, F. MatthgB. 245.* S. S. 265 [Mt. 0.1 (1199). 246.* 8. 8. 261 [Mt. p.] (XIV.). 247.* >S'. 8. 373 [Mt. q.] (XIL). 248.* 8. 8. 264 [Mt. r.] (1275). 249.* .S'. ,S'. 94 [Mt. s.] (XL). 250.* S. S. see Table VIII. cod. V. [Mt. v.l (Wetsteins S7) (XIIL). 251.'^Tahularii Imperial. [Mt. X.] Moscow (XL). 252.* Dresdensis a. 145 [Mt. z.) (XL) 253.* MS.of Xicephorus, Abp. of Cherson (Mt. 10) (XL). 254.* Dresden a. too (Mt. II) (XL). 255.*8.8ynod. 139 (Mt. 12) (XIIL). 256.* Typ)oqr. 8. S. 3 (Mt. 14) (IX.?). 257.*-S.Svnod.^i2o(Mt. 15) (ix.). 258.* Dresdensis a. 123 (m. 17) (XIIL). 259.*/S'. &'(/riotZ.45. (Mt. a) (XL) 260. Regius SI (XII.) 261. B. 52 (XIV.) 262.»E. 53(X.). 263. R. 61 (XIIL) 264. R. 65 (XIIL) 265. R. 66 (X). 266. R. 67 (X.). 267. R. 69 (X.). 268. E. 73 (XIL). 269. R. 74 (XL). 270. R. 75 (XL). 271. R. 75 a (XIL). 272. R. 76 (XL). 273. R. 79 (XIL). 274. E. 79 a (X.). '^ Said by Scrivener to be identical with Uncial Cod.O. 275. 276. 277 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300, 301. I 302. 303. 304. 305. I 306. 307. I 308. i 309. 310. 1311. 1312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. I 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. R. 80 (XT. R. 81 (XL). R. 81 A (XL). R. 82 (XIL). R. 86 (XIL). R. 87 (XIL). R. 88 (XIL). E. 90 (1176). R. 92 (XIV.) R. 93 (XIIL). R. 95 (XIV.). R. 96 (1432). R. 98 (XV.). R. 99 (XVI). R. 100 A. (1625). R. 108 a (XIIL). E. 113 (XIL). E. 114 (XL). E. 117 (1373). E. 118 (XIIL). E. 120 XIIL). E. 123 (XVI.). 140 a (XIL). 175 a (XIL). 177 (XL). 186 (XL). 187 (XL). 193 (XVL). E. 194 A. (XL) E. 194 (XIIL). E. 195 (XIIL). E. 197 (XIL). E. 199 (XL). E. 200 (XIL). E. 201 (XIL). E. 202 (XL). E. 203 (XIL). E. 206 (1308-) E. 208 (XIV.). E. 209 (XIL). E. 210 (XIIL). E. 211 (XIL). E. 211 (XIL). E. 213 (XIV.). E. 231 (XIL). R. 232 (XL). E. 303 (XIIL). E. 315 (XV.). E. ii8a (XVL). E. 376 (XIII). E. 377 (XIII). CURSIVE MANUSCEIPTS : THE GOSPELS. 123 326. R. 378 (XIV.)- 327. B. 380 (XV.). 328. R. 381 (XVI). 329. Coislinianus 19 (XI.). 330 Coislin.^ 196 (XI.). 331. Coislin 197 (XII.). 332. Taurinensis -XX. b. IV. 20 (XI.) 333. Taur. b. iv. 4 (XIII). 334. Taur. 43 b. V. 23 (XIV.). 335. Taur. 44 b. v. 24 (XVI.) 336. Taur. loi c. IV. 17 ] (XVI.). 337. Taur. 52 b. v. 32 (XII.). 338. Taur. 335 b. t. 3 (XII.). 339. Taur. 302 c. 11. 5 (XIIL). 340. Taur. 344 b. I. 13 (XL?). 341. Taur. 350 b. i. 21 (1296). 342. Taur. 149 b. ii. 3 (XIIL). 343. Amhrosianiis •* H. 13 (XII.). 344.^mbr. G. 16 (XII.). 345. AniJ)r. 17 (XL). 346. ^/;iZ>r. s.23(XII.). 347. Arabr. 35 (XII.). 348. Arabr. a. s6 (1023). S^9.Ambr.Y.6i{1222). 350. Arabr. B. 62 (XL). 351. Arabr. B. 70 (XI). 352. vim br. b.93(XIL). 353. Ajnb/. 51.93 (XIIL). 354. r(?net. 29 (XL). 355. Yen. 541 (XL?). 356. Yen. 545 (XVI.). 357. Ven. 28 (XL). 358. Mutinensis ■* 9 (11. A. 9) (XIV.). 1 Missing from the Paris Lib. (Burgon in Scrivener.) 2 Turin, Italy. 3 Ambrosian Lib. at Milan. < Modena, 359. Mutin. 242 (ill. B. 16) (XIV.). 360. De Rossi ^ i. 231 (XL). 361. -De Rossi 2. 1821 (XIIL). 362. Laurent^ 167 (Biblioth. St. Mariae 74) XIIL). 363.Xau.vi.i3 (XIIL). 364. La;t.vi.24(XIIL). 365. Lau. VI. 36 (XIIL). 366. iau. 171. (XIL). 367. Lau. S3 (1332). 368. Riccardian ' 84 (XV.). 369. Rice. 90 (XIL). 370. Ricr.. 5 (XIV.). 371. Vaticanus 1159 (X.). 372. Pat. 116 1 (XV). 373. Vat. 1423 (XV.). 374. Vat. 1445 (XIL). 375. Vat. 1533 (XIL). 376. Vat. 1539 (XL). 377. Vat. 1618 (XV.). 378. Vat. 1658 (XIV). 379. 7at 1769 (XV.). 380. Vat. 2139 (XV.). 381. Palatino .Vat. 20 (XIV.). 382. Vat. 2070 (XIIL). 383-4-5. Collegii Ro- mani (XVI.). 386. Vat. Ottobon. 66 (XV.). 387. Vat. Ott. 204 (XIL). 388. Vat. Ott. 212 (XIL). 389. Vat. Ott. 297 (XL). 390. Vat. Ott. 381 (1252) 391. Vat. Ott. 432 (XL). 5 At Parma. Collated by De Ros>i. 6 Of. No. 182. No. 362 was formerly in the Benedictine Lib. of St. Maria, No. 74. ' In the Libreria Riccardi at Florence. 225 22 28 29 392. Barhcrin.^ (XIL). 393. ValUcelU e (XVI.) 394. Vail. F. 17 (1330) 395. Casanate'>^sis R. v. 33 [Home] (XIL). 396. Ghigianus r. iv. 6 [Rome] (XIL). 397. Vallicell.c. 4. (XY.). 398. Taurinensis 92 c. IV. 6 (XIIL orX VI.). 399. Ta.ur. 109 c. iv. 29 (XV. or XVI.). 400. Biblioth. Beroli- nensis (XV.). 401. Neapolitanus L c. 24 (XL). 402. Iseap. \. c. (XV.). 403. Neap. 1. c. (XIL). 404. " Abbatis Scotti" [of Naples] (XL). 405. Venetian.^ clfissI.K. Nanianus 3 [86 : ij (XL). 406. Ven. I. xr. Nan. 4 [86: 6] (XL). 407. Veil. I. XII. Nan. 5 [86: 6] (XL). 408. Ven. i. xiv. Nan. 7 [86: 6] (XIL). 409. Ven. i. xv. Nan. 8 [86: I] (XIL). 410. Ven. i. xvii. Nan. 10 [86 : 6] (XIV.). 411. Ven. I. xviii. Nan. 11 [86: 6] (XL). 412. 7e7^. I. XIX. Nan. 12 [86: 6] (1301). 413. Ven. i. xx. Nan. 13 [86 : 6] (1302). 414. Ven. I. XXI. Nan. 14 [86: 6] XIV.). 415. Ven. I. XXII. Nan. 15 [86: 6] (135G). 8 Cf. Uncial Codex Y, Table VI I L 9 Cf. No. 169. 1MS3. at Venice. Once be- longing to the Naiii family. 124 CUESIYE MANUSCEIPTS I GOSPELS^ ACTS, EPISTLES. 416. Ven. i. xxiv. Nan. 17 [86: i] (XIV.). 417. Ven. I. XXV. Nan. 18 [86: 6] (XII.). 418. Veil. I. xxviii. Nan. 21 [86 : I] (XV.). 419. Ven. I. LX. [86: l] (XL?) 420. Messanensis i (XIV.). 4:21.Syracusanus(Kll.?) 422. Monacensis 210 [Munich] (XI.). 423. Moil. 36 (1556). 424. Mo7i. 83 (XVI.). 425. Mon. 37 (XVI.). 426. Mon. 473 Augs. 9 (XIV.). 427. Mon. 465 Augs. 10 (XII.?) 428. Mon. 381 Augs. 11 (XIII.) . 429. Mon. 208 (XIII.) . 430. Mon. 437 (XI.). 431. Molsheimensis ^ (XII.). 1 At Strasbourg. Brought from the Jesuits' College at Molsheim, in Alsace. 432. Monacensis 99 (XVI.). 433. BeroUnensis [Schulz239](XII.). 434. Coes. Vindob. 71. Lambec. 42 (XIV.). 435. Gronovii 131 [at Ley den] (?). 436. Meennann '^ 117 (1322). 437. Petropolitanus [St. Petersburg] (XL). 438. Brit. Mus. 51 1 1-2 (XL). 439. Brit. Mus. 5107 (1159). 440. Camhridge Univ. Lib. 2423. 441. 442. 443. Camh. Univ. Lib. 2512 (XII.). 444. Harleian. 5796 (XV.). 445. Harl. 5736 (1506). 446. Harl. 5777 (XV.). 2 Possessed and collated by Burgon. 447. Harl. 5784 (XV.). 448. Harl. 5790 (1478). 449. Brit. Mus. 4950-I (XIIL). 450. Jerusalem i f Greek Monast.atJ.](1013). 451. Jer. 2 (XIi:). 452. Jer. 3 (XIV.). 453. Jer. 4 (XIV.). 454. Jer. 5 (XIV.). 455. Jer. 6 (XIV.). 456. Jer. 7 (XIIL). 457. St. Saha 2 (Monas- tery near Dead Sea) (XIIL). 458. St Saha 3 (1272). 459. St. Saha 7 (XII.). 460. St. Saha 8 (XII.). 461. St. Saha 9 (835). ^62. St. Saha 10 (XIY.). 4:63. St. Saha II (XIV.). 464. St. Saba 12 (XL). 465./S^/Safeai9(XIII.). 466. /S'i.5:a?>a2o(XIII.). 467. Patmos [Codex in Monastery at] (XL). 465. Patmos (XIL). 469. Patmos (XIV.). -CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS OP THE ACTS AND CATHOLIC EPISTLES. 1.* = G. 1 {i.e. the same as Cursive No. 1 of the Gospels). 2. Basil. A. N. 4 (XIV.) 3. = G. 3. 4. Basil. A.N. iv.5(XV.). 6. = G. 5. 6. = G. 6. 7. Begins 102 (X.). 8. (Missing.) 9. Vatdbli Camb. 2068 (XL). 10. Regius 237 (X.). 11. B. 103 (X.). 12. B. 219 (XL). 13. = G. 33. 14. = G. 35. 15. Coislin. 25 (XL). 16. Cois. 26 (XL). 17. Cois. 205 (1079). 18. Cois. 2C2. 2 (XIIL). 19 = G '^8 20. Brit. Mus. King's Lib. I. B. T. (XIV.). 21. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd. xr. 90 (XIIL). 22. Brit. Mus. Addi. 51 15 (XIL). 23. Bodleian Baroc. 3 (XL). 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. * Christ. Coll. Camb. p. I. 13 (XIL). Harleian 5537 Co- vell. 2 (1087). Harl. 5557 CovelL 3 (XIL). Harl. 5620 CovelL 4 (XV.). * Harl. 5778 CovelL 5 (XIL). Genevensis 20 (XIL). Bodleian Miscel. 74 (XL). ^ = G. 69 (p. 84). = G. 51. CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS: ACTS AND CATHOLIC EPISTLES. 125 33. Lincoln Coll. (Oxf.) 82 (XII.). I 34.* = G. 61 (p. 83). 35. = G. 57. 36. New College (Oxf.) ' 58 (XIII.). 37. New Coll (Oxf.) 59 (XIII.). I 38.* LugdMixo-Batav. 77 Mills. Petav. i (XIIT.). 39. ? Petav. 2 (?). 40. Alexandrino - Vat. 179, Petav. 3 (XI.) v.p.83. 41. = G. 175. 42.* Gymnasium at Frankfort - on - the- Oder (XI.). 43. = G. 76. 44. = G. 82 Paul, 15, Apoc. 5. 45. Uffenhach. i or 2 (Hamburg), (XV.). 46. Monacensis 375 ^■y ^^^-^^ 47. = G. 90. 48. = G. 105. 49. = G. 92. 60. = G. 8 (?). 51. Regius 56 (XII.). 52. Rhodiensis (un- known) ? 53.* Emman. Coll. Camb.i.4,35(XII.). 54. = G. 43. 55. (Copy of Jude in g. 90.) 56. Bodleian Clarke 4 (XII.). 57. = G. 234. 58. Bodleian Clarke 9 (XIIL). 59. Harleian 5588 (XIIL). 60. Harl. 5613 (1407). 61.* Brit. Mus. add. 20003 (loti) (1044) vide p. 84. 62. Regius 60 (Colbert) (XIV.). 63. Coes. Yindoh. n. 313 L. 35 (XIV.). 64. Cces. Vind. n. 303 l. 36 (XII.). 65.* = G. 218. 66. Cais. Yindoh. n. 302 L. 34 (XII.). 67. CcBS, Yind. N. 221 L. 37 (1331). 68. JJpsal; Sparwenfeld 42 (XII.). 69. Guelplierhytanus XVI. 7 (XIII.). 70. = G. 131. 71. = G. 133. 72. Yatic. 366 (XIIL). 73. Yatic. 367 (XL). 74. Yatic. 760 (only Acts) (XII.) . 75. rzG. 141. 76. = G. 142. 77. = G. 149. 78. ^Zea;-7at.29(XII.). 79. Urhino-Yat. 3 (XL). 80. Pio-Yat. 50 (XIL). 81. Barherin. 377 (XL). 82. = G. 180. 83. Bihl. Borlon. Beg. (Naples) I. B.I 2 (X.). 84. Laurent, iv. i (Flo- rence) (X.). 85. Lau. IV. 5 (XIIL). 86. Lau. IV. 20 (XL). 87. Lau. IV. 29 (X.). 88. Lau. IV. 31 (XL). 89. Lau. IV. 32 (1093). 90. = G. 197. 91. = G. 201. 92. = G. 204. 93.* = G. 205. 94.* = G. 206. 95.* = G. 209 (p. 85). 96.* Yenet. 11 (XL). 97. Guelpherhyt. Gud. gr. 104. 2 (XIL). 98.* Mosquensis [Mat- thei a] (XL). 99.* Mosq. S. Synod 5 [Mt. c] (1445). 100.* Mosq. S. S. 334 [Mt. dj (XL) 101.* Mosq. S. S. 333 [Mt. f] (XIIL). 102.* Mosq. S. 8. 98 [Mt. g] cf. Cod. X. Tab. VIII. (IX.). 103.* Mosq. 8. 8. 193 [Mt. hj (XII.) 104.* = G. 241. 105.* = G. 242. 106.* Mosq. 8. 8. 323 [Mt. m] (XL) 107. Bresdensis a. 104 (X. ?). 108. = G. 226. 109. = G. 228. 110. = (?). 111.* = G. 440. 112. (?) 113.* - G. 18. 114. Regius 57 (XIIL). 115.* R. 58 [Colbert] (XIIL). 116. R. 59 [Teller's] (XVI.). 117.* = G. 263. 118. Regius loi (XIIL). 119. R. 102 A. (X.). 120. R. 103 A. (XL). 121. R. 104 (XIIL). 122. R. 105 (fragments) (XL). 123. R. 106 A. (XIV.). 124. R. 124 (XVI.) 125. R. 125 (XIV.). 126. R. 216 (X.). 127.* R. 217 (XL). 128. R. 218 (XL). 129. R. 220 (XIIL). 130. R. 221 (XIL). 131. R. 223 (XIL). 132. := G. 330. 133. Taurinensis 285 c. I. 40 (XIL). 134. raitr. 315 (now 19) c. II. 17 (XL). 135. = G. 339. 136. Taurinensis 328 (now i) 0. II. 31 (XIL). 137. -4mbros.E.97(XL). 138.^m6r.E.io2(XlV.). H6 CUESIVE MANUSCRIPTS : EPISTLES. 139. Amhr.Ti. 104 (1434:). 140. renet 546 (XI. or XIII.) . 141. = G. 189. 142. Mutinensis{cc-K\ni.) HI. B. 17 (at Mo- dena) (XII.). 143. Laurent vi. 5 (Acts ■wanting) (?). 144. = G. 363. 145. = G. 365. 146. = G. 367. 147. Laurent iv. 30 (at Florence) (XII.). 148. Lau. 2574 (98-1). 149. Lau. 176 (XIII.). 150. = G. 368. 151. = G. 386. 162. (?). 153. = G. 444. 154. Vatican. i27o{XV.). 155. Vat. 1430 (Acts wanting) (XII.). 156. Vat. 1650 (1073). 157. Vat. 1 7 14 (XIL). 158. Vat. 1 76 1 (XI.). 159. Vat. 1968 Basil 7 (XI.). 160. Vat. 2062 Basil loi (XL). 161. Vat. Ottob. 258 (XIIL). 162. Vat. Ottob. 298 (XV.). 163. Vat. Ottob. 325 XIV.). 164. = G. 390. 165. Vatican. Ottoh.r:^iy (XIV.). 166. ValUcellian. B. 86 (XIIL). 167. = G. 393. 168. VallicMian. F. 13 (xr^.). 169. Ghigian. R. v. 29 at Eome (139J:). 170. = G. 394. 171. CoUeqii Eomani (xvi.y. 172. Coll. Rom. (XVI.) . 173. Bibl. Borhon. Reg. [at Naples] (XL). 174. Neapol. I. c. 26 (XV.). 175. Messanensis If. [Basil m.] (XIL). 176. = 6.421. ; 177. = G. 122. 178. Meermanti. n8 I (XIL). 179. Monacens. 211 (XL). 180. = G. 431. 181. = G. 400. 182. St. John's Mona.^- terj/, Patmos (XIL). 183. Greeh Man. at Jenisalem 8 (XIV.). 184. Gr. Man. at Jer. 9 (XIIL). 185. St. Saba i (XL). 186. = G. 457. 187. = G. 462. 188. St Saba 15 (XIL). 189. = G. 466. 190. Christ Ch. Oxf. Wake 34 (XL). 191. Chribt Ch. Oxf. Wake 38 (XL). 192. Christ Ch. Oxf. Wake 37 (XL). C— CUESIVE MANUSCKIPTS OF THE PAULINE EPISTLES. 15. MS. cited by Eras- mus. 16. = A. 12. 17.*=G. 2,Z. 18. = G. 35. 19. = A. 16. 20. Coislin 27 [from Athos] (X.). 21. =: A. 17. 22. = A. 18. 23. Coislin 28 [from Athos] (XL). 24. = G. 105. 25. = A. 20. cited by J. le F. |26. =a. 21. d'Etaples. I 27. Camh. Un. Lib. 1152 14. = G. 9c. Ff. I. 30 (XIIL). l,*zr G. I. 2. = A.2(i.e.ActsNo.2). 3. = G. 3. 4. = A. 4. 5. = G. 5. 6. = G. 6. 7. Basil. A. N. III. II (formerly b. vi. 17). 8. = A. 50. 9.= A. 7. 10. = A. 8 11. = A. 9. 12. = A. 10. 13. Certain readings 28. = A. 23. 29. = A. 24. 30. = A. 53. 31. = A. 25. 32. = A. 26. 33. = A. 27. 34.* = A. 28. 35. = A. 29. 36. = A. 30. 37.* = G. 69 (p. 81). 38. = G. 51. 39.= A. 33. 40.*= G. 61 (p. 83). 41. = G. 57. 42. = Magdal. Coll. (Oxf.) Greek 7. 43. = A. 37. I CURSIVE MANCSCRIPTS: PAULINE EPISTLES. ]'Z7 44.* - A. 38. I 45. =z A, 39. 46. = A. 40 (p. 83). I 47. Bodleian. Koe 16 (Mill's Roe 2) (XII.) (p. 83). 48. = A. 42. 49. = G. 76. 60. = A. 52. 61. = G. 82. 52. = A. 45. 63. — Cod. M. of UwcmZs (Ruber) q.v. (IX.) | 54. = Monacensis 412 (XIL). 65. r= A. 46. 66. = Ti^u;'i}ius[inpub. Lib. Zurich] (1516). 67.*= G. 218. 68. Fat. 165 Mon. of Crjpta Ferrata (XIL). 69. Coislin 204 (Scholz) (XL). 60. = G. 81. 61.* - A. 61. 62. =r A. 59. 63. =: A. 60. 64. Cod. M. of Uncials (Ruber) q.v. (IX.). 65. - A. 62. 66. Readings of Gries- bech from Harl. 5552. 67. = A. 66. 68. = A. 63. 69. = A. 64. 70. = A. 67. 71. CcEs. Vind.ol). Forlos. i9Kollar. lo(XIL). 72. = G. 234. 73. =z A. 68. 74. = A. 69. 75. Brit. Mus. Add. 5 1 1 6 (= A. 22) (XIL) 76. Bibl. Paul. Lipsiensis (Mt. s) (XIII). 77. = G. 131. 78. = G. 133. 79. - A. 72. 80. = A. 73. 81. Vat. 761 (XII ). I 82. Vat. 762 (XIL). 83. Vat. 765 (XL). i 84. Vat. 766 (XIL). I 85. Vat. 1 136 (XIII.) 86. nG. 141. 87. = G. 142. 88. = G. 149. 89. = A. 78. 90. = A. 79. 91. = A. 80. 92. = G. 180. 93. = A. 83. 94. -: A 84. 95. = A. 85. 96. = A. 86. 97.= A. 87. 98. = A. 88. 99. = A. 89. 100. = Laurent, x. 4 (XIL). 101. Lau. X. 6 (XI ). 102. iaw. X. 7(XI.). 103. Lau. X. 19 (XIIL). 104.* = G. 201. 105. = G. 204 ? 106. = G. 205. 107. =z G. 206. 108. -■ G. 209 (p. 85). 109. = A. 96. 110.* Veyiet. 33 (XI). 111.* Ven. 34 (XL). 112.* Ven. 35 (XL). 113.* = A. 98. 114.* = A. 99. 115.* = A. 100. 116.* = A. lOI. 117.=*= = A. 102. 118.* = A. 103. 119. Mosq. Synod.. 292 (Mt. i.) (XIL) 120.* = G. 241. 121.* = G. 242. 122.* = A. 106. 123.* Mosq. Syn. 99 Mt. 1 u) (XL). 124.* Mosq. Syn. 250 I (Mt. q.) (XIV.). 125. Monacensis 504 Reisser 5 Munich I C1387). 126. Mon. 455 Reis. 19 Hoeschel 35 (1389j. 127. Mon. no [copied frora Cod 54]. 128. =: A 179. 129.il/oji. 35 (XVI.). 130. = G. 43. 131. = G. 330. 132.* =z G. 18. 133. = A. 51. 134.* = A. 114. 135. =A. 115. 136. = A. 116. 137.* = G. 263. 138. =A. 118. 139.* = A. no. 140.* = A. II. 141. = A. 120. 142. = A. 121. 143. = A. 122. 144. = A. 123. 145. Regius 108 [once Colbert's] (XVI.). 146. R. 109 (XIV.). 147. R. no (1511). 148. B. Ill (XVI). 149. = A. 124. 150. = A. 125. 151. iZ. 126 (XVI.). 152. R. 136 a. (?). 153. = A. 126. 154. = A. 127. 155. = A. 128. 156. = A. 129. 157. R. 222 [once Col- bert's] (XL). 158. = A. 131. 159. R. 224 (XL) 160. R. 225 (XVL). 161. R. 226 (XVL). 162. R. 227 [once Bigot's] (XVL). 163. iieams 238 (XIIL). 164. R. 849 (XVL). 165. Taurinen. 284. C. I. 39 (XVL). 166. = A. 133. 167. = A. 134. 168. Taur. 325. C. ir. 38 (XIL). 169. = A. ?6. 128 CURSIVE MANUSCRIPTS: EPISTLES AND REVELATION. 170. = G. 339. 171. Amhros. b. 6, inf. at Milan (XIII.). 172. Amhr. 15 (XII.). 173. = A. 138. 174. = A. 139. 175. ^mbr. r. 125 (XV.). 176. = A. 137. 177.* Mutinens. 14 (MS. ir. A, 14) Modena (XV.). 178. =A. 142. 179.* Unc. Cod. H. of Acts, q.v. (XII.). 180. = G. 363. 181. = G. 365, 182. ='g. 367. 183. = A. 147. 184. = A. 148. 185. = G. 393. 186. = G. 394. 187. = A. 154. 188. = A. 155. 189. Vat. 1649 (XIII.). 190. = A. 156. 191. = A. 157. 192. =: A. 158. 193. = A. 160. 194. = A. 175. 195. Vat. Ottoh. 31 (X.). 196. Vat. Ott. 61 (XV.). 197. Vat. Ott. 176 (XY.). 198. = A. 161. 199. = G. 386. 200. = A. 162. 201. = A. 163. 202. Fa^.Oi^. 356 (XV.). 203. = G. 390. 204. = A. 166. 205. = A. 168. 206. = A. 169. 207. Ghigian. R. v. 32 at Eome (XV.). 208. G%- VIII. 55 (XI.). 209. =A. 171. 210. = A. 172. 211. = A. 173. 212. = A. 174. 213. Barherin. 29 (1338). 214. Caesar. Vindobon. theol. 167. L. 46 (XV.). 215. = A. 140. 216. = A. 175. 217. Bill. Beg. Panormi [Palermo] (XII.). 218. = G. 421. 219. = G. 122. 220. = G. 400. 221.*- G. 440. 222 and 223 (?). 224. = A. -58. 225 and 226 (?). 227. = A. 56. 228. = G. 226. 229. = G. 228. 230. = G. 368. 231. = A. 183. 232. = A. 184. 233. = A. 185. 234. - G. 457. 235. = G. 462. 236. = A. 188. 237. = G. 466. 238. = G. 431. 239. = G. 189. 240. = G. 444. 241. = A. 97. 242. = A. 178. 243. = A. 182. 244. = A. 190. 245. = A. 191. 246. = A. 192. 247. Lib. St. Genevieve, Paris, A. 35 (XIV.). 248. Bcecleri (see a. 235)- D.— CUESIVE MANUSCEIPTS OF THE BOOK OF KEVELATION. 1. Johannis Beuchlini (XII.). 2. = A. 10. 3. Stepliani iSfaba24(XIII.). 170. S. Saha 25 (XIIL). 171. S. Saha [im. numbered] (1059). 172.t Patmos, Lib. of Mon. of St. John ("IV." Scr.). 173.t Patm. (IX.). 174.t Patm. (X.). 175.t Patm. (X.). 176. Patm. (XIL). 177. Patm. (XIIL). 178. Patm. (XIV.). 179.* Treutrensts, Cathe. dral Lib. (XL). 180.t Coes.Vindoh.ccix. (IX.). (2.) LECTIONARIES CONTAINING THE APOSTOLOS OR PRAXAPOSTOLOS. (See p. 73.) l.*t 2. = Evangelistarium 3. Extracts from i Peter 4. Laurent. 24 Badia 6. and John in a Cod. 2742 (XI). Brit. Mus. Cotton. at Trinity Hall, 5.* Gottingense 2 (Univ. Vespas. B. xviii. Camb. (now miss- Lib.) once de Missy' a (XL). ing). K 2 (XV.). 132 LECTIONAEIES. 6. = G. 117. 7. = Evst. sy. 8. = E. 44. 9. =:E. 85. 10. = E. 85. 11. Regius 104 a (XII.). 12.* = E. 60. 13.*t Mosq. S. Syn. 4 [Mt. b] (X.). 14.* Mosq. S. S. 291 [Mt. e] (XII.). 15.* Ttjpogr. Syn. 31 [Mt. tz] {dated 1116). 16.* = E. 52. 17.* = E.53. 18.* = E. 55. 19.* = E. 55. 20.* = E. 56. 21. = E. 83. 22. Regius 304 (XIII.). 23. R. 306 (XII.). 24. R. 308 (XIII.). 25. 2^.319 (XI.). 26. R. 320 (XII.). 27. R. 321 (XIII.). 28. = E. 26. 29. = E. 94. 30. Regius 373 (XIII.). 31. = E. 82. 32. = G. 324 Evst. 97. 33. Regius 382 (once Colbert's) (XIII). 34. R. 383 (ouce Col- bert's) (XV.). 35. = E. 92. 36. =E. 93. 57. = G. 368, A. 150, p. 230, R. 84. 38. Vat. 1528 (XY.). 39. = E. 133. 40. Barherini 18 [pa- limpsest] (X). 41. Barb. (XI.). 42. Fallicell. c. 46. 43. (?). 44. Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, q. 3, 4. 45. Hunt. Mus. p. 2, 9. 46. Amhros.c.62 (XIV.). 47. = E. 104. 48. (?). 49. 8. Saba 16 (XIV.). 50. 8. 8aha. 18 (XV.). 51. = 8. 8aba 26 (XIV.). 62. = E. 171. 53. = E. 160. 54. 8. 8aba [no number] (XIIL). 55. = E. 179. 56. = A. 42, p. 48, R. 13 and E. = ?. 57. = R. 26. 58. Walce 33 at Christ Ch. (Oxf.) (dated 1172). Note. — The above List of Lection aries embraces only those which have been regularly numbered. Beside these, more than a hundred are men- tioned by Scrivener, mostly fragments, which have not as yet been classified. In all Scrivener reckons 286 Evangelistaria, and 74 copies of the Prax- apostolos. He also counts 623 cursives of the Gospels, 234 of the Acts, 283 of the Pauline Epp., and 105 of Eevelation, making in all 1605 cursives. The numbers with (?) attached to them no longer represent any genuine manuscript. 133 TABLE X. TABLE OF THE ANCIENT VERSIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. Cext. Old Latin, impro- perly called Italic or Vetus Itala. REMARKS. Originated in North Africa in the second century. A revised text was current in Italy in the fourth century, and the existing MSS. vary much from each other. Whether there was origi- nally only one, or more than one independent version, is still in dispute. The principal manuscripts are — I. Of the Gospels, a. Cod. Vercellensis, 4th cent., b. Cod. Veronensis, 4th or 5th cent. c. Cod. Colbertinus, 11th cent., d. Cod. Bezae (or Cantabrigiensis D), 6th cent. Conformed generally to the Greek text of the MS. e Cod. Palatinus (at Vienna), 5th cent., /. Cod. Brixianus (at Brescia), 6th cent., ff.'^ff.'^ Codd. Corbeienses {ff.^ 8th cent., ^.2 6th or 7th cent. Once at the Abbey of Corbie in Picardy, Scr.) . ^.^^r.^Codd. Sangermanenses (.7.1 8th cent., g."^ 10th cent.), h. Cod. Claromontanus (Matthew only), 4th or 5th cent. i. Cod. Vindo- bonensis, 5th or 6th cent. ./. Cod. Sarzannensis (discovered in 1872 in the church of Sarezzano, near Tortona), 5th cent. k. Cod. Bobbiensis (now in Turin), 4th or 5th cent. I. Cod. Rhedigeri- anus or Rehdigerauus (Breslau), 7th cent. m. a MS. of the " Spe- culum," ascribed to Augustine, containing extracts from Scrip- ture (now in the monastery of Santa Croce, Rome), 8th cent. w. Cod. Sangallensis, 4th or 5th cent., o. p. small fragments (at St. Gall), 7th and 8th cent. q. Cod. Monacensis (at Munich), 6th cent. «. Cod. Mediolanensis (at Milan), 5th or 6th cent. f.Cod.Curi- ensis (oth cent., two leaves of St. Luke, Chur, Switzerland). II. Of the Acts, we have d. m. as in the Gospels, e. Cod. Laudianus (E*), 6th cent, «. Cod, Bobbiensis (now at Vienna), 5th cent. For " reg." see below. III. Of the Catholic Epistles, ff. and m. as in the Gospels, r. (or r"^) Cod. Frisingensis (Munich), 7th cent,, ». as in the Acts. IV. Of the Pauline Epistles, we have m. as in the Gospels, Codd. d.efg. are the Latin versions of Codd. DPEfFfG^ .9Mc,Cod. Guelpherbytanus (fragments of Epistles to the Romans), 6th cent., r (orr» and r**) Cod. Frisingensis (Munich), 6th cent, (if not 5th). V, Of the Apocalypse, we have only m. of the Gospels and two palimpsest leaves of a MS. in the National Lib. at Paris (Lat. 6100 G). Of these MSS. a. b. c. and i. represent in the main the original African text ; /. is supposed to represent the ItaUc reeension (and so r, of the PauUne Epistles). Others, as e. k. I., have a mixed text. Of these MSS. of the Gospels, a. b.f. were published by Bian- chini, Evang. Quadruplex, Rome, 1749; a. also by Irico, 1748; c. by Sabatier, Bibl. Sac. Lat. Versiones ant., tom. iii. 1749 ; d. by Kipling (1793) and Scrivener (186 1) ; e. by Tischendorf, Evang. Pal. ined., 1847 ; ff.^ by Martianay (1695) ; h. (Matt, imperfect) by Card. Mai, in Script, vet. nov. coll., tom. iii. (1828) ; i. (Mark and Luke) by Alter (1791, /) ; k. (Mark and Matt.) by Tischendorf, in the Vienna JahrbUcher d. Lit. 1847 — 1849; I. by F, Haase, Breslau, 1865—1866 ; m. by Card. Mai, in the Nova Patrum Biblioth. tom. i. pars ii. (1852) ; «. (Luke) by Ceriani, in his Mon. Sac. ei Prof ana (1861) ; t. by Ranke, CurienHa Ev. Luc. Frag. Marb. 1872. 134 Cewt. Name, REMARKS. II. II. (or III.) II. (or ni.) IV. v.? Old Latin, impro- perly called Italic OT Vetus Itala. Curetonian Syriac. MempTaitic or Coptic. Thebaic or SaMdic. Baslimuric. PesMto Syriac. ff."^ was collated by Sabatier and Biancbini ; g.^ .9.2 by Sabatier, n. o. p. q. were transcribed by Tischendorf for pubUcadon. II. As to the Acts, e. was published by Hearne in 1715, and by Tisch. in 1870 (Mon. torn, ix.) ; s. by Tisch. in the Vienna Jahrhii- clier d. Lit., 1847, III. r. (r,<=) of the Catholic Epistles, containing 1 John iii. 8— v, 21, was published by Ziegler in his Italufrag- mente, Marb. 1876. Some additional fragments of 1 and 2 Peter were also published by Ziegler, Munich, 1877, IV. Pauline Epp. ffue. was published by Tisch. in his Anecdota sac. et prof., 1855, p. 153 flf. r. (r.») of the 6th or 5th cent., containing 21 leaves, and r.'' one leaf of about the 7th cent., were found in the binding of old books now in the Library at Munich, and were published by Ziegler in his Italafragmente (1876). Tischendorf had before examined 9 of these leaves, and used them for his New Testa- ment of 1859, V, Two palimpsest leaves referred to above, containing Rev. i. 1 — ii, 1 ; viii. 7 — ix. 2, were published by Mr, Vansittart in the Journal of Philology, vol. iv. pp. 219 — 222. This MS., which has 10 leaves containing the Acts (see Vansittart in Journal of Philology, vol. ii. pp. 240 — 246), is cited (from Sabatier) by Griesb., Scholz, and Tisch. as "reg." but they give no account of it in their Prolegomena. Eighty-two and a half leaves, containing portions of the Gospels, from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara, in the Nitrian desert ; edited, London, 1858, with an Eaglish translation by Dr. Wm, Cureton, Three more leaves, containing John vii, 37 — viii. 19 (but without the passage about the woman taken in adultery, vii. 53— viii. 12) ; Luke xv. 22— xvi. 12 ; xvii, 1—23, were discovered by Brugsch in 1871, and are now in the Imperial Library in Berlin. For a Greek translation of the whole, see J. R. Crowfoot, Fragmenta Evangelica, 2 parts, London, 1870 — 1871 [1872]. A version in the dialect of Lower Egypt, Contains all the books of our present canon except the Apocalypse, which is found, however, in some late MSS. The order of the books is (1) Gospels, (2) Pauline Epp., (3) Cathohc Epp., (4) Acts. The Pauline Epp. include Hebrews, "Of all the versions the Mem- phitic is perhaps the most important for the textual critic " (Lightfoot in Scrivener). Lightfoot's hst of Memphitic MSS. existing in European Libraries gives 28 of the Gospels, 17 of the Pauline Epp,, Catholic Epp., and Acts, and lOof the Apocalypse. (Edited, with a Latin translation, not very trustworthy, by D. Wilkins, Oxon. 1716). An edition of the 'Gospels was pub- lished at Berlin by M. G. Schwartze in 1846 — 1848, which wholly supersedes WUkins's for critical purposes. The Acts and Epp. were afterwards published (1851 — 1852) atHaUeby P, Boetticher, alias P. A. de Lagarde. A version in the dialect of Upper Egypt. Fragments first collated by Woide in 1779 ; believed by Lightfoot to belong to the 2nd century. Fragments published by Mingarelli (1785), Giorgi (1789), Miinter (1789), and by Ming'arelli (1790). Woide's edition appeared after his death, published by Prof. Ford in 1799. " Second only to the Memphitic in textual value " (Lightfoot in Scrivener) . A modification of the Thebaic to adapt it to the language of the Bashmurites, a race of herdsmen who dwelt in the Delta of the Nile. Only a few fragments remain, published by Engel- breth, Havniae, 1811, and these are only useful in passages where the Thebaic is wanting. This version has been variously estimated. Scrivener placed it as early as the 2nd century. Other and later critics, such as S. P. Tregelles and F. J. A.'Hort, regard it as a revision of the Old S^-riac made in the 3rd or 4th century. Westcott thinks 135 Cext. IV, !Name. Gothic. lY. Vulgate. IV. ^ttuopic. Armenian. Jenisaljm Syriac. EEMARKS. that it holds a relation to the Curetonian similar to that of the Vulgate to the Old Latin. It probably never contained the four Catholic Epp. and the Apocalypse now absent from it. See Smith's Bib. Diet. Art "Versions." A version made byUlfilas (b. a.d. 311 or313), Bishop of the Goths 341—381 (or a.d. 343—383), from the Septuagint and the Greek New Testament. The principal MSS. are three, viz. (1) Cod. Argenteus (containing fragments of the Gospels), in the Univer- sity of Upsal; (2) Cod. Carolinus (containing about 40 verses of the Epistle to the Romans), first published by Kiiittel. 1762; (3) Palimpsest fragments of five codices in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. " The readings approach nearer the received text than the Egyptian, or one or two other versions of about the same age" (Scrivener). The best edition in some respects is that by H. C. von der Gabelentz and J. Loebe, Leipzig 1836 — 1846 : the text is given more accurately by Uppstrom, 1854, 1857, 1861, 1868 ; other valuable editions by Massmann, 1855 — 1857, Stamm and Heyne 6' Aufl., 1874; best for critical purposes, Bernhardt's, Vulfila, Halle, 1875. Revised from the Old Latin by Jerome at the request of Pope Damasus in a.d. 383 — 385. Authorized edition published by Sixtus V. in 1590, and by Clement VIII. of Rome, 1592. Scrivener says that as a translation and as an aid to the criticism of the Greek text of the New Testament the Vulgate is far superior to the Old Latin. Some of the oldest MSS. are— I. Of the whole New Testament. (1) Cod. Amiatinus, 6th cent., collated by Tischendorf (1843) and Tregelles (1846) , published by Tischendorf 1850, 2nd ed. 1854. "Stands first among the authorities for the Hieronymian text" (Westcott). (2) Cod. Fuldensis, 6th cent., collated by Lachmann and Buttmann, and published by Ranke, 1868. "Of nearly equal value with Cod. Amiatinus, and apparently derived from the same source " ("Westcott). (3) Cod. Toletanus (Toledo), the collation by Christopher Palo- mares, was published by Bianchini in his Yindici'i— e and Abbreriatioii. Be™*. b4-. TT- - , Ar:hb:s^or» ■:•: Rheiirs. 61 :-;:;^rH:"^T^:-5:s, B:5h:T.c:<^vi:>. 3-^ -s X-i';--us, B:-:: :: X;.^^:.. Zcba. 4i ■.sH^:--;:us, P-.^ __ .\ I - . , 5o. — -'-J A:: 7 - 330 JuTencos (Jut.), T_ - 303 Lactantius (Lact.), 7- . . . ....-, 440 Tieo L (Magnus), r . : 553 Liberatns, H -J 354 Lucifer (Luc), E_- ._,_.::. 418 Marius Mercator, 2 _ ;_ - •_ iZi^, 649 Martinus, T_ 422 I \irin. 431 Maximinus, : -?^rb(?). 251 Xovatian (Xovat.), - 'rvatians. 36S Optatus, I . : - . Africa. 416 Orosius, Sj^-ai^sa xi,= : ;:..n. 344! Oisiesius JEgyptius, 370 Pacianus, Bishop of Bar ? r ! ; r^ . 776 Paulinus Aquileienais, Paulof AqTxi.r .. 405? Pelagius, Founder of Prl.^i.risni. 380 Philastrius, Bishop of Bre=>oia. 359 Phsebadins, Bishop of Agen- 550 Primasius (Prim.), Bishop of Admmetus, Africa. 444 405 Prodentius Aurelius (Prud.), Christian Poet 390 Rufinus Torianus (Ruf.), Of Aquileia. 1111 Rupertus Tuitiensis, Abbot of Deutz. 470 Ruricius, 440 Salvianus, Presbyter of Marseines. 434 Sedulius (Csecilius), 385 Siricius, Bishop of Rome. 192 TertulUanus (Tert), 390 Tichonius, The Donatist of Africa. 439 Valerianus, Bishop of Cemelieus. 484 Victor Vitensia, African Bishop. 555 Victor TununensiB (Vic Tun.), 362 Victorinns, F.^L (Victorin.), The African. 4^4 Vigilios Tapsensis (VigiL', The African. 360 Zeno Veronenais, 425 Zosimus, The IGstorian, Bishop of Rome. 144 TABLE XIIL LIST OF EOMAN EMPERORS FEOM AUGUSTUS TO CONSTANTINE, B.C. 31— A.D. 337. B.C. 31 to A.D. 14 A.D. 14-37 37-41 41-54 54-68 68-69 69 69-79 79-81 81-96 96-98 9S-117 117-138 138-1 «1 161-180 180-192 193 193-211 211-217 217-218 218-222 222-235 235-238 238-244 244-249 249-251 251-253 253 253-260 260-268 268-270 270-275 275-276 276 276-282 282-283 283-284 284-285 285-305 305-306 306-307 307-324 324-337 \ Augustus, Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus. Tiberius. (Seja:sus, Consul, 2Q — 31.) Caligula. Claudius. Nero. Galea. Otho (Jan, to April). Yitellius (April to Dec). Yespasian. Titus. domitian. Nerva, M. Cocceius. Trajan. M. Ulpius. Hadriax. Antoninus Pius, T. Aurelius. ]Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus. COMMODUS. Pertinax (Jan. to March) ; Julian, I\I. Dldius (March to June). Septimius Severus. Caracallus and Geta (211 — 212). Macrinus. Elagabalus (proper!)- called AviTUS, or Bassianus). Alexander Severus. Maximin, the Thracian. Gordian. Philippus, M. Julius (of Bostra, Arabia). Decius. Gallus and Yolusianus. ^MiLiANUS (three months), Yalerian and Gallienus (254 — 260). Gallienus. Claudius II,, 1\T. Jurelius. AuRELiAN, L. Domitius. Tacitus, J\f. Claudius. Florian (three months), and Probus, M. Aurelius. Probus, l\r. Aurelius. Carus, il/, Aurelius, and Carinus. NuMERiAN and Carinus. Carinus and Diocletian. Diocletian and Maximian (286 — 305), Augusti, with Galerius and Constantius (292 — 305), Ccesars. Galerius and Constantius, Augusti, with Maximin and Severus, Ccesars. Galerius and Severus, Augusti, with Constantine and Maxi- min, Casars. Constantine, Maximian (307 — 310), and Maxentius (307—312), in the West; Galerius (307— 311), Maximin (307— 313), and LiciNius (307—324), in the East. Constantine, sole Emperor, 115 INDEX, Abbot, Ezra, vii. 78, 82, 85. Acts, 62 ; date of, 56. Africa, schools of North, 42. Alexandria, 46, 75 ; Christians in, 23 ; schools of, 41, 49; patriarch of, 76. Alexandrinus, Cod., 33, 69, 71, 72, 75, 80. Alford, B. H., 83, 92. Amastris (Paphlagonia), 39. Ambrose, 42, 88. Ambrosiaster, 88. Amelias, 30. Ammonian Sections, 70, 74. Ammonius of Alex., 71. Andreas, 70, 87. Andrew,' 37 ; Acts of, 62. Ante-Xicene Chr. Lib., 7. Antilegomena, 62. Antioch, 11. Antoninus, Marcns, Apology to, 33. Antoninus Pius, 15, 22, 23, 27, 38, 57 edict of, 23. Apocalypse, 61, 63. ApoUinaris, Claudius, works of, 38. Apollinarius, 30, 91. Apologists, 37. Apostles, choice of, 26. Apostolical Constitutions, 62. Apelles of Asia, 44. Appian, 17. Apuleius, writings of, 23. Aristides, (Elius, 28. A^stion, 37. Amobius, 42, 49. Arrian, 21. Artemon, 44. Asia !Minor, Christians of, 8 ; common council of, 23 ; pro-consul of, 21, 23. Ass, the Golden, 24. Athanasius, 42, 49, 76, 87. Pseudo-Athanasius, 92. Athenagoras, 41 ; apology to, 39. Athenians, 23 ; Ep. to, 39. Athens, Bp. of, 37 ; philosopher of, 39. Augustine, 42, 88. Augustus, Cagsar, age of, 13. Aurelian, 30. Aurelius, Marcus, 27, 28, 35, 38, 39. Autolycus, Apology to, 38. B. Baber, H. H., 77. Baptists, allusions to, 16. Barnabas, the Levite, 33; Ep. of 57, 62. Bartolocci, 77. Jiasil, the Great, 87, 91. Basilides of Alex , 44, 59. Basileensis, Cod., 72, 82. Basnage, 29, 44. Bauer, 33. Ben gel, critical canon of, 92. Bentley, 77. Bethesda, Pool of. 90. Bezse, Cod., 72, 80. Bezas, Theo., 81. Bible, number of translators of, 10 ; translation of, 9. Bingham, Antiquities, 6. Birch, 77, 83, 85. Bithynia, province of, 19. Bleek, 33. 146 INDEX. Bos, 77. Bradford, Wm., 12, 47. Britain, 7. British Museum Lib., 33, 75, 76, 8i. Britanicus, Cod. 84. Bunsen, 41. Burgon, J. W., 78, 79. Caesar Augustus, age of, 13. Caesars, lives of, 17. Caesarea, 57 ; bp. of, 70. Cambridge, Lib. of, 80. Canon, Bengel, 93 ; catalogues of, 59 ; classification of, 61 ; Eusebian, 70, 71, 74 ; formation of, 58 ; first and second, 63. Canonical books, history of, 55. Cappadocia, 70. Caro, Hugo de Sancto, 71. Carpianus, 71. Carpocrates, 44. Carthage, cathedral of, 7 ; schools of, 41, 49. Casaubon, Meric, 27. Cassian, the Docete, 44. Cassius, Dion, 29. Catherine de Medici, 79. Cave, 36, 87. Celsus, 25, 26, 50. Cerdon of Eome, 44. Cerinthus, 44. Charles L, 75. Christianity, spread of, 18, 20. Christian Lib., Ante-Nicene, 7. Christians, in Alex., 23 ; in Asia, 22 ; examination of, 19, 20 ; leniency towards, 29; presbyter of, 29 j re- ligious observances of, 20. Chrysostom, 87, 91. Pseudo-Chrysostom, 92. Chrysostomus, Dion, 21, 35. Church, extent of, 6. Cicero, age of, 13. Claudius, life of, 17. Claudius Apollinaris, works, 38. Clement of Alex., 32, 39, 42, 49, 60, 87. Clement of Eome, 33, 61 ; ep. of, 32. Colbertinus, Cod., 82, 83. Colonies, New England, 16 j Plymouth, 9,47. Colossae, letters to, 8. Colossians, ep. to, 56. Commodus, emp., 39. Congregationalists, hist, of, 16. n^, Constantino, 9, 45 ; conversion of, ^i* Constantinople, cathed. of, 7 ; patriarch of, 75. Constitutions, Apostolical, 62. Corinth, letters to, 8. Corinthians, 21 ; Ep. to, 55. Cowper, B. H., 76. Cozza, 77. Cramer, 83. Credner, 33. Crevier, history of, 29. Criticism, textual, 88. Cronius, letter to, 24. Cureton, Wm., 34. Curetonian Syriac, 72. Cursive MSS., 82. Cyprian, 42, 49, 88. Cyril of Alex., 87, 91. Cyril of Jerusalem, 87. D. Dacians, 7. Decius, 29. De Wette, 92. Didymus of Alex., 87, 92. Diocletian, Churches of, 5; perse- cutions of, 8. Diognetus, 32, 35. Dion Cassius, 29. Dion, the Sophist, 21. Dionysius, 39, 42 ; Ep. to Eom., 39. Pseudo-Dionysius of Alex., 92. Dobbin, 84, 94. Doddridge, 26. Domitian, 12, 23 ; persecutions of, 29. Donaldson, 33. Dove, descent of, 26. Dressel, A. R. M. 32. Dryden, satires of, 19. Duncker, 41. Ebionites, 43, Egypt, 84 ; Hadrian in, 22 ; Christians in, 23. Ellicott, 92. Ephesians, Ep. to, 56. 1M)EX. 147 Ephesus, letters to, 8, 38. Ephraemi, Cod., 69, 72, 79. Epictetus, the Stoic, 21. Epiphanius, 87, 91. Erasmus, 84, 91. Eusebian sections, 70 ; canons, 70, 74. Eusebius, Eccl. Hist, 21, 22, 23, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 61, 62, 70, 71, 76, 87. Eutlialian divisions, 76. Euthalius, 68, 70, 83, 92. Eutherius, 91. Evodius, successor of, 33. F. Faber, Tanaquil, 25. Fabri, Cod., 72. Fathers, j^postolic, 32, 36 ; Christian, 87 ; Greek, 87 ; Latin, 88, 92 ; Pil- grim, 9, 12 ; Syrian, 79. Felix, Minucius, 27, 28. Ferrar, 82. Field, 76. Field of inquiry, 5. Flavius Vopiscus, 23. Florinus, letter to, 40. Floras, L. A., history of, 17. Ford, 77. Fronto, orator, 27, 28. Fundanus, Itinucius, 21, 22, 23. Funk, F. X., 32. Galatia, Letters to, 8. Galatians, Ep. to, 55. Galen, works of, 28. Galileans, 21. Gallienus, 30. Gallus, 30. Gardiner, 89, 96. Gaul, 7, 82 ; bps- of, 6. Gaussen, Canon of N. T., 61. Gebhardt, O. von, 32, Gelasius, 91. Germans, 7. Gethsemane, 46. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 6, 7, 8, 18. Gieseler, 33. Gnossians (Crete), 39. Gortyna, Chm-ch of, 39. Gothic peoples, 7. Grabe, 76. Granianus, Serenius, 21, 22. Granville, 78. Greece, Churches of, 8. Greeks, edict addressed to, 23. Green, T. S., 92. Gregory of Xyssa, 92. Gregory Thaumaturgus, 42. Griesbach, 88, 92, 93, 95. Guericke, 33. Hadrian, Emp., 21, 23, 37 j letters of, 22. Hampton Court, Conference at, 9. Harnack, A., 32. Hebrews, Ep. to, 56, 61, 62. Hefele, C. J., 32, 33. Hegesippus, Ch. Hist., 39. Hermas, Shepherd of, 32, 36, 62, 74, 75. Hermogenes, 44. Herod, 45 ; slaughter by, 26. Herzog's Encycl., 36. Hi^rapolis, Bp. of, 36, 38. Hierocles, 30, 50. Hieronymus, 88. Hilary, 42. Hilary of Poitiers, 88. Hilgenfeld, 33. Hingham, church of, 12. Hippolytus, 41, 87 ; works of, 40. Historians, Secular, notices of, 17. History, ancient and modern, com- parative view, 10. Holmes, 77. Homologoumena, 62. Horace, age of, 13. Hort, 79, 92. Hug, J. L., 33, 78, 80. Huther, 92. I. Ignatius, 57, 58; Ep. of, 32, 58; martyrdom of, 32, 34, 35. Ignatius of Antioch, 34. Immer, Hermenetics of, 96. Inquiry, field of, 5. Investigation, method of 4. Ionia (Asia Minor), 39. Iren^us, 35, 37, 40, 43, 59, 60, 87 ; works of, 40 ; Hare/s edition of, 43. Italy, churches of, 6, 8. 148 INDEX. James, 37; Ep of, 55. James I. of England, 9. Jericho, fall of, 61. Jerome, 39, 57, 67, 87, 88, 91, 92 ; De Vir. in. 38, 41. Jerusalem, converts at, 11 ; destruc- tion of, 29 ; Holy Sepulchre in, 46. Joannes Damascenus, 87, 92. John, Acts of, 62 ; baptism, 26 ; Church of, 12 ; date of Ep. to, 56 ; date of Gospel of, 56. Johnson's Encycl., 86. Joshua, homily on, 61. Judas, betrayal, 26. Judaea, Christianity in, 18. Judgment, rules of, 92. Justin, History of Trogus, 17. Justin Martyr, 23, 38, 57, 59, 87; AjDologies of, 48; First Apology, 22. Juvenal, Satires of, 18. K. Kipling, Thomas, 81. Kuster, 82, L. Lacedaemonians, Ep. to, 39. Lachmann, 92. Lactantius, 42, 49 ; writings, 19, 29, 30. Lampridius, 29. Lardner, credibility, etc., 14, 21, 23, 25, 28, 30, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 47, 59 ; translation by, 25. Larisseans, 23, Lascar, A. J., 79. Lazarus, tomb of, 46. Le Clerc, 44. Leicester, Lib. of, 84. Leicestrensis, Cod., 72, 84. Leucius, 44. Lightfoot, 79. Literature, Pagan, evidences of, 14. Livy, age of, 13. Lucar, Cyril, 75. Lucian, 14, 24, 25. Lucifer of Cagliari, 88. Luke, date of Gospel of, 56. Lydia, 38. M Mc- Clellan, 79, 94. Macarius of Jerusalem, 91. Macedonia, Churches of, 8. Macedonius, 92. Madden, Sir Fred., 92. Magi, prophecies of, 26, 69. Magus, Simon, 44. Mai, Cardinal, 77. Manuscripts, Alexandrian, 95; classi- fication, 72 ; Constantinopolitan, 95 ; cursive, 82 ; form, 67 j uncial, 73 ; w^estern, 95. IMarc, 44, IMarcellinus, 76. Marciou of Pontus, 43, 44, 58, 59. Marcus Antoninus, Apol. to, 38. Marcus Aurelius, z7, 28, 35, 38, 39. Mark, date of Gospel, 56; testimonv to, 36. Martin I., Pope, 91. Martyrs, 37. Matthew, date of Gospel, 56 ; testimonv to, 36, 37. Matthias, Gospels of, 62. Maximinus, the Thracian, 29. Maximus Confessor, 87. Maximus Tyrius, 15. Maximus Valerius, 17. Melito, Bp. of Sardis, 23, 38. Menander, the Gnostic, 44. Metamorphosis, 24. Methodius, reply to Porphyry, 30. Meyer, 92. Mico, 77. Mill, 83, 84. Miller, E., 41. Milligan, Wm., 33. Minucius FeHx, 27, 28. Minucius Fundanus, 21, 22, 23. Mohler, 33. Monacensis, Cod., 72. Montanus, 44. Montfortianus, Cod., 72, 83. ]\[oors, 7. Morton, George, 12. Moses, school of, 28. Mtiller, 33. Muratori, Lib. of, 59. N. Nablous, 38. Nativity, place of, 46. Nazareth, 26. INDEX. 149 Keander, 33. Neapolis, Flavia, 38. Nero, 23, 45; death of, 18; life of, 17, persecutions of, 8, 19. Nerva, leniency towards Christians, 29. Nestorius, 91. Kew England Colonies, 16 ; founded, 9. New Testament, citations from, 86 ; esti^nation of, 7 ; versions of, 85. Nicholas v., Pope, 77. Nicomedia, Church of, 6. Nicomedians, Ep. to, 39. Nile, Churches of, 6. Northcote, Spencer, 45. Norton, Genuinene.=:s of Gospels, 57. Novatian, 88. 0. CEcnmenius, 88, 92. Olshausen, 92. Origen, 26, 36, 42, 49, 61, 87, 91 ; on authorship of Ep. to Barnabas, 32. Ovid, age of, 13. Oxford chronological tables, 30. P. Pagan -writers, notices of, 18 ; litera- ture, 14. Palestine, 25, 46. Palimpsests, 67. Pamphilus, Lib. of, 57. Pansa, palace of Edile, 46. Pantaenus, 41. Papias, 37 ; fragment of, 32 ; testi- mony of, 36. Paris National Librar\', 79. Parsons, 77. Paterculus, Y., history of, 17. Paul, 36, 50; Church of, 12; con- version of, 91 ; death of, 8. Pausanias, Itinerary of, 17. Peabody, A. B., 3. Pearson, 77. Penn, 78. Peshito, 60 ; Syriac, 86. Peter, 36, 37, 50 ; Church of, 12 ; date of First, 56 ; death, 8 ; denial, 26 ; revelation, 62 ; Gospels of, 62. Philemon, Ep. to, 8, 56. Philip, £.7. Philippi, letters to, 8. Philippians, Ep. to, 56. Philo, age of, 13. Philomelium, Church at, 35. Photius, 87, 92. Pbrygia, 36. Pilate, Pontius, 18, 48 ; Acts of, 47. Pilgrim Fathers, 9, 12. Pius, Bp. of Eome, 36. Pliny, age of, 13 ; Ep. of, 21. Pliny the younger, letter of, 19. Plutarch, ase of, 13. Plymouth Colony, 9, 47. Polycarp, 35 ; Ep. of, 32 ; interview with, 40 ; letter to, 34 ; martyrdom of, 32, 35. Polycarp, Bp. of Smyrna, 35. Pompeii, recent discoveries at, 46. Pontus, Bps. of, 6 ; Churches of, 39. Porfiri, Abp., 74. Porphyrv, 50 ; works, 30. Porson, 92, 94. Portu.s, Hippolytus, Bp. of, 41. Pothinus, Martyr, 39. Praxeas of Africa, 44. Priscian, 14. Primasius, 88. Prodicus, 44. Proteus, Peregrinus, death of, 24, 25. Pudentilla, wife of Apuleius, 2i. Q. Quadratus, Apology of, 37. R. Rawlinson, Hist Ev., 38, 45, 50. Readings, nature of, 89. Revelation, date of, 56, 62. Romans, Ep. of Dionysius to, 39; Ep. to, 55. Eome, letters to, 8 ; fire at, 18 ; senate of, 30. Rcinsch, 88. Roth, C. L., 82. Routh, 37. Rufinus, 88. Russia, Emp., 75. 150 INDEX. Sallust, age of, 13. Samaria, 38. Sancto Caro, Hugo de, 71. Sardinia, 68 ; mines of, 41. Sardis, Bp. of, 23, 38. Sarmatians, 7. Satuminus of Antioch, 44. Schneidewin, 41. Scholz, 77. Scrivener, 69, 73, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96. Scrooby, clim-ch of, 12. Scythians, 7. Sections, Ammonian, 70; Eusebian, 70. Semiscli, article of, 36. Seneca, M. A., age of, 13, 14. Seneca, L. A., age of, 14. Septuagint, 73, 74, 77. Serapis, priests of, 28 ; worsliippers, 22. Serenius Granianus, 21, 22. Sergio, 77. Sermon on Mount, 26. Servianus, the Consul, 21, 22. Severus, Alexander, 29. Severus, Septimus, 29, 40, 92. Severus, Sulpicius, 29. Shechem, 38. Short, Charles, 86. Sibylline books, 30. Simon Magus, 44. Sinai, Mount, 73. Sinaiticus, Cod., -68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74. 75, 78, 79, 90. Sinope (Paphlagonia), 58. Smith's Bih. Diet, 33, 58, 85, 86, 96. Smith's Diet, of Chr. Antiq., 6. Smyrna, church of, 35. Soter, Bp. of Rome, 39, Spain, 7 ; bps. of, 6. Spartian, 29. Spohn, G. L., 76. St. Catherine's Convent, 73. St. Mark's Library, 85. Stephens, Robert, 72. Strabo, age of, 13. Strauss, Lehen Jesu, 4. Suetonius, age of, 13, 17. Sulci, Bp. of, 68. Sychar, 38. Synagogue, Jewish, 22. Syria, Churches of, 8; Hadrian in, 22. Syriac, Curetonian, 72 ; Peshito, 86. Tacitus, age of, 13 ; annals of, 17. Tacitus, Caius Cornelius. 18, 19. Tatian, the Assyrian, oration of, 39. Tertullian, 7, 42, 43, 47, 49, 60,88; Apology of, 48. Text, divisions of, 68. Thaumatnrgus, Gregory, 42. Theocracy, New England, 16. Theodore t, 87, 92. Theodotus, the Valentinian, 44. Theodotus, the Tanner, 44, 91, 92. Theognostus, 42. Theophilus, Bp. of Antioch, 38, 58. Theophylact, 88. Thessalonians, 23 ; Ep. to, 55. Thessalonica, letters to, 8. Thomas, 37 ; Gospels of, 62. Thrace, bps. of, 6. Tiberius, 17, 18, 48. Timothy, Ep. to, 8. Tischendorf, 33, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 88, 92. Titus, Ep. to, 8 ; date of, 55. Trajan, Emp., 19, 21, 34. Tregelles, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 92, 95, 96. Trogus, History of, 17. Trypho, the Jew, 38. Tyrius, Maximus, 15. U. Uhden, Hist, of Congregationalists, 16. Ulpian, 29. Uncial MSS., 73. TJrbino, Cod., 85. V. Valentinians, 43. Valentinus, 44. Valerian, 30. Valerius Maximus, 17. Valpy, 24. Vatican Lib., 77, 83, 85 ; MSS. 68, 69, 78. Vaticanus, Codex, 68, 77. Velleius Paterculus, 14. INDEX. 151 Vera Historia, of Lucian, 25. Vercellone, 77. Venis, Lucius, 35. Virgil, age of, 13. Vopiscus, Flavius, 23, 20. Vulgate, 86, 91, 92. W. Ward, H. W., 91, 92. Weiss 79. Westc'ott, 33, 58, 59, 60, 63, 79, 86, 92. Wetstein, 79, 82, 92. Wiesinger, 92. Winer, 33. Winthrop, John, 16. Woide, C. G., 76. Wordsworth, 92. Writers, Pagan, notices of, 18. Writings, evidence of heretical, style of, 67. Z. Zacagni, L. A., 83. Zacynthius, Cod., 69. Zahn, Th., 32. i Zigabenus, Euthymius, 88. 43 THE END. GILBERT A^D EITINGTON, PEINTEE3, ST. JOHN'S SQUAEE, LONDON". WARREN F. DRAPER, PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER, ANDOVER, MASS., Publishes and offers for Sale the following Works, which will be sent, post-paid, on receipt of the sums affixed. GARDINEK'S GREEK HARMONY. A Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek, according to the Text of Tischendorf, with a Collation of the Textus Beceptus, and of the Texts of Griesbach, Lachmann, and Tregelles. By Frederic Gardiner, D.D., Professor in the Berkeley Divinity School. 8vo. $3.00. " A very important matter in the preparation of the Harmony is, of course, the choice of a text. rhe one chosen by Professor Gardiner is that of Tischendort 's eighth edition of the New Testa- ment. This text was chosen because ' it embodied the latest results of criticism, having had the advantage throughout of the Codex Sinaiticus and of a more close collation of the Codex Vaticanus.' Professor Gardiner would, indeed, have published his Harmony more than a year ago, but waited till opportunity could be given for consulting this last edition of Tischendorf. It is an obvious merit in this Harmony, that the student can see at a glance whether or not the text of Tischendorf agrees or conflicts with that of Griesbach, Lachmann, and Tregelles in places where there is adif- ference of ooinion. It ib another excellence of the work that the Greek text is bo accurate, evinciog the most scrupulous care and thorough scholarship on the part of the editor." — BMtotheca Sacra. " The notes of the author are marked by scholarship and good sense. The student will find it a convenient manual for the study of the Gospels, because he sees upon one and the same page the readings of the principal editions and manuscripts, together with the quotations made by the evan- gelists from the Old Teatament." — Princeton Review. "Dr. Gardiner's work has been well done, and he has given ua a Harmony of great value." — Quarterly Review Evang. Luth. Church. " By this scholarly work Dr. Gardiner has rendered all diligent students of the Gospel narrative an invaluable service. In a single volume, and by the most satisfactory arrangement of the several and inspired accounts of the life and doings of our Lord, the book furnishes the best results of the ablest and most laborious investigation of all known sources of knowledge regarding the original sacred text."— Reformed Church Monthly. ♦' It is a superior work of its kind." — National Baptist. " This book, the result of great research and utmost painstaking, is well worthy the considermtioii of all Bible scholars." — Watchman and Reflector. GARDINER'S ENGLISH HARMONY. AHarmonyof the Four Gospels in English, according to the Authorized Version ; corrected by the best Critical Editions of the Original. By Frederic Gardiner, D.D., Professor in the Berke- ley Divinity School. 8vo. Cloth, $2 00. *• The Harmony in English, the title of which is given above, is a reproduction of the Harmony in Greek; no other changes being made than such as were required to tit the work for the use of the English reader who desires to learn some of the improvements which modem criticism has madeia the authorized English Xex^i:' — Bibliotheca Sacra. " We gladly commend this Harmony to every intelligent reader of the Scriptures. The need of •uch a guide is felt by every thoughtful Churchman at least once a year — in Holy Week — whes he desires to read the events of each day in the order in which they happened so many years ago. We do not think that our laymen know how much they will be helped to the understanding of the Gospels by a simple Harmony, perhaps reads as we suggested above, in connection with some ■tandard Life of our Lord."— 7%^ Churchman. LIFE OP CHRIST. The Life of our Lord in the Words of the Gospels. By Frederic Gardiner, D.D., Professor in the Berkeley Divinity School. 16mo. pp. 256. SI. 00 " It is well adapted to the convenience of pastors, to the needs of teachers in the Bible-clasi and Babbath-school, to the religious instruction of families. It bids fair to introduce improvements into the Btyle of teaching the Bible to the young." - Bibliotheca Sacra. " This little volume will not only answer as a Harmony of the Gospels for the use of those who •nly care to have results, out it will be an excellent book to read at family prayers, or to study witD « Bible-class."— Chrigtian Union. (1) Publications of W. F. Draper. WINER'S N. T. GRAMMAR. A Grammar of the Idiom of the New Tea- tament; prepared as a Solid Basis for the Interpretation of the New Testament. By Dr. George Benedict Winer. Seventh Edition, enlarged and improved. By Dr. Gottlieb Lunemann, Professor of Theology at the University ol Gbttingen. Eevised and authorized Translation. 8vo. pp.744. Cloth, $4.00; sheep, $5,00 ; half goat, $5.75, ** Prof. Thayer exhibits the most scholarly and pains-taking accuracy in all his work, especial attention being given to references and Indexes, on which the value of such a work so much depends. The Indexes alone fill eighty-six pages. The publisher's work ia handsomely done, and we cannot conceive that a better Winer should be for many years to come accessible to American •cholars." — rnnceton Review. " We trust that this admirable edition of a justly famous and surpassingly valuable work, will gain extensive circulation, and that the study of it will begin Afresh.'" — Baptist Quarterly. "The seventh edition of Winer, superintended by Lunemanif (Leipz. 1867), we have at last, thanks to Prof. Thayer, in a really accurate translation." — Dr. Ezra AMx>t, in Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, American Edition. " We have before us, in our own language, ' a reproduction of the original work,' in its nK)8t per- fect form, and with its author's latest additions and improvements." — New Englander. "Professor Thayer has introduced numerous and important corrections of Masson's translation, and has made the present edition of the Grammar decidedly superior to any of the preceding translations. He has made it especially convenient for the uses of an English student by noting on the outer margin of the pages the paging of the sixth and seventh German editions, and also of Prof. Masson's translation. Thus the reader of a commentary which refers to the pages of either of those volumes, may easily find the reference by consulting the margin of this volume."— 5iZ). Sacra. " The whole appearance of the work as it now stands indicates a careful and thorough scholar- ship. A critical comparison of several pages with the original confirms the impression made by a general examination of the book. In its present form, this translation may now be recommended as worthy of a place in the library of every minister who desires to study the New Testament with the aid of the best critical helps." — Theological Eclectic. " Great pains also have been taken to secure typographical accuracy, an extremely difficult thing in a work of this kind. We rejoice that so invaluable a work has thus been made as nearly perfiect as we can hope ever to have it. It is a work that can hardly fail to facilitate and increase the rever- ent and accurate study of the Word of God." — American Presbyterian Review. BUTTMANN'S N. T. GRAMMAR. A Grammar of the New Testament Greek, By Alexander Buttmann. Authorized Translation, by J, Henry Thayer. With numerous additions and corrections by the Author. 8vo. pp.494. Price, cloth, $2.75. " This Grammar is acknowledged to be the most important work which has appeared on N. T. Grammar since Winer's. Its use has been hindered by tlie fact that in the original it has the form of an Appendix to the Classic Greek Grammar by the Author's father. The inconvenience arising from this peculiarity has been obviated in this translation by introducing in every case enough from that Grammar to render the statements easily intelligible to readers unacquainted with that work ; at the same time, the Author's general scheme of constantly comparing New Testament and Classic usage has been facilitated for every Student, by giving running references throughout the book to five or six of the most current grammatical works, among them the Grammars of Hadley, Crosby, Donaldson, and Jelf. Additions and corrections in more than two hundred and fifty places have been furnished for this edition by the Author. " The N. T. Index has been enlarged so as to include all the passages from the N. T. referred to in the Grammar ; and a separate Index has been added, comprising all the passages cited from the Septuagint. The other Indexes have been materially augmented ; the cross-references have been multiplied; chapter and verse added to many of the fragmentary quotations from the N. T. ; the pagination of the German original has been given in the margin ; and at the end of the book b glossary of technical terms encountered more or less frequently in commentaries and grammatical works has been added for the convenienoe of students."— Translator's Preface. " Professor Thayer has performed his task — which has b^n a great deal more than that of a mere translator — with remarkable fidelity. It is doubtless the best work extant on this s'lbject, and a book which every scholarly pastor will desire to possess. Its usableness is greatly enhanced by its complete set of ladexes."— The Advance. " It is a thoroughly scientific treatise, and one which will be helpful to students, both in connec- tion with Wiu . Jand as discussing many points from a difierent or opposite point of view. 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Suggested Emendations of the Author- ized English Version of the Old Testament. By Elias Kiggs, Missionary of the A. B. C. F. M., at Constantinople. 12mo. pp. 130. If 1.00. " The amendments here suggested are the result, not of a systematic revision of the English Ver- ■ion, which I have never attempted, but of comparisons made in the course of translating the Scrip- tures into the Armenian and Bulgarian languages. They are offered to the candid consideration of all who feel especial interest in the correction of the English Version, and specially of those provi- dentially called to the work of translating the word of God into other tongues." — Author's Preface. '• W. r. Draper, publisher of the Bibliotheca Sacra, has issued an interesting and suggestive little treatise written by Rev. Elias Riggs, Missionary of the A. B. C. F. M., at Constantinople, which is introduced by an Introductory Nate of Prof. Thayer of Andover. It is intended to suggest some of the philological changes in the version of the Old Testament, rendered advisable by the advanced scholarship in Oriental tongues, attained especially by our missionaries of the East. The criticism upon the New Testament has been very full. The present is a work of the same description upon the Old, but is one upon which fewer eminent scholars have entered. Obscure passages are found to yield their long-hidden meaning through an acquaintance with the idioms of Oriental languages, and a personal familiarity with the unchanging customs of that stereotyped land. The volume is a valuable reflex contribution to the churches at the West, from the mission fields supported by their gifts in the East. It comes at an hour when its modest and well-defended suggestions will secure a careful examination on the part of the Biblical scholars now engaged in Great Britain and in this country upon a new version of the English Bible." — ^Turn's Herald. HEBRE"W ENGLISH PSALTER. The Book of Psalms, in Hebrew and English, arranged in Parallelism. 16mo. pp. 194. $1.25. " The preacher in expounding to his congregation one of the Psalms of David, will find it very convenient to have the original by the side of the English version. For private reading and medi- tation, also such an arrangement will be found very pleasant and profitable. We feel confident that this little volume will be a favorite with Hebrew scholars; and that, when they have once become habituated to it, it will be, to many of them, a vade mecum." — Bibliotheca Sacra. "A handsome edition of the Book of Psalms, which will be quite a favorite with clergymen and theological students." — New Englander. " A very convenient and admirable manual, and we beg leave to thank our Andover friend for it " — Presbyterian Quarterly. "The volume is beautifully printed, of convenient size for use, and of admirable adaptation to the •ervice of those whose Hebrew has become a dim reminiscence." — North American. HEBRE"W GRAMMAR. The Elements of the Hebrew Language. By Rev. A. D. JoNE.s, A.M. 8vo. pp. 168. $1.50. " By a simple and progressive series of exercise, and by a perfectly plain exposition of the syntax, the student is enabled to take up Hebrew just as he would the Initia Latino, and just as easily." • f «NwAcr'8 Circular, Apr. 15, 1870. •• The plan of the work ia admirable, and happily executed." — iZ^/'brnted Church ilefsenger. (2) Books Published by W. F. Draper. Cary, An Introduetioii. to the Greek of the New Tes- tament. By Geo. L. Gary, of the Mead villa, Theological Seminary. 12mo. pp. 72. 75 cents. This work is designed for the use of those persons who, though pre- viously unacquainted with the Greek language, would nevertheless be glad to read the New Testament in its original tongue. It contains what is absolutely necessary for the understanding of the New Testament Greek Those familiar with it will be able to proceed at once (with the assistance of some good N. T. Lexicon and Buttmann's Grammar of the N. T. Greek, — or Winer's) to the reading of the easier -portions of the New Testament. Davies, A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament. With an Eng- lish-Hebrew Index. By Benjamin Da vies, Ph.D.,LL.D. Carefully Revised, with a Concise Statement of the Prin- ciples of Hebrew Grammar. By Edward C. Mitchell, D.D. 8vo. Cloth, $4.25 ; Half Turkey, $4.75 "It is in many respects an improvement upon either of the Lexicons now in use. Dr. Davies modestly calls himself the editor of the work, but it is anything but a mere revision or compilation. Nearly every page bears evidence of original thought and independent investigation, and many improvements have been made upon the work of previous lexicog- raphers in the handling of roots and derivatives. " While the Lexicons of Gesenius and Fiirst have been made the chief basis, — as they must be for any genuine advance in this direction, — the definitions have all been re-written and condensed without being abridged, so as to make them more convenient for reference, and the whole work less bulky and expensive. " So far from being an abridgment, the present edition will he found to contain over a thousand more Hebrew words or forms than appear in Tregelles's or Robinson's Gesenius, besides incorporating into the body of the work all the grammatical forms contained in Robinson's Analytical Appendix." — Editor's Preface. " We have compared the book in a few places with Robinson's Gesenius, and find the resemblances and differences very much as Dr. Mitchell's preface would lead us to expect. A very little comparison is suflficient to show that the work is thoroughly independent. Of course the smaller book contains less comparative philology, less scriptural references, and less exegesis. But its definitions are clear and comprehensive, and for the purposes of a student the more concise statement will possess some advantages over a larger one. For a beginner, this is certainly the better book ; and many of the points in which Gesenius would seem better for an advanced student belong as properly to a commentary as to a lexicon. The work is worthy of hearty commendation. The student who buys it will be well fitted out with a Plebrew Lexicon, even though he may some- times wish for a more minute analysis of words and interpretation of passages." — The Watchman. 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Paper, 60 cts. ; Cloth, flexible, 80 cents- Contents. — Theology a Possible Science. — The Foundations of The- ology sure. — The Natural Foundations of Theology. — The Testi- mony of Organic Life. — The Natural Sources of Theology. — The First Chapter of Genesis. " Powerful discussions, rich in thought and illustration, and directed xith crushing force against the positions of infidel scientists." — Advance. " A masterly series of articles." — National Baptist. Hermeneutics of the New Testament. By Dr. A. Immer, Professor of Theology in the University of Berne. Trans- . lated from the German by Rev. Albert H. Newman. With additional Notes and full Indexes. Crown 8vo. pp.413. $2.25 " It is a thoroughly scientific and almost exhaustive treatise on the whole subject. It is in three parts : I. The General Principles of Her- meneutics ; II. The Single Operations of the Scripture Interpreter ; III. The Religious Understanding. The elaborate history of Scripture inter- Eretation and the several methods of exegesis that have from time to time een employed, constitute a very important portion of the work. . . . AVe heartily commend it to our young ministers in particular, in the belief that in mastering it they will greatly enrich their teachings of the sacred word." — Methodist Quarterly Review. " Perfect in method, thorough, and truly German in its scholarship, yet fresh and interesting in its treatment, and translated in a clear and at- tractive English style, it will meet a real need of theological students and ministers, and must stimulate a scholarly study on the part of such." •—Christian Register. 1-78 COMMENTARIES PUBLISHED BY ANDOVER, MASS. These Books will he sent, post-paid, on receipt of the price affixed. Ellicott, Commentaries, Critical and Gramjnaticalf by C. J, Ellicott, Bishop of Gloucester and BiHstol, viz, on GALATIANS. With an Introductory Notice by C. E. Stowe, lately Professor in Andover Theological Seminary. 8vo. pp. 183. $1.50 EPHESIANS. 8vo. pp. 190. 1..50 THESSALONIANS. 8vo. pp.171. 1.50 THE PASTORAL EPISTLES. 8vo. pp. 265. 2.00 PHILIPPIANS, COLOSSIAKS, and PHILEMON. 8vo. pp. 265. 2.00 The Set in five volumes, tinted paper, bevelled edges, gilt tops, The Set in two volumes, black cloth, bevelled edges, 8.00 "We would recommend all scholars of the original Scriptures who seek directness, luminous brevity, the absence of everything irrelevant to strict grammatical inquiry, with a concise and yet very complete view of the opinions of others, to possess themselves of Ellicott's Commentaries." — American Presbyterian, " His Commentaries are among the best, if not the very best, helps a student can have." — American Presbyterian and Theological Review. " Ellicott is one of the best commentators of this class " — Princeton Rev. " I do not know of anything superior to them in their own particular h'ne." — Dean Alford. Hackett. A Commentary on the Original Text of the * Acts of the Apostles. By Horatio B. Hackett, D.D., Professor of Biblical Literature in Newton Theological Institution. A new edition, revised and greatly enlarged. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50 This is a reprint of the last edition revised by Prof. Hackett himself. Iiightfoot. St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians. A Revised Text, with Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. By J. B. LiGHTFOOT, D.D., Hulsean Professor of Divinity, and Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge. 8vo. pp. 402. Bevelled edges, S3.00 " Taken as a whole, we venture to say that this is the most complete and exhaustive Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians that has yet appeared, Ellicott's not excepted." — Christian Intelligencer. 1-77 Books Published by W. F. Draper. Murphy. Critical and Exegetical Commentaries by Prof, James G. Murphy, LL.D,, T.C,I>,, viz. Genesis. With a New Translation. With a Preface by J. P. Thompson, D.D., New York. 8vo. pp. 535. $3.50 " The most vahiable contribution that has for a long time been made to the many aids for the critical study of the Old Testament is Mr. Draper's republication of Dr. Murphy on Genesis, in one octavo volume. Dr. Murphy is one of the Professors of the Assembly's College at Bel- fast, and adds to a thorough knowledge of the Hebrew, and of the science of interpretation, great common sense, genuine wit, and admirable power of expression. Hence his Commentary is racy and readable, as well as reliable. No volume will be more useful to those who have been troubled by the Colenso criticisms ; and no man has pricked the bubble of that in- flated bishop with a more effectual and relieving wound than Dr.Murphy." — Congreqationalist. " Dr. Murphy is a fair, clear, and candid interpreter. His aim is to reconcile the Scriptures with science by an impartial examination of the text." — American Presbyterian and Theological Review. Exodus. With a New Translation. 8vo. pp. 385. $3.00 " Thus far nothing has appeared in this country for half a century on the first two books of the Pentateuch so valuable as the present two vol- umes." [On Genesis and Exodus]. " His style is lucid, animated, and often eloquent. His pages afford golden suggestions and key-thoughts. Some of the laws of interpretation are stated with so fresh and natural a clearness and force that they will permanently stand." — Meth- odist Quarterly. "Prof. Murphy's Commentary on Genesis has been published long enough to have secured the highest reputation for scholarship, research, and sound judgment. This volume on Exodus takes its place in the same rank, and will increase rather than diminish its author's reputation among scholars." — National Baptist. " By its originality and critical accuracy it must command the high regard of the scholar and theologian, whilst the ease and grace of its style, the judiciousness with which it selects and unfolds its many subjects ol discussion, will be sure to fix and reward the attention of the general student." — The Lutheran. Leviticus. With a New Translation. 8vo. pp. 318. $2.50 " In our opinion, his idea and method are the right one, and the whole work shows a remarkably clear mastery of the subject. His style, tooj is singularly lucid. He interprets Hebrew well, and writes capital Eng- lish. The book meets a long-felt want, and meets it well." — The Advance. " The obscure and difficult portions of the text are elucidated with great skill and impressiveness, and the whole work furnishes a most in- teresting study." — The Lutheran and Missionary. " The Commentaries of Murphy have many excellences. They are clear, discriminating, and comprehensive." — Baptist Quarterly. " We think it is the very best Commentary on Leviticus that has ever been published." — The Presbyterian. " We know of no work on Leviticus comparable with it." — Pulpit 2nd Pew. 3-77 Books Published by W. F. Draper. Psalms. With a new Translation. By J. G. Murphy, $4.00 " This Commentary is well f <^ted to meet the wants cf pastors in pre- paring their expositions of the Psalms. The more educated teachers of Bible-classes and Sabbath-schools may study it with advantage. They need not be deterred from using it by the presence of the Hebrew words which are conspicuous on some of its pages. Like the other Commen- taries of Dr. Murphy, this is distinguished by the ease and perspicuity of its style, its freedom from pedantry, and the excellent religious spirit per- vading it. The Introduction, occupying the first fifty pages, is lucid and interesting." — Bibliotheca Sacra. " It is on the whole one of the best expositions of the Psalms acces- sible for popular instruction, and a valuable auxiliary to the work of preachers and teachers." — Examiner and Chronicle. Perowne. The Book of Psalms; a New Translation. "With Introductions and Notes Explanatory and Critical. By J. J. Stewart Perowne, D.D., Fellow of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, and Canon of Llandaff. Reprinted from the Third English Edition. In Two Volumes. 8vo. $7.50 ** It comprises in itself more excellences than any other commentary on the Psalms in our language, and we know of no single commentary in the German language which, all things considered, is preferable to it." — Baptist Quarterly. " Very rare, indeed, is it that such a combination of requisites to a just exposition of Scripture, and particularly of this portion of Scripture, are combined in one work, — such scholarship, such judgment, such taste, such spiritual insight, such wisdom in the general treatment of his sub- ject, such skill as a translator, such simplicity and sustained vigor of style." — The Advance. " This is justly regarded as the standard commentary on the Book of Psalms in England. It is learned, devout, and exhaustive Dr. Perowne is one of the most profound Hebrew scholars in Europe, and his translation of the Hebrew text gives abundant evidence of his learning." — Lutheran Observer. " The Introductions combine a series of able essays upon the structure, history, literature, and theology of the Psalms. The new translation adheres closely to the Hebrew original. The critical notes evince great biblical learning, rigid fidelity in the use of the Hebrew dictionary and grammar, and a reigning principle of arriving at the exact meaning of every word, rather than to give an elegant or metrical style to the render- ing. Its practical reflections are select and pointed. Dr. Perowne does not evade difficulties, as do some commentators, and where his conclu- sions are not satisfactory to the student, he will, at least, have the assur- ance of honest dealing with the embarrassments of all interpreters." — Christian Intelligencer. " If there is a better exposition of the Psalms in the English language we do not know what it is. The Introduction and Notes are models in their kind. Probably no one in England is more capable than Professsor Perowne of doing all that Hebrew scholarship can do towards a better knowledge of the Psalms." — The Contributor. ♦-77 Books Published by W, F. Draper, Wright, The Logic of Christian Evidences. By G. Frederick Wright. 16mo. pp. 328. Cloth, $1.50 " What is wanted on the theistic and Christian side, and what the Rev. Mr.Wright has endeavored to supply, is a convenient text-book or manual adapted to the thought of our own day, marking out the line of the Chris- tian defences which his party are now holding and mean to stand by. Moreover, what is wanted, and, indeed, is necessary to secure, attention, over and above ability and learning — of which our author seems to have a fair share — is candor, and a disposition to rest within the lines pf greatest strength ; and in these respects our author appears to advantage. His book is throughout sensible and considerate, therefore inviting and with promise of usefulness. It is not often that a parish clergyman is found so well fitted as he shows himself to be — by a knowledge of what natural science is, and what its methods and rightful claims are — for dealing on the one hand with the ' oppositions of science ' to religion, and on the other with the objections of theologians to the tendencies or recent achievements of science And it is a crowning merit of this little volume that the subject is so treated ' as not to exaggerate the antagonism between modern science and Christianity.* The author has pro- duced an acceptable elementary text-book, as well as an interesting volume for the general reader." — The Nation, April 8th. " Several things impress the reader strongly. One is that the book is the work of a thoroughly competent mind. In these days of philosophical dabblers, it is refreshing to read the writings of a man who has the grip of a master upon his theme. Another is the care with which the volume has been written. It contains no lumber, but is concise, clear, and exact. Another is its completeness. No loose ends of thought are left hanging. Suggested points which deserve notice receive it sufficiently, if only in a word or two. Another is its fairness. Every difficulty is stated frankly, and no attempt is made to evade unfavorable facts. The argument has vast inherent force, but the manner of presenting it adds much to its weight." — The Congregationalist, March 31st. " It will be seen that Mr. Wright's work really gives more than its title would lead us to expect. Instead of being merely a logic, i.e. an inquiry into the method of Christian evidence, it is really, in addition, a hand-book of those evidences themselves. We may say, too, that we know of no other book which gives in so small a compass, and with such clearness, an account of the entire range of Christian evidences. Mr. Wright has made good use of the most recent literature of his wide subject without, however, falling into the rdle of a mere compiler. On the contrary, his little book is characterised by unity, freshness, and independence. . . . The work is well fitted to be put into the hands of intelligent readers who wish to get a careful, general view of the converging and cumulating evidences of Christianity prior to entering upon more special investiga- tions. No one can rise from its study without, at all events, feeling that a good deal still needs to be done before Christianity is snuflFed out of the world." — Leeds (Eng.) Mercury, March. " Mr. Wright undertakes to show that evolution is not incompatible with Christianity, that miracles are not incongruous in the Christian sys- tem, and that the method and force of the proof of Christianity are the same as those we rely on in our common beliefs and actions. We cor- dially commend the book as fresh and useful." — Independent. " A most valuable contribution to the religious and theological litera- ture of the age." — Oherlin Review, April 8tli. 2-80 Date Due 12 '38 kX A n Q n^-tm ^j^^k ir««r MAP (1 1 1996 — i \n\\ X - ^