RIPTURE Onomatology FLECKER BSII99 .N2F5 PRINCETON, N. J. 5/^^^., Division .... .-rw, .v^. 1 . j . . ,1. . .1 Section %\S.Ct^.\ ..^.... Number C OK SCEIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY : BEING CRITICAL NOTES ON THE SEPTFAGINT AND OTHER VERSIONS, ILLUSTRATED BY PROPER NAMES ; ALBO TWO APPENDICES ON ALTERATIONS AND TRANSCRIBERS' ERRORS, BY THE REV. ELIEZER^FLECKER, M.A., In templo Dei ofCert unusquisque quod potest: alii aurum, argentum, lapides pretiosos, alii byssiini et puiiniram et coccum ofEerunt et hyaciutbum ; nobiscum bene agitur, si obtulerimus pelles et caprannn pilos."— (Jerom, Prologus Galeatus.) LONDON: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO., 1, TATEKNOSTEK SQUARE. 1883. LOXDOX : PRINTE]^ BY WERTHETMEK. LEA AND CO. CIRCUS PLACE, LOXDOX WALL. TO THE RIGHT REVEREND JOSEPH BARBER LIGHTFOOT, D.D., D.C L., ETC., LORD BISHOP OF DURHAM, THIS WORK IS, WITH HIS LORDSHIP's KIND PERMISSION, MOST GRATEFULLY DEDICATED, WITH PROFOUND RESPECT FOR HIS HIGH CHARACTER AS A SCHOLAR AND ENCOURAGER OF SACRED LITERATURE, BY HIS MOST OBLIGED AND MOST OBEDIENT SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. ^PHIITCETOII A The following treatise is compiled chiefly from notes made during my collation of the Septuagint and Peshito Versions with the original Hebrew. Long before that collation had reached the end of the Pentateuch, these notes began to show remVkable results concerninof both the Hebrew Text and the Septuagint Version ; results which seemed to me so interesting and important that I felt induced to con- tinue my researches with regard to them only. The discoveries which I thus made, were to me as nuggets of gold which rejoice the industrious miner. They seemed by degrees to lay open rich treasures in the science of criticism both sacred and secular ; leveal- ino- methods of solvincr Textual difficulties, which perhaps, strictly speaking, had not been altogether unknown before ; but, though known, had not received from students the attention which they deserve. By the aid of these methods I have been able to explain decisively many variations and dis- crepancies betw^een the two most ancient Repositories of God's Word, the Hebrew and the LXX., which had hitherto resisted every attempt at solution by other means. May these successes, for which I am deeply VI PREFACE. thankful to Almighty God, to some extent also silence objectors to the Holy Scriptures, and en- courage believers in the hope of a speedy triumph of the oneness of the Bible. Meanwhile, reserving the publication of the Notes on the Hebrew Text, as well as those showing the o'eneral results of the whole collation for a future o occasion ; those concernino- the LXX. are here o-iven to the public, together with remarks upon other versions. But as most of these notes were obtained from or strongly confirmed by the observation of the rendering and spelling of Proper Names — than which nothing even in a translation can speak more clearly and positively in support of a critic's theories — it was therefore thought advisable to illustrate these theories by instances taken from among those names. This course led to the adoption of an arrangement of the notes and other matters which was considered most suitable to these illustrations ; and thereby the work became, almost of its own accord, a Scripture Onoma- tology. If this publication should so far answer my design as to contribute in any degree to the advance- ment of sacred criticism, I shall deem my pains well bestowed and amply rewarded. Perhaps I may also premise that, sliort as the fol- lowing dissertations are, yet considering the variety PREFACE. Vll of questions which they discuss, taking also into account that some of them are either new, or if not new, have only been considered in other connections before, I may ask the indulgence of the reader if he find me unwarily to have committed some mistakes. I have also to ask the reader's kind forbearance with the imperfections of the Uncial Alphabet on page 6(). It was with great difficulty that a few casts were obtained showing the outlines of some letters which among the capitals are now entirely superseded by others with modern forms. For the remaining letters we have had to use ordinary capitals. And here I avail myself, with much pleasure, of the opportunity of making my best acknowledgments to the friends who last year took so kind an interest in my tract on " Variations of Versions," that, with- out an advertisement, it was spread to nearly all parts of England. I have also to thank the Bishop of Durham for his very kind permission to inscribe this work to him. But this is not to be considered as in any way rendering his Lordship responsible for the matter therein contained. DuiniAM, 31(11/ \th, 18Sa. CONTENTS. Introduction . Corruptions of Age General Notions . Idiomatization I. — Suffixes II.— GentiHa . III. — Amalgamated Suffixes IV.— Y for 2, and p for "1 v.— M for 2, and p for D VI.— The Softening p .♦ VII. — Vowels for the Letters ■•, 1, H, X VII I. — r for y, and the Pronunciation of both IX. — Vowels for n X. — Hissing Letters . . . . . XL-0 for n XII. -K for :, and t for T . Appendix I. : — Alterations and Transcribers' Errors Appendix II. : — "Bosor" — 2 Pet. ii. 15 PAGE 1 10 13 17 19 21 24 26 28 33 37 42 45 46 57 69 r % SCfilPTURE ONOMATOLO(^|^^;^ INTRODUCTION. In this age of keen criticism, searching deeply into the. very foundation of matters of all kinds, it is truly surprising that, of the derivation of Scripture names in their English and Greek forms from those of the original Hebrew, no investigation of any con- sequence has ever been seriously attempted before. No particle of the language of Holy Writ has been considered exempt from free and inquisitorial exami- nation by friend and by foe ; but names only have in this respect received little or no attention at all. It is well-known that nomenclature is of great impor- tance in every branch of literature. Even in fiction names are carefully chosen, and their forms duly weighed and scrutinised. In history it would be utter confusion and ruin to change even one of the principal names. But more, perhaps, than in any other writing is this the case in Scripture. There the original forms are of the greatest value and impor- tance. Every name has a meaning. Some, if not all, were specially chosen, or invented with a view to the meaning which they convey ; and if the form of any was altered, it was in order to alter the meaning. B 2 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. Thus Abram means "high father/' but Abraham, *' father of a multitude " ; Sarai means " princely," but Sarah, "princess." Yet in the translations of Scripture history, as well as in Scripture prophecy, the most complicated variations exist among names of persons and places of every degree of importance ; and few only have escaped all variations, so as to be in form exactly like their Hebrew prototypes. For, ever since the LXX. was made, alterations which were first necessi- tated by unavoidable linguistic rules, were allowed for more than 2,000 years to be multiplied by trans- cribers, and to be crystallised and perpetuated by secondary Versions made from the Greek. Since then no systematic explanation of these variations has ever been given before, therefore a treatise which has this for its object, can require no lengthy Preface or Apology at its Introduction. It is a want which had to be supplied. Indeed, strictly speaking, not one, but two wants are supplied here. For it so happens that the examination of the names is not the only requirement, to satisfy which the first attempt is made here. The generalizations and ex- planations given with it, and, I trust, shown to be incontrovertibly true, are also, if not altogether new, yet unapplied, and almost unknown even in the best works on Textual Criticism in general or on the LXX. in particular. Here, from the nature of the case, their application is confined almost solely to the variations of names ; but, at least, some of them can include, with equal truth, other words of all kinds, SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 3 which, for want of these applications, have hitherto remained unexplained. Another reason, therefore, for publishing this treatise we may claim to be the opportunity which it affords of giving these explana- tions, and of illustrating their application. Moreover, that the subject is also one of great importance, not only to Bible students by the additional light which it throws on Scripture exegesis and criticism, but also to many others on linguistic, philological, and anti- quarian grounds, the following pages w^ill, I believe, indirectly but clearly manifest. In the mere pursuit of their own specific teaching, they will show it even far better than any number of words expressly de- voted to its demonstration ever can or will do ; there- fore, altogether, it can only be wasting time here to launch out into any further remarks upon their importance, or upon any other prefatory matter. CORRUPTIONS OF AGE. We say then, at once, that if we enquire how those modern forms of Scripture names have been derived, and why so many of these derivations are so unlike their originals as almost to constitute new names, more or less different from those we read in the Hebrew, we shall find that, they are mostly ascribable to two great causes, viz., Hellenisation, and natural or accidental corruption. The first has sup- plied the original variations, whose authors were chiefly the translators ; the second came at all ages b2 4 SCRIPTURE OXOMATOLOGY. from the hands of the transcribers. It is customary to speak of corruptions of age. But it is especially through the latter cause that the LXX., perhaps more than any other work written in any language, seems to have followed the English rule, that the spelling of names is arbitrary. Thus we have Smith, Smyth, Smythe ; Elliott has, I believe, four or five spellings ; and so many others. Some names are not even pro- nounced according to their spelling, as Cholmondeley, Majoribanks, Leicester. Thus also in the LXX., many names have not merely one arbitrary spelling but several. Some have different spellings in dif- ferent codices ; and some, which are alike in the codices, are not so in the different books of the Bible. Even a common name like Naphthali is Nephthaleim in Genesis, Exodus, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Apocrypha, and New Testament ; Nephthalim in 1 Kings ; and Neph- thali, which alone is correct in the consonants accord- ing to the Hebrew, in 2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chr., and Psalms. Such differences cannot but indicate to some extent, accidental changes. Moreover, the cases which occur the opposite way hardly indicate anything else than the same rule of irregularities. I shall explain this best by an example. One of the most frequent changes that occur in LXX. names is that of final v into /L6, and vice versa. Thus we find both Acrpcov and Aapw/jL for p!^n, Hezron, which never is written with an m [Mem) in Hebrew. Also Gesem and Edem for ]WX Goshen, and p37, Eden. Yet, whereas the name ]1^"i:i, Gershon, the son of Levi, has the SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 5 second form nwn:i Gershom in 1 Chr. in Hebrew, it is never thus changed in the LXX. The reason cannot be that the translators wished to distinguish this name from the other Gershoms, of which there are no less than four in the Bible, by keeping the n to this, and reserving the m to the others. For, first, this name has in the LXX. another strong distin- guishing mark. It is, in fact, probably through a misreading of the original by the translators, rendered always FeBaayv (except only Gen. xlvi. 11, Fypaayv, and 1 Chr. xxvi. 21, Frjpacovi bis). Secondly, two of the other Gershoms (Judges xviii. 30, Ezra viii. 2), also could not keep their m in Greek, but were ren- dered Tripawv with v. These reverse cases then, which are indeed few and far between — remarkable as they are as instances of greater regularity in the translation than in the original — even they, I say, are also sufficiently arbitrary to give cause to suspicion, if not of natural corruption, of clerical emendation. How then these natural corruptions have taken place, we cannot stop to show here, but will do so by. examples in an Appendix. We must now proceed to show, as we intimated before, that not all the varia- tions of names in Scripture are corruptions, but that a very large number of them have proceeded from the translators themselves. Though, through the LXX. alone, they are dating back to two or three centuries before Christ, nay, long before then— as the LXX. was probably made only to supply a long-felt want of Hellenistic Jews, to whom, living in Greek-speaking 6 SCEIPTUEE ONOMATOLOGY. countries, Greek had become the mother tongue — Hellenised names in some form or other must have been household names among them, yet to the pre- sent day a large contingent of these names in Greek, Latin, English, and other languages are still as they were from the beginning. They can also be ex- plained by various rules obtained from the consti- tutions of and differences between the Hebrew and Greek languages. Many forms, indeed, are so unlike those we find in the Hebrew in their places, that at first sight they are hardly recognizable as the same ; yet, I say, these rules explain them, assigTiing regular causes of different kinds, which must have been operating during the translation itself, and which have chiefly sprung from various linguistic principles. Even of the names that really have suffered cor- ruption, many of the primary forms were not exactly like the Hebrew, but formations of the same kind. GENERAL NOTIONS. It is sometimes imagined that, in general, the greater part of all variations, which are not later cor- ruptions, is due to the Hellenisation of the names, and the remainder to mistaken readings of the Hebrew letters, and other accidental and archaic causes. But (a.) mistaken readings can only occur in obscure and little-known names. Instances need not be given here, because they are too numerous both in the LXX. and in the Peshito. We also readily grant that some SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 7 names, which are well-known to ns, might have been little known to the Authors of these Versions, so that of them also mistaken readings were not unlikely to be perpetuated in the Versions. An instance of this in the Peshito is m:DV Jochebed, the mother of Moses, written with a T in the Hebrew, but rendered there Juchobor, as if it had been written with the similar looking letter n. In the LXX. reSawv (Ger- shon), of which we spoke before, is perhaps also such an instance by a similar misreading. But we cannot think that names like Fofioppa, N^oe, laaafc, which in the original are Amorah, Noach, Yitschak, had re- ceived these forms by reason of their having been unknown names. Perhaps FeBcrcov also had another cause than a Various Reading. (5.) Then to heap up all that are not mistaken readings or later corruptions under the one title of Hellenization is either taking too general and super- ficial a view of them, or ignoring the greatness of their number. It is, perhaps, because our English Bible also gives Hellenized forms, though not exclu- sively. The exceptions are found chiefly in the Old Testament, where, in some cases, it rightly follows the Hebrew instead of the Greek, in others it inconsis- tently follows neither, as (Ex. vi. 22), Zithri for nno (Sithri), which in the LXX. is I^eypei. We shall have opportunities of pointing out, as we proceed, many of the inconsistencies which are so numerous in the Authorised Version ; inconsistencies such as spelling names diflferently in the Old and New Testaments ; 8 SCRIPTUKE ONOMATOLOGY. one instance which we may mention here, is Naph- thali and Nephthalim, to which we have alluded before in its Greek shape ; another is Joshua, called " Jesus '* twice in the New Testament (Acts vii. 45; Heb. iv. 8) ; and others which are given in the lists be- low, inconsistencies also of spelling names differently in one and the same Testament, as Reuel and Raguel (Num. X. 29), for bsi^n. But it is, I say, because we are thus familiar with only the later forms, which have been chiefly received from the LXX, first into the Latin, and then into other European languages ; and because we are not so familiar with the oricrinal forms as they are in the Hebrew, that we generally do not realise the extent of the changes which Bible names have undergone whilst passing from the He- brew into the Greek, and imagine that, deducting a certain number of translators' mistakes by Various Readings in the original, and another number of transcribers' mistakes, all the remainder can be rano-ed under the one class of Hellenisation. But unless this Hellenisation is the first to be understood, both in its extent and its several branches, it will be vain to try to solve the mysteries of the later great cause of alterations, viz , by transcribers' mistakes. For further reference in regard to differences between the Old and New Testaments, I give the fol- lowing two lists of names, taken from the genealogies of Luke iii. and Matt. i. The order in every line is first the English of the Old Testament, and of the Revised Version of the New Testament, then the SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 9 Hebrew, then the English of the Authorised Version in the New Testament, then the Greek of the Textus Receptus. I.— Luke iii. 33—37. 37. Mahalaleel, b«bbnn ; Maleleel, Ma\e\er]\. Methuselah, nbci'ina ; Mathusala, MadouaaXa. 86. Noah, HD ; Noe, Ncoe. Shem, nw ; Sem, ^yfi. 35. Shelah, Salah, nbw ; Sala, HaXa, Eber, nnv ; Heber, E^ep. Peleg, nbD ; Phalec, ^oXek. Reu, ir~i ; Ragau, Payav. Serug, 2']'^W ; Saruch, ^apovx- 34. Nahor, "ilPD ; Nachor, Naxoop. Terah, rnn ; Thara, Gapa. 83. Judah, ^l^^^ ; Juda (Matt., Judas), lovSa (gen. case). Perez, Pharez, V^iD ; Phares, ^ape^. Hezron, )^n)^^ ; Esrom, Eapcov. Arni (0. T., Ram), Ui ; Aram, Apa/ju. II.— Matt. i. 8—12. 3. Judah, rmrT* ; Judas, lovSa^;. Perez, Pharez, V""iD ; Phares, ^ape<;. Zerah, Zarah, n^T ; Zara, Zapa. Tamar, "iDn ; Thamar, ©a/nap, Hezron, 11";^n ; Esrom, Eapcofj,. Ram, m ; Aram, Apa/n. 4. Amminadab, m3^D27 ; Aminadab, AfjuvaBa^. Nahshon, ^wn^ ; Naasson, Naaaacov. 10 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 5. Boaz, tvn ; Booz, Boo^. Rahab, nm ; Rachab, Pa-^ajS. 6. Uriah, Urijah, nms ; Urias, Ovpiov (gen. c). 7. Relioboam, Dl^nm ; Roboam, Po^oafi. Abijah, Abia, n^nw ; Abia, A^ua. 8. Jehoshaphat, l2D:i7in^ ; Josaphat, IcoaacfiaT. 9. Uzziah, innr, nn^, etc. ; Ozias, Ofm?. Jotham, Dni"^ ; Joatham, Iwada/ju. Ahaz, Tns ; Achaz, ^%af. 10. Hezekiah, in^ptn ; Ezekias, E^eKca^. Manasseh, nw^72 ; Manasses, Mavaaae^. 11. Josiah, *)n^:t?S^ ; Josias, Icoaca^. Jechoniah (0. T., Jeconiah), n^DID^ ; Jechonias, 12. Shealtiel, bw^nbsrr^ ; Salathiel, ^okadLrfK. Zerubbabel, bnrnT ; Zorobabel, Zopo/Sa^eX. ETHNIZATION AND IDIOM ATIZATION. The first thing, then, we have to remember is that nearly every language has not only regular idiomatic peculiarities, each of which forms a rule, governing large classes of names or other words ; but often changes names quite arbitrarily, even without any reason from philology or etymology ; for instance, " Germany," Deutschland (Germ.), L'Allemand (Fr.) ; " Jacob " is in French " Jaque," and no English trans- lator of the Bible, from Wycliife to the last Revisers of the New Testament, has ventured to render any laKcofio^ (not laKcoff, by which the Greek New Testa- SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 11 ment distinguishes the patriarch from other persons of this name, all of whom it calls IaKw^o). Some purely New Testament names with these terminations are AvBpea^, Andrew ; AovKa^, Luke. SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 15 Note. — In the Enorlish translations these suffixes were the cause of many mistakes and inconsistencies. In some purely New Testament names, partly to avoid ambiguities, and partly for euphony's sake, the trans- lators were bound to reproduce both these and other suffixes with English letters ; although, by so doing, they made them integral parts of the names, e.g., to distinguish between ^re(j)avoava<;, the first is called Stephen, the latter Stephanas ; Euphony also forbids to alter Demas, Lysias, Apelles, etc. Nor could we fancy Anna with Tyndale and Cranmer for Avva<; ; or Lysania with Geneva for Avcravtov. Again, some names which occur only in oblique cases, and with no indication of the gender, are doubtful as to what they were in the nominative case ; for instance, Nymphas (Col. iv. 15), for Nu^a^av, might also have been Nympha. Thus the Revised Version corrects Junias in Rom. xvi. 7, for Junia {lovviav). The Geneva and the Revised Version give Euodia in Phil, iv. 2 for Euodias (EvoScav). On the other hand, the Geneva ogives also Julias in Rom. xvi. 15 for Julia {lovXiav) ; and Tyndale and Cranmer give Sintiches, in Phil. iv. 2, for Syntyche {^vvTvxn^)- Inadmissible are the needless devices of Tyndale, Cranmer, and Geneva in giving (a) Herman, Hermen, {h) Herman, Mercurius, {c) Hernias, Mercurius, for Hernias, Hermes (Rom. xvi. 14). It is curious that the Authorised Version in the New Testament made a distinction between names in the genitive case and those it found in other cases ; as Juda for the genitive lovha, Judas 16 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. for other cases. But the great, though conscious, mis- take of the Authorised Version was to reproduce these suffixes in the New Testament, even with names which itself gives in the Old Testament without them ; for instance, Zacharias, Barachias, and Manasses, which the Revised Version restores to Zachariah, Barachiah, and Manasseh. (3.) Of the third declension occurs chiefly the ter- mination tTf?, genitive ltlBo^, both for places and for gentilia feminine : e.g., Xavavirt^ (Gen. xlvi. 10), a Canaanitish Avoman ; and often ra\aaSLTi<;, Baaavin^, Mft)a/3tTfc9, etc., for Gilead, Bashan, Moab, or a woman of Gilead, Bashan, or Moab The men in these gen- tilia were distinguished by the termination lty]^, geni- tive LTov, as Mft)a/3/-T7?9, Afxiiavirri^, etc. (4.) One more suffix need only be mentioned, i.e., tan, which signifies " the language," and is a transla- tion of the Hebrew suffix 'if/i : for instance (Neh. xiii. 24), lov^aiart and A^a^narL, for n^nn^ and n^TII^^S (the Jewish language and the Ashdod language). Corollary 1. — As in other things so even in suffixes, -many names are not uniformly treated in the LXX. They either have sometimes one and sometimes an- other termination, as XapfjL7]\o<; and Xa^irjkio^ ; or they are sometimes used with and sometimes without any termination at all ; for instance, )W2, Bashan, has both Baaav and BaaaviTL^. Therefore it need not surprise that a suffix in an oblique case is sometimes found with names which are generally treated as in- declirables, and used without any termination ; for SCRIPTUKE ONOMATOLOGY. 17 instance, SoXoo/jlmvto^ (found only in Prov, i. 1, and XXV. 1). Perhaps Zoyopa, for Zoar (Gen. xiii. 10), is an instance of this kind. Corolla ry 2. — Since it cannot but happen that many names in the LXX. should occur only in oblique cases and not in the nominative ; for instance, Barachiah and Media occur only in the genitive, Bapaxiov, Mr]8o)v ; therefore it will be easily seen that some of them will occur with declined terminations, and ap- pear at first sight, when compared with the Hebrew, to be corruptions. This is perhaps the case with Ehpaiv for "^2?TT«> Edrei. II. — Gentilia. We have already alluded in the preceding section to this branch of Hellenisation by the use of suffixes as belonging to a particular class of proper names, viz., those which signify the inhabitants of places. Yet a few remarks remain to be made, which are best arranged by themselves under their own title. If the LXX. was only sparing in the use of personal suffixes, it went to the extreme in that of the gentilia. The Hebrew language has also suffixes for this purpose, which are all seen in ^2«in, feminine n^DHin or n"^n«1Z2, plural D^nwi^ ; i.e., a Moabite, Moabitess, Moabites. But the Hebrew employs them very scantily. The plural, especially, hardly exists in many names, at least not in the Bible ; and instead of it the name of the country is used. The LXX., on the other hand, multiplies them unnecessarily to c 18 SCRIPTURE OXOMATOLOGY. a very great extent ; and that not so much in the singular number, as more particularly in the plural, where they are scarcest in the Hebrew : e.g., it can make no difference whether you say " the land of Canaan," or " the land of the Canaanites " ; yet the Hebrew, in Exod. vi. 4, has f^DlD, " Canaan," and the Septuagint Version, Xavavaiwv, " of the Canaanites." In fact, sometimes it appears that, except where it was quite inadmissible, the LXX. considered all names of places to be those of nations in the collective singular, and therefore preferred thus rendering them as plurals of gentilia, to merely putting down the name as in the Hebrew. This distinction, which the LXX. thus made, is best seen in the following two examples : " the tabernacles of Edom " (Ps. Ixxxiii. 6), is ra aKrjvco/jLara rcov ISoV/matcov ; but " lead me into Edom" (Ps. Ix. 9 and cviii. 10), is oBr]yr](T6L fie ew? TT?? ISov/juaLai^. Again, Persia is always ol Tlepaac, " the Persians," except once, Dan. xi. 2, where in the phrase "three kings in Persia," it is rendered ev rrj Tlepathi. Yet sometimes names which have suffixes in the Hebrew are given without them in the Greek. This is chiefly the case with those which the translators considered to be patronymics. In Hebrew, patro- nymics only occur in the singular, and only with the masculine sino-ular termination of the e'entilia for their suffix. These supposed or real patronymics the LXX. either gives with the Hebrew suffix in Greek letters, as ^tjXcoul, EcppaOc, etc., or without any suffix SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 19 at all, perhaps only paraphrasing them with the addition of uto? or viol tov (Josh. xxii. 1). Of the gentilia, some terminate in 09, a?, t??, femi- nine 7] ; the most in 109, la ; and some in tr?;?, feminine 6T/9; which are all declined like adjectives in case, number, and gender. Some occur in different places with different terminations ; and some have the ad- dition of €K or l3acrLX6v<; rcov, or Tvpavvo<^ rcov, etc. (Job ii. 11). It is a pity that the English Bible also imitates the LXX. in multiplying such renderings unnecessa- rily ; and often so even in passages where the LXX. follows the Hebrew; for instance, 2 Chron. xxi. 8, 9, 10. III. — Amalgamated Suffixes. The mode of furnishing names with suffixes, con- sidered in the preceding two sections, was that by Appendage only. Names without suffix were sup- posed to be left entire, and to have the Greek termi- nation added. Names with suffix merely exchange their Hebrew for the Greek ones. Great as is the change thus produced in the name, we come now to another mode, which causes a much greater change, viz., that by Amalgamation of the last root-letters with the suffix. - (1.) There are names in the Old Testament whose last letters, when written in Greek without any addition, look like grammatical suffixes. As the LXX. left most proper names without suffix and in- declinable, so also most of these. Such are KaS/;? for Wlp, Ax^fJ^aO'^ for V2?»^n« Achimaaz, /la^t? for tyob c2 20 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. Lachish, etc. Only once (Ezek. xlvii. 19), we find in Codex B. KaBrj/ub, which is evidently a transcriber's mistake. Yet there are some with these original suffix-like terminations, which are declined. They are of two kinds. First, names like Kvpo^, Aaa-ovrjpo^, and Apra^ep^T]^, which are not really derived from their Hebrew equivalents, mn^::^ and Dinii:;nw, but are either Greek originally, or, being historical names, have been engrafted into the language, before the translation of the LXX. Avas made. Their o? and ?;? must change according to the rules of Greek grammar. Secondly, names like ^appa, Ta^a, etc., that could only have been derived from the Hebrew. They end with a vowel, especially the a, which stands for the Hebrew n, and this vowel is treated as if it were only a Greek suffix. This is one kind of Amalgamation. The radical final a is amalgamated with the suffix a, and both form together one declinable letter ; so that by declension we obtain Ta^r)^, Avvav, etc. Generally, the vowels at the end of most names are partly merged, and lost in the suffix, and partly combined or amalgamated with it. Such is Za^apta';, lepefjbta^;, etc. {vide No. VII. below). (2.) Another, stronger, but much rarer kind of Amalgamation is that in which consonants are merged into the suffix, as Ae^avo<=; for "J13nb, Lebanon. Josephus, who is more regular in this respect, and uses the system of suffixes to a much greater extent than the LXX. and New Testament do, merges also many more radical consonants into the suffixes ; as SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 21 KaL<^ for Cain. (Instances of his other Hellenisations are iVojeo? and AjBeXo^ for Noe and Abel, AevL^ for Levi, Mapia/ii/jir) for Miriam.) Note 1. — In some examples the final 9 is neither an affix nor a root letter, but an error for an JE or O ; for instance. Gen. xlvi. 9, Cod. B., $aXXo9 for Slbs, Phallu. (See this explained in the Appendices.) The final rj also of what appears to be a genitive termination, may be a corruption for an N. Such, for instance, may be the case with Navrj for pD, Nun, the father of Joshua, which name, it so happens, occurs only in the genitive case all through the Bible. I^ote 2. — Changes of final 9 into v, and vice versa, often indicate corrections by those Avho thought these letters to be grammatical terminations. This probably accounts for Josh. xi. I, la/Si^;, standing for ^^n^, Jabin ; and Gen. xxxvi. 41, Cod. A., ^lv6<; for p>D, Pinon. A similar correction seems to be Xappa, Ezek. xxvii. 23, for Xappav, ]"in. IV.— T IS FOUND FOR 3, AND /3 FOR T The Latins have already taught us that the Greek TJpsilon was sometimes pronounced like their v [see Evangelus, Evander {evavhpo^)] ; and that the Beta had, as with the modern Greeks (and Kussians), and as the Hebrew Beth without Dagesh, a similar pro- nunciation. Though these statements, which make those two letters at once Tautophonia and Amphibolia, are contradicted by grammarians of great authority ; yet both are strongly confirmed in the LXX. The 22 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. first is confirmed by names like EvaX, Gen. x. 28, standing for bm27, " Obal." Also Josh. xix. 30, Cod. B., we have Paav for nm, Eehob. These and similar instances look like errors, or various readings; but they only arose from the peculiar general pronuncia- tion of the Ujmlon, together with their reading the Hebrew Beth without a Dagesh. Compare also the word Aevi for ^'ib, Levi ; and Ovav, in the Book of Lamentations, for the letter Vav ; and fio? in the Greek language itself. Ephraim Syrus, in the Pe- shito, writes "jVbUDIS (Evangeliun) for EvayyeXcov. The statement concerning the JBeta is also clearly confirmed in the LXX. by its representing the Hebrew Vav, mostly indeed by v or ov {see examples above) ; but sometimes also by (3. Thus in one verse, 2 Kings xviii. 34, we have both ^eircpapovai/ii for tz^in^D, which was probably intended to be read Sepharvaim (or Sepharwaim), and A/Sa for ni37, Ivah. Another example is Josh. xiii. 18, BaKeSfj.co6 for n^Tp"), " and Kedem_oth." The ancient Greeks also rendered Ser- vius by ^ep^io^. Zosimus gives ffaXrjpe for valere. Herodianus has 2e^r]po<; for Severus. (See G. Mar- tinus ad A. Mekerchum.) Adolphus Mekerchus him- self gives several instances of this v sound of the /3, as Valerius BaXepio^, Nervii Nepfiiot, etc. Yet he says, "Una hirundo non facit ver; nee privilegia singulorum legem possunt facere communem." It is also said that this pronunciation is a remnant of the well-known Digamma. Beza says, " Idcirco fortasse quod quum Graeci (exceptis Aeolibus) illud hiyaixfj^a SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 23 exprimere non possent, interdum ejus loco h, interdum (et quidem saepius) ov diphthongum scripserunt." Nevertheless, we shall see in the next Article that /a/3 marked the h sound; and /3, if not always, yet very often, sounded like v. Hence also the uncer- tainty as to the spelling AajScS or Aavih, showing that both must have been pronounced alike, even like the Hebrew "rn, David or Dawid. Corollary 1. — By the help of this rule can be ex- plained mistakes like that of Gen. x. 27, Cod. B. At^r}\ stands for bt^iS, Uzal. The Hebrew T cannot be mistaken for a n, nor the Greek f for a /3. But the T and 1 are often mistaken for one another ; e.g., 1 Chron. ii. 46, for TTn (Gazez) Fe^ove, as if it had been in, Gezve ; also Num. xxi. 14, Zoco^ for nm (Author- ised Version translates " he did "). Thus, also, they might have read in the former passage (Gen. x. 27), bllW; and then, as explained above, represented one 1 by 13. Again, Gen. xxv. 13, Maaaafi for nwn'D, Mibsam, was probably originally Mavaajju. Corollary 2. — Not less important is this rule in helping to decide between some Kevi and Chefhiv. In the Hebrew Bible it is well known that there are even now double readings, of which that of the Text is called Chethiv, and that of the Margin Keri. In these cases an old version like the LXX, is often most valuable and decisive : e.g., Ezra ii. 46, IleXa/nL shows that the Keri "^T^hw is right, and the Chethiv "bl^W an error, which has crept into the Text since LXX. times. But sQroeUwgs its decisions are enhanced 24 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. when at first sight they are not quite clear, but heconie so when we know how the Hebrew letters were expressed in Greek ; for instance, in 2 Sam. xx. 25 there is a Chethiv «"'^1 and a Keri sr^i?! The LXX. Iiov/3a evidently decides for the Keri, represent- ing the second 1 by /S. V. — M STANDS FOR n, AND ^ FOR Q. We have said before that yLt/3 marked the b sound. Of this we have several traces in the LXX. : Afx^a- Kovfi for pipnn, Habakkuk ; Ae^fxva, Josh. xii. 15, Cod. A., for n^nb, Libnah. But most remarkable are those instances in which the /3 was lost, and a ijl is standing in its place, looking like an erroneous change. There are indeed dialectic changes in Greek between ijl and /3 : see Tep€^Lv6o<; and repe/juvdo^;, both meaning the same. Gesenius says that 12 and SD " are in the mouth of Orientals more closely related than with us, so that Mecca sounds almost like Becca ; for instance, "lirs^l and pl^^n, the name of a river ; S^in and «n^, fat ; I^T, Chaldee pT, time. Similarly in Greek : /SXtrra) (to take honey) for /jteXiTTO), from fiekL^ — Ges. Lex., under 3. Yet seeing that such changes in names, especially in a translation, cannot be made without completely destroying the names, the number of these changes, if any, can only be very small. We must explain, therefore, these altera- tions in the LXX. to have taken place by two suc- cessive smaller changes. First a jjl was added to the 13 by those who pronounced fjLJB like ; and then the SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 25 /5 was lost in transcription by those who did not observe this rule of pronunciation. For then, as will be easily seen in the following instances, the (3 was often useless, and thrown out for euphony's sake. 1 Chron. ii. 42, Cod. A., XaXe/ju for nb^, Caleb, must have been first XaXe/-t/3 then XaXe/x. Similarly Exod. vi. ^3, Cod. A., Afj^tvaSa/j, for niTT^V, Aminadab. Josh. XV. 39, Cod. A., MaaxaO for r\'p^2,1i, Bozkath. Josh. xix. 2, Cod. B., ^a/xaa for S^ntT', Sheba. Gen. xlvi. 13, Cod. B., Aaovfi for nv (more correctly Cod. Sam., and 1 Chron. vii. 1, m^"*), Jashub. Observation. — Yet some of these variations may have come from the translators, through mistaken readings of the orimnal. For the letter Mem had with them only one form, namely, that which we use for the final Mem only, and was therefore in form nearly like the Beth. Indeed this is confirmed by the occasional changes in the reverse way, i.e., the Hebrew Mem into /3 ; for instance : — Josh. xiii. 16, Cod. A., Biaoop for nit:?^^, Mishor (English, " the plain "). Josh. XV. 31, Cod. A., BeSe/Seva for Hi^lD, Mad- mannah. It would lead me too far out of the way to prove that originally there were no final letters in the Hebrew at all. Yet some proofs to confirm what I have said concerning the Mem is necessary. First, that there w^as no distinction between final and other Mems : 26 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. Deut. XXV. 5, for "T3W '^niw the LXX. has ^vptav aire^aXev, equivalent to "ins^ C~is. Num. xxxiv. 11, for nbnnn C^LTD the LXX. has airo ^€7r(f)afjLap BijXa, equivalent to nbn "ini^Dtl^D. Isa. xvi. 1, for vbD72 the LXX. has fii] irerpa, equi- valent to vbo C«. Secondly, that the form of the 3Ieni was that which we use as the final, can be easily proved by number- less misreadings, on the part of the translators, of the Mem for the similar looking letters, as n, n, n, D, and t^ice versa, e.g., Judg. iv. 21, for D^!21"rp Kah-iaecfM (D^Dlip). VI. — The Softening /3. The letter ^ often occurs between // and p in names which in the Hebrew have only 1^5, and no 2 be- tween them ; for instance, Ma/ju/Spr] for «nnn, Mamre. This 8 can only be explained to be the softening ^, which also occurs in fxearnjilBpLa. Hence (Gen. xxv. 2), Zofi^pav for pnr Zimran. (Gen. xlvi. 13), ^afju^pav for y^^W, Shimron. (Ex. vi. 18, &c.), A/jijSpa/jb for U172V, Amram. (Num. xxv. 14), Zan^pL for n!2T, Zimri. Josephus also has ZafjL/3pLa<; for Zimri, and Mafi(3pri<^ or MajBpT]^ for Mamre, etc. Nor is this only a Greek device to facilitate pronunciation. The same is found in English and in other languages, e.g., Chamher tor Kammer, number and slumber for numeras and Schlummer. From this we may derive the following Corol- laries : — SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 27 (a.) Sometimes we find fip for nzs, as Ne^pwh fur "rn^D, JSi imrod. This is explained by supposing again two successive changes. In the preceding number, whilst showing how, by two successive changes, ^ came to stand for a 12, we assumed (what can be borne out by numerous examples) that there were tran- scribers who, pronouncing /Lt/3 as yS, were fond of adding //, to a yS, where there was none before. Now it is also easily seen that there would be others who would think such a /a superfluous, and would throw it out, or lose it in transcription. Further, the same transcribers, finding jxfip together, would forget that the /3 was only a softening /3, and that /a/S here was not intended to be pronounced as ^. They would, therefore, here also reject the //,, and leave the p. The two changes, therefore, in the above name would be from Ne/jipcoS to Nefi^pcoS, and then Ne^pcoB. Other instances of double changes are Jer. xlviii. 34, NefipeLv for DnnD, JSfimrim; Josh. xiii. 27, BaovOava^pa (pro- bably originally BatrjOa vafjb(3pa) for mD3 n^::, Beth- nimrah. {b.) Since the /3 occurs also as a softening medium between pu and \, as in 1 Kings xxii. 8, 9, Iep.p\aa for nb»\ Imlah; 2 Chron. xviii. 7, 8, lep^^Xa for sbD\ Imla, as also in the Greek word pLepjD\7]p.ai (perfect passive of yaeXo)) ; as in English also dissemhk from dissimilis, humble from huuiilis ; therefore, when we find ^e^Xa for rhuw, Samlah, (1 Chron. i. 47, 48), we may assume that it was originally ^e/if^Xa, and that it lost the fM in transcription, as above. 28 SCRIPTUEE ONOMATOLOGY. (c.) There are other softening mediums, as the ^ in Aafjb^ha, from the Hebrew, Lamed, and especially the S in avhpo^, from avr]p, or in English " gender " from gener, " tender " from tener ; but I could find no names in which the letters which accept such media come together, unless they had a vowel between them. In the compounds with " En," as En-rogel, En is translated 7777777. VII. — Vowels for the letters > i n s. Other causes, that gave to names the forms more or less different from those in the Hebrew, were that the soft letters, "^ 1 n W, had no parallels in the Greek Al- phabet, and were only represented by vowels ; whilst also the Hebrew system of vowel points, which we have now, was unknown then. These two wants left a wide door open to discrepancies. For >lb we have Aevei and AevL. For "THW, " Ohad" (Exod. vi. 5), we have Awh. For linens we have (1 Chron. viii. 3) A^iovh. For mnw, "Ahavah" (Ezra viii. 15, etc.), we have EvL and Aove. Especially at the end of words, these letters were often merged into the Greek suffix ; as Ol^ta^ for irr^TJ?, Uzziyahu {English Uzziah). In vain did Z. Frankel (" Historisch kritische Stu- dien ") work out an elaborate plan of correspondence between Hebrew vowels and Greek letters. His favourite theory is that the Alexandrians had Hebrew Bibles with vowel points ; and to every historical SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 29 proof to the contrary, he replies that the system of points only existed in Alexandria, and not in Pales- tine. But suppose it be so, how did they express them in the translation ? The plan which* he gives with a few instances, is based upon the vowel points of our Hebrew Bible, but applies only to a few names in the Greek ; so that we may well say to this, " Una hirundo non facit ver." It might, perhaps, be said that later corruptions have altered the vowels, and made them unlike the original ; e.g., hardly anything is so numerous as the various readings between at and 6, which have caused so much confusion in the Greek Text ; as : — Gen. xxiv. 49, for ^l^yn, "tell," Cod. B. airayr^ei- \aT€y Cod. A. aTrayyeiXeraL. Gen. xxi. 17, for nr^n, " the lad," Cod. B. TratScov, Cod. A. TreBiov. Num. xix. 16, for niWTl, "the field," Cod. B. ireSiov, Cod. A. iraihiov. ■ It might then be asked, How without vowel points for their guidance, the translators succeeded in making any names to agree with the Hebrew ? The reply is easy. First, chance can do a little in the midst of a great body of names like that of the Bible. Tradition, amonor the Alexandrian Jews, might do a little more with the nomenclature of their Nomos (niin. Law), and of the stories of their childhood. But, above all, a large number of the names were not strange to them. They were household names ; and, therefore, their pronunciation was not doubtful. These names also had so SCRIPTURE OXOMATOLOGY. an accepted mode of spelling in Greek, which, indeed, accounts both for agreements and for non-agreements with the Hebrew spelling, e.g., ^apa, which stands for ntt?, Sarai (as distinguished from nnw, ^appa, Sarah) is confessedly irregular. To agree with the Hebrew, it should be 'Xapai, Why, then, is it not so ? Not ' because anyone was bold enough, or because anyone cared to take the trouble to alter it ; but because the name was a most popular one among the Alexandrian Jews. It also admitted of the two former modes of spelling, but not of the latter. The translators, therefore, shrank from a new form like ^apat, even as our Revisers of the New Testament shrunk from omitting "James," and putting Jakob in its place, or from introducing Perets for Perez, Chetsron for Hezron. They, therefore, adopted the plan of putting the less common of the former two, Hapa for >nw, which is also less common in Hebrew ; and Xappa for n~)K7, both being popular in their respective languages. Was there then no system upon which the trans- lators proceeded in spelling unknown names ? I answer, Yes. For, first, the prima facie probability is that they would wish to spell names as nearly like the Hebrew as they could. But, chiefly, there are clear evidences that they also had done so. We cannot, indeed, explain everything. Perhaps their system did not extend to every case. Yet we have distinct traces that they followed certain rules. The choice of Greek vowels was determined not by any vowel points in the Hebrew, but partly by their SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 31 position in the word, and partly by the letters for which they were substituted. Of this system we can only give a few rules with certainty. Others might be discerned, but cannot be confidently affirmed. The accent is nearly always upon the last syllable that is not a suffix. The exceptions are not derived from the Hebrew, evidently, because their Hebrew copies had no accents. See the difference in 1 Chron. iii. 12, IcoaOav, Hebrew Jotham. In words of two syllables, if the first vowel was short, and had only one consonant after it, it assimi- lated the vowel of the second, as BaXaafM for D^b^, Bilam ; Xok'xwO for riDD, Succoth. If there were two consonants between the vowels, the first vowel had to be an e, yet sometimes an a or o are found. For a Vav o, ov, or co was substituted, from which also the preceding short syllable received an o. For Jod at the beginning of the word, c with or with- out another vowel was put ; for instance, with another vowel, laKcofi, Ia(f)€9 ; without one, lapuTjX, laaaK. Jod in the middle of a word had i or et, as Aeiva for n^'^f ; in the last syllable, it mostly had et, as "^rjeip for I^37ti7, Aa^L^ and ^a^et? for W^lh; but sometimes u, as 1 Chron. ii. 55, ©apjadufju Kat ^a/xaOa/u, for DTIS?"in n^nvr^W, the Tirathites, the Shimeathites. The n and « at the end of a word, and often also in other positions, were represented by a ; but n at the beginning of a word was H, sometimes with and sometimes " without another vowel. When the H had 32 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. another vowel after it, it became a mere sign of aspira- tion. This sign was afterwards reduced into the smaller one, yet it left its traces in those words in which it was early changed into another letter ; for instance, Num. xxi. 20, Cod. A. for S^nn (English " the valley ") has Nairyv, but was evidently Hayc-qv. The shorter sign also did not always escape corruption. It was sometimes changed into I ; for the same word in Cod. B. is lavrjv ; and 1 Chron iv. 19, for n^lin, Hodiah, Cod. A. has lovhaia, from HovSaca, 'Ovhaia. The Hexapla, in writing the Hebrew text with Greek letters, has simpler rules of substitution, and its vowels are more like those of the Masoretic Codex. Thus Vav at the beginning of words is expressed by ou, as for ^n"*") (Vaihee), ovet. It very seldom takes another vowel to it, as Ps. xliii. \^, ovaOer for ''^T^^ (Vatet). In the middle of the word, and at the end, it is expressed by ov or m. S and n may be any vowel ; but at the beginning, n, as the article, is expressed by a ; and ^ by t or rj, or e. Now these rules, few as are those which we can discover in the LXX., are yet sufficiently clear and frequent in their application to be valuable witnesses of early readings and spellings in the Hebrew. We have alluded in a former section to the Keri and Chethiv, and the decisions which the LXX. can give between them. We can now confirm this by instances of a different kind, and draw conclusions independent of .Keri and Chethiv. From Ieov<; (Gen. xxxvi. 14) it is certain that they SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 33 had W^V^, as the Keri and as the Syriac and Cod. Sam. have it ; not W>V\ as the Kethiv. From XaiXcov (Num. i. 9) we can see they had ^b^n, like Sam., not ]bn, Helon. From McoBaS (Num. xi. 26) we can see they had 11^72, like Sam., not ITn, Medad. From At^n^ (Gen. x. 27, Cod. A.) we can see they had brs, like Sam., not btlW, Uzal. As to readings also, from ^(oyap, Num. i. 8, we might guess they read n27Vj instead of "I'i?^:^, Zuar. So clear and decisive are these rules, that even from the form Ma)V(T7)<; for nwi2i, Moses, we can draw an inference. Although one would not like our English Bible to imitate the Vulgate " Moyses," as the French do with their " Moise '* ; although we might also concede that " Moyses " need not be a direct rendering from a lost Hebrew reading, but was obtained from the Old Italic, or rather with that Version and with Josephus and the New Testament, from the Ilcovar]^ of the LXX.; yet the LXX. alone giving this spelling so persistently in Greek, cannot but show that even this name was different in their Hebrew copies from ours. It was spelt ntt7ia, with a \ as the Syriac has it ; not 71WT2, as we have it. Compare Gen. x. 2, Iccvav for ]V ; though this seems to be an erroneous contraction of loovav, intended to be read Io2vcm. VIII.— r FOR 37, AND THE PRONUNCIATION OF BOTH. The letter V has two sounds. Sometimes it was pronounced as a vowel letter, and sometimes like the 34 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. Arabic Ghain. This second sound is sometimes des- cribed as one like the Northumbrian burr ; but the LXX. never represents it by a /o but by a 7, though even this is probably not the exact counterpart, but the nearest in sound that the Greek language had. This 7 generally has a vowel after it, as Tal^a for nT37, Fofioppa for m»^. But sometimes it has none, and the vowel before it, according to a rule in the pre- ceding section, p. 31, is e ; as Ptyfjia (Cod. A., Peyxf^^) for nDj7~i, Raamah. In the Hexapla it is seldom 7, perhaps only in names derived from the LXX. The English Bible also gives the two pronuncia- tions ; but, except in the New Testament, it does not always follow its Greek predecessor. Of the two examples above, it agrees in the first by rendering that name Gomorrah in the Old Testament, and Go- morrha in the New Testament ; but for the second name, it has Raamah ; whilst for PayovrjX, another instance of the Ghain pronunciation, the Authorised Version gives generally Reuel, only once (in Num. X. 29) Raguel. Again, for -l^n, it has in the Old Testament Reu, in the New Testament (Luke iii. 35), Ragau. Observation. — Although there is no indication in the Hebrew of this second sound, except, perhaps, in the relation which a few words with V have with others containing throat letters, as p37 and p:i, "to cover," nnv and ni2, " to crush," 27nT and piT, " to sprinkle," etc. (See Gesen. Lex., Letter V-) Although, further, the modern Jews have entirely lost this sound in SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOOY. 35 their pronunciation of the Hebrew, yet the author of the Peshito knew it, and also expressed it in some names by the Syriac Gimmel ; for instance (Gen. xxxvi. 43, and 1 Chron. i. 55), Dn^n, for 01^2? ; (Num. xiii. 13), bw^bn:^ for bs^D^ ; and (Num. xxi. 1), mn for -1127. These renderings were not copied from the LXX., because the LXX , in all these instances, pro- nounces the 27 as a vowel letter. Moreover, the LXX. proof of the Ghain pronunciation is especially strong, when the name, in which it occurs, is one that was still in existence at the time of their writing ; for instance, Tat^a for nT27, a place which is in existence even now, and called Ghuzzeh. Whether there was a third pronunciation of this letter with a nasal sound, like that which the Jews give to the name of Jacob, and which seems to be confirmed in the above Peyxf^^ ^f Cod. A., and in AyjaL, Gen. xii. 8, for >vn, " Hai," is a question which is most likely to be asked ; but, for want of sufficient data, will perhaps never be decided with certainty. Against it may be quoted Ajx^v^ ^o^' ^'"^^ Achish, Ayyaio^ for the prophet Haggai, and many other names in which 77, or 7/c, or jx ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ but for a supposed double throat letter ; so that it is impossible to suppose that these letters came in by error. The cause of them is in an old peculiarity of the Greek language. The same uncertainty, which we saw in the pronunciation of the ^ and /^/3, exists also in that of the 7 thus situated. During the great con- troversy as to the pronunciation of the Greek letters D 2 36 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. two questions concerning the 7 were hotly debated by the learned disputants. First, whether before e, t, etc., it was pronounced like j. Secondly, whether in the position which we are now contemplating, it was pronounced like v. To the first, as to several other questions of those days, we have nothing to say, because the LXX. gives no clue to them. As to the second question, those who upheld the unchangeable- ness of the letters, maintained that 7 was never pro- nounced like n. A. Mekerchus speaks of a Psalter at Bruges Cathedral belonging to A.D. 1105, in which the LXX. was written with Latin letters, and there aggelos stands for ayjeXo^ (Sylloge, p. 22). Beza thinks that ayyeXo^;, ayKvpa, Ay^ia7]<^, etc., were originally written avy6\o<;, avKvpa, Av'x^lcft)'^ ; and that the mistakes arose from the similar forms of the v and 7. Both Mekerchus, Beza, and others maintain that if the Greeks had changed the pronunciation, they would have changed the letter also. They think it absurd that a v should first be changed into a 7, and then the 7 pronounced like v. Rather, say they, should the v remain, and if a 7 occurs, it should be changed into v. On the other hand, Priscianus is quoted as saying that the oldest Romans also wrote Agchises, agceps, aggelus for Anchises, anceps, angelus. Yet I am inclined to accept a middle course. The 7 was pronounced like v, but not always. The name En-gedi is particularly remarkable in this re- spect. In Josli. XV. G2, and 2 Chron. xx. 2, it has 7 for the n, in the four remaining passages in which it SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 37 oc3urs, it has v. This proves clearly that there was an uncertainty at the time of the LXX. We have also Josh. xix. 21, Cod. A., HvyawL/n for C^Da )^V ; and Josh. xix. 27, Evjat for ^am (Cod. B., EKjac). Come we to the time of the ancient Versions, and we find they all rendered Nayyac (Luke iii. 25), by Nagge, and are followed in the same by nearly all modern Versions, perhaps only Miles Coverdale's Bible ex- cepted, which gives Nange. (The Revised Version gives Naggai). Yet it is not so with Kejxpea (Acts xviii. 18 ; Rom. xvi. 1), or AavyKparo^i (Rom. xvi. 14). All Versions are unanimous in giving the n sound to both ; and then it is questionable whether they were right in doing so, since the modem village, which is said to occupy the site of Key'xpea, is called Kikries. IX. — Vowels for n. Closely connected with the letters we have just considered, is the letter Cheth. All scholars now agree with the Jews in reading it as a guttural only. But in the LXX. it has two sounds, one of which is re- presented by %, the other by vowels. As a vowel, it differs little from the 27, both being generally a or e. Both also in the middle of words between two con- sonants, are mostly represented by aa, or a with an- other short vowel before it. The accent then, if any, was undoubtedly upon the second vowel, the a; whilst the first was little stronger than the Hebrew Sheva, This was, in fact, also the case with the W and n, when- 38 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. ever they were thus represented by two vowels in the middle of a word. But at the end of words, after a consonant e, with another vowel before it, are the most frequent distinctions of V and n. It is needless to expand and embaiTass these statements by proofs ; the examples occur in great numbers all through the LXX. As regards the final e, it is difficult to say what force it had. I do not think that it was pro- nounced with the accent, though it is given with it in our copies of the LXX. (which seems to me to show that the system of accents is modern). Tliat e, indeed, is a strange phenomenon altogether. Generally the LXX. is rather deficient even in its representation of the Hebrew vowel letters. We have seen how the suffixes absorbed some : W and n before other vowel letters are mostly left unrepresented. The letters "^rf, which often occur thus together in Bible names, re- ceive very rarely their full acknowledgment. If they stand at the beginning of the words, as in mirf, Judah, or in the middle, as in "r^irr^riW, Abihud, they have Lov or loo, as if they were only "T^, without n. At the end, they have either lov or m? ; as AfiSiov for *innn37, Obadiah, and Haaia^ for *in^rii7\ Isaiah. Even the name S')n\ Jehu, is mostly lov. Compare also in Ezra viii. 4, ^3^27')n'^bs, Elihoenai, with EXcava, or Ezra x. 12, bWTT**, Jehiel, with leyX. Yet the above € occurs continually in this particular position as a redundant vowel, and no explanation has been given of it. It evidently belongs to a system of signs for indicating something in the pronunciation of the V SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 39 and n, by which, perhaps, they were distinguished from the S and n, a system which probably prevailed not at the end only, but everywhere, though in other places it was obliterated through the work of those who seemed to make it their business to reduce the number of vowels. The n was sometimes also expressed by H, the ancient sign of aspiration, traces of which are found even in the middle of words in those cases in which it was early corrupted into another letter ; as Gen. X. 14, Xao-aXoyNietfju for D'^nbo^, XacraXcoHieffi. Whether these renderings were accidental, the n having been mistaken for the n, or regular, and part of the above system, is also difficult now to say. The initial aspirate now is not confined to names beginning in Hebrew with n or n. Some of the most common ones have it without any reason that can be found either in the Hebrew or Greek language ; as 'E^€p for -Q37, 'A/3paa/jL for nnnnw, 'Haav for WV, 'HXL*tov >bv, 'EXLo-ate for vwbt^ (Elisha). Most of the names which begin with lep have it, as 'lepepaa^, 'IepL')((i3^ Jepo^oafjL, etc. Again, we saw above (p. 32) that the aspirate which stood for an initial n became sometimes I ; so it was also with that which stood for a n ; as Num. xxvi. 21, lajnovv for bl!2n, Hamul ; and so probably also with those which stood neither for n nor for n. Many names with superfluous Iotas in the LXX. can only thus be accounted for; for instance, Num. xxvi. 38, lax^pav for Q"i^ns, Ahiram, must have been first 'A'^cpav. 40 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. Beza maintains that the n had no other power but that of the aspirate, like the Latin H. But in the LXX. we have also Xa^ju for DPI, Ham, Naxoyp for Tim, Nahor, etc. On the other hand, some might think it was only when the LXX. mistook the n for the similar looking n, that they stamped the character of the latter upon it. But it is not so, for several reasons. (a.) If it w^ere so, we should have found a similar number of reverse mistakes as there is of this ; viz., that the letter n w^as read as a guttural, and repre- sented by ^. But in Genesis alone, though we find upwards of forty readings of the one kind, we do not find a single instance of the other. {b.) The name Hra is taken from the Hebrew " Chcth," which it represents in Greek. (c.) Josephus also and the New Testament treat this letter in the same way. Josephus gives Nco6o<; for n3, " Noah," and the New Testament has — AKeXBa/xa (Acts i. 19) for the Aramean CI bpn (Hebrew DT pbn) ; and Meaaia^ (John i. 40 ; iv. 24) for r\^\D^ (Mashiach). Origen, in his Hexapla, gives it only a vowel sound. The D alone with him is x> ^^^ ^^"^^ n is a vow^el letter ; for instance, aia, -Gen. i. 20, for nTT. He hardly makes any distinction between R n, n, and 1?. They are all soft (lenes) breathings. His vowels are nearly the same as those of the Masorites. id.) Lastly, another reason for believing that it was not by mistake that the n was rendered as a vowel letter, is seen in the Arabic language, in which also two SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGT. 41 letters, the Ha and Cha, are often found as its repre- sentatives ; for instance, Ilafar, " to dig," and Chafar, " to blush," are both "iDn in Hebrew. It is curious that the Vulgate and other Versions often represent the n by an h, and that sometimes also when the LXX. has a ;/; as Ahias or Ahiah for n^nw, LXX. /4%£a, Ahab for n«ns, Ayaa^. Some- times the Authorised Version does so only in the Old Testament, and not in the New, as Nahor, Ahaz ; and Nachor (Luke iii. 34), Achaz (Matt. i. 9). As to Rahab for nm, the Greek also is Paa/3, and only Matt. i. 5, Pa^ap. The fact is, the Authorised Version treats the Cheth badly. In the New Testa- ment it generally follows the Greek ; and, therefore, there we rightly find some names with ch, which in the Old Testament have h. In the Old Testa- ment, it follows rules of its own. It reserves the ch for the :d, when that letter is not rendered by c; and only in two or three names it represents the Cheth also by ch, as in Jericho ; in three or four it omits it altogether, as in Eve, Enoch, etc. ; and in the remainder it gives it an h, as if it were a n. It is a pity that the Revised Version of the New Testament, in its anxiety for uniformity with the Old Testament, should have altered the few names which in the Authorised Version are more correct in the New Testament than in the Old. Far better would it have been if it had left such names as they were ; and conforming alterations had been found afterwards in the Revised Old Testament. 42 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. X. — Hissing Letters. The letters W and W, equally with the D, could only be represented by ^ in Greek. Hence Xvx'^l^ for WDW, Shechera, ^77/x for WW, Shem, etc. Even the !J, which we pronounce like ts, they could not render so, because the Greek language does not suffer this com- bination. See (TM/uLa(TL for aco/juarcrc dat. plur. of awfia. Hence we have also ^cv for ^l^, Zin ; Sicov for 1^2, Zion. Sometimes, however, the !$ is, as in the English Bible, represented by z ; as Zoyop (Jer. xlviii. 34) for nv^, Zoar. The Hexapla and Josephus treat these letters in the same way. The New Testa- ment also has aapaxOavt for the Aramean ^DHp^t:? (Shebaktani) ; (naavva for n217t2?*in (Hoshaanah); Geth- semane for •j^tT' n:j (Gath-Shemen) ; Sabaoth for m«n!^ ; XahhovKaioL for D^pl!S (Tsadeekim). It is a pity that the Greek is so poor in the sibilant letters, in which the Semitic languages are so rich. Even the 5"? h ^^^ ^ ^^ not belong to their original sixteen letters, which (as testified by Pliny, Diony- sius and Plutarch) were brought by Cadmus from Phoenicia, but to the eight double letters introduced later. It is, perhaps, for this reason that D"iS, which means Highland, and ^ms, Highlander, are called Xvpia and ^vpo^;, which seem to come from avpiao-o), " to hiss " or " whistle." (See also above, under Ethni- zation.) Although, perhaps, if the translators had had in their language all the letters corresponding to the Hebrew Alphabet, they would still not always have SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 43 written strictly phonographically, according to the original, as, in fact, they did not seem to do in cases in which they could have done it ; yet, to some extent, they might have helped to determine the oft vexed question as to the pronunciation of those sibilants in the Hebrew. One pitiful attempt is made in the LXX. to distinguish these letters from one another. In the book of Lamentations we find the words raaSe, pVX^^ %0-ei/ ; and these, at least, tell us that the !i and W were not pronounced as s, as usually rendered in the LXX., but as we pronounce them. Perhaps the original rendering of the ^7 was sometimes HH, but the traces of it are few and indistinct. Yet see A^HSw0 for n^iw^ Ashdoth. Then how was the Zain pronounced ? Is it the same as the Zijra ? In Lamentations it is indeed called Zaty. It is also mostly represented by z in other parts ; yet sometimes it is also represented by s, as EXi^a^ for TD^bs ; ev Xaa/Sc, Gen. xxxviii. 5, for n^'T^^, " at Chezib"; also Num. xxv. 15, Xaa/So for ^:nTD; Cozbi. In some names in several parts of the LXX. it figures as aS, for instance, EaBpa^ for Ezra ; EaSpc (1 Chron. xxvii. 26) for ^niV, Ezri ; EaSpiijX (Neh. xi. 13, Cod. B.), for b«nTi7, Azareel. It is also represented by JS in le^SpaeX (Josh. xv. 06, Cod. A.), for bW37"iT'', Jezreel. Yet the Arabic language often replaces it by the letter Dzal. Further, what is or what was the Greek f ? For in this, too, grammarians are divided between very much the same different pronunciations, i.e., between 44 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. S«?, aS, or f simple like the English z. That it was not originally a single letter like the English z is seen from its being one of the eight double letters, viz., H = E^, n=oo, H=KX "F^n^, ^=nH, x=kh, g=th (the older H being only a note of aspiration). But yet another composition, which has not been mentioned, has, to my mind^ a great probability of having been the original, viz. ts. For, first the name of the letter is derived from the Hebrew Tsade, in the LXX. TaaBe, from which also the German z (Tsed) seems to have derived its sound. But chiefly because this is best seen by adding the fourth column to the table of the av7icrToi')(a, in which grammarians exhibit the tenues, mediae, and aspiratae. TT /3 (^ -X^ = TT? >^ 7 % ^ = ^? T h 6 ^ = T? Yet it is evident that the letter did not retain lons^ its original sound; for A6riva<:^e stands for AOrjvacrBe, and generally A^wto^; for "rilLS'S, Ashdod, which, according to the LXX. way of rendering, should have been AaSoyr or AaScoO, and which is even now called Esdiid. That sound was altered by the process which Max Mliller calls the corruption or decay of language. It is a pity also that the translators of King James made the indefensible rules for themselves, first to render T and !^ by ^s ; except sometimes 'IV!^, by Sion (generally Zion), and once, Psalm Ixviii. 14, Salmon for "jDb^ (in two other places Zalmon) ; secondly, to render a great many ti?, as well as b, and D by s. SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 45 Once an exception occurs, nno, Ex. vi. 22, is ren- dered Zithri ; but this is altogether a blunder. Two names, ^DT, Zichri, of v. 21, and ^nno, of v. 22, are confused, and both made into Zithri. Lastly, in these letters, too, they followed the Greek in the New Testament and not in the Old ; whereby it happens that we have double forms for the same names, as Pharez, Hezron, Shechem, Shem, Sheth, Nahshon, etc., in the Old Testament, and Phares, Esrom, Sychem, Sem, Seth, Naasson in the N. T. XI.— 6 FOR n. The Hebrew n, without Dagesh, is rightly ex- pressed in Greek by 6, and not by 9, as is done by the Jews in our days. The ^olo- Doric dialect changes indeed sometimes 6 into a, as 0-/09 for ^eo9 ; but this was not the common pronunciation of the 6. We have, therefore, very correctly, in the LXX., lacjieO for nD\ BaOovrfK for b«"irQ, etc. ; and in the New Testament, Mark v. 41, raXiOa for the Aramean sn''bt2. But the ancient Hellenists put 6 also in many cases for a n, in which we have a Dagesh. They wrote Sapau^ for W^W^n, Tarshish, EaOrjp for nnON, Ester (English " Esther ") ; and in the New Testament o-a^axOavt is even more remarkable, be- cause, through the aspirate of the 0, sl k also had to be changed into %; and ""anp^a:?, Shahaktani is ren- dered as if it had been ^'^ry'Ii'D.W , completely changing the letter p into D- In fact, only few n with Dagesh are represented by r. 46 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. The curious fact that this brings to light is that they knew no rule concerning the Dagesh ; and probably had no Dagesh existing at all in those days, as they had no points or accents either. Indeed^ this absence of Dagesh is seen in all those letters D ^ 2 n, to which two pronunciations are given. They knew the two sounds of those letters, but gave them promis- cuously, regardless of any rule that we can discover, e.g., ?1D1^, Joseph, in the LXX. Icoarjcf), in Josephus Iwar]iTo^ ; m^b^ Zelophehad, in Josh. xvii. 2, is in Cod. B. ^aXTraaS, in Cod. A. "XaX^aah. Only one thing is certain, they had a great preference for the aspirates. Origen, in the Hexapla, renders nearly all the D S n ^J X^ ^- H^ takes p for k, ro for t ; but, throuofh the want of an alternate letter for the 5, he nearly deprives the Hebrew of the p sound. Though the n, on the contrary, is by Hellenistic writers seldom rendered otherwise than ^8 or ya/S ; this is only another proof by analogy that the Greek /3 also was very often pronounced like v. Here again the English Bible, following the Greek in the New Testament only, gives some names in two forms ; as Terah, Tamar, Shealtiel in the Old Testa- ment for mr\, i^in, bs^nbwtz?, and Thara, Thamar, Salathiel in the New Testament. XII. — K FOR :i, AND T FOR "T. The remaining two " literae duplices," 1 and l, which with us have only one sound, have not only two with them, but these sounds are also given according to a SCRIPTURE OXOMATOLOGY. 47 certain rule ; viz., the usual blunt or soft sounds of 7 and 8 at the beginning and middle of words, but the sharp or hard sounds of r and k at the end This rule was perhaps never formulated by them, yet generally understood and acted upon, as the Germans and others do even now in the case of their g and d. In consequence of this practice in the pronunciation, either the translators, or some transcribers after them, thought it also a matter of indifference whether they spelt names at the end with either the one set or the other. Thus we have, on the one hand, Aootjk always for nsi, Doeg ; Deut. ii. 13, 14, Zaper for T"iT ; and :ibp!^, Ziklag, is sometimes HeKeXe/c and sometimes ^oKeXay. On the other hand we have Num. xxvi. 30, Cod. B., XeXe7 for pbn, Helek ; Gen. x. 6, 14. r npbn. Helkath, and in the New Testament EXcaa^tr for EXiaafieO, which should really be E\taa(3e€ for Vnwb^, Elisheba (Ex. vi. 23). This I feel justified in affirming, because, in the Septuagint, every vnw, Sheba, whether by itself or in composition, as in Beer- sheba, Bathsheba and Jehosheba is rendered Za/3ee. Even the Ghain was subject to the same change, as seen in Ap/SoK (Gen. xxxii. 2) for ^mw, Arba ; Baka/c (Gen. xiv. 2) for vbn, Bela ; Po0ok (Num. xxxi. 18) 48 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. for ^rn, Reba, An exceptional alteration at the beginning of the word is Ta<^6opLeifi (Gen. x. 14) for Dnn^D, Caphtorim. Observation 1. — This partly explains another series of phenomena in the LXX., viz., k^^ ttcJ), and rd, a mixture of tenues with aspiratse as double letters. It is evident they were not double tenues but double aspiratse. The reasons are these : [a) Because double aspirates hardly ever occur in Cod. B. AdOajScop, Josh. xix. 34, is evidently a corruption for ninn ni3tS, Aznoth-tabor ; Cod. A., A^avcoO-Gaficop. Also Baid- Oafie, Josh. xix. 38, Cod. B., is another corruption for n^vn^^, Beth-anath. (h) Because by the above rule we can explain why the first letters were written as tenues, viz., because they were the closing letters of the first syllables in the words, (c) In the Classics there are two, and only two, instances of reduplica- tion of aspirates, and in them also the first letters are changed to tenues, viz., ok)(^o^ for o^o^, Find. 01. vi. 24 ; aKV7rcj)o^ for aKvcj)o at the end of names. Indeed thus it will not only confirm this rule, but notably and strongly also the dogma enunciated and defended in Nos. V. and XI., viz., that of its V pronunciation ; and this is the case in Gen. xlvi. 13, Cod. A., where laaovcf) stands for 3V, or rather, according to the Samaritan Pentateuch and 1 Chron. vii. 1, for ^W^. But yet a stronger proof than finding (f> for ri is to find /8 for P] ; and this also is the case in 1 Chron. iv. 16, Cod. B, where Zl^ stands for ?in, Ziph. We have alluded to Gen. xlvi. 13. We saw the rendering laaovcf) of Cod. A. for the corrupt Hebrew reading, m\ This name is further remarkable by the reading Ao-oufi of Cod. B. Compare now the two readings, laaovcf) and Aaov/JL. If it is true that they both came from one reading, laaov/S, which corres- £ 50 SCEIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. ponds to lilt:?*' ; and if by one transcriber the name was altered in Cod. A., by the above rule, to lacrovcj) ; and by another, in Cod. B., it lost the J through the preceding /cat (a frequent occurrence, which will be explained in the first Appendix), and receiving fx and then losing the /8, according to section No. V., it be- came Aaovfji ; how it confirms all these rules, as well as the reading :iw^ of the Samaritan Pentateuch and 1 Chron. vii. 1. The Enoflish Bible, we find, has, in these cases acjain, two forms for the same names. It has in the Old Testament Serug and Peleg for :nn:r and :ibD ; and in the New Testament, following the Greek, it has Saruch and Phalec (Luke iii. 35). But in the Old Testament also, 1 Kings vi. 1, 37, for *)T (Ziv) it has Zif^ even with an exceptional / instead of the usual j)h. Moreover, there is another change, still less necessary, which the Authorised Version makes, that of the Greek k into c in the New Testament, as Balac, Cis, Core, etc., for Balak, Kish, Korah in the Old Testament. A. Mekerchus sums up a disserta- tion upon the k, saying, " Certum est igitur k eodem fuisse sono quaecunque littera sequente, et KiKspcov pronuntiandum esse Kikeroon." (Silloge, p. 79.) Erasmus goes further, and says, " It is probable that as in Greek so in Latin, c was of the same sound, whatever be the following vowel. (De recta Latini Graecaeque, p. 125.) It is strange, therefore, that when (according to their own principle of spelling names in the New Testament exactly according to SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 51 the Greek) the translators rendered Nayyai Nagge, they should have put a c and not a k for any Greek Kappa. And now, as this is the last inconsistency of the Authorised Version that I had to consider, I cannot forbear taking the opportunity of reverting to the Revised Version of the New Testament, and saying that, however various the opinions are about its altera- tions and emendations in general ; of the proper names (except in the small matter of the ch, which I pointed out above under No. IX., and a few other trifling mat- ters), all must agree that its corrections are judicious, unobjectionable, and good. Moreover, should it ever be superseded by another revision, it is to be hoped that the nomenclature will not be altered back to what it is in the Authorised Version. Indeed, I may venture to predict that we have not yet arrived at the final fixed, and unalterable forms which Scripture names should have in an English Bible ; nor shall we do so till we get the Cheth everywhere distinguished from the Hei/, and all the hissing letters and the soft vowel letters far more individualised than they are now, the accents marked according to the Hebrew, uniformity introduced into both Testaments, Raguel and such exceptional forms abolished, and a spelling adopted which shall be as close to the Hebrew in Old Testa- ment names and to the Greek in purely New Testa- ment names, as the diversities of the characters of the languages will permit. The alterations, therefore, of E 2 52 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. the names in the Revised Version are a great advance in the right direction. It is a great improvement to have Kish restored in the New Testament for Cis, and Beor for Bosor, Reu for Ragau, etc. But the Latin proverb is perhaps well adhered to, '' Festina lente." In conclusion, two questions are likely to be asked in two different directions. (1.) Some will ask whether the preceding explana- tions cover fully, and reach all the changes which are found in Proper names of the LXX. and of the Eng- lish Bible ? If not, how are the cases that are not affected by them to be accounted for ? (2.) Others will say. Of what use are all these re- searches, theories, and labours, when they only con- cern the forms and shapes of proper names, which, after all, may be changed in many ways without affecting the Text ? (1.) To the first question we say, No ; the preced- ing rules are not sufficient by themselves either to clear up every variation, or fully to explain those cases to which they partly do apply. They only con- template names with single changes of Hellenisation, made by the translators. To the single changes may be added multiple changes, which many of the most familiar names of the Bible have undergone. Such are Mcovar]^, lovSa^, laaia^^ Irjaou^, which, according to the Hebrew, are Moshe, Yehudah, Yeshayah, Yeho- shua. These can all be explained by one or more of SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 53 the above rules, according to the number of changes that are combined in them. But, although these rules can thus clear up a great number of altered names, they yet leave many untouched, and explain others but partially. For, in addition to all the changes to which they refer, there are many others, that were occasioned by a variety of other causes. First, there were errors or diiferent readings in their Hebrew copies, of which we have very few traces now in ours. It is not my purpose to enter here upon this subject. What can be said upon it, has been said in nearly every good book on Textual Criticism, though some- times far more has been ascribed to this cause than is due to it. Other causes of variations in names are the dialectic changes of letters, the explanations of which also do not belong to an essay like this, but rather to Greek grammars. Then came the transcribers' alterations and errors, which are the subject of the following Appendix. Above all, a great num- ber of changed unfamiliar names can only be ex- plained as compound changes, being created either by a combination of different kinds of causes, or by a succession of two or more transcribers' errors. A few examples of these we give at the end of the List in the Appendix. Let us take one here : "iSD^ybilD, Chedorlaomer (Gen. xiv. 1, etc.) is rendered in the LXX. XoSoWoyo/jLop. Here there was first a Various Reading, or a misreading in the Hebrew. The "^ was read as a T, Chedodlaomer. Then, by one of the above rules, reading the Ain as a Ghain, another 54 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. change was introduced. It became XeZoAXoyofxop; Lastly, the A is easily changed into an A ; and this curiously happened to that A which came in by mis- take for the 1 ; so that name finally appears as X.€^oXkoyo[xop, (2.) As to the second question, of what use a work like this is concerning Proper Names only, we reply^ in the first place, suppose it be so, that nothing but names are here explained. Is it nothing to clear up confusion in this direction ? Is it of no interest to explain how the translators of the Authorised Version came to put " Raguel " (Num. x. 29) for Reuel (see No. VIII.) ; or Jesus (Acts vii. 45 ; Hek iv. 8) for Joshua {Hebrew Yehoshua) ; and many other ano- malies, of which we could only point out a few as examples, leaving the reader to explain for himself others to which the same rules apply ? But we con- tend, in the next place, that names are not the ex- clusive objects of this treatise. We have, indeed, so far, confined ourselves to them only. The problems also which we have hitherto set ourselves to solve,, referred chiefly to them. Yet let the reader look to the first Appendix, especially to the part relating to transcribers' mistakes. The causes of them are there exposed, I trust, clearly to the understanding of all who can read the Greek letters. But, though there too we say little of any other clerical errors but those in the names ; yet will not every one agree that those instances illustrate far more than names only; and that, if none of the former explanations, at least SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 55 those there given are important, not only to names, but also to all other words that have suffered similar corruption ? This way of solving questions concern- ing various readings is perhaps indeed not a new one ; yet it has hitherto received but little atten- tion, and has never been sufficiently applied. Hardly any one has made the Uncial letters sufficiently answerable for the numberless errors which they have caused. Why then, it will perhaps now be asked, do we apply this mode of solution chiefly to names, and that only in an Appendix, when, by reason of its wider bearing, it should be the principal part of the work ? We answer that we apply it chiefly to names, be- cause no other set of words could speak so strikingly and so positively to the confirmation of it than they. These names were not translations of their originals with strange words of another language, but repro- ductions letter for letter in Greek. We have the originals ; therefore, if we only know how the letters in the two languages were corresponding to each other, then we know what many of the names ought to be in Greek. But we also relegate this portion to the Appendix, because, in many instances, those reproductions were not made to correspond strictly literally from the beginning. The rules of reading were not the same in both languages. Some of the diflferences were also fluctuating between more than one rule. There were also the rules which, in the Hellenisation of names, operated in other ways than 56 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. the mere spelling. All these though interfering with a literal correspondence, created no errors but neces- sary variations. Hence, before any errors can be deciphered, it is necessary to know these rules, and to distinguish the regular variations which they pro- duced, from the later irregular work of transcribers. Therefore these rules are given first, and then what remains to be said upon the latter, is, I believe, sufficiently explained in the Appendix. SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 57 APPENDIX I. Alterations and Transcribers' Errors. The explanations given in the preceding pages refer to a system of alterations which were made in names during (and only partly also after) their translation from the Hebrew — even alterations which were neces- sary or suitable to the nature and constitution of the Greek language. This Appendix contains (A.) a few further remarks upon the work of the AcaaKeuao-rac {i.e., early critical labourers in the Greek text), and (^ ) a description, illustrated by examples, of some of the principal errors of transcribers which were caused by the ancient mode of writing. (A.) The occupation of the Diaskeuastai may be said to have had three departments, the Text, the Words, and the Letters, in each of which they made omissions, additions (or interpolations), and changes, with the objects of either local improvement or general agreement. (1.) The Text. Their work in this department lay among phrases, sentences, and sometimes large sec- tions of the Bible (as in the book of Jeremiah, and in the last few chapters of Exodus) ; but had little or nothing to do with names. The consideration of this part, therefore, does not come within the confines of this treatise. 58 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY, (2.) The Words. Here the intended object of their meddling was generally that of improving the style, without altering the Text, but often also that of efFectinof either ao^reements with the Hebrew or verbal agreements among parallel passages ; for instance, in Genesis ii. they seem to have omitted, in several cases, the word Kvpio<; before 6 6>eo?, because they thought the phrase to be too often repeated in that chapter. For similar reasons they often added or omitted pro- per names, or interchanged them with the personal pronoun. Again in 1 Chron. xxvii. 33, there must have been 6 Apxf' c/)tXo9 for rn ^:D-i«n, " the Archite was companion." There is now 6 irpwro^ (^l\o^. This change is undoubtedly the work of a tamperer, who thought ap")(i to come from the Greek word, meaning original or chief. Thus it is, indeed, now with the same name in the parallel passage, 2 Sam. xvi. 16. Apy^L is there : but, instead of its being written as a name, it is a prefix ; and the phrase is rendered ap')(^beTatpo<;. Moreover, in a similar phrase of 2 Sam. XV. 37, where the Hebrew has 3?n only, the Alexan- drian Codex, in order to make it agree with the pre- ceding passage, renders it by the same expression, ap'-^ieraipo^. Now in this and the preceding departments the only distinct proofs of any variations coming from the hands of the Diaskeuastai, and not from the trans- lators, are the various renderings which occur in the different Codices, and the double readings, now called conflate, which are often found in one and the same SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 59 Codex. The following two instances of conflate read- ings among names will suffice as proofs here : 1 Chron. xxvi. 7, Kai 2aPax.tci Kat lo-paKovfi for irf^JODI, "and Semachiah " ; Cod. A. has Kai o-afjiaxi'as Kai L€paKov|3 ; 2 Chron. xxxv. 9, Kai Xwvevias Kai Bavaias for irT'^JDI, " Conaniah alsn." In the last example, Bavaias probably belongs to the earlier translator, who mistook the D for a 2 ; X(ovevLa<^ to a later worker, who wished to correct the mistake ; and the combination of the two to a third one, who probably found one of the renderings in the margin. (3.) The Letters. This department is the most important for our purpose, because in it the clearest traces and indications of the doings of the Diaskeuastai are discoverable. Their alterations here are, indeed, often of a character to elude the severest test of the critical analyst ; here also alone even the Hebrew sometimes fails us in giving a clue to their work ; yet, even in their most approved undertakings, often producing a most thorough and complete reformation in certain items of spelling, numerous vestiges of the ancient spelling remain, through previous corruptions of the words. We have mentioned before (Nos. VII. and IX.), that the H, as a sign of breathing, was shortened into that mark which is now used for the purpose 0, and that traces of the H remain in certain words which have suffered corruption. The same was the case with the a:?, when they were changed for the ^. An instance of the ancient spelling remains through a mistake in Num. xxxiii. 24, where e/c 60 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. Sapaa(j)ap is evidently a corruption of e/c? Apcracpap, which stands for n^w ~in^. It is evident that these remnants of the ancient mode of spelling have a peculiar value with regard to the Septuagint, or to the parts of it in which they are found. They cannot but bear testimony to the great antiquity of the version, as well as to the extreme literalness with which it was originally made. But they also remind us of the English Bible, which has also preserved, through oversight, some traces of a former mode of English spelling ; for instance, in Num. xxvi. 44, " Jesui " and " Jesuites " for ^^w^, Jish'vi, are relics of the time when ic and v were written alike. In one place " ye " stands for " the," as a witness that in former years this was the usual form of writing the definite article. Again in the LXX. some dabbler seems to have made it his business to add suffixes to names which had none before ; and these additions, too, we can detect in some cases in which they were not admis- sible except after the corruption of the name ; for instance, in 1 Chron. xxvii. 30, Aj3iaapou8a. Ezra X. 33, Cod. B., Za8ap for 121, Zabad, Zapa8. Esther ix. 9, Cod. B., ZapovSaiov for Xni^l, Vajezatha, BovtaGaiov. II. — Omission of Letters. Gen. xlvi. 10, Cod. B., Kai Axciv for pDM, "and Jachin," an I merged into the Kai. Gen. xlvi. 14, Cod. A., Kai AXoi^X for 'PXTTT'I, "and Jahleel," an I merged into the Kai. Deut. iii. 10, €ws EXxa for HDpD 1]}, *'unto Salchah," an S merged into the €ws. Neh. X. f, Cod. B., vios Apaia for H^Ji^, Seraiah, the S made into vios. 1 Chron. vii. 3, Cod. B., viot E^paia for nTllT'' ^311, "sons of Izrahiah," 1 merged into vioi. III. — Addition of Letters. Gen. xlvi. 12, Kat I€|j,ovti\ for 7"lDm, " and Hamxil," I of Kai repeated. Num. i. 10, Cod. A., vios SeixiovS for Tin^DV p, "son of Anmiihud," 2 of VIOS repeated. Num. xxi. 24, on latiip for TV O, "for strong was," was probably OTi At, r\v. Num. xxxiii. 24, Cod. A., ck 2apo-a({)ap for "iDtJ' "iriD, "from Mount Shapher," was no doubt originally EK2 Apo-aa0. 1 Chi-on. vii. 31, Cod. A., for nn"in, Birzavith, B€ptai6, Bcptate (Authorised Version follows Chethiv) . lA Ezra x. 21, Cod. B., for r\''^V^, Maaseiah, Mao-aHA, Mao-alA. IT Gen. x. 4, Cod. B., for D^HS, Kittim, KHriot, KITtioi. A Gen. x. 19, for V^?, Lasha, Aao-a, Aao-a. Gen. xxxvi. 36, Cod. B., for pho'^', Samlah, SajiaAa, Sa|i.aAa. 1 Chron. i. 47, Cod. A., for n?0^, Samlah, 2ap,Aa, 2a|iAa. Neh. iii. 25, Cod. B., for 'p'pD, Palal, #aXaX, 4»a\aA. AAl Chron. iv. 17, Cod. B., for \)b\ Jalon, laMwv, laAAwv. Ae 1 Chron. i. 32, Cod. A., for D^OK^ ACwjjlciv, Aecojiciv. M Num. xxxiv. 20, for 'pSIOK^, Shemuel, 2aAA|iiii\, 2aM[Jiit]\. MA Josh. xvii. 9, Cod. B., for vhi^n Dny, "these cities," lapiHA T€p€ixLv0os, lapiMA Tep€[iiv0os (reading n*?N n^Ony). MI Neh. vii. 7, Cod. B., for n^Dn, Raamiah, PeeAMa, PeeMIa. N Josh. xiii. 17, Cod. A., for piH, Dibon, Aatpaf^, AaiPtoN. Josh. XV. 55, Cod. B , for ])V0, Maon, Mawp-, MawN. Gen. XXV. 2, Cod. B., for pO, Medan, MaSaA, Ma8aN. 1 Chron. i. 32, Cod. B., for p^, Medan, Ma8aM, MaSaN. I Gen. XXV. 2, Cod. B., for \^p\ Jokshan, leZav, Iciav. Josh. xi. 1, for ?]'^3N, Achshaph, AZi(f), Aii. O Num. xxxiii. 24, for min, Haradah, XapaSa©, XapaSaO. 2 Sam. ii. 9, for niEJ^Nn, "the Ashurites," ©aonpi, Oao-ipt. Neh. iii. 9, for "11 FI, Hur, Covp, Oovp. Oe 1 Chron. iii. 18, Cod. A., for VDt^in, Hoshama, Iwo-ajiO), Hwo-afjiOe. n Gen. xlvi. 21, lor U'ZiD, Muppim, MaM(|)tix, Man<|)i|i. Josh. XV. 52, Cod. B., for 2"l^«, Arab, AipeM, Aipell, or Aipcfip. Josh. xix. 33, Cod. B., for fj'pnD, " from Heleph," MooXaM, MooXall. f2 6S SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY, ^ Joali. xi. 1, Cod. B., for piDLT, Shimron, SvpOwv, SvfjiPwv, Gen. xxxvi. 43, Cod. B., for Dl'V, Iram, Za«iv, TaPtofi.. Num. xxxiv. 27, Cod. A., for TM^HX, Ahihud, Axi«B, Axu.>P (mistaking 1 for "1) , Josh, XV. 58, Cod. B., for DH, Gedor, TeSStoK, TtSSo)?', C Gen. xlvi. 17, Cod. B,, for '>VC'\ Isui, ISovA, ICovI. Num. i. 5, Cod. A., for TlS^H'^, Shedeur, SStovp, CStovp. Neh. yii. 55, Cod, B., for Dip"l3, Barkos, BapKovE, BapKovC, Neh. iii. 10, for t^lLDH, Hattush, Attov0, AttovC. 1 Chron. vi. ff, Cod. B., for ^L^Oy, Amasai, AjxaQt, AitaC".. T Exod. ^d. 22, for nJlD, Zithri, SeFpa, ScTpei. Y 1 Chron. i, 25, Cod. B., for 1J?1, Eeu, Pa^aN, Pa^aY. ^ Gen. X. 26, C(id. B., for 5|^-J>, Sheleph, Sa\€0, Sa\€#. Exod. vi. 24,. for e|D«>niS, Abiasaph, Aptao-aP, Apiao-a#'. 1 Chron. ii, 47, Cod. B., for ^'^, Shaaph, Sa^ae, Sa^a^- l Chron. iv. 12, Cod, B,, for i^av. VI, — Successive Changes, Num. xxxii, 3, Cod. A., Arapwv for n>lDy, probaMy first Arapo®, then AxapoO, AxapCt), ATapwv. Josh. X. 3, Cod. B., EAaji for DHin, probably first AkAajt, then AiAjo^ (Cod. A.). thenEAa^. Josh. xiii. 12, Cod. A., NeCSpa^ip. for ^yn&?3, probably first ev e8pas4»T then NceSpaetjJi, NeCSpaeiji. Josh, XV. 4, Cod. B,, XeXiJLWvav for H^I^D^'y, probably first Ao-ejxccvcL (Cod. A.), then SeAfiwva, SsAiAwvav. Josh, XV. 31, Cod. B., 2606vvaK ibr nJDJD, probably first SevCevaX. then 2€v0€vaK, 5U©€vvaK (mistaking H for PI), Josh. XV. 61, Cod. B.. Atxio^a lov .133 D, probably first Cox'^xa (Cod'. A.), then Goxita, As-x^ota. Josh. XV. 62, Cod. B., SaAwv for rbD (salt), probably first oAcov, (Cod. A.), then AAwv, SaAwv with S from iroXcus. 1 Kings xvi. 18, avrpov for pD"lK, probably first Apjwav, then AMpor. ANTpov. 1 Chron. iv. 5, Cod. B., 0oaAa for ni^^H, probably first GoAaa, then 0oAaa. 0oaAa. 2 Peter ii. 15. Boo-op for T,V2, probably first BeCOp, then BeCOp, BOCOp. SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGT. 69 APPENDIX II. 2 Peter ii. 15. In this verse we read " Balaam, the son of Bosor." Who is Bosor ? The father of Balaam was Beor ; why is he here called Bosor ? The best Greek MSS. have Boa op ; Cod. S. Becoopaop ; only two Greek MSS., one MS. of the Vulgate, and three ancient Ver- sions, have Becop, and are followed in this by Drs. "Westcott and Hort, and by the Revised Version of the New Testament. This reading then is a Scrip- tural difficulty of long standing, and commentators have spent much ingenuity in accounting for it. Some of their theories seem certainly conclusive, and unobjectionable ; yet there is a feeling behind each and all, as many as I have met hitherto, that some- how they do not satisfy. In briefly investigating these theories, I divide them into two kinds, which I shall call Word-theories and Letter-theories. I. — The word-theories are those which suggest that the word Bosor does not stand for Beor, but for some- thing else. (1.) There is an old one by Grotius, which advo- cates that Bosor is a corruption of the name Pethor (Num. xxii. 5), Cod. B. ^aOovpa, Cod. A. BaOovpa. But such a corruption could only have been made either by transcribers or by the Apostle himself. If by the first, then it is difficult to see how they could have done it from either of the two readings given 70 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. above. If by the latter, then we must imagine, what is extremely unlikely, that it originated in some pro- vincialism with which the Apostle spoke, and which he was in the habit of committing to writing also. Above all, the great difficulty is to suppose a substi- tution of the name of the place for that of the father. It is true that the words " the son," which are printed in Italics in the English Bible, are not found in the Greek. Yet it is held by the best Greek scholars that " Balaam, of Bosor " means " Balaam, the son of Bosor," and not " Balaam of the place of Bosor," which would be feminine in gender and not masculine. It is, in fact, like many similar expressions ; for in- stance. Matt- X. 2, 3, " James of Zebedee," and " James of Alpheus," in both of which " of " signifies " the son of." This theory, therefore, is now generally relin- quished by commentators. (2.) Another theory is, that Balaam's father had two names. All we can say to this is that there is no trace of it in the Old Testament. (3.) Another word-theory is that " Bosor '^ is the Hebrew word which means ^^s^, and that the Apostle is thereby making a mystical allusion either to Balaam's own besetting sin, or to the temptations which he cast before Israel, or to both. He uses, then, the Hebrew word flesh to signify carnal lusts. But, in the first place, it has to be proved that this Hebrew word is used with this signification. Generally, when '* flesh " in Hebrew has a spiritual SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 71 or mystical meaning, it is that of weakness and tran- sitoriness. St. Peter himself quotes from the Old Testament, *'A11 flesh is as grass" (1 Peter i. 24). But is it ever used to signify carnality, as the Greek a-ap^ does ? Even if it is, there is yet the difficulty to explain why, in this particular place, he brought In the Hebrew word rather than the Greek. (Com- pare 1 Peter ii. 11 ; iii. 18, 21 ; iv. 1, 2 ; 2 Peter ii. 10, 18.) II. — The Letter-theories. These theories, whilst taking for granted that the Apostle meant ''Beor," undertake to explain how he came to write " Bosor." (1.) One of the oldest of these suppositions is that ''Bosor" was a way of writing '*Beor," on account of the V, with which it is spelt in Hebrew. Some sug- gested that, according to a peculiarity of the Galilean dialect, which betrayed Peter on a memorable occa- sion (Matt. xxvi. 73), this letter was pronounced like?. Schleusner attributes it to the Greeks, saying, *' mutata litera r in cr ex more Grsecorum, non tarn ad faciliorem pronunciationem, ut quidam opinati sunt." But if this were so, whichever party you ascribe it to, we ought to have had also for Balaam Balasam, and for Gomorrha (v. 6) Somorrha. Both these names are found in this same chapter, and both are spelt with the Ain in Hebrew. No ; this letter seems indeed to have had two sounds, corresponding to those of the Ain and Ghain in Arabic ; but I fail to find a trace of its ever being pronounced like 9, either 7Z SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. generally or in any province. Moreover, as I observed before, it is not likely that, whatever provincialism Peter manifested in conversation, he exhibited the same in writing also. (2.) It is contended that, between Hebrew and Aramaic, the letters V and !^ often interchange ; and, as the ^ has no equivalent among the Greek letters, it is by Hellenistic writers represented by 9. " Beor," therefore, was first, according to the Aramaic dialect, pronounced " Botsor," and then, according to Hel- lenistic usage, rendered in Greek " Bosor." The objection to this theory is that, while all dictionaries agree in stating that the Hebrew 2 is changed into the Aramaic V, they do not support the assertion that the Hebrew V is changed into the Aramaic !^. (3.) One more theory I mention, and it is this. The Hebrew letters V and !S look so much alike, that the Apostle mistook the one for the other ; and, there- fore, instead of Beor, he read Botsor, which, as I said before, could only be Boaop in Greek. But what does this imply? I believe that the Apostle, like Timothy, and like most Jewish children abroad in our days, had "from a child" known the Holy Scriptures. But this theory implies that he did not remember who Balaam's father was ; and that, without any particular necessity to have the father's name, he opened the MS. roll of the Pentateuch to find it out ; and then made a mistake in reading and copying. SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. 73 III. — The solution I am proposing is not a new one. It is one that has ah-eady been suggested by number- less writers upon the subject. It is the first that is, I believe, in the mind of every Christian before he sees a Commentary ; and is, undoubtedly, assumed by Westcott and Hort, and by the Revisers of the New Testament in their works. It is, that the Apostle did not write " Bosor," but that he meant ** Beor," and wrote " Beor," and that it suffered corruption in tran- scription. But if many have agreed upon this, I know not one who has ever explained, or tried to explain, how that corruption took place. I propose, therefore, in the remainder of this paper, as far as I can, to supply this desideratum. First, we must ask what letters are required in Greek to represent " Beor," so as to correspond to the Hebrew spelling of it. This leads us to several solutions, which may all be conceived to be possible, though none of • them have, to my knowledge, ever been advanced by anyone before. The reply, that immediately suggests itself, is that the word must begin with B, must end with p, and must have two or three vowels in the middle, which, to a certain extent, may vary in kind. For even in the LXX. the name is in Cod. B. Beeop^ and in Cod. A. Baiwp. The first of these is indeed the most apposite ; the second is one of those several variations which are admissible without spoiling the name. It is possible, then, that the Apostle wrote Bo, and another vowel, which was changed into a, and then op. We have now only to find out what 74 SCRIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY. that middle vowel was that was changed into 9. An is sometimes thus changed ; for instance, Deut. xxi. 5, Cod. A., ovofiaTL avrcov for DH^'D, which should be aTOfiart avroov ; also Ex. vi. 23, Cod. A., Affcaovp for Sin^ns, Abihii. The reason is that one form of the 9, in the Uncial Alphabet, is very much like our capital C ; so that an o only wants a small opening on the right hand side to look like their 9. But, as we cannot think that the Apostle would spell the name with three O's, we find, upon further inquiry, that e and 9 are often interchanged. (See the List above). The reason of this is that the Epsilon was written like the Sigma, only with a little tongue in the middle, like the tongue of a bell. That little tongue could easily have been omitted by a tran- scriber, and the Ejjsilon became a Sigma. Therefore, one explanation might be that Boaop is a corruption of Boeop, Another, not impossible solution, is that the Apostle wrote BoTop, upon the Ghain principle upon which Gomorrha is written. It will then be easily seen that a little stroke, added at the bottom of the T, makes it like the square Sigma of the Uncial Alphabet ; and turns the name into Boaop. But, thirdly, I go further, and, as I intimated above, 1 say that the Apostle really spelt the name in the most orthodox way in which it is spelt in the LXX., and in Westcott and Hort's Greek New Testament, Becop, But the change was effected in the following way. The Omega in the Uncial Alphabet is like two SCEIPTURE ONOMATOLOGY, 75 circles joined together ; indeed, it was originally made up of two O's. This Omega here was divided into two parts, one of which was a ready-made round Sigma, and the other an O. Thus Becop became first Beaop. In a similar way the co in w?, Deut. xxxii. 8, was divided into ov in Cod. A., and made ou?, which created nonsense in the passage ; whilst the oe in (cocra/jLoe (1 Chron. iii. 18, Cod. A.) and in Zavoe (Neh. iii. 13) were contracted into a>, loo-afio), Zav(o. Then, in Beaop, the Epsilon which, from what I said before, was always liable to different changes, in f'ourse of time easily became an o, and completed the Boaop, which is now found in the great majority of MSS. with overwhelming authority. But another ('hange took place in Cod. S. This reading Boaop was conflated with the original Becop, and then cor- rupted into Becdopaop, ERRATUM, Page 37, line 11, for AavyKparoc read AavyKpirt^. INDEX OF SCRIPTURE PLACES. (Those of the Special Lists not included.) en. i. 20, aia . 40 X. 2, l(i)vav . 32 X. 6, 14, f^ovd .. . 47 X. 7, P£yx^« 34, >5 X, 14, Casluhim . . . 39 X. 14, ra8 Ixviii. 14, Salmon . . 45 Ixxxiii. 6, iSovfiaicov . . 18 cviii. 10, iSovnaiag . . 18 Prov. i. 1 ; xxv. 1, 'EaXwficjjvTog 17 Isaiah xvi. 1, )Li7] TTfrpa .. 26 Jer. xlvi. 9, Lydians . . 14 xlviii. 34, Zoyop .. 42 ,, __ 34, ^iiSpnv .. 27 Ezek. xxvii. 23, Xappa . . 21 XXX. 5, Lydia . . .. 14 xlvii. 19, Kndi]^ .. 20 Dan. xi. 2, HtpcLdi . . . . 18 Matt. i. 3-12 9 i. 5, Rachab . . . . 41 i. 9, Achaz . . . . 41 X. 23, of 70 xxi. 9, Qaavva . . . . 42 xxvi. 36, Gethsemane . . 42 „ 73 71 xxvii., 46, (Ta^axQavi . . 42 Mark v. 41, raXiQa .. ..45 vii. 34, E(p(l>a9a . . . . 48 xi. 9, Qcravva . . . , 42 xiv. 32, Gethsemane . . 42 XV. 34, (Ta(3ax9avi . . 42 Luke iii. 25, Nayyat . . 37, 51 „ 33—37 .. .. 9 ,, 35, Saruch .. 9, 47, 50 ,, 35, Ragau ,. 9, 34, 52 ,, 35, Phalec .. 9, 50 John i. 40 ; iv. 24, Meffaiag . . 40 Acts i. 19, ^KiX^a|xa. . .. 40 V. 1, ^a7Taj/oc . .. 15 Na;^wp . . 9, 40 ^vpog 12,42 Naphthali 4, 8 Thamar, Thara . . 9,46 Nat/i/ .. 21 Oap(T(g . . .. 45 NijiSpetv, N£/3jOw^ .. 27 TtptjSivOog .. 24 Noah 7, 9 Tsed .. 44 Obadiah .. 38 rvpavvog rwv . . .. 19 Ovav .. 22 Tyndale .. 15 OZiag .. 28 Urbane .. 14 Patronymics .. 13 Vulgate . . .. 33 Perez . 9, 30, 45 Westcott and Hort 69, etc. Utparjg .. 13 Zion 42, 46 Persia, Utp2>s. 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" >m4 5. > !?'''t« "^4 Sc^me^onomatology: being critical Princeton Theological Semmary-Speer^Library^ 1012 00037 2427 ■I'M