^■^M-.— •■' \ r^f- .;^. "^c^^^/ ^'y // . %Lf. !oS. Srom f 6e &i6rar)> of (pxofcBBox ^amuef (Qtiffer in (gflemorg of 3ubge ^amuef (Bttffer (jBrecftinrib^e (Jjreeenteb 6g ^dtnuef (tttiffer (grecftinrib^e feong to f^e fei6rar^ of (Princeton C^eofogicdf ^emindrj SCO ^4-, i DICTIONARY O F T HP HOLY BIBLE: CONTAINING, «^^^«^-^^^^ An HiSTORiCAt Account of the Persons : A GEacRAPHicAL and Historical Account of the Placets: A Literal, Critical, and Systematical Description of other Objects, whetlier Natural, Artificial, Civil, Religious, or Military : AND The Explication of the Appellative Terms, mentioned in the Writings of the O L D and N E W TESTAMENT. THE WHOLE COMPRISING Whatever important is known concerning the Antiquities of the Hebrew Nation and Church of Gor ; forming a facred Commentary ; a Body of Scripture History, Chronology, and Divinity ; and ferving in a great Meai'ure as a Concordance to the Bible. THE THIRD EDITION. By JOHN BROWN, Ministir of the Gospel at Hadijincton. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. L EDINBURGH: Printed for W. Andek-on, Bookseller, STiRLiNf j And J. Fi^IRBAIRN, BOOKSELLER; EDINBURGH. M D C C L X S X I X. emun in ^atfonew t^alt PREFACE, NO Volumes equally deferve our attentive peru- fal as the infpired Oracles of God. By thefc men live, and in them is the life of our foul. They are the ineflimable Tefbament of God our Saviour ; the blefled means of all true and fpiritual wifdom, holinefs, comfort, and eternal felicity. Let us then daily fearch, the fcriptures, and underfland what we read ; for tKefe are they that teftify of Chrift. Since they are one of the moft valuable talents committed to us, and for which we mud give an account at the great day of the Lord, let us, with all our getting, get the underftanding of them ; let us hide them in our hearts, believing what they afTert, receiving what they offer, and doing whatfoever they command us. To aflift in the perufal of thefe divine Volumes, is the following Work offered to the public. How far it differs from thefe of the kind, publifhed by lUyri- cus, or Wilfon, in one, or by Simon in two, or by Ravanell, or Calmet, in three volumes folio ; and of the lad of which, a kind of abridgment has been lately publifhed at London, will be eafily perceived, by a comparifon of a fmall part of any of them here- with ; efpecially on the larger articles of Angels, Antichrist, Apocrypha, Arabia, Church, God, Gospel, Hebrews, 6'^. The principal (ignifications of emblematic words are here briefly hinted. The gofpel-figniiication of IV PREFACE. types, perfonal or real, is fliortly touched. What- ever I knew of, in hiftory, correfpondent to fcripture- predidlions, relative to perfons, nations, churches, or cities, is briefly related ; and, except w^here the pre- di(5lions were exceeding numerous, as in the article Christ, Church, Hebrews^ have quoted the pro- phetic pafTages, that the readers, by viewing them in their Bibles, and comparing them with the hiftory here exhibited, may perceive the exac^lnefs of their accomplifhment. Perhaps it may be necelTary to obferve, (i.) That I have only hinted the fignifications which words have in the Bible. (2.) That I have omitted many words, which could be rendered no plainer ; or that exprefTed the name of a perfon or city, of which almoft nothing was known ; or no more than, is plainly hinted in the infpired pafl'age where it is found. (3.) That the mark at the end of an article, fignifies, that there are other perfons, or things of the fame name, but of which nothing im- portant is known. {4.) That a word, different from that of the article, printed in capitals, often refers the reader to its own article. (5.) That the mark f in quotations, fignifies a marginal reading. (6.) That, by obferving what words in a text are moffc hard to be underflood, and obferving the firfl three letters of a word, and their order in the alphabet, and feeking for the like word here in the fame order, one is to expedl to have it explained. (7.) Where two or more words, and names of perfons or places, are almoft alway connected, one will ordinarily find the explication or account, under the- word that is PREFACE. r firfl in order in the fcriptu re-text ; ?.nd where the fame perfon or thing has different names, the expli- cation is to be expedted under that which is mofl common, or which comes firll: in the order of the alphabet. (8.) Few fancies of the Chriftian fathers, or of the Jewifli or Mahometan writers, arc here in- ferted, as I knew not how they could be of ufe : nor have I infifled on criticifms of the original words, as thefe could have been of fmall ufe to many of the readers ; and the learned can find plenty of them in the later editions of Leigh's Criticia Sacra ; or in Gufletius* Hebrew Commentaries ; Fliller's Onoma- fticon ; GlafTms, Whitby, ^c. (9.) I have not wil- fully kept back the folution of any difficulty ; but it is often given, efpecially in hiftorical articles, with- out the leafl critical noife or parade. I have beftowed no fmall pains in rendering this edition coniidcrably more pcrfedl than the former. If God blefs it for promoting the knowledge of his word, and the edification of his church, I fliall efleem my labour richly rewarded. Under the Article BIBLE, add. The New Teftament was publlflied in the Creation language, by Tu- ber Crelm, and two others, in 1562 and 1563. The Welfh Bible was tranflated by William Morgan and Richard Davies, in 158S. The Ma- lagan Bible was tranflated by Brewer ar.d Valentin, two Dutch divines. The Iceland Bible was tranflated by Thorlak, and publiftied in 1584. The Grifon Bible was tranflated by Coire, and publifhed in 1 720. By whom the Hungarian, Georgian, and Earfe Bibles were tranflated, I Inow not. DICTIONARY OF THE HOLY BIBLE. A A R AARON, a Levite, the fon of Amrum, ami brother of Mu- SES and Miriam. He was born in the year of the world 24;?o, about a year before Pharaoh order- ed the male iniants of the Hebrews to be flain. When he was grown up, he married Eliflicba the daugh- ter of Amminadab, a chief prince of the tribe of Jud ih, and had by her four fons, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, Exod. vi. 30, 23. He was an holy and coinpalhonate man, an excellent fpcakcr, and appointed of God to be ipokefnian for his bro- ther Mofcs to Pharaoh, and the He- brews; id. iv. 14, — 16. Along with his brother, he intimated God's gra- cious purpofe, of their fpecdy deli- verance, to his difhefled kinfmen ; and, in the name of God, demanded of Pharaoh an immediate allowance for them to go into the wildemefs of Arabia, to ferve the Lord their God. Pharaoh ordered Aaron and Mofes to be gone irom his prefence, and increafed the Hebrews lervi- tude, denying them Hraw wherc- wlili to make their bricks. Aaron and Mofcs \\ ere hereupon upbraided and curfed by ilieir brethren, for alking their dii'iiufTion, and lb occa- Yot, I. A' A R fioning their aggravated labour and niiicry, id. v. About two months after, while the Hebrews, newly delivered from E- gypt, fought with Amalek in Rtphi- dim, Aaron and Ilur attended Mo- les to the top of an adjacent hill, and held up his hands, while he conti- nued encouraging tlie (Irugr^-ling He- brews, and praying for viiitory to them, id. xvii. 10, — 13. At Sinai, lie, v/ith his two eldeft fons, and feventy of the elders of Ifrael, ac- companied Mofcs part of his way up to the mount ; and, without recei- ving any hurt, had very near and dilhndl views of the glorious fymbols of the divine prelencc, when the Lord talked with Mofes, id. xxiv. I, 2, 9, — II. Almo and labour, he, amidlt inconceivable injuries and temptations, faithfully executes his work. At the expcnce of his life, hi averted the burning plague of endlefs veng'jrtncc from liis unrea- -fonable foes : and having tinillied Jiis work of obedience, he publicly and willingly, on Calvary, iv -rendered himfelf unto death ; bequeathing his robes of finilhcd righteoulhefs to lu3 fpiritual feed. AB, the elcventli month of the Jewifh civil year, and the fifth of their facred. It anlwered to thd moon that begins in July, and con- fjfted of thirty days. On the firft day, tlie Jews obfervc a faft for the death of Aaron : on the <7th, a f^fl for the debarring of the murmuring Hebrev/s from the promiled land» and for the burning of the firfl and feeond temple: on the i8th, a fail for the cxtin<5lion of the evening lamp during the reign of Ahaz : on the 24th, a fealt in memory of the abolifiiment of the Sadducean law, which required Ions and daugh- ters to bcequal heirs of tlieir parents eftate. ABADDON, which fignifies dc* PrtiOion ; and Atollyon the . fkivg -j.-hotn he may devour. AVithout excluding Satan* who icas a Tiiuricnr fr 07;: tht l^\^}»- tiing, we iuppofe the Spirit of God, by this king of tlie locuits, this af.gei t/ the Utiuinlifi pit, dirt«rtly defigns the Popes, thelc fms oj ptrdiiion^ who, at the head of unnumbered cleijy, and other agcstc, njin Ui* A a ABA C 4 3 ABB fouls, and murder the hodies, of" inconceivable multitudes of men ; — and Mahomet and his inferior a- gents, who, partly with delufion, and partly with ravage and mur- der, have deftroyed infinite num- bers. It would be Ihocking; to re- late, what thoulands and riiillions were murdered by Hejajus, and Abu Mollem, Saracens, Tamerlane the Tartar, Bajazet, and Mohamed 11. Turks, Shah Abbas the Perlian, and other heads of the Mohamedan party^ Rev. ix. ii. See in Anti- Christ, Arabians, Scythians. ABANA ^n« Pharpar, two ri- Ycrs of Syria, which Naaman the le- per thought more fit to cure him of his unclean difeafe, than all the rivers of Ifrael. Abana is probably the fame with Ban-ady or Chryforroas, •which, fpringing from mount Leba- non, glides pleafantly towards the fouth ; and, after running feme leagues, is divided into three icreams ; the middlemoft and largeft runs di- redliy through the city of Damafcus, and the other two run one on each fide of the city, and fertilize the gar- dens to an uncom.mon deeree. The ^ o flreams uniting to the louthward of the city are, after a courfe of about five leagues, loft in a dry defart. Benjamin of Tudela will have that part of the Barrady, which runs through Damafcus, to be Abana, and the ftreams which water the gardens -without the city to be Phar- par ; but perhaps the Pharpar is the lame with Orontes, the moit noted river of Syria, which, taking its rife a little to the north or north-eaft of Damafcus, glides through a delight- ful plain, till, after paffing Antioch, ^ and lunning about 200 miles to the ^ norlh-weft, it lofes itielf in the Me- diterranean fea. 2 Kings v. 1 2. ABA RIM, a general name given to a ridge of rugged hill ; on the eall - of Jordan ; on the fcuth and noith of the river Anion. They reached into the territories of bpth the Reu- benites and Mcabites. It is like they had this name from the Abarim, or paiTages, between the particular hills of PiSGAH, Neeo, Peo£, 6^. ; all which -^vere part of them. Near thefs mountains the Ilraelites had feveral encampments. Numb, xxxiii. 44. — 48. and xxvii. 12. To ABASE, fignifies to treat with contempt ; to reduce to meannefs and poverty, Dan. iv.*37. Job. xl. 11. One is abafcd when deprived of ho- nour and wealth, and laid under po- verty, affliction, contempt, Philip, iv. 12. One abafes h'lnifclf when he behaves in a humble and debafed manner, as Paul did, when he, tho* a preacher, laboured with his hands for his daily bread, 2 Cor. xi. 7. To ABATE, to gi-ow lower, lefs. Gen. vlii. 3. Deut. xxxiv. 7. to make lefs, Lev. xxvii. 18. AEBA, a Syriac w^ord fignifying, father. It being the fame whether we read it backward or forward, may perhaps hint to us, that God's father- ly affedion to his people is the fame whether he fmile on them by profpe- rity, or chaften them by heavy croifes and lore adverfity. The Spirit of a- doption making the faints to cry Ab- ba, Father, i^aports, that by his influence both Jews and Gentiles, as one united body, have the moft affu- red faith in, love to, and familiar in- tercourfe with God, Rom. viii. 15. Gal. iv. 6. ABDON. (i.) The fon of Hillel an Ephraimite. He fucceeded Elon y/. M. 2840; and judged the Ifrael- ites eight years : after which he died, and was buried at Pirathon in the land of Ephraim. He left forty fons, and thirty grandfons, who rode on afs-coks, according to the manner of the great men of that age, Judg. xii. 13. (2.) The fon of Micah, one of Josiah's melfcngers fent to confult HuxDAH, 2 Chron. xxxiv. 20. (5.) A city, which belonged to the tribe of Aiher ; and was gi^^en to the Levites of Gerlliom's family, Jolh. xxi, 30. # ABE r 5 3 ABE ABEDNEGO. SeeSHADRACH. ^UtL, the iecond ion of A- iam and Eve, was born, perhaps, •witli a twhi-flAcr, //. AI. 2il or 3(J. it Teems his parents, by this time, Were fiifficiently convinced of the vajiity of all created enjoyments, and hoped but little from him ; and fo marked his name with vuJiity. When he was grow:i up, he commenced fhepherd of his fatlicr's flock. Jt the end of d,iysy that is, on the Sabbath, or on the beginning of the year, he, by faith in the divine inftitution of fa- crifices, and in the promifed Mefllah thereby prefigured, offered unto God the belt of his Hock. By confuming his oblation with a flalh of fire from heaven, or by fomc other viilble to- ken, God marked his regard to him, and to it. No fuch honour, being done to Cain, who, at the fame time, offered the fruits of his field, he con- ceived an impLicable gnidge at Abel, on account of his holy behaviour, and the peculiar regard which had been fliewn him by God. He refted not, till he murdered him in the field ; and it feems fecretly buried him in the earth, about y^. M. ia8. His mur- der was divinely refcnted with dif- tinguiflied vengeance on the head of Cain ; who, together with his f;cd, v/ere caft out from the church of God, Gen. iv. a. — 16. Hcb. xi. 4. Abel behig dead yet fptaketh ; his ex- ample teachetli us to live by faith on a cracilicd Redeemer ; and to bcjiavc fobcrly, righteotdly, and godly in iliis prefent world, whatever perfecution it may expofe us to, Heb. xii. 4. His blood cried for vengeance on Cain tlie murderer, Heb. xii. 24. Was our adored Jefus prcligured by this Hrll martyr ? He grew as a root •ut of dry ground, appeared in the likenefs of iinful flclh, and had his name covered with the bafdf, the >ilcft, reproach. He is tlie great Shepherd of his Fatlier's flock of ranfomcd men. In the faith of his •Father's c;ill and a^lillance, he olTcr- ed tlie infinitely excellent fiicrifice of himfelf. The horrid murder cif him by his malicious brethren tiie Jtws, ilTacd in .the terrl!>Ic judgments of Hi-aven ou tlicm aud their focd. And he yet fpeaketh to men in his example, oracles, aud ordinances. a. Abe I, aud which was other- wife called the Held of Jollnia, a place near Bethfhcmclli, fo called, to com- memorate the m'jurfiing of tlie He- brews, for their friends who were ftruck dead for looking into the ark. It feems a great Hone was credfcd in memory of that wratliful event, i Sam. vi. r8, 19. 3. Ai3Ei,-MizRAiM, a place other- wife called the thrcjh'ntg-jloor of A-- tad. It was fo calLd from the great mournir.g of the Egyptians over Ja- cob's corpfe, as they carried it to Machpclah. It is thought to have lien between Jordan and Jericho, where the city Bethhoglah was af- terwards built ; but we c:m hardly think it was fo far eaft. Gen. 1. 11. See Joseph. 4. Abel-shittim, a place 7 or 8 miles eaPiWard of Jordan, over a- gainlt Jericho, in the country of Moab, and near the hill Pcor. Hero the Hebrews encamped, a little be- fore the death of Mofes, and fell in- to idolatry and uncleannefs, through enticement of the Moabitilii, aud chiefly the Midianitifli women; and were punilhcd with the death of 24,000 in one day. It was proba- bly their viouriihtg over this plague, that gave the name of Abel to the Ipot. Numb. xxv. 5. Abel-mehoi.ah, a city cr place on the weft of Jordan, pertain- ing to the half-tribe of Miuialfch, I Kings iv. 12. Jerom will have it 10 miles, but others think it to have been about t6 miles foutli from Betiifliean. Not far from this city, did Gideon miraculoufly defeat the Midi a n- ITES, Judg. vii. 22.; but its chief honour was, to be the native place of EUiha the prophet, i Kings jvix. 16, ABH C ^ 3 ABI 6. Abel, ABEt-BETMMAA- CiiAH, Abel-maim, a ftrong city fomewhere about the fouth frontiers of mount Lebanon. It probably be- Joiiged to the tribe of Naphtali. Sheba the fon of Bichri fled here, when purfued by David's troops. To free themfelves from Joab's furious fiege, the inhabitants, ad- vlfed by a prudent woman, be- headed the rebel, and threw his head over the wjill, 2 Sam. xx. 1 4, —18. About 80 years after, Ben- hadad King of Syria took and ra- vaged it, I Kings XV. 30. About 200 years after which, Tiglathpilezer took it, and carried the inhabitants captive to AfTyria, 2 Kings xv. 29. It was afterwards built, and was capital of the canton of Abilene. To ABHOR, (i.) To loath, deteft, Deut. xxxii. 19. Job xlll. 6. (2.) To defpife, negleft, Amos vi.8. (3.) To rejcdl, call off, Pfal. Ixxxix. g8. God's abhorring his anointed^ if referred to Chrift, imports his hiding his face from him, and executing the punifhment due to our fms upon him, Pfal. Ixxxix. 38. God's not ab- horring the affliftion of the afflidled, imports, his not overlooking it, but fympathizlng with, and helping and comforting them undertheirtroubles, Pfal. xxii. 34. Job's clothes abhor- red him, in marking the loathfome difeafe which his fms had brought on him. Job ix. 31. The carcafes of the rejeded Jews ; of the ruin- ed heathens under Conftantlne, ire. ; and of the Antichriftlans and Mahometans, about the beginning of the millennium, are an abhorring to all pjh : vaft numbers of flain did, or ihall, pollute the very air. fcuch Jews as remain, fmce the de- ftrudion of their city and temple, are hated and contemned by all nations. Under and after Con- ftantine, the heathens and their idols were detefted by multitudes ; and fuch fhall, in a little, be the cafe of Papifts and Mahometiftis.'lf. Ixvi. 24. ABIATHAR, the tenth high- priefl of the Jews, and fourth in defcent from Eli. When Saul murdered Ahimelech, his father, and the other priefts at Nob, Abi- athar efcaped to David in the wil- demefs, and joined jils party ; and by him David confulted the Lord at Keilah and Ziklag, i Sam. xxii. and xxiii. 9. and xxx. 7. Saul had placed Zadok, a defcendent of Elea- in the hlgh-prieftliood, inftead of Abiathar ; but when David came to the throne, he made Abiathar, and Zadok next to him, the chief priefts : and thus matters continued while David reigned, 2 Sam. xx. 25. Abiathar and Zadok defigned id have attended David with the ark, as he fled from Abfalom ; but he advifed them to return with it, and procure him proper information, 2 Sam. XV. 24, — 29. Juft before the death of King David, Abiathar treafonably confpired to render A- donijali his father's fucceflbr ; and was forbidden the execution of his office, by Solomon, on that account ; and confined to his city of Ana- thoth ; and Zadok was put in hi^ room, I Kings i. and ii. Thus was the family ofEli wrathfully for ever put from the high-priefthood, 1 Sam. ii. 29, — 36. It is not Abiathar, but his fon, that is called Ahimelech, or Ahimelech. Nor is it Abiathar's father, biat himfelf, tliat is mention- ed, Mark ii. 26. ; for it is certain he then lived, and might have a great hand in procuring the fhew-bread for David : Nor does that text inh- nuate, that Abiathar then executed the office of high-prieft. ABIB, or NisAN, the name of the firft facred, and feventh civil month of the Jew^ifh year. It con- tained thirty days ; and anfwered to our moon of March. This word fignifies green catSj or ripe fruit ; and was given to this month, be^* caufe, in the middle thereof, the Jews begaii their harveft. Oa the ABI [ 7 ] ABI f oth day of this month the Pafchal lamb was taken : on the evening of the J 4th day they did eat tlie pafs- ovcr ; and on the fcven days follow- ing they kept the feall of unleaven- ed bread, the laft. of which was held as a folcmn convocation, Exod. xii. xiii. On the 15th day ihcy gather- ed their ftieaf of the barley firft- fruitsi, and on the l6ih they offered it ; after which thjy might begin their harvefl, Lev. xxvi. 4, — 14. On the fi] (I day of it, the modeni jcws oblerve a faft for the deaih of Nadab and Abibu : on the lotli a faft for the death of Miriiin : on the ayth a fall for the death of Jofhua : on the 29ih they prayed for the latter-rain. Their Megillath Taanith, however, takes no notice of any of thefe fuper- addcd folemnities ; which to me is an evidence that they never univerfally obtained. ABIGAIL, ( I.) the fifter of King David, wife of Jether, and mother ©f Amasa, I Chron. ii. 17. (2.) The wife of Nab A L. She was a woman of great prudence and wifdom ; but, perhaps, by the covetoufnefs of her parents, was married to a rich fot. When his rude behaviour to David's melfcngers had brought him and liis family into the utmofl. danger, Abigail hearing of it by fome of her fervants, loaded feveral afles with provifions, and went to meet David. In the mofl polite ^nd pinidcnt manner, Ihe tendered him her pre- fent. Her prudent addrefs not only difarmed his rage, but procured his higheft efteem for her virtue. Re- turning to her hufband, Ihe told him the danger tlvy had been in by his folly ; and how fhe had prevented their ruin. He quickly died of a ftupid melancholy t and fhe, not long after, was married by David, She bare to him two fons, Daniel and Chileab; if thefe two names do not rather denote the fame perfon. She was taken captive by the Amalekites >vhen Zikla^ was burnt; but in a few days was recovered by David her hufband, I Sam. xxv. and xxx, 2 Sam. iii. ^. t Chron. iii. i. To .'^ BIDE, (i.) Toftay; tar- ry, Gen. xxii. 5. (2.) To dwell, or live in a place, Gen. xxix. 19. (^.^ To endure; ilifter, Jer. x. 10. (4.) To continue, Eccl. viii. 15. (5.) To wait for, A*5ts xx. 23. (6.) To Itand firm, Plal. c;:ix. 90. Chrill and his Father maki their abod<: with one, when they bellow frequent and fa- miliar iuHuences of power, kindncfs, and inward comfort, on his foul, John xiv. 23. Men abide in Chrijtf and his lovCy when, being united to him by faith, they continue cleaving to his perfon, believing his love, and walking in his way, John xv. 6, 10. Chrilt's wordy or doiirine, abides in metty and they in it, when the know- ledge and faith of its truth and excel- lency, the experience ot its power, and an open profelTion and careful obfervance of it, are continued in % fixed and conflant manner. ABIJAH, Abijam, or Abia, was the fon of Re ho bo am, by his wife Maachah. He fuccecdcd iiis father in the throne of Judah, /f. M. 5046. He married fourteen wives, by whom he had twenty fons, and fixteen daughters. He reigned but three years ; and imitated die im- piety of his father. He was almoll conllantly at war with Jeroboam King of Ifrael. Once he t ik the field with 400,000, :igainit Jerobor.m and 800,'. 00. The armies being drawn up, very near one to another, Abijah got him up to the top of mount Zemaraim, and harrangucd the troops of tlie enemy, to periuade them to return to their wonted fuh- jedtion to the houfe of David, and to the true worfhip of God. Mean while, Jeroboam detached a part of his army aroimd the hill, to attack the rear of Abijah's. Abij:di and his forces, feeing thcmfclves I'urrounded, cried to the Lord for help, and the pricfls fviuldcd ^he filvcr trumpets, ABI [ 8 ] ABI Such a fudden panic feized the hoft of Jeroboam, that Abijah's army- cut off 500,000 of them on the fpot ; and, purfuhig the viftory, took Beth- el, Jefhanah, Ephi-aim, and a multi- tude of other places, from the ten tribes. I Kings xv. I, — 7. 2 Chron. xi. 20. and xiii. 2. Abijah, the only gracious fon of Jeroboam. When he fell fick, the prophet Ah I J AH told his mother that he fhould certainly die, and be the only one of Jero- boam's family who fhould die a na- tural death, and be dignified with funeral honours. He died the very moment of his mother's return to her houfe, and was greatly lament- ed by the people, i Kincs xiv. i, —18. 3. Abijah, the v,'ife cf Ahaz, and mother of Kin;^ Hezekiah. Some o fiippofe her the daughter of Zecha- riah the high-prieft, who was flain by King Joafh. Nothing is more groundlefs. If fhe had been fo, fhe behoved to have been about 90 years of age, when Ahaz, a boy of ten years, married her, and had by her a child. 2 Chron. xxix. i. ABJECT3, moft dclpicable per- fons, Pfal. XXXV. is'. ABILENE, a fmall canton in Hollow Syria, between Lebanon and Antilibanus. It appears to have Hen weftward of Damafcus ; and tcck its name from Abila, v/hich probably was the fame with j^h/- inalm, I^yfanias was governor here in the 1 5th year of Tiberius, Luke iii. I. ABIMELECH, King of the Philidines, who dwelt in Gerar. Captivated with the beauty of Sa- rah, and informed by Abraham that (he was his fifter, he took her into his palace, intending to make lier his wife. God permitted him not to take her to his bed ; but ap- peared to him in a dream, and .threatened him with a fudden death, if he did act in:ipediatcly reftore hsr to her hufband : nay, already he had fmitten him, and the women of his family, with a diftemper, tl:iat rendered them incapable of procrea- tion, or child-birtli. Ablmelech ex- cufed himfelf to his Maker, from Abraham's pretence, that Sarah was but his fifter. He neverthelefs re- ftcred her next day, feverely chid- ing the patriarch for impofmg oa him. Abraham confeffed ihe was indeed his wife ; but was likewife hi« fifter, begotten on a different mother. Abimelech gave Abraham a num- ber of valuable prefents, and offered him a fojouming place in any part of his kingdom. He too, begged his prayers for the healing of his family ; and cautioned him to be- ware of like dlilimulation for the fu- ture. He alfo gave Sarah a thou» fand pieces of filver, or about 115I. Sterling, to purchafe a vail for co-' vering her face, which ftill, at 9Q years of age, was comely and fpark- ling : thus flie was publicly inflrud- ed and repioved. Abraham pray- ed for Abimelech's family, and they were cured of their diftemper. A- bout fourteen years after, Abime- lech dreading danger ta himfelf or pofterity, from the increafe of Ab- raham's power, came, Avith Phichol his chief captain, and begged he would enter into a covenant of friend- ftiip ; which was readily granted. Gen. XX. and xxi. 22, — 32. 2. AciMEXECH, the fon andfuc- ceffor of the former, was like to be impofed on by Ifaac, in the fame manner f\s his father had been by Abraham : but happening, from his window, to efpy fome fpcrtive fami- liarity between Ifaac and Rebekah, he immediately concluded Ihe was his wife, not his fifter, as both Ifaac and herlclf had pretended. He im- mediately fent for Ifaac, and repro- ved him, as guilty of what tended to involve I'lim and liis fubjcifts in guilt and punHhment. Fear of loftng his ]^e, for the fiike of his beautiful con^ ABI [ Ibrr, was the only thing which Illiac jiled in his own excufc. Abimclech, therefore, immediately ilfued orders, tliat none of his fubjcds, imdcr pain of death, Ihould, in the leaft, injure If.iac or Rebelcah. Abimelech, Knd- iny that his fubjeds were terrified at, and mightily envied, the great pro- fpciity and power of Ilkac, he polite- ly required him to leave his territo- ries, becaufe ho was become viightkr than thjy ; or much tucreafcd at their ex[>ence. Some time after, Abime- lech, mindful of the league his fa- ther had made with Abraham, and dreading danger from the increale of liaac's power and wealth, took v>lth him Ahu/./.ath his friend, and Plii- chol his chief captain, and repairing to Ifaac, folcmnly renewed the co- venant with him at Becrlliebaj and vere there entertained by liim with a fplendid feaft, Gen. xxvi. 3. Abimelech, king of Ifracl, \vas the hallard fon of Git) eon, by his concubine at Shechem. He was a moil wicked, afpiring, and bloody wretch. To procure the govern- ment for himfelf, he insinuated to the people of Shechem, how much Ivjtter it would be for them to have liim, their own citizen and blood re- lation, to be their governor, than to hive all the threefcore and ten Ions of his father rule over them. His Shechemite friends took for him out of the temple of their idol Baal- herith feveniy fhekels of filver, or a little more than eight pounds Ster- ling. With thefc he hired a band of vagabonds, who alFifted him to mur- der, on one fpot at Ophrah, all his fe- venty brethren. Jot h A m , the young- ell:, only efcaping. The Shechemites then made him king. It was on the occafion of the coronation, or foon after, that Jotham, from the top of mount Geri;^im, an adjacent hill, pronounced his parable to tlie men of Shechem ; importing, that their beflowal of the government on tlie only naughty perfon in Gideon's fa.- VOL. I. 9 ] ABI mily, and the ungrateful murderer of the rell:, ihnuld ilK.e in the fpccdy ruin of all concerned. The event quickly verified his pretlidion. Abi- melech had not reigned above three years, when there hai)i)ened a vari- ance between him and the men of Shechem. While, it feems, Abime- lech removed his refidence to Aru- mah, a place near Shechem, and left Zebul to infpe^ the city, Gaal the fon of Ebed, and his friends, excited and headed the confpiracy. At one of their idolatrous fealls, they, in the moll outrageous manner, contem- ned and curled Abimelech. Inform ed of this by Zebul his officer, he marched his troops by night, in four bodies, againft the Shechemites : Gaal and his friends, having nci time to prepare themfelves, were ea- fily routed. On the morrow after, when the men of Shechem came out to the field, perlr.ips to the reaping, Abimelech and his troops fell upon and murdered them. He next took the city by aflault, and murdered the inhabitants, and demolillied the buildings. A thoufand of the She- chemites fled to the temple of Baal- berith, hoping to defend themfelves, or expecting the fan(5lity of the place would protedl them : Abimelech p.nd his troops carried fuel from an adjacent wood, let fire to the tem- ple, and conliimed it, and all that were in it. He next marched to Thebez, a place about nine miles to the eailward. The mhabilanls lied to a ftrong tower built in the midll of their city : Abimelech all'ault-d the tower with the utmoil fury, and was juft going to fet fire to it, when a worrum from the top of it ftinick him with a piece of a mililo'ie, and brake his itculK He ordered, his ar- mour-bearer to thruft him tiirough with his fword, that it might not be faid he had been killed by a wo- man. His orders were executed; and he died, ^/. I\L 2798 ; and \\\i troops were diiperfed. Jtidg. ix: B ABL [ lO ] ABN 4. Abimet-ech. SeeAcHisH, UnJ Ahimelech. ABIRAM. ( I.) The fon of E- liiib the Reubenite. He, with his brother Dathan, and Korah, con- fpired to diveft Moles and Aaron of the powers conferred on them by ■God ; and, on account hereof, was, with his whole family and fubftance, fwallowed up alive by the earth. (2.) The eldea fon of Hi el the Bethelite : he loft his life, as his fa- ther founded the walls of Jericho, I Kings xvi. 34. ABISHAi the fon of Zeruiah, die filler of David. He was a noted warrior, an early affiftant, and fteady friend to his uncle. En- tering Saul's tent along v/ith him, he infifted for leave to difpatch that tyrant, but Avas not allowed, 1 Sam. xxvi. 7, — II. He ferA^ed in David's wars with Illiboilieth, and vigo- rouily purfued the flying enemy. In the war with the Edomites he cut off 18,000 of them in the valley of Salt. In the Avar Avitli the Syrians and Ammor.ites he commanded the troops Avhich engaged Avith, and routed the latter. In the Vv'i'.r M'ith the PhiUftines he killed llhbibenob, a noted giant, avIio Avas juIl going to murder his uncle and king. At another time he alone attacked r bidy of three hundred, and killed them to a man. Highly provoked wivh Shimei's raillery he begged his uncle's leaA'e to cut off the inio- ient Avretch, but Avas not permit- ted. He commanded a third part of the army v.diich defeated Abfa- lom, and headed the houfchold troops Avho pui-fued Sheba the fon of Bichri, 2 Sam. ii. 1 8, — 24. and X. 10,-14. and xvl.' 9, — 11. and xviii. 2. and xx. 6, 7. and xxi. i J, — 17. and xxiii. 18, — 19. i Chron. ii. 16. and xi. 20, 21. and xviii. 12. ABLE; of great or fufficient poAver, Avifdom, or Avealth, Keb. vii. 25. Numb. xiii. 30. Exod. xviii. 21. I-ev. xiv. 2 2. Ability; ( i . ) Mea- fure of Avealth, Ez'-a ii. 69. (2.) Suf- ficiency of wifdom and prudence, Dan. i. II. ABNE R the fon of Ner. He was the uncle of King Saul, and the ge- neral of his army. Being moftly in the camp, and in high Ration, it is not furprifmg he knew not David at Ephes-dammlm : but it was more culpable, that he guarded his ma- tter fo ill in the camp at Hachilah, Avhen David and Abilhai entered it, and Avent off, Avitliout being per- ceived, I Sam. xiv. 50. and xvii. 55, —58. and xxvi. 5:, — 14. After Saul's death he made lihbofheth king ; and for feven years liipported the family of Saul, in oppofition to Da- vid ; biit in the molt of his fkirmilh- es came off with lofs. While Ifli- bofhodi and David's troops retlied near one another, hard by Gibeon, Abner bavbaroufiy challenged Joab to advance tAvelve of David's Avar- riours, to fight Avith an ecjual num- ber of his. Joab confented : the tv/enty-four engaged ; and, taking each his fellow by the beard, and thrufting his fAVOrd into his fide, they together fell doAvn dead on the fpot : a fierce battle enfued ; Ab- ner and his troops AA'ere routed : Abner himfclf Avas hotly purfued by Afahel : he begged him to ftop his purfuit ; on his refufal, he kill- ed him by a back-ftroke of his fpear. He was hoAvever ftill purfued by Joab and Abilhai, till he, Avho in the morning fported with murder, was obliged at even to beg that Joab would ftop his troops from their hoftile purfuit, 2 Sam. ii. Not long after, Abner, taking it highly amifs forlfnbofheth to charge him of IcAvd behaviour with Rizpah, Saul's conciabine, vowed he Avould quickly betray the Avhole kingdom into the hands of David ; he had fcarce threatened it, Avhen he com- menced a correfpondence Avith Da- vid, and had an interview A^ith him at Hebron for that effeft. Abner ABO C II ] ABO liad juft left the fplendid feaft wherewith DaviJ h;ul entertained him, \v]icn Juab, informed of the matter, warmly rcnonftratcd to his uncle that Abner had come as a fpy. At his own hand he fent a mcli'engcr to invite him back, to have fomc further communication with the king. x\bner was juil come into Joab's prcfencc, when he, part- ly from jcalouiy that Abner miglit become his fuperior, and partly to reveni^e his brotliev Afahcl's death, mortally flabbcd him, as he pre- tended to falute him. Informed h'.rcof, David heartily dctelled the i07iiiii- able, or abomifiatioii: it is the re- verfe of tlie divine pertcdions and law ; it defiles peribns in God's fight ; and on^ht to be liated, de- telted, avoided, and oppofed by us, Jer. xliv. 4. Ifi. Ixvi. 3. Fa Ife doc- trines, and liorrid or indecent prac- tices, contrary t(i the very light of nature, are called abomwatiom : they are hated and loathed by God and liis faints, Rev. xvii. 4. Idols .and liicir worHiip are called aboviina- iioiii. Not -only is the worlhip of idols hateful in iilllt, rendering men odious to God ; but is often attend- ed witli a variety of bafe and in- decent cei ..-monies, i Kings xi. 7. Dent, vii; 36. and xM. 51. Idols are railed ahnmlnattons of the eyes, bc- e*ufe the eves of their wor!hi;;ncrs are oh amufed with, and, in adora- tion, lifted up to them, E/.ek. xx. 7, 8. Idolaters and jiroud peribns are an abomination, being dett-ll- able to God, and to all good n'cn, Ifa. xli. 24. Prov. xvi. 5. Incenfe i» an aburntnatiou to Cod, and the fo« Icmn meeting is iniquity. The cb- i'crvance of the Jcwiih ceremonies, ^\ithout dependence on Chrill by fiith, and an univerfal endeavour after conformity to his moral law; (-r the mere oblervance of theii.' ce- remonies, after their abolilhment by the gofpel, was in God's actoun^ highly dctcRable and ciiminal, Ila. i. 13. and Ixvi. 3. The facrificc* and prayers of the wicked are an ^/;ow///^^/o;/,becaufe their principles, manner, and ends are finful, Prov, XV. 8. and xxviii. 9. — Probably Ihep- herds were an abovitnatioii to the Egypt'iam, bccaufe a band of fo- reigners, called Jhfphcrds, had juft belore, from Ethiopia or Arabia, in- vaded and tyrannized over the coim- try ; or becaufe the land was fore })lagued on the account of Abraham and Sarah his wife, Gen. xlvi. 34. The Hebrews facririced the abo7>n- nation of the Egylitlans, i. e. their ficred animals, oxen, goats, lambs, rams, which the Egyptians adored, and thought utterly unlawful to ot- ter, Exod. viii. 26. The abomtna- tlou that vtaketh dejolate, may de- note, (i.) The image of a fwine on the biazen altar; and that of Jupiter 01ym})ius in the Jcwiih 'tem- ple, wiiich Antiochus Epiphanes e- re(fied to flop the worlliip of God, Dan. xi. 31. (2.) The Roman ar- mies, compofed of Heathenilh ido- laters, who had the images ofido's and emperors painted on their bar;- r.ers ; and wl.o, higldy dctcfted of ihe Jews, entered and buiT.t thtir temple, and fpvcad ravage and de-^ Eolation tlirough their countn;, Dan. ix. 27. Matth. xxiv. 15. {3.) Anii- chrilt, who ho)-ridlydoriles and wades the church of God, Dan. xii, \\. 13 i ABO E 12 ] ABR ABOVE; (i.) High; overhead, Gen, vi. i6. (2.) Upwards, Exod. :)txx. 14. Lev. xxvii. 7. (3.) Be- yond, 2 Cor. i. 8. (4.) More than, Oen. Hi. 14. (5.) Higher than, Neh. viii. 5. It is ufed metapho- rically, to denote the dignity or ex- ctllency of perlbns or things, Plal. cxiii. 4. Matth. x. 24.; or rank, authority, and rule. Numb. xvi. 3. J)eut. xxviii. 13. It alfo denotes what is fpiritual and heavenly, Gal. iv. 26. Col. iii. I.; nay heaven, or God himfelf, who is above all in dignity and authority, James i. 1 7. ■ To ABOUND; (i.) To grow great or numerous, 2 Pet. i. 8. Matth. xxiv. 12. (2.) To increafe, and have plenty of temporal or fpi- ritual benefits, Prov. xxviii. 20. 2 Cor. ix. 8. God abounds in grace towards us, in all iDtfdovi and pru- dencBy in gracloufly choofmg a fit perfon to be our Mediator ; in ap- pointing him his proper work, in its whole foi-m and periods ; in or- dering the circumftances of his in- carnation, debafement, and glory ; and of all the mercies, afflictions, and deliverances of his people, to the beft advantage. In forming and publilLing the gofpel of our falva- tion, and thereby rendering men, na- turally fooliih and rebellious, wife, <;ircumfpec1, and prudent, he emi- nently difplays and exerts his infi- nite mercy and grace, wifdom and prudence, Eph. i. 7, 8. Men abound in the vjork of the Lord, when, with noted and increafmg pleafure and activity, they perform a multitude of good Avorks, i Cor. 75.V. 58. Men Aboufid in tranfgrejfion when, with increafmg activity, they proceed from one evil way to another or Avorfe, Prov. xxix. 22. Sin abounds inwardly, when it renders our ra- tional powers more vigorous, aflive ia and delighted with fni: it abounds outwardly, when the number of fin- ners, or of finful acts, and the num- ber viVid degrees of their ag2ra\ii- tions do increafe : it abounds re- latively, when its fads, ' criminal nature, power, and pollution, are more fully and convincingly mani- fefted, Matth. xxiv. 1 2. Rom. v. 20. Grace in God much 7nore abounds in faving the chief of fumers, and for- giving, conquering, and deftroying, the greatell llns in them that believe : g7-ace in us much more abounds in refifting and mortifying the ilrong- eft corruptions, and taking full pof- feffion of thefe inward powers where fm had been fuperlatively ftrong. and adive, Rom. v. 20. The trutf) oj Cod abounds when his revelations are clearly and widely difplayed ; Avhen his protnifes are eminently fulfilled ; and his word rendered effedtual for the converfion of vaft multitudes ; and is boldly profeifed by them, Rom. iii. 7. ABRAM, the fon of Terah. Though mentioned before his bre- thren, Nahor and Haran, he ap- pears to have been the youngeft, bom in the 130th year of his fa- ther's life, and A. M. 2008. The firft feventy years of his life he re- fided in his father's family, in Ur of the Chaldees ; and no doubt concur- red with them in thejr idolatrous M'orfliip. After the death of his brother Haran, God appeared to him ; doubtlefs hinted the detefiable nature of idolatry ; and, it is cer- tain, ordered him to leave his na- tive abode. He and his father's liQufehold removed to the north- well of Mefopotamia, and fettled at Haran or Charran, a place fo call- ed, perhaps, to commemorate his deceafed brother. After about five years continuance here, Terah died; and God appeared again to Abram : he affured him of a numerous feed, who fhould be a blefling to the na- tions around : he ordered him to leave his father's family, and travel to a land to v/hich he would dired: him. All obedient, Abram took wi'Ja liim Sarai his wife,, and Lot ABR [ '3 ] ABR liis brother Haran's fon, and all their fubltance, and went toward Canaan, neither knowing the coun- try, nor the way whither he went, Gen. xi. 26, — 52. and xii. i,^ — 5. Deut. xxvi. 5. Jodi. xxiv. 2, $. Ifa. xii. 2. Ads vii. 2, — 4. Heb. xi. 8. ^. M. 2083, he entered Canaan, eroding the Jordan, fouth of the Galilean lea : he pitched his tent at Shechem, and ilicre crcfted an altar to the l^ord. Here God again appeared to him, confirmed his lor- mer promifes, and allured him that Canaan fhould one tiay be the pro- perty oi his feed. He had fcarce received this promifc, when a fa- mine obliged him to leave the coun- try : without confuUing his Maker, he went fouthward to Egypt. Sarai was now fixty-five years of agCj but retained beauty enough to endanger the man's life, who pafl'ed for her hufliand, efpecially in Egypt, where the women Avcrc none of the love- licit. Abram therefore and Sarai a- grccd, tliat both fliould pretend fhe was his filler, wherever tliey ihould come. They had not been long liere, when her beauty charmed the Egyptians, and at kifl captivated Pharaoh himfelf. Abram received vail numbers of fhcep, oxen, camels, afl'es, men-fervants, and maid-fer- vants, befides gold, filver, and other precious things, in comphmcnt, for the fake ot his pretended iliter : and Sarai was in imminent danger of being taken into Pharaoh's bed. To prevent this, God inflided on him and his family fuch plagues as clearly manifelted the caufe. Pha- raoh fent lor Abram ; lliarply re- buked him for his dangeroxis impo- lition ; returned him his wife undc- filed ; and gave orders lor their falc departure from his dominions, Gon. xii. Pfal. cv. 14, I J. The famine in Canaan being ccafed, Anram returned thither, and on the altar which he had built near Be- tJicl and HaJ, oflercd a faciilicc of tliankfgiving f«ir his fafc return. Contentions between his herdmen and thcfe of his nephew Lot, obli- ged them to fepaiate. Abram made the peaceful propofal, and gave his nephew the choice what place he vcnikl turn to. Lot had fcarce de- parted for the plain of Sodom, when God re-aflured Abram that liis feed lliould polfcfs the whole counlrv in view. Abram removed fouthward from the environs of Bethel, and pitched his tent in the plain of Mam- re, which is in Hebron. There he erected an altar to God ; and con- traded a frieiidfliip with Mamre, Aner, and Ellicol, the chief men of that place. Before he had long en- joyed this agreeable iituation, news were brought him, that Chedorla- omer and liis allies had ravaged the country of Sodom and Gomorrali, and carried Lot prifoner. Abram armed ;?l8 of his own fervants; and with thefe, and a few aUies headed by his friends Mamre, Aner, and Eilicol, he purfued the conquering potentates ; furprifed them by night at the fprings of Jordan ; routed and purfued them ,-is far as Hob ah, northward of Damafcus ; recovered Lot, with all his family and fub- flance, with the reft of the captives, and the plunder of Sodom. In liis return, Melchizf.dek met him at Salem, entertained him with pvovi- fions, blcli'ed him, and received from his hand the tithes of his fpoil. The young king of Sodom generoufly of- fered him all tliat he had recovered, except tlic men and women : A- bram m<.re generoufly refufed the k-alt Ihare of it, Gen. xiii. and xiv. Gracioufly to reward Abram's ge- nerolity and dependence en God, tlie Lord immedi;;teiy after airureJ him that he was hhjhie/c/, and his esceed'nig^reat riivan/; and repeat- ed to him the promile of a nunK lous i'ccd, and ci Canaan f<;r their inhe- ritance. By an horrible darkncfs, and by a hcrv meteor palling be- ABR r u 3 ABR twecn the pieces of the heifer, the fce-goat, the ram, turtle, and pi- geon, he confirmed the covenant, prefigured their affliction, and hint- ed, that at lalt their falvation fliould go forth ai a lamp that burncth. At the fame time he aifured him his feed fliould fojourn four hundred years in a land not their own, and part of that time be terribly op- prefled : and that in the fourth ge- neration, they fliould be brought ■with great wealth from the land of their bondage, and take pofleffion of Canaan Irom the Euphrates on the north-eaft, to the border of Egypt on the foiith-weft. Gen. xv. Hearing that a child of Abram's ©wn body fliould be heir of Canaan, Sarai imagining it impoffible for one of her age and circumftances to be the joyful mother, advil'ed her huf- band to make Hagar her maid his concubine, and procure children by her. Without confulting his God, Ahram too raflily complied. Hagar no fooner found herfelf pregnant, than file behaved to her milirefs in a haughty and furly manner. This occafioned bittei but unjuft reproach- es to Abram from his wife, as if he had encouraged liis maid in her pride. Hard treatment from her miftrefs provoked Hagar to flee the family; but being advifed by God file returned and fubmitted herfelf. She brought forth a fon, whofe name ■was IsHMAEL. For thirteen years after his. folly with Hagar, God ap- pears to have denied Abram the more noted tokens of his favour and prefence. A. M. 2T07, he repeated the promife of a numerous feed, and of the land of Canaan for their polTeflion. To confirm this cove- nant, to feparate Abram and his family from the reft of the world, and feal to them the bkfTings of grace, he ordered himfelf, and all the males of his family and feed, to liave their forefltin cut off. He changed .his name te Abraham^ which fignlfies the father of a mul* t'ttude. Sarai's he changed to Sa- rah, which fignifies the lady or mi- ftrefs. He affured him that Ifhmael fliould live, and have a numerous iffue ; and Sarah, now ninety years of age, fhould bear a fon, in whofe feed all the nations of the earth fhould be blefTed. Immediately af- ter this vilion, Abraham and all his males were circumched. Gen. xvi. and xvii. Not long after, the Son of God, at- tended by two angels in human fhape, paired by Abraham's tent in their way to deftroy Sodom and the cities adjacent. Upon Abra- ham's kind entreaty they entered his tent, and were entertained by him as travellers. The Angel Je- hovah afliing for Sarah, affured her and her hulband, that after nine months fhe fliould bring forth a fon, called Isaac. Abraha/n accompa- nied his guefls part of their w ay- tow ard Sodom. To reward him for his religious education of his fa- mily, the Lord difclofed to hira their intention to deflroy thefe wicked cities. Moved with com- paffion, chiefly to Lot, Abraham interceded for their prefervation. God granted him whatever he aik- ed. He offered to fave them, if fifty, if , forty, if twenty, or even ten gracious perlbns fhould be found therein : but as there was none fave Lot, only he and his daughters were preferved. Gen. xviii. and xix. Scarce had Sarah conceived, when her own and her hufband's difii- mulation at Gerar ifl'ued in her be- ing forced from him by Abime- LECH the king. She was however quickly reftorcd, without receiving any ftain of difloyalty to her mar- riage-bed. Gen. XX. In A. M. 2108, Ifaac was born, to the r.o fhiall joy cf Abraham and Sarah. The firfl circumcifed, and the other fuckled him. When Ifaac was weaned, M^izhdim made a ABR [ iJ ] ABR folendid fcaft for hi? houfeholJ. On that occaiion, Ilhmael marked his contempt of Ifauc. Sarah obfervinij it, begi^cd her hiifbaiid to expel Hagar and her foil from the fami- ly, as flie would never allow him to inherit Canaan alon^^ with Ifaac. This requclt was extremely difa- greeable to Abraliam ; but, being admonilhed by Cod, he readily complied therewith. Abraham now dwelt at Bcerllieba : thither Abi- melecli kin;; of Gerar came to make a covenant of fneiidlhip witli him, ftiovcd perhaps with the report of the promife of Canaan to his feed. Abraham reproved the king con- cerning a well which his (ervants liad taken by force : that being re ftored, a covenant was made be- tween them, ai-.l ratified by oath. Abraham too built an altar here to the Lord, Gen. xxi. Ifaac was now twenty-five, or p)er- baps thirLy-three, years of age, when God ordered his father to of- fer him a bnrnt-facrifice on a diltant hill. All obedient, he rofe early next morning, fet oft' with Ifaac and fome fervants, and a knife, fire and wood, for the oifering. After travelling three days he came to Moriah, the dellined mount. The fervants and alfes being left behind, Ifaac bore the wood ; and his fa- ther the knife and fire. By the way, Ifaac alked where the ficri- ficc was ? Abraham replied, God would ]irovide it. They came to the appointed fpot : an altar was rear- ed: Ifaac was bound and Itretched thereon. Abraham had jnlHtretchcd his hand with the knife, to plunge it into the throat of his fon ; tiie Lord liimfelf flopt the blow, and told Abraham he had now fujli- ciently difcovered his fixed faith in his promiie, and regard to his pre- cepts : mean while, the patriarch looking behind him, obferved a ram caught by the horns in a thick bulh: him he taught, and oifered inltead of his fon, and called the place Jl- HOvAH - JiREii ; importing, that God chiefly mauifcdej his favoura in perplexing Uraits, and would provide for his people whatever they needed. After Godliad re- newed his jiromifes, and confirmeJ them by oath, he rejoined hi^ icr- vants, and returned home to Beer- llieba ; and was there informed thas his brother Nahor had a numerous illue. Gen. xxii. Abraliam's next work was the bu- rial of his beloved Sarah. She died at Hebron, where her hufband, it feen)s, then dwelt. He requelbed of the Hittites of that place to fell him a burying-place : tliey offered him room in any of their fepulchres: he defired the cave of Mach])elah: Ephron, the proprietor, begged he would take it in compliment ; biit Abraham infilted to give tlie full value, and paid for it 400 fhekels, wliich amounted to 46 pounds 5 Ihil- lings, or, according to Pridcaux, to 60 pounds Sterling; and there he buried Sarah his wife. Tin-ee years after, he refolved to provide a matcli for Ifaac his fon. He called Eliezer his principal fer- vant, and, after giving him his in- ftruc^ions, and binding him by oath, to take for his fon a wife out of his own kindred, and to avoid every Hep calculated to make Ifaac return to Mei!:>potaniia, he fent him away with a fuitable train, and a number of prefents. Rebekah was obtained for Ifaac. Next year Abraham liim- felf efpoufcd Keturah, and his body being invigorated by the infiucnce of God, he had fix Ions by her* Their names were, Zimran, Jok- fiian, Medan, Midian, Irtibak, and Shuah. Thefe Abraham in his life- time portioned, and lent eaflward into ARAfiA the defart, where they became heads of tribes nuraerouj and potent. ^1. J\I. 2183. Abraham died in. the 175th year of his age : his fons Ifaac und Ifhrr.ael, who aov^ ABR [ 16 ] ABS lived at a fmall diflaiice one from another, buried him in the cave of Machoelah, belide Sarah his wife. Gen. xx:ii. xxiv. and xxv. Abraham is iarnous in tiie ftories of the ancient Heathens, and of the Mahometans, Indians, and Jews, as a kin£» of Damalcus ; as a teacher of arivlimttic and agronomy to the Egyptia:*?, &c. It is probable hu- man facrifices took their rife among the Canaanites, from his intended oblation cf Ifaac. Severus, the Ro- man emperor, reckoned him one of his deities, along with Jefus Chrift. The facred volumes reprefent him as the friend of God ; as the father and pattern of tlie faithful ; as one who, with joy unfpeakable, forefaw the coming of the promifed Melfiah ; as a notecTpoiTeff^jr of the heavenl)- glory ; and hence a fhare of it is re- prefented as a lying in his bofom^ Rom, iv. Heb. xi. John viii. 56. Matth. viii. II. Luke xvi. 20. Was Jefns Chrift typified by this venerable patriarch J How alloniili- ing was his meeknefs, his love and kindnefs to men; his intimacy with, fear of, obedience to, and truft in his God ! He is the chofen favourite of Heaven; the Father and cove- nant-head of innumerable millions ©f faved men. To him were all the promiies relative to the evangelic and eternal ftate of his church ori- ginally njade. All obedient, he, at his Father's call, in a manner, left the native abodes of blifs, and be- came a ftranger and Ibjourner on earth, not having where to lay his head. At his Father's call, he of- fered himfelf an acceptable facrihce to God. By all prevalent intercef- fion and fupernatural influence, he delivers his, ah! too ungrateful friends from the hand of their foes. After long patience he obtains a m;- merous feed in the Jewiih and gof- pel-churfch. In his viiible family are many profeilors, children of the Lond-woman^thcccA'cnantcf works; who, in the iffue, are like the mo* deni Jews, rejeAed and call out into a Itate of wickednefs and mi- fery : others are children of the free woman ; like Ilaac, are by the pow- erful influence of the promife, be- gotten again unto God. ABSALOM, the third fon of king David : his mother was Maa- cah, the daughter of Talmai king of Geiliur. He was one of the mo{l comely men that ever breathed : every year he cut the hair of his head, and it weighed 200 fliekels^ or about fix pounds Englifh M'eight j or perhaps, rather, was valued at the rate of 200 Ihekels of filver ; which at leaft is about 23, or, ac- cording to Prideaux, 30 pounds Ster- ling. He had three fons, who all died in their childhood, and a beau- tiful daughter called Tamar, 2Sam. iii. g. and xiv. 25, — 27. and xviii. 18, When Tam^r his fifter wgs raviflted by Amnon, flie complained to him of the injury done her. Abfalom refolved on a thorough revenge. Bent to execute it he entirely con- cealed his refentment. After two years he invited his brethren to a fhearing-feaft at Baalhazor. When Amnon had drunk hard, Abfalom ordered his fervants to kill him ; and then fed to his grandfather at Geihur in Syria. He had continued three years in exile when Joab, ob- ferving David's fondnefs of a recon- ciliation, prompted an artful widow of Tekoah, by a feigned fpeech con- cerning the danger of her fon, who, file pretended, had in a paffion kill- ed his brother, to folicii it. Abfa- lom was recalled; but lived two years at Jerufalem without entering, his father's prefence. Stung witii grief and indignation he fent for Joab, with a view to engage him to be his advocate v/ith the king. Joab at firfl; refufed to go ; but Ab- falom, by burning of his corns, ob- liged him toit. Oji coming, Jo;i'> ABS [ 17 ] ABS i^idcrflood his intent, and went di- re)rd \ tliey enjoy not the im- mediate vifion and fellow/hip of Jelus Chrilt, and oi God ii> him, 'as thele in iuaven do, 2 Cor. v. 6. ABSTAIN, to forbear ufing. Abstinence is ftrictly a forbear- ing of tlie ufe of food, Aound, i Cor. vi. 9. Men ahiife the "world, when they ufe thq gootl things of it to difhonour God, and gratify their own lufls, i Cor. vii. 31. To ACCEPT ; (i.) To receive favourably, Mai. i. 10, — 13. (2.) To take pleafure in, Jer. xiv. lO. (3.) To efleem highly, Luke iv. 24. To be accepted oj God, is to be re- ceived into his grace and tavour, Aels x. 35. The faints are accepted in the beloved: through union to the perfon, and imputation of the righ- teoufnefs of Jefus Chrift, they are received into the divine favour, an^ intitled to all the bleflings of eter- nal life, £ph. i. 6. The finful ac- cepting ef perfonSy is the fhewing thein partial rei'pecl in judgment or otherwile, on account of Ibme car- nal circumilances and motives, Prov. xviii. 5. ACCESS ; free admiflion ; un- hampered entrance. Our accefs to a gracious ftate, and to God, is through Chrijl, as our ranfom and way ; by the Spirit, as applying tq us the perfon and fulnefs of Chrifl ; and by faith, as the means of recei- ving and improving Chrift as the Lord our righteoufnefs and fl:rengtli, Eph. ii. 18. Rom. v. 2. ACCHO, was a city of GalileCj, on the coafi: of the Mediterranean fea, about 32 miles fouth of Tyre. It was built on a plain, but had mountains furrounding it on all fides, except towards the fea : on the fouth was Carmel ; on the eafl the mountains of Galilee ; and on the north the ladder of Tyre, about 12 miles diftant. It had a fine har^ hour, and on the north of it the ri- ver Belus; and the fea-diore afford- ed great quantities of fand for ma-f king of glafs. It was given to the tribe of Afher ; but they iliffered the Canaanites to continue in it, Jiidg. i. 3 1. It made no great figure till Ptolemy Philadelphus king of Egypt rebuilt it, and called it Pto- LEMAis : after which it often fha- red in the diflrefs of the Syrian war. The Chriflian religion was early eftabhfhed here ; and here Paul vi- fited the faints in his way to Jeru- falem. Ads xxi. 7. Church hiffory informs us, that here were bifbops in the 2d, 3d, 4tb, 5th; and 6th ACC [ 19 ] ACC centuries of the Cliriftian Jrra. In the I2th and ijtli centuries it was a place of great Itrengtli, and was the object of no finull contention between the Mahometans and the Europeans in the iacred wars. It began about that time to be called St Jthn de Acra: and here tKe knights of St John of Jerufalem for- tified theinfelves a long time. It has for about ^00 years been fub- je«5t to the Turks, and is (till re- markable for a deal of magnificent ruins of palaces, caftles, and nbfuit 50 cluirchcs. It is now poorly built and inhabited ; fcarce a mile about, and without walls ; as the Arabs will not allow it to be inclofed, left they fhould lofe their power over it. It has an old church, and a bi- fliop of the Greek church. The Popiih monks have an inn, which ^rves them inilead of a convent. ACCOMPLISH; (i.) Toper- form ; KUi,HLL ; fully execute, Jer. xliv. 25. (2.) To brmg to pafs ivhat is delired, purpoled, or pro- mifed, Prov. xiii. 9. (3.) To finilh; fo days are accompliihed, A(fls xxi. 5. Luke ii. 6. ACCORD; of its, or his ov}7i accord ; freely, without pains or conllraint, Lev. xxv. 5. 2 Cor. viii. 17. With one accord, with univerfal harmony and agreement, Acts i. 14. and ii. 46. and v. 12. ACCORDING; (t.) Agreeably to, 2 Tim. i. 9. (2.) Even as; in proportion to, A6ls iv. 35. God re- wards all men according to ih:ir -ji}orks ; that is, agreeably to the na- ture of their works, 2 Cor. v. 10. Rev. xxii. 12.; but deals not with his ele(5l according to the merit of their works, whether good or bad, 2 Tim. i. 9. Tit. iii. 5. To ACCOUNT; to reckon; judge; value, Dent. ii. li. The Hebrews 7nade account for the paf- chal lamb ; every eater paid his fhare of the price, Exod. xii. 14. To put a thi.ig to one's ticcoroit, is to charge it on him as his del-t ; or reckon it to liim as his good i\cq<.\, Philem. 18. Phik iv. 17. To take accounly is to fearcli into and judge a Hiattcr, Matth xviii. 23. To givi account, is to have our conduiit tried, whether it be realbnaivle and law- ful or not, Rom. xiv. 12. Heb. xiii. 1 7. I Pet. iv. 5. God givcth not aC' count of hts matters : he does not ordinarily inform bis creatures of the realbns and circumlbncts of his conduct ; nor is he tinder obli- gation to do it, Job xxxlii. i^. ACCURSED. The Ikl.rcwr Word HHEREM, and the Check ANATHEMA, which our verfiou of- ten rendty% accur/cd, fignify things let apart or devoted ; and with Jc\v» and Chriliians marked the higiielt degree of excommunication. They generally imported the cutting olf one irom the community of the faithful, the number of the Hving, or the privileges of fuciety ; and of a thing from exiftence and common ufe. The cities of king Arad, the feven nations oi Canaan, tlie latri- ficcs of falie gods, were accurfed, or devoted to del{;ru(ft.ion. Numb. xxi. 2, 3, iJeut. vii. 2, 26. Exod. xxii. 19. Tiie Hebrews devoted to a curfe fuch as did not afTift in punifli- ing the Benjamites, Judg xxi. 5. Jephthah devoted whatever ftionld rif It meet him from his houfe, Judg* xi. 29. Saul devoted fiicli in his hoft as fhould tafte any food before fun-fet, while he purlued the Phi- lilHnes, 1 Sam. xiv. 24. -•• boveiurty Jews devoted themfelves unucr a curfe, if they did cat or driiik be- fore they had killed Paul, Aols :;xiii, 12, 13. Nothing devoted to tlie Lord, imder the form of a curler could be redeemed, Lev. xxvii. 28, 29. The wealth of Jericho was ac- curfed ; the gold, filvcr, brafs, and iron, were under the form of a curfe let apart to the fervicc of God, and the reft devoted to ruin, Jo(h. vi. i6, 19. and vii. I. The hangei C a ACC i io ] ACtl malefa(5lors were accurfed of God, devoted to public punifhment, and in em )lein of Jeibs dying under tlie curie, Deut. xxi. ^3. To promote tlie lalvation of his Jewifli brethren, Paul could have wilhed himfelf ac- curfed from Chr'ijl; not call into hell, and for ever under the power of fi'.i, and employed in blafphemy of God^ but call out of the church, and made a temporary monument of God's wrath, Rom. ix. 3. Mofes too is thought to have offered him- i'elf to ruin for the prefervation of llVael; bat I fuppol'e he only wifli- cd that he might not outlive the de- ll ru^lion of his people, Exod.xxxii. 32. Haters of Chrill:, and preachers of righteoufnefs by the works of the lavv', zve accurfed, Ifa. Ixv. 20. Gal.-i. 8, 9. To be Anathema, Mara- ■juiiha^ is TO be finally feparated from Chrilt and the faints, and devoted to everlalling puniiliment'by him at his fecond coming : the one word is Creek, and the other Syriac, to import, that neither Jews nor Gentiles Ihall be accepted, i Cor; xvi. 22. To call Jep-cs accurfed^ is to account him a deceiver, and aft toward him as fuch in our profef- llon or praftice, i Cor. xii. 3. To ACCUSE; to charge with a crinre, Dan. iii. 8. Accusation is the a<5l of charging one with a fault; or the charge itfelf, Luke xix. 8. I Tim. V. 19. Mens thoughts accufe them, when their confcience charges their fins on them, and fills them Willi pain, fliame, and fear on account thereof, Rom. ii. 15. Mofes accu- fed the Jews ii:- Chrifl's time ; his law pointed out and condemned them for the defers and irregula- rities of their pracfHce, John v. 45. Satan is the accufer of the brethren honors Cod day and night : without ceafing, he, by his agents, accufed tlie primitive Chriliians before the civil magiflrates ; and towards God, to the world, and to their own con- icience, lie, in every age, charges the faints with manifold crimes real or feigned. Rev. xii. 10. ACELDAMA; a field, faid t© have lien on the fouth of Jerufa- lem, juft north of the rivulet Shi- LOAH. It is faid to have been the fame with the fullers field, where they whitened their cloth, Ifa. vii. 3. It is certain it w^as the potters field, whence they digged their materials : its foil being quite exhaulled by them, it was of very fmall value. When Judas brought back the thir- ty pieces of filver, which he had gotten for betraying his Mafter, the high priefl: and rulers pretended it •was not lawful to call It into the fa* cred treafury, as it was the price of blood, and purchafed with it this field to bury flrangers in ; and fo it came to be called Aceldama^ or Haktldarna, the field ef blood, Zech. xi. 12, 13. Mattli. xxvli. 8. A; Adaini was a dif- ferent city from Adamah. AD AM AH, or Admah, the molt caflerly of the four cities dc- Itroyed by Hre arid briniltone from heaven. Some think llie Moabites built a city of that name near to where the other had Hood, Gen. xiv. 2. Deur. xxix. 23, To be nade as Advtah, ?Lr\d/it as Zeboim, is to be made a dillinguilhed monu- ment of the fearful vengeance of God, Hof. xi. 8. ADAMANT, the fame precious ftone which we call a diamond. It is the hardell and the moft valuable cf gems. It is of a fine pellucid liib- lUnce ; is never fouled by any mix- ture of coarfe matter; but is ready- to receive an elegant tinge from metalline particles : Being rubbed with a foft fubftance it Ihines in the dark ; but its liiftre is checkt if in tlT£ open air any thing Hop its Communication with the iky. It gives fire with fleel, but does not ferment with acid menftruums. No fire, except the concentrated heat of the folar rays, have the leall im- prefllon on it ; and even thnt aff'et'^s but its M-eakefl parts. Some dia- monds are found in Brafil, but thefe of the Eait Indies, in the kingdoms of Golconda, Vifapour, Bengal, and the Ille of Borneo, are the bell. We know of no more than four mines of diamond in India. Tiiat of Gani or Ccnlour, about fcven d;iys jour- ney calt of Golconda, feems the molt noted. About 60,000 perfons work in it. The goodncl's of dia- monds confifts in tlicir water or co- lour, lultre and weight. The molt perfect colour is the whitilh. Their defeats are veins, flaws, fpecks of red or black land ; and a bhiifli or yellowifli caft. The finelt diamonds now in the World are, that of the prefent king D ADD [ 26 ] ADM of France, weighing 136!^ Caracas; ihat of the Duke of Tufcany, weigh- ing 136 ^ caraiSls, and worth 195,374 pounds Sterling: that of the Great Mogul, weighing 279X cara6ls, and worth 779,244 pounds: that of a ■ certain merchant, weighing 242^ carai?ts. There is too, one in the French crown that weighs 106 ca- racts. The adamant or diamond was the third jewel in the fecond row of the higli-prielt's breaftplate, Exod. xxviii. 18. Ezekiel's fore- head was made like an adama?it ; he was endued with undaunted boldnefs in declaring God's mefTage to the Jews, Ezek. iii. 9. Wicked mens hearts are as aii adamant ; neither the threatenings nor judg- ments of God can break ; nor his mercies, invitations, or promifes, melt them, till they be fprinkled. with Jefus' blood, and have his love filed abroad in them by the Holy Ghoft, Zech. vii. 12. The fin of Judah was ivritten-wltb a peri of iron, and paint of a diauiond ; their cor- rupt inclinations were deep rooted and fixed in their heart ; and all their crimes were indelibly marked by God, Jer. xvii. i. ADAR, the 1 2th month of the Jewifh ecclefiaftic year, and tlie 6th of their civil. It had 29 days, and anfwered to our February and part of March. On the third day of it, the fecond temple was finifhed and dedicated, Ezra vi. 15. On the leventh, the Jews faft for the death of Moles : on the 13th, they com- memorate the fall of Esther and Mordecaii on the 14th, they ob- ferve the fealt of Purim, Eith. iv. and ix. 17. On the 25th, they commemorate the releafe of Jehoi- ACHIN, Jer. Hi. 31. Every third YEAR there v/as a fecond Adar add- ed, confiding of thirty days. To ADD. (i.) To join or put to, Deut. iv. 3. (2.) To increafe, Prov. xvi. 23. (3.) To bellow, Gen. XXX. 24. (4.) To proceed to utter, Deut. v. 22. They added no- thing to me : they gave me no new information or authority which I had not before. Gal. ii. 6. To add fin to fin, is to continue and become more open and active in the prac- tice of it, Ila. XXX. I. To add to juith virtue ; and to virtue knowledge, irr. is more and more to exercife and abound in all the graces of the divine Spirit, and the virtues of an holy converfation in their proper connection, 2 Pet. i. 5, — 7. ADDER, a venomous animal, brought forth alive, not by eggs. It is confiderably Imaller and fhorter than the fnake, and has black fpots on its back ; its belly is quite black- ifh : it is oft called a viper. We find the word adder five times in our tranflation, but I fuppofe always without warrant from the original. Shepiphon, Gen. xlix. 17. is proba- bly the blood-fnake, a lerpent of the colour of fand, and which lies among it, and, efpecially if tram- pled upon, gives a fudden and dan- gerous bite. Pethen, Pfal. Iviii. 4. and xci. 13. and cxl. 3. signifies an AST. Tziphoniy Prov. xxiil. 32. fignifies that dreadful ferpent called the Baliitjh To ADJURE, (i.) To bind one by oath, as under the penalty of a fearful curfe, Jofli. vi. 26. Mark V. 7. (2.) To charge foleinnly, as by the authority, and under pain of the difpleafure of God, A(R:s xix. 13. Matth. xxvi. 63. To ADMINISTER, to manage and give out as ftewards, 2 Cor. viii. 19. Administration, a pu- blic office, and the execution there- of, I Cor. xii. 5. To ADMIRE, to wonder at any thing for its greatnefs, excellency, rarity, 2 Theif, i. 10. To ADMONISH; to inftrua? warn; reprove, i Theff. v. 14. The admonition of the Lord is inilruc- tion, warning, and reproof, given in the Lord's name from his word, ADO [ 27 ] ADO in a way becoming his perfev^ions, and intended lor his liouour, Epli. vi. 4. Heretics are to be rejected, or caft out of the cliurcli, alter a firll and I'econd admonition, /. e. I'o- lemnwarniiigandrcproot,Tit.iii.io. ADONIBEZhK, the king of Bezek. Jult before Jolhua entered tlie land of Canaan, Adonibezek had waged a furious war with his neighbouring kings ; feventy of them he had taken captives; and, cutting off their thumbs and great toes, had caufed them, hke dogs, feed on the crumbs that fell from his table. After Jofliua's deatii, tlie tribes of Judah and Simeon, linding thtmfeWes pent up by the Canaau- ites, refolved to clear their cantons of thefe accurfed nations; among others they fell upon Adonibczek ; took his capital, and made himlelf prifoner ; and cut off his thumbs and great toes : he thereupon ac- knowledged the juft vengeance of Heaven upon him, for his cruelty toward his fellow princes. They biought him along with them to Jeruialem, where he died about A. M. 2570, ludg. i. 4,-7. ADONIJAH, was the 41)1 Ton of king David, born at Hebron. When his two elder brothers Amnon and Abfalom were dead, and Cliileab perhaps weak and inactive, and iiis father langniflied under the infirmi- ties of old age, Adoiiijah attempted to lei'ze the kingdom of Ifrael for liimfelf. He prepared himfelf a magnificent equipage of horfes and horlemcn, and fifty men to run be- fore him : this difpleafed not his father. His interefl at court wax- ed powerful JoAB the general of the forces, Abiathar the high- priert, and others, were of his par- ty ; though Benaiah, Zadok, and Nathan the prophet, and the moll of the mighty men, v/ere not. To ■introduce himielf to the throne, he prepared a fplendid entertainment at£NROGEi.; to this he invited all his brethren except Solomon, whom, he knew, his father had defigncd for his Cuccelfor on the throne ; and all the great men of Judah, except fuch as were in Solo- mon's inttrelt. Wliile they caroufed at their cups, and wiflied Adonijuh an liappy reign, Nathan the prophet got in- telligence of their dcfigns. He and Bathlheba immediately iniornieJ king David, and apj^lied in iavours of Solomon. Adonijah's oppofers were ordered diredtly to anoint So- lomon with the utmort folemnity. Adonijah's party were alarmed witii tlie flioutsof applaulc: being fully informed by Jonathan the. fon of Abiathar, they difperfed in great terror and amazement. Deferted by his friends, and fenfible of his crime, Adonijah fled for protee^tion to the horns of the altar, probably that in the threfliing-floor of Arau- nah. Solomon fent him word that his life lliould be fafc, providing he behaved himfeif cireufnfpeftly for the future. He came and pre- fented liimfelf on his knees before Solomon ; and tiien, at his orders, returned to Ins own houfe. Soon after his father's death, he made Bathfl)eba his agent to requeft, for his wife, Abifhag the Shunammite, who had been his fatlier's .concu- bine. Solomon fulpccfcd this a pro- je(5l to obtain the kingdom; and be- ing perhaps informed otherwife of his treacherous deligns, ordered j?e- naiah his general to kill liim. His death happened about a year after his attempt to ufurp the kingdom, I Kinas i. S'>—S?>' ^"d ii. 13, — 25. ADONIRAjM, the principal re- ceiver of Solomon's tribute, and director of the 30,000 lent to cut timber in Lebanon, for building tlie temple and otlier niagnifieent flruc- tures, I King<; v. 14. ADONIZEDEK, king of Jerii- falem, A. M. 2554. Being infonn- ed that Jufuua had taken Jericlif D 3 ADO C 23 ] ADO and Ai, and that the Gibeonites had fubniitted to Ifrael, he entered into An alliance with Hoham king of Hebron, Piram king of Jarmuth, Japhia king of Lachilh, and Debir king of Eglon, to attack and punifh the Gibeonites ; and fo deter others from fubrniffion to the Hebrew in- vaders. The Gibeonites begged the proteAion of Ifrael, ajid quickly ob- tained it. Jolhua encountered the allied troops of the five Canaanitifh kings, and eafily routed them : Hail- ilones of a prodigious weight killed vaft numbers of the flying remains, ^ven more than were flain by the fwprd. The fun Itood Itill a whole day, till Jolhua entirely cut off thefe defperate oppofers of Heaven. The live kings hid therofelves in a cave near Makkedah. Its mouth w^as Hopped with large itones till the Hebrews had leifure to execute them. In the afternoon Jofliua, re- turning from the purfiiit, caufed bring them out. After making his principal officers trample on their necks, he flew and hanged them on five trees : At the fetting of the fun, he ordered their carcafes to be thrown into the cave where they had lain hid. (!)uickly after, the cities belonging to tliem, Jerufalem excepted, were taken, and the in- habitatits flain, Joih. x. ADOPTION, is ehher, (i.) Naiuraly whereby one takes a ftranger into his family, and deals with him as his own child ; thus the daughter of Pharaoh adopted IS'lofes ; and Mordecai, Efther. In tliis fenfe the word is never ufed in fcripture. (2.) jV^//07;fl/, whereby God takes a whole people to be his peculiar and vifible church, exer- iil^s his fpecial care and govern- Bient over them, and beiiows a jnultitude of ordinances, and other privileges on them. This adoption, for 1500 years, pertained to the Jews ; they being tiie only vifible thurch of ^od on «a;-th, Rom. ix. 4, (3.) Spiritual, in which finful meiii' by nature children of Satan, difobe- dience, and wrath, are, upon their union with Chrift, gracioufly taken by God into the invifible church j and have fpiritual communion and intimacy with Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft ; and with angels and fellow-faints ; and are loved, taught, governed, corredled, protedled, helped, and provided for ; and are intitled to his promifes, falvation, glory, and fulnefs, as their ever- lafling inheritance. This adoption the faints have received ; and of it, the Holy phoft dwelling in them as a Spirit of grace and fupplication, and their holy converfation, are the undoubted evidence, Rom. viii. 1 5, ^-17. Gal. iv. 6. Jer» iii. 19. John i. 12. (4.) Glorious, in which the faints, being raifed from the dead, are at the laft day folemnly owned to be the children of God, and have the blifsful inheritance publicly ad- judged to them ; and enter, foul and body, into the full pofleffion of it. This the faints now wait for, Rom. viii. 23. ADORAM; (r.) King David's general receiver of the tribute, 2 Sam. XX. 24. Whether he was the fame with Adoniram, ^t know not. (2.) Adoram or Hadoram, king Rehoboam's chief treafurer and overfeer of his works. His mafter fent him to deal with the ten revolting tribes, to reduce them to their allegiance. Sufpefling him to have been the encourager of their oppreflive taxes, or from fury at his mailer, they floned him to death on the fpot, i Kings xii, 18. 2 Chron. X. 18. ADORN, to deck; make beau- tiful, I Tim. ii. 9. Hohnefs of na- ture and pra6tice are an adorning. Much care, pains, and attention to the glafs of God's word, are neceli fary in attaining it ; and it render^ our nature and charafler truly ami- able and glorious, \ Pet. iii. 4, 5< ADR [ 29 ] ADV 1 Tim. ii. 9, 10. By an holy con- verfation we adorn the do6lrtns oj Cod; pracSlically flicw to tlie world the purity, power, glory, and ul'e- fulnefs of his truths, laws, promi- fes, ihreatenings. Tit. ii. 10. The church is adorned when her ordi- nances are pure and efficacious, her officers taitliful and zealous, her members clothed with the imputed rigliteoulnefs of Chrift, and his ianolifying grace, Ifa. Ixi. 10. Rev. xxi. a. ADIl.'VMMELECH and An- AMMELECH werc two idols of the men of Sepharvaim. In the Hebrew language, and probably in the Af- fyrian, the lirft (ignified magnificent king, and the lalt gent I: king. In the Perfian, the firft fignifies kmg offoch ; and the lull in the Arabic fignifies much the fame. Poffibly both were worlhipped as the pre- fervcrs of cattle. The Jewifh Rab- bins tell us, that the firrt was re- prefented as a mule or peacock ; and tl>e fecond as a pheafant, quail, or horfe. It is more probable the firft reprefenteJ the fun, and the other the moon, which many of the Heathens took to be the great ru« lers of the world, 2 Kings xvii. 51. ADRAMMELECH and Sha- REZE R were Tons of Senn ACHE II B. It is poflible the former had been named after the above mentioned idol. Dreadiny; their father's in- tention to facrihce them, or concei- ving fonie furious prejudice againft him, they murdered him as he wor- (hipped Nifroch his idol, and then tied to the country of Armenia, li'a. xxxvii. 38. 2 Kings xix. 37. ADRIA. At prefent the Adria, or Adriatic fea, comprehends only that Tea on the eaft of Italy, ajid which is othcrwife called the Gulf of Venice ; and feems to have ta- ken its name from Adria, an an- cient city, which ftood fome where in the territory of Venice, on liie ii$jrth-eaft of I:aly; JJut from ihdr lemy and Strabo it appears, that the whole fea adjacent to the ille of Sicily, and even ilie Ionian or Tul- can fea on the fouth-welt of Italy, was anciently called Adiia. 8onie where in this lea, tlie Ihip that tranfported Paul to Rome, was ter- riblv tolled. Acts xxvii. 27. ADRAMYTnUM. (i.) A city on the north coult of Atrica, weft- ward or' Egypt. (2.) A city oti tlie weft coalt of Mylia in Lclfcr Alia, over againll the ille of Lcfbos. It was in a fliip belonging to this place that Paul iailed from Ceiarca to Myra, A«^ls xxvii. 2. To ADVANCE, to raife to a higher ftation or rank, i Sam. xii. 'advantage, (t ) Profit, gain. Job xxxv. 3. {2*) A fair op- portunity to prevail over one; or actual prevalence over him, 2 Cor. ii. II. ADVENTURE, to do a thing by expoling one's felf to danger, Judg. ix. 25. ADVERSARY, one who juftly or unjuftly fets himlelf in oppolition to another ; fo Peninnah is called the adverfary of Hannah, i Sam. i.6. The advcrfiiry to be agreed with in ths way is not only human oppofers, to whom we ought quickly to be reconciled, but chiefly God, with whom we ought to make peace, by receiving his Son, while we are in the way to etcrnir)', left by death and judgment he fiiddenly cart u« into hell-fire, iSIatth. v. 25. Luke xii. 58, 59. Satan is emphatically called the adverfary. Willi the molt obftinate and implacable malice he fets himfelf to defame and dilhonuur God; to reproach, accule, and har- rafs the faints; and to ruin the fouls and bodies of men, i Pet. v. 8. ADVERSITY, diftrcfs and trou- ble, Ipiriiual or temporal, which withftands and checks our attempts ; and like a furious wind blows in our late, Pfil. X, 6. ADU [ 30 ] ADU To ADVERTISE, to inform before-hand, Numb. xxiv. 14. To ADVISE; to give or take counfel or advice, I Kings xii. 6. ADULLAM, a moft beautiful city ; and hence called the glory of Ifrael. Some will have it to been fituated in the fouth-eaft of the ter- ritory of Judah, near the Dead fea ; but it rather appears to have flood in the plain, fouth-weft of Jerufa- lem, near Jarmuth and Azekah, Jofti. XV. 35. It had anciently a king of its own, whom Joihua killed, chap. xii. 15. Near to it, David concealed himfelf from Saul in a cave ; and hither his parents, and a number of valiant men reforted to him, I Sam. xxii. i, 2. &c. Reho- boam rebuilt and fortified it, 2 Chron. xi. 7, 8. Sennacherib's ar- my took and plundered it under Hez'ckiah, Micah i. 15. Judas Maccabeus and his army folemnly oblerved the Sabbath in the plain adjacent to it. It was a place of fome note about 400 years after Chrift ; but is long ago reduced to ruins. ADULTERER and Adulte- ress, (i.) Such men and women as commit fielhly impurity, Pfal. 1. 18. (2.) Such as indulge an ex- ceffive love for the things of this world, Jam. iv. 4. ADULTERY is either natural, which, largely taken, comprehends all manner of unchaftity in heart, {peech, and behaviour, whether for- nication, inceft, and all unnatural Infls, &c. Exod. XX. 1 4. But, Itrift- ly taken, it denotes uncleannefs be- tween a man and woman, one or both of whom are married to ano- ther perfon : thus we mnft under- fland it, where death is conftituted the penalty, and the perfons were jjot nearly related, Lev. xx. 10. In cafe one of the perfons was be- trothed, the crime and punlfhment was the fame as if married, Deut. xxii. 22,-2 7. Reuben' J inceft with Bilhah is the firfl aft of adultery we read of. Among the Heathens it was long held an horrible crime. Gen. XX. 9. For about 500 years, we read of few or no inflances of it in the Roman ftate. Nor does it appear to have been common till the poets reprefented their gods as monlters of lull. God appointed for the Jews a me- thod of difcovering it, however fe- cret. When a man fufpedted his wife's fidelity, he warned her to avoid private intercourfe with the fufpefted paramour: if fte obeyed not, Ihe was brought before the judges of the place, and the pre- fumptions of her guilt declared. If Ihe continued to alfert her inno- cence, (he was tried by the water ^ of jealoufy. She was carried to the place of the tabernacle and tem- ple, and examined before the great : council, or fanhedrim. If flie per- fifted in her denial, Ihe was brought to the eaft gate of xhe outer court, and, before vafl: numbers of her own ^ fex, drefled all in black, the priefk folemnly adjured her to declare the truth; and reprefented her danger in drinking the water of jealouly if fhe was guilty. She faid Ame n ; importing a folemn wi(h, that ven- geance might light on her if guilty. The prieft wrote the adjuration and curfe on a piece of parchment or bark : he then filled a new earthen veflel with holy water from one of the facred bafons, or perhaps with the water of purification : he mingled therewith fome dulV, taken from the pavement of the tabernacle or tem- ple ; and having read the writing to the woman, and received the re- turn of her fecond Amen, he wafli- ed out the ink, wherewith the adf juration and curfe were written, into the mixture of duft and water; mean while, another prieft tore the upper parr of her cloaths, uncover- ed her head, dilhevclled her hair, girt her half torn garments below ADU t 31 1 ADV !ier bread, and prefented her with aboot a pound and a halt" of barley- meal in a fryhig-pan, witliout either oil or incenle, to mark how diCa- greeable to God the occafion of this otFering was. The prieft, who pre- pared the bitter water, then caufed her to drink it ; put the pan with the meal into her hand, llirred it a httle, and burnt part of it on the altar of burnt-clfering. If the woman was innocent, this draught confirmed her health, and rendered her fruitful: but if guilty, flic immediately grew pale ; her eyes flarted out of her head ; her belly fwelled ; her thighs rotted : flie was hurried out of the court, that it might not be polluted with her ig- nominious death. It is faid, her paramour, however diftant, was at the fame time afFeifted in like man- ner: but, in cafe the hufband was guilty of whoredom, it is pretended the bitter water had no effecSl, Numb. V. 12,-31. A woman taken in the very aft of adultery was brought by the Jews to Jefus Chrift, to try if he would enfnare himfelf by acting the part of a civil judge, in pafling fentence againfl her ; or contradi(^t the law of Mofes, in difmiflingher from pu- nilhment. He bid the acculer, in- nocent of the like crime, cait the fird ilone at her: their confcienccs, awakened by his divine power, charged home their guilt, and they went off afliamed. Jefus finding that none of them had condemned her, he, to teltify that the end of his coming was not to condemn but to fave iinners, and to inftruft his miniflers not to meddle in civil judgments, condemned her not; but warned her to avoid the like wick- cdnefs for the 'future, John viii. I, — 13- The divine authority of this hiftory of the adulterefs has been much que flioned. It is wanting in (iindry of the ancient U'anilations, and in not a few of the Greek copies : fome copies have it at the end of the 2i(t of Luke; others at the end of John; others have it as a marginal note at the 8th of John. Not a few of the Greek fathers appear ignorant of its authority. But the evidence in its favour is ftill more pregnant. Tatian, who lived /4. D. 160, and Ammonius, who flourifhed ^. D. 220, have it in their harmony of the gofpels. Athanafius, and ail the Latin fathers acknowledge it. It is found in all the 16 manufcripts confulted by Robert Stephen, in all but one of the 1 7 confulted by Be- za, and in above 100 confulted by Mill. Adultery, in the prophetic fcriptures, is often metaphorically taken, and fignifies idolatry and apoilacy from God, by which men bafely defile themfelves, and wick- edly violate their ecclefiaftic and co- venant relation to God, Hof. ii. 2. Ezek. xiv. and xxiii. ADUMMIM, a mountain and city near Jericho, and in the lot of the tribe of Benjamin. It lay in the way from Jerufalem to Jericho, and is faid to have been much in- fefted with robbers; and hence per- haps it received its name, which lignifies the red or bloody oneSy Jofh. XV. 7. and xviii. 17. Here Jefus lays the fcene of his hiftory or para- ble of the man that fell among thieves, Luke x. 30, — 36. ADVOCATE, a pleader of caufes at the bar of a judge. Jefus Chrift is called our Advocate with the Fa- ther: By his conitant appearance in the prefence of God for us, he ren- ders accepted our prayers and fer- vice ; he anfwers all the charges that the law or juftice of God, that Satan and our own confcience, can lay againft us ; he fues out our Ipi- ritual title to the benefits of tlie new covenant, and procures our adlual and eternal receiving thercoi^ I John ii. I. The Holy Gholl \s AFF [ 32 ] AG A Oalled an advocate. In oppofition to the fuggeftions of Satan, and of tlie world, and our lufls ; he pleads the eaufe of Chrifl at the bar of our confcience, and infifb for his obtaining due honour and property in our heart and life ; and, by endi- ting our prayers, and direiTling and enabling us to profecute them at God's throne of grace, he maketh intcrceffion for us with groanings that cannot be uttered, John xiv. 2.5. Gr. Rom. viii. 26. AFAR; (i.) Ata great diftance of time cr place, John viii. 56. Jer. xxxi. 10. (2.) Apparently eftran- ged in affeftion, indifpofed and un- ready to help, Pfal. xxxviii. 11. and X. I. (3.) Not members of the church, not in a gracious ftate of friendfnip and fellowfhip with God, Kph. ii. 17. AFFECT; to ftir up, influence. Lam. iii. 51. Mens affections, are their defires and inclinations ; ffiCh as love, fear, care, joy, delight, &c. Col. iii. I. Viie affsBionSy are inclinations to wallow in fliameful, beaftly, and unaatural lufls, Rom. i. 26 Inordinate nffeCiions, or the affeCiions of the fiej}:?, are irregular defire, care, joy, fear, &c. that fpring from, and tend to gratify and fupport indwelling fm, Col. iii. 5. Gal. V. 24. AFFINITY, a relation between perfons and families conftitute by MARRIAGE. SoXomon ?nade affinity tvith Trharaohy by efpoufing his daughter, 1 Kings iii. 1. Jehofha- phat joined in affinity with Ahab, when he took his firter Athaliah to be the wife of his fon jehoram, 2 Chron. xviii. I. AFFIRM ; (i.) To maintain the truth of an opinion or report, A/. D. 49, Herod king of Chalcis Jiis uncle died, and he Nvas by the emperor conlfitutcd his Ibccefl'or: but four years after that kingdom was taken from him ; and the pro- vinces of Gaulonitt-s, Trachonites, Batanea, Paneas, and Abilene, were given him in its ftead. To thelb, ioon after, Nero added Julias in Perea ; and a part of Galilee on the welt of the fea of 1 iberias. When Feihis was made governor of Ju- dca, /4. D. 60, Agrippa and his filler Bernice, with wliom he was fuppoled to live in inccll, came to Cefarea to congratulate him. In the courfe of their converfation, Feltus mentioned the atfair of Paul's trial and appeal to Cefar. Agrippa was extremely Curious to hear what Paul had to fiy for himfeif. On the morrow, fcltus gratified him and his filler with a liearing of him in the public hall. Paul, be- ing defned by Agrippa to fay wliat he could in his own defence, re- hearfed how he was converted from a furious perlecutor into a zealous preacher ; and how he had, /jceording to the ancient propliets, preached up the rcfurrctSlion of the dead. Agrippa was fo charmed with tlic ^ood fenle and majelly of tlie difcouric, nnd with the apolHt's polite addrefs to himfeif, that he declared he was ahnolt perliiadcd t« be a Chriftian. Paul expr tiling his earncft wifiies that king Afrrip^ pa and all the audience v/erc alto- gether fuch as himielf, excepting Ijis bond) and trouble; Agrippa lig- nilied to Felhis, th.it he miglit have been let at liberty ii he had not appealed to Cciar, Avits xxv. and xwi. About two years after, Agripp* depofed Jofeph Cabei the Jewiih high-priclt, tor the great ollence which he had given to the* people in the murder of James the ijrother of Jude, whole diilinguilhed meek- ncfs and fanc'lity were univcrfally re{pe»Sled ; and he made Jefus the fon of Danmeus pricll in his room. It was not long alter, when he al- lowed the tcmple-llngers to wear linen robes as the common priells. He reilrained a while the rebellion of the Jews againlt their Romaa lliperiors. When at lall, rendered dclperate by the oppreffion and in- Iblence of their goveinors, they openly revolted ; Agrippa was ob- liged to fide with the Romans. After tlie deflru^lion of Jerusa- lem, he and his filler Bcrnicc re- tired to Rome, where he died, aged 70, J. D. 90. AGUK, a periodical difeafe of the fever kind, conlilling of a told fhivering fir, fucceeded by a hot one. It is occafioned by want of perfpirarionj and is laid to be m^d obllinate in the harvcli-fcafon. Its common cure is a vomit of ipeca- cuanha, and afterwards repccited dol'e< of the jefuits bark. A l>Urni( ifig ague is one tf t!:e moft terrible kind, I,ev. xxvi. 16. AGUR, the fon of jakeh, is ima- gined by lomc to be Sclwinon; but Solomon had no reaioii t.-.ui^ to dif- gnift his name; nor could le pray agcir.ll riches ; nor is his llilc and manner ol writing limilar to Amur's; who, under infpiriition, uttered ihe xxxth chapter oi' the Priverbs to his two friends Iih el and Ucal. In it he profclTcth his g:cut ignoraace AHA c 35 ] AHA of the tinfearchable greatnefs and marvellous works of God ; his elleem of God's word, and defire of a mo- derate fliare of worldly things: he mentions four kinds of perfons very wicked ; four things infatiable ; four things wonderful ; four fmall, but wife ; and four comely in going, Prov. XXX. AH, ALAS. It generally expreffes great diitrefs and forrow, Jer. xxii. 18.; bnt in Pfal. xxxv. 25. and li'a. i. 14. it fguifics tlie fame as AHA, wliich denotes contempt; derifion; infult, Pfal. xxxv. 21. AHAB, the fon and fucceifor of Omri. He began- his reign over Ifrael, A. M. 3086, and reigned 22 years. In impiety he far exceeded all the kings of Ifrael. He married Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal iiing of Zidon, who introduced the whole abominations and idols of lier country, Baal and Afiitaroth ; «ind vigoroUily prompted her huf- band to every thing horrid. To punifli theif wickednefp, God, by the prophet Elijah, firlt threatened, and then fent above three years of continned drought ; a terrible fa- anine enfued. Charging this to the account of the prophet, Ahab fought for him in his own and tlie king- doms adjacent, to murder him. At laft Elijah, by means of Obadiah a tourtier, informed Ahab where he %vas. Ahab ha(l-ed to the fpot, and rudely charged him as a trojcb/er of Jfraei. The prophet replied, that Jie himfelf and fiimily, in forfaking the true God, and following Baalim, had brought thefe judgments upon the people. He required Ahab to aHemble the Ifraelites, and all the prophets of Baal, to mount Carmel. It was done ; and Elijah having, by the defcent of fire from Iieaven to confume his facrihce, demOnltra- ted Jehovah, not Baal, to be the true Gcd, ordered the people to ilay the prophets cf Baal, to the nurtiber of 450: and (]iiickly after, by his prayers, procured an ab«n»- dance of rain, i Kings xvi. 29, — 34. and xvii. xviii. About A. M. 3105, Benhadad king of Syria, who befieged Samaria with a powerful hoR, fent Ahab a melfage, importing, that his whole filver, gold, wives, and children, were his property. Ahab immedi- ately confented. By a fecond mef- fage, Benhadad ordered him to de- liver up his lilver, gold, wives, and children ; and threatened that, upon the morrow after, he would fend his fervants to plunder the city and palace of every thiug valuable. The elders and people diffuaded Ahab from hearkening to this. Hearing of the refufal, Benhadad outra- geoufly fwore, that his troops fliould ere long demolifli Samaria till not a vellige M'as left. Offended with the Syrian pride, God, by a prophet, in(tru(5fed Ahab in his meafures, and aifured him of vidtory. Ahab ordered his fma)l army of 7000, with 2 32 pages, or young noblemen, at their head, to march out of the city at noon-tide. Benhadad or- dered his troops to bring the young commanders directly to him, what- ever they intended ; but the Hebrew hoit ftill advanced, and killed all that oppofed them. Benhadad and his army were entirely routed, and left a prodigious booty. This vic- tory was gained by raw unexperi- enced commanders, that it might J appear wholly of God. The prophet informed Ahab, that ■ Benhadad would invade his king-' dom next fpring ; and advifed him, to take heed to his fleps. The in- vafion took place with a powerful hort:. Ahab, alTured of victory byi the prophet, drew up his fmall ar- my feven days fucceifively before' the Syrians, and on. the laft gave them battle. An hundred thoufaud Syrians were killed on the fpot. The reft fled to Aphek, where . the walls, overturned-by an earthquake. AHA' t Z7 3 AH A killed 37,000 more. Benhadad tlirew hiinlciroii the mercy of A- liab, and was kiiully rtteived. An agreement was made, on condition that Aluib Ihould have all the cities reltorcd that had been taken from him and liis father; and that Ahab fliould be allowed to make, for his own ufe^ ftrcdts, markct'placn, or rather citadels, in Damafcii!:. This kindnefs to an liorrid blafphemcr and murderer, whom Providence hiid put in Ahab's power to flay, greatly provoked the Lord. A prophet, as he returned home, afTu- red him, that lince he had differed Benhadad to cfcape, his life Ihould go for iiis life, and his p,'>ple for his. ^ihab was at Hrlt cf>nliderably vex- 8d ; but the imprelfion of the pro- phet's words (juickly wore off, i Kings XX. Intending to make himfelf a kitchen* garden, hard by his palace in Jez- rcel, Ahab demanded of Naboth to fell him his vineyard, or ex- change it for a better. Naboth ab- folutely refufcd to violate the divine law in an unneceiTary alienation of tJic inheritance of his fathers. Stuug Avith this refufal, Ahab went home greatly difpleafed, tlirew himfelf •n his bed, and would eat nothing. Informed of the caufe of his dif- order, Jezebel, to comfort him, af- fured him, that flie would quickly put him into tlie polfeflion of Na- both's vineyard. By iiluing forth wrders to the elders of the city, and fuborning falfe witneHes againft Naboth, Ihe got him iT)urdered, as guilty of blafphemy and treafon. Informed of his death, Ahab went and took jKjfrcirion of his vineyard. In his rclurn liome to Samaria, Eli- jah met him, and divinely alTured liim, that for his murder of Naboth, and feizing of his vineyard, dogs fljould lick liis blood on the fpot •where, or bccauft, they had liciHld be cat«u of d.o^s by the Wiill of Jc^reel: and the reft of his fa. mily have their tarcafes devoured by the dogs in the city, or wild bcalh and fowls without it. Ter- ritied with this predidion, Ahab rent liis clothes, put on fackcloth, and mourned for his conduct. To reward his repentance, though not evangelic, God deferred tFie full execution of the flroke till after his death, in the reign of Jehoram his ion ; and perhaps altered fome cir- cumltances thereof, i Kings xxi. A.M. 3107, Benhadad not fullilU ing his treaty in reftoring to Ifrael their property, Ahab prcpai-ed to retake Ramoth-Gilead, a flrong city near the fouth-ead confines of Syria, by force. Jehofliaphat liap- pened juft then to pay a vifit to Ahab, and confented to afliit him^ but defired that fome prophet might be ftrlt confulted, whether the Lord would favour the attempt. Four hundred prophets of Baal were confulted. They, as with one voice, allured the kings, that the Lord would deliver the city into their hand. Sufpe<^ing their fraud, Jehofliaphat inquired for a prophet of the true God. Ahab informed him of one Mlcaiah ; ' But,' laid he, * I hate him, for lie always pro- • phefies evil concerning me.' Be- ing fent for at Jeholhaphat's ia- ftance, and confulted, he IxideAhab go up to Ramoth-Gilead, and pro- Iper. Aliab, difcerning the ironical air wherewith he fpake, adjured him to tell nothing but truth. Mi- caiah then ferioufiy afi'ured liim, that his army flx)uld be fcattered, and return without him as their licad ; and that, by the divine pcr- miliion, a lying fpirit had feduccd his falfe prophets to entice him to go up and pcrilh in the attempt. Enraged hereat, Ahab ordered Mi- caiah to prifon, and there to con- tinue half-llarved till himfelf (liould return in peace. Micaiah replied, that if ever the Lord fpake by bira. AHA t 38 1 A«A he fhould never return in peace. To avoid his predicted exit, Ahab treachcrouily perfuaded Jehoftia- phat to put on royal apparel, while Iiimfelf went to the field oi' battle in dlfguile. In confequence of this, all the Syrian captains, as directed by their maftei-, fet upon Jeholhaphat, fufpetiling him to be Ahab. At kil: God delivered Je- hoihaphat ; but Ahab, notwitldland- ing oi his precaution, met vvith his fate. A Syrian fhot a random ar- roM', which, entering by the joints of liis harnefs, pierced him to the heart ; and made him order his charioteer to carry him out of the holt, for he was fore wounded. The battle continued, and Ahab, bleed- ing in his chariot, faced the enemy till night, and then died. His ar- my were immediately warned to difperfe and fliift for themfelves. Ahab was carried to Samaria in his chariot, and buried. His chariot and armour being wafted in the pool, the dogs lickt up his bleed ; and his fon Ahaziah reigiied in his flead, I Kings xxii. 2. Ahab, the fon of Kolaiah, 5fcnd Zedekiah, the fon of Maa- feiah, were two falfe prophets, who about yi. M. 3406 leduced the Jew- ifh captives at Babylon with hopes of a (peedy deliverance ; and llirred them up againfl Jerimiah. The Lord threatened them with a public and ignominious death before fuch as they had deceived ; and that their names fhould become a curfe : men wifhing their foes might be made like Ahab and Zedekiah, whom Nebuchadnezzar king of Ba- bylon roafted in the fire, Jer. xxix. 21, 22. AHASUERUS, or Aflyagcs. the Mede, Dan. ix. i . He Vv'as the fon of the brave Cyaxares, who affilted Nebuchadnezzar to overturn the Af- fyrian empire, and ruin the city of Nineveh. He fucceeded his fa- ther ^n tke Median throne, and reigned 55 years ; but did nothing of importance, beudes repuifmg an inroad which Evil-merodach king of Babylon made on his territories. He died J. M. 3444, leaving chil- dren, Darius the Mede his fucceffor, and Manda;ne the mother of Cyrus. 3. Ahasuerus, or Cambyfes^ kingofPerfia. He fucceeded his father Cyrus, ^. M. 3475, and reigned feven years and five months. He had fcarce mounted the throne^ when the Samaritans requelled him to put a flop to the rebuilding of the temple at Jerufalem. He did not, and perhaps could not, formally revoke the decree of his father. The buildiiT.'y, however, was ftopt during his reign. He was notable for nothing but violence, fooliflinefs^ and cruelty. His fits of paflion often hurried him into downright, madnefs. In the fecond year of his reign he entered Egypt ; re- duced the revolters ; waited their country ; killed their facred ox ; and carried off fhoufands of their idols. Here he continued five years, and ruined a great part of his arm.y in the dry delarts of Lybia, in his mad attempt to invade Ethiopia; and daily facrificed fome principal Perfians to his fury, bis own bro- ther and fifter not excepted. In- formed that Patizithes the Magus, whom he had left to govern Perfia in his abfence, had placed his own brother Smerdis on the throne, pre- tending he w^as Smerdis the brother of Cambyfes, he haftened to his kingdom. It is faid, he wrecked his fury on the Jewilh nation as he pafTed their territories. Near mount Carmtl he mounted his horfe with fuch precipitant rage, that his fword dropt from its fcabbard and defpe- rately wounded his thigh. The ■wound appearing to be mortal, Cambyfes convened his principal nobles, and informed them that hisr brother Smerdis had been murdered by his orders ; and begged that they AHA C 39 ] AHA would not futler the Magian im- porter to traiiilate the government lo the Modes ; and quickly after ex- pired. That Camhyies is tlie Aha- ilierus, and Smerdis Magus the Ar- taxcrxes of fcri])turc, who liindcred tlie rebuilding of the temple, is fuf- liciently plain, None hut thtfe ru- led in Perfia betwixt Cyrus, w'ho gave the cdi«51: for building, and Darius who renewed it, Ezra iv. 6,7. 5. A H A s I' E R U s, the hufband of Fllher. Who he was is not uni- vcr.'ally agreed; Scaliger, Gill, and others, wiji have him to be Xerxes, the foUi th king of Pcrfia after Cy- lus : his v.'ife Amelhis, they fun- pole to have been the very fame with Efther ; and that the report of her cruelty took rife from her concern in the execution of Haman and his fons, and the death of the 70,000 oppolers, who were flain by the Jews in their own defence. The authors of the Univerfal Hifto- ry, PriHeaux, and others, will have hirrt to be Artaxerxes Longimanus, the fon of Xerxes, who greatly fa- voured the Jews, particularly in the feventh year of his reign, &c. Ezra vii. Nth, i. and ii. ; witli Efth. ii, 16.; and indeed Jofephus calls him by this name. The feventy in- terpreters, and the apocryphal ad- ditions to Efther, conftantly call him Artaxerxes. Atoffa, the beloved wife of Dr.rius Hyflafpis, according to Herodotus was never divorced, but lived with him till his death : both fhe and Arillone, his next be- loved wife, were the daughters of Cyrus. Thefe hints would effec- tifally command our affent, if we did not remember that Artaxerxes began his reign y/. M. ^[548 : the feventli year of it, when Either was taken to his bed, behoved to be j1. M. ^S55; betwixt which and /f. M. 3403, when Mordecai was carried captive to Babylon ^ith king Jehoiachin, (Eflh. ii. 5.) is an interval of 155 year*. How incredible that he ihould be then alive, or capable to manage the af- fairs of a large empire ! How im- probable that hiscoufin Efther could be fo young as to attract the king's* afFc»fHon, above all the fine beau- ties of Perfia ! We are therefore obliged to accede to t!ie fentiment of the great Ulhcr, Calmct, &c, that this Ahafuerus was Darius Hy- ftafpis. He, ^vii of the Perfian kings, reigned from India to Ethi- opia above Egypt; and was noted for his impofition of tributes, and hoarding of money, Efth. i. I. and x. I. We fliould even reckon him too late, could we poflibly fix upon any before him. Atossa, the name of his beloved wi/e, is eafily formed from Hadaseah, the He- brew defig'nation of Efther. Hero- dotus might very eafily be miftakeix concerning her lineage, when fhc fo long concealed it herlelf ; and the Perfians could hardly fail to challenge her as one of their royal blood, rather than aftign her to the contemptible Jews. Ahasuf.rus, if Darius Hyftafpis was a Pcrfian of royal blood, a de- Icendcnt of Achcemenes, and an at- tendant of Cyrus in his warlike ex- peditions. Soon after the death of Cambyfes, he and other fix Perfiaii lords killed Smerdis the ufurper. They agreed to meet next morning on horfe-back,at an appointed place, before fun-rifing; and that he whofc horfe fhould neigh firft lliould be acknowledged king by the reft. Hearing of this agreement, Darius* groom cauftd his mafter's horfe cover a mare in the place by night. The confpirators no fooncr met next morning, than Darius' ftallion neighed for his mare. Tlie reft im- mediately aliglited, and acknowled- ged Darius their fovereign, >/. M. 34S3. To fortify his royal claim, he, according to Herodotus, efpouicd Atoifa the daughter of Cyrus, wh» AHA [ 40 3 AHA had been firft married to her bro- ther Cambyfes, and afterward to Smerdis the ufurper ; and Ariftone ber fifter. In the fecond yearof his reign, the Jews, encouraged by the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, re- lumed the rebuilding, of their tem- ple. The Samaritan governors, by means of whom the work had fuf- fered about nine years interruption, demanded their warrant. The Jews referred them to the edi«ft of Cyrus. The governors informed Darius hereof, and begged he would inquire if fuch an edict was ever granted, and return them his or- ders. Upon fearch, the edidl was found at Ac H MET HA, among other ancient records. Darius confirmed it, and ordered his Samaritan go- vernors to affift the Jews if necelfa- ry, and to furniih them with every thing needful for facrifice ; and he devoted to ignominious death and ruin the perfons who Ihould refufe to obey, Ezra v. and vL When his empire, containing 12? provinces, and extending from In- dia to African Ethiopia, was fully eftablifned, and his new palace of iShulhan finifhed, he made a very fplendid entertainment for his^no- bles. It lafted fix months ; at the end of which, he made a feaft of feven days for all the people of Shulhan. His queen Vashti, at the fame time, teafted the ladies and other women in the like fplen- did manner. Upon the 7th day, Ahafuerus warm>ed with wine, and gayer than ufual, ordered his prin- cipal eunuchs, Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bjgtha, Abagtlia, Zethar, and Garcas, to bring queen Vafiiti to the affembly of the men, for the difplay of her charms. She refufed to obey. Enraged hereat, Ahafue- rus, by the advice of Memucan, and liis other fix counlellors, gave Vafiiti an irrevocable divorce. A war "with the revolting Babylonians, which ^iTued in the ruin of jiJolt of them, and the reduftion of their walls, employed his thoughts for above two years. He now heartily repented of his rafh divorcement of Vafliti. His fervants advifed him to fearch out all the fine vir- gins of his vaft empire, and choofe whom he pleafed to be her fucceffor. The virgins were collefted at Shu- fhan ; and after a year's preparation, with fine fpices, were in their turn admitted to his bed. None of them pleafed him equally with Efther the Jew. She was made queen in the 7th year of his reign. Whether his fruitlefs expedition into Scythia happened during the purification of the women, or afterward, we know not. No fooner was Efther made queen, than Bigthan and Terelh, two of his chamberlains, refolved to murder the king ; dilgufted perhaps with his treatment of Valhti. Mordecai informed againfl them; the crime was proven, and the traitors were hanged. Juft after, Ahafuerus made Ha MAN his chief minifter of ftr.-e: he, enraged that Mordecai denied him the honours he defired, obtain- ed an edidl, to have the whole Jew- ifli nation cut off in one day, and their eftates confifcated to the king. To prevent the execution, Efther, advifed by Mordecai, rilked her life, in approaching the royal pre- fence uncalled. Melted with affec- tion, Ahafuerus held out to her his golden fcepter, as a token that her life was in no danger ; and aiked her requeft. She only invited hini and Haman to a fplendid treat. At the banquet, he again offered her whatever flae allied, to the half of his kingdom. She only begged they would coT.e to-morrow to a fecond entertainment. That very night the king could take no fleep : he therefore ordered the records of the empire to be read to him. The reader happened on the paffage of JMordecai's information againft the AHA t 41 ] AHA treacherous chamberlains. Find- ing, that Mordecai had hitherto been ncgleftcd, the king rclblvcd now to reward him. Haman, wlio hud jufl; entered the pahice to alk leave to hang Mordecai on the gallows which he had prepared, was called in, and iilkcd what was proper to be done -to the man the king delighted to honour ? Haman, expecting the ho- !Iiour was intended lor himfelf, ad- vifed, that the man lliould be drel- fed in the royal robes ; crowjicd with the royal diadem ; mounted on the king's horie, while one of the chief courtiers Ihould lead his horfe through the llreets, proclaiming all along, ' Thus fliall it be done to the * man whom tlie king delighteth to * honour.' The king ordered Ha- man immediately to fervc Morde- cai the Jew in the manner which he had fuggefled. That very day, at Efther's banquet, the king, for the third time, offer- ed to grant her whatever ihe would requcit, to the half of his kingdom. She then begged he would interpofe for the life oi lierfelf and her people; as, to the king's hurt, they were fold to be murdered. Informed, that Haman was the manager of this horrid fcene, Ahaluerus flew out in a rage, and went to his gar- den. Returning in a little, he I'ound Haman at the feet of Queen Eilher begging his life. His paiTu'ri, it feen)s, made him imagine Haman had intended to force *dic queen on the bed whereon fhe fat at the ban- 'quet : he therefore ordered his f.ice to be covered, as a fignal of death. One of the pages preicnt informed Ahafuerus, that Haman had in his lioufe a gallows prepared to liang Mordecai, the prcferver of the king's life. Ahafuerus ordered Haman himfelf to be hanged thereon ; and gave Haman's whole power and honours to Mordecai ; and though, r.ccording to the Pcrfian law, lie pould not revoke the decree aga'all Vol. I. tlie Jcwifli nation, he allowed Mor- decai and Elihcr to write to all the provinces, that the Jews Oiould ihuid up in their own defence ; and iu fuch manner as tended to difcou- rage the Heathen from attempli.ag the maifacre, Elth. i. to ix. Soon after Mordecai became Jiis chief minilter, Aliafuerus hiid a tax on his inland lerntorics, and nn that part of Lclfer Aiia, and the i Hands, which belonged to him. About j^, M. 3495, he invaded hiuia, and oJ-)liged tlie inhabitants to pay him yearly 365 f.dents of filver. He had a great deal of bickering with the Greeks in Leffcr Afia, and with tlio Athenians and others in Europe, A\ hich generally ilfued to his lofs and difgracc. A little before his death, the Egyptians revolted irom his yoke. He died /L M. 3519> after a reign of 36 years; and was fuc- ceeded by Xerxes his fon. AHAVA, fomc petty river of Chaldca, of rather Aifyria. Here Ezra, with his attendant Jews, ob- ferved a folemn fail:, for direction and fucccfs in their return to Judea, Ezra viii. 1 5, — 21. AHAZ, the fon of Jotham, kinj^ of Judah. About the loth year ot his age, he elpoufed Abijah the daughter of Zechariah, by whom he had his Ion Hezckiah about a year after. At twenty years of age. Aha/, fell heir to the crown, //. Ah 3265, and reigned 16 years. In imi- tation of the kings of Ifracl, lie abandoned hjmfelf to the moft abo- minable idolatries. One oi' his Amis he fatriliced to the idol Moloch j ?\x\(}i, perhaps, caufed the reft pafs tlirouirh tlie fire for ludration. He did not merely connive at the peo- ples offering of fa^ritices in high pla- ces, as fu^idry of his prcdcceiiiir? had done, but himfelf ordered fa- crificc and incenfe to be offered in high places, hills, groves, and under green trees. Towards the end of his father's reign, the Syrians utide^ E AHA [ 4* ] AH A Rezin, and the Ifraelites under Pe- kah, had begun to harrafs Judah. Obferving Ahaz to be a weak prince, they agreed to dethrone him, and make a fon of Tabcal, their de- puty, king in his Head. Their ar- mies invaded his kingdom all at once. He and his people were feized with the utmoft confternation. The propliet Ifaiah affured him, that none of their projects fhould profper ; and that fmce the Meffiah was not yet come, there was no reafon to fear the departure of the fceptre from Judah, Ifaiah vii. This ftroke was diverted ; but Ahaz proceeding from evil to "W'orfe, the tAvo kings made a frefl-i atiark upon Jiim. Rezin marched to tlath, a noted fea-port on the Red fea, aild peopled it with Syrians. Pekah at- tacked Ahaz's army, and killed T 10,000 of them in one day, befides Maafeiah his fon ; and carried off aco,ooo prifoners,men, wom^en, and children. Moved with the remon- ftrance of Oded the prophet, the princes of ifrael,Azariah, Berechiah, Jghizkiah, and Amafa, perfuaded the troops to difmifs their priibners : and they returned them back with no fmall tokens of humanity. — Meanwhile the Edomites, from the fouth, ravaged the country, and car- ried off a number of the people for flaves. The PhililHnes, from the wefl, invaded the low country ad- jacent to their territories, and the fouth ; and took Bethihemeih, Aja- lon, Gederoth, Shocho, Timnah.. and Gimzo, and peopled them with a colony of their nation. In his diftrefs, Ahaz grew more and more wicked : he fought not to the Lord ; but, dripping the temple and city of all the gold he could find, Jie fent it for a prefent to Tiglath- pilefer king of Affyria : he furren- dcred himfelf his valTal ; and begged his affiftance againft his enemies. 3y cutting off the Syrians that were a barrier againft the eafteiT. powers, and by impofmg on his kingdom » tribute, Tiglath^pilefer rather hurt than helped him. Ahaz went to Damafcus, to congratulate the AC- fyrlan monarch on his vidtory over Syria : he there obferved an idola- trous altar, which mightily fuited his tafte : he fent off a plan of it to" Urijah the high-prieft, to form one fimilar. Urijah had it finifhed be- fore Ahaz returned to Jerufalem. Ahaz ordered it to be placed in the room of the brazen altar erefted by Solomon ; and to offer all the facri- fices thereon. To gratify the king of Aifyria, who, it feems, returned him his vifit, he turned about the royal entrance to the court of the temple ; he took away the covert of ike Sabbath, where it feems the priefts flood to read the law, or the royal family to hear it ': he difgraced the brazen lavers and fea, by re* moving their p'edeftals, and fetting them on the earth, or upon a pave- ment of ftone. Proceeding in his wickednefs, he facrificed to the idols of Syria, who, he imagined, had been the authors of his calamities, in order to render them more fa- vourable : he brake in pieces the facred veffels : he fhut up the gates of the temple, and erecfled altars in every comer of Jerufalem, and city of Judah, for burning of incenfe. He died in the i6th year of his reign, and was buried in Jerufalem; but had not the honour of interment in the royal tombs, 2 Kings xv. 37. and xvi. 2 C hron. xxviii. Ifa. vii. AHAZIAH, the fon of Ahab. He was made his father's affociatcf in power, when he went to the war at Ramoth-Gilead ; and reigned a- bout a year after his death. He imitated his parents in the woriliip of Eaal and Alhtaroth, and every other crime. He and Jehofnaphat fitted out a fleet at Ezion-geber, to trade to Ophir for gold : a llorm dafhed their fliips to pieces, alm.oft in their going out from the harbour. I AHA [ 43 ] AHA Ahay.lah intended to fit out a fecond fleet; but Jf. hoshaphat refuted to have any concern therein. The Moabltes, who, till now, liad conti- nued tributary to the ten tribes, re- volted, and rctufed their yearly tri- bute of llieep. Aha/Jah was ren- dered incapable to reduce them. Falling from one of his windows, or from the balcony of his houle, he was mortally hurt, and (ickened : he fcnt melfengers to Baalzcbub, die idol-god of fckron, to inquire if he lliould recover. Elijah met tlie meflengers, and aiked them, If it was for want of a (Jod in Ifrael their maftcr had fcnt them to in- quii-e of Baalzebub ? He, moreover,) affured them, tliat for this rcafon he (liould certainly die of his difeafe. They returned, and reported to the king what they had heard. By tlie tokens they gave, he quickly perceived it had been Elijah who had met them. He ordered a troop of his farces to fetch him immedi- ately :. the captain of the band ad- drelied Elijah too rudely ; at his de- fjre, fire from heaven confumed the captain and his troop. A fecond troop was fcnt on the fame errand : their captain behaving with the haughty airs of his fellow, he and his company of fifty were in like manner confumed : as both com- panies were idolaters, they deferved this treatment. A third troop was fent : warned by the fate of his bre- thren, this captain addrelfed the prophet with reverence and awe, and begged him to fpare his and his foldiers lives. It was done ; and E- lijah went along with them. Enter- ing the chamber of Ahaziah, he boldly alTured him, that for his or- ders to confult Baal /cbub, the idol of Kkron, lie Ihould certainly die of his dillempcr : nor was it long before he expired, and his brother Jehoram reigned in his Head, i Kings xxii. 49. 2 Chron. \x. 36, 37. 3 Kings i. Ahaziah, Azariaii, or Jeho- AH A7, the grandfon of Jehofliaphat and fon of Jehoram and Athaliah the daughter of Aliab. In the 22i year of his age, and the 42d of the royalty of his mother's family, he fucceeded his father on the throne of Judah. By the advice of his mo- ther Athatiah, he walked after the pattern of Ahab his grandfather, worlhipping Baalim and Alhtaroth; and required his fubjc<5ts to do fo. He had I'carce reigned one year, when he repaired to Jc/.reel to vi- ih Jehoram king of Ifrael, his uncle, who had returned thither fiom Ra- mot4i-GiIead to be healed of his wounds. At that very time Jehu, f the deftroyer of the houfe of Ahab, came to cut off Jehoram. Know- ing nothing of his intentions, Jeho- ram and Aha/.iuh went out to meet him : Jehoram was immediately ftruck dead by an arrow ; and Aha- ziah fled to Samaria and iiid him- felf. On fearch, he was found by a party which Jehu detached after him. It feems, they brought htm back part of the way to Je/.veel ; but at Gur, near Ibleam, a city of the Manaflitcs, they, by Jehu's or- ders, gave him his death wounds. His own fervants pofting away with him in his chariot, till they came to Megiddo, he died there, and his corple was thence carried and inter- red in the royal fepulchres of Jeru- falem. About the fame time, 42 of his brethren, or rather nephews, his brethren being all before llain by the Arabians, had gone to vifit Jeho- ram : thefe Jehu Involved in the common ruin of the hf)ure of Ahab. What children, or friends, remained to Aha/iah, were all, excejit Jo ash, murdered by his mother about the fame time. Ahaziah, his fon Joafli, and his igrandfon Ama/.iah, are ex- cluded from Matthew's genealogy of C'hrilh Such ruin and fliame, was the ccnfequencc of Jeholhaphat's marrying liis fon into the kicked family of Ahab. Lft partnti and- Fa AttI [ 4f J AHI others ohfsrve. 2 Kings viil. 24, — 29. and ix. 27, — 29. and x. 12, — 14. and xi. I. 2 Chron. xxii. AHIJAH, a prophet of the Lord who dwelt at Shiloh. Perhaps it Avas he who encouraged Solomon while building the temple ; and who threatened him wiih the rent of his kingdom, after his ihameful fall, i Kings vi. ir. and xi. 6. Meeting with Jeroboam, the fon of Nebat, in a field, he rent his garment into tv/elve pieces, and gave him ten of them, as a token that he lliould be king over /c« tribe's of Ifrael. About twenty years after, Jeroboiun's only pious fon fell fick. Fearing to go himfc-lf, Jeroboam fent his wife in difguife to confult Ahijah, whether he fliould recover. She, according to the manner of the times, carried to the prophet a prafent of ten loaves, fome cracknels, and a crufe of honey. Though blind, by rea- lon of age, Ahijah, inftrucled of God, told tlie queen at her entrance, that he knew who flie was. He af- fured her, that her diftreifed fon ihould die on her return ; and that the reft of her family Ihould have a iniferable and ignominious end, I Kings xi. and xiv. Ahijah wrote part of the hiftory of Solomon's ieign, 2 Chron. ix. 20. AHIKAM, the fon of Shaphan, and fatlicr ofGEDALiAH. He was one of the princes of Judah ; and v'as ient by Josiah to confult Hul- dah concerning the threatenings of God again fl: the nation for their vickednefs, 2 Kings xxii. 12. He mightily exerted himfelf to protc(5l Jeremiah's life, Jer. xxvi. 24. AHIMAAZ, the fon and fuccef- for of Zadok the high-prieft. He ind Jonathan, the fon of Abiathar, J)erformed a very important fervice for David, during the progrefs of Abfalom's rebellion. Their pa- rents and Kufliai, all faft friends of David, continuing in Jerufalem, un- fufpecied bj AbfiJom, the two young men waited near Enroget, without the city, to convey proper information to the king. Informed from Hulhai, by means of a maid, what had palfed in Abfalom's privy- council, they ported" off to inform- David. Informed hereof, by a young man who had feeh them, Ablalom detached a party to pur- fue and apprehend them. To avoid thcfe puiluers, Ahimaaz and Jona- than retired to a friend's houfe in Bahurim. The man had a deep well in liis court : thither they went down ; while the miilrefs fpread a cover on the well's mouth, and laid ground corn thereon. Her work was Icarce finilhed when the pur- fuers came up in quell of them. Tlie mirtrefs affirmed they were gone. The puriuers not finding them returned to Jerufalem. The young priefts then finilhed their courfe to king David, and informed him of the counfel of the rebels ; and that Hufhai advifed him to pafs the Jordan with the utmoft expedi- tion, that he might be out of their reach. Not long after, Abfalom's troops were entirely routed. Ahimaaz''s importunity prevaile'! with Joab, to allow him to run with the tidings to David. Running by the v/ay of the plain, he came up before Cufiii, whom Joab had fent off before him. When the centinel of Mahanaim warned David of the approach of a fingle runner, the king immediately concluded that he brought tidings: for if the army had been broke, the people would have come fiying in crowds. When Cufln had come within fight, and Ahimaaz was dif- cerned who he Avas, David fuggeft- ed, that, as he was a good man, he hoped he brought agreeable tidings. Ahimaaz came up and informed the king that all was well ; and, falling down at his feet, blefled the Lord who had cut off his enemies. David aiked, if Abfalom -.'as fafc. Ahi- AHI [ 45 ] Aril hiiiaz pruJcntly, if truly, replied, that, jull hoforc he ;ind Cullii were lent off, he law a great tumult, but knew not what it meant. He Rood by till Cullii came up, and plainly hilbrmed the king of" Abfalom's dcatli. Some years after, Ahimaaz luccecded his father in the high prielthood; andwas fucccededbyhis Ion A/ariah, 2 Sam. xv. 27, 36. and xvii. 15, — 22. and xviii. 19, — 32. T Chron. vi. 8, 9. AHIMELECH, the fon of A- hitub, great grandfon of Eli, and brother of Ahiah, whom be fuc- cccded in the office of higli-prielt. During the government of Saul, he, with a number of other priefts along with the tabernacle, refidcd at Nob. To him David repaired in his flight from Saul's court, and rcprc- fenting, that Saul had fcnt him and his attendants on a moll preinng errand, which required the utmolt difpatcli, begged he would grant them fome food. Ahimclech alRi- red him that he had none but fliew- bread, which was allowed only to the priefts ; but which he believed David and his fervants might eat, if for any due fpacc they had ablhiined from women. David alTured him tliey had touched none for ;it lead three days. Ahimclech gave them fome loaves. David further aikcd •f him a fword or fpear. Ahimc- lech gave him the fword of Goliath, which had been hung up in the ta- bernacle for a trophy. Doeg, the Edomite, the chief of Saul's hcrdmen, happened to be wait- ing at the tabernacle upon fome puriHcatioUjandwitneflcd the whole. \Vhcn Saul was afterward complain- inj; to his fervants, that none of them v.'cre affciftcd with his misfor- tunes, nor difpofed to -nform him of David's treafonable plots, Doeg re- lated what he had witnelfed at Nob. Ahimclech, and 84 other priefts, were immediately ordered to appear "fcefbrc Sairl. He rMjdely demanded of them, why diey had confpirea with David agaiuft him, and had given him provifion and arms ; and had imiuired of the Lf)rd in his fa- vours ? Ahimclech nicckly replied, that he always took David, the king's fon-in-law, to be one of his beft friends ; that he had all along prayed for him ; and knew nothing of any rupture between them. Re- gardlds of this fufficient vindication, Saul fentenced Ahimelech, and all his relations, to deatli. He ordered his guards immediately to butcher the 8> priefts that were prefent. They declined the horrid and mur- derous talk : but Doeg, on a call, flew them to a nraa A party was inmiediately fent, prol)ably under the dire»fl:ion of Doeg, to murder e- very man, woman, child, and tha very cattle of Nob, the city of tlie priefts. Thefe infernal orders wci'e fo pun(5lually executed, that none but Abiathar, Ahiniclcch's fon, who fled to David, efcaped. This hap- pened about ^. M. 2944, and was part of the terrible vengeance that purfued the family of Eh, for his in- dulging of his fons in their profane- nefs, I Sam. xxi. and xxii. and ii. 27,-36. f AHIMELF.CHOrABIMELr.CH,the fon of Abiathar. He and Zadok, whom Saul had made high-pricft after the murder of the former Ahi- melech, were fecond priefts or fa- gans about the latter end of the reign of king David. Before him and many other perfons of note, Shemaiah the fcribe wrote down the orders and divifions of the priefts, fingers, and Levitcs ; and they caft their lots for their turns of fervice in the temple of God, i Chron. xxiv. 3, 6, 31. and xviii. 16. 2 Sam. viii. 17- AHITHOPHEL, a native of Giloh in the tribe of Judah. He was fo renowned a ftatefman and counfellor, that his advice was or- dioarily received as au oracle •f AHt [ 46 ] Aho • God. Djfgufted with David for Ills defilement of Bathfheba, who is faid to have been his grandchild, or ra- ther for fonie other reafon unknown to VIS, he, to the no fmall vexation of David, early revolted to Abfa- lom's party. David by prayer, beg- ged his God to confound his coun- fels ; and advifed Hufliai to join Ab- falom iji appearance, and oppofe himfelf to Ahithvophel's advice. A- hithophel tirll advifed Abfilom pu- bhcly to defile ten of his father's con- cubines that had been left to keep the houfe. This, he averred, would manifetl; the breach betwixt him and .his fi'.her to be irreconcilable ; and fo attach his party more finxily to his intereft. In compliance with this horrid and ihameful advice, Ab- falom, in a tent fpread on the top of the houfe, defiled the Vv'om.en in fight of his followers. Next, Ahithophcl advifed that 1 2,000 chofen forces fhould be given him that very night, and he would purfue after David, and flay him ere he recovered his fright ; and then all his party would be fcattered, and never more come to an head. Abfalom and his princes Tnightily extolled this propofal ; and indeed ntothing could more effedual- !y compafs their ends. But Hulhai's mind being afked, he replied, that however fenfible and prudent Ahithophel's propofal might be in itftlf, it was not fuited to the prefent occafion. To peruiade them of this, he difplayed in the moft ftri- king manner what mighty heroes David and his attendants were; that himfelf was too prudent to lodge all night with his friends, but would be hid in fome pit ; that he and his party being fo valiant, and befides enraged and defperate, it was hard to fay what flaughter they might make of Ahithophel's 12,000 in the night ; and what terror might feize Ahithophel himlelf ; and fo a fmall lofs at the firfl;, magnified by report, Kiight difcourage the whole party, and ruin it before it was firmly e- ftabliilied. Hulhai therefore propo- fed, that every Hebrew, able to bear arms, fhould be aifembled ; that Abfalom himfelf fliould take the ho- nour of commanding this prodigious hoft ; and fall upon his father, as the dew falls on the ground ; quite over- w^helm him with numbers ; and even draw the city, whither he might flee, with ropes into the. adjacent ri- ver. This humorous propofal, de- figned for tlieir ruin, fo gratified the pride of Abfalom and his nobles, that they preferred it to that of Ahi- thophel. Ahithophel, partly from a proud indignation that his advice was not followed, and perhaps partly frojn forefight chat Hulhai's meafures eifedlually tended to rein- ftate David, he faddled his afs ; rode home to Giloh ; ordered the aifairs of his family ; and then hanged him- felf, 2 Sam. XV. 12. and xvi. 20. and xvii. AHITUB, the fon of Phinehss, and brother of Ichabod. His father being flain in that unhappy engage- ment, in which the ark of God was taken by the Philiftines, he fucceed- ed Eli his grandfather in the high priefthood ; executed that office un- der Samuel ; arid was fucceeded by his fons ; firfl Ahiah, and then A- himelech, I Sam. iv. and xiv. 3. There were befides t\vo Ahitubs, both fathers of Zadoks, and defcend- ed of Eleazar. But it does not appear, that the firfl of them could execute the office of high-prlefl, 1 Chron. vi. 8, 11. AHOLAH and Aholibah, two feigned names, whereby the pro- phet Ezekiel repi-efents the king- doms of Iflael and Judah : the firfl fignifying a tcjii, denotes Samaria and the ten tribes : the fecond figni- fying my tent is in hir^ denotes Je- ruliilem and her fubjeds. Both are reprefented as of Egyptian extrac- tion, becaufe of the Hebrews fojourn- ing in Egypt ; and as proflitutinij AI [ 47 ] AIJ thcmfelves to the Egyptians and Al- iViians ; imitating their idolatries, and relying on their help. For which rcalbn, the Lord llireateas to make thefe very people their oppref- ibrs, and the means of their captivity and cnicl Icrvitnde, E/e!:. wjii. AHUZZATH, a friend of the 2d A lU M E L E c H , v.ho rcigneii at Gcrar, and who, with Pliicol, attended him when he came to ellabliOi an alliance with Ifaac. The Chald.iic targnm, and fnch verfions as follow it, ren- der this name a company oj frietids. Gen. xxvi. 26. AI, AiATH, AijA,HAi,a citya- bout 9 miles north-eall: of Jenifalem, and one cadward of Bethel. Near it, Abraham fometime fojonrncd, and built an altar, Gen. xii. 8. and xiii. 3. After the taking of Jeritho, Jolhua fent fpies to view Ai : they i-cprefented it as im.proper to fend alK>ve 3000 chofen men to attack fo fmall a place ; and no more were fent. To punilli the tranfgrellion of AcHAN, they were divinely per- mitted to fulfer a repulfe, and thirty- fix of them were flain. The expia- tion of that crime being finilhed in tlic death of its author, Joihua, ac- cording to the dire^l^ion of God, marched to attack that city. Two bodies, one of 25,000, and another of 5c 00, he placed in ambnfcade. He himfelf with the main army, openly marched towards the walls. The king of Ai, proud of his late inconfiderable fuccefs, fallied forth againft the Hebrews : they retreat- ed, as in iiight, till they had drawn the men of Ai, and their affillants of Bethel, into the open plain. Jo- fhua then, railing his fiiield on the top of hi;b fpear, gave the appointed fignal to the forces that lay in am- bufh on the other fide of the city. They immediately rnihcd in, and fet it wholly on fire. Tliis done, they came up with the rear of the Ca- naanites, while Jofhua and his forces i^urned on their front ; and inclofmg them, cut them to pieces, without fuflering one to cfcape. The king was taken pril'oncr, and brought to Jollnia. After the inhabitants of this city were utterly deUroyed, and tlie city buiTif into ruins, himlelf was hanged ; and before fun-let taken down, and his corpfe thrown into the entrance of the city, and a heap of iloncs raifed over it. The work of the day was finilhed with die Hebrews divlfion of their fpoil. Ai was iome time after rebuilt by tlic Benjamites ; and lon«; after taken by Sennacherib, Join. vii. and viii. lla. X. 28. It was rebuilt after the captivity in Babylon, Neb- ki. 31. 2. Ai, a city of the country of Moab, taken and pillaged by the Clialdeans, jer. xiix. 3. AIjALON, (i.) A city of the tribe of Dan, afligncd to tht Levitcs defcended of Kohath, but the Amo- riics kept poifeflion of it. It ftood betAvcen Timnah and Bethlhcmelh. It appe;ars to have been taken by U/ziah, or fome other potent king of Judali : it was wrefted from them by die Philiilines, under Ahaz, Jt'Oi. xix. 42. and xxi. 24. Judg. i. ;5» 3 Chron. xxviii. 18. Perhaps it was here that Saul's army Hopped their purfuit of the routed Philiftincs, I Sam. xiv. 31. (2.) A city in the tribe of Benjamin, about three miles eaftward of Bethel. It was ford- fied by Rehoboam, 2 Chron. xi. 10. (3.) A city in the tribe of Ephraim, about two miles fouth of Shechem, and alhgned to the Kohathiles, is marked by fome authors : but I doubt of the exillence of this place, and fuppofe it no other than that in the tribe of Dan, whic:- might come into die hands of tlie Ephraimites ; compare Jolh. xxi. 24. with i Chron. vi. 69. (4.) Another in the trii)e of Zebulun, where Elon the judge of Ifrael was buried, Judg. xii. 12. It is not certain over which oi ihefe AjAiONS Jolhua dclircd the moon to hover. The firft lay fouth- v.'cil ; AIR [ 48 ] ALA die fecond north-eaft ; the fourth north-weft of him, Jofli. x. 1 2. To AID ; to help ; affift, Judg. ix. 24. To AIL; to dillrefs; difpleafe, Gen. xxi. 10. AIN, a city firft given to the tribe •f Judah, and then difpofed of to the Simeonites, Jofli. xv. 32.1 Chron. iv. 32. As AiN fignifies a foun- tain, it is oft a part of the compound- ed names of places, and pronounced En. AIR, a thin, fluid, tranfparent, eompreffible,and dilatable body, fur- rounding our earth to a co.ifiderable height ; perhaps to the extent of 50 miles. Vulgar air confifts chiefly of light and fire flowing into it from the celeftial bodies ; and of vapours and dry exhalations from the earth and its producSlions. Whether the fimple and elementary air would refradt light without this mixture, we know not. The air is fluid, al- lowing a palfage for other bodies ; hence hearing and fmelling, &c. are ftrong or weak, as the air is grofs or thin ; and on the tops of high inountains thefe fenfes are of very little ufe. Air has a confiderable weight. At a medium it may be reckoned the thoufandth part of the weight of water : about 2160 pound weight of it prefles on every fquare foot ; and allowing the furface of an human body to be 1 5 fquare feet, the prefTure of air on it mull amount to 32,400 pounds weight. With this prefliire, not perceptibly felt, till tlie internal air be exhaufted, God inwraps our world, as with a fwad- dling-band. Its elafticity, or power ofcontraclingitfelfwhenpreired,and expanding itfelf when free, is quite aftortifhing. The air we breathe in, at a medium, is by its own weight contracted into the 13,679th part of fpace Avhich it would occupy in va- cuo ; and fome imagine it may be condenfed or prelfed together, till {t become heavier than gold. The air is much altered by the vapour* fmoke, and other exhalations, whiek arife froTn the earth. The AIR is the region where fowls do fly, and the means by which ani- mals do breathe, 2 Sam. xxi. 10. Job. xli. 16. To l>eat the air^ or /peak to the air, imports, afling in the moft vain and unprofitable manner, I Cor. ix. 26. and xiv. 9. The air darke7ied at the founding of the 5th trumpet, may fignify the church and fcripture, which are the means of conveying light and grace to men; and the fcripture is tlie breath of God, whereby he communicates his influence to us : and both Avhich, by the abounding of error and delufion, by the concealment and mifinter- pretation of fcripture, under Anti- chrlft and Mahometifm are darken- ed. Nor is it unworthy of notice, that juft after the rife of this double delulion, the natural fun was f» darkened from June to Odober, ^. D. 626, that but a fmall part of his light appeared. Rev. ix. 2. The AIR of the Antichrlftian kingdom, into which the feventh angel pours his vial of wrath, may denote the laft remains of Antichrift's power, after which his form and life can nn| longer fubfift. Rev. xvi. 1 7. ALABASTER, a beautiful bright flione allied to the marble, but more brittle : it ferments \v\t\\ acids, calcines in the fire, but gives no flame with fl:eel : when finely powdered and placed on a fire, it will appear in rolling waves like a fluid. There are three kinds of it; the whitijh, called by the ancients Lygdin marble ; the yellow-whitilh, called Phengttes ; and the yellow- reddifti, called fimply alabafter ; and fometimes ONVX. The ancients called boxes that contained precious ointment alabajler boxes, though not made of that ftone : and in relation hereto, a meafure containing ten ounces of wine, and nine of oil, was called alabafter. In which of tlief^ ALE [ 49 ] ALE tliree fenfes the box of ointment wlierewith M iry anointcJ Jcfiis is c.ilLJ al.ibjjLr, we dare nut peremp- torily (Je':ermine ; th(HV;h we incline to think the box was an alabafter llonc, Matth. xxvi. 6, 7. ALARiVi, (i.) A broken quiver- ing lounJ ot" the Hebrews lilver trumpets, it warned them to take their journey in the wildernefs, and to attack their enemies in battle, Numb. X. 5, — 9. (2.) A noile or bulUe, importing the near approach ol" danger and war, Joel ii. i. ALAS, woes me. It exprefll-s terror, perplexity, and grief, 2 Kings vi. 5. Rev. xviii. 10, 16, 19. ALBEIT, though, E/ek. xiii. 7. ALKMETli, or 'Almon, a city pertaining to the tribe of Benjamin, and given to the prieils. It Itood near Anathoth, and polhbly had its name from Alcmeth the fon of Be- cher, or the ion of JeHoadah, Jolh. Xxi. 18. I Chron. vi. 60. and vii. 8. and vlii. :^6. ALEXANDER and Rufus, two noted Chrillians, were the fons of Simon the Cyrenian, who allilted our Saviour in bearing kis crofs, Mark XV. 21. Rom. xvi. i^. (2.) Alex- ander Lyfmiachus, the brother of tlie fimed Philo. He was Alabarch of Alexandria ; and reckoned the richell Jew of his time ; and made a vail* deal of valuable prefents to the temple. He was call into prl- fon by Caligula, probably lor relu- hng to woiinip that mad monarch ; and continued fo till the Emperor Claudius fct him at liberty. He is thought to be the Alexander, who was in company with the chief priells and elders when they impri- Ibned the apoltles for healing the impotent man, A»fts iv. 6, (:?.) A- loxandfr the copperimith. For a time he efpoufed the Chrillian faith; but, commencing blalphemer, Paul delivered him over to Satan. This enraged him more and more ; he did die apodle all the hurt that lay Vol. I. in his power, i Tim. i. 20. 2 Tim. iv. 14, 15. It is uncertain whether it was he who ran Ibmc danger of his life, by attempting to quell the mob which Demetrius the lilvcr- fmith railed at Ephcfus : )U)r is it i'o much as certain, whclhcr tliat ^Idx- andcr was a Chviilian, Avts xix. 33. ALEXANDRIA, a celebraLcd city in Lower Kgypt. It was lilualc between the lake Mareotis and the canopic or wellcrn branch ot the Nile, at a fmall dillance from the Mediterranean fea. Alexander ih«; Great was its founder ; and, a tevr years after, was there interred in a. cofhn of gold. It was built in the form of a Macedonian clock ; and took up about fifteen miles. Tiic palace, which was a fifth part of the city, Hood by the fea, and contained the royal relidence, the mufeum, and fepulchres. The principal Itreel, which extended the whole length of the city, was an hundred feet wide. The Ptolemies v/ho fucceeded Alex- ander the Great in Egypt, made it their refidence for more than 200 years ; by which means it became the metropolis of Egypt. Its ncar- nefs to the Red and Mediterranean feas, drew to it the trade of both call and v/eti, and rendered it, for many ages, the mart of commerce to the moil- of the known \Vorld ; and one of the mod fiourilhing cities, fecond to none but Rome. It was famed, for a library of 700,000 volumes, which for the lall time was madly burut bv the Arabs or Saracens, A. D. 642. To relate its vari'ms (ioges and captures by the Syrian- Greeks, the Romans, Perfians, Sa- racens, Turks, iuid others, would be improper for this work. When the Arabs took it, it contained 4000 pa- laces, and 400 fcjuareii, and i2,coo perfons that i'old herbs and f^ruits. It is now dwindled to a large vil- lage, with nothing remarkable but ruinous rcliques of ancient gran- deur, and fo:ne ccnfiderablc tradac G ALI [ 50 ] ALL Prociiglous numbers of Jews dwelt here all along from the time of A- Icxander, fometimes near or above 100,000 at a time : part of thefe, be- ing at Jcrufalem, raifed a furions perfecution • againfl Stephen, Ac^is vi, 9. Here Apollos was born, A&s xviii. 24. 50,000 Jews were murder- ed here under the Emperor Nero. When the" Arabs took it, as aboA'e, tiiey found 40,000 Jews who paid tribute. In a ihip belonging to Alex- andria, Paul failed for Rome, A€ts xxvii. 6. Chrifdanity was early planted in this place. Mark the e- vangelift is faid to have been the founder of it. Clemens, Origen, A- thanafius, and a vaft number of o- ther great men here flourillied. The bithop of this place was for many ages fuftained one of the four chiefs of the Chriftian church, having the churches in the eaftern part of Af- rica under his jurifuii51ion : nor is it long iince the bilhcps here had the prerogative ot confecrating the chief bilhops of the Etliiopiun church, if they have it not Hill. A L I A N T, A L 1 F N ; ftranger ; foreigner, £xod. xviii. 3. Job xix. 15. To be aliens jr jn the. coTnnioji- •wealth C'f Jfrael, is to be without in- tereil in the true church, or new co- venant of God, Eph. ii. 1 2. ALIENATE, (r.) To become ftrange to, or averie from, Eph. iv. 18. (2.) To put a thing to a com- mon, ftrange, or wrong ufe, Ezek. xlviii. 14. ALIKE, (i.) Without any dif- ference, Rom. xiv. 5. (2.) After one and the fame manner, Pfal. xxxiii. 15. (3.) Equally trouble- fome, Prov. xxvii. 15. A LIVE, pofleiled of Liy e. One is alive, (r.) Naturally, Gen. xliii. 27. (2.) Supernaturally, when rai- fed from the dead, Luke xxii-. 25. (3.) Spiritually, when juftified, re- generate, and fandified, Luke xv. 24, 3 2. This is to be auve ujito Cod, to liis honour and fervice, Rom. vi. II. ( 4. ) In opinion only, when rtie* vainly imagine themfelves capable of good works, holy, righteous, and entitled to eternal life : fo men are alive •mithotit the la-w, i. e. without the conviiftions of it, Rom. A'ii. 9. ALL. (i.) Every creature, Prov xvi. 4. Pfal. cxix. 91.; or every part, Song iv. 7- (2.) Every man, 2 Cor. V. 10. (3.) Plentiful, perfed, Rom. XV. 13. I Cor. xiii. 2. (4.) Some of all nations, ranks, and degrees, 1 Tim. ii. 4. Tit. ii. ll. (5.) Many; or the greateft part, Matth. iii. 5. Phil. ii. 21. Thus it is faid, all the cattle of the latid of Egypt died : the hail brake Every tree oj the field, Exod. ix. 6, 9. All the people brake off the gold ear-rings which were in their ears, Exod. xxxii. 3. Aj.z the bcajls of the natmis lodged in the lintels of Nineveh, Zeph. ii. 14. The fame of David went forth into all lands , I Chron. xiv. 17. All Judea, and ALL the region rm/nd about Jor- dan, went out to John, and were baptized of him. All men held John as a prtphet. The apoftles were hated of all ;/-'i'?/, Matth. iii. 5, 6, and xxi. 26. and x. 22. All juen came to Jefus, John iii. 26. There were at Jerufalem Jews of EVERY nation under heaven, Afts ii. 5. See World. How evident then the folly of fuch as found their uni- verfal redemption on this word that tnuft be fo often reftridted ! and v\hich is frequently limited by the context ; by the nature of the thing fpoken of; or by the objefts of it ! Thus fervants are required to pleafe tlicir maflers Avell in all things. Tit. ii. 9. ; and the Lord is faid to uphold ALL that fall, and raife up ALL that are Oowed down, Pfal. cxlv, 1 4. The ALL men of Afia that turn- ed away from Paul, denote a great many profeffed Chriftians there, 2 Tim. i. 1 5. The eleft part of man- kind may be called all; or every man; all the ends of the earth; ALL THE woRLB J becaufe they ALM i 5' ] ALM f[n\ng of all nations, Jews and Gen- tiles ; dwell in all places"; are of every rank and condition ; and are the fubdance oi the earth, lor whole behoof it is chiefly preferved and favoured, Rnm. xi. q2. Heb. ii. 9. Pfal. xxii. 27. 1 John ii. 2. ALLEDGE; toaifirni; prove, A(fts vvii. ;;. ALIiECrORY, a continued run ©f mctapliors ; as in the Song of Solomon ; or rcprcfentation of Inme dovlhinal point by an hiilory : thus the two wives of Abraham were em- blems of the /wo covenants of worlcs and grace ; and of the two d'tfpen£^ tiotis of the covenant by ccrenio«p and by plain golpeL Hagar is an emblem of the ibrmcr ; Sarah of tlie latter. Hhmael an emblem of thefe attaclied to the law as a cove- nant, and the ceremonies ; and I- faac of thefe attached to the cove- nant of grace, and the gofpcl-dif- penfation. Gal. iv. 24, — 51. ALLELUIA, or Hali-ei-ujah. This Hebrew word, fignifying, praip ye the Lord, is met v/ith at the beginning and end of divers Pl'alms, chieHy towards the clofe (.f tlie book, Pfal. cxi. cxii. cxiii. cxvii. cxxxv. cxlvi. cl. It is the burden of the faints long at the fall of An- tichrilt, Rev. xix. and may import the eminent concern of the Jews therein, and the univerfal afcription •f all the pr.iife to God. ALLl'RE, to engage by fair means, Hof. ii. 14. 2 Pet. ii. 18. ALMS, what is given in charity to the poor, Matth. vi. i, — 4. In the Jicbrevv, it is called right-joiifiicfs. it is to be given of things lawfully gotten, and as a debt due to the poor, not for their own, but for the Lord's fake, Luke ii. 41. and xii. 33. In the Greek, the word figni- fies vicrcy : it is to be given from a priiicipk of true love and compaf- lion to the needy objct^s, Afls x. 2, 4. and xxiv. 17. ALMIGhTY, able to do nil things ; an attribute of God. The Hebrew word fiir it fignities one who has all-liifHciency in hrmlelf; all communicative fulncfs in his brealls of bounty ; and all power to delboy his oppolers. In the early ages of the v/orld God chief- ly nianifelled hinifclf by tliis cha- ratftcr, to encourage mens depend- ence on him alone ; jjnd tlieir ex- pc(5tation (^f the full accomplishment of whatever he had promjied, Gen. xvii. I. Exod. vi. 5. ALMOND-TREE, whofe flowci' is of the role kind, compofed of fc- veral petals, anangcd in a circular forni : the pillil arifcs from the cup, and becomes an oblong, ftonyfiuit, covered uith a callous hard coat, and containing an oblong kernel. They are of five kinds ; but more ordinarily diftinguilhed, from their fweet and bitter fruit, into two. They thrive either in dry or wet fields ; and are often propagated by the inoculation of an almond-bud into the (lock of a pear, peach, or almond-tree. The Hebrew name of the almond-tree is derived from Shakcid, which fignifies to watch; and imports, that it keeps i;s ilation, be- ing the firft that bloifoms in the fpring, and the lall: that fades in harvelt. Its fruit is precious and nouriibing. Jacob fent a prefent cf it tojofeph, Gen. xliii The bowls of the golden ^candleftick being formed iik' ahuonds, imported the Hourilliing and liiul-nutritive virtue of gofpcl-iight, Exod. xxv. 3 ^. The ahnov.ds that grew on Aaron's rod, when laid up over-night before the Lord, imported the Hourilh and du- ration of the typical prieithood in his family ; the duty oi the Hebre\\r priells, and other minilters, to \m. early and ufeful in their work ; the fpcedy approach of vengeance on tueir oppofcrs ; but etpecially the flourilliing fucccfs, and nourillung virtue of the gofpel, the rod of Chri.l's (Irength, and the fpeedy dc-» G 2 ALO [ 52 ] ALO ftruncd the belt. It ia origir.ally in a liquid Hate : for leaves, infccls, &c.^are fomctimes found in tl;c lumps thereof. It is H AME C 58 3 AMM of confiderable ufe in medicine, and other arts. There is an artificial kind of amber made of gold and fine brafs. Bochart and Le Clerk will have this to be the chafmal or amber mentioned in fcriptnre, Ezek. i. 4. and viii. a. : and by ii may be reprefented the union of Chrift's two natures -, the preciouf- iiefs of his perfbn ; the greatnefs of his majefty and power. Bat others render the word a coal fully find ; and fo it may reprefent Jefus as the brightnefs of his Father's glory ; as burning with zeal for his honour, with lov^e to our fouls, and wrath againit his enemies. AMBUSH, or ambushmeht ; a company of foldiers, or murderers, ftationed in a fetret place, that they may unexpe-d : he ravaged a great part of the country : the in!iabitants of Jabefii-Gilcud de- fended tliemftives againil him ; but upon his layiiig fiege to their city, they offered to acknowledge his au- thority. He refiifed to grant them any terms, unlefs they would con- fent to have their right e^^'es digged out, as a reproach to their nation. He, however, allowed them fevcn days to confidcr his terms. On the eighth, when he expetfted they fiiould come forth, Saul, with a powerful army, attacked him in his camp, and entirely routed his holt, that fcarce two could be fccn to- gether, I Sam. xi. This Nahafti, or rather his fon, hiid (hewed fome fa- vours to David, when exiled by Saul : David, therefore, on occafion of his death, fent melfcngers with his compliments of condolence to Jianun his fon. Infligatcd by his fer- vants,Hanuntook thcmfor rpies,and rudely affronted them. To relent this abufe, David attacked the Am- monites in war : in the iflue he de- feated them and their Syrian allies ; and conquered the whole country ; and ufed their chief me.i with no fmall fcverity. They continued the tributaries of David and Solomon,, and probably of the kings of Ilracl, till the death of Ahab, 3 Sam. x. xi. and xii. I Chron. xix. xx. They conltituted a part of the grand alli- ance a2;ain(l jEHOSHAPaAT, but were divinely flaughtered by one another, 2 Chron. xx. 1,23. While the Syrians terribly opprefTed the ten tribes, the Ammonites made the mcft inhuman ravages in Gilcad, ripping up the women with child, Amos i. i;. Uzziah kingof Judah rendered thetn tributary. Under his fon Jotliam they rebelled ; but were again obliged to fuhmit ; and for three years paid a tribute of an hundred talents, and about 40,000 bolls of wheat and barley, 2 Chrou. xxvi. and xxvii. When Tiglatii- pilefer carried the moll of the Ken- benites and Gadites into the ca(t of Alfyria, they feized on the c(>untry; but, probably, aiong with tlitir nelghbonrs of Moab, felt the (11: y of tire Alfyrians. Long after, Baalis their laft king entered into a leagU'; with ZedekiahagaindtheChaideai.s ; bur when Jerulalcm was deltroycd, ihey exulted over the ruins of the unhapjiy Jcvss. For this, and for- mer injuries to that nation, the pro- phets threatened them with judg- ments and ruin. About five years after tlie dcftrmflion of Jerufak-m, Nebucliadnezzar's troops ravar,ed their whole country ; Ixunt Rabbah llicir. capital ; and carried the rem- nant into captivity, leaving the land defolate. It feems Cyrus allowcil them to return and re-inliabit their land. In Nehemiah's lime, one Tobiah was their chief. During the contcils between the Grecian kings of lig)pt and Syria, they were H a AMN C 60 ] AMO fiibjei^l fometimes to the one, and fometimes to the other. Antiochus the Great took Rabbah their capi- tal, demoliflied its walls, and put a garrifon in it. During the perfecu- tion of Antiochiis-Epiphaiies, the Ammonites cruelly infefled tlie Jews in their neighbourhood. To re- venge this, Judas Maccabeus attack- ed them, routed their forces, burnt their cities, and carried their wives and children captive. In the fecond century of the Chriitian jera, Jullin Martyr, I fuppofe by miltake, calls them a nun.erous nation. It is cer- tain, that quickly after, their poor remains were fo blended with the Arabs, that their remembrance ceafed from among men, Amos i. II, — 14. Jer. ix. 25, 26. and xxv. 21,27. and xlix. i, — 5. Ezek. xxi. 28, — 32. and xxv. i, — 7. Zeph. ii. 9,— II. AMNON, the eldeft fon of Da- vid by Ahinoam his fecond wife. Conceiving a violent paffion for Ta- mar his half-fifler, he grew lean by means of it. At the advice of Jo- xiadab his coufin, a crafty fellow, he feigned himfelf iick ; and begged, his father would allow Tamar to come and make him cakes in his fight, and gave him to eat out of "her hand : his requeft was granted. Tamar prepared the cakes, and brought them to him He refufed to eat, until every one but Tamar was gone out of the room. He then o- pened his luilful defign. Tamar remonflrated againfl it as foolifh, and wicked ; and either ignorant of the law, forbidding tlie marriage of brothers and filters, or ftupi- fied with terror and perplexity, Ihe propofed he fhould defire her from their father in marriage. Deaf to all her intreaties, he forced her and lay with her. His violent lull thus gratified, was immediate- ly changed into as violent hatred. He ordered her to be gone from his prelence ; flie appearing averfe to expofe herfelf to public vieW; amidft tokens of grief and confnlion, he ordered his fervant to thruft her out by force, and bolt the door after her. When David heard of this aftair, he was extremely afHicled ; but a finfiil indulgence to his children made him quite averfe to violent meafures with his eldeft fon. Absa- lom, the full brother of Tamar, met her all in tears, as fhe was driven out by Amnon : he advifed her to fit quiet under the abufe (lie had re- ceived : him (elf appeared as kind to Amnon as ever, but refolved on re- venge. After two years he obtain- ed his opportunity. Having a feafl; at the fliearing of his flieep, Abfalom invited his father and brethren. David excufed himfelf; but allow- ed his fons to be prefent. Before- hand, Abfalom had ordered his fer- vants to murder Amnon whenever they flionld fee him merry with wine : thefe orders were pun6lually executed, and Amnon died about y/. M. 2974, 2 Sam. xiii. AMON, (i.) A governor of Sa,- maria, whom Ahab ordered to im- prifon the prophet Micaiah, till he returned fafe from the war at Ra- moth-Gilead, i Kings xxii. 26. (2.) The fon of ManafTeh, by Me- fliuUemeth the daughter of Haruz. He was the 14th king of Judah. He began his reign in the 22d year of his age, and reigned tM'o years : he was a very moniler of wickednefs : nor did he, like his father ManafTeh, repent, but ftill waxed worfe and worfe. His own fervants murder- ert him in his houfe ; and it feems were, in their turn, murdered by the mob. Amon was buried in the garden of Uzza, and Jofiah his foil fucceeded him, 2 Kings xxi. 18, — 46. 2 Chron. xxxiii. 20, — 25. (3.) Amon or Ami, a noted chief of the returning captives, Ezri ii. 57. Neh. vii. 59. AMORITES, a tribe of the Ca- NAANiTES, fprung from Emor the 4th fon of Canaan. Many of them being giants, were like cedars ^ AMO C 6i ] AMP hcitrhr, and oaks in Aren;nlv Amos ii. 9. They had two powtillil king- doms on tlie eaft of Jordan govern- ed by .Silion and O;;-. The former had feized on a great part of the ter- ritories of Moab and Aniinon: but Moles conquered their whole coun- try, and gave it to the Rcubcnites, Gaditcs, and half tribe of Manafleli. There were oilier kingdoms of the Amorites, all along the fouth of Canaan, welhvard of Jordan : tlufe routed the Ifraelites at Hormali ; but about forty years after were fubducd by Jofhua, and their land given to the tribes of Judah, Sime- on, Dan, and Benjamin, Numb. xxi. and \-xxii. Dent. i. 44. Jofli. xii. xv. and xix. As the Amorites were the molt powerful tribe, the reit of the Canaanites were fomctimes called by their name, Judg. vi. 10. 2 Kings xxi. II. The parents of the Jewilh nation are reprefented as Arneritcs and Hiititcs ; they were as unworthy before God, and as wicked in tliem- felves, as tlie two worft of the Ca- iiaanitifli tribes ; nay, Judah's wife, the mother of Shelah, and Tamar the mother of Pharez and Zerah, M'cre both Canaanites, Gen. xxxvlii. with Ezek. xvi. ^. AMOS, the 4th of the fmall pro- phets. He was oviginally an herdf- man of Tekoah, a city belonging to Judah, and a debated gatherer of iycamore-fruit. God fent liim to prophefy to the ten tribes, during it-heir great profperity under Jero- boam '.lie fon of Joafl], two years before the earthquake, and fo in tlie latter part of Jeroboam's reign. lie began with predictions of ruin to the Syrians, Pliilillines, Tyrians, Edomites, An)monites, and Moab- ites, chap. i. and ii. He next in- veighs againfl tlie idolatry, the op- prcHioM, carnal conridence, wanton- nefs, llflfilhnefs, and obftinacy of Ifrael and Judah; and tlircatens them with dillrel's, ravage, captivity, and defolation, on account thereof; and particulajrly, tlut the family of Je- roboam, however then profpcrous, fhould be (piickly cut olf by the fword. By reprefeniing him as a traitor to the government, and troubler of the people ; and by thr«a(c'niiig him, if he € Lord, and put him to the trial if he could difcern and punifli their fraud : he told her, the per- fons who had juit interred her huf- band fhould immedlatclj carry her to her grave. While he fpake, flie was llruck dead in his prefence. This happened A.D. 33 or 34, a little after Chrilt's afceiifion, and made an awful impreifion on both friends and foes of the Chriltiaii faitli, Acts V. I, — II. ANANIAS, a difciple of Jefus Chrill, perhaps one of the leventy. He preached the golpcl at D.iniuf- cns ; and being directed in a vilion to alk at the houfe of Judas for Saul of Tarl'us, who was jiift come to the place, he begged to be ex- cufcd ; as he M'as informed Saul was an outrageous perfecutor, and had come with orders from Jerufalem to imprifon all the Chriftians he could find in that city. The Lord afiured him he was in no danger ; for whatever Saul had been, he was divinely choleu tobe a preaclicr of Chrill to the Gentiles, and an e- minent fufferer for his lake. Pln- couraged herewith, Ananias repair- ed to the houfe ; found Saul blind ; put his hands on him; and in Jefus' name bid him receive his fight, and be tilled with the Holy Gholt ; whereupon there fell fcales from his eyes, and he recovered his fight ; ■was baptized, and received ihe Holy Gholf, Aftsix. I,— 18. ANANIAS, the fon of Nebe- dcus, about y/.Z). 48, fucceeded Jo- feph the fon of Camith in the Jew- i(h high priellhood. Quadratus, the Roman governor of Syria, having tjuelltd iome dillurbances raifed by the Jews and Samaritans in Judea, lent Ananias to Rome to give ac- count of his behaviour am.idlt thefe commotions. The high-prieft, ha- ving cleared himfclf, to the content of Claudius the emperor, was dif- mifTcd home to his country. Some years after, Paul being appre- hended and brought bcfox-e this high prielt, had begun, in the moft diC- creet maimer, to fpeak in his own defence, athrmiiig, that he had li- ved in all good conlciencc before God to that day. Ananias, in a fu- rious manner, ordered iorae of the by-itmders to fmite him on the mouth. Not knowing him to be the higli - pricft, or not acknow- ledging him fuch, Paul replied, * God Ihall fmite thee, thou whited * wall,' thou hypocritical perfon : * for, littelt thou to judge me ac- * cording to the law, and yet com- * mandell me to l)e fmitten contrary 'to the law.'' Ananias too, and others, encouraged a number of af- falfins to murder Paul fecretly : but this being prevented by the apoftle's tranfportaiion to Cefarea, Ananias went thither to profccure him. Paul's appeal to Cefar j)Ut off the af- fiir to Rome, A&.% x.\iii..i, — 5. When Albums fucceeded Feftus in the government of Judea, Ananias, by ingratiating himitlf into his fa- vour, procured impunity for a num- ber of his friends who plundered the country. At the fame time vaft numbers of outrageous afl'iiffins in- fefted Judea : whenever any of their party fell into the hands of the governor, they apprehended fome of the high-pricll's friends, and once Eleazar his fon ; that, to obtain the refcue of his friends, he might procure from the governor the enlargement of their affociates. At laft, Eleazar putting himfelf at the head of a hotly of mutineers, who feized on the temple, and pro- hibited to offer (ucriricc? for the emperor, the afTaffins joined him. They ])ulled down Ananias' houfe, and Hnding himfelf and one of his fons hid in an aqucdud, they killed them both. ANATHOTH, the fon of Be- cher, and grand-child of Benjamin. Pofiibly he gave name to thi! city of Anathoth, which flood about three miles north from Jerufalem, and which was given to the pricfls ANC C 64 ] AND Iby the tribe of Benjamin, i Chron. vii. 8. and vi. 60. Here Solomon confined Abiathar,the depoCed higli- prieft, I Kings ii. 26. It was ha- raffed by Sennacherib, I fa. x. 30. Here the prophet Jeremiah was bom ; and for their perfccution of him were the iahabiianls terribly puni/hed by the Chaldeans, {er. i. I. xxix. ay.and xi. 23. 128 of them re- turned from Babylon, Neh. vii. 27. Ezra ii. 23. and rebuilt their city, Neh. xi. 32. ANCESTORS, thefe from whom one is defcended ; ancient fathers. Lev. xxvi. 45. ANCHOR, an inftrument for faftening or flopping the courfe of a fliip at fea. The moll: ancient an- chors were made of large ftouc-s : futh were the anchors of the Ar- gonaiits, who made their voyage up the Hellefpont, about the time of Asa. They were afterwards made of wood, with great weiglits of lead, or bafket-fulls cf ftones at the end of them: and fuch to this day are the anchors of the Japanefe. The a]\chor Vv'ith two teeth or barbs was devifed by Eupalamius, or Ana- charlls the Scythian philofopher, not long after the Jews returned from Eabylon. In large vefl'els they had three or four anchors ; one of which, never ulcd but in cafes of extreme i;!eceflity, was called the facred an- chor, and is now called the Jheet anchor. The anchors were anciently call from the Hern or hinder part of tlie Ihip, Acts xxvii. 20. The modem anchor is a large piece of iron, in the form 01^ a hook, that on "Which fide foever it fall, it may fix in the rock or earth : this is fallen- td to a large beam of wood, which, by a rtrong cable-rope, is faftened to the prow or forepart of the fliip. Hope is the and or of our foul, fnre And ficdfaj}, entering into that which is within the vail ; by going out of ourfelves, and fixing on Jefiis and unfeen things; by fixing on the deep and hidden promifes and perfecTtiond of God, it eiFei:luaily fecures our linil from being toffed to and fro amid llorms of trouble, and keeps it fettled in the dark nights of temp- tation and defertion ; or Jcfus by hi? afcenfion infallibly fecures the fafe- fy and happinels of his people, Heb. vi. 19. ANCIENT; (i.) Old ; of for- mer time, I Chron. iv; 22. (2.) Very old men, Job xii. 12. An- cients are either men of former times, I Sam-, xxiv. 13. or gover- nors civil or ecclefialtic, Ifa. iii. 14. Jer. xix. I. God is called the Ancient of days, becaufe he exilted from all eternity, Dan. vii. 9, The Lord's ancients y before whom he will reign glorioufly, are his ancient people of Judah and Ih ael, whom, in the glo- rious Millennium, he will convert to the Chriftian faith, and rule Qver as a glorious church, Ifa. xxiv. 23. AND, is a connective particle; but it were to be wiflied that our tranilators had fometimes given us another word in its ftead, which might have better exprefled thefenfe of the original. It fignifies, (l.) Becaufe ; for, i Cor. viii. 4. Col. i. 14. (2.) But ; neverthelefs, John vii. 3c. Very often it ought to be fo rendered, particularly when it is a tranflation of the Greek particle DE. (3.) Even ; that is, John Iii. f; Thus, the great Cod AtHD ourSaviourf ought to run, the great Cod, even OUR Saviour j'-fus Chrijl, Tit. ii. 1 3. : inlikemanneroughtthetexts, 2 Pet. i. I. I Tim. i. I. Jude 4, &c. to be read and underllood. (4,) There- fore, Mark iv. 26. ^nd they -were aJ}onlJ})ed, might run, therefore they "ii^cre afhnijhed. ANDREW, the -brother of Si- mon Peter, a native of Bethfiiida, and apoftle of Jefus Chrift. He was originally a filherman. When John Baptist commenced preacher, An- drew became one of his followers. Hearing him one day point forth ANE [ ^5 ] ANG Jefiis Clirift as the Lamb of God, 'ffliicli takeili away tlie fui of tlie World, he, with uiiotlier of John's dilciplcs, lollowed Jcfiis, and conti- nued with him all tliat night. Next day he met with his brotlicr SimAn, and introdiited Jiim to Jeliis. After palling a day wiih him, tliey retnrn- cd to tiieir oriliiiarj employment of lifiiing. Some months thereafter, Jcfus found iln.m fo cnij^loyed on the lea of Galilee; he called thcni to i)e his followers, and promiled to make them /I'/bcrj , or gainers of tlie fouls of vnH. They directly left their nets, and followed him ; nor do tlicy ever fecni to have left him again, John i. 35, — 44. Matih. iv. l3, — 20. About a year after, when Jefus alkcd his difciples, how he ihonld find bread for the 5000 peo- ple jvho had attended him liiree days ? Andrew rcpJicd, that a lad oi the comjany had live barley- loaves and two fmall lilhes ; but what^ faid he, are thffc amonti^ f^ ma- ny P John vi. 9. Jnlt belbi e our Saviour's pairion, fome Greeks ap- plied to Philip to j)rocure them a light of him. Philip and Andrew together, iiifornied Jefus ; and the Greeks were, doubtlcfs, admitted, John xii. 22. Two or three days after, Andrew and fome others, afiicd Jefus concerning the time of the delhucT;ion ol'fiic fecond temple, and the ligns of his coming, Matth. xiii. 3, 4. After Chrifrsafcenfion, Andrew preached fome years «t Je- rufalem. It is faid, he at lall preach- ed the gofpel in Sicythia, and was crucified at Patrx of Achaia. ANKR, KsncoL, and Mamre, were three Cauaauitifli princes, who aflifted Abraham in his purfuit and defeat of Ch edorlaomer and his allies. Not imitatii'.g the gcneroii- ty of that patriarch, tiiey took their fhare o^ the booty which had been taken from the Sodomites, and re- covered, Gen. xiv. 13, — 24. Aner, a citv of ihe half-tribe of Vol. 1. Manaffeh, on the weft of Jordan 1 It either was the fame with Taa- nach, or exchanged for it, i Chrou* vi. 70. Jolh. xxi. 25. ANGi'X, or nieirenger, is the common name given to thtie Ipi- ritual and intelligent beings, by whom God partly exccntetli his pro- vidential work, and who are molt ready and a^^tivt in his fcrvice. 'J^lis light of nature gives ftroiig lealou to ilippofe the exKlencc ui fucli be- ings ; but Icrij.ture aloue renders it indubitable. In vain a great many of the faih.trs, tlie Socinians, and o- ther modcin authors, pretend, that they were created long before il.e foundation of the world : Moies, nay, God afUires us, that the boils oflieaven were created during the firlt ftx days mentioned by iiim. Gen. ii. I. Exod. xx. 11. Wiieii God founded the earth on tlie fiilt or fecond day, thsy lang together, and Iheiited for joy, Job xxxviii. 6, 7. They v/e!e created with emi- nent w ifdom, holincfs, and purity, and nlaced in a moll: hippy and ho- nourable ellate ; but capable of changx;. Their knov/ledge is great, but not infinite : they d:jire to look into the myfkry of our I'alvation, and learn froTK th: church the mani- i'"old wifdom of God. Nor can they fearch the hearts of men, nor know future things, but as particularly in- Itrtn^led of God, 1 Pet. i. 13. Eplu iii. 10. Jer. xvii.- fo. Matth. xxiv. 36. : nor do we undcrlland their manner of knowing things corpo- real and vifible ; nor the manner of t])eir imprelling bodies, or their method of communication afnong themfelves. Tl.cir power too is ve- ry exicnlive ; but reaches to nothing Itricrly called miraculous. Their number is very great, amounting to a vail many million"', Pfil. Ixviii i 7. Matth. xxvi. SZ' Rev. v. il. Han. vii. 10 ; and their names of arch- angels, thrones, dominion", pi incipa- lities, and powers, luifgeit an order 1 ANG [ 66 ] ANG among them ; though of what kind •we know not, Col. i. i6. The e- leA angels kept their firft eftate. Thefe, befides their honorary at- tendance on God, are, to their great farisfacllon, fubjedled to Chrilt as Mediator, and by htm reconciled to the laints; andfent forth to 7uinijler to, teach, reprove, comfort, direft, and proteft, them that fljaii ha heirs tffalvation ; and to tranl'port their fouls to heaven at death. How uie- ful they are to the faints, in fuggcft- ing good thoughts, in retraining Satan, in averting danger, and in aflifUng and providing for them, we can hardly conceive, Pfal. xxxiv. 7. Heb. ii. 1 4. Matth. x/iii. 10. An- gels were ftationed to prevent fal- len man's approach to the tree of life, Gen. iii. 24. Two of them appeared to, and did eat and drink with, Abraham m his tent, confu- ming the provifion in a manner we know not : thefe two, being eourte- oufly invited by Lot, lodged with Iiim; fmote the lewd Sodomites, who threatened to abufe them, with blindnefs ; v/arned Lot of the ap- proaching overthrow of Sodom ; ex- cited and aflifted him to efcape from it. Two companies of them attend- ed Jacob in his return from Mefopo- tamia, to protect him from the fury of Laban and Efau. Angels fmote the iirft-born of Egypt, and afliiled the Hebrews in their going out of that country, and in their march through the wildernefs. Thoufands of them attended Jehovah at the giving of the law from Sinai ; and perhaps formed the audible voice in the air, by whicli it was expreffed. Gen. xviii. and xix. and xxxii. Exod. xii. and xxiii. 20. Numb. XX. 16. Pfal. Ixviii. 17. A£ts vii. 55. Gal, iii. ig. Heb. ii. 2. When God offered the Hebrews an angel a<; their great guith, MosES fefrifed him; fenfible, that nothing lefs than the patience of God was able to en- dure fuch perverfenefs as was in Ifrael. An angel of the Lord feaft- ed Elijah in the wildernefs of Ju- dah ; and afterward angels carried hira foul and body to lieaven. Troops of them protected Elisha at Do- tham. To punifh David's num- bering of the people, an angel llew 70,000 of them in one day. An an- gel, in one night, cut off iSj.ooo of Sennacherib's army, and delivered Jerufalem from his fury. Angels frequently converfed with Daniel, Zechariah, and John the divine, Exod. xxxiii. and xxxiv, 1 Kings xix. 2 Kings ii. 11. and vi. 7. and xix. 35. a Sam. xxiv. 16, 17. An angel, at times, troubled the waters of the pool of Bethefda, John v. 4. An angel foretold the birth of Jefus Chrift, and of John Baptiit. Mul- titudes attended our Saviour's birth, and publifhed it to the fliepherds of Bethlehem. A'n angel warned Jo- feph and Mary to flee into Egypt with the divine babe ; and to re- turn thence into Judea. Angels minlftered to Jefus in the wilder- nefs, when the devils left him. An angel aflifted him in his bloody ago- ny. Two of them rolled the ftone from the mouth of his fepulchre, and informed the women, that he was rifen from the dead. Multitudes of them attended him in his afcen- fion ; fome of whom informed the gazing difciples, that they fhould in like manner fee him return from heaven. An angel liberated the A- poftles at Jerufalem, brought Peter from the prifon of Herod, and libe- rated Paul and Silas at Philippi. An angel affiired Paul of the fafe land- ing of him, and of thefe that were with him in the fhip, Matth. i. 20, 21. ii. I ?, 19. and iv. 11. and xxviii. 25. Luke i. ii. xxii. 43. and xxiv. 4). Ac'lis i. JO, II. and v. 19. and xii. 7, — 10, and xvi. 26. and xxvii. 3. Some w^ould have every perfon to have an angel to attend liim ; every kingdom to have its particular guar- dian angel ; if not every clement of ANG [ 67 ] ANG Hrc, water, Sec. to have one to ma- nage it : but none ot" tliele opinions are fiilKcicntly warranted Irom fcripturc. One angel is lometinics jeprefented as acting on multitudes; and multitudes ot angels are repre- I'ented as protecting one. What I'o- lenni conventions they have for gi- ving account of their work, I dare not determine. It is, however, cer- tain, that their miniilration to men no Wiiy interferes with their enjoy- ment of tlie beatific vifion of God ; that all of ihem are ineffably deliglit- ed witli the work of our redemption, and celebrate the fume in their liigheft anthems of praile ; and that at the lall day, all iheir unnumbered millions Ihall attend our Redeemer to judgment ; fhall gather the cle6l trom the four winds of iieaven to his right hand ; and drive the dam- ned into their horrid regions of e- ternal mifery, A(fb xii. 15. Dan. X. 30. Rev. xiv. 18. and xvi. 5. Ha. xxxvii. 36. Pfal. 34. 7. Gen. xxxii. I. Job i. 6. and li. i. Matth. xviii. 10. and xxv. 31. and xiii. ?9. 49- Valt numbers of Angels, quickly af- ter their creation, fell from their happy eflate ; but wliether pride, envy of man's happinels, or iinne other Clime was the caule, we are not clearly inlormed. Tliefe are ed by the moll of them. They oit enter into familiar correl- pondence with numbers of diviner"^, wizards, &c. deceiving them, anJ enabling them to impole on, or in- jure their fellows. 1 hefe evil aii- gels often alliimc the appearance < f holinels, and warmly excite men to tho femblances of imcommon reli- gion ; but it is alway to promote fome wicked and owf ul defign. God ordered a number of ihele angels 10 harals the F.gy])tians. One or more ot them, perujirted of God, by means of robbers, and by lightning and tlorms, and otherwife, ('ellroyed the fubllance and family of Job, and fmote his body all over wiili b«>ils. Pertnitted of God, they tcmptt d king David to ni!nd>er the He- brews; and I'ednced tlie prophets of Baal to entice Ahab to go up and fall at Ramoth-Gilead. Vaft num- bers of tiiem were permitted to take a formal j^ofl'eHion of ttie bodies di- gious multitudes were cut oH in the l.icred v.;;r, which the Pope!", for the eflablilhment of their power at lionie, infligated the Chriltian prin- ces to wage with the Seljuklan Turks and Saracens, for the recovery of Palertine. Scarce a kingdom in En- rope hut futfered exceedingly by this mad exploit. — From i 200 to 1370, ilie f Popery to be overthrown; or tlie Papal power in the inland ccjuntrics of Germany, Poland, and I hingary, to his and his friends fliame- and vex- ation, (juite overturned. Under the fecond, poureil into tne fciJ, we ex- peel, the credit of the Rorr, to the Protedant lide ; and pcrhap'* the natural lim with his heat, may produce fome very dellru»flive plague. Under the fifth, poured on \.he feat of the heajl, we luppofc. the frame of the Papal kingdom will be broken to pieces, and filled with dif- order and confuiion ; and the whole fyllein of Popery appear abominable and devililh ; or Rome itfelt be turn- ed into an horrible defart, which fiiall occalion terrible pain, blafpho- my, and grief, among the Papills ; chiefly thele who hadenriclied them- fclvcs bv her fu])erllition. Under K3 ANT C 7^ ] ANT the fixth, poured into the Euphrates^ we expert Mahometilin to be abo- liflied, and the converfion of the eallern nations begun ; and that the Papifts and their auxiliaries, Ihall receive a terrible defeat at the battle of Armageddon, till a great part of the eccleliaftic ftate in Italy be al- moft covered with carcafes, the ri- vers fwelled with blood, the beads fattened with dead bodies, and the Proteltant vi6lors enriched with the fpoil ; and many, by means hereof, turned to the Lord. Under thelaft vial, poured into \X\tair,\vt expert, the remains of the Popifh do6lrine, Worfliip, difcipline, and government, monafteries and dignities, will be entirely aboliflied ; and that obftinate Papilts. who had fled to the illes of Sicily, Malta, &c. Ihall be cut oiFby the vengeance of God, Rev. xvi. The kings and princes who had long fnbjedled themfelves to tlie Romifh yoke, Ihall, by withdrawment of their obedience and revenue, and by a^live oppofition, greatly contri- bute to Antichrift's ruin. We fup- po(e thefe plagues will take place at the end of the T260 years of Anti- chrift's reign ; and extend to the 1290th. Nay, it will be the 1535th year from his rife, before the church be fully fettled inner millennial irate, Dan. xii. ll, 12. If, with the two great Newtons and Lowman, we e(l as gods : they have no tail, and are pretty like an nnhawdfome old man. The ourang outang, or black-faced monkey, called the favage, is next in refemblance to mankind ; and next to it is the baboon, or whi(ker- ed ape, with a fliort tail. The o- tlier kinds of monkeys are not fo like the human fpecies ; but, as they areexceedingtraclable, people leadi them to perform many tricks, in i- mitation of men. Their imitation of them in wafliing their eyes with gluey water -or honey, or putting on ihoes filled with gk"*, left 011 purpofe fr)r them, occafion?: their being caught. Anciently the Egyp- tians worlhipped apes ; and they are flill adored in many places of the Eafl Indies. Among otiier rarities, Solomon's fleet brought from Ophir ivorv and apes, i Kingr, x. 22. APHAR8ACHITE8, or Am a r- SATHCHITES. See Sa M A R IT A N S. APHEK, (r.) A city in the tribe of Judah, where the Philiflincs en- camped when the ark of God was brought from Shiloh and taken ; and which is poUibly the fame as AiMiVKAH, I Sam. iv. i. Jofli. xv. 53. (2.) A city in the tribe of Iffa- cliar, and valley of Jezreel, near the mountains of Gilboa, whtreSaul and his fens were (lain. It was pro- bably the king of this which Joihua flew, I Sam. xxix. i. Jolh. xii. tS. (3.) A city of Aflier, on the border of the Zidonians, and where they fnft'ercd the Canaanites to remain, Jofh. xix. 30. Jndg. i. 31. It was probably one of the two lafl into which Benhadad's worfted troops APO [ 78 ] APO fled, and were cut off, to the num- ber of 27,000, by the fall of t)ie walls on them : if it was not ra- ther Aphek near Bibles in Syria, and where there was a temple of Venus, famous for the mofl: notori- ous lewdnefs, i Kings xx. 26. APIECE; everyone; for every one, Numb. vii. 86. and iii. 47. APOCRYPHA, a number of books often placed between the Old and New Teflament ; or otherwife bound up therewith. They were at leaft partly read in private by the ancient Chriftians, as ufeful ; but not admitted into the canon ef fcripture. None of them were ever received by the Jews, to whom the oracles of God were then commit- ted. None of them are found in Melito's catalogue of the canonical books in the 2d century ; nor does Origen in the 3d, or Epiphaniiis in the 4th, in the lead acknowledge their authenticity. Few of them ■were allowed to be canonical, till in the 9th and loth centuries, when the ignorance of the people, and the villany of the clergy, were ca- pable to allow any thing to pals for divine ; nor was their divine autho- rity ever eftabliflied, but by the de- tefied Popifh council of Trent, and by a few of the Papal dupes at Flo- rence. Every attentive reader muft perceive, that thefe books want the majefty of infpired fcripture ; and that there are in them a variety of things wicked, falfe, and difagree- able to the oracles of God. The fir ft book of Efdras is gene- rally nothing but a bad extracl of the two laft chapters of Chronicles, and the book of Ezra. The author falfely makes Zerubbabel, a young man in the days of Darius, Hyftaf- pis, and Joakim to be his fon, chap. V. 5. ; whereas he was the fon of Jefhua the high-prieft, Neh. xii. to. He calls Darius king of Afiyria, long after that empire was utterly diffol- ved ; and makes fome things to he done under Darius, which were done under Cyrus, compare chap, iv. xlviii. Ivii. Iviii. with Ezra i. and iii. I. — The fecond book of Efdras never appeared fo much as in Greek, but only in Latin ; and is a collec- tion of fables, dreams, and rifions, fo bad that even the council of Trent were afliamed to acknowledge it divine. From abundance of paf- fages therein, the author appears to have read the New Teftament; and hence fpeaks of the figm of the times^ and of the third trumpet. Whether the book of Tobit was o- riginally written in Hebrew, we know not ; but are rather inclined to think the Chaldee, from which Jerome made his tranflation, was the original. The Greciiins obfervable in Cartalio's copy, or in the He- Jjtew copies publiihed by Munfter and Fagius, too plainly prove them no originals, but verfions from the Greek. The book is perhaps en- tirely a fable. It is not probable, that in the time of Sennacherib and Efarhaddon, the father fliould live 158 years, and the Ion 12 7. It i? certain, no angel of God could falfe- ly call himfelf yJzarias the fon of A- naniasy as that writer affirms. How fabulous the ftory of Sarah's (twen hufbands being fucceffively killed on their marriage -night by an evil fpi- rit! and of that fpirit's being driven away by the fmell and fmoke of the roalled heart and liver of a filh, and bound in the uttermort parts of E- gypt ! and of the cure of Tobit's blindnefs with the ftroke of the gall of a filh ; and of his and the angel's taking fuch a bellyful of the reft of it! or of the angel Raphael's pre- fenting to God the prayers of the faints, chap, v, 12. and ii. 8. and viii. 2, 3 . and xi. 8, — 1 3. and xii. I J. The book of Judith is an hiftory or romance, of a great deliverance wrought for the Jews by a woman of this name, craftily cutting off the head of Holofernes the -rtflyriaJ? APO [ 79 ] APO general It feems to have been Efther, as a fierce lion, and yet written in llie Chalduic hinguage ; with a countenance full of gract! arul from tlicncc Jerome made his chap. xv. 7, 13, 14, to repreicnt tranllation. But where to place this him as calling tlie Jews th: children hiJtory conliitcntly wiili xtielt, we of the Jtioj] high an.i viofl i/tigbty li- know not. This noted deliverance vmg Cttt^ ciiap. x. 16. or as order- is faid to have lupptned alter the Jews returned from tlicir captivity; and atter tlie temple was rebuilt ; and yet about the i8i:h year of Nc- bnchadnezzar, and afrer it, they had no trouble for eighty years or ^jove, chap. ii. I. and iv. 7,. and v. iS, 19. andxvi. 20, — 25. How impoffibleto reconcile thefc tilings with one an- other, or with truth ! — How impro- bable, that Bethulia, a I'mall town, {hould Itand out againlt fo powerful an army ! or that tlie death of the general Ihoul J make all the troops be- take themfelves toa fhameful Might! How furpriling to commend a wo- man as a godly fearer of the Lord, wlio was guilty of notorious lying; of acting the part of a bawd ; of profane fwearing ; of murder; and of fpeaking in praife of that com- mitted by Simeon! chap. ix. and xi. and xiii. The additions to Efther contain al- moft fcvcn chapters, and are never a whit better than the Ibrnier; nor were ever found in the Hebrew language. How contrary to the infpired hiftory doth this author ing the Heathens to keep the fcaft ot Pnrim! The book of Wifdom was not pen- ned by Solomon, as its autlior falfe- ly pretends ; nor was it ever founJ ill Hebrew. It appears tliis author had read Plato, and the Greek po- ets ; and borrows expreflions liom them, as Ambrofia ; the river of forgetfulnefs ; the kingdom of Plu- to, ucc. chap. i. 14. and vii. 13. and xix. 20. Sundry phrafes of it feein taken out of the prophets, and even the New Teltament; compare chap, vii. 26. with Col. i. 15. Heb. i. 3. Some will have Philo the Jew to be the author of it ; but he rather feems to have been a fraudulent Chrillian. He condemns die mar- riage-bed as finful ; and excludei baftards from the hopes of falva- tion ; talks, as if fouls were lodged in bodies according to their former merits ; makes the murder of Abel the caufe of the Hood ; rcprefents the Egyptians as plagued by their own idols ; though it is certain, they never worlhippedy/ «^j, locufisy or itce ; calls the divine Logos, or affirm, that the eunuch's attempt to fecond pcrlon of the Trinity, a va- take away the life of Ahafuerus, pour and jirL-anty c\\d.Y>. iii. 13, 18, was in the fecond year of his reign ; that Mordecai was at the very time rewarded for his diicovcry ; that Haman had been advanced before this event, and was provoked with Mordecai for his dlicovery of the eunuchs ; tliat Haman was a Mace- and viii. 20. and x. 3, 4. and xii, 23, 24. and vii. 25. The book of Ecclcfiafticns is a much more valuable work than the for- mer. One Jefus, the fon of Siracli, by reading liie fcriptures, and oiliev good books, attained to a confuler- donian, and intended to transfer the able llure of knowledge. He col- lected the grave and fliort fcntences of hich as went before him, and added fundry of his own. His book was originally writ in Hebrew or Chaldce ; but Jefus, his grandfon, tranllatfd it into Greek, during the government of Periia to the Mace- donians ! compare chap. xi. 2. and xii I. with £fth. i. 3. and ii. 16, — 21. and chap. xi. 3. and xii. 5. withvi. 3. and chap, xii 6. and xvi. 10, If. with iii. 1, — 5. How (tupid to repreicnt Ahafuerus looking upon rei;ju of Ptolemy Ear;;etcs king of APO C 80 ] APO Egypt, about 240 years before our Saviour's birth ; and begs pardon, if he had done any thing amifs ; which plainly fliows, that he was not infpired. And indeed, though it is by far the belt of all the apo- cryphal books, yet it hath a variety of things contrary to found doiStrine. It reprefents the divine Logos, or Son, as created by God: it makes honouring of parents, and giving of alms, to be an atonement for iin : it affirms, that Samuel prophefied after his death, and ihewed Saul his end ; and that Ellas the Tiihhite is ordered to pacify the wrath of the Lord, and to turn the father to the fon, chap. xxiv. 9. and iii. q, ^o. and xii. 4, 5. and xlvi. 20. and xlviii. 10. The book of Baruch is an arrant romance. It abfurdly pretends to have been written by Baruch at Ba- bylon, when it is probable, he ne- ver went thither ; that it \vas read to Jechoniah at the river Sud, which is never eJievvhere mentioned ; nor could Jechoniah hear it there, when he was confined in prilbn. It mei>- tions a colle6lion to buy facrifices, gathered by the captives in Baby- lon, and fent to Joakim the prieit, klong with the facred velfels which Zedekiah liad made : but, how could the captives, newly enflaved in Babylon, be able to make col- le(5lions ? how could they fend it to an high-j)rieft that did not then exift ? how could the facred veiTels, which Zedekiah made, be returned from Babylon, when it does not appear that he made any I or how could they be returned before they were carried away, along with himfe'.f ? The author borrows a va- riety of expreffions from Daniel ; and fo murt have lived after Ba- ruch was dead. Tiie epiftle alcri- bed to Jeremiah, is neither written in his llile, nor in the flile of the fcriptiu'cs ; and ridiculoufly turns y^- ■ncnty years miofevc?! gefierations. The Song of the Three Children iH. the furnace, is partly a poor imita- tion of the 148th pfalm ; and part- ly deprecatory, not (itited to fuch a deliverance. The account of the flame llreaming above the furnace * forty and nine cubits ;' and of the angels ' fmiting the flame out of the * oven, and making a moilb whill- * ling wind' i-n it, feems entirely fabulous and romantic ; nor is it ve- ry cojifiltent with the fire's loofing their bands. Nor has the Itory (A Sulanna the leait appearance of truth. That it was originally in Greek, is manifeftfiom the allufion, in the punilhment pronounced on the elderj-, to the maltic and holm trees, under which, tliey laid, they found Sufanna and the young man toge- ther. How abuird to alHrm, that in the beginning of the captivity, Joa- chim thehiilband of Sufanna was be- come confiderably rich; that there were Jewiih judges of liie and death in Chaldee , that Daniel, who was brought up in the court, had leiiure, or, being lb voung;, was ad- initted to be a judge ; ths.t Sufanna went into her garden to walh at noo!i-d»y. and did it without fearch- ing if anybody was there; or that the elders attempted to force her, when they could not but every moment expedl the return of her maids ? Tiie llory of Bel and the Dragon is Hill more romantic. How im]>ro- bable, that Cyrus, a Perlian, would worfltip a Babylonian idol ; nay, an idol that was broken to pieces at the taking of the city ! How ab- furd to imagine, that a man of his ienfe could believe an image of brals snd clay did really eat and drink ! How pitiful, for Daniel, to difcover the priefts coming and devourinp^- the provilions, by making the king's fervants ftrow aflies on the floor, when the priells might fo eafily perceive them, or the fervants lb readily inform concerning them 5 How abfurd, that the newly cou- A PO [ 8i ] APO qucred Babylonians rtioiild, by me- naces, oblige Cyrus to deliver up his beloved Daniel to them, to Wf calt into the den or" lions ! Mow abiurd, that Hab.ikkiik liiould be thcH alive to bring him food ! or, tliat Cyrus fliould be i'cven days before lie weiu to the den, to fee wluit wis become of his favourite minion ! The Prayer al'cribcd to Manaifeh; never appeared in the Hebrew lan- guage ; and fcenis to be the produ»5l of fome pharifaical fpirir. The au- thor Ipeaks of jurt perlbns, as Abra- ham, Ifaat, and Jacob, as without Ji/i, and not called to rcpeiit. The books of the Maccabees are an liiilory of events relative to tlie Jews under the government of the prieft Mattathias, and his defcen* dants ; and are, efpecially the Hrlt book, conliderably ufefnl. Itfeems to liave been originally written in tire Hebrew or Chaldee : in tliis lan- guage Origen f fa- cred i'upper ; and entertained tliem with a vaft number of fuitable ex- hortations, and conJolatory pr(>nii- fes, particularly of the Holy (^hofh to be poured out upon them. They were fo taken herewith, that what- ever impertinent queflions they had formerly afked, they now owned X\vAl\itfpoke pla'uily. When Jefus •was apprehended, he defired his per- fccutors to forbear touchinu; of them; tliey, however, ungenerouuyforibok him, and Hed : his crucifixion threw tliem into prodigious perplexity, as they had all along dreamed of his eretfting a temporal kingdom. Ju- da-s being dead, and Thomas ab« fent, he, on the evening after his re- furreftion, appeared to ten of them, amid their perplexity ; he renewed tlieir miffion, and breathed on them, as a token of his fending the Holy Ghoft, Luke xi. Mattli. xvi. andxx. and ixiv. to xxvi. John xii. — xviii. and XX. After giving them repeated proofs of his refurredion, he, juft before his alcenfion, gave tliem a formal commifTion, to go into all the ivorld, and preach the go/pel to every crea- ture ; and aifurcd them of his pre- ience and protection ; and that he would confirm their dodrine by mi- raculous proofs : he bid them tairy at Jerufalem for the ctfujion of the Holy Gholf, which would happen in a few days. After tliey had wil- neffed their Mafter's departure to the heavenly manfions, they chofe Matthias in place of Judas. On the day of Pentecoll:, a feafl: ap- pointed to commemorate the ji- ving o( the law, the Holy Ghofl, 'm the fliape of cloven tongues ol fire, del'ccnded on each of them ; ren- dered them bold and infallible in preaching the gofpel ; (]u;difiedthem with power to fpeak in every lan- guage, to difccm mens tempers, and to confer the miraculous influ- ence of fpeuking with tongues on o- thers, by the laying on of hands. They preached to the multitude, and thoufands were converted. Thef daily repaired to tlic courts of the temple, where, amidft vail numbers, they proved Jefus to be the true Melfiah, who had rifcn from the dead, and was afccnded to glory. They confirmed their miffion by miracles unmmibered. Stung witli indignation at their extolling one whom they had put to death as a malefa(ftor, and at their bold char- ges concerning the guilt of his mm - der, the Jewifh fanhedrim imprilbn- ed them : an angel liberated them ; and they returned to their preach- ing work. They were again appre- hended, and furioufly difchurgcd to preach in their Mafter's name. With amu/ing j(^y, they endured their fuffcrings ; and went on with 'their work, both in public and pri- vate. When they were next appre- hended, the iunhedrini had ainiott agreed to put tliem to death ; but, advifed by Gamaliel, they difmiHed them with a folemn charge, never more to preach in our Saviour's name. Soon after this, they or- dained a number of deacons to ma- nage the alms of the church. A furious llorm of perfeciuion arofe that fcattered the other preachers, but the apoftles abode at Jerufalem. Wlien they had continued in judea about eighteen years, tlie eleven, ior Jafties the brother of John was mur- dered by Herod, conllituted part < f a folemn fVnod, where it was en.ic,- ed, ' That no <»brervance of the Mo- * faic ceremonies ought to be irr.po- * fed on the Chrillian converts i' but L 2 APO [ 84 1 APP tliat, to avoid the offence of weak brethren, they fliould ' abllain from * meats offered to idols, and from * tilings ftrangled, and blood.' John xxi. Matth. xxviii. Mark xvi. Ads i. to vili. and xv. Not long after, It feems, the apo- ftles difperfed themfelves into other countries ; taking their courfes, as • is faid, by lot : Peter into Pontus, Galatia, and places adjacent ; An- drew into Scythia and Sogdiana ; John into Leffer Afia ; Philip into Armenia, Media, and Colchis ; Bar- tholomew into Arabia-Felix ; Mat- thew into Chaldea, Perfia, and Par- thia ; Thomas into Hyrcania, Bac- tria, and India ; Jude into Syria and Mefopotamia ; Simon the Ca- naanite into Egypt, Cyrene, Lybia, and Mauritania ; Matthias into Cap- padocia and Colchis ; James the bro- ther of Jude remained in Judea. Meanwhile, Paul, who fufficiently filled the room of James the brother of John, flew like a feraph, almoft every where, to gain fouls to Chrift- Without any madow of proof, is cur common creed afcribed to the apoRles as authors thereof. Nobody can tell us, when, or where, they met to form it ; or fhew us, how a creed formed by infpired men, could have lefs than divine authority. None of the fathers, in the firft three centuries, pretend it to have been the compofition of the apo- ftles ; nor in the primitive ages Avas it the fame in all churches, or the fame with what we have n©w. Far iefs ought the Canons and Conftitu- tions, called by their name, to pafs ■for afojloiic. Befides a variety of other blunders, they refer to metro- politans, and other things not found in the Cbviftian church, till long af- ter the apoftles were buried in their graves; nor is it probable, that they ■ were cone<5i;ed or forged till the 5th century, when impoftcrs were become impudent enoughj and the people as crgdulous. Vaft numbers of falfe and pretend- ed apoftles, very early peftered the churches ; particularly thole of'Sy- ria, Galatia, Corinth, Coloife, &c. Adts XV. Gal. i. 7, — 9. 2 Cor. x. and xi. Col. ii. APOSTLESHIP, the office of an apoftle. To conftitute this, it was neceffary to have feen the Lord; to have a commiffion and right to go every where, and found and gather churches ; to be poifefled of an in- fallibility in dodrine ; and a power to fpeak witli tongues never learn- ed ; work miracles ; and confer the Holy Ghoil by kying on of hands, I Cor. ix. I, 2. 2 Cor. xii. 2. APOTHECARY, one who com- pounds, or prepares drugs or per- fumes, Eccl. X. I. Exod. XXX. 25, 35. APPAREL; (i.) Cloathingj GARMENTS, Ifa. iii. 22. (2.) Ap- pearance, Ifa. Ixiii. I. APPARENTLY, in familiar yJ- fions, as if face to face, Numb. xii. 8. APPEAL ; to decline the jiidg- mentof one,and refer the caufeto an- other. Ads XXV. ii,2i.andxxvi. 32. APPEAR; (i.)Tobefeen;be-^ come vifible, Gen. i. 9. (2.) To come before, Ifa. i. 12. (3.) To feem, Matth. vi. i6. God's appear- big, denotes his giving a vifible to- ken of his prefence ; thus, he often appeared to the fathers under the Old Teftament, 2 Chron. i. 7. Q^w, xlviii. 3. Numb. xii. 6. or his ma- king fome vifible difplay of his per- fedions in his work of providence ; or fome clear intimation of his will, Pfal. cii. 16. Ads xxvi. 16. Chrift's appearing, denotes his coming in the fleih, Heb. ix. 26. ; his {hewing himfeif alive to his folloAvers after his rcfurredion, Mark xvi. 9, 11, 14.; his interceding with the Father in heaven for us, Heb. ix. 24. ; but chiefly his coming in the clouds with power and great glory to judge the world ; when every eye fliall fee him ; and he fliall clearly unvail the inyfferies and excellencies uf God, APP [ 85 ] APP I Tim. vi. 14. 111. ii. 13, Men* flpbcar'mg before Cod, iini^orts their criming into his courts 1 1' worfhip, £xnd. xxiii. 1 5, 16. Pfal. xlii. 2. ; or Itar.ding before Chrilt's tribuniil at the lull day, to receive their final fentence of damnation or happincls, 3 Cor. V. 10. The appearance tf a man, is the out- ward lliaj)c and form of one, Dan. vili. 15. The appear tinee if evil, is what has the Icall likencfs of, or len- dcncv towards fm, 1 Thclf. v. 22. APPEASE ; to remove anger, Gen. xxxii. 20. APPERTAIN; to belong to, Lev. vi. 5.; to relate to, P^oni. iv. i. APPETITE; (r.) Dc fire after food, Job xxxviii. ^9. {2.) Strong dcfire after worldly things, Ifa. Ivi. II. To be given to apprtite, is to be of a gluttonous and voracious difpofition, Prov. xxiii. 2. APPII-FORUM, a place in the fouth-wcft of Italy, about 50 miles fouth of Rome, and 18 from tlie Three-taverns, Thus far the Chri- ilians of Rome came to meet Paul in his way thither from Puteoli, Ads xxviii. 15. APPLE-TREE. It is n well known, large, comely, and fruitful vegetable: the kinds are manifold ; and its fruit roundifli, rciVelliful, cooling, and medicinal. Perhaps the Hebrews extended this name to ]iear, cherry, and otlier fruit-trees. Nay, Brocard fays, there were few of either in Canaan. A fine drink, railed cyder, is now commonly made of apples ; and they are for- med into a variety of very delicate diilics. Jefus Chriit is compared to itn apple-tree among the trees cf the wood ; perhaps, a citron cpple-trec ; to mark his glorious height ; his romelinefs, fruitfalnefs, and dclight- tul Ihadow ; with the heart rcfroih- ing, quieting, and nouriihing virtue ».f his influence, Song li. 3. The fpiritual promifes and blclfings of che new covenant urc called appL-s ; how they delight, nourifh, refrcfti, revive, and heal our foul ! Song ii. 5. The faints breath, or fni'.U of their nofe, is like apples ; thtlr fer- vent prayer, devout j raife, and ho- ly converlktion, manifert the fimnd- ncfs of their inward diip' fitions ; and arc pleafing and acccjitable to Ciod ; refrcfhtul and eJiiying to men, Song vii. 8. The faints raifc up Chilli under the afph-tree, while they enjoy fwcct proteftiou and near fellowihip with him ; their prayers are prevalent with him, as me ms of exciting him to his faving work. Song ii. 3. and viii. 5. GooJ v/ords fitly fpokcn are like oranges, or apples of gold, in piClnres oj Jll- ver ; have a moll comely appear- ance, and delightful and edii) ing influence, Prov. xxv. li. The APPLE of our eye, is its fniall rolling ball. To keep a thing I's the apple of the eye, is to prefeive it with the utmoR tendemefs, care, and fafety, Deut. Jixxii. 10, Prov. vii. 2. The faints are likened to the apple of Ctd's eye : in them- felves they are weak and eafily hiirtf but are infeparably conncclcd uith» and infinitely dear to him ; he ex- a<51]y obtcrvcs, and tenderly fynipa- llii/.es with tliem in all their a(Hic- titMis ; is offended willi, and will ter- ribly refent, every injury done ihcm, Zech. ii. 8. Pikl.' xvii. 8. APPLY; to ^ypply the h:art t$ v>ifJom, or go.d works, is, to lludj by all means to obtain wifdom and knowledge ; and to perform goo4 works, Pfal. xc. 12. Eccl. viii. 9. APPOINT ; (r.) To command ; order, 2 Sam. xiii. 15. (2.) To or- dain ; fet apart to an office, Gen. xli. 34. A(5ts vi. 3. (3.) To afflgn ; allot as a portion, or charge, Numl>. iv. 19. (4.) To decree; purpof;, Aas XX. 13. (j.)To fcule ; fik, Prov. viii. 29. (6.) To agree on, A':b xxviii. 23. (7.) To iet; place, a Kings X. 24. To be appointed t» wrath, is, in the fovcrcign and ua- APP [ S6 ] AR changeable purpofe of God, to be left to endure the juftand everlafting puniniment of fm. To be appo'tJited iofalvation, is to be fovereignly and unchangeably chofen heirs of ever- lafting happinefs, I ThefF. v. 9. To "be appointed to death or trouble, is to be fentenced by men, or fet apart in the providence of God, to endure it, Pfal. cii. 20. I Cor. iv. 9. i ThefT. ili. 3. APPR€HEND ; to feize ; to t«ke faft and full hold of, T Kings xviii. 40. ; to take one prifoner, 2 Cor. zCi. 32. * I count not myfelf to * have apprehended ; but I follow * on, that I may apprehend that * for which I am apprehended of * Chiift Jefus :' I do not reckon myfelf to have attained to any no- ted degree of knowledge, fellowfhip, or likenefs to God ; but I proceed from one duty to another, and one degree of grace to another, that I inay fpeedily receive the full prize of perfedl glory, which Jefus Chrift intended to give me, when he gra- ciouily feized me, in the day of his powei-, made me the prifoner of his love, and fixed me in a new cove- nant ftate of union and communion •with himfelf, Phil. iii. 12, i J. APPROACH,fometimes imports to have carnal dealing. Lev. Jtviii. 6. and XX. 16. ; but ordinarily, to draw near in refpeft of place or time, 2 Sam. xi. 20. — Jefus Chrift approached to God as an offended judge ; he fully fatisfied his law and juftice, with the infinite oblation of himfelf, Jen xxx. 21. To approach unto God as a kind fovereign and father, is to wait upon him in his ordinances ; but chiefly to enjoy his fulnefs, Ifa. Iviii. 3. Pfal. Ixv. 4. APPROVE ; fuftain as right s love ; commend, Pfal. xlix. 1 3. 1 Cor. xi. 19. Jefus Chrift was ap- proved of Cod, dearly beloved of him ; his perfon and work accept- ed ; and himfelf undeniably demon- ftrated by providence to be the true Meffiah, A«5te ». 23. We *pproyt our/elves, when, by good works, \»e gain the approbation of mens con- fciences, and fhew that we are fa- voured, and fuftained righteous by- God, 2 Cor. vi. 4. 2 Tim. ii. 15. To be approved in Chrijl, is to be a lively, circumfpedt, and aclive fol- lower of Chrift-. APRON. With fig-leaves ftitch- ed together, or fig-branches proper- ly applied to the fore-part of tlieir body, did our firft parents fupplj the place of aprons. Gen. iii. 8. It was probably Ruth's apron, not her vail, into which Boaz put the Jin meafures nf barley, to carry to her mother, Ruth iii. 1 5. APT ; fit ; able for ; inclined t% and fkiifiil in, i Tim. iii. 2. AQUIL A, a Jew born in Pontus. He, with his wife Priica, or Pris- CILLA, had, for their bufmefs, to make leathern tents for the Roman troops. They were early convert- ed to the Chriftian faith ; perhaps by Peter's pentecoftal fermon. Af- ter they had rdided fome time at Rome, the edifi: of Claudius, banifh- ing all Jews from that city, obliged them to leave it, and return to Co- rinth: there Paul lodged with them, and vvTOUght at their bufmefs, till, probably to pleafe the Gentiles, he went and lodged with Juftus. I'hey attended Paul to Ephefus, and there expofed their lives to protect him : here they inftrudted Apollo s in the way of the Lord more perfedly. They returned back to Rome ; and in their houfe ^vas a meeting of the Chriftians held ; and there they were fainted by Paul, in his epiftle to that church. They returned to Afia, and dwelt in or near Ephefus ; and were there when Paul wrote his fecond to TimotJiy, Ads XA'iii. Rom. xvi. 4, 5. 2 Tim. iv. 19. AR, the capital city of Moab, near the river Anion. Sihon king of the Amorites burnt it with fire. Numb. xxi. 28. Shalmanezer king of Aflyria,. or his fucceiTors, deftroy- AR A i 87 ] AR A «(.l it in one night, Ila. xy. I. It l»rob-.0)ly fli.ired a finiilar fate fionx die ChaKIces. About ^00 years al- ter our Saviour's death, it was fwal- lowed up by an earthquake. In Deut. ii. 9. the whole land of Moab ieems ti> be called Ar, from the name of the capital. A R A li I A, a large country of Afia, lying partly on the cait, but chiefly f()Utiiward of Canaan. It is fituatcd between 13 and 354- degrees of north latitude, and between 53 and 60 degrees of call: longitude from London. Its grcattil length from call to welt, is about 1620 zniles; and its grcatell breadth from north to fouth, about 1350. And in the north parts, caftward of Ca- naan, it is far lefs than the half of any of thefe numbers. It has tlic Indian ocean on the fouth, the Red fea and Ifthmus of Sueii on the well, Canaan and Syria on the north-well and north, the moun- tains of Chaldca and the Pcrllan gulf on the eail. It is ordinarily di- vided into three parts, (i.) Anibia- Pctrcca, or the rocky, on the north- well, and which is now called He- jiaz. In the fouth-well part of this now (land the famed cities of Mecca and Medina, fo much vifited by the Mahometan pilgrims. This divifion contained the land of Edom, the wil- demefs of Paran, the land of Cu- llian, &c. ; and feems to have been lirll called Arabia, from its wellerly fituation, or the mixed tnbes which inhabited it. (2.) /Irabui-Deferta, which lay eafiward of Canaan, and comprehended die land of Uz, of Amnion, Moab, Midian, with the country of the Uureans, Ilagarenes, &e. (3.) Aiabia-Fcltx, or happy, on llie fouth of the two former. The two lad fecm to have been call- ed Kcdem, orthe east, by the He- brew^. Scarce any part of Arabia is well watered ; but Arabia-Felix is famed for vaft number^ of fine fpites and fruits. Arabia 'Felix fcems to liaTC bee« chiefly peopled by the numerous fa- mily of JoKTAN, a defcendant »)f Shem : the other two parts feem tu have been originally inliabited bf the Rephaims, Emims, Zamzum- minis, Amulekitcs, Horites, and o- ther defcendants of Cush, the el- delt Ion of Ham. The Cullute* were gradually expelled by the dc- fcendants of Nahor, Lot, and A- BRAHAiJ. IlTimacl riril fettled in Hejiaz, and formed twelve power- ful tribesof Nabatheans, Kcdarencs, Hagarcnes, &c. ; but they gradu- ally fpread thenifelvcs, at leall, into the whole north parts of Arabia ; and the remains of the U/Ites or Aufitx, Buzites, Ammonites, Mo- abitcs, Midiauites, /- rciJit-Bilhrehchy or Syrirt of Bethrc* hob, &c. (;?.) Aram or Ram, the great-grandibn of Judah, and father of AniminaiLib, Rutli iv. 19. Luke iii, ;^. I Chron. ii. lO. ARARAT, or Armenia, a coun- try in Aiia, part of which is now called Tm-comania, and the rcfi is included in Perfia. It ha? Ge('rgi4 o'l the north. Media m the call, C;irdillanorAHyriaonthQfouth,an4- Natoliu or Lclfcr Afui.ou Uia ^v^ll4 Itl AR A [ 90 ] AR A Here the famed rivers Euphi-ates, Tigris, Araxes, and Phaiis, have their Iburcs. Here ftand the famed mountains, the Mofchic on the north-weft, the eaft end of the Taiuus and Antitaurus on the weft, the mounts Niphates and Gordian, Sec. There are, who think the mountain of Ararat, upon which Noah's ark refted, was that on the eaft af Perfia and north of India. But it is more probable that it was the Ar-dagh or ParmaJ<;-dagh, the finger-mountain, near the north-eaft of Armenia. It ftands in a large plain, 56 miles eaft from Erivan, is ihaped like a fugar-loaf, and is vi- fible about 160 or 200 miles diftant : its top is inacceffible for height ; and by reafon of the fnow which pei-petually covers it. The middle pait is haunted by a multitude of tygcrs : fome fcf^bby flocks, and two pitiful monafteries, are feen about the foot. Befides northern diftance, this mountain, called alfo Maftus, is, by the moft exaift geographers, placed about 100 miles eaftward of Shinar ;, but, if we take the mount Cardu or Gordian for that upon which the ark re{\:cd, the travels of Noah and his family to Shinar will be ftill more fbort and eafy. Arme- nia is generally a high and cold country ; it was anciently parted into two kingdoms, Greater Arme- nia on the eaft, and Lcfler Armenia on tlie weft. Probably it was peo-' pled by Hul the fon of Aram, the father of the Syrians ; and the lan- guage of the two nations appears to have been much the fame : and from him, or its own height, or from Har-minni, the mountain of the Minni, it feems to have its deno- mination. To this country the two murderous fons of Sennacherib fled ; which tempts me to think that it was not then fubjecfl to Aflyrla, Ifa. xxxvii. 38. 2 Kings xix. 37. The Armenian troops aflHted Cyrus a- gainft the Chaldeans, Jer. li. 27. The Armenians had afterwards a long race of kings of their own, though often fubjed to Alexander's fuccelfors in Syria. About fifty years before Chriil, they began to fall un- der the Romans ; and in about a^ many after, had their kings abo- liftied. About J. D. 68 7, the Sara- cens, or Arabians, wrefted Arme- nia from the Roman emperor of the eaft. They had fcarce retained it 150 years when the ravaging Turk- mans feized on it, and fome ages after ere<5ted there the fultanies, or kingdoms of the White and Black Sheip, the laft of which was exceed- ing powerful and large. In 1472, Armenia became a province of the Perfian empire. In 1522, it was conquered by the Turks, who retain the weftern part of it to this day. Chriftianity was early introduced in- to Armenia, and continues there ftill. There are now about a million or more of Armenian Chriftians. The Armenians being great traders, a- bout 40,000 of them refide in Perfia. to carry on trade, but fadly drowned in ignorance and vain fuperftition. ARAUNAH, or Ornan, the Jebuftte : he had a threftiing-floor on Mori AH. When David perceived the angel of the Lord hover above Jerufalem, preparing to deftroy its inhabitants, as the punifhment of hisnuml)ering the people, he, warn- ed by Nathan to build an altar, and offer facrificefor ftopping the plague, and inftrufted of God that the tem- ple fhould be built on that fpot,haft- ed to Araunah. The good Jebu- fite and his fons had hid themfelves in a hole for fear of tJie deftroying angel : but when he obferved David coming, he ran to meet him ; fell at his feet, and alked his will. Inform- ed, that he wanted to purchafe his threfhing-floor for the ereftion of an altar, and offering of facrifice, that the deftru(5live peftilence might be flopped, Araunah offered the king^ a free gift of the floor, and of wood ARC [ 91 ] ARC »nd oxen fufficicnt for facrificc. Hating to fcrve the Lord iit the ex- pcnce of another, David rcfufed to accept them, till tlie price was fixed. For the floor itlell and the oxen he gave him jo Ihckcls ot"lilvcr,and for the whole field about 600 Ihckels of gold, 2Sam. xxiv. 16, — 25. iCliron. xxi, 15, — 2S. ARRAY ; when this word re- fpeifts clothing, it fignifies garments, •r the handlome manner ot putting them on, I Pet. ii. 9. Eflh. vi. 9. When it refpcfts war, it denotes the prc>per arrangement of an army to defend themfelves, and attack the e- nemy, ? Sam. x. 9. The terrors of Cod fet thevtfclvcs in array agahifi one, when they appear in great num- bers, and ready to furround and dellroy him, Job vi. 4. Nebuchad- nezzar arrayed hivif: if as a Jheph rd 'uith the land of Egypt ^ when he co- vered it with his troops, eafily con- qnered it, and loaded himfclf and army with the rich fpoils of it, Jcr. xliii. 12. ARBA. SeeGiAWTandHEBRON. ARCHANGEL, a chief angel; ^ut whether this word in fcripture ever denotes a created angel, or al- ways Clniil, the Lord of angels, is liard to determine, Jude 9. I Thelf. iv. 16. ARCH, a building in form of a bow, fuch as is ufed in bridges, windows, vaulls, E/.ek. xl. 16, 29. ARCHERS, fuch as Ihoot with bows in hunting or battle. This method of Ihooting was almoft uni- verfal in ancient times, before the in- vention of fire-arms, Gen. xxi. 20. Jer. li. 3. The archers that forcly grieved Jcifcfk, ■Ar\i\ Jhot at him,vrere his enemies, particularly his bre- thren and miftrefs, who, with arrows of falle accufation, bitter words, and murderous attempts, fought to der Uroy him. Gen. xlix. 23. The ar- chers of Cod that compafled J(>b, were aiHictions, pains, ami terrors fg:it by GckI ; and which, like fliarp cmpoifoned arrows, wounded and vexed his i'n\i\. Job xvi. 13. ARCHELAIIS, a (im of Herod the Great by Malthace his fifth wife. He was reckoned the moft cruel and bloody of his father's ihildren. Herod having murdered his fons Alexander, Ariflobnlus, and Anti- pater, and fhipijcd HEROP-Antipas of his claim to the kingdom, he, by latter-will, cor.ftituted Archclaus his fucceffor, on condition the lionian emperor agreed, to it. The people and foldiery appeared very well ploafed when this will was read, and promifed allegiance and fidelity. Ar- chelaus interred his father with great pomp ; and, returning to Jenrialcm, made a folemn mourning of /even days ; and gave tJie people a very fplendid entertainment: and liavint; convened \hcm in the court of tlie temple, he alfurcd them of liis mild government ; and that he m oi'Id not affume the royal title before the emperor had confirmed it. Juft after y^. D. I. tlie rabble afiem- bled, and required him to execiue the men who had advifed his fiitlier to kill a noted zealot, for pullinp" down the golden eagle from the gate of the temple: they demanded that Joazas (hiiuld be divefted of the high prici^hood ; and they loaded the memory of Herod his lather with the bittereft curies and re- proaches. To revenge this infiilf, Archelarus ordered his troof s to fall on the mob, and killed 3000 of them on the fpot, hard by ilie temple. He next repaired to Rome for the confirmation of liis father's will; but his brother Herod-Antipas infiftcd on the ratification of his father's for- mer will, conftituting him his fuc- ccflbr ; alledging, that it was made when his judgnient was more found. After hearing both parties, Augullus delayed to give fentence. The Jcv,-- ifh nation petitioned the emperor to lay afide the whole family o\ Herod^ and conllitutc them into » {ItiTiiir ARE [ 9^ ] A RE province, fubjeft to the governor of Syria : Archelaus oppoled the peti- tion. The emperor heard both, but delayed to give judgment. A few- days after, Auguftus called Archelaus, afligned him a part of his failit-r's kingdom, vifith the title of Ethnarch, and promifed him the crown, if his condu(5l Ihould deferve it. Returning to Judea, he depofed Jo- azas-^he high-prieft; pretend-ng, that he had itirreJ up the feditions a- gainil him ; ai^d raade Eleazar, his brother, prieft in his rooiji. When Archelaus had govei-ned about fe- ven years, -with the utmoft violence and tyranny, the jews and Saniarl- tar^s jointly accufed him to the em- peior. His ag(;nt at Rome vras or- dered to bring him thither : his caufe "Wcxs heard ; and he was banifhed to Vienne in France ; and continued there, In exile, till his death. — It v/as the cruel temper of this mon- fter that made Jofeph and Mary a- frald to refide in Judea, with tlieir blelfed babe, Matth. ii. 22, 23. ARCHI, a city in the tribe of Ephraim, near Bethel : perhaps it ought to be joined with Ataroth, thus, Archi-ataroth ; and is the fame vi^ith Ataroth-addar, Jofh. xvi. 2, S- ARCHIPPUS, a noted preacher of the gofpel atColofTe. Thechurch- inembers there are required to ftir him up to diligence, care, and cou- rage, in the w^ork of his mlniftry, tCoL iv. 17. Paul falutes him by Philemon 2. • AIICTURUS, the name of a northern ftar of the firll magnitude, at ibme diftance from the great Bear, and between the thighs of the Bootes Oi- Charies-wain : but it is qv.ite uncertain v'liether the Hebrew JIash, or round ishi-iing Jlar, be ArBuru:, or not. The lefier liars around it may be called its fons, Job ix. 9. and xxKviii. 52. ARE. See Be. AREOPAGUS, the high court at Athens, famed for the juftice of its decifions; fo called, becaufe it fat on an hill of the fame name, or in the fuburbs of the city, dedicated to Mars the god of war, as the city was to Minerva his filler. When this court was inftltuted, whether by So- lon In tlie time of Cyrus, or by Ce- crops who lived many ages before, is quite uncertain. ' At firft, it con- fiRed of nine judges, who had been archons or chief rulers in the city, and after a rigorous examination, had been found jail in their ma- • nagement : but afterward it fome- tinies confifted of 50, or even 500. That they might be the more atten- tive, and biaffed with no objec'l of pity or regard, they fat by night in the open air; Their jurifdidion was at firft confined to criminal cau- fes ; but was gradually extended to other matters. The pleadings be- fore them were to be expreiTed in a manner the moft fimple and plain. There arc ftill to be fecn the vefti- ges of their feats, cut out in a rock, after a femicircular form ; and a- round the tribimal, or feats of the judges, an efplanade, which ferve^ as an hall. For preaching of Chrift at Athens, Paul was cited beforS this court, as a fetter forth of ftrange gods ; but he reafoned fo nervoufly, that he was difmlffed; and Dicnyf:- us, one of his judges, became a con- vert to she Chrillian faith, A<5ts xvii. 19, — 2«, • ARETAS ; many kings of this name, or as the natives exprefs it, Hareth, reigned in the Arabian king- dom of Ghaifan, eaftward of Ca- naan ; but only the fuccetTor' of O- bodas, and father-in-law of Hcrod- Antipas, is mentioned in fcripture. One Syllcus thought to have ruined him with the emperor Auguftus ; pretending, that he had ufurped the Arabian throne at his own hand. The treachery of Sylleus being dif- covered, Aretas was folemnly con- Jirmed in his jrovernment. — Offend- ARI [ 93 ] ARI pd with Herod, for drvorcing his d;iughtcr to m;ike w'.xy torHerodias, Aretas declared war apjainft him, under pretence ot adjulliiig -their limits in Galilee. Herod \va5 often defeated, and begiijed tlie afiiftance of the emperor Ti bf.ri us, who or- dered his lieutenant in Syria to bring him AretaB eiilier dead or alive. Viccllius immediately marched to attack the Arabian king ; but hear- ing of Tiberius' death, he returned without giving him battle. Not long after, Aretas' deputy at Da- mafcus joined the Jews in their perfecution of Paul ; and kept the gates ihut night and day to appre- hend him. Ads ix. 23, 24. 3 Cor. xi. ?2, 53. ARGOB, a county of the half- tribe of ManaJ'feh in Baihan. It was extremely fertile, and contained 60 walled towns, which Jair the Ion of Machir re j: aired, and called Ha- VDTH-jAiR. It was probably call- ed yfrgol)^ from its capital, or from ibmc famed Amorite to whom ithad pertained, Deut. lii. 4, 14. I Kings iv. 13. ARIEL, /. e. the I'lOJi of God. Jerufalem is ff) called for its war- like force } or Ariel may denote the temple and altar of burnt-offering. Wo was to Ar'til^ M'hen the city and temple were deftroyed by the Chal- deans and Romans. God dtjlrc^'cd Ariely and it was to him as ^riel, when the city and temple were made a fcenc of llaughtcr and blood, as the altar of burnt-offering was with relpci^ imto hearts, Ifa. xxix. I, 2. A RIGHT, agreeably to the com- mand and honour of God, and the edification of men, Pfal. 1. 23. But wine moves itfelf ^r/^/'/, when it ap- pears very agreeable and enticing to the drinker, Prov. xxiii. 31. ARI MATH K A, a city of Judea, where Jol'eph thelionourable coun- fellor dwelt. Some writers will have it to be the lame with Rama- thaim Zoph'.m, in the neighbour- hood of Bethel: but then it behoved, to be a city of the Samaritans, not of the Jews, contrary to Luke xxiii. 51. Jerome, and others who fol- low him, are certainly more in the right, who place it near L^dda, a- bout 36 or 37 miles welt of Jenifa- lem, and wliere the village Ramo- lah now Hands. ARIOCH ; (I.) A king of Ei.- LAS5AR, one ofCHEPORLAOMER's allies. Gen. xiv. i. (2.) A captain ofNEBUCH ADNEzxAR'sguard, who was appointed to flay all the wile men of B ibylon : at Daniel's rc- qucft, he delayed the execution of his orders, and introduced that pro- phet to the king, to tell and inter- pret his dream, Dan. iL 14. ARISE ; or rise, (i.) To pro- ceed ; fpring forth, AiSts xx. 30. (2.) To Hand up, Hab. ii. 19. (3.) To rife from a feat, couch, or grave, John V. 8. Pfal. Ixxxviii. 10. (4.) To appear in a glorious manner, Mai. iv. 2. (5.) To beUir one's felf, Jolh. i. 2. I Chron. xxii. 16, (6.) To be advanced to honour and au- thority, Prov. xxviii. 12 (7-) To recover life, honour, power, and happinefs, Mark xii. 26. Jcr. xxv. 27. Amos vii. 2, J. (8.) To begin oppofition or war, Matth. x. 21. God's arijin^, denotes his beflirring himfelf in an eminent manner, and difpiaying his power, goodnefs, mer- cy, and julMro, in the warning and relief of his people : and in the ruin of his enemies, 2 Chron. xxxvi. 15. Pfal. vii. 6. and xii. J. Ifa. xxxiii. 10. Amos vii. 9. ChrilVs arifnig^ imports his returning to life alter his deadi, and com.ing out of his grave, Luke xxiv. 46. ; and his be- ginning to manifelt his glorious pov.-er and mercy, and other excel- lencies, in drawing the nations to himfelf, and enlightening, refrefti- ing, and comforting his people, Rom. XV. 1 2. Mai. iv. 2. Men rife, when they receive quickening influences from Chriil ; and arc r«- ARK [ 94 ] ARK goTcred from their fpirltual death and mlfery, Col. ii. 13. and iii. I. ; or when they fhake off flotli, and beftir themfeives to an adlive recei- ving of Chrift, and walking in him, as the light and life of their foul, and in obedience to liis commands, Eph. V. 14. Prov. vi. 9. Song iii. 2. and ii. 10, 13. Nations r'tfe^ when they begin to be powerful ; or are recovered from great diftrefs and ruin, and become honourable and happy, Ifa. xliii. 17.; or when, with adive fury, and terrible prepara- tions, they make war one witli ano- ther, Matth. xxiv. 7. ; or when they a.ie in a terrible tumult and confu- ilon, Amos \iii. 5. Jer. xlvi. 8. and xlvii. 2. R'tfing of the fpsrity de- notes anger or wrath againft one, Eccl. I. 4. ARISTARCHUS, a native of Thefialonica ; he became a zealous Chriftian, and attended Paul to E- phefus, where, in the tumult raifed by Demetrius the filverfmith, he hardly efcaped with his life. He at- tended Paul in his return to Greece ; and in his journey thence to Afia : and having gone with him from Je- rufalem to Rome, it is faid he was beheaded along with him, Ads xix. 29. and XX. ^. and xxvii. 3. Col. iv. 10. ARISTOBULUS. IJe is fup- pofed to have been the brother of Barnabas, and one of our Saviour's feventy dllciples, and to have preach- ed with great fuccefs in Britain; buf it is really uncertain if he v-as fo much as a Chriftian ; fmce not he, but his family, arc faluted by Paul, Rom. xvi. 10. ARK. I. Noah's ark was a large floating veflel, in which he and his family, with a fample, for breed, of all the terrcftrial animals, were pre- ferved from the flood. It is pretty generally, though not certainly, be- lieved, th:*t he ipent about 1 20 years in building it ; and that he employ- ed a variety of hands in that work. The form of this ark was an oblong fquare, with a flat bottom, and a floped roof, raifed to a cubit in the middle : it had neither fails nor rud? der ; nor was it fliarp at the end* for cutting the water. This form was admirably calculated to make it lie fteady on the water, without rolling, which might have endan- gered the lives of die animals with- in ; but made it very unfit for fwim-- ing to a grcHt diftance j or for ri- ding in a boiilerous fea. The length of this ark was 300 cUr bits, which, according to Dr Ar- buthnot's calculation, amount to a little more than 547 feet; its breadth 50 cubits, or 91, 2 feet ; its height 30 cubits, or 54,' 72 feet; and its fo- lid contents, 2,730,782 folid feet; iufflcient for a carriage of 81,06* ton. It confifted of three fl;ories, each of which, abating the thicknefs of the floors, might be about 18 feet high ; and no doubt was partition- ed into a great many rooms or a- partments. This veflel was, doubt- lefs, fo contrived, as to admit the air and light on all fides, though the particular conftrudlion of the windows be not mentioned. The word Tzohary which our tranflatioa renders a whidow, is by fome ren- dered a precious ftone, or fome o- ther marvellous matter, which at once illuminated, and afforded frelh air to every part of the ark ; but we kriow no foundation for this but the vain fancy of the authors. The ark feems to have had another co- vering belides the roof; perhaps one made of flvin, which was thrown o- ver, and hung before the windows^ to prevent tlrie entrance of the rain j and this, we fuppofe, Noah removed, andfawthe earth dry. Gen. viii. 1 3. The ark was built of Gopher-wood, which \ take not to be cedar, pine, or box, but the cyprefs, a very ftrong and durable wood, not eafily fubje/ighty ?/;^« were repofi ted in David's tower. Song iv. 5. The Tyrians, Perfians, Lybians, and Lydiaus, hung up their helmets and bucklers on the walls of Tyre, Ezek. xxvii. 10. When the M;iccabees retook the temple from Antiochus, they hung the por- tal of it with golden crowns and bucklers. Armour, when afcribed to God, de- notes his all-fufficient fitnefs for, and the methods and means by which he conquers and defends his people, and deftroys liis enemies, Pfal. xxxv. 2. The Ipiritual armour of the faints con fifis of the Jhicld oi faitl-s that is, the reconciled God in Chrill we believe on, and the grace of faith whereby we believe in him ; the helmtt of the hope of falvati^on ; the h-eajipliite of truth applied to. and integrity wrought in us, and of imputed and implanted righteouf- nefs ; the girdle of truth revealed to us, and of uprightnefs in us ; the J}}oei of the preparation of the gof- pel of peace ; the /ivord of infpired fcripture ; and the artillery of ear- nefl: prayer, Eph. vi. 1 3, — 20. With thefe weapons we areto fight againft fm, Satan, and the world ; and to defend ourfelvcs from their many and dangerous attacks, Eph. vi. 11. to 20. This armour is called the ar- mour oj Cod ; God the Son purcha- fed it for us ; God the Holy Gholl applies it, or beflows it on us. Its nature is divine and fpiritual. Its. fuccefs is of God, and by it we fight his battles, Eph. vi. 11. It is called the arfjiour of righteoufnefs on the right hand a)id on the left : it is pur- chafed with the finifhed righteouf- nefs of Chriit ; and in every cafe and circumftance muft be ufed with uni- verfal candour and holinefs of life, 3 Cor. vi. 7. It is the armour of light T it proceeds from the Father of lights ; it is poflelfed and ufed by the children of light ; it is Ihining, glorious, and honourable : by the improvement of it we manifelt our fpiritual light and knowledge, and fight our way to everlafting light, Rom. xiii. 13. Our ignorance, ha- tred of God, unbelief, error, profane- nefs, attachment to following of righ- teoufnefs by the works of the law and the like, are called Satan's ar- 7Jiour, wherein he trujleth : hereby he fecures his interelt in our foul, and oppolieth the i-mprefiions of the word, Spirit, and providence of God, Luke xi. 22. God's armour, or weapons of indig- nation againlt the Chaldeans, were the Med'es and Perfians, by whom he executed his juft vengeance la deftrcying that people, Jer. xiii. 5. and 1. 25. The not carnal, but mighty weapons of warfare ufed by gofpel-minilfers, are earneftprayerj and the faithful preaching of the got- ARM [ 99 ] ARM tiel, for the conquerinir tif our hearts Co Jellis Chrilt, and the reforming our lives accorciing to his law, 2 Cor. X. 4. Wlien tlic wicked fie s from tbs iror. weapon, the hw of]tcclj)rikes him through : when he flmns one ca- lamity, he falls into another more dreadful, Job xx. 24. ARMOURY ; an arfcnal, or re- pofitory of armour. Before David's time, every man of the Hebrew na- tion leeras to have been trained for w>ir, and to have kept his own arms. David laid up one colle(ftion of ar- mour in a tower he built for that purpofe, Song iv. 4. Another col- lection, probably the chief of thele which he had taken in war, he laid up in the tabernacle, confecrated to tiie fervice of God ; with theic, Je- hoiada furnillied the X,evites and others, at the coronation of Joafli, 2 Chron. xxiii. 9. Solomon itored up collections of armour in the houfe of the forefl of Lebanon, and in his fortiried cities, and even obliged Ibme tributary princes to forge armh for his fervice, 2 Chron. ix. 16, and xi. 1 2. I Kings X. 25. King Uzziah /urniflied his armoury with fpears, jielniets, llings for calling large ilones, &:c. 2 Chron. xxvi. i 4. He- 2ekiah, after his deliverance from .Sennacherib, ftored up a vafl deal of armour, /V. xxxiii. 27. God's armoury is his treasures of awful judgments, ready to be brought fortji tor tiie execution of his wrath, Jcr. ]. 25. The word of God, and the grace of faith, which unite thcchurch and her true memiiers to Chrilt, are likened to a well furniflied armour) .- Loth rici)ly fupply us with proj)tr weapons wherewith to oppofe our Spiritual enemies, Song iv. 4. ARMY or host, a muhitude of armed men or warriors, marflialled into proper order under different commanders. The i;rcatelt army of whicii we read, in fcripture, was Jeroboam's of 800,000 ; Zerah's of i,Qoo,GOO: but it is rur])rjiing, that in Jehofliapliat's kingdom, of fo naT'- row extent, there Ihould be near 1,200,000 warriors, 2 Chron. xiii. 5. xiv. 9. and xvii. 14, — 18. The armies with which Xerxes king o4' Perfia invaded Greece, and where- with Baja?.ct the Turk, and Turner- lane the Tartar engaged, were Hill greater. Before David's reign the liraelites fought only on foot, and every man generally provided for himl'elf. Nor had the moil of his lucceflors any, but militia and a life- guard. When the Hebrew army was about to engage an enemy, pro- clamation was made, that whoever had built a houfe, and not dedicated it; whoever had planted a vineyard, and not eaten of its fruit ; whoever iiad betrothed a wi(e, and not mar- ried her ; and whoever was coward- ly and fearful, Ihould return home, At the fame time the prielt blew with his trumpet, and encouraged the remaining troops to depend on the alhltantc of God, Deut. xx. The Hebiews are reprefentcd as Cod'i hoji. They were niarlhallcd. under him as tlieir prince and gene- ral : Ibmetimes he nominated their captains, and gave exprefs orders for their method of war ; and his priefls, with found of the facreci trunijjcts, gave the alarm to battle, Dan. viii. 10, 11. Jolh. v. 14. An- gels, miniilcrs, upright profeflbrs, lieavenly luminaries, locuils, Romau armies, and every creature in gene- ral, are reprelented as Cod's cir7niei^ becauie of their great number; their orderly fubjectiou to liim ; and rea- dinei's to protecft his iuterells and peoj)lc ; and to delhoy his oppofers: and he multers them ; he directs ilieir motions, and nlligns them their v\'ork, Plal. ciii. 21. and Ixviii. 12. Dan. iv. 55. Joel ii. 7, 25. Mattli. xxii. 7. Angels, glorified faints, lun, moon, and Itars, are, from their relidence, called the armies or hoj.s ofheaveity Luke ii. 13. Plal. xxxiiL 6. ; and even the Chriftians, that N 2 ARO [ 100 ] ARR contribute to the ruin of Antichrift, are cHlled the armies ivhich are in heavcity as they pertain to the true church, and are diredled and affilled of God, Rev. xix. 14. The church and her true members are like an army -vjiih banners ; for, having Chrift as their head, and their fpiri- tual armour put on, and rightly ufed, they are terrible to devils and wick- ed men, Song vi. 4, 10. The two armies in the church, are holts of di- vine perfons and perfe<5tions, toge- ther with holy angels, prote»Sting her true members; or armies of in- ward graces and lufts, warring with one another. Song vi. 13. The creatures which have their refidence in heaven and earth, are called their hojh, for their number, and the or- der in which God hath placed them. Gen- ii. i. Pfal. xxxiii. 6. AIINON, a fmall river that rifes in the mountains of Gilead, and runs along the north border of Moab, to the Ibuth-weif, till it difcharge itfclf into the Dead fea, Judg. xi. iS. Ifa. xvi. 2. Numb, xxi, 12. AROEll, (i.) •'^ <^ify» Partly on the north bank, and partly in an iflandofthe river A rn on. Sihon the Amorite took it from the Mo- abites; Moies took it from him, and gave fit to the tribe of Gad, whore- built it. Numb, xxxii. 34. When the Gadites were carried captive to AfTyria, the Syrians fetm to have taken polTeflion of it ; but were loon obliged to leave it to the Moabites, imder whom., the AiTyrians appear to have rendered it a defert, Ifa. xvii. 2. It had the faine fate from the Chaldeans, under Nebuchad- nezzar, Jer. xlviii. 20. (2.) A ciiy on the fouth of Judah, to who^e in- habitants David fent part of the fpoil which he took from the Amalekites, I Sam. xxx. i8. But, perhaps this may be the fame with the former, the inhabitants of which may have \)een kind to David's parents, while they ibjourncd in the country of Moab. (3.) A city near Rabbah of the Ammonites, Jolh. xiii. 25. ARPAD, a city near Hamath in Syria. Some think it was the fame as Arvad in Fhenicia ; but it is morc^ likely it was a different place, fitua- ted on the north- eaft of Balhan, and is the fame as Arphas there placed by Jofephus. It and its idols were deftroyed by the Affyrians, 2 Kings xviii. 34. Ifa. x. 9. andxxxvi. 19. and xxxvii. 13. ; and it was entirely ruined by the Chaldeans, Jer. xlix. 23, ; but feems afterward to have: been rebuilt. ARPHAXAD, the fon of Shem, born about two years after the flood, and father of Shelah and others. Af- ter a life of 430 years he died, A. M. 2c88^ Gen. xi. 10, — 13. and x. 22^ I Chron. i. j 7. Luke iii. 1 7. ARROGAi>[CY ; proud contempt of others, attended with boafting, and infulting fpeech or behaviour, I Sam. ii. 3. Prov. viii. 13. ARROW, a miffile weapon, flen- der, Iharp pointed, barbed, and fhot from a bow in hunting and war, I Sam. XX. 36. Divination by ar- rows was very common with the Chaldeans, Arabians, Scythians, &c. Undetermined whether to attack the Jews or Ammonites lirft, both of whofe kings had laid fchemes to Ihake off his yoke, Nebuchadnezzar divined by arrows, confulted his Teraphim, and looked into the li- vers of flain hearts, to colleil thence what fliould be his route. In this divination, he probably wrote the names of the princes or places which he had a view to attack on differ- ent arrows ; then Ihook the arrows together in a quiver. The prince or province whofe name was on the arrow firft drawn, was thought to be divinely marked as the firlt to be attacked, Ezek. xxi. 21. On all important occahons of marriage, war, journies, the Arabs divined by three arrows Ihook together in a fack. . If that inlcribed, Command. ART [ lOI ] ART we Lord, was fii 11 drawn, they pro- ceeded in their purpoie ; if that in- fcribed, Forbid mc Lor J, was drawn, they fiflillcH at Icalt for a whole year. If iliat on which iiotliiiig was written happened to be drawn, they drew a fecond time. What tends qui(.kly to pierce, pain, or deltroy, is called arro-ws. The arrows of Cod, are the terrible ap- prelienfions or impreilions of his Avrath, which wound, pain, and tor- ment the confcienccjob vi. 4. Pfal. xxxviii. 2. And his varions judg- ments, thunder, lightening, tem- pcfts, famine, and every other dil- trefs, 3 Sam. xxii. 15. Ezek. v. \6. Hab. iii. 11. Lam. iii. 12. ; and his word and fpirimal influence, which are lliarp and powerful in piercing and turning the hearts of fmners, Pfal. xly, 5. The arro-ivs tj wicked mitJ, are their malicious purpofes, Pfal. xi. 2. ; and liieir falle, abufive, and flandcrous words, Prov. xxv. 18. Jer. ix. 8. Pfal. Ixiv. 3. ; and their means of doing hurt to others, Pfal. Ivii. 4. Prov. xxvi. 18. ; all which are very piercing, and pain- ful to endure ; and may do hurt of a fudden. The fallhig of the Turks arrows out of their hand, imports their being quite difpirited, and in- capable to ufe their armour againd tilt newly converted Jews, Ezek. xxxix. 3. AllTAXERXES, Smerdis,Mar- dus, Sphendadates, Oropaftes. A- HASUEROS Cambyfcs, while he ra- vaged Egypt, left P;Atizithes the Magus to govern the Perfian llatc. Hearing that Cambyfes had mur- dered his only brother bmerdis, Pa- tizithes, confidering how much his own brother Smcrdis relembled ilie murdereti prince, fet him on the throne in Cambyfcs* abfence ; and gave out that he was the real bro- ther of the king. Informed here- of, Cambyfcs marched homeward to dethrone him ; but dying by the way, he begged his nobles to pull down Smerdis, who he affirmed was not his brother, but a Magian ini- poffor. To clear the matter with certainty, Oftanes a nobleman, who knew tliat thecarsof the Magus had been cut oft' by Cyrus or Cambyfes, procured infurmarion by his own daughter, a concubine of Smerdis*, that his ears were really a-wanting; he, Darius-Hyllafpis, Gobrias, and four other princes, after binding themfelves by an oath to flay the Magus, or perifh in the atterript, ruflied into the palace, and killed Iiini and his brother. During this impoftor's fliort reign of five months, Bifhlam,Mithredath, Tabecl, Rehum the chancellor, Sliim- fliai, and their S.imaritan tribes, wrote him a letter, bearing, that Jerufalem had been formerly a ve- ry powerful and rebellious c!ty; and that if it was rebuilt, he might ex- pect the Jews would quickly revolt, and deprive him of all his tribute, to the weil of the Euphrates. His reply to this letter imported, that upon infpe<5lion of the ancient hifto- ries, he found it to be as they had fuggefted , and ordered them to flop the Jews rebuilding of either city or temple, till they had further orders from him, Ezra iv. 7, — 24. ARTAXERxEs-Longinmnus was the yonngell fon of Xerxes, and grandfon of Darius-Hyftafpis. Ar- tabanns, captain of the guards, in- tending to feize the Perfian throne for hnnfelf, privately mtirdered Xer- xes his fatlier, and periuaded Ar- taxerxes, that Darius his elder bro- ther had done it, and intended to murder him likewile. On this infcr- matio 1, Artaxerxes flew dire«.^lyto the apartment of his brother Dari- us, and with the affiflance of Aita- banus and the guards killed him on the fpot. His fecond brother Hyf- tafpis being in Scythia, Artabanus placed Artaxerxes on the throne, in- tending to pull him down at piea- fure, and feize it himfelf: but hiu. ART [ I«2 ] ARV murder and treafon coming to light, Jie was quickly punillied with the Ids of his life. His friends raifed an army to revenge his death, but were totally cniflied. After a war of two years, Hyftafpis and his par- ty were irrecoverably ruined : Ar- taxerxes then, to the joy of his fub- j efts, applied himfelf toredrefs their diforders. In,J;he Jth year of his reign, in which perhaps he made Efther his queen, Efth. ii. i6. ; he authorifed Ezra, with as many Jewifli attendants as pleafed, to return to Jndea. He al- lowed him to colleft what money he could in Chaldea, for the ufe of the tsmple ; he complimented him ■with a variety of facred veilels ; he ordered his colleclors on the weft of the Euphrates to pay to him, from the public revenue, lOO talents of filver, loo meafures of wheat, 800 gallons of wine, and as much oil, and whatever fait was necefTa- ry for the ufe of the temple ; he ex- eemed from tribute all the priefts, Levites, and Nethinims ; he autho- rifed Ezra to promote the fervice of his God, and the welfare of his na- tion, to the utmoft ; and impowered him to fine, imprifon, or kill, every one that dared to oppofe the laws of God or the king, Ezra vii. In the soth year of his reign, he, per- haps inftigated by Efther, impower- ed Nehemiah to go and rebuild the city of Jerufalem, and ordered A- faph, the keeper of the royal foreft, to allow him whatever timber he had ufe for, Neh. ii. The Egyptians, weary of thePerfian yoke, had revolted about the 5th year of his reign, and made Inarus, king ofLybia, their fovereign ; and entered into a league with the A- thenians. An army of 300 000, commanded by Achimenides, the brother or fon of the king's mo- ther, was fent to reduce them. I- r.arus c.nd his allies defeated this powerful hoft; killed the general, and 100,000 of the troops. The reft fled to Memphis, and there de- fended themf«lves for three years, till Megabyfus and Artabafus, witha- nother Perfian army, relieved them; defeated the Egyptians, and reduced them to their wonted flavery ; took Inarus, and many others of their chief men, prifoners. About the fame time, the Athenians fo terribly haraffed the Perfian empire, that Ar- taxerxes vt^as obliged to make peace with them, on thefe terms, That all the Greek cities of Afia fliould en- joy full liberty ; that no Perfian fliips of war fliould enter the fea be- tween the Euxine and the Pamphy- lian coaft i nor any of their land-for- ces approach nearer the ihore than three days journey ; and that the Athenians fhould attack no place be- longing to the Perfians. After five years importunity, Artaxerxes gave jup Inarus, and the other Egyptian princes, to the will of his mother. To reveno-e the blood of Achime- jiides, fhe put them to a cruel death. Megabyfus, who had taken them prifoners, and promifed them fafety, enraged hereat, retired to Syria, levied an army, to take re- venge on the king and his mother. Twice he routed the royal army of 200,000, and obliged Artaxerxes to pardon, and recall him to court. ARTEMAS feems to have been a noted preacher. Paul intended to fend him, or Tychicus, to Crete ; probably tofupply the place of Titus, while he came to vifit the apoftle at Nicopolis, Tit. iii. 12. * ART, ikill in any particular bu- fincfs, as compounding of fpices, engraving, &c. Exod. xxx. 25. ARTIFICERS, perlons fkilful in handy-work; as fmiths, weavers, &c. I Chron. xxix. 5. ARTILLERY, armour, i Sam. XX. 40. ARVAD, Aradus, a city of Phenicia, fituated in a fmall iiland, fourhward of Tyre, and about ^ ASA [ «03 ] ASA league from the continent. Tlio Arvaditcs, deiccnded of Can:ian,built and peopled it in the eailiefl; ages after the flood. It was anciently famous for navigation and riches, and ordinarily fhared in the fate of Tyre and Zidon. In Ezekiel's time, the Arvaditcs fervcd as mariners in riie Tyrian fleets, and as guards on their walls, Gen. x. l8. Ezek. xxvii. 8,11. It is now called by the Turks Ruwadde ; ami though, by realbn of the height of the illand, it appear beautiful from the fliorc, yet, on the Ijpot, it is very pitiful ; having ftarce any thing but a ruinous fort, and a few old canpon to defend it. AS. (i.) Like, i Pet. iii. 8. (2.) While, Adts xx. 9 (3.) Bccauli^, Jolm XV. 12. and xvii. 2. — As, im- ports, (i.) Likenefs only inappear- ance,Matth.xxvi.25.(2.)Samencfs, John i. 14. Heb. xii. 7, (3,) Like- nefs in reality or quality, but not degrees thus faints are united to one another as really as Chrift is to God ; are perfedl as God ; righteous as Chrift ; and loved of him as he is loved of God, John xvii. 22. Matih. V. 48. I John iii. 7. John xv. 9. (4.) Likenefs in both quality and degree, John v. 23. ASA fucceeded his father Abijah on the throne of Judah, y/. 71/. 3049, and reigned 41 years. He was educated by Maachah, the daughter t)f Abilhalom, a noted idolater; but was pious himfelf. The firft ten years of his reign he had no war, and applied himfelf to reform his kingdom. He did not dc(troy the high places, where his fubjec^ls, con- trary to order, worlhipped the true God ; but he aboliftied the idols, and the akars, high places, and groves belonging to thein ; and command- ed his fubjedls to worlliip only the true God. Thefe abominable crea- tures, the Sodomites, he entirely ex- tirpated. Mean while, he fortified the principal cities on his frontiers, tciuk fuch care to train up his fub- }eS.s in war, that he quickly haJ ar militia of 300,000 Jews, armed witlr (hields and fpears, ;ind 280,000 Ben- Jamites,armtd with lliields and bows. He had fcarcc reigned 12 or 14 years, when Ze rah, king of Ethi- opia, inyaded Judea witli a niillioit of foot, and 500 fey tiled chariots. After j)rayer to God, Afa attacked them at Marefliah with an army vaftly inferior, routed lhem,purliied them as far as Gerar, on the foulh- weft of Canaan, fmote the cities thereabout in alliance with them, and returned home laden with booty. In gratitude to God, and obedience to his prophet Azarlah, Ala applied himlelf further to reform his king-- dom. He and his fubjetSls engagert themfelves by covenant to ferve the Lord ; and agreed, that it fliould be held, according to the law, a capital crime to worfhip an idol. He de- prived his grandmother Maachah of what authority ilie held, becaufe fhe was a worfliipper, if not prieftefs, to fome idol, perhaps a very oWcenc one. Her idol and its grove he trampled under foot, burnt with fire in the valley of Hinnom, anct caft the afhes into the brook Kidronj, to mingle with the fihh of the city. The dedicated things of his father, with a great part of his late Ipoils, he devoted to the fervice of God ; and having repaired the altar of burnt-olfering, he facrificcd thereon 700 oxen, and 5000 flieep, of his Ethiopian booty. The fame of his reformation, and the blefTuigs attending it, encoura- ged vaft numbers of the pious If- raelitcs to tranfport themfelves into his kingdom. To prevent the lol's of his fubjet^s, Baaflia king of Ifrael, in the i6th year of Afa, and 36th from the divijion of the tribes, en- gaged in a war with Judah ; took llamah, and began to fortify it, as a means to prevent all communica- tion between the twokingdoms. On this occaiion, Afa digged a remark- ASA [ 104 ] ASC able pit ; but for what purpofe, whe- ther to hide himfelf, or rather to hide his wealth, or to entrap Baaflia, we are not told,. Jer. xli. 9. To thwart Baalha's defigns, Ala took all the filver and gold he could find in his own exchequer, or in the temple, and fent it to Benhadad king of Syria : begging that he would break his league with Baafha, and enter into one with him. Inlli- gated by the valuable prefent, and the hopes of extending his power, Benhadad fell upon the north pajts df Baafha's kingdom, and took fe- veral cities thereof. Mean while, Afa from the fouth, retook Ramah, and carried off the materials prepa- red for its fortifications, and there- with fortified Geba and weltern Mizpah. Afa's diftruft of the divine pON^^- er and goodnefs, which had fo late- ly rendered him victorious over a niore formidable enemy, and bis treacherous application for heathen- ifli aid, highly difpleafed the Lord. By di-'lne direction, Hanani the prophet Hiarply reproved him ; and aflbred him, that henceforth he fliould have wars. Inftead of thank- fully receiving the admonitions of God, he outrageoufly imprifoned the prophet, and opprefled fuch of his fubjedls, as, it feeras, marked their difpleafure with his conducl. He and Baalha continued thereafter in a ftate of war. In the laft part of his life, he appears to have become extremely peevilh ; and in the 39th year of his reign he was feized with the gout, or lome other ailment, in his feet. He rather applied to his phyficians than to his God for relief. After two years illneis he died. We are tempted to think, that the noi- fome fmell of his corpfe obliged them to fill his bed with odours and fpices : nor can we fay, whether his body was firll burnt to afhes, and thefe on- ly interred, i Kings r.v. 2 Chron. xiv. XV. and xvi. ASAHEL, the fon rf Zeruiah, and brother of Joab. He was one of David's thirty heroes, and was extremely fwift of foot. At the bat- tle of Gibeon he fo obftinately pur- lued Abner, that he obliged that general to kill him. Joab after- ward refented this llaughter in the murder of Abner^ 2 Sam. ii. 18, 19. and iii. 26, 27. ASAPH. His anceftors, reckon- ing upwards, were Beraclnah, Shi- mea, Michael, Baafeiah, Malchiah, Ethni, Zerab, Adaiali, Ethan, Zinv mahjShimei, Jahath,Gerihom>Levi; his fons were Zaccar, Jofeph, Ne- thaniah, and Afarelah. He was one of the three principal fingers, and his children conftituted the 3d, 1ft, 5th, and 7th clals of the temple mu- llcians, i Chron. vi. ^^9, — 4;. and XXV. 2, 9, — 14. It feems their fta- tion was on ;he Ibuth fide of the brazen alrar. The 50th, 73d, and ten following pfaims are afcribed to Afaph ; but it is certain he could not compofe them all, as fundry of them relate to latter times. Perhaps their title means no more, but that they were chiefly fung by his po- fterity. AS'CEND, to rife higher in place or dignity; to go or climb upV/ards, Jofli. vi. 5. God's efience being every where prefent, is Incapable of motion ; his afcent can therefore mean no more than tbe upward mo- tion or departure of fome vifible to- ken of his prefence. Gen. xxxv. I2. Chrift's afcendmg to Jerufalcm, \vnJ ports his going to a city high in ho- nour and fituation, Luke xix. 2S. His afceuding into heave?!, while he continued in his debafed eftate, de- notes his perfe, Ifa. xliv. 14. ASHAMED, filled or covered vi'iih SHAME. Tvwihop! makcth not ajhamed, as it never Will be diiap- pointcd of what good it expe<^ls ; and has the love of God flied a- broad in the heart as an fearneft thereof, Rom. v. 5. ASHDOD, or AzoTus, a ftrong city of the fouth-eaft coaft of the Mediterranean fea, abolit 25 miles, or, according to Dlodorus, 34 north of Gaza, 13 or i4fouth of likron, and 34 welt of Jenifalem. It w^s the property of the tribe of fudah, Joih. XV. 47; btlt the Philistines either rttained or retook it. Here, Hood the famous temple of Da con. Here the captive ark of God was firlt brought, and broke to pieces that idol, and plagued the inhabi- tants, 1 Sam. V. I, — 6. Uzziah de- moliflied the walls of this place, and b'uilt fome adjacent forts to com- mand it, 2 Chron. xxvi. 6. Tar^ tan tlie AfTyrian general took it by force, and it feems put a ftrong gar? tifon into it, who held out 29 year^ againft the fiegc of Pfammiticusking ot Egypt, Ifa. XX. i. Nebuchadne^ zar's troops topic and terribly mtit* O ASH C io6 ] ASH ge(i it. Alexander and the Greek's forces did the fame. Jonathan, the JewHh Maccabee, burnt it and the temple of Dagon to afhes ; but it was rebuilt. Here Pliilip the evan- gelifl early preached the gofpel ; and a Chriftian church continued till perhaps the ravage of the Sara- cens, Zeph. ii. 4. Zech. ix. 6. Acts vlii. 4, ASHER, the fon of Jicob by Zilpha his maid, and father of one of the Hebrew tribes. His chil- dren were Jimnah, Ifliua, likii, and feeriah, of whom fprung the Jim- iiites, Jeliiites, Beriites, and Serah their filter. Forty and" one thou- iand and five hundred of this trfbe of war came out of ?gypt, vmder the command of Pagiel the fon of Ocran. Their fpy, for fearching the promifed land, was Scthur the ion of Michael ; and their prince, for the divifion of it, was Ahihud the fon of Shelomi. Gen. xlvi. 1 7. i Chron. vii. 30. to 40. Numb. xxvi. 44. and i. 13, 40. and xiii. 13. and xxxiv. 27. They increafed in the "Wildernefs to 53,400, Numb. xxvi. 47, Their inheritance fell by lot in the N. W..cf Canaan, where the foil was extremely fertile, and the mines plentiful ; but, throitgh faintnefs and cowardice, they fuffered the Canaan- jtes to retain the cities of Zidon, Ahiab, Achzib, Helbon, Aphek, and Rehob, Gen. xlix. 20. t)cut. xxxiii. 24, 25. Jofh. xix. 24, — 31. Judg. i. 31, 32. This tribe was one of the fix who echoed amen to the curfes from mount fbaI. They tamely fubmitted to the oppreffion of Jabrn king of Canaan ; and fome time after aflirted Cideon in his purfuit of the Mldianites; Judg. v. 17. and vii. 16, 23. Forty thou- fand of them, all expert warriors, attended at David's coronation to be king over Ifrael. Laanah the fon -of Hufliai, was their deputy gover- nor under Solomon; divers of them joined in HtzekiaU's reformaticnp 1 Chron. xii. 36. i Kings i». I^ 2 Chron. xxx. 11. ASHES, the remains of burnt fuel, Lev. vi. 10. Man is compared to duft and aJl?ei,\.o denote his mean- nefs, infignificancy, vilenefs, and readinefs to be eafily blown from off the earth. Gen. xviii. 27. To be covened ujith ,ajhes, to eat aJhsSf to heconie aJJ?cs, and to be aj}?cs nn» dir the joles of the feet , is to be re- duced to a poor, contemptible, dif- trefled, and ruinous condition. Lam. iii. 16. Pfal. cii. 9. Job xxx. 19. Mai. iv. 3. To caj} aj}}es on the head, to fpread afljes under one, or wallow in dufl and afhes, imports great humiliation and grief, 2 Sam. xiii. 19. 1 fa. Iviii. 5. and Ixi. 3. Jer.. vi. 26. Trufting in idols is called a feeding on ajhesy to mark how vain, bafe, vile, fliamefnl, and deflru^livc it is, Ifa. xliv. 20. ASHIMA, an idol of the Hama- tliite Samaritans. Whether it was the fame with the /ifhemath of Sa- maria by which the Ifraelites fwore, Amosviii. 14.; or the Sham aim, or heavens ; or whether it was an idol fliaped as a lion, and fignifying the fun ; or as a naked goat, or ape, we are abfolutely uncertain, 2 Kings xvii. 30. ASKENAZ, the eldeft fon of GoMER. Probably the AfcanteS;^ who dwelt about the Pains Maeotis; and the ancient Germans, if not alfo part of the Phrygians, were defcend- ed from him. Gen. x. 3. i Chron. i. 6. ASHPENAZ, thegovemor of Ne- buchadnezzar's eunuchs : he chan- ged the name of Daniel and his three companions, into fuch as imported relation to the Chaldean idols. He was afraid to allow thefe Jews to live onpulfe, left their leannefsfhould difcover it, and offend the king at him : but Melzar his inferior fie- ward allowed them, Dan. i. 3, — 1 7. ASHTAROTH, Ashtoreth, w As TART E, a famed goddefsof the i ASU C »o7 ] ASI Zidonians. Her name, in the Syriac language, lignifies ews luhjl- teats ar,: full of milk : or it may come from AS HERA, a grove ; a blefcd one. It may lit- in the plural number, becanfe the Plienicians hat! I'luidry flie dcilifs. The I'iienicians about Carthage rec- koned Afhtaroth the I'anic as Juno oi the Romans: otiicrs will have her to have been the wife of Ham the fa- ther of the Canaanitcs. Lncian thinks, and I fuppofe very julUy, tliat the moon, or queen of heaven, was wor- shipped under thisname. Cicero calls her the 4th Venus of Syria. The Phenician priefts affirmed to Lncian, that Ihe was Europa, the daughter of their king Agenor, whom Jupiter carried off by force ; anil who was deified by her father's ful>)ec^s, to comfort liim for his lofs. Perhaps {he is the Aeftar or Eo/tre of the Saxons, from whom our term of Eafler is derived ; and not far dif- ferent from the BriiiOi goddefs An- ■drafle. She is varioufly reprcfcnted; fomellmes in a long, fomciimes in 3. fhort habit; fometimes as holding a long Hick with a crofs at the top : fometimes fhe is crowned with rays; at other times with a bull's liead, whofe horns, according to Sancho- niatho, were emblems of the new moon. Her temple at Aphek in Lebanon was an horrible fink of the moll be- ftial lewdnefs; becaufe there, it was pretended, Venus had her lirft intcr- eourfe with her beloved Adonis, or Tammuz. She was probably wor- shipped by the Amorites in the days of Abraham ; and gave name to Anuaroth-karnaim, /. e. the Afhta- roth with two horns, Gen. xiv. 5. Soon after the death of Jofhua, the Ifraelites began to xdore her; and in all their relapfes into idolatry, as under Jephthah, Eli, and Solomon, &c. fhe was one of their idols. Je- zebel the wife of Ahab fettled her worfhip in all the Ihocking abomi- laa^ionsthertof among the ten tribes; and appointed four hundred pricft* for her fcrvice. Under ManaflLlj and Amon, flic was with great pomp and care adored in Judali ; and the women wrought liangings for her refidcncc. The remnant of the Jews left with Gedaliah, obdinately clave to her worfhip; pretcnding^tliat their forfakingof it under Johuli had been the caulc of all their fnbleijnent dif- aflers. Judg. ii. 1 3. and x. 6, 1 Kings xi. 5. and xviii. 19. 2 Kings xxiii. 4, 13. Jer. xliv. ASHTAROTH-Karnaim, aci- ty belonging to the half-tribe of Ma- naffeh, eaftward of Jordan. It was about fix miles from Jidrei, Here Chedorlaomer finotc the gigantic Rephaims : here was the refidence of Og kingof Bafliun; Gen. xiv. 5. Dent. i. 4. Cut the place is long ago dwindled into a petty village, called Karnion or Karnia. ASMUR. (i.) The fon of Shem, and father of the Assyrians. (2.) Afhur fometimes denotes Affyria, Numb. xxiv. 22, 24. Hof. xiv. 3. When I co-nflder that Eupolcmus lays, that David conquered the Af- fyrians in Galadene or Gilead; that Ifliboflieth was made king over the Afliurites in Gilead; that Afluir was in the alliance witli the Ammonites and Moabites againll Jeholliaphat ; that tlie Alhurini made benclics of ivory to the Tyrians, 2 Sam. ii. 9. Pfal. Ixxxiii. 8. Ezek. Kxvii. 6. ; I caimot but think a colony of AfTy- rians had fettled in Arabia-Deferta, perhaps about the time of Cufhan- rilhathaim. ASIA. ( 1 . ) One of the four great divifions of the earth. (2.) Lefler Aha, Natolia, or the Levant, lying between the Hellef])ont and Euxine fca on the north, and the caft end of the Mediterranean fea on the fonth. It was about 600 miles in length, and 320 in breadth, and con- tained the provinces of Mylia, Ly- dia, Ionia, and Caria on the welt; on the ealt of thcfe, Bithynia, Pliry* O ? ASI [ 108 ] ASK gia, Pifidia, Pamphylia, Lycia; eaft- ward of thele were Paphlagonia, Galatia, and Lycaonia ; on the eaft pf which were Fbntus and Cappa- docia. (5.) Proper Afia, which A^■ italus bequeathed to the Romans. It comprehended Phrygia, Mylia, Ca- jria, and Lydia. Asia is perhaps always ufed in this fenfe in the New Teftament. Here the feven famed churches ftood, A6ls xvi. 6. Rev. i. II. Here Paul, in his firfi journey northward,wasdivinelyforbiddento preach the gofpcl; and here a great part of the profefTed Chrifti^ns, by jneans of falfe apoftles, conceived a diflike at him while he lay prifoner at Rome, A6ls xvi. 6. 2 Tim. i. 15. Leller Afia, Lydia perhaps ex^ tepted, was originally peopled by the offspring of Japheth; and an- ciently parcelled out into a great many fmall fovereignties; the king- doms of Troas, Lydia, Pontus, Cap- padocia, and the Grecian ftates^Vere the moft noted. They do not ap- pear to have been reduced by tlje Affyrizn or Chaldean conquerors ; but, no doubt, part of the others ■were fubjecSt to the Lydians in their flourilhing llate. The Perfians ex- tended tjieir power over the great- er part of it, which made it a fcene of difputes between them and the Greeks. About 530 years before our Saviour's birth, the Greeks uri* der Alexander made themfelves ma- ilers of the whole of it. It next fell under the Bonians, and partly con- tinued/b, till the Saracens and Turks wrefted it from the emperors of the ealt. For 500 years part: it hath been wholly fubjedl to the Ottoman Turks, by whofe ravage and ty- ranny this once fo glorious country |s reduced to a comparative defart, noted for almcrfl nothing but ancient ruins. No doubt this country Was one of |:hcfe denominated in ancient pre- 3i6licns, The ijles of the fea ; and iere Cfari(lian^ry was altnoft^niVer" fally planted in the apoflolic age } here, for a long time, were fliourifh- jng churches ; and here the famed councils of Nice, Ephcfus, Chalce- don, &c. were held. The ravages of the Arabians or Saracens began in the feventh, and continued in the three fubfequent centuries ; tlie con- quelts of the Seljukian Turks in the II th ; and not long after the marches of the Croifades, and at lafl tlie en- flaving power of the Ottoman Turks, rendered their church-ftate exceed- ing deplorable. At prefent, they have a numberof bifhops ; butthel* in a very poor and wretched condi- tion, Ifa. jclii. 4, 10. Zeph. ii. 11. ASIDE, (i.) To another parta^ fprne diftance, 2 Kings iv. 4. Matth. vii. 33. (2.) Fropi off one, John xiii. 4. Heb. xji. i. (3.) Out of the proper way, or from the right courfei of obedience to God, and of pro» moting our own true happinefs, Jer. XV. 5. Pfal. xiv. 3. ASK. (i.) To enquire. Gen, xxxii. 29. (2.) To demand. Gen. xxxiv. 10. (3.) To feek counfel, Ifa. XXX. 2. ( 4. ) To pray for, John ?tv. 7. (5.) To accule, Plal. xxxv, 10, II. Chrirt's ajking of the Fa- ther, imports his wiUingnefs and de- fire to enjoy eternal life and glory in his manhood ; and to a multi- tude of happy fubje6ls under him, as King in Zion ; and his pleading in our nature for favours to thefe, as the due reward of his obedience unto death, Pfal. xxi. 4. and ii. 8. We ajk in Chrifl's name, and in faith f when, by the help of his Spi- rit, and in a believing dependence on his perfon, righteoufnefs, and in- terceflion, we, in obedience to his command, plead for, and firmly ex- pe6l, whatever he hath promifed in his word, fuited to pur need, and capacity of enjoyment, John xiv. 13. Jam. i. 6. We aJk amifs,vfhen we pray for what God has neither commanded nor promifed ; when we requeft any thing in an igno- ASN [ J09 3 ASS rant, carelefs, unbelieving manner ; or I'ttk it to anlwer fome unwor- thy and linful end. Jam. iv. ]?. The nation that ejked Hot for Clnilt, and were not called by his n^me, are the Gentiles, who, under the Old Tcflamcnt, were deititiiie of the knowledge of Chrift, void of defire after him, and i7ade no profclfion of regard to him, Ifa- Ixv. I. We ajk the beufisjcwlsyfijhes, attd larth, that they 7nay declare u?ito u:, wljcn wc eainelHy obierve how the di- vine power, wildom, and goodnefs, are inanitcfled in their creation, prefervaiion, and government, Job xii. 7, 8. ASKELON, a capital city of the Philiftines on the coaftof the Medi- terranean fca, about i6 miles north of Gaza, and 9 Ibuth of Afhdod, and about 40 welt of Jerufalem. It was anciently famed for its fine wines, and other fruits ; and for its temple and fifli-pond, facred to the goddefs Derceto. It was the flrongeft city belonging to the Philiftines ; but, a- long with Gaza and Kkron, was "wrefted from them by the tribe of Judah : under fome of the Judges the Philillines recovered it, Judg. i. 18. and xiv. 19. It was taken and plundered by the AfTyrians ; de- itroyed by the Chaldeans ; rebuilt and taken by Alexander and the Greeks ; and afterward by the Jew- ifh Maccabees, Amos i. 8. Jer. xlvii. 5, — 7. Zech.'ix. 5. Here a Chriitian church was planted Toon after our Saviour's afcenfion, and continued for fuiulry ages. Now, the place is fcarce worthy of notice. ASLEEP. (1.) Taking reft in natural sleep, John i. 5. (2.) Dead, A empire, Chinaladan was fo terrified with the alliance between Aftyages the Mede, and Nabopo- lafTarthe Chaldean; againfthim, that lie defperately burnt his palace on kiaiielf. After his death, the kyig- dom languifned about 25 years more| and at laft was utterly overturned, and Nineveh deftroyed by Cyaxa- res the Mede, and Nebuchadnezzaf the Chaldean, yf. M. 3403. 2 Kings XV. to xix. 2 Chron. xxxi. xxxii, and xxxiii. 11. Ifa. v. 26,-^30. viii. X. xxxiii. xxxvi. xxxvii. and xvli. 12, — 14. Nah. i. to iii. Zeph. iii. 13, — 15. Ezek. xxxi. The great Uflier, RoUin, and othets, will have Nineveh to have been de- ftroyed under one Sardanapul the fon of Pul, by Arbaces the Mede, and Belefis the Chaldean. But how improbable is it, that the Affyrian empire (hould be then deftroyed, and yet the very next Alfyrian king be a more noted conqueror than ever Pul was ? Befides, no ancient au- thor mentions a double deftruc^Iori of Mineveh; and the relations of its deftrudtion, though by different au- thors, referred to different times, and placed under kings of a different! name, are fo fimilar, that we cannot but fuppofe they relate to the famd event. Affyria fell Jinder the po-ix^ef of the Chaldeans ; and froln them it pafied to the Perfisni. Here, at Arbela, the Greeks gave the finilhing ftroke to the Perfian empire, Numb. xxiv. 24. It has fmce fucceflively belonged to the Romans, Partluans, Perfians, Sa- I'aceris, Tui-ks ; and at prefent is an almoft ufelefs part of the Perfian empire; famed, as far as I know, for" almoft nothing but the robberies of the Curds, who have, for many ages paft, inhabited its mountsiinotis partjf. In the early ages of Chriftianity, there was here a Chriftian church j but little more of that kind need be expelled till the glorious Millenni- um, Ifa. xix. 23, — 25. ASTONIED, or astonished^ in the Old Teftament, generally im- ports to be filled with wonder, min- gled with perplexity, fear, and trou- ble, E^a ix. 3. In the New, it ge- nerally figniiies to be fiUed with de- ATH [ 113 ] A T II lightful wonder ami amazement, Mattli. ix. 28. ASTRAY ; away from one's pro- per place or path. Wlien applied to moral condiici, it figiiifics to wander from one's proper path of duty and^ happinel's, Pfal.cxix. 176, 1'rov.v. 2^. ASTROLOGERS; fiich as by obiervatiou of the flars and (ky, and calculations relative thereto, protend to forctel future events: they were famous among the Heathens, chiefly at Babylon, Ifa. xlvii. 13. L*an. i. 20. c'vC. A'l'AD, was probably a noted Canaanite, and had a thrtlliing-floor at Abel-Mizraim. ATHALIAH, the grand-daugh- ter of Omri, daughter of Ahab, and wife of Jehoram king of Judah. She was extremely wicked herfell, and feduced her hufliand and fon Ahaziah, to follow the idolatrous courfes of her father, 2 Kings viii. 18, 26. 2 Chron. xxi. 6. 13. and j;xii. 34. Informed that Jehu had Ilain her fon, and 70 oiliers of the royal family of Judah, probably ma- ny of them her grand-children, flie afl'umed the government ; and, to fe- cure it for herfclf, cut oif all the re- mahider of the fctd-royal, except Joafh her infant-grandchild, who was carried off by his aunt, and hid- den fix years in fome apartment belonging to the temple ; during which time Athaliah governed the Jews, and promoted the vileft ido- latry with all her might. In the fcventh year, Jelioiada the high prieft, engaging the leading men of the kingdom in his interell, produced the young prince in a pu- blic alicmbly, in the court of the temple : lie car.fed the people take an oath of fidelity to him ; and en- gaged both them and their king to lerve the Lord. Arming the Lc- vites and other friends witii wea- pons rcpofited in the temple, he ap- pointed one part of ihcm to guard ihc royal pcrfon; the red to leture ■ Vol, L the gates of the facred courts : next lie brought fcjrlh llie young jninte, ])Ut ilic crow n on his head, anointed him with oil, and by I'ouud of tiaini- pct, attended with the ihcuis of the })opuIace, proclaimed hi.ii ling. A- larmcd with the noile, Athaliah ran to the temple to Ite what had haji- pcned : Ihockcd with the fi^ht of the king on his throne, llie rent htr doaths, and cried, Trcirfvii, trctifoi:. At Jehoiada's orders, the guard di- recHly carried her out of the courts, and Hew her at the liable-gate of the palace, J. M. 3126. 2 Kings xi. 2 Chron. xxiii. ATtlENS, a celebrated city of Greece, about 35 miles eallward from Corinth, fituate in a very de- lightful plain. It is faid to have been built 15S0 years beioi'e our Sa- viour's birth, though that is proba- bly to carry its antiquity too high by fome hundreds of years. The inha- bitants were anciently famed for learning, wealth, and numerous con- quers : they are faid to have plant- ed forty colonics in different parts of the world. They were govern- ed by kings of the family ol Cecrops, their Egyptian ioundc. , for 1 7 gene- rations, or 487 years. They were governed about 472 years more by Archons, perpetual and annual, be- fore they fettled into a common- wealth, about A. ]\I. 3412. — This city produced Solon, Socrates, Ari- ftides, and other famed philofophers; DemoAhenes, and a vail nnmbcr o£ other renowned orators ; Miltiadcs, Cimon, Themiilocles, Alcibiades, Phocion, and a great many other illullrious gcneraLi. The unhappl- ncfs was, that envy made it danger- ous to excel, where the populace had fo much power. The terrible druggies of this (fate with the Per- fians,the Lacedemonians, and others, often brougln it to the brink of ruin. Twice the Perfians burnt it to allies; though in the end, they paid dear for tlieir labour. ATO [ 114 ] ATT About ^. M. 366S, the Athenians were fubje^ted to the Macedonians by Alexander. About 87 years be- fore Chrift their city was tahen by Sylla, and the moft of the inhabi- tants put to the fword, and the place made fubje^St to the Romans. In the 4th and 5th centuries of Chrifti- anity, it was pillaged by the Goths, and a great part of it reduced to ruins. Since 1455, it hath been aJ- moft perpetually under the llavery of the l-urks ; and at prefent hatla about .eight or ten thouland inhabi- tants ; and is fcarce noted for any thing but the wit of the people, and the numerous remains of auti- <]uity. Amidft all their pretences to learn - ing, the ancient Athenians were ex- ceedingly given to the moft vain cu- riofity, and the groffeft idolatry. Be- fide their regard to the Grecian gods, v/hich Heiiod and Varro rec- kon at 30,000, it (eems they ere^led altars in their fields to the unknown gods, that they might be fure to fail in their duty to none. Here Paul preached the gofpel, and difputed with their philofcphers. ' But his fuccefs was i'.ial! : his ienfible re- monftranee before the court of Are- opagus, at leaft in the place where it met, converted Dionyfiusj one of the judges. Ke, and a lady called Damans, and fome otkers, were the firft-fruits of a Chriftian church, which hath continued to this day, three parts of the inhabitants being Chriftians, and have a bilhop at their head, Acts xvii. 16,-34. 1 Theff. iii. I. ATHIRST. (i.) Earneftly de- Crous of refrefhful liquor to drink, Judg. XV. 18. (2.) Defirous of hap- piiX'fs, Rev. xxi. 6. and xxii. 17. ATONEjMENT, or Propitia- tion , a pr t ', ■ : ition of God's juftice, by giving him a ranfom to balance the offence done to iiim by P.n. The Hebrew word rendered aiojttment fignifjes covering; and intimates, that our offences are, by a proper atone« ment, covered from the avenging juftice of God. The atonement? made by the ceremonial offerings, did not really appeafe the divine ju- ffice for offences, but only fecured a- gainft the impending temporal pii- nilhment ; and typified the fatisfac* tion of Jefus Chrift, which fufficient- ly balances our moft heinous crimes, Exod, xxix. 36. and on that account is called the propitiation, Rom. iii. 25. and V. II. I John ii. 2. ATTAIN; (l.) To receive; get pofTeflion of; come to, Pfai. cxxxix. 6. Ezek. xlvi. 7. A6ls xxvii. 12. (2.) To be equal to, 2 Sam. xxiii. 19. To attain righteoiifnefs, is to get Jefus' obedience and death imputed to our confcience, have his grace im- planted in our foul, and be holy in all manner of converfation, Rom. ix. 30. To attain to good doBrine, is to underftand, embrace, and feel the power of it, Rom. iv. 6. To attain to the refiirreClion frojn the dead^ is to partake fully of the quickening, ju- ftifying, fanclifying, and comforting virtue of Chrift' s refurre<5f;ion ; and fhare the happinefs beftowed on the faints at theirs, Philip, iii. 12. ATTALIA, now Sattalia, a city of Pamphylia, fituate on a fair bay of the Mediterranean fea ; or a city of Lycia ; both of which were probably founded by Attains king of Pergamus. Here Paul and Barna* bas preached the gofpel, about 16 or I 7 years after our Saviour's death, Atfts xiv. 25.; but we read no more of its Chriflianity, fave that the in- habitants had a bifliop in the 5th and ' 6th centuries. ATTEND; (i.) To hear with great care. Job xxxii. 12. (2.) To apply the mind earnetlly to a thing, Adts xvi. 14. (3.) To wait upon one, as ready to hear or obey or- ders, Efth. iv. 5. God's attenthn to our prayers, imports his graciouf- ly regarding and accepting them for Chrift's lake, ^d his ipeedy gr^ntr AVE [ 115 ] AUG ing of what we requeft, Pfal. xvii. I. and cxxx. 2. ATTIRE, cloathiiig, chiefly what is fine, Iplenciid, and gay, Jer. ii. 32. ^/)e attire- ofan harlot, is that which, In its form or manner of putting on, tempts beholders to lufpect the wear- er unchalle ; or is calcuhited to awa- ken improper thoughts or defires, Prov. vii. 10. To AVAIL ; to be for ufe, plca- fure, profit, honour : thus neither circumcKion nor uucircumcifion, but a new creature, a new Itale of union witli Chrilt, and likcnefs to him, availeth any thing towards the pre- Tent or future happinefs of our 'oul, Gal. vi. 15. J^ AUDlEN(?fc, hearing, Gen. xxiii. AVEN, On, Bethshkmish, or Heliopolis, the city of the fun ', a city of Egypt, almod ftraight wcltward from the north point of the f<.ed Sea, and eaihvard from the Nile, about a day's journey ibnth-eaft of the Egyptian Babylon, and the ca- pital of a nonie or county. Here were worfhipped fundry images of the ilm ; and oxen were dedicated to him and the moon. Here, or at another city of the fame name, a fa- med mirror was fo placed as to en- lighten a temple all the day long, with the folar rays which it collect- ed and refra(5led. This city, (land- ing at the entrance of Egypt from the eafl, was expofed to frequent difafters. Nebuchadnezzar's troops murdered molt of the inhabitants able to bear arms, and brake the images to pieces. Probably Cam- byfes ufed it no better, Ezek. xxx. 17. Jer. xliii. 13. 2. AvEN, a plain in Syria. It feems to be the fame witli tliat of Baal-beck, or valley of Baal, where was a magnificent temple dedicated to the fun ; and is called the valley ffLibanon, Amos i. 5. Jo(h. xi. 17. It lies between Lebanon and Anti- llbanus, and is a part or the whole of Cxlofyria, one of the mofl plca- fant and fertile fiMits in the earth. About thirty miks north of Damaf- cus ftands Baal-betk, tlie ru:*is of whole temple is, to this day, the wonder of every beholder. 3. Bethel is called AvEN, or Beth AVEN, becatjfeof the idolatry and other wickednels there commit- ted, Hof. X. 8. and v. 8. AVENGE ; to punilh an affront or injury. Lev. xix. l8. It is not tlie perfon punilhcd, but he lliat re- ceived the injury, that is laid to be avi>!£cd. Numb. xxxi. 2, 3. God has a Ibvereign, and magiftrates a fubordinate, power and right to a- venge injuric?;, Pfal. xciv. i. He who profecnte the man-llayer un- der the law, was caDed tht avenger of bleed, and had right to Hay him, if he found him witliout the city of refuge. In fuch manner Jcliis takes vengeance on all that injure his peo- ple, if they flee not to hinifelt as their refuge, JoOi. xx. 5, 9. AUGMENT; to mal-.e greater. We augment the fierce anger oj the Lord, by linning more and niore, and thus provoking him to increafe our punilhment. Numb, xxxii. 14. AUGUSTUS Cesar, the fecond emperor of Rome. He fucceeded his uncle Julius, A. M. ^96 5. After being partner with ^ ark Antony, he defeated him at the battle of Ac- tium, A. M. 3975, and alfumed the fole fovereignty. No fooner had he eftablillied univerfal peace and order in his vail empire, than he appointed all his fnbjedls, and the value of ihcir property, to be en- rolled in the public records, that he might perftdlly know what fubjects he hnd fit for war, or othcrwiie ; and what tax might be reafonably impojed, He made three fuch en- rolments : the fecond was begun a- bout fcven years before our Savi- our's birth, and was not then finilli- ed, but was the occalion oi hi? mo- ther and fuppcfed father's journey P2 AUS [ ri5 ] AW A f9 Betlileliem, at the very inftant of his nativity, Luke ii. l, — 6. ; al- though no tax was drawn till fun- dry years after: To relate this em- peror's wars with Brutus, Cafliu?, and other enemies of his uncle ; his wars with Antony, with the Spa- niards, Rhetians, Parthians, and A- rabs ; to mention his friendfliip to Herod the Great, and to the Jews t)f Egypt and Cyrenc ; or his fort- ing of the Sybilline books, and de- flroying whatever he thought forged and corrupted, is fcarce to our pre- fent purpofe. His mild government made happy a great part of the known worldj and almofh extirpa- ted the Romans prejudice againft abfoktte monarchy. But the whore- doms of his daMghter Jnha, and her children^ and other family-diforders, rendered his life a burden to himfelf. At lafl, after declaring Tiberius his fucceifor, and tendering him a number of excellent inftru6tions, he caufed himfelf to be drefled as a itage-player, and then aiked his friends, if he had aiFted hi^ part well. He no fooner heard that he had, than he expired in the arms of Li- via his beloved wife, in the 75th year of his age, 56th of his reign, and T5th after our Saviour's birth. AVIIVl. See Hivites. AVITES, a tribe of the Samari- tans, which came from Avah, or I- vah, which we fuppofe to have been fomewhere on the north weft of Chaldea, and was deftroyed by Sen- nacherib: they worlhipped the idols Nibhaz and Jartak, 2 Kings xvii. 24, 31. Ifa. XXX vii. 13. AVOUCH, fokmnly to choofe, and avow our inter e It in, Deut. xxvii. 17, iS. AVOID ; to iluin ; to keep far off; to withdraw from, Prov. iv. 1 J. 1 Sam. xviii. 1 1. AUSTERE, of a ftern and dif- maying countenance; churlilh; gree- dy; cruel; hard; unrcafonable, Luke xix. 21. AUTHOR, the firft inventor ot maker of any thing. God is %he author of peace : he requires it by his law ; dirc6f s how to attain or maintain it : he promiles it in his word, and beJtows it by his Spirit, I Cor. xiv. 33. Chriil hth.^ author oj faith, life, and falvntion : he devi- fed, he piirchafed, promifes, offers, elFefts, maintains, and perfei5ls cur faith, life, and falvation, Heb. xii. 2. and V. 9. At^s iii. 15. AUTHORITY, (i.) Power, RULE, dignity, Prov. xxix. 2. (2.) Majefty and efficacy, tending to a- waken the confcience, and gain the heart, Matth. vii. 29. (3.) A war- rant, order, or permiljion from a fu- perior, Matth. xxi. 25; AcT;six. 14. To AWAKE ; ( I.) To roufe one's felf or another from natural deep, Gen. xxviii. 16. i Kings xviii. 27- (2.)Tobeftirone's felf, Judg. v. 12. (3.) To raife, or arife from death natural or fpiritual, John xi. 11. Job xiv. 12. God awakes to the judg- ment he hath cojmnanded, when lie openly and eminently difplays liis power and other perfections in pu- nifhing his enemies, and refcuing his people, Pfal. vii. 6. His fword of Juftice awaked, when terribly dif- played in full execution of the ven- geance due to our fin, on Chrift, Zech. xiii. 7. Chv\^ is awaked before he pteafe, when any thing is done to diiiurb or interrupt his lienfible fel- lowfliip with his people, Song ii. 7. and iii. 5. and viii. 4. The north wind awakes, ajid blows on our gar- den, when the Holy Ghoft power- fully convinceth our confcience, and that of others in the church, Song iv. 16. ; but fome underftand it of the cealing of trouble. We awake out of thefnare of the devil, awake be- caufe our falvation is near, awake that Chrijl vtay give 7ts light, awake to righteonfnefs, when, confcious of our danger and an approaching eter- nity, we Ihake oiFour fpiritual floth and unconcern, and with great ear- AZ A [ ii7 ] AZ A neftnefs ftudy to know and receive jeliis Chrilt and his rigliteouliiels ; and in his fhcngth to follow holi- ness in all manner otconvcrfaiion, 2 Tim. ii. f 26, Rom. xiii. II. Eph. y. 14. I Cor. XV. 94. AWARE, taking notice, Luke xi. 44. AWAY, at a diftance, 2 Chron. XXXV. 23. It lignifies alio dctelta- tion, and delire to have one cut ofF, John xix. I J. God could not away •with the Jewilh ?ie'w moons , fabbaths, and calling oj a^'evtblies^ when lie dilrcliihed, or detefted, them on ac- count of the wickednels oi the ob- lervers, and the carnal, hypocritical, and wicked manner of oblervaiion, Ifa. i. 13. Awe, reverential impreflion.of fear, Pfal. xxxiii. 8. An awe of God's greatnefs, power, jultice, ho- lincfs, and mercy, and of tLcrnal things, deters and difliiades one from linning, Pi'al. iv. 4. AWL, a fniall boring inftrunient ufcdby flioemakersan J others, Exod. xxi. 6. AX, a (harp inftrument for cut- ting or hewing of wood, Dent. xix. 5. The Affyrians and Chaldeans are likened to ati ax j by them God cut down, dellroyed, and Scattered the nations around, Ifa. x. 15. Jer. 1. 21. The ax was laid to the root of the tree with the Jews. In Chrift's time the dellrud:ive judgments of God were ready to be executed on ihcii- church and flate, if they did not fpeedily receive Chrift., repent of tlieir fni, and bring forth good works, Matth. iii. 10. AZARIAH. See Ahaziah. (2 ) AZARIAH,orUzziAHking of Judah. At 16 years of age he fucceedcd his father Aniaziah, ^/. M. 3194, and reigned 52 years: his mo- ther's name was Jecholiah. His per- fonal behaviour was right before God, blithe ncglecled todemolilh tlie high places, or reflrain the people fr»m facrificing therein. In the Iwft part of his reign he was extremely faccclsfiil : he terribly mauled the Fhilif lines, brake down the walls of Gath, Jabnch and Aflidod, and built forts for himlelf in their country : he routed the Arabs of Gurbaal, and the Mehunims, both which, I iup- pofe, dwelt on the fouth-welt of Ca- naan ; and fpread his terror to th« entrance of Egypt. The Ammon- ites, though at a confiderable dif- tance ealtward, were glad to couit his favour v.'ith prcfents. His army amounted to 310,000, 26ooof whieii were v;diant commanders; and Jciel, Maalciah, and Haiiar.iah were chief generals. He built a vafl: many forts: he fortified his cities ; and furnifhed his army with lliields, fpears, hel- mets, harbergeons, bows and flings. He cauied his artificers make for him curious engines, to throw huge flones to a great diflance, and to Ihoot arrows with uncommon force. Mean while, by his example, he en- couraged every kind of hulbandry. While the pious Zechariah con- tinued hiscounfellor, Uzziah's con- du(5f was regular : but, after his death, his prolperity rendering him proud, he rufiied into the temple to burn incenfe. Azariah the higli- prieft boldly checked him, and told him, that his unhallowed attempt to burn incenfe lliould iilue to his fliame. While Uzziah flood enra- ged here at, the leprofy began to appear in his forehead : the priells thrufl liiin direClly from the temple-, nay, himfelf halted to get out. He continued a leper till he died, dwell- ing in a leparate honfe, and his fon Jotham managed tlie affairs of the kingdom, 2 Kings xv. aChron.xxvi. Jolephus \N ill have the great earth- quake to have liappeiied that mo- ment in which Uzziah was ftruck with the leprofy : nothing can be more evidently fall'e. The earth- quake happened two years after A- mos began to prophefy ; and confe- quently, during the reign of Jcru- AZ A [ ii8 ] AZ A boam, and in, or before, the 1 5th year of Uzziah, twelve years at leaft before Jotham was born, and about thirty before he was capable to govern the flate ; compare Amos i. I. 2 Kings xiv. 23. and xv. 33. (3.) AzARlAH,thefon of Oded, a prophet, who, after the defeat of the Cuftiites, remonftrated to Asa the low (late of religion, and that happinefs was only to be expelled in the way of ferving God ; and en- couraged him to proceed farther in reforming the kingdom: his admo- nition was obeyed, 2 Chron. xv. — Jehoshaphat had two fons of this name ; they and their brethren Je- heil, Zechariah, Michael, and She- phatiah were portioned out before their father's death ; but foon after murdered by Jehoram their elder brother, 2 Chron. xxi. 2, — 4, 13. We find four other princes of this name; two under Solomon, the one the fon of Nathan the prophet, i Kings iv. 2, 5, IS- — Another, who, along with Berechiah, Jehizkiah, and Amafa the fbn of Hadlai, at the in- ftigation of Oded the prophet, oppo- fed the bringing of the Jewifh cap- tives taken from Ahaz into Sama- ria: they reprefented the gltilt of the ten tribes to be already too great j and that the retaining of thefe cap- tives of their brethren would add to it. They got fuch of them, as need- ed, to be cloathed and fhod, and all of them fufficiently liipplied \vith viavid had a Nc- tophathite hero of this name ; and Solomon two noted governors ; the one the fou of Ahilud, David's fc- cretary, and the otlier the fon o( Hufhai, 2 Sam. xxiii. 29. i Kings iv. 12, t6. BAASHA, the fon cf Ahijah, not the Shilonite, was commander in rhief of the forces belonging to Na- dab, the Ion of Jeroboam the fon of ■ Vol. I. Nebat. In yl. M. qojr, he treac|i- eroufly murdered his malter and fa- mily, and uliuped his crown. He continued in the idolatrrtus and o- ther wicked courfes of his predecef- fors on the throne. Jelui the fon of Hanani, a prophet, was divinely ordered to tell him, that by the con- curring, tliough not approving, pro- vidence of God, he had got the crown ; but fincc he continued in tJie wicked ways of the familv, which God Iiadbecn provoked to de- liver into his hand, he and his houfe lliould, by and by, be extirpated in like manner, and tlicir unburied car- cafes given to the beafts to eat. Re- gardlefs of this heavenly warning, iJaaiha made war on Asa, and his kingdom of Judah ; took Ramah, a place fituate in a noted paflage be- tween tlieir kingdoms, and began to fortify it, that none of his pious fub- jeds might traniport themfelves out of his dominions to enjoy the piire worihipofGod. An invafionof Bcn- hadad and his Syrian troops from the north, diverted him from accom- plilhiug his projed; they fmote Ijon, l)an, Abel-bcth, Maach;di, Cinne- roth, and all the land of Naphtali. Alter fome years war with Afa, Ba- alha died a natural death, and was buried "m Tirzah his capital, and fucceeded by Elah his fon, i Kings XV. and xvi. BABE, a young infant, Luke i. 41. Weak and inlignificant perfons are called babes, becaufe of their ig- norance, folly, forwardnefs, rallmels, llupidity, Matth. xi. 25. Ifa. iii. 4. Rom. ii. 20. In commendation, believers are called babes, becaufe they live? on the pure miik of gof- pel truth ; and for their innocence, meeknefs, and hunilile fmceiity in faith, love, profcilion, obedience, I Pet. ii. 2. In difpraife, fome faints are called hub: 5, becaufe ot their wcaknefs in fpiritual knowledge, power, and experience ; and tor their llupiilirv, unte:uhablenefs, an^ Q BAB [ 122 ] BAB yeadinefs to be feduced by Satan, i Cor. iii. I. Heb. v. r^. BA.BF.L. I. A famous tower. About the time of Peleg's birth, in ^. M, 1 758, and 102 years after the flood, or perhaps later, the whole race of mankind, having gradually removed to the fouth-weft of Ara- rat, came to the plain of Shinar. Here, being all of one language and religion, they, perhaps at Nimrod's motion, agreed to ereft a tower cf prodigious extent and height. Their defign was not to fecurc thcmfelves againft a fecond deluge ; otherwife they had built their tower on a high mountain, not In a low valley ; but to get themfelves a famous charac- ter, and to prevent tlieir difperfion to repleniili the earth. No quarters they knew cf at hand, in tliat rich foil ; they therefore burnt bricks for ftone, and slime had they for mor- tar. Three years, it is faid, they prepared their materials, and 22 years they carried on their building. Their haughty and rebellious at- tempt difpleafed the Lord ; where- fore he, by a. miracle, confounded their language, that but few of them could undcri'tand one another. This effectually flopped the building, pro- cured itthe name of Babel, or con- fusion ; and obliged the offspring of Noah to difperie themfelves, and replcnifh the world. It is pretend- ed, that the family of Shem did not concur in ereding this flru^ture; but of this we have no certain evidence. V/hat became cf this tower we can- not determine ; about I loo years after its erection, Kercdotus faw a ftru»5ture at Babylon, confifting of 8 pwers, raifed one above another, and each 75 feet high ; above the highelt of wliich was built the tem- ple of Belus, the way to winch wind- ed about on the outfide, and was fo broad that carts could have palled each other ; but v/hether tliis was that mentioned by Mofes, or one t'lilt 01^ its fGundr.'Licn,T.-c know not. Modem travellers, who pretend t* have feen the ruins of this flrudlurej differ fo widly among themfelves, with refpedl to the fituationand de- fcription thereof, that we can hardly fay tliat any of them have feen the genuine ruins of the famed tower. 2., Babel, or Babylon, the capi- tal of Chaldea, was one of the mofl fplendid cities that ever exifted. Its form was an exact fquare built in a large plain ; its circumference 480 furlongs or 60 miles, 15 on each fide. The walls were in thicknefs 8 7 feet, in height 3 f o ; on which wei-e built 316 towers, or, according to others, 2 50, three between each gate, and fe- ven at each corner ; at leil where the adjacent morals reached not almofl to the wall. Thefe walls and towers were conftru£led of large bricks ce- mented with bitumen, a glutinous dime, which in that country ilfues out of the earth, and in a fliort time grows harder than the very bricks or If ones which it cements. With- out the wall the city was furround- ed by a ditch, filled with water, and lined with bricks on both fides. This behoved to be extremely deep and large, as the whole earth of which the bricks for building the walls were formed, was dug out of it. The gates were an hundred in all, 2S on each fide, and all of them of folid brafs. From thefe run 25 ftreets, crcffing one another at right angles, each 150 feet wide, and 15 miles in length.' A row of houles faced the wall on every fide, with a fireet of 200 feet between them and it. Thus the whole city was divi- ded into 6 76 fquares, each whereof was four furlongs and a half on c- very fide. All around thefe fquares flood the houfes fronting the Itreets, and the empty fpace within ferved for gardens, and other necelfary purpofes ; but it doth not appear that ail thefe fquares were ever wholly built and inhabited ; though, from Curtius' account of it, when Alex- BAB [ i23 ] BAB iander was there, we cannot fafcly infer what part might he inhabited in its meridian lultic, before Cyrus took it. A brancli, if not the whole current of the Euphrates, running through llie city from north to fouih, divided It into two parts. On each fide of Lhe river was a key and high wall of the fame thicknefs witli that of ilie city. In this, over againft every llrcet, were brazen gates, and from them a defcent by Iteps to the river. A magnificent bridge, of a furlong or more in length and 30 feet wide, joined the two parts of the ci|y iii the middle. To lay its foundation and raife banks, they turned off the river weftward into a prodigious lake which they had dug, of about 52 miles Iquare, and 35, or, accord- ing to Megallhenes, 75 feet deep. To prevent the Euphrates from en- damaging the city, when the mek- mg of the Armenian fnows fwelled it into an yearly overflow of its banks, part of the current was then diverted into this lake, and after- ward, on proper occafions, drawn forth to moiften the fields that lay below the level thereof. At the ealt end of this llately bridge flood the old palace, which took up four fquares, and was about four miles in circumference. Next to it Hood the magnificent temple of the god Bel or Belus, on the top of the tower above mentioned, and which took up one fquare. The riches o{ this temple, we read of, amounted to above 21 millions Sterling. Its flatues and velfels were all of nvdiTy gold. The ftatue of Jupiter Belus, probably that which Nebuchadnez- zar ercded in the plain of Dura, Dan. iii.; was 40 feet high, and weighed I coo Babylonian talents, or about three million^ and a halt of our mo- ney; two other flatues of female dei- ties were not much interior in mag- nitude or value. They had a golden itable before them of 40 feet long. and 1 5 broad. Here Nebuchadnez- zar depofited the facred furniture of the Jewifli tenjplc, and a great part of his other precious fpoils. At the well end of the l)iiclge flood the new palace,which took up about 9 fquares, and was 7 or 8 miles in circumfer- ence. On the walls of thefe palaces, an infinity of animjls were reprc- fented to the life ; and you entertJ by magniiicent gates of brats. A vault below the channel of the river afforded a fecrct commwnication be- twixt tlic two palaces. But nothing was more flupendous than the hanging gardens. To gra- tify his queen Amyite, with a refeni- blance of her native mountains of Media, cr to have a commanding profpe^t of the whole city, Nebir- chadnezzar built them in his nev/ palace. They contained a fquare of 400 feet on each tide, and confiO- ed of terraces, one above another, carried up to the height of the walls of the city ; the afcent from terrace to terrace being by tteps ten feet wide. The whole pile confuted of fubllantial arches upon arches, and was ftrengthcned withafurrounding wall of twenty-two ll-et thick. T'lie floors on each terrace were laid in this order : firfl, on the top of the arches was laid a bed or pavement of Hones, each fixteen feet long, and four bi-oad : over this, a layer of reed mixed with a great quantity of bitumen r over this, two couifes of brick clofely cemented with plallcr: over all thefe, were thick llieets of lead ; and on thefe, the earth or mould of the garden, fo deep, as to give fuflicient root to tlic largeil trees, with* a variety of other vege- tables pleafing to the eye. Upon the uppermott terrace was a rcfer- voir, fupplied by a certain engine, with water from the river, and iVom whence the gardens on the other ter- races were fupplied with nioillure. Nimrod, the firft king of Babylon, and perhaps in the world, is gene- (^2 Bab [ 124 ] BAB tally allowed to ha^'^e founded this City. Belus, who by fome is made cotemporary with Shamgar judge Cl Ifrael, and Queen Semiramis, are faid to have further enlarged and a- dorned it : but Nebuchadnezzar, or he and Nitocris his daughter-in-law, finifhed it, and made it one of the wonders of the world. The inh;ibi- tants of Babylon, and places adja- cent, were exceflively credulous, fu- pierftitious, lewd, and debauched; pa- rents and huftands expofed to fale the chaftity of their daughters and wives : their women fcarce retained the leaft iliadow of modefty ; expo- fmg themfelves quite naked in com- panies. They were bound, once in life, to proftitute themfelves to ftran- gers, in honour of their goddefs Suc- coth-benoth. Tlie other idols of the Babylonians were Bel, Nebo, She- Ihach, Nergal, Merodach, and the I'ire : and hence the idolatry, fo prevalent m every place, appears to have had fts origin. The Baby- lonians pretended to great {kill in aftrology, foothfaying, and magic, Dan. ii. 2. and iv. 7. and v. 7. Ila. xlvii. 12. From hence this pretend- ed fcience fpread into Canaan, Ifa. ii. 6. if not into Egypt. After the death of Nimrod, Amraphel the al- ly, if not the tributary, of Chedor- laomer, was king ot Shinar, where Babylon flood. Long after reign- ed Belus, whom we take to be the fame with Pul king of A/Iyria. He appears to have left Babylon to Baladan, Belefis, or Nabonaifar his younger fon ; and hence his fon Me- rodach, and other fucceflbrs, enjoy- ed their dominion, with the conni- vance of the elder branch of that fa- mily, who reigned in Aifyria, and extended their conquefts. Some however think, that Baladan was not the brother, btit a revolter from Tiglath-pilefer. About yl. M. 3323, Efarhaddon king of Affyria, either forits want of male-heirs, or byforce, fcxzed on tlac kingdom of Babylon. After he and his pollerity had re^ tained it about fixty years, Nabo- polafTar, perhaps a defcendant of Ba- ladan, revolted, and fet up for him- felf. He, along with Cyaxares the Mede, began the overthrow of the AfTyrian. empire, and his fon Nebu- chadnezzar completed, it. This lall carried the Babylonfan empire to its fummit of glory. His conquefts ex- tended from Media on the north- eaft, to Ethiopia beyond Egypt on the fouth-weft, comprehending the kingdoms of Allyria, Perfia, Syria, Phenicia, Canaan, North Arabia, Idumea, Egypt, &c. Jer. xxv. xxvii. xlvi. xlvii. xlviii. and xlix. After his death, the empire of Babylon began to dwindle into ruin. Evil-mero- d'ach his fon fucceededhim. Nerig- liflbror, a fon-in-law of Nebuchad- nezzar^ murdered him ; and he and his infant fon Laborofchard reigned a few years : the laft being nmr- dered, Belfiiazzar, the grandfon of Nebuchadnezzar by Evil-merodach, mounted. the thi-one ; under whom, after long war with the Medes and Perfians, Babylon was artfully takea by Cyrus ; terrible ravage and mur- der committed tliereln ; and the whole royal family ignominioufly cut off, A. M. 3468. About 1 5 years after, the Babylo- nians, enraged that the royal refi- dence was transferred to Shulhan ia Perfia, and for other grievances pre- tended or real, prepared to revolt : and after four years preparation a- voM'ed their rebellion. Darius Hy- ftafpes king of Perfia, with a migh* ty army, marched to reduce them, Trufting to their walls, they lliut themfelves up in their city, where they had amaifed great ftores of pro- vifion;. and that this might not be confumed by ufclefs mouths, they af- fembled their old people, their wives and children, and ftrangled every body unfit for arms, except one be- loved wife and a maid for every fa- mily. After Darius had without BAB t 125 j BAG fucccfb inverted the city, almoft two years, Zopyrus, one of his generals, cut off his own nofc, mangled his face, pretending lliat all this had been done to him by Darius' or- ders, for Ipeaking in favours of tlie Babylonians, he fled over to tlicm, and was readily admitted : he fo bit- terly inveighed againll the cruelty of Darius, that they made hfm cap- tain of fonie troops, and atlart gover- nor of their city. This, on the firft opportunity, he treacheroully furren- dcrcd to his maRcr; who, to reward his fuccefsful llratagem, loaded hiui with honour and wcidtli. Three thoufand of the principal revolters Were fcverely punilhed with impale- ment ; the walls of the city reduced to one third or one fourth of the former height ; and the bra/en gates earned olF. About 40 years after, Xerxes pillaged the temples, and dellroycd the idoh of Babylon. — When Alexander was here, about ^. M. 3672, Babylon was ftill large and wealthy, and he intended to re- flore it to its former fplendor, and make it the feat of his empire : but ioon after, Seleucus Nicator having drained about 500,000 perfons from it, to people his new city of Scleu- cia 40 miles northward, it gradual- ly dwindled into a dcfart. About y/. M. 3870, one of the Parthian kings cruelly ravaged it, and demo- liilicd part of it. In Curtius' time it was reduced to a fourth part. The river Euphrates, changing its courfe, turned part of it into a fen, or ftand- ing pool of water. About the time of our Saviour's death, it was quite defolate ; not 400 years after, it was an hunting park for the Perfian kings. From the accounts of llawolf, De la Vallc, and Hanway, we are infor- med, that now, and for ages part, it is fo defart, that it is hard to fay where it ftood ; and that the place afllgned for it is fo haunted with ve- nomous and other doleful creatures, ibat one dare fcarce go near it, ex- cept during the two cold winter montlis, Ifa. xiii. xiv. xxi. xlvi. and xlvii. Jer. 1. and li. 3. Bakylon, or Babylonia, waii alfo tli'j name of the country about this famed city ; and fometiincs alfo ofClialdea; Pfal. cxxxvii. i. Here Chriltianity was very early received by tlie Jews and others. Here tlic apoltlc Peter wrote one, if not both his epillles, to his difperfcd brethren of Judali: here tlie Jews, fmce the deitruiition of their capital, have had famous fynagogucs, by one of the Kabbies of which their large Talmud was framed, Pial. Ixxxvii. 4. I Pet. V. 13. This province contained the cities of Babylon, Vologefocerta, Borlippa, Idiccara, Coche, Sura, and Pombeditha. 4. Rome is called Babylon, to mark the idolatry, fuperitition, lewd- nefs, abufed wealth, and bloody per- fccution of the people of God, that take place in the AnticlirKtian Itatc, Rev. xiv. 8. xvi. xvii. and xvili. BABBLE ; to utter a va(l deal of fenfeleis and unproHtable talk, Prov. xxiii. 29. At^ls xvii. 18. A babbler is no better than a li^rpent that bitesj except it be enchanted. Unlefs re- trained by fear or favour, he will do mifchief to mens chara^^tcrs or intererts, with the multitude of his unadvifed words, Eccl. x. ii. The vahi babbling, which minifters ought to fluin, is all empty noife about, words, fentimcnts, and cultoms, not allowed by Chrift, nor calculate to the edification of men, 1 Tim. vi. 20. BACA, a place on the way to Jcrufalem ; lb called from the abun- dance of mulberry trees. The valley oj J3aca, may denote any valley a- bounding with thefe trees, through which the Hebrews, in their jour- ney to their folemn fcafts, had to travel; and where they digged wellf to receive the rain for their re- frefhmcnt: or it may denote the val- ley of Repliaj;tn in particulai:, Pfi*i. bcxxiv, 6. BAG [ 125 ] BAD BACK, the hinder and (Irongeft part of" our body. God's buck-parts, denote the lefs glorious manifeita- tions of his prefence, Exod. xxxiii. 23. He calls our iins behind his hack, when he fully forgives them, {o as to place thenj no more in the light of iris countenance, to punifii them, Ifa. xxxviii. 17. with Pfal. xc. o. Jer. xvi. 17. He Jhcws men the kacky and not thefaa, when he dif- regards them, and refufeth to fmile on, or fliew favour to them, Jer. xviii. 1 7. Chrifl's giving his back to the fiiiiten, and his checks to them that plucked off tks hair, imports his ready and cheerful expoiure of hira- f(Jlf to fullering for our fake, Ifa. 1. 6. Men turn the back, when they flee from a field of battle, Jer. xlviii. 39. Their turning their back on God or his temple, their looking bttck, going back, drawing back, turning iack, Jliding back from him, imports their contempt of him^ their gra- dual and oft infenfible revolt from the knowledge, love, pi'ofeliion, and practice of his truth, Jer. ii. 27. and xxxii. 33. Their cajling him, or his ^aws, behind their back, imports their utmoll contempt and abhorrence of both, Ezck. xxiii. 35. Neh. ix, 26. Tlie church hath her back plowed on^ '•when her members are cruelly op- preiTed and perfecuted, Pial. cxxix. 3. The Jews, fince their crucifixion ,of Chrilt, have their back bowed down f-lway : the Irrength of their nation, their government and great men are gone ; and they are laden and grie- youfly opprefl'ed with Uavery, op- prefiion, aiul I'orrow, Pl'al. Ixix. 23. ,Rom. xi. 10. Back, or BACKWARD. In the me- taphorical language, to go or turn iack or backward, denotes wilful re- bellion, and active apoftacy from God, Ila. i. 4. Jer. vii. 24. and xv. 6. To be driven, turned, or fa// backward, imports difappointment ; and ilidden, iinexpe(5led, and fearful deftruiftign, Plal. xl. 14. and kx. 2. Ifa. xxviii. 13. and xliv. 2$. ^'4 turn judgment backward, is violently to pervert good laM's and their lanc- tions, in order to promote and main- lain wickednefs, Ifa. lix. 14. BACKBITE, to fpeak evil of one ia his abfence. The Hebrew word for it, fignifies to go to and fro, to gather and fpread calumny, Prov. XXV. 23. A backbiter, \% an hater of God ; is excluded from fellovvfhip with him ; and ought to be excom- municated from the church. What a fcandal then for prcieffed Chridians that this fin is fo common among them, Roin. i. 30. Pial. xv. 3. BACKSLIDE, is gradually, vo- luntarily, and infenfib!y,to turn from the knowledge, faitli, love, profef- fion, and pracT.ice of God's truths, which we once folemnly avowed or attained, Jer. iii. 6, — 14. Hof. 4. 16/ BackJJidlngs reprove one, and he ii fi.led with theiu, when the punifh- ment due to them is laid upon him till lie is convinced of his guilt, or is terribly opprclled with the weight thereof, Jer. ii. 19. Prov. xiv. 14. Back/I'dings are healed when they are freely forgiven, and one is recovered from them to a courfe of holinefs, Hof. xiv. 4. A backjlider in hearty is one who, however fccretly, al- lows liimfelf in a deliberate courffe of revoking from God, Prov. xiv. 1 4. To be bent to backjlidijig, is to be ftrongly ^i. upon revolting from God, and dilpoitd to take all op- portunities of it, Hof. xi. 7. BAD, Evn., ufelcfs, difagree- able, hurtful, Matih. xxii. 10. BADGER, a four-footed beaft that burrowi in the earth ; perhaps it includes the Civet cat, — Seme au- thors, perliaps from their mere fan- cy, dcfcribe a dog-badger; but that which is befl: known is the hog- badger or brock. Its body is fhort, its hair long and fliff as briflles, that on the back is greyilh, that on tht fide yellcwilh, tl.at on the legs black. Its legs are fliort, and have fhar^ BAH [ 127 ] B AL claws on the two fore ftct. Its face U triangular, as tliat of a fox, but oddly marked with white and black. Its eyes arc finally and its teeth and fuout like thclc of a dog. It feeds on fmall aniniak and roots of vegetables, and bites very hard. Its flelh is not dil'agrecable to eat, and is faid to be a icincdy for tjic fciatic, and the diforders of the kid- neys. The hair is iifcful in pencils for painters and gilders ; and tiie lliins heiug.an excellent tho* coaric prcforvative againft rain, the iij^per- inoll covering of tlie facred taber- nacle conlilted thereof; and niiglit fignify the outwardly mean appear- ance of Chrirt and his church, Exod. xwi. 14. and xxxvi. 19. Badger- Ikins were alio ufed fir ihoes, Ezek. Xvi. 10. But periiaps thefe (kins, in both cafes, pertained to an animal (dilforent from our badger ; — and |bme render the Heb. Tahash, by ^/u'?, purple, or fear id. BAG, a fack or pouch, Deut. XXV, 13. I Sam.xvii. 40, Treallircs of heavenly blcfilngs that cannot be fcattcred, lort, or fade away, are called hagi that ivax not old, Luke xil. ;?3. Riches blalted by the curfc of God, are waga put into a b.ig with holes ; they profit not the own- er, but are fecretly, inlenfibly, and uncxpeoledly confumed, Hag. i. 6. God/eals and fcius up mens iniquity in a bag, when he cxaftly remem- bers every acft and circumllance thereof, in order to charge it on them, and punill^ them for it. Job xiv. 17, BAHURIM, a city of the Ben- jamites, about a inilc, or perhaps conficlerably more, to the north-ea(t of Jerufalem. It is (aid to be the fame as At.mon ; but it is certain, that thus far Phaltiel attended his M'ife Michal in h.cr reti:rn to David her firfl hufband, 2 Sam. iii. 16. Here David paffed in l-.is flight juft IS tlie rebellious Abfaloin entered JTufalem, and was g; ievou^y cur- led by Shimei one of the Inhabitants j and here Ahiniaaz and Jonathan hid thcml'elves in a well as they carried information to David, 2 Sam. xvi. 5. and xvii. 18. BAJITH, a temple, or city where one was, in the country of Mo An, whither the king ualiicccfs- fully went up to bewail the lUte of his nation, and fupplicate his iciol't afHltance againll the Allyrian inva- ders, Ifa. XV. 2. It is poffibly the fame as Baal-meon. ]?A1vK. The baking of bread with human or cows dang, ligni- iied the firing of it with fuch dung ii.rnt above, below, or a', the fide of it. Such a cullom fHU remains in Barhary and Arabia, Ezek. iv. Ten women baking the bread of a nation ;'// one oven, imports great fcarcity of provifions. Lev. xxvi. 26. The baker of the lli-aelites, who peeped all night, might lignify their lecure and indolent kings, who did not attend to the danjjer the Hate was then in, of being inflamed with contentions, and delhoyed by the Aflyrian invafion ; — and may rcpre- fent Satan and mens lull, wliicli, ha- ving inflamed the heart witli temp- tation, refttTjlly wait for its break- ing forth into open wickedncfs on the very firft occafion, Hof. vii. 6. BALAAM, tlie fon of Beor or Bofor, was a noted prophet or di- viner of the city Pethor on the Eu. ^ phrates. Oblerving the vail num- bers of the Hebrew nation, as they paffed his territories in their way to Canaan, and fearing tiieymigiit fall on his country and forcibly wrcfl it from hiu), as they had done that of the Amorites, -^ilak the Ion of Zippor king of Moab, in conjunc- tion with the princes of Midian, lent melFengers to tlii> famed en- chanter, ])rominng him a valuable reward, if he would come and curfc the Hebrews ; wliich they hoped v.oiild render them eafy to be con- quered. Readily the noble mcffcngcrs B AL [ 128 ] BAL «?cecuteci their commifnon. Greedy of the un hallo \ved reward, Balaam ,earneftly defired to comply : but, ■for feme divine irapreffion on his mind, durft not give them an an- Iwer, till in the night God (h° pof- fibly meant a devil) fhould diredl I)im ; but that night the true God difcharged him to curfe the Ifrael- jtes. Vexed herewith, he informed the mefiengers that he was divine- iy forbidden to go with them. Up- on their return, Balak, fuppofing his meffengers, prefents, or promi- sed reward, had not anfwered the lafte of the enchanter, fent other princes more honourable, with very large prefents, and promifes of the Jiigheft advancement. To their mef- fage Balaam replied, that he could jiot, for a JiGufe full of gold and fil- ver, go a whit beyond the com- mandment of the Lor.d. Fond to earn the wages of unrighteoufoefs, lie defired the meffengers to tarry till he fhould confult whether the tleity had changed his mind. In the night God appearsd, and per- mitted him to go, if the meffengers infifted ; but aflijred him, tliat he behoved to curfe or blefs that peo- ple jult as he fliould direft him. Without waiting any further felici- tation, Balaam riext morning rofe early, and rode off with the mef- fengers. To punifii his raging ava- rice, the /^ngel Jehovah placed bimlelf in his M'ay, with a drawn iword in his hand. The enchanter perceived not the Anjicl, but his afs did, and turned ahde : Balaam fceat her back again into the road. The Angel removing into a place betwixt two vineyards, the afs, for fear, ran againft the wall, andcrulh- ed her mafter's foot. The Angel next polled himftlf in a (till nar- rower pallage; the afs fell down for fear, and durft not go forward. Enraged herewith, the enchanter unmercifully beat her. Mean while die Lord mjraculoufly qualified the afs to reprove him for his madnefjf and cruelty, when he might eafily have guefled that fhe had fome un- common reafon for her conduct. Accuftomed to converfe with devils in form of beafts, or maddened with rage, Balaam, unaffrighted, talked with tlie afs. Jehovah immedi- ately difcovered himfelf with his drawn fword ; rebuked him for his abufe of his beaft ; and alfured hira, that had it not been for her turning afide, he fhould have now perifhed in his wicked courfe. Balaam con- fefTed his guilt, and unwillingly ofr fered to return. He was permitted to proceed in his journey, providing he took heed to fay nothing, but as God diredled him. Informed of his approach, Balak met him on the frontiers of his king- dom ; and kindly blamed him for not coming on the firft invitation. The enchaater excufed himfelf, from the divine reftraint he was under. Balak conducted him to Kirjath- huzoth his capital, and entertained him with a fplendid feaft. Next day he conduced him to an adjacent hill, facred to the idol Baal, that lie might thence view the Hebrew camp. To obtain the divine per- miffion to curfe them, Balaam de- fired feven altars to be reared ; and a bullock and ram offered on each. His orders were diredlly obeyed. While Balak ftood by his facrifice, Balaam retired to meet with en- chantments, or perhaps with fer- p.ents as inflrunients of divination. He was divinely infpired with this unwelcome meflagc, that in vain he had been brought from the eaft to curfe the Ifraelites, whom God had not curfed ; — and that they fliould be the numerous and peculiar favour- ites of Heaven. In delivering this^ he wiflied that his death and pofle- rity might referable that of Jacob. Balak was heartily vexed, but ho- ped that a change of place, and alteration of profpe^l, might prejt B AL C J29 ] B AL diicc better luck. He carried Ba- Jaam to the top of PH'gah, where he faw but a part of the Hebrew camp. Seven altars being erected, and a bullock and a ram oficred on each, he again retired to procure fome encliantment airainll them. God met liim, and ordered liiin back to tell Balak, that the unchan. Slavery, diftiefs, fear, perplex- ity, are called bands ; they reftrain men's liberty, and render them «n- €afy, Lev. xxvi. i^. Ej:ck. xxxiv. 27. Ifa. xxviii. 22. and lii. 2. : and to have no bands in death, is to die without eminent pain, and withoi»t fear and terror ol future mil'ery, Pfal. Ixxiii. 4. Sinful lulls and eu- ftoms, or the heart of a whore, are bands ; they weaken our inward ftrength, obftrutft our liOly obedi- ence, and powerfully draw and con- ftrain us to work wickednefs ; nor Is it cafy to get rid of them, Ifa. IvIIi. 6. Feci. vii. 26. Tlie band oj iron MnJ brafs, fecuring \}c\z root of Ne- buchadne7./,ar's vifionary tree. Is th*- fixed j)urpi)fe and almighty provi- dence of God fecurir.g his kingdom to him after his madnefs, Dan. iv. 15, 23. To be Banished, is to be dri- ven and excluded from one's coun- try, Ezra vii. 26. God's ianijhed^ are poor outcall fmners, who for their crimes are deprived ot original liappinefs, and reduced to a mod Ihameful, hclplefs,and deftitutc con- dition: or faints deprived of his fen- fible prcfence and comfort, and laid under temptation and affiidion, 2 Sam. xiv. 14. BANK. ( I.) The fide or brink of a river or fea. Gen. xli. 17. (2.) A mount or heap of earth thrown up In the iiege of a city, to Ihoot from, or for defence to the befiegers, 2Sam. XX. 15. (3.) Atreafuryfor exchan- ging, receiving, or giving out, mo- ney on interelt, Luke xix. 23. BANNER, ENSIGN, STANDARD; colours borne ill times of war, for affembling, direfting, diftinguiflung, and encouraging the troops. In the wildernefs, every tribe of Ifrael had its particular Itandard ; and they wereagain marfiialledby three tribes a-piece, under the llandards of Jii- dah, Reuben, Ephraim, and Dan. God's y^//i;/g- up an enjign to the Af- fyrians, or others, imports his pro- vidential leading them forth to cha- Aife his people, and punifli his ene- mies, by war and ravage, Ifa. v. 26- and xviii. 3. Tiie fetting up Jland- r.rds in a country, imports approach- ing war and ravage, Jer. xlvi. 21- and 1. 2. Chrlll is \xjlaiidard, or cn- Ji^n ; preached to Jews and Gen- tiles, he Is the great means of alfem- bling them to liimfelf, and diftin- guiiliing them from others ; he di- rc(fls and animates them to their fpiitual journey, and their warfare with hn, Satan, and the world ; and enables them to oppcfe corruption and error : and for th.e fame reafoti be is called a JfandarJ-bsarcr, Ifu. rv3 BAP C 13^ 3 BAP !ix. 19. and XT. 10. and xlix. 22. and Ixij, 12. vSong V, 10. Heb. Chiill's love is called a banner', it, "when dif- played, excites and draws men to him ; and direfts, encourages, and prote6ls them in their fpiritual war- fare, Song li. 4. God groci a ban- ner to his people, to be difplayed be^ caufe of truth, when he accomplifhes his promife, fignally protects and de- livers them ; or affords them a va- liant army to conquer their foes. Or ?nay it not import Chrift the promi- fed Meffiah, as the great fecurity of the Jewifli nation, Pfal. Ix. 4. The dellruftion of Sennacherib's army was like the fainting of a flandard- b carer : it was very fudden, and fo alniverfal among the commanders, that fcarce one remained to bear the colours, Ifa. x. 18. The Jews in thefe times were as an eitfgn on a high hill ; they were reduced to a fmall number, and obliged to flee to liiountains and hills foi- fafety, Ifa. XXX. 17. , BANQUET, a fplendid feaft, ■where is abundance of wine and iine eatables, Efth. v. 5. Amos vi. 7. Chrift's word, covenant, church, and intimate fellowfiiip with him, are called the banqtietiJtg-houfe, or hotife r,f%vine; thereby the faints are large- ly rcfrelhed, fatisfied, ftrengthened, cxhilirated, encouraged, and com- forted, againil all their fears and griefs, Song ii. 4. BAPTISM, denotes wafliing in general, Mark vii. 8. Cr, ; but the •waihing of pcrfons in token of dedi- cation of God, is peculiarly fo call- ed. Poffibly this rite commenced immediately after the flood. Jacob and his family waihed themfelves before they approached to God at Bethel, Gen. xxxv. 2. The He- brews v/aihed themfelves before they entered into covenant with God at Sinai, Exod. xix. 14. Aaron and his fons v.'aflied themfelves before their confecrationtothepriefthood, Exod. x^ix. 4. After the Jewx circumcifcd their pvofelytes, they wafhed them in water. In the minifl;ry of John, baptifm commenced a feal of the new covenant. His baptifm com- prehended the whole fubftance of what afterward obtained, though it did not fo clearly reprefent the Tri- nity of perfons in the Godhead, and the adlual incarnation of Chrifl;. Nor is there any evidence that any bap- tized by John were rebaptized by the difciples of Chrifl:. Our Savi- our, and perhaps mofl: of his apo- ftles, had no other but the baptifm of John. Chrift baptized none him- feh, that he might baptize none in his own name ; that he might main- tain his dignity as the fole Lord of the church, and baptizer with the Ploly Gholt ; and that the validity of baptifm might appear not to de- pend on the worth of the admini- fl:rator, but the authority of God ; and perhaps, for this lafl: reafon, Paul ihunned baptizing as much as he could, Jolm iv. 2. i Cor. i. 14. Before his death, Chrift had em- powered his apoftles to baptize in Judea : after his refurredlion, he em- powered them to teach and difciple all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft, John iii. 26. and iv. i, 2. Matth. xxviii. 19. Paul's being fent not to baptize, imports no more but that the preaching of the gofpel, and not baptizing, was his pi-incipal work, I Cor. i. 17. Jfrael's baptifm tmte Mofes in the pil- lar of cloud and Red fea, fianified, that their dwelling under the cloud, and pafllng through the Red fea, re- prefented and confirmed their obli- gation to follow Mofes as a leader,- and to receive, profefs, and obey his laws, I Cor. X. 2. Our waihing with v/ater in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft, fignifies and feals our fpiritual union to Chrift, and partaking of the benefits of the covenant of grace, thro' his blood and Spirit, viz. jufl.ification, adop- BAP [ ^33 3 B AP lion, regcnerat'on, and rcfurreflion to etcrniil life, and our engagement lo be the Lord's. It is l>ul>tij'»t ihto Chr'tfl and hisJeath, as it lignifies and leals our ingrafting into him, and partaking of the benefits pur- chafed by his death, Rom. vi. 3. Gal. iii. 27. It is bapt'tfni Into one body, as it fignifies and feals our be- ing members of Chriil's one myili- cal body the church, i Cor, xii. 13. It is called bapufm for forgiv:'jiefs, and ivajhi/ig away of fin y as it fo- lemnly reprefenti* and feals the rc- miilion of all their fins, to fuch as receive it in faith, AvSts ii. 38. and xxii. r6. And it is perhaps called tlie wa/hing or taver oj regeneration^ as it reprefents and feals the change of our nature, Tit. iii. 5. It is the taptiftn of repentance, as therein we profefs and engage to h;itc and mourn over our iin, and turn from it to God, Ads xiii. 24. and xix. 4. It is called baptifmfor the dead, be- caufe fometimcs receivedin the view of an immediate death, natural or violent ; and chiefly as it is a bap- tifm into the faith and profeflion of Chrift's being rifen from the dead, and that vvc (hall be in due time ral- fed up in our order, I Cor. xv. 29. It is called lapt'tfns, as it relates both to the outward and inward man ; or as the outward fignifies tlie inward baptifm of the Holy Choft, whereby our foul is really walhed and regenerated ; or bapt'tfm may there denote the ceremonial pu- rifications, as emblematic of faith and repentance, Heb. vi. i. Bjip- tifmfaves: it is a means of falva- tion, when it is confcicntioufly ro- ceived and improven, to lead men to apply the blood and refunedion of Jefus Chriit, I Pet. iii. 21. ; but it doth not remove all corruption out of the foul. Gal. v. 17. Rom. vii. 14. ; nor does it effectually im- plant any principle of grace in liie heart, A(fts viii. 1 3, 23. ; nor does the receiving oi baptifm, buibclievin^; on ChrKl, fecure our falvation, John fit. 16. ; nor the want of baptifm, Imt of faith, expofe to damnation, Mark xvi. 16. John iii. 18. None but ml- nifters of the gofpel have any war- rant from Chrill to baptize, Matth. xxviii. 19. I Cor. iv. i. Nor have they any warrant to add, to the (in\- ple v/alhing prelcrtbed by hin\, cx- orcifms, croflmg, oil, fplttle, &c. No adult perfon is to be baptized, till he undcrftand the Chrillian faith, and foleranly profefs his belief of, andobedience thereto, Matth. xxviii. 19. Ads viii. 37. Matth. iii. 6. Luke iii. 8. But thefe infants who are de- fcended from one or both parents members of Chriil's rayftical body, ought to be baptized. It is certain the children of believers are called holy, r Cor. vU. 14. ; and members of the kingdom of God, Mark x. 1 4. ; why then refufe them the feals? The promife of God's being their God, is as much to them as to the oflspring of Abraham, who received circumcifion on the 8th day, Ads ii. 39. with Gen. xvii. 7. The a- polllcs baptized fundiy whole fami- lies, without any exception, in which infants muftbe fuppofed,till the con- trary be proven, Ads xvi. 15, 33. I Cor. i. 16. Nor indeed can we, AvithoiTt horrid guilt, imagine tliat the blefTed Jeili came to flraitcn the privilege*; oi the New Teftament, and put ClM-iftians into a worfe ftatc than the Jews were under the Old, John X. 10. Nor, Avhatever Ter- tullian, and fome others cquallygid* dy in their notions, pretend, can any withotit the mofi: eflVonted impnfi- tion alledge, that infant b:'ptifm was not comn\only allowed in tlic primi- tive ages of Chrillianity, as well as ever fmcc to this day : nor without allowing inlant-baptifm, know we how to exccm the moll, if not the whole of the Chriilian world forages paR, from tlie ftate of Heathens : tlioy either had no bapK.ifm at all, or had it only from fuch as had uoue. SAPv t ^34 3 BAK ^here Is a twofold metaphorlc taptifm ; ( I. ) The bapt'tf'm of the Holy Chojl and of fire, which denotes not only the miraculous collation of the Influences of theblefTed Spirit, where- by the New Teflament church was folemnly confecrated to the fervlce of God ; but chiefly his gracious in- fluences, which, hke fire, purify, foft- en, and enfiame our heart with love to Jefus, and wafh away our fin, and enable us to join ourfelves to him and his people, Matth. iii. ir. I Cor. xii. 13. Col. ii. 12. Rom. vi. 4. (2.) The fuiFerings of Chrift and his people are called baptifvt ; they are means of purging away iniquity, and thereby Chrift and liis people folemn- ly dedicate themfelves to the fervice of God, and avouch him to be their only Lord, Matth. xx, 22. Luke xii. 50. BAPTIST, one that baptizeth. John the fon of Zacharias is lb call- ed, becaufe he firil adminiftered baptlfm as an ordinance of God, Matth. iii. I. ; and his whole doftrine is called his baptifm, Adts xviii. 25. BAR. (I.) That whereby a door is bolted and made faft, Nch. iii. 5, 6. { 2.) A narrow crofs-board or raf- ter, to faften other boards to, Exod. xxvi. 26. (3.) A rock in the fea that runs acrofs its bottom, Jon. ii. 6. (4.) The bank or ihore of the fea, which as a bar Ihuts up its waves in their own place. Job xxxviii. 10. ( f.) Strong fortifications and power- ful impediments are called barSy or bars of ircn, Amos i. 5. Ifa. xlv. 2. BARABBAS, a notorious rob- ber, guilty of fedition and murder. He happened to be imprifoned for his felony when Chrift's procefs Avas carried on. As it had, for fome time, been ufual to releaie fome pri- foner to the Jews at tlicir paffover- feall:, Pilate piit Jefus and Barabbas In the leet, that the Jews might clioofe one of them to be releafed. Contrary to his expcv^tation and Kviili, they W'armly begged the re- leafe of the noted malefadlor, and the crucifixion of the blefled Jefus, Matth. x:;vii. 17, 21. John xviii. 40. Mark xiv. 7, — 1 5. BAllAK. See Deborah. BAR3ARL\N, a rude unlearn- ed perfon, or whofe fpeech we un- derlland not, i Cor. xiv. \i. The , Greeks called all befides themfelves Barbarous, or Barbarians ; becaufe they reckoned their language coarfe, and their manner of life rude and favage, Rom. i. 14. Ads xxviii. 2, 4. Col. iii. II. BARBED, having points like hooks, or prickles of thorn, Job xli. 7. BARE; (i.) Stripped; deftitute of covering. Lev. xii. 45. ; or depri- ved of outward comforts, Jer. xlix. 10. (2.) Pure ; mere; fo bare grainy is grain of com without any bud, ftraw, ear, or chaff, i Cor. xv. 37. To have the legs, thighs, heels, feety head, or body, bare or naked, im- ports want of outward comforts, and mourning and grief on account thereof, Ifa. xlvii. 2. and xx. 2. and xxxii. II. Jer. xiii. 22. and Ezek.' xvi. 7. But the arm bein-g bare, re- vealed, or feen, denotes a great ex- ertion of power, Ifa. Hi. 10. liii. I. Pfal. xcviii. I. and Ixxiv. II. BAR-JESUS. In the Arabic lan- guage, his name was Elymas or the forcerer. He was a noted Jewifli ma- gician in the iile of Cyprus. When Sergius Paulus, the prudent deputy or proconful of that place, under the Roman emperor, fent for Paul and Barnabas to hear from them the doiftrines of Chriftianity,this forcerer endeavoured to hinder the deputy's converfion. With holy indignation, Paul looked at him,pronoiuicedhim full of all fubtilty and mifchief ; art enemy of all righteoufnefs ; an un- cealing perverter of the right ways of the Lord : he foretold, that his op- pofition to the light of gofpel-truths, fliould quickly be punilhed with the lofs of his natural fight. The threat- e*ihig immediately took eiibd, an^ BAR [ ^35 ] BAR tlie forccrcrwns obliged to feck one to lead him by the way. The view of this miracle determined the de- puty to an immediate cmbracement of the Chriftian faith ; and it is like, he conferred his name Paul on the honoured inihumcnt of his conver- fion, Atfts xiii. 8, — 12. BAR I ON A, a Syriac dcfignation of Peter, importing tliat he was the fon of otic Juna, or Jonas, Matth. xvi. I 7. John i. 42. and xxi. 1 5, — T 7. BARK ; (i.) To yelp ; make a noife as a dog. But minifters that, as du?Kb dogs, cannot bark, are fuch as have neither confcience nor cou- rage to reprove mens fm, and pu- blidi the alaiming truths of Chriit, Ifa. Ivi. 10. (2.) To peel the bark or rind off a tree, Joel i. 7. BARLEY, a well known kind of the triandria digynia clafs of plants; its calyx is a partial wrapper, com- pofed of fix leaves, and containing iix flowers ; the leaves are erect, li- near, Iharp-pointed, and two under each flower ; it has no glume : the corolla confills of two valves ; the outmoft and largeft of which ter- minates in a long awn or beard : the ft-.imina, are tlu-ee hairy filaments Ihorter than the flowt-r ; the anthe- rae are oblong ; the bud of the piftil is of a top-formed oval figure ; tlie ftyles are two, reflex and hairy ; the ftigmata are fimilar; the corolla fur- rounds the feed, and keeps it from falling out ; the feed is oblong, bellied, fliarp-pointcd, and marked Icngthwifc witli a furrow. In Paledine, the barley was fown a- boiit 0(51ober, and reaped in the end f >f Marcl), jull after the paffover. In Egypt, the barlcy-harvelt was later; fur when the hail fell there, a few days before the paiibver, the flax was ripe, and tlie barley in the ear, and the wheat only in the blade, Exod. i\. f?o, 31, 7,2. Barley was anciently held a contemptible grain, proper only for fcrvants, poor peo- ple, and bealb. In Pavid's flight from Abfdom, his friends brought him wheat, barhy-mccA^c, beans, and pulfe, 2 Sam. xvii. 28. Solo- mon had bjrLj for his horfes ; and fent barley, ;ilung with v. ine, oil, and wheat, tohisTyrianfervants, i Kings iv. 28. 2 Chron. ii. i j. One that came from Baal-lhaliiha prefented Klilha witli 20 loaves of barley-tncaly and corn in the hufk, 2 Kings iv. 42. Chrilt and his difcijiles feem to have lived on barley-bread^ and with five lohves of it, and a few fniall fiihesjhe feailed above 5000 men, Jolm vi. 9, — 1 4. The jcaloufy-ofl^ering was to be of barley-meal, without oil or frankinccnl>, to iignify the bafe condition of one who had given oc- cafion to fufpe«5t her unchaftity, and that the offering merely called lin to remembrance. Numb. v. 15. Some- times barley is put lor a Ioav con- temptible reward or price. So the falfe prophets are charged wiih fe- ducing God's people, for haudfuls of barley and morfels ej bread, Ezek. xiii, 19. Hofea bought his emble- matic bride for fifteen pieces of ill- ver, and an homer and half of bar- ley, Kof. iii. 2. BARN, a repofitory for grain, Prov. iii. 10. The blcfTmg or filling one's barns, or his enlarging them, imports great ]>lenty and profperi- ty, Deut. xxviii. I 8. Luke xii. 18. Breaking them down, imports great fcarcity and want, Joel i. i 7. BARNABAS ; his anceftors were Levitcs, and had retired to Cypnis, perhaps to lluni the rava-^'es ot the Syrians, Romans, or others injudea. Here he was born, and was at fidl called Jofcs ; but after his converfiorj to the Cluillian faith, was called Barnabas, the fou oj prophecy, from his eminent gifts and forefight of fu- ture things; or, the fen cfconfolaticn; bccaufe his large eflate, and affec- tionate preaching, much comforted the primitive b-jlievers. Ads iv. t;6, 3 7. That he w.is one of the 70 dif- tiples of our Saviour, or was cdu- BAR I 13S 3 BAR cated by Gamaliel along with Paul, we have no certain evidence ; but it vas he who introduced Paul to the Chrillians of Jerufalem, and afFured them of his converfion, A^s ix. 26, 27. He was fent to order the affairs ,of the church newly planted at An- tioch in Syria; and finding the work too heavy for him, he went to Tar- fus, and engaged Paul to be his af- fiftant: fome time after, he and Paul carried a large contribution from Antioch to their famiflied brethren of Judea, Adts xi. 22, — 30. Not long after, he and Paul were divine- ly appointed to leave Antioch, and plant new churches among the Gen- tiles. After three years, they return- ed to Antioch. In their fecond jour- ney into LefferAfia, Barnabas, atLy- ll ra, was taken forJupixER, proba- bly becaufe of the comelinefs of his perfon, and his grave deportment. Some time after, he and Paul were appointed delegates from the Syrian church to the fynod at Jerufalem ; and were therein appointed to carry the decrees to the Gentile churches; at Antioch, Barnabas was led into diffimulation by Peter. In their re- turn to LefTer Afia, he and Paul having had a fharp conteft about taking Mark, Barnabas' nephew, a- long with them, they feparated ; and J3arnabas and Mark went to Cyprus, Ads xiii. xiv. and xv. Gal. ii. 13. What became of him afterward, whether he preached in Italy, and was ftoned to death at Salamis near Athens, as fome pretend, we know not. A fpurious gofpel and letter are a- fcribed to him. BARREN, without proper ilfue •or fruit. Gen. xi. 30. 2 Kings ii. 19, 21. ProfelTors are ^►-zr/'cv;, when they want thefe gracious qualities and ex- crciles which God's laAv and provi- dence do call for at their hand, 2 Pet. i. 8. Luke xiii. 6, — 9. Song iv. 2. Jude 12. The Gentile nations un- der the Old Teftanient, ox rather the church during Chrifl's public miniilry, are called barren ; becaufe fo few converts, or good works, were brought forth among them, to the glory of God, Ifa. liv. i. Gal. iv. 27. BARSABAS. ( i. ) Jofeph Juftus, w^as perhaps one of Chrilt's 70 dif- ciples : it is certain, he v/as an eye- witnefs ofChrift's public work of the miniilry. He Hood candidate along with Matthias for the apoftlefhip, inftead of Judas, but was not cho- fen of God, Aifts i. 31, — 36. (2.) Barsabas Judas, He was a mem' ber of the fynod at Jerufalem ; and was fent along with Paul, Barna- bas, and Silas, to publilh the decrees thereof among the Gentile churches. After preaching a while at Antioch, he returned to Jerufalem, Acts xv, 22,.— 34. BARTHOLOMEW, one of our Lord's twelve apoftles. As John ne- ver mentions Bartholomew but Na- thanael; and the other evangelifts, never Nathanael but Bartholomew} as John clafles Philip and Nathanael, as the others do Philip and Bartho* lomew ; as Nathanael is mentioned with the other apoftles, that met with their rifen Saviour at the fea of Tibe- rias; as Bartholomew is not a proper name, but only fignifies one to be the fon tfTolmai; as Peter is called Barjona, we fuppofe Bartholomew and Nathanael one and the fame per- fon. Informed by Philip concerning our Saviour as the true Meffias, Na- thanael doubted, how any good thing could come out of a place fo notori- oufly wicked as Nazareth. Philip defired him to fatisfy himfelf con- cerning Jefus' excellency, by con- verfing with him : he complied. On fight of him, Jefus declared him an Ifraeiite indeed^ without allowed fraud and diffimulation. Nathana- el afked, how he knew him ? Jefus replied, that he knew what had paf- fed under a certain fig-tree, whitlie^* he retired to his moft fecret devo- tion. Struck with tliis difcovery of BAR [ '37 1 BAR Ills omrtlfclcnce, Nathanael, all in raptures, ackno\vledi;ed him tlicSon of God, and the promiibd Mcinali, or king of" liVacl. Jcllis allured him, that his ready faith fiiouKl be quick- ly rewarded with further proof uf his MeiHahlhip ; he Ihould fee the angels of God attend on, and ferve him, as their liigh and lovereign Lord.-^Some time after, he was fent along with Philip to preach and work miracles in the land of Ifrael ; and with the other apollles, had re- peated vifits from his rifen Re*- deemer, John i. 45,-51. and xx. and xxi. Matth. x. 3. Mark iii. 13* Luke vi. 14. After teaching about 18 years at Je- rufalem, he is faid to have preached to the Eaft Indians, and committed to them xhe gofpdl according to Mut- ihew. Thence, it is faid, he travel- led to Lycaonia; and at laft, by the Albanians on the Cafpian fea, was flayed alive, and crucified with his head downwards^ A fpurious gof- pel is afcribed to him. BARTIMEUS, /i« o/Tm^aj, a blind man who fat begging by the way-fide, as Jefus palfed with a great multitude from Jericho to Je- rulalem. Informed that Jefus was among this crowd, he cried out, ' Jefus, thoil fon of David, have ' mercy on me !' Jefiis (lopped, and ordered him ta be brouglit near. It was done. Jefus alkcd him. What he defired at his hand ? He begged the recovery of his figlit. Jefus bade him go his way, his faith had faved him. Immediately he re- ceived his fight, and followed his divine Phyfician, Mark x. 46, — 52. Matthew mentions two blind men cured on this occafion, chap. xx. 5©, —34. ; but as Bartimeus was moft tioted, or exprtlFed thcgreateft ear- Ueltncfs and ftrongftt iaith, Mark mentions him, and omits the other. — Luke relates the cure of anoilur blind man, performed by Cluid in his going to Jericho, Luke xviii. 35, Vol. L — 4;. Hoii^ fcifiy h'JV) cheer fu!l)\ would our Redicnur heal our fftr't* tual 7naliidi<:s, if employed ! BARUCH, a Jewi'lh prince, fon of Neriali, graiidibu of Maafciah, and brother uf Serai ah one of Ze- dekiah's courtiers, aitaclied liimfclf to the projjhtt Jcrcmiali, and was fomctimcs his llcrttary or fcribe. When king Jchoiakim had impri- foned that pro])hct, Barucli, accord- ing to the dircc^lion of God, wrote his prophecies from his mouth, and read them to the people, as they were aflembled at ibme extraordi- nary fall. The touriicrs, informed hereof by Michaiah one of his hear- ers, fent for him, and he read them again in their hearing. Affected with what they had heard, the cour- tiers advifed Haruch and Jeremiah to hide themfclves ; for they beho- ved to lay the matter before tlic king. Having laid up the writing in the chamber of iLlifliama the fcribe, they waited on the king and inform- ed him of its contents. By his or- der, Jehudi fetched and read it be- fore him and his jjrinces. Scarce were four or five pages read, when Jehoiakim in a rage, and contrary to the intcrceflion of I'cveral princes, took it, cut it to pieces, and cafl it into the tire. He gave orders to apprehend Jeremiah and Baiucli; but they could not be found. Soon after, Baruch wrote anothc* copy, mole enlarged, at the mouth of the projihet. Baruch having loll all pro- bable accefs to lionour and wealth, and being in danger of his life, was extremely dcjfvTted. Infpired of God, Jeremiah chid iiim for his am- bition after great things, when tlie ruin of Jiidah was at hand ; and af- furcd him of divine proie:i. I. Rev. i^. 2- Toi-ar ■wil/icfj, is to declare our teftijmony concerr- ing a point, Deiii. v, ao. To icar tiil/utCy Is quietly to pay it, 2 Kings xviii. 14. To hiar the bijirmrtui oj the Tveaky bear one another's bur" dens, is to alTKl them under dillrefs, fympathize with their weaknefs, a- void offending them in points of in- dilftrence, avoid condemning or dc- fpifing them for their inadvertent flips, Rom. XV. I. Gal. vi. 2. To bear fiUy is to be charged with it in law, and fuffer the punifhment du» to it. Numb. v. 31. and xiv. 3^ I Pe;. ii. 24.; but childrens hearing the iniquities or whoredoms of their fathers, imports their being puniflied on account of them, Numb. xiv. 33. Ezek. xxiii. 3J. The priefts, an^ the fcape-goat, bearing the iniquitiet of the Ifraelitcs, imports the typical imputation of them to them, and their enduring labour and travel ce- remonially to expiate them, as they were figures of Jefus Chriff , on whom the Lord laid the iniquities of his chofen people, that he might make real and full fatisfadtion for them, Exod. xxvili. 38, 43, Rev. ii. 22. God's bearing and carrying his pet>- ple, imports his care of them; his fupporting, afTifling, proteding, and comforting them, by his providence, power, and grace, Deut. vi. ii. Ifa. xlvi. 4. BEAR, a four-footed beafl of prey. It is a large unfightly ani- mal ; in fome places about the fize of a maftiif; in others as large as a fmall heifer. It is covered with a thick fliaggy fur, fo as to appear like a iliapclefs lump. Bears ar^ moilly of a black brownilli colour ; but in cold countries (ome of them are found white. Their fl with no fmall craft, courage, labour^ and bloodfhed, deftroyed the em- pire of Chaldea, and added to that conquell the wealthy and potent kingdoms of Lydiaon the north, and of Egypt on the fouth, Dan. vii. j. Antichrifl is faid to have the feet of a bear ; he and his agents are qua- lified to climb to the highefl in their ambition ; his fupporters and emif- faries are a6live and unwearied in his fervice, and hold faft, and tear whatever they can. Rev. xiii. 2. BEARD. In various countries different parts of the beard have been cultivated. The ancient He- brews wore a beard on the chin, but not the upper lip ; and were divine- ly forbid to cut off the angles and extremities of their beard, in the manner of the Heathens, Egyptians, or others, who wore only a tuft of hair on the chin. The modem Jews cherilh a fillet of hair, all along from. their ear, and the whole of it on their chin. Men^ Jhavi7ig their own heads and beards ; or clipping ot plucking the hair thereof ; or negleSi- ing to triyn the hair of the beard, was exprefllve of great mourning and grifef, Ifa. XV. 2. Jer. xli. 5. and xlviii. 37. Ezra ix. 5. 2 Sam. xix. 24. To Jhave the whole or half of the beard to one, was accounted the moft horrid infult and contempt, 2 Sam. X. 4, 5. With the Lacede-^ mouians, the puniflament of fugitives from the field of battle was to have their beard half fl)aved. With fome Indians, the jfjaving of the beard v.'?is the highell piinifliment. How ter- ribly Aureng-zeb the emperor of the Moguls^ in the laft century, re- venged the fliaving of his ambalfa- BEA [ 145 ] B£ A Numb.xi. 8. (5.) Tothrefli,Ruth.ii. 17. llii- xxviii. 27- (4-) To change J turn one thing into another, Ifa. ii. 4. Joel iii. 10. (5.) To overcome in. battle, 2 Kings xiii. 25. (6.) T» battar ; dcmolilh, Judg. viii. i 7- BEAUTY; (r.) Comeliness J fnienefs of appearance, 2 Sam. xiv. 25. ; but in Dan. x. 8. it may fig- nify vigour, Jlrengih. (2.) A c^ief perfon or city, which is comely, and adds an air of glory to its fellows; fo Saul and Jonathan were the beauty o£ Ifrael, Babylon the beauty of the Chat' deesy Jerufalem and the temple the beauty of Ifrael, 2 Sam. i. 19. lia. xiii. 19. Lam. ii. i. (5.) Splendor; glory; dignity, I^ain. i. 6. The beauty of the Lord, is the Ihining forth ot hia excellencies in Chriit, and in liia Avord and works, Plal. xxvii. 4. f 4.) Comfort and joy, Tfa, Ixi. :;. God is called the beauty of holittefs ; his holincfs and moral purity infinitely liiri)aft that of angels and men, and is tlie bright ornament of his nature, 2 Chron. xx. 21. The beauty of'thi Lord is (v«1iis people, wlieii he dif- plavs his glory, grants them his pro* Ta BE A [ 148 ] BED fence and honouring favours, im- putes Jefus' righteoufnefs to them, ^nd renders them holy in heart and life, Pfal. xc. 1 7. To worfliip the Lord in the beauties $J holinefsy is to "Worlhip him in Chrilt his holy One, ind in whom his purity is fully dif- pkyed ; in the beautiful and facred temple or ordinances ; and in the exercife of holinefs in heart and life, I Chro^. xvi. 29. Pfal. xxix. 2. and xcvi. 9. and ex. 3. The perfcd heauty of the Hebrew ftate, was their excellent order of government, their peace, profperity, and wealth, with the truth, holinefs, and benevolent tendency of their religion, £zek. xvi. 14. Zech. xi. 7. The beauty of God* i orjiamcnt fet in maj::j}y, was the magnificent temple of Jerufalem, £zek. vii. 20. Ifa. Ixiv. ii. Jer. vi. 13. Pfal. xlviii. 2. and 1. 2. Lam. ii. 1. The glorious beauty on the head ef the fat valleys, was the fruitful crops, the wealth and profperity of the ten tribes, chiefly of Samaria, which flood on a hill adjacent to fat valleys, lla. xxviii. 4. Beautiful, having much come- llnefs ; Gen. xxix. 17. Chriit the Branch of the Lord is beaut ful and glorious. In his perfon, office, and work, brightly fhine forth, to his peoples wonder and fatisfa^tion, all the glorious excellencies of God, Ifa. iv. 2. The faints are a beautiful flock ; beautiful as Tirzah, comely as 'Jerufalem : they are adorned with Jefus' righteoufnefs and grace, and with an holy converfation ; and the church is adorned with divine ordi- nances- influences, and holy perfons, Jer. xiii. 20. Song i. 5. and vi. 4. T'he beaut fuigarments of the church, and God's comelimfs put on her, are the glory, wealth, comfort, and or- dinances he beftowed on the Jews; the ordinances he gives his church in every age ; and his faints imputed yighteoufnefs, imparted grace, holy converfation, and fpiritual comfort, '^a. lii. I. £zek. xvi. 14. The f est of the church are beautifulivith Jhoet., when minifters, with great zeal and purity, faithfully preach the gofpel, and fpread abroad the knowledge of Chrifi ; and when church-members have their affeBions and anverfa- tion well ordered, and powerfully influenced by -gofpel principles and motives, Song vii. i. The feet of minifters are beauriful : their labour and diligence in publilliing falvation to men through Jefus Chrifi, is very agreeable and comely ; their mef-- fage ought to be much more ac- ceptable than the news of the Af- fyrian ruin, or of the deliverance from Babylon, were to the ancient Jews, Nah. i. 15. Ifa. lii. 7. Rom. X. 15. Beautify; to render comely. God beautifies the meek with falva- tion ; his cbathing them with the righteoufnefs, grace, and gloriouy redemption, privileges, honours, and comforts of his Son, renders them comely before God, angels, and men, Pial. cxlix. 4. BECKEN; to givea fign with the hand, Luke i. 23. BECOME; (i.) To be made? to grow. Gen. iii. 22. (2.) Tofuit; agree with, Pfal. xciii. 5. Phil. i. 27. Tim. ii. 10. BED. (i.) A place to fleep or reft on, 2 Sam. iv. 5. (2.) A Imall piece of ground raifed for flowers or plants. Song vi. 2. Tl:e bed undefi- led, is the lawful ufe of the married ftate, Keb. xiii. 4. The bedtoo Jhort to Itretch one's felf on, and the ro- vering too narrow to wrap one's felf in, are the Jews carnal fchemes of alliance with the Egyptians, and the- like, that could procure them no fo- lid reft, no complete fafety ; and the carnal and felf-righteous methods' which fmners ufe to obtain happi- nefs, and that can yield no real com- fort, eafe, or fafety to their foul, Ifa. xxviii. 20. Sore diflrefs is call- ed a bed ; therein men are confined aoiidft difquiet and uneafmefs^^aivi BEA f M9 1 BEE rendered inaftive, Rev. ii. 22. The grave, cbiciiy of tlie righteous, is called a bed ; there our bodies con- tinue at eale, and inl'ciilibly pais the time, Ifa. Ivii. 2. The lainis afllic- tion, or rather their frames of fpiri- tual lloth and fecurity, are their bid. How nia<5live and ufclel's arc they in this cale ! how void of vigorous concern ! how oft their mind rilled with unfubftantial fancies ! Song iii. I. Chrilt's hidj wherein he rctreihes his people, and renders them vigo- rous and fruitful in good works, is his church, his word, his covenant, his ordinances, and fpecial fellow- Ihip with him :: — it is green, come- ly, refrtihful, and ever productive of faints, faving influences, good works, and glorious rewards. The three- fcore valiant men about it, arc di- vine perfections, miniilering angels, and faithful church-rulers, Song i. l6. and iii. 7, 8. Chrilt's cheeks, his word wherein his beauty is feen, liis difplays of his prelcnce, his humbled Itate, are as a bed of f pices ; there we fee every delightful, unwafling, and foul-rcfrefliing, and perfuming grace beautifully conneclcd, Song v. 13. Chrilt's church and people arc as a bed of fpiccs. In the church, what blelTed variety of delightful ordinan- ces and jaints ! in every faint, what variety of delightful graces ! and what pleafure Jefus takes in them all ! Song. ii. 6. As anciently per- fons fat or lay on beds at their feafts, the Jews lying on beds of ivtry, and ^retching themfehes on couches^ im- ported luxury and carnal eafe, Amos vi. 4. Their enlarging of their bed, fignifies their increalc of their Ipiri- tual whoredom or idolatry, and their finful leagues with the nations a- round, Ila. Ivii. 8. BED AN, a deliverer or judge of the Hebrews ; but who he was is not agreed. Some will have him Barak ; others Samfon, who was Ben-dan, zfon of Dan. Perhaps he was rather Jair, and called JBeJan, after his anccftor tlie grcat-grani- fon of Mach ir. BEPJ, a fmall infecfl bred from 3i worm, and very remarkable for Ikiil and uidu(try in gathering honey and wax from Howers. Bees have four wings ; they have their tail pointed with a iting, through whicli they emit a poilouous juice ; and which being hooked, is oft left in the wound- There are eight or nine kinds of wild bees that lodge in woods aii<1 fields ; but the common bee hasmoft attracfted the conhucration of man- kind: their fagacity in collecting and bearing their honey and wax, in for- ming their combs, in dirtribatinj their labours, and in punilhing the idlers, and in followin;r the direc^inj; hils of their leaders, is quite afto- nilhing. They feldom hurt any with their Uings, till once they are pro- voked. Among vhefe common bees are obfervable, (i.) The q^ueen-vio- ther, who is fomewhat longer and redder than the reft. She depoiits eggs into the combs, and fo brings forth a new fwarm, perhaps to tlic number of ten or twenty tlioufand in a year. There is but one, two, or three queens in a hive. (2.) The drones, which lurk about the combsj doing little or nothing, and ofteil fulfer death as the reward of their lazinefs. (3.) The labouring heas^ which colle^il the wax and honey, and rear the combs ; and which are by far the moft numerous. Alfyria, Canaan, &c. were exceedingly no- ted for the multitude of bees; whicli animals were legally unclean, thougt» tlieir honey was not. Lev. xi. 2":. The armies of the Amorites, AfTy- rians, and David's enemies, are like- ned to bees. How vail their num- bers ! how readily they followed the hifs, the call ot divine providence 1 how haftily ihty marched ! and how grievoufly thoy diltrelled the ob- jects of their hatred! Deut. i. 44. Ifa. vii. iS. Plid. cxviii. 12. Might not- the fwarm of bees^ w hich, contxarjr BEE t 150 ] BE^ tt) nature, took up their refidence in the carcaie of Samfon's flain lion, fi- gure out the faints refting in, and feeding on, Jefus' bloody viftory o- ver Satan, the roaring lion ? Judg. xiv. 8. BEER, a city 12 miles north- ward of jerufalem, on the way to Shechem. Here Jotbam the fon of Cideon concealed himfelf from A- »IMELECH, Judg. ix. 21. Beer, or Beer-elim, a place in the country of Moab. As the name fignifies the well of the pr'mccs, it was probably hereabouts that the He- brew princes digged the well to fup- ply their thirdy tribes ; and here the howling of the dilfreffed Moabites ■was heard, during the Affyrian in- vafion. Numb. xxi. 18. Ifa. xv. 8. BEER-LAHAI-ROI, the well of 'iivi that liveth and feet h me ; a well between KadelK and Shur, fouth of Canaan, fo called by Ha gar, be- caufe there the living God appeared to, and provided for, her and her ton. Gen. xvi. ig. BEEROTH. (i.) A city of the Cibeonites, given to the tribe of benjamin, and where the two mur- derers of Ilhbollieth were born, Jofh. ix. 17. 2 Sam. iv. 2. The inhabi- tants of this place, or of fome place siear Abel-beth-maachah, are called Berites, 2 Sam. xx. 14. (2.) Bee- Hot h of the children of Jaakan, or Benejaakan, or the wells of the chil- dren of Jaakan, the 28th encamp- ment of the Hebrews in the Arabian defart, a little to the northward of Ezion-geber. It leems they march- ed from Mofera or Moferoth to this place, and then again fouthward to Mofera, Numb, xxxiii. 31, 32. Deut. X. 6. BEER-SHEBA, the well of the 4ath, or of fevsn ; a place fo called, becaufe here Abraham fwore a co- venant with Abimelcch king of Ge- X2S, and gave y^t'C« ewe-lambs as a ratification thereof. In the adja- looked to the rifing fun, and the weft was behind f Ifa. ix. 12. — To- be bfore Cod, is to enjoy his favour, and the fmiles of his providence, Pfal. xxxi. 22. To comi before h'nn^ is to come to his temple and ordinan- ces, and worfhip him, and have fa- miliar fellowfhip with him, Pfal. c. 2. and Ixv. 4. and xlii. 2. To walk before h'lviy is to behave as under his eye ; . depending on his ftrength. BE G [ '5« 1 BEH and aiming at his glory, as our chief end. Gen. xvii. I. To (In bcjore hit//, is to do it in his view, and with a bold and open amtcmpl of him, Gen. xiii. 15. Ifa, iii, 9. To havi other gods bcjore him, is to have them in his fight, and in oppolitien to him, Exod. XX. 3. To jet the Lord before us, is to niahc him the objet^t of our trult, the pattern of our conduct ; and to intend his glory, and conlider him as our witnels and judge in all we do, Pliil. xvi. 8. Be* ORE-HAND ; before tlie time come, Mark xiii. 11. Some mens lins and good works are open and vianifej] bef^re-band, before they liave opportunity of entrance into oifice in liie church, and (o it is eaiy to know wiiether to chufe or refiile tliem ; and Ibnie mens fjns or good \\'oxV.% follow after, are not known till they be in olHce, i Tim. v. 24, 25. — Before time, in former times, Jolh. XX. 5. BEG; toaik alms, or free favours. David, in his time, never law the children of any godly man begging for want : and had the divine laws been obferved, it is like few or no Hebrews had ever been beggars, Pfal. XXX vii. 25. Deut. xv. 4, 7. ; but tlicir difobedience introduced poverty; and many, particularly in the time of Chrilt, were beggars. A little before his death, he cured three near Jericho, Matth. xx. 30, -^54. Luke xviii. 55, — 45. as he had before cured one at the pool of Bethefda, John v. I, — 13. Peter and Jolui cured a lame one at the gate of the temple, Acts iii. BEGET ; (l.) To bring into ex. iflence, or form from animal feed ; thus fathers beget their children. Gen. V. 3. Matth. i. (2.) To pro- duce ; fo Gjd begets the rain and dew. Job x.'cxviii. 2S. — God the Fa- ther begat .'lis divine Son, our Lord Jefus Q\\v'd\, by an eternal, neceifa- ry, and natural generation, which imporiiino produ, and even over- fets trees, houfes, and walls; and one blow of it wiil kill a horfe. When elephants fight with one an- other, they pulh wirJi their teeth, as bulls do with their horns. An- ciently they were commonly ufed in war ; and it is faid, tOM'ers of wood, containing above 30 warriors, were built on their backs ; but we doubt if above four or five could fight from off them. This animal now breeds in Afia and Africa ; but perhaps it was anciently a native of Ruffra in Europe. Wild elephants ar? caught by frighting them with fire and noife, till, rimning away, they fall into deep ditches, covered with hur- dles and a little earth ; or by means of a female barricadoed in fon^e nar-^ row place. The river-horfe, or Hippopotamus^ is another fmgular four-footed beaft, refembling partly the buffalo, pr wild bull, and partly the bear. It is larger than tlie bu^^.ilo. Its length from head to tail is about 1 3 feet ; its circumference about the waift as much ; its thicknefs four feet and a half. As it is ufually very fat, its belly is flattifti. Its h^ad is very large in proportion ; its mouth can open to the width of a foot; its eyes are iinall^ its ears iiiuill a:^d thi»4 BEH C «53 ] BEL 5ts upper jaws are moveable ; in the lower jaw it has two talks about a foot long, and fomew hat crooked; it has tour grinders on each lide of its month ; its teeth are hard as flint, and will give fire with (leel. Its legs refemble thele of a l)ear, are about three leet round, and three feet and a half in length ; each foot has a black hoof, divided into four claws, at the end. Its tail is very thick and (hort, tapering away to the end, and cannot be twilled. Its (kin is black, hard, and tough, and without hair, except whilkers at the nofe. Tliis animal is found about the rivers Nile, Niger, and others, in Africa, &:c. As it is not formed ' for fwimming, it walks in the bot- tom of the river, and thence comes to feed on rice, herbs, and roots, of the adjacent lliores and hills ; and often lies among the reeds and bu fli- es on the banks. The fea-horfe of Ruflla and Greenland, which leaves the fea, and feeds on the adjacent mountains, feems to be a kind of rlver-horfe. BEHIND; (i.) After; at one's back, 2 Sam. iii. 1 6. (2.) Back- ward, Judg. XX. 40. (3.) Inferior Wt 2 Cor. xi. 5. (4.) Done, or at- tained already, Phil. iii. 13. (5.) Remaining to be undergone or done. Col. i. 24. (6.) Out of one's notice or charge, Neh. ix. 26. Ifa. xxxviii. 17. {7.) Near to; on the other iidc of, Ifa. XXX. 21. Song li. 9. (8.) On the well ilde, Ifa. ix. 12. BEHOLD, imports excitement; attention; wonder; joy; certainty; fuddennefs, Ifa. vii. 14. John i. 29. Matth. xxi. 5. Rev. xvi. 15. Luke xxiv. 39. To behold, is, (1.) To look on ; fee. Gen. xxxi. 51. (2.) Toconfider; know; care for. Lam. j. 12. John xix. 5, 26, 2 7. God b^-- hc'lJ not hiiquity in Jacob, v.or pcr- v:rfcncj's in Jj'rael : though his om- Tiifcient eye difccrns fm in his peo- ple on earth, he obferves it not as ail angry judge, wraihfully ig pu- Voi. 1. nifli them for it. But tlie word may be rendered, He hath not bcln-lJ in- jury aj^ainjf Jacob, nor vixatinn a- gainjt Ifrael ', that is, he will not lutfer them to be hurt, Numb, xxiii. 2i. To bi-hoiJ Chrill, is, with won- der and attention, to know, believo in, and receive him, Ifa. Ixv. i. BEHOVE ; to be necelTary, juft, and becoming. As it became God, for the honour of Lis nature, coun- fels, word, and work, to cxpofc Chriil to fullering; fo it Ithtvci Chrilt to fulTer, and be in ah things like unto his brethren of mankind, that he might difplay his Fatlier's perfedion^, fulfil his purpofes, pro- mifes, and types, dellroy the w^orks of the devil, and fympathize with, ajid fave us, Heb. ii. 10, 17. BEKAH, half a shekel, Exod, xxxviii. 26. BEL, the Chaldean idol Baal. Whetli;:r, under this name, they wor- fhipped Nimrod, their firll Baal or lord, or Pul king of Alfyria, or fome other monarch, the fun, or all in one, we know not. When Cyrus and Darius took Babylon, this idol and his monllrous image was ruin- ed, and brought into abfolute con- tempt, Ifiu xlvi. I. Jer. 1. 2. and li. 44. B FILIAL, a name given to Satan, repreJenting him "iuitkout yoh^ pro- fit, or ajccnt. To mark perfons moll worthlcis, v.'icked, and unruly ; or things moil horrid and abominable, tliey were called children, men, or things of i^elial, iCor.vi. 14. 2 Sara. XX. I. and xxii. 6. and xxiii. i S.im. ii. 13. and xxv. 17. and xxx. 22. and i. 16. Dent. xiii. 17. BKLIEVE ; ( I.) To be pcrfua- ded of, and give credit to a report. Gen. xlv. 26. (2.) To give a bare ali'entto gofpel-truth, atlealt fuch af- fent as implies 110 reception ot Chrill into tlie heart, Ads viii. 1 3. (3.) Heartily to receive and reft upon Jc- fus Chrift alone for falvatioii, as of- fered by Gcd to us ia the golper, U' BEL I 154 3 BEL Joliniii. 15, 16. Adls xvi. 31. It is this that unites us with Chrift, and actually interefts us in his finilhed righteoufnefs and full falvation ; and for thus ading are the faints called BEL-iF. VERS, I Tim. V. 12. (4.) To depend on God for the fulfilment of fome particular promife and grant of deliverance, Pfal. xxvii. 15. aChron. XX. 20. (-5.) Sometimes it denotes a firm perfuafion, whether grounded on report or other certam evidence, Jam. ii. 19. — If he had atijwered my voice, yet would I not believe', while filch trouble continues on me, I could never be perfuaded that he regard- ed me or my prayers, Job ix. 16. BELCH. They belch out tuHh their mouth ; they with great vehemence iitter reviling, malicious, and wick- ed words, as a fountain bubbleth up its water, Pfal. lix. 7. BELL. The lower border of the high PKiF.ST-^ blue robe \yas hung round alternately with bells and pomegranates. The found of thefe informed tke Jews of his paffing by, and of his living in the faner ufe of the marriage- beJ, I Cor. vii. 5. BENHADAD, the fon of Ta- brinion, and king of Syria. Inftiga- ted by Afa's prefenis, lie broke his league with Baasua king of Ifrael, and ravaged the northern parts of his kingdom. In th.e reign ol Omri, or Ahab, he made itreets, market- places, or rather citaJels, fur him- I'elf in Samaria, I Kings xv. 18. and XX. ^4. 2. BENHADADjthefonandfuccef- for of the former, was a Itill more terrible fcourse to the kinjjdom of liracl. In tlie reign of Ahab he ravaged the country, laid fiege to Samaria tlie capital, infolently claim- ed his wives, children, and wealth, and every thing valuable in the city. The Ifraelites rejed.ed liis abfurd conditions, and were miraculoully enabled with a few troops to rout liis powerful army. Remembering that God gave the law from a moun- tain, and liad his temple on another, liis fervants perl'uaded him that the Hebrew God was only Cod of the kiiii ', and that if they had iought them in a plain, they Ihould certain- ly have gained tlic victory. This ftnpid fancy he readily believed; and difplacing his '^2 tributary kings from tlieir place in his army, lie hfl- ed it with captains, which he hoped to be more Ikilful or trufly in war, and next year returned to make a full conquell of the kingdom of If- rael. To chaltife his wickednefs, Q«d, by iui hiiu.di'ktl uf J^VaeliU^; gave him a terrible defeat. An luin- dred thouland of Jiis forces were flain on tnc I'jX)! An earilKjuake tumbled the wall of Aphek upoa 37,000 more, and cruJhed tliem to death. Reduced to the brink of de- fpair, Bcnliadad, by his fervants ad- vice, threw himlelf on Aliab's mer- cy. The inlolent blal'phemer had not only his life grr.nted him, but li- berty to return to his kingdom on the calicll terms. Contrary even to theie, he detained Ramoih-gilead, a city of lirael, in his hands : and when Aliab attempted to wreft it from him^ he nluil ungratefully or- dered his troops to aim their llroke* chiefly at liim, who, by -a fmful ex- ccfs of pity, had {'0 lately given him h'.^ life and kingdom, I Kings xx» and xxii. Soon after, be made war on Jeho- ram, Ahah's liacceifor, and cirried olf a number of Hebrew captives. Informed by one of tliefe, that an Hebrewprophet could cure Naainan his general of his leproly, he (Saul and llhboflieth, the firtt kings of Ifrael, were of this tribe. About 20 ofthemoft valiant of this tribe came over to David be- fore Saul's death,iChron.xii.2, — 7.; and :!000 more ibon after the death of Ifliboflieth, I Chron. xii. I, — 7, 29, When David numbered them a little before his death, there were of the Belaites 22,034 warriors; of the Becherites 20,200; of the Jediaelites 17,200, befides others, I Cfiroi-. vii. 6, — 1 2. The captain of their 24,000 trained bands, was Abiezer the Ane- tothite ; and their chief prince was Jaafiel the fon of Abner, i Chron. xxvii. 12, 21. When the other ten tribes revolted to Jeroboam, the Benjamites clave to Judah, and the houfe of David ; and all along fha- red in the rcliginn and fate of that tribe. Under Jehofhaphat, their militia amounted to 380,000. After the captivity, a vaft number of them ^welt at Jerufalem; 2 Chron. %u and xvli. and i Chron. viii. and ix. But the great honour of tliis tril»a was the apofUe Paul, who, in the morning of his life, ravened as aper- fecutor ; and in tlic latter part, con- verted multitudes to Chrifl, Pliil. iiu 5. Gen. xlix. 27. BERA, king of Sodom, had hU country terribly ravaged by Che- doklaomek. and his allies. Wlien Abram defeated the conquerors, and recovered the fpoil, Bera offered him thewhole booty, the perfons except- ed ; but Abram refufed any part of it, left it lliouldbe faid, that not Je- hovah, but the king of Sodom, liad made him rich. Gen. xiv. BERACHAH. See valley, and Jehoshaphat. BERK A, a city of Macedonia : it was a little diftant from Pella, where Alexander was born. Here Paul preached with great fuccefs ; and his hearers were exceeding careful to compare what they heard with the fcriptures of the Old Teftament. Sopater, one of them, attended him to Afia, AiSts xvii. 10, — 13. and XX. 4. BtREAVE; to caufe to want, Deut. xxxii. 25. BERITH. See Baal-berith. BERNICE, the daughter of A- grippa the Great. She was firft be- trothed to Mark, the fon of Alex- ander, governor of the Jews at A- lexandria. She next married her own untie, Herod king of Chalcis, After his death, flie married Pole- mon king of Pontus, on conditioti of his being circumcifed. She quickly after abandoned him, and returned to Agrippa her brother, with whom, it is fuppofed, flie lived in habitual inceft They both appeared witji great pomp, to hear Paul's defence at Ceflirea, Acls xxv. 13, 23. and xxvi. BERODACH. SeeMERODACH. BEROTH, Bf ROT HAH, or Chun, a city of Syria, conquered by David ; perhaps it was Berytug BES C i<5o ] BES in Phcnicia, * Sam. viii. 8. i Chron. xviii. 8. BERRY, a fmall fruit growing on trees, buflies, &c. The kinds and qualities of berries are almolt innu- merable. Some are poifonons ; but moll are nourifhing and medicinal. Tlie few Kraelites left in their laud by the AlTyrians, are likened to a Jew berries lejt in the uppermojl or tuimofl branch of an olive-tree. Ha. xvii. 6. BERYL, a tranfparent jewel, of a bluifa p-reen colour. It eafily lo- les its colour in a fmall fire, and is then reckoned of very little value. It never receives any admixture of foreisTi colour ; but its native one is of very difterent degrees, from a deep du(ky, to the paled colour of fea-water. It feems to have recei- ved its Hebrew natne from the re- femblance of its colour to the fea. Its fize is from thai of a fmall tare, to that of a bean or walnut. Its hardnels often approaches that of the garnet. It is chiefly found in the Eail-Indies, and about the gold- mines of Peru in America. There are beryls found in Silefia ; but they are much inferior to the other, and perhaps are but a kind of cryftal. The beryl is the 8th foundation of the new Jerufalem ; and Chrilt's bo- dy is compared to it, to denote his heavenly beauty, myfteriousperfoii, and dignity, Rev. xxi. 20. Dan. x. 6. It was the loth Itone in the high- prielt's breaftplate ; and might de- note the faints in their heavenly na- ture and aft'ecfhion, and the mixture of their cafe and lot, Exod. xxviii. 10. i3ESEECH ; to entreat with great earneftnefs, Exod. xxxiii. 18. BESET; to a/rault, as an artny making a general attack on a city or fort, Judg. xix. 20. God befcts men behind and before ; he exa6lly knows, upholds, and governs them, that they can go no where but as he permits, and v.'here they are fur- Tounded with his prcfcnce, Pfal, cxxxix. 5. Mens finful doings bt- fet them, when they appear charged upon them, and with mighty force entangle them in their deierved pu- niihment, Hof. vii. 2. The tin that eajiiy befets men, is the fin of their nature, or their predominant lufl, which being fo deep rooted in their heart and aife6tions,and fo connefted v/ith their outward circumftances of liie, readily, and without much op» polition, mlligates, and, as it were, fhuts them up to the commillion of wicked acfts, Heb. xii. i. BESIDE, BESIDES; (i.) More than thefe. Gen. xix- 12. {2.) Dif- ferent from. Numb. V. 20. (3.) Near to, Judg. vi. 37. To be bejide one's felf, is to be deprived of the ordi- nary exercife of reafon ; to be mad, Mark iii. 2T. Acts xxvi. 24. with Luke XV. 17. BESIEGE, is hoftilely to furround a city or fort, in order to take pol- feffion of it by force, Deut. xxviii,. 52. Jer. xxxix. i. and Iii. 5. BESOM, an inllrument to fweep with. God's judgments are called a befom of deJlruBion ; they make a great ftir and confufion ; they fre- quently cut oft' multitudes ; and, as with eafe, fweep them into the dunghill of contempt and trouble, or pit of endlefs mifery, Ka. xiv. 23. BESOR, a brook in the foufh- weft corner of Canaan. Here 200 of David's men (laid behind, being faint, while the other 400 purfued the Amalekites who had burnt Zik- lag, I Sam. xxx. 9. It is faid to fall into the Mediterranean fea between Gaza and Rhinocolura, and to be the fame with the brook or river of the wildenicfsy Amos vi. 14. To mo Dr Shaw has given fTifficient evi- dence, that the brook Belor can be but a fmall one ; and that it can fcarce deferve the name of a river. It was perhaps in this brook or rivulet that the Ethiopian eunuch was baptized, ^'ifs viii, 26. to 39. ]^SSr, moit excellent, valuabla> BET [ 16, 1 BET •ommodious, comely, righteous, Ex. xxii. 5. Gen. xliii. 11. i Sam. xv. 9. &c. Heavc-orieiings, and reftitu- tion, were to be ot" the bajl tilings a nlvverable thereto, Numb, xviii. 29. Exod. xxii. 5. Man's hcji flute, is his ftate of innocence ; his chief pe- riod ot" health and Ih-cngth ; and his mod fixed circumdanccs of honour, plcal'ure, or wealtli, Pial. xxxix. 5. The icjf robe, is Chrill's imputed rightcoufners, which, in its origin, beauty, duration, and ufe, far ex- ceeds all others, Luke xv. 2 i. The icH gijts, are hich as are moit ufe- ful for honouring of God, and doing good to men, i Cor. xii. 31. BESTEAD. To be hardly l>c-Jhad *nd hungry^ is to be fore diihclled, and almolt famiihcd, Ifa. viii. 21. BESTIR ; to Itir up ; to uti vi- goroiiily, 2 Sam. v. 24. BKSTOVV; (i.) To give out, Exod. xxxii. 39. John iv. 38. (2.) I'd Liy up, Luke xii. 1 7, 18. 3 Kings V. 24. BETAH, or Tib hath, a city wliich David took from Hadadezer kinp; of Syria, 2Sam. viii.S. iChron. xviii. 8. It is perhaps the fame as Beten, in the tribe of Alher, Jolh. xix. 25. BErHABARA, a place where John baptized multitudes ; and near to which Ite pointed out JefusChrift to two of bis dilciples, John i. 28. As the word Beth, in the beginning of names, fignifies houfi or temple ; this lignifies the kiiufc ofpnQ'age: Cul- niet, Jerome, and others, place it on the ead: bank of Jordan, near the place where the Hebrews pallid that river, under Joihua. Others will have it, where Jacob pafTed the Jordan, a little foutli of the fea of Tiberias. Lightfoot fays a good deal, to prove it was fituate to the north-eaft of that fea, in Eart Gahlee. Perhaps inott of the places beginning with Beth had temples of idols in them. BETHANY, a confiderable vil- bge at the foot of mount' Olivet, al- VOL. L mod two miles eafl from Jerufalena* It was the rcliiitnce of Lazarus, and his filters Martha and Mary. Here Mary poured the oil upon Chrilk's head, John xi. and xii. It is now quite inconfiderabic ; but they Ihll pretend to lliew you Lazarus' caftle and grave, which the Turks ufc for a place of devotion. About a buw-fliot diftant.they ihcw you the lioufe of Mary Maj;;dalene ; and at the foot of the hill, you are fliown the well of A^hich the apollles ufed to drink. BETH-ARAM, Beth-aran, a city of the Reubcnites, to the north- ealt of the Dead fea, and afterward called Livias, Numb, xxxii. 36, Jolh. xiii. I 7. BETHAVEN ; eiilier Bethel, fo called, bccaufe of the idol there fct up, or a place very near to it, Hof. iv. 15. Jofh. vii. 2. See Aven. BETHBARA, a place where Gi- deon called the Ephrainiites to pofl themfelves, to ftop the Hying Mi- dianites. If this be the fame with Bethabara, it feems plain that it was louth of the Galilean fea ; as there the Midianites crolfed the Jor- dan ; and there the borders of Eph- raim were, Judg. vii. 34. BETHCAR, a city of the Dan- ites. Thus far the Hebrews, under Samuel, purfued the Philillines; and near to it he fet up his Eben-ezer, 1 Sam. vii. 11. BETHEL, a city about eight, fome fay twelve, miles northward of Jerulalem, and a mile wcdward of Ai. The place was originally call- ed Luz, from the almond and liazel buihcs that grew here. Here Ja- cob lodged under tlie open iky, as he went to Padan-aram. Aw emi- nent vifion which he there enjoyed, made him call it Bethel, //'^^o///^ 0/ Cod. About 30 years after, he pitched his tent here for fome time. The Canaanites built a city on the Ijiot, and called it Luz, or Bethel. Jofluia took it, along with Ai, and BE T [ 162 ] BET gave it to the Ephraimiles. Thefe, after Joihua's death, refuived to ex- pel the (Janaanites, who had refor- tified it. One of the inhabitants Ihewed them a fecret palFage into it, upon condition that he and his fa- mily fhonid have their lives fpared. This man and his tamily retired to Arabia, where he built another city called Luz. fhe other inhabitants wtre put to the (word. In Bethel, Jerob(;am let up one of his idolatrous calves, on v.'liich account it was call- ed Aven, or Betliaven,'//^.? temple of itlotiy or wickcdthfs, or vanity. Be- thel was wreded from the Ilraelites by Abijah, 2 Chron. xiii. 19. ; but foon alter retaken. The AliVrians made tenible (laughter and ravage in It, Kni. X. 8. BMTrttR ; whether this was a clilti.i6f place, or the fame with Bttharam, Bethhoron, or Bithron, 1 know not ; but lome mountains near it are reprefcnte.i as abounding w irii deer ; it we may not rather ren- der the words, the vioiintuin^ of cliffy, or divt lions. Song ii. 17. A city called Bither, or Bitttr, (iifbin- cd a terrible lie^^e about 100 years after Chi iiFs death. It is faid, the blood which ran down the river itained the fea four milts from the fhore. Euielnus thinks thi' place ilood near Jerufalem ; but more pro- bably it Hood near mount Carmel, and at no great diilance from Ce- farea. BlTHESDA, a pool on the eaft of J rufalera. Tiie name fignifies, either a drau^ht-honf:-, or houj} oj inercy ; fo called, becaufe a jitiblic bath was here ei e^fted ; or becaule God gracioiifly beltowed a heaH;ig virtue on the waters of it. As it lay but a litile to the north-eafl of the temple, the lacrifices might be walh- ed in it; bur it did not thence de- rive its hcaiirg virtue, -ome years before on: Saviour and divine Keal- er came in the ttofh, an angel, on Ibme occafiuns^ defcended, and trou- bled the water of this pool. Who» ever tirfi:, after the agitation, bathed himltlf in it, was healed of what- ever difeafe he had. Multitudes of diftreffed perlbns, fherefoi e, waited in its five porches till the water was moved. One man attended it 38 years, and was at lait cured by our Saviour ; the healing virtue of whofe blood, Spirit, and* word, the pool no doubt typihed, John v. i, — 6. It is faid to be now lao paces long, 40 broad, and 8 deep, but empty of water. BETH-GA.MUL, a city of the Reubenites, but afierwards leized by the Moabites, and ravaged by the Chaldeans, Jer. xlviii. 23. Bt,TH-HACCliRLM,a city {land- ing on a hill, it feems noted for vineyards, between Jerufalem and Te-knah. Hence the alar.ra of the Chaldeans apprcch was given to the former, Jer. vi. i. And here Malr chia, a repairer of the wall of Jeru- falem, was prince, Neh. iii. l^. BETri-HCGLA, a city about halfway between Jericho and Jor- dan : it pertained to the Benjamites, Jofn. xviii. 21. BJc:TH-HORCN,two cities of this name, the one in a lower fui.arion than the other, pertained to the ti ibe of Ephraim, I Chron. vii. 24. Solo- mon repaired and fortihed Beth-ho» ron the Net''et, i Kings ix. 17. BETHINK thsmfcives', conlider^ and repent of their hns, i Kings viii. 49. BI TH JESHIMOTH, a city of the Reubenites, about JO miles caft of Jordan. 'J 'he Moabites fcizcd on it : and at laft it was deftroyed by the Chaldeans, Jolh. xiii. 20. Ezek. XXV. 9. BETHLEHEM, i. AcityofJu- dah, about fix miles fouth of Jerufa- lem, ii.nA fituated in a declivity of ^ hill. It is alio called Ephratah and Ephrath, and its inhabitants E]>hra- t; ites, from its founder. It was ne- ver conijderable for wealth qr ex- feET ( 163 ] B E r tent, but for giving birth to Ibzan, >:iirnelecli, Bohz, Diviii, and chitf- ly to Jeiiis the pronnlcd Meliiah, Gen. XXXV. 16, 19. iind xlviii. 7. Kiitli i. a. Piiil. cKxxii. 6. Mic. v. a. Mic ill the prophet no way contra- dids Matthew the evangehlt, with reiped to its grcatncis. It might be littiey and yet tiut the leajt. Be- fides, Matthew but relates the Jtws rehearfal of the text in Mitah, Mattli. ii. 6. Moreover, TZAHH HIK, ren- dered littie, in Mic. v. a. may tliere, and in Jer. xlviii. 4. and xlix. 20. Zech. xiii. 7. be rendered c^ujidcr^ ahU' ; chif. Bethlehem is (till much vifittd by piigrhns. Here is a con- vent of the Latin, anotlier of the Greek, and a third of Ar'i>enian, Chriltian^* Here tiiey Hiew you the ftable where ChriJt was born ; tiie manger which he iiad for his cradle; the grotto where he and his mother lay hid from the raiie of Herod, be- fore they departed Egypt. About half a mile to the eailward, you are Ihown the fields where the angels appeared to ihe fliephcrds, Luke ii. I, — I a. Mdtth. ii. t. 2. Bethlehem, a city of the Zebnlunirc', fofh. xi.v. I>. BETH-MEON. Sec Baal. >ir.oN. BETH-PHAGE, a fmall village i)eionging to the prieits. It \\ as liard by Bethany, and near two miles c-2ll of Jerufalem. Here onr Savi- our obtained the n(s for his lowly triumj-h, Matth. x\i. i. BETHSAIDA, a city of Gali- lee ; but w hether it lay at the north- T^-cIl, north-call, or raijier foutb-eall iule of the feu of Tiberias, is not a- »need. Its name imports, that it \vas a place of Hlhing or hunting ; and on which fide f(K'ver of the Jor- dan it lay, it was commodious for both : the adjacent country aboiind- iej with deer, and the fea with H(h. It is faid Pbiiij) tlie tetrarch f'-rnied it into a magnificent city, called Ju- lias, after the name of Augulhii the emperor's daui^iitcr. Others w ill have Julias to be tlic lame wiih "i" rather 60 miles north-ealt of Jerulaicm, and at tlie eaft end of the i>lain of Jezieel, Jofh. xvii. li. The Ca- naanites long retained it ; and per- hajis tlieir being in alliaiice wiih the Pliiliiiines, was the reafoii w hy Saul's corpfe was hung up on its wall, Judg. i. 27. I Sam. xxxi. 10. According to Piiiiy, it was afterward called Scythopolis, from the encampment of the Scythians, who, about the time of Jcfiah, made a terrible ir- ruption into Weitern Aha : but o- theri think it was i'o called from the Succoth, or booths built thereabouts by Jacob, in liis return frcin i^a.'Iail-» aram, (ren. xxxiii 17, iS. IU-:rH-SnEMi:SH. i. A city of the tribe of Judah, given to the prieils. Its name teinpts one to think that the Canaanites here had a '..'f/.'/'.V toth: puiy Jolh. x:a. 16, It Hood about :?o miles v ^ftwai-d of Je- rufalem. Tlie kine with which the Philittines fent back the captive ark broiij>!it it to Beth-f1irn)tlh. The inhabitants profanely lo(,hed into it, and were deitroyeil .of the Lord, to the number of 70 priifc-ij«al men, and 50,000 conmtons. Bochart and o- the>«, think the wofds ought to be xt\\Ai:XcA fjviniy men, even fjty c;,t cf a thbufand. They can liardiy tlii'ik that God would li) fevertly punilii a miAaken look : they cr-nnot UcLeve Bwih-iliemefli could alFord Xa BET [ 164 ] BET 50,000 perfons capable of offending. This reafoning has no great Itrength. God alone knows what feverity is proper to be exercifed on the break- ers of his law. Numbers, befides the inhabitants of Beth-lhemelh, might be gathered on that occafion, I Sam. vi. 12, — 19. Near this place, Je- hoafli king of Ifiael defeated and took Amaziah prifoner, 2 Chron. XXV. 21. Tiie Philiilines took this city from king Ahaz, 2 Ckron. xxviii. 18. 2. BETH-sHEMESH,acityon the frontiers of Iffachar's lot ; but whe- ther it be the fame that pertained to the tribe of Naplitali, and out of Vi/hich they exijelled not the Ca- naanites, is uncertain, Jolh. xix. 22, 58. Jndg. i. 33. 3. Beth-skemesh inEgyptjthe fame as Ave N, or On, Jer. xh.i. 13. BETH-SHITTAH, a place whither the Midlanite.s fled when they were routed by Gideon. It probably lay to the fouth-weft of the fea of Tiberias, and belonged to the Manafiites, and abounded with Shittah-trees, judg;. vii. 22. BETH-TAPPUAH, a city or town on the louth-welt border of Canaan. It is laid to have lain 1 4 miles beyond Raphia ; and if fo, could be at no great diftance from the Nile. Its name denotes it fa- mous for applts, or having a temple iacred to the god of that fruit, Jofli. XV. 55. BETHUEL; (i.) The fon of Isahor and Milcah, coufin of Abra- ham, and father of Laban and Re- bekah, Gen. xxii. 20. and xxiv. 15, 29. and xxviii, 2. (2.) Bethuel, or Bethul, perhaps the fame with Che- fil, a city of the Simeonites. Couid we credit the apocryphal hiflory of Judith here, or rather at another place of this name, a good way northward, Holofernes the Aflyriau o-encral Avas llain by her, and a great deliverance wrought for Ifrael, Jolh. mix. 4. X Cor. iv. 39, 3«j BETHZUR, a noted city on th'lf' fouth of Judah, and confines of E- dom, and at no great diftance from Hebron. Rehoboam fortified it, Jolh. XV. 53. 2 Chron. xi. 1 7. In the Maccabean war it was extreme- ly Itror.g. Lylias, the Syrogrecian general, belieged it with an army of 65,000 men. Judas Maccabeus came to fuccour it, and Lylias was forced to retreat : but next year the- Syrians took and retained it for fome years, till Jonathan the Maccabee wreited it from them. BETIMES; (i.) Early in the morning, Gen. xxvi. 31. (2.) Sea- fonably ; on every proper occafion, 3 Chron. xxxvi. 15. (3.) Continu- ally ; carefully, Job viii. 5. BETRAY ; dilhonelily to give up one to his enemies, 1 Chron. xii. 17. Matth. xxvi. 2, 16, 21, 48. BETROTH, or Espouse ; to promife, or contrail marriage, Dent, xxviii. 50. God bctroths or e/poufcs people to himfelf, when he enters them into the relation of a churth to himfelf, Jer. ii. 2. ; chiefly when he unites them to Jefus Chrilf, that they may have a faving interell in his perfon, righteoufneis, grace, and glory, and he and they may. rejoice in one another. He betroths them for ever, by an everlafting covenant, that neither time, fin, nor any tiling elle, can difannul ; and //: rightcouf- mfsy confiftently with his eflential ri^hteoulhefs, and cloathed with his imputed righteoufnefs : and in judgi" menty with great wifdom and pru- dence J and in faith fulnefs, in fulfil- ment of his covenant and promife, and fincerely determined to fulfil the maniage-trult toward them ; and /;; lovmg-kindncfs and u^frciei to their perfons, fo bafe, wretched, guilty, vile, and rebellious. Song iii. 11. Hof. ii. 19, 20. Of this, minillers, by the preaching of the gofpel, are mean"; and inftruments, 2 Cor. xi. 2. BETTER; (i.) More valuable; preferable, Eccl, ix. 4, 1 6, 1 8. ( 2. ). BET C 165 3 BET More acceptable, I Sam. xv. 22. (3.) More able, and wile, Dan. i. 20. (4.) More convenient, i Cor. vii. 3S. (5.) More ealy. Mat. xviii. 6. (6.) More advantageous, Phil, i. 23. (7.) More holy, i Cor. viii. 8. (8.) More ihfc, Plal. ex viii. 8. (9.) More coiniortable, Prov. xr. 16,17. God's love is bitter than Hfij, is more fweet, plcal'ant, proiitable, lure, and lionouruble, Pr.il. Ixiii. 3. Cinitt's lovi: is bitter thatt ivh.'C ; we cannot ilnfully exceed in delire of, or de- light in it ; it is enjoyed without mo- ney and without price ; it never lol'es its I'wectncfs and virtue: our living on it by faith, renders us a»!:tive, ho- ly, and zealous for God, content U'ith our l;l, is a better thing than theirs under the law. Our revela- tion is more plain, full, and exten- five : our ordinances are more clear, Ipiritual, and eafy : we ha.ve the fubltance of their ceremonies, with infinite advantage, in Chrifl's birth, life, death, refurrcction, and aften- lion ; have a more abundant and widc-fpread ctfulion of the Holy Glioil, anda more eininent freedom from the impreihon of the broken law on our confcience, Heb. xi. 40, A day in God's courts is better than a ihoafiitiJ eUewherc. Fcllowfliip witli him is infinitely more dcli^^ht- lul, profitable, and honourable, than any earthly advantage, Pfal. Ixxxiv. 10. A little tliat ci righteous man hath, his dinner ot herbs, or dry morfel, is better than the wealth or delicate provifion of the wicked. It fprings from God's redeeming love, is bleifed of him, is a pledge of glo- ry, and a means of drawing die af- fections and thoughts to ^ God in Chrili, Pfal. xxxvii. 16. Prov. xv. 16, I7.;indxvi. 8. and xvii. i. The faints refurrcfllon is better, more glorious and happy, than a reco- very from a ftale of affliction ; or a miraculous relloration to natural lite ; or the rellirredion of the wicked tocverlaftingdanmation, Heb.xi. 35. Heaven is abetter country ; its inha- bitants, exerciles, and enjoyments, are far more holy, hon^nired, and h;ippy,than thele on earth: and to hn. with Chrili is far better than to be with faints and ordinances r.n earth; as one is freed from every flain cf fin, every temptation and trouble, and clearly fees, and fully enjoys and delights in God as his uli in all, Keb. \i. i6. PhU. i. 23, Uii betttr B E W [ 1^5 ] BEZ lo marry than to burn under the povrcr of unclean kift ; the greateil: troulile is to be chofen, rather than fmful dcfires however lecret. Sor- row and mourning are i>~'ttcr than laughter and mirth ; they more tend to aA'/aken a concern about eternal things, Eccl vii. 2, 5. Death, or the end of a man, is ^eif-.r than his birth or beginning ; as in the for- mer, he gees oul; of worldly trouble, whereas in the other, lie enters into it : and an untimely bii th is irlfcr than either, as it never enters into trouble, Eccl. iv. 2, 3. and vi. 4, 5, 6. and vii. 8. defter v the light oj ths eye tha-n the watidcring oj the de- fire. It is better to enjoy the little that one has, than to indulge anxious dehre after more, Eccl. vi. 9. No- ticing is better than for a man to eat, drink, and be merry, and enjoy his laboui-. It is both advantageous and honourable for a man to free his mind from anxious care, and take a moderate ufe of what God brings to his hand, Eccl. ii. 24. and iii. 12, 13. and vlii. 15. BEULAH, a name given to the Jewifli nation and church of God in the latter days, importing their mar- riage to Chriif, as their hufband and fovereign Lord, Ifa. Ixii. 4. BEWAIL; to mourn over with deep fighs. Lev. x, 6. L«cut. xxi. 13- EEWARE; to take heed ; be on our guard. Gen. xxiv. 6. To be- vtare of Chriil, is to have a due and holy awe of him^ on our fpirit, and carefully to guard againif every thing tending to offend him, Exod. xxiii. 21. To beware of men, is to take heed lell thi-y deceive us, Mark xii. 58. To beware of fm, 4S to avoid every appearance of it, and tempta- tion to it; and, to the utmoil of our power, watch againil and oppcfe it, Matth. xvi. 6. BEWITCH, wickedly to deceive and hurt, by juggling tricks and di- ab«lic diarms, A^.i vlii. 9. Ealfs teachers bewitch men, when, by §!<■ tanic methods of guileful reafbn- ing, fpecious pretences to holinefs or learning, apparent miracles, or proud boafting, they deceive their mind, and deitroy their foul. Gal.' iii. I. BEWRAY; to ihew; difcover, Prov. XX vii. 16. BEYOND; (l.) On the other fide of, Deut. xxx. r ?. (2.) Fur- ther than. Numb. xxii. 18. To know the figniiication oi beyond, on the other ji da, or on this jide, it is ne- ceiTary to know Avhere the lacred writer was at the time of writing. Thus, beyond, -or on the other fids of Jordan, v.ith Mofes, who gave his finiihed books to the Hebrews eailward of Jordan, fignifies the well fide of that river. While fuch as li- ved or wrote on the welf of Jordan, call the eaft fide beyond, or the 0- ther Jidey Deut. iii. 25. and xi. 20.; Jofn. ix. 10. and xiii. 8. The He- brew word ///'/'^i^i;-;- ought fometimes to be rendered on tr-is Jide, a.s Jofli. xii. 7. Deut. i. i. and perhaps Gen. 1. 10. Beyond ineafur , is exceed- ingly, Mark vi. 51. To^«» beyond and defraud, is to exceed the Cfudi- tlons of bargain, and laws of ho- nefty ; or to tranfgrefs the rules of chaftity, and rights of marriage, i Their, iv. 6. BEZALEEL, the fon of Url, of the tribe cf Judah, and Ahoi-Iab, the fon of Ahifamach, of the tribe of Dan, were two noted artificers, call- ed of God, and eminently qualified wiJi v.'ifdom and Iklll ; they had the chief direilion of framing the vari- ous appurtenances of the Mofaic ta- bernacle, and performed every thing with the greatefl exactnels. Wtre they \\zrz\n figures of Jefus ChriH:, who being called of God, and c,ua- lified with the fpirit of vvildom and underftandlng, rears up his cliurch In exad agreement to his Father'^ purpofe and will ? Exod. xxxi. and xxxvi, — ixxix. chapters. B IB [ 167 ] BIB BEZEK. ( I.) A city in the lot of JuJ-.ili, on the c.i.t-lide of ;i hill, ;i- bout two miles from i3crh-/.ur, and a good way wellward of Beihlecm. Here Adoni-bczck reigned, and was taken priioncr, Judg i. 4, — 7. It was a I'ni.iU village about 100 years ago. (2.) A city I'outhward from Bedi-ilian, and on the well of Jor- dan. Here Saul reviewed his ar- my bi-tore he crolfcd the Jordan, in his march to relieve Jabeiii-gilead, I Sim. xi. S BEZER. SocBjzrah. BIBB kR, a great drinker, Matth. ici. 19. LJlliLE, the name commonly gi- ven to the collecftion of die facred writings, Avhich are the ff»le frand- ard and rule of our faith and prac- tice. It is called by the Jews, the Alikra, or LtJfoJ! : the Chriliiaas of- ten de!lgn i:, t/?i facmd bvoks ; the oracles oj God ; tk^ voiuvt^s nf'infp'r rtitioti ; the book of God, &c. It was alway dillinguiilied into books, but not into chapters and verfes as now. It appears, from Clemens of Alex- andria, Athanafius, and others, that, in the early ages of Chriilianity, it was divided into a kind of Ihort pa- ragraphs. The uivifion of it into the prcfcnt form of chapters, is ge- nerally iifcribed to Arlott, a Tufcan monk, or rather to Hugo Cardina- iis, in the 13th century. But it is "plain from the works of Theophy- lat^ on the gofpcls, that it mull have taken place at Icalt 2co years foon- es. Such as believe tlie autlienticity of the Hebrew pmiduation, reckon the Old Te:lament to have been al- way divided into verfes ; but tliefe were not numbered as now, till per- haps Mordecai Nathan publilhed liis Hebrew concordance, about yf. D. 1450. About I5;r, Robert Ste- phen, a French printer, divided the New Teftamcnt into verfes. It is, therefore, no wonder tliis divifion into chapters and verfes is not alto- gether iuit ; nor is it uny crime to correal it. The divIfion of the NeW Tellament into fcftions by Dodd- ridge, is not injudicious. i\t prcfcnt, our Biai.E confifts of the Old and New Teilamcnts : the former was written before, and the latter fince, the incarnation of Chiift: the former, excepting a part of Ez- ra and Daniel, and a verfc of Je- remiah, written in the Clialdaic, are in the Hebrew language. T!)c lat- ter is written in Greek, but very dif- ferent from tliat of Homer, and o- ther celebrated authors. Both were written in the language which was then bell known to the church of God: a fare token that every nation whither the gofpcl comes, fliould have accefs to read the fcriptures in their own language. Wlicther the Old Teftamcnt was written in the Chaldaic character, in which it now appears, or in lh« Samaritan ; and whelher the vowel and disjunflive points be of divine autlioiity or not, has been warmly debated. In both cafes, I incline to the former fentiinent, but readi- ly allow, our opponents have pro- duced no inconfiderable appearance of arguments on their fide ; and that fundry of our learned aflillants have imwarily carried the aif lir of the points too far, and fo rendered their caufe lefs defenfible. It mull be al- lowed, that Bollon hath treated the :-ifair of the accents wi.h great care and judgment. About the time of our Saviour, the Jews dlllinguiihed tlijir Bible into 22 books, conefponvling to the 2i letters of their alphabet, viz. the five books of Mofis ; I 7, of thc prophets, Jolhua, Judges, and Ruth, Samuci, Kings, and Chronicles, Ifaiah, Je- remiah, and Lamentations, E/.ekiel, Daniel ; thc 12 leifer prophets, Job, K/.ra, Nehemiah, andEllhcr; and four Hagtographs, or holy writings, Pfalms, Proverbs, Ecclcfiades, an-i Pong of Solomtm. Thus, toe taru cf Mop!, the Fr'>ih;is, ani^^i rfrTvi's^ BIB [ i68 ] BIB ■ ^ere comprehenfive of the whole, Luke xxiv. 44. The modern Jews reckon 24 books, which they lup- pofe to have three ditterent degrees of authority. To the five books of Mofes, they afcrihe the highefl: au- thority. To the former prophets, ■writers of Jofhua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, and the latter, viz. Ifaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the book of the leifer ones, they afcribe a lower infpiration and authority. To die otlier eleven books of Pfalms, Pro- rerbs, Job, Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclefiaftes, Either, Daniel, Ezra, and Nehem'ah, and Chronicles, tliey fcarce afcribe any proper infpiration, but a mere fu- perintendency oi' God's Spirit, lea- ving the writers in a great mealure to the diredion of their own reafon. The Chrillian divificn of the Old Teftament is far more fenfible. The hiftorical books which are mioft plain and necellary for the underftanding of do(Slrines and predictions, are pla- ced firft, ending with Eilher ; the doftrinal books, ending with Solo- mon's Song, are placed in the mid- dle : die prophetic books, to the know- ledge of which an acquaintance with both liiftories and dodrines is necef- fary, are placed laft in order. But m all the three parts, hiftories, doc- trines, and predictions, are often mixed. Several books mentioned in fcrip- ture, as of Jaiher, of the Wars of the Lord, and the Annals of the kings of Ifrael and Judah, are now lolt ; but diey never had more than hu- man authority. It is a diihonour to Chrlftians, that ever the Avo- QR.YPHA were fuppofed canonical, ' or bound up among the oracles of God- Juft before Jofiah's reign, the canonical books than extant, feem to have been moftly deftroyed ; hence he and his courtiers were fo much furprifed at the contents of a book of the Iaw, perhaps an origi- 3jal manufcript authenticated copy, found In the houfe of the Lord* No doubt a variety of copies were tranfcribed from it. In vain it is pretended that the infpired writings were loft during die Chaldean cap- tivity, and reftored by Ezra. Da- niel had the book of Jeremiah to- penife, chap. ix. 2. Can we doubt Ijut other godly perfons alfo had co- pies? or that even the Samaritans wanted copies of the law ? It is ne- vcrthelefs probable, that Ezra, in- fpired of God, corrected a copy of the facred books, and caufed others to be tranfcribed therefrom. To e- lucidate the hiitory, he added vari- ous fentences, and fornetimes chan- ged the ancient names of cities or perfons, into fuch as were modern. Whether he added the voAvel points, and the keri kt-tid, various readings, or marginal corredlions, to the num- ber of 900 or 1000, at leaft fome of them, we dare not decide. As the book of Nehem; ih carries down the genealogy of the high-i)rielts, and that of I ft Chronicles the line of Zerubbabel, to near the time of A- lexander the Great ; it is probable the books of Malachi, Ezra, Nehe- miah, Efther, and Chronicles, were admitted into the lacred canon, more than ICO years after Ezra's death. The Jews divided the Pentateuch, or law of Nfofes, into 54 fedlions, anfwerable to the number of Sab- baths in their third or intercalated year. In other years they joined two fnort fedlions, en two diiFerent Sabbaths, that they might public- ly read the whole law every year in their worshipping aflemblies. They fu'odivided it into a number of leifer fcdions, where it feeins dieir read- ers if opped to give the ienfe, or hand the book to another. About ^. 31, 5840, Antiochus prohibited the read- ing of the law : they therefore iub- flituted 54 fecSions of the prophets in its flead. After Judas Macca- beus reftored their woriliip, the tw* were conjoiued; and a fediop of thj. Bl B [ 1^9 ] BIB Iaw, and another of the prophets, were read every Sabbulli. The manulcript Bibles of the Jews in Spain, are far more corretft than thefe of Germany ; bnt fcarce any of either are thouylit above 600 or 700 years old. In the 16th centu- ry of the Chrillian sera, Bombcrg printed a valt many Hebrew Bililes, in 4to and folio. The lolio edition I J43, with the Mafora, Chaldee pa- raphr^fes, and commentaries of Jar- chi, Aben Ezra, and David Kimchi, is the mofl: exacl. From this, about 70 years after, Buxtorf andLeo Mo- dena, printed their Rabbinic Bibles at Bazil and Venice. An infinity of Hebrew Bibles, in almoft every form, have been printed. Thefe of Leufden and Athias of in 1667, have H glorious charadcr : but norte in cxadnefs, are equiil to thefe of Me- nalfeh-ben-Ifrael in 1635, and efpe- cially thefe of Vander Hooght in 1 705. Nor are thefe of Proop, Jab- lonilci, Opitius, Michaelis, and Si- mon unexadl, efpecially the former; When Kenicot will favour the world with the reft of his Bible, for which he has made fo laborious prepara- tion, by comparing of manufcripts ; or whether it will be much more va- luable than Hoobigants late one, we know not. When the Jews, in their captivity, learned the language of Chaldea, and forgotten part of their own, the reader of the law behoved to ftop at the end of a lentence, and give the fenfe, Nch. viii. 8. : this produ- ced a variety of paraphrafes or Tar- gums ; but no literal tranflation of the Bible into the Chaldean tongue. That of Onkelos on the Pentateuch or live books of Mofes, compofed ;i- bout the time of our Saviour, is by far the moft literal and fcnfible. The Targum of Jerufalem on the fame books, is written in a very obfcure language, and we have no more but Ihreds of it. Another large pam- phrafe on the Pentateuch, flailed Vot. 1. with plenty of fables, Is afcribed to Jonathan the fon of Uz/iel, though, if we can judge by the ftile, it is none of his. Jonatli.ui has indeed a paraphrafe on the former and latter prophets, and wJiich is ia'r from con- temptible. The author of the pa- raphrale on the Plalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Solomon, Rutli, La- mentations, Ecclefialles, and Eftlicr, is not certainly known. It is pret- ty large, frequently ufcful, and not feldom whiinfical. There is alfo a Targum on the two books of Chro- nicles. Its importance I know not. The Samaritans, whom the Alfy- rians placed in the land of Ifrael, have a double Pentateuch one in Hebrew language, but Samaritan charaders, little different from the Hebrew, except In the years of the patriarchs before Abraham, and in what relates to mount Gerizzim,and in a number of inaccuracies : ano- ther in their own language, which is a corrupt Hebrew or Chaldaic, and which is not altogether defjji- cable. According to Ariftobulus, the Pen- tateuch and Joiliua, if not other books, muft have been tranflated into Greek before the time of Alex- ander the Great ; and it is fuppofed the Grecian philofophers borrowed a part of their knowledge therefrom. The Greek verhon afcribed to Je~ venty interpreter}, was not compo- fed till a confiderable time after. Could we believe Arifteas, Jofephus, Philo, Jultin Maityr, vmd Epipha- nius, it was done by 72 Jewiih in- terpreters, at the demand of Pto- loniy Philadelplnis king of Egypt, for the ufc of his library ; and v, itli the exacflnefs of miraculous infpira-' tion : but the evident marks affable interwoven with their account, the vaft difference in various parts of tliat verfion, the obvious inaccuracy of the greater part of it, do llitii- ciently refute it. It is more pro- bable the Pentateuch was tranflated Y BIB [ 170 ] BIB for the ufi of thefe renegade Jews, who built a temple, and eftablllhed the worlliip of their country, at He- liopolis in Egypt, about 1 5c years before our Saviour's birth; and that the reft, wliich is far lefs exacl:, was tranilatcd by various hands. This verfion, hovi'evei-, paved the way for the fpread of the gofpel, and was very much ufed in the primitive churcl), as well as among the He- lenift Tews, and is ftill of great ufe for fettling the meaning of fome He- brew words. The principal printed editions of it are, (i.) Th.-^ Co7iiplu- tenjiaii, publilhed by Cardinal Xi- menes, A. D. 151 5- It was alter- ed in a variety of places, to make it correfpond with the Hebrew ; and fo is the bell verfion in Greek, but not the true Septuajjint. (2.) The Vevetiaa, printed from a manu- fcript. It has been often reprinted at Strafburgh, Bafil, &c. and alter- ed in fome places to bring it near- er the Hebrew. (3.) The Vatican, printed at Rome 1587, from a fine manufcript of the Pope's library. This, and the various readings of the exxellent Alexandrin manuicript, are inferted in Walton's Polyglot. (4.) Grabe's Alexandrin copy at Oxford 1 707, biit fbmetimes altered as he thought'fit. Chriftianity had fcarce fpread in the world, when new tranflations of the Old Tefcament were publilhed in Greek. About A. D. 1 28, Aquila, a Jewifh profelyte of Pontus, pub- lilhed one very literal, perhaps out of hatred to the Chrillians, who had excommunicated him. About 200, Symmachus, v^-ho by turns vvas a Jew, a Samarican, a Chriftian; and Eblonite, publilhed another, adhe- ring to the feiifi-' rather than to the letter. About the fame time, or perhaps 20 years fooner, Theodo- tion, firft a Marcionite, and then a Jew, publilhed another, in which he (truck into a medium between the two former, his veriion being neither quite literal, nor too far di- ftant from itj and fo preferable to them both. There were other vko Greek verfion:, whofe authors are not known. In the 4th century, Lucian Martyr, Hefychius, and So- phronius, made each of them a tran- flation. The New Teftament in its original Greek, has had an infinity of edi- tions. Thefe of Alcala, Enifmus, Stephans, and Beza, have been ge- nerally copied by others. Thefe of Mills Kuller, and Wetftein, and Bengelius, with the various read- ings, are the moil valuable. Mills hath fhown a furpriling fondnefs to collect as many ashe could, to about 30,000, for which he hath been aba- fed by fome, feverely chaftifed by Whitlay, and candidly correded by Bengelius ; the tvv-o latter has omit- ted thoufands of the moft trifling. This vaft number of various read- ings is fo far from weakening the authority of fcripture, that it migh- tily confirms it : they have been col- lefted by the friends of Chriftianity, which Ihews their fcrupulous exa(!:t- nefs in trying their own caufe. Not one of the vaft . multitude tend to overthrow one article of faith, but are verfant about accents, letters, fyllables, and things of fmaller mo- ment ; and by comparing a multi- tude of copies, the genuine reading is eafily eilablilhed. Of the books of the New Teftament, the firft five are hiftorical, the next 21 epiftola- ry, and the laft is prophetic. Some heretics have attempted to add fpu- rious gofpels, acts, and cpiftles ; but thefe were alway rejected by the Chriltian church. The Syrian verfion of the whole fcripture is confiderably ancient and ufeful. It is pretended Solomon procured for the Syrians a verfion of the infpired books then extant ; and that Abgarus king of Edelfa, foon after the death of our Saviour, procured a verfion of the reft of the BIB [ 171 ] BI B Old Tcftament. It is fur more pro- bable the Chriftums of AntirKh pro- cured the whole tr;inllaiion about A. D. TOO. It is cert lin llic verfion is ancient. In the Old TeftamL-nr, it too oficn leaves the original He- brew, to follow the Samaritan or Septuagint ; and leaves out the titles of the Pfalms, to infcit their con- tents. Nay, tliere is a Syriac ver- fion of tlie Old Teftament done from tlic Seventy. In the firlt ages of Chrillianity, the Romans and others of the Wcllein church, had a variety of Latin tran- flations. One called the Vulgate, and on iJie Old Teftament, tranfla- ted almoft word for word irom the Septuagint, was moft generally re- ceived. Jerome, the only father of the Latin church, who feems to have underft(K)d the Hebrew language to purpofe, formed a new veriion irom the originals. This being better, was in fome churches preierrcd to the Vulgate. Some contention a- bout the two verfions happening, the Vulgate was corrctfted by that of Jerome, and fo one made of both. This, fufficiently corrupted by the fcrlbes, is ufed by the Romiih church, and received the fanclion of authen- ticity from the council of IVent. Pope Sextus, however, afterward correAed fome thoufands of faults in it ; and Clement the 8th, his fuc- ceflor, added fome thoulands more of corrciftions, fome of which are to the worle. Nor is Bellarmine mi- ftaken in avowing that h number of places Hill need a farther amend- ment. Jerome's own verfion was publilhed at Paris in 1963, by Mar- tianay and Pougct. Chryfoftom and Theodoret affure us, that die Old and New Tella- ments were, in their time, found ii\ the Syrian, Indian, Perfian, Arme- Tiian, Ethiopic, Scytliian, and Sa- maritan language. About //. D. 900, or later, Saadi'.is Gaon, a Jew, iraiiflatcd die Old Teilament into Arabic. Aninher of Mauritania tranilated the Pentateuch ; and Er- pcnins printed his \\ork. A bilhop of Sevil formed an Arabic 'tranfla- tion about "fig. RiTius, a irionk of Damafcus, alio tranilated the New Tcllament. Another Chriilian who lived in Egypt, formed another tian- flation. Who were the authors of the Arabic verfion in the London Polyglot, ve know not. It has been generally done from the Alcxan- di ian Greek copy, and is not exact, but ncvcrthelefs uicful. Tlie Ethiopians of AbyfTmia have a verfion of the whole Bible, which they ai'cribe to Fnimentius, a bilhop of the 4th century. In that part of the Old Teftament which we know, it much corrcfponds with the Alex- andrian copy of the Septuagint, and the New is far fi om exad ; but whe- ther owing to the copy, or tp the ignorance of the printer and cor- rcdlor, we dare not dcteimine. If. is certain the Ethiopian who infjicd- ed the printing of the Roman edi- tion 1 548, complains grievoully that he undcrftood not the art of print- ing, and that the workmen umicr- ftood not the language, and fcarce the letters. Tlie Copts, or remnant of the an- cient Egyptians, have a pretty an- cient tranllation of the Bible : the Old Teftament done widi coufider- able exavSlncfs from the Alexandrian Septuagint, but never printed tliat I know of. The New was printed at Oxford in 1716. But Jabloniki and la Cro/e ha\ e a low opinion of t]-;is woi-k, efpeclally the Latih tran- flation. The Perfians have fome manufc. ipt verfions of the Bible : the Penta- teuch, by Rabbi Jacob a jew ; .iud the Gofpels, by Simon a Clr. iftian, are infcrted in the London Pcjiygbt: neither arc ancient; and the hulls far from l>eing coned. l"he Armenians have a tranflation of the Old Teftament, done from the Y 2 BIB [ 172 ] BIB Scptuagint, by Mofes Grammaticus and two others, about 1400 years ago. It was done from the Syriac and Greek. In 1666, it correded or corrupted from the Vulgate, was printed at Amfterdam, under the diredion of an Armenian bifhop. Theodorus Patreus procured an im- prefllon of an Armenian New Te- Itament at Antwerp 1668, and of the whole Bible in 1670. The Georgians have the Bible In their ancient language ; but that be- ing now almoft obfolete, and them- felves generally brutifhly ignorant, few of them can either read or un- derftand it. The Ruflians have tlie Bible in their Slavonic tongue, done from the Greek by Cyril their apoftle. It was publilhed in 1581 ; but being too obfcure, Erneft Gliik, a Swe- difh captive, above 60 years ago, began to form another. He died before he finiflied it. Peter the em- peror ordered a number of liis mod learned clergy to complete the work. I fuppofe it was printed, and that thefe Bibles, diftributed by royal authority about 1722, were of tliis traniiation. The moil ancient German tranfla- tion, is that of Ulphilas bifliop of the Goths, about 360 ; but he left out the books of Kings, left they Ihould have excited his lavage coun- trymen to war. Towards the end of the r6th century, Junius profeffed to publifli an edition of it, from a Tnanufcript found in the abbey of Verden, written in letters of filver. All anonymous verfion was printed at Nureniberg in 1477. Between 1521 and 15^2, Luther compofed his tranflation, but Michaelis La Croze and Dayer think this was not the Gothic verfion of Ulphilas, but one about 200 years later ; and pub- lifhed it in feven parcels, as it was ready. Some perfons of quality, matters of the German language, reviled it, Two Popifli verfions^ the one of Eckius on the Old, and Em- zer on the New Teftament, and an- other of Ulembergius, were pub- lilhed to fmk the credit of Luther's; but the Proteftants of Germany and Switzerland ftill ufe it, a little cor- reded. About 1 660, a projed was on foot to have it corrected to pur- pofe ; but I fuppofe the death of the great Hottinger rendered that defign abortive. About 1604, Pif- cator turned the Latin tranflation of Junius and Tremellius into a kind of German, but too much latinized. About 1529, the Anabaptifts pub- lifhed their German tranflation at "Worms. In 1630, John Crellius, a Socinian, publiflied his New Tefta- ment at Amfterdam, and Felbinger his in 1660. About 1680, Athias publilhed an Hebrew German tran- flation of the Old Teftament, for the fake of his Jewifli brethren, and Jekuthiel another ; but both, efpeci- ally the latter, diftorted feveral texts relative to the Mefliah, &c. Schmidt's German tranflation appears to have been not much more prized. The firft Polifli verfion of fcripture is afcribed to Hadewich, the wife of Jagellon duke of Lithuania, Avho embraced Chriftianity, yi. D. 1390. In 1 596, the Proteftants publiflied another, formed on Luther's tran- flation. About three years after, James Wiek, a Jefuit, and fome of his brethren, publiflied another more to the Popilh tafte. The Socinians publiflied two verfions to their tafte in 1562 and 1572. About I J06, the Bohemian Tabo- rites publiflied a Bible in their lan- guage, done from the Vulgate. In the end of the i6th century, eight Bohemian divines, after a careful ftudy of the original languages, at Wittenberg and Bafil, publillied a verfion from the original text. In 1534, Olaus and Laurence pub- liflied a Swedifli Bible, done from Luther's German tranflation. A- bout 161 7, Guftavus Adolphus or-; B I B [ 173 ] BI B tiered fome learned men to rcvife it. Since which time, it has been almoll univcrfally followed in that king- dom. The tranflation into the lan- u;uac;e ot Finlanci, I luppofc, was done from it. In 1550, Peter Palla- dins, and three others, pulililhed a Danifli verfion, done from the Ger- man of Luther. In 1605, Paul Re- fenius, biOiop of Zealand, puhliilied another. In 1624, John Michel pub- lilhed liis verfion of the New Te- ftament. Tlic Icelanders have a ver- fion of the Bible in their language ; but I know nothing of the author. The Flemifl) or Dutch Bibles, com- pofed byPapilts, are very numerous; but, except that of Nicolas Vink in 1 548, are, for ought I know, all a- r.onymous. The Calvinifts of the Low Countries long ufed a verfion done from Luther's ; but the fynod of Dort appointed fome learned men to form a new one iVom the origi- nals. It was pulililhcd in 1637. Nor do I know of another tranflation e- ([ually exaft. In 1 47 1, an Italian Bible, done from the Vulgate, by Nicolas Malerme, a Benedidtine monk, was publiihed at Venice. Anthony Eruccioli pub- liihed another in i5;;o. The council of Trent prohibited it. The prote- Itants have two Italian verfions: the one by the celebrated Diodati, pub- liihed in 1607, and with corrections in 1641. He gives us a half para- phrafe, rather tlian a tranflation. The other by Maximus Theophilus, and dedicated to the duke of Tuf- cany, about 1551. By an order of king James of Arragon to bum them, we find there were a number of Bibles in Spanifh, about 1270 ; probably t!ie work of the Waldenies. About 1500, a Spaniih verfion was publiihed, but the tranflator is un- known!. In 1545, Driander pub- liihed his verfion of the New Tc- ftament, and dedicated it to king Charles the 5th. After long private ufq of it, the Jews publiihed their Spanifli verfion of the Old Tellament in I55i?« Cani()d< ire, a learned Cal- vinilt, publiihed his Bible in 1569. Cyprian de Valera corrected and re- pul)liihcd it in 1602. About A.D. 1 160, Peter de Vaux, chief of the Waldenies, publilheil the firil tran- ilation of the Bible in French. About 1290, Guinard les Moulins formed a tranflation, and which, it is pro- bable, Menard publiihed in 1484. About 13S0, Raoiil de Prclle made another. By order of the emperor Charles the 5th, the docftors of Lo- vain publiihed another, 1550: but F. Simon fays, it fcarce difl'e red from that of Le Empereur in 1534. Rc- natus Benoit publiihed his French Bible 1567, and Corbin his in 1645. The firit is laid to be pirated, and the other to be harfli in its ilile, ad- hering too clofely to the Vulgate. In 1672, Haac le Maitre de Sacy publiihed his verfion with ihort notes, to point out the literal and ipiritual fenfe. It was received with great applaufe. The New Teilament of Mons, done from the Vulgate, and publiihed 1665, with the king of Spain and archbiiliop of Canibray's licence, is in a molt clear and agree- able ftile : but pope Clement the 9th, and Innocent the nth, with a number of French biihops, furioufly prohibited it. About 1670, Ame- lotte, pretending to have ranfackeJ the various libraries of Europe, ami with great care to liuve collated the ancient manul'cripts, pulMiihed liis New Teltament. To his ilianie, it was iound, he had fcarce noted any newvariousreadingsof confequciicc: he himfelf w;is obliged to own that he had ib boailed, to procure a iale lor his book. In 1697, Bohoiiis, ai»d other two Jcfiiits, publiihed their New Teflanient ; bt'.t their ftricH: adherence to the Vulgate, has ren- dered their language harili and ob- fcure. In 1702, F Simon jiublilhed liis New Teitament, with feme li- teral and ciitical not^ik : the Lill:ops BIB [ 174 3 BIB of Paris and Meaux quickly con- demned it. Martianay publilhed his New Teftament in 171 2. There is a number of French Bibles tranflated by Proteftants. Faber's verfion of the New Teftament, was printed for thefe of Piedmont, in 1534. Next year, Peter Olivetan's Bible was publiihed at Geneva ; and being oft reprinted, with the cor- redions of Calvin and others, is now aworkof confiderable exaftnefs. Af- ter fome ftruggling with the French Proteftant clergy, Diodati publilh- ed his in 1644 ; but, like his Italian and Latin verfions, the tranflation is too free, and near to the nature of a paraphrafe. Cailalio publilhed his ; but both verfion and language have too much of a foppiih levity. Le Clerk publiihed his New Teftament at Amfterdam 1 70:5, with notes moft- ly borrowed from Grotius and Ham- mond. The States General prohi- bited it, as inclining to the Sabellian and Socinian herefies. La Cene pub- lifhed another, which fhared much the fame fate on account of its fan- cies and errors. About j^. D. 709, Adelm tranflated the Pfalms into Englilh Saxon. A- bout the iame time, Eadfrid tranfla- ted other parts of fcripture ; and ve- nerable Bede tranflated the Gofpels, if not the whole Bible. About 890, king Alfred tranflated a great part of the fcripture. An Anglo-faxon verfion of Ibme books by Elfric, was ptiblifhed in 1699. A verfion of the Goipels was publiihed by Parker, archbifhop of Canterbury, in 1571 ; but the author is unknown. At the requeft of Lord Berkeley, John Tre- • vifa tranflated the Bible into Eng- lifh, and finifhed his verfion j4. D. I35 7» or, according to others, in 1398. About 1360, John Wicklifi' compofed his verfion, which is ftill extant in feveral libraries of England. In 1526, Tindal publiflied his New Teftament. Moft of the copies were bought up for the hre, by bifhop Tonftaland Sir Thomas More. The price enabled Tindal to proceed in the tranflation of the Old Teftament. He was burnt in Flanders, juft as he prepared his Bible for a fecond edition. John Rogers, afterward martyr, finifhed the corredlion, and printed it at Hamburgh, under the name of Thomas IMatthews. Cran- mer, and Miles Coverdale, further correded it. Cranmer got it print- ed by public authority in England ; and king Henry ordered a copy of it to be fet up in every church, to be read by every one that pleafed. By advice of the Popifh bifhops, he foon after revoked this order, and pro- hibited the Bible. When Cover- dale, Knox, Samfon, Goodman, Gii- by. Cole, and Whittingham, were exiles, during the Marian perfecu- tion, they framed another tranfla- tion, with fliort notes, and got it printed at Geneva. It v/as much valued by the Puritans, and in about thirty years had as many editions.. The bifhops heartily hated ,it, and made a new one of their own, which was read in the churches, while the- Geneva tranflation was generally read in families. About 1583, Lau- rence Thomfon publiflied a tranfla- tion of Beza's New Teftam.ent, and annotations. In the end of the i6th, and beginning of the 1 7th century, the Engiifh Papiffs at Rheims pub- liflied a verfion of the whole Bi- ble. It was crowded with barbarous terms, and attended with notes, calculated to fupport the Papacy ; nor durft the Popifh people read even this bad tranflation without a licence from their fuperiors. At the Hampton-court conference, the Puritans fliggefted unanfwerable objections *to the bifhops Bible ; and king James heartily hated the Ge- nevan tranflation. He therefore ap- pointed 54 learned perfons to tran- flate the fcriptures anevr, or, at leaft, compofe a better tranflation out of many.- Forty-feven of them, ranged BIB [ 175 ] BI B into fix dlvifions, asflually engaged in it, yl. D. 1607. Alter each had tranllated the portion ufligncd him, they met together: one reiul the new Tcrlion ; all the tell:, meanwhile, held in their hand citlier original copies, or fome valuable verfion. When- ever they oblerved any tiling, the reader Ilopt, till they confidercd and agreed on it. In three years they fiuilhed their talk ; and their tran- flation was publilhed in 1610. It is flill of public authority in the Britilh dominions; and, next to the Dutch, is the bell extant. Since that time, Ainlworth, Doddridge, and others, have pulilillied tlieir own verfions ot" part of the Tacred books in Englifli. The Dutch veriion and annotations have alio been turned into our lan- guage. Who is the author of the Welch tranllation I know not. A- bout 1650, bilhop Bedel of Kilmore employed one King to tranflate the Englilh Bible into Irilh. After it was finifhed, and Bedel had exami- ned it, he intended to print it at his own charge. Archbilhop Laud and Lord StralFord prevented him; pre- tending it would be a reproach for the nation, to ufe the vcrlion of lb delpicablc a fellow as King. The manufcript however was not \oi\, but printed in 1685. Whether the Earfe Bibles, ufed in the Highlands of Scotland, be nearly the lame, I know not. The Turks have fome manufcript tranflations of the Bible In their lan- guage. In 1666, a Turkifli New Tcltament was printed at London, to be difperfed in the Eaih In i 721, it is faid the (irar.d Seignior order- ed an imprcHion of Bibles at Con- ftantinople, that they might be con- fronted witli the ji^lcor.m, or Ma- hometan oiacie. About 1650, John Eliot publilhed his tranflation of the Bible, into tl-!C language of the A- merican Malfacluifets. About twen- ty years after, the honourable Sir Robert Boyle procured a veriion of the New Tellament into the Malay- an language, and lent the imprcllion into the Eall Indies. In I7ir, Zic- genbalg and Grindler, Daniih mif- lionaries, publilhed their veriion of the New Tcrtament in ilic Mala- brian language ; and afterward pro- ceeded to tranllatc the Old ; but whether it be yet ptHjlilhed 1 know not. The modern Greeks in Tui- key have alfo a tranllatiou of the Bible in their language. Since the Reformation, a vaft nura- bcrof Latin verlionshavebcen form- ed. Of the Papilh, Pagnin publilh- ed his in 1527 : it is very literal, and generally exad. Montanus' cor- rections render it ftill more ufefuL By the alhltance of two perfons Ikilled in Hebrew, Cardinal Cajetaa tranllated part of the Old Tellament. Ifidorus Clariiis uudtrtook to cor- rect tlie Vulgate from the Hebrew, and pretends he rectified above 800 paliagcs. Of Protclhmts, Seballian Munlter publiilied a literal but judi- cious tranlktion. That of Leo Juda is more elegant Latin, but lefs con- lormable to the original. Callalio often regards his pompous, if not fometimes fopjjilli Latinity, more than tlie mind of the Holy GIiolL Junius Tremellius and Beza's tran- llations are confulerably exact, and have been frequently reprinted. Pill cator's verfion, "which he publilhed a little before liis death, along wiili his commentary, is Hill more fo'. Schmidt's verfion i? fomewhat harlh in the language, lout very literal ; and, by its numerous fupplcmcnts, alio fcrvcs as a kind of commentary. , It hath been printed along with a coari'e ^edition of Vander lloogiii's Hebrew Bible. For the more comm'>dious compaii- Ibn of diHerent verlions, fundry of them have been fometimes joined together. In his o<5tapla, or eight- fold Bible, Origen arranged, in tlif- fcrent columns, a Hebrew copy, both in Hebrew and in Greek tha- BIB [ 17^ ] BTB ravHiers, with fixdiiFerent Greek ver- fions. Eiias Hutter, a German, a- bout the end ot tiie i6th century, pubhihcd the New Teltament in twelve languages, viz. Greek, He- brew, Synac, Latin, Italian, Spa- nifh, French, German, Bohemian, Englilh, Danifh, Polift ; and the Avhrjle Bible in Hebrew, Chaldaic, Greek, Lati;'.,Gfrnian, and a varied verfjon. But tiie mofl efteemed col- Jedlions are thele in which the ori- ginals, and ancient tranflations, are conjoined. Such as the Comp/uten- fiau Bible, by cardinal Ximenes, a Spaniard ; the khtg of Spain's Bible y tliretSted by Montanus, &c. ; the Paris Bible of Michael Jay, a French gentleman, in ten huge volumes fo- lio ; copies of which were publilhed in Holland, under the name of pope Alexander the feventh ; and that of Bviaji Walton, afterward bifliop of Chelter. This laft is the moll regu- lar and valuable. It contains the Hebrew and Greek originals, with Montanus' interlineary verfion ; the Chaldee paraphrafes ; the Septua- gint ; the Samaritan Pentateuch ; tiie Syrian and Arabic Bibles ; the Perfian Pentateuch and Gofpels; the Ethiopic Pfalms, Song of Solomon, and New Te {lament, with their re- fpedlive Latin tranilations ; together with the Latin Vulgate, and a large volume of various readings, to v.-^hich is ordinarily joined, Caltel's Hep- taglot Lexicon, all included in eight volumes folio. Whatever may be the cafe of pre- tenders to freedom of thought, under the enflaving power of their lulls, every one that truly allows himfelf to think freely, mult be perfuaded, that man, iu his prefent flate, has no natural liglit, fufficient to conquer his corruptions, and to guide him to real and everiarting happinefs. The poflibihty of God's further ma- nifefling his wili, nay, the ncceffity of revelation to effectuate the reco- very of man, to him muit be mani- feft , However far the grand points of the fcripture may tranfcend the views of our reafon, it will appear^/ on a ferious trial, that no point is "contrary thereto ; that there is no- thing in the matter or manner of re- velation, but tallies exa(5lly with the perfections of God; and, as Boling- broke, an outrageous mfidel,obferves, ** It would pals for downright mad- '' nefs^ if we were not accuftomed '* to it, to hear creatures of the " lowell formof inteUetftual beings^ " pretend to penetrate the defigns, " fathom the depths, and unvail the *' myrteries of infinite wifdom." I cannot conceive one fingle cha- radler of a divine revelation, but what I find the writings of the Bible marked with. The divine autho- rity, majefty, wifdom, holinefs, and goodnefs difcovered therein ; the depth, fublimity, purity, and bene- volence of their matter; their fcope, to render all the glory to God, and crufh the corrupt inclinations of man ; the tranfcendent loftinefs of their flile, even when fuited to the capa- city of the weak ; the obvious can- dour of the writers, in relating the weaknelTes and faults of themfelves and their nation ; their amazing harmony, though of very different ftations and ages, and publifliing things contrary to the natural incli- nations of men ; the atteflation of thefe writings by vail numbers of important, public, and incontelHble miracles ; the joyful fufferings of millions for their lledfaft adherence thereto ; the marvellous preferva- tion of them, and the fignal flrokes of divine vengeance on fuch as at- tempted to deltroy them ; their a- mazing fuccefs, prevailing over the lufts of men, and furious oppofition of Avorldly power, to the civilizing of nations, and to convince, convert, and comfort the liearts of millions^ the molt obftinate ; the exadl fulfil- ment of the numerous, the parti- cularly circumftantiated prediclions BIB C ^n 3 BIB thereof, — are infallible documents that they only are tlie word of Goil, able to make iis wife unto Ikl- vation, and to convey to us eternal life, aTim. iii. 15, — 17. Nothing allertc'd in Itripture is con- trary to the true light of nature, however far it may tnmlcend it. It is no way abfurd to reprel'ent fpiritual things, and even God iiini- I'elf, by pj-opcr emblems, ;is the I'enle jseafily underllood to be figurative; and thefe rigures, drawn from com- mon things, tend to make us ever converlant with fuch fpiritnal ob- je»?ls. As God is the fupreme pro- prietor of mens lives and eltates, he may juftly deprive them thereof, when, and by whom, he pleafcs ; iefpecially, if, by fm, Uiey have.fig- nally forfeited them into the hand of his juiUce. In this view, there was nothing abfurd in his command to facrifice ifaac ; in his ordering the Hebrev/s to alk from tiie Egyp- tians whatgoldand iilver he})leafcd, and which was but due for tlieir liard fervice; or in his ordering tlieie Hebrews, as a means of deterring them from like imj)ietics, to kill the wicked and idolatrous Canaanitcs, and take poircflion of their land. No fcriptnre, if riglilly underftood, ever reprelents God as the autlior of fni, but as permitting it ; and as ■wifely rendering it a principal part of punilhment to the tranlgrellora None of the fymbolical anions en- joined to the prophets, if rightly un- derllood, are tuiworthy of God j Avhom, without blafphemy, we can- not think obliged to form his eili- mate according to the local fancies and cullonjb of men. Nor ntiglit thefe ae^tions appear fo odd in the eallern countries as in ours ; or, if they did, they were lb much the more alarming. No (landing law of revelation, but tends to the perpe- tual happinefs of mankind, and honour of God. No pofitivcand temporary iuftitution thereof, but was, gr is, VoL.JL, calculated to the inftru lar texts. Scarcely is any other fo thoroughly evangelic, and fo atten- tive to the conncolion, as Guife. 131 D; (i.) To invite, Matth. xxii. 9 (2.) To command, 2 Kings x. 5. God's biJHing Shimei curie David, imports his permitting him tf) do lo, and fuflering Satan to excite liim thereto, for the punifliment ot Da- vid's fin, 2 Sam. xvi. 11. God's ^/ ii. II. and viii. and xviii. and XXV. BILHAH. (i.) The handmaid of Rachel, concubine of Jacob, and mo- ther of Dan and Naphtali. Slie com- mitted incelt witli Tieuben, Gen. xxix. 29. and xxx. 3, — 8. and xxxv. 22. (2.) A city belonging to tiie Simeonites, i Chron. iv. 29. See Baalah. BILL. (l.) Apromife in witing, .Luke xvi. 6, 7. (2.) A bill of Di- vorce. When God allis the jews. Where was the bill of their 7iictker^s li'ivorcevient, and to which of his cre- ditors he had fold them ? he either denies, that they were yet abandon- ed by him ; or rather hints, that not he, but their own fins, were the guilty caufe of the rejeiStion of their churchand nation, and of their being delivered up into ihe hands of the oppreliing Chaldeans and Romans, Ifa. 1. I. BILLOWS, raging waves of the lea. Powerful armies are likened Ttt) waves, for their fmious approach, their overwhelming and ruinous in- ilaeiicc; Jer. Ti. A2. Wicked men are likened to raging waves, fop their i.nlt;t lednels and inconftancy. Jam. i. 6. ; or their noify and un- fubllantial doctrines, and their boaft- ing to carry all belore them, and to ruin every oppoler, jude 13. Grie- vous aiiiiclipns fucceeding one ano- ther, are called Csi'j ivavc^ and bil- lows. Sent and ordered by God, they terrify, perplex, and threaten to deftroy men, Pfal. xlii. 6. and Ixxxviii. 7. and Ixix. 1, 2. and CXXX. I. BIND; (i.) To tie firmly toge- ther, Gen.xxxvii. 7. (2.) To fix in chains or cords, Acfts xii. 6. (3.) To engage by promife or oath, Num. xxx, 2,9, 13. (4.) To reltrain. Job xxviii. 1 1 . ( 5. ) To diitrefs, trouble, Luke xiii. 16. (6.) To impofe with violence, Matth. xxiii. 4. (7.) To inflict or ratify church-cenfure, whereby men are reftrained from full communion with the vifible part of the' rnyitical body ofClirilt, Matth. xvi. 19. andxviii. 18. Godt bhids up men, or binds up their breach, when he protects, heals, delivers, and com- forts tliem, job v. 18. Flak cxlvii. 3. Da. xxx. 26, Ezek. xxxiv. 16. He bound and jirc;:gtl\ned the arms of the IfraelitCi, • -hen, by means cf Jehoafh and Jeroboam, he recover- ed them to their former power and glory, Hof. vii. ij'. The binding q£ them in their two furrows, Jins, or habitations, denotes their expofmg of themfelves to certain puniiiiment, by their cbflinate torfaking of the Lord, and the family of David ; and their turning alide to other gods and kings ; or, the Ali'yrlans reducing them to brutal flavery, Hof. x. 10. The bind-ing up the tefiviony, zndfeal. ing the law among the difciples, may denote the preferving of the truths relative totheMeffiah's birth and of- fice, with great care and efleem, by the followers of Chrifl, even while they ■were hid from the body of the Jewifh nation, Ifa. viii. 16. Mens binding Cud's iaiv Q7i tkclr hearts^^ BIR [ i8i ] BIR neck, hands, or fingers, imjiorts iheir conitant regard to it, and their con- (ideration and prH«^licc of it, Prov. vi. 21. and iii. 3. and vii. 3. Deut. vi. 8. The bindtrig of the •wicked in bufidles, or hand and foot, and cart- ing them into hell, imports their de- privatibn of all liberty and eal'e, Matth.xiii. 30. anil xxii. 1 3. Chrift's b'utdhig of Satan, imports his con- quelt and reltraint of him, Mattli. xii. 29. Rev. XX. 2. A nation is laid to bf bound up, when tiieir deliver- ance is begun, Ita. i. 6. Jer. xxx. 13. Tilt wind bound up tlie Ifrael- ites /// her wings ; the whirlwind of God's wrath, und the Ailyrian for- ces, tail It'ized ihcrii, and violently carried theminiff cajnivity, Hof. iv. ' 19. Their iniquity was bound up, and fm hid ; remained unforgiven, exactly remembered by God, and ready to be produced againit them in judgment, and its punifnment exe- cuted, on them, fioi. xiii. 12. BIRDS, or KowLS, are flying beasts: they iiave their body co- yered with feaihers: they have two wings, and a beak of horny texture: their temales bring forth young by hatching of eggs : they have no teeth, lips, or external car ; no lac- teal velfcls, kidneys, or bladder for urine. Some are ravenous, feeding on flefli ; others feed on grahi: fome are birds of pafl'agc, which, in the winter-leafon, remove to warmer climates. Some of them are fn'-giug birds, others not. Some of them haunt the waters and i'ens ; others the dry hind, woods, &:c. The of- trich is the largell fowl we know, and the American humming bird the fmallert;. From the form of their beak, Linnaeus dirtinguiflies birds in- to lix kinds ; the hawk kind, witii hooked beaks ; the piot kind, with bending beaks; tlie ^eefe kind, with lerrated beaks; the woodcock kind, with roundifli and obtiife beaks; the hen kind, with crooked conic beaks; the fparrow kind, with tliin conic beaks. It is hardly probable, that tlie particular lorts of birds can a- mount to above 2co: none of them, belides turtles or young pigeons, were concerned in the Levitical ce- remonies, unlefs perhaps Iparrows were ufed in the purification of le- pers. God prohibited the Hebrews to apprclicnd the dam with her y(,'U!!g, but to let the mother eftape, when they I'poiled her neft. He alio forbir! them to eat the Hefli of a git-at niiiiiber of them, Deut. xxii. 6, 7. and xlv. Lev. xi. The two birds taken to purify the leper, whereof the one was fiain over a veii'cl full of runninp v^ater, and the other being dipped into tl^c mixture of blood and water, let fly into tlie open air, may iigniiy Chrili's two natures, the one whereof fuftcred, and the other triuniphed over death; and his two ilates, in one whereot", he offered up himleif through the eternal Spiiit; in tlie other, he role again, and afccnded to gh'' y. Lev. xiv. 3, — 7. The Lord dtfe.;'. nis people, us birds fymg : he lo^'ks down upon them w uh pity; lie comes I'peedily to their relief, and covers them, with the jirotecting ii!Hi;ence of his power, mercy, and goodnels, Ifa. xxxi. 5. Men in general, are likened to birds and fowls: they are weak, cafily enfnared, mucii toiled, and oft Mander from their proper reil, Prov. v. and vii.. 23. and xxvli. 8. Lam. iii. 52,; and they lodge un- der the protection, aid are nplield by the fupport otChrilt, or of earth- ly rulers, as the kings of Babylon, Egypt, &c. Ezek. xvii. 23. and xxxi. 6. Dan. ii, 38. The faints are like birds, weak, comely, active, expo- fed to trouble, oft wondroufly de- livered from Iriares, and employed in fweet fongs of praife ; and they rell under the Jhadow, and on the fupporting branches of Jcfus,thc tree of life, Song ii. 12. K/.ek. xvii. 23. Pfal.cxxiv. 7. Our tranllation likens the Jews to -xf^ifkhd bird^ and t^e BIR [ i8i ] BIR CliaWeans to ravenous iirds ; but, Blight not the lentence be better rendered, Mine heritage is unto mt cs a wild and fierce hyena ? has a- fculed my kindnefs, and returned me hatred for my love ; therefore every tayemus bcajl is upon her, Jer. xii. 9. The Ifraelites trembled like a kird out of Egypt : their connedlion vith Egypt tempted the Airyrians to deftroy them, Hof. xi. 11. Their flory fled away iikc a bird frotn the irth, and the conception. Their power and honour were fcarte re- covered under king Jehoafii, Jero- boam his fon, and Pekah, when, by means of the Aflyrians, they were utterly ruined, Hof. ix. 1 1. The di- firefied Moabites, and David in his exile, were like wandering ^ir^i dri- ven from their home, nor knowing Xs'hither to go, Ifa. xvi. 2. PfaL xi. r. The Antichriltians are repre- fented as unclean and hateful birds, for their oppreflion, murder, and ■filthinefs cjf do6lrine and pradice. Rev. xviiiw 3. Thefe who ruin An- tichrift, Gog and Magog, are called fowls : like ravenous fowls, they lliall tear their perfons, and feize on their power an«l wealth, Rev. xix. 21. Ezek. xxxax. 17. Cyrus the Per- fian, is the ravenous bird which God called from the eafl. He, with his army, fwifdy marched to ravage and fobdue Bal lylon, and other countries to the wel'tward of his own, Ifa. xlvi. II. yl bird of the air jhall t:ll the matter ; it will be publifhed by means we never thought of, Eccl. X. 20. As the bird by wandering, and the fwallow by flyings fecures it- felf againfl: the fowler ; fo the curfe faufdcfs fhall not come upon the in- nocent perfon \ or, caulelefs curfes and Imprecations fhall fly over mens heads, without touching them, as thefe birds do, Prov. xxvi. 2. BIRTH; (i.) The coming of a child out of his mother's womb, Eccl. vii. I. (2.) The child or em- liryo l^rought forth, Job iii. 16. If- rael's original, and our finful ftate by nature, are called a birth, or na- tivity of the land of Canaan : their original was no better than of the worft of nations ; and they had the fame vitious habits and culloms : and we are born polluted with fin, un- der the divine curfe, and expofed to juKt puniiliment, Ezek. xvi. 3. The reformation of a land, or the remark- able increafe of the church, is called a birth. Great trouble and difficulty are in bringing it about, and profit- able and pleafant is the fruit of it, Ifa. Ixvi. 9. and xxvi. 18. The chil- dren are brought to the birth, andth^re is no jlrengtb to bring forth : our be- gun reformation is ftopt by the Af- fyrian invafion ; or rather, cur con- dition is brought to fuch a crilis, that, except God immediately interpofe, we are ruined, Ifa. xxxvii. 3. The favlng change of mens nature is a birtb, or being born again. By di- vine influence, and painful convic- tion, they have a new nature formed in them ; arc brought from darknefs to light ; become heirs of God, and joint heirs with Chrift; and begin to live on the fincere milk of God's word, John iii. 5. The church and her faithful minifters, travel as in birth : by earnefl prayers, laborious inftruftions, and by patient fuffering of manifold diflrefs, they exert them- fclv^es to promote the converfion of men to God and his way. Rev. xii. 2. Gal. iv. 19. Born not of blood, or of the ruill of the fiefh, nor of the V}ill of man, but of Cod; adopted hb- to God's family, not becaufe de- fcendedfrom holy patriarchs, or flia- rlng in circumciiion or facrifices, or becaufe of any natural endowments» or cultivation of natural powers, op asadting according to human exhor- tations, John i. 13. Our fpiritual birth i? of Cod, is of the Spirit, and from above ; in regard that change is efle»Sied by the power of the di- vine Spirit, and therein a heavenly And fpiritual nature l^ce unto God BIS C i33 ] BIT 1> given to bs, i Jolin iii. 9. John i. 13. and iii. 3, — 6. — Ifliniatl was burn after the jit jh, by the power ot" nature ; Ifaac, after the Spirit, by the iniracuhms iiiHucnce ol God's Spirit, when Sarali his mother was natural- ly pail child-bearing, Gal. iv. 23, 29. Birth-right, the privilege ot' a firlt-boru Ion. With the Hebrews, he was peculiarly the Lord's; had a double Ihare ol' his father's inheri- tance; had dominion over his bre- thren and filters; and fucceedcd his father in the kingdom, or high priell- hood, Exod. xxii. 39. Deut. xxi. 17. Gen. xlix. 9. Numb. viii. 14, 17. Efau fold his hirth-right to Ja- cob ; and fo Jacob had a right can- didly to demand his lather's blef- (ing. Reuben forfeited liis birth- right, by his inceft with his father's concubine; and fo Ifis tribe conti- nued alway in obfcurity, while his younger brethren Ihared the privi- leges. Levi had the prielthood, Ju- dah the royalty, and Jofeph the double portion, Gen. xxv. 29. and xlix. See urst-born. BISHOPS, or OVERSEERS. The nianagers or directors of any piece of hulinefs, are, in the Old Tella- ment, called the overleers thereof. Thus Jofcph was the overfeer of Po- tiphar's family, who took care to provide things necelfary, and that the fervants went rightly about their work. Gen. xxxix. 4. It is laid the name was firll given to clerks of the market, wlio infpeited what was bought and fold. It is certain, in e- very important work, as in the build- ing and repairs of the temple, there were overfeers to obferve and dl- rc»5l the workmen, a Chron. ii. 18. and xxxi. 13. Under the New Te- Jtament, h'ljhop^ or overfeer, is re- ftridted to fpiritual rulers. Nor when applied to mere men, does it ever fignify more than a jialtor or pref- byter. No where are any but dea- cons marked as fubordinatc to bi- Jh^ps, Phil. i. I. I Tim. iii. The very fame perfons are called liJhopT and elders, or prelbyters, At^s xx. 17, 28. Tit. i. 5, 7. I Pet. V. r, 2. The name imported, that their bu- finefs was to watch over, care for, and inllriK^l: the people. No maa was to be admitted to the otHce, except he was blanielefs, the hiiil band of one wife, if married at all, vigilant, fober, of good behaviour, given to hofpitality, apt to teach; not given to wine, no ilriker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a brawler, nor covetous, i Tim. iii. Tit. i. CUvUi is il Bi/ho/> of Jlu/ic feat by his Father, he fpiritual ly and eti'eiftually inltrucfs, watches over, and governs the fouls of his people, I Pet. ii. 25, It is agreed by Stillingfleet, Dod- wel, and others of the molt learned Epilco])alians, that the office of bi- fijop above other paftors in the cliiuch, has no foundation in the o- racles of God. During the three firll centuries of Chriltianity, the paftors of particular congregations were fo called ; but the name was given by way of eminence to him, who, on account of his age or fu- perior judgment, prefided in their courts. In the fourth and fubfequent centuries, the myltery of Antichrift: began to work ; and fuch was the ambition of the clergy in the more noted cities, that they never refled, heaping their own devifed dignities one above anotlier, till his Holinefs mounted the iuinmit, as their u/ti- verfal head. None of the reformed churches, except England and Ire- ' land, liave lordly biflio])?;, properly fo called ; but the Popilh and Greek churches have. BISHOPRIC, or oversight; the charge of inftrudting and go- verning fouls, Ac^s i. 20. I Per. V. 2. BIT, the fnaflle of a bridle, that is put into the horfe's mouth ; or the whole bridle, Pfal. xxxii. 9. 'James iii. 3. BIT C 3 BIT BITE ; to hurt with the teeth, Numb. xxi. 6. Angrily to contend with, and injure others, is called a biting of them : it is learned from the old ferpent ; it manifells mahce, and fpreads definitive infection. Gal. V. 25. Fearful judgments are compared to the bite of a fsrpjiit ; they come unexpe61ed, and have grievous uud ruinous conl'equences, Eccl. X. 8. Jer. viii. 17. Hab, ii. 7. The tribe of Dan bit the horfi-heels., that his rider fell baskwaid : fix liun- :pc(5lend- IcCs bleltings, nor Ihall ihey be dil'ap- pointed. Tit. ii. 1 3. h is more blcf- fid to give than to receive : it marks more abundant happinels, and is more praile-worthy, Acts xx. 55. Blessing; (i.) What tends to render one honoured or happy, IlU. Ixv. 8. Gen. xlix. 25. (2.) Commen- dation ; good wiihes, Prov. xi. 26. and xxiv. 25. (3.) A liberal pre- fent, I Sam. xxv. 27. 2 Kings v. J5. Jo(b. XV. 19. (4.) Alms; free contribution, 2 Cor. ix. f 5. (5.) The means ofconveyinggood tilings. Thus the Jews were a blefing, as Chrift was born of them, and the gof- pel-ordinanccs were by them com- municated to the Gentiles ; and A- braham was a bleffing, as he profit- ed his family, and others around, by his infhuc^ion and example ; as his poflerity were blelfed on his account; and as he was the progenitor of our adored Redeemer, and pattern of faith and holinefs to all, Ifa. xix. 24. Gen. xii. 2. God's blcfuig denotes liis favour and love, with all the gifts, graces, temporal, fpiritual, and eternal, that flow therefrom, Pfal. iii. 8. Dent, xxviii. 2. Pfal. xxiv. 5. Ifa. xliv. 3. Eph. i. 3. Chrilt is fet up hlejjiiigs for even/tore : he pur- chafed all good things for us; he has them in hlmfelf, and is the ready bellower tliereof on men, Pi'al. xxi. •f 6. The blcfing of Abrahmii come upon the Gentiles, is free juftinca- tioti, faniStitication, and eternal hap- pinefs in iicaven, thro' the blood of Chriit, Gal. iii. 14. God's leaving a blfjpng behind kini^ ini^rts liis relerving part of the fruits of tiie earth for his own worihip, and his people's fiipport, Joel ii. 14. BLIND; (i.) Withpiu natural fight, John ix. i. The blindnefe wherewith the Sodcmiites who bclet Lot's houfe, and of the Syrians who came to ai)prthend Elilha, were fmitten, perhaps reipe^ed only that matter they were about, and not an univerlal blindnefs • the former, it feems, knew the way liomc ; nor is it probable, all the latter were led by the hand to Samaria, Gen. xix. II. 2 Kuigs vi. iS. (2.) Ignorant; without any proper degree of ra- tional knowledge, whether in Hea- then darknefs or not, Matth. xv. 15, Rom. ii. 19. (3.) Without fpiri- tual knowledge, Rev. iii. 17. The Jebufites blind and laine^ hated cj David's foul, were not lifelefs idols, but perfons blind and lame, who, in a way of dehance of him, were placed to defend the walls of Jeru- (alem, 2 Sam. v. 6. Judges are blind, when ignorance, bribes, or partial favour, hinder them to diC- cern what is jufl and equal in a caufe, Exod. xxiii. 8. Teachers are blind, when ignorance, honour, or inte- red, hinders their difctrning of di- vine truth, innninent danger, and fealonable duty, Ifa. Ivi. 10. and xlii. 19. Matth. xxiii. 16. People are blind, when weakneis, felf-con- ceit, hatred of brethren, or the like, hinder them from difcerning diving things, I John ii. 11. God blinds perfons fpiritually, when he withdraws clear inltruv.^tion from them, and withholds the enlighten- ing influence of iiis Spirit ; gives them up to their carnal aflec'tions and pleafures, and permits Satan and his agents to deceive them, Jolm ix. 39. and xii. 40. Satan blinds men, by promcjting floth and ignorance ; by fcduciiig to the comnfiflion of horrid crimes, till their confcience be leared; by bribing the aiu Jtions wiih enjoyment, or hope of carnal ad- vantage ; and by reprefer.ting truth as abliird or dilagrecable, and error as llnfible and l(jvely, 2 Cor. iv. 4. Under tlie law, no blind or lavit ^ ;♦ 2 BLO [ i88 ] BLO perfons were to officiate as priefls j no blind or lame animals were to be facrificed. Did this denote, that Jefus, our great Prieit and racrifice, ihould have fulnefs of knowledge, wiCdom, and ability for his work ; and tliat our perfons and fervice, ought not to be bleraiihed wi;h ig- rorance, weaknels, or itumbling ? JLev. xxi. i8. To mark himfelf the fpiritual inltruiSlor, Jesus gave a piultitude of perlbns naturally blind ^heir light, Marth. xi. 5. and ix. xx. iMark viii. X. John ix. To Blindfold one, is to cover his face that he fee not, Luke sxii. 64. BLOOD, (i.) A red liquor that circulates through the veins of ani- jT'al bodies^ and ferves tor the life ^nd nourilhment of the parts, i Kings xxi. 19. (2.) Death or murder, ■u'ith the guilt thereof, Gen. iv. 10. Matth. xxvii. 4. (3.) The guilt of, and punilhrnent due to murder, or other ruinous crimes, Matth. xxvii. 25. A£i:sxviii. 6- (4) What is pur- chafed by taking away the life of the innocent, A6ls i. 19. Nali. iii. 10. Hab. ii. 12. (5.) Natural ^e- fcent, which has its rife and progrefs from the blood, John i. 13. /.<5ts xvii. 26, But in the former text, it may alfo include circumcifion and facrifices. (6.) The juice of grapes, "which circulates through the grape as blood ; and is oft red in colour, Gen. xlix. 11. (7.) Chrilt'srighte- pulhels, or obedience and fuftering, is called his blood : his fhedding of blood, w^s the finifliing, and the moll vilible atf of it, Matth. xxvi. 28. It is called the blood of ihe co- v:7iant or tcftament, becaufe it ful- fils the condition, ratines the pro- mifes, and purchafes the bleffings of the new covenant, Zech. ix. 11. I-itb. xiih 3C. It IS called the blood of Jp) inkling. It was i-epreiented by the I'prinkled blood of ancient fa- crihces ; it is applied towards God, to fatisfy his jultice j and to us, to put away cur fin, and protecSl uy from divine wrath, Heb. xii. 24. Becaufe the hfe of animals hes in the heat and motion of the blood ; but chiefly to hint, that the blood of Jeius, the price of our redemptiorj and life, is no common thing, God anciently prohibited the eathtg 9J hlood alone, or with the flelh. Lev. xvii. 10, — 17, Gen. ix. 4, 5, 6. The blood of fatrifices, is called the blood oj the covefiarit or tejlament, as it ratified the national covenant be- tween God and the llraelites, and typified the righteoufnefs of Chrift, • the folcly proper condition of the covenant of grace, Exod. xxiv. 8. Heb. ix. 20. To be in one's own hlfiod, fignifies an unclean and defli- tute natural Itate ; or a bafe and pe- rifhing condition, Ezek. xvi. 6. To dri}ik blood, is to be fatisfied with daughter, Ezek. xxxix. i8. Ifa. xlix. 26. Numb, xxiii. 24. To have ^/oo^ given one to drink, is to be terribly murdered, Rev. xvi. 6. Ezek. xvi, 38. To walh or dip one's feet in the blood of others, or have the tongue of dogs dipt in it, denotes the terrible vengeance that fhall fall on the enemies of Chrift and his people, Pfal. Ixviii. 23. and Iviii. 10. A man of blood, or bloody tiian^ denotes one cruel, and guilty of, or given to murder, 2 Sam. xvi. 7. Fre(juently the Hebrew has bloodi in the plural, to fignify repeated or very horrid murder. Gen. iv. 10, 2 Sam. iii. 28. and xvi. 7. 2 Kings ix. 26. Ifa. i. 15. and xxvi. 21. and xxxiii. 15. Ezek. xvi. 9. and xviii. 13. Hof. iv. 2. I "will take away his blood out of hts jnouih, and his abomi' nations from beivjeen his teeth. The PftiliiHnes fhall lienceforth want power and inclination to murder and ravage in their wonted manner ; nor fliallTontinue in their idolatries, but be fearfully punifhed pn account thereof, Zech. ix. 7. BLOOM, BLOSSOM, BUD; (l.) To fhoot forth flowers J ^v^xo^^^ BLO [ 189 ] BLU near to fruit. Numb, xvii, 5, &. Job xiv. 9. (2.) 1 lie bloom or biitl it- i'elf. Gen. xl. 10. Ezck. xvi. 7. (3.) Glory, profperity, I la. v. 24. The bloljoming ot Aaron's rod, miportcd the lafhng- flourilh of the priclthood in his laniily, and the more Jailing flourilh and truittuhitl's of the gol pel, which is the rod of Chr'lt's ftrcngili, Numb. xvii. 5, 8. The budding cf David's hdrii^ imports the iiicreafe and continuance of the royal power over Ifratl, with him and his family ; and the abundant flourifh of the fpiritiial power and dominion of Chriit, Pfal, cxxxii. 17. The glory and prolperity of the Jewilh church and Hate, and the fpiritual prosperity of the New Te- ftament church, in the apoilolic and millennial period, is compared to the blojfovting of tlowers and fields: IkjW pleal'ant and increafmg the happi- liels! how delightful a token of the approach of full glory, in the eter- nal ftate! Ha. xxvii. 6. and xxxv. i, 3. Righteoufnefs and praile fpring forth as huds oj thi earth. Through the virtue of Jefus' blood, what nu- merous converts are turned to the Lord ! what multiplied blclhngs are granted to them ! what fruits of ho- linefs brought forth by them ! what thankful fongs of praife ! and yet all but foretaites of the glory to be revealed! Ifa. Ixi. 11. Th<: rod hath hlofjomcdy pridi hath budded. To punilh the abundant pride of the jews, the rod of God's judgments, by the haun;hty and profpcrous Chal- deans, Ihailquickly ruin them, Ezek, vii. 10. Tlie dcTigns of the Ethio- pians and Egyptians to conquer their neighbours, were like a perjed hudy ju(t ripe for execution, wiien the Affyrians came upon, and ruined themfelves, Ifa. xviii. j. BLOT; a llnful (lain ; a reproach, ^ Job xxxi. 7. Prov. ix. 7. To blot tut living things, or one's name or remembrance, is to dellroy, aboli/h, CJcn. vii. 4. Dcut. 'm, 14. and a^xv. 19. and xxix. 20. Col. ii. 14. Td blot out Jm, is lully aud finally to forgive it, lia. xliv. 22. God's btot- ting men out of his book, is 10 rcjedl them liom being his peculiar peo- ple, deny them his providential fa- vours, and cut them olf by an un- timely death, Pfal. xxxix. 28. Exod. xxxii. 32, 35. His not blotting their name out of the book of life, imports his clearly manil'elling their eternal elet'tion, Rev. iii. 5. BLOW; a (hokei a heavyjudg- ment inflicted by tlie rod ofGod'i anger, Pfal. xxxix. 10. Jcr. xiv. 7. To BLOW as wind doth. The blowing of the Holy Gholl, is his myllerious exertion of his power, to convince, purge, refrelh, and comfort his people, Songiv.l6. John iii. 8. Eut God's blowing on what men have, or the blowing 0/ his Spi- rit on them, imports his eal'y, lud- den, myllerious, and full dcitru*if ion of them, and blalling what they have. Hag. i. 9. Ifi. xl. 7, 24. With re- fpeet to war, the blowing rj trumpet and cornet, imported the approach of the enemy ; or a call to mufter an army to oppoie him, Jer, vi. i. Hof. V. 8. The blowing of the JiU ver trumpets, or rams htrns^ by the pricfts at Jericho, and at th?ir fclli- vals and marches to war, prefigured the preaching of the gofpel, to con- quer all oppofuion, and invite fm- ners to feafl on, and war againft thtir fpiritual enemies, along with Chrill, Numb. x. Jofli. vi. BLUE. In types and emblems, it might Hgnify heavenlinefs, puri- ty, humility, &c. Exod. xxv. 4. and XX vi. I, 31, 36. and xxviii. 31. Prov. XX. I^Q, BLUNT. A blunt iron, is an emblem of a weak judgment, fmall flrength, and little opportunity ; in which cafe, more pains and labc-nr mufl be ufed, Eccl. x. 10. BLUSH; to evidence lliame in the countenance. It is a tolxn of hu- mility, and cif a lenfe of guilt or im* BOA I '9^ ] B0I5 perfecTlIon, Ezra ix. 6. Jer. vi. 15. and viii. I a. BOANERGES. See James the fon of Zebedee. BOAR, an uncaftrated male fwine. The wild kind are extremely fierce and revengeful. The wild boar out of the forell, which walled God's vine, was the Philiftines and Sy- rians ; or rather the Affyrians, Chal- deans, and Romans, who, with great ^erceneis and cruelty, deftroyed the Jews, Pfal. Ixxx. 13. BOAST J to efleem highly, and talk big of a thing, 2 Chron. xxv. 19. The faints boaft oj, or in God, or GLos.Y in Chrift, when they re- joice in, highly value, and commend him ; and loudly publifti the great things he has done for them, Pfal. xxxiv. 2. Ifa. xlv. 25- Sinners ^0^7? sf Cod and his law, when they vaunt that God is related to them, and of their having and obeying his word, Rom. ii. 17, 23- To hoaft or glory of one's felf, or in wicked- nefs, is iinful, i Cor. i. 29. Pfal. x. g. Glory not, and lie not againjl the truth; do not proudly and deceitful- ly pretend to have true wifdom and zeal for God, when you have it not. Jam. iii. 1 4. BOAZ, or Booz, a noble and wealthy Jew, fon of Salmon and Rahab, who dwelt in Bethlehem; and after much kindneis to Ruth, a poor Moabitifli widow, married her, and had by her a fon called Obed. As about 360 years elapfed between the marriage of Salmon and the birth of David, fome have itippofed two or three of the name ©f Boaz ; but a fourfold genealogy concurs to overthrow fuch a fuppo- fition, Ruthiv. 20, 21, 22. i Cliron. ii. II, — 15. Matth. i. 5, 6. Luke iii. gi, 32^''nor is it neceffary ; Boaz might be born about 60 years after the death of Mofes. In the looth year of his life, he married Ruth, and had Obed. In the looth year ^f his life, Obed had JelTe. About; the fame age, JefTe had David, tTitf youngeft of his fons. Was Boaz a figure of our bleffed Redeemer, who, . though great and wealthy, thought on us finners of the Gentiles ; and, after manifold tokens of kindnefs, efpoufed us tohimfelf, as his churcli- and people i Ruth. i. to iv. Ifa. liv, I, — 6. Boaz was alfo the name o^ the pillar that flood on the north-fide of the porch of the temple, 1 Kings vii. 21. BODY, the material part of a man or thing. In the prel'ent ftate our body is natural ; and in the fu- ture ftate (hall hz ffiritual; that is, fo refined, as to need no meat or drink; fo aftive, as to be no clog to our foul I Cor. xv. 44. The body is dead, becaufe of Ji?z; kut the Spirit is life, becaufe of right eoufnefs, Be- caufe we have fin, our body mult die a natural death, but through Chrift's righteoufnefs, the quicken- ing Spirit of God fliall make our fouls live happily for evermore, Rom. viii. lo. Our whole man, and Chrift's whole manhood, are called a body, becaufe the body is moft obvious and vifible, Rom. vi. 12. Heb. x. 5 ; and the laft is call- ed the body ef his flejh, to reprefent it in its humbled eftate, and diilin- guilh it from his myflical body the church. Col. i. 23. Chrift's body may fometimes denote himfelf, as fulfilling 3II righteoufnefs for us, Rom. vii. 4. Heb. X. 10. The church is called Chrift's body : it confifts of many members or perfons united to him, and to one another, by faith, love, and miniftry of word and fa* craments; and by him is every true member quickened, ftrengthened, and fupported, Eph. iv. 16. Col. ii, 19. I Cor. xii. 12, 13. Our inward corruptiorr is called a body of fn and death. It confifts of numerous lufts connected together, is of a bafe na- ture, and difpofes men to feek after, and delight in carnal things. I" is altogether finfol, the cau|e o( fuifu] BOI [ 191 ] BON »«5ts, and a chief ingredient of fpi- litiial and eternal death, Rom. vi. 6. and vii. 24. Tlie body of types, is what is prefigured by tliem. Col. ii. 1 7. The body of Mofcs, concern- ing which tiie devil diiputed, is ei- ther his natural body tlie fccrec bu- rial of wiiicli Satan oppofed : or his cereinonies, the abolillnnent and dil- ufe of which, under tlie goipcl, he Warmly llrove againlt, Jude 9. The tody of ht'iivjii in its cleanicfs, is its unclouded bine appearance, with the unnumbered flars fparkling brightly therein, Exod. xxiv. 10. Other fins arc luithout a perion's body; that is, the body is only inllrument, not ob- jedl thereof: but fornication is a fin agantjl the b»dy ; the body is both in- Itrument therein, and objedt defiled thereby, l Cor. vi. 18. BOCrilM, a place where the He- brews alTcmbled fome time after Jo- fliua's death. Probably it was near Shiloh, where they met at their folemn feafls. Here a prophet came to them from Gilgal, or rather the Angel Jehovah in failiion of, a man, and upbraided them with their apoflacy to the idols Baalim and Alhtaroth, and with their negledlto extirpate the accurfed Canaanitcs ; and threatened, thac thefe people fliould thenceforth continue among them, and be an enfnaring and vcx- \atious plague to them. This occa- fioned a bitter lueepitig among the people, and thence the place had its name, Judg. ii. i, — lo. BOHAN, a Reubenite, who it feems did fome noted exploits in the conquert of Canaan, and had zjions reared to his honour, on the frontier between Judah and Benjamhi, Jolh. XV. 6. and xviii. 17. To BOIL. The foaming of the fiea, and grievous inward diftrefs, are likened to the boilntg of a pot, to denote great difquiet, and over- turning confufjon, Job xli. 31. and ^xx. 27. IkOIL, » fwellin^ burning, ^d painful fore, Job ii. 7. Exod. Ix. f, 10, ri. BOLD ; courageous ; with ftrong affurance; without (lavilhfear, l^ov. xxviii. I. Heb. iv. 16. and x. 19. and xiii. 6. Eph. vi. 20. BOND ; (i.) A band or chain, A(5ls XXV. 14- (2.) An obligation, or vow, Numb. xxx. 12. (5.) Op- preflion ; captivity, ; alfliiftion out- ward or inward, Pial. cxvi. 16. Pliil. i. 7. (4.) The jufl laws of God or men, wtiich relhain our fin- ful liberty, and unite us into a body in ciiurcli or Hate, Jcr. v. $. The bond oj th'i covenant^ is a confirmed ftate in tiie covenant of grace, and dilpenfation thereof: this fecurts our eternal happinefs ; binds us u]) in the bundle of life with Chrift, and lays under the mofl deep and laft- ing obligations to be his ; Ezek. xx. 37. Charity, or love, is the bond oj petftftnefs. It promotes a clofia union among church-members, ren- ders their gifts and graces fubfervienc to their mutual progrefs towards perfedt holinefs and happinefs. Col. iii. 14. Peace with God, with our conlcience, and with one another, is a bond, which kindly unites the af- fedtions, defigns, and exercifes of church-members, Eph. iv. 3. The bond of kings ^ which God loofeth, is that majefly, power and authority, which keeps their fubjedls in awe and obedience, which he fometimes takes away, Job xii. 18. The bond oj iniquity, is the ftate of fin, in which, by the curfe of the law, and our own corruptions, our whole defires, thouglits, words, and actions, are (hut up to the fervice of unrigh- teoufnei's, Ac^s viii. 23. Bond, fuch as are in flavery and bondage, i Cor. xii. 13. Rev. vi. 15. BONDAGE; (i.)"Outward fla. very ; hard fervice and oppreffion, Exod. vi. 5. Ezra ix. 8, 9. (2.) Re- flraint, i Cor. vii. 15. (3.) Spiritual flavery to the broken law, and fub- j<;cliun to the oppreflivc fervice of BON t 192 1 BOO fin and Satan, a Pet. ii. 19. (4.) A condition of tear, hea/inefs, and com- pullion of the law on the eonfcience, cauling us do good, to procure hea- ven, and abltain from evil, for fear of hell, Heb. ii. 15. (5.) SubjeL^lion to the heavy and Inirdenfome yoke of the ceremonial law. Gal. ii. 4> and iv. 9. and v. I. Ivlouat Sinai gender eth to bendage : thefe under the broken covenant there pnbliflicd, or now under the ceremonial law, are by virtue thereof, under the tyranni- cal dominion of Satan and their lulls : they abflain from fin, merely for fear of punifhment ; and do good, merely for hopes of reward. Gal. iv. 24. The bondage of corruption, to •which irrational creatures are fub- je6l, is their being inflruments of "wickednefs, and fubje6l to the effecls of God's diipleafnre with the fihners who abufe them, Rom. viii. 21. BONES, (i.) The hard parts of animal bodies, which fupport their form. Job x. ir. (2.) A dead body, I Kings xiii. 31. 2 Kings xiii. 21. (3.) The whole man, Pfal. xxxv. 10. A troubled foul is likened to broken, bur?it, pierced, JJjaking, or rottejt bo7ies : its diflrefs is very pain- ful, lafting, and difficult of cure, Pfal. Ii. 8. Lam. i. 13. Pial. xiii. 10. Jer. xxiii. 9. Hab. iii. 16. To be bone ef one's bone, and fijh of his fleJJj ; or a member of his f.ejh end bones, is to have the fame nature, and the nearell: relation and affec^tion, 2 Sam. V. I. Gen. ii. 23. Fph. v. 30. To fluck the firij}} off one's bones, or to break and chop them, is moft cruelly to opprefs and murder, Mic. iii. 2, 3. Iniquities are in and on mens bones, ■when their body is polluted by them, lies under the guilt or fearful pu- nifhrnent of them. Job xx. 11. Ezek. xxxii. 27. BONNETS. According to the Jews, bonnets and t?iitre! are the lame, and were made of a pi«ce of linen, 16 yards long, which covered iiieir priells heads, uj ioria of an helmet : that of the common pricifts being roundilh, and that of the high- prieit pointed at the top. Jolephus will have the bonnet of the common prielts to have been made of a great many rounds of linen, fewed into the ' form of a croWn, and the whole co- vered whh a fold of plain linen, to hide the feams; and the hlgh-priefl to have had another above this, of a violet colour, which was encom- pailed with a triple crown of gold, with fmall buttons of henbane flow- ers, interrupted in the forepart with the golden plate, infcribed. Holi- ness TO THE Lord. Thefe bon- nets and mitres of the priefts repre- fentedthe pure and excellent royalty of our bleffed High Prieft Chrift, Jixod. xxviii. 40. The linen bonttets of New-teftament miniflers, import their gravity; their fubje^lion to God; tlie purity of their power, and the clearnefs of their knowledge and doc]:rine, Ezek. xliv. 18. BOOK, a written regiller of e- vents, or declaration of doctrines and laws. Gen. v. i. Efth. vi. i. The books of Mofes are the moft ancient in being : nor does it appear that any v/ere written before them. Jo- fephtts fays, the children of Seth, be^ fore the flood, wrote their difcove- ries in , arts, and in aftronomy and other fciences, upon two pillars; the one of ftone, to withftand a deluge; and the other of brick, to endure a conflagration : but the obfcurity of his narrative, and the want of con- curring evidence, render his account very fufpicious. Mofes' books are called, the book of the law ; and a copy of Deuteronomy, if not the whole of them, was laid np in fome repofitory of the ark, Deut. xxxi, 26. Anciently men ufed to write upon tables of ftone, lead, copper, wood, wax, bark, or leaves of trees. Hefiod's works were written on ta- bles of lead ; the Roman laws on twelve tables of brafs ; Solon's on wood : and thsfe of God on ftone, BOO [ 193 ] BOO jfrobably marble. In very ancient limes the Perli.insand lonians wrote on (kins. When A ttalus formed his library, about //. y^/. 3770, he either invented or impioved parchment. This, wlien written on, was either iewed to|;ether in h)ng rolN, and written only on one fide, in tlie man- ner ol the copy ot the law now ul'ed in tlie Jewilh I'ynai^ogues; or, it was formed in the manner of our books. Some Indian books are extant, writ- ten on leaves of the Malabar j)alni- trce. I am miliaken, if I did not once fee a Pcrfian manuicript writ- ten on fuch materials. Books now, and for about 500 years backward, liave been generally written on linen paper. The book of the Lordy is either the Icriptures, Ifa. xxxiv. 16. ; or his purpofe, wherein every thing is re- gulated and fixed, Pful. cxxxix. l6. Kev. V. I. and x. 2 ; or his provi- dential care and iupport of mens na- lurallife, Exod. xxxii. 32. Flul. Ixix. 28. ; or his omnifcient obfervation, and fixed remembrance of things, Pi'al. Ivi. 8. Mai. iii. i6. The pur- pofe of cleOlion is called a book ofiije: therein all God's choien ones are marked out for the enjoyment of e- ternal life; and every mean ot tiieir preparation for it is unalterably fix- ed. And it is called the Lut^b'i Look, becaufe they were choien in, and given to Chrill, Piiil. iv. 3. Rcv. xiii. 8. Mens confcience is like to a book ; it records whatever they have done, Dan. vii. 10. The ofi^u- iiig of the books at the lull day, de- notes the manifedation of tlie pur- pofes and words of God, and the cxat'^t procedure in judgment, ac- cording to divine ])ui poles, laws, and real fa;.ns, Rev. XX. 12. Chrilt's o- pening the fulcd book, imports his prcdeclaration,and exaiTl fuUlkucnt of the purpofes of God, relative to the New-teltament church, Rcv. v. 6. and viii. i. John's eating the little book given Lini by the AnsTth Vot. I. and its being fwect in his mouth, but bitter in his belly, denotes Lis eon- lideration and uiiderllandiiig of it Nviih plcafure; and his being deeply ailccted with the events therein gric- Vijus to the church. Rev. x. 9, to. BOO 1"H, a kind of tent, formed of branches of trees, for pcrions or cattle to lodge in, Gen. xxxiii. i 7. BOOTY, PKEV, spoil; (i.) What a wild beail eattl;eth for its provillpjnnojl branches turned dead, or 'burnt branches, Ifa. xvii. 9. and xxvii. 10. Jofeph was a fruttjul hough, or piurijinng Jin, for his nu- merous and liouQuredoffVpring, Gen. xlix. 22. Children, or ofi^piiug, are called branches ; fprung from their anceftors, they are an honour, help, and pkaliire to them. Job viii. 16. iJcayatherib's bough u-as ltj.t witb BOW [ 19^ ] BOW f error, when the Lord, by a terrible ftrokc, cut off his captaiiis nnd nu- merous array jas the leaves of a tree, Ifa. X. 53. ■ Profperity is likened to bra?}cbes ; it is glorious, ulelbl, and protecting, Dan. iv. 14. To pttt the branch to the noC^, is devoutly to f-nell branches carried in honour of idols ; or to Imell the center of fa- cred incenfe ; or by fin to furnifli fuel for the devouring wrath of God, Zzek. viii. 17. BOUND, (i.) The end, Gen. xlix. 26. (2.) The border; fliore, iob xxxviii. 20. (3.) Aland-mark, fof. V. 10. BOUNTY, (i.) A difpofition to give freely, i Kings x. 15. (2.) A ■tree gift, 2 Cor. ix. 5. Bountiful, much difpofed to give freely, Ifa. xxxii: 5. BouNTi/ULLY ; liberally; con- ferring freely, many and great blef- fincis, Ffal. cxvi. 7. BOW, a weapon of war, made of horn, wood, fleel, or the like ; which, after being Itrongly bent by means of a rtring fallened to its ends, •in returning to its natviral ftate, throws off an arrow with great force. It is one of the moft ancient and univerfal weapons ; is found in the mofl remote and barbarous coun- tries; and is ibmetimes put for wea- pons of war in general, Pfal. xliv. 6, Probably the Hebrews learned the \ife of ijows from the Philiifmes, and did not much praiftife it till the days of David, who took care to have them able to kill their enemies at a dillarxe, as well as they did them, 2 Sii'Ti. i. t8. To break a how, or boi\} f)J jicfl, is to deflroy the warlike power and ftrength of nations or perfoas, Ho!^ i. 5. Pfal. Sviii. 54. Qod's bniv, is his power, "wifdom, and providence, whereby he prote(!^s his people, and annoys Jiis enemies with his arrows of fa- jnine, war, peftilence : or the hu- man infhuments whereby he exe- cutes his iudo-nients ; who alfo are eirroiv! to fill his bow : or the rain- bow, M'hich he forms, in order to airure the World againft a fecond deluge, Pfal. vii. 12. Zech. ix. 13. Gen. ix. 13. Chrift's gofpel-^ow, is the fcriptures, attended with his faving power ; and the arrovjs fhot from it, are its doctrines and influ- ences, which fly fpcedily, ftrike fud- denly, fecretly, and deep into the fouls of men, for their convi(9:ion and fpiritual conqneft, Rev. vi. 2. Plal. xlv. ^. Wicked men are like a deceitful ^cw that is ill-ftrung, and fhoots wide of the mark : they are never in a proper frame for duty; never hit on the right end of it ; are never fteady to their purpofes and vows, Pfal. Ixxviii. 57. Jofeph's bow eibode hi flrcfigth, and his arms were made Itrong ; his faith and hope, temperance and patience, con- tinued fo firm, as to overcome all oppofition, Gen. xlix. 24. Job's boi» was renewed in his hand : his con- tinued profperity and flourifhing in- fluence, enabled him to defend him- felf and annoy his enemies ;and he even waxed ftronger in power and authorit)^, Job xxix. 20. To Bow ; to bend downwards in giving homage, or for weaknefs or prelfure. Gen. xxiii. I2. Eccl. xii. 5. Hab. iii. 6. God's bowing hts hea- ven, or his ear, towards men, im- ports his infinite condefcenfion and regard to them ; his ready accept- ance of their prayers, and granting of their requefts, Pfal. cxliv. 5. and xxxi. 2. Mens bowing before God, or towards an idol, imports fubjec- tjon and "worfhip, Pfal. xcv. 6. Lev. xxvi. I. Their i^ow/Vi'ff towards men, imports civil homage; or flavery and ruin. Gen. xxvii. 29. Ifa. Ixv. 12. and X. 4. BOWELS, the inward parts of a human body, 2 Sam. xx. 10. Bow- els, when afcribed to God, denote his infinite compafllon and tender mercy ;- and Xhe founditig or trouble cf his bowels, are the powerful and BOW [ T97 ] T^Ol fecrct working of'liis mercy towards liij people, Ifu. Ixiii. 15. Jcr. xxxi. 20. B'no-.-ls li^iiratively altribed to men, denote their Ibul or heart, 2 Cor. vi. 12. Philein. 7.; or :i perlbn dearly beloved of us, a> our very fl)ul, Phileni. 12.; or llrong allcc- tion and pity, Col. iii. 12. Tlic iaints bc'xils are troubled for Chrill, when their heart is convinced of need, and is very e.irneiUy deli- roux of him. Song v. 4. Paul long- ed after the Philippians //; the boiu- els of Chrijt, /. c in the moll ardent love and tendcrell pity, wrought by Chrllt's Spirit; and fimilar, tiunigh Hot ecpiai, to Jeliis' love to men, Pliil. i. 8. Trouble y pai7ty and boiliHg of bow::!.', import terrible dillrcls and grief. Lam. i. 20. Jer. iv. 19. Job XXX. 27. The curfe coming into one's boiuels like water, implies the execution of its fearful eifects on tlie foul and whole man, Pfal. cix. j8. BOWL, a pretty large veflel for holding licjuor. To drink wine in hoiuls, is to drink it with greedinefs, and to excefs, Amos vi. 6. The h(jwls wherewith they received the blood of lacrificed beafls, might re- prelent Gud's acceptance of our Sa- viotir's ri'^hteoufuefs ; and the ordi- nances in which it is exhibited for the fprinkling of men. The bonuls wlierewiih they covered the incenfe and fliew-bread, migl.t denote the pure and fate continuance of Chrift as our advocate and fpiritual nou- rifliment, Exod. xxv. 29. and xxwii. \(t. Eminent iaiiits, and their ho- ly cxcrcifes are likeiitr] to l''iv'.t le- ftre t'-e aitar ,• they much imjirove Chrill's blood, are filled with his Spirit and comfort, live as in his light, arid aim at his glory in w]i:it they do, Zcch. ix. 15. and xiv. 20. Chrifl's fuloefs of grace, and what he bellows on his miniiters and peo- ple, is likened ,to a b',-.vi., to mark its abundant plenty, Zech. iv. 2. ; but the word might be rendered a jountii'm, or colleflion of/pr:ng{, ai in Jolh. XV. 19. H OX-TREE. There are 11k kinds ol it. Its flower is of the ape- talous kind, conipoltd of levcral tta- mina arifing from the fquarc bot- tom of a cup of leaves. This Hower is barren, and the embryo Irnit ap- pears in other parts of t!:e plant; wliich, when ripe, is like an invert- ed vcHcl, and burlls intotlijcc parts; in each whereof, a caie containing feed is found. This Ihriib is ever green, and is much iifed for orna- menting the hedges and borders of gardens; the wood js yellow, and lb very folid and heavy, that it does not fwim in water; and lo hard, that it can j'carce rot, or be worm- eaten ; and cafdy takes a fine polil)u Saints are likened to box tncs^ for tiifir comelinefs, true lolidiiy, and ftedfaftnels, and the incorruptibility of their grace, Ifa. xli. 19. and Ix. 13. BOZRAH. (i.) The fame with Bezer in the wildernefs. It belong- ed to the Reubenites, and ftood in a plain about the foatli-eaft bortler of their country, not far from the fource of the river Arnon. It was given to tJie Levites, and was a city of refuge, Jofli. xx. 8, The Moab- ites fc!7.ed on it, during the decline of the kingdom of the ten tribes, and it was called Bozrah^ or Bojtra. The Chaldeans terribly ravaged it, Jcr. xlviii. 2^, 25. It was however rebuilt, according to fome authors. A Chriftian church was early plant- ed in It, which continued lor many iges ; and till the ravages of the Arabians under Mahomet's fuccef- fors, feems to'liave been the feat of a bilhop. The Romiih emperor Trajan highly favom-ed it, and call- ed it Phili]ipopolIs. But it is more probable this Bolira was confider- ably northward of tliat In Moab. (2.) Bo7.rah, the capital of the land oi EnoM, which miglit lie about 150 njilcs (ijurh-wclt of the forme?;'.. BRA [198 ] BRE ft was Ver3'' ancient ; Jobab king of Edom was a native of it. Gen. xxxvi. 33. The inhabitants of it were great herdfmen and Ihepherds, Mic. ii. 10. It was terribly ravaged by the AfTyrians, and afterwards by the Chaldeans, Ifa. xxxlv. 6. Jer. xlix. 18, 22, &c. Judas the Macca- bee made a great flaughter of the Edomites in it. We know not of the Icaft veftige of this place remain- ing at prefent. BRACELET, an ornamental chain of filver, gold, &c. to wear fibout one's wrift or leg, Gen. xxiv. 50. Perhaps faith and love are call- ed the bracelets of the hands ; they promote and adorn our gofpel-con- verfation, Ezek. xvi. 11. The Af- rican arid American favages are fo fond of bracelets of glafs, &c. that they will fell their parents or chil- dren for them. BllAMBLE, a weak, fpreading, and prickly {hrub. Bafe and naughty perfons are likened to it. They are planted in a flate of wrath; they are hurtful to others; their fruit is four aiid worthlefs ; they kindle mifchief in church and ftate ; and are ready fuel for the fiames of divine wrath, Judg. ix. T4, 15. Luke vi. 44. BRANCH. See Bough. BRAND, a burning ftick, Judg. XV. 5. Joihua the high-prieft, and all other faints, are bi ands pluckt out of the hurnbig ; from the furnace of tlieir natural luft and enmity againll himfelf; from their Hate of iiery wratli, and of condemnation to eter- niJ fire ; from manifold fiery trou- bles, God mercifully delivers them, ^ech. iii. 2. BRANDISH; to caufe glitter; fhake threateningly, Ezek. xxxii. 10. BRASS, a hard, ftrong, and ihi- ning metal. The brafs ufed in the prectlon of the tabernacle and tem- ple, might be an emblem of Chrift in his ftrength, puriiy, and humi- Jjation; and of the outwardly mean, ^ut fiym duration of his gofpel-or- dinances, Exod. xxv, — xxvli. Chrift is likened to a man of brafsy and his feet X.0 fine or polifhed brafs burning in a furnace, to mark his debafe- ment, ftrength, duration; and the majeflic and terrible appearance, and the ftabillty and purity of his works, Ezek. xl. 3. Dan. x. 6. Rev. i. 15. and ii. 18. Brafs, when a- fcribed to hoofs, bands, bones, wall, gates, belly, nails, mountains, king- dom, imports ftrength, duration, firmnefs, and warlike difpofition, Mic. iv. 1 3. &c. Sinners are liken- ed to brafs, iron, tin, and lead; and faid to have a brow of brafs, to de- note their unworthinefs, bafenefs, hardnefs of heart, and impudence in fin, Ezek. xxii. 10. Jer. vi. 28. Ifa. xlviii. 4. For brafs I -will bring gold; and for iron filver; and for -wood flone; and for jl ones iron. In the apo- ftolic and millennial age, the ordi- nances and members of the church, and the influences of God's Spirit thereon, fhall be more excellent, fpi- ritual, and ufeful, than underthe Old Teftament, and under Antichrift's reign, Ifa. Ix. 17. BRAVERY, finery of apparel, Ifa. iii. 18. , BR.^WL ; to utter outrageous language, Prov. xxi. 19. Jam. iv. BRAY; (i.) To cry as an afs or i.hirfty hart. Job vi. 5. Pfal. xlii. i. (2.) To bruife fmall ; to torment un- to utter extiniStioh, Prov. xxvii. 22. BREACH. ( I.) A breach made in a wall by a battering ram or the like, Ezek. xxvi. 10. (2.) A creek on tiie fnore, or hole in die rock, Judg. v. 17. (5.) A hurt or bruife of the body. Lev. xxiv. 20. (4.) Decayed and ruined places, !f;i. Iviii. 12. (5.) A punifhment or afflic- tion, taking away life, 2 Sam. vi. 8. (6.) Confufions, lofles, contentions, Pfal. Ix. 2. {7.) Too early com- ing out of the womb. Gen. xxxviii. 29. (8.) Not performing of pro- jnife. But God's breach of proviifc^ BRE [ >99 3 BRE 16 not his falilfication of his word, but the juft interruption of its fulfil- ment on account of Ifracl's fin: and il may be remarked, that God ne- ver promifcd that thefe who came out of Egypt lliould cuter Canaan. Moreover, the words may he thus uuderftood, Wlicn your children are brought into Canaan, flien Ihall it appear I have made no breach of my promife, as you have fallely charged me, Numb. xiv. 34. Mo- fes Hood /'// t/}! breach ; Ifracl's fins had opened the way for the dcllruc- tive vengeance of God to dellroy them utterly ; but Mofes' powerful intercefllon preventcdit, Pfal. cvi. 23- The Jews' iniquity was like a breach pmellhig out iti an high wall : it had brought the righteous judgments of God jull to the very point of ruining tliem, Ifa. xxx. 13. BRFIAD, being a principal ar- ticle of mens food, is put for the whole of it. Gen. iii. 19. The He- brews baked their bread on the coals, or undt» the warm allies, i Kings xix. 6. Gen. xviii. 6. To this day, the Arabs and fome other ealtem nations, bake their bread between two fires of cows dung, whicli ro.ift it very /lowly. The crumb is very good, if eaten the fame day ; but the cruft is black, burnt, and taftcs of tlie fuel. To reprefcnt the coarfe provillon, and abominable practices of the Jews in Babylon, Ezckiel was divinely direded X.c- tiuan their breafh, denotes their great defire after, and delight in, whoredom and idolatry, Hoi", ii. 2. To fmitc or tiibir on the brcajls, im- ports great alHit-lion and grief, Luke xxiii. "48. Nah. ii. 7. To plrtck off cjis's own brcajl, imports defperate anguilh and madnefs, Ezek. xxiii. 34. When Chrift is faid to be be- tween perfons bre^fls, it imports, that he is greatly elteemed, defircd, and delighted in, by them, Song i. 13. The breafl and right J];oulder o{ peace-oit'erings given to the priefts, may fignify tlis faints fpiritual feed- ing by faith on the love, the piirpo- fes, and power, of our hlelfed Re- deemer, Numb. x\-iii. 18. The breajfs of the churcli, are lier two infpired Te'damcnts, Jier ordinances and mi- ni Iters. The breafts of faints, are their faith and love, their capacicy and readinefs to InPirut^l, comfort, and edify others. Song iv. 5. and viii. 8. l"he Perfian empire is com- pared to a breaft and arms of jiher, to denote the prudence, humani'y, and valour, wherewith it was found- ed, and the wealth thereof, Dan. ii. ^2. BREASTPLATE, i. A part of the high-prie!l's fine apparel. It was about ten inches I'quare, and confillcd of a folded piece of the fame rich embroidered lluft, where- of the robe of the ephod was form- ed. It was fct with twelve different precious Hones, falieued in ouches •Vol. I, of gold, one for every Hebrew li ihc. Thefe were fet in four rows : in the uppermofl were a liirdius, topaz, and caThuncle, for Reuben, Simeon, and Levi: in the fccond, an emerald, l^ipphir-, and diamond, for Judah, Dan, and Naphtali : in the tliird, a ligurc, an agate, and amethyft, for Gad, Alhcr, and lifachar : in the loweft, a beryl, onyx, and jafpcr, for Zebuhm, jofeph, and Renjaniin. This^^was fallenedon thehigh-pricll's breaft. By the two upper corners, it was faflened to his Ihoulders : by tlie two below, it was faftened to the girdle of the ephod : by wear- ing it, he carried the twelve tribes, as on his heart belbre God. It i"! called the bre^iflplate of judgment, as it contained the Urim and Thum- mim whereby the Lord directed the Hebrews in difficult cafes. Did it not reprefent Chrill's church and true members, fixed in their new cove- nant ftate, and fet as a fealon ChrilVs heart, and continually prefented be- fore CJod in his interceilion .' Exod. xxviii. 15, — 30. 2. BREAsTPi-ATE,isapiece of de- fen live armour to protect the heart, I Kings xxii. f 34. God's hreajl- fiate is right sorifnefsy which renders his whole conduct impenetrable to any arrow of juft accufation, Ifa. lix. 1 7. The faints breaflplate, is Chrill's righieoufncfs imputed, which pro- teds our ibul from the curie and terror of the law, from the Havilh fears of God's Avratli, and from the fiery darts of temptation; — and rigli- teoiiiheis imparted, inv/ard grace, candour, holincfs of life, which con- tribute to nrote«St us from caiT.al fear, delufion, or the like: — or it is faith, by whofe improvement of Chrift ; and love, by whole delight in, and cleaving to, a God in Chriit, our fouls are ruppi)rted and protci^lcd a- gainll the hurt of temptations, fears, and tro-ablc.^, Eph. vi. 14. i Tiie!l'. V. 6. The iron hreajlph'tes (f the Anticluiiliau clergy, urc their delu- BRE [^ 202 3 BRI five influence ; their having the civil power on their fide ; and their ex- emption from obedience thereto ; their threvitenings, curfes, and cen- fures ; thefe encourage their fpirit, and protefl them from their deferved punifhment. The iron breajtp'ates of the Saracens, were their courage, undaunted fury, and fufficient ar- mour, Rev. ix. 9. The Turkila fol- diers breajlpiatts of fire, ]actnB , and brlmftone, may mark their finning breailplates of iron j their minding nothing but fury and ruin ; and the terrible cannon that fronted their ar- mies, Rev. ix. 17. BREATH, the natural receiving and difcharging of the air by our iioftrils and mouth, Job ix. 18. Our natural life is called breath : by brea- thing of air it is maintained ; and as a puff of air it is eaflly extini^uifhed, Plal. cxlvi. 4. Vigorous courage, and fpiritual life, is called breath : it proceeds from the >vind of God's {Spirit, and renders men adlive and lively, Ezek. xxxvii. 5. Q^o^'s, breathy is his Spirit, who proceeds from Fa- ther and Son, and by whom they convey their influence to creatures, Pfal. xxxiii. 6. ; and his power where- by, in the execution of meixy and judgment, he marks his life, and ea- fily fulfils his word, Ifa. xi. 4. and XXX. 28, 5:?. King Zedekiah was the breath of the Jews naJI^Us : by the ailiflance of kings, our life is pre- ferved, and rendered comfortable. Lam. iv. 20. ';"o BREATHE ; to draw natural breath ; to live, Jofh. x. 40. and xi. ll. God's breathing, imports his pow^erful and eafy formation of man's foul in him. Gen. ii. 7. ' Chi ill's 'hr-:athing on his difciples, figured his iufpiring them with the noted gifts and graces of the Holy Ghofl, John XX. 22. Tlie Spiiit's breathing on the di'y bones, imports his giving Zeal, courage, and hope, to the cap- tive Jews at Babylon ; his giviup- ifpiritual life and adlivity to his'^eledl; and his quickening the bodies of faints at the laft day, Ezek. xxxvii. 9. The faints breathing towards God, is prayer, whereby our fpiritual life is maintained and manifefted, and our weaknefs and prelfure difcovered. Lam. iii. 56. Wicked men breathe out flaughter and cruelty ; heartily hate their neighbours, chiefly the faints, and take pleafure to threaten and deftroy them, A6ls ix. i. Pfal. xxvii. T2. BUEECHES ; the linen ones of the priclts, and of gofpel minifters, were emblems of modelly, humility, chaftity, holinefs. Lev. vi. lo. Ezek. xliv. 18. ' BRIBE, a prefent given to a judge, to procure his favour to a pannel ; or given to a witnefs, to entice him to fwear falfely, Amos V. 12. To have the right hand_/«// of bribes, is to have received, or to be in readinefs to receive, a number of tliem, Pfal. xxvi. 10. To fhake the hand from holding of bribes, is ut^ terly to deteft and rejed them, Ifa. xxxiii. 15. CRICK ; clay kneaded or form- ed, and by fire hardened into a kind of flone. With bricks the tower of Babel was built, and fome altars to idols. Gen. xi. 3. Ifa. Ixv. 3. They were much ufed for building in E- gypt : with making of them, efpe- cially when denied flraw, were the Hebrews afflided, Exod. v. Bricks are iHll much ufed in building, chiefly v/here they have no proper quarries offlone. The BRicK-KiLNisaplace for burning bricks into a due hard- nefs, Jer. xhii. 9. If David caufed the Ammonites pafs through burn- ing brick-kilns, it was a terrible pu- nifhment, 2Sam. xii. 31. The Ni- nevites mak'^g Jlrong the brick-kiln^ fignifies their afloniihing labour and hurry, to repair and fortify the fall- en walls of their city with new bricks, Nah. iii. 14. BRIDE, a betrothed or new mar- ried wife. The faints and church l&RI [ 203 ] BRO •arc a iride; they are hctrotlicd and cfpoufed to Jei'us Chrilt ; they are aiKirned with the wedciinf^-garment t)i' his rightcoulhcrs, and rejoice in him, Rev. x\ii. 17. and xxi. 9. BRIUEGROOM, a bcLrotlied or new married maxi. Clirill is called a Bridci^roo7fi. In the council of peace, and in the day of his power, he unites his people to hinifclt, re- joices over them, and tcalts them with his love, and will quickly come to receive them home to his heaven- ly manfions, Matth. xxv. :, — 10. The fun is likened to a bridegroovi^ becaufe of his glorious or chearful afped, as he ariletii, and apparently walks along our ll-:y, Plal. xix. 5. BRIDLE. Inrtead of it, a cord drawn through the nofe, was fome- times ufed for leading and com- manding camels, mules, &c. The reihaints of God's powerful provi- dence, are called his bridu av.d hook. The bridle in the jaws oj the people y caufing the7n to err, is God's llif- fering the Aifyrirtrus to be directed by their foohlh counfeis, that they might never finifh tlicir intended pur- pole againft Jerufalem, Ifa. xxxvii. 29. and XXX. 28. The rellraints of law, humanity, and niodefty, are called a bridle ; and to let it loofe, is to a(5t without regard to any of thefe, Job XXX. IT. Blood coining to the horfe bridles, implies the ter- rible (laughter of the Antichrirtians at the battle of Armageddon, or a- bout that time. Rev. xiv. 20. BRIEFLY, in few words, Rom. xiii. 9. BRIER. See Thorn. BRIGANDINE, a coat of male, compofed ot iron-rings, to proteifl from the fword of an enemy, Jer. xlvi. 4. and li. :?. BRIGHT, clear; (liining. Brightness, denotes, (i.) Shi- tiing clearncfs, as of the fun at mid- day, Amos V. 20. (2.) Great ex- cellency, which carts a luftre all a' round, ifa. Ix. 3. (3.) Profperity and grandeur, which render men no- ticed and eilcoincd, E/,tk, xxviii. 7- Chrilt is called tie bright Star, and the brightne/i of his I'utia'igiory. He is unmatched by creatures ; and divinely begotten, is equal to his Fa- ther in glory, excellency, and lullre^ Hcb. i. V BRIMSTONE, a fat oily fub- ftance, that may be melted and in- riamed by tire, but not diUblvtd in water. It is extracted from the py- rites, or firc-ltune, and is a princi- pal ingredient in gun-powder. It is alfo very ufeful in curii'g fcorbutic wounds, and in cleanlingthe hnVards. There are four principal kinds (jf it, the -yellrjw, green, grey, and red. God deliroyed Sodom and Gv mor- rah, Acimah and Zeboim, 'w'w.h Jire and brimlione iVom heaven. Gen, xix. 24. In allufion to which over- throw, the Jcatt. ring of brtvilione on a place ; the inakiitg it brijhjhne, or a kindled jlrcam oj bri/njiotie, import the moll terrible and ininons judg- ments. Job xviii. 15. Dent. xxix. 23. The torments of hell are likened to Jire and brimjlone, to mark the noi- fome, painful, and nniverfal nature thereof. Rev. xxi. 8, Pfah xi. 6. The brinijione i/rutng out of the mouth of the Turkifli hori'e, may fignify the Turks terrible uli? of hrc-arms, chitfiy of prodigious cannon, in their battles and fieges, (onie ages ago ; and the fearful liavock they made of the nations, Rev. ix. 17, 18. BRINK , the edge of a j'ool, river, fea, &c. Gen. xli. 3. BROAD. God is broad rivers to his people ; his fulncfs caTi never be exhaiiiled ; in him they obtain the mod delighttul pleafure and pro- fpecft, and the liirert defence ; and he is fufficiently capable to drflroy and overwhelm all that feck tlieir hurt, ifa. xxxii. 22. His law is t.v- cceding broad ; it extends to every perfon and circiimllani e, requirts innumerable things to be done, and as marry to be hated and avoided. BRO C 204 1 BRO Ffal. gxIk. 96. His inllituted ordi- nances are iroad ways : tliey are plainly marked out in his word; mul- titudes have accels to them : and in them do multitudes of i'aints and hy- pocrites truly or feemingly walk, Song iii. 2. He fets pcrlbns in a iiroad' p/ace, when he gives them great liberty, wealth, power, and profperity, job xxxvi. 16. Plal. xviii. 19. The way to heli is broad; mul- titudes of men walk in it, and by finful couries unnumbered they get thither at iail, Mauh. vii. 13. BROIDERED, wrought with va- rious colours of needle-work, Exod. xxviii. 4. BnU^red hair, is that ■which is plaited, and put up on crifp- ing pins, i Pet. iii. 9. To EMBROIDER, is to Work broi- dered work. BFiOOK, a fmall river, efpecially one that fiov.'s but in rainy ieafons, and ceaies in the lime of drouglit. The brooks mentioned in fcriptiire, on the eafl of Jordan, are, Zered^ Arnon, Cherith, Jabbok; but Anion and Jabbok, are more properly ri- vers, though far lefs than Jordan. The brooks in Canaan, weftward of Jordan, are, the brooks of J cruel, Efhcol, Befor, Kidron, Caaih, Ki- ihon. As the word nachal figni- fies both a brook and vailiy, it is poffible there might be other brooks which are rendered valleys in our tranflation. I^ay, in a country fo abounding with hills as Canaan, it !5 probable valleys and brcolcs were ieldom feparate. The hrook of the iviilowi, whither the AuVrians car- ried the Ipoil of Moab, is cither a iniall brook of tiie Arabians, near the countiy of Moab ; or it is the river Euphrates, whole banks were much covered with willows ; or it is dialdea, the valley of the wildurncfs^ Ifa. XV. 7. The Lrooki of defence \n Egypt, are the ftreains and ca.nals fifthe river Nile, which ])rotet^Led vhe country from the invaiion, or ^uic^ progrcfi q1 ar. enemy, Ifa. xix. 6. The brook rtainhig in the ivay, of wliich Chriit drunk, that he might lift up his head, was his violent and dilligreeable fufferings, roufed by the great rain of his Father's wratl^ which run in the way of his obtain- ing our redemption, and his entrance to glory ; or the influences of the Holy Ghoii:, given to aiiift and fup- port him under his I'corching and fa- tiguing afflic^cions, Pf;tl. cx^ 7. Wif- dom, or true religion, is hkened tO' a f.ozvir7g brook, becaufe of the plen- tiful and necelfary (lomfort ifiuing therefrom, Prov. xviii. 4. Brooky of honey and butter, denote great plenty of it ; or brooks, the fine grafs and mellifluous flowers, on whofe banks contributed to produce abun- dance of it; or great profperity ia general, Job xx. i 7. To deal de- ceitfully as a brooky and to pafs away as the ftreat/is thereoj, is to difappoint our friend when he moft needs and expefts our help and comfort. Job vi. 15. BROTH. Broth, or fragments of abominable things, is broth made with thc-flelh of fwine, or other un- clean animals ; or the fiices of flefh themfelves : or, perhaps, the milk wherein a kid had been foddcn; and which the Arab* ided to fprinkle on their trees, to render them fruitful,. Ifa. Ixv. 4. BROTHER. According to the ceremonial law, if an elder brother had left a widow childlefs, his next younger brotlier, if luimarrled, was to efpoufe her, and raife up feed to his deceafed brother ; if he refufed> the widow was to fpit on his face, and loofe his fhoe ; and his family was to be called, the boufe of him that hath his Jhoe loofe d. What fliame and contempt await thefe jninilters and profeiiors who negledl to beadtive in raihng up a fpiritual feed to the blefled Jefus, who died and afcendcd to heaven, ere he faw his church bring forth any confider- uble- ofiiprins r Dait. xxv- BRO C 205 ] fcRO Tlic fcripture ufcs the word brothsvy mr brethren, in a variety of lenles : (l.) Some are proper brethren^ by iuniiediate dcfccnt from the fame pa- rent, or parents, Gen. xlii. 13. (2.) Some arc brethren by afilnity, kin- dred, or nation : fo Abraham and Lot were bretlircn; all the Ifiacl- ites, and even tlic Edomitcs, were hnthren^ Dent, xxiii. 7, 19. (^.) Jiy common participation of the hu- man nature; thus all men are bre- ihrcfiy I Thefl". iv. 6. i John v. 16. (4.) In having the fame religious jnofcCion ; fo all profelled Chrilli- ans are brethren^ Col. i. 2. (s-) In Leinq; members of the fame fpiritual family of God by regeneration and adoption ; fo all faints are brethren, I John iii. 14, 1 6. (6.) In bearing the fame office ; fo gofpel-miniilers are brethren, 2 Cor. viii. 3. (7.) By joint performance of the lame work; fo Simeon and Levi were brethren in iniquity , Gen. xlix. 5. (8.) In ftrong alFe*5tion,or mutual covenant; fo Jonathan and David v.'crc bre- thren, 2 Sam. i. 26.; and Ahab calls Bcnhadad his brother, i Kings xx. 32.; and fo one that dearly loves wifdom, calls her his Ji/ler or kin/- woman, Prov. vii. 4. (9.) In re- femblance of condition or conduft; :ind the Hebrews called any thing like to, or conneded with, another, a brother, Exod. xxv. 2, 20. Joel ii. 8. Ezek. xxvi. 3, 5, 17. Thus Job was a brother to dragons, and coJupU' *iion oj oiuls ; in a very deplorable tafe, and given to the moll doleful mourning, as tliefe creatures arc : he laid to corruption. Thou art my father ; and to the luorm. Thou art my viother aiid my fijler : he reckon- ed himfelf extremely mean, fprung of duft, and fait hallening to the grave, where worms ihould be his devouring companions. Job xxx. 29. and xvii. 14. The flothful is brother to him that is a great wajler ; his «onduin: has the lame tendency to poverty uftd vant^. Prwv. .wiii. 9. Chrill is our brother; he partakes of our nature, loves, delights in, and does us good, Song viii. i. The faints are Chrill's brethren ; they arc fpiritually begotten by his Father; they love him, and arc zealous for his intereils, Matth.xii. 5. Falfe br::' ihren, are fuch as pretended to be preachers and apoltlcs, but hcaitilf hated fuch as were truly fo. Gal. ii. 4. A brother is born for adverjlty ; then he fliould peculiarly difcover his love in fympathy, help, and com- fort of his diftrelTed relations, Prov. xvii. 17. To jlick clofer than a bro- ther, is in adverlity to befriend an- other, even at the hazard of our wealth, reputation, or life, Prov. xviii. 24. The Jews did not lament Jehoiakim, faying, Ah viy brother! Ah lord! Ah his glory ! i.e. Alas! brother, how are we diftrelfed bjr the death of our beloved king ! A- las ! our lord, oui- governor is cut off!' Alas ! his glory is quite abo- lillicd, Jer. xxiii. 18. The duty of brethren in every lawful connedion, is mutual love, unity, and honour- ing of one another, Pfal. cxxxiii. 1. I John iii. 14. — Sister, among fe- males, has much the fame extent of fignification as brother, among males. It is taken not only for a filter, properly fo called, but for a. woman nearly related, or prof effing the fame religion. Sanili is c;illed Abraham's Jijler, though at moll but his half-hitcr, 01; rather liis niece, daughter of Haran his brother, Gen. XX. 12. Chrilt's coufins, the daugh- ters of his motlier's filter, arc c;dled his fijiers, Mark vi. 3. Women, \\ ho were fellow-profelfors of Chrl- llianity, are called /{//(?r/, Rom. xvi. I. 2 John 13. I Cor. vii. 15. and ix. 5. James ii. 15.; but In this laft text, it may be taken for any wo- man in general : and fo when God forbids the Jews to take u wife to her fijler, to grieve her in her lilc- time, it implies a difcharge to marry any fecond wife till the iornier is IB R IT t 206 ] BRtT dead, Lev. xvlil. 18. Jerufalem, Sa- maria, and Sodom, are called /'/7f/, becaulc the inhabitants ot thole pla- ces were lb fimilar in wickedncfs, Jer. iii. 8, 10. Ezek. xvi. 46. The Gentiles are called the Jews little jijier ; they pofTefled the fame hu- man nature, and however unlikely it was for many ages, they were to be brought into the fame (late of church -fellowfhip witli a God in Chriil, Song viii. 8. The faints are called Chriil's fftsrs-, they pcffefs the fame human nature ; they are fpiritually begotten by his Father, and made like him in grace ; and how dearly he loves, proteifts, and carefully provides for them ! Song iv. 9, 10, 12. Matth. xii. 50. Brotherhood, the conneded felloAvlhip of brethren, Zech. xi. 1 4. 1 Pet. ii. 17. Brotherly, what pertains to, and becomes brethren. Brotherly kuidnefs, or love, is what is mod tender and afFedlionate ; and chiefly denotes our efteeming, delighting in, fympathifmg with, and helping and comforting the faints, on ac- count of their relation to, and like- nefs to Chrift, Rom. xii. 10. 2 Pet. i. 7. The brotherly covenant with the Jews, w:iich the Edomites dc- jpijed, was their original relation by descent from Ifaac ; their covenant of fubjedion, when conquered by David; and, perhaps, fome later al- liance, Amos i. 9. BROW, the forehead of a per- fon, and front of an hill, Lukeiv. 29. To have a broio of bt afs, imports ob- ilinacy, impudence, and boldnefs in lin, Ifa. xlviii. 4. BRUISE; (i.) To crufti, Ifa. Xxviii. 28. (2.) To injure; opprefs. Lam. iv. 18. (3.) To afflidl; punifh, Ifa. liii. 5. (4.) To diftrefs; deftroy, Dan. ii. 40. The bruife of a body, is a hurt received by cruftiing, Luke ix. 39. The bru'ifc of a foul, implies doubts, fears, anguilh, inward trou- ble, on account of tke prevaleace of fin, God's -WTath, &c. Matth. xii. 46. The bruife of a city or nation, is their prevalent wickednefs, or the decayed and disjointed frame of their civil conftitution, Ifa. i. 6. Jer. vi. 14. and XXX. 12. Nothing bruifid or broken, was to be offered in facrifice : did this pre- figure Jefus offering himfelf wholly to God, as a facrifice of infinite completenefs and value ? and teach" us to honour God with the mofl ftrong and perfed faith, love, and holy obedience ? Lev. xxii. 24. God brufed Chrift, in infliding on his foul and body the fearful punilh- ment due to our fm, Ifa. liii. 5, 10. Chrift bruijl s Satan's head when he crulhes his defigns, defpoils him of his power, triumphs over him on the crofs, or in the conqueft of his chofen ; and when he enables his people to oppofe, conquer, and tread his temptations under foot. — Satan bruifcs Chrift's heel, in haraffing his humbled manhood, and aflliding his members on earth. Gen. iii. 15. Rom. xvi. 20. Weak faints, and their feeble graces, are brutfcd, or bruifed reeds, which Chrift will not break ; they are trodden down and afllifted by Satan, by falfe teachers, by the world, and their own lufts, and are in a pained and disjointed cafe, unable to oppofe their fpiritual enemies ; but Jefus will proted, heal, comfort, and deliver them, Ifa. xlii. 3. Luke iv. 18. The king of Egypt is called a bruifed reed, to mark the weak and broken ftate of his king- dom, and his utter inability to help fnch as depended on hirh, 2 Kings xviii. 21. BRUIT, report, Jer. x. 22. Nah, iii. 19. BRUTE, an Irrational animah BrutifJj perfons are thefe, who, as beads, are ftupid, unteachable, car- nally minded, and cmel, Pfal. xlix. 10. Brutifh coutifel, is that which is' quite foolilh and luireafonable, Ifji»' xi.%. ir, B UG [ 107 ] BUI Bl^CKET, a veflel to bc:^r water in, or to draw it up iVom a well, Ifa. xl. 15. God's bucket is the clouds, in whicli he bears, and whence lie pours, the watery lubllancc of rain, hail, laow, Numb. xxiv. 7. BUCKLER, SHIELD, TARGET. The Hebrews have two words, ma- CEN and TZiNNAH, for p/ield -xnti buckUr, or tart/it; but what was the diireroncc we do not certainly know, as the grcateil mafters of the Hebrew language plainly confound them. It i-. certain the tzinnoth, bucklers, or targets, made by Solo- mon, confiited of 600 Ihekels of gold; whereas the maginnoth, or flnelds, confided but of 300, i Kings X. 16, I 7. 2 Chron. ix. 15, 16. Perhaps all tlie difference might be, that the one was larger than the other. The buckler or Ihicld was a piece of defcnfm; armour, wielded by the left hand, in tlie manner of our Highlanders targets, to ward off the blows of arrows, fword, or fpcar, where-ever they threatened to ftrike. The more common ma- terials of the ancient flijelds, was a roundifli board of wood, overlaid with folds of leather ; but fome- times they were of gold, brafs, or the like. Conquerors fomctimes hung up the principal bucklers they took from their enemies on towers, or in temples, as trophies of vic^tory. David's tower had icoo fhiclds hung up in it, Song iv. 4. Solomon made aoo larger, and 300 leffer bucklers of maify gold, and hung them up in the houfe of the forelt of Lebanon, to be ufed, I fui)pofe, by his life-guard at liis folcmn pro- ceffions. Thefc Shilhak carried off, and Rchol.")am made others of brafs to ferve in their ilead, i Kings x. 16, 17. and xiv. 26, 27. God's taking hold oj J})]ild and buckler ^ imports his preparing matters in his provi- dence, for the protedion and deli- verance of his people, and fw the de- ftrudlion of his enemies, Plal. xxxv. 2. God is the jhicld and buckler of his people ; his truth and favour are ^\roperly To called. Belicie the tame kind, whole lhcn>;tli, fiercencfs, and pulhing with their horns in Hghting, are known, there is a wild kind of bulls, faid to be exceeding large, fwifr, and fierce ; and to dwell in large woods, as of Livonia and Ethiopia Another kind of wild bulls, or biiHalos, are often tamed; and by an iron ring in their nofe, are made to fiibmit to the plough, though they never entirely lofe their natural fiercenefs. Multi- tudes of thelc, or of a like kind, ruH wild in America; their hair is more Ihaggy, their body more large, and themfelves more fierce, tlian the com- mon. But Bochart and others, will have the thau or t ho to mean not a "wild ox or hull, but a ivilJ goat, Deut. xiv. 5. Ifa. li. 20. With the Hebrews, bulls were clean animals. If one rtole an ox., and killed or fold it, he was to return fivefold : if it was found in his hand, he reltored double. An ox or afs going aftray, was to be brouglit back to the owner. If a man left Ins well or pit uncovered, and an ox or afs fell into it, and perifhed, the owner of the well got his Helh, and paid his price to the owner. If an ox gored another to death, the flefh of the dead, and the price of the living, was to be equally divided between the two owners; but if the ox had been wont to gcre, his maftcr had the price of the dead ox to pay to his owner. When an ox gored any per- fon to death, he was J'toned, and his fielh not eaten; but if he had been known to gore formerly, he, and his mader who did not Ihut him up, were both Itoned to death. If an ex or afs was loll by the keeper's Vol. I. negligence, or if, when borrowed* they died in the ablcnte of tlie pro- pi ietor, the keeper or borrower, was to make rellitution. To mark teudernefs tofcrviteable animals,and the duty of allording a proper fub- filtence to minillers, the ox that trode out the corn was never to be muzzled. To mark the impropriety of unequal marriages and other con- nexions, and of laborious minillers conne».^ing themfelves w ith fuch as are lazy and flothi'ul, and of an un- equal practice in lilc, an ox was ne- ver to be yoked with an afs, Exod. xxi. 22. Deut. x\v. 4. and xxii. 10. Bullocks were often I'acrificed in burnt-offerings and peace-offerings, and fometimes in fui-ollering^. Thefe reprei'tntcd the pure, patient, (Irf.'ng, and laborious Redeemer, facriiiced for us, Heb. ix. 15, 14. The twelve brazen oxen which fupported Solo- mon's brazen fea, of which three looked to every airth, might fignify the twelve apoliles, and their fuc- ceffors in the gofpel-minillry, who, with much patience and labour, ex- hibit Jefus as the great means of puri- fication from fin, i Kings vii 25, 44. Jer. lii. 20. And are not ihefo the la» bouring oxen and ajirs that eat clean provender, while they patiently la- bour in God's iervice, feed on his pure word, and eminent fcllowlhip with him ? Ifa. xxxii. 20. and xxx. 24. Saints, but chiefly minillers, are likened to txen ; they arc by nature equally pcrverfe as others, but when converted, how tame, i)atienr, and laborious ! and how oft appointed to {laughter by the wicked! Jer.xi. 19. Ifa. xi. 7. and Ixv. 25. Rev. iv. 7. The glory of jofeph was like that of xhe fiijllhig biiiiock : how numc- rr«us, powerful, profpcrous, and joy- ful were his feed 1 how devoted to God, whofe fancluary Vv as long fixed at Shiloh among them ! Deut. xxxiii. 17. Perfons impatient in trou- ble, are like -aiild hulls in a net ; roir and crv, but bv tlieir llriiggling, eii- Dd BITL I l*o ] BUL tangle tlicmiclvcs more ami inovo, Ifa. li. ao. Wicked men, chit Hy lu- lcr'5 or wariiors, Ave vaWcA buiity an J hulls cf Bajhan, and cahrxf to denote iltcir pvol'perity, llrcngtli, iintraL'tablcncls, and nnl«jhic\ ons vio- lence and lierccncis, Jcr. xxxi. i8. VIa\, xxii. 12. and Ixviii. 50. A ralh yonth is like an ex led t» the JJ' and /\v is the Icmalo ol" the ox Ivind, and very noted fur her niclnl ijiilk. IVrtonv potent, proud, \\ calthy, pcihaps chiefly ladies, are called kif.\' cf HajhtUy to tlcnote their (hipidi- ty, luxury, atul wantonnefs, Amos iv. t, 3. 1l'\\^ firm fat ki fir \i!\\\c\\ Pharaoh law in his dream, ici>re- iVr.tcd ieven years of great plenty, and the fcvrn can ««Kf, Icven years ot' taniiue, Gcti. xli. a, — 4. t8, — 21, a6, 27. Young; cows arc called n E t KK R s . Vonng wives Were call- ed K'ifhs^ to mark their gaiety, and expet^ied tVuiituinels, Judg. xiv. jS. jS'.uions are likened to hr.-frrs : E- gvpt to a /k/r one, to mark their ^\lorv and profperily, iTa. \lvi. 20. ; the Chaldeans to a //.* one, to tuark their wealth, wantonneis, atui \m- concern, Jer. 1, 11. ; the ten tribes *)t' ItVael to a /"^ck/udiNt; one, to iignily their Oiipid and pervcrte re- volting iVoni God, Hot', iv. 16.; and to a taui^ht one, loving to tread out the corn, over wholV fair «ah, are likened thereto, to piark their tintameahlo ohllitiacy ; or, rather, their tei r\ldc outcries, when the inhahiianis fled fri)m the Adyrians attd Chaldeans. Hut perhaps thcfe words may he tho names oi" cities that fliouUl Ihare in the ruin. Ha. xv. 5. Jcr. xlviii. ^4. Among the Hebrews, when ono was idiuid liain in tlie licld, and the tunrderer could not he found, the ma* giltratcs of the city ttcxt to the fpot, took an /' fpnnrclcrl, till the fevrntli cl-iy of }ii; dctiUrnf tit, he continticfl in it till he was Iprinklffl fcgain on the eltveiith. 'I'h»; pr\eik who (priiiklrd thf blooij in twain, at the making of covenants, and wlfhing that God might fo rend the makers if tl»ey brake it, exhibits what is our dreadful defert for cover.ant treakung, and what our bleifed Re- deemer endurvd on our acrotinf, J^r. xxxiv. 18. MlniUers aod*s commandments, Rev. iv. 7. Ezek, i. 7. Ifa. xi. A, 'J hey grow wy^^calvet in the flnll\ when fcafled on Jefus'lulnefs, tiit y abound in grace and in gof*d work^, Mai. iv. 3. ; and they render to him the calves of their lips, the ptirc ofTcr- ings of prayer, praife, and thankf- giving, Hoi. xiv. 2. As the Hebrews had feen, and per- haps mod f>f tliem worshipped, th« Egyptian idol Apis, which was a living bull, and Comer in:'-: adored in the form of one, or in h ; lu of a man with a bull's head, they infti- gated Aaron to make rhem -^ gold- en calf in the wildernels, to which they, on the day after, obferved a folerrn ftflival. This calf Mofeu foon after reduced to powder, and canfed the idolaters drink it. Thi? fui was gradually punifl'jed in their after mi(eries, for many generatif.i;<;, ExckI. xxxii. Wlien Jeroboam the fon of Nebat, who had Tt(\''fA for a time in Kgypt, got p/jflefhon of the kingdom of hrael, he m;ide Xvvct gr^ldtn calves : the one he pla- ced at Bethel on the fnuth, and »he other at Dar, on the north fiv,r.tur of his kingdom. Thefe calves the ten tribes, for about 260 years, con- tinued to worfhip, till their ftate wm nuhinged, the people carried cap- tive, and prob-^bly the idols deOroy- ed by the AlT'yriaf»s, i Kings xii. 27, 2^. Hojf. X. 5. and xiii. T2. % Kings xvii. Whether the calf at Dan had, for fear of the Syrians car- rying it olf, been tranfportcd to Sa- maria, the capital of the Jfraelirifh kingdom, I know not, Hof. viii 5. f>, BULRUSH, a fhrub gr^w i ; .x fens, and eadly bowed by the v, !. What f)or trandatn.n calk lo, V _ ' r- haps no other than the paper xf > ^, of which the Egyptians and £thio» JUd a BUR [ 212 ] BUR plans made bafliets, and even boats, Exod. ii. 3. To hio the head as a bulrtijhy is to make an outward ap- pearance of grief for {\x\, hiiiiging down the head, while there is no real forrow in tiie heart, Ifa. Iviii. 5. BULWARK, a Itrong fortifica- tion eredted for the defence of a ci- ty, or to promote the taking of one, 2 Chron. xxvi. 15. Deut. xx. 20. Tlie bulwarks of tlic church, are her Jaws, worfliip, difcipiine, and govern- ment; together with the perfections, promiies, and providences of God, which fecure her i'alvation and de- liverance, Plal.xlviii. 13. Ila.. xxvi. 1. May not tlie former text alfo re- late to the natural bulwarks of the city of David, not one of which was hurt by the Affyrians ? BUNCH ; (1.) A handful ; fmall bundle, Exod. xii. 22. (2.) A hairy lump on the back of camels and dro- medaries, Ifa. XXX. 6. BUNDLE ; a variety of things knit togetiier. To have one's foul bound up in the bundle oj life with the Lord, is to enjoy his kindeft pro- tection, and infallible prefervation, I Sam. XXV. 29. Chrilt is reprefent- ed as a bundle of myrrh, to mark the abundant fulnefs, and blefTed connec- tion of his influences and bleflings, Song i. 13. The claifes of wicked men caft into hell, and oft connect- ed by their fins on earth, are like- ned to bur.dles ^f tares^ Mattli. xiii. 30. All creatures, chiefly the church and her chofcn members, are called God's BUNDLE ; they are many in number, and ftrictly connected ; but the 'whole weight and care of them are borne by him, Amos ix. f 6. Multiplied opprz'flions, and fuperfti- tious impofitions in worfliip, are call- ed the bundle af the yoke, they are heavy to be borne, Ifa. Iviii. f 6. BURDEN, or LOAD; as much as one can bear, 2 Kings v. 17. Acfls xxi. 3. Chrifl's benefits, and the bleflings of the glorified ftate, are a ioad or weight j God bellows theiu abundantly, as men are able to hezt them, Pfal. Ixviii. 19. 2 Cor. iv. 17. His laws are a vurden, to which we muft yield ourfelves, at the expence of labour, and of pain to our lufts ; and they are a light lurden, far ea- lier than that of the broken law, which he endured for us : far eafier now under the gofpel, than the an- cient ceremonies ; and may, with great eafe and delight, be obeyed, under the influence of his Spirit, Mat. xi. 30. Rev. ii. 24. God's ceremo- nial law, and mens fuperftitious ce- remonies, are a hurden ; deprive men of pleafiire and liberty, and are hard to be tullilled, A6ls xv. 28. Matth. xxiii. 4. The charge of go- vernment in church or ftate is a bur- den; the faithful execution of it is at- tended with much uneafy care and toil, Exod. xviii. 22. Ifa. ix. 6. The dependents of Shebna and other ma- giftrates, nay, of our Redeemer, are their burden, Vv'hich they have t& care for, protect, and fupport, Ifa. xxii. 24. 25. Predn^tions of heavy judgments are burdens : they render one uneafy tO' hear them ; and how linking, op- preffive, and grievous is their fulfil- ment ! Ifa. xiii. i. and xiv. 28. and XV. I. and xvii. r. and xix. i. and xxi. I, II, 13. and xxii. i. and xxiii. I. Jer. xxiii. 33, — 38. Nah, i. i. Zech. ix. I. and xii. i. Mai. i. i. 2 Kings ix. 25. Hab. i. i. Lam. ii. 14, : but the word might be tran- flated the heavy 'judgment. Labour, fervitude, tribute, afflicSlion, fear, and care, are a burden ; how hard to be borne ! how fmking to the fpi- rits, and reftridtive of hberty, Pfal. Ixxxi. 6. Hof. viii. ic. Matth. xx. 12. P»lens impcrfedfions and infir- mities are burdens, which hurt and grieve themfelves or others ; but which others ought to bear with pa- tience and meeknefs. Gal. vi. 2. Sinful corruptions of nature or prac- tice^ are a heavy hurden,vj\\\c\v great- ly provokes Godj Itupifics, rellraias. BUR [ ^'3 1 BUR «nd vexes men; hinders them to walk in God's way } jjrcilcs tliciu towards hell ; brings on heavy Itrukes of wrath; and theguik ol" which makes a fcarhil imprcHion upon an nwa- kened conlciencc, Plal. xxxviii. i|. Zecl). V. 7, 8. Hcb. xii. i. In rine, whatever renders body or mind un- eaiy, is called a burden , Zeph. iii. 1 8. But we arc to call it on tlic Lord, by imploring, and patiently waiting for lupport under, and deliverance from it, Fial. Iv. 22. But the word here rendered I'urJtn, lignifies ^gift or flip ply; and imports the great re- lignation and holy confidence where- with we ihould alk mercy and deli- verance. Every man Ihall bear his own burden ; IhalJ give an account of his own deeds; and if not in Clu-ilt, fui'fer the due punillunent thereof. Gal. vi. 5. BURDENSOME; grievous; trou- bleiome, 2 Cor. xi. 9. BUR.Y. The Hebrews were careful to bury even their enemies, I Kings xi. 15. E/.ek. xxxix. 14. the troublefome pollution of dead bodies required it. To be deprived of bu- rial, or buried with the burial of an mfsy call into an unclean place, they reckoned a terrible calamity. When one died, if his friends were able, he was embalmed, and after a proper time, carried out to his grave on a bier, if poor ; or on a flately bed, if rich ; and laid in a proper manner, as in a bed, in the crave. The dead bodies were arrayed in dead cloaths; but from the refurrei3f ion of Lazarus and Chrill, and a variety of other evidence, it appears they were not buried in coffins, as is the man- ner with n«. Friends and neigh- bours attended the occafion, witli a great deal of mourning and ap- parent grief. Kings Icarce ever at- tended u funeral; hence David's at- tendance on the funerals of Abner, and joining in the mourning, is ob- ferved as fomething remarkable. He £0 doubc did fo^ to ward ojl" fulpi- cioD of the murder, and to conciliau the afteOtions of the i)cople, John xv. and xix. and xx. Acts viii. 2. 2 Sam. iii. 3i»— 36. When the modcra Jews come ro their Inirying-place, wiiich tiicy tall the houfe of the It- 'Jiiigy they addrefs themfclves to th* pcrlons buried, and bleis God for making, preferving, and cutting them otf by death, and that he will raife them again. At the grave, this blelJing is repeated ; and the corpfe being let down on the ground, they make an oration in praife of the dead perfon, and walking around the grave, repeat a long prayer. Af- ter a prayer for the man's loul, they let down the corple into the gravc^ and delire him to gain peace. The relations begin to cover him with earth, and then all prefent aflift. They walk backward, till they are at Ibme dillance from the grave ; and as they leave the biirying-place,thcy pluck fome bits of grafs, and throw behind their backs, faying, 'They Jhallfiourijh like grafs of the earth. To be buried with Chrift in baptifm, imports our regeneration, and conti- nued mortification of fin, by virtue of fellowlhip with him in his death, reprelented, fealed, and applied to us in our baptifm, Rom. vi. 4. Col. ii. 13. BURN; (i.) To be hot. Lev. xiii.- 28. (2.) To confume with hre. (3.) To dedroy ; waltc ; purge. Lam. iii. 3. Ifa. iv. 4. (4.) To have the heart eager in defire, love, fym- pathy, Luke xxiv. 32. 2 Cor. xi. 29. (5.) To have the mind filled with pallion, difquiet, Pfal. xxxix. 3. Jer. XX. 9. (6.) To be under the pre- vailing power of ficfhly lull, i Cor. vii. 7. There fliall be turning, i. t. tawninefs or burning ulcers, injlead of beauty, Ifa. iii. 24. BURST ; to rend violently. God burjis mens bands, when he rcllores tliem to liberty, jer. ii, 20. and xxx. 8. Men burjl God's bands, in furi- ou.^y breaking his laws, Jer. v. 5. BUT t 214 1 BUY A Tttan is ready to biirp like a new buttle, when his matter and delire to Ipcak grow exceedingly on him, [ob xxxii. 19. The burjtuig of the Jews vain and wicked contidcuce, imports the diflolution of their church and Itate, by tlie Aflyrians, Chaldeans, and Romans, lia. xxx. 14. BUSx4, a low, fpreading, and oft prickly flirub. The bujh burnings and ?iot cotiftwied, which Moles law near mount Horeb, reprefented our earthly nature united to the Son of God, inflamed with the fire of di- vine punifnment, and yet not confu- meci, bnt liipported and refreihed: and the Hebrew nation in the fire of L gyptian crneliy, mm] the church in the fire of pcrlecution and difirefs, and yet not in the leaft deftroyed thereby, becaule of the good-will and favour of him that dwelt, /. e. appeared in the bulh, Exod. iii. 2, 4^ A(5ls vii. 30, 35. Deut. xxxiii. 16. BUSHEL, a corn-meafure. The Roman buibel or modius, contained 552 I'olid inches ; which is near 8 cubical inches more than an Englifli peck, Matth, v. 15. BUSY ; diligent in work. Btijy bodies are fuch as, neglecting their proper work, give up themielves to intermeddle with the affairs of others, 2 Their, iii. 11. Business is the work which men do ; or which they ought to do, by virtue of their call- ing or truft, Deut. xxiv. 5. Rom. xii. II. BUT, ordinarily fignifies, that the things between v/hich it is placed, are contrary or diverfe, John vi. 27. and iii. 17. Matth. vi. 15. and xx. 16. Our Englilh tranflation hath fre- quently a7id, where but might have done better. BUTLER, one charged with the eare of the wine-cellars, in the houfe of a great man. Pharaoh's butter, was alfo his cup-bearer, that filled out his wine to him and his guells. Gen. xl. I. and xli. 9. His office was called butlerjhip. BUTTER. Calmet will have if: to be the fame with cream, among the eaftern nations ; but it is plain from Prov. xxx. 33. that it was brought forth by churning; whether in a ikin, as is the cultom at prefent among the Moors and Arabs, or o- therwife, we know not. It was long before the Greeks knew any tiling ot butter. The Dutch were the in- troducers of it into the Eall Indies* The ancient Romans, and modern Spaniards, ufe it as a medicine, not for food. It is far otherwife in the Dutch and Britifh dominions. But- ter and honey were fo plentiful in Canaan, as to be common provifion, Ifa. vii. 15, 22. To ivaj}) one's Jleps with butter, is to enjoy great and delightful profperity, Job xxix. 6. Flattering fpeech is fmoother than butter, is apparently very foft and agreeable, Pial. Iv. 21. BUTTOCK ; to have it uticovir* ed, imported the greatelf fliame and difgrace, 2 Sam. x. 4. Ifa. xx. 4. BUY ; to buy jrom tnen, is to obtain right to, and poffeflion of, a thing, by giving a price for it. Gen. xlii. 2. To buy from Chrijl, is, un- der a fenfe of need, and a belief of their excellency and fitnefs for us* to receive himfelf and his blcffings freely, as the eternal portion of our foul, and to forlake whatever f lands in oppofition thereto, Ifa. Iv. i. Rev. iii. 18. Matth. xiii. 44. To buy the truth, and not fell it, imports the moft diligent confideration, and cor- dial embracement of it, and cleaving to it, whatever expence, hazard, or trouble it cofl: us, Prov. xxiii. 23. To buy the merchandife of Rome, is, at the eternal hazard of our foul, to embrace her abominations; or, by mo- ney, interceffion, or the like, to pro- cure Antichrillian dignities, offices^ reliques, pardons. Rev. xviii. ir, God bought his chofen people, by gi- ving his Son to the death, as an inii- nite ranfom for them, I Cor. vi. 19. He bought the Hebrew^ nation, in ex- BUZ r 2^5 ] BY ertinc^ his power and goodnefs on their behalf, bringing them from E- gypt, and loading them with mer- cies unnnmbered, that they might be his peculiar people, Dcut. .\>:.\ii. 6. He buys profcflcd ChrilUans, in giving them his word ; and at much f xpence of power and goodnefs, de- livering them from hcathenil'ni, po- pery, or pr ter Achiah to the hero that lliould Ee C AL [ 218 ] C AL take It. Othniel his nephc^v took k, and obtained Achfah, with a confi- derable portion of ground. When, or how Caleb died, we know not. By his three fons, Iru, Elah, and Islaam, he had a numerous and ho- noured pofterity, Numb. xiii. and xiv. Joiii. xiv. 6, — 15. and xv. 15, — 19. Judg. i. '9, — 15. I Chron. iv. 15, — 20. 2. Caleb, or Chelubai, the fon of Hezron, and brother of jerah- meel ; his wives, perhaps in fuccef- fion, were Azubah-Jerioth, Ephrath; and Ephah and Maachah, concu- bines ; his fons were, Jefher, Shobab, Ardon, Hur, Melha, Karan, Moza, Gazez, Sheber, Tirhanah, Shaaph, Shevah, and a daughter called Ach- fah ; and perhaps others. His po- fterity was very numerous, i Chron. ii. 9, iS, — 20. 42, — 45- ■3. Caieb, the fon of Hur, and grandfon of tlie former (.aleb. His fons were, Shobal, Salma, Hareph. His poiterity peopled thcAvhole coun- try about Beth-lehem, Kirjath-jea- rira, Beth-gader, &g. i Chron. ii. 50, —55- 4. Caleb, which is perhaps the fame as CaL'b-Ephrath, a city where rt feems Caleb the fon of Hezron atid Ephrath had dwelt. To the elders of Caleb, David fent part of the fpoil he took from the Amale- kites, I Sam. xxx. 14. CALK See Bull. CALKERS ; carpenters who flop the chinks of Jl)ips ; mafons who re- pair the breaches of walls ; magi- ftrates who repair the breaches of oi'der and fafety in the (late, Ezek. xxvii. 9, 27. CALL ; (i.) To name a perfon or thing. To be called or named by one, is to derive a name from them. Jacob's name was called upo?i the fons of Jofeph, when they were na- med Ifraelites, and each commenced parent of a tribe. Gen. xlviii 16. Perlbns are called by the name of God or Chrilt, when called his peo- ple or followers, or called Chr/* STiANS from Christ, Jam. ii. 7. AtSts xi. 26. (2.) To invite; re- quire; requefl, Exod. ii. 7. (5.)' To invite to, appoint, and furnifh; for an office, Exod. xxxi. 2. (4.) To create ; to produce things by a word ; an a6t of will, Rom, iv. 1 7. Ezek. xxxvi. 29. ' (5.) To invite and charge to duty, by the miniftry of the word, diipenl'ation of pro- vidence, or motions of the Holy Gholl, Ifa. xxii. 12. Prov. i. 24. Matth. xxii. 14. (6.) To invite and draw finners into a ftate of union with Jefus Chrifl, by the preaching of the word, and working of the Holy Ghoft. Therein the perfon is convinced of his fm and mifery ; hath his mind enhghtened in the knowledge of Chrifl, as able and willing to lave him ; hath his will renewed ; and is fo perfuaded and enabled to embrace Jefus Chrift as offered to bim in the gofpel. This call is according to Cod's furfofe, with refpedl to perfons, time, and manner thereof, Rom.viii.28. 2Tim« i. 9. It is fovereign and free ; not many wile, mighty, or noble, .are called, I Cor. i. 26, 27. It is highy proceeds from the Moft High God, and interells us in the highefl glory and happinefs, Phik iii. 14. It is holy in its author, means, and end. As we are called by the glorious power and almighty virtue of God's grace, fo we are called to glory and virtue, to holinefs and happinefs, 2 Pet. i. 3. It is heavenly^ comes from above, interells us in, and pre- pares us for heaven, Heb. iii. i.: and is without repentayice, as God will never caft off any that are once drawn to him, Rom. xi. 29. (7-) To acknowledge, Heb. ii. 11. (8.) To elleem ; account, Ifa. Iviii. 5, 15. Mai. iii. 15. (9.) To proclaim, Joel i. 4. and ii. 15. To call Cod for a record oh one's foul, is folemnly to appeal to him, 2 Cor. i. 23. To call ojt Cod, is to worlhip him, particu- CAM [ 219 ] CAM Inrly by prayer and praife, Pfal. 1. 15. and cv, i. Perhaps caihi^ on the Kami of the Lord, Gen. iv. 26. may denote wordiippiug him in public alFemblics ; and Come render it to profane the nuvie of the Lord. Law- ful employments are termed a call- ing ; men are, by providence, in- vited to, *nd furnilhed lor them, 1 Cor. vii. 20. The heavenly glory is a calling: we are invited and drawn to it ; and tlie enjoynu-nt of its happinefs is our everlalti'ig bufi- nefs, 2 Their, i. 11.: or the woid there may fignify elFecliial calling, Eph. iv. I. CALNEH, Calno, a city built by Nimrod in the land of Shinar, Gen. X. 9. Ifa. x. 9. If it be the fame with Canneh, the inhabitants traded with the Tyrians, Ezek. xxvii. 23. It is probably the lame with Ctcfiphon, on the river Tygris, a- bout three miles from Stkicia ; and which was for feme time the capital of the Parthians, and was exceed- ingly enlarged and beautified by Pacorus, one of their kings. CALVARY, or Golgotha, which fignitics \\\q place oj a Jku'! ; fo called, either from its refembliince to the Ikull of a man's head, or be- caufe it was the place where male- factors were beheaded, was a Imall hill to the weft of Jerufalem. It is faid Adam was buried here ; but It is certain Jelus was crucified here, and buried in an adjacent garden. Over his fepuiclu-e, Helena, the mo- ther of Conftantine, about ^l.D. 330, built a magnificent cluirch, which, to tliis day, is vilited by fuperftiti- ous pilgrims of the Chriltian name, with great ceremony, and pretence of devotion, Luke xxiii. 33. To CALVE; to bring forth young; chiefly a calf or young deer, Pfal. xxix. 9. CAMEL,afoin--footed beall with- out horns. It has no fcne-ieeth in the upper jaw, and cliews the cud. \i lias fu ui- eight in ihc loWcr, broad and ftanding outward. It has three tulks in its upper jaw, and two in the lower, lituate at fomt dillancc one from another. Camels are co- vered witli a fine hir, which they cart in tlie Spring; and it is gather- ed up, and a kind of Huff made of it. Their neck and legs are long and (lender. When iliey lift uj) their head, it is very high. Their ears are lliort, and their feet broad and exceeding lure ; their tail is about a foot long ; Ibme of them, not- witiillauding of exccffive heat, can live without water four or five, nay, fbme fay, nine or twelve, days. They are not only ufed as berifts of burden in tlic hot and dry countries, but the Turks eat the flcli: of young ones, and iheir iiiilk is much ufed by the Arabf to prevent 'he dropfy: perhaps, as the animal is revenge- ful, their i.iilk may contribute to ^ive the Arabs that revengeful turn which they generally have. They kneel down to.receive their burden, or to have it taken oil". There are font kinds of camels : (i.) The camel Willi two hairy bunches on its bark, which is principally produced about the eaft of Pcrlia, and will btar 1 300 weight. This is by fome falicly called the dromedary. (2.') The ca- mel with one bunch, w hich is chiefly ufed in Arabia and the north of Af- rica. The melt handlome of this kind is the dromedary, which is of rounder fhapc, and l,as a leffer bunch than the others ; is able to carry a far lefs burden, but is of prodi- gious Iwiftnefs; laid, by the Arabs, to run as far in one day as their befl horfes will do in nine, and fo ciiieHy ufed for riding, i Kings iv. 28. Ellh. viii. 10. (3.) The Peruvian came), whole back is even, and its breait bunchy. (4.) The P.;cos, which has no bunch at all. Though camels chewed the cud, yet, as the divifuni of their feet was not complete, they are marked out by the bw as unclean ; and lua y reprc* E e 2 e AM [ 220 ] GAM fent wicked perfons, haughty, and revengeful, Lev. xi. 4. Deut. xiv. 7. The Jews were hke /"^vifi dromeda- ries traverfing their wayj, for their levity and inconllancy in God's Ter- vice, Jer. ii. 23. MuUitudes of ca- mels, and dromedaries, of Midian, iSphah, Shebah, and/oc/^/ of Kedar -, and Nebaioth covering the church, imports, that the Arabs in the apo- il(;lic age, and the Mahometans in the Millennium, fliall be converted to Chrift, and ufe their power and wealth in his fervice, Ifa. Ix. 6, — 8. CAMELION, or chameleon, a kind of lizard, with along flat tail, and ufually of a greenifli yellow co- lour. On each of its four feet it has five toes, two or three of which adhere together. Its fnout is long: it has two fmall openings for no- flrils: its eyes move much, and often with a contrary motion : it has no neck ; its back is fliarp, and its ikin grained like Ihagreen. It can hang to the branches of trees by its feet or tail. To catch flies, it can dart its tongue to the length of its w^hole body, and jufi: contrail it again. Some camellons in Egypt, the tail included, are a foot long ; but theie in Arabia are not much above the half. A camelion neither feeds on air, nor changes colours in the man- ner fome have aflerted ; yet it is more bluifli, and lefs beautiful, in the Ihade, than when expofed to the fun, where it appears a darker grey, and beautifully fpotted. And if it be wrapped in fine linen cloth, it will fo.r.etimes become white. Nay, it can make a number of variations in its appearance. It will appear plump and fat, and yet, in a itw minutes, appear as lean as a very ikin. It Was unclean under the law, and might reprefent the '^et^ of the old ferpent, extremely xiniubflantial and unlfedfall in every thing good, Lev. xi. 30. ' CAMP, the lodgement of an army in the open air_, i Sam. iv. 7. No- thing could be more exaflly regu- lated than the camp of the Hebrews in the defart. The tabernacle was placed in the midft of it. Mofes, Aaron, and their families, had their tents on the eaft of it. On the fouth pitched the Kohathites: on the welt, the Gerflionites : on the north, the Merarites. Thus it was encompafs- ed by the Levites, which did the fervice thereof. Before the taber- nacle, on the eaft fide thereof, was the camp of Judah, lilachar, and Zebulun, containing 186,400 men fit for war : on the fouth, the camp of Reuben, Simeon, and Gad, con- taining 151,400: on the weft, the camp of Ephraim, Manaffeh, and Ben- jamin, containing 108,100: on the north, was the camp of Dan, After, and Naphtali, containing 157,600. The camps of the Greeks, but e- fpecially of the Roman?, were pretty, fimilar to that of the Hebrews. When the Ifraelites marched, thej had a triple warning by the filver trumpets ; one, to pack up their baggage ; a fecond, to affemble to their ftandard ; and a third,, to begin their march. The camp of Judah marched firft; the tabernacle was then taken down ; and the Gerflionites and Merarites, laying the boards on wagons, followed. Upon a fecond alarm, the camp of Reuben march- ed ; the Kohathites followed, with the more facred furniture of the ta- bernacle on their Ihoulders. Next followed the campof Ephraim,Pfal. Ixxx. I, 2. ; and that of Dan brought up the rear. Numb. i. ii. iv. and x. As Jefus, Handing in the room of unclean and leprous finners, fuffered without the gate, and his allies, the virtue oi his death, chiefly extends to the once outcaft Gentiles, it be- comes us to go uvithQUt the camp of- carnal focieties, bearing hisreproach, willingly expofingourfelves to fliame and danger for his f^ke. Compare Deut. xxiii. 10. Numb. xix. 3. Exod. xxix. 14. Heb. mU. 10. The cawf CAM [ 221 ] CAN »/ the [.lirAiy is the cliurch regularly ranked, and prepareil to Hglit with principalities and powers, Rev.xx.9. To CAMP, ENCAMP, to fet up tents to lodge iu them, in the man- ner of an anny, or to belicgc a city, Numb. i. 50. I Sam. xi. l. God and liis angels encamp about his people, when they watch over, and give them remarkable prote»ition, Zccli. ix. 8. Flal. xxxiv. 7. God citnps aga'tnjl a place, when he furrounds it with fcarfiii judgments, or per- mits an enemy to lay liege to it, Ifa. xxix. 3. God's troops encajnped ^- hout job's tabernacle, wiien numer- ous troubles befet him on every fide, Job xix. 12. The gralhoppers (r^-^w/* in the hedges during the lutnmer ; they lodge there in valt numbers, Nah. iii. 17. CAMPHIRE. The tree is a kind of bay or laurel ; fome of them are 300 feet high, and can Icarce be grafped by 20 men : every part of It abounds with the campliire drug, which is neither rofui, volatile ("alt, nor oily juice, nor bitumen, nor gum ; but a mixed fubllance, dry, white, tranfparont, and brittle, of a flroiig, penetrating, fragrant Iwell, but bitterifh talle ; wliicli cither di- ftils from the tree, or may be ex- tradled by a chymical proccfs. It is of ufe in fire-works, varnilh,&c. ; it can bifn even under water. It promotes fweating; and fo is of con- liderable ufe in inflammatory, pu- trid, peililential, maddening, and venereal diforders. The cam phi re of japan is coarfe ; but that of Bor- neo, Samatra, and Ceylon, all Eaft India illands, and China, is fine. If the Hebrew cop her be rightly tranllated camp hire, jefus Chriit is compared to a clufler of it ; to denote tin; abundant, and wellcon- ne^led plenty of fragrant, foul-heal- ing, and exhilarating virtue, that is in his perlbn, rightcoufnefs, and lulncfs ; but if it fignify the Cy- prus v'lne^ it denotes ki? uourilliiu^ ftrengthening, and comforting in- fluence, if it fignify the cf/Tf/j. tree, it exhibits him in the pleafHUt, pure, healing, and anointing virtiif, of his peribu, blood, and grace. If it fi'r- nify cyl>irus, or p^ord-gruf^, it le- prcfcnts him in his fruitfulnefs, fra- grancy, and llrengthcning influence, and Iiis powerful virtue, to henl the wounds made by fm, the poifon of the old ferpent. If It lignify dates, the fruit of the palm-tree, it reprefents him as infinitelv pre- cious, fweet, and nourilhing. If it llgnify the BAI.M TREE, ii (lill fi- gures him out in his pleafantnel's, and medicinal virtue, to the fouls of men. The faints and their graces, are compared to c jphe.i, to mark how acceptable their perlon, new nature, and holy converfation, are to Chrift, and to good men ; and what a healing, edifying, and exiii- larating virtue they have in the churches and nations where they refide. Song iv. 13. CAN; to be able in refpec^l of knowledge, authority, or flrength, to do a thing, Gen. xli. 38. jefus could not do many mighty works at Nazareth: it was not coniilfent with his will or commidion to do many miracles there, where unbelief and contempt of him fo prevailed ; and where tlie faith of receiving miracles was i« anting, Matth. xiii. 58. Mark vi. 5, Worldly men nei- ther will, nor, by reafon of their- difpofition, can hate the wicked as fuch, John vii, 7. We fpcak and do evil things as we could, when we are as wicked as providence penijilSn Jer. iii. 5. CAN A, See Kan A II. CANAAN, the young^ft fon of Ham. When Ham ("ported wifii hi* father** nakcdnels, Noah deiioiinced a curfe of the bi(cil ferviLude , pe- culiarly agaiiift Canaan. Whether Canaan had joined in the crime, and informed his father of the (hamtfu^ fight i or wlicther Noah could not CAN [ 222 } CAN •pronounce a curfe againft Ham him- lelf, who had been formerly bleflej by God ; or whether the word fa- ther of ought to be lupplied before Canaan, 2,sfon is, Matth. iv. 21.; and ■wfe, John xix. 2 5. ; diXid father, Adts vii. 16. ; or whether the curfe is chiefly pointed againft Ham's polte- rity in Canaan, as they were to be extirpated in part by the Hebrews, is not agreed by interpreters. It is certain the Lord is righteous in all his ways ; it is certain that pa- rents are punifhed in the milery of their pofterity ; and from the fubfe- quent hiftory, it will appear how the Canaanites were terribly enflaved by the pofterity of Shem, and of Ja- pheth, according to the tenor of that curfe. It is probable that Canaan lived and died in, as well as gave name to, the land of promife. His pollerity was numerous : the Sido- nians, Tyrians, Hittites, Jebufites, Amori<€s, Girgafliites, Hivites, Ar- kites, Sinites, Arvadites, Zemarites, Hamathites, Perizzites, and another tribe that were called Canaanites, though how they had this name, more tlianthe rell,we know not, de- scended from him. Seven of thefe tribes, the Canaanites, Hittites, Je- bufites, Amorites, Girgalhites, Pe- rizzites, and Hivites, peopled Ca- naan ; their fituation will be feen under their refpeft.^ z articles ; the other tribes peopled P^enicia and part of Syria. According to the then oillom, they were divided into a vail number of kingdoms : fcarce a tcwn or city of note but had its fo- vereign. As Mofes fubdued two, Jcfhua 31, and Adonibezek jufl be- fore 70, it is plain that fometimes thefe Canaanites were formed into above an hundred kingdoms. They ^vere generally very wicked, given to the vilell idolatry ; but we hope Mekhizedek's kingdom adhered to the true religion; it is certain he did fo himfelf. Five of their kingdoms OR the fouth-€a(t, §odom^ Gompr- rah, Admah, Zeboim, and Zoar, ap. pear to have introduced the praftice of the vilell unnatural luft, men abu- fing themlelves with mankind. Che- dorlaomer king of Elam, rendered them his tributaries, about Jl. M. 2078. After 12 years fervitude they rebelled. In A. M. 2092, he and his allies invaded Canaan, reduced the revolted kingdoms, and brought them, and the places adjacent, to the brink of dellrudtion. By Abra- ham's means they recovered this dilafter. The people of Sodom, Go- morrah, Admah, and Zeboim, had fcarce Uved 16 years more in afflu- ence and horrible guilt, when God, by fire and brimflone from heaven, confumed their country, and turned it into a ftanding lake. For the fake of Lot, Zoar was preferved from a fimilar ruin, Gen. ix. 25. and x. 6, 15, — ip.andxiv. and xviii. and xix, Ezek. xvi. 49, 50. About J. M. 2270, Shechem the fon of Hamor, by his defilement of Dinah, provo- ked the fons of Jacob to dettroy his inconfiderable flare, Gen. xxxiv. About A. M. 2514, the Canaanites on the fouth frontiers of Canaan, af- filed by the Amalekites, gave the rebeUious Hebrews a terrible defeat at Hormah. About 38 years after, Arad harafied them, but paid dear for his labour, the Hebrews utterly deftroying his kingdom. The Ca- naanitilh kingdoms of Sihon and Og, on the eaft of Jordan, were in a flourilhing condition; but on their refufal to give Ifrael a paiTage, were utterly dellroyed by Mofes. On the weft of Jordan, Jofliua conquered 31 kingdoms of Jericho, Jerufaleni, He» bron, Jarmuth, Lachifh, Eglon, Ge- zer, Debir, Gedir, Hormah, Arad, Libnah, AduUam, Makkedah, Be- thel, Tappuah, Hepher, Aphek, La- fliaron, Madon, Hazor, Shinironme- ron, AchHiaph, Taanach, Megiddo, Kedelh, Jokneam, Dor, Gilgal, Tir- zali; and the ftate of the Gibeonii6s i'ubjnitted. The territories of theie CAN [ 223 ] CAN Itingfloms;, and of other?, ^ere di- vided to the tribes of ICrael. After Jolhiia's death, the tribes of Judah aiid Stmef)n entirely expelled or re- duced the Canaanites that were left in their cantons. The tribes of Kpli- raim and Manafl'eh too, expelled part of them that were in their lot. In moft of the cantons of the o- ther tribes, the Canaanites kept pof- ieflion ot feveral principal cities, •where tiiey at once tempted the He- brews to idolatry, and often baraffed them. After hard flruggling, feve- ral of the tribes reduced them to a ftate of fiibje«Stion. But, on the north parts of the promil'ed land, the reli- due of the Canaanites formed them- felves into the very powerful king- dom of Hazor ; and about A. M. 2720, under king Jabin, reduced the Hebrews to a twenty years fervi- tude. Deborah and Barak gave fuch an overthrow to this Hate, that we hear no more of it. About 240 years after, David almoll finiflied the conqued of the Canaanites, and took from them Jebus, or Jerufalem, one of their Itrongeif places. Pha- raoh king of Egypt, reduced the Canaanites of Gezer, and gave it to Solomon his fon-in-law. Above 153,300 Canaanites were employed in tlie fervile work of building So- lomon's temple ; and on all of that race he laid a heavy tribute ; nor ever after, do that people feem to have had any freedom among the Ifraelitcs, though we find remains of them after the captivity, Numb. xiv. and xx. and xxi. Judg. i. and iii. and iv. 2 Sum. v. 6, — 9. I Kings V. 15, 16. and ix 30, 21. Ezra ii. 5J, 58. Neh. xi. 3. The Canaanites, who efcaped the fervitude oflfrael, were reduced to it by others. What was the terri- ble fate of thefc that originally re- fided in Syria or Puenici A, or re- tired tliitlier from the fword of Jo- iliua, David, or others, fliall be re- lated under thsfe articles. Tlw Gir- gafliites, and perhaps other Canaan*^ ites, Hed from the Iword of Jolhua, and retired to the north of Africa, near Carthage. Vail numbers fol- lowed them from Tyre, &c. in after times. There they, for forae ages, tnade a flourUhing appearance ; but for almolt 2000 years pad, the coun- try has been made a fcene of the molt horrid flavery by the Piomans, Vandals, Saracens, and Turks. Nor have tlie Canaanites of Tyre, Zidon, and other places in Phenicia, wlu> planted themfclves in the Mediter* ranean ifles, el'caped a fimilar fate. Such Canaanites, Hi v ites, or o- thers, who eica])ed the fword of king David, and fled to Bosotia, on the fouth of Europe, were purfued by the curfe of fervitude. What a pitiful figure did that Itate generally make ! What fliocklng murder Alex- ander made among its inhabitants, felling the furvivorsfor flaves ! Apart? of the Baeotians fled to Heraclea orr the fouth of the Euxine fea ; where, after a while's grand appearance, they were reduced to flavery by th<» Romans, about 1840 years ago; and have continued under thefe, and the» Greeks, Saracens, and Turks, to this day. As we are (trongly inclined to believe the Pclafgi of Greece, and the Etrufcans of Italy, were of a Canaanitifli original, it is ealy to ob- ferve to what Ibrdid fubjetStion the- one were, after a Ihort-lived flou- rilh, reduced by their neighbours in Greece, and the other by the con- quering Romans. 0 huv) dreadjui, then, to be under th: curfc of the bro~ ken IttV) ! how inipvffihle to efcape it without Chrijl ! Canaan was the name of the country, where Canaan and his po- llerity dwelt. It is about 200, or rather 160 miles in length, from Dan on the north, to Bcerlheba on the fouth ; and from ea(l to well, about 80; and fo compreliendcd, in all, a- bout 9,231,000 acres of ground : of which each of tUe 601,730 Hebrew C Ai^ t 224 J C AIT ■rarrtors, who conquered it, might have about 1 2 acres allotted him for his fhare. It lies in the 3zd, 33d, and 34th degrees of north latitude, and in the 36th and 37t:h of eaft lon- gitude, from London. It has the Mediterranean fea on the weft ; Lebanon and Syria on the north ; Arabia the Defart, and the land of the Ammonites, Moabites, and Mi- dianites, on the eaft; the land of E- dom, and wildernefs of Paran, on the fouth ; and Egypt on the Ibuth- weft. No more than this was wont to be called Canaan; and this only was promifed to the Hebrews in fo[f.JJton : but if we take in the whole extent of territory promifed to them in do7nmio7i, from the river Euphrates on the north-eaft, to the river Nile on the fouth- weft, Gen. xv. 18, — 21. Exod. xxiii. 31. ; it compre- hended all theie countries which Da- vid reduced, Syria, Ammon, Moab, Edom, &:c. : and in this fenfe, it may be readily granted to the learn- ed Dr Shaw, that its fouth borders "Were the gulfs of the Red fea ; and that it comprehended the land of Goftien in Egypt. Whatever the land of Canaan, properly fo called, be now, when it lies under a curfe, and lies almolt wholly uncultivated, it was anciently a moil beautiful and fertile country. The Jordan run- ning fouthward through it, and form- ing the lakes of Merom and Tibe- rias ; and a multitude of brooks and rivulets crofling the country on both fides of the Jordan ; and a multitude of valleys and hills, pleafantly diver- fified the form thereof. The rich paftures produced prodigious quanti- ties of milk and honey. The arable grounds, vi'hicli, according to Heca- teus, (but I fuppofe his account too low,) amounted to about 3,000,000 «f acres, produced the richeft crops. The mines of the mountains produ- ced plenty of iron and brafs. When God, by feafonable warmth and tsiins, concurred with the laborious improvers of this foil, it is abundant- ly credible, how it fupported the nu-» merous millions that dwelt therein^ Deut. xi. II. and vi. 10. and viii. 7, 8, 9 . An account of the mountains, ri- vers, BROOKS, and valleys of Canaan, will be given under thefe articles. We (hall at prefent take a view of it, as divided into the twelve portions of the Hebrew tribes. Ou the eaft of Jordan dwelt the Reuhen- ites, Gadites, and Manaflites. The Reubenites had their lot on the fouth part, to the north-eaft of the Dead fea, and north of the river Arnon. It was partly very mountainous, in- cluding Peor, Nebo, and Pifgah hills; which, at prefent, have a very dif- agreeable afpe coiuaining above 90, if not loo fen- ced cities, after the deduction of a- bout 24 for Simeon and Dan. Tlie molt noted were Libnali, Makke- dah, Azekah, Beth zur, Suuth Beth- lehem, Tekoah, Engaddi, Adullam» Keilah, Plebion, Joktlieel, KiriatVv- CAN [ 226 3 CAN jearim, &c. The land of the Phili- ftines, containing the fix noted cities of Gath, Ekron, Aihdod, Aflikelon, Gaza, and Majimia, a]' on tlie weft border of Canaan, and fouth-eaft coaft of the Mediterranean fea, alio pertained to Judah ; but though once partly conquered, it was general- ly kept in polfefiion by the Phili- ftines. Numb, xxxii. Jofh. xiv. — xxi. Judges, I Sam. xxx. 27, 31. I Chron, ii. and vi. From this brief fketch, it is plain, that the face of ancient Canaan muft have been covered with cities. In the numerous wars mentioned in fcripture ; in the war bctvi^een the Greeks of Egypt and Syria, Dan. xi. ; in tlie wars of the Romans un- der Pompey, Vefpafian, Trajan, and others ; in the wars between the eaftern emperors and Perfians; and, in fine, in thefe between tlie Franks and Turks ; it has oft been deluged ■with blood. For many ages palt, it has had every where obvious marks of the curfe. It is almoft a defolate wildernefs. Of moft of its cities, we cannot trace the fmalleil re- mains. It wants not, however, ve- Ifiges of its ancient fertility. When the Jews return to it in the Millen- nium, it will, no doubt, yield them its flrength ; bur the defcription of it, and of the lots of the tribes, in Ezek. xlvii. and xlviii. perhaps re- lates not at all to it, but reprefents the harmony and order of the vari- ous tribes of the fpiritual Ifrael, in their apoilolic, and chiefly millennial period. CANDACE, a queen of Ethiopia, probably that fouthward of Egypt. It is faid, the name denotes royal au- thority ^ and was commonly given to tlie queens of Meioe. It is certain, Kunidak, in tlie Abyffinian language, iignifies ^governor of children. Fli- ny fays, the government of Ethiopia liibfilled for feveral generations, in ihe hands of queens named Candace. li is faid, that by lIic preaching of her EUNUCH, Ihe was converted t« the Chriflian faith, A^fs viii. 27. CANDLE. God's fearching Je- rufalem with candles, imports his perfecf knowledge of their condui5t; his punifliing their fecrer fins ; and his fearching their conlcience by convictions, and awakening provi- dences, Zeph. i. 12. God's favour and blefling are termed his candle ; as they direct, honour, and comfort ns Job xxix. 3. The rational un- derllanding and conlcience are term- ed a candle ; they fearch, obferve, judge, inform, and direvl^ us, Prov. XX. 27. Outward profperity is called a candle : it is pleafant and agree- able ; it manifelts us to the world \ renders us confpicuous; and enables to act more abundantly for the ho- nour of God, and welfare of men. Job xviii. 6. and xxi. 1 7. Plal. xviii. 28. Gifts and graces, and teaching offices, beftowed by God on perfons, are termed a candle ; they ought to be difcovered and ufed for the di- redtion and comfort of others. Mat. v. 15. Luke viii. t6. and xi. 23. Inftituted ordinances, and earthly comforts, are called a candle ; they are dire»ftive and comforting ; but are Ihort-lived, and quite unnecef- fary in the noon-tide of perfect glo- ry, Kev. xxii. 5. Candlestick. That of the Mo- faic fanc^uary confifted of a talent of hammered gold, beaten out into feven branches, adorned with knops and flowers. It flood on the fouth fide of the golden altar of incenfe ; and being daily fupplied with facred oil, and its lamps lighted and trim- med by the priefts, was the fole il- huninator of the f rnduary. Solo- mon's temple being much larger, ten candlefticks were made for the illumination thereof. Did thefe candlefticks reprcfent Jefus, full of the Holy Gholi above mea-fure, and the light of his church ? Or, did they reprelent his church, by means of the gofpcl, giving light to all a- CAN [ 227 3 C AP round ? Dill the increafe of camlle- ^licks portend the growing iUumi- riation of Joins, and die increahng glory of his church? Exod. xxv. 31, 1 Kings vii. 49. The /even golden ta>j(ilijlicks\\\ John's vifum, denoted thefevcn churches of Alia. And did the two, with fever, branches , in Ze- chariah's, reprefent tlic churches of Jews and Gentiles; or the eallcrn and \veli:ernchurchcs,fumillicd with the Spirit o^ God in his various o- pcrations ? Rev. i. 20. Zech. iv. 2. The placing of the candle of gifts, graces, and otficc, not under a bu- JJ}clf but on a candleftick, imports the ufe of them, to tlic iuitrudion, comfort, and cdlhcation of men, Mark iv. 21. CANE. See Calamus. CANKER, or gangrene, a ter- rible difeafe, which inflames and mortifies the flelh upon which it feizes ; fprcads fwiftly ; endangers the whole body ; and cau fcarce be healed without cutting off the infed- ed part. By the miirofcope, it ap- pears, that fvvarms of fniall worms, preying on the Hcfh, couititute this difeafe ; and that new fwarms pro- duced by ihelc, over-run ihe neigh- bouring parts, Errors and herelics are likened to a canker ; tliey over- fpread, corrupt, and prey on the fouls of men ; they eat out the vi- tals of religion, and aftei'ward the forms of godlinefs, imd bring fpi- ritual ruin and death on perfons and churches ; and afterward ruin upon nations, where-cver they arc allowed, 2 Tim. ii. r 7. Covetous mens filver and gold are cankered; the rultthere- of bears witncfs againlt them, and eats up their fejlf as lire; the covet- ous lioartling it up from ui'e, is at- tended with painful anxiety, and hrin .;s on a fearful curfe, and end- Icfs torment, )am. v. 3. CANKER-'NVORM: we general- ly underlland by it, a creeping in- fed, which terribly devoiusthelruiis •'" the earth ; but it i^ plain, from Nah. iii. 16. that the YF.i EK is a fly- ing infjc'f, and I'o mull be a kind of locuH, probably the fame with tlie cockchaffer. Prodigious fwarms of thefe, not long ago, fb waflcd the country in Galw.iy in Ireland, that, in fummer, trees and fields appear- ed equally bare as in winter. The poor people eat multitudes of them. They, by licking, onrunioandwalfe the fruits of the eartli, Joel i. 4. 'J'lie AllVrians were numerous as fwarms <^>f cankcr-wornts ; but the Medes and Chaldeans, like canker- worms, or cockch.ifiers, quickly eat up and deflroycd them ; and after they had Ipoiled all their we;UtIiy merchants, went off with their booty, Nah. iii. T J, 16. CANNEH. See Calneh. CAPERNAUM, a principal city of Galilee. It was not probably built till after the Babylonilh capti- vity ; flood on the wel'tern fhore of the fea of Tiberius, in the border of: Zebulun and Naphtali. It received its name from a clear fountain hard by, Here Chriil much rehded and taught. By the enjoyment of hi^ miracles and uiiniltrations, it was exalted to htaven in privilege ; and, for neglecting to impr(>ve them a- right, was thrtijl down to hell, in the eternal damnation of many C)f its Inhabitants ; and in its fearful fut"- ferings from the^omans ; and in its fubfequent forlorn condition, Matth. iv. I 5. and xi. 23. CAPHTOR, an Ifland or coun- trj-. I am almoft lurpriled to finil tiic great Bochart follow a number of others, in taking this for Cappa- docia, on the friniticrs of Colchis, and f<>ut]i fhore of the Euxine iea. What i)olhble M'him could have de- termined the Caphtorim, or Phili- llines, the Jefcendents of Mi/raim in Egypt, to trip off from fo fer. tiiC a country to the coafls of tl"; Euxine lea ; and upon little more than a light of tlie place, trip back t" the fbuth-welt ci)ir.<.r l-J Canaaui K f 2 CAP [ 228 ] CAP and fettle there, before the birth of Abraham, at kail; not long after ? With far more appearance of argu- ment, Calmet contends, that Caph- tor was the ifle of Crete. It is cer- tain, Caphtor is called an ifland, Jer. xlvii. f 4. The feventy interpre- ters, and Apocryphal writers, al- "wayreprefentthePhiliftlnes as come from another place. It is certain, the Cherethites, or Crethim, were a tribe of the Philtftines, if it was no-t once the proper name of the whole nation, Ezek. xxv. 16. Zeph. ii. 5. I Sam. XXX. 14. And, who fees not, that Crethim is the very fame ■with Cretes or Cretians, one of the moft ancient -nations in the ifles of the Mediterranean fea ? Crete was very anciently {locked, if not over- ftocked, with inhabitants ; and had an hundred cities, as early as the Trojan war, which could not be la- ter than the days of Jeholhaphat, if it was not near 300 years fooner. The language, manners, arms, and idols of the ancient Cretians were the fame as thofe of the Philiftines. Gaza, a chief city of the Philifcines, was called Minoa, after Minos, a ce- lebrated king of Crete. The whole of this reafoning, however, can only convince me, that the Cretrans and Philiftines fprung from the fame root, and maintained an inter courfe with one another. AncTit appears more reafonable to believe the Cretians a colony of the Philiftines, than to be- lieve that the offspring of ?4izraim, w'ithout any reafon, left Egypt, and failed into Crete, andfo ftocked that liland, that in, or before, the days of Abraham, they behoved to fend back their fupernumeraries to Ca- naan. The Jewifh writers interpret Caph- tor of Caphutkia, by which they un- «lerlland a part of Lower Egypt, chiefly Damietta, or Damiata, be- t v/een the ftreams of the Nile. This vopinion is every way probable. Here i^ Caphor, properly enough called an ifland : here is a place where onft- might expect to find the Caphtorim, defcended from Mizraim : here was the city Coptus, probably enough framed from Caphtor, the fon of Cafluhim, and father of the Caph- torim, which were either the fame as, or the brethren of, the Philiifines, Gen. X. 14. Amos ix. 7. Jer. xlvii. 4. CAPPADOCIA ; a country ha- ving the Euxine fea on the north, Armenia the Greater on the fouth, Galatia and Pamphylia on tlie well, and Cilicia on the eall. Probably this country was peopled by the de- fcendents of Togarmah. It was famous for horfes and flocks ; and traded with the Tyrians in horfes and mules, Ezek. xxvii. 14. It is like, Cappadocia was a province of the kingdom of Lydia. According to Herodotus, it next pafted to the Medes, and then to the Perfians, whofe worfhip the inhabitants em- braced, and afterwards added to it part of the idolatry of the Greeks. How fome ancient authors came to call them Aftyrians, or White Sy- rians, I know not. The Cappado- cians had kings of their own, from the time of Cyrus, to a little after the birth of our Saviour, when the country was reduced to a Roman province. From the Roman em- perors of the eaft, it paifed unto the Turks. While Heathenifm prevail- ed, the Cappadocians were famous for their wickednefs, chiefly their lewdnefs ; but Chriftianity was ear- ly planted among them, perhaps by- means of fome who vv'ere converted by Peter's fermon at Pcntecoft, Adls ii. 9. Pet^r wrote his firft epiftle, partly to the Chriftian Jews of this place, I Pet. i. l. Chriftianity flou- riflied confiderahly here, and a num- ber of fpmons bifliops laooured in the work of the Lord. We can trace the liiftory of Chriftianity in this coun- try till the 9th century; nor is it yet altogether abolifhed. CAPTAIN i ^n ofilcer of a troojk C AP C 229 ] C AH •r army, Deut. i. 15. A king, prince, or head of a family or tribe, is called a captu'ui. In due order, his inferiors arc marlhalled under liim, and may be led forth to war by him, I Sam. ix, 19. Numb. ii. 3. Chrift is the Cal^tabi of our fuhation. To purchafe our (alvation, with what wildom and courage, he at- tacked andciMiquered fm, Satan, and the wtnld ! How gracioully he fub- dues our heart to himfclf, leads us to glory through much oppoiition, and direds and enables us to van- quilliour fpiritual foes ! Heb. ii. 10.; and he was the Captain of the hordes hoj} of Ifrael, who directed, encou- raged and protected them in their war with the Canaanites, &:c. Joih. V. 14. The Chaldean captains 0- pened their mouths i?i the J/ai/ghter, when they gave orders for the mur- derous attacks ; or the word may denote the dcftrudive battering- rams, E/.ck. xxi. 22. The Anti- chriftian captains, are their chief ru- lers in church or Rate, who command, direift, or excite others to oppofc the Redeemer, Rev. xix. 18. CAI'TIVE ; one taken prifoner in v>ar. There is a threefold capti- vity : (i.) Natinal, when men arc api>rehended by the enemy, and are carried out of their own land, and licld in Havery, Deut. xxviii. 27. 48. (2.) Evangelic, when one is appre- licnded and dra^\'Tl by Chrift's al- mighty love, and hath his whole heart and aftcdions fubdued to the obedience of faith, 2 Cor. x. 5. (5.) Sinful, when one is carried away, and oppre^ed or enflaved under the power of Satan, and his own inward corruption, Rom. vii. 2^. 2 Tim. ii. 26. Captivity alfo lignifies a multi- tude of captives, who had made o- thers captive. Jefus leads captivity captive, when he makes devils and wicked men to fei \'c as his llaves in promoting his work ; and when he iipprehends and (ubdues his people by the word of his grace j and places them in their new-covenant (late, PIUI. Ixvlii. 1 8. Barak led captivity captive, when he took prifoncrs the Canaanites, who juft before had ter- ribly enilavcd Ifrael, Judg. v. 12. The various tums of lervitude and captivity that happened to the He- brews will be feen inider the articles Israel and |udah. CARI^UNCLK; a very ele-ant jewel, of a deep red, mingled with Icarkt, feJv. 8. Cec!ar-wood was alio ufed in the cleanfing of lepers, and in tJic v/ater of purification. Lev. xiv. 4. Numb. >:vi. 6. Is Jefus Chriil likened to a cedar, ior his flrength, excellency, glori- ous height, refrelhful fliadov/, con- ftant comelinefs, delightfulnefs, du- ration, and" for his quickening and preferving influence ? Is he not the great material in the building of the church ? and doth he not purify us from our fmful leprofy, and loath - fome death in trefpailes and tins ? Song v. 15. Ezek. xvii. 23. -Are the faints likened to cedars P Rooted and grounded in Chrift the Rock ot ages ? they grow up to the ilature of perfeft men in him ; and are the delightful prote*rtion and ftrength of nations and churches ; never utterly wither, nor are totally difpirited un- der any ftorm, Pfal. xcii. I?. Judg. ix. 15. Song i. 17. Ila. xli. 19. Song viii. 9. The Alfyrians, Am.orites, and other nations, are likened to ce- dars, to mark their great ftrength, pride, and profperity, Ezek. xxxi. 3, 8. Amos ii. 9. Kings are like- ned to cedars, to figure out their high Ration, glorious exceilenc), and their proteclion of others, 3 Kings xiv. 9. Ezek. xvii. 3, 22. Proud and great men are likened to cedars ; they feem, at leaft to them- felves, firmly founded ; they rife in a fuperiority above others, and for a while m.ake a glorious and comely appearance, Ifa. ii. 13. and x. 35, 34. ; and perhaps, Zech. xi. 2. CEDRON. See Kidron. CELEB RATE ; { i . ) To praiH' ; render famous, Ifa. xxxviii. 18. (2.) To keep holy, Lev. xxiii. 32, 41. CELESTIAL ; heavenly, i Cor. XV. 40. CELLAR ; a ftorehoufe fc-r wine and other liquors, i Chron. xxvii. 28. CENCHREA. See Corinth. CENSER; a golden velfel, per- haps fomewhat of the form of a cup, with or without a handle. There- with the priell; carried fire and in- cenfe, to burn before the Lord in the fandtuary, or oracle. Did it rc- prefent Jefus' perfon, in which his intercefllon proceeds from unmatch- ed love, and is founded oa infinite CH A [ ns ] CH A fufFcrinp? Lev. vi. 12. Ilcb. ix. 4. Rev. viii. ?, 5- CtNTURlON; a Roimnnfliccr v.ho comniandt.J an hundred fol- tiie! s. One of them, with great faich and humiiit)V apphcd to Jciiis for the miraculous cure of Iiis lervant. Another was converted by means of the earthquake, and /Inillar events, which attended his death, Matth. viii. 5. and xxvii. 54. CEPHAS. See Pkter. CEREMONIh-S; rites ufed in the Jewilli worlliip. See Types. CERTAIN; (l.) Sure; fixed, Deut. xiii. 14. (2.) Some one, Numb. \vi. 2. CERTIFY; to give Aire infor- mation, Ezra iv. 14. CKSAR ; tJie emperor of Rome, fuch as Auguflns, Tiberius Claudius, Nero, &c. Luke ii. i. • CESAREA, .ncientlf called Strato's Tower, was built by He- Tod die Great, in honour of Auguf- tus, and called by his name. This city ftood on the fhore of the Medi- teiTanean fea, about 75 miles north- weft of Jcrufalem. It WHS peopled partly with Heathens, and partly with Jews, which fomeiimes occa- fioncd terrible contentions between them. , Here Cornelius lived : here Herod was eaten u[) o{ worms : here Philip the deacon lived with his daugliters : here Agabas fore- told Paul's imprifcmmcnt at Jeru- falem : here Paul was tried before Felix and Keilus, and conliuued two years a prifoner, Adlsx. i. and xii. 23. and viii. 40. and'xxi. ii. and xxiii. and xxlv. chap. A refpecl- able church continued here till die 7th century, liut in Adts ix. 30. it pcrliaps means Cefarea-Philippi. CKSAKEA,PHIL1PPI. See Dan. CHAIKED ; hii^hly provoked, 2 Sam. xvii. 8. CHAFF ; the refufe of winnow- ed com, Pfal. i. 4. \^'icked men, particularly hypocrites, are likened • ) d.jj : whatever defence they ui- lord to die faints, who are goi-)d wheat in tliis world ;' yet, in theiu- lelves, they are worthleis, barren, and unconllant, eaidy driven about with falfc dotftrines, and tolfed in- to ruin by the blalt of GodV. wrath- ful judgments, Malth. iii. 12. Hof. xiii. 5. Ifa. xli. 16. Fahe Judtrines are called chujj ; they are vile, ufe- lefs, and unlubllaiitial, and cannot abide the trial of God's word, or Sj)irit, Jer. xxiii. 28. Friiidefs pro- je^s arc like fArfj/and jlubbU ; they are unfubftantial, and cafily over turned by the blaits of oppofitioii, Ifa. X xxiii. 1 1. Tlie Aifyrians wcic like the cha^ of the viouiitainf, when the angel deitroyed moll of, their army, and the rc!l Hed home wich great precipitation, Ifa. xvii. 13. and xxxvii. 7, 36, 37' CHAIN. With chains idols were fixed in their llirines, Ifa. xl. 19. ; or criminals in their prifon, or fcr- vitude, Jer. hi. 1 1. Chains of gold were worn as ornaments of tlie neck. Gen. xli. 42. God's law is a ckaii:\ it retrains from finful libert)' ; is nneafy to corrupt men ; and is a great ornament to die i'aints who obey it, Prov. x. 9. The chains of g'^ld that adorn the church's neck, may lignify her well-connec'ted and valuable truths and ordinances, and the gifts of her otlicers and members. The chains of goui that adorn tlic neck of particular faints, may de- note their gifts, graces, bleflings, and good works, tlut are exceediogly ornamental to their faith, Song i. 10. and iv. 9. The great chant wherewidi Satan is bound for a thouiand years, is the powerful re- ftraints of divine providence, and the jull laws againlt fcandalou* crimes, faithfully executed. Rev. xx. I. The chains of darknefs, wherewith fall- en angels are bound till the day ct judgnient/arc, the rep/obating j»ur- pofe of God, the curfe of In^ bro- ken law, dieir own fintiil luils, and their condemning confcicuce, 2 Pet, Gg 3 CH A h [ 236 ] CH A 1. 4. Jude 6. Bondage and trou- ble are cbahn : they, reltrain our li- berty, render us uneafy, and are fliameful badges of our guilt ; and yet, if borne for Chrilt, are an ho- norary ornament, Lam. iii. 7. aTim. i. 16. Make a chain, prepare for captivity and flavery, Ezek. vii. 2^. Pride is a chaiiiy that keeps men un- der its power ; and by a fond dlfco- very of it in their conduft, they ufe it, as if ornamental to thern, Pfal. Ixxiii. 6. Ch Ai N'-wo RK, is what is wrought in refeml>lance of a chain, i Kings vii. 17. C H ALCE DON Y; a precious ftone, *of a mifty grey colour, clouded with blue, yellow, or purple. It much refenibles ihe common agate. The beft fort is that which hath a pale call: in blue. It was the third foun- dation in the new Jerufaleni, and might reprefent Jefus, in the excel- lency and wonderful connection of his natures, Rev. xxi. 1 7. CHx^LDEA ; a country in Afia, between the 7,o\h. and 35th degree cf north latitude, and molfly be- tween the 45th and 49th degree of eaft longitude from London ; and i'o can only be called north of Judea, becaufe the Chaldean armies had to march by Syria, to invade that coun- try. Wheii largely taken, it com- prehended alfo Babylonia, and had the river I'igris op the call fide, Me- f :)potamia on the north, and Arabia the Defart on the welt, the Perfian Gulf, and part of Arabia-Felix, on the Ibuth. The foil was very fertile, but had little rain, fometimes fcarce any for eight months on end ; nor is there much need for it, as the Ti- gris and Euphrates yearly water it ; jind the inhabitants, by painful toil, fupply what is wanting. Its ancieuf •name was S h I n a r ,becaufe the Lord, by the confufion of tongues, did, as it were, JJ^iikc the inhabitants out of it, to people the rell of the world. Whi^t cities v/ere in Chaldca, pro- perly fo called, which lay fouth o^ Babylonia, is not to our purpofe : but when taken to include Mefopor tamia, Ur, Carchemifli, and others, belonged to it. The Chaldeans, or Chafd'nn, feem to have been partly defcended from Ar- phaxad the fon of Shem, and partly from Chefed tlie fon of Nahor. It appears, both from Herodotus and from fcripture, that the Chaldeans were, for fbme ages, given to rob- bery, in the manner of the Arabs, Three bands of them carried oft' Job's camels, Job i. 17. The A{- fyrians under Pul, feem to have re- duced them to order, and formed them into the kingdom of Babylon, for Nabonaifer his younger fon, Ifa. xxiii. 13. The Chaldeans, fo call- ed in a ftri<51: fenfe, were a fociety of pretenders to learning, prieits, phi- lofophers, aftn .lomers, all:rologers, f(iothfayers, who, it is faid, dwelt in a region by themfelves ; and the reft of the people were called Ba- bylonians, Dan. ii. 2, 4. CHALK, or lime-ftones. To make the ftones of altai-s like thefe, is to pull them down, break them tp pieces, and entirely abolilli the ido- latrous woifhip, lla. xxvii. 9. CHI AMBER ', an apartment of a houl'e. Some were inticr-chaynbers^ to which one had to go through part of the houfe, and were more fecret, 1 Kings XX. 3c. and xxii. 25. Some were uj^per chambers, or garrets, where it feems they laid their dead ; and where the Jews fometimes had idolatrous altars; and where the Chriftians, in the apoftolic age, had often their meetings for worfhip, Acls ix. 37. and xx. 8. and i. 13'. 2 Kings xxiii. 12. Some were for beds, oth.ers for entertaining guefts, at the three folemn feafts, or other occafions, Matth. ix- 15. 2 Kings vi. 12. Mark ix. 14. God's chambers, arc tlie cloud.5, where- he lays up his treafures cf rain, fnow_, hail; ■wind j and wh;;j9q CH A [ 237 ] CH A lie myfleiioufly dilpliiys his v/ildom and power, Fl;il. civ. 3, 17. Chrid's chcntibirs, areliis ordinances, ;ind in- timate f'cllowlliip with him therein, by which he f;iniih:irly inlhuds, coml'orts, and proteds his people, Sonj.'j i. 4. To iipply to carnclt pray- er and fuppHcation, and dejKMid on God's promilt's, pcrictSlions, and pro- vidence for fpecial protcdion, is to etiter into our chambers, tliat we may be faf'e, as the Hebrews were in their houles, from the ilelhoying angtl, Ifa. xxvi. 20. The chavibjts buiit jor lodg'nigthe fcrvnig prkjlsy attlie temple, and which narrowed acconi- in:li. 5, 6, 7. The bride- chamber, de- notes the moll immediate fellowlhip v.-itli Chrill, while he continued the bridegroom of his church on earth. The chambers oj the fouth, are the conftellations or clulteis of ftars be- longing to the fouihern part of the firmariient, which are often hid l"n«ni Us, and whofe appearance is ordi- narily attended wich llorms, Job ix: 9. CHAMBERING; immndcft, or ynciean beliaviour, Rom. xiil. 13, CHAMBERLAIN; (t.) A iceep- ?r of tl;e kind's bed- chamber, or a fteward, EiVn. i. 10. (2.) City-trc.i- furer, Rom. xvi. 21. CHAMOIS ; a kind of goat ; at leall, its erecled and hocked horns, ol' the lengvli ofi'ix or icven inches, refer it to that clals, tliougli the roll of its figure comes nearer to the deer kind. Its vhcile body is covered w ith a deep fur, waved and fomc- what curled about the ears. Of this animal's ikin, the true chamoy lea- ther is made. But whether this be the ZOMER, declared unclean by the Hebrew law, wc cannot determine. Dr Shaw thinks it is rather the Ye- rafla, or Camelopard.ilis, which,. in figure, has a mixed rcfcmblance of llie goat, ox, and deer, chiefly the bill: ; but its neck is long as that o{ a caincl, generally about 7 feet: when created, its head is about 16 feet high ; the whole lenijth of its body is a!)0ut 18 feet. Its fore legs are very long, and the hinder ones confiderably ihort. It is beautifully fpotted as tlic leopard, and aimolt as tame as a fheep, Ueut. xiv, 5. CHAMPAIN; a plain opeu coun- try, l^eut. xi. ^o. 'CHAMPION; a Arong and no- ted fighter, I Sam. xvi. 4. CHANCE; (i.) Unforefeen e- vent, r Sam. vi. 9. (2.) To hap- pen ; fall out, Deut. xxii. 6. CHANCELLOR ; the prefident of the council for the king's affairs, E/ra iv. 8, 9, 17. CHANGE ; (I.) To alter to the better, or to the worfe, Pfal. cii. 26. Adts vi. 14. Eccl. viii. i. (2 ) To put, or give one thing for another. Lev. xxvii. 10. (;.) To difannul, Dan. vi. 8. (4.) To giveone's right to another, Rutli iv. 7. Aniichrift changes t'tviss and laws when he al- ters the conllitutions and laws of Chrill's church, and pretends tomake tilings holy or profane, as he plea- feth, Dan. vii, 25. Tlie living, at tlie laU day, are changed, when their bodies are rendered iinmort.il, I Cor. XV. 5 r . Nisjh.t is changed iato Jaj CH A [ '■ffhen men can obtain no refl: or ileep tJiercin, Job xvii. 12. Changes and ■war again ft inzn, denote affiidHve al- terations of their cafe to the worfe, Job X. 17. Pfal. Iv. 19. Jofhna the high-prie'l's cbaiigc of ra'njient, did not chiefly hint, the putting on a fuit of fine cloaths inftead of his filthy ones, but the removal of Jiu, thro' the imputation o? our Saviour's fi- nifhed obedience and fufl'cring, and the qualifying him to be a iaithful High-prieil, Zech. iii. 4. CHANNEL ; the bed in which a river runs, lia. viii. 7. The hollow ot the fiioulder-bone is called a chun- nel^ becaufe fomewhatin form as the bed of a river, Job xxx. f 22. CHANT ; to fing merrily, Amos vi. 5. CHAPITERS; ornaments on the top of pillars, walls, and the like, fomevvhat rcfembling an • human liead. The many chapiters in the ta- bernacle and temple, might fignify Jefus, as the ornamenting head of his b.nly the church, Exod. xxxvi. 58. I Kings vii. 16. CHAPEL; ahoufefor public wor- fliip. Bethel is called the king's cha- pel, becaufe there the kings of If- rael worftiipped the golden calf, A- inos vii. 13. CHAPT; rent with drought, Jer. xiv. 4. CHARGE; (i.) To command fo- lemnly, Exod. i. 22. Gen. xxviii. i. (2.) To exhort eaiiieflly, i Thelf. ii. II. (5.) To put an office or bullnefs on one : and ib to have the charge of any thing, is to have the care and management thereof committed to him, Deut. xxiv. 5. t Tim. v. 16. Adls viii. 27. (4.) To bind, or ad- jure bv folemn oaili_, i Sam. xiv, 27. (5.) To accufe, or lay a thing as a crime to one's charge. Job i. 22. rfal. XXXV. II. CHARGER; a vcfTel for holding ■provifions at table. Numb. vii. 17. CHARGEABLE; colMy; expen- five, 2 Sam. xiii. 25. 38 ] CHA CHARIOTS. ( I.) Light coaches to ride journeys in. Gen. xh'i. 29. (2.) A fort of coaches for warriors 10 fight from, and to break the ranks of the enemy, i Kings xxii. 31. Chariots of irony were iuch as had iron fcythes fixed to their fides, that, when fiirioully driven, they miglit mow down whoever Hood in the \Vay. A vafl number of the Egyp- tian war-chariots had their wheels divinely taken off, and were drown- ed in the Red i'ea, Exod. xiv. 7. The Canaanites, defeated by Joihua near Merom, loft a nuiltitude of cha- riots, Jolh. xi. 4, Nine hundred cha- riots of iron were in the army of Ja- bin, commanded by Sifera, Judg. iv. 3. In the beginning of Saul's reign, tlie Philifiines brought to the field 30,000 chariots ; but thefe compre- hended the whole of their waggons, and other carriages ; or perhaps ra- ther meant futh as fought in cha- riots, as the word feems to be taken, 2 Sam. X. 18. I Kings xx. 2r. i Chron. xix. 18. As the Hebrews were divinely difcouraged to trull in chariots and hoiles, or even to multiply them, it was long ere they ufed them in their wars; nor indeed was their hilly country very fit for tliem. When David took a thoufand chariots from Hadadczer, he burnt 900 of them, and houghed the hor- fes, referving only 100 to himfelf, 2 Sam. viii. 4. Solomon had 1400 chariots, i Kings x. 26. Nor, even af- terward, do any but kings, and chief captains, feem to have ufed them in battle : their kings had often two, that if one broke, they might ride in the fccond, 2 Chron. xxxv. 14. The binding the chariot to the fwift hcajl, imports fleeing oif from the e- nemy witli the utmuft fpeed, Mic. i. 13. In imitation of the Perfiansand other Heathen kings, Manalfeh and Amon confecrated chariots to the fun ; but Jofiah deltroyed th-em, 2 Kings. xxiii. il. Clod's ckariotS) are angels, pro viden- CH A [ *39 ] CHA res, and clouds, in the agency and morion oi" vvliidi, he diljjlays his greatiiefs and power, oppolcs and conquers his foes, and lupports and prottds his peoj)le, Plal. Ixviii. 17. riab. iii. 8. lia. Ixvi. 15. ChriU's chariot of the wood oj Lel/anon, vvhofe bottom IS of gold, its pillars of Hiver, its covering of purple, and its midlt paved with love, is that by which he marks liis glf^ry, ccrnjuers his ene- mies, or cairies his people to hea- ven ; pirriciilarly his liuman nature, which is the iVuit of the earth, and was educated in Nazareth, foutii- ward of Lebanon. Its golden bot- /cv/, is his precious, eternal, and im- miitable (JuJhead ; ir.% jilver pillars. Ills clioice, pure, and incorruptible gra- ces ; its fiirph covering, his bloody fulfcrings and royal exaltation ; its niidjl, his amazing lov: to fniful men. Or, idly , Tliis chariot is his nev;' co- venant, ever irelh, beautiful, and hilling. Its golden bott07n, is the per- feiftions and purpofe of God ; iis /li- ver pillars, the various promifes con- tained therein; hs purple covering, jcfus' fuiilment of its condition ; and its Midji, the redeeming /^f* of God to men. Or, ;.//)•, His everlalHng gofpel, whofe golden bottom is our divine Redeemer himfelf; its /iiver pillars, fum, pure, and eternal truths; its purple coueri^jg, the doclrines of juiliHc.ition through his blood ; and its jnidjl, the love, grace, and mer- cy, exhibited therein. Or, ^thiy. His chinch, deep, fixed, and inde- Itructible. Her bottcvi, is his inva- luable Self; her jiivsr pillars, are piecious miniltcrs and faints ; her purple covtring, Jcfus' imputed righ- teoufneis, the royalty of her true members in him, and their fulTering for his fake ; and her midll, paved with love, is her ordininces, and the hearts of the faints. Song iii. 9, 10. Chrilt refcmblcs the char/ots of Am- ?,;;;/ i3i7;^, fome noted driver. In no- table glory and greatnefs, he comes fpecdily to help, bear, fight for, and prote*5t liis cliolcn people. But the words may be rendered, My foul ft me on the chariots if 7!iy wilting peo- ple : their faith, hope, and delii c, are the chariots on which he gloriouUy hallens to their relief, Son*' vi. i 2. The four chariots, proceeding Ironi between mountains cj trafs, may de- note the four noted monarcliies ; which, according to the eternal pur- pofe of God, have, from Imall be- ginnings, and amidlt great oppofi- tion, appeared in the world, and in their turn, conquered the nations. The chariot with red horfes, may de- note the AflVrians and Chaldeans, cruel and bloody : th.at with black horjes, the Medes and I'erlians, foine- times arrayed in black, and terribly dirtrclsful: that with white horfs, the Greeks, alfonifhingly vic^lorious, and cvcr-running the very places which the Medes and Ferlians had done : that with grizzLda/id bay horfes, l]ie Romans and Goths, who pulhcd their conquells chiefly to the fouihward. Or, might thefe chariots fignify an- gels, as employed in the difpenlations of providence, iji bloody wars and perfecutions, in famines and pelti- lence, in joy and profpcrlty, and in events wonderfully mixed f Or, might they iign.fy golipel-minilkrs, in tlieir diverlltied conditions ? or, in the periods, apoflolic, Anticri- llian, millenni.d ? vie. Zech. vi. i, — 8. Minhfers and eminent faints, arc the chariots and horfvien of a coun- try ; fuch is the regard whicii G(»d fhewsthem, i'uch the power oftheir prayers and holy converfation, that they are a noted means of the vic- tories and prel'ervation of their coun- tries, 2 Kings ii, 12. and xiii. 14. CHARITY. See Love. CHAllM. Sec DIVINATION. To he ckarvied, is to be afiej^ted with charms or i])ells, Jer. viii. 17. Char- iners charming never fo wifely, may be rendered the eloquent putting things together never Jo wifely. No human method of delivering gofpeU CHfi t 240 ] CHE courage me to fay any more, Joij XX'. 3. CriECKER-WORK; that in which the images of flowers, fprigs, leaves, and fruits, are curioully wrought togetiier, i Kings vii. i 7. CHEDORLAOMER, king of E- 1am, about /I. M. 2078, fubdued the kingdoms of Sodom, Gomorrah, Ad- mah, Zeboim, and Zoar. After they had lerved him twelve years, they rebelled. In the 14th, he refolvetl to reduce them. Alfiiled by Amra- phel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellalar, and Tidal king of Gojim, 01* Tiatiot'.Sy he marched againit them. To deprive them of all poflible aid, he tirlt attacked the neigl.bouring povv'ers ; marching fouthward on the eaif of them,he fmote the Rephaims, near the fource of the river Arnon, and pillaged Alhtaroth karnaim: he • routed the Zuzims at H^m, the E- mims in Sliaveh-kirjathaiu], and the Horircs in mount Seir. Having pro- ceeded on the i'oiith fide, till he came to Elparan, he returned, and direcSt* ed his courfe to the north-eait. In his way, he ravaged the country of the Amalekites, and fmote the A- morites who dwelt about Ilazazon-^ tamar. At lalt, he attacked the al* lied troops of the revolted kingdoms. The held of battle was full of llime- piis : the army of the revoiters was routed : fuch as efcaped the [laugh- ter fled to the mountains, pofiibly thefe on the north-eaft, which after- wards fell to the lot of the Reuben- ites. Chedorlaomer and his allie?, after ravaging the country, and car- rying off a number of captives, and a great booty, directed their march northward, intending to return home by the fouth-ea(l of Syria. But, in- formed that Lot his nephew, and fa- mily, were among the captiv^es, A- braham, with an handful of fervants, and a few Canaanitifli allies, puriued the conqiierors, overtook them at Dan, a-nd routed them ; tiien purfuecl them to Hobah, a little to the norvto truth can, of itfelf, make any im- prelhon on the heart of an obltinate ■ linner, Pfal. Iviii. 4. CHASE; to follow hard after one •witli an intent to defhoy, Deut. i. 44. To chafe out ; chafe from ; chafe ^- toay, is angrily to drive. Job xviii. 18. Prov. xix. 26. CH AST E. ( I . ) Pure from fiefiily lud. Tit. ii. 5. (2.) Freed from the reigning power of worldly love and finfui corruptions, 2 Cor. xi. 2. CHASTEN, CHASTISE, cor- rect ; (i.) To flrike or arlilc^ one for his advantage and inltruction. And torefufe or deipife chajlifment orcorrec^lion, is to undervalue it, and be no way reformed by it, Jer. ii. go. and v. 3. and vii. 28. Heb. xii. 5. The overthrow of the Jewiih na- tion by the Chaldeans, was the chaf tfcme7it of a cruel one, was very ie- vere, and infli(!:l:ed by cruel initru- ments, Jer xxx. 14. (2.) To punilh in juft wrath. Lev. xxvi. 28. Thus the chalUfvicnt of '-ur peace was laid on Chriit ; that punifliment, by the bearing of which our reconciliation with God is clltc!:led,was laid on him as our Surety, lia. liii. 5. To chaf ten 6He's feif, is to be exercifed be- fore God, m felf-debafement, fail- ing, and prayer, Dan. x. 12. The fcriptures are for corre^ion : by their powerful influence, they prick a man to the heart, and make him amend of his evil courles, 2 Tim. iii. 16. CHAWS; jav.'s, Ezek. xxix. 4. and xxxviii. 4. CHE13AK; a river in Chaldea, where Ezekiel fawfundry of hisvi- fions, chap. i. iii. x. It is thought to have been tut between the Euphrates and the Tigris ; or rather, it is that river wliich had its rife near the head of the Tigris, and run through ISIe- ibpotamia, to the fouth-welt, and fell into the Euphrates a Iftiie fouth from Carchemiih. CHECK ; hindrance. I have heard the .:heck of viy reproach ; I have heard enough of reprca.h, to dif- CHE t 241 ] CHE •f Damafcus, and retook tlieir cap- tives and booty. Sliuckford would have Chedorlaomer to be the Ally- rian Ninyas ; and Hcdford would have liiin a deputy of Zameis, king of Airyiia; but to nie their reafonin'j does not appear conclufivCjGcn. \iv The CHEEK, hi the human i'ace, is the fpecial relldcncc of comclincfs and bin thing. And to y>////c on the thcek, or pull off its hair, implied at once cruelty and contempt, i Kings xxii. 24. Mic. V. I. Ifa. 1. 6. Cliriit's 4ht:eks, like a bed oj fpices, denote the delightful and foul-refreftiing come- linefs of his peribn, his humiliation, and the manifedation of his fpiritual prefence, Song v. 13. Might not the faints, feeding by faith on his beauty and compaffion, be fignified by the priefts having the cheeks and the maw of tlie peace-offering ? DcuL. Xviii. 3. Arenot the church's f/'^fi/ comely with rows of jewels ; her out- ward appeariiuce and form decked "vvith divine truths and ordinances ? Are not the cheeks of particular faints, their holy and humble convcrfation, adorned with the gifts of the Holy Ghoft ? Song i. 10. Wicked men being likened to ravenous beads, the fmiting them on the cheek-bone, and breaking their t:eth, imports the de- priving them, by fearful judgments, of their power to hurt others, Plal. hi. 7. CHEER ; to make joyful, Deut. xxiv. 5. Good cheer i'v^m^cs, (i.) Great joy, Matth. xiv. 27. (2.) Good meat, fuch as is got of facri- fices, Prov. xvii. -J- i. C ME MAR I M, the black ones, are by fomc thought the images of Cha- mar. Ills, or the moon; perhaps ra- ther the priefts that were worlhip- pers of the lire are meant, whofe cloaths, and often their faces, were black. Or, why might not the Che- marim be the agents that officiated as pfiefts In the buniing of children to Moloch \ Our verfion, Zcph. i. 4, diUinguilhes the.^l from the uiicib; Vol. I. but the priefts there mentioned, miglit be apoltate ones of the feed of Aartjn, or the prielts of fomc other idol. It is certain, that in 2 Kings xxiii. 5. and Hof. X. 5. the word plainly means idolatrous priefts. CHEMOSIl. See BAAi,-r£OR. CHERETHIM,Chf.k£ihites; (l.) Tlie I'hilillines, or a particular tribeofthem. SeeCAPinoR, Zeph. ii. 5. E/ek. XXV. l6. (2.) David's life-guard were called ChsrethJes and. Pelethites ; either bccaufe they wera partly compofed of luch Phililbncs as had joined him ; or rather, bc- caufe they had, for a time, dwelt among that people, and nr.iglit have their arms and order copied from iiich particular bands of their tro »ps, I Cliron. xviii. i f. CHERISH; to give one cordials, warmth, eaie, and comfort, i Thelf. ii. 7. Chrill; cherijh-th his church j he quiets their confcience with the application of his blood ; he warms their heart with the Ihedding abrf^ad ot his love, and encourages them by his power and promife, Eph. v. 29. CHKRITH ; the river of winch Elijah drank, while he was nourilh- ed by rayens, i Kings xvii. 3, 4. It is thought to have lun from the ealt into Jordan, a little to the fouthward of Bethlhan ; but Bochart will liavc it to be the flime as the river Kanah ; and Bunting will have it to run eall- ward to the Jordan between Bethel and Ai. CHEPiUB, Cherubim. Angels arc fo called, becaufe they oft appear- ed as young men, mighty in power' 'and knowledge, Pfal. xviii. 10 Che- rubims, or aogels, with an appear- ance of a flaming fword, were placed at the eaft, or entrance of the gar- den of Eden, after Adam's exj>ul- fion, to hinder his return : or God dwelt in the rhernbims with a flam-' ing iword, Gen. iii. 24. I'he che- rubims, or winged figures that co- vered the facred ark in the holy o£' holies, and thcfe paiuted on (1m H U CHE [ 241 ] CHI wall"?, or hangings of the fimduar}', who lecn each to have had the tour faces of a man, a Hon, an ox, and an ea^Ie, might rcprefent angels and minifters, who, with great a6tivi- ty, wifdom, boldnefs, patience, and knowledge, viev>r and admire the work of our redemption, and are em- ployed in miniltering to the church and people of God, Exod. xxv. i8. and xxvi. i. The chcrubims that attended the wheels, or mingled with the palm-trees, in Ezekiel's vifions, may denote either angels or mini- flers as fubfervient to the operations of providence, and joined with, and mini ftering to, the faints, Ezek. i. lo. and xli. i8. God's riding on che- rui'fv/s, imports his majeltic ufe of angels, in the difpenfations of pro- vidence, PfaL xviii lo. His dwell- ing between the chertcbhus, imports his peculiar prefence in tiie Jewiih holy of holies ; and chiefly his pe- culiar fatisfaction and pleafure in our Mediator; and his law magnifying righteoufnefs ; and his readinefs to he found of fuch as feek him, in him, Pfal. Ixxx. I. The king of Tyre is called a covering cherub : he aflbrd- ed his fubjedls an agreeable and glorious protet^lion, while his fine apparel made him fliine as an angel, or glitter as the golden cherubims over the ark, Ezek. xxviii. 14. CHESALON, is thought to be the fame as jearim, Joih. xv. 10. C H ;£SNUT-TR EE, is of the beech kind. There are four forts of it. That which is mod: regarded, is a beautiful and tall tree, with a thick Ihade. Its leaves ar6 formed in fliapc of a fpear head, and their points like the teeth of a faw, and are good lor medicine. Its fruit is a kind of nut ufeful for food. Jacob's peeled rods for marking the embryos of the cat- tle, were partly of chfnut. Gen. xxx. c;7, :;9- The AfTyrian king and his empire, are likened to a chefnui-tree, for their glory, power, and influ- ence, Ezek. xxxi. 8. CHEZIB. SeeAcHZiB. CHICKENvS; the young brooi of hens. Chrill's people are com- pared to them, to mark how foolifh and helplefs they are in themfelves; and how tenderly they are invited and gathered Lo him, and protected by him_, Matth. xxiii. 37. CHIDE ; to find f-iult with, re- buke Iharply, Exod. xvii. 2, 7. CHI DON and Nachon fignify dcjlruBion\ but whether they are the name of a threlhing-floor, near Je- rijfalem, fo called, becaufe Uzza was there ftruck dead for touching the ark ; or whether they are the name of its owner, we know not, 2 Sam. vi. 6. I Ciiron. xiii. 9. CHIEF. (^.) The principal per- fon of a family, congregation, or tribe, &c. Numb. iii. 50. Dent. i. 15. I Sam. xiv. 58. 2 Sam. v. 8. 2 Cor. xi. 5. (2) The beft or moil: valu- able, I Sam- XV. 21. (?.) The high- ert, moil: honourable, Matth. xxiii. 6. ( 4. ) Molf dear and familiar, Prov. xvi. 28. (j.) Greateft and moft e- fteemed, Pfal cxxxvii. 6. Luke xiv. I. 2 Cor. xii. II. (6.) Molt for- ward and aclive, Ezra ix. 2. (7.) Moll noted and wonderful. Job xl. 19. CHILD, SON, DAITG HTER. Child denotes, (i.) A fon or daughter, young in age, I Sam. i. 22. (2.) One weak as a child in knowledge and prudence, Ifa. x. 19. and iii. 4, 12. I Cor. xiii. II. (3.) One young or weak in grace, i John ii. 13. (4.) Perfons unfixed in their princi- ples, Eph. iv. 14. (5.) It is fome- times uii;d to exprefs our aifedlion to perfons. Reuben calls jofeph a child, when about 17 years of age, Gen. xxxvii. 30. Judah calls Ben- jamin a little child, when about 30, Gen. xliv. 20. To become as a lit- tle child, or be as a weaned child, is to be humble, teachable, void of ma- lice and envy, and weaned in affec- tion from the carnal enjoyments of this world, Matth. xviii. $, 4. Pfal. CHI [ 243 ] CHI cxxxJ. T, 2. The viaij-cfii'd hvoui'^h\ lortli by the clmrch, and caught up to God and liis throne, to rule tho nations with a rod ot iron, may de- note jeliis exalted to be head over all things to liis church ; or his ac- tive members, fomc of them exalt- ed to glory ; and others delivered from perfecution, and enabled to op- pole and conquer their enemies ; or Conllantine the Great, the rirll C'hri- (llan raifed to the Imperial throne, and made a conqueror of the Hea- thens, and overturner of their ido- latries. Rev. xii. 5. T/x; child Jhaii dit! an hundred years old. In the happy Millennium, few lliall die of untimely deaths ; and children that die in youth, lliall lixve as much knowledge and experience ol divine things, as many who, at other times, lived till they were very old, Ifa. Ixv. 20. ■ Children, or sons; (i.) Not only lignify a man's immediate leed, but his remotell dependents, ifa. xix. 1 1. So the Jews are called children of Ifrael ; the Edomites, of Eliiu ; tlie . • mmonites and Moabites, 01 Lot; iScc. 2 Kings xvii. 8. Ffal. Ixxxiii. 8. Mephibodieth is called the Ion of Saul, though but his grandion, 2 Sam. xix. 2r. And otteu delceu dents are called by the name of ibeir progenitors; lb perhaps Jacob is tail- ed Abraham, Atfts vii 16. Reiio- boam is called David, i Kmgv xii. 16.; Abijah, Kehoboam, l Kings xv. 6. The defeendents of Jacob, E- dom, Moab, Ammon, &c. are called by their name. (2.) Inieriors are called chiidretiy to mark the ari'eclion- ate kindnefs which fuperiors owe to them ; and the dutiful regard they owe to tliele iuptriors. hli called Samuel his fon ; Obed is called Nao- mi's ; Timotliy, I'aul's ; Iknhad.id, Eliflia's; the a])o(tlcs, Chrill's ; tlicfc to whom tlicy wrote, the apollles, I Sam. iii. 6. liuth iv. I 7. i Tim. i. 18. 2 Kings viii. 9. John xxi. 5. Gal. iv. 19. &c. (3.) Such as are ad( pted, or married into a family, are denouiuiattd ch'ildrci: of it : lli M(jfes WHS the /on ot Pharaoh's daughter, Exod. ii. 10. Salaihiel is called ihe Jon of Ntri, becaufc hii (on in-law, Luke iii. 27. . and Ze- rubbabel, the ion of Pedaiah, and of Salathicl, btcaufe delceuded Ironi the one, and adoj>ted by tlie other, 2 Chron. iii. 19. Matth. i. 12. (4.) The inhabitants ot a country or ci- ty, are called the chiidren, Jons, or daughters of it. Tlie Edomites are called children of Seir, 2 Chron. xxv. II. 'i'he iuliabitants of Gibbar, Bethlehem, and many other places, are called the chiidren thereof, Ezra ii. 20, — :;5. The children oj the eaj/, are lueh as dwelt on the calt of Ca- naan, judg vi. 3. JeiusChrill is the Son the oNi.r begotten Son of God, his holy Child; begotten by e- ternal, neceirary, and natural gene- ration. In relpedt of his Sonjhipy. he was equal with God, Plal. ii. 7. Acts iv. 27. Johnv. 17, 19. It was not founded in, but maniftlled by, his miraculous birth, in our nature, his relurrectioii, liis liigh oilice, and glorious lieirliiip of^all things, Luke i. ^S' Acts xiii. 3;. John x. 35, 56. Heb. i. 4, 5. The fens, among whom Chritl is as an apple-tree a- mong tlie trees of the wood, are an- gels and men, even themoit excel- lent, Song ii. 3. Holy angels are ihe Jons cj Cod: created, Ibpported, and governed by him ; and who chcarfully ferve him, and lung Jiis ])raife at the creation. Job xxxviii. (t. But whether they, or men })ro- i effing llic true religion, be the fons of God, into w hole allembly Satau intruded himfclf in the days of job, is not aiifoiutely certain, job i. and ii.— — — M.igiltrates, chieHy ilie Jew- iih, wlio rcprefcntcd the Melliah, arc called Jons of God : from liim they recetVe their olHce, power, and dignity, I'fal Ixxxii. 6. : but magi- ilratts, fonlilb, and weak, arc liken- ed to ckiidrcii, or babcSy Ifa. iii. 4, Hh a CHI [ 244 ] CHI Eccl. X. 16. The pofterity of Setli, the nation of the Jews, or other pro- feffors of the true rehgion, are the childre?! efCod; they were brought into his family of tlie vifible church, called by hi'-, name, fpecially prote^Sl- ed and favoured by him ; they pro- felfed to worlliip and ferve him ; and many of thern appeared to be Ipi- ritually begotten again to a lively hope, Gen. vi. 2, 4. Deut. xiv, i. Exod, iv. 22. The Jews were like an expofed child, or infafit lying iJi its' blood ', their original was bafe, their condition in Kgypt was ex- tremely mean, and expofed to the moll: bloody cruelty, but God exalt- ed them into a glorious kingdom, Ezek. x\'i. I, — 14. They are the ejected children of the kingdom', while the Ge;itile> are admitted into the church, and a ilate of fellowihip with God, they are caft out to igno- rance, apoftacy, and trouble, Matth. viii. 12. They, while cleaving to their burdenfome ceremonies, and other wicked perfons cleaving to the broken law, as tlie means of their liappinefs, and other legalifts, are the children oj the bei;d-'-'Voman ; are the fordid flashes of the law, of iin, Satan, and the v.'orld ; and perform their apparently good works, from the fervile fears of hell, and hopes of heaven. Gal. iv. ;?i. The faints are called thefons or chil- dren of God ; they are gracioufly a- doptcd into his fpiritual family, be- gotten into his image, endued with liis Sj)ir!t, and entitled to privileges tinnumbered, and an inheritance that fadeth not away : are heirs of righte<)n(hefs, falvation, proniifes, nav, of God himfelf, John i. 1 3. Rom. viii. 1 4, — T 7 They are the children or fed of Wifdom, or Chrifi; ; by his bloody travail and fuffering, and by the influence of his regenerating Spirit, he begets them again ; and with the view ot them he is mighti- ly delighted : he beqneaths to them alj the bkllings of his purchafe ; and they love him, and are careful t» promote his honour and intereft, Matth. xi. 19. Ifa. liii. 10. They are children of light ; begotten of God, the purelt light, by means of his pure and enlightening word : they have the knowledge of divine things, walk in the light of God*s countenance and law ; the light of their good works fhines before men; and they are heirs and expectants of the inheritance of the faints in light, Luke xvi. 8. They are chil- dren of proviife : by the promifes ot the golpel, they are cfuickened, iup- ported, comforted, and fecured of eternal life. Gal. iv. 29. They ai^ children of the refurreBion ; then they fhall be raifed from the dead, fully conformed to God, and enter on the complete poffeffion of their glorious inheritance in heaven, Luke XX. 36. They are children of 7.ion\ ofjerufaleju; of the kingdom; and of the free woman: they are fpirituaily born, inlhufted, and nourilhed in the church ; they are under the co- venant of grace ; have a fpirit of liberty ; are freed from the flavery of fin and Satan, and of the broken law ; and now under the gofpel, are free from burdenfome ceremonies, and ferve God with chearfulnefs o£ heart, Pfal. cxlix, 2. Matth. xiii, 58. Gal. iv. 31. Ifa. Ix. 4. Chrifl's dif- ciples were children of the bride- chamber : they had early and pecu- liar intimacy with him, the glorioug Bridegroom of fouls, Matth. ix. 15. The title y'ow of man, is given to E- zekiel, Daniel, and Jefus Chriftj but whether it was a title of dignity, importing their peculiar excellency; or if it rather marked our Saviour's debalement, and his delight in our nature ; and marked the low origi- nal and frailty of thefe prophets, to, be remembered by them amidft their vifions, is not agreed, Ezek, ii. 1. Dan. viii. 17. and vii. 13. &on of man, and S'in of David, amona the lews, were n^iBes of the Meflia,h5 CHI [ 245 ] CHI and Chrifl rarely culled himfelf by anotlier, Mattli. xvi. 13. and xv. 22. and XX. 30. 31. The wicked are children of this worici; are never born li om above ; liave no portion of felicity, but in iliis world ; nor do ibey llndy to fultil any thing but the lulls thereof, Luke xvi. 8. They are roprclented as foni oj m:n, or Adam : in him they were corrupted ; his tranfgrelfion they imitate ; they have no Ijiiritual birth, but continue as the common herd of men, Pfal. iv. 2. aiui xii. i. and Ivii. 4. They are children of thi divil; they are wholly qualified with the wickednefs he inirccluced into the world ; they chearfully imi- tate, obey, and ferve him, Joho viii. 44. r Jolm iii. 10. They are chil- dren of durknefs;x\\ey are in a Itate of darknefs and condemnation; tl.eir heart is full of ignorance, and their p'-a(5lice of things fhameful and wick- ed, I Thetf. V. 5. They are chil- dren of difbedience, intqftity, whon- dotns: their carnal mind is enmity againlt God : their whole practice is a continued rebellion agairift his law, and a treacherous departure from him, Eph. ii. 2. Il'a. Ivii. 4. Hof. X. 9. and ii. 4. They are chil- dren oJ wrath ; they arc naturally full of enmity againlt God, and heirs of his juft wrath and veni^eance, Eph. ii. 3. They are curfd chil- dren ; they are a plague to others, and are themfelves condemned to everlallingpunilhment, i I'et. ii. 14. Perfons eminently wicked are called children of Belial; they are lawlels, iilelefs, abominable, and abandoned to the moll horrid crimes. Dent. >;iii. 13. The children of Abraham, are fuch as defcended from him by na- tural generation, as the Khniaelites, Ifraelites, Edomite^, &c. ; or fuch as refenible him in faith and holincls, Luke xiii. 16. John viii. 39. Gal. iii. 7- Matth. iii. 9. The mother^s children, that annoy the faints, are hypocrites and falfe teachers, edu- cated in, and vifible members of, thechurcli; but not fpiritually be- gotten of God, who often opprefs thcni with luiman inventions, and angry perlccutions, and inward cor- ruptions, natural to us, and co-eval with us, which cnllave us into car- nal and finful practices, to the ne- gle(fl of our projier duty, Song i. 6. The children oJ the dcjolats are more than of the married wife ; the con- verts of the long delolate Gentile world, are more numerous than thele of the Jewilh nation, long e- fpoul'ed to Chriil : the converts of the church, after Chrill's departure to heaven, ai'c more numerous thaa when flie enjoyed his prefence on earth. Ha. liv. i. Strange children, are heathens or wicked perfons, or children begotten on heatiienilh wo- men, Pfal. cxliv. 7. Neh. ix. f, lloi'. v. 7. Daughter; (i.) A female child or defcendent, Gen. xxxiv. i. Luke i. 5. (2.) A filter. Gen. xxxiv. 17.; called a daughter, becaufe their fa- ther >v-as prefent. ( 3.) A fon's wife, or daughter-in-law, Kuth iii. 18. (4.) It is a name of kindnefs given to any woji'an, efpecially if young, Matth. ix. 22. Kuth iii. 10. (5.) The wo- men of a country, and even the whole inhabitants of it. Gen. xxxiv. i. Ifa. xvi. 2. Pfal. xlv. 9. The daughters of a city, chiefly a capital one, fignify not only its inhabitants, but alio lef- fer cities or villages, Numb. xxi. f 2f. The daughters nf Cod's people, f>fjri- dah, of Zion, oj Jeru/aleiiif oft ligni- fy the Jews ; but in Solomon's Song, daughters of Jerufale?n and 7^ ton, are nominal jirofeffors and faints, weak in grace, Songi. 5. and iii. ir. The flints are reprefented as daughters ; they are dear to God, and to their elder brother Chrilt ; they receive their all from him, and arc affection- ate and beautiful, Pfal. xlv. 10, — 1 4. Tiic daughters of the borfe-leech^ are her young ones, that arc never fatisfied with blogd, Prov. xxx. 15. CHI [ 246 ] CHO the daughters of viufic are brought low: in old age, the lung'-, and otlier organs of llnging, are weakened ; and the ears that attended to it become dull, Eccl. xii. 4. The daughters of trees, are their branches and i'prouts, Gen. xlix. f 22. CHI MH AM ; the fon of Barzillai the Gileadite. To reward his fa- ther's kindnefs, David, on his return to Jerufalem, after the death of Ab- faloin, took Chimliam along with him J and, it feems, gave him a por- tion of land near Bethlehem, where a town called Chnnham was after •ward built, 2 Sam. xix. 37, 38. Jer. xh. 17. CHIOS ; an illand in the Archipe- lago, or north-eafl part of the Medi- terranean fea, next to Lefbos, and about 1 2 miles from the fliore, over againit Smyrna. Paul paifed this way as he failed fouthward from Mitylene to Samos, At'ls xx. 15. It does not appear that any chui-ch was planted here for a long time after : even in the fourth century, human facririces were in uie here ; but in the following ages we find Chriftians here, and a biihep of it, attending the general councils. Nor is the re - ligion of Jefus entirely rooted out to this day. The place is now called Scio, and is chieHy inhabited by Genoefe. CHISLEU ; the 9th month of the facred year of the Jcm's, and 3d of their civil. It conlilts of 30 days, and anfwers to part of November and December. On the 6th day of This month, the Jews falf for tlie burning of Jeremiali's roll by king Jehoiakim : on the 7tb, they oblerve a feafl of joy for the death of He- rod the Great : on the 1 5th, they faft for Antiochus' profanation of the temple : on the 21ft, they have a fellival, pretended to be for Alex- ander's delivering up the Samari- tans into their power : on the 2 jth, they obfcrve the fealt of dedication, to commemorate the purging of the temple by Judas Maccabeus. CHITTIM, Kittim; the foa of Javan, and grandlon of Japheth, Gen. X. 4. Probably part of the Ci- licians were his offspring. Here lio- mer mentions the Ketii, a^id Ptolo- my the provinces Ketis and Kitis. It is like fome of theie removed into the ifle Cypus, where they found- ed the city Kitium. Poffibly part of them founded the kingdom of the Lathis in Italy. Here we find a city called Ketia, or Cetia : and it is ob- fervable, that both Latlum and C-it- tim have the lame iigniHcation of hiding. But the chief rehdence of the polterity of Kittim appears to have been Macedonia, which wa"* called Chitiim, after his name. When Ne- buchadnezzar intended to invade Phenicia, perhaps the Tyrians had information of his deligns, by fome Macedonian lailors ; or fome Tyri- ans, after the ruin of their city by him, fled ofi i ito Macedonia. It is more certain, that Alexander and his Macedonian troops, almolf en- tirely ruined the Tyrian flate, and carried off a number of ilaves ; wa- fted AfTyria, and overturned the Per- fian empire, Ifa. xxiii. i, 12. Numb, xxiv. 23. The fliips wherein the Roman ambafladors failed to Egypt, ■werefhips oj Chtttim ; were of a Ma- cedonian lorm, and failed from a Macedonian harbour, Dan. xi. 30. CHIUN; either, ( i.) An idol, the fame with Remphan, if not alio with Moloch ; or Moloch reprefented the fun, and Chiun the moon. Or, (2.) A pedeftal whereon images were placed, to render them more con- fpicuous, Amos v. 26. CHLOE ; a noted Chriflian wo- man at Corinth j perhaps a widow, as file is reprefented as head of her family, from fome of which Paul re- ceived his information of the divi- fions at Corinth, r Cor. i. 11. CHOICE, (i.) Mofl: excellent; beif, Gen. xxiii. 6. (2.) Mofl ffrong, valiant, and Ikilful in war, 2 Sam. X. 9. The faints are a choke one j CHO [ 247 ] CH R they are chofen of God, arc clothed with the righteouluffs ol" his Son, and endued u'itli the grace of his Spirit ; and lb more excellent thiin the red of niankiud. Song vi. 9 To tfiak<; choicij is to choofe ; le. a part to a particular work, Acts xv. 7. Ci lOKf^. To choh an annual, is to Itop its brealh, by pouring water down the throat, or the like, Mark V. 13. To choke corm and plants, is to retard or flop their growth, Matth. xiii. 7 To choki the prodncSl of God's word, is, by carnal cares and corrupt alFeclions and practices, to hinder it^ etticacy on our heart and lift, Luke viii. 14. IMatth, xiii. 22. C HOLER; great anger, Dan. viii. 7. ToCHOOSE,ti-ECT;(i.)Toret apart a perlbn or thing fiom among others, to ioine particular iMc, office, or privilege, Exod. xvii. 9. Pl'al. xxv. 12. (2.) To renew or tnanifcJt a clioice, Ifa. xiv I and xlviii. 10. (:?.) To follow, imitate, delight in, and prai5f.ife, Frov. iii. 51. and i. 29. God choofes mens dclujions,ai:d brhigs their fears upon them, when he gives them up to their deluuons, as the juft punilhment of their fin. Thus God gave up tlie fews to their vain fan- cies, and brought on them the de- ftruc1:ion from the Romans, which they, by the murder of our Saviour, thought to evite. Ha. Ixvi. 4. John xii. 50. Eleciion imports, (i.) Gixl's a(Fl of chooling men to ever- lalling life, Rom. ix. 15. and xi. 5. 28. (2.) The perfons cholen to c- ternal life, Rom. xi. 7. C HO NEK, £ T- EC T, ELECTED ; picked out from among others to ibme honourable ufe. Chrift is the elefl or chofen of God ; he was from eternity let apart, as the ouly fit Per- fon to be our Mediator and Surety, Ifa. xiii I. I Pet. ii. 4. Flolv an- gels are elefi ; God fet them apart in his purpofe, to be edahlifhed in holinefs and happinefs, when the reft were overlooked, i Tim. v. 21. Chrllt's people, favcJ by him, are eUB or chofen : from eternity, God, in his purpofe, kindly levered them from the rell of mankind, and fet them apart to receive falvation by Chrift, to tlie praife of his glory ; and, in time, by his grace, he ren- ders them ciujice and excellent \)cv- fons, I Pet. V. 15. 2 John i. Rev. xvii. 14. For the fake of thel'c, that none of them, in their perfons or progenitors, may be cut olf, are the days of vengeance on wicked na- tions Ihortened : no feducer can draw any of them fully and finally from the truth of the gofpel : none can lay any valid charge againft them belore God : no injury done them fliall pafs unpuniflied : angels fliall ga- ther them all toChiiU's right hand: and they (hall infallibly obtain ever- lafting happinefs, Matth. xxiv. 22, 24, 31. Rom viii. 33. and xi. 7. The Hebrew nation was an e/e^ or cho- fen people ; God fet them apart from the reft of the nations, to be his pe- culiar church and people, Ifa. xlv. 4. P(al. cv. 43. [ernfalem was chof^i was divinely fixed npon to enjoy the peculiar fymbnls of God's prefence, the temple, facrifices, &:c. i Kings xi. 13. ApoUles and minillers are chofen : by Jefus himfclf alone, or by him and his people in conjunction, they are pitched upon, and fepara- tecJ from others, to bear and exe- cute tlieir facred office, A<5ts x. 41. Chofen warriors, are fuch as are picked out as the moft valiant and ikilful in an army, Exod. xv. 4. Judg. XX 16. CHRIST JESUS, the Lord and Saviour of mankind. He is called Christ or Messiah, becaufe he is anointed, fent, and furnilhed by God, to execute his mediatory of- fice ; and called Jesu. , becaufe, by his righteoufnels, power, and Spirit, he is qualified to lave, to the uttcr- moft, them that come unto God thrnujji him, and appointed of God for tlut end, and freely given in the CHR t 248 1 CHR ftffer of the gofpel, Ifa. Ixi. 1, 2, 3. Matth. i. 21. He is the eternal Son of God, equal with his adored Fa- ther, in every unbounded perfection. No man that doubts of his being the only true and moft high God, can, in conliltency with common I'enfe, allow himfelf to be a Cluiltian. If Jefus be not the fupreme God, he Avas a letter up of idolatry, encou- raging men to worfiiip himfelf; and Mahomet, who zealouily oppofed fuch worllfip, muft be a valuable re- former ! If Chrill be not God, the Jews did well to crucify him as a noted bkfphemer, that made him- felf equal with God : they did well to perfecute his apoftles, who repre- fented him as the objeft of worfhip. If Chrilt be not God, the whole of the inyllery of our redemption is er- roneous or trifling. Where is the di- vine love in fending a nominal God to redeem us ? or what can his death avail us, who are not nominal, but real tranfgrellors againlt infinite Ma- jefty ? If Chrift be not the fupreme God, how obfcure, falfe, abfurd, and impious, mult the language of the Holy Ghoft be, particularly in the oracles relative to him ? If Chrift be not God, what is the whole Chrilti- an rehgion, but a mere comedy and farce, in which one appears in the «hara6ter of God, who is not really fo ? What are its miracles, predic- tions, and myfteries, but a fyftem of jnagic, invented or effecluated by Satan, to promote the blafphemous adoration of a creature ? Nor is his eternal generation and di- vine Sonflilp lefs clearly marked in Icriprure. What a number of texts reprefent him as God's proper and only begotten Son, prior to all do- nation of him ? Rom. viii. 3, ^2. John i. 14. and iii. 16. How oft things proper to God are afcribed to him, when marked with the chara(rter of Son ? Luke i. 22, 35. with 16, 17, 46, 47. John iii. 31, 33, 36. and i. iS. suid vi. 46. and ix. 35,-38, l^atib- xi. 27. and xiv. 33. and xxvii. ^4: How oft is his characSler of Son plainly dilHnguifhed from his official character of Christ ? John i. 49. and vi. 66, 67. and vii, 29. Matth. xvi. 15, 16. How olten, by his fi- lence, he plainly granted to his ene- mies, that his claim to be Eo7i oj Cocf, imported his afferting himlelf equal with God ? John v. 17, i8, 19. and X. 31, — 39. and xix. 7. To pretend he is called the proper, the only be- gotten, Son of God, becaufe God fent him as our Mediator, or becaufe of his miraculous conception by the vir- gin, is not only groundlefs and ab- lurd, but even blafphemous ; for, if the perfonal properties of Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft, be given up, there mult either be three dilllni^l Gods, or but one perfon, manifefted in three different characters. From eternity, God forefaw mens deltrudlion of themfelvcs, and in- tended to recover part of them. It was impoflible for any, but a divine Perfon, to be a Mediator, Redeem- er, Surety, Prieft, Prophet, or King, to anfwer their revolted, loft, guilty, ignorant, and rebellious condition. Nor was it lefs necellary, this divine Perfon Ihould ailume the nature of the tranfgreflbrs, and therein exe- cute the whole work of their re- demption, Rom. viii. 3, 4. Gal. iv. 4, 5. Nothing can be more delight- ful, than to obferve, in what re- fpe^ls the perfonal conjunftion of a nature divine, and a human, is ne- ceffary to the execution of every of- fice, the fultaining of every relation, and the Handing in every ftate, pro- per for our bleffed Redeemer. God fet him Up in his purpofe, as the Head of an eleft world ; chofe them in him, to everlafting life, in the new covenant; and fettled with him the whole conditions of their I'alva- tion, and every circumftance there- of, Pfal. xl. 6, 7, 8. and Ixxxix 3, 4, &c. Thus our remedy was pre- pared before we were ruined ; and CHR C 249 ] CHR for ages unnumbered, our Redeem- er had his dehghts with tlie foiis of men, before they were formed. It was not proper the Son of God fliould aflume our nature, and futFer immediately after the fall. The ab- fbUite infurticiency of other means for reforming the world, was not fully manifefled : the Ihipendous power of lui was not yet fufliciently difco- vered : men were not fufliciently warned of his appearance ; nor was there a iiifficiency of perfons to wit- nefs the facls, or be agents therein ; nor enough of oppofition to be con- quered by the doiftrines of his crofs. Preparation, however, was daily made for that aftonifliing event. By a multitude of typical and verbal prediiftions, every circumftance of his future life was marked out, that the world might be qualified to give his chara»5ler a thorough examina- tion whenever he fhould appear. To mark his readinefs to invelt himfelf with our nature, he often appeared in the form of a man ; and almoll every metaphoric reprefentation of God was taken from things pertain- ing to men. When the government was juft de- parting from the tribe of Judah ; when the 490 years, mentioned by tlie angel to Daniel, drew to an end ; when the nations had been fufficiently iliaken by the overthrow of the Perfian and Grecian empires, and the erection of the Roman ; while the fccond temple remained in its glory; when an alarming ru- mour, of the fudden rife of a Jew to govern the world, had fpread through a great part of it, and jull fix months after the conception of the bleffed Baptift, our Saviour's fore-runner, the angel Gabriel in- timated to the virgin Mary, that, by the influence of the Holy GJioft, fhe Ihould conceive, and bear the pro- mifed Mcfliah, Gen. xlix. 10. Ezek. xxi. 27. Dan. ix. 24, 25. Hag. ii. ^,—9. 21, 22, 23. Mai. ili. I. Gen, Vol. 1. iii. 15. Luke i. 52, — 35. This vir- gin was contracted to one Jofeph a carpenter. Both were futHciently mean ; but of the now-dehafed royal family of David. According to the genealogy of Matthew, adding the three there omitted, Jofeph was the 3 2d in defcent from David, in the royal line of Solomon. According to Luke, Mary, by whofe marriaa;e Jofeph was the fon-in-law of Heli, was the 41ft from David by Nathan, and the 74th from Adam. The two lines of Solomon and Nathan, f«ns of David, appear to have met in the pcrlbns of Salathiel and Zo- rohabel ; but Jofeph fprung from Abiud, an elder fon of Zorobabel ; and Mary from Rhefa, a younger. Before Jofej)!! had approached her bed, he, witli great uneafinefs, ob- ferved her Aviih child. He might have inlilled on putting her to death, according to law ; but being a good man, and perhaps hoping itic might have been forced, or Iiaving heard her relate the declaration of the an- gel Gabriel, he refolved to conceal the matter, and give her a private hill of divorce. Rut while he thoupht on thefe things, an angel warned him to take her home to him as his wife, as (he was undefiled ; and by the power of the Holy Ghoft had conceived, and fliould bear the Mef- fiah and Saviour of the world. Jo- fej)h then chcarfully accepted her, but knew her not till fhe brought forth her illuttrious Child. By this marriage, the Virgin's honour was protctflcd ; flie had one to afTift and provide for her in her ftraits; and her divine Son had ready acccfs to tli^e congregation, and every ordi- nance of the Jcwilh church, Matth. i. Luke iii. 2?, — 38. Joieph and Mary dwelt at Naza- reth ; but this not being the place J'sppointed for the birth of tlie Mef- fiah, an enrolment of tlic Romaa fubjcds, on which a taxation was afterward founded, while Cyrenius I i CHR [ 250 ] CHR ' 5!(ras governor of Syria, obliged the Jews, at this very time, to repair to the places and families to which they originally belonged. Jofeph, and Mary now great with child, were obliged to travel about 82 miles fouthward, to Bethlehem; and were there, and probably their Son, regiftered in the public records of the empire, as defcendents of Da- vid. Every inn at Bethlehem was fo crowded with ftrangers, that Jo- feph and Mary were obliged to lodge in a ftable. There fhe brought forth her divine Babe ; and, for want of a cridle, laid him to reft in the mangsr. That very night, an angel iblemnly informed the fhepherds, who watched their flock* on an ad- jacent tield, of Jefus' birth; and a "multitude of other angels fang an anthem of praife for God's grace and mercy to men. The fhepherds haftened to Bethlehem, and found the Babe in the debafed condition the angel had faid. To honour the prdinance of God; to avov%r himfelf a member of the Jewifh church, and a debtor to fulfil the whole law; to receive his Father's feal of the new covenant made with him, and be- gin his fhedding of blood for his people, this divine Babe was cir- cumcifed on the 8th day of his life, and called JEsus, or the Saviour, as the angel had direded before his birth. When about 33 days after, his mother prefented herfelf and her Babe at the tem^ple, Simeon, a no- ted faint, took the Child in his arms, blelfed God for his appearance, and wiflied to die immediately, as he had feen the incarnate Saviour. He warned Mary, that her Son was fet for the fall and rife of many of the Jews; and would, by the treatment he ihould fuifer, occafion much grief to herl'elf. At that very inftant, Anna, an aged prophetels, difcern- ed him to be the Mefliah, and told her pious friends of his greatnefs. ji^fter going to Nazareth, and fet- tling their affairs, it feems Jofeph and Mary returned to Bethlehem to refide ; intending, no doubt, a com- pliance with the ancient predidtion of the place of the Meffiah's appear- ance. But warned by the ancient oracle of Balaam, and other pre- didions of fcripture; warned by the wide-fpread rumour of the Meffiah's immediate appearance ; alarmed by the fight of an uncommon ilar ; cer- tain Magi, or wife men, came from Perfia, Chaldea, or Eaftern Arabia, to fee and worfliip the new-bom King of the Jews. At Jerufalem, they enquired for him. Herod and his fubjedts were terribly troubled at the news of the Meffiah's birth. A council was called, who agreed that Bethlehem was to be the place of it. After a private enquiry when the ftar had appeared, and giving thera orders to return and inform him who the Babe was, Herod difmiiTei them to go to Bethlehem. They had fcarce left Jerufalem, when the ftar appeared to them in the lower region of the air, and conducted them to the very lodging of Jofeph and Mary. With joy they proceeded in their journey ; and having found the Babe, worlhipped him, and gave him prefents of gold, frankincenfe, and myrrh. As Herod intended to murder the Child, an angel warned the wife men to return home with- out revifiting him ; and warned Jo- leph, now prepared for his journey, by the late prefents, to carry the Child and his mother to Egypt, and continue there till further orders. Jofeph immediately obeyed. Herod, enraged that the wife men had not returned to inform him of the Child, fent foith his troops, and murdered all the children in Bethlehem, and the places about, under two years old, that he might make fure the murder of Jefus among them. Af- ter Herod's death, an angel warned Jofeph -and his fiimily to return to Canjian. They did fo. Archelaus' CHR C ^51 ] CHR ertlclty made them afraid of fettling in Jiidea. By tlie diixi^lion of God, they went northward, and fettled at Nazareth ; which, unknown to them, fullillcd the ancient predic- tions of Chrilt's being the Notzer, Frcfcrvcf, or tiie Netzer, Branch; Matth. ii. Job vii. 20. Ifa. xi. I. At twelve years of age, Jefus came, along with his mother and fuppofed father, to celebrate tlie paifover. After the feltival Avas over, they re- turned; but he tarried beliind, and conferred with the Jewilli Rabbins, to the furprife of all that heard him. His parents at laft milhng him, re- turned to feek him. On the third day they found him. His mother aiked him, why he had caufed her and her hufband feek him lb long ■with forrowful hearts ? He replied, They might have known he would be the objed of his divine Father's care, and employed in his biifmefs. He, in the molt fubmiflive manner, raturned with them to Nazareth ; and, no doubt, wrought as a car- penter with Jofeph : meanwhile, in- creafmg in wii'dom and grace, and behaving in fuch a manner, as re- commended him to the favour of God and men, I.uke ii. Jolin Baptill, his fore-runner, had now begun his public miniihations. When Jefus was about 50 years of age he repaired to him at Bethabara, and craved baptifm, that he might, according to covenant-engagement, fulfil all righteoufnefs. His baptifm fealcd his and his Father's mutual engagements, and excited and en- couraged the graces of his human nature. On this occallon, the hea- vens were opened ; the Holy Ghofl defcended on him in the form of a peaceful dove ; and the Father pro- claimed, that he was his beloved Sofj, in ivoom he was "weil l>leafed. The Holy Ghoft, by his powerful influ- ence, conduced him to the wilder- nefs ; perhaps that horrible one in Ihc mountains of Q_uaraatana, north- vvard of Jericho; or that of mount Pilgah,on the call of Jordan, There he fpcnt 40 days in lailing and pray- er, to lit lumfeH'for liis public mini- ftry. Here, too, he was terribly tempted by Satan; cfpeciiUy at the end of thefe days. Wlicn he was hungry, Satan tempted him to doubt of his Sonlhip, and work a miracle for his own prefervation. He then carried him to Jerufalcm, and pla- ced him on a pinnacle of the tem- ple, and tempted him to throw him- ielf thence, in hopes of divine pre- fervation. He next carried him to a high mountain, where he repre- fented to him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory, and of- fered to give him them all, if he would but fall down and worfliip him. With deteltation, and with fcripture- arguments, jefus baffled thefe horrid enticements. Satan left him for a time, and holy angels came and mlnillercd to him, comforted him, and gave him provifion, Matth. iii. iv. Luke iv. Jefus left the wil- dernefs, and went to the place where John was baptizing. John pointed him out to his hearers, as \i\zLav.b of Ccd, that came to make atone- ment for the fuis of the world, Gen- tiles as well as Jews. Next day lie pointed him out in the fame manner to Andrew, and perhaps John, two of his difciples. ^ They went after hmi, and enquired where he lodged. He took them along with him, and they abode vsith him all that day. Informed by Andrew that they liad found the Mcifiah, Peter went along with his brother to fee him. It was then Jefus gave him the name of C^i'has, or I'etery to fignify, that lie ought and would be conllant and fixed as a rock in his religious pro- feffion and work. Next day, Je)us returning to Galilee found Pliilip, and deined him to go along with him. Philip finding Narhanael, in- formed him they had found that Jcius of Mazareih was the piomifed' I i 2 CHR [ 251 ] CHR Meffiah. Nathanael thought It im- poffible fuch a bleffing could pro- ceed from Nazareth ; but on Jelus reminding him of fome very fecret devotions, he acknowledged him the Son of God, and expe^fced Redeem- er, John i. 28, — 51. Tliree days after, he, his mother, and difciples, attended a marriage of fome friend at Cana of Galilee. When the wine ran fliort, Jefus' mother hinted to him the neceffity of his working a miracle for their fupply. He reipciftfully replied, that it was improper for her to diredl his miraculous operations ; but ordered the fervants to fill with water fome pots that flood by for wafhing in : this water he turned into the moft excellent wine ; and thus began to difplay his divine power, that his dif- ciples might believe in him. Qiiick- ly after, he vrent up to Jerufalem to keep the pafibver ; and finding the outer court polluted with markets of fheep, oxen, and doves, for facri- fice, and tables for exchange of mo- ney, he, with a fcourge of fmall cords, drove out the animals, and overturned the tables of the money- changers; tellihgthcm, that the place ought to be ufed for prayer, not for robbery and deceit. Some of the Jewifh rulers prefent, afked his war- rant for what he did ? He replied, that the refurrettion of his body, on the third day, after their murder of him, would exhibit it. He performed a great many miracles at this fcaft, and many believed he was the Mef- liah ; but as he knew their deceit and inconftancy, he did not trull: himfelf to them. Nicodcm.us was one of thefe believers, and came to him by night for inftrudion. Jefus finding him grofsly igiiorant of fpiritual things, informed him of the necefli- ty of regeneration; and of the caufe, nature, and end of his coming into the world, John ii. and iii. I, — 21. Jefus departed from Jerufalem, per- iiaps to the country about Jericho. Here he began to baptize, not per- fonally, but by his difciples. Mul- titudes reforted to him. Some Jcavs contended with John's difciples, that the baptifm of Jefus was more effec- tual to purify the foul, than that of their mafter. Whereupon they com- plained to John, that every body was like to defert him, and prefer Jefus and his baptifm. John replied, that it was meet in itfelf, and a great pleafure to him, that Jelus' fame Ihould grow, and his own decreafe. After John was imprifoned, and the Pharifees had took the alarm at the multitude of Jefus' followers, he left Judea, and retired northward to Ga- lilee. Ardent concern for the fal- vation of loft linners, determined him to take Samaria in his way. Fati- gued with his journey, he refted himfelf at Jacob's well, hard by Sy- char, while his difciples went to the town to buy fome provifion. Here he converfed with a Samaritan har- lot ; and, notwithftanding her mani- fold fhifts, fhewed himfelf the all- refrefliful and life-giving gift of God; convinced her of her whoredom and wickednefs ; informed her of the fpi- ritual nature of divine worfiiip, and aifured her he was the Mefliah. A- larmed with her commendation of him, her neighbours came and re- ceived his inftru^fiion: many of them believed on him. This, he informed- his difciples, was a near prefage of the converfion of the Gentiles, John iii. 22, — 36. and iv. i, — 42. When he was returned to Galilee,, numbers, who had feen his miracles at Jerufalem, with wonder attended his inftrudions. When he was at Cana, a nobleman of Capernaum, hearing of his fame, came and beg- ged he would come and cure his fon, who lay at the point of death. Je- fus replied, it was unreafonable that, they would not believe his heavenly doctrines without! miraculous figns. He bid the nobleman go, and hc- would land his fon recovered. By CH R C 253 ] CHR the way, thenobleman'sfen'ants met him, and intbrmed liim, that the child's fever had left him, juft at the very time Jefus had intimated his re- covery. The nobleman, and his whole family, believed in Jcius, as the promifed MefTiah. In his courfe through Galilee, Jefus came to Na- zareth, his native abode. Accord- ing as ufual, he, on Sabbath, ftood np, and read, and expounded the fcripturc in the fynagogue. The pidfagc he infixed on, was the 61 ft of Ifaiah, refpeding his miifion and qualitication for his work. His dif- courfe aftonilhcd the audience ; but his mean birth, and want of liberal education, prepoflelfed them againft him. He told them, it was com- mon for prophets to be contemned in their own country : he iliewed them, from the cafe of Elijah and Elilha, that they had fmall reafon to expetft to be muchble/1'ed with his miracles. In a rage, they dragged him to the top of tlie hill wliereon their city was built, and intended to throw him down headlong. By his divine power he refcued himfelf, and left the place, John iv. 43, — 53. Luke iv. 14, — 30. Next we find him at Capernaum on the borders of the lot of Zebulun and Napiitali. There, as was an- ciently foretold, he inftruded the inhabitants, called them to change tlieir erroneous fcntiments and evil courfes, fmce the New Teftament difpcnfation of the gofpel was at hand. Here he called Peter and Andrew, James and John, to leave their employment of fiihing, and go with him to preach tJie gofpel, for the falvation of men : the firft two he rewarded with a miraculous draught of fiflies, for the ufe of their boat to preach in. As he one day taught in a fynagogue, an evil fpirit cried out of a poifeired perlbn. Why do you difturb us ? are you come to torment us before the time ? Jefus ordered him to leave the per- fon, which, after hideous foarInc^» and terrible dillunion of the maii^ he was obliged to do. Soon after, by a touch, and a word of commanv:!, he healed Peter's mother-in-law of her fever : Ihc rofe diredtly/and gave him victuals. That evening he lieal- ed a number of polfelfed and difcafed perfons with the touch of his hand. Next morning he employed himltlf in folemn prayer ; and, notwidi- ftanding of the intreaties of his diC- ciples and others, he departed thence, to preach in the other fynagogues of Galilee. Tlie fame of his miracles fpread tJirough Canaan, and part of Syria : they brought multitudes of diitrc/Ted perfons, chiefly fuch as were incurable by phyficians, and lie healed them all, Matth. iv. 12, — 25. Mark i. 15, — 40. Luke v. I, — ii. and iv. 54, — 44. Great multitudes attending him, he got him up to a mountain, and in- Itruded them concerning tlie blef- fednefs of perfons truly religious. He fliewed the excellency and ufefulncls of good works: he Ihewed, that the divine law was unalterable in its moral precepts ; and prohibits ma- lice, angry words, lafclvious looks, toleration of beloved lulls, and pro- fane fwearing of every kind : he in- culcated the molt humble and peace- ful behaviour towards others ; the love of enemies, and the uni(Verfal imitation of a gracious God in all that we do : he taught them the matter and manner of prayer, the manner of alms-giving and falling: he Ihewcd tliem the duty of heaven- ly thoughts and affetftions, and of conlident truil:ing in God with re- fpctfl: to outward concerns, and of chiefly feeking a faving interclt in his kingdom and righteoufnefs: he prohibited rafh judging of others, or doing to them what we would not willi done to ourfelves : he in- culcated eamell prayer, and diligent endeavours to receive the Lord Je- fus, and to wjdk in him : he wara- CHR [ ^54 3 CHR ed them to avoid falfe teachers, and beware of reiling on outward Iha- dows of godlinefs. The important matter, and affe the mountain, he gave the multitude prefent a fummary rehcarfal of his former fcr- mon on the mount. As he travelled along from that place, he raifed the only fon of a widow of Nain to life, as he was carried out to his grave, Matth. ix. 36, 27, q8. and x. Mark iii. 13, — 19. LuRe vi. 15, — 49. yii. II, — 16. and ix. I, — 6. To confirm his own or his difciples faith, Jolm Baptift, from his prilbn, fent two of them to afl< Jefus him- felf, whether he was the true Mef- fiah ? Jefus ordered them to inform John of tlie miracles which tliey had j'cen pel formed, and the gofpel they had heard preached to the poor, and let him judge for liimfelf. He com- mended John to the multitude pre- fent ; and remarked, that neither the auftere behaviour of JoJin, nor his own more lijcial deportment, had been capable to gain that hardened generation to the faith and obedience of the truth. About tliis time tlie twelve i-cturncd, and informed him of their liiccels. He rejoiced in fpi- rit, and tiiankfully adored Ijis Fa- ther's fovercignty, in revealing his truth to perions poor and weak, CHR [ 255 ] CHR while he concealed it from the wife and prudent. He upbraided Cho- razin, Bethfaida, and Capernaum, for their inattention to his inftruc- tions and miracles, and threatened their i-uin ; but invited finners, wea- ry and heavy laden with fin or di- ftrefs, to come to him for fpiritual reft, Matth. xi. Luke vii. 16, — 35. Returning to Capernaum, he was entertained by Simon, a wealthy Pharifee. A woman, who had been notorioufly wicked, probably Mary Magdalene,waftiing his feet with her tears, and wipingthem with her hair, occafioned an excellent difcourfe con- cerning pardon of fin, as the caufe of evangelic love. Soon after, he went up to Jerufalem to keep the pafTo- ver with his difciples, and with Ma- ry Magdalene, Joanna the wife of Chuza, Herod's fteward, and Sufan- na and others, who minifteredto him for his fubfiftence. At Jerufalem, he cured the impotent man, who had lain 38 years to no purpofe at the pool of Bethefda, and ordered him to mark the perfection of his cure, by his carrying of his bed. As it was the Sabbath-day, the Jews, be- ing informed that Jefus was his ad- viier, refolved to have him punifli- cd. In his own defence, he remark- ed, that as his Father continued his work of providence every day, it ■was proper he fcould follow his pat- tern, in doing good on the Sabbath. His challenging God for his Father, cccafioned their charging him with blafphemy : in reply to which, he largely vindicated his divine Sonftip and miffion, Luke vii. 36, — -50. and viii. I, 2, 3. John v. Next Sabbath, being the fecond after the firft day of unleavened bread, he and his dif- ciples walked through fome corn- fields. In their hunger, the difciples plucked, and eat fome ears of the corn. The Pharifees were offended. Jefus excufed his difciples, from their hunger and neceffity ; remarking, that, in a like cafe^ J)avid and his fervants had eaten the hallowed fhew-bread ; and that on the Sab- bath, the priefts, in offering their oblations, did things otherwife un- lawful on the Sabbath-day ; and that himfelf was Lord of the Sabbath, and had made it for the real wel- fare of mankind. Next Sabbath he healed a tman who had a withered hand. To vindicate himfelf, he re- marked, that it was ufual to draw a fheep er ox out of a ditch on that day, and hence certainly lawful to cure a man. The Pharifees were mad with rage ; and along with the He- rodians, plotted to put him to death. The omnifcient Saviour, knowing their defigns, retired to Capernaum. Here vail multitudes from Jerufa- lem, Idumea, Perea, or the country eaitward of Jordan, and from Tyre, Sidon, and Galilee, attended him ; a multitude of difeafes he healed, and cafl out many evil fpirits. In his return from the fea fide to his lodging, fuch numbers attended him for cures or inftruftion, that his friends almoft forcibly carried him away, to take fome food, faying he was be fide himfelf, or luou'd cer- tainly faint J though hi feemed infeii' fib/e of it. Not long after, he cured one whom a Satanic pofleffion had rendered both blind and dumb. The multitude were amazed ; but the Pharifees afcribed his cures to in- fernal infinence. Knowing their thoughts, Jefus remarked their abfur- dity, in imagining that Satan would cafl: out Satan; and their felf-con- tradidlion, in attributing that in his cafe to Satan, which, in the cafe of their own children, they afcribed to the Spirit of God. He affured them, that the afcription of his or his apo- ftles miracles to Satan, contrary to the clearefl: evidence, fhould never be forgiven them. UnaffecSled by this awakening difcourfe, they de- manded that he would confirm his miffion by a vifible fign from hea- ven. Alluding to the tyjpical fate of CHR [ 257 ] ClI R Jonah, he told tliem that no new kind of iign fliould be allowed them, but his refurreiTiioii troni the dead on the third day. He allured ti.ein, that tlic Ninevites, who repented at the preaching of Jonah, and the qneeii ot Shjba, wlio fo admired the wildoiH of Solomon, would, in the lalt judgment, bear witncls againlt die imjicnitonce and unbelief oi' the Jewilh nation ; and by the parable of an evil fpirit going out, an'i rc- tHrning of his own accord, fuggelt- ed, that the means uled to reform them, were like to occalion tlieir rcdu(5lion to the molt wretched am- dition. A woman prcfcnt, and ai- fec^ed with his difcourle, cried our, that Ihe was blefled who had born fuch a fon. Jel'us replied, that it was not natural relation to him or any other, but faith and obedience to God's word, that marked one truly hleiFed. Meanwhile, his mo ther and other friends dcHred to fpeak wi.'.i him ; he fuggclled to the multitude, that he elteemed his Hil- ciples and others, who obeyed his heavenly F'ather, his moll vienr and beloved relativesamong men, Matth. xii. Mark ii. 2;, — 28. and iii. Luke vi. 6, — 12. and xi. 14, — 32. A great multitude all'embling to hear him, Jefus retired from the city to the Ihore, and taught the people from a Jhip. By the parable of M^ /}{(/ falitjig on the 'iuay-(ide, and on the jirny, thorny, and good foil, he reprcfented the difFcvent efFecl of the gorj)el, on carelefs, hard-hearted, carnal ahd ferious louls. By that of the tares among the ivhifat, he fiiew- ed, that hypocrites and wicked men, will continue among the faints till the end of the world, and then be fully (eparated, and wrathfully cafl into hell-Hre. By the gradual _^r&u'/A f/ corn, he reprefenttd the grailual, but imperceptible, growth ot his church, and of the graces of his peo- ple. By the parable of a grain cj mujQdrd-ftcdf he fliewcd, that, from Ypt. I the fmallelt beginnings, and by the weakell means, his church fliould gra- dually becoine large, fill the whole earth, and ati'ord Vpiritual relt and refuge to the Heatlitn world. By that of the .eavcn, he ("uggcfled, that the gofpel-dilpenfation, in its doc- trines and influence, fliould gradu- ally afl'et^^ multitudes, and bring them to tlie obedience of faith. By that ot the trcafurt hid in the field, he figniHed, that himfelf and Ids truth, found in the field of his word, will, wiili every wile man, fiir overbalance every other conllderation. By that ol the pearl of great price, he lug- gelled, that men ougiit to politls them(i?lves of himfelf, and the blef- fmgs of the gol'pel, wliatever it may colt them. By that of the net caft into the fea, he reprefented, that by means of the gc)fpel clifpenlktion, many, of different kinds and nations, fnould be brought into the church ; and that at the lafl day, the good fnould be feparated from the bad ; thefe go into everlafling punilhment, but the righteous into life eternal. Returning to his lodging, he private- ly cxphjntd thele parables to his dilciplcs, and required them to pon- der Ids inftriK^lions ; that, as lights in the world, they might be quali- fied to teach others, Matih.xiii. Mark iv. Luke viii. 4, — 19. Leaving Ca- pernaum, he repaired to Nazareth: the inhabitants Hill iniacincd that his mean pedigree and education were a fnfficient document lie wss an impoUor. Their unbelief ren- dering it improper to favour them M'ith many inllrut^ions or miracles, he only healed a few difeafed per- fons; and retiring frc- nicated biin from their fynagognes, John vii. and viii. ami ix. i, — 34. Leaving Jcrufalem, Jefus retired to Galilee, and there taught about fix weeks, till the fcafl of dedication was at -hand. N(jtwitliftandi!ig he knew the plots againfl his life, he refblved to take the opportunity of this human feilival, for the inftruc- tion of the people. In his way through the country of the Sama- ritans, he fent James and John be- fore him, to alk lodging for him and his difciplcs. When that malicious people knew that he was going to the feail at Jcrufalem, they refufeJ him a lodging. The two difciplea were eager to command fire from heaven, to burn them \\]i qnick. Je- lus rebuked their furious zeal ; and told them, th.at his errand to the earth was not to deflroy men, but to fave them. In his way to Jeriila- lem, he lent forth fevcnty of his dif- ciples, with much the lame powers and inllrnetions as he had twice l»e- fore given to the twelve. After ex- ecuting their orders, they returned to him, probably after he was at Je- rufalem, with great joy, becaufe of their fnccefs. He told them, that ir was but a prelude of the fall of Sa- tan's kingdom ; and advifed theni not to make their fiiecc fs, but their faviiig interelt in the redcemip" kindntfs of God, the chief ground of their joy. When he was\-. iiiiiii a few miles f)f Jcrufalem, a lawyer aiked him, what he behoved to do in order to inherit eternal life? [r- lus hinted, that the iiilfilment of llic wl^ole law, of love to God and oa? CHR [ 262 ] CHR ^eiglibour, was necelTary. The Ia\v}'er, willing to juilify himi'elf, afeed, who was his neighbour, w hom lie ought to love as himiclfi' whether it v/as any but Jews ? By the para- ble of the tender-hearted Samaritan, Jefus made him confels, that no na- tional prejudices lliould hinder our love to any man. At Bethany, he was ente: tuined by two fillers, Mar- tha and Mary ; the one of which he reproved, for her anxious care in making ready their victuals ; and the laturhe commended, for chief- ly minding her eternal concerns, Luke X. At Jerufalem, in the court of the temple, he found the man who had lately been cured of his blindnefs, and alked him, if he beUeved on the Son of God ? and afiiired him that HiMSELf^ washe: whereon the man immediately worlhipped him. Jelus then remarked to the audience, that, by his coming, iuch as were fenfible of blindnefs Ihould fee ; and iuch as were inienfible of their fpirltnal blindneis, fliould have it increafed and made known. Some Pharifees prefent, allied, if he took them to be blind and ignorant ? He told them, that they improved what knowledge they had, chiefly to aggravate their fm. He entertained his audience U'ith a large and delightful difcourfe concerning himfelf, as the true Shep- herd of his people, who would give his life for their redemption, and "would preferve every one of them fafe to eternal life. On his avowing himfelf equal to, and one with his Father, and averring that his miracles tellified fo much, the Jews thought to apprehend him ; but he efcaped their hands, and M'ent to Bethabara, beyond Jordan, John ix. 35,-42. and x. While he continued in thefe quar- ters, he, at his difciples requeil, pre- fcribed them a pattern of prayer, much the fame as he had formerly done in the mount. He recommen4- ed the utmoft importunity in our addrcfit's to God, as a proper way to fucceed. He fliewed, that his calting out of devils was no eftet^t of collulion with Satan. He foretold, that the punifliment of fuch as mif- improved his inftrudlions and mira- cles, Ihould be heavier than of the Heathen world. A Pharifee, who had invited him to dinner, taking offence at his fitting down without waflung his hands, he fliarply rebu- ked him and his le6l, for their fu- perllitious care to avoid external impurity, while they were fo uncon- cerned for that of their heart ; and that, while they fcrupuloufly paid tithes of their anife, mint, and rue, they neglected juftice, mercy, and faith. He compared them iograveSf whofe putrefa(fti«n is concealed. He reprehended the lawyers, for load- ing others with their impofed cere- monies, and for their pretence of re- gard to the ancient prophets, while they hated the mefl'engers of God, who lived in their own times. He affured them, that that generation had, or would, by their condu<5l, approve all the murder of righteous men, from Abel to Zecharias, and be puniihed accordingly, Luke xii From Perea, he Went northward to Galilee. Great numbers attended his inftruftions. He directed his difciples to be always candid and open in their condu(5l ; to Hand in due awe of their God, trult them- felves to his care, and depend on his immediate direenlation of the gofpel to the JewHh had a mind to be truly honoured ; ration fpeedily brought them to re- and to bellow their liberality rather pentance and holinel^, they Ihouid loon be terribly punilhed, and their church and Itate altogether ruintd. Up< n a fabbath-day, lie curtd a crooked woman, who, for 18 years, had laboured under her difcale ; and vindicated his condudt, by remark- ing, that even oxen and aifes were led forth to be watered on the Sab- bath ; and much more might a Jew- els and a good woman be healed on it. Li his way fouthward, as he on the poor, tlian in feafting their rich friends. By the parable of a great ful^t>fr, he rcprefentcd, that the Jews, and afterward the GentiL'S, fliould, by the gofpel-dilpenfation, be folemnly invited and urged to come and enjoy the fulnefs of God. — In his after-travels, he adviicd the at- tending crowd to ponder ("srioufly what trotible and expence it might coft them to follow him faithfully. From his famili.ir eating with pxib- taught, one alked him, if few were licans and fome noted tranfgreHors, faved ? He earneftly admouiflied the Pharifees inferred, that he was thele prelent, to fecure their own certainly u bad man himfclt. i o entrance into a new-covenant ftate; vindicate himfelf, he, by the parable as many, who had a form of reli- of the loft JJ^-ep, the /<>// pL-Jc oj vio- gion, fliould be eternally ruined; and nc)\ and the prodigal fin , rcprclent* tlie Gentiles, though lalt invited, ed, with what infinite pains, mercy, would come i'rom every aiith, and and pleafure, God recovers and favci fit dovvn with Abraham, Ifaac, and felf -deltroyed, polluted, loll, and Jacob, while the Jews, who had the prodigal fmners, chiefly of the Gen- firft invitation, and were a kind of tiles. To excite his audience to the hcin of the kingdom of heaven, fhould wile improvement of their fpintuaj CHR [ «^4 ] CHR advantages, he pronounced the pa- r.ibk of the un]uj\ jicward. He re- proved the Pharilees pride, and their ill-grounded divorces. To v\^arn them agalnft truiting in riches, and indulging themfelves in fenfual plea- fures, ht, by the parable o{ Lazarus and the rich glutton, ihewed them, that tJicfe olten corrupt mens hearts, and ripen them for eternal mifery. He warned them to avoid offences, leadily forgive injuries, and to en- tertain a juil awe of the divine au- tliority, and fenfe of the unAvorthi- nefs of their moll perfed obedience. —About this time, he healed ten le- pers, one of which, being a Samari- tan, returned to render him thanks, Luke xiv. XV. xvi. and xvii. I, — 19. yrotftibly, after eroding the Jordan, jfouth of Tiberias, jelus went fouth- ■ward, along the ealt fide of the ri- ver, till he was over againft Judea. He aiRired his Pharifaical audience, that his kingdom fhould not come in the carnal and obfcn^able manner T."hich they expefted \ and that m>a- ny fearful plagues Ihould quickly fall on the Jewilh nation. By die parable of the import'.inate ividoiv, he reprefented the advantage of ear- nellnel's and perl'everance in prayer. To reprove the Pharifees pride, and mark the hurt of a felf-righteous temper, he uttered the parable of the Fharifi:e\inJ pteolican praying at the temple. He pointed out the true CHUles of divorce. He blellod tlie babes that were brought to him for that end. — He directed the young ruler how to attain eternal happinefs; andfliewed the difficulty of rich mens being truly religious ; and the hap- pinefs of iuch, who, at any age or period, forfake all, to follow him and liis truths. This laft point he iiluf- trated by the parable of labourers, tired, at different hours, to work in 2 vineyard; and yet, through the li- berality of the malter, receiving an equal reward. He again foretold liis fvifferings : he checked James and John, who, by their mothet's inftl- gation, ambitioufly defned the high- eil civil offices in the temporal king- dom Vv'hich they expedted him foon to eretSl ; and folemnly difcharged all lordly dominion or rule in his church, Luke xvii. 20. and xviii. Matth. xix. and xx. Mark x. Lazarus, the brother of Martha and Mary, falling dangeroUfly hck, they fent for Jefus to recover him. Af- ter continuing where he was twa days longer, till he knew Lazarus was dead, Jelus and his difciples fet off for Bethany. Before he reached that place, Lazarus had been four days dead, and was buried ; never- thelefs, after fome converfe with his fifters, Jefus reftored him to life. Tliis noted vtnd public miracle, con- vinced a number of Jews, wlio were there from Jerufalem, that he was the Meffiah. Others, being hardened in their unbelief, went and informed the fanhedrim,who refolved to mur- der him ; and iifued orders, that who- ever knew where he was Ihould dif- cover him. To leffen the evidence of the miracle, they alfo agreed to put Lazarus to death. Great enquiry and talk concerning him enfuecl ; but he retired to a village called Ephraim, near the wildernefs, between Bethel and Jericho. To the laft of thefe places he foon after went, and healed three blind beggars ; one, as he en- tered the city, and two, as he left it. Here he converted Zaccheus the pub- lican. At a feaft in his houfe, Jeius, by the parable of the portnds, dijlri- butedhf a great man to his fervants, to trade with till he fhould return from a far country, reprefented, that himfelf would quickly afcend into heaven, to receive his glorious king- dom, and would return to judge tlie world at the lall day ; and that it was only fuch as improved their gifts and endowments that might expe<5l a liappy reward ; wJiile the Jewifh na- tion, for rejedlinghiin, Ihould be de- ftroycd by the Roman troops, John CHR [ ^^5 3 CH R xi. Matth. XX. 29,-34. Mark x. 46, — 50. Luke xviii.35, — 43. Lukexix. I, — 29. On the 6:h duy before the pallbver, Jcfus, Mniidll a great crov J of attendants, returned to Bethany, and was kindly entertained by La- larus and his fillers. The day after, he caufed his difclples fetch liim an afs, and rode thereon to Jerufalem ; while a prodigious multitude llraw- ed branches, and even tlicir cloaths, by tlie way, and echoed loud nccln- jnations of praife, importing, that he was the royal Messiah. Enra- ged hereat, fome Pharifees defired him to forbid die noil'e. He replied, tliat God had determined to honour him ; and if thefe babes, and others, were now filent, the very Hones would praife him. As he palfed the mount of Olives, and had a full view ol Je- rufalem below, lie with tears lament- ed and foretold its approaching fiege and ruin by the Romans. The in- habitants were mightily moved at his entraiice, and afked what this concourfe, and thefe acclamations, meant ? When he entered the court of the temple, he, for the fecond time, cleared it of the money-changers, and merchants of animals for facri- fice,and enjoined the people to make it a place of prayer, not of fraud and deceit. Therellof that day he taught in the temple ; while tlie youth and others, imagining he was juft going to erenian go- venicr therein. To render him ob-> LI CHR [ 265 ] GHR noxious, they, under pretence of friend'liip^ andfcniple of conicience, h(ktd him, if it was lawful to pay tribi-ite to Celar ? Fi*^om their ufe of money bearing Celar's iuperlcrip- tion and image, he inferred that they Were Cefar's fubje^ls, and owed him his tax, but in luch a way as God should not be wronged. — Next, the Sadducees attenfipted to puzzle him Vith a quelfion touching the refur- rec^lion of the dead. He lliewed them, that their error fprung from their ignorance of the fcripture, and of tne power of God ; and that the truth of t!ie reiin"re(iT:ion was plain- ly implied, in God's calling himfeif the G"od of Abraham, Ifaac, and Ja- cob, after they were dead. Next, the Phariltes attempted to puzzle him, by alking, which was the great- eft commandment ? He replied, that our whole duty lay in firft loving God V^'ith all our ht art, foul, mind, and ft-rength, and in loving our neigh- bour as oiirfelves. As they acqui- efced in the juftnefs of his anlwer, he, in his turn, afked them, how the Meffiah could at once be David's Son and Lord ? To which they could make no reply. While the pbople flood aftonilned at his wifdom, he M'arned them to avoid imitating of the fcribes and Pharifees, in their profefling much, and doing little ; in hiding tlie vilelf ]-)ra6f\ces under a religious difguife ; and in a proud affectation of honorary titles. Turn'- ing himielf to the fcriber, and Pha- rifees, he denounced a number of woes againfl them, for their wick- ednefs and dillimolation ; and allu- red them of the approaching ruin of their ('iry and temple, lor their con- tempt and murder of God's meffen- gers and Son. — Obfcrviiig the peo- ple catling their offerings into the facred treafury, he remarked, that a pool- widow's rvvo mites were the moll; noied donation, as they were all ffie had, Matth. xxii. 15^—46. and xxiii. Mark xii. 14, — 44. Luke XX. 20, — 40. As he was retiring from the temple, one of his difciple* remarked, what a fine ftrufture it was : he told him, that in a little not one Hone of it fliould be left up- on another. When he had parted the valley of Jeholhaphat, and had fat down on the mount of Olives, Peter and Andrew, James and John, afked him, when the deftruftion of the Jewilh temple, and the end of the world, fliould happen: and what fhould be the prelages thereof ? In his reply, he connetTled both to- gether, and told them, that falfe Christs and prophets fhould arife; terrible wars, famines, peftilences, and perfecutions, happen ; Jerufa- lem be befieged ; the Jewifh church and nation overturned ; their capi- tal and other cities razed; and them- felves, for many ages, be wretched exiles in almofl every nation of thfi world. He warned them to make ready for it, as they knew not how fuddenly it might happen ; and as God, on that occafion, v/ould fheW fmgular favour to thegodly, and exe- cute terrible vengeance on the wick- ed, particularly onfuchasknew their duty and did it not. This point he illufhated, by the parables of an hovfcholder coming unawares to his fervantsj of a bridegroom coming at midnight, to vtrgijn foolijl) and wife ^ and ot a nohlcma7i calling his fervants to account, for the talents he had delivered to them at his fietting off on a far journey: and concluded, M'ith a plain predidllon of his owii awful procedure in the laft~ judg-. ihent of the world, Matth. xxiv. and XXV. Mark xiii. Luke xxi. Next day, he continued at Pethany; and told his friends, that, after tw^T davs more, his fuHierings and death fhould take place : and even therf, the Jewifii rulers confulted how to pxit him to death, though they fear- ed to do it on the fealt-day, lor fear ot the mob's elpoufing Ins caule. At even he fupped in tke houfe of one CHR [ 267 ] CHR ■ perlcverance in his ftrvicc, if they dehred a glorious reward. Winle they continued their lupper, Jefus,' confccratiiig the bread and wine^ iii- llituted and dil'penfed the facranieni oi his body and blood. This finiliied, he told them, he would quickly leave them, as to his bodily prefencc; and charged them to manitcltthemltlvci his difciples, by loving one another. He warned them, that they would all defert him that very niglit ; and Peter thrice deny him, though his faith Ihould not utterly fail. He ad- moiiiihcd them to prepare them- lelves with 1 pi ritual fortitude for tlieir approaching trials. Tiiis tiiey foolhhly imagined to mean, llieir providing themfelves with w eu] ons of war. After he had entertained them with a long eonlblatory dif- courfe concerning the hea veVi'.y man- fions which he went to prepare for them; concerning the Father's love to tiiem, and the coming of the Ho- Iv Ghoit to in(tru6t and comfort"" tbem ; and concerning tlieir uiiiorx to, and fervice of himlelf ; he con- cluded with a folcmn prayer, chief- ly in behali of his diiciples and peo- ple : and, after finging an hymn,' left the houfe when it was near Uiid-. night, Matth. xxvi. 15,- — 38. Mark' xiv. Luke xxii. 6, — 38. John xiii.' — xvii. chapters. Crofhng the brook Kidrcn, they' came to the mount of Olive?, to a' gwdeii cf Gcthfemajie. Jefus, aloli^ CHR t 168 ] CHR with Peter, James, and John, re- tired to a corner thereof". Going a little from them, he prayed thrice with the utmoll fervour, that if it was poffible, and confiftent with his Father's will, his fufFerings might be prevented. At every turn, his dif- ciples fell afleep. Meanwhile, the impreflions and fears of his Father's wrath, threw him into fuch an ago- ny of foul-trouble, that he did fweat grf^at drops of blood, though the night was cold, and he lay without on the ground, ^t length, Judas, coming with a band of ruffians from the high-prieft, did, by a kifs, point out to them which was h E, that they might apprehend him. To fliew his power to withftand them, he, with a word, made them fall backward ; and after they had recovered them- leives, defired them to let his difci- ples go, if they wanted him. Peter drew hisfword, and cut off the ear of Malchus, one of the high-prieft's fervants. Jefus rebuked him, and told him, it was proper for him to endure what fufFerings his Father had appointed him ; and that, if it were not fo, he could eafily obtain multitudes of angels to protect: him; and with a touch he healed Mal- chus' ear. Meanwhile, the difciples fled; and Juda?, with his hand, car- ried JeAis to Annas, the late high- priefi. Annas interrogated him con- cerning his difciples and doclrine. Jeius replied; thut as he had taught nothing privately, the Jews could bear witnefs of his doctrine. Enra- ged witli this mild and jiill reply, one of the high-prielt's fervants ftruck him on the face. Jefus meekly afl<- cd him, if it was proper to fmite liim without a reafon ? Jefus being brought to the palace of Caiaphas the high-prielt, was lifted before a convention of priefls and elders. Great pains were ul'ed to find falfe witnelfes ; but none fuffi- cie?it could be had. Such a* they fyborned, did not agree in their de- pofitions. At laft two prefented themfelves, who deponed, they heard him fay, that he would de- ftroy the temple, and build another in three days. This teftimony wa» neither true of itfelf, nor was the thing deponed worthy of pnniih- ment; nor did they fwear to the've- ry fame words. Jefus, meanwhile, continued altogether filent. Caia- phas therefore adjured him by God« to tell whether he was the true Mef- fiah or not. Jefus acknowledged he was; and would hereafter, with great power and glory, judge the world. Caiaphas immediately rent his cloaths, and cried, they had flo need of further witnelTes, them- felves had heard him blafpheme. The whole court declared him wor- thy of death. They difmiifed ; and Jelus was com* mitted to a band of foldiers, who, during the night, offered him a thou- fand infults. Peter, having followed into the judgment-hall to fee the end, upon very flight temptations, thrice wickedly, and at laft with horrid oaths, denied, in his prefence, that ever he had known him. At the fecond crowing of the cock, Je- ius graciouily looked on him; which being attended with powerful con- vijlion of his confcience, he went out and wept bitterly, Matth. xxvi. 35, — 75. Mark xiv. 30, — 72. Luke xxii, 38, — 71. John xviii. i, — 27. Next morning, the council early af^ feinbled in their ordinary place at the temple, and Jefus was fifted at their bar. Tiiey interrogated him, if he was the Mejjiah, and Son ofCodP He replied, that it was needlels to tell them, as they were determined not to believe what he faid ; but they fliould afterward be obliged to acknowledge his power, when they fliould fee him at the right hand of God, inflicting punifliment on his e- nemies. They again demanded, if he was the S971 of Cod P He replied, he was. The judges cried out, tUat CHR [ ^69 ] Cf!R he deferved death for his blafphe- my. They then carried him bound to Pontius Pilate, the Roman gover- nor, that lie might ratify their len- tence, and give orders lor its exe- cution. Judas the traitor, Itung with his guih, came and aflerted Ins Ma- tter's innocence, and threw down the reward of his treachery. Un- moved herewith, they proceeded to Pilate's judgment-hall ; but would not enter it, for fear of deiiliug themfelves by a Heathen's houle, during their feaft of unleavened bread. Pilate therefore came forth to a balcony, and alked their charge againfl Jefus. They told him, that he was certainly an evil-doer, who deferved death, which tlicy had not power to iuHnit. Pilate inliitcd for a particular charge and proof. They averred, he had perverted the na- tion, forbidden to pay tribute to Ce- far, and called himfelf the Mefliah. After Pilate hadexaminedjefus con- cerning his royalty, he told thejews that he could find no fault in him. The prielh and elders the more ve- hemently accufed him ; allcdging, he had begun at Galilee, and flirred up the people to rebellion againlt the emperor. To thefe accufations, Je- fus, to the governor's fiirprife, ne- ver anfwered a word. Hearing tliat lae had been in Galilee, Pilate fent him to Horod, the teirarch of that country, M'ii'»was then at ftrufaleni, and glad to have Inch re I petit fh>wn to his authority, and to have an op- portunity of I'cting Jelus. To the ia- terrogatioijs of Herod, and the con- tinued charges of the fcribes and el- ders, Jefus anfwered notlnug. To exprefs his contempt of him, and of the charges laid againlt him, Herod, after mocking him a while, lent him back to Pilate, dreiTei! as a mock- king. Once and again, Pilitc re- monrtrated to the Jews, that in his view Jefus was innocent; and, warn- ed by his wife's dream, he walh-rd kis hands in water, protelliujj, tlut he had no hand in his death. Th« Jewilh multitude cried lor his cm- cifixion, and willied iiis blood might be on them and their children. Pi- late, after permitting the fiddlers to array him in purple, and crown him widi thorns, as a mock fovercign, caufed Icourge him, in order to nHJV« their pity ; and ufed fomc further means to obtain his refcue. bind- ing the mob were mad on the re- leafe of Barabbas, nnd the cruci- fixion of Jefus ; and fearing they might raifc an uproar in the city, and accufe him as unfaithful to Ce- far, he, contrary to his confcience, releafed Barabbas, a noted murder- er, and condemned Jefus to be cru- el tied. The Jews and the Roman guard rudely hurried him to Golgotha, the place of execution. All the way they infulted and abufed him, and forced him to bear his own crofs. When he had almort fainted under* its prelfure, they compelled one Si- mon, a Cyrenian, to allilt him in bearing it. Some pious women at- tended Jefus, weeping for lus treat- ment. He bid them weep lor them- felves and children ; for if he, tho* irnoccntt fuftered in this manner, what terrible vengeance Ihould over- take their guilty nation, fo ripe fot* the judgments of Heaven! <\ftcr of- fering him vinegar and myrrh, ming- led with gall, and Itripping oli' his cloaths, the foldiers nailed him tn the crol's, with a thief on every hamJ of him, and then parted his raiment. On the top of his crofs, Pilate hr>.d caufed infcribe, in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, This is JCus ofNuzurcth^ k'nig oj the JiWT ; nor wouM he al- ter the infcrijition, to mnke it bear the lead charge again (I him. The Jewifli rulers and others ridiculej jefus as he huvg on the crof^ ; and he begged that his Father would forgive thefe outrageous murderers. At (irlt, it fecms, both the thievea that were cruciiicd along witli hlioi CHR [ 276 ] CHR CpijTaided him. Atlaft, one of them j-ebuked his fellow, alferted Jefus' innocence, and begged him to fave him from ruin. Jefus told liim, that ihat very day he fhould be M^ith I im in the heavenly paradife. Jefus next recommended his forrowlLil mother to the care of John, the ion of Ze- bedee. About noon, when he had j>erhaps hung three hours on the crofs, the lun was fupernaiurally darkened, and continued lb till three o'clock afternoon. Jefus cried out in the Hebrew or Syi iac, My Cody Ufiy Gild, why /:afl i/KuJor/Uken im ? Borne derided him, and cried, that \\t was calling for EUas. Jefus, *]uickly after, cried, / thirfi. Some Iield to him afpunge full of vinegar, ^vhich, when he had tailed, he cried out, that his fuilering-work was fi- aiiihed; and, recommending his ibul to God, he bowed down his head, and gave up thegholl, Matth. xxvii. I, — 50. Mark XV. i, — 38. Lukexxii. 68. ami xxiii. I, — 46. John xviii. 28. and xix. i^ — 30. While Jefus expired, the vail of the temple, between the faniluary and moil holy place, was rent afunder, !'rom the top to the bottom, to mark, that the ceremonial diftincStion be- tween Jews and Gentiles, was now aboliilied, and our accefs to the hea- venly mrti:;fions obtained. The earth Ihook, the rocks fplit, and graves •were opened ; and now, or rather at his refurre«Stion, a number of faints arofe, and appeared to many in Jerufalem. The fpefen before his Father. Through eternity, he will continue, In our nature, the everlafting means of fellowfhip between God and ran- fomed men, Matth. xxviii. Mark xiv. JLuke xxiv. John xx. and xxi. Ads '%. 12. and iii. ?o, 21. Matth. xxv. 51, — 46. I Cor. XV. 24, — 28. Ifa. Ix. 19. Rev. xxi. 23. Pfal. ex. 4. Ifa. ix. 7. As the order in which fome ©f the events mentioned in our Sa- viour's life is not altogetlier certain, a view of them, fomewhat different from the preceding, and perhaps more accurately arranged, fhall be given in the chronological index at the end. Whatever aftoniftiing myfteries are implied in the incarnation, obedi- ence, and death of the Son of God, it is ftill more inconceivable, how any deceiver, unlearned or learned, Could, with liich an air of Candour, forge a charadler fo grand and ami- able. When the birth, life, death, refurredion, and glory of Jefus of Nazareth, and the various circum- ftances thereof, are compared with the ancient types and predidions, tlie agreement is fo plain and full, that it is furprifmg how any can doubt of his Meffiahlhip. His doc- trines, miracles, and refurredion, at- tefted by friends and foes ; the fuc- cefs of his gofpel ; nay, the unbelief of the Jews; the terrible ruin of their church and nation ; their miraculous prefervation in a dillind body, a- inidil their difperfion and diftrefs ; all the falfe Chrifts or Mefliahs that hare appeared among them, at once fulfil his predidions, and demonftrate his MelTiahfhip. Nothing therefore but Ignorance of the ancient prophe- cies and ceremonies, pride, and a mad defire of a temporal deliverer and fovereign for Meffiah, could, or can influence the Jews to rejed him. The ftupid methods, whereby they confirm themfelves in their unbelief, licw low and pitiful ! For a while, they, Ignorant of chronology, flioit* ened the time between their return from Babylon and Jefus' birth, and pretended the feafon of the Meffiah's appearance, prefcribed by the pro- phets, was not come. Next, they be- came perplexed and divided in fen- timent. Some pretended his coming was delayed, becaufe of their fms ; but how fin could be a reafon for delaying a deliverer from Jin, they knew not. Others pretended he was born about the time their fceptre de- parted, and their city and temple was ruined by Titus ; but lay con- cealed among the lepers at Rome, or in the earthly paradife, till Eliag fhould come and manifeft him to men. For many ages paft, they have been wont to curfe the man who pretends to calculate the time of the Meffiah's appearance. Inftead of juftly applying the diverfified pro- phecies to the twofold ftate of the Meffiah, they have ftupidly fplit him into two ; one, a defcendent of Eph- raim, who, amidft terrible diftrefs, fhall, with the troops of Ephraim, ManafTeh, Benjamin, and Gad, at- tempt to deliver the Jews, and fhall perifh in his work. The other of the family of David, v.^ho fhall raife the former from the dead ; raife the de- ceafed Jews ; rebuild their temple at Jerufalem ; conquer and rule the whole earth. When we confider the relation of ChrilVs perfon as God-man to his work, in executing his offices, and to his ftates of humiliation and glory : when we confider how God is in, and with him ; how all his perfec- tions are difplayed, and his truths exemplified in him: when we confi- der his various relations to the pur- pofes, covenants, words, and ordi- nances of God, and to the church; and to the privileges, duties, and worfhip of the faints, whether in time or eternity, we have a delight- ful view of him, as ALL and in all^ Col. iii. II. CHR C 273 ] C HU B'alfs Chrifts ure fuch as pretend to be the McHlili. What numbers of thele h;ive appeared iunoiiv/ the fin. '1 h*' American is larger, and the Euro- pean of Silefia and Bohemia Hill lar- ger, but of leall value. The chry- folite of tlie ancients, was the feventh tound ilionof the newJeruJ"aleiii,anJ perhaps the tenth jewel in the liu'h- prieil's breaflplate, Rev. xxi. 20. CHRYSOrRASUS; a precious jewel, of a beautiful green colour, mingled with yellow. It was the tenth foundation of the new Jerufa- lem, Rev, xxi. 20. CHUB; jjrobably the country of the Cubians, on the north-well of E- gypt : but the Arabic vcrfion, and others, will have them to be the Nu- bians, who fettled on the foutli-well of Egypt, Ezek. xxx. 5. CHlIRCfl. The word fo ren- dered, was anciently ufed, to fignl- fy any public meeting of perfons, to' confult the common welfare of a ci- ty or Hate ; and fometlmcs it was given to an unlawful aifembly, Ads xlx. f 32, 39, 41. It has been con- tended, that the place of facred meet- ing is fo called, in i Cor. xl. r8, 22. and xiv. 34. ; but in botli texts, the word may very well be undcrllood. of the congregation alj'cvibled. With refpe«5t to lacred aifemblies, the Word is wii^iX to fignify a focicty of men, called of God by the gofpel. Out of the w orld that lierh in wic- kednefs, ijito the faitli, fellowlliip, o- bedicnce, and worlhlp of the Lord Chriil, and of God in him. AV^itli refped to \vhich fenfe, it iis taken more or lefs largely. Ft fignihes, ( I.) The whole body of the tied, as united under Chriil their Mead, Col.- i. 18, {2.) The folk)wers and wor-" riilppers of Chriil, in a p.iriicular province or city, as tphefus, Smyr- na/ J.Tufalem, Rome, &c. Rt/. it- Mru CHU C ^74 ] CHU and Iti. (3.) A particular body of men that are wont to meet together in one place, to profels, worlhip, and ferve the Lord Chrill. Thus Ave read of cliurches in particular houfes, Rom. xvi. 5. Col. iv. 15. In both thefe lad fenles, the people, with or without their rulers, are called a church, AiSts viii. 3. and xlv. 25. (4.) An alfcmbly of facred rulers met in ChriiVs name and authority, to execute his laws, and govern his people, in a congregation, city, or province, Sic. Matth. xviii. 19. From the beginning to the end of the world, the church is continued; and is a fpiritual, holy, regular, and miorc or lefs vifible fociety. As i-e- lation to Chrift, and to one another in him, is the conftituent form of a church, the Old and New Teftament church agree in efl'emials ; though in their external rites of worlhip, and many other circumflances, they exceedingly differ. In every age, Jefus Chrill is the church's founda- tion and head ; his oracles her bind- ing rules of diretflion; his glory, and the glory of God in him, and the fpiritual and eternal faivation of men throuG^h him, are the ends of her e- ftabruhment. Ms;n who are by I'aith united to his peiibn, and fan»51ilied by his indAvelling Spirit, and who, as thev have opportunity, believe and profefs his revealed truths, and fub- ' jeiH: to his ordinances, are, in every age, her alone true members, Eph. i. 22. and iv. 4, 5, 6. Col. ii. 17. Eph. ii. 20. Ifa. viii. 20. John v. 39. Eph. iii. 21. and v. 25, — 27. Heb. iii. I, 6. For 2500 years, the church feems to have had no ordinary governors or oificers ; but the patriarchal heads of families were teachers and priefts, Gen. xviii. 19. Job i. 5, During much of that period, flie had no mul- titude of ordinances or members. For the next 1530 years, flie was chiefly confined to tlie Jewilh nation; h^r ceremonial ordinances were ex- ceedingly numerous, and the oracle? beilowed on her very extenfive. Her teachers and governors were prophets, priefts, and Levites. Du- ring a great part of both thefe pe- riods, the vifions of God, chiefly to church-guides, were confiderably frequent. For fome ages, the providence of God prepared matters for the erec- tion of the New-Teftament churchy chiefly among the Gentiles. The Jews were difperfed into a multitude of places befides their own country. For their ufe, the Old Teftament was tranflated into Greek, a lan- guage which then mightily prevail- ed in the world. At Jefus' birth, wife men Avere miraculoufly led to adore him ; and no doubt carried home the news of his incarnation. During his life, the Samaritans, the centurion, the Syrophenician wo- man, and other Gentiles, believed on him. A number of Greeks were anxious to fee him. And it is ob- fervable, that he chi .-fly preached in Galilee, and places where multi- tudes of Heathens were mingled with the JeAvs. After his refurrec- tion, the church was erecfled in her gofpel-form. The ceremonial rites were abolilhed, and ordinances niore fimple and eafy, as preaching, bap- tifm, the Lord's fupper, &c. efta- bli filed in their room. To plant churches, the extraordinary oificers appointed, were apoftles, evangelifts, prophets. To manage thefe plant- ed, the ordinary ones Avere paftors, or teachers, ruling elders and dea- cons. By means of miraculous o- perations, chiefly by the laving in- fluences of the Holy Ghoft, multi- tudes in Judea, and in all the coun- tries around, AA^ere quickly converted to Chrift. Churches Avere planted in Arabia, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Bar- bary, to the fouth and Aveft ; in Chal- dea, Mefopotamia, Armenia, Affy- ria, and Perfia, to the caft ; in Phe- nicia, Syria, Lelfer Aha, Thrace, C H U [ 275 ] C H U and liv. Iv. and Ix. S:c. Rev. ^lacedonia, Greece, Illyricum, Ita- ly, and Spain, to the north. During tlie ajiortolic age, the form of the Cluiltian chnrch was truly glorious. The apoftles and others, with amazing diligence, btildnefs, and prudence, puhlifhed the truths of the gofpel ; and were examples of the believer<;, in faith, in holinefJ!, and charity. The converts to Chri- ftianity believed the golpel, and cor- dially Ibrrcndered themfelves, and all that they had, to tlie honour and fervicc, influence, government, and difpolal of the Lord Jefus, as their Head, Saviour, and King ; denying imgodlinefs, and worldly lulls ; and living foberly, righteoully, and god- ly : were lovers of one another, and ready to lay down their lives for the brethren. Truth, peace, holi- nefs, and order, were every where pleafantly united : foundnefs in the faith, fmiplicity of gofpel-worlhip, impartial cxercife of difcipline, and purity of converfation, remarkably prevailed: honc(ty,regu'ar,ty, meek- nefs, prudence, impartial equity, zeal for the honour of Chrilt, and the edification of mens Ibiils, did run through the whole manajjcment of government and difcipline. Chri- llians having carefully formed their principles, not on the di«5tates of men, but on the unerring oracles of God, received the truth in the love and power of it ; contended earnefU ly for the faith once delivered to the faints : they kept the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace ; they bore one another's burdens ; they carefully avoided the laying of of- fenlive ftumbling-blocks before o- thers ; they continued ftedfaftly hi the apollles do<5trine, and in fellow- ihip, and in breaking of bread, and in j'rayers; they carefully attended to relative duties ; and in what fta- tions they were placed, therein ihey abode with God, Acts ii. 41, — 47. and iv. 31, — 34. Pfal. Ixxii. and xlv. Hnd xcvjii. Ila. xi. and xj;\v. and xlix. vi. 2. About A. D. 66, when the ftcond fcal was 0])eiie(i, jierlt-cutiou «j1" tlic Chridian?, by imperial authority, began. Nero, a very monilcr of men, having malicioully burnt a part of the city of Rome, charged it on the Chriltians, and ena^iled laws to deflroy them. They were terribly pcrl'tcuted for about a year ; multi- tudes of them were burnt in his gar- dens, for nightly illuminations. In this pcrlecution, it is probable, Paul and other apoflles were murdered. The terrible overthrow of the Jcw- ifh church and (late, a few years af- ter, tended to confirm the Chrillian religion ; and to wean its profeflors from their attachment to the ancient ceremonies. About A. D. 92, Do- mitian, another moidler of cruelty, raifed a new pcrfccution. John the apoflle, it is faid, was cafl into a cal- dron of boiling oil, and efcaped un- hurt; and was afterward banilhed to Patmos. The murder of Domi- tian, by his wile and friends, put an end to this perfecmion, about tliree years after it began. About A. D. 105, the emjKror Trajan raifed a tliird perfecution. Ai'ter two years, it M'as almoll Hopped, by means of Pliny the younger, who had wearied of murdering the Chriltians in Pon- tus and Bitliynia. About A. D. 1 20, a fourth pet fecution was raifed by Adrian. It lafled nine years. And befides, vaJl numbers of Chriftians were murdered by the Jewilh re- bels, in this and the former reign. Rev. vi. 3, 4. Under the third pal, extending from A. D. 138 to 235, the Chriflian clergy were lefs bold and acflive in Ipreading the gofpel than formerly; ncvcrthelefs many of them were ex- cellent men. Jullin Martyr, Mcli- to, Athenagora"', Thfophiias, Cle- mens Alexandrinas, Tertiillian, and other?, wrote well in oppofition to Peregrinus, Crefcens, Cellbs, and Lu- jf»i m J CHU [ n^ 1 CHU fian, who attempted to confute the iChriftian faith r but moll of them were deeply tainted unth fmaller er- rors in dochine, or with fuperflitions in praclice. The herefies of the Gnoftics and Lbionites, which had formerly fprung up; andof Bafilides, V^ientinus, Hermogenes, Cerdon, Mircion, Apelles, Montanus, Pra- xeus, &c. mightily prevailed. The emperors Antoninus, Pins, Marcus Auretius, and Septimins Severus, though famed for equity and good- nefs, perfecuted the Chi iltians with no fmall fury. Thefe things pro- duced a foul-ruining famine of the pure preaching of the gofpel, while muli.tudes of the Roman fubje^ls perilhed for want of common food, Rev. vi. s, 6. Under the fourth fc-af, extending from ^. D. 2^5 to almo{l: 500, mat- ters Itill grew worfe ; the bold zeal, patience, and prudence of minifters^ and even the purity of gofpel-truth, gradually decreafed. The Chriftians felt their Ihare of the terrible rava- ges, famines, and peftilenre, M'hich "waft ;d the empire. The rife of the i>abeliian, Samofatenian, Manichean, and other herefies ; the wild fancies of Origen, and the fchifm between the yartifens for and againfl: him ; the fchifm of the Donatifls, raifed by Novatus and Novatian, under pretence, that fome compilers with idolatry, in time of perfecu'ion, were too eafily re-admitted to the church; the fchifm between the Roman, and fhe African, and Afian churches, a- bout the re-baptizing of fuch as had their baptifm from heretics; the per- fetntions raifed by the emperors JVIaxim'T, Decius, and Valerian, ex- ceedingly dirtreifed the church, Rev. yi. 7, 8. From ^. D. 260 to 502, the ChriOians, fuffering no general perfecntion, had accefs to hold a va- riety (if leffer councils againll here- tics c. :d Icliifmaiic?:. Meanwhile, ^reams of Roman bh^od were (lied |)y the Goths, Alemans^ Sarinat«, C^uadi, and Perfians, and in thefp own mutual broils; but the murder of the Chriftians demanded a further revenge on thefe Heathens. It was, liowever, delayed of God, till ano- ther perfecntion, and by far the moft terrible, had happened. The emperor Dioclefian began it about 302, and it lafted ten years, and ex- tended to the whole Chriilian church, under the power of the empire. The Chriftians, chiefly the minilters,were fcourged to death, had their flefh torn off with pincers, and mangled with broken pots. They were caft to wild beads; were beheaded, cru- cified, burnt, drowned, torn to pieces between trees, roafted by gentle fires; and fome, by holes made in their body, had melted lead poured into their bowels. In Egypt alone, it is laid, 140,000 were cut off by violent deaths, and 700,000 by bar nifhment and hard labour In every part of the (empire, churches were razed to the ground, and the copies of the fcriptures were burnt. It appears, from fome medals ftruck on the occafion, that the perfecutors thought they had effectually and fi- nally ruined the religion of Jefus. Herod, Nero, Domitian, and almoft every noted perfecutor, had already been marked with the fignal ven- geance of God. Diocletian, and Maximian Hercuiius, his partner, had fcarce begun the above perfe- cution, when Galerius, a fubordinate Cefar, obliged them to refign their power, and retire to a private con- dition. It is faid, Dioclefian after- wards ended an anxious Hfe, by a draught of poifon. Hercuiius often attempted to refnme his power, and at laft, for the intended murder of Conftantine, his fon-iu-law, had his neck broken. Maxentius, his fon, had his army of 200,000 routed by Conftantine ; and himlelf, being o- bligcd to fly by the Milvian bridge^ was, with, a large part of his army, drowned in the Tiber, juft "vyhere; CH U r '^n ] CIIU >e had laid fnares for Conflantine's lil'e. Galeriiis died of a terrible and loathfome dillemper, begging; the prayers of ClirilUans for liis rehef. Coiillantius Clilorus, his colleague, was not a perleciitor ; and liis foil Conltantine fucceedcd him. The' he had not yet thought of embracing the Chrilh.m faith, yet, dctcfling the cruelties ol his partners in tiic em- pire, he warred on, and vanqnilhed Maxentius. Jn /t. D. ;?I2, he e- mitted aji edi(^t of toleration to the ChrifHans: Maximin, his colleague, quickly revoked it in the ealt; and, inltik^ated by the Heathen p; iclts, made war on Licinus, the brother- in-law of Conftantine. Enraged Hiat his army was routed, he mur- dered a multitude of the prielts, who had promifed him the viclory. He >vas juft going to venture a fccond battle, when he was fmitten with blindnefs and terrible pain : he poi- loned himfelf ; and, amidft rage and defpair, acknowledged his troub'e the jult punhhment of his perfccu- tion of the innocent Chriltians. Kor a time, Licinus, now Cefar, or de- pute-emperor in the eaft^, pretend- ed to favour the Chriltians; but af- terwards commenced a perfecntor. Conftantine, his brother-in-law, and now a Chriltian, marched againft him ; defeated him in three great battles; in the lall of which 100,000 were flain. Licinus was taken, and afterward put to death. Rev. vi. 9, — 1 7. Pfal. xxi. 8, — 1 2. and ex. 5, 6. Under the opening o{ the /event h feat, chiefly from y1. D. '3,2'i, to ^q8, vvhen Conltantine died, the Chrilti- ans enjoyed a great calm of profjie- rity : Conltantine enacfled a variety of laws in their favours ; he fcarce admitted any but Chrilrians to offi- ces of Itate. He called the council of Nice, which condemned the Ari- an hcrcfv. He vigoroufly promo- ted the ltri(fl fanc-fification of the Lord's day. He erected churches and fchools, and eflablilhed reve- nues for tnc Chrillian clergy. Af- ter he had tried loiter methods for extirpating tlie Heathen idolatry, lie, tor tlic fix or eight laft years of his life, tiled others more rough. He dellroyed the idols, ])ijlled down their temples, and fomeiimcs banifh- ed the obltinate prielts, or put tliein to death. By thele means, Heathen- ifm was moltly di Hedged Iroin the cities, but continued in l\\t' pagi, or vU/ugcs : and lb came to be called Vaganifm. His excelFive favour to the Cliriftian clergy, and to new converts, occafioned pride and am- bition; and many aifi.meJ the Chri- ftian name who had no cordial re- gard to religion. It is certain, how- ever, that multitudes, both of Jews and Gentiles, v ere fincere converts; and the gofpel was propagated a- mong the Perfians, Indians, and the nations on the eail of the Euxine fea. Rev. vii. and viii. I. ind xii. I,— ri. To punifh the Chrlflians abufe of their profperity, a long feries of terrible judgments, fignified by the apocalyptic trinnpei^, came upori them. Before Conftantine's death, the Arian herefy, which reprefents our Redeemer as no more jhan an excellent creature, or fccondary God, was introduced ; and, amid the ter- rible contentions, that emjieror \\ a in oTice under him, to opprefs and inurder the ChrilUans. After CIIU [ 278 ] CHU his return from the Perfian war, he intended a furious perfecution ; but he was killed in it, when he had fcarce reigned two years. About A. D. 566, Valens, the emperor of the eaft, an Arian, raifed a furious perfecution of the orthodox, and continued it till his death in 375. Valentinian, his fon, was more fa- vourable to them ; but the terrible contentions occalioncd by the Ari- ans and half Arians, and by the Ma- cedonians, who denied the divinity of the Holy Ghoft ; and the conti- nued fthifm of the Donatiils, who reckoned their fellow-Chriltians al- moit Heathens in cou;parifon of themfelves, raging in Africa ; toge- ther with the herefies of the Photi- niaus, who thought Chrilt a mere man, and the Holy Gholt no divine perfon ; and of the Apollinarifts, who beheved Chrill's flefh confub- ilantial to tlie deity, and not formed of the fubftance of the Virgin, and that his divine nature fupplied the place of a foul; and of the Audeans, or Anthropomorphites, who imagi- ned God to have a material body like their own, exceedingly troubled the church. From ^. D. 379 to 395, the church had fomc outward calm. Theodofius the emperor fa- voured the orthodox ; made a great many laws for the abolifliment of Heathen idolatry, which had been regainiug its ground ever fmce the death of Conftantine. This profpe- rity was quite abufed : now, as well as formerly, councils were held, one would think rather to gain vi<5tories, than really to eftablilh the truth. Violently the Romilh bifhcps llrug- gled to have all appeals made to them ; and every where the clergy contended for their own, or their friend?, promotion, into the ftations of bilhops, metropohtans, &c. In this fourth century, the fuperllition, formerly begun, exceedingly increa- fed. Befides lordly biihops, we find arch and fubJeacons, exorcifis^ and canonic fingers : they lighted candleS by day in their churches ; they burnt incenl'e in the time of prayers and facraments; they abftained from par- ticular meats, during their ftated fafts ; they admired celibacy ; they prayed to departed faints ; marked a great veneration for reliques, the crols, &:c. ; they fet up images in churches, and fometimes adored them ; the clergy officiated in robes held facred ; they prayed for the dead, and lometimes for the damned, that their torments might be miti- gated. They baptized the dead } and allowed baptifm by laics. Peo- ple went in pilgrimage to our Savi- our's fepulchre : and men and women began to live by themfelves, in a monkifli manner, under pretence of being wholly the Lord's. About the beginning of the fifth century, Arcadius and Honorius, the fons of Tbeodohus, renewed the Arian perfecution of the orthodox. — The terrible ravages of the Goths, Huns, Vandals, and Heruli, repeat- ed, till, in 476, the empire was a- boliilied, foon gave the emperors other work than to perfecute the faints. But the Heathen Goths turn- ing Arian, carried on the periecu- tion of the orthodox, almoft where- ever they had power. While the Donatifls and Circumcellions tore to pieces the African church, the Ari- an Vandals feized on the country, and terribly perfecuted the ortho- dox. The Heathens in Perfia rai- led a no lefs cruel perfecuticm of the Chriltians there ; and the Saxon ra- vagers almoll ruined the churches in Britain. Meanwhile, the P«Jagian, Neltorian, and Eutychian herefies, troubled the church. The different parties fcarce ftuck at any thing, which they imagined could render them fuperior in councils, or other- wife. The two laft of thefe herefies ftill remain in the eaftern churches. Few, I believe, of thefe called Ne- ftorians, or Eutychians, diftin«Sly CHU C ^ knew what they woiiUl have been at ; but it is much to the honour at' the former Ncilorians, that tliiry were i'o diligent in fprcadinj; llie Chridian rchgion in a threat part of Eaflcrn Alia, tliouiHi not a httlc ob- scured by tlifir wliinis and fupcrlti- tions. The Hrll invented by Fela- gius, who was once extremely fa- mous for a lliew of piety, Itill fub- fills, with fome refinements amonj; the Popilh and iVrminian parties in Europe. In this century, we find patriarchs, primates, archbilhops, vi- cars ; and it was an elt iblilhed rule with the clergy to model the church, after tlie form of the empire, as much as they could ; the celibate of tlie clergy, the doclrine of purga- tory, and of tlie middle ftate of fouls, till the lall day, and of the abfohite neceflity of baptiiin, took place. About the commencement of the fixth century, die external Rate of the church feemed more agreeable. Thcoderic, the Gothic kinej of Ita- ly, except a little before his death, a^^eJ with qrcat moderation. Hll- deric, the "V andal king of Africa, ta- voured the orthodox. Jiiltin, the em- peror of the call, was at great pains to reform and reunite the Chriilian church, and procured an union be- tween die eafternand Ivomilh, after along fchifm. Jullinian,hisfucce true fa\"ranionts, nor ought baptifni to be adminifter- cd with a mixture of oil, &c. The P(^pil}i party railed armies to deftroy tlicm ; but, under Zifca, their vali- ant commander, they often routed their foes ; till the lelis zealous being detached from them, by the craft of their perfecutors, and by fomc con- ccffions inthcreceivingoi theL<)rd's fupper, the re(t were overpowered, and obliged to retire to mountairts and dens, wliere they ccmtinued till the reformation, and had their form of do(ftrine, worihip, and govern- ment, not much unlike to that of the Scotch Prcfbytcrians. The un- fuccefsful and ruininis war of the Papifts with the Mahometans, for the recovery of Canaan, had been the occafion of introducing fome knowledge, as well as much fuper- ftiiion, from Alia. But, when Con- fiantinople was taken by the Turks, y/. D. I4J^, a number of learned Greeks fled to the weft, .and were the happv inftruments of reviving knowledge, where i: wasalnioft ex- tinct. John Tritheniius, John Gcf- ler, John Baptilla, John Picus Mi- randulx-, and others in the Romilli church, tcUili«»d againlt her abomi- nations. Savonarola, a Dominican friar, after he had been Iqr fonie time famous for piety, meekncis, and faiihl'ul preaching of tnuh, was imprifoned, tortured, and burnt at Florence, yl. D. 149S; and endured his futferings with tlie utmoll calm- nefs and conftancy, and marks of genuaie love to the trutli. Jn the beginning of the i6th ccntu» ry, the external ftate of tlic church was e^tremtly Ioav. The ])0(u- re- mains of the Waldcnfes, Lollards, and Bohemians, fcarce made any appearance. The cc^uncils ot Con- llance and Balil, in the preceding age, and the council of Pifa, y1. D. 1 51 1, had, in vain, j^rctcnded at- tempts to rciorni the head and IxiQUl- Kll 2 CHU L iH ] CHU teJs of the Romifli church. We learn, from the hundred grievances pfthe Germans, prefcnted to the im- perial diet at Norimberg, and the thirty-^ve of the Switzers of Zurich and Betn, and other documents of thefe times, that die fcriptures were abnoft unknown, and mens doc- trines not tried by them, but by falfe rniracles and lying wonders : reli- gion was quite opprelfed by foolifh and wicked traditions ; piety buried ;n jevv'ifli, Heathen, and magical fu- perltition. The worlhip chiefly con- fiiled in adorning the bread in the facrament, the virgin Mary, (aints cieparted, and pretended reliques. Pardon of fm, or indulgence in it, right of calling minifters, and every thing facred, were let to fale. In pride, oppreffion, covetoufnefs, blaf- phemy, and lewdnefs, the clergy Were next to finilhed infernals. Pro- voked with thefe things, Luther in Germany, Zuingiiusin Switzerland, and Calvin in France, began an un- biased and careful learchofthe fcrip- ture ; oppofed the abominations of the Pap ;cy, andfeparatedtlierefrom. Their liiccefs in preaching the gof- pel, ana reforming the nations, was altoniililng. The diligence of thei'e, and of fuch as joined them in the iludy of divinity, and in preaching of truth ; their various tranflations pf the fcripture, and the other books they pnblifhed ; their pious lives ; their cf-ntounding of che Po- plHi dodtors in diiputes ; the frater- nal ■ t.igues qf the Proteftant party, and the conitar.cy and joy of their ma. tyrs ; the favour of a great many prices ; the cruelly of the Papills ; the horrid wickednefs pf their clergy, even in the vJb of rmly things ; and their dir^erence^ among themfelves "with rcipect _o religion ; together y.n'Ji\ the feari'iil judgments of God pn fui'dry, vho, after liuing with the - yefoi iiieio, rel:j;;ei to Popery, con- trib '.te.l mightily to promote the re- icrmation. With a zeal abfolntely infernal, th(? Popilh party oppofed the Prote- ftants, and the reformation which they had fet on foot. Edidls, inT quifitions, perfecutlons, and bloody wars, were applied to deitroy them, Ciiiefly in Germany, France, Bri- tain, Low Countries, and Switzer- land, the earth was foaked witH blood. No attempt of falfe miracles, apparitions, witchcraft, perfidy, or deceit, was left untried to ruin them. Their books were burnt, or prohi- bited to be read. The reformation was reprefented as the fource of her refy, fedition, contention, and every other evil: and fuch Protellants a» feemed inclinable to apoflatize, were bribed, cajoled, and tiattered to re- turn to Rome. A number of the more ftupid abominations were dropped, and the rell were, in the molt crafty and fplendid manner, e- llablilhed by the infamous council of Trent. The order of the JefiiitSj, wl)o afterward rendered themfelves fo famous ior learning, villainy, and fairiiful lupport of the Pope, was e-: ftabliflied. None of thefe things^i however, fo much hindered the fuc- ceis of the reformation, as the luke- warmnefs, unholinei's, divifion, and error, which fprting up among Pro- tedants themfelves ; ^ud in promo- ting which, it is believed, the Pa- piits had a very active hand. By reafon of the Lutlierans obftinacyj^ their difference with other ProtCr flants, about the corporal prefence of Chrilt, in and with the facrameu- tal bread, could never be compofed. Servetus, Socinus, and others, liiock- ed with the idolatry and abfurdities of the pLomilh church, drXmk in a fy- flem ofb]afphemy,not muchdifleren^ from that of Mahomet. They made human reafon the standard of try- ing revelation, and lb rejected the dotilrine of the Trinity, of the divi- nity of Chrift, and tlie Holy Spirit, and of ChrilPs fatisfacSlion for cur fins, and our juftification throng^ CHU [ ^85 ] CHU him. They denied the covenants of Works and grace ; denied original fin ; maintained, that perfeiftioi} in hoiincls is attainable in this Hte ; and that there was no matter wliat opi- nions in religion men were ol, it they bnt tniiled the piomiles, and obey- ed the commands ot" God. They ad- mitted every body ihat alked, be of wliat])ariy he would, to their church- feliowijiip; and contended, that Inch as oppolt'.! tliis univerfaicoalcl'cence Were unchrilti;in bigots. In Poland, Hungary, and Tranlylvania, they made a conliderable figure, under the name of Auiitrinitarians, or So- cinians. In the next century, the Dutch Remonfbant Arminians em- braced a great pirt of their errors, and thought the rcfl of very fmall conftquentc. Thefe Socinians, af- fumingthe Proteftant name, render- ed the reformers odious. Tiie mad- nefs, error, and bloodflied of tlie Anabaptills in Germany, immedi- ately after the begun reformation, had tl*e fame effett. The ChrilMan f eligion, however, us taught by Lu- ther, was, by civil authority, fettled in Denmark, Sweden, and a great part of Germany ; as taught by Cal- vin, in Holland, half of Switzerland, and in Scotland, and fecured by e- d\(Si in France. In England and Ire- land, the doctrines oi Calvin were eftablifhed by the reformers ; but they retained a form of government, much nearer to the Popifli than any of their Protellant brethren. Since the beginning of the 17th century, tlie reformation has been generally on the decline. The true reli.Tion has indeed fprcad into part of Ame- rica; and in New England hath iiad conliderable fuccefs : but I fuppoic, that, on the whole, the Prott Hants are now decrealed in number about 12 or 15 millions. Twice the Prc- latills perfcciiticn of their Protefhint brethren in Britain, and once a Po- pifli maiFacrc of about 200,000, or as jbm^ fay, 500,000 Frotelldnts in Ireland, bid fair to extirpate the ro- foi'ination in lliefe places ; bnt Pro- vidence remarkably imcrpofed. A- bout /i.D. 1620, and afterward, the Papills alniult cxtiipatcd the Prote- Ilants from Bohemia, and the pala« tinate of the Rhine ; and bid fair to expel their religion from Ger- many. But by the feafonable inter- polal of Gullavus, king of Sweden, and after a war of about 30 years, the Proteltants, both Lutherans and Calvinills, had their liberties rcllo- red, and fettled by tlie treaty of Weftphalia in 164S, Lewis the 13th of France terribly diftrelled tlie Pro- teftants there. His ungrateful fon, after long o]'>prefIic)n of them, whom they had Hxed on the throne, did, iu in 1685, abolilh the edid of Nantz, by which their liberties were ella- blilhed ; and ordered his troops to convert them to Popery. Multi- tudes were forced to comply ; vail numbers were barbaroullymurderedi and fevcral hundred thoufands, with great diificulty, fled off to Holland, Brandenburgh, Britain, &c. TJius, a famous Protefiant church, in which thtjre were once about 2000 con- gregations, fundry of them compre- hending fome thoufand communi- cants, was entirely ruined. In the lall and pre lent century, the Proteflants that were once nume. rous in Hungary, Auftria, and Sa- voy, arc almofi utterly extirpated. Nor in Poland, except in the coun- try of Pruflia, are many of them left. If we may judge of other Pro- tedant countries from the cafe of Britain, we are tempted to believe a conhderable increafe of Paplfls there. At prefcnt, fuch is the con- dition of the Proteftant churches, by reaion of the j)rcvalence of ig- noiancc, contention, and licentiouf- nels, among all ranks, and of Armi- nian, Deiitical, and other errors, and of negli'c^ence, and even pro- lancnefs of clergymen, that one can hardly fay whether they fccra fait- CHU [ 286 ] CIL eR: returning to Popery or to Hea- thenil'm. Whatever particular revivals may take place among the Protellants, I fear tilings in general Ihall grow "worfe and worfe, till, by apoitacy, and by perfecution and murder, the daughter of the witnefl'es againfl Popery be fulfilled. Nor do I fup- pofe this will take place, till about A. D. 1866, or 2016. Scarce fliall the Popifli party have prevailed to their wiili, and kept the poor re- mains of the witnelfes in a very low and diftrelTed condition, for about three years and a half, when God ihall grant them afignal relief. From the beginning of which, to their en- trance on the complete happinefs of the millennial ftate, may be 75 years ; the lirft thirty of which, it feems, Ihall be noted for terrible trouble and diftrefs. Rev. xi. and xiv. Dan. xii. i, ir, 12. During the glorious Millennium, or thoufand years reign of the faints, Satan and his agents fhall be re- markably reftrained ; the world of Jews and Gentiles Ihall unite in one Chriftian faith and fellowfliip ; the do6lrine, worfhip, difcipline, and goveniment of the church fliall ex- actly correfpond Avith the word of God; her fpiritual light, peace, and the at^ivity of her members in ho- linefs, internal and external, ftal! be quite amazing. While our Re- deemer, and God in him, fliall ap- pear all in all, her officers fliall be holy, and eminently qualified for, and fuccefsful in, winning fouls to Chrift. Such fliall be the multitudes and quality of her members, as if all the ancient martyrs had rifen from the dead: and indeed they fliall rife, not in their perfons, but in their fpiritual fucceffors ; and fliall, in glorious fellowfliip with Chrift, have the ruling power for a thott- fand years ; while the wiclied fliall be brought under to Inch a degree, Ite if alnioft buried in their graves. It feems, that near the end of this happy period, Chriftians Ihall be- come lukewarm, Satan fliall be freed from his former reftridlions ; and, by his inrtigation, the Ruffians, Turks, and Tartars, the Scythians, or per- fons of a fimilar favage temper, fliall unite, tx) make a ruinous attack on the church. By fome fignal ftroke of divine vengeance, perhaps at the very inftant of Chrift's ap- pearance to judgment, fliall their wicked armies be cut off. Then fliall the world be judged ; the hy- pocritical members of the church, together with Heathens and others, fliall be condemned, and hurried to everlafting torments in hell ; while the faints, after being firft raifed from the dead, caught up to meet the Lord in the air, and adjudged to happinefs, fliall, by Jefus, be led into the heavenly manfions of blifs, to pofTefs the everlafting enjoyment! of God, Rev. xi. 15, — 19. and xx. and xxi. Ifa. xxxv. Ix. and Ixv.. Ezek. xl. to xlviii. CHURL ; a naughty perfon, who hoards up his wealth as in a prifon, and is utterly averfe to live up to his ftation, or to beftow alms ac- cording to his abilitv, Ifa. xxxii. 5. CHURN ; to tofs milk in a veflel of fl, and their obligation to keep the laws thereof; and to rciircfcnt the remo- val of their natural corruption, by the blood and Spirit of Jelus Chrill, in virtue of his refurret^tion on the eighth day, God appointed, that al! the males in Abraham's family fhould be circumcifcd, and that his polleri- ty Ihould thereafter be circumcifed oa the eighth day of their life. The CIR f 288 1 CIR /ttncircumcifed child was to be cut off from his people ; but that threaten- in o- Teems not to have affected the chTld, till he was grown up, and wil- fuily neglcfted that ordinance of Got! for himltif, Gen. xvii. For the iall 38 years ofiheir abode in ihe dci'airt, the Hebrew children were not ctr- cumcifed. It was not there fo ne- ceifary to dillinguilh them from o- thers ; and their frequent and fud- den removals from one place to a- r other rendered it leis convenient: but I fuppofe the chief defign of the interruption of this ordinance, was to mark the interruption of the tul- lilment of God's corenant-promife, of giving them Canaan. Juft after the Hebrews pafTed the Jordan, their inales were all circumcifed : this is called a circumcifion of them xhtfe- eofuitime; as, on this occafion^ the inilitution was again revived, after it had long gone into difufe ; and it was a rolling a'.vaj of the reproach of Egypt : God hereby declared they w'ere his free ponle, and heirs of the promifed land, and removed from them, what they reckoned the Ihame of the Egyptians, Jolh. v. I, ■ — 10. After circumcifion had continued a- bout 1930 years, it was aboli/hed by means of our Saviour's death and refurre(Slion, and the ufe of it, as necellary to falvafion, became wick- ed and damnable, becaufe it import- ed, that the true Meffiah had not made fatisfa«.^ion for fm, and was a practical rejection of him and his a- tonement ; and he that was c'trcum- tfed was a debtor to the whok laiu : obliged to fulfil it for himfelf, and Chrill could profit him nothing ; and the returning to it, from the faith of the gofpcl', was a falling from the do>5lnnes of grace, and from a de-^ pendence on the free favour of God, as the ground of our laWation, iCor. vii. 18. Gal. v. 2, 3. By preaching up circumcifion, the falfe apoftles iUunned perfecution from the Jews, Gal. V. II. and vi. 1 2, 1 5. Wht-m Paul circumcifed Timothy, whofe mother was a jewefs, he did it mere- ly to recommend him to the Jews as a preacher : but he did not circum- cife Titus, that he might {how his belief that circumcifion was no more a binding ordinance of God, Acts xvi. 3. Gal. ii. 3. As circumcifion was a leading ordi- nance of the ceremonial law, it is fometimes put for the obfervance of the whole of it. Ads xv. i. As the Jews were, by this rite, diflinguifhcd from others, they are called the cir- cumcijion, and the Gentiles the un- circumcifion, Rom. iv- 9, ii. Cir- cumcifon profiteth ; is ufeful as a feal of the covenant, if one keep the law as a rule, and fo manifeft his union with Chriii ; but if he be ^ breaker of the law, his circumcifon is madd uncircumcifoji; is of no avail to his prefent or eternal happlnefs; and if uncircumcifed Gentiles keep thef law, their uticircumcijton is counted jor circujjicifon • they are as readily accepted of God, and rendered hap- py, as if they were circumcifed Jews/ Rom. ii. 25, 26. Neither circiwici- forty nor uncircumcifon, availeth an^ thing ; no man is a whit more rea- dily accepted of God, or faved by him, that he is either a Jew or a Gentile, Gal. v. 6. and vi. 15. I Cor. vii. 19. Befides the 6utward circumcifdn of the flef}}, we find an inward orte men- tioned, which is what was fignified by the other. It confiits in God's changing of our ftate and nature, through the application of the blood and Spirit of his Son. By this we are made God's peculiar people, have our corruptions mortified, and our fouls difpofed to his fervice ; and, for this reafon, the faints are called the circurncifon ; while the Jevrs, with their outward circumci- fion, are, in contempt, called the concifon, Phil. iii. 2, 3. Ukcircvmcised ; (i.) Stici^ cm [ 289 ] CIT who had not their forcfkln cut ofF; tlic Gentiles, Gal. ii. 7. Kph. ii. il. Such were detetlcd of the Jews, and divinely prohibited to cat tlic pafT- over, Judg. xiv. 3. i Sam. xvii. 26. Exod. xii. 48. (2.) Such as had not their nature chanired, nor tlicir inward corruptions lubducd and mortified, nor their foul difpoied to a ready hearing and belief of the fofpel, arc called uucircumc'tfcd in cart and ears^ Jer. ix. 29. and vi. 10. Atfls vii 51. Such who arc in- wardly unregenerate, and outward- ly fcandalous, arc uncircumciftd in hiart and flijh, Ezck. xliv. 7. Tlie corruption of nature is called the Uncircuiuciftan., or forcflcin of the fi^Jh, Col. ii. 1 3. Mofes v/as of tin- circumcifid lips; ftammered in his fpeech ; or, by the largenefs of his lips, fp«ikc difagreeably, Or fpoke unhandfomc language, abounding with fuperlluities fit to be retrench- ed, Exod. vi. 1 2, 30. The fruit of the Hebrews trees was uncircumci- fedy or polluted, three years after they began to bear, — to commc:"n()- rate Adam's fall, and to point out to us how defiled thefe enjoyments are, which we come too hadily at, Lev. xix. 23. All tlie nations do- fcended from Abraham, e>:ccpt per- haps the Edomites, long retained the life of circumcilion. The Arabs and the Turks, who learned it from them, flill retain the ufe of it ; but it is no where commanded by their Koran or Bible, nor have they r fixed time for it ; and it is rarely perforrhcd, till the child be at leaft five of (\y. years of age. The Jews, with great zeal, and a multitude of ceremonies unworthy of our rehear- fal, ftill pratftife it. It is faid, the natives, in fome places of the Welt Indies, lately pra^^tiled it. It is more cert:un, that it was ufcd by the E- gyptian priefts ; and that it has been long prac^tifed in Abyfiluia, perhaps from the days of Solomoji. CIRCUMSPECT; cautious, fe- VoL. 1-. rioully advertent to every precept of God's law, and every circumftance of things to be done or forborne, Exod. xxili. 13. Eph. v. 15. CISTERN; a large vcflcl or re- fervoir to retain water. Ciltems were very neceli'ary in Can.ian.wherc fountains were fcarce; an I lomc ol' them were 150 pacci> long, and 60 broad, 2 Kings xviii. 31. The left ventricle of the I*ai-t, which retains the blood, cill it be redifpcii'cd througli the body, is called a cijlern, Eccl. xii. 6. Wives are called ci- Jltrns ; they, vvhen dutiful, a: jl great pleafure, a'diitancc, and com- fort to their hufbands, Prov. v. 15. Idols, armies, and outward enjoy- ments, are broken cijl.rr.s that can hold no water; they can afford no fclid or lauing happincis aud com- fort, Jer. ii. 13. CITY ; a walled town. Here the people have much trade, wtaltli, and honour; they are fubjectcJ \o their proper rulers, and have diltin- gi.ilhed privileges. Tlie molt noted cities, now delhoyed, were, The- bes, Memphis, and Alexandria, ir» Egypt ; Jcrufalem and Samaria, iri Canaan; Babylon, in Chaldca ; Ni- neveh, in Affyiia ; Shulhaui, Pt.: i'e- pf.jis, and Key, in Perlia ; Aniiocli, in Syi ia; Eplieliis, Plnladelpliia, Pcr- gaTDos, and Troy, in Lcllcr ..ilia. The chief cities, now exiftent, are, Cairo. \\\ Egypt ; Ifpahan, in Perlia; Delli, in India ; Pekiu ^wA Nankin, in China; Conllantinoplc, inTui key; Rome, Paris, London, &'c. in Chri- flciulom. Jeriifalcm was call vl. The hoij ciiy, city oj Cod, city of Ho.cffwi' tics ; becauie ihere tlie temple of God \\ as built, his holy and lolenni ordinances obitrved, Matlh. v. 35. and XX vii. 53. Ifa. xxxiii. 20. She is called faithful, a city of right ecu f- ft'fh or an o'ppreJfiKg city, from the temper of her inli^bitants, Ifa. i. 26w Zepl). iii. I. Rome is called dgrcaf city, becaufo licr inhabitants were once very numerous, and their pow- O • CIT [ 290 ] CL A or and glory extremely extenfive, liev. xvii. 18. Damalcus is called a' city of pra'ifs and joy, becaufe of ihe great mirth that abounded in it, and the pleafantnefs thereof, Jer. xlix. 25. Heaven is reprelented as a city, a city with t-a>che foundations, a holy city: what glory, order, {afety, and happmefs, are there enjoyed by the multitudes of faints ! how per- fect and durable their ftate of feli- city ! and all of it founded on the perfon and purchafe of Chrift ! None l)Ut holy pcrfons do ever enter it, nor is au^ht but holitiefs ever prac- lifcd therein, Heb. xi. 10, 16. The church on earth is called a city. How beautiful the order, laws, and privi- leges thereof ! God her King dwells in her ; angels and miniilers are her "watchmen and guard ; believers are her free citizens, entitled to all the fulnefs of God ; divine ordinan- ces are her ftreets and towers ; God Jiimfelf, his falvation, providential -prefervation, and fyitem of facred government,, are her walls ; Jelus IJimlelf is her gates ; his ordinances of difpenfing word and facramenr, and of exercifmg government and tlifcipline, her Lys, Ifa. Ixii. 1 4, She is called z great city , becaufe of her extent, and the vail number of her nlembers. Rev. xxi. ro. ; a holy city, becaufe of the hoiineis of her foun- der, laws, ordinances, members, and end of erection. Rev. xi. 2. ; and ihe city of Cod, becaufe he planned, built, peopled, rules, protects, and uwells in her, Heb. xii. 22. The Antichriftian ftate is called a great city, becaufe of her great extent and power, and the marvellous connec- tion of her members, chiefly her clergy and devotees. Rev. xvi. 19. and xi. 8. The cities of the natior.s fell; the power and wealth of the Antlchriftian, Mahometan, and Hea- then party were ruined, and a num- ber of their cities deflroyed, by earthquakes, fieges, &c. Rev. xvi. 3^9.. Tlie names of cities,, whether general or particular, are oft put for the inhabitants. Gen. xxxv. 5. Ila. xiv. gi. Jer. xxvi. 2. A man's wealth and power are his firong ci- ty : in them he delights, and trulls for accommodation and proteiilion,. Prov. X. 15. He that hath no rule over his own fpirit, is like a city bro- ken down, afid without, walls ; he is inwardly full of confufion, and moll wretchedly expofed to every dan- ger, Prov. XXV. 28. Sundry great men have explained the little city, faved by the wifdom of a poor wife man of the church, delivered by Chrill ; but perhaps it is better to confider it as a real fadl, that hap- pened in or before the age of Solo- mon, Eccl. ix. 14, I J. Jeremiah was like a defenced city, iron pillar, and brazen wall, againfl the Jewilh nation ; God preferved his life and faith.ful boldnefs, notwithftanding al! their threats and perfecution, Jer. i, CITIZEN. ( I.) One that is born, or dwells in a city, Ac^s xxi. 39. (2.) One that lissthe freedom of trade, and other privileges belong- ing to a city ; fo Paul was a citizen of Rome, A6ls xxii. 28. (g.) Sub- je(5ls, Luke xix. 14. The faints are called citizens, becaufe they are en- titled to all the privileges of the ciuirch militant and triumphant,. Eph. ii. 29. Satan is a citizen of this world; he has liberty to aA in it, and is much elleemed by the men of it, Luke XV. 1 5. CLAMOUR ; quarrelfome and loud talk, Eph. iv. 31. Clamo- rous i full of loud talk, Prov. ix. 13. CLAUDA ; a fmall illand hard by Crete, and now called Gozo. Paul and his companions failed by it, in their voyage to Rome, A«5ls xxvii. 16. CLAUDIA; a Romanlady, who, it is faid, was converted to Chrifti- anity by Paul, 2 Tim. iv. 21. CLAUDIUS CESAR ; the fifth emperor cf the Romans. He fuc- CL A [ 29! ] CLE ceeded the niatl Caligula, y/. D. 41, and reigned thirteen years. Tlie fenate had dcfigned to afi'ert their iincient liberty ; hnt, by the army and populace, and the craft of He- rod Agrippa, Claudius obtained the imperial throne. To mark his gra- titude to Agrippa, lie gave him the fovercignty ot Judca, and g:ive the kingdom of Ciialcis to h!s l)rothcr Herod ; he alio confirmed the A- lexandrian Jews in tlieir privileges, i)Ut difchargtd thcfe at Rome to hold any jniblic meetings. Some time af- ler, he again reduced Judca to a Roman province, and ordered all the jews to depart from Rome. His Teign was noted for almolt nothing but a terrible famine, and for his own timoroufncfs, and for tlie abo- minable diforders of Mellalina and Agrijipina, his wives, A6ls xi. zB. and xviii. 2. " Claudius Lysias; atribuneof the Roman guard at Jerufalcm. With a great price he obtained his J'r^e- db?/i of Roman citizen, Acts xxii. 28. When the Jewidi mob thouglit to murder Paul, Lyfiasrefcued him out of their hands, bound him with chains, and carried him to the gar- rilbn's fort of Antonia ; he then or- dered Paul to be Icourged, till they iliould extort a confelUon from him ; but, upon information that he was a Roman, he forbore ; and next day brought him out to the council. Find- ing Paul's life in danger among them, he again, by force, carried him back to the fort. Soon after, he Mas in- foriDed, that above forty Jews had fworn neither to eat nor drink till they had murdered Paul. Lyfias therefore fent him oif to Felix at Ce- fareajundertheprotetftionot afl.roi;g guard, AtSts xxi, xxii. xxiii. CLAWS of four-footed beads, arc their hoofs. Dent. xiv. 6. Claius of birds are their talons, whereby they, with tlieir feet, fcratch, feize, and hold faft their prey. To tear daus ifi fi:cesj is to devour. outra- geoufly, and cut off every means of protection, reldtance, or conquclt, Zcch. xi. 16. CLAY; an earthy fubflancc'. ■whereof mortar, brick, potters veU fels are formed, Nah. iii. 14. Jer. xviii. 4. Men are likened to clay\ their bodies are formed of it ; they are vile, frail, unworthy, and eafdy tindone, Ifa. Ixiv. B. and xxix. 16. and xli. 25. The Roman ilate is compared to a mixture of iron and 'luiry clay, to denote, that, iiotwith- llanding of its being once very j)ower- ful, yet it fhould become weak, and be eafily dcitroyed by tlie barbarous Goths, Huns, Vandals, Heruli, &c. Dan. ii. ^3, ^4, 35, 42. Trouble is like in'try clay ; it is very uncom- fortable ; men gradually (ink into it, and with difficulty can they efcape it, -Tfal. xl. 2. Wealth, and otiier worldly enjoyments, are likened to a load of thick clay ; they are of fmall value for an immortal fovrl, and are often polluting, enflaving, and burdenlome, Hab. ii. 6. The clay^ wherewith Jefus anointed the eyes of the blind man, may denote ordinances, which are contemptible in the view of worldly men ; or con- viclions, which render men blind in their own view, John ix. 6, 1 5. The earth is turned up as clay to the Jeal\ •when it is frelh ploughed, it is ready- to receive any imprelfion ; and when the warmth of lummer jeturns, it affumes a comely appearance, Job xxxviii. 14. CLEAVE. To cleave a thinjr, is to aivide it mto jiarts. Gen. xxii. 3. To cleave to a pcrfon or thing, is to Hick fall to, abide with, or love ardently, i Kine;s xi. 2. To cleave to the Lord, is hrmly to believe his word, clolely unite with his perl'on, hold intimate fellowfnip with him in his fulnefs, receive and retain his Spirit, and faithfully adhere .to his truths, follow liis example, and o- bey his commands. Cloveu-jooted hearts under the law, might rcpre- O 0 2 CLE [ 292 ] CLE fent fuch as render to God and to men tin ir proper dues, Lev. xi. 3. Cloven t'JHguci of fire falling on tlie apoiticb, denoted their being quali- fied to preach the gofpel, with great Ze;d and luccels, in the various lan- gUiiges of njankind, Acts ii. 3. CLEAN; PURE ;( I.) Free from uatural filth, chaff, or drofs, Prov. xiv. 4. Ifa. XXX. 14. (2.) Free from ceremonial defilement, Lev. x. 14. Rem. xiv. 20. (3.) Free from moral filth, corruption, and vanity, Job xiv. 4. and xxv, 5. (4.) Inno- cent ; righteous ; free from guilt, A&.% xviii. 6. arid xx. 26. Wine is ■^tire when not mixed with water, Deut. xxxii. 14. Metal is purs, ^vhen without drofs. Oil, myrrh, and frankincenl'e, are fure^ when •without refuie or mixture, Exod. xxv. 17, 31 — Provender or grain js Clean, v/hen it is without chaff or fand. Ha. xxx. 24. Meats zre pure, ^vhen lawful to be ufed. The an- cient facrifices, prielh, and other perfons, were pure, when without ceremonial pollution, Ezra vi. 20. The purity of the faints Ues in their having a clean heart, and pure hands; in having their confcience purged from guilt, by the applica- tion of Jefus' righteoufnefs ; their mind, will, and affe61ions, fanfti- fied by his Spirit, endowed with im- planted grace, and freed from the love and power of finful corruption; and their outward converfation ho- ly and blamelefs, Prov. xx. 9. Job xvii. 9. 1 Tim. i. 5. Matth.v.8. To ihepure all things arc pure: to thefe, \vhole confcience and heart are pu- rified by Jcfiis' blood and Spirit, all meats are lav.'ful, Tit. i. 15. Give alms, avd all things are clean to you: turn your fraud into honefty and charity, and then you need not fear eating; with unwalhen hands, Luke ±\. 41. The purity of prayer, lies in its proceeding from 2. pure heart, and requefl^ing lawful thingsfor law- ful euds; Job xvi. 1 7. The purity of God's word, law, refigiOn, and fear, lies in freedom from error and finful defilement, Pfal. xii. 6. and xix. 8. Jam. i. 27. The cleannefs of Chrilt's blood and Spirit, lies in their infinite native purity, and their unbounded virtue to purge away otir guilt and corruption, Ezek. xxxvi.25. Cleannejs of teeth, is want of provi- iion to eat, Amos iv. 6. Clean, pure- ly, alfo Atnott full, fully, Lev. xxiii. 23. Jofn. iii. 17. Ifa. i. 25. CLEANSE, PURGE, PURIFT ; to make pure or clean. ' (i.) To make free from natural filth or drofs, Mark vii. 19. Mai, iii. 3. (2.) To confe- crate to an holy ufe, and render free from ceremonial pollution, Ezek. xhii. 20, 26. Lev. viii. 15. Numb: viii. 12. (3.) To remove the guilt of fin, by the application of Jefus' blocd, Heb. ix. 14. I John i. 9.; and the power and pollution of it, by the regeneration and fancflfica- tionofour nature and life, John xv. 2. Tit. iii. S' C^xr'xi^. purges our fin, by making atonement fur it by his blood, Heb. i. 3. He and his Fa- tl»er alfo clearife men, by tlie power- ful application of 'his blood and Spi- rit, by means of his word, Ezek. xxxvi. 25:. Rev. i. 5. : and we cleanfs ourfelves, by receiving and impro- ving his word, blood, and Spirit, to promote the purity of our confcience, and the fan(ftification of our heart and life, 2 Cor. vii. i. I Pet, ii. 22. Stripes cleanfe the inv}ard parts of the belly ; affli<5lions are ufeful to make us uneafy in, and watchful againfl fin, and to caufe us impiove Jefus Chrilt as our righteoufnefs and fanc- tification, Prov. xx. 3c. Ifa. xxvii. 9. By mercy and truth itiiguity is put- ged : by God's difplay of mercy and truth, in making Chrifl a propitia- tion for u?, it is atoned for: by the faith of this mercy and truth, is the propitiation received, and our foul purged from the guilt, love, and power of fin ; by the exercife of mercy and truth in ourpra<5lice, ini- CLE [ -93 ] CLE qii'ty is excluded frryii our heart and life, and tlie ciiicacy and fnlnels ol' the atontmcnt nianiJeiU'd, Prov.xvi. 6. (4.) A land is purged, \\licn wick- ed men, wlio derilc it, arc cut off by death or captivity, Kzek. xx. 7,8.; or tlie idoK, and other occalions of \vickednel's are dcltroyed, 2 Chron. xxxiv. 5. Minifters are ptirifirdy when they are eminently reformed by Chrilt, and titled with gifts and j;races for their work, Mai. iii. 3. i lypocriits are purged from their old jii:s, when they receive baptifm, wiiich rejjrefents tlie wafliiug away of (in ; wiien they folemnly engage and prcfefs to be holy ; and when they have their lives outwardly re- formed, 2 Per. i. 9. The method of puritication from ce- remonial defilement, was very differ- ent in form: but all reprefented the gradual purging of our confcience, heart, and hie, by the word, the blood, and Spirit of Jefus CJirift. He that offered the expiation-goat, CT fprinkled his blood ; lie that led the fcapc-goat into the wildernefs ; he that burnt die fiefh of a fm-offer- ing for the high-prieft, or congrega- tion ; and the pcrfon or garment, merely lUipefled of leprofy, was pu- rified by a fimple waihing in water. The brazen pot, wherein the flelh of a fm-offering had been boiled, was to be wajhcd and r'lufcd in water, Lev. xvi. and vi. 28. and xiii. and xiv. He that burnt the red heifer, or cafl the cedar-wood, fcarlet, or hylFop into the fire ; he that carried her alhes ; he that fprinkled, or un- neccilarily touched, the water of fe- paration ; he that did eat or touch any part of the carcafe of an unclean beaft ; he that ufed the marriage- bed, or had any involuntary pollu- tion happening him by night ; he that had any way approached to a running iifue, ^r was defiled by means of one that had it, wallied himfelf in water, and continued un- clean until Uje even, Numb. xix. Lev. xl. and xv. Deut. xiv. and xxiii. To purify a woman who had lain in of child-birth, flic was to offer a lamb, turtle, or pigeon, for a burnt- offering, and a turtle or pigeon for a fin-offering. To purge away the defilement contra the light, glory, majcfty, llrcngth, and zeal, that God manifefls in iii;^ providential difpenlations, are calkil \\\% garments y Pi'al. civ. 2. and xciii. 1. Ifa. lix. 17. His garmchts, ivhit,: as fi:otv, denote the holinciv, equity, a\id glory of his nature and works, Dan. vii. 9. Chriil's cluthlng oj a cloud, imports tlie majefty and ob- Iciuity of his providential fulhlment of his work. Rev. x. i. His red gar- imnts, and vcjiun dipt In blo'):i, mark his vi(^iory over, and his bloody riiiii of, his incorrigible foes, Ifa. Ixiii. i^ 2. Rev. xix. i;?. His Unoi gar- ment, down to the foot, is his dignity and majefly, as King of his church r. or rather his righteoufnefs, which covers himfelf and his people. Rev. i. 13. YLh gar!::cuts fmcll of inyrri ^ alocsy and cajfia, out of thi ivory pa- laces, whereby they ?nake hi?ii glad. To his people, his mediatorial ollicc , his humanity, his righteonlhcls and falvation, have tjie moil refrelhful and purifying influence, far luperioi- to the fragrant I'mell of garments, that have lain pcrfutned in wardrobes- lined with ivory ; and that both in heaven above, and in his chinch and ordinances below, where his heart is gladdened with the polieflion oi" his office, falvation and righteouf- nefs, and with the holy cxercil'es of liis people, Pl'al. xlv. S. jefus' im- puted righteouliiefs is a r^hc : when imputed to us, it beautifici, warms, and proteins om Ibul, Ifa. l\i. to. k CLO [ 295 ] CLO Is a loedcling -garment, given us at our fpiritual marriage with him ; and wherein we {land before God, while we receive the facramental feals of the marriage, and while it is pubhcly folemnized at the lallday, Matth. xxii. ir. Rev. xix. 9. It is the bsjl robe ; confif Is of the obedi- ence and luitering of an ir.liriite per- fon ; eternally protects from all evil ; renders accepted before God j and entitles to an unbounded and ever- lalling felicity, Luke xv. 22. Jefus himfelf is a robi to be put 07i ; by his imputed righteouTntfs, and impart- ed grace, he protecfts, adorns, and refreihes our foul ; nor ought we to be aftiamed of him, but to glory and rejoice in him, Rom. xiii. 14. Rev. xii. I. The faints new nature, gra- cious endowments, and holy conver- fation, are their^ar;//^///i, which they keep, kiip pure, and \i)afh in the blood vf the Lamb, Pl'al. xlv. 1 5, 14. I Pet. iii. 5. Rev. xvi. 15. and iii. 4. and vii. 14. White robes were given to the martyrs ; their innocency was rnanifefced ; and they were pofTefred of the utmoft joy, peace, purity, happinefs, and nearnefs to God, Rev. vi. II. The heavenly g;ory is call- ed cloth'mg, as we ihall have the ful- ly glorious, adorning, and protetft- ing enjoyment thereof, 2 Cor. v. 2. Job's righteoufnel's in judging caufes, was to him as a robe and diadem\ it procured him comfort and honour, Job xxix. 14.- To be clothed with worms, is to be infedled all over with a loathfome difeafe ; or to have one's fidn crawling with vermin. Job X. 10. and vii. 5. To be clo- thsd w'lth Jhame and curjing, is to be exceedingly expofed to reproach, contempt, confLdlon, and ruin, Plal. cxxxii. 18. and cix. 18, 19. To be clothed with falvaiion and praife, is abundantly to pofTefs deliverance, iiappinefs, and comfort, Ifa. Ixi. 3, io. To cover one's felj with violince, as with a garment t is to pra(5life un- juftice and opprefficn without fliame; or even with boafting, as if it were honourable, Pfal. Ixxiii. 6. Falie teachers put oxijheeps clothing, when they pretend to great Innocency, ho- linel's, and ufefidnefs, Maith. vii. 15. The rending or tearing of garments y imports great grief or horror, AtSti xiv. 14, Mari<:«.iv. 63. CLOUD, (i.) A colleftion of vapour, exhaled from the feas and earth, and fufpended in the air, 2 Sam. xxii. 12. (2.) Fog or mill, Kof. vi. 4. (3.) Smoke, Lev. xvi. 13. (4.) Heaven, PfaL xxxvi. 5. and Ixviii. 34. (5.) A great num- ber, Ila. Ix. 9. Heb. xii. i. Ezek. xxxviii. 9. God binds tip the water in clouds, and thence pours it in rain on the earth, Job xxxviii. 9. A cloud, in the form of a pillar, hover- ed over the camp of the Hebrev/s in the wildernefs. In the day-iime it appeared as moift, protedling them from the fcorching fun. In the night, it feemed a pillar oj fire, and gave them light. When they encamped, it hovered above them on the taber- nacle : when they marched, it went be- fore them : when they went through the Red fea, it went behind them, giving them light ; and before the E- gyptians, darkening the air to them, and filling them with terror and dread. Forty years it attended the Hebrews, till it had led them to the promlled land ; and, it feems, difappeared when Mofes died. Did it not reprefent Jefus Chrift, and God in him, as the majeftic and awful diretStor, com- forter, and protector of his people, in their journey to the heavenly Ca- naan, and as the-terror and deflroyer of his enemies f Exod. xiii. 21. and xiv. 20, 24. In allufion to this, God is faid to create a cloud and fmoke by day, and the fhining of a fiamingfire by night, upon the dwellings arid af- femblies of Zion, when he remark- ably protects, guides, and comforts his people, Ifa. iv. 5. The cloud of glory y that hovered over the mercy- feat, fignified-thc majeftic and m^x.•' CLO [ 297 ] CLU vcllous preTence of God as in Chrill, U'itli his church, I Kings viii. 10. God is likened to a cloud of' diiv in the heat of harvefl: ; his iiihicfs is iin- iearchable ; his approaches quick ; and his pretence very comfortable, Ifa. xviii. 4. God often appeared in a cloud, to mark his majelty, and that his glory, ]->urpofes, and works, are unicarchablc, Exod. xvi. lo. Pfal. civ. 5. Mdtth. xvii. 5. He rides on Jivift clouds, or has them for the dull of his feet, when he comes in a Ipcedy and tremendous manner to deliver his people, and dellroy his enemies, 2 Sam. xxii. 12. Ifa. xix. i. Nah. i. 5. Clouds and darkncjs arc round about liini, when his providences are very myllerious and awful, Pfal. xcvii. 2. Cliriil was received up into heaven by a cloud, when he alcended ; and, at tlic lad day, will come in the clouds, making them his throne, while he judges the world, AeT:s i. 9. Dan. vii. 13. Rev.i. 7. He is clothed 'usith a cloud, when his work is obfcure and terrible. Rev. x. i. His Jltti/i^ CH a whits cloud, denotes the glori- ous difplay of his equity, holinel's, power, and authority, in the execu- tion of his judgments, Rev. xiv. 14. and XX. n. Miniiters and ordinances are liken- ed to clouds ; by the authority of Hea- ven they are appointed, and by them God comforts and diretfls his peo- ple, and communicates his grace to them, Ifa. v. 6. Saints are called a cloud ; their number is great ; they are guides and patterns to others ; their converfation and alfections are heavenly, and moved by the wind of the Holy Gliolt ; they refrefh their country with tlicir ufcful influence, and protecfb it from fcorching judg- ments, Ifa. Ix. 8. Heb. xii. i. Hy- pocrites and falfc tcacliers are clouds "Without watir ; they promife ufeful- nefs ; but being without true folidityj value, and knowledge, arc ealily car- ried about by their own pride and ambition, and by the \yinds of falle Voj.. I. do(flrine and infernal temptations 1 Pet. ii. 17. Men, in general, are as a vumjhiiig cloud \ while they live, tlicy have but little of true happinela and comfort, and ilieir days haflea to an end, job vii. 9. Sins arc com- pared to a cloud : how \:\{\ their numbers ! how they darken our ibul, feparatc between (r(jd and u<:, and forebode the llorms of his wrath ! and by his free forgivenefs, by the /liining of his countenance, and the; breatlnng of his Spirit, mu(t they be difpclled, Ila. xliv. 22. AUrn^lions arc a cloud ; their ingredients arc many; their nature awful and mylterious 3 they bereave men of their glory and joy, and are often preludes of eter- nal ruin, Lam. ii. i. The favour of a king is like a cloud of the latter rain, very nfeful and pleafant, Pror. xvi. 15. The goodnefs of the ten tribes ot Ifracl was like a '/uorniug cloud, and early dtv) ; whatever ap- pearances of reformation were a- mong them under Jehu, and what- ever profperity they had under Jo- ash, and Jeroboam his fon, or Pe- KAH, quickly came to an end, Hof. vi. 4. Armies are likened to a cloudy becaufe of their number, and their threatening to overwhelm and ruin all around, Ezek. xxxviii. 9. CLUSTER ; a bunch of raifins, grapes, or the like, i Sam. xxv. 18. Chrill is as a clujier of camphire % his fulnefs is unbounded ; his I'etu- rity infallible ; and fweet is the con- neO:lion of his perfon, natures, oflicos, relations, promifes, and benchis. Song i. 14. The (aims arc as cluf- ters of the vine ; they are precious and fruitful ; their grace is well con- netSled and ai)iindant, Ifa. Ixv. 8. Mic; vii. I. Minilters, divine ordinances, and the edifying influence of belie- vers, are cluJUrs of grapes : liow de- ligiuful, abundant, and rich, their refreflifnl and nourifliiiig viriuc to thefoulsof men ! Songvii. 7. Wick- ed men, particularly Antidiriltians, are cluJUrs of the vine of the earth: CO A [ ^98 ] CO c how numerous ! how earthly-mind- ed ! what corruption and wickcdnefs they produce ! Rev. xiv. 18. Cor- rupt doctrines and praolices are bit- ter ciujicrs ; are hateful to God and ]iis people ; and bitter fruits of divine wrath attend them, Dent, xxxii. 32. COAL. God'sjudgments are com- pared to coals, or coals of jutiiper ; they are terrible to endure, and i'omclimes of long continuance, P(al. Cxl. 10. and cxx. 4. The objetfts, or inftruments of his judgments, are likened to coals ; the former are af- fected with his wrath, and confumed by it ; and the latter are employed to torment, and confume others, Pfal. xviii. 8. Chrift's promii'e of forgivenefs and grace, is a live-coat Taken from tlie altar ; conveyed to ns through his perfon and righteouf- nefs ; it melts our heart into godly i'orrow,' warms it with love, and purges away our drofs of fmful cor- ruption, Ha. vi. 6. The f-iints love to Chrill is a? coals of fire, that have a moil vehement fiame ; it makes their heart to burn with defire after him ; makes it clear, fiiining, hea- venly-minded, and full of godly for- row for fm ; nor can it be eafily, or at all extinguiflied. Song viii. 6, 7. One's pcllerity is a bitrning coal; therein progenitors a6l, fliine, and are comforted, 2 Sam. xiv. 7. Good deeds done to our enemies among inen, are as coals cf firs heaped on their head ; they tend to melt and pain their heart with grief, for inju- ring us, and make them to love us; or they occafion the fpeedy inflic- tion of terrible judgments upoi; them, Rom. xii. 20. Prov. xxv. 22. Har- lots, and temptations to unchaftity, are as burnhig coals ; they can Icarce be a'-vproached without inflaming our luft, and mortally wounding our I'oul, Prov. vi. 28. Strife and contention are as btirning coals ; they terribly fpread, hurt, and ruin every thing near them, Prov. xxvi. 21. COAST ; (i.) Border ; bounda- ry, Numb, xxiv. 24. (2.) Country;, Exod. X. 4. COAT. Jofeph's coat of many colours, may rcprefent Jefus' human n attire in its various graces and beau- ties ; and as it marked God's love to him, and his bloody fuiferings for us. Gen. xxxvii. 3, 32. The linen coats of the priert s, reprefented his pure humanity and fpotlefs righ- teoufnefs,Exod.xxvLii. 40. ^\it coats of fli'tn, wherewith God clothed our hrft parents, reprefented the righ- teoufnefs of our glorious facrifice Chrift, imputed to us, for the cover- ing of our fmful nakednefs. Gen. iii. 21. Rev. iii. 18. 1 have put off my coat, how Jhall I put it on ? I have •wajhcd my fei^t, kow Jhall I defi.le theviP I am now quite out of proper frame to entertain Jefus Clirift ; I cannot adively put on and apply his righteoufncfs, cannot exercife grace, or bring forth good works, but lie under the power of floth and tmcon- cern, Song v. 3. COCK ; a male fowl. The dung- hill-cock has his head ornamented with a long fleihy creft or comb, and has two wattles lengthwife on his throat. He is a robufl and beauti- ful animal, wliofe feathers are often variegated with a number of elegant colours. He ufually crows at two different times of the night ; the firfl time, a little after midnight, and a I'econd time, about break of day. Thislaftfeafonis ufually called cock- crowing : and at this time the cock crew for the fccond time, after Peter had thrice denied his Mailer, Mark xiv. 68, 72. COCKATRICE. It does not ap- pear that a.ny fuch creature exiils. The word, fo tranflated in our Bi- bles, ought to be tranflated yiv/^;;/. It appears to have been one of the moli poifonous kind, who lurked in holes of the earth, and whofe eggs were rank poifon. Out of the J'er- pe?if s ro'ot came forth a cockatrice, and a f.cry fyif'g frpCHt^ when Hs- COL [ 7.cki;ili proved :i more niinoiis ad- vorliiry to the Philillincs than IJ/.- y.hih Ir.id been, Ha. xiv. 29. 1'lie weaned cliild (hall put his liand on the rociatrise-J.n; the moll poor and weak faints ihall he in no danger from malicious and ruinous heretics and perlccutors, Ifa. xi. 8. They /'atcl) cockatricc-eg^s, a /id he that eat^ cth of their eggi Jhall die ; and thut which is crujhi'dt breaks out into a viper y or ferpent : they contiive and execute wicked pra<5liccs, and puh- ]1ih falfe doiftrines ; wherchy lure and iudden deH ruction is brought upcni iJiemfclvcs and others, Ifa. lix. 5. COCKLE ; a weed that grows among com. The Hebrew word BOS H AH, figniiics -AW)' ji in king -wee J, Job xxxi. 40. COFFER ; a dicll, i Sam. vi. 3. COGrFATlON ; thought, Dan. vii. 28. COLD is, (i.) Natural, asof v.a- ter, the feafon, &c. Jer, xviii. 14. Nr train- ing up young prophets or teachers, 2 Kings xxii. 14. COLLOFS. To have co/Iops of P'Jh on one' i f.anks, is exprellive of great profperity and luxury. Job XV. 27. COLONY, a place peopled fiom fome more ancient city or country. The Greeks and Romans fettled their countrymen in a variety of pla- ces, Acls xvi. 12. COLOSSE, an ancient city of Phrygia, on the river Lycus, jult where it began to nm under ground, before it fell into the river Meander. It was near Laodlcca, and Hiera- polis. Thefc three cities arc laid to havebecnbuiied in ruins by an earth- quake, /i. D. 66, Though it does not appear thatl'aul was ever at Co- lolic, yei, when pviibner at Rome, he wrote the Ch.riiiians there an ex- cellent epilUe, Wrtrning themagainlt vain philofophy and legal ceremo- nies ; demonftrating the excellency of Chrilt, and the faints complete- nefs in him ; and exhorting them to ihe duties of tlieir refpective ilalions. This he fent to thcni by Tychicus and Onefnnus. COLOUR ;( I.) A dye, as black, red, ice. Numb. xi. 7. (2.) A Ihew; pretence. Ads xxvii. 50. COLT ; a young ais. Gen. xxxii. I 5. Mattli. xxi. 2, S- COME ; ( I.) To draw near ; ap- proach to, Exod. xx\iv. 3. (2.) To proceed Irom, i Cliron. xxix. 14. ( 3. ) To befal, Ezra ix. 1 3. Job iv. 5. (4.) To attain to, A(5ls xxvi. 7. ( J.) To join with, Frov. i. ii. (6.) To touch, Ezek. xliv. 25. (7.J 'I'o be manicd to, Dan. xi. 6. (8.) To lis Pp 2 COM C 3C0 ] COM ««rnally with, Gen. xxxviil. i6. (9. ) To invade; attack, Gen. xxxiv. 25. (10.) To arife, Numb. xxiv. 17. God's comings fignifies the manifeft- ation of his prefence in glory, favour, or wrath, in a particular place, Pfal. 1. 2, 5. and ci. 2. Chrifl's coming is fivefold ; his alfuming our nature ; his giving the offers of his grace in the gofpel ; his beftowing the influ- ences of his Spirit ; his executing judgments in time, particularly on the Jews and Antichriit ; and his lafl appearance to judge the world, i John V. 20. Matth. xvi. 28. and xxiv. 50. Rev. xvi. 15. and xxii. 20. jMen covie to Chrift, when leaving their natural ftate, and renouncing their own righteoufnefs, wifdom, ftrength, and inclinations ; they be- lieve, receive, and feed on his per- fon and fulnefs by faith, John v. 40. and vi. 37. I Pet. ii. 4. Men cowif to Ced, when they receive out of his iulnefs, enjoy his prefence, and wor- fliip and ferve him, Heb. vii. 25. and xi. 6. John xiv. 6. " COMELY. See Beauty. COMP'ORT ; consolation; inward pleafure, joy, and cheerful- nefs, natural or fpiritual. Job vi. 10. Pfal. cxix. 50, 76. Spiritual com- fort is that refreihful pleafure of the fopl, which arifeth from the conil- deration of wlrit God in Chrift is to tis, in refpecl of relation, and of what iie has done for, and infallibly pro- mifed to us, 2 Cor. i. 5'. The Holy •Spirit is the author of it ; the fcrip- tures are the eflabliilied s.round and means of it; and miniilers, and arod- ly companions, are the inftruments and helpers of it, Job xvi. 7. Plal. cxix. 49, 50. 2 Cor. i. 5, 6, 7. and vii. 6, 7. Chrift is the confolatiou of Ifrael; Avith the prediftions of his co- ming and kingdom did the ancient prophets comfort the Jews ; and in every age, his perfon, righteoufnefs, fulnefs, and love, are the fource and iiibftance of his peoples comfort a- gftiivft every trouble, Luke ii. 25. Are the confolations ofCodfmall'with. thee P Do you contemn our divine advices, which we have given you for your dire(Slion and comfort ? Job kv. II. To COMFORT, is to free one from grief, and render him glad and joyful. Gen. v. 29. God conf- jorts the cafi down, by fupporting them under their trouble, and de- livering them from it, 2 Cor. vii. 6. The Holy Ghoft is called the Covi- forter, becaufe, by the application of Jefus' word, blood, and fulnefs, to our foul, he fills us with joy unfpeak- able, and full of glory, John xiv. 26. ; but the word is, by fome, ren- dered Advocate. COMMAND; (i.) To charge by authority, Deut. xi. 22. (2.) To caufe a thing be done, Ifa. v. 6. and xiii. 3. God r9;;/7/f«;/^j- the bleffing ol life, or the ftrength of his people, when, by his will, he furniihes it, Plal. cxxxiii. 3. and Ixviii. 28. Je- fus Chrift is the coviviander given to the people : he enlifts men for his fjHritual foldiers ; he convenes, or- ders, encourages, and goes before them in their gracious warfare, Ifa. Iv. 4. The faints covimand God cov^- cerning his fons and daughters, and the works of his hands ; when, in Chrift's name, they earneftly plead his promife, and argue from his faithfulnefs, power, equity, and love, therein pledged, Ifa. xiv. 11. COMMANDMENT. See Law. COMMEND ; (i.) To fpeak to one's praife, 2 Cor. iii. i. (2.) To render praii'e-worthy ; make accept- able, I Cor. viii. 8. (3.) To truft a thing to the care and management of another, A6fs xx. 32. Co^ com- mends his love ; he makes it ap- pear glorious and unbounded, in tliat while V. e were yet finners Chrift died for us, Rom. v. 8. Our righ- teoufnefs commands the righteouf- nefs of God ; it gives occaiion for him clearly to manifeft his juftice in puniihing us, or in forgiving us thrcugh Jeilis' blood : and the J'cws COM C 3^1 ] COM rcjctTlion of ChrHl, dcmonflrated the taithfiiliicis of God in tlie an- cient predii^lions, Rom. iii. 5. COMMISSION; a charge to one to manage a budnels, Acts xxvi. 12. COMMIT; (i.) To a^; perform, Exud. XX. 14. (2.) To trud; give charge of, 2 Tim. ii. 2. To covt- mit one's fpirit, Iclf, way, or falva- tion, to God, is, upon the faith of his proinilc, to intrult the lame to his care, that he may receive, nplujld, dii ect, prclerve, and lave us, I'lal. xxxi. 5. and x. 14. and xxxvii. 5. Prov. xvi. 3. 2 Tim. i. 12. Tli^ gf/6i^ ihifig comm'tttcd to 1 imothy's tridl, was the trnths of God, and his minilterial ofKce, and the gifts and graces furnilhing him for the dif- charge of it, i Tim. vi. 20. 2 Tim. i. 14. COMMODIOUS ; fafe and con- venient, Aifts xxvii. 12. COMMON; (i.) Ordinary, u- fual. Numb. xvi. 29. (2.) Ceremo- nially unclean. Acts x. 14. and xi. 9. (i;.) Unwalhen, Mark vii. f 2. (4.) Not hallo\\'ed or fet apart to the fcr- vice of God, i Sam. xxi. 4. Dent. XX. f 16. (5.) What many iiave an equal accels to, or interefl in, Ezek. xxiii. 42. (6.) What belongs to every one of the ibciety, Acfis iv. 34. The chnrch is called a coinmoii- •wealth ; her members Hand in mu- tual and llrong conne(5tions one to another ; they pofl'efs common pri- vileges, and are I'ubjec^t to common laws, Eph. ii. 12. Salvation is corn- won ; it is fnited to, and offered to tnen as finful ; it is publiilied to, and received by all forts of men ; and all the iaints have an equal intereil in it, )nde ^. COMMOTION ; tolling to and fro ; great nnfettlednefs, perplexi- ty, and trouble, Jer. x.^22. Luke xxi. 9. COMMUNE; to talk friendly, Oen. xxxiv. 6. To coiinnune with 6:ir heart, is ferioufly to pofe it with importaitt qucltion* j entertain it. with the view of excellent fubjecls; and addrefs it with weighty charges and direClions, Ffal. iv. 4. COMMUNICATE; (i.)Togive others a fliare of what good things we have, i Tim. vi. iS. (2.) 'io have a Ihare with one. Thus the Philippians ammunicatcd with the apofUe in Ins affliction, bearing a fhare of it in their fupplying him in his diflrefs, Phil. iv. 14, 15. COMMUNICATION ; fellow- fliip in converle and prac'tice, i Cor. XV. 33. Eph. iv. 29. The coinmic- ?tication^oJ j'aith is an account of it, and of its inv/ard fruits to others ; or a maniieftation of it by good works, for the advantage of others; or rather ac}.s of beneficence flowing from faith, Pliii. 6. COMMUNION. See Fellow- SHIP. COMPACT; regularly framed and joined, Pliil. cxxii. 3. The chnrch is compared together ; every member has his own proper flaiioa and work, and yet all are fo joined, as to add to her gtneral glory and welfare, Ej)h. iv. 16. Col. ii. 19. COMPANY ; a number ot per- fons, Pfal.lxviii.il. To cojupaiiy, aecoiHpany, or go in covipariy with, is to go along v\ itli one, and often to be familiar with him, i Cor. v. 9, II. Job xxxiv. 8. Pfal. Iv. 14. COMPANION; (i.) Familiar friend, Judg. xv. 22. (2.) Copart- ner in office, grace, labour, fiiffermg, or confultation, Ezraiv. 7. Songviii. 13. Ac^s xix. 29. Phil. ii. 25. Hcb. X. 33. Fallis teachers, and corrupt lufts, are Chrift's corrpaniom, or ri- vals; they often pretend to be friend- ly to, and familiar with him, and attempt to fliare our love and afict- tion due to liim. Song i. 7. COMPARE, LIKEN ; (i.) To reckon alike or equal, Pl'al. Ixxxix. 6. (2.) To make like. Song i. 9. Jer. vi. 2. (3.) To fet things toge- ther, in order that the likcnefs or dif- ference may clearly appear, I Cor. COM C 303 ] CON ii. 13. Judg. viii. 2. It is not \\l\e to cGiHparc ourlelves with our oppo- iers or friends ; as not they, but the law of God, is the proper Itandard by which we ought to judge our- icl\cs, 2 Cor. X. 12. To COMPASS; (i.) To go round about a place ; to guard or befet it on every fide, Pfal. v. 12. (2.) To furnilh plentifully, till one be, as it were, funounded there- with, Heb. xii. I. Pfal. xxxii. 7. The virgin Mary copjipajjld a vian, when {he conceived, retained in her ■wcmb, and brought forth the Son of God in our nature, Jer, xxxi. 22. Men covipafs God, when they, in mulcitiides, affemble to praife and worlhip him, Pfal. vii. 7. They compafs h'wi iv'ith lies, when, in their wor&ip, they deal hypocritically and deceitfully ; confeis what they do not really believe fmful ; aik %vhat they do not really defire; vow what they never intend to perform; profefs what they do not believe with their heart ; and whtn they Tuultiply idols in his land, Hof. xi. 12. COIMPASS. (i.) An inftrument for drav.'ing a circle. Ilk. xliv. 13. (2.) A boundary, Pro v. viii. 27. (3.) A roundilh courfe, 2 Sam. v. 3. COMPASSION, PITY ; fympa- thy and kindnei's to fuch as are in trouble, i Kings viii. ^o. God's be- ing jull of covipafvj7i, imports the infinite p^reatnefs of his tender mer- cy and love, and his readinefs to com- fort and relieve inch as are afRicted, Pfal. Ixxviii. 3S. and Ixxxvi. 15. j.nd cxi. 4. and cxlv. 8. COMPEL; (r.) To force violent- ly. Lev. x:;v. 39. Mat. v. 41. (2.) To urge earneltly, and v/ith fuccefs, I Sam. XX viii. 23. Miniiters com- pel linners to come in to ChrilPs lioufe, when, with the utmoll ear- nelhieis and concern, they Ihew iktm their fmtulnefs and danger; the excellency, love, and lovelinefs, of Chrilt; the happinels of thefe who rfceive.him; their warrant, and the command of God to believe In him; aiul befeech them, as in Chrifl's ftead, to be reconciled to God, Luke xiv. 23. COMPLAIN ; to find fault with an a(n:ion or condition. Numb. xi. II. Adls XXV. 7. I luiU leave my complai/it on viyfelf; I will fecretly bemoan my own guilt and trouble. Job X. I. COMPLETE; fully finifhed, Lev. xxiii. 15. Saints are complete in Chrlji : they are perfectly juftified, and have in him complete fulnefs of grace, to render them perfectly holy and happy. Col. ii. 11. They ftand cofnpleig in all the will of Cody when they regard all his command- ments, and obey them in an emi- nent de8;ree. Col. iv. 12. COMPOSITION; a mingling of feveral fpices, or other ingredi- ents, Exod. xxx. 32. COMPOUND ;■ to mix together, Exod. xxx. 25, 33. COMPREHEND ; (i.) To in- clofe, Ifa. xl. 12. (2.) To fum up, Rom. xiii. 9. (3.) To perceive clearly; underftand fully, John i. 5. To comprehend, with all faints, the unbounded love of Chrift, is to have a clear, extenfive, and heart-ravifh- ing knowledge of its nature and cf- feds, Eph. iii. i8. CONCEAL ; to hide ; keep fe- cret, Gen. xxxvii. 26. Job concealed ?iot the words of God; he openly profeifed his adherence to divine truth, and in every proper method improved it for the inftruiition of others, Job vi. 10. A faithful fpirit conceals the matter; he L-ides his neighbour's infirmities, Prov. xi. 13. A prudent man co7icealcth kncii-lcdgc ; he has more knowledge in his heart than he pretends to, Prov. xii. 23. It is the glory of God to conceal a thing, by fovereignly and wifely iiidlng from men the knowledge of fome things, and the reafons of his conduft, .he difplays his own glory and greatnefs, Prov. xxv. %. CON [ 303 ] CON CONCEIT; iancy ; proud tlioup;ht, Prov. xviil. II. CONCEIVK; ( I .) To begin to he with young, Gen. xxx. 38. (2.) 'I'o devile ; purpol'e ; find defigns and counfcls in llic mind, A(5ts v. 4. If:i. xxxiii. II. Job xv. 35. The church coticcives the Taints, when, by means of ordinances, minilters, or others, tlic firlt beginnings of grace are formed in ihem, Song iii. 4. Lull conceives, when it produces tlie firll motions or refolutions toward finful at5ls, James i. I J. To conceive mlf- chief, .1 mifchievous purpofe, or words of falfehood, is to devife and fix on a method for executing mif- chief, or for uttering words ot falfe- hood, Job XV. 35. ifa. lix. 13. Jcr. xHx. 30. To'CONCERN; to touch; be- long to, Ezek. xii. 10. CONCISION; cutting onr, Joel iii. t 14. The Jews arc called the co;:cifio/j, becaufe, under pretence of zealous adherence to circumcifion, they, after it w'as abolillied by our Saviour's death, cut tlieir bodies, rent the church, and cut off tliem- felves from the blefllngs of the gof- l">el, Phil. iii. 2. CONCLUDE; (i.) To end a difpute, by a plain inference from what had been faid, Rom. iii. 28. (2.) To make a final refolution or determination, Ac'^s xxi. 25. (3.) Irrevcrfibly to declare, Gal, iii. 22. God eonchided x\\t Jews in unbelief; he gave them up to their own un- believing heart, and withheld the light and influence of the gofpel from them, Rom. xi. 32. Conclu- sion is the end, the I'ummary in- ference, final determination, and whole fubflance, Eccl. xii. 13. CONCORD; agreement, 2 Cor. vi. I J. CONCOURSE ; running toge- ther. Acts xix. 40. ^ CONCUBINE ; a wife of the fccond rank. She diHered from a proper wiie, in that ihe was not manic J by n)lcmn llipulation ; f!ie brought no dowry with her ; (her hail iKj fliare in the «>;overi)ineiit of the family ; nor did l;cr children fliare of their father's inlieritanc;'. Gen. XXV. 6. Th.oui;lj a fi.iful mi- fhike of the nature of marriage, it was common for the ancle, us to have concubines. Abraliam hni Hagar and Keturah, Jacob had Zil- pah and Billiah, Gen. xxv. 6. and xxx. A Lcvite's concubine occa- fioned terrible diibrder and ruin i:i Ifracl, Judj^. xix. to xxi. O.ic of Saul's occaiioned the lofs of thj king- dom of the eleven tribes to his fa- mily, a Sam. iii. David's ten con- cubines wore publicly dcHled l)y Ah- falom his fon, 2 Sam. xvi. 22. So- lomon had 300 concubines; and Rt- hoboara his fon 60, i Kina:s xi. 3. 2 Chron. xi. 22. The four/core cfjrt. cubincs, Song vi. 8. may denote great beauties among women ; or weak faints, of a very legal temper, who have fmall familiarity witlj Clirift, and little boldnefs towards him. CONCUPISCENCE, (i.) The corruption ofonr nature, from v.'hcncc all our actual iiu proceeds, Rom. vii. t 7- James i. f 14. (2.) Actual mo- tions and inclinations of o::r heart toward finful deeds, Rom. vii. 8. (3.) Unchaliity, efpecially of defirc. Col. iii. 5. I Their, iv. 5. CONDEMNATION, (i.) The judicial declaring of a perfon to be guilty, and fentencing him to pu- nilhment. In this feufe, Chrift did not condemn the woman taker, in adultery, but fpake to her as a go- lpe!-mini(ler, and Saviour calling her to repentance, John viii. 10, i r. (2.) The caufe and reafon of liich a lentcnce, John iii. 19. (•;.) The punifimient to w iiich one is condem- ned, I Cor. xi. 32. Luke xxiii. 40. (4.) llalli, uncharitable, and unjult ccnfure of mens perfons, purpofes, words, or actions, Luke vi. 37. (5.) A wimefllng againit fin, by u con- CON [ 304 ] CON trary pra<^ice : fo the Ninevites, by their ready hearkening to the warn- ing of Jonah, condemned the Jews, who refuted to embrace Chrillian- ity, though often called to it by Je- fus and his apoftles, and though it was attefted by miracles unnumber- ed, Matth. xii. 41. The condefn- nat'ton of the devil, is a fin and pu- nilhment like to his, l Tim. iii. 6. The condemriation which all wicked jnen are under, and all believers free from, is a legal charge of ini- quities ; and the fentence of the di- vine law, as a broken covenant, ad- judging them to bear the wrath of an angry God, till their fins be fully fatisfied ibr, and all the infinite wrath, contained in that fentence, be fully executed, Rom. v. 16, 18. and viii. I. God cojidej?med fifi i?i the fiejh of his Son ; by executing the punilh- ^ent due to it upon him, in our na- ture, h^ clearly demonflrated how abominable and criminal it is, expi- ated its guilt, and adjudged to utter ruin its power, pollution, and exifl- ence, Rom. viii. 5. CONDESCEND; humbly to iloop, Rom. xii. 16. CONDITION, (i.) A term of a bargain to be performed, Luke xiv. 32. I Sam. xi. 2. Striclly ta- ken, a co7idition of a covenant is that which, when performed, gives the performer a right to claim the pro- jnifed reward, as due to his work. (2.) A cafe or clrcumflance, Dan. xi. 1 1 7- CONDUCT ; to guide in a pro- per way, 2 Sam. xix. 15, 31. CONDUIT; a water-courfe, whether by pipes, ftone-work, ditcli, &c. 2 Kings xviii. 1 7. CONFECTION ; a medicinal compofjtion of gums, powders, &c. Exod. XXX. 35. CONFECTIONARIES; makers of fweet-mears, I Sam. viii. 13. CONFEDERACY ; a covenant- tigreement between princes or na- tions. Ifaiah was forbidden 10 fay ^ A confederacy ; he was neither t* approve nor trull in the alliance be- tween Ahaz and the Affyrians, nor to be afraid of that between the If- raelites and Svrians, Ifi, viii. 12. CONFEDERATE ; in league or covenant, Gen. xiv. 13. CONFER; to talk together ; ad- vifc with, I Kings i. 7. CONFESS ; plainly to acknow- ledge : fo a pannel confefles his crime before ajudge, Jofli. vii. 19. Jefus Chrift will coiifefs his people at the lafl day ; will publickly own them his children, bride, and faith- ful fervants, Luke xii. 8. They confefs hhu before men, when, not- withltanding of dangler and oppofi- tion, they openly profefs and adhere to his truth, obferve his ordinances, and walk in his way, Matth. x. 32. To confefs God, is to praife and thank him, Heb. xiii. f 15. To conjcfsfiuy is candidly to acknowledge our guilt before God, who can pardon or pu- nilhus; or to our neighbour whom we have offended, or who can give" us proper inlfruftion and comfort, Pfal. xxxii. 5. James v. 16. Matth. iii. 6. On the tenth day of the feventh month, the Jewiih high-priefl con- fefled the fins of the whole nation over the head of the fcape-goat, which typically bore them into the wildernefs. Lev. xvi. 21. During the ten preceding days, it is faid, the Jews made particular coufeffion each of iiis own fins ; if they were breaches of the firfl table, they con- feded them only to God ; if they were breaches of the fecond, they confeffed them alfo to the party wronged. When a criminal was come within ten cubits of the place of execution, he was obliged to con- fefs his crimes, and beg that his death might expiate them. At the beginning of the year, the modern Jews confefs their fins, Handing in a tub of water: fome of them, when fick, confefs tiiem to a Rabbin, wh» CON [ 305 ] CON marks them down in an alphabetic order. On their death- btds, they confel's them with a gre^t deal of vain ceremony, mucli in the manner of the Papilts. CONFIDENCE ; (i.) Aluirance ; certainty, 2 Cor. viii. 22. (2.) Bold- nels ; courage, AkHs xxviii. 31. (;?.) Truft ; hope, Job iv. 6. (4,) Tlie thing in which one trulli, Jcr. xlviii- 13. (5.) SiK :c(>ur ; help, 2 Kiii;^s xviii. IQ. (6.) Safety; lecuiity, Ezek. XAviii. 26. (7.) Due relolu- tion, 2 Cor. x. 2. ^S.) A bold and open protc'lfion ot Chnft and liis truth, Hcb. X. ^5. {<)•) A well- grounded perlualion of God's accept- ing our pcrfons, and hearing our prayers, Eph. iii. li. CONFIDENT; bold; afTured, Pfal. xxvii. ?. CONFIRM; (i.) To ftrengih- en ; eftablilh, i Cln-on. xiv. 2. Acts j;iv. 22. (2.) To make iure, rati- fy, Riitli iv. 7. (3.) "^I'o give fur- tlier evidence of the certainty of, 2 Cor. ii. 8. I Kings i. 14. .Phil. i. 7. (4.) To refrefli ; encourage, Pfal. Ixviii. 9. (5.) To fullil ; contmue to i>erform, Dan. ix. 1 2. Deut. xxvii. 26. God confir}ned the covenant to Abraham, when he repeated tlit in- timation of it ; added his oath to ir; and, by fire and darknefs, marked the truth of it. Gal. iii. 17. Gen. xv. and xvii. God confirms the promifcsy in fulfilijig the principal ones oi "ihs incarnation, death, and refurre: xvii. and xxix. To commemorate tlie deftruction of the Hrft-born of the Egyptians, the firft-born of If- rael, man and beafl, were conficra- ted to be the Lord's, Exod. xiii. By- wafting, offering of facrince, and fprinkling of oil or blood, were the Levites, in room of the firft-born, tmd the priefts, and the tabernacle, temple, and facred furniture, confe- crated to the ceremonial fervice of God, Numb. i. 49. and iii. 10. and viii. Exod. xxviiiv and xxix. Numb, vii. 2 Chron. ii. 4. and vii. 9. Ezra •vi. 16, 17. The tithes and nrft -fruits •were really, but lefs folemnly dedi- cated to the fervice of God. The Jews dedicated their houfes, and e- %'en the walls of their city: probably •this \\Tis done with prayer and thankf- giving, Deut. xx. 5. Neh. xii. 27. Joihua dedicated the Gibeonites, and the filver and gold of Jericho, Jollr. vi. 19. and ix. 27. Not a few con- fecrated themfelves to ferve God in the form of Nazarit-es, or Nethinims, Numb. vi.. Manoah devoted Sam- fon his fon, and Hannah, Samuel her fon, Judg. xiii. i Sam. i. n, 22. Many dedicated xh.t\v money, fields, and cattle, to the Lord, Lev. xxvii. IVIofes, Samuel, Saul, David, and his fucceflors, and other warriors, dedi- cated part of the fpoil they took in battle, Numh. xxxi. 28, — 54. i Chron. xxvi. 26, 27, 28. i Kings xv-. I S. V/hen Judas Maccabeus, about ^''L M. 384c, purged the temple, he {oX'zmvXj dedicated it to its holy life, and appointed the feaft of dedication to be yearly obfervcd, John x. 23. Did thefe confecrations denote the folemn feparation of Jefus and his people to the fervice cf God ; and xhe folemn fetting apart all bleffings and honours, to be enjoyed by them .* Jefus is cdnfetrated for evermore', iS irreverfibly appointed and qualified, by the Holy Ghoft, to be the ever- lafting Prophet, Prieft, and King of his church ; and, by fliedding of his blood, did he furrender himfelf and people to his Father's ferv^ice, Heb. vii. 28. He hath confecrated for us a new and living way to God ; fo- lemnly opening it up in his obedience and deadi for our advantage, Heb'. x. 20, Minifters, faints, and all they- have, are confecrated : by God's re- ceivinsj them into their office or memberfhip, and his imputing the righteoufnefsof his Son, and endow- ing them Avith his Spirit ; and by their own folemn a'ows, they are fet afide to his fervice, honour, difpo- fal, and government, i Pet. ii. 9. Ezek. xliii. 20. Mic. iv. 15. Ifa. xxiii. 18 Types being now abolifhed, the folemn confecration of churches, church-yards, veifels for the admi- niftration of facraments; &-c. under the New Teftament, hath no war- rant in the word of God, but is de- rived from the man of fin. ; To CONSENT ; to agree to a propofal. Gen. xxxiv. 15. Con- sent ; agreement, Hof. vi. 9. • CONSIDER; (t.) To think of, 2 Tim. ii. 7. (2.) To view, obferve. Lev. xiii. 15. (5.) To refolve what to do, after deliberate thought on the affair, Judg. xviii. 1 4. and xix. 30. (4.). To remember and call to mind, i Sam. xii. 14. (5.) To think on a thing with wonder, Job xxxvii. 14. (6.) To think upon one with pi- ty, and refblution to grant him re- lief, Pfal. xii. I. God cftfifdtn men, in general, by a perfetft knowledge, and exadobfervation of their works, Pfal. xxxiii. 15. He confiders his people, in gracioufly obferving and regarding their perfons, prayers, and troubles, in order to deliver and blefs them, Pfal. v. i. and xiii. 5. and ix; 13. and XXV. 19. We coiiftder Je» ills Chrift^by thinking on, obferving, CON [ 309 ] CON and admiring his perfon, ofiices, rcLitions, undertaking, incarnation, lile, death, rcfurretHion, and glory; and applying him to our ownll-lves, in all thele refpcdls, Hcb. iii. I. We confidcr ourfelves, when, with feri- ous concern, and cunicll care, we mark and ponder our owai frailty, finfulncls, and danger of being led allray. Gal. vj. i. Wc conjider one another, when we charitably obferve our brcthrcns tempers, circumltan- ces, infirmities, and teniptiitions, that we may accorSingly excite and en- courage them to th(;ir duty, Heb. X. 24. CONSIST; (I.) To lie, Luke xii. 15. (2.) To be I'upportcd and held together, Col. i. 1 7. CONSOLATION. SeeCoMKORT. ToCONSORT; to keep frequent and iamiliar company with, A(ft3 xvii. 4. CONSPIRACY, (i.) A con- jundl plot of fubjecls againll their fo- vereign. Abfalom, and his party, iotifpired ■a.^jixnH David: thcfcrvants of Joaih and Amaziah againfl them; Shulhtm againll Zachariah ; Pckali againtl Pekahiah ; Hofhea againll Pekah and Shalmanefer, 2 Sam. xv. 12, 31. 2 Kings xii. 20. and xiv. 19. and XV. 10, 25, 50. ;ind xvii. 4. (2.) A deliberate rejeftion of God's au- thority by the Jews, and their falfe prophets, Ezek. xii. 25. Jer. xi. 9. (3.) Aconjunft plot of many to take away one's life, Ads xxiii. 13. CONSPIRE ; to plot againlt the life of one, chiefiy that of a rightful fovereign, I Sam. xxxii. 8. Gen. xxxvii. iS. 2 Sam. xv. 31. CONSTANT; fteady; abiding firmly, i Chron. xxviii. 7. To do a thing conjlantl}-,'^ to do it with firm- nefs, frequency, and perfeverancc. Tit. iii. 8. The man that hcareth, fpeaktth conjiantly ; he who delibe- rately thinks before he fpeaks,fpcaks conftantly, and firmly adheres to what he lays, and w ill ever be ad- mitted lor a witncfs, Prov. xxi. 28. CONSTELL - riON ; a cluaer of lUrs. About 3000 vifible itars arc claifed into 59 cf»nltcllations, 12 of which are in llie Zodiac, or mid- dle region of the firmamciK, 23 ia the north part,' and 24 in the fuuth, Ifa. xiii. 10. Tp CONSTRAIN; to urge powerfully ; to oblige by force, 2 Kings iv. 8. Job. xxxii. 18. The love of Chrifl: eonfirainnth us, or bears aNvay ; when applied to, and believed with the heart, it molt powerfully draws out our afFcdlions to him, and ilrongly and irreiifUbly influenccth us to an lioly and aflive obedience to his law, 2 Cor. v. 14. CONSULT ; (i.) To plot or ad- vife together, Pfal. Ixii. 4. (2.) De- liljeratcly to confider, Luke xiv. 31. A cofifultcr tvith f pints, is one who converfes with Satan, or ufes means, devifed by him, to obtain the know- ledge of things fee ret, or future, Deut. xiii. 12. One co?ifiiits JJ^umg- to his houle, when he devileth and, executes projedts that ilfuc in his and his fiiends Ihame and confufion, ^ab. ii. 10. CONSUME ; (l.) Towaftc; de- ilroy utterly, Exod. xxxii. lo. (2.) To fpend or fquander away, James iv. 3. ( 3. ) To vanifli away. Job vii. 9. (4.) To make to pals away un- happily, Pfa). Ixxviii. 33. (5.) To burn up till the thing be utterly de- Itroyed, Luke ix. ,54. He, as a rot-' ten thing, coj:fu)iicth ; and as a gar- ment that is vioih-eaten ; God, by his providence, gradually waltes the man and his liibltance, and he is gra- dually brouglit to ruin. Job xiii. 2S. Consumption ; 1^1.) A wafting ruinous Itroke, ll'a. x. 22. (2.) A confuming; fire, Judg. xx. f 40. CONSUMMATION ; the lall pe- riod of time ; tlie complete fulfilment of the threatening, Dan. ix. 27. CONTAIN; ^l.) To lake in; hold, I Kings viii. 27. (2.) To pe- ru(i? fully, John xxi. 25. CONTEMN, despise; flighty € ON ['310 ] CON sencervalue, Pfal. x. 13. Job xxxvi. J. We defpife the chaflening of the Lord, ^nd the riches of his goodnefs, when we are unafrecled with it, as coming from die hand of God, and are not thereby excited to confider our ways, tur^i from fm to Jefus Chrift, as our Saviour, Portion, and Lord, Heb. xii. 5. Rom. ii. 4. A vile perfon is righily contemned, whtn we ihun intimacy with him, and pre- fer the meaneft of the faints to him, Pfal. XV. 4. The glory of Moab was conie7h7ied, when their wealth, power, and honour, were rendered defpicable, Ifa. xvi. 14. He that dc- Jplfsth Chrift's minilters, in contemn- inpj their perfon, flighting and mock- ing their initrui5lions, or neglecting to follow their holy example, dejp't- Jeth Clirift and his Father who fent them, Luke x. 16. CONTEMPT; ftame; difdain ; flight, job xii. 21, Contemptible ; pitifully mean; unworthy of regard, Mai. i. 7. contend! ( I . ) To ftrive, Jer. xviii. 9, (2.) Todifpute earneltly, Acts xi. 2. Job ix. 3. (3.) To re- prove a perfon fharply, in order to convince and reclaim him, Neh. xiii. ir. Proy. xxix. 9. Micvi. I. (4.) To punifh feverely, Amos vii. 4. (5.) To fight, Deut. ii. 9. We contend earnejli'y jar the faithy when, not- withllanding manifold fullering and danger, we are ftrong in the faith of God's truth, contained in his word; zealouOy profefs and pra<5tife it, and excite others to do fo ; and exert ourfelves to promote the ceniiire of perlbns fcandalous and heretical, Jude :?. CONTENTION, is t\xhtr fmful, when, with carnal aileftions, we ftrive with one another, Prov. xiii. 10. ; or laivful, when we eagerly promote that which is good, not- withftanding of great oppofition, i ThefT. ii. 2. CONTENT; fatisfied in mind and defire, Gen. xxxvii. 27. Conient- tnent, with godlinefs, is gredt gain ; it renders a man's life eafy, gives him plealiire in what he enjoys, ren- ders him thankful to God, and meet to be a partaker of the heavenly glory, I Tim. vi. 6. CONTINUE; ( I . ) To perfevere ; abide conftantly, Jaiaes i. 25. (2.) To manifefl: and bellow as formerly, or more abundantly, Pfal. xxxvi. 10. (3.) Conftantly to fulfil more and more, i Kings ii. 4. Men conti?iue in Chrift's word or do(ftrine, by a conftant perufal, believing and prac- tifing of it ; and in their ftation de- claring it, John viii. 31. 2 Tim. iii- 14. They contifiue in his love and goodnefs, when they conftantly ex- ercife faith on it, and experimental- ly tafte it, and return love to him on account of it, John xv. 9. Roni. xi. 22. They ctntinue in his grace, in ever retaining the enjoyment of it ; in exercifmg it, and difplaying the power of it in their outward life, A(Ss xiii. 43. They continue in his law, by perfeverance in their regard, love, and obedience to it, James i. 25. They continue in the faith by a conftant holding of the dccfirines of faith, and a perpetual exercife of the grace of faith, Col. i. 23. A6ls xiv. 22. CONTRADICT; to fpeak a- gainft, Atfts xiii. 45. Without con- iradiiiion ; moft plainly and certain- ly, Heb. vii. 9. The eontradiBion offinners, which Chrift endured, was the vileft reproaches, taunts, blaf- phemics, and oppofition to his doc- trine and|niracles, Heb. xii. 3. CONTRARY. Grace and cor- ruption in the faints are contrary ; their nature, quality, and exercife, are deftrudive of one another, Gal. V. 1 7. We walk contrary to God, doing what is abominable to his na- ture, and oppofite to his law ; and he walks contrary to us, in fearfully puniftiing us for our fin. Lev. xxvi. 27, 28. The ceremonial law was contrary to men j it laid heavy burr CON [ 31^ 1 CON dens on tliem, prefcnted tlicir guilt to ihcm, and of itlelt could do them no good, and was a mcuns of ex- cluding the Gentiks liom the church of God, Col. ii. 14. CONTRIBUTION; a joint gi- ving of money for the relief of tne poor, Rom. xv, 2^). CONTRITE; broken; bruifed; dceplj'aifeded with grief, Pfal.xxxiv. i8. and li. 17. Ila. Ivii. 15. and ixvi. 2. CONTROVERSY; a plea; dif- puto, Deut. xvli. 8. The Lord has a controvirfy with men, when, for tlieir wickedncfs, he might, or doth proceed to punilh ihcm, Mic, vi. 2. Hof. xi. I. CONVENIENT. The things not convenient, wliich the Heathens ■were given up to, were vices con- trary to the light and frame of na- ture, as fodomv, &c. Rom. i. 28. CONVERSANT; walking a- mong, and dealing with, Jolli. viii. 35. CONVERSATION; the habi- tual manner of one's pradice and behaviour. Gal. i. 1 3. The conver- fation of faints ought to be in Chrill, and to be upright, orderly, fmcere, becoming the gofpcl, heavenly, ho- neft, without covetoufnefs, chade, good, holy, and tending to win men to Jefus Chrifl:, and his way, I Pet. iii. 16. PfaL xxxvii. 14. and 1. 2^, Ice. The converfition oi tlie wick- ed is vain ; full of pride, and alto- gether unprofitable and filthy, flow- ing from filthy lulls, and confiding ill filthy pracftices, Eph. iv. 22. I Pet. i. 18. 2 Pet. ii. 7. CONVERT; (i.) To turn men to the church, Ifa. Ix. y. (2.) To renew their .'.eart, and turn them from the power of Hn and Satan to God, John xii. 40. (;.) To recover one from a finful fall or error, Luke xxii. 32. James v. 19, 20. In the renewing of mens heart, God is the anthor ; his Spirit im])lants ipiritual knowledge, faith, love, and evecf other grace in tlie licart, as abldin*: principles of virtiu,ii«5 anions, ]m\\ xxxi. 18. His word is the mean% with refpc(^ to adult pcrfons, where- by he convinces of lin and mifery, difcovcrs the glory, txccUcncv, and fiiiiablencfs of Jefns Chrift, and con- veys him, and his grace, into the foul, Pfal. xix. 7. Miniftcrs, fellow Chrillians, awd even aflhctions, are inftrumcntal in producing this Ikviug change, i Cor. iv. 15. Ezek. xx. 57. Converts, are believers who liave received Jefus Chrilt, as freely and fully offered to them in the gof])tl, as their divine Tcaclier, Rightcoul- nefs. Portion, and Lord. Tlicy arc iiewcreatures, who have Chrill form- ed in them the hope of glory, and are cliangcd in all tlieir powers and qualities into the image of God; grow from one degree of grace to another ; obey, from the heart, tlicr dodrine of the gofpel, and ferve the living and true God, [ohn i. 12. 2 Cor. v. 17, r8. Gal.'iv. 19. 2 Pet. iii. 18. 2 Cor. iii. 18. Rom. vi. 17. I Thcfl'. i. 9. CONVEY; carry over; tranfport, I Kings V. 9. CONVICT, CONVINCE ; (r.) To perfuadc one of the trntli of a thing, Acts xviii. 28. r Cor. xiv. 24. (2.) To prove one guilty, and tlio- roughly pcrliiade him of the trutli and nature of his faults, James ii. 9. Job xxxii. 12. The Spirit conv-n- ceth men of (In, when, by ap-jiyino- the precepts and ihrcarenings of the law to their confcience, he rives them an sffe^ling view of the iacls, nature, aggravations, and nnliappy fruits of tlieir lin. It is a fliin that con\'icHons are thorough and faving, when they cliiefly extend to unbe- lief, and tlie corrnpticn of nature, and arc completed, by a difcovcry of a crucified Rericemcr, [ohn xvi. \ 8,9. Rom. vii.9, — 14. Zech.xii. ic. CONVOCATION; a facred meeting ofmuhitudcs fur the folemn warfliip of God, On the Sabbath, eoo [ 312 ] COR on the day of the pafTover, on the frit and leventh days of unleavened bread, on the days of Pentecoft and expiation, on the firft and eighth days of the feall of tabernacles, the Tews had their folcmn convocatiofis, jLev. xxiii. Numb, xxviii. Exod. xii. 16. CONY, or RABBIT ; the red-eyed hare, with a Ihort tail. In our coun- try, conies are generally of a pale, , brownilh, grey colour on the back, and white on the belly, and have a very foft and ufeful fur ; but our conies do not properly chew the cud, nor dwell in rocks, and fo are not probably the SHAPHANof fcrip- ture. Lev. xi. 5. Perhaps the sha- PHAN is the aljarbuo, or mountain rat of the Arabs, which indeed chew the cud, dwell in rocks, and go forth by bands, Pfal.civ. 18. Prov.xxx.26. Dr Shaw thinks the shaphan to be the fame with the Ifrael's lambs, •whicb abound in mount Lebanon, and are pretty like our rabbits. COOK ; one who dreffes food for eating, 1 Sam. viiL 13. COOL ; to remove warmth. To cool the tip of one's tongue, is to give the very fmalleft degree of £afe from torment, Luke xvi 24. A cool fpirit is one fubmiffive.^ patient, and notfoon angry, Prov. xvii. + 27. The cool, or wind of the day, is the time of the evcning-facrifice, a little before funfet : then Jefus firfl: ap- peared to fallen men in paradife^ and then he expired for them on Calvary, Gen. iii. 8. COOS ; an iHand in the Mediter- ranean fca, at a Imall diftance from the fouth-weil point of LefTer Afia. The chief city of it was Coos, which was overthrown by an earthquake about 400 years before Chnrt. Ef- culapliis, the god of phyfic, was their chief idol. The famed painter A- immodell Roman ladies with a kmfl of gauze, through which their bodies fuiiiciently appeared. The Coans had kings of their own, as early as the reign of JehoshAphat, if not much -arlier. They afterward fell under the Perfians, Pontians, and Romans. Paul failed by this place in his voyage to Jeruialem ; but it does not appear that there was a church here for fome ages after- ward. In the 4th, 5th, and 6th cen- turies, v/e find a church fettled in it ; but fince it fell into the hand of the Saracens and Turks, Chriftianity, and every thing elfe, have made but a poor appearance. It is now called Stancora, or Lango, A6ls xxi. I. COPPER ; i hard and heavy me- tal, and next to gold and filver, the mofl; dudlile into threads or wire. It confifls of ill-digefted fulphur, yel- lowllh mercury, and red fait. It is found in ftones of various forrh and colour. Virgin copper is folmd pure^ in grains, flakes, or lumps. Copper, mingled with the Calaroin ftone, be- comes brafs ; and with fine tin, it conftitutes bell-metaL If copper be anointed with the fpirit of wine and orpiment, it becomes white, Ezra viii. 27. COPY ; a double of an original writing, Deut. xvii. 18. To copy out, is to write a double from ah o- riginal manufcript, Prov. xxv^ i. COR, or c homer: a rneafure equal to ten ephahs, or 17,468 fblid inches, which is 44 folid inches more than the Englifh quarter, Ezek. xlv. 14. CORAL ; a ftony plant which grows in the fea, and which is no lefs hard while in the fea than when out of it. It cleaves *o rocks by a root fcarte vifible. It is of three general kinds : the black is the moft rare and esteemed ; the white is of pelles, and the no lefs famous phyfi- very fmall ufe ; but the red is ufed cian Hippocrates, were natives of in medicine, and for chaplets, beads, this ifland. A kind of filk trade be- and. other ornaments. Coral is fifti- gan here very early, and ferved the ed in the Perfian gulf, in the Red COR [ 3«3 ] COR fcny on the AiVican coaft, near tlic lialtion ot France, and near Murfcil- Ics, in tlie Mediterranean. Tlic Sy- rians anciently broaglit it from tlic foutli, and traded liieitin with ilie Tyrians, tzck. xxvii. 16. However valualilc it be, it is not to be compa- red to wil'dom, to J tills Clirilt, and hii True religion. Job xxviii. l8. CORBAN ; a gift offered to the fcrvice ot" the Jewilh tcm;)le. The Jews Irequently devoted tlie wliole, or part oi^ their goods, or even their perlons, as a corbun, or olleriiig to God. In their degenerate a'^es, if a man made a corhan, or facred ob- lation, of what fliDiild have main- tained his wife, liis fatlicr, or mo- ther, they wickedly jnetended that they owed them no fubfi Hence ; and iometimes to cafe themleivcs, they pretended to make a cotbati of their property, when they did not, Mark vii. II. They fometimes Iwore by their corban, or gift, JVlatth. xxiii. 18. ; and called the trcalury of the temple corbany becaufe there the prefents were laid \ij), Matth. xxvii. 6. Gr. CORD ; a fmall rope, for bind- ing or drawing, &c. Jofii. ii. 15. The jilvsr cord that is broken at death, is the pith or marrow of the back-bone, wliicli, defceiidiiig from the brain, goes down to the lowtil part of the back-bcmc, and produ- ces the various tendons, nerves, and finews of the body. This is round as a cord, and white as filver ; and by it the motion of the body is af- fe6led. Or may not x\\\% jilvcr cord be the union between foul and bo- dy ? Eccl. xii. 6. The cords oj Cod, ■which wicked men calt from them, are his government and laws, which are uneafy to them, as they redrain their liberty, and bind them to du- ties which they heartily hate, Pial. ii. 7,. He draws with cords of a mun, atid bunds of love y when, with ra- tion;tl and gentle arguments, and •with the difcovery and application Vol.; I. of his redcerriing love, he, by Iils word, excites and inclines their fuul to receive Jelus Chi ill, and obey his laws. Hoi', xi. 4. The curds of i churclior llatc, arc her t< nllitutions, laws, rulers, power, and wealth, that conncjit and ellablilh tlie various parts thereof i and, by ihe ruin of tlie former of which, tin church and the Ihae are dilordered or dillolved, Ifa. liv. 2. Jer. x. 20. The harmo- nious focicty of friends is a threefold cord, not eafily broken ; each con- tributes to itrengthen and fupport the whole body, Keel. iv. la. The cords, wherewith the jewilh facii- fices were bound to tha altar, might repreieiit God's co.noiand, Jeius' love to linners, and his furety-' n- gagement for them, by which he wa- bound to continue in his dtba- fed and fuffering ftatei till, by his death, he had linillied tlu! atpneir«:it of our fms, Pl'al. cxviii. 27. I'lie cords of fiiincrs, are the fnai'cs whereby they catch and 1 iiin we;lk and innocent perfons, Plal. cxxix. 4^ and cxl. 5. The cords af fms are their corrupt lults, habit-, and cu- ftoms, the cni fe of Gwd's law, and the puniihment denounced by it, which hold tranfgrefiors that they cannot efcape, Prov. v. 22. JVkii draw iniquity with cords oj vanity, and fin as with a cart-rope, when, with unlubflaniial pretences of pka- fure, profit, and the like, they en- gage tjienifelvcs and others to do wickedly ; and, with all might and diligence, endeavour to commit it, Ifa. V. 18. AiHiclions kre Cords; t\\jey reilrain. onr liberty, and ought toi draw us to God ; nor can we free •'ourlelves therefrom at pleaiure, Job' • xxxvi. 8. CORIANDER, according to Lin- naeus, is a kind of the p« nrandria tligynia plants, the general curiilli cf which is diiform and radiated ; the projver flowers of the dilk are. hermaphrodites, and ccmpoled of five unequal petals ; tlie llaiuina ar^ R r COR [ 3«4 ] C OR five fiinple filaments ; tlie fruit is a roundifli berry, containing two half round feeds, of an aromatic fmell, and pleafant tafle. They are rec- koned ufeful medicine in windy dif- orders, and the headachs occafioned by them. They are alfo ufeful to ftop emerods and fluxes, and to difcufs ftrumcE. The manna might be like coriander-feed, in reipe6l of its form ; tlie two feeds together be- ing about the bignefs of a pea, with a fmooth furface : but if Mofes means, that the manna was like the feed of CAD in whi'enefs of colour, it muft be fome other plant that is meant by GAD ; for the (bed of coriander is greyifli, Exol. xvi. 91. CORINTH; a famed city, the capital of Achai;i, feated on the ifth- mus or necl; of land, which fepa- rates the Pfloponnefus, or Morea, from Attica on the north, Lecheum on the weit, andCENCHREA onthe eaft, were lea-ports and diftant fub- nrbs belonging to it. It is faid to have been built by Sifyphus the grandfather of Ulyffes, about J. M. 2400 : but if he was the founder, it was probably built 500 years la- ter, in the days of Solomon. The citadel of Corinth, built upon an al- jnoft-impregnable rock, made the place confiderably ftrong: its fitua- tion between the two feas of Greece renderedit extremely wealthy. Rich- es introduced pride, luxury, and lewdnefs, to an aftonifliing degree. The moft public and abominable proftituticKi of women, was a part of the worfnip of Venus, their god- defs : a thoufand whores were con- fecrated to one temple. Till about ^. M. 3200, or later, the Corin- thians were governed by kings ; and for many ages afterward, molHy by an ariltocracy. About A. M. 3724, this city acceded to the A- chaean confederacy. Highly provo- ked with the Corinthians infulting of the Roman ambafladors, who, after the cenqueft of Greece, had order- ed the difTolution of that league, Mumniius the conful, in J. M. 3858, took their city and burnt it to alhes; the multitude of ftatues of different metals, melted and run together in the conflagration, compofed the Co- rinthian brafs, which was reckoned more precious than gold. About 46 years before Chrift, this city was rC' built by Julius Cefar, and peopled with a Roman colony. It quickly became the fineft city of Greece. About y^. D. §2, Paul preached here 18 months, with great fuccefs, an4 amidft nol'mall perfecution from the Jews ; planted a Chriltian church here, which hath continued, more Qr lefs till the prefent times. Soon after his departure from them, in y/. D. 54, he feems to have wrote them a friendly letter, which was not infpired, and is now loll:, I Cor. v. 9, 2 Cor. X. 10, II. Various diforders and fchifms quickly took place among them : fome pretend- ed to be followers of Paul, others of Peter, others of Apollos, and o- thers, pretending to more flri^lnefs, of Chrift. Their falfe teachers ex- ceedingly decried the apoftle Paul. He therefore, infpired by God, wrote them a large epiftle ; wherein he rebukes their divifions; vindicates his own office and conducSl ; directs them to excommunicate an incelluQUs perfon ; warns them to avoid law- iuits before Heathen magiftrates, mutual offences, uncleannefs, irre- gularities in marriage, or giving of- fence in eating things offered to i- dols. He directs them to afford due fupport to their faithful paftors; and how to attend public worfliip, par- » ticularly the Lord's fupper, with due reverence and order; and how to feek and ufe fpiritual gifts : he then largely explains and vindicates the do(^trine of the refurret^ion, whicl*. fome among them doubted of, or denied ; and diretSls them to prepare a colle^ion for the poor Chriftians in Judea. This epiftle had a very COR [ 3^5 1 COR good effeifl on them. The apoftle rhereforcwrotcthemanothcr.where- iii lie explains to them the riihlhince, glory, and tendency of the gofpel : gives them directions to receive the inceftuous perlon, now fiifliciently penitent ; infiih on their having in rcadinefs their colleclion for the faints of Jndea ; and, with no fmall boldncfs, declaims againll his wick- ed oppofer?, and vindicates the marks of his apolHetiiip, A6ts xviii. I, — 17. I ft and 2d epift. to Cor. About A. D. 268, the Heruli burnt Corinth to afhes. In 525, it was again almoft entirely ruined by an eartJ)quake. About 1180, Roger, king of Sicily, took and plundered it. Since 1458, it hath been gene- rally under the power of the Turks ; and is lb decayed, that its inhabi- tants amount to no more than about 1 500 or 2000, half Mahometans, and half Cliriitians, with au archbifbop at their head. CORMORANT; the water-ra- ven. It is a kind of pelican, and of the fize of a goofe. Its back is of a deep dulky brown, with fome ad- mixture of a greenilli glofs, and its belly and breaft are white : the long feathers of its wings are greyifli : its tail is about the length of a hand- breadth and a half; and, when ex- panded, ajipears roundi/li at the end : its legs are black, thick, Hattilli, and covered with a kind of fcales : its toes are joined together by a mem- brane, in the manner of a duck : its lower chap has itsbafe covered with a naked yellow membrane. It builds on trees, or in rocks, and lives on iiih, and, with great violence, alights on tlicni in the water: the shalec h was unclean by the law. Lev. xi. 17. Deut. xiv. 17.; but the kaath, Ifa. xxxiv. II. and Zeph. ii. 14. is the pelican, Ffal. cii. 6. CORN; wheat, barley, oats, rye, &c. After growing up in llalks, it forms into ears at the top, of dilfer- eai figures. Being cut down with the fickle or fcythe in liarveft, it i:^ bound into flieuTcs, and fet up in fliocks, that it may be lutliticntly dried ; then ^i is carried home to the barn-yard, or garner ; and being thrclhcd our, and grinded into meal, is a molt llrcngthening food. The ancients, and lome of tlie eaftern people, Itill have their threlliing- floors under the open Iky : here they lomctimes threihed out their corn, by rutniing carts with low, thick, and iron-lliod wheels over it, Ifa. xxviii. 28. Sometimes they caufed their cattle tread it out, as its ears were bigger than ours, Deut. xxv. 4. They alfo threihed it out, by a kind of Hedge wiili two rollers, which had rows of iron-tccth, which cut the ftraw as a faw, Ifa. xli. 15. Some- times they did beat it out with flails. After it was thiclhed, it was win- nowed, and grinded in hand-mills, driven by alles or (laves, Matth. xxiv. 41. h\\ handful of am, /own on tops of 7iiountains, may denote Chrill hini- ftlf, the corn of wheat, as preached, or his gofpel-truths and ordinances, difpcnled by a few apolUes, and o- ther preachers, in places fpiritually barren, to an eminent degree, and yet remarkably fruitful in the con- verfion of multitudes, and the pro- dudlion of much grace and good works, Pfal. Ixxii. 16. The people of God revive as the corn; when, watered w ith the rain of his w ord and Spirit, and warmed by the rays of the Sun of righteoufnefs, they recover from fpiritu.il decays, and pleafantly fiourilh, and forebode a rich harveit of eternal blelfednefs, riof. xiv. 7. Good men, dying; in eld age, are as u* Jhock cj corn, co- ming in, in its feafon ; being iully prepared for death, they are carricil by angels into the heavenly man- fions. Job V. 26. Bleflings, whether temporal or fpiritual, arc likened to cortty to denote their neceflity and eminent i4Vfulnefs for mens foul or K r a e OR [ 3^6 ] COR body, Ifa. Ixii. 8. Ezek. xxxvi. 29. Hoi. ii. 9. Zech. ix. 1 7. Manna is called cdrn of heaven ; it fell from heaven, and I'uilained mens lives, as corn doth, Pial. Ixxviii. 24. CORNELIUS; a centurion be- longing to the Italian band. He yas a Gentile by birth, probably of the Cor7inin at Rome, but a devout man, perhaps a prolelyte of the gate to the Jewifh religion, and lived at Cefarea. While he was employed in folemn prayer and fafting, an an- gel appeared to him, affured him that God had accepted his prayers and alms ; and directed him to lend to Joppa for Simon Peter, that he might, from him, receive further direction in his religious concerns. He immediately lent off two of his fervants to bring Peter. Peter was prepared for their invitation, by a yifion of mingled beafts, whereby vas fignified to him, that God had chofen to himlelf a people from a- rnong the Gentiles ; and tiierefore he ought to make no fcruple of preaching the gofpel to them^ or of admitting them members of the ChrilHan church : he therefore, di- rected by the Holy Ghoft, went a- long witli the fervants, and on the rnorrow after, about mid-afternoon, came to Cornelius' houfe, who, with" a number of his friends, waited his arrival. It feerqs, Cornelius liad fuppofed Peter might be the Mef- fiah, and fo fell at his feet to wor- Ihip him ; but was quickly checked, by Peter's railing him up, and in- forming him that he was but a mere man. After Cornelius had related ^o Peter how he came to fend for hini, and that lie and hi,s friends were aifembl.cd to hear the word of God, Peter entertained them with a difcourfe concerning Jefus the Mefliah, in his miracles, fuffering.s, and glorious refurre«Stion, and of his Sufficiency to fave from lin : mean- while, to the furprife o^ Peter's Je\yifli attendants, the Holy Ghoft, in his miraculous influences, fell up- on Cornelius and his Gentile friends, and they fpake with tongues. Upon Peter's motion, they wei-e immedi- ately baptized. Cornelius detained Peter Ibme days with him. At firft, the believers at Jerufalem were of- fended with Peter for baptizing tha Gentiles ; but on hearing the whole circumflances, they glorified God, for granting them faith and repent- ance. This was the firft noted ga- thering of the Gentiles to Chrilt ; and perhaps, at this very time, the fceptre departed from Judah, AtSts %. and xi. Gen. xlix. lo. CORNER, (i.) The utmoft part of any thing, as of a country, robe, beard, building, altar, table. The corners, or four corners, of a land, fignify the whole of it. Numb. xxiv. 17. Ezek. vii, 2. The Hebrews were forbidden to round the corners of their head, by fliaving, or mar- ring the corners of their beard, as; the fuperftitious Heathens did. Lev. xix. 27. (2.) An obfcure part of a houfe or country, Prov, xxi. 9. Ifa. XXX. 20. Acts xxvi. 26. The cor- 7^^r\^^■^x came forth from Judah, was either their chjef rulers, who adorn- ed and eftablilhed their nation in the time of Nehemiah, the Macca- bees, &c. compare i Sam. xiv. 58. Ucb. ; or rather Jefus Chrift, who, as the chief corner-flone, conne(3:s, adorns, and eftablilhes his church, Zech. X. 4. with Pfal. cxviii. 22. Ifa, xxviii. 16. The horns, and fprinkling of blood on the four cor- ners of the altar, imported the equal accefs, which all the ends of the earth have to falvation in Chrift, Exod. xxvii. 2. Ezek. xlv. 19. The people of Samaria v/ere taken out in the corner of a bed, and thefe of Da- niafcns hi a couch ; were reduced to great poverty; and, notwithilanding, of all endeavours to the contrary, were carried into a wretched capti- vity by' the Afljrians, Amos iii. 12. CORNET ; a wiBd-mftr undent oj COT [ 3»7 ] CO V horn, or like one, for founding in war, or at religious folcmnitics: but as SHorHAR is ordinarily rendered trumfitf I know not why it is ever rendered carnct, Hof. v. 8. ; but KEREN, or KARNAH, is Very pro- perly rendered cor/ut, Dan. iii. J, 7, lo. CORRECT. See Chasten. To CORRUPT ; (i.) To walle; confumc, Mattli. vi. 19. (2.) To mar; make bad, i Cor. xv. ;?^. {3.) To dilbhcy; pervert; improve wick- edly, Mai. ii. 8. (4.) To dcHlc ; pol- lute, Exod. xxxii. ?• (S-) To entice tromgood, and allure to evil, 2 Cor. ^. (6.) To bribe ; make to dilfcm- ble, Dan. xi. 17, 32. Corrupt, what is bad, or tends to render any thing bad. Corrupt co?nTftunicatiojiy is converfe that is filthy and unfa- voury, proceeding from a wicked heart, and tending to defile others with lin, Eph. iv. 29. C6rru[>t words, are fuch as are flattering and deccit- lul, Dan. ii. 9. Corrupt ptrfous, are inch as are biafl'cd by carnal intereft, or fiuful inclinations, i Tim. vi. 5. 2 Tim. iii. 8. Corruption, (i.) The abominable putrefaction, or rot- tennefs of dead bodies, Pfal. xvl. 10. (2.) The blcmiihcs, wliich rendered an ;uiimal unfit for facrifice, Lev, xxii. 25. (3.) Sinful inclinations, habits, and pra(fticcs, which are hate- ful in thcml'elves,and defile and 1 uin men, Rom.viii. 21. 2 Pet. ii. rz, 19. (4.) P^verlafting ruin.Gai. vi. 8. ( J.) Uncomelinel's, as of a dead body, Dan. X. 8. (6.) Men in their mor- tal and imperfedl ftatc, I Cor. xv. 50. The mount of Olives is called the mount of corruptio>/,bec\i\ilti there Solomniibuilt high places or tcmj.les for aboiilinable idols, to gratify liis heathcnilh wives, 2 Kings x;ciii. 13. COTES ; huts or houfes, to iTiel- tcr Ihcep amid llorms, a Chron. xxxii. 28. COTTAGE ; a forry hut or houfe for fhepherds or poor people, Zepli. ii. 6. Tli',' daughter of'-^iyw was like a cottagifCtrtd lodi^f in agaiditi,v!\\t% the cities around were dcftroyed, and Jcrulhlem and the temple were on the point of being invefted, and ruined by the Alfyrians Ifii- i. 8. The earth Jh.t It b: r:?nov:d as a cot- tage ; ealily did Neduchadne/./ar and Titus entirely overthrow and bring to ruin the Jewilh itate : and ealily fhall the Aniichrillian flate be utter- ly dcltroyed, Ifa. xxiv. 20. COUCH ; a bed, chicHy a forry one, that lies, or may lie, on the floor, Amos vi. 4. Aiftsv. 15. To cote h, is, (i.) To lie down, as on a Ibtry bed. Job xxxviii. 40. (2.) To lielov.-, Dcut. xxxiii. 13, (3.) To yield to la- bour and oppreflion, Gen. xlix. 14. COVENANT; an agreement Ik- twcen two or more parties, on cer- tain terms. The obligation of all covenants arifeth from \\\c f:lj-bhid' ing aCi of the parties covenanting, even as the obligation of a law arifeth from the authority of the law-giver. Anciently covenants were made with great folemnity ; beafts w'ere flain with awful imprecations, that God might deal fo with the breaker. The fcripture alludes to the folemnity of killing a calf, and renting it afundcr, and pafhng between the parts, in to- ken of a iolemn wilii, that fo G»d might rend in twain the breaker of (he covenant, Jer. xxxiv. 18. In co- venants, there are the parties be- tween whom the agreement is made; the condition which, when perform- ed, gives right to claim the reward; the promife, which fecures the re- ward to him who iuliils the con-li- tion ; and if a party be fallible, a threatening is ordinarily annexed, t» djter him from breaking his terms. Tlie Hebrew berith, denotes choo' Jing, or J riendiy parting; as, in co\x— nants, each party, in a friendly man- ner, confcnted, and fo bound him- felf to the chofen terms ; and bcc.iufe of the cutting afundcr oi bealh on that occafion, the making of cove- nunts is oftgn called a cutting of tlicm. COV [ 3^8 1 C O V In the New Teftament, God's cove- nant is called diatheke, or tella- ment, as all its bleffings are freely dil'poned to us. Both M'ords may, ill general, be rendered an esta- blishment ; and this fignincation will anfwer in every place where the Vi'ords are found. In fcripture, we read ©f a variety of covenants be- tween men ; between Abraham, Efh- col, Aner, and Mamre ; between A- bndiam and Abimelech ; between Ifaac and Abimelech ; between Ja- cob and Laban ; between Jacob's fa- mily and the Shechemites ; between Ifrael and the Gibeonites ; between David and Jonathan ; between So- lomon and Hiram ; between Afa and Benhadad ; between Ahab and Ben- hadad ; between Jehoiada and the Jewifli rulers ; between Joafli and his fubjei^s; between Hoihea and the Alfyrians andEgyptians in their turn; between Zedekiah and Nebuchad- •jieazar, &c. Gen» xiv. 13. and xxi. 27. and xxvi. 28. and xxxi. 44. and xxxiv. &c. The Jews covena7:t with heathy and agreement with hell^ was their fmful leagues with the Alfy- rians or Egyptians, or their carnal -dependence on the Romans, that ■made them as fecure againlf hell and dellrudlion, as if they had been in alliance therewith, Ifa. xxviii. 1 5, 1 8. When covenants arc between men, each party has power to accept or Tefufe the terms. But, when God is a party, it is inconfiftent with his grandeur to have the terms propo- . fed by a creature : nor is it poiTible, that whathe propofeth can, witliout fm or felf-injury, be rejedted. Imme- diately after the flood, God made a covenant of fafety with Noah and his family, and the bcafts of the earth, im- porting, that the earth Ihould never more be drowned with water,andthat day and night, fummer and winter, feed-time and harveft, fhould, from age to age, return in their order. Of tliisthe raifil) owwdiS thefeal,Gen. vlii. 31, 22. and ix, 9, — 17. Jer. xxxiij. 20, 25. He made a covenant of pro- perty with Abraham, importing, that his feed fhould be very numerous, and have Canaan for their inheri- tance. This he confirmed to Ifaac and Jacob 5 and of this circumcifon was the feal ; for which reafon it is called the cevcnant, Gen. xiii. 15, l6j 17, and XV. 18. and xvii, 4,— . 9, 13. Pfal. cv. 8, — II. Neh. ix. 8. At Sinai, befides publifhing the co- venanls of works and grace, to ex- cite the Hebrev/s to flee from the one, to feek falvation by the other, God made with the Hebrews a na- tional covenant, importing, that he ailumed them for his peculiar peo-^ pie, and gave them the peaceful and happy enjoyment of Canaan, on con- dition of their obedience to his laws, Exod. xix, — xxiv. Deut. vi, 17, — 19. The commandments which re- quired the condition, are called Cod's covenant, Deut, iv. 1 3. Pfal. xxv. 10.- The Jewifh nation, or their religion, are called the ho/j covenant .♦ the former were God's peculiar people, and the latter exhibited the whole fubltance flf his covenants with men, Dan. xi. 28. The whole ceremo- nial fervice was a kind of feal of this national covenant, Exod. xxiv. Deut. xxvi, and xxvii. Jufl before the death of Mofes and of Jofhua, and in the days pf Afa, Joafh, Hezekiah, Jofiah, Zedekiah, Ezra, and Nehe- miah, this was folemnly renewed, and the Hebrews devoted themfelves to the fervice of God : and herein the churches of Chrilt under the gol- pel ought to imitate them, as God gives opportunity, Deut, xxix, Jolli. xxiv. 2 Chron. xv. and xxiii. and xxix. and xxxiv. Jer. xxxiv. Ezrax. Neh, ix. andx, Ifa, xix. 18,21. 2Cor. viii. 5. God made a covenant of high prieffhood with Phinehas, im- porting, that, for his zeal in cutting off two impudent fornicators, he and his family fliould mollly enjoy that ofhce, till it fhould be abohlhed by the death and refurre(5lion of Chri|^, COV [ 319 ] GOV Numb. XXV. 12, 13. God al(b made a covenant ol" royalty with DaviJ, importing, that he and his family Ihoulcl be kings and governors of tlic Hebrews, till the MtJliali lliould Ipring from his loins, and be the cver- larting King of his church, 2 Sam. xvii. Fi'al. Ixxxix. Tiiat ihefe cove- nants did not immediately relate to eten.al felicity ; that they were ty- pical of good things to come ; and that nuill of them were not proper covenants, but mere promiies, is evi- dent to every careful enquirer. Tiie iovenants to which the Gentiles were long ftrangers, and which long per- tained to the Jews, were not only fundry of the above, but alfo the foveiiatit of grace, which, in refpeift of its various intimations, and diife- rcnt difpenf'ation to us, in free pro- mifes, may be called the covcmnts oj proj/iifcy Rom. ix. 4. Epli. ii. 12. j^larriage is called the covenant of Cody as therein, according to his will, perfons bind themfelves to one ano- ther, as in his prefence, Prov. ii. 1 7. with MaL ii. 14. The TWO COVENANTS, whicli relate to the everlafling happinefs of man- kind, are thefe of works and of grace, Gal. iv. 24. The covenant of works , as it was not between equaK, but its whole terms were propofed by the fovereign Lawgiver, is often called the taw, or lav of works, Gal. iii. 10. Rom. iii. 27. and vi. 14. and vii. 4. and viii. 2. Gal. ii. 19. and iv. 4. In this traiifaotion, the parties were, God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghofl, as our Creator and Supreme Ruler, infinitely holy, kind, and con- defcencxxix. 45. One\moux.)\\<, covered with violence, wlicu the ol-vious j>u- niihment t.l' his opprtflion convi-.ices aad confounds him, that he has no- thing to fay for l.imielf, Prov. x. 6. The waters cover thcfea; they cover tlie bed or tlianncl of the lea ; or the frclh waters being lighter, cover the furface of tJie fca, Hab. ii. 14. Covering; vail ; clothes; roof. Job xxvi. 6. and xxxi. 9. Gen. viii. I 3. The Jews :ov.red with a cover- ing not bj Cod^s Spirit: they de- pended on the allillance of ihc Egyp- tians, contrary to the will of God, Ifa. XXX. I. The face-covering and vail fpread over all nations, is tl:e groi's ignorance, and fentence ol con- tiemnation, which lay on tl.e Gentile world, Ifa. xxv. 7. He dif<:overcd the covering oj judah : Go;illence,ho- lincfb' and happiuefs, to Chrilt, and to God in him, Rev. iv. 4, 10. A good wife is a croivn, an honour, and caufe of wealth and power, to her hulband, Frov. xii. 4. So are children a croivn to their parent!?, Prov. xvii. 6. An hoary heady or grey hairSi are a croivn ; an hotiour- al)le badge of wifdom and auiliori- ty, Prov. XX. 29. and xvi. ^i. J?::h- ti are a croivn to the wife, as tliey gain, and lay them out lionourably, Frov. xiv. 24. Honour, wealth, and authority, are called a croivn^ Prov. xvii. 6. and xxvii. 24. and iv. 9. The beautiful croivn, given to tlie Jews, at their marriage-covenant with God, and which fell from their head at their captivity, was their ho- nourable renown, glorious wealth, and beautiful order and government of church and (late, Ezek. xvi. 12. Lam. V. 16. Tlic crowns of the lo- ci/Jh, under the 5th trumpet, denote the outward glory, power, and au- thority, of the Sar.iccns in tb.c eaft, and of the Romifh clergy in the weft; and may alfo mark the caps of the Saracens formed like crovjns, and the mitres and hoods of the Romanics, Rev. ix. 7. The fve?i crowns of the red dragon, arc the fevenfold form of auiliority, by kings, confuls, dic- tators, decemvirs, tribunes, empe- rors Heathen and CliriRian, and Gothilh kings, or exarchs, that fuc- retFively obtained at Rome ; and the great glory of that rtatc, Rev. xii. 5. TJie tin crowns of the AntichriRian beafl, are tlie Pope's authority over, and command of all the glory of the ten diflerent kingdoms, formed out of the Romilli empire in the weft, Rev. xiii. T. To CRov/N ; (t.) To put on a crown, 2 Tim. ri. 5. (2.) To pro- te<5t ; enrich ; honour, Pfal. ciii. 4. The croivmd of AlFyria ivers as tht /'■■•It/Is ; their princes and great men were cxrceding numerous, Nab. uL 17. Tyre is called a croivntng city, l>cc:nife of her royal government^ her great glory, power, and wealthy abovii othcis, Ifa. xxiii. 8. CRUDDLE; to thicken the ie- minal fubftance in the womb, till it be formed into fiefli and bones, us milk is thickened in order to make cheefe, Job x. 10. CRUEL ; hard-hearted ; fierce ; painful. Gen. xlix. 7- The tender mercies of the wicked are cruei^ even their kindnefs enfnares and murders mens fouls, Prov. xii. 10. 'J'o breathe out cruelty, is to utlef threatenings ; and to delight in want of tender iympathy, and in doln^j milchief, Pf.il. xxvii. 12. CRUMBS. Miraculous benefits done to poor Gentiles, are likened to crumbs let fall to dogs under the table, Matth. xv. 27. CRUSE ; a fmall veftel of glafs^ &c. for holding Water, oil, &c. T Sani; xxvi. ri. CRUSH; (i.) Tobruifc, Numb, xxii. 25. (2.) To tread to pieces^ Job xxxix. 15. (3.} To opprefs grie- voufly. Job XX. 15. (4.) To ruiii almoin utterly, Jer. X\. 54. CRY; (i.) To make a loud noife witli the voice, Yxc\. ix. 17. Matih. xxi. 15. (a.) Bitter lamentation and mourning, Exod. xi. 6. and xii. 30* (3.) Horrible complaints of oppref- lion and injuftice, Ila. V. 7. (4.) Ear- neft prayer, as in great ftraits and danger, and witli ftrong dcfire, Exod.; xiv. 15. Pfal. xvii. I. (5.) The ear- neft defirc of beafts for their food^ and eager expreftion tlicreof, Pfal. cxiv. 9. God's crying, imports his earneft warning of his people, Ifa.- XXX. 7. and hts exertion of hrs power^ in awful providences, for tlicir de- liverance. Ha. xlii. 14. Jefus crying to men, imports his earneft v/arn- ing tl;cm ot their infinitely danger- ous condition ; roufmg ihcni from their fplritual deep and llr.mbcr ; and his hearty invitation of ibom to re-- Tr. CRY [ 33^ ] cue celve his bleffings, Prov. i. 21. and viii. I. Zech. vii. 13. His not cryhrg, nor lifting up his voice in the jlreets, imports his lowhnefs, meeknels, and patience, amid his humiliation, Ha. xhi. 2. The cry of Abel's blood; of Sodom's fin ; of the vj