;n,v ^^f^^^^"" — . ^r^H-tet<^^ ^^*tt -• // 4 ?^' ^v *<' 6.2.8- Srom i^t &i6rarg of (pxoftBBOx Wiffidm J^tnx^ &xccn tgtqntaf^t^ 6g ^im to f ^e feifirarg of (Princeton S^eofo^tcaf ^emindrjj r C^l^^O- AN ELEMENTARY HEBEEW GEAMMAE, WITH llcabing anij Writing l^cssons iiuir Hotabularus. BY WILLIAM HENEY GEEEN, PROFESSOR IN THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AT PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY. NEW EDITION, THOROUGHLY CORRECTED. NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS, PUBLISHEES, 53 East Tenth Street. 1890. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S71. By WILLIAM HENRY GREEX. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. Tms brief Manual has been prepared witli special reference to the Tvants of beginners. The essential facts of the language are concisely stated, without the encumbrance of minute details, which would confuse their minds and impede their progress, and which be- long properly to a more advanced stage of study. The tabular form has been adopted to as great an extent as possible, in order to exhibit to the eye what- ever is capable of such a mode of representation. The Reading Exercises, which are of the simplest kind, have been carefully selected mth a view to illustrate the forms and uses of different parts of speech, and especially the various classes of perfect and imperfect verbs ; and they are accompanied by a special Voca- Ijulary. It will, as is hoped, meet the wants of non-profes- sional students who seek a general knowledge of this venerable and sacred tonsiue rather than a thorous'h acquaintance "U'ith it, and who might be repelled by a larger and more costly apparatus. It is sufficiently IV PKEFACE. sim}3le for private study, as well as adapted for use in schools and colleges where facilities are offered for the acquisition of the Hebrew. The author will be re- joiced if this humble v^olume should tend in any wa} to a more extended familiarity with the original lan- guage of the Old Testament among intelligent aiu) liberally educated laymen. Princeton, August 22, 180(1 . PKEFAOE TO THE SECOND EDITION The Grammar has been entirely rewritten, with a riow to adapt it more fully to the wants of those for whom it is intended. In doing this, the writer has had the benefit of practical suggestions from some of the best Hebrew teachers in various parts of the country, among whom he is particularly indebted to Prof. Hoyt, of Ohio Wesleyau University, Delaware, Ohio. The paradigms are, as in the previous edition, combined together in Grammatical Tables, which afford a complete survey of all the forms of the language. But for the greater convenience of the student a number of the paradigms are inserted in the text of the Grammar likewise, and in some of the earlier of these the pronunciation is also given in Roman letters, to relieve the labor, and prevent the mistakes incident to an imperfect acquaintance with the characters. A more complete system of exercises both in Hebrew reading and composition has been provided throughout, and the greatest pains have been • taken to make them stiictly progressive in their character. No grammatical form or construction is admitted into the lessons until this has VI PEEFAOE TO THE SECOi^B EDITION. first been explained. In the orthography these exercises are inserted in the text of the Grammar in order that the, eye of the student, perplexed by the strange forms of unfamiliar characters, may readily pass from the rules oi' principles to theii^ application. The exercises in trans lation, whether from Hebrew into English or fi-om Eng. lish into Hebrew, are, as in the former edition, removed to the end of the volume. A special vocabulary, num- bered to Correspond with each successive lesson, contains all words not previously learned, while their separation upon different pages is designed to counteract the temp- tation to negligence, which would arise from having these significations before the eye in the very act of recitation. It is assumed that all words are mastered as the student proceeds, so that they are never repeated in the special vocabularies. General vocabularies follow both Hebrew-English and English-Hebrew, which con- tain every word to be found in any of the lessons. The principles of Syntax successively illustrated in the lessons, or necessar}^ to be known in order to their proper understanding, are supplied in accompanying Remarks or Directions. The learner is thus gradually familiarized with the practical application of nearly all the important principles of Syntax before he conies to study them together in systematic order, Pkinckton, October 11, 1871. C O N T E :N^ T S . PAGE Orthography. § 31. § 1. The Lett n-s 1 § 32. § 3. Their Classification 3 § 33. g 3. The Yowel-Letters 5 § 34. § 4. The Vowel-Points 5 §5. Sh'va 6 §35. § 6. Pattahh-furtive 7 § 7. Quiescence of the Vowel- § 36. Letters ^ § 8. Scriptio plena and defectiva 9 § 37. §9. SyUables 10 § 10. Resulting Vowel-changes. . . 12 § 38. ^ 11. Kamets and Kamets-Hha- tuph 13 §39. § 12. Daghesh-lene 14 § 40. § 13. Daghesh-forte 15 § 14. Mappik 15 § 41. §15. Raphe 16 §43. § 16. Accents 16 § 43. g 17. Position of the Accent 17 § 44. § 18. Recession of the Accent 18 § 45. § 19. Pause Accents 18 § 20. Consecution of Accents 19 § 4G. §21. Makkeph 20 §47. § 23. Methegh 20 § 48. I 23. K'ri and K'thibh 21 § 49. §50. Etymology. k g^ § 24. Prefixed Particles 23 § 52. § 25. The Ai-ticle. 23 § 53. § 26. He Interrogative ." 24 § 54. § 27. Inseparable Prepositions 25 § 55. § 28. Vav Conjunctive 25 § 56. § 29. Personal Pronouns 26 § 57. S 30. Other Pronouns 28 ^58. Verbs. Their Species 29 Perfect Verbs 30 Kal Preterite and Infinitives 31 Niphal, Piel, and Pual Pre- terites and Infinitives. ... 33 The remaining Preterites and Infinitives 34 Kal Future, Imperative, and Participles 35 Niphal, Piel, and Pual Fu- tures, etc 37 Hiphil, Hophal, and Hith- pael Futures, etc 39 Peculiar Forms 40 Paragogic and Ajjocopated Future and Imperative ... 41 Vav Conversive 42 Verbs with Suffixes 48 Gender and Number of Nouns 45 Feminine, Dual, and Plural 46 Dual and Plural in Feminine Nouns 49 Construct State 50 Its Formation 51 Paragogic Vowels 52 Nouns with Sufiixes 53 IiTegular Nouns. 55 Imperfect Verbs 56 Guttural Verbs 57 Pe Guttural Verbs 57 Ayin Guttural Verbs 58 Lamedh Guttural Verbs. . 59 Pe Nun Verbs 60 Ayin Doubled Verbs 61 Pe Yodh Verbs 63 nil CONTENTS. PAGE § 59. Ay in Vav and Ayin Yodh Verbs 64 § 60. Lamedh Aleph Verbs. 65 § 61. Lamedh He Verbs 66 § 62. Doubly Imperfect Veios. ... 68 § 63. Unusual Forms 68 § 64, Quadriliteral Verbs 69 ^ 65. Numerals 69 § 66. Separate Particles 70 « Syntax. §67. The Copula 71 §68. The Article 71 § 69. Nouns definite without the Article 73 § 70. Adjectives 73 § 71 . Demonstrative Pronouns. ... 73 g 73. Comparison of Adjectives. . . 73 §73. Numerals 73 § 74. Apposition 74 § 75. The Constract State 74 § 76. Tenses of Verbs 75 §77. The Preterite 75 § 78. The Future 76 § 79. The Secondary Tenses 77 §80. Participles 77 § 81. The Infinitive 78 § 83. Object of Verbs 78 § 83. Verbs with more than one Object 79 § 84. Adverbial Expressions 79 g 85. Neglect of Agreement 79 § 86. Compound Subject 80 g 87. Repetition of Words 81 §88. Relative Pronouns 81 2 89. Conjunctions 31 PAO* Grammatical Tables. I. The Letters 83 II. Classification of the Let- ters. The Points 84 III. The Accents 85 IV. Inseparable Prepositions and other Prefixes 8() V. Pronouns. Verbs, their Species 87 VL Paradigm of Perfect Verbs, 88 VII. Paradigm of the Perfect Verbs with Suffixes 90 VIII. Paradigm of Pe Guttural Verbs 93 IX. Paradigm of Ayin Guttural Verbs 93 X. Paradigm of Lamedh Gut- tural Verbs 94 XI. Paradigm of Pe Nun Verbs 95 XII. Paradigm of Ayin Doubled Verbs 96 XIII. Paradigm of Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh Verbs 98 XIV. Paradigm of Pe Yodh Verbs 100 XV. Paradigm of Lamedh Aleph Verbs 101 XVI. Paradigm of Lamedh He Verbs 102 XVII. Declension of Nouns 104 XVIII. Paradigm of Nouns with Suffixes 107 XIX. Numerals 108 XX. Consecution of Accents... 109 Lessons in Reading Hebrew., Ill Lessons in Writing Hebrew. . . 137 Hebrew-English Vocabulary. . 175 English- Hebrew VocABiTLABY. . 186 ELEMENTARY HEBREW GRAMMAR. ORTHOGRAPHY 1. The Letters. 1. The Hebrew lias twenty -two letters ; these are all consonants, and are wi'itten from riglit to left. 1. Alepli « 12. La'medli ^ L 2. Beth ^ Bh, B 13. Mem D la M 3. Gi'rael y Gh, G 14. Nun 1 3 N 4. Da'leth n Dh, D 15. Sa'mekh D S 5. He n H 16. A'yin ^ 6 Vav 1 V 17. Pe q S Ph, P 7. Zayin T Z 18. TsaVlhe f ^ Ts 8. Hheth n Hh 19. Koph p K 9. Teth t3 T 20. Resh n R 10. Yodh -^ Y 21. Shin w Sh, S n. Kaph ID Kh, K 22. Tav n Th, T. a. For the proper pronunciation of the vowels occurring in the names of tJie ietiers, see § 4. 1. a. 2. There are two letters, for ^N'hich no equivalent i^ given in the preceding ' table ; « like the English h in hour or the smooth breathing in Greek had no sound; 5 had a strong guttural sound, but one which it is so difii- ^^ult to make, that it is commonlv neglected in reading. 2 ORTHOGRAPHY. § ] 3. For seven of the letters two equivalents are given Thus, the six aspirates have also an unaspirated sound which is indicated by a point in the bosom of the letter, § 12; a is hli or v and ^i h ; '^ gh, 5 ^; "i dh as tli in the^ ■^ dj 3 M as the German ch in icli^ 3 h; S ^j>A or f\ &j?; 'c\ ifi as in tliin^ T\ t As, however, there are no sounds in English corresponding to gh and M, S may be pro- nounced ^ like 5, and ^ h like 3. The letter ffi Avith a dot over its right arm has tlie sound of sli^ and is called Shin; to with a dot over its left arm is called Sin^ and is pronounced like s. 4. In three instances two letters have the same equi- valent; thus 12 and r\ are represented by t^ 2 and p by h, and to by s. These letters, though pronounced alike by us, are nevertheless quite distinct and must not be confounded. 5. n and 2 require a doubled letter or two letters combined to represent them; n is the simple /^, n has a stronger sound as of ras]:)ing the throat, and is represent- ed by lih ; 2 is ts in sits. 6. Fiye of the letters have two forms; D , IQ , 3 , s, 2 (combined in the memorial word fsiias himncqypets^ are used in the beginning or in the middle of words; at the end of words the bottom stroke is bent downward, T , 'J , 51 ; f , or the letter closed up. D. EXERCISE 1. Hebrew words must never be divided at the end of a liuc. Write the letters of the alphabet in their order, with their names and eqiuvalents. Write tlie follo^^dng words or comljinations of letterSj placing undei* each its equivalent: — g 2. LETTERS. 3 Pe-gimel Nim-samekli-kapli Siii-tetli-nun Ayin-daletli Kapli-lamedL Yodli-mem-yodli He-aleph-resh-tsadlie Za- yin-resli-ayin Koph-tsadlie-yodli-resli Hlietli-mem Hheth- resh-pe Lamedli-alepli Yodli-sliin-beth-tav-vav. Name tlie letters in Genesis i. 1-3 on page 133, and giv^e the equivalent of eacL § 2. Their Classification. The letters may be divided, 1. First, with respect to the organs by which they are pronounced, into five classes, viz.. Gutturals or those which represent a sound produced in the throat ; Palatals formed by pressing the root of the tongue against the posterior roof of the mouth ; Lingual s formed by the tip of the tongue in contact with the anterior roof of the mouth; Dentals formed by the air driven against the teeth ; and, Labials formed by the lips. Gutturals i( n n V (3?nns ahfhlut) Palatals 5 1 D P (PT^. (fthhah) Lingua] s T D b 3 n (^?^9^ (latleneth) Dentals T 22 TS (irsoT zastsash) Labials n ^ 12 s (q^^3 humaph) n though not properly a guttural may be classed with them, as it partakes of their peculiarities. 2. Secondly, into weak, medium, and strong. Tiie weak consonants suffer or occasion frequent changes in the fo]-mation and inflection of words. The strong con- sonants are capable of entering without change into any combinations whicli analogy may require. Those of 4 OKTHOGEAPUY. § 2 medium strength are neither so stable as the latter, nor so feel)le and fluctuating as the former. Weak n 1 ■• Vowel-Letters. !"• n y Gutturals. Medium P ^ = "^ Liquids. ( T D r ID Sibilants. Strong J a ^ Pf Aspirates and Mutes. 3. Thirdly, with respect to the function which the}' perform in the constitution of words, into radicals and serviles. The former, which comprise just one-half of the alphabet, are only used in the roots or radical portions of words. The latter, though they may also enter into roots, are likewise employed in the inflection of words, and the formation of derivatives, in prefixes and suffixes. The serviles are embraced in the memorial words "jriw nboi nttj^ {ethd7i mdshe v'lchelehh, Ethan, Moses, and Caleb). All the other letters are radicals, viz. a , T , T , EXERCISE 2. Write the letters of each class with their names and equivalents. Write the following letters, and indicate the class to which each belongs in respect of organ, strength, and function : — Aleph, Lamedh, He, Shin, Mem, Vav, Tav, Beth, Nun, Yodh, Gimel, Daleth, Eesh, Tsadhe, Ayin, Koph, Kaph, Bamekh, Pe, Zayin, Ilheth, Teth. §J^ 3. 4. VOWELS. § 3. The Vowel-Letters. Tliei'e were originally no separate signs for the vowels in Hebrew. Tliey were either not written at all, or when it was thouglit necessary to express them, the vowel-letters ( '^ri^ elifv'i) were employed for this pur- pose. Thus "^ was used to signify not only y but also I and e; *\ stood for b and u; s or n for c/, and in some cases for e or 6 ; e Avas also sometimes represented by "^ or H; the other short vowels were scarcely ever wiitten. Thus V^ ^^^^^ or J>hi; Dip Iwm or Ivum; nb^ gala^ ^f/^6>, cfl'e or gble ; HD'^nt'n fsjidhlthia. § 4. The Vowel-Foints. 1. After the Hebrew ceased to be spoken, a more com- plete method of Avriting the vo^vels was needed, in order to indicate the exact pronunciation of words. With this view the vowel-points were invented. Of tliese three represent long, three short, and three doubtful vowels. Long Vowels. Short Vowels. Doubtful Vowels. Ka'nu'ts _ a T Pat'tahh _^ a Hhr'rik _ I or % Tse're __ e Se'gliol _ e Shu'rek 1 ]- - Hlio'lem — Kamets-Hhatuph— o Kil/buts_ Vu OY U a. The vowel a is pronounced as in. fatlier, a as in fat, e as in there^ e as in rn-^t ! as in macMne., ^ as in pin., o as in note, 6 as in 7iot^ il as in 7'idfi, u as in fuU Tlie quantity -w-iH be marked when the vowels are long, but not T/hen they arc short. 2. All the vowels are written under the letter aftei which they are pronounced, except two, viz. Hholem and Shurek 3. Hholem is placed over the left edge of the letter to li ORTHOGRAPHY. § 5 which it belongs. When followed by to or piececled b} iy it coincides with the diacritical point over the letter e. g. mr'a 7)idshe, i^i^ sorie,' when it follows 12 or precedes TC it is written over its opposite arm e. g. "i /b'*!^ , iisiJ? tirpos Accordingly, if an unpointed consonant precede (i. e. one vs ithout a vowel or Sh'va, § 5) tswill be osli and in 6s; \i it have itself no other vowel point to will be so and to slio^ except at the end of words. 4. Shnrek is a dot in the bosom of the letter Vav. Whien there is a 1 in the text, the vowel u, whether long or short, is indicated by a single dot within it, and called Shurek; in the absence of l it is indicated by three dots placed obliquely beneath the letter to which it belongs, and called Kibbuts. EXERCISE 3. The place of Aleph will be indicated in this and in following exercises by *, and that of Ayin by f. Teth, Koph, and Sin will be denoted by a dot beneath the letter, t, k, s. Write the long, short, and doubtful vowels with their names and equivalents. Write: Zahabh, lehhem, rS,bh, yet, khol, kol, khamus. famal, me^oyebh, sho*el, soleth, fim, *t3th, bhttyith, shorflshim, yaruts, shophet, shalosh, soraph, ])li6s6m. Read the follo^ving words,- and give the names and equivalents of the vowels which they contain. . to'p , n'tobto , Dij: , "Ty-'- , yry' , pHto , ^t*i , »»5 * Kamets-Hhatuph. § 5. SJi^va. 1. ShVii — is placed under vowelless consonants to indicate the absence of a vowel, e. g. '^ris^'o^ mamlakML g 6 SH'VA, PAITAIIII FUllTIVE. 7 At tlie end of words, liowever, it is omitted : '? (not ^2) hal, "^^b (not "^^b ) soger^ unless tlie last letter is 1 or is immediately preceded by another vowelless letter, or is doubled by Dagliesli-forte, § 13, l^vq melehh, tpirp hosht^ ns att. 2. When a syllable begins with two consonants a slight sound is heard between them, as in English between the last two consonants of giv'' 7i^ lieav'n; thus ^'p'^ p'hddh^ ^"la Fril^ not hrii. ShVa is, therefore, said to be silent at the end of syllaljles, but vocal at the beginning. 3. Sometimes, particularly after the gutturals, this tran- sition sound resemldes an extremely short «, e, or o. It is then represented by the compound Sh'v^as, which are formed by combining the sign for simple Sli'va already explained with that for Pattahh, Seghol, or Kamets- Hhatuph, as the case may be, ^ -, ( Hhateph-Pattahh — ; thus 'r\T\ Ifroqh Compound ) ^^- i m i i i • , i Sh vas 1 -H-hatepn-heghol -^._ ; tluis n"T'r| h^ydt/i. \ Hhateph-Kamets — ; thus "hn liWll. § 6. Pattalih-furtive. Pattahh-furtive is a scarcely audible «, which steals iii before the letter under which it is wi'itten. It occurs with y, n or the consonant !^ at the end of words, when preceded by a long vowel other than a. or followed b}' another vowelless consonant, ii'i^ gdbhff% nnjP*? laka'^liht Comp. in English ^r^, pronoimced^V. EXERCISE 4. Write the different Sh'vas and Pattahh-furtive with their names and equivalents. S ORTHOGRAPHY. § 7 Write the fo]lo\^'ing words, and wlierever Pattalib furtive lias been improi^erly omitted, make the requisite correction : Sh'nayim, thi'nu, y'dhekhem, h'^agham^ y'hosliii*'!', *^loh. m6f°madh, Idnl/sher, milhhamoth, bh'simhhathkhcmjle^s^.''- khol, z'bhiil, y^f^lehu, samehh, s'bhibhoth^yikh, rakif, dh'glutth, yest. § 7. Quiescence of the Yoioel-Letters. 1. The vowel-points above described were attached to the sacred text without any change in its letters. Con sequently every vowel, which had previously been indi- cated by a vowel-letter, was now denoted both by that and by the sign subsequently added. In all sucli cases the letter is said to quiesce in the vowel, that is, it has not its consonant sound, but the vowel-sound represented by the accompanying or preceding point. Thus in lis Vav stands not for v l^ut for (), and the word is read hbr ; in nVa , n represents not li but <2, and the word is gala. 2. At the beo-innino; or in the middle of a Avord tlie letters s n n "^ are consonants, if they are followed by a voAvel or a Sli'va; if not so followed, they are quies- cent: riib love, i^i? shjo, but til^ mi.i^ n^'2 hetli. 3. At the end of words 1 is quiescent when preceded by 6 or /?, and "^ ^vhen preceded by e or I; but they are consonants if preceded by any other vowel sign, "Vi lihe. •^a hi, but Ti lihay, ""ia goy. Final n is quiescent, unless it has Mappik, § 14, TV^l^A artsd, ])ut ^^^'7^? artsali. Final X is invariably quiescent, if a vowel precedes : Kb If'^ S3 Iki'^ but if a vowelless consonant precedes, it is ♦•^ejuied otiant: i^i'il vayyar. A 8. VOWEJ.-I.ETTEU8. 9 a. It may be observed that s quiesces in a multitude of cases, where it is nol proi>erly a vowel-letter, which, in fact, it rarely is. Its feebleness is such that it Rcaj.-ant; thus instead of ri-^'^. we find n^r yd-7il"Jih or n"»3;: ycoi-nVlih. 5. When a simple syllable becomes mixed or a long mixed syllable loses its accent, its vowel is ordinarily shortened, e. g. i^rnp from nn6 , by^ from ba^. § 11. Kamets and Kamets-HhatwpJi. Kamets a and Kamets-Hhatuph 6 are both represented by the same sign (. ), but may be distinguished by the following rules : — 1. In accented syllables, whether simple or mixed, and in unaccented simple syllables, § 9, 5, it is Kamets, n^Tb md'veth, ^a^ ckl-hMr' ; in unaccented mixed syllables it is Kamets-Hhatuph, ^mn liUijli-sKi , ntJnn vatuysUhh.^ 2. Before a letter with simple Sh'va the distinction is mostly made by Methegli ( - ), § 22 ; mthout Methegh it is always Kamets-Hhatuph, with it commonly Kamets, nbDn hlwhli-md^ n^Dn lilidWind.. Z. Before a guttural with Hhateph-Kamets, or Kamets- Hhatuph, the syllable is frequently intermediate, § 9, 7, and the vowel 6, though accompanied by Methegh, ''nna hdjilf)% ai^?!^ tojobJCdhem. a. Some cases f aUing under 2 and 3 can only be decided by the etymology ; thusm'IXi with the prefixed conjunction w''n??/?/of/i, n^Dxn with the article WniyyaT c^^.^^^ sliordslilm from ttiS-b, a-^'ffl";n hhdrdsldm from la-jn ; nniaai in Ps. Ixxxri. 3the imperative s/iomrd, in Job x, 13 the preterite shdm'ra. 14 OETHOGKAPHY. § l2, EXERCISE 8. Apply the foregoing rules to the words that follow. ^ • '^ ' ":rr 7 •• *: T J t t 7 t 7 It : rr > (t ; t 7 • t : ) It t Write : — Ya'h^m, ^az', *5znam', mal'khii', mol'kho', dhabhar', Qiohh"rabh6th', hhakh'ma', hhokhma', ii6f6bh'dhem'. § 12. Daghesh-lene. 1. Daghesh-lene is a point written in the letters 3 5 1 D B n (ns3 n^ia Vgliadli Fphatli) to indicate the loss of their aspiration, § 1, 3. They retain their aspirate sound, when they are immediately preceded by a vowel or a vocal ShVa ; when not so preceded, they receive Daghesh- lene, 01:17^3 V gliadlitem. 2. An initial aspirate following a word which ends in a vowel, and has a conjunctive accent, § 16, does not take Daghesh-lene ^nh nn';'n , Gen. i. 2 ; but if the accent is dis- junctive, Daghesh-lene is inserted, since in this case the as])irate is regarded as removed from the influence of the vowel ^m^^s ^3^^i'3 , GeiL i. 26. EXERCISE 9. Correct the following sentences by inserting or omitting Daghesh-lene : — Yashabh bhafir fadh fom'dho liphne liafedha I'mish- phat fadh moth khohen ghadhol. Vfasita hhesed fal fabdeka ki bib'rit *donay hebe«t'ci ^et abd'ka v'*im bi fa von h*miteni v'f ad *abika l6* t'])T^enL HA iil 14. DAGHESH-FORTE. 15 § 13. Dagliesh-forte. 1. Daghesh-forte is a point inserted in the bosom of a letter to show that it is to be doubled ; thus h^Ti vayylm- nial It is never found in the gutturals 55 n n J7, and rarely in i. 2. A point in one of the aspirates is Daghesh-forte if a vowel precedes, otherwise it is Daghesh-lene, § 12, 1, nia-n diUartd. The aspirates when doubled likewise lose their aspiration. 3. A point in Vav is Daghesh-forte if a vowel pre- cedes ; otherwise it is Shurek r^V, y'tsavvu. 4. Daghesh-forte is sometimes inserted for euphony, as -^ilp, inn'hhe for ^^p. in'hli'e. When the first letter of a word is doubled in order to link it with the final vowel of the word preceding, it is called Daghesh-forte con- junctive, ^55S? ^^^P hmnujs-ts^u. 5. Daghesh-forte is frequently omitted from vowelless letters, whether in the middle or at the end of words. In the former case the following Sh'va generally remains vocal, 5|n^:3 vayliluq^li for flh^l vmjtfhliapp. § 14. Mapjyih. Mappik' is a point inserted in a final He to denote that it is a consonant, and not a vowel, § 7, 3, n3^Q maTka\ nib"!? malhd. EXERCISE 10. Write:— Shibbatsta, bftttabbafoth-, dilbb'rah, *Mhttbb'ra, gulg6lto, bikk^rtim, vayyibbak'tii, hayyiilladh, tiikh'lu, fasitha Uo. Pronounce the following words and name the points which are written in the letters : — \*y ORTHOGRAPHY. i^J^ 15, 16 , '^3.^2n , ^b%n , nn^^2 , ?nb.nb , o^ijs , D-^bsia , nh , n'in § 15. Ha^yJi^. Raphe is a small horizontal stroke placed over a letter and denotes the opposite of Daghesh-lene, Daghesh-forte, or Mappik, as the case may be : ^793?? liivva^dlid not hivvds' dMh. § 16. Accents. 1. An accent is written upon every word, with the twofold design of marking its tone-syllable and of indi- cating its relation to other words in the sentence. 2. Accents are either disjunctives or conjunctives, a&i shoAvn in table III. The former indicate that the word upon which they are placed is more or less separated fi"om those that follow; the latter that it is connected with what follows. 3. The place of the accent is either over or under the letter preceding the tone- vowel, with the exception of the prepositives (marked prep, in the table), which always accompany the initial letter of the word, and the post- positives (marked postp.)^ which stand upon its final letter. 4. Silluk has the same form as Methegh ; but the former invariably stands on the tone-syllable of the last word in the verse, while Methegh is never written under a tone-syllable. Pashta is likewise distinguished fiom ^17. ACCENTS. 17 Kadlima, and Y'tliibli from Malipakli, only by their position. 5. In the poetical books, Job, Psahns, and ProverlAS, a different system of accentuation prevails from that which U in nse in the rest of the Old Testament. § 17. Position of the Accent. The accent always falls either upon the ultimate or penultimate syllable, and is governed by the following rules : — 1. In their uninilected state all words, whether primi- tive or derivative, are accented on the ultimate, "li^ , St^ri . But Segholate words and forms, that is, such as have an unessential vowel in the ultimate, inserted to soften the harshness of concurring consonants, § 10. 3, are ac- cented on the penultimate, tf^'b for 1\^'a , b^-i for hy}. 2. If the word receive an addition at the end consist- ing of a vowel or beginning with one, this will attract the accent to itself or to its initial vowel, a"''i3\f , iinn . Exceptions. — a. Suffixes added to the 3 fem. preterite of verbs, cniin. h. Personal terminations of verbs and the paragogic vowels T^^ ^ T, _^ and "^ . , when they do not cause the rejection of the vowel previously accented, n)9p , ^^'^■^nn , but ^i"in . 3. When a simple syllable is attached to a word either directly or by means of a union vowel, the accent is given to the penult, DSi? , nos^ , ^Dnoi?^ , bp , niV]? . The suffix T{ follows the general rule, when preceded by a vowel, or attached to the -3 fem. preter. of ver])s ; other- wise it draws the accent upon itself, ?]''3l!? , ~\^lY, ? '^12 • 4. A consonant apj^ended to a long final vowel di'awa the accent to the ultimate, ihto^ , pniQ"; . 18 ORTHOGRAPHY. §§ 18, 19 5. Appended mixed syllables always receive the accent, 6. The only prefixes wliich affect tlie position of the accent are the Vav Conversive of the future, which draws it back from a mixed ultimate to a simple penult, i'as''n; and the Vav Conversive of the preterite, which tlirows it forward from the penult to the ultimate, Pi'^'a^l . EXERCISE 11. Accent the following words : Hcabh and the derived forms ha*abh, *abhi, ^^abhiniiu ^.abhik, *abhoth, *^bh6thenii, ht^^l^hothehem. PakMh' and the derived forms j^ak'dhu, pakitdhnu, pakAdhti, p'kildhtiv, p'kMhtem, yiphkodh, hiphkidli, yftphkidhehu, hithpak'dhu, hilmmiiphkadhim. § 18. Recession of the Accent A conjunctive is frequently removed from the ultimate to the penult, if a disjunctive immediately follows, whether upon a monosyllable or the penult of a dissyl- lable, nb^b snp^ Gen. 1 : 5. § 19. Pause Accents. The greater disjunctives, which mark the limits of clauses and sections, are called pause accents. These sometimes stand upon the penult in words ordinarily accented on the ultimate, ''bbi? , ''pbsj ; or vice versa upon the ultimate in place of the penult, ■>-^s''y. They also occasion certain vowel changes, viz., they 1. Lengthen short vowels, particularly ( . ) or ( ^. ) to ( , ) -nb« , TQX ; nny , n^- \ ' / - T 7 « T 7 ■; ; 1 -If § £0. ACCENTS. llj 2. Restore vowels dropped iu inflection, I'la'n , ^i3-n . 8. Change simple Sh'va to Segliol, '^T}'J , '^>12 • 4. Change compound ShVa to the corresponding long vowel, ''3S , ^:« . § 20. Conseczition of Accents. 1. The last word in every verse receives Silluk, and ia followed by two dots vertically placed ( t ) called Soph Pasiik (i. e. end of the verse). 2. If the verse consists of two clauses, the last word of the first clause is marked by Athnahh. If of three clauses, which is the greatest number that any verse can contain, the first is limited by Segholta, the second by Athnahh, and the last by Silluk. 3. These clauses are divided into sections, if necessary, by one or more of the disjunctives, Zakeph Katon, Zakeph Gadhol, R'bhi*, Pazer, and T'lisha Gh'dhola. 4. In the sections thus created the accents are disposed relatively to the disjunctive which marks its close, see table XX. 5. Each disjunctive of the first class is regularly pre- ceded by one conjunctive and a disjunctive of the second class ; disjunctives of the second class by two conjunctives and a disjunctive of the third class ; disjunctives of the third class by tliree conjunctives and a disjunctive of the fourth class ; and disjunctives of the fourth class by four or more conjunctives. 6. The trains of accents thus formed are adapted to sections of different length and character by omitting such of the Conjunctives,- and more rarely by repeating such of the Disjunctives, .as the mutual relations of the words may seem to require, and breaking off the series whenever all the words in the section have been supplied. 20 ORTHOGKAPHY. §§ 21. 2'i § 21. MnMexjli. ^ 1. Makke])li ( " ) is used to connect words. Monosyl- ; labic particles especially are frequently tluis linked witli the succeeding or preceding word, 'iy-nt>;n"ns 2. Wliere two or more words are united in tliis tnanuei the last only has an accent. Hence a long mixed syl lable, followed l)y Makkeph, must be sliortened, § 9, 5, qiy'bi, or else receive the secondary accent Methegh, § 22, fisnti-ps; . EXERCISE 12. Connect each pair of ^vords by Makkeph, inserting Daghesh-forte conjunctive whenever the former ends in a or e. Kol yisra*el, yal'dha lo, *eth *elle, *ethmokh b5, tih'y^ li, ten li, sh'losh *elle, y'bhttkkesli daf ath, I'kha na*. § 22. MethegTi. 1. Metliegh ( T ) represents a minor stress of the voice, which usually falls upon the second syllable before the accent, and again upon the fourth, if the word have so many, riir'rnn^^ , il^-nj^-i;;'. 2. If the syllable which should receive it is niixed, il niay be given in preference to an antecedent simple syl- lable; or if none such precede, it may be omitted alto getlier. 3. It is always given to simple syllables, followed by a vocal Sh'va, ^n'as^ ; also to intei'mediate sylla])les fol- lowed by compound Sh'va, or a vowel which has arisen from compound Sh'va, nt^ytb , nnn;; , and frequently when the Sh'va is simple, n^2 v)b . 4. The place of Methegh is often supplied by ar S 28. k'ri and k'thibh. 21 accent chosen agreeably to the laws of t-onsecutioii, CppTOX . EXERCISE 13. Apply the rules for Methegli. A liyphen represents Makkcph. Ve*lohe', liVdhonehem', meh^mm^f *rakha', f ^imminji- dhabh', bcn-ha.iama', berd,khniikliem', v^yyir'*u', hln- nogh'sira', ha*ishsha', me*artso', lathcth-la'nu, hithhM- lckh-uo*hh', mef'^bhoclhath'khcm'. § 23. IPri afid ICtUhh. 1. K'ri (yveacl^ is the technical name of a marginal reading in the Hebrew Bible, which is sanctioned by tra- dition as a substitute for the corresponding reading in the text, or the K'thil3h (j.oriUen). The vowels of the K'ri are connected with the letters of the text and a reference made to the margin where the letters of the former may be found. 2. If a given word is to be omitted in reading, it ia Jeft unpointed, and tlie note ''"ip i^bi n'TiD written hut not read^ placed in the margin. If, on the other hand, a word, is to be supplied, its vowels are inserted in the text, and the letters placed in the margin with the note, T^ty^ xbi "^np read hut not written. 3. In some words of frequent occurrence, a different reading is suggested by the points alone, without a mar- ginal explanation. Tlius the sacred word nin"", which the Jews have a superstitious dread of pronouncing, is read by ihem as if it were ''H^ Lord^ Avhose points it accord- ingly receives, nin^ , unless these two names stand in ijiimediate connection, when to avoid repetition it is read C^rj^sS* and pointed T\y\\\ =50 the pronoun Xin is read si'^r}, 22 OKTIIOGRAPHY. § 23 EXERCISE 14. "Write the following words, as tliey would appear in the text, and in the margin of the Hebrew Bible, uniting the points of the K'ri with the letters of the K'thiljli, and making the appropriate marginal note. Lariibh k'thibh — laribh k'ri ; sima k'thibh — suma k'ri ; f asithi k'thibh — f asitha k'ri ; bisli'nAth k'thibh — bcisli shana k'ri ; f ^bhdo k'thibh — f^bhdekha k'l'i ', hotsithilia k'thibh — hittstsitliuha k'l'i ', bh'yisra*el k'thibh — yisra^e) k'ri; p'rath read but not written; *im written but iio( read. ETYMOLOGY. § 24. Prefixed F articles. 1. The significant elements of speecli in Hebrew con- sist of ( 1 ) Pj-efixed particles, wliicli do not form a complete word of themselves, but are always attached to that lA^hich follows. (2) The Pronouns, which are used ])oth separately and as appendages to other words. (a) The remaining parts of speech, which always con- stitute separate words. 2. The prefixed particles are the article, He interroga- tive, the inseparable prepositions, and Vav Conjunctive. § 25. The Article. 1. The definite article consists of n with Pattahh fol- lowed by Daghesh-forte in the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed, tfb^ a hiiig^ trb^an the hing. 2. If tlie first letter of the word have Sh'va, Daghesh- forte may be omitted except from the aspirates, § 13. 5, is"»n, ni-i72n, but nsnan, nzpsn. 3. Before gutturals, which cannot receive Daghesh- forte, § 13. 1, the article has Kamets, § 9. 5. This ia always the case before s and n and commonly l)efore y; before n and n Pattahh is mostly retained, § 9. 7, bns^n. yirnn, to^^n, uri^ but x^nn, ^iiJnn. a. Tae uouns yi.X earthy "in mmntfiin, and OS p. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 27 ille Nin hu ' 3 \Blie s^n (Kin) hi PLURAL, I, We ( Ye m \ Ye f . i:nbK "nalili'iiti, DPS attem' : - nahh'nu, 2 ■jns atten', njpifi? atte'na j ^-^'^^ey in. on hem, ™n hem'ma 3 \ They f. in hen, nsn hen'na ^3s? •iin %. When governed by verbs, nouns or particles they are aj^pended to them in the following shortened forms, called pronominal suffixes : emOULAB. PLURAL. 1. Com. \ "^3 ^3 j Masc. ^ W ^- [Feon. n P j 3iasc. in o an ^' [Fern. n 1 in 3. In the first person singular i is used with nouns, and ""p with verbs. The third plural forms on, ]n are used with plural nouns ; a, ] with verbs and singular nouns. The suffixes 02 , "js . nn . -jn are called gi-ave, the rest are liglit. 4. The ii] separable prepositions are united with pro- nominal suffixes as shoAvn in Table IV. ; 3 is prolonged by the syllable i'a and "ita l;)ecomes before light suffixes I'a'a or "D'a . The suffix in preceded by — is contracted to '^ e. a;. "13 for ma , ib for inb ; n preceded by — is short- ened to n^ e. g. n3 for na and in like manner with the ^auRe accent '^3, 2 masc. sing, for ^5 • 28 ETrMOLOQY. ^ iit) Vocabulary 2. riis n. 111. f. sign ns n. m. brother X"^. there is not sipos n. m. pL God Y'\'& u. f. earthy land X"^ j)rep. between a^nT 11. 111. gold '^n adj. living^ alive rrirri n. m. JeliovaJi -N"?!?:' n. m. Israel 5103 n. m. silver Tiy adv. yet^ besides ^? prep. %ifon^ over D'iy n. m. eternity oy prep, tcitli i^^y or ^^V toith me nny adv. now nnr) prep, tinder, instead oj § 30. Otlier Pronouns. 1. The demonstrative pronoun is MasG. Fern. Common. SiNGULAii !^| nsT tliis Plural ''S? h^s thest The poetic form IT is used both as a demonstrative and a a relative. 2. Tlie personal pronoun of the third person xin is also employed as a remote demonstrative that. 3. The relative pronoun is 11^55 lolio., ivhich., sometimes shortened to tC , see Table V. When the relative is governed by verbs, nouns, or particles, it stands without change of form at the beginning of its clause, and the appropriate pronominal suffix is attached to the govern- ing w(^]"d '^i'' itCN who his day i. e. rohose day ib — -nrs loho — to him i. e. to whom. When a preposition stands before the relative, it governs not the relative itself but its antecedent understood; thus, "n^sb means not to whom or to ivhich but to him ivho or t:) that which. li receives an adverbiaJ sense when followed by w^ there. J5 •il. VERBS. TllElll SPECIES. 2b e. g. DT» — ntisj: where, niais — -iirx wldther, DiBri -its wlience. 4. Tlie interrogative and indefinite pronouns are "'p wliof or 'whoever and rra what? or tvhatever. The vowel of rra varies ^vitli the first letter of the following woid, see "J'lihle IV. In a few instances its voweldetter is dropped, and it is converted into a prefix, e. g. r.TTa for n? ni? wliat is thin ? 5. Another inteiTogative is formed by prefixing the ])article "'X to the pronoun nr , nsii, thus ni "^s which f ov what? risirb ^i^ for what? why? n-i^ '^^, from what place? whence? Vocabulary 3. ^'3 n. m. ivhole, all, every Dip'a n. m. i. j^lctce □^"b n. m. pi. water it'ip n, m. holiness, a holy -yis adv. ahove jjlace or thing. VERBS. § 31. Their Species.- 1. Hebi'ew verbs have seven different forms, called speci(}s or conjugations, viz. : 1. Kal Simple active. 2. Niphal Simple passive. 3. Piel Intensive active. 4. Pual Intensive passive. 5 Hiphil Causative active. 6. Hophal Causative passive. 7. Hithpael Reflexive. 2. The first of these species is called Kal light, because in it no other than the three radical letters appear, and these only in their single power. The other names ai-e taken from ^i?B to do, being the forms assumed by thi? rei'b in each species severally. 80 ETYMOLOGY. § 32 3. To eacli of tliese species belong a preterite and future, two forms of tlie infinitive called resj^ectively the absolute and tlie construct, a participle, and except to the Pual and Hoplial, which as pure passives cannot express a command, an imperative. The Kal alone has two par- tici])les. a. All of these species very rarely co-exist in the same verb. Their sigiiificatioju is c( mmonly but not invariably what is stated above. The Piel is sometimes causative like the Hiphil, and the Niphal reflexive like the Hithpael, or the Hithpael passive like the Niphal. In these cases one or other of the equivah:nt species is often dropped as unnecessary, or some distinction in usage is created between them. In intransitive verbs the Niphal, if it exists at all, is usually the passive of a transitive or causative sense. § 32. Perfect Verbs. 1. Verbs are called perfect, when they conform throughout to the standard inflection ; and imperfect, when in consequence of a weak letter, § 2. 2, or some other peculiarity in the root they deviate from it. 2. If ^"^2)5 to Mil be taken as the model of the perfect verb, the various species with their significations will be as follows, viz. : — to hill to he killed. to kill many or to massacre, to he massacred. to cause to kill. tt> he caused to kill. to kill one^s self. a. It is in each case the third person masculine singular of the preterite, whiut is given above, and the strict signification, therefore, is he has killed, etc. But when these forms aae used to represent the species their proper e luivalent is th/ infinitive, which is fue form employed ha designating verbs in English. 1. Kal ^^1? 2. Niphal ^■^1?? 3. Piel btop 4. Pual ^^i? 5. Hiphil "=^^)?r^ 6. H<)l)lii>l btspn 7. Hitlipael ^C5pnn ^ 33 KAL PliETKlilTE AND 1 N la N ITl VES. 31 § 33. Kal Preterite and Infinitives. 1. The Kal iweierite is inflected tlius : — PRETERITE. SiisTG. S masc. bb]? katal' helciUed.,didMllorhashllU(i Zfem. njif)^ kat'la' 8lie hilled. 2 masc. r?^^)? katal'ta thou (m.) Tcilledst. 2 feon. n'sbj? katalt' thou (f.) Mlledst. 1 com. "^P^t?^ katal'ti / hilled. Plur. 3 com. ^.Vj|^ kat'lu they hilled. 2 m«.S(". QP^PP k'talteni' '?/^ (m.) hilled. 2 fern. I^'pt:]? k'talten' y^ (f.) hilled. 1 (?c>?/i. ^sbbj? katal'nu tve hilled. l^FTNiTiYF. absolute '3'it2)? katoV, construct Vd]? k'tol ?fo hill 2. The vowel of the second radical in the Kal preterite Ib commonly Pattahh, as in ^^"^ ; in a few vei'bs, how- ever, most of which are intransitive, it is Tsere as in lis to he heavy., or Hholera as in Vit^ to he hereaved. Kal Preterite with e. kinase Scorn. Zfem, 2 masc. 2 fern. \ com. Sing ^i| n^ns n^ns vniz ^rnda Pj.ur. ^nns DJBl?? ]n-33 '*:73| Infinitive ahsolute nii? construct ^'is. Kal Preterite \\dth o. ^ masc. Scorn. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. Icon. Sing. Viis nbsis nbb© nbaic ^nbDt Plur. 'ifeir dp^^ts IJ^V?^^ ^-'?3« Infinitive absolute bii© , consPruct bbiD . 32 ETYMOLOGY. § 34 3. The eiidiugs of tiie fii'st and second persons of the preterite are fragments of tlie corresponding pronouns ; thus ri in p^^'^1? is from nns? 2 masc. sing,, r\ in ^^^J^ from ns? 2 fern, sing., on and "in from the 2 plur. cns* and IP^ ; "'ri in "^ri^tsp is by euphonic change for ''3 froiui ^pbx 1 pers. sing., 13 in ir^bp from i:j^^ 1 pers. plur. As two of the persons are thus designated by pronominal fra3:ments, no such desig-nation was needed in the case of the third and only remaining 2:)erson. The simple form of the rerb without addition ^i?]? is accordingly used for the 3 masc. sing. ; n^ in nVj;^ being the sign of the feminine and so used also in nouns and adjectives, and ' in ll5t:;^ the sign of the plural. VOCABULAEY 4. 's'la V. (fut. a) to he great ni^^ adv. very Y%^ y. (fut. a) to cleave, adhere nni'a n. f. co7nma7idment nb"i 11. f. door '^ir'a v. to rule ■Tin n. m. majesty 1^? v. to give "TTk n. m. splendor ^V^ v. to shut p2^ V. to pour pns n. m. righteousness ^3 conj. for, because, that nil? v. to rest, cease, 'heep D"^^? n. m. pi. vessels, articles Sahhath rib or irnb v. (fut. a) to rhtt n. m. f. Sahhath put on, wear, he clothed 13'<^ v. to dioell tolth I'OT^ V. to'heep, ohserve. ns is the sign of the definite object and is placed before pronouns or definite nouns' when governed by a Iransitive verb. § 34. Niphal, Piel, and Paal Preterites and Infinitives. The Niphal is formed by prefixing D; the Piel andPual by doulding the second i-adical and attaching the appro- j)i iate voA\els. ^ 81. NIPllAL, PIEL, AND PUAL I'RETERITES, .S3 NIPIIAL PRETERITE. 3 masc. 3 com. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 corn,. SiNO. bi3p: nVj]?; nb:bp3 nbi:]?? '•nbi?-: Pluk. ^'^2)|?3 DJi!'?^^? )j?'?^)?2 '^-'?^i?- [nunitive absolute Vibj^n , consP^'uct ibj^n. PIEL PRETERITE. 2 /««. 1 COVl. S^"?^!? ^nbtap l^r^P ^-^^i? 3 wa^c. 3 crni. 3 /m. 2 ma^c. Sing, bbj? hSdj? P.bD]? Plur. ^%i? 0J:)'?^P TNFimTivE ahsohite bD]? , construct bio]? . PUAL PRETERITE. 3 mrt.-ic. 3 cam. Sfem. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 cotn. Sing. brb]5 nbrp)? pbro]? nbio]? -^nbD]^ Plur. ' i^E)]^ anb^p ^nbto]? ^Dbtap Infinitive absolute b'^jp, construct b^]?. Vocabulary 5. The initials K., N., P., etc., denote the verbal species. irybN 11. m. Eleazar li? v. N. Pu. to he shut "jinx n. m. f. cork 7^1? v. P. to gather; N. to be b-ia V. N. to be sejparated, gathered divided t»11? v. P. H. to sanctify^ :?!,■' V. K. to hnow consecrate; N. Pu. to be ttJ33 V. K. P. to subdue; N. sanctified to he subdued 2?4^ v. N. to sivear •"S&b />^/br^ bStD V. P. to bereave njbb v^ K. to to^^ " "jittJ v. P. H. to cause k net) V. K. to anoint dwell isirp n. m. tahernacle^ dmell- l^w n. m. oiL ing 2* 34 ETYMOLOGY, § 85 § 35. The remaining Preterites and Infinitives. TlioHiphil and Hoplial are formed by prefixing n with the proper vowels. The Hithpael is formed l)y prefixing Tin to the construct infinitive of the Piel. IIIPIIIL PRETERITE. 3 masc. 3 com. 3 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 c^om. Sing, ^^tapn nb^bpn P^^ipn n'piipn ^pbbpn Plur. ^^^'^v^ DJiir'^pri ir)^'^pn ^:'?^pn Infinitive ahsolute 'Ppn, construct b'^t:jpn, IIOPHAL preterite. S masc. Scorn. Zfein. 2 mnsc. 2 fern. \ com. Sing, btapn '^^Pp^ ^'?*^p"' r'V^Pv' "^J^r^PO Plur. 'i^PPC' °^^Ppf7 1^'?^P\' ^^bbpn Infinitive ahsohite ^Pp^i , construct bupn . HITHPAEL preterite. 3 TOcrsc. 3 co?«. Sfem. 2 masc. 2 fern. \ com. Sing, ^lapnn nSispnr, ri^t?pnn nbiopnn inbDpnr Plur. ^'^Ppr^ri Di!)^?p^r 1^r^pr?n ^a^t^pP^n Infinitive ahsohite ^ibprin , construct ^Dpnri . Vocabulary 6. 5'ia V 11. to separate 5^?2<«b^ n. f. ivorh D^ia n. m. pi. nations ^^^ v. Ho. 2'o 5e caused U Da conj. «Zs6> reir/n, to be made hing "Ty} n. m. David ?lb'^ n. m. hing tM] n. f. animal^ wild least nob's? n. f. hingdom n^3 V. H. ^0 cut off ; Ho. ^'o ts?^ n. « /^«Ze * ^^ G^it off • OSB is a noun meaning a little thing or a small qxtnnlity of any thing, but no' S 86. KAL FUTURE. 35 wpia V. H. to inahe small or ri2ic v. H. to cause to rest fexo or cea,se tJip V Hitli. to sanctifij or nriTU v. H. to destroy purifij oiieh self nSir- v. P. H. to send. 3^)5 v. H. to hring near, offer 36. ICal Future, Imperative, and Participles. 1. The future and imperative of eacli species are formed from the construct infinitive by attaching the proper pronominal fragments. FUTURE. SlXG. 3 masG. ^*^I?? yiktol' lie shall or loill hill 2> fern. bb)?n tiktol' she tvill hill 2 masG, biipn tiktol' thou (m.) loilt hill 2 fem. ''r'^pJ!> tikt'ir tJwu (f.) ivilt hill 1 com.. !:t3ps ektol' I shall hill Plur, . 3 masc. 1^^)?? yikt'lu they (m.) will hill "^fhn. n3)ji2pn tiktol'na they (f.) will hill 2 masc. iSippn tikt'lu' ye (m.) toill hill 2 fem. nDbupn tiktol'na ye (f.) tvill hill 1 com. bibp? niktol' we shall hill. , IMPERATIVE. Sll^G. 2 masc. Isibjp k'tol' hill thoii (m.) 2 fem. ''^^p kit'li' hill thou (f.) Plor. 2 masc. ^-t2p kit'lu' hill ye (m.) 2 fem. nsViij? k'tol'na hill ye (f.) \itiXe or small as an adjective. Thus we may say 0*^73 05^ a little water, liSV cnS a little bread ; but 'JV>2_ could not be used in such phrases as a litUt house a Utile door. A different word would be required in the latter case. 3F, ETYMOLOGY. §30 PARTICIPLES. Singular. Active. Plural. masc, fern. innse. fern. kotGl' kot'la' kote'letli kot'lim' kot'lotli' kattil' k'ttila' Passive. D^^iDp niS^tsp hilled k'tulim' k'tulotli' 2. Some verbs Lave Pattakk in the second syllable oi tlie Kal future and imperative. This is regularly the case with those which have Tsere or Hholem in the pre- terite, thus "las': , bsir? . KAL FUTURE with d. 3 masG. 3 fein. 8 masc. 2 fern. 1 com. Sing, ^a?": "la^i? 'lasi? "^ia^i? "?95? IMPERATIVE. 2 masc. 2 fern. 2 masc. 2 fern. Sing, "ins ^ins. Plur. 'i^ns n:^i3 3. In the inflection of the future the letters prefixed mostly denote the person and those affixed the gender oi number ; •< of the 3 masc. "^tbp^ is by euphonic change foi 1 from N^n, and as in the preterite l is appended as tlie sign of the plural ^Vjp^^ ; n of the 3 fern, bibpn is the sign of the fem. (see al)Ove the fem. ending of the participle), and n? is appended in the plural ri:^i2pn fi'om nsn . In the second person n is from Hns , the fem. taking "». from "ips? , the masc. plur. 'i as in the third person, and §37 NIPIIAL, PIEL, AND PUAL. 31 the feni. np from nsni? . In the first person sing, "iwps i? is fiom ^3S ; in the ])lur. Viips , : is from ^:s . 4. In tlie imperative no personal prefix is needed, as but one person is in use ; gender and number are distin- guished as in the second person of the future. VOCABULAEY 7. nS^ns n. f. pi. virgins "li^ V. P. to s])eak qbi^ n. m. Joseph 1? adv. so ybo n. m. roclc n? n. m. f. time D"'ritc^s n. m. pi. Philistintie, '\T1_ n. f. Zion *^zt n. m. crimson "i5>t? n. m. f. gate. § 37. Ni])lial, Fiel, and Fual Futures, etc. 1. Where the infinitive has n prefixed to the radicals this is rejected in the future after the personal prefix, thus from bbj^n is formed ^^^^ . 2. The participles of the Piel and subsequent species are formed from the construct infinitive l)y prefixing -Q , a frao-ment of the indefinite pronoun ^^ or Tm Sing. IVarR. 3 mnse. NIPHAL FUTURE. 3 fern. 2 masc. y)^' ^"i-j^ri 2 foil. n:bt2;:!n 1 G07H. 2 masc Sing. ^^j?n IMPEEATIVE. 2 fe7n. Plur. 2 matfc. 2 fern. njb-osr PARTICIPLE. nwM. fern. mms. fern. Sing. bu]?D nb-jp? or nbtsiips Plur. d^^^i?? ^^''Vl?? 38 ETYMOLOGY. ^58^ 3 mase. Sing. ^isp,'} 2 ma 36. Sing. bbp PLEL FUTURE. 3 fcm. 2 ??i«sc. 2/m. 1 co?« ^^pP» ''^pJ? '5^p-^ "^Japi^ ^r'^^pJ!! ^:Bpn n:bc3)?ri ^^p? IMPERATIVE. 2 /e??i. 2 ma-sc. 2 fern. ^Sl3p Plur. iStop n:bc5p ^i^ id''U|x masG. Sing. btsp^a PARTICIPLE. /.^ hehold ! 3it3 adj. f7«'>(9<'/ 3p?;^ n. m. Jacob ■inni n. Jericho nns V. P. ^^ Ac^Tio?", N. ^c />6' Zw ored ^iis 1], m. lionoi D'^bnip n. in. pi. priests n'is V. K. ^(9 6'?/f, malce a co- venant §38. HlPIIIL. IIOPitAL, AND HITID'AEL. 39 y2U V. K. to withhold, Iceq^ "it?]? v. H. to burn inGe7ise bach 5?'i aclj. had, evil n^i:? D. f. eoonpany, assembly niffi v. K. to forget •'isi'br ^?2 the presence of "riaiij v. N. to hee]} one's self D? n. ID. _peo2)le take heed. "js conj. ^6\«?^, ^7i(2i5 ^ic)^ .38. Hiphil, Hophal, and, Hithpael Futures, etc. HTPHIL FUTURE. 3 mmc. 3 /m. 2 masc. 2 fern. 1 com. Sing. "^^^T- b^tspn b^upn ^b-^ppr) ^^PI?^ Plue. i^^"^P- nsbujpn i^^:b)7n nsbupn ^■'^I?? Slnq. 2 ??!rtS(;. IMPERATIVE. 2 /e?ra. 2 ?n«5c. 2 fem. ''^^Pp!!' Plur. ^b^bpn nsbbj^n SlN< PARTICIPLE. wi«sc. /(??«. wwMC. fern. b^tip^ "b^ippi? oi' tnbisp^ Pj.ui;. C'^^lppa nibtajptt HOPHAL FUTURE. 3 masc 3 fem. 2 masc. 2 fem. 1 com SlMG. bi:p; ^^p^ '''^pJ;- ■'btppn "^'^n Pun:. ')b)-jp;» riibupn ^,bi2pp, nsbiDpn ^^P? IMPERATIVE wanting. PARTICIPLE. mate. fern. masc. fem. Sing it2pi2 nbi:p)a or nbippi: Pluk. D^bi:pi2 nibwj^ij 40 ETYMOLOGY?. ^ sa Sing. Plur. S masc. inTHPAEL FUTURE. 3 fern. 2 mofo. 2 fem. 1 eom. njbiapnn bropni 2 i>i«.§c. IMPERATIVE. 2 /(SW. 2 ma«c. 2 fem. Sing. bDpnn "•bropnn Plur. ibapnn robippnr. PARTICIPLE. 9?i«sc. fem. masc. fem. Sing, btopn^ nbropnia or nbropn^ Plur. D^bspn-o nibrapnia ',^^)< Vocabulary 9. ion n. m. hindness, mercij ^b^ v. H. to cause to reign 5'T?'; n. m. salvation npy^ u. f. cry nis adv. thus ^?^ v. H. to he wise, act iJib V. H. to cause to 2mi vnsely on, to clothe ^Tp^^ n. f. gladness ■'.i?^ V. H. to cause to rain "jiiiJi^ n. m. joy 11313 11. in. rain n'^nstrj n. f. remnant § 39. Peculiar Forms. 1. When tlie last radical is 3 oi- n, it is united by Daghesli-forte witli personal endings beginning A^-ith tiie same letter, e. g. ''niicn for "^nniTrn, r\pit7\ for n:3btt^n ♦ 2. The vowel-letter n may be added to tlie 2 masc. sing, of the preterite, and dropj)ed from tlie fem. plui-al* of the future and imperative, e. g. Jir^'i^? , j"???^ • if' c-<^ ij 40. PA.UAGOGIC AND APOCOrATED FirrUIIE. 41 o 3. Filial ] IS soiiietlmes added t<) a of the ])rctoiite, and to u and I of tlie future, e. g. ^y^,"; , rpain. 4. riie Kal construct infinitive, in a few instances, has Pattahli in j)1ace of Hliolem, :iiT2J , ^?T2J ; and occasionally it takes a feminine ending nj^n"! for pi'^ . 5. The Niphal absolute infinitive may be either Vijp? ()?■ Vapn ; biop may be used for the absolute as well as the construct infinitive Piel. (x A few verbs have Pattahh or Seghol as the vowel of the second radical in the Piel preterite, TC"ip, 131 instead of li>^p, 131; Pattahh also occurs in the Hitli- pael Sl4pt?r'. 7. Pual sometimes has Kamets-Hhatuph and Hophal Kibbuts in the first syllable rrns , nsi^n . 8. Tav of the prefixed tin in Hithpael is transposed with the first radical of the verlj, if it be one of the sibilants 0, to or to; witli s the ri is transposed and in addition changed to t2; with n, 13 or n, and occasionally with other letters, the n is assimilated to the first radical and united with it by Daghesh-forte, /ijnpn, p^t^i^n, pii^n. § 40. Paragogic and Apocopated Future ami Imperative 1 . The vowel n^ is appended to the first person of the future, and, in a very few instances, to the third person singular, to express desire or determinatio i, r.pn33 we will break or let us hreah. This is called the paragogic or cohortative future. 2. The apocopated or jussive future is a shortened form of the second or third persons singular and expresses a wish or command, or, with a negative, dissuasion oi prohibition. In perfect verbs it is distinguished from 42 ETYMOLOGY. § 41 the simple future only in the Hiphil species, in which the \ of the ultimate is changed to ( .. ), bh\i;ri tlioii mayest understand or nnderstand thou. 3. Paragogic n^ is sometimes appended to the mascu- line singular of the imperative, softening the command into an entreaty or expression of desire, nij'pii' oh, hear ! or pray, hear ! 4. The addition of n^ to a future or imj)erative com- monly causes the rejection of its last vowel, except in the Hiphil species where *» remains or is restored nipif'i??, n^'^i^X . The Kal imi^erative with becomes "^^^j^ lioV Id ; the Kal imj)erative with a becomes rri^Z) Mhh' dhd. § 41. y<2« Conmrsive. Vav Gonversive is a modification of the copulative 1 and, and is so called because it has, in certain cases, the effect of converting the future into a i^reterite and the preterite into a future. Yav Gonversive prefixed to the future takes Pattahh followed by Daghesh-forte in the next letter, i-lp^ he will shut, iJp^l and he shut. If this be Yodh with Sh'va Daghesh is usually omitted, t*"np.^^l . Before S' of the first person, which cannot receive Daghesh, Pattahh is length- ened to Kamets, "IS'^^S). The verb commonly suffers the same change as in the apocopated future, § 40. 2, and in the first person sometimes has paragogic n^ . Vav Gonversive prefixed to the preterite has the same pointing with Vav Gonjunctive, § 28, "it^" he has Tcept, "155^1 and he will Jceep. For the influence of Vav Gonversive on the accent, see § 17. 6. i5 42 verbs with suffixes. 43 Vocabulary 10. pnx 11. m. Aaron ^"2?^ v. K. to chvell^ inliabit bx adv. not f^.3i^3 n. f. tunic ■bs prep, to^ unto^ res2'>ecting nsb^ n. f. queen "ES n. m. aslies ^^"Tp^ u. m. Mordecai n-7^3 11. m. pi. garments bi)p v. P. ^^ receive^ acGe])t lis 1). m. hail ^S]? v. K (fut. a) come near, nsn adv. hitlier afpioroacJi p^T V. K. (fut. «) ^^0 cr^/ 3>i)5 V. K. (fut. «) i!^ rend npyr n f. cr?/ T^i^"i u. ni. Amc/ i-ih n. f. ncord r^!"? v. K. (fut. «) 25o '?^««A !?i\^ V. K. ^0 ^6 weary pto n. m. sachclotli t'd. f. /^rwit/ n^TB V. K. (fut. a) to se7id. oS^ or ©n^ V. K. to d/rive out § 42. y^T'Js '?^ii!A Suffixes. 1. The personal pronouns are frequently suffixed to tlie verbs of which they are the object. The forms of the suffixes have already been given, § 29. 2. 2. The personal terminations of the verbs suffer the following changes before suffixes : — PRETERITE Sing. 3 fem. n^ becomes n.. 2 masc n sometimes becomes R before ''S. 2 fem. T\ becomes ^^ . Plur. ^ masc. on becomes w. T\\q 'i fe7n. plur, does not occur with suffixes. FUTURE. Plur. 2 a/itZ 3 fem. Hi'piDf^n becomes iHi|))?n . 3. The suffixes are joined directly to those verbal forms which end in a vowel ; those forms which f nd in a 44 ETYMOLOGY. ^42 coiisouant insert befoie, ^ , U2 and "jS a vocal Sli'va, and before the remaining suffixes a full vowel, which in the preterite is mostly d and in the future and imperative mostly e. 4. Nun is sometimes inserted between the future of tbo verb and the suffix, particularly in emphatic and pausal forms. This is called Nun Epenthetic. It is commonly united by Daghesh-forte with 3 of the 1 pers. suffix and T of the 2 pers., to wdiich it is almost always assimilated. 5. The 3 pers. suffix is liable to the folloAving contrac- tions; in the masG. ^n^ becomes i, ini. becomes v., ^nn becomes w., ^n3 . becomes is., ; in the fcm. n ^ becomes f^o n*^- becomes nn., ns.. becomes ri3__ , 6. The first and second persons of the verb do not receive suffixes of the same person with themselves. The 3 masc. sing, of the Preterite Kal baj^ assumes the follo\^'iug forms in combination with suffixes : — Sing. 1 com. ■'?i'°^i? k'tala'ni he hilled me 2 onasc. ^^t^j? k'tal'kha' he hilled thee (m.) Ifem. "^^l?i? k'talakh' he hilled thee (i.) . ^n'stJp k'tala'hfi \ i i m i i • S masc. J :■ '■ , , -, , I he hilled him ( "h-o]) k'talo j 3 fern,. f^^tpip k'talah' he hilled her PLrR. 1 com. ^J?'9p k'tala'nu he hilled us 2 masc. D?'?'Jp k'tal'lchem' he hilled you (ra.) 2/(?m. p'?"^!? k'tal'khen' he hilled you ( f.) S masc. Q^^p k'talam' he hilled them (m.) 3 fern. I^t^p k'talan' he hilled tliem ( f ) 7. Verbs having e in the Preterite substitute Tsere foi Kamets with the second radical throughout the Kal pre terite with suffixes, e. g. ''?3na from bis . The remaining parts of the verb are sufficiently repre sented in Table VII. g 43. NOUNS, GEJSTDEIl AJMD NUMBER. 46 Vocabulary 11. :iN 11. TLi.fatlier ^3 IS 11. m. Lord Di? 11. f. motlier n3 n. f. daughter b-ia V. P. to make great pi"! V. H. to overtake D'l n. m. hlood l^an n. m. Haman T\%Vi2 11. m. altar rrianb-a n. f. war^ fighting "1^0 V. P. to shut lip I H. U cause to shut "ISO V. p. to recount^ tell nyn n. m.. famine. Vocabulary 12. nsi'^s adv. hotv TJlJi^S 11. 111. ??Z«7i ri'i»s 11. f. woman nina n. f. blessing pban n. Damascus ?T"i'i 11. m. f. '?/;(^^ ?)^n V. K. z'o go^ walk i5t v. K. to remember f ^n T. P. to deliver t\i'^ V. P. to soil, defile bicri T. H. to cause to rule S2 pi^ay, I j^ray thee ^?5 pi'^^p. before^ in the jyi'e sence of ^^2? n. m. suckling^ babe "113!^ V. P. to croivn tSTiJs V. K. to take off clothes Ts):! n. f. trouble u^hyy n. f. ^w.feet D^nn adj. merciful niabiri n. f, garment Di'vD V. H. to rise early ybffi V. K. to hear tosbri V. K. to lay hold of seize. NOUNS. § 43. Gender and Number. 1. Noims ill Hebrew are of two genders, inasculiue and feminine. The masculine has no characteristic ter- mination ; tlie feminine ends in n^ or ri. 2. Tliere ai-e three numbers, the singular, dual, and plural. The dual is restricted for the mDst part to the 46 ETYMOLOGY. § 41, names of objects occurring in pairs. It ends in D"). ic nouns of both genders. 3. The plural of masculine nouns ends in Q"'. , or mort I'arely )"', , and that of feminine nouns in ni . 4. It is to be observed, hoAvever, that a number <»i feminine nouns lack the characteristic endino; in tli2] ^^^b^ third, n^c^bis ^ii^ps interior, niis^ps ssiia finding, nxii^, 2. If the ultimate is mixed, an unaccented Seghol ia inserted before the termination to prevent the concur- rence of vowelless consonants, § 10. 3, and to this a pre- ceding «, e or t is commonly assimilated. rnanc. fern. masc. fern.. ^±t} hrohen, JT^^l^'? aiis" lying ri39b t^tyi tr'vple. mij|)ip73 '^%^^ speahing ^■}2"!'2 r?)?^ gathered, fi^ip^ T>^ large ^1^^ a'H^'is reddish, n^'iianx IS^^TiJ imperious npri? rfSiu shedding, t^3S'^' b-'sizju prudent n^3t?'a 3. If the last letter be a guttural, Pattahh is sub- stituted for Seghol, § 10. 3. {$ 44. FEMIJSriNE, DUAL, AND PLURAL. 47 yiitJ friend^ fern. n^T'a yairs heard, fern, ny-bc: ?i?to hearing^ fem. n?73tJ" y^i^ toucJiing^ feiQ. n^aia 11. The femiuine n^ , the plural D''. or ni, aud the dual n\. 1. Kamets and Tsere are rejected from the peiudt, except from nouns in n„ . biia great, fem. n'^ina rnh5 high, fem. nnha n^ri| written, fem. r.ivJns n^iria restoring, fem. ni^ilj^a ■jiis master, pi. D-^ii^iJ "13T 'i^(97'4 pi. D"''^n^ ]in3T memorial, pi. niiinDT pis wifig, du. D^S53 pi. D-Si-ra pi. D-'nha pi. D^iins pi. D'^n'^'ia^ f. j)l. niSiia f. pi. ninha f. pi. niiiins f. pi. m-^t-c y^'i'Q interpreter, \)\. a^i^b^ nib heart, pi. niinb niy grape, pi. ciyS^ ybs 'r/^, pi. D^^ba 2. In an accented mixed ultimate (1) Tsere is rejected except from monosyllables, or when tlie preceding vowel is a pretoiiic Kamets. Other v^owels suffer no cliano-e. going, fem. J^ibh ^£GJ shedding, fem. nisiJJ DD-iri ^*?^<:/^6, pi. D^psf' K>3 but priest, pi. D^inb p]. D^isirj bi?^ f. pi. mbbn f. pi. niisTiJ (^/?'r^/v pi. ninar^ ro4 pi. nibp)3 dead, fem. nn'a compdete, fem. nbbijj tZ/-,y, fem. nfcn;' ^■?'^S6, du. n^'sx 1« (fromlittj) /t;oM,pl. C^sti^ 3. Nouns having an unaccented vowel in the ulti- mate, commonly called Segholates, § 10. 3, drop this vowel 1 )ef ore the feminine ending n j in the plural pre tonic Kamets is inserted, § 10. 2, and the vowel of the first radical falls away ; the dual sometimes drops the unaccented Seghol and sometimes inserts pi'etonic Kamets. ^ Ung, fem ^TP. covert, fem. "m calf fem. 'rck saying. fem. Dsy drengtlb fem. byi lord, fem. -f) foot. du. n-13 hnec. du. queen, pi. n^ib^ Ungs pi. D^^no pi. D^n^ax pi. n-'^m pi. D^bya lords du. D.iTX D":?"):; Xi?. Iiorn^^w. D^^np or n^Tp nbbiQ nnnp T\yi^ or 'rHm D:^b;in "jTS ear a. Medial Vav frequently quiesces in Hholem and Todli in Tsere before tlw dual and plui-al endings. n;ir3 death, pi. Qi'ri'a yiN iniquity, pi. Qii'iK rr^T (?ii»5 , pi. ni'^bs? 2. Feminine nouns in ri.. (or n_) substitute the plural for the singular ending, and reject the preceding vowel, if it be Hliolem or derived from Tsere ; otherwise they restore ' it to what it would have been, if n had not been appended, 8 44. 1, 2. Nouns in rii_ take ni", and nouns in ni take riv nsb^ queen. pi. ni5bi2 T i^bm*} nnnp covert, pi. ni'inp ni-ia nsnn reproach. pi. nisnn n-i9)53 n^)3s saying, pi. nin^aif: ni? nii-in desert, pi. niinn n25 r -: I- lady, pi. niiya njps 50 ETYMOLOGY. §4G nih: n-i^T»Ta (from Toicia) observance^ j)! nbssTa (from ^?^/'9) ^^z?/^, pi n^^^"ii«5 (froiu nt^li!:) reddish^ fipr'? (fi'om p'^r'a) /rnrse, n?3T: (from 5?i"i:) y/;///, nyiji (from ?i|3) touching^ njpji^ (from p3i"'), 8uckei\ nng. pi. sing. nbatj (?«r 0/' c'oT"?^, Q^?2T1J n^ib^ kingdom^ rii'^Dbia 3. Before the dual ending n^ becomes fi, ; and nouns? in t\^ follow tlie rule of other Segliolates, § 44. II. 3. pi. Pl pL pl. pl. nippi"! n3V thigli^ du. n^nsn^ nsis li2}, du. Q^nsia ni;c ^^a;', du. Q^'nsffi ^^i. folding-door^ du. D^nb^ nbi? sloth^ du. Qi'nb?? niiin: Z'^'^ss, du. D'^ncn: Vocabulary 13. "jsx n. m. f. a stoiie ni^x n. m. Edam "iK3 n. f. a 10 ell li^na n. Giheon bi^a adj. grea% large ''ill n. in. nation izJnn adj. new ^5b V. K. to capture ?[^^ V. K. to reign ^'S n. (witli art.) Ai T2? n. f. city I'n adj. (nin) much, many r\T\ n. f. evil lySiD V. H. /o cast r\y^V\ n. f. [u'^\^v\) fg-tree.,fig § 46. Construct State. 1. Wlien one noun stands in a relation of dependence on another, the first is put in the construct state. A §47. FORMATION OF THE CONSTRUCT. 51 noim whicli is not so related to a followinc: one is said to be in tlie absolute state. Tiius ii'7 %oord is in the ab- solute state ; but in tlie expression ^^isri nn"! the word oj tJie l^ing, "inn is in the construct state. 2. The construct is a shortened form, the si^eakei unturally hastening forwai'd from the fii'st noun to the second, which is necessary to comjDlete the idea. § 47. Its Formation. The following clianges occur in the formation of the construct : 1. The feminine n ^ becomes fi.; the dual u\ and the plural D"" . become ''.. . !^25 garden^ const. t^|5 D'^^ri statutes^ const. ""^X] niib'a qiieen^ const, nib's O'lpsp judges, const, ^b^t' n;r»^ calf, const, nb.^^ o^ilnn feet, const. r5;^n r^si lady, const. nS^s Q^iTi? ears, const. ""iTX T -: I- t/ 7 - : I- • - : T 7 "IT 2. In a mixed ultimate Kamets is shortened to Pattahh : so is Tsere when preceded by pretonic Kamets. absol. const. absol. const. T fish, ^^ m old, ifer niis star, n5i3 ^^T} court. nin ttj-np^ sanctua/i'y, t'^'P'Q nil heavy, nis or 'ins 3. Medial 1 commonly quiesces in Hholem and ■> in Tsere ; final "^ . becomes "^ . . n^'b death, const, rii^ ' s^5 valley, const. N''5 ^Ijn midst, const. ?Tin n'^a house, const. tT'a ni^toip c?/^;,!?, const, nitcj? t\^T;t fountains, const, ni:''!? but "jiy iniquity, const. ^iy ^n Z^/'6^, const. Tj 52 ETYMOLOGY. §4b 4. In a simple ultimate n.. becomes n„ ; other vowels remain imcliana;ed. nic sJieep^ const, nio ^^^"0 going for'th^ (ioi\9>i. )f.%yc ni7T sliepherd^ const. rii?n sis Ac^*'?!, const, sns nip's «/'?'//«?, const, nipia s^n^ fearing^ c-^nst. s'^;* niz??'a worlt., const, tib^'o "i-iB fruity const, "''^s 5. Kamets and Tsere are rejected from the syllaVjle preceding the accent ; and if this occasions a concurrence of vowelless consonants, a short vowel is inserted between them, § 10. 1. dbsol. const. absd. const. p'TS master^ V^^: nina blessing, ns-ia linsT memorial, ^■^9? "^)?? vengeance, ^■^1?? T T iDord, "^2^ Ql^r^BTC lips. ^b^^ m cloud, m D'lpb'Q hings, ^?b^ ^?? reed, s^.PP nisnn reproaclies, nisnn r^^ interpreter, r^^ niina threshing floor. s, niiia nib heart. nib' niiina beasts, nibr]3 See Table XVII. Declension of Nouns. VOCABULAKY 14. nbiax n. Amanah "is:^ n. m. (ni) ^?^.,9^ in int. Z^.'' behold/ nib? n. m. ^^«« ini: V. K. to be clean, pure I2"is n. Pharpar tibs n. f. wing bip n. m. (ni) '2)(9/(:?^, sound n^i3 n. m. cAf^'?/5 pp , liip adj. (niap) ///?'?e, ib-Q V. K. to sell small in: n. m. (D'' . and ni) ?•^'^;67• § 48. Paragogic Vowels. 1. The unaccented vowel n^ added to nouns indicates motion or direction towards a place, whence it is called ^ 49. NOUNH Wrill SUFFIXES. bA He directive or He local, D^n'i^ heaven, t^-q^^w heaven fvard. 2. Paragogic V , i , or n , are iu poetic or arcliseic forms sometimes appended to nouns without affecting th«? sense, e. g. ^?2 , Gen. xlix. 11 for 1? , in^n Gen. i. 24 for n^n nny^ffi'' Ps. iii. 3 for nib^uj;' . § 49. Nouns ivith Suffixes, see Table XYHI. 1. The pronominal suffixes are appended to nouns in the sense of possessive pronouns. 2. The forms ^vhich they assume when attached to sin o-ular nouns or coml)ined Avith -^ .. of nouns in the daai and plural are shown in Table V. I. Before the grave suffixes (viz. : as , 19 , on , ]n), Nouns of both genders and of all numbers take the form of the construct. suffix. IS7 ^vord, const, "i^n °?7?7 yoio' ivord zr^.:f\ words, const. '''32^ ni'^'D^'n your words D'l'nst;? lijys, const, "^nsiri ai'^ns^ your lips nir£il7 h'ps, const. ni^siiJ Di^nnSTiJ f/ow li]}s rona blessing, const, nana Din?73 your blessing nisna blessings,, const. i^i3"is ai^nipna your blessings, n. Before the light suffixes, 1. Singular or plural nouns with a feminine ending adopt the construct form, only n. is changed to n^. nsbia queen, const, nib^ suf. '"'^f^'^ tny queen m^'Q queens, const, riiibp nina blessing, const, nsna niina blessings, const. tH:r\'3. suf. ■'pbb''? my queens suf. "'rii'ia m.y blessing suf. ■'snbna my blessings 2. Singular or plural iiouns not having a feminine 64 ETYMOLOGY. g 49 ending adopt the same form as before the absolute plural termination. plur. sitf. na^ hearty D^nnb 132b * my lieai% "^nnb my hearts "lai word., °^'^5? "''7^'? ^^^y word^ '''^n'^ my words tjsir jndge^ ditssin' "lusp myjudge^ liss'iD ?>f^?/ podges ^btt ^^'7^^, D'^sb'a lib^a ?72y Icings. * The resemblance to the plural form does not imply that the word is plural, but simply that appending the suffix produces the same efFect upon the vowek and syllables of the word as the addition of the plural ending. 3, Dual nouns retain the form which they ha.ve before the absolute dual termination. mf. mf. ^iy^ hands^ ^"1^ my hands, D;^bTS ears, ''its my ears ^i^T^ feet, ''b^-l my feet, D;?^?'/i nn^ 11. m. ■i^o?'^^ v- P- ^^ ^>'(?<3^^ injneces nil n. m. s^^t/ 0® ad\^ ^Aere nab 11. m. (ni) A^^^?'^ CiT? n. iii. (r^i) ?i«m6 nni^ia n. f. statue § 50. Irregular Nouns. 1. The following nouns of frequent occurrence ar« irregular in the plural : — Tlj^s man plur. a^^_?^ rarely D^t?^K niz?s looman, const, nisi? plur. D"^? niaij maid-servant plur. nimai? n^n Ao^^S(3 plur. a-'fjin 13 son plur. °"'?2 nn daughter, suf. "^na plur. nibs oi^ day plm*. D^^: rarely ni^a^ -iny (>/^;^ plur. D^i? once D^V^ cs-i A(?«r7 plui". n"'^^:) 2. The nouns ns father, ni5 brother, and ns ;/// /'/i take tlie vowel ■•. in tlie construct and before suffixes e. g. const. ^i» , suf. ^ii:?, ^^32* • 56 ETYMOLOGY. § 51 § 51. Imperfect Verbs. Imperfect verbs depai't more or less from the standard inflection, as tlie nature of their radicals may require, They are of three classes, viz. : — I. Guttural verbs, or those which have a guttui'al letter in the root. II. Contracted verbs, two of whose radicals are in certain cases contracted into one. III. Quiescent verbs, or those which have a quiescent or vowel-letter in the root. There are three kinds of guttural verbs : — 1. Pe Guttural verbs, or those whose first radical is a guttural. 2. Ay in Guttural verbs, or those whose second radical is a guttural. 3. Laniedh Guttural verbs, or those whose third radi- cal is a guttural. There are two kinds of contracted verbs : — 1. Pe Nun verbs, or those whose first radical is Nun. 2. Ayin Doubled verbs, or those whose second and third radicals are alike. There are four kinds of quiescent verbs : — 1. Pe Yodh verbs, or those whose first radical is Yodh. 2. Ayin Vav and Ayin Yodh verbs, or those whose second radical is Vav or Yodh. 3. Lamedh Aleph verbs, or those whose third radical is Aleph. 4. Lamedh Pie verbs, or those in which He takes the place of the third radical. These names, like those of the verbal species, § 31, are derived from the verl) ^i?s to do; a Pe Guttural verb ir fj^ 52, 53, PE GUTTURAL VEKBS. 5? one which lias a guttural in that place which Pe occupies in '5i?B , that is, as its first radical ; and so with the lest. § 52. Guttural Verbs. Gutturals have the following peculiarities : — 1. They prefer the vowel Pattahh. 2. They receive Pattahh-furtive. 3. They take compound in pi-eference to simple ShVa. 4. They do not admit Daghesh-forte. Resh shares the last peculiarity, but partakes of the others only in a very limited degree. § 53. J^e Guttural Verbs, see Table VIII. 1. Hhirik of the letters prefixed to the root is changed to Pattahh or Seghol ; to the latter chiefly in those parts o]' tenses in which the second radical has prevail- ingly a. 2. For simple ShVa the guttural takes compound, either Hhateph-Pattahh, or a Hhateph conformed to the pre- ceding short vowel. Before a vowelless letter this com- pound Sh'va becomes a short vowel in an intermediate syllable. 3. Upon the omission of Daghesh-forte in the infinitive, future, and imperative Ni23hal, the preceding Hhirik is lengthened to Tsere. 4. A few verbs, whose first radical is S5, receive Hholem in the first syllable of the Kal future, the second vowel being Pattahh or Tsei'e. This is called the Pe Aleph (i^s) mode of inflection. 3* 58 ETYMOLOGY. § 5 I Vocabulary 16. ansj or anif \ K. (fut. a) to l\t7} v. K. to turn, N. to h love turned C'^K * n. m. a inan, each pTn v. K. (fut. ci) to hi biij V. K. (i?s) to eat, H. to strong cause to eat I'Q n, m. manna 5^? iL m. God ^13;^ n. m. servant )y2i< v.'N. to he verifodjfo'und ^iy v. 1^. to leave, forsaJse true Toy V. K, to stand Tax V. N. («b) to 5^ s^/t/ Dsy n. f. (d\ and ni) houe 15 n. in. (D''?3) son njbjp u. f. « curse. * tti^X is the common word for an individual man ; ttJiDX is poetic; □'IN is a generic term, denoting man generally, and is also the name of the first of the human race. § 54. Ay in Guttural Verhs, see Table IX. 1. T]ie v^owel following the guttural is converted into Pattahh in tlie future and imperative Kal and in the feminine plurals of the future and imperative in the other species. 2. When the second radical should receive simple Sh'va, it takes Hhateph-Pattahh instead ; and to this the new vowel formed from Sh'va in the feminine singular and masculine plural of the imperative is assimilated. 3. Daghesh -forte is always omitted from the second radical in Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, in which case the preceding vowel may remain short in an intei'mediate syllable, or Hhirik may be lengthened to Tsere, Pattahb to Kamets, and Kibbuts^ to Hholem. i> 55. lamedii guttukal verbs. 59 Vocabulary 17. ?in3 V. K. p. to bless, N. Pu. ^^^23 n. m. benefit to be blessed T^jna v. P. to drive yut bxa V. K. to redeem^ P. to -in:p v. P. to ]piir if ij, demise defile N. to be purified § 55. Lamedh Guttural Verbs, see Table X. 1. The vowel preceding the third radical becomes Pat- tahh in the future and imperative Kal and in the femi- nine plurals of the future and imperative in the other species. 2. Tsere preceding the third radical may either be changed to Pattahh or retained; in the latter case, the guttural takes Pattahh-furtive. 3. Hhirik, Hholem (of the infinitive), and Shurek suffer no change before the final guttural, which receives a Pattahli-furtive. 4. Tlie guttural retains the simple Sh'va of the perfect verb before personal terminations beginning with a con- sonant, though compound Sh'va is used before suffixes. 5. When, however, a personal affix consists of a single vowelless letter, as in the second feminine singular of the preterite, the guttural receives a Pattahh-fui'tive. Vocabulary 18. p'^ij n. m. lord, master ' ^'IT v. K. to sow TX adv. then iiy^ adj. deaf IT'S n. f. ea/r yh^ v. P. H. to weary, came tTjT n. m. olive-Pt'ee, olive to toil «30 ETYMOLOGY. § 50 robia^ n. f. Mngdom nps v. N. to he opened^ used 5?;'a V. N; to ^6 withheld specially of the ey^^;5 ■^■•ly adj. /y//7^c/ nns V. N. to he o])ened "i"'? n. f. eye n^is v. K. to send r? 11. 111. tree t\il% adv. tJiitlier. §56. Fe JS\m {it) Fm>5, see Table XI. Nun, as tlie first radical of verbs, lias two peculiarities, viz. : — 1. At tlie end of syllables it is commonly assimilated to tlie following consonant, the two letters being written as one, and the doubling indicated by Daghesh-forte. In the Hophal Kamets-Hhatuph becomes Kibbuts before the doubled letter. 2. In the Kal imperative with Pattahh it is frequently dropped, its sound being easily lost at the beginning of a syllable when it is without a vowel. A like rejection occurs in the Kal infinitive construct of a few verbs, the abbreviation being in this case compensated by adding the feminine termination ri. ]np assimilates its last as well as its first radical nj?b has the peculiarities of Pe Nun verbs. Vocabulary 19. n'ins n. f. sister '^)^ n. m. death TiJn^ n. in. honey ^i? v. H. to tell^ Ho. to he fold D'^^n 11. 111. pi. life t^5? V. K. N. to approach ^sn 11. 111. ("^i^n) half fTii3j? n. f. incense n-bb, xrt^^ for what? ivhy? D'^^n^ n. m. ^\. mercies^ com- i6^TQ 11. m. instruction passions. ^ 57. AYIN DOUBLED VKUBS. 6i § 57. Atjin Doubled {'$'$) FtW^s, see Table XI L 1. In tlie Kal, Niplial, Hipliil, and Hoplial the repeti- tion of tlie same sound is avoided by uniting tlie tvvT. similar radicals and giving the intervening vowel to tlif previous lettei', thus: no for ^io, no for ::i3D . 2. In the Kal this contraction is optional in the pret- erite ; it is rare in the infinitive absolute though usual in the construct, and it never occurs in the participles. With these exceptions it is universal in the species already \:amed. 3. This contraction produces certain changes both in the vowel, which is thrown back, and in that of the pre- ceding syllable. (1) When the first radical has a vowel (pretonic Kamets) this is simply displaced by the vowel of the second radical, nio , nc; nncn , 3i0n . (2) When the first radical ends a mixed syllable, this will become simple upon the shifting of the vowel fi*om the second radical to the first. Then a Daghesh-forte may be given to the first radical in order to preserve tlie preceding short vowel, or the preformative may take the simplest of the long vowels «, or its previous vowel may be lengtliened from Hhirik to Tsere, Pattahh to Kamets, and Kamets-IIhatuph to Shurek, thus: nso';' becomes atj') or j6; , and Ti^": "li?: . (3) The vo^\ el, which has been throw^n back, is com- pressed as vowels usually are before two consonants. Thus in the Niphal future and imperative, nis';' , ns;* ; nnsn , ssn (comp. bibp , n^iop) ; in the Hiphil, n'-aon , son (comp. biup^ , n:bi3jpri). 4. Although the letter, into which the second and tliird radicals have been contracted, I'epresents two con- 82 ETYMOLOGT. § 57 soih-iuts, the doubling cannot be made to appear at the end of a word. But, (1) When in the coui'se of inflection a vov/el is added, the letter receives Dagliesh-forte, and the preceding vowel, even where it- would be dropped in peifect verl)s, is retained to make the doubling possible, and hence pre- serves its accent, § 17. 2. b^ 5^?? , ^-C^ . (2) Upon the addition of a personal ending which begins with a consonant, the utterance of the doubled letter is. aided by inserting o (i) in the preterite, and e ("i.) in the future. By the dissyllabic appendage thus formed the accent is carried forward, and the previous part of the word is shortened in consequence as much as possible, ncn , niicn ; 36; , "picr^ . (3) When, by the opei'ation of a rule already given, the first radical has been doubled, the reduplication of the last radical is frequently omitted in order to relieve the word of too many doubled letters, ^i&l , f^J^GFi . • 5. The Piel, Pual, and Hithpael sometimes preserve the perfect forms, sometimes reduplicate the contracted root, as ^099, ^pfii^ri , a,nd sometimes give u]) the redup- lication altoo-ether and insert the lono; vowel Hholem after the first radical, siis, ^Ip^riv'. 6. In the Kal and Hiphil futures, when the penult is a .';imple syllable, the accent is drawn back hy Vav Con- versive and the Towel of the ultimate is shortened, ab;* , 30''") : ^D"' , 21?"!] . Vocabulary 20. 3S conj. if '5?a n. m. Baal^ lord nis V. K. to curse Ho. to ^% v. K. to roll be cursed W^ ^ 11. toe ncsJi, pulverize § 58. PE YODH VERBS. 6S !ibn V H, to hegin ^io v. K. surround Tr^^T\'} u. m. Judali n3 n. m. (cojist. "^s) mouth "•Tn^ 11. m. a Je^.v O^iB n. m. x\.faGe. Ths^ 11. f. cave § 58. Pe Yodh {<^) Fer^ see Table XIV. 1. The first radical is mostly Yodh at the beginning, and Vav at the close, of a syllable. 2. In the Kal futui-e, if Yodh be retained it will quiesce in and prolong the previous Hhirik, and the second radi- cal will take Pattahh, e. g. tih'^l ; if the first radical be rejected the previous Hhirik is commonly lengthened to Tsere, ^p.'? , the Pattahh of the second syllable being sometimes changed to Tsere to correspond with it, 2©;^ ; in a few instances Hhirik is preserved by giving Daghesh- forte to the second radical as in Pe Nun verbs, niki , pd'^ . 3. Those verl:>s which reject Yodh in tlie Kal future, reject it likewise in the imperative and infinitive con- struct^ the infinitive being prolonged as in Pe Nun verbs by the feminine termination. 4. In the Nijjhal preterite and participle, Vav cpiiesces in its homogeneous vowel Hholem ; in the infinitive, future, and imperative, where it is doubled, it retains its consonantal character. 5. In the Iliphil, Vav quiesces in Hholem ; a few verbs have Yodh quiescing in Tsere, 3"''0"'n , s'^tb"'.';' ; more rarely still the first radical is dropped and the preceding short vowel is preserved by doubling the second radical, -^'^^n, G. In the Hophal, Vav quiesces in Shurek ; occasionally the short vowel is preserved and Daghesh inserted in the second radical, il^.?. . 64 ETYMOLOGY. J< 59 7. Ill the Hitlipael the first radical is commonly Yodlj Init a few verbs have Vav. ?I^0 follows the analogy of Pe Yodh verbs. Vocabulary 21. ^r\^ 11. 111. te7it y'l'^ V. H. to cause to hioio^ n^riK n. in. Allah let hnoio T\i'& adv. wlieref ©n^ v. H. to drive out ?j^n v. H. to cause to go^ ngs n. in. (ni) throne lead "i?"?^ 11- ^^- wilderness tii^ v. K. to he dry ust^ n. m. judgment. § 59. Ay in Vav (fy) and Ay in Yodh (''"3?) Verh%. see Table XIII. 1. The quiescent may be rejected and its vowel given to the preceding radical. So in the Kal preterite : D]5 for Dijp, where a is in partial compensation for the con traction, n^ for thi. Active participle Qp for Dj]?, rra for Thyi , the ordinary participial form being superseded by that of another verbal derivative. Hijihil and Ho- phal: D-ipn for a-'ijpn, □^p;' for n^ip^, np^n for oipn, the short vowel of the prefix being prolonged in a simple gyllal)le. 2. Or it may be converted into its homogeneous vowel u or /, D^p, n^n ; a^p^, ^"•■^r? the prefix usually taking the simplest of the long vowels, dju combined with a preceding or accompanying a forms o, Kal abs. infin. Dip =hmm^ Niphal Dip? for Dip?. 3. In the first and second persons of the Niphal and Hiphil preterites, 6 (i) is inserted before the affixed termi- nations, and sometimes e ('^,) in the feminine plui'als of § (')(). LAMEDII ALEril VE1IB8. 6f, tlie Kal future. lu the Niplial preterite, wlieu the in serted i receives the accent, the preceding i is for eu])honj changed to ^. 4. In the Kal and Hiphil species the apocopated future takes and e in distinction from the ordinary future which has u and i, 3123"^^ , ^i?^ . With Vav Conversive tlie accent is drawn hack to the simple penult, and the vowel of the last syllable is shortened, ni^H , nic^i . 5. (1) In the Piel, Pual, and Hithpael, the form of j)er- feet verbs is rarely adopted, the second radical appearing as 1, e. g. ^-i^, or as '', e. g. D!:p. (2) Commonly the third radical is reduplicated instead of the second, which then quiesces in Hliolem, Pi. D^aip , Pu. Diaip, Hith. oiiipnn. (8) Sometimes the quiescent letter is omitted from the root, and the resulting biliteral is reduplicated, Pi. bibs , Pu. bsbs. Vocabulary 22. rfbiijt n. f. ground, land "\^i n. m. young man Xlk adv. loTieref only after "in;? v. K. to hury ; N. to he 'j'a , yM'Q tvlience f hurled n3s< adv. whither f ^^^^. n. i. former state si2 V. K. (fut. Nii^^) to come; D^p v. K. to arise H. to cause to come, hring S"^"i v. K. to contend Tf?n Hith. to go for one^s y^t v. K. to return ; H. t<^ self go ahout cause to return, hring ]''b V. K. to lodge hach n^Q V. K. to die ; H. to ])ut nnsiij n. f. handmaid to death § 60. Lamedh Ale]?h (x^) Verhs, see Table X\. 1. Aleph, as the third radical of verbs, retains its con 66 ETYMOLOGY. § 61 soiiantal character only when it stands at the beginning of a syllable. 2. At the end of the word it invariably quiesces in the preceding vowel, and if this be Pattahh, it is lengthened to Kaniets; so always in the Kal future and imperative, where X as a guttural requires «, i^^'Q'j for s^i^'? . 3. Before syllabic affixes i5 quiesces in Kamets in the Kal preterite T)^^'^ , except in those words which have Tsere as their proper vowel, C^'^t • I^ the preterites of the derivative species it quiesces in Tsere, and in all futures and imperatives in Seghol. VOCABULAKY 23. i^K n. Z7?' ^'?^ V, K. to find sna V. K. to create ^y^ n. f. Ma/i^a (hitter) "i™ adj. dean^pure ''''35^5 n. f. Naomi (sweet) KS^ V. K. to go out ; H. to ""bv n. m. £Jli bring out x'^1? v. K. to call D'l'iiss n. m. pi. Clialdees a"''pnn n. m. pi. troughs n^ n. m. (try^) heart f ^i v. K. to run k3^ v. K. to he full ; N. to niis v. K. to lie down he filled; P. to fill bkrc^i) n. m. Samuel § 61. Lamedli He (nb) F^rJs, see Table XVI. 1. The third radical which is Yodh or Vav, does not appear at the end of the word except in the Kal passive participle '^'hl ; in all other cases it is rejected or softened, the resulting vowel termination being usually expressed by the letter n . The various preterites end in n,. The futures and participles in n... S 61. LAMEDII HE VERBS. 6(? S The imperatives in n.. The absolute infinitives in n' or n_ . The construct infinitives have the feminine ending tii . 2. Before personal endings beginning with a vowel, the last radical (thougli occasionally retained in prolonged and pausal forms ^''50)? is commonly rejected, and its vowel o;iven to the antecedent consonant, ^"^a for TOS^ . O / T ; FT 3. Before personal endings beginning with a consonant the radical "^ remains and quiesces in either Hhirik or Tsere in the preterites and in Seghol in the futures and imperatives. 4. The third person feminine of tlie preterites retains the primary characteristic n^, l^i^^, which is commonly softened by an appended n^, nnbs, 5. Forms not augmented by personal endings lose their final vowel before sufiixes, e. g. "i^^a , tjba from nb5 . The preterite 3 fem. takes its simple form, e. g. ^nn^a or ^r\"3a . 6. The final vowel n. is rejected from the futures when apocopated, or when preceded by Vav Conversive. 6- g- ^^? , ^5!"!^ from T^j^^ . The concurrence of final con- sonants thence resulting in the Kal and Hiphil is com- monly relieved by inserting an unaccented Seghol between them, Kal, b^\ or b^j. from nb.v ; Hiph. ^.nj , b.)^i from nb^i^ . 7. The final vowel n_ is sometimes rejected from tho imperative in the Piel, Hiphil, and Hithpael species, e. g h for n^a, bin for ^'?^k}, H^^n for n^ann. fi^n to ije, fut. ti"!n;? , apoc. Tn;! , part, n'in . njn to live, fut. n.in;'. , apoc. ''n^. Vocabulary 24. D5^« adv. truhj, indeed ■ tiia v. K. to huild "•3 r|S{ how much more, or T\^^T^ v. K. to le after a negative hoio Ti^ v. K. to go down^ do much less scend 68 ETTMOLOGY. §§ 62, ^3 pbffin^ ^ n. Jerusalem r\i6'J v. K. to make, do^ N. U -nrs?3 as he done bi3 V. P. (^sb^) to contain n33 V. P. to comjylete^ finish nna v. P. to command ni3)a n. f. led nsjn v. K. to see^ N. to 5^ s6^'J nSs" V. K. to <7c> uj}, H. /c* to a^yjyear hring up, offer n'tfbiJ: n. m. Solomon nSi? 11. f. hurnt-offering rr^iTiJ ad^^ , with Vav Conv. Tihitc^^) from nfiffi, 01- reduplicating an entire syllable, e. g. "i^ipn, 3. A very few instances occur of what may be called compound species ; thus, Niphal of Pual llsJ^ia , Niphal of Hithpael ^n&^i?, is?5 , Jninic?. § 64. Quach'iliteral Verbs. The number of quadriliteral verbs is very small. Some adopt the vowels and inflections of the Piel and Pual species, while others follow the liiphil. § 65. Numerals, see Table XIX. 1. The cardinals from three to ten are in form of the singular number, and have a feminine termination when joined to masculine nouns, but omit it when joined to feminine nouns. 2. The tens are formed by adding the masculine plural termination to the units, Q'^'ito:^ tiventy being, however, derived not from tioo but from te7i "li^i^ . 3. There are no distinct forms for ordinals above ten, the cardinal numbers being used instead. 4. Fractional parts are expressed by the feminine ordi' nals, as well as by special terms. VOCABULAEY 25. •^S'^i? n. f. epliah TO'is n. m. Pharaoh ^'in n. m. month naio n. f. (ta"^,) year nb n. m. Noah b^» n. m. shskel n'^iijy n. m. decade^ ten 70 ETYMOLOGY § 06 § 66. Separate Particles. 1. The longer particles, wlietlicr adverbs, prepositious conjunctions oi interjections, are written as separate words. 2. The prepositions "ifi^ after ^ "bs to, ^? unto^ ^? ujyor.^ and nnn under ^ assume before suffixes the form of nouns in the masculine plural, e. g. '''inN , ^'^'ins ; 'j''3 hetioeen^ adopts sometimes a singular, sometimes a masculine plural, and sometimes a feminine plural form, ii'^s and 'T'D'^a , ^rra and ^s-^nis^a . 3. The preposition ns with^ commonly becomes PS before suffixes, e. g. "^ri)* , D3r>« , and is thus distinguished from fii? the sign of the definite object, which beconicjE tiiK , or before grave suffixes, riK , e. g. ''ri«, oSr'^ . SY NTAX. § 67. Tlie Copula. 1. The predicate of a sentence, if a substantive, adjeC' tive, or pronoun, may be directly connected with its sul)- jeet without an intervening copula, DiSi^ n''nin''n3-b3 all Iter paths (sire) peace, V?*? ^"^^ ^^^ ^^^"Dr»"'5i? licvrm not. § 79. Tlie Secondary Tenses. 1. When a future with Vav Conversive is preceded by a preterite, or by any expression referring to past time, it becomes a secondary preterite. And a preterite with Vav Conversive preceded by a future, an imperative, or any expression indicating future time, becomes a secondary future. 2. A narrative or a paragraph, which begins with one of the primary tenses, is mostly continued by means of the corresponding secondary tense, provided the vei'h stands at the beginning of its clause. If for any reason this order of the Avords is interrupted or prevented, the primary tense must again be used. § 80. Peirticiples. 1. Participles may express what is permanent or habitual, (the Lord) :ins loveth rigJiteousness. Passive participles, so used, suggest -not only a constant experience, but a fixed quality as the ground of it, xniD not only fem'ed.\)\it tvorthy to hefeeired. 2. Active participles most commonly relate to the pres- 78 SYNTAX. §§ 81, 82 ent or to the proximate future, and passive participles to the past. 3. In narratives and predictions the time of the ]>arti- ciples is reckoned, not from the moment of speaking, but fi'om the period spoken of, iJie tiuo angels caine^ and Lot ao* was sitting in the gate of 8odom. § 81. The Infinitive. 1. The absolute infinitive may be used for, (1) The preterite or the future, when one of those tenses immediately precedes. (2) The imperative, when it stands at the beginning of a sentence. 2. The infinitive, which is a verbal noun, may be put in the construct state before a following noun, whether this be its subject or its object. The construct state is also used after nouns or prepositions, and sometimes after verbs. 3. When one vei'b is dependent upon another, it ia sometimes put, not in the infinitive, but in the same tense with the governing verl), ^bn b'lsin he was willing, he ivalhed, for he was willing to walk, or loalhed willingly. § 82. Object of Verbs. 1. The object of a transitive verb, if a definite noun, or a pronoun, may be preceded by the particle ris . 2. The subject of passive verbs, which is really the ob ject of their action, and nouns placed absolutely, occasion- a.'ly receive ri? . 3. Some ver])s, not properly transitive, are capable oi a transitive construction ; thus, (1) Verb^ signifying plenty and want, or motion, the §§ 83-85. NEGLECT OF AGKEEMENT. 70 house Q^TCpsn sSia ^uas full of men^ i^ibn-ns i;s'i;^^ they went out (of) the city. (2) Any verb may govern its cognate noun, or a noun which defines the extent of its application, V^-^^'i^i? ^4^ he was diseased in his feet. 4. The verb usually stands first, its subject next, and its object last, rnless the emphasis requires a different ordei*. § 83. Vei'hs with more than one Object. 1. Some verbs have more than one object, viz. : (1) The causatives of transitive verbs. (2) Verbs whose action may be regarded under differ- ent aspects as terminating upon different objects. (3) The instrument of an action, the material used in its performance, its design, or its result, may be its secondaiy or remote object, l^s ini5 ^'o^n^;! and they over- lohelmed him witli stones, "isy oisn-nx "^i^i^i and he formed the man of dust. 2. If an active verb is capable of governing a doubl(3 object, its passive may govern the more remote of them. § 84. Adverbial Expi^essions. 1. Adverbs commonly stand after the words to whi^}l] they belong. 2. Nouns may be placed absolutely to express tlie rela^ tions of time, place, measure, number, or manat;r, § 85. Neglect of Agreement. 1. When a predicate adjective or verlD precedes its noun, it often prefers a primary to a secondary form, that 80 SYNTAX. § 86 is to sa\^, tile masculine may be iised instead of the feminine, and the singular instead of tlie plural. 2. Collective nouns may have verbs, adjectives, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural. 3. Nouns plural in form, but singular in signification, commonly have verbs, adjectives, and pronouns agreeiug Titli them in the singular. 4. Plural names of inanimate or irrational objects oi either gendor are occasionally joined ^\^th the feminine singular. 5. The masculine is sometimes used, when females are spoken of, from a neglect to note the gender, if no stress is laid upon it. 6. Singular predicates and pronouns are sometimes employed in a distributive sense of plural subjects. 7. Nouns in the dual have verbs, adjectives, and pro- nouns agreeing with them in the plural. § 86. Compound S^ihject. 1. When the subject consists of two or more words con- nected by the conjunction and., the predicate, if it precedes its subject, may be put in the masculine singular as its primary form, or it may be put in the plural, referring to them all, or it may agree with the nearest word. 2. If the predicate follows a compound subject, it is commonly put in the plural, though it may agree with the principal word to which the others are subordinate. 3. If a predicate refers equally to two words of dif- ferent genders, it \v\\\ be put in the masculine in prefer- ence to tlie feminine; if they are of different persons, the predicate will be put in the second in preference to the third, and in the fii'st in preference to either oi the others. i-^ 87-89. CONJUNCTIONS. SI § 87. Tie])etition of Words. 1. Repetition may denote distribution, niiij niw yeai by yem'^ plurality, nirnn generation and generation, i. e. viany generations, or emphasis and intensity, paj;. pQi; o.ccteding deep. 2. In verbs tlie absolute infinitive is joined with the finite forms for tlie sake of emphasis or intensity, tim n^"bn thou slialt surely die. § 88. Belative Pronouns. 1. When the relative "itc» is governed by a verb, noun, or preposition, this is shown by appending the appro- priate pronominal suffix to the governing word, thou ?i'^ri"in3 TiJS| whom I have chosen, i^nr m^x lohose seed. 2. When the relative is preceded by rs the sign of the definite object, or by a preposition, these pertain not to the relative, but to its antecedent, which is to be supplied. 3. The rehitive is frequently omitted, not only, as in English, when it is the object of its clause, but also when it is the subject, «7?(/7^. 200 21 « Sh, S •jiia Shin c 300 22 n Th, T in Tav p 400 11. Classification of the Letters, §2. Gutturals, N n n y Palatals, ^ ^ 3 p Liiiguals, 1 '0 b ; n Dentals, T o 2 is Labials, n 1 'a B 1 sliares the peculiarities of the Gutturals. Weak, Medium, Strong, ^s n 1 1 Vowel-l.etters ]s n n 2? Gutturals. (b-Q : "I Liquids. ] T c 22 Ti: Sibilants. ^^ s 1 . . J I Aspn-ates and l^T n -J J Mutes. Serviles i"3Dl ni2JT2 'jn-'S. Radicals the rest of the Alphabet, The Points, §4. Long Vowels. Short Vowels. Douhlful Vowels. Ka'mets a t Pattahh a — Hhi'rik — i or i Tse're e ~ Hho'lem 6 — Seghol e — Ka'mets-Hhatiiph o t~ Shii'rek - ) - Kib buts r ) Pronouace a as in father^ a as in fat^ e as in there, e as in met, I as in machine, I as in pin, b as in riote, b as in not, u as in tmle, u as in full. ^ 7. Simple Sh'va — silent or vocal. ^ ( Hhateph-Pattahh ^: ; thus lb? "modk. ^Gi ' 1 Hhatepli-Seghol -.t ; thus lbs 'mor. ( Hhateph-Kamets ~ -, thus ''Sif °nl. ^ 8. Pattahli-furtive ~ with y, n or <^ at the end of words. §12. Daghesh-lene in 3 a "^ 3 a n removes aspiration. § 13. Daghesh-forte doubles; not found in i? n n y rarely in "i . § 14. Mappik in final ^ when a consonant. § 15. Raphe — opposite of Daghesh-lene, Daghesh forte, or Mappik. § 21. Makkeph (") connects words. ^ 22. Methegh — second syllable before the accent. III. 'hiK ACOKNTS, ^-Ki. DISJUNCTIVES. Class I. Emperors. I. Siiluk (.) ;pi2iq a. Athnahh (J n:nN Class II. Ki ngs. 8. S'gholta (•••) xribio p r,l?t 6. Tiphhlia (J snso Class III. Dukes. 7. R'bhr / • \ V'V^ 8. Shalsheleth / ( ,^ rbbbii) 9. Zarka / *^\ Ki:?ni postp 10. Pashta f "* \ k::!15s /jos/p. 11. Y'thibh \* } -T'?, prep. 12. T'bhir y Class IV. Counts. 13. Pazer / '^ \ nta 14. Karng Phara I'KPs n^E •':-i;? 15. TMisha Gh'dliola ( ''^ nb-ina xtli'^bri prep, 16. Geresh / f \ ilins 17. G'l-ashayin. ( "\ cyina 18. P'slk ( ') i-'p^ CONJUNCTIVES. Ser vanfs. 19. Merka \> ) N3-I"!: 20. Munahh (-•) 21 Merka Kh'phala ^ « ' nbns3 xxnt: 22. Mahpakh V« / -?-n'? 23. Darga ^ « / '^^'^'' 24. Kadhma f ^ \ «?"?s 25. Yerahh ben YomO V v/ ipi-^-ia nn^ 26. T'lishaK'tai ma ,\ V hijiij, x'v^-'bn 7x«f| ^ n •n •n'a* ^ n r rra "^ n n rM2 •a Pi n rm IV. In"separable Propositions anu Vav Conjunctive, §§ 27, 28. Primary form, ^ ^ . ) Befor* vowelless Consonants, 3 3 ? 1* Before Gutturals with Compound Sh'va, the corresponding short wwel Before monosyllables and accented syllable?, •]" 3 S 5 * WitL the contracted article, the voiccl of the O/rticU. * Also before the labiiils ~ . "C ^ and 2 . but "" before vowelless Vodh. t With the interrogative n533 , niss , n^^ or nib . The Preposition '\'ci, He Interrogative, the Ariicle, AND THE Interrogative rra. Before strong consonants. Before vowelless consonants and strong gutturals, Before weak gutturals, Before gutturals with Kamets, * But with a disjunctive accent commonly ,-72 . Inseparable Prepositions with Sufi-ixes. Singular. 1 c. !Z1 ^ i ' '"-^ f " ' " . ' r '•?: f 2/ 4 ■ ^^ - 1^- V. T\% rib' ni:i3 ns^-: PlU E A L. 2.«.. Din D^b D53,D?ra D2-; V T . T . ■ . > ^ 8 tn. Di , tsnn Tjb , Dfib on^ Dgi'-s ^^i^-; ^ycz 8/ "jrin, "jnn th — "^"^ 8() V, rj;RS()NAL PllCNODNs, 29. SINGULAR. I'LURAL. ^5:s, "iDN We ^='7'?^, ^3"?, ^^.s; J Tiiou wz. nns, ni? Ye »z. dps 1 Thou / ns , "^ns Ye /. ^pn , r,;ps 'He 5«in They w^ □", nr)n She s-'n, sin § 23. :3. They / in, n^n Suffixes. 1 I B Simple. With union Vow els oi Verbri. Witl . Sin-. No uns. W'.thDu.il anl 1 r. r 3 . r - "'?.. 1? O^J 1 — > 1 lUr. xvou ..i^ 1 pi. 13 12^ ^3.. 13. _ 13 0=J ^12^ 2 /«. ^ (^?) (^ J (^) !)... (tfrJ i. {\) T, ?'?• DD =5: ^T. 2/. ^C?) 1 ,^... ^- n- v.. pi. 1? ^?. )T.. 3 «2. in in^ ,i in„ ^3., 0"?...) i (r\, in .) ^\ (^'^\. , ■'P'^j ;./. D(i'a) Q, ,0. □.. D^ nn\. (i^ij 3./: n n^ n. "3 T V n T n-i vi. 1(5^?) 1. I. ], r)\ Demonstrative Masc. Fern. Sing, nr (it) nsT (ir, nr) t/iis Common. Plur. bs, nbs f/iet'e. Relative. ■nOi5 ?«;/^(9 or w/iic/i; abbreviated form -^ (-ts, w, V) Interrogative and Indefinite. ^ who ? or whoever, nia ivhat ? or lokatever. Verbs. — Their Species, §§ 31, 32. 1. Shnple act. Kal ^^'i} to kill. 2. " pass. Niphal 3. Intensive act. Piel 4. '* pass. Pual 5. Causative act. Hiphil 6. " pass. Hophal bt3):3 to be killed. . b6p to kill many or to massacre bisp to he massacred. bibjpn to cause to Jdll. b'j|?n to be caused to kilt. 7 Reflexive Hithpael bisj^nn to kill ones self. VI. Paradigm oi KAL. Nli-IIAL. P1EI>. PUAL. Pbet. 3 m. ^tbp btp? ^t2p ^^P. 3/. -'?9R ~?P)?2 nbi^p nbtfp 2 m. ^'^i? nbtjpD T : —1; • nbtp r)bt2p 2/ r^^^i? rib'^p: ^^V. s^ib^p 1 c. T'^^i? ^^^^p? ^nb^p ^nb^p Plur. 3 c. ; 'it ^'i^P? ^b'lip ^b-Lfp 2 m. C^SD^^P sfe^^p? t3P)b^p CJ^^'^P 2/ ■jnb'^p lJj}^"^P? l^r^P i^r^p 1 c. ^DbDp ^Dbtp? ^:bbp ^:bibi; Inpin. ahsol. bitip bbpn rr • btip bbp 1 •onslr. bbp ^^^m ^feP (%) FUT. 3 VI. brbp: "^^T. ^^p; b-^p": 3/. bbpn ^^pr^ ^topn b^pri 2 m. btbpn bpprn btopn btopn 2/ ^5^1?^?' ^bp^n ^bi3pn ^bispn 1 c. ^^p^ '"^^m ^tap!!^ ^^p!^ Plur. 3 m. ^^^p; ^^^pr ^^^p" ^^tcp: 3/ Hjbtipn T : '; • in:btDpn ?^.'r^pJ\i n^b^pn 2 HI. ^bppn ^btppn ^bppn ^btfpn 2/ n2bt2pn n^btpn T : ■• (t • rijbtapn rijbt^pn T : — ' ■•. ; 1 f. bbp? ^bp? -^P? btsp^? Imper. 2 m. btbp 'bpn ^%P- 2/ ^^^1? ^5^pn '^^P Plur. 2 «i. ^btpp ^^^pn ^btfp wanting 2/ nDbtbp T : »: Mjbbpn n:btop T : ••■— Part. act. ^'^P ^^%m pans. bitop ^^P? '^'^P? Perfect Verbs, §§33 -38. SAL (««■(?. O), HU'lllL. 110PII-4L. iiniirALL. KAI. (7i(/i/. i). b"t:pn %n btbpnn lis T rb±\)r} nbtipn nbiipnn n-ins nbj^ T ; n pbt:pn nbii:pn T ; -•: T r}bbpnn mis T : — T . nb'iir ■ T ; r ribtopn nbt:pn nbDpnn n-n3 rhbt : : T ^li^btopr; '^bbpn -nbtbpnn "n-ii^ • : T ^b-^pn iib^pn ^biapnri ^133 qbpib : D^btipn □nbt:pri Dnbt^pnn °^"5? (Dnbr^r) l^b^^pn iribt:pn 13r!b^)2^r' ■|n-;3 (|i^^^^) ^3^t:pri ^Dbi:pn 'i^bi^pnn : — T ^:b"iu: ^ btipn ^^i?T (btipnri) r bii-j: T b'Ppu bbpri btopnn nn3 b'i^ b-pp: '^^i?: btapn: "i^?": b^i?: • b-^pn bt:pn btDpnn -is^n bs^Fi b^ibpn bbpn btopriri nisn b^irn ^b-'tppn ^btppn ^biopnn ^"7^?!^ ^b^irn b^icpp^^ btpi^ btopnt5 "i??^ bs^'^ ^b^tpp: ^bifp: ^bt^pn: ^^T?' ^bsir: •^^btspn nDb^pn nDbtapriri nr^^ri n:b2tr ^b-^^pn ^btppn ^btppnr, Ti^jT) ^bsu-n riDbtbpn •^jbDpn {-iab^pnn ru'^h.'zr} n-blirn b'tjps b^p; btopnp ■jI?? b2^3 btbpri btopnn "i^? ^b'tbpn ^btppnn ^IDS ^b^tbprt wanting ^btcpnr; iiins nsbtipn s^jbibpnn h2^?? b^6p)j ii?l?'? b^pn-j 89 VII. Paradigm of the Pekpect Singular. 1 com. 2 mase. ^fem. 3 masc. Sfem. Kal Preterite. Sing. 3 mase. "D^Dp iTjbtip Tjbt3p ^nStSp ^ t^ilitip ', "■ ^^^ 8/m. ^pn^^p ^O^^P "^^^^P ^»"r^?^P ) •'^P)^^I? 1 com. '^j'ri^^p ^^ri^^p vribt:p ri-nbtii: Plue. 3 co7n. ^p^btip *?|^bt:p T|:ibt!p iin^bt:p rj^bt^p 2 mcT^. ■'i^irribiip ^n^nbt:p u^nbt:p icom. ^-i^btop T|^i)bt:p ^n^iibtip M^Dbt:p Infinitive. ^bpp ) !?;bt:p ^jbtip ibtpj^ S^btJg ^pbtpp J Future. Sing. 3 muse, ^pbipp; ) ?|bt2p;^ ) t]bt:p^ ^nStjp;^ ) tiopi)^^ ^3bt:p; ( ,^bt:p: J ^-5'9P' ) ^^bpp? Plttr. 3 masc. "IS^bpp: ^^^tip; Tj^btip; ^H^blfp; ^^^^P-'' Imperative. Sing. 2 ?ttasc. *'pbpp ^nbtpp ^J^15 PiEi. Preterite. Sing. 3 masc. "pbtpp ^^^1? ^?^:p ibtap f^^tap HiPHiL Preterite. Sing. 3 mase. "^b^tppH HT^p^' ^^^ppr' ib^tjpn Mb-'topn QQ> Verbs witi 1 Suffixes, § 42. Plural. 1 com. 2 masc. 2 /em. 3 wioac. 2 fern. ^=5^1? °5^^I? )^>^l? °^¥;? 1?^^ ?i3r\bt2p D^nbt:!? ■j5nbt:|^ Dn5t:p P^W ^Dnbt:;^ Dnbt^i^ W^^l? iirinbt:!^ D^nb^I^ r^^^i? siD^nbt:p DD^nb^j: DD-.bt:j^ ci9^jbt:p D^ribt:]^ n^bt:i^ D^nbiDj: d^bb^p 1^nbt:p ^:h,]Qp^ d5bt:p -jibtip nbtp): -j^tpjD ^Dbtpp^) UDbx^p^: libt:^.'' Dbt)p -jbtpp^ ^D^btpp;' dis^btpp;^ l?^^Pl?? c^^bpf;^ I^Spp," ^3?^)^ »=!?Pi? ilD^tfp dibtsp ■ t?^^P dbtfp )5^^P lib^topn T • ': • diytjpn 1?r"?I?n Db^tpipn ■jb^tppn 91 VIII. Paradigm op Pe Guttural Verbs, §53. HIPHIL. HOPHAL. ^B FUT. Pret. 3 m. ^IZV -Tjiv: T7::3'n 1723? M 3/ T : IT T : viv nT7^2?n r • v: IV T : T IT bi^n 2 m. T : — T T ; — V.IV m7!2^'n T : — v: IV n772^:n bii^n 2/. ni7jy ni/b:?: ^"1723?^ rM723> n "bs^in • : 1 1 e. ^mby ^rn7b3'D ^n"i7iyn • : - v: IV -n^7byr! • : — -r IT bifi^ Plur. 3 c. ^^■^3? ^^723'D iTp.yn ^■i^yn ' ^b^'«^ : 1 2 m. !=!J!]"'"^? 2^523?: Drn723?n Drn-23''n riDbii^n 2/ 1^7'^? 1 V ; -v.- IV inT23^n ■jri772^"ri 1 1 c. iiDnij:? '^Tn2Tj ^j-i7j3?n W723''n HjbDs^n ^5^3 Infin. Absol. 117^3? T 1" ■i^'O T!2^;rt Consir. 1523? 1723?" .. T '•• "^'r^C! T2yn Kal (/m<. a.) Fdt. 3 m. nt:>"^ 1723''^ -^by^ "1723?^ 3/ I't^'n T23?n ■I^723?n n723?n pias 2 m. it^T\ ^723?n •• T l~ i^72yn n723'Tl — T? IT vim 2/ ^^12V7\ ^T2yn ^1^723?n ^T23'n ^vm 1 c. iwx "li2S'i^ •• T 1" T72yj5 TJ3>1!< vm P.'m»-. 3 m. r\^T ^n52r ^1^7J3?^ !11723'^ : TIT *jo,: s/. »^J7'^?rD np77i]yri n:i723?n ^T^^r^ npi^Ti-n 2 m. r\'2y7\ ^T23"n !i-H23?n ^n723'"n ^pinn 2/ T ; -: .- ^^TT'P^i n377!:^n n3T23?n T : — t: it 1 rijpTnn T ) . - v: IV le. -3- •■ Tl" 1^/23?: • -n- ^72^5 Pis Ikper, 2 t» "1523? i723*n •• T 1" 7723>n Ph 2/ ^ia^ ^n^i-n ^i^7jyn wanting ^pjn Flur. 2 w il17J3' ^i-jyn ^T722?n iip|n 2/ nD"ia3> r : -: nn7j3'n T : •• T p- •^r'^^v' nji^T.n Part. Ad. riys 1"723?-2 Past. T Tby:- T V.IV TO3?» T ni T 1 92 IX. Paradigm OF Ayin Guttural Verbs , § 54. 1 KAL. NIPIIAL. riEL. PL'AL. IIITIIPAEL. Pret. 3 m. bsr; b^-z bi<3 h^ bs-irn 3/ nbsB nbxro Mb5<3 nbjiii T -;iT : 2 m. vb^zs Th^ZZ nb^^r. nbi^b nbsynn 2/ Tb)^j nbs3D rbs^s nbi^s nb^?•lnM \c. Tnbk3 'nbi<5:o ^nb^?-i ^nb^b TbskBnn Plur. 3 c. ^^!^3 ^bsro ^bii5 ^b!j5:o D^lb^^s Dribi5-inn 2/. ^b^^^n ^S^5!in ^b>!ijn ^bxbn ^Si^snn Ic. bi55^5 bj5Si^ bk^3^i! bjf ^7i7jip 2 m. t3ri7jj2 cirji'-ii^? Dn-f^ij^ Dteii: 2/ m'^ ft"'"^'^!?? m'^ii ■)n7j7jip 1 c. ^"-2)2 !l3i7blp3 ^D7J7jip ^27^rip Infin. ylJsoZ. Dip Dipn Constr. n^p Dipri D7bip FuT, 8 ?ft. Dp; DSp: D'^T' D-bip: 3/. D^pn Dipn D7bipn D7bipn 2 wi. D^pn Dipn D7iipn D/bipn 2/ -:i^pn ^aipn rbx2ijDn ^7bi3ij:Dn Ic. D^ps Dipi< D7bipis: D7jipyt PZur. 3 7/1. ^•j^p: ii7;]ip: ii7b7ji):^ '^m 3/. nr-bpn n":iipn T ; J nD*;7bipn n-fbipr;^ 2 fn. \-^^pn ^•2ipn ^7b7jii:n ^7b7jipn 2/ nr7bprn nr^ipn ri57j^ipn ri:7i:]ipn 1 c. ^ DT>? Dip? t3°^T? D-bipp ImPER. 2 TO. D^p Dipn D-^ip 2/ TJ^p ^7;?ipr! "^^^'i? wanting Plur. 2 m. ^■r.p ^•^ipn ^■27jipj 2/. "?tP HD-^ipri s^^'-^'bip Part. Act. ^i^ cpipp Pcm. D^p Dip: d7bipti 98 AND AyIN YoDH Verbs, ^ 59. ■ V HIPHIL. nOPHAX. UITlIPAKr,. KAI.. C3^pn Dp^n Diiptri T ni-j^pn rtj^pr n-bp^n (n-j)b^n) ri/raipnn T : i, : . n-jbipnn T : — ' : • r-fbiprn nnn T T T ■ ^nrj^pri (^n-j^^n) ^n-fjipnri "pn^ ^ni3"n (Dri22p^ri) (^::^p^n) ■)F):a:5iprn ^37fbiprin T ^n^n DPO nii 1 nn t^^n Q'iipnri l^n c^t: DpV &;:ipn^ • T fi^pn Dp^n nisiprn • T D^pn Dp^n D:jipnn • T ^'^"pn ^■j"j^prn " T D^PS tlpj^ D-^^pr:^ n-'H^ ^•^t: ^■^P^' ^:j'jipnt '^Zl^I^ (r::5:p^n) ^5i3p^in HD'j-jiprin T ; •• T • T (np'^p^n) dp^D np-fbiprn D/bipn? Dpv d-bipr^'n i"n wanting »^2"JP0 n:-j?biprn in^) D'i?'^ d-bipn-^ T apvj n^n XIV . Paradigm of Pe Yodh Verbs, § 58. \ ^ 1 KAL, NIPIIAL. HIPHIL. HOPHAL. KAL. Pbet. 3 m. nir-' niriD n^tjin -izTi •T 3/ nn-uL"^ T ; 1 nn^iL'in Tl'CZ^ 2 m. T : — r rin-i;i2 nn-ibin nnTT^n T : — T 2/. nniz:'- nz'jjiD mir-n nnTi^n Fiicn^ Ic. ^pn^- *riniri] ^nniijin "rntTin • : — T Plur. 3 c. : IT : 1 ^n^izjin 1 iiiij-" 2 m. tSP^l'^^ DnniriD Dnn^in Draiii^n or)"^?' 2/ 1^?"^' l^^^"^'? irin^^in tF^ 1^'^'5: 1 c. ; — T ^DniriD ^inirin ii:2iii^n : — T Infin. ^5sc>Z. T nirin r Constr. ^5^' n^irin nir^n iijn;^ FuT. 3 ??i. ^^!! n^'|r niziv : ^5'? 3/ ^VJi] n^irin nu^^n iL-n^n 2 m. nirn ••T • n^TTin n-ij^n izjn^n 2/ ^iujn ^nTijr,n ^n^d^in • : 1 ^ujn^p Ic. nirx ••T • n^irij5 n^^^^ irn\N5 PZwr. 3 m. : [•' ;'T • ^n^iDi"* : 1 : !• 3/ T : — •• njiizj^n T : ••T • nDnibin T ; ■• ninui^n T : — 2 m. ^Tu^n ^n^-i'in : 1 ; r 2/. T : — •• T : --T • T ; •• T : - n:m-n 1 c. n-i:_D ••T • n^-I^iD nic'^D irn^D Impee. 2 TO. -'4? ••T • n-ijin T2Ji' 2/. PZwr. 2 TO. ;iT • wanting 2/ T : •• T I ••T ' "r^5: Paet. Act. ^T n^TTTJ tn^ Pass. T T T T lOU XV. Paradigm of Lamkdti Aiepii Verbs , ^«o. j KAL. N I I'll A L. PIliL. HiriiiL. IIITKIaEL. I Pket. 3 m. ^^12 srj3 T ; • ^^r u^-r^n ^^i'^nn 3/ nik:ii2 nxiia; T : • r ■ : • T ; - : • 2 m. n^irj rj^i'j: T •• • nj<^':nn 2/ r.j52::a rwsr;D r.s"4ti ni^:2i:n nx2i-:nn le. ^nj^r^ ^nj5i-j2 "m^7j 'T\^T2n T^^^-^nn Plur, 3 e. ^.sr:] ^^^rjD ^^^12 ^i<-i:t!n ^^i^iarn 2 m. Dn^5:i■J Dnj5::7^3 nr^i^Tg an^r^n nns^/^nr; ■ 2/. l^^^-^ l^n^^"^? ]T\i^^'n -jn^^rjn ■^l^^5r^^^ 1 c. T T ^:53Dn ^e»j. rii^Dn nbt:D>rnbbp5 □^"rjpD nib-jpD| _: 11 : • :_] 104 I XVII. Declension of Nouns, §§ 44-47. iv. With final n.,. Sisu. J6.^. n;<"l'3 appcarauce Const. n;^173 P^. Jfo. Q*i;5"l.^ J reed Masc nS"' fair n?p Fern. riiS"' SiNO. Ahs. !]D^ king "iJPO covert ^ r tD^^; strength ^;^3 lord I nVO death "I"i^ eye ^-^-j loci "^TS^ ear V. Segliolates. Const. tlbTO Pi^ -46s. D^Db^ C'ons*. ipb?? ^ I tt3;22^ strength C!^5' b'S'k lord b5>3 'l"'^? Dual. b "(ti ear 'jtJj^ P IL Nouns which double tJieir final consonant. ^ I III Smo. ^?w. b^!\ camel Co«s«. b^O^i Pl. Ahs. Qi^^^^i Cohs^. \b)Pi\ an^sntp "^If^P W^'^l^ •• : T n^b:?n T t ''•??? ^^"^1)2 ^nl)3 Q'.^-'^- ^T^.. Q'bpri '?^1 Q^DTii ^5tk "1^ garden pn statute •I'Q) tooth Masc. \'0'p small I p733? deep 1^- Fern. nStOP PL. lf«sc. D^SDp IT ) T \ -: ) • \ -: II. I, I ,11 Als. nnS? Hebrew Co)!s?. ^.-|p5? Pl. J6s. □"'^'ID]? orCTl^5? C'o»&<.i_'i-l23? Masc ^"It: fresh Fern. n'^"l'D^^«sc. Q^^lt: ^^»»- m*'"l'C: III. Other ivouns suffer no change. I III Smti ^Z-s.-OJ^nb^ garment Const. "[rinb^PL. J&s. tD^tp^Sb^ ^-^-^^ ^u?^,Sb^ B' ]^rt5o. niiD good 2^ew. nnito ^«sc'. d^^ii: i<'ew. mmt: * b^tpp72 Hiph. part. nb^Pp'O or ribip/2 t]^D^Pp)2 Jllb^tpp)? — — - —^ XVII. Declension of Nouns, §§ 44-47 Nouns tvitJb the feminine ending n^. i. With Kamets or Tsere in the penult. I 111 SiKCJ. Ahs. TVy^ fish Co7ist. '^y^ Pl. Ahs. ty\'.\l Const. ty\y^ T T - : T " • n^p^D vengeance n^pD T\'\it>^ SllT^p? T T - : • - T ; " : • ii. From ISegholates. Sing. -46s. HS 570 queen Cn^ist. n^b)2 Pl. J5s. n"!Db72 Count. fllDbD nnr,p covert i^nnp niitip n?o^:? strength ^72^5? ni?2:£3? T : T - ; T T T I iii. All others. Const. tl_5^ PL. Ahs. riiS^ C'o«s«- m'35 ni^T25\ nii'^ti)-'^ nii?^^""'. Nouns with the feminine ending n. I I I.I. SrKA^&s-m72t2))2 observance Co«sf.n^)2tn)2 Pl. ^&s. m"l^^?)2 fo>w^ Jl1"l)2tr)?a Sing, Ahs. HSy garden Hi'^tD'' salvation npDV sucker ^P^V nip^l"'^ hipjv nb!ib-i skull S^bibs m'b!ib-i nib!ib3 1 pi"||Q3J Hebrew-woman nnn3? nl^nn:^ ni^"in? n^.Sb?? kingdom n^Db)2 sni^DbD \ : - tii^Db^ 10(3 1 XVIII. Paradigm of Nouns with Suffixes, H9. ! SiNGULAE. lieart nhb king ^^ queen HSb/J hand T Cmtt. nnb ^^ nsb^j ^*^ Sing. 1 c. my « ^nnb • T : i^'^ (( '^?t'^ (i ^1" 2 m, thy 2/. thy 8 m. his ?jn2b ii)b-j u u n^3b^ ih3b7j (4 ir 8/ her u ninb T T ; nsb-j li nh3bu r T ; — (( •^7r riur. 1 c. our ^ First •JITCS-I Second "litO Third ^it-'bt Fourth ■'yS"! Ordinals. Fifth ^i^'Pi] Sixtn W Seventh ^^_'^'2V 108 §(35. Fem Ahsol. TiJbu) T ysn;^ "■ T tcib yibn niri? nnicy •^■^'^? Mnir:^ nnir?? nnir^ innir:^ »^!}"^? One hundred Two hundred One thousand Ten thousand I N IN • Comir. nns "^"■? ii:b"u: ib/bn :-ibr, nbjj V V "^^■? tSizJ — : Eiglith ■'S'^'Q© Ninth ''T'ltiJn s Tenth "^Tb'J^ < XX. Consecution of Accents, §20. Primary Sections. ft ■ ► O z o ft O G o Conjunctives. It ft H J; o K IB o *i J ■ V /.s) » .OL) -« /(") '0\ .L A J A ..(.) ~ v\S Secondabt 8RCTION3. J J >J jSiS 'J • Js)J.) - - ■ - P ■ ^ J J J Umcstjal Sections. 1 'KP y J J J .1 J ( The accents in parenthesis are liable to be substituted for tliose that pre- cede them. Thus in the train of Silhik or Athnahh occupying the nppei horizontal line of the table, if T'bhir is preceded by one Conjunctive, it will beDargaor Merka; if by two, the second w\\\ be Kadhraa or Munahh ; if by three, tlie third will be T'lisha K'tanna, 109 I LESSONS IN READING HEBREW 1. The Peefixed Particles, §§ 24-28. In tlie earlier reading lessons the accents will be but sparingly employed. Tht tone syllable will be marked when it is not the ultimate ; and an occasional disjunc- tive will be inserted when it is needed as a sign of interpunction or to account foi a pausal fonn, § 19. ! nianni ons : n^na "i? 0*7x12 : n^ "i? n;^i2 : rriisni n;>a3 "0)2 ! nn^2 nicni nnSi -ij^iia nton^ Dm 5 -iph "r? nni?ia : nb-ba nisb n'insiDi Jrh^ ni^a nixb tJisTiJ tDii?^ 2. TiEE Peksonal Pronout^^s, § 29. E-emakk 1. The predicate of a sentence may be directly connected with its subject without the verb io be, which must he supplied in Englisli, riin^ nns? thou (art) deJio- vah ; or the pronoun sin of the tliird person may be used as a copula instead of the verb to he, \7liich must be sub- stituted for it in translating, D^rfbii s^n nrx tJtoii, art God, see § 67. 2. Property or possession is denoted by the prep, b to, belonging to, e. g. yy^r\ nin^b ],e earth (belongs) io Jeho- vah, is JehovaKs, 5l93n ib the silver is mine. 3. The preposition X^ is repeated before both the ob jects, between which the interval is indicated tjp'^ai ^:^5 h^twmn me and thee^ 112 LESSONS IN READING IIEBKEW. liyn :dw3 o^n'bs s^n nns s"bn : ynijn-b? nnsi D^-b't^a c\i^N nnnn jnn-Tn ^bi qosn ^b :Dn ■'b nr\?n :ns D=b : Dbbb siin nix bsnic:' I'^i'i '^i'^a t ''3b« 3. Other Pronouns. § 30. Remark 4. Wlien a demonstrative pronoun is joined to a noun as an attributive, it follows the ncun and both receive the definite article, e. g. n-^n oi'^n this day, Di-n 8{^nn that daij. When it is used as a predicate, the de- monstrative stands first and is without the article oi'^^ r\l this is the day, § 71. 1. ! n-Tn ci'^n ^y : xnnn D-ip^n : n^'aa ^t?^?:"^? J ib-nics-bDi s^n ■'5'^si n\s nxT ! cDb n'cs psjn r«T ; n-7n n^abi nii"n fnxb ^13 J nin;' 1^ ! Trnijn-bDn ■':*^3 ^^ ' T^'JT^? "^^^^ ^^1''=? T^^ ^^b 5 nbi? n^n nri : Tji^s '^)a : n^x ^-Q ' nnx ■'^ : n:'^^ ^b p»n n^ : s^n mp is nns nirs aip^n; nr,x nra ■'Si nns D-^iaa mcsn nnrj)? ■j^nsa ncsjii byi?^ n^^f? ^'tCi? '• f^5 «^" ">^'^ : ^b~n27«-bDn i5x ^b : ynsb nnnp 4 Perfect Verbs. Kal Preterite and _ . Infinitives. § 33. ■! The verbal forms should be analyzed or divided into their significant elements , thus Dnb-jp ye (m.) killed is composed of bhp^ the gi-oimd form of the Kal pret. and on shortened from the 2 m. pi. pron. cnx . Analyze and translate : — n^ibp ,^3^m;? ,bii3^ ,bt2^ ,Tbh^ ,i'5tpi^ ,nbt:p ,cn^^p I JjESSONS in heading IIKiniEVV. 115 Remark 5. Both forms of the infinitive may be used alone ; but the construct only is employed with preposi- tions, § 81. 2, thus bir^b, bir^'p? not "stiiJ^"?, biiij^^ . "npn"! ^ : ^n.'iD nb'nn-ns : n^i^nb nnri] nin "is5i3 nb'ja nin^ nssia ; nin^b ns© fikn nr^^rj : d2 nbir^"--^b : -ibrb c^/p* ■ns Dnn)2TD :^^b^{^ D^^b^n-bs by Fip:?;'^ nb-in n-^ro :n-]ii'2 nai^n-ns Dn"i^T2? J^rii^ib p-is : n^^^^an'bs-ns ibir :n-n Dvn ! D2b s^n tj"ip ••: ' P5'^ is followed by 3 , the usual Hebrew phrase being to cleave or adhere in^ where the English idiom reqiiires to cleave to. Daghesh-f ortc conjunctive in a ^ 13. 4. " bd^ is also followed by 3 , where our idiom requires to rule over. 5. NiPHAL, PlEL, AND PuAL PRETERITES AND INFINI- TIVES, § 34. A figure following a verbal fonn indicates the number of times it is to be found in the paradigm. i\.nalyze and translate : — ,inbi2pD , 5^'^^i?3 j^ribupD , PibupD , ^:bt:p2 ,nbi3p3 , nbup? . Dnbt2p3 , b-jpp , btipn , nbDp , Dnbrop , bipp , ^:bD|5 , nbisp , nbnp , ^nbiop , "^r^biDp ,'jnbDi? ,^bBj3 ,r\bi3i5 ,n>Dp ^^sbti]? ,(2;^^!? .)^)^? O^i^R . cnbiEp , nbtsp Kemark 6. The sign of the definite object nx becomes ns before grave suffixes and mix before light suffixes, § 06. 8, thus ■'nix , oDnx ; with the 3 m. s. suffix it is inx, with 3 f. s. Jinx , § 29. 4. D23 ^pc-ippi QDns "^map :Q^^3sb fisn nr^D: nb^ap x'b "n« iath ^m'p "iti^bx-nx :n^i-b5 i3p 5njn;i ''?«"'"3 ORJCT" / ^ I 1 4 LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. 5 1\) u-3p3 : ins? n:o -ipT ^s-mrx-bs-nxi iiTCian-ns nnib^^, G, The Rejiaininq Preterites and Ineinitives. § 85 Analyze and translate : — ^sbtspnn ^-^ribtspnn , inbppn , nbi^pn , "b-^ppn , ^:bt2pn , nnb-jpr. .(2) btspnn , b^"jpn ,bt:pn Rejmark 7. The absolute infinitive is often joined with the finite tenses of the verb for the sake of emphasis, thus "^ntc^ipn irfipn consecrating I have consecrated, i. e I have Cf.rtainly or entirely consecrated. nj^'ipn nt^N ^rHni qcsn-ay nin^b ii^i !jbt?n is'^'ipn onsf-na qcsn-pN ^i?TL''npn C'^p^ ; ^iij-pnn-s'b ; tas nts Di'inn-bsia ^:n2ffin : r.'anni cnsj ns^'a n-snr^ni rii-n T'^iijn-ns r^r\tr\ : nir-pb ?fbr)n hb a^ns n'^'ip^r'b nDnb; a'^n'bb?'' b'^'^nn-'^s "^V^h^ :nDsb"an-ns nninpn'i ddhs nb^ri -^nrrni:? dd3 "^nnb^ipn '^ : r^Db-an-bs ! DDns nu'^iJ'an'i r/ansn-rs ' See § 26. ^ Plui'al in form but singular in sense, and therefore taking- a singTiIar verb, § 85. 3. ^ Followed by the prep. 3 in the sense of sending upon or against. 7. Kal Future, Imperative and Participles. § 3(j Analyze and translate : — ,ibi5pn ,bt2pN , (2) npVipn jbbp;! ,bt]p] ,(2) b-jpn ,^1^15^. .'ibipp ,b'it2p ,n:btbp ,bt5p ,bbp , "^btpp ,^h^p7\ Remark 8. The article ])efore a participle must some- times be rendered in English by the relative pronoun, e. g. '"i^ii'n tJie (one) 'keeping or (he) who is keeping. i LESSONS, IX KKADING IIKBUEW. 115 9. When the sign (>f the definite object precedes the relative, it belongs not to it but to its antecedent under- stood, see § 30. 3 ; hence iTSi? nx means not whom or wliicli^ but him xoho or 'what equivalent to tliat wldch. t P-13T nrjs nx "l-ct nin;^ np^n ; ^r^t-} ijb r.b-Sn d"^ : ^nniiT : v'^^^s iDTsn nin;" : 'ji'^ss "jDiu" nin^ ; nii-n nis^n-bs-ns nbirp s^jtc "iirabn !DD3 bb"^;' nin^ 052 ^dx bto>3S-s'b !b^n\ri;'3 wh-tc jn'b^nsn nsirabn 1? 8. NiPHAL, Pij:l and Pual Futuees, etc. § 37. Analyze and translate : — . (2) nsbi2j^n , bt:)?D , n^t2;^P, , ^St:]?: , ^btpp^p , bt:^- ,(2)n:^:bpn ,i^i?p^ ,^isp^ ,;tbp^f ,^^i?pn ,r\:bbp_ ,hi^p_)? ,bi?p_ . ^btD)?r\ , '^biOj? , nb^p , bDj^B , b^^\ , (2) bcspp Remark 10. The infinitive with or without the prepo- sition b maybe the subject, of a sentence, as "T^iaprib T|b 5?'b to burn incense belongs not to thee or it is not for tliee to burn incense. \ 1 . The antecedent of the relative pronoun may often be omitted, thus "11?^^ «'n he is the one tuho or that is tlie tiling which. n^-gpnb ^n^'i^b : bx-nir^-nx -inpr! nin;! ^ds "^3 D'^ian ^^^-^ ; "inss apy^-ay ■'ii-r'is ?]b n'cffin :"^rjp-nb n''tr~ppn n^inbb •'S niri''^ 116 LESSONS IN KEADING 1U0J3KEW 9 ». HiPinL, HOPIIAL. AND HiTIIPAEL FuTUUES, ETC. § 38. Analyze and translate : — ,(2) n:bc5pnn , bE);:n^ ,(2) b^topn , ^^tfpn ^ biDp&j , b-^pp? , ^^tapnn , b^t:]?^ , bup)2 , bEpnn , ^br?prn , ■^b-^ppn , robbpn , ^bbp* i^s niD : ab-"::? tj n-rn n^an dS'^ ion ninsn-sb 5 •i^'^rfn "by in« ^D\b^: : nrraitJi "jiffiw --n Diprirr]i2 rr^ntc^ i3:n rnh;' ■bs ns nrs? ninir^n : nin^b nbs ^^^npn x"b s bxnia^-bs "•ssb nps'sin nb-;^-i3 mn D"ipi2n-nN ^:n3s □"•nntiia :n^"is"i;*ri J nin'; 9 b. The Entiee Paradigm of bt2p. The fibres denote, as before, the number of places in the paradigm repre- sented by the jjieceding form. Supply the vowels and translate : — , (2) ibDpn , Dnbt2p2 , (2) robtjp , (5) ^bypn , Q\) inb-jp , (2) bitsp , (2) nbt:pnn , n:b-L:pnn , iDb-jpnn , b^tip^ , (4) nb'jpr; ,(4) bt2pr^n jbtjpni ,(8) b'^^pn ,(2) cnbtjpn ,b^i3pi? , nb-jpn ,(10)^tDpn ,(;)) i:bt3p ,(12) nsb-jpn ,ibDpr. , nb^jpn , ibvjpi (2) bt2pnn ,b^t2p5 , nb-jpnn ,(2) nb'itjpn ,(3) b-jp'a ,(5) bi3pi5 ,(5) ibtsp ,nbi:p: ,(2) b^jpn ,b^-jp^ .,n:t3pnji ,i^'^t:pn ,b-jpnT2 ,bT3pn: ,(5) ibt:pn ,(2) rbt:pD , •'b-^upn ,br3pnK (7) VjpD , (5) btjp-i , (3) ^nb-op , ibDps , (2) n:bnpn ,.nnbi2pnr ,(2) "^^isp , ■'nbtspD ,(2) n:bt2pn ,(2j ibt:pnn ,(2) nsbupnr ,(2) ^nb-jpn ^'^biupn ,(5) ibupi .(6) nbtip ,inbi:p: LESSONS IN KEADING HEBREW. 117 ,(») artup ,(2) ^nb-L:pn , i:b-jp: ,(3) nb-jp ,(ii) bup ^^b-jpn- , Vjupnn ,'jnbi3pnn ,(2) b-^Dpn ,-bi:pnn ,-'nbt3pnr> 10. Paea^gogic and Apocopated Future and Impera- tive AND Vav Conversive, §§40, 41. Remark 1 2. AVlien a future with Vav Conversive is pre- ceded by a preterite or by any expression referring to past time, it is to be translated as a preterite. And a preterite with Vav Conversive preceded by a future, an imperative or any expression indicating future time, is to be translated as a future, § T9. 13. xb is tlie simple negative; bi< is used with the future, which takes the apocopated form if it has one, to express the negative imperative 'l^'^on K"b tJiou hIuiU not deliver^ 15 on bi? deliver not. nin;! "itp^ai^T to ^m nin^i tnnnn-b« th psin;: Tn n^^-; Qi-;.nn nsbBn rbji^Pi] npyr pyr^^i ns^5^ pir ifab^n ib iu;s ^'^:TJ) "i^^n D^ian-nx nin;* ri"'"?^: '.bap s'b'i '^D-^-na-rN TiJ"^3bnb •j'sffin-PN 'Pn]?^? r^.?'^2n-rs l""^r^i<"~i? jPti-'^bni □■^"i.^an-rs nnpbi nsn-i:? nnp ;yn tjtgp "js^^'bi? :in« nrnr-c^ r&?nn b? npy^i 1 1. Preterites of Perfect Verbs with Suffixes, § 42. a. Third person masc, and fem. sing, of the Kal Pre terite. The forms Bhoivld be analyzed or divided into their significant elements, and their separatt? equivalents stated; thus iSlJp Jie killed him is composed of ba;; ? masc. ?ing. pret. and S foi m sufiBx of 3 masc. sing, with vowel of "anipji 118 LESSOJSrS IN READING HEBREW. (^ )j and is equivalent to irx hbp ; nn5::;ri s'le killed her ig foi nn^Df. which is composed of n'iiip 3 fern. sing. pret. , whose termination becomes r before suffixes, and n suffix of 3 fem. sing., and is equivalent to nrk nb'::p . Analyze and translate : — .DDbt:p ,lbD]? ,Tj^cpp , inSup ,ninbt2p , ^mSnp , isnte ,-j-i^i:p , anS-op ,nn'3t2p . ^nnVjp , finbap ^ ^snb-uip , tfnbup ^. The rest of the Kal Preterite. . Analyze and translate : — , ?T^bt3p , DibDp , ■'Sibup , ^nb-jp , "j^btip , n^b-^p , ^n^bup . ni:bpp , Dinbwp , (2) D^nbt:p , ?]^rbi:p , i:^nbt3p , 'iD^nb-op , ipbt:p ,(2) "j^nb-op ,(2) i^ribtop , ■':^nbt:p ,i3^nbpp , ^'pnbtjp ,DnbiDp ,n^nVt:p, ^nnb-jp ,:^ribDp ,^3nbi:p , lijbup jinbup , ^f^rib-jp . "ji^pbt^p , Di^nbL:p ^(2) *in^n^;:p, (2) niribt:p , ^nwb-op . ^;nnpb , inns , 'n^^'^;' , ^'t);* , nVitcn;' , ''?n';i'aT» * This form belongs to the first person of the preterite as well as to the second feminine, although for the sake of brevity it is not repeated in the paradigm. c. The Piel and Hiphil Preterites. RejMark 14. When a verb is doubly transitive, eithei object if a pronoun may be suffixed to the verb, thus i^ippn means either he caused him to Jcill or he cmtsed to hill him; niris ornrabn tlicm hast caused them to put on tunics, but ijybij-nx Dnirsbn thou hast caused Sleaza/) to put them on. L-ESS0N3 IN READING IlEBKEW. 1 19 Analyze and translate : — , ^nS-'ppn , (2) vn^t^Rn , tji'ivjipn , nwb-jpn , ^p^^tspn ,Snbi:jpn , (2) n-'n^^pn , nnS-^iipn , ■nibb-jpn jini'^'irpn ]5^nbDp , nnbop , opbap , ninbrfp , D^ibisp , 'jinbap , ^:bKp . (2) D''Pb°t?p , n^bi^p ^3 nap , ^?ni?3 . I'l^'ss , T^-hs? , ^3^155 , ■^nib^a , irib-ji . in^acn , Tj^rnlJ'npn , -mir^p , "in^^p , Q??^^!Ip , ~J?5f^' , c^^b5■r . tfrisrn , Dr^aisn , (2) vnion , TjipiDn PS pn onb nDD^i : nab ib ^ ^s^n-a rnnpb^ csn nx i^b "j^s ^p"iin "iTTx bbs ^^t^-iQi^'^ ^^:? ^ssx r^lr} i !jb/2n ib-^a "iffii<:'"^b3 a-iinb^ a'^i?? fnni i2J3b;> n^"tran : ^bsiiJT r.;^ni ai^n ^pn'j-ij ; rfb i^nmbn j n^n^an "^"iL^^abn ; iiTvp") H^T^T'^? 1^3i cin ]^ npbi "ijix nna'i tiDsd ^ ?]b anb^inn nrix : ^nnj^ia-iri rrjonbizn ; nsn^n ' K> himself, there being no reflexive pronouns in Hebrew, the personal pro- aouns may be used with a reflexive sense. ^ Used adverbially, hm. ^ See § 30. 3. * § See 23. 3. 12. Futures, etc., of Perfect Verbs with Suffixes, § 4? a. Kal Future. Kemark 15. Those forms in the Kal future 6 wliich end with the last radical follow the analogy of bbp"] . In the Kal future and imperative a the vowel of the second radical is not liable to rejection, but is lengthened to Kamets before all the suffixes excej)t the 2 pers. plur. where Pattahh is retained, e. g. ''?r?bTr>'';' not ^"-h^^l from rhji)^. , and "^inbc from nbio . 16. Those forms in the various futures and imperatives which have personal endings undergo no change before suflfixes, except in the fem. plur, as stated in § 42. 2. 120 LESSONS IN READING IFEBEEW. Analyze and translate : — (2) ^?l?'opn , (2) n^"9pi? ,^T'^^^ ,('i)^-?9)?^ , °.'?"^)?? ,^''''";?vP^ . ■^^Sippn , (3) ^m'iippr}^ , ''P^iJtfipri , n^^ifip:' , ^?^^'9P? , \'^''9P^ ' See § 42. 2. ~nsi i^uJ^Gn-ns* t"np^T : ^1212 ■'D?:^;' b«b ''3 tjb-bn-bs Syrian n-^tsirn njn'-nps : ny^p!'] "''?V^''2 tDsn;ii ; □n'ro;'i n^TTsn ^^'•5 ■^pis'i pjnirn nb«"D5 m3 tcs b^s-n htkn n^-cnn : ob-^S'b :pii5i2'i3 ntj'^n- trbian-bi* nnbiEi'^T ^s'JJ^'i S^P^T^s^rii? f^p^ ' n^"^35 ' Translate the future with vav conversive in these and subsequent exercises is though a preterite preceded. * See Remark 8. I). Piel and Hiphil Futures. Remaek 17. In those forms of the Piel future^ which end with the last radical, Tsere is shortened or rejected before suffixes as in the 3 masc. sing, of the Piel preterite. 18. Tsere in the Hiphil apocopated future, future with Vav Conversive, and imperative becomes Hhirik bef(3i'e suffixes, e. g. Jint''ri"bN destroy not^ •mn'^nti'n-bj!? destroy liim (or i() not. Analyze and translate : — , libDpi? , ibtpp;' , ^i-^itppn , ',s^%p^ , (2) Q!?rfpP , °^^^p3 . O^'^'PP^* 7 ''?^'="'2p^ , ^Y'^:?i , (4) ^ab'^'opn , (3) aibippr? rdy%, ^'^iTTT'^^. ^ri^^H"} ^^ir'sb^ hdd^x rpnrn-ns "^ritptps ^nsbns ni::n ^d:s nicy : nyma nin^ ^ttached to the infinitive in two forms, "^ , expressing the subject of the verb ''^ipj? my hilling and ''S its object ''?'?^j5 to hill me. The remaining persons have but one form, which is used indifferently for the subject or the object, ^bt:]? tliy hilling or to hill tliee^ ^f'^tpjpn thy causing to hill^ to cause thee to hill or to cause to hill thee. Analyze and translate : — , ^i^aj? , ^n^tOR , ''J^i? ,f^?9)? ,(2)^i?t3^ ,Q^t2j5 ,o5tJ!? ,o6bt:5p . ^r^^p , ^rv^-^V. , '\^ , ^'r^i? , ^'='91? , 0^'^P , 1>'9)? , (2) -^sb^p ,a^%p ,Q^tfi? ,c^t?p ,0=?'?^? ,^:^%i? ,f^^'^)? ,(2) ''btPj?! ''nib-it?]5n , cib^tp^n , (2) ^py^ujpn ,mb'Lpj? ,nbD]5 , (2) ^3?tp]: ' Of the two forms here represented one has a suffix, the other has not. 2 Notice the position of the accent. .(2)''ri>T» ^^'h^V ,^nr^ j''?rj^^ jOt?^^ ,^i^s? ,'''^'2S ,''i^K ,(2)'^3n^ffi ,'^.n!p;c ,00?'?? j^OV*? ,(2Jisn^T» ,^?nbT2? ,(2) ^:nbc :t / t:t 7 ':t: 7 ":t 7 T:r Kemark 20. The copulative i is sometimes employed in Hebrew to connect an action with the time of its occur- rence, where no connective is required in English. In such cases we may use tJien as its equivalent or better still leave it untranslated. Thus in my gathering Israel 6 122 LESSONS IN READING HEBREW an ''rna''ijppi tlien shall I he sanctljied in tliem or when 1 gather Israel^ I shall., etc., § 89. 2 (2). ■•Dsb n^tppnb iffi'^'ipnb pnai b'l^^i : 'nij^pb inb5 mri?^'] ; nia : nin""' ' The initial aspirate has Daghesh-Iene as though the preceding word weiH ■"SSs § 23. 3. ^ The accent would be thrown upon the ultimate by Vav Conversive, § 17. 6, but for the Mlowing monosyllable, § 18. 13. Gender and Number of Nouns, §§ 43-45. Remark 21. Attributive or qualifying adjectives fol- low the noun to wliicli they belong, and agree with it not only in gender and number but also in definiteness, that is to say, they receive the article if the noun is definite, r\fn^ "jn^ a great stone, !^^'i'^5t^ insn the great stone, § 70. 2. 22. When a demonstrative and an adjective qualify the same noun the demonstrative stands last tiib^an nhs^r n^n these great signs, § 71. 2. 23. Predicate adjectives do not receive the article even thougli the noun is definite ; their usual place is before tlie noun, but they may also stand after it l^s^n ribiia or nbii5 inxn the stone is great, § 70. 3. 24. Comparison is expressed by the prejx^sition yo § 72. 1, ^^^ "^W^^ '^^y^'^., thy sister young from tliee, i. e. younger than thou; ^i3T2 b-nsi? I luill he greater than thou nsni JDibi^a Q''3bi3^ D'la'i d:'':^ !n©^n fnxi^ nr^w^n w^^t riizisn n^pxnn jms'^n n^bi? :nx5n-b? nb^^i inxni n'lm "ik:^ LESSONS IN HEADING HEBREW. 128 on^^y r^^n "?'^^?- iJ^sJTn nbiT.?in wnri-bs ns r^'h'J-' nin- "!■'? 5^^ ir?2 5^^^? "^T?^. nnian fnjjri ; n^-'affin-jia nib^3 D^DnSi !^2?n-!'J3 nbix'^ tJ^ni liirn.^ nbi^a ' Vowel of the noiin assimilated to the preceding Kamets as after the article, g 35. 3. a. * U2)on what ground, i. e. for wJiat reason, wliy. ' Jl'port, us or against its. 14. The Construct State, §§ 46, 47. Remark 25. Nouns in the construct before a definite aoim (including proper nouns) are themselves definite, § fi9. 1, oip^ a'place^ but lin^n Dipia the ]}lace of the m-h; n'in^ linx the arh (not an arlv) of Jehovah. 26. Nouns in the construct state do not i-eceive the article; they are rendered definite by prefixing the article to the governed noun, § 75. 5, D'^rn'b^ UJ^^ a. man of God^ D^nb^n 12^55 the man of God. '21. Adjectives or demonstratives qualifying a noun in the construct state do not follow it immediately, but are placed after the governed noun, § 75. 4, bii.^n n'jn^ oi^ snisnn the great and dreadful day of Jehovah. 28. When the subject consists of two or more nouns in the singular connected by the conjunction and, the predi- cate is commonly put in the singular if it precedes tlie subject, and in the plural if it f. Hows, § 86. n^n ^b3 bb ? n^'n;' trnii -ji^i* : bijnii?^ •^n'bs "jinx ; D^^n^nsn ^sps •laip^ n^iaT^'H ninib "jn in^isir^) ^npi^ : DT^pni D^bnsn D^n'bxn Ti^bn b^'y.'^^ 5"in>5n nsy^ nn D3?-by ^snsb^n r.ns? ;nY©n r^»^ I .. V - - : • - I v ,T r - -: .- - - - ■-:-:• r - ^ V T - 124 LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. ■'"o^a^ bbta'prt"? ^^"^Ti}. "^sns^ nD3S5 nii: sbn iDiis •t]!'?? ^^a Dnii^ ■i-ip n;^x 23. 1. ' The construct of Z^'O , a reduplication of the more usual form "^n 15. Nouns with Suffixes, § 49. Kemaek 29. The pi-epositions 'irtx qfte?^ "bx to, ^? fq)on and a few others take the suffixes beloiigiug to plural nouns, § G6. 2, e. g. *'"in^? not '''it:i5$ tifter me, 30. The article before Di"^ day limits it to the present, that which is now passing, Di*^n to-day, § 68. 3. -rj^ on^ris'i Dn'^ri''p5?-rK ens? rrt-i-^ onx irx n-i^n Dir'-^njy cp^i^i y"iy;n-b3 1\y^'2 oi^n tjbin ^pbij nsr-n .; i^^r.n aipTsn-i^a d^c- Q-i^rjn cnn^n biD^a "ins "in-n bss iib -^s DDirsD-bon^ osnnb-bss ' i'-ottS may take a direct object, or as in this instance be followed by 3 « See Lesson 4, note 1 ; also § 39. 3. * § 30. 3, * The 3 plux. suf . with f em. plur. noiins may be either D or Dtl"^ ' Upon the subject of, concerning. 16. Pe Guttural Verbs, § 53. Translate and give the corresi)onding forms of the per- fect ver1) b-bp : — , TIO^ 5 (2) "5^2? , nbys , n^3?D , ^wn ,(2) "iwr^ , dpidjj. LESSONS IN BEADING IIEBUEW. 125 Kemark 31. When tlie subject consists of two nouns in the relation of the construct state, the predicate commonly agrees with the first as the principal noun ; but it ma\ agree with tlie second if this conveys the main idea. The lattei' is almost always the case when the first noun is 3i ^ e. g. Dti'sn-bD ^ssn.';' all the waters shall he turned. 32. If a predicate refers to two words of different persons it will be put in the second in preference to thp third, and in the first in preference to either of the others § 86. 3. 33. Nouns are sometimes put in the construct state before a following clause, § 75. 3, as nr« Dip'a the place which or where^ etc. nh?; "^n^ni ^sbij : nib D^'isn-bD iDsn-^T : D'^b nn;'ni i\vrh tfiprij Dipi22 anb bd^ sib !|bi2n-b« a^nb^itn-ii'is? "i^i«^] : I^T'"^^ ^b3«^_i onb -T)2S;i-nTp^ aipm '.Tji-bs -^'q nin^ nnissin ^nii^i'i^-bs :Hin ND I'as^"' ^ bi^nf "i "^n'bi? nn:>i : "^n-bs? 132 nnb iiaiS'i nns? ■^n^'-sb T J -• r • •• T : • ■-■.■' T - : IT .. .. : ... T •■ T " V - • - ' The future followed by X3 has the force of a petition or request. ' State the form and meaning of both the K'ri and K'thibh, aud which reading yields the more exact grammatical agreement. 17. Ayin Guttueal Verbs, § 54. T]*anslate and give the corresponding forms of ba]? :- ^^bii!5: ,^bs5;' ^^b^y^ ^^"i^!^^ ,''^^5 ,^bi53 ,^bi?a ,(2) ^bxa ,?f>s{a ,^;b^a ,nribj^a ,^b:^iip\ ,bi?bD ,(x,)bx3nn , ribs?:! ,ibKii ••ws? •'D13 ?Tib inb ^^n'bi« nin*' tb&5 fnxn nin;» qp'in'' "^jns ?p3n3)3 nDins|!i t^^hj nb'iiKn ^p'^i^i?^ : i^b^'arbD ''n^irn-^x in^^n^-ns' j20 LESSONS IN" READIIsrCr HEBREW. "ns5 nnL:^.! Di:nipn ^nna^i j i^bs-bs-ns?^ nnrian-ri?) nin^ n^3 ;nTO fm ?]^bs TQSj :ci;n 18. Lamedh Guttural Verbs, § 55. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bp]? : — n?'i^ri ,r|-'bia:> ,n|ttj ,n^T?? jif^'^'i^'s ,n?ps ,nbiri' ,n'bTr , nnb© . anbiij;' , ^;rhvJ_ , ^?nb© , 'r^nbtj , n|ni!iT3 , nb©: Remark 34. Nouns in the dual have verl)s, adjectives, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural, § 85. 7. nair 5^5^n-bN '. ^s^nrnx ynr np'ia ibpsb nnb"! yn^rb nt "jn? ! ^?bs ^snba?' nin^ 13 p\?n;> : o^sb liD-ma y'li^"'^)? ; Q^'n-b3-n« 7^i2s?'i by^ T]^ns^-nx np'b nin^ oi^n ^p ns'Tn i^bs ^n-asip. srbs JtfbTsn n^s-bs npbp innbis ^niJ iT^yi;' "^px oa n^s*i niabb 0^:257- ^Dbn tjibn :ib5^ ^"i^ps ^3p ^3 ^bx tf'bn^ s^sisn D"'">^3> ^r? npnjbsn- ts ns^b:^ roib^a n^^-ib ^nia^'^i tfb^s cn^^^; □333b iy-ij5 ! ^1^ n^sia n3b)3^n-nx ynps ; n:nnsn n^Tinn'^ "istx'-, ! D3'i'1.^3-bs»' - The plural of "|i"iX is often used, as it is here, in a singular sense, ^ np^ is applied specifically to opening the eyes ; nPS is the general term foi spening, and is applied to anything whatever. • lann is for lU'nn and consequently does not lose its Tsere in the plural. 19. Pe Nun Verbs, § 56. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bb]? . ,tt)33 ,1275 ,nD»ai^ ,rnjia3 ,to|3 ,^t&a ,n^^ ,(2) to?? ,^^M LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. 127 . TCa^ , Ti?ax , ^on , w'^'^^ , nrnr^in , TC^aia , (2) mr\ , tZ-'as , (2) I'lPTiJan j^nir^n , Dim^^n , D^izj'^^n , '^:w-5n , rr\ , nn: Remark 35. Tlie relative is often omitted as in EnglisL rr'V?^,'!] T^5'7 honey I gave thee -to eat for honey toldch I gave^ etc, § 88. 3. nri?T ji2i«-nN^ ii^5>-nsi i^?"ns^ ^yn rfb^-rx T|'-t^-;s ^nns - : • T J; IT - •• • * • AT • ' : - t *- T ; bn^i fuSjp nn'i i^s nn^3n-i?b j nn-^psb ^n^nnpi ^^nb^^n i:o-]^ lb r^inb? n;5«T i?in \-ini« nnias n^ab &5nn ^nirs- ^d ^b m^n-s'b iijnn n^sv^s nin^ 1^3 xrnbsp : ^^nn ^b— ian-i«b nsriT : n^sb : nbsi<-bs D^N ^;:n^ ' n^Q preceded by b is pointed nr^ before a guttural and njsB before other joupouants. * The construct of nit'X is nttJN which, before suffixes, becomes "'htJK etc. See § 50. 20, A YIN Doubled Verbs, § 57. It is not easy to distinguish accurately the significations of the different specieg of -20 . For the present the usual sense of the passive and causative species may be retained, the Piel may be rendered to surround entirely^ and even the tmmeaning siiiTmind one's eelf may be tolerated in the Hithpael, which is net in actual use. Translate and give the corresponding Irims f>f bi:^ : . (2) labn , 13130 , HD-iiio , nao , isb , lab , (p>)2b , no , niao , i:iaD3 , i3S^ , isn , nen 352 , 362 , 303 , 36; , ^36r. , ^?Dn . insDi ,(2) 1230^ •'DSiD^ , n'33c , ?n33o , "is^iho ,n3D: ■.•-.: 7 >. / ■••-.,: ■•■•.: 7 t : " -.. t : 7 ■ - t — t lapn , i36n , iss;! , 36)3 , nispn , isiipn , "jniacn , nacn ipiip;! , ?fP3p;i ,3ii^'nip3 , i33iD , 36in , 3pii? , 36s , (2) n:^5pr;i . Dap;> , nn3b;' , ^33bn ,(2) is?^^* l28 LESSONS IN KEADING HEBREW. Remark 36. Singular predicates and pronouns arc sometimes employed in a distributive sense of plural subjects, § 85. 6, ^'I'l^ ^■^?t!5''9 hlessed is every one of t]ios6 hlessinrj tltee. 37. The conjunction 'i may be used to introduce the apodosis or second member of a conditional sentence, § 89. 1, if thou loilt not, etc., ^p^']'} then shall cleave to thee^ etc. -bs-ni? "ibiijb Ti^nbi? r.jn;i bipa s^^tn s "iT"! 2. e. Yodh superfluous ; accordinj,'' to the Masoretic direction, there- fore, it is to be neglected in reading the -word. ' "With Pattahh in the ultimate in place of Tsere. 21. Pe Yodii Verbs, § 58. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bM]5 : . "^I^n^ii'ln jC-ii^i^'v j^n^t^i'i^ ,D3M« Remark 38. The interrogative n is employed in simph^ direct questions, n;^nsn shall Hive? in indirect questions Di? is mc 3 usual; inquire '^'J^}'^ 0« whether' I shall live. 39. In a disjunctive question, direct or indirect, the first member is introduced by n and the second ])y 055 , e. g., «b-D« r^ryS-TQ nm^nn tniU thou lieep (or in dependt uc^ LESSONS IN READING IIEBIIEW. 129 on a previous verb, [to hww^ whether thou wilt heep) his commandments or not ? xb :yij^n-bD2 ^:b3 ]"^i? "'S >nn iiisjti^ n^3 b:? nin^ nni-'^'irsi! r\\kT] Di^i^n-bs-nK nin^ r'^ninT t orobn^-bis ^Db)^i 0"^^?:^ ' Pret. with Vav Conversive. « § 52. 1. « § 50. 3. * § 48. 1. 22. Ayin -Vav and Ayin Yodh Verbs, § 59. The Piel of D'lp means to raise : the Niphal, which is not in use, may in this exercise be rendered to be risen. Translate and give tlie corresponding forms of bi:]? : , i^ip7 , Dniaip: , (2) np^^ipn , iD^ap , n:^p , (2) a^p , (2) op , (3) TO^ip , i;i'a^p2 , niaipD , n-aip: , pipD , (2 ) Dip3 , TOip^ , ■^'c^p , 'i^^p , D^ip^ , (2) n:^iaipn ,(2) nj^ripn , (2) QP^^'ip . T]^^p , i'b^p , ^'ia^p n^px , D^pia , HD^pn , '^rii'ib^pn , n^v , D'^p;' , ^^^pn , ^"a^pn ,inwpn , (2) ^n^"i , (3) n^n , ^i^^^^' , '^niii^n , ^nn , Dibipn^i .(2) ^2^^p;« , O^^P? j'^^^T'? Kemark 40. When the predicate precedes its subject, it sometimes prefers a primary to a secondary form, that is to say, it may be put in the masculine instead of the feminine and in the singular instead of the plural, § 55. 1. 41. The conjunction ") may be emphatically used be- tween a noun placed absolutely and the clause to which it relates § 89. 2, ths hlessiiuj risns^ it shall even hi given, etc. e* 130 LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. 42. A present action conceived of as imfiuislied and coDtinuing in the future is expressed by the future tense, § 78. 2, sinn '^"^k'o whence art tliou coming ? the action being regarded as still continuing, whereas in Dns2 'j^'X'a xolience liave you come f the action is viewed as at an end. -^'h =T^"^ °)?t^ ' '^^'"'^^ "^^^ ^^^""^ ' ^^i?o '^''^^ =1"^"^' ^^^'^ ^^ ^^Fnnti.'^ ?j/3J? i2:s5 nin nonis'ipb npni^n tj^ni:^^^ Pii? ri'aip^b TCN3 "in'bs: ^^n'bsi ^j^y tjiay i^b« "^pbH nrsJsni tjbs ^^br)-iy;/' anything, and in the Niphil to hefilkd with anything ; in the Piel to fill something loith some thing, it may have two objects. snp c^p ^^yyit'^^ tjb^i nop n^ir "insnp-s'b tq^'^t ^'j) n^^^p'^a ! xnti ■'b ^i^'np "iTays ^b njs'^pn-bx -jnibs Taiini ; T|in'bK-bs LESSONS IN READING HEBREW. 131 nci? n|in^ ■'3i5 iD^ian-nsj? fnsn ^hm\ oi'i^, tyrn); o^&in o:'"ii3 ' See § 18. 24. Lamedh He Verbs, § 61. nbs in Kal means to reveal, i. e. to uncover a secret, in Piel to uncover, iu Hiphil to exile, i. e. to nncover or strip a land of its inhabitants, m. Hithpael to uncover one's self. Translate and give the corresponding forms of bb]? : — , ''^^n , nb;\D , (2 ) nin? , mba , ^^b| , ^rSa , nnba , ^b|i , iba ,nby/2 ,nbs^ ^^%T\ ,n^b5 ,'^b5 , ^^a ,^Sa ,rirb'5 , Dn^b.n5 ,nb>^ ,Dba^ ,DMn , nVani , nb'siS^ ,nbH:: ,i^^).^n , (2) nbsn Ti^bsbD^ bib Q^'aTSn '^'am D^'a-ffin nin p^n-b:? a''r^"bi5 nr.-^ Qp^s^ri rr^n-ni^, m'Dnb nb"buj nibDD ti^'I : ^n-^23 iirj!? n-tn n^in-^3 qs? ]i^T i "i'rn.^ia vbi5 nijn? "nri?D n^piO nb'bis-b^ nin^ &?n^i^ nin;' v.n &5b ais ni^i^-nirii n^isn : niby b?h nin^b nst^ ^i^ u^ n;i2 T^jsit-bs ni? ^,iu?;: : bi^piab ^tp, t\w^, t n^n ni-a ^3 ~ nsiaia ipbOT^a nnt^yp niiji?? c^iai^n-bs nnn "ntjwf xb :nin*' ' See Remark 20, Lesson 12. ^ "^3 for ; or it may be translated hut, to which it is often equivalent after a negative. ^ The feminine in the sense of the neuter. 25. Numerals, § 65. Remark 44. In stating • dates cardinal numbers are commonly used for the year and day, and ordinals for the month. 45. The age of persons is idiomatically expressed by the words I? son or tl^ daughter prefixed to the term oi 132 LESSONS nr READING HEBREW fcheii life, tlius n:^ nsbio-ja sori of eiglit years i. e. eighi years old. See also the rules in § 73. n;?3-ix '.n^irss U'^bt tiD^i? D'^i^^n jO'^Dn miiij :n'i'p;i niij'b® -■ja ;n:ir o^y^sn-na jd"'^^ n^bic-jn 'U^'Tll °??^ '^':\'^. s^''?^ :ni!-ip3 n5N^ m2"5T2j ninbn '^rnri s^n nobijin nin roiij D''U)'bii D'^pi'QiC^ n^n©' '.ni^Nn D'^sn&itn rr\iiiv D'^nuj' sDiirpi? "lir^ q'i:tp :D^nN^^ D^y^TpT ms"bp t]bx D^nwn q^'dte ;n2Tr nixia ya-n nstc ny3-i^-3 y2"is n:t;a !t)'"inb nnj^ oi^a iirijjn T3'"Tn3 Q^niiJ nira n-i^iffinn natra tiainb n-i^^nn "'S^^nna hits D-'iiJ'birJa !"^3?i^pn irinb !blpT2?n-n^ffi'ibT2J jai^'n n^^-in"! ininsb n^TiD^^an nnns^ !TiJ"7n -',iS3> T •• T • -1 ' Observe the distinction between tlie predicate and tbe attributive. « § 65. 3. . The End of the Deluge. Genesis 8, 1-9. ins "ym nianan-bi-ns^ n^HO"^? ^^^ ^2'^^ d^H''^^ "i^T"^ nb^'S'tt ^ips^T ! D^^'En ^sto';«i T"?^7"''? ^'^'^ ^^C"^^^: ^3?;i:} nnws n:ni : Di-^ nx^^i D^uJ^n ni^pia n^'bn ^-lon^T niw tribn rnsn by^ - ij^h-^n^n nnj.~^r^i a^^-^ :p^j:nb c^sn'bs snp^^ j ')D-ti;'t 8 nni5 D''|vT2-bx c-.'^iEn nnpTp Q'isn vj5^ d"'v'2!« ""ck^t b 9 D'l^n nnp'ob^ -jr-us- ni^ii^ib 1 D'^nbx snp^n : 'j5"''n"';i "'^i^.H ^^ T'^nn s f"nijn ^'ir}7\ c^nbs "i^b?^;; : S'lU-'S a^n'bx i^n^ji Qiia^ xnip ] 1 in'i-'iab 3?it y-'ira nil?:? i?T2JT rnt^^n N*i-r\i : p-in^i V'^s^'^^■>5!' 12 D^^-jb^ n-'i2?i^bi nhb?b ^^^ni nb^bn -j^ni E">n i-^a b^^rnb cr'tn : ■i3""^n^i n^'T^? "^^^K^ D?''3i^n ?^ip-i3 nT^'i^iT^b ^-ni : d":il't .is rbir^Tsb b-an Ti^^'sn-ns D-^Vi.nn rnb?72n '^^o-^^; C1n■b^^ ir^n lu l"?^;} ! n'''?3'^3n ^^^"3 nbi^n ribt:^)ab fapr. Tis'^r-nsn ni^n 17 nb;t3a^ nvz bffl^bi : fnsn-b? "i"'^0^ n^'Q^'r? ^"'^iP'?? °^il'^^, onb^ I8 pir E^isn ^stlDi D^h"b£5 n/2b^^i & j^s^'^nn oi^ nph-n^i » I -• u* . - - J : : • • V J - I* • : / ),- . • : r K'^n'^i : Di^isn s^^pi "^is-b:? -r-isin-b^^ ?5':::>i ti-i;?! -'^n tt: 21 jT : • - • IT T - - 'i* : V : - I -.■ t t - if ; I : ^T - '.'jv • " - . - - ... . : . : J : * ■■ » ■.•: >t ' .• »t i - ** • I •'n:;-! ''■^4 LESSONS IN KEAD1N(J I TEH UK VV. 23 fn§-in;'ni ic^ani n^na n5^^b n^^n t'l:: f-iw^n NS-^n C'ri''-^ T . . : T * : ! V T T - ■ v: -J-- J," . . f. AT • : 26 I'aiJ^i ! nrj-^s D^nbs n-*;:^ ^ro^'ab M^^sn rp^i-b r.sJi rnD^rb nnp:^ ^dt ins i{;ia Q^n'bs: obi^a itbss D'is^r-rx . D^n'bs 28 in-i^ ^-13 n^n'bii nnb -",'aiih o^n'^N cri5 ^-in^^ : oni? s^a 29 " 3W-b3-ns Dsb ^rinp ri|n a^n'bs n^K^n j f nj nic'onn ?^T 'r?"''"is '^'s-nrs i^s^n-bs-nsT 7^5<~-b3 "^^ss-b? nirx snr yni ^ I bbb^ D':i'bi|n q-y-b^b^ }n«i5 n^n-bsb^ s nbsijb n;;ri^^ CDb y'lT CHAPTEE 11. 3 2 sj ''^^^T2Jn Di;;a Q^n"b« bs^i : Dsn^-bsn pJ^.ni D^^t^'n ^bD:>:i 3 "bi-a nn-i^ in ' -^d ins i2J-ip^;i ^^^nien Di"i-ns D^n'bs "^i^D";! 4 D?^T|n ninVn nbs s j niicyb o^n'bs sn^-ncs inpsbp n n: 'ib"nTS:^y: i^nb nn^jn ni^n n-j-aib D^'n'b^? rrn;* nrii^'T is q^.i^-bs nsi niisn r;):n-b3 n-o^^rqia n^pbs nV.^ n:^^^ rflr.:3 i? □nsn ib-snp:' nibs 'bbi ib-Knp^^-n-; n^^nb D>s'n-bis* ^^nn D-^riTTj qii^bi n^onsn-bsb ni^'ij D'lJ^n s^'jip:^] : ""'riizj N-r. r.'jn irsa 3 nini 'bs^n : i^:^:? nj^ s^)2-i?b niifbi n^b^n n_^n bbb^ D^tVEn 21 -1TC3 nhp'^T "pfnh^b!^^ nn.^ np^'i I'ri^T D^j^n-;? Ti'a^nri 1 D^n'bs nffis«b □ni«n-]T3 n[p.b-nr« yb^n-rs 1 t]^ribjs: n'vp ^^in : T^}^:^r\ 22 ffiiik-nT?';: "js-by : rsi-T-nripb r^i{>3 "^2 ni'« t5n]^7 ri&iTb ■'nisaa 24 oroD-c rrr'T ; nns nianb ^^m ii^^.ujsa pn^n Srs-rnKi rns^Ti? ns t',tJiiJ3n"> ^bn im^Ki mxn cwy. CHAPTER III. a nia^^i D^O'^^ ^j^? •"'^? "'^-'^ '°^l^?r' i",t5=] ^ST2 t-n^ t-^r} itr\:T\) „ ]3n-Tf^!n3 T(;j:>« fyn ''^d'oi !bD&§: ]5n-f5? ''■nL'53 t-nirrb>j rirsn 3 -'Ci?;'] : "j^rnan-ja i3 ^yan .i^ibi ^sb^ V^^^n v:^b D'nbb?. "irx 4 ni^sn Sinn : :?nT nro ■'^:-i"^ n-^n'bss cn'^^rn DS^'r^: -'npspn ^li^'Q 6 • : - : ' ■• T n n^nb faa tjbnn'a D'^n'bi? nin^ bsp-r^ -S'TS'tK^;! 8 i|3 "^n^^i^ ^'pj?"^^* n^i5^^ : P5^K ib "irb?^] n^srrrs^ c*r;'bi? - r.ns Dy? "3 Tfb Tan ^'a T/c^'^t '^^^^D "^^r^' d'T?"^? ^"7^^!I ^^ p-^nw "inx B3T V. 25. l'^6 LESSONS IN READING llEJJliEW. 13 iT5«^T : bssp, f3?n"]a "^^"npn^ Nin •^H'^s nnn: -it« nt-st;;. '^3X1l;?^ iijmn nicKn nri^ri] niit-y mrn'a tiw^b t3"^n"->!| nir,- i* nPi? n^ns' nii- ™^ ^3 ii'mn-bK i a^n'bs? nVn;' '^^^i^^i :b?^n tfhipriin fft:^K-b«T D^;n i^bn n^s?:^ ^Dhnn '^^"insr:? nani? na'^.n n^7^;n rnriy; ^r^'n b^i^ri ^b "i"^^^b ^''f^i^.a nTrs? fi?n-]p 18 ^b n^^in ■I'jnn) "j^iipi t ^''^n ^^^'i' bb nsbs^n 'iin^S''3 ^nin?| 19 -b^ 7j3iuj "i^ onb b3s«n TC^ES? n2>TS : n^iifn sw-ri^ rjbDS) 5 ^np'^i ! nwn ^s^'-bs<5i r-[r,k 'is^'°^3 P)^|b n:^^; ^^ '"•^"^'t^ 21 n'ini 't'3?^T ! "in-bs q^ r^n^n ^''iri "^3 n^n "Inrx ct: onsn 22 "I'ai^^T 2 J omb^T n'"5' n^';n| "iniri?;b^ Djijb D'^n'bi^ inn^i 2>ni ni-j n?;ib ^sis'a ^hn*? n-n c-^n "jn D'^n'bx nir.* 23 ^nnbir^i ! t3bi:>b 'inn bsi^T D'^^nn fs?^a D5 inpbi i"i^ nbir;i-]s "■^ izins^i : nm2 n;|b nri? nb^Kn-nj:? -^b^b ]-2^-]a^ QTi'bx njr.7 annn t2nb nki o'^insn-ns: ';'iy"].^b cnpia )^t^.) D^srrrbj Masoretic Notes Explained. •^nnn 'n . . . . Large Beth. NT^T 'n . . . . Small He. p-i^::' -ini« rsT .... Dagluesh after Shoiek. LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 1. The Prefixed Particles, §§ 24-2S. Translate into Hebrew: — A house and field. A field and a liouse. In a house, [n the house. To a house. To the house. As a house. As the house. From a house. From the house. The house in the field. From the house unto the field. Light and darkness. Day and night. From night • o night and from day to day. Darkness in the night. Light in the day. As the sun in the heavens. The darkness. The evening. Evening and morning. As the sea. Light from the sun in the day and from the moon and from the stars in the night. Bread from the field for man and for beast. And flesh. And the flesh. And from the flesh. And to the flesh. As flesh. Not day nor (lit. and not) night. From sun to stars. From the sun unto the stars. 2. The Personal Pronouns, § 29. Direction 1. In conformity with Remark 2 on page 111, possessives, when not immediately followed by the object possessed, are to be rendered by the prepositiou b thus, lam my beloved's and iny beloved is mine ""b ^IST) ''"li^'? ""SS . The verb to Jiave must be paraphrased by the same pre- position, e. g. You have a brother riij dd^ lit. a brother is to you j He has no son p ib 'j'^x lit. there is no son to him. 138 LESSONS IN WKITING HEBREW. Translate into Hebrew : — Ye ojiasG. I and lie. They masc. and they fern. She f.nd \ho\1fe7n. Ye fern, and we. In us. In tlieni {pi. and y.). In me. In her. In thee (m. and y.). In you (m. and f.^. From eternity unto eternity thou art God. From God to us. From me to you. We are in the house, ye are in the field. He is in the light, I am in darkness. The earth is Jehovah's. The silver is mine and the gold is his. Heaven is thine. God is for us. God is not like man. We are like you. He is like us. The house is yours, and the field is theirs. The sea is his. The bread is mine. I have no bread in tlie house. We have a brother; he is still living. You have no brother. There is no beast in the field. 3. Other Pronouns, § 30. Translate into Hebrew : — This house. In this house. This is the house. That field. Fi'om that field. That is the field. God, who is in the heavens. Who is in the heavens ? The bread, wliich is in the house. What is in the house ? Who am I ? What are "w^e ? These stars. These are the stars. From this day. In this day. Whose is this house '^ Whose is that bi'ead ? The place in which we are. The land in which I am. Who is this masc. ? What is this ferti. f Who art thou fern. ? Is this ^ thou ^ masc. ? This field, in which thou art. The land, from which they are. These waters, which are from the sea. Jehovah is mine and I am his. Y^e are lii-ht in Jehovah. We be« long to the day : we belong not to the night nor to dark Q<3S. LESSONS IN WlilTING lIEliREW. 1^9 4. Perfect Vekbs. Kal Preterite and Infinitives, §33. Write the Kal preterite and infinitives of bt2j5, nii| and biiT)' in all tlieir forms as they appear in the paradigm^ with the proper signification attached to eacli. Translate into Hebrew : — She killed. They killed. "We killed. To kill. Thou {masc.) killedst. I killed. Ye (piasc. and f em.) killed. He killed. Thou (feiii.) killedst. Thou (m. andy.) wast bereaved. We were bereaved. Ye (m. and /!) were heavy. She was bereaved. I was heavy. They were heavy. He was heavy. He was be- reaved. To be bereaved. Direction 2. In Hebrew sentences the verb commonly precedes its subject, and both precede the object unless the emphasis requires a different collocation, e. g. 55^3 u'^'^WTi nx W'tib^ God created the heavens. But if a per- sonal pronoun be either the direct or indirect object it is usually placed immediately after the verb D"'r}'bx ib "jrij CJiD'i God gave tohim, p'ojperty. Translate into Hebrew : — I shut the house. She shut the door. He shut the heavens. They ruled over this land. Who gave you (Heb. to you) those vessels ? To whom did he give this field ? What did they give me ? The sun ruled over the day and the stars ruled over the night. Thou didst pour water from the heavens upon the earth. He poured. She gave us gold and silver in the vessels. They gave to him honor and majesty. They kept the command' tnent We kept the Sab))ath God gave us a command' 140 LESSONS IxN WRITING HEBREW. iiient to keep tlie Sabl)atl). He rested in this day, be cause it was the Sabbath. The darkness was Very great I dwelt in the house. They dwelt in the field. This is the bread which Jehovah has given to you. 5. NiPHAL, PlEL, AND PuAL PRETERITES AND INFINITIVES, § 34. Write the Niphal, Piel, and Pual preterites and infini- tives of ^ttjp with their significations. Translate : — He was killed. To be killed. I was killed. We were killed. She was killed. Thou (^m. and /.) wast killed. Ye (m. and /.) were killed. They were killed. They massacred. They were massacred. She was massacred. I massacred. Ye (m. and/) massacred. We massacred. To massacre. To be massacred. Thou (m. and /.) wast massacred. He was massacred. The house was sanctified. The tal;)ernacle and the ark wei^ sanctified. Thou (m. and /.) wast sanctified. Ye (m. and /.) were sanctified. To be sanctified. To sanc- tify this day. This is the day, which Jehovah has sanc- tified. They sanctified this place. I sanctified the taber- nacle and the vessels which were in it. Ye were sepa- rated fi'om them. The day was separated from the night We were separated from you. He was separated from us. We were separated from him. They subdued the land. They were subdued before you. Ye were sub- dued. He has sworn to gather you to this land. The door was shut in the place, in which they were gathered. What did ye gather ? We gathered lu-ead. Flesh was o-athered. They have sworn. We have sworn. She has sworn. LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW 141 6. I'lIE REMAINING PrETERITES AND INFINITIVES, § 35. Write tlie preterite and iiiiinitives with, their significa- ticns in the Hiphil, Hophal, and Hithjmel of bb]?. Translate : — I caused to kill. Slie killed kerself. They killed themselves. Ye (^m. and f.) were caused to kill. To kill one's self. To cause to kill. To be caused to kill. We were caused to kill. Tliou {771. and /.) killedst thyself. He caused to kill. We separated the silver from the gold. He separated the darkness from the light. Thou didst separate Israel from all tlie nations which are in all the earth. I was made king. Thou wast made king. Is it a little (thing) to be made king? A little bread, A little flesh. A little gold. A little silver. They cut oif the nations. The nations were cut off. Bread was cut off from the house. Bread and oil were cut off. We were cut off. She cut off man and beast from the land. They caused the kin2:dom to cease. He made the kina:dom small. We made small. Whom did she destroy? What did she destroy ? Thou (m.. and f.) didst purify thyself. I did not pimfy myself. She purified herself. Ye {m. and^/!) purified ^^ourselves. They brought the water near to the king David and lie poured it out before Jehovah. He consecrated the oil and anointed the tabernacle, the ark and all the vessels. We consecrated all the silver and the gold to Jehovah. 7. Kal Future, Imperative, and Participles, § 36. Write the Kal future, imperative and participles ol 5T0j5, and the futures of ins aii<1 ^5t». 142 liESSONS IN T\ KITING HEBREW. Translate :- — Thou (m. and /.) wilt kill. We shall kill. I shal. kill He will kill. They (m. and/.) will kill. She will kill. Ye {in. and f.) will kill. Kill ye {in. and /'.) Killed. Killing. Kill thou {in. and/.). Thou wilt rule over us. He will rule over them. The stars shall rule over the nia-ht. The sea shall not rule o over the earth. Rule thou over the nations. He is ruling. She is ruling. We are ruling. Ye shall rest in the Sabbath. Eest ye {in. and/) with me in the house. Keep thou (m.) this beast. Keep thou (/) that bread. Who is keeping the silver? Jehovah is keeping Israel. Jehovah, who is keeping Israel, will also keep us. God shall keep thee in the day and in the night. We shall dwell in heaven. Shut {in. pl.^ the door. I shall shut the gate. She is shutting the house. The virgins are dwellino; in the house. The wild beast is dwellins^ in the field. He will subdue all the nations which are under heaven. Thou shalt be clothed with majesty and splen- dor. I will keep what I have sjjoken. 8. NiPHAL, PlEL, AND PuAL FuTURES, ETC., § 37 Write the future, imperative, and participle of the Niphal, Piel, and Pual of bb]? . Translate : — We shall be massacred. Ye {m. and/) will massacre. She will massacre. I shall be killed. He will be killed. Thou (m. and/) wilt massacre. They {in. and/) will jbe massacred. Be thou {m. and/) killed. Massacre ye {7ii. ;and/.). Killed. INIassacred. Massacring. Ye will be separated from us. They will be shut in the house until the iijiorijing. All the people wiU be LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 143 sanctified , The company will be sanctified. These vir. gins will be sanctified. Those nations will be sanctified. We shall be sanctified. Ye {m. and/.) will be sanctified. Thou {m. and/.) wilt be sanctified. I shall be sancti- fied Jehovah will be honored. Be ye honored. I will honor them who honor me (lit. the [ones] honor- ing me). I will sanctify the priests. He will sanctify them. They will sanctify us. It belongs to the priests to honor this house. It is not for me to honor him. They will speak to thee. To whom will ye speak ? God is speaking to us from heaven. Wilt thou speak to me ? Speak ye to them. I will take heed that I do not speak evil. Will the gate be shut ? Will they be shut up in Jericho ? 9. HlPHIL, HOPHAL, AND HlTHPAEL FuTURES, ETC., § 38. Write the future, imperative, and participle of the Hiphil, Hophal,- and Hithpael of bbjp . Translate : — • Ye (m. and/) will be caused to kill. We shall kill ourselves. Kill thyself (m. and /). Causing to kill. Thou (m. and/) wilt cause to kill. Cause. ye {771. and /) to kill. They {m. and f.) ^vill kill themselves. I shall be caused to kill. Killing one's self. Caused to kill. He will be caused to kill. She will cause to kill I withheld the rain from you. I shall cause it to rain upon this field and I shall not cause it to rain upon that field. Thou wilt clothe them with (lit. cause them to put on) splendor and majesty. He ^vill clothe the heavens with darkness. Clothe (2 m. s.) all the nations with joy and gladness. He will be made king and \^dl1 144 J^ESSONS IN WRIllNG HEBREW . be lioiioi'ed in all the land. Ye Avill be caused to reign We sliall be caused to reign. Thou wilt be caused tc reicj-n. What shall I offer to God ? Shall all the rem naiit be cut off? Joy shall be cut off from Israel. All these nations shall be cut off. Shall we cause the work to cease ? Who shall separate us from him ? What shall sejjarate him f j'om us ? I am separating between good and evil. He shall cause them to dwell in the land. 10. Paragogic and Apocopated Future and Imperativjj AND Vav Conversive, §§ 40, 41. Direction 3. In narrating the ])ast, the first verb is commonly to be put in the preterite and the succeeding verbs in the future with Vav Conversive, provided the verb stands at the beginning of the clause. If, however, any verb of the series is for any reason removed from the beginning of its clause and so separated from the con- junction, it must be put in the preterite, § 79. 2. 4. In a paragraph relating to the future, the first verb is commonly to be put in the future or imperative, as the case may be, and the succeeding verbs in the preterite with Yav Conversive, provided they stand at the begin- ning of their own clause. But if any verb of the series is separated from the conjunction by an intervening word, it must be put in the future. 5. A negative imperative must be translated by -« with the future, the a^^ocopated form being used if on« exists, § 78. &. Translate into Hebrew : — He anointed me and caused me to remn instead oi David. They drave out the nations and subdued the LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 14 a land and dwelt in it. Tliou wilt gather tliem from all the nations, and cause them to dwell in this land, and thou wilt reign over Israel forever (lit. to eterE^ty). Y^e shall keep the commandment and be separated from tLe nations and be consecrated to me, and ye shall be great from sea unto sea. Cleave thou unto me and thou shalt keep the covenant which I have made (lit. cut) with thee and thou shalt honor me. Ye shall not forget. Forget not ye what I have spoken to you. Take heed that ye forget not the Sabbath to rest in it from all work. Wilt thou not withhold me from evil? Withhold not mercy from me, O Jehovah, and I will keep (parag. fut.) this commandment. Cut them not off. We gave them bread and made (lit. cut) a covenant with them. Pray reign over this people. Shut the door. Pray, shut the door. Thou wilt not shut the door. Do not shut the door. We vnll shut. Let us shut. 1.1. Preterites of Perfect Verbs with Suffixes, § 42. a. Third person masc. and fem. sing, of the Kal Pre- terite. Write the 3 m. and /. sing, of the Kal preterite oi bb]^ with suffixes, adding to each form its proper signifi iCation. Translate : — He killed them (m. and/.). He killed him. He killed us. He killed thee (m. and/.) He killed me. He killed you {m. and /.). He killed her. She killed us. She killed you (m. and /.). She killed me. She killed her. She killed them (m. and /.). She killed him. She killed thee (?>/ and /.). 1 146 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. b. The rest of the Kal Preterite. Write the remaining parts of the Kal preterite of 5b'p with suffixes. Translate : — They killed you (ni. and /.). Ye killed them (m. and y.). I killed her. Thou (•?7i.) killedst me. I killed thee (m. and /.). We killed him. They killed me. They killed her. Ye killed us. Thou (/.) killedst him. We killed you. Thou (m.) killedst her. Thou (/.) killedst her. Thou (jn.) killedst him. Thou (f.) killedst me. He kept you (w. and/!). She kept him. Ye kept us. 'Thou (m.) didst keep her. Thou (/.) didst keep me. ■She kept you (m. and /.). We kept them (m. and f.). They kept us. I kept thee (w. and/.). He anointed him. He anointed me. Thou (7??-.) didst anoint us. Thou didst anoint them. They sent thee {m. and /.). She sent her. Ye sent him. We sent you (m. and /.). She forgot me. Thou {/.) didst forget her. We forgot her. I forgot him. He washed them {m. and /.). I washed you (jn. and^.). c. The Piel and Hiphil Preterites. Write the different persons of the Piel or Hiphil pre- terite of ^b]? wdth suffixes. Translate, noting the fact when the Hebrew is ambiguous : He massacred them (m. and /.). We massacred yon {j7i. and /.). She massacred us. Ye massacred us. Ye massacred them (m. and /.). They massacred us. They ma^ .acred you (m. and /,). Thou {7)1. and fS) didst mas- sacre us. He massacred you. They caused me to kill. He caused you (w. and /.) to kill. She caused to kill them (w- and /.). They j'aused to kill her. She caused thee {;m. and f.) to kilL LESSONS IN WIUTING IIEEKEW. 147 Ve caused me to kill. Ye caused to kill liim. 1 caused thee (in. and f.) to kill. I caused to kill tlieni {in. and f.). Thou (in. and f.^ didst cause to kill her. Thou (w. and /.) didst cause us to kill. We caused to kill hira. We caused you to kill. He made me great. He made us great. He made them (ill. and /.) great. He honored you (in. andy.). He honored him. He honored her. He bereaved thee (in. and f.^. Ye gathered them (m. and j^). She gathered us. We honored her. Thou (m. and f.') didst honor him. She honored him. She honored her. I gathered you (m. and f.). They honored me. They caused him to reign over Israel. Ye caused me to put on the garments. He caused Eleazar to put them on. A wild beast overtook him in the field. Thou hast caused us to dwell in this place. I have cut them off because they did not honor me. Thou hast separated them from all the nations whicli are upon the earth. Ye brousrht him near to the tabernacle. The sword has })ereaved her, and she has neither father nor daughter nor brother (lit. to her is not father and not daughter and not brother). 12. Futures, etc., of Perfect Verbs with Suffixes, § 42. a. Kal Future. Write the different persons of the Kal future of ^t3j3 with suffixes. Translate : — He ^A'ill kill us. She will kill us. I shall kill you (m. and /:). Thou mlt kill her. We shall kill him. She will" kill them. They will kill lier. Ye (m.) will kill her. Thou (/.) wilt kill her. Thou (/.) wilt kill me 148 LESSONS IN WKITING ilEBKEW. Ye (m.) will kill tliera. They will kill you (m. ami /). ^ Thou (/) wilt kill us. She will kill thee (m aud/.). Jehovali will keep us from all evil. Thou (m.) wilt keep them (m. and f.). They (m. and f.) will remember me. I shall remember them. Who will remember him 1 Will he remember her ? Will she not remember you (?/?. and y.) ? I do not know {pret.) him and liow shall 1 remember liim ? We shall remember thee (m. and f. ) and not forget thee. This is the house; wilt thou (j/i. and y.) remember it ? This is the commandment ; will they keep it ? Whose are these garments ? I shall put them on. Behold this babe ! will the mother forget it ? (The) Lord will surely {ahs. iiiftii.^ remember you. Thou (w. and y.) wilt not forget me. Do not thou {jn. and y.) forget me. h. Piel and Hiphil Futures. Write the different persons of the Piel or Hiphil future of -bUjp with suffixes. Translate : — She will massacre them {m. and y ). Will ye (m. and y.) massacre us ? He will massacre you {m. and y ). He will cause thee {m. and y.) to kill me. He will cause to kill thee. Thou (m. and y.) wilt cause her to kill us. I mil cause him to kill them. They (m. and y.) will cause me to kill. Thou (m.) wilt deliver them and they will honor thee, The Lord has remembered us and crowned (future with Vav. Conv.) us with honor and majesty. He will not destroy me. Let him not destroy me. Jehovah, who is dwelling in Zion, will sanctify the people and delivei tliem (Heb. sing. suf. referring to people) fi'om all ovi^ LESS0NS~^1N WRITING IIEBIMOW. 149 and cause tliem to dwell in this place forever. 1 will cause thee to put on sackcloth, and will cause joy and o-ladness to cease and will utterly (ahs. iitfin.) cut thee off. Thou wilt gather us and make us great. We will separate her from the asseml)ly. All the virgins shall honor her. c. Infinitive and Imperative. AVrite the Kal infinitive of ^t?)? with suffixes and givo the different significations of each form. Translate, noting the fact when the Hebrew is am biguous and giving the alternate significations : — To kill you (;J7i. and/.). To kill them {m. and/). To kill her. To kill him. Kill (m. s. and pi) her. Kill (?u. s. and J!?/.) him. My killing. To kill me. Our kill- ing. His being killed. Massacre (m. s. and pi.) them. To massacre you {771. and /.). Plis massacring us. Your being massacred. Cause (m. s. and pi.) him to kill the woman. My causing you to kill. Her causing to kill tliem. To cause him to kill me. To cause me to kill him. To cause to kill thee (m. and /). Their being caused to kill her. To keep me. To keep him. To keep thee {m. and /.). To keep us. To keep them (7)1. and/). Keep (m. s. and p/.) them. My keeping the commandment. Remember {m.. s. and pi.) me. Here am I (Heb. '^??n , behold me), 3end me. Hear us. Deliver {m. s.) us. Crown (m. 6'. and pi.) him. To honor her. He has sworn to (use the prej).) gather us and to cause us to reign with him. Honor him and he will not forget to honor thee. Sanctify us and hvino: us near to thee. Grather the priests to the sanc- tuary; honor them before all the people; clothe them witlj (Heb. cause them to put on) salvation. 15c lessons in y\^kiting heljkew. 13. Gendek and Number of Nouns, §§ 43-45. Translate : — A great war. The great war. It is a great war (Heb the war is great). This war. This great war. Thia great and evil war. Great wars. The great wars. These great wars. These great and evil wars. These wars are great and evil. Wars are great evils. He uttered (Heb. cried) a great cry. I will make (Heb. cut) a new cove- nant with them. New garments. These garments are new. There are the new garments. He caused me to put on these new garments. He rent the new garment which was upon him. A great kingdom. He shall reign over all these great kingdoms. Many wells. Large rocks. An evil beast. Good commandments. Many and great nations. Large figs. These large figs. These figs are large. The large figs are very large. These figs are larger than those figs. Those figs are better than these. "War is worse than (Heb. evil from) famine. 14. The Construct State, §§ 46, 47. Direction 6. Observe that where a short vowel is in- serted in the construct plural agreeably to § 47. 5, the first syllable is intermediate and a following aspirate will not take Daghesh-lene, § 9. a. Translate : A house of a king. The house of the king. In the king's house are vessels of gold and vessels of silver. The vessels of silver are more than the vessels of gold. The vessels of gold are smaller than the vessels of silver. The priests of Jehovah burned incense upon the golden altar (Heb. the altar of gold). Who will shut the doors LESSONS IN WEITINQ HEBREW. 151 of the house ? The rivers of the garden. The waters oi the sea. The cattle of the earth, the beast of the field, ;and the fowl of heaven. This is the sign of the covenant •wliich I have made with you. The mercy of Jehovah is ifrom eternity and to eternity. The blessing of Jehovah, ithe God 'of ;all the earth. The kino;s of the nations. The stones of the field. The gates of the city. The field of Edom. The stars of the morning. Will ye n<:>t keep the commandment of the king ? The good commandments of God. The great day of Jehovah. Aaron and Eleazar .offered them upon the altar. 15. Nouns with Suffixes, § 49. Direction 7. Nouns having suflixes are definite and I'equire attributive adjectives joined to them to take the article, §§ 69, 70. Write the nouns "li'^ ^vo7'd and TO'si soul in both num- bers with the sufiixes in their order, adding to each form its signification. Tnmslate : — Thou shalt hear my voice in the morning. He put (Heb. gave) the ark of God in its place. His mercy is to eternity. She caused him to put on his new garments. He will subdue the nations under us. Thou wilt subdue them under our feet. I will clothe her priests with (Heb. cause her priests to put on) salvation. My piiesta shall be clothed with righteousness. Ye shall keep my Sabbaths. I have kept tliy commandment. Hear my cry. She will wash her head, her hands, and her feet. He anointed my head with (3) oil. The nations and their kings. His holy tabernacle (Heb. the tabernacle < i \ 152 liESSONy IN WKITING HEBREW. his Loiineas). My ngliteous God (Heb, God of m}, I'igliteousness). He will not forget liis covenant. His x^oice is breaking in pieces rocks. My foot. My feet His foot. His feet. Tlieir feet. He lias given salvatiou to Ills king. Ye are dwelling in your liouse. Tliis is m^ field. Thy field is larger than our field. 16. Pe Guttural Verbs, § 53. The intransitive verb "itr to stand does not in strictness admit of a passive, and accordingly never occurs in the Niphal. That species, as found in the para- digm, may in these exercises be rendered as though 'stand' had its transitive sense, he was stood, etc. Write the paradigm of n^:? to stand, the Kal future oJ bis to eat, and the Kal future and imperative of ptn tc be strong. Translate : — Ye (m. and/.) stood. We shall stand. They (m. anc /.) will stand. Thou (w. and/.) wilt stand. Stand thoi (m. and/) I shall stand. To be stood. T was stood She was stood. Ye (w. and/!) will be stood. Be y( {m. and/) stood. He shall be stood. We shall caus( to stand.*^ Thou shalt be caused to stand. Thou (m. anc /.) wast caused to stand. They were caused to stand They caused to stand. Caused to stand. Causing t«! stand. I shall eat. Ye (m. and/) will be strong. B.| thou (m. and/) strong. She ^vill eat. The curse was turned to a blessing. I shall turn da to nio-ht. Turn (thou) these stones to bread. Darknes shall be turned to light. I shall cause them to eat bread He caused his people to eat manna. Have ye not eaten What have you (Heb. is to you) to eat? There is n* bread to eat. It shall not be eaten. The priests shal LESSONS IN WRITING IIEBKEAV. 15»^ eat it Eat no bread in this place. Ye shall nut eat from this ti'ee. Ye have forsaken me and I will forsake you. Will ye forsake me ? Thou shalt serve him and he will U(H forsake thee. Serve Jehovah wath all thy heart and with all thy soul. All the nations shall serve him. Who is Jehovah that I shall serve him ? It shall be said to you, Ye are my people and I am your God. The words of Jehovah were verified. He is a living God and an everlasting king (Heb. king of eternity). He is king of kings. 17. Ayin Guttueal Veebs, § 54. The verb bij has in Kal and Niphal the sense of redeeming, in Piel, Pual, aiid Ftithpael that of polluting. Write the paradigm of ^s?5 . Translate : He will redeem. Thou (m. and/.) wilt redeem. Ke^ deem ye (m. and /'.) They redeemed. She was re- deemed. Be thou (w. and /.) redeemed. They (m. and /.) will be redeemed. We polluted ourselves. Polluted. Polluting. Thou (m. and/.) pollutedst. Ye (m. and /) were polluted. She polluted. Pollute ye (m. and /.) Pollute thyself (m. and/). We shall be polluted. They (7fi. and /) will pollute. Ye (m. and /.) will pollute yourselves. I shall pollute. I will bless him with all my heart. God will bless us, He has blessed us. Bless ye (m.) Jehovah. Bless Jeho- vah, ye virgins of Israel.. He went to bless his house. His seed shall be blessed in the earth. He will bless thee, and thy seed after thee. Ye shall be blessed in him 1 cried unto thee in the night and thou heardest my voice. We will cry with a loud (Heb. great) voice to him that 154 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. sitteth (Heb. to the [one] sitting) in the heavens. C15 not to me; cry unto the gods whom ye have seiv^ed Wash ye your hands and your feet. Wash thou me and I shall be clean. Cleanse your hearts and not (bs) your garments. I will cleanse you from all evil. Forsake evil and serve me. He drove out the nations from before us and we dwelt in their land. Thou hast redeemed us The God of Israel is thy Redeemer. 18. Lamedh Guttural Verbs, § 55. Write the paradigm of nbir to send. The Piel of this verb may be rendered for the sake of distinction to send away. Translate : — To send. To send away. To be sent. To send one's self. To cause to send. Thou {m. and /.) didst send. We shall be sent. I shall send myself. Cause thou {m. and /.) to send. He will send away. Thou (711. and /.) wast sent. Ye {m. and f.) will cause to send. Sending. Sent. Causing to send. He will cause to send. She will be sent. Thou {m. and/.) wilt send thyself. They (m. and /.) will send. Send ye (in. and /.). He will sow his field. It is time to sow thy seed. Sow good seed in thy field. Bad seed which should (Heb. shall) not be sown. These fields shall be sown to-day. The sower (paH.) went to sow; and in his sowing {inf.) these i fell on tlie wa}^ and the fowls of heaven ate them ; these ■ fell on the rock and these on good ground. The field is the whole earth ; the seed is the word of God ; the sow^er is the Son of man and his servants wliom he lias sent in his name. Didst thou (tu.) not sow good seed in thy field? Didst thou (/.) hear what he said to thee? It is good to hear thy voice. She will be heard. To be heard. He will ojien the house. The heavens were LESSONS IN WJUTIJSTG HEIillEW. 155 op(3iied and a voice was heard, This is my Son, hear him. Who shall open the eyes of the blind? The deaf shall hear. His clothes (were) rent (^Kal _pass. part.) and fishes upon his head. Forget not his commandments. Thou shalt not be forgotten. He will not withhold any iy^) good f]'om us. 19. Pe Nun Verbs, § 56. The Kal and Niphal of C'S , though given in full in the paradigm, are each but partially in use, and as they are identical in signification they are made to supplement each other. The Niphal is found only in the preterite and participle ; the Kal in the infinitive, futui-e, and imperative. Write the paradigm of ^k^ to approach and the Kal o^^ ]ni to give. Translate : — Approach thou (m. and y.). She will approach. They im. and /.) Avill approach. Approaching. To approach. We appi'oaehed. Ye (w. and y.) approached. I ap- proached. I sliall approach. I shall be caused to approach. Thou {in. and y.) caused st to approach. Cause ye (m. and /!) to approach. Thou {in. and y.) wilt cause to approach. He will be caused to approach. Caused to approach. To cause to approach. To give. Ye {in. and y.) gave. Thou {m. and y.) gavest. We gave. We shall give. Give thou {jn. and/!). Give {imp. with He parag.) (to) me thy field. I will give (to) thee instead of it a field better than it. Ask from me and I will give thee the nations. He will give me a new heart. Ye gave me bread and I ate. Thou gavest this land to him and to his seed forever. He sware to give us this good land. Thou wilt give rain upon the earth. He Avill give them into oui* hand. He 156 LESSONS m WRITING HEBREW. said, Give me tliy liand ; and lie gave him liis liaiid What will ye give me? I know (pre/.) that he will not suffer (Heb. give) you to go. I shall take a little honey. Take half of the blood and put (Heb. give) it upon the altai'. I have (see Direction 1, Lesson 2) no silver and gold ; I shall give thee all that I have. Tell me, I pray thee, what he said to thee ; withhold not a word from me. And he told her all that was in his heart. They did not tell us the half. It was told to the king and to his servants. 20. Atin Doubled Verbs, § 57. Write the paradigm of sno to surround^ and the Pie! of l[k^ to excite. Translate : — He surrounded. We surrounded. They surrounded. Yq {771. and/.) surrounded. Thou (m. and/.) didst surround. She surrounded. I -surrounded. I was sui-- rounded. He was surrounded. Ye (m. and /.) were surrounded. She was surrounded. They were surround- ed. Thou {m. and /.) wast surrounded. We were sur- rounded. We shall be surrounded. We shall surround. Thou (m. and /.) wilt be surrounded. They {m. and /) will be surrounded. Ye (m. and /.) will surround. ] shall surround. Surround ye (m. and /.). Be thou (m. and/.) surrounded. Surrounded. Surrounding. Tc surround. To be surrounded. They surrounded enti"ely. We shall sui round entirely Surround ye (m. and/.) entirely. I caused to surround Slie c:,used to surround. She was caused to surround. Ye (m. and /.) caused to surround. He caused to sur round. We caused to surround. They were caused if LESSONS IN WRITINU KEiniKW. 15/ surround. They caused to surrouiiJ. Cause thou {m, and /.) to suri'ound. I shall cause to surround. Thev (jn.) shall be caused to surround. Causing to surround, Cause ye {m. and /.) to surround. Ye (m. and /.) shall cause to surround. Surrounding one's self. We excited. They (m. and /.) shall excite. I have begun to give you this land. Thou hast begun to speak to him. Begin to-day. The famine began this year. In those days (§ 50) Jehovah began to send into Judah the king of Edom. She began to ask. We began to demolish the statues and the pillars. They began. They {on. and /'.) will begin. They rolled the stone from upon the moutli of the well. The stone is very great ; who shall roll it for us ? He is rolling himself upon the ground. I shall curse thy blessings. He began to curse and to say, I knoA\^ (^>/t^.) not the man. Curse ye bit- terly {ahs. in fin.) the city and its inhabitants (Heb. the [ones] inhabiting it). Cursed is the man, who shall eat thread this day. Cursed is the man, who will not hearken to the words of this covenant. I took thee to curse them and lo ! thou hast blessed them. Thou shalt not bles5 them and thou shalt not curse them. 21. Pe Yodh Veebs, § 58. Write the paradigm of iz^i to dwell, and the Kal of en^ to he dry. Translate : — To dwell. Dwell thou {m. and /.). He will dwell. Ye {m. and /.) will dwell I shall dwell. Thou (m and /.) wilt be dwelt (in). She was dwelt in. Be thou (m. and /.) dwelt in. Causing to dwell. They were caused to dwell. They caused to dwell. She caused to 158 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. dwell. We were caused to dwell. Ye (m. and /!) v/i;re caused to dwell. Cause ye (m. and y.) to dwell. SIt' will be caused to dwell. I shall cause to dwell. Thou (w. andy.) shalt be dry. Be ye (???.. and^.) dry. To l)e dry. Ilast thou known ? Will he know ? Wilt thou let me know or not? Will he go? Let me know whether he will go or not. They will go to-day. Hast thou remembered the commandments of Jehovah ? Wilt thou keep them or not ? He knows (^2^ret.) whether thou wilt keep them. Thou knowest whether he will keep them or not. Wilt thou bless him or curse him? Who shall dwell in thy holy place (Heb. place of thy holiness) ? Art thou my son or not? Tell {He jparag^ me, I pray thee, whether thou art my son ? Tell me whether thou art my son or not. Will the tree stand or fall? He caused us to go in the wilderness, where ^ we wearied him and did not walk in his ways. Where did we weary him ? If Jehovah be (the) God, go after him; and if Baal, serve him. Whither thou wilt go, I shall go. This is the man to whom ye shall go. To whom shall we go ? thou hast the words of life. If ye will serve me with all your heart, then {Yav witli pret. Hem. 37) will I cause you to dwell in this land forever. ' Observe in this and the following sentences the distinction between the rela- fciye and the interrogative. 22. A YIN Vav and a YIN YoDH Verbs, § 59. Write the paiadigm of Dip to rise and the Kal of nil it contend. Translate : — Ye (w. and y.) rose. He rose. They rose. We rose She rose. They {ni. and y.) will rise. Rise thou {in LESSONS IN WRrj'lNG HPZEREW. 15S and y!). We shall rise. He will rise. Rise ye (m. and /'.). T(^ rise. Eising. Risen. To be risen. Ye {fn. and y.) will be I'isen. I shall ])e risen. Thou (jn. and /'.) wilt be risen. She was risen. We were risen. I was risen. Thou {m. and /.) wast risen. He was risen. Ye (/??. and f.) were risen. They were risen. He will be risen. He raised. We shall laise. He will l^e raised, lie was raised. Raisins;. Raised. T caused to rise. Ye Qi/i. and f.) caused to rise. She caused to rise. He caused to rise. They caused to rise. Tliou {m. and /.) didst cause to rise. They (m. and /.) will cause to rise. Thou (jn. and f.) wilt cause to rise. Cause ye {m. and /.) to rise. We shall cause to rise. Cause thou (w. and f.) to rise. Causing to rise. I shall be caused to rise. They were caused to rise. Raise thy- self (771. and /.). She raised herself. Thou (m. and /.) didst contend. I contended. He contended. She will contend. Contend thou (m. and /!). Contending. He came to his house. They came to him and ate bread with him. Whence hast thou come ? Wlience are ye coming ? Whither didst thou go ? Whither art thon going? Wilt thou come to me to-night? Come and lodge with me. Bring thy father and thy mother with thee. We came to the well and there was no water in- it. Bring [ye] my tunic. Gold and silver shall be brought. They brought to him gold and incense. She shall return to her former state. Return from your evil ways and serve Jehovah. We are from dust and shall return to dust. The virgins will return bringing watei from the well. Bi'ing back the silver which ye have taken from me. They brought him back to the city in joy and gladness. They shall be brought back to this land. He shall die. We shall die. They put him to death. He was put to death. She shall be put to deatk lf)0 lessons in wiuting hebrew. 23. Lamedh Alepii Vekbs, § 60. Write tlie paradigm of «i^ to find. Translate : — Ye {rti. and /.) found. "We were found. Tliou {m. and /) didst find out. They caused to find. I found myself. He was found. To cause to find. To be found. Finding one's self. They {in. and/) will cause to find. Ye (m. and/.) will find. She will be found. He Avill find. Ye (m. and/) will find out. Find ye {in. and/). Cause ye {rti. and/) to find. Ye were found. I shall call to him and he will hear my voice. They called the name of the city Ur of the Chaldees. Call ye this young man. Call to me in the day of evil ; I will deliver thee. Thy name shall not be called Naomi; thou shalt be called (Heb. to thee shall be called) Mara. Jehovah brought you out from that land. I shall bring A- on out from all the lands in which ye are and will give you this good land which I sware to your fathers. He created the earth and the sea ; and the heavens are the work of his hands. My hands have created all these. Thou didst ci-eate man and beast upon the earth. Bring us out fi-om all evil. Fill the vessels large and small with water. Thou hast filled the earth with thy mercy. The house was full of men and women. He caused it to rain upon the earth and filled our hearts with food and gladness. 24. Lamedii He Verbs, § 61. Write the paradigm of n^a . Translate : — They revealed. We revealed. She revealed. I re- LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. J 61 vesiled. Thou (m. aud /".) wast revealed, tic was re vealed. I was revealed. Ye {?7i. and /.) uiicovertd. They uncovered. He was uncovered. We were uncov- ered. She was exiled. Thou (7/1. and /.) wasfc exiled. Thou {m. andy.) didst exile. They exiled. I uncovered myself. To exile. To uncover. To be revealed. To reveal. Thou (m. andy.) wilt be revealed. I shall re- veal. He will uncover. We shall be uncovered. They (?n. andy.) will exile. She shall be exiled. Be ye (jri. andy.) revealed. Uncover thyself (w. andy!). Reveal The house was built in the city. My father built it. He began to build it and my brother finished it. I have finished the work which thou gavest me to do. Who will build an altar in this place to Jehovah ? They built a dwelling for him in Jerusalem. All the nations shall go up to Jerusalem to serve Jehovah. To go up and to go down. They offered burnt-offerings upon the altar. I did as Jehovah commanded me. Bring him up to me in the bed. And it came to pass (Heb. it was) as he fin- ished to offer the burnt-offering that (Heb. and) fire fell from heaven. They made for him a throne of gold. Solomon built him a house. Wilt thou dwell in this house which has been built for thy name ? He went u]-) into heaven. He shall descend a second time from hea- ven. Jehovah appeared to Solomon in Gibeon. 25. Numerals, § 65. Direction 8. The preposition o/" following a cardinal number must be expressed by ya , thus D'^p^sn ya niE'an ^ve nf the horses^ not D''6i5n riB'ar| which would mean the five horses ; nn^ nynip' seve7i of them, not Dnyain whicL v^-^ould mean they seven. r-1 1(>S LESS0K8 IN WKITING HEBEEW. 9. lu comi^oiind numbers insert tlie conjunction and between tlie different denominations, wliicli may proceed eitlier from the higlier to the lower or the reverse ; thus for sixty -five write either sixty and five oy five and sixty. Write the masculine absolute of the cardinals from one to ten in their order. Write the present date, year, month, and day. Translate, noting each case in which different forms may be used, or in which the order of the words may be varied: — Four heads. Ten seas. Twelve nations. Thirty ei the Philistines. Fifty days. A hundred men. Six nights. Eight shekels. Three years. The seven stars. Seven of the stars. Seven stars. These seven stars. Tweity rocks. Eleven women. Nine kings. Two vessels. Nino virgins. Five stones. Twenty-four priests. Sixty houses. Sixteen months. Eighty queens. Six hundred years. Three hundred and sixty-five days. In the fifth year of (Heb. to) king Solomon, in the tenth month, in the second iay of the month. In the twenty-first of the eighth month. In the third of this month. The third [part] of the month. The fourth [part] of the year. The eighth [part] of the shekel The eighth shekel. Eight of the shekels. He is eight years old. She is nineteen years ohl. All the days of Adam were nine hundred years and thirty years and he died, 26. To ACCOMPANY GeN. 1 I 1. Heaven. Earth. In heaven. In earth. The heaven. The earth. In the heaven and in the earth. Beginning In [the] beginning. He created. God created. I created. In [the] beginning thou createdst the earth and the heaven. Creating. God the creator of (lit. the LESSOJSfS IN WKITING llEBKEW. 163 [one] creating) the heaven He will create. Thou wilt (Teate. I shall create an earth and heaven. He wa^ created (Niphal). We were created. Thou wast created. I Avas created. Ye were created. In [the] beginning were created the heaven and the earth. In [the] l)egin- ning was created the earth. [There] will be created an ( arth. [There] will be created a heaven. 27. Gen. 1 : 2. Darkness. The darkness. And the darkness. In darkness. In the darkness. And in the darkness. Face. The face. The face of [the] deep. The face of the heaven. He was. I was. We were. Ye were. Thou wast. He will be. I shall be. We shall be. They will be. The earth will be waste and void (desolation and emptiness). Darkness was on the waters and on the face of the earth. Spirit. ' The Spirit. The Spirit of God brooded over the deep. The Spirit will brood. In the beginning the Sjjirit [was] brooding over the waters. God created the darkness and the waters. The deep was created. And the w^aters of the deep were waste and void. 28. Gen. 1 : 3, 4. He said. They said. And he said (Vav Conv.). And they said. I said. Ye said. We shall say. She Avill say. We saw. They saw. He saw. And he saw. He will see. God [is] seeing in the light and in the dark- ness. The waters were see a (Niph.). The earth was seen. The light will be seen. God saw the light. Good light. Light [is] good. The good light. The light [is] good. God is"good. God is^ (Heb. he, §67, 2) light^ 164 LF-SSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. fie saw tliat tbe liglit was good. God divided between the eartli and tlie heaven. God [is] dividing between the darkness and the light. The waters were divided. They will l^e divided. I divided. Ye divided Thou wilt divide. Divide thou. 29. Gen. 1:6,6. Day and night. The day and the night. In the day and in the night. To the days and to the nights. To divide between days and nights. We shall call. We called. And we called (Vav Con v.). Thou didst call the finnament heaven. I called the darkness night, and the light I called day. The light (Heb. to the light) shall be called day. It was evening. One evening. One morning. One God. One earth. In the midst of the earth. In the midst of the heaven. Between the heaven and the earth (two constructions). God shall say to the waters, Be ye divided. Let there be light. Let there be darkness. God saw the firmament. The firma- ment [is] good. 30. Gen. 1 : 7, 8. God made the day and the night. Thou madest the firmament. Thou didst divide the waters. I shall make. He will make. And he made (Vav Conv.). I made the earth and the waters. We were made. The earth was made. The waters were made. I made the heaven which [is] above the earth and the earth which [is] undei the heaven, and the waters which [are] under the earth. He divided the day from the night. Light was made in one day, and the firmament was created in a second day And he called the beginoing of the day morning, and the be'Hnnin.o- of the night he called evening. A second LESSOINS IN WElTLNa HEBREW. 165 morning. The second evening. And it was so. And he did so. 31. Gef. 1 : 9, 10. Tliey were gathered. Ye were gathered. We were gathered. And they were gathered. Ye shall be gather od To be gathered. Being gathered. He said to the waters, Be ye gathered unto the seas. The waters which were under the heaven were gathered unto one place, and the waters which were above the lieaven were gathered unto a second place. The dry [land] was seen. Tlie sea was seen. See thou the earth and the heaven. He made the waters which are in the sea. They called the dry [land] earth. The collection (gathering together) of waters shall be called sea. The God of heaven made the sea and the dry land. He divided the sea from the diy land. He said and it was [done]. 32. Gen. 1 : 11-13. God said to the earth, Bring forth (either of two verbs) grass. The earth brought forth herb and tree. Grass sprang up. Grass was brought forth. He said to the herb, Produce seed, and it was so. The herb produced seed (according) to its kind. I have sown the seed. Ye have sowE They have sown. In the morning sow thou the seed. The seed was sown in the evening. The herb will produce seed. The tree will yield fruit. A fruit- tree. The fruit-tree (§• 75. 5). The seed of the fruit-tree is in the fruit. To the tree yielding fruit [there] is seed according to its kind. The fruit, whose seed is in it. Seas, in the midst of which are waters. A day in which therf is light. A night in which there is darkness, Ififi LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. 3S. Gen. 1 : 14-16. Let there be light. Let there be a light (lamina ry) One great light. The second small light. IVo greal lights. The two small lights. Two of (Heb. from) tlif small lights, which (Heb. to ^vhich) they have called stars. The stars will give light in the night. He made one light for the rule of the day. The second light was made for the rule of the night. He divided between lights and lights (Heb. to lights). Thou didst divide be- tween the great lights and the stars. God created the lights and said (Vav. Conv.) to them, Give light upon the earth and divide day from night ; and it was so. There shall be signs in the heaven and in the earth. One sea- son. A second day. The third year. Two years and two days. Let there be stars giving light in the night. 34. Gen. 1:17-20. In the fourth day God made the two great lights and the stars and in the firmament of heaven he set (Heb. gave) them. He set the firmament above the earth and the eai'th above the sea. I gave. They gave. We gave. Thou gavest. She gave. Giving. To give. He will give. We shall give. Given. Ye will give. One light ruled the day. A second light shall rule the night. Thou [art] ruling the earth and the . sea. (rod saw that the lights [were] good. He made the reptiles (collective) M'hicli are in the waters. He divided between the rep tile and the fowl. A soul of life. The soul of life; Thou raadest the soul of life which is in the fowl and in tjie reptile. In the morning they flew away. LESSONS Uf WltlTljSG IIEEIIEW. J 07 85. Gen. 1:21-23. They we 'e fniitfiil and multiplied (Vav Con v.) and filled tlie earth and the sea. The waters |'are] filling (Pie!) the sea. The sea shall be filled. The stars shal] fdl the heavens. The moving soul of life shall be fruitful and multiply upon the earth. Great monsters. The great monsters. All the great monsters of the sea. The monsters of the sea are great. God created them and he will bless them. He blessed the winged fowl and every soul of life which he had made. He caused the fowl to multiply in the earth and the monsters in the seas. Blessed be God. Bless ye God. Bless God, my soul. God is blessing (Piel) every morning and every evening. 36. Gen. 1:24-27. The beast of the earth was made after its kind. Man was created in the likeness of God, and in his image. The earth brought forth cattle and reptile creeping upon the ground. God made lights for the rule of the day and of the night; and the man he created for the rule of the earth. Thou didst make man according to thine image and in thy likeness. Man (Heb. with ai ti- de) was made in the image of him that created (Heb. the [one] creating) him. Rule thou over the fish of llie sea and have dominion over all the earth. Let the fish nuiltiply in the sea. The fowl shall fly over the face of heaven. He made them male and female. Every beast of the earth was made male and female. 37. Gen. 1:28-31. Subdue ye the earth and fill it and multiply upon it and have dominion over all which is in it. God blessed /G8 LESSONS IN VVlilTlNG IIEHKP]\V. all that lie Lad made. He saw tliat it was very gci»d He gave to the man tlie fruit of the eai'th for food. Thou hast given to us every lierlx To the beast of the earth every green herb was given. It will be given. Tc be given. Give thou. Give ye. See thou what God has made. He made light in one day. In a second day he made the firmament. In a third day the diy [land J was seen and it brought forth herb and trees. In a fourth day he made the great and small liglits. In a fifth day bii'ds and fish were made. In a sixth day he made cattle and created man (Heb. "with article) in the image of God. 38. Gen. 2:1-5. The earth was finished. The host of heaven was fin- ished. The earth and the heaven were finished. I liave finished my work. Thou hast not finished thy work. We have not yet finished our work. They will finish their work. Your work will be finished and ye will rest These generations. These are the generations. These are the generations of Adam. These two generations. This day. This seventh day. This is the day which God has blessed. This is the seventh day in which God i-ested, and which he sanctified. No tree was yet in the ground. The earth had not yet brought forth herb nor (Heb. and) bush. In the fifth day there was no man and l^east of the field there was none, for they had not yet been created. 39. Gen. 2:6-10. This is the earth which God created and made (Heb [so as] to make). God blessed tliem and said (Hel). [sr as] to say, or with Vav Conv.) to them, Be fi'uitful LESSONS IN WRITING ITEBREW. 16^ feiilxlue tlie earth and rule (Heb. to rule) over it. God caused it to rain and watered the face of the earth. He causes it to rain (fut. § 78, 3) and waters the ground. A mist [is] ascending from the sea and the earth will be watered. We are as the grass, which sprouted in the morning and in the evening shall not be. This is youi breath which Jehovah breathed in your nostrils. He l^laced Adam in the garden which he had planted and in which he had caused to grow every tree good for food. Four rivers. The four rivers. The four heads of the river. The six heads. The two gardens. Three days and three nights. Five mornings and five evenings. One small star. 40. Gen. 2:11-16. Thou didst form Adam of dust. He made the man (Heb. to) a living souL A great river is surrounding the land in which there is gold. The name of the garden is Eden. They called the garden Eden. The garden shall be called Eden. In the midst of the garden were two trees; the one was called the tree of life and he called the name of the second the tree of knowing good and evil. The place, where the garden of Eden was, is not known. He went. I went. He will go. We shall go. To go. Going. He took the man. He took him. He took her. He took us. He took you. He took me. lie took thee. He will take the tree. Keep the seventh Jay and (Heb. to) sanctify it. 41., Gen. 2:17-20. Adam ate of the evil fruit and died. This fruit is good; thou mayest freely eat (Heb. emphatic infin.) of it. He ale it. She ate it. We ate it. Thou shalt eat 8 170 LESSOJ^S IN WKITING HEBREW. it. Ye shall eat it. They shall eat it. Ye ate it. Ye ate of (Heb. from) it. It is not good for Adam to eat of it. He formed him. He formed her. He formed us Thou formedst us. I formed you. I formed them. 1 formed him. Thou didst put Adam in the garden to till it. He tilled the ground and kept it. Every beast of the field came to Adam. In the cattle of the field, the beast of the earth, the fish of the sea, and the fowd of heaven there was not found a help the counterpart of Adam. God gave name (Heb. called names) to the day and to the night. 42. Gen. 2:21-25. Adam slept because a deep sleep from God had fallen upon him (§ 66. 2). A rib was taken and was made (Heb. built) into a woman and she was brought to him. One bone. His bone. His one bone. Two ribs. Her ribs. Her two ribs. One of (Direction 8, Lesson 25) his bones. Two of her ribs. Our three gardens. Three of our gar- dens. Four of their evenings. Five of your rivers. Six of the heads, into which the river was parted. Two of the men. Two of the women. They two, the man and tlie woman. Two of them. The woman left her father and her mother and clave to her husband. My mother has forsaken me. My father and my mother will not forsake me. Thou shalt do all that tliy father and thy mother shall command thee. 43. Gen. 3:1-5. The cunning serpent. This tree is tlie best of all the trees (Heb. collective) in tlie garden. The man was the greatest of all the men of [the] east. The stars are tli€ LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW 171 smallest of all the lights in the firmament. The sea is greater than the dry [land]. Dying (emphat. inhn.) he shall die. We shall die. I shall die. He died. She died. They died. Dying. He killed (caused to die). They killed. He was put to death. She shall be put to death. He said to the woman, Thou shalt not touch the tree lest thou die. Touch thou this fruit. I touched it and my eyes were opened and I knew good and evil. In the day of thy touching this tree (§ 89. 3) thou and thy wife shall die (§ 86. 1). 44. Gen. 3 : 6-10. The woman's eyes were opened and she saw. She gave of the fruit to Adam and he saw and ate. A desirable tree. The desirable tree. The tree is desirable. He took of it. She took it. Ye took it. We shall take. They ry.) will take. Its fruit was taken and eaten and it opened her eyes. Open thou mine eyes and I shall see. Both her eyes. The eyes of them both. Two of their eyes. Their four eyes. They heard Jehovah walking ^ Slie heard the voice of Jehovah [who was^J walking in the midst of the trees. I saw the man eating ^ Where is lie ? Here he is (Heb. behold him !). Where art thou ? Here I am. I heard the tree falling \ The falling waters. We saw the stars falling from heaven. The woman ami her husband hid themselves. ' The participle being a predicate -will not agree with its subject Jehovah U d.efiniteness, and hence must not receive the article, Remark 23, Lesson 13. ^ See Remark 8, Lesson 7. 45. Gen. 3 : 11-15. Who commanded thee not to do this evil [thing] /em. ? Not to hear. Not to see. Not to walk in the gardea 172 LESSONS IN WRITING HEBREW. I shall command the stars not to give light in tlie night Who did this? Didst thou see tlie woman who ate (Heb. the [one] eating) this fruit ? Did the serpent de ceive the woman ? Eat ye of it and bless Jehovah. 1 shall not eat the fruit which he has commanded me not to eat. What is this, the woman has done ? What are these ? Who are these ? The serpent is the most accursed of all cattle. Thy mother is the most blessed of all women. Thou art the greatest of all men. I told him. It was told to me. The serpent bruised his heel (Heb him [as to] heel). He shall bruise the serpent's head. 46. Gen. 3:16-19. I shall bless them that bless (Heb. blessing) thee, and curse them that curse (Heb. cursing) thee, and all the aarth shall be blessed in thee. The woman heard the voice of the serpent. The woman hearkened to the voice of the serpent. The man hearkened to the voice of his wife, and ate the fruit of which God had commanded him not to eat. The woman bare three sons. Sons were born to him. They shall be born. I was born. We were born. These are the names of the sons of Adam. Whose son art thou ? Return to dust (ye) sons of man. We returned. Have they returned i Will they (/.) return ? He brought them back (caused them to return). Tliey shall be brought back to the garden of the Lord. 47. Gen. 3 : 20-24. Adam called (Heb. to) the woman Eve. The woman was called Eve. The woman's name was Eve. God called his name Adam, and said, Because from the ground I have taken him. Did he not call the man Adam, accord LESSONS liSr WRITING HKISUEW. 17S iiig' to the name of the ground from wlience he had taken liim ? Men have given (Ileb. called) names to the stars of heaven. God called the name of the firmament hea- ven, and gave names to the day ami to the night. See thou the ground from whence thou wast taken. Take ye of the food \vlncli 1 have brought for you and eat of it. Coats of skin were made for the man and for the ^voman and they were clothed. These God gave to them instead of the fig-leaves which they had sewed for them- selves. He said to him, Put forth thy hand, and he put it forth. 1 shall send (Kal) him, I shall send her. He will send us. He will not send them. He has com- manded us not to send yon. Ye will send me a^vay (Piel). We shall send thee away. I shall drive you out (Piel) from my garden. He will keep me. Thou wilt keep tbem. HEBREW-ENGLISH VOCABILARY. nij n. in. (const, "'^is , pi. nins) father nix V. K. (fi^'a whence f nE"iN 11. f. ephah ti"^s n. 111. (D''tD:i|:) '/>z,«7i, A?^s hand^ each biij V. K. («B) /6> ^«?!. H. ?!6> cause to eat bs^ adv. not bs 11. m. 6^(9(;^ "bs prep, to, unto, respecting nb^? see nr nibs commonly in the pL Q^n'bx n. m. Ood nbbs5 n. m. Eleazar DS n. f. (niiss) mother DS? conj. ?y, in a disjuncti«re question or 'j'QiJ V. N. to he verified., foun(] true 176 UEBKEW-ENGLISH VOCABUJiAIiV. nsttx 11. Amanah cb'as adv. truly^ indeed n-ay Y K. (ks) to say. K to he said npi? adv. whither f ©i:t? 11. m. man. "':!!)! , ^35i? pron. / 51S n. m. (D^Si?) nostril^ face 51*? conj. also.^ even; ''S Pis? how much m^ore or after a negative how much less; Gen. iii. 1, is it even so that f nSii? n. m. ashes nani?! n. f. lattice^ window Hi^a'iN num. four D^ya^s? num. forty X^"^^ n. m. f. arh fix n, m. f. (ni) 6?«ri5A, Z«?i(:/ nns V. K. P. to curse. N. Ho. to he cursed 13'i'ii^ n. Ararat CN n. m. i. fire nf s? 11. f. (const, nox , pi. B^'TCp) woman., loife Tirs? pron. -^tj/ic, lohich; conj. ^/z-«^, hecause; ^'^!^'^. as nnirj? n. f. (d\ and tr\) pillar r)X sign of the definite object tii? prep, toith nni? m., r^« f. pron. ^/iow a prep, in, into, at, with "issa n. f. a wdl "155 n. 01. garment, pi. clothes "la 11. 111. separation; i'll'j ^7i /i^s separation, i. e. ^13 V. H. to separate, divide, N. to he separated nbHa n. hdellium ^ni n. m. emptiness n^na n. f. Zf^as^^, ?i account of b?a n. m. Baal, lord "i)?a n. m. morning sna V. K. to w □■i n. m. blood' tr\'t2'^_ n. f . liheness piriii'i 11. Damascus Pjb'i V. K. H. to GTUsh^pulver- ize "^yi n. m. thistle XP\ n. m. f. way Kffi'^ V. K. tospringup., said of grass. H. to cause tc spring ■up., bring forth gi'ass KTi'^ n. m. grass •n art. ^Ae n asks a question. "i"7n 11. 111. niagesty s^n m. N^n , i^in f. pron. he, sJie, it, that "in n. 111. spilendor T\\r\ V. K. to Z'^? ^'?n V. K. to (/o, i^a?^. II. to cause to go, lead. Hith. to go for one's self walk about p, nsn int. (siif. ""ipn) Zo .^ behold! "2n adv. hither tibn V. K. to ^^^r7^-. N. to /^e turned. Hith. to ^^rry^ O'/ie's self in n. m. (pi. O'^'^n, const ■'in) mountain li'^'^n n. m. conception ) COUJ. dZ?i6? SIT m. nb?'T f . bs , n|x pi. pron. this, these IHT n. m. gold n^T 11. m. olive-tree, olive "i?T V. K. to rememher "IDT n. m. ??2rt^6 nbr n. f. (n?T) .s^^^a^ P?T V. K. (fut. ») to cr^ npyr n. f. cry y^T V. K. to soiD. H. to pi'o duce seed 'S'^l n. m. s^'^t? 178 HEBRKW-ENGLISII VOCABULARY. sin V. H. to hide. N. Hitli. to hide one's self nni;;n n. f. apron bp'in n. Hiddekel^ Tii^ris C^n adj. neiu ttJ'iTi n. 111. month nbi^n n. Havilali pin V. K. (f ut. a) to he strong ^n adj. (s^t*^) living^ alive T\\r\ 11. f. (paragog. vowel in;!!!) life^ living tiling^ heast •i^n V. K. to live u'^'^n n. m. pi. life ■jilJn 11. m. f. windoto b'in V. H. to hegin f^n V. P. to deliver ^73n V. K. P. to desire. N. to he desired iffiW num. fifth ■j'bn 11. m. Haman D-'tsian wwm. fifty ^pn n. m. hindness^ niercy non V. K. to he diminished., to fail ^iy)_ n. 111. (^vS) ^^f^V ann n. f. sword tiyr\ adj. (D^T2-in) deaf *fTCn i\. m. darhness ninip adj. dean^])\ire nna v. K. ^o Z>e dean^ 'pwre. P. to purify, deanse. N. to he purified 3ii2 adj. ^06>c? ri?t2 V. P. to so^7, defile Dii: adv. tzo?! 2,6^5, hefoie t^'i V. K. (inf. const, nira^) to />(? c/ry nc3^ adj. f. ^^'2/ land vil V. K. to ^(? weary. P. II. to tveary, to cause to toil 1^ 11. f. hand H'^"^ V. K. to hnoio. H. J{r; (?«?/se to ^?io^^^, / out, go forth. H. to cause to go forth, hrlny forth pi:> V. K. to pour 12^^ V. K. (fut. "^s;^.^) to form S5^: V. K. (flit. XT') to/mr nn^' V. K. to ^o doxon, de scend ^'im'\i n. Jerusalem nyi n. m. 7?«^(?<9?i iri-'T' u. Jericho HEBREW-ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. 17U ' p*!") n. m. greenness ttjn; or ty^ v. K. H. to drive I out ' "^kyi^ n. m. Israel 21?^ V. K. to sit, dwell, in- liahit ^i?: V. K. (flit, ir:) to sleej) [ :?tJ'^ n. m. salvation ' 2 prep, according to, as, lihc lis K. (flit, a) to he heavy. P. to honor. N. to he honored ^riis n. m. honor, glory Tt'ns V. K. P. to snhdne. N. to he suhdued !ib adv. thus, so ■jniD n. m. priest ^^is n. m. 6'2;<27' b^3 V. P. (bibs) ^0 contain »^3 n. m. 6^'w,§7i. ■^3 conj. /br, hecause, that ; after a negative ^y^f^* bis n. m. (siif. i^3) «//, every, the tvhoJe Sib 3 V. K. to tvithhold, re- strain. N. to he restrained nb3 V. K. to come to an end. P. to complete, finish. Pii. to he finished ''bs n. m. (D"^b5) vessel, article f? adv. 5(9. 11 b? therefore S|53 n. f. 'Jt'Wi^ i«c3 11. m. (fii) throne CI95 11. m. silver 5|? n. f. (d:b3) j96?^y/i of the liaiid, sole of the foot 3^13 11. m. cheruh tri? V. K. 2^c» 6/?^?/. P. to/Z^. N. Pii. ^0 be filled nisbt! n. f. (const. nDsb^. suf. inDsb^ ) '2z;o/'^ n'ianbia n. f. tvar^fiejhting '^^"I2 V. K. to reign. H. to cause to reign., to maka king. Ho. to be made king ^^■a n. m. king nsb'a n. f. queen n^,Db^ n. f. (§ 9. 7) kingdom Tqvm 11. f. (const, n kingdom nbtJTQ^ n. f. (const, dominion., rule I'D n. m. tnanna p3 prep, from., 02it of; b D"i]|"a 0?^ ^A^ east of niDia n. m. rest y':^ V, K. to withhold^ keep back. 1^, to be withheld 'oy-a n. a little I2i')9 H. to ??z«i;6 6'??i<2^Z or^/^dw ■55^^ n. m. (d\ and ni) fountain by^ adv. above nnyis n. f. (const. n':,^7a) cave «i^ V. K. to find 7^2^-0 n. f. s?;«i5^/.e nii^'a n. f. commandment ni|573 n. m. gathering together^ collection Dip^ n. m. f. (ni) j^lace s'^'a n. f. Mara (bitter) nsnia n. m. sights appear- ance iD'in'a n. m. Mordecai ntD'a V. K. to anoint 'jSTE'a n. m. tabernacle., dwell- ing b»^ V. K. to rule., with 2 be- fore its object. H. to (?^ws{ to rw?e t:©©!? n. m. judgment S53 particle of entreaty, noio^ pray., I pray thee *133 V. H. to toZ^. Ho. to Z>^ ?c?6^ l^i prep, before^ in the pres- ence of over against; "i^^s- cm'responding to, a coun terpart HEBREW-ENGLISH ^'O0A^.ULARY. 181 Ti} V. K. to totichy ^vitb 5 before its object li'b V. K. N. to approach in? n. m. (n*'. and rii) river n^3 V. K. to rest. H. (nin or n"i3n) to cause to rest, put, place t\l n. m. Noali t^n2 n. m. serpent yb; V. K. to plant •'i32>,3 n. f. Naomi (^siveet) "1?? n. m. young man ntp V. K. to breathe, hloiu bB3 V. K. to fall, fail tti\ n. in. f. (n\ and ni) sold, life nij?3 u. f. female st'p V. H. to deceive D^r; see ni^x n^'i;? n. f. breath fns V. P. to demolish |nj^ V. K. to give, put. N. Ho. to be given SSD ^^- K- ^<5 surround ■lio V. K. P. to 6'A^/^5, shut np. N. Pu. to be shut. H. to (fTM/zcse to s//t?f«! ■i?9 V. N. to Z'^ sA'^^?*, stopped P^o n. in, -/'ot'^ ISO V. P. to recount, tell ■py V. K. to s^^"?;^, i!«7(? 131P n. HL servant "liy V. K. to p«s5. H. to (?<:w<.56 to pass 1? prep. '2^;zto, 'ww^!^7 n~y n. £ company, assem bly n? n. Eden "yys adv. 2/6/5, besides ^^y n. m. sucMing, babe D'iiy n. m. eternity / O^iS'b forever Cjiy n. m. ybwZ, ^^?'6?s :i^y V. K. P. to /y 1^.:? adj. blind "liy n. m. (ni) shin 37^ V. K. to leave, forsake "IT? u. m. help iby V. P. to croivn -'^ n. (with art.) Ai Vk n. f. (d:'D>3?) eye i''y n. f. (a^i^) city C3n^? n. m. (D'-isn'^y) iiahed- ness, naked "5? prep, lipon, over, concern- ing n3^ V. K. to ?(^. H. to bring up, offer nby 11. m. leaf nbi? n. f. burnt-offering ^"73. \i. m. ^'i D-^i' see opiy D? n. m. {p^v?) peop>l6 , ny prep, ("'iay or "'IB^) i<;e^ "lay \\ K. to .sto7i^Z isy n. m. (m) 6?ms^ 182 HEl}KEW-EN(i LloU VOBABULAK Y. f? u. m. tree^ and collectively t/)'ees y^V, n. m. jpain^ sorrow pi^y n. m. pain^ sorrow ai^ iL f. (d\ and ni) lone 2^^ D. m. (const. 2j?y, pi. D"". and tii) A^eZ sn:b n. m. f. (ni) evening i'nb n. m. raven Diny adj. (nisn?) ^^^^^^ niny adj. cunning^ subtle 3lby n. m. (ni) lierh nir^ V. K. ^^o do^ niake^ pro- duce. N. to he done, made lib? n. m. Esau niiny n. m. decade, ten ^TW. num. tenth ri;? 11. m. f. (cniy) time in tlie sense of duration T\T\1i adv. ^^o-z/; ns n. m. (const. "^B) mouth tSffijis n. Pison Qiriicbs n. m. pi. the Philistines "IS conj. ?6S^, ^A(2^ '^Z'O^ cis n. m. pi. /«C6/ ''is^ or "i;E-by hefore, in the pres- ence of D?S n. ni. f. time in tlie sense of repetition nps V. K. to open tlie eyes. N. to he opened n^B V. K. P. H. to separate, 'part. N. Pu. to he parted nns V. K. to he fruitful "•is n. m. fruit ni?-is n. m. Pharaoh 127^ n. Pharpa/}' rris 11. Euphrates t2irs V. K. z;o to^'6 t>jf clothes nns V. K. to open. N. ^0 hi opened X32 11. m. (D\ and ni) 7ic>s^ p^i n. m. righteousness nis V. P. to- command \h n. f. Zion D^i n. m. innage y"^? n. f . (const. 27^S , pi. Qi ." and ni) side, rih n'aa v. K. P. to sprout, to shoot forth. H. to cause to sprout npys 11. f. cry n-is n. f. (Tn±) trouhle bi|7 V. P. to receive, accept f 3)^ V. P. to gather. N. to he gathered 12)5 V. K. to hurij. N. to he hurled Dip n. m. east rrb'!]? 11. i. former state n^np 11. f. east Trip V. K. (fut. a^ to he holy P. H. to sanctfy, conse- crate. N. Pu. to he sancti fied. Hith. to sanctify oj purify onis self HEBREW-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 1S8 wip 11. m. holiness, a Itoly 2)lace or thing •^ili? ^- N. to he gathered to- gether ^ip n. m. (Mi) voice^ sound D'lp V. K to arise yip n. m. thor7i fibp, i^p adj. {^Vri?) litil^i small "it2p V. H. to hum incense nnibp n. f. incense ^yp V. K. to he light, dimin- ished nb^p n. f. a curse f p n. m. end nip n. m. end s-np V. K. to call. N. Pa. to he called nnp V. K. (flit, a) to come near, a/pproacli. H. to bring near, offer ^tlp V. K. to rend nij"! V. K. (flit, with Vav Kn'^1) to see. N. to he seen, aj)])ear nJiii n. m. (D"^ii'i«^) head, source n'^ict^T n. f, heginning '2r\ adj. (ns"^.) much, many rin V. K. to Z'6 many, mul- tiply intrans. P. H. (inf. abs. s^snn) to make many, multiply trans. ••^lan num. fourth b-S n. f. {pl7>;i) foot nin V. K. to ^'^^-^t^, A«(y(? <:/(•• minion Q"^t:n"i 11. m. pi. troughs n^n n. m. f . (ni) breath, wind. Spirit yii V. K. to ^'-w^ D^fin adj. merciful C'^n'^ n. m. pi. mercies, cmn- passions ^rn V. P. to brood, hover over Vnt' ^- K- to '?t^«sA ^■•1 V. K. to contend iiJi?^ V. K. to cr(f6^ tei3"} 11. m. creeping thing ^ reptile yn adj. (nyn) /;«4 &nl nyn n. m. famine nyn n. f. eiJ^^ ?"'P"^ n. m. jirmamcid vrm n. m. (OV and rn") ^g/6 loise^ act wisely rrabio n. f. garment nnr© n. f. gladness pi? n. m. sacTccloth qniD V, K. to Z>7f?'7z- ■jiiiio n. m. Jc*^/ iT^nsTD 11. f. remnant ''b'^'it num. seventh yn© V. N. to swea/r 184 HEBREW-ENGLISH V^OCABULARY. •w^ nibniD 11. m. seventeen niiD V. P. to break in pieces nniH V. K. (flit. and a) to rest, cease, keep Sabbath. H. to cause to rest or cease nil? n. 111. f. (suf. ina^) Sab- bath Dn"iD n. m. onyx n^ffi V. K. to return. P. H. to cause to return, bring bach 5)1© V. K. to bruise, crush nnic V. H. to destroy n''t3 V. K. to put litrj V. K. to lie down niiE) V. K. to forget tjiia V. K. to subside bD© V. K. (fut. a) to be be- reaved. P. to bereave DDT» V. H. to rise early ■}iTU V. K. to dwell. P. H. to cause to dioell, to station n'?Tr V. K. P. H. to send, send away, put forth '^ttJ-'bTJ? num. third ?Tb'T» V. H. to cast nribiE 11. m. Solomon DTT adv. there ; n^i^ thither Die n. m. (ni) name bs^ttic n. ra. Samuel D^'aTU n. m. pi. heaven I'aic n. m. oil yqt Y. K. to hear, witli a direct object or with 3 ; io hearken nttiT!' v.K. to keep, observe. TsJ, to keep one's self, take heed ID')? to n. m. f. s^m niilj n. f. (D"".) year ^i'SS n. m. crimson itp num. second D^'Sirr m. D^nip f. num. tioo rT'D'C* adv. (T/^ second time ny© n. m. f. (a\) ^(^^^^ nfiBTS n. f. handmaid Hj^Trf V. H. to cause to drink^ to water b]?©" n. m. shekel 'f'"]©" V. K. to creep, teem with increase abundantly y"}!? n. m. creeping thiiig, rep tile '^'^t num. sixth niijin n. f. desire nixn n. f. {p"" .) fig-tree, fig nin n. f. ark inn n. m. desolateness Dinn n. m. f. (ni) ocean, the deep tfW 11. m. midst ni'ibin n. f. pL generations nnn prep, under, instead of T^an n. m. sea-monster "isn V. K. to S6W iasn V. K. to lay hold of seize rra'inn n. f. deep sleep T]p^Wr\ n. f. destine '6j^&<<-u^ ENGLISH-HEBREW VOCABULARY, Aaron fins? above b^i: to accept ^?]? P. according to 3 on account of "\^35? to adhere p4'^ K. after "iiii? Alidb ai?n« Ai "rsiy) alive "'H all bb «Zso pi? , D5 AnianaTi ^^ai? ^0 anoint )i©:q K. ajpron nniiin i^o appear nsn N. appearance nj^"))? ^c approach ©^3 K. N. K. ^^ bereaved bb© K. besides liS' betiveen X"^ birds V^V 186 E]S GLISH-HEBREW VOOAB ULARY. to bless ^"DS K. (only in pass, part.) P. hlessing HDns blind ^?:? blood D'n to blow nap K. bone D2^ to be born "l^^ N. bread nnV ^0 ^r^«^ in pieces "i^T? P. to breathe nap K. to Z>?'m^ 55ia H. to Z>?m(7 ^ac/i' nw P. H. to bring fortli s^^ H. to bring forth cliildren 'ib^ H. to bring forth grass KtC'^ H. to Z'rm^ 7i(?6?r I"!!)? H. to bring up S^^? H. to Z'ro(?(/ qnT P. brother ns to bruise ^^ K. to ^>^^/^/ re^ K. to burn tqnto K. to i^/'r^i incense it:]? H. hurnt-offering nbi? to ^?^?'^ 1?]? K. but (after a negative) "^3 to m/Z snj5 K. to capture 1?^ K. to cast ^t TL cave n'li^'a to ^'e/^ZZ sb)9 K. garden 15 garment 'r^a , nribte ^«^!(? "i?i2J to ^«/^Af7" f nj5 P. to ^6 gatliered togethei TX^^^ N. gatliering together nijpia generations niibin Giheon p^nii 6^?7^(9/i lin-^a to doion T^i^ K. to gofort\ go out ^%*i K. to go up nby K. p'o?^:? nriT good iii3 God'^ifi, Q^nbx _^?'e«?5 bins to be great b^a K. to make great b'la P. greenness VT: ground n'a'i^ half ^sn Haman 1'cn KNGLISJI-IIEBKEW VOCABULARY. I8fl handmaid nriBip Havilali !^'?"^)n he Nin head TC'sh to hear 3/^^to K. to hearhen 571? ir K. 7i6<^'/'? nb , nsb heaven wf&t to he heavy "i?? K. to talce heed "i^t? N. heel 2]?:? Aer5 lis? Hiddeicel bj^'nn ^c) 7i2^6 «2n H. hither nan ^0 Za^/ Ac?Z^ ^ i»si? K. holiness ®'^p /(? J^ 7io?2/ 1^1^ K. honey t'^'i honor lias ^ Jerusalem pbci'^i' Joseph vipi'i Judah T\y\r\i judgment 'wm to 'keep "i^TO K. ^<9 ^^6^ ^«Ci?j y:'a K. ^(? ^^6^ Sabbath nnio K ^716? n. "J"^^ kindness 10^ ^m^ tjb"b ^<9 7/ia^6 king ^bia H. kingdom n^Dbia , nDbiatt to let know TV) H. land n^7N, -px 190 ENGLISH-HEBREW VOCABULAKY. to lead ^'?n H. leaf nby to leave at5 K. lest "jB to lie down a^to K. life n^n, D^rn, ts: light nis a light nis^ ^6) give light "iis5 H. liheness J^^^'n a little 12?^ i56> Z^'y6 "^rn, n^iri K. living "^n living thing fi«n ?o/ in, nan ^0 ^of/^6 r^ K. lord xn^ , b?i ^c ?oz;6 anij K. luminary "lia^'a majesty "iin ^(? w«^6 nto:? K. ^0 7?2(2^(? a covenant nns K. ^c> makefeio or small ti^'a H. to 77?;iz/iC cr.iz: to open nns K. to <9p(?7z, the eyes n^s K. a?' (iu a disjunctive question) out of "Jl? over V? over against ip, ovei'tahe pa^ H. ;pain asy , "lini^y to]^art ins K. P. H. people D? to peinsh ^3S K. Plmraoli ni^ns PKarijar "isns Philistines D"'ncbs pillar Tr\t^_ Pison ]"iK'"'D to place n^3 H., n-"© K. tojjlant yt33 K. to po?^r ps^ K. J97'?^i; m: H,, in: K,, n->;D K. to put forth nb© K. P. to ^i^^ o;i clothes ttJ'nb or TD'nl: K. queen nsbia to (?a2^S(? to rain TJ'a H to receive bnp P. to recount "iso P. to redeem bjia K. to ?'i?© to r^ n^3 K., naio K. to return intrans. SiO K, rib iy% rigldeousness P7^ to r/6^6 (?«;'/y DDTD H. river "inp to roll bba K. to ?'z^Z6 bisia K., rnn K. V32 ENGLlSil-lIEBKEW VOCABULAKY, to run 1fr\ K. Sahhath na© to heej) Sahhatli fis© K. sackcloth pi? salvation S^i?^ Samuel -s-i^tJ? to sanctify TSn^ P. H. to say n^s K. sea t3^ sea monster V?!? season n?"!^ second ''?© « second time JT'pi? to produce seed 5"?T H. to sell ">?^ K. ^c> sendy send away nbo K, P. H. to separate ^na H., ^ns K. P. H. separation ^a serpent icns servant 1^? /"(? 56'?'?;^ W K. to shine "^i^ K. N. to shoot forth r\m K. P. shruh 'ny^ to shut, shut vp "i?o K. side y^? sight nsn^ silver £ic| 6'/6'i5fr nins ^6> sit nis^^ ^0 5/^^ "JT?^ K. deep sleep n^'nnn to make small tsytt H. so lis, II ^0 so^7 5l?t? P. Solomon rib"b© sorrow a^^ , I'ia^y sound 'sip sou/rce ifi'iii i^o soi^ y'^T K. z!(> 5^e«^ ■^5'^ P. species T'a spirit n^"^ splendor lin ^c> spring up (said of grass) JJTC'J K. to sprout rrcs K. P. to sto?^^/ ^^V K. stor nDis to station l^ii? P. H. sto^?^e strong ptn K. ENGLIS5JIIKBKKW V0CAJ3ULARY. VJ?^ to mhdae tj'n? K. P. subtle ^r\'Ji suchling ^^^ sun TU^.Tp to siiTvoiind sno K. to swear yn;r N. sweat nyr sivord ly"] vabernacle I?®''? to take n^b K. to tale of clothes t:n?s H. to teem with yn© K. to tell n?3 H., nsD P. ^e?ii5 bni5 ^/i«^ conj. iffi6?, ■'S, pron. s^n that not "JS then TS therefore f? ~y thither stdto thorn "pip throne s^c? Tigris ^p'in ^0 ^z7^ "13? K. ^me (duration) n? ^iwe (repetition) cyD ''O -b« , ^ 9 to cause to toil vy^ P. H. ^o i56»?/