|TI * - LIBRARY ahcolo()ical Seminary, Plus ('ETC y. X. ./ No. Case, No. Shelf, ^ No. Book, ^ -No. From the Rev. W. B. SPRAGUE, D.D. Sept. 1839. JSprague €&llecfion, Vol^ ^ ^ ^ 4 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/sermondelivereda00dick_2 SERMON, DELIVERED AT SPRINGFIELD, MAS3*» July 4th, 1829, BEFORE THE €olonf|atton Socfetj} OF eounts. BY BAXTER DICKINSON, PASTOR OF THE FIRST CHURCH IH LONGMEADOW* PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE SOCIETY. SPRIJSTGFIELD. PRINTED BY 8. BOWLES. t- ^ m * i kI ; fm iwM ^ *4^ - I ;<»,;ip*. tFvanai'i s eai:9 uj^wq t-yiJq^m HdT ^ jwiaf}‘4TU»Jo ailaiai ^ aiaa - .««rt- n «---.fii/ti jtois )g3--^ia srfj jttOtl j \naji3ul ii^ ^lnwljj*» ir,9K^ Lutibirii fli j jyilc. .»iil btiB n&»4, 9il *mM o^agoRni soi ^niKi j: A !fWJ j!(n«J RuAi Itifti .b’v9 lo SiilrMnHj IxJR 9 >Ji 1o io'> nl .eistdio oi ior->B>3D9(i.s i«^iui6 Tf»n »Ji oi 8i9Wo -i^«a leiu Ao tiiV'itruB »itt o! viliaMitkd ?bl jr? ;»H s }xj} ni'^ dii«i;w lor Ritjasavi auJvib lo wxl:> «io j , .a^miaaqe | ' ,niutrSm.tiO^ ,9mii-} jHamnonsilo IIiil ,I»ltbvf itm at | -oJ ?>s%ifi!flb J" I'B %l| lo ajvMj ifdt aol aqo» ?J ri‘jdj 'I *i 4 i irrffj uo «!l*0«i , c I lo i:}»/-ii) ei li bflA .sapalo/au | trtiJatuiiib mIj SOO*«fe fci oeJ^qiaia? enobifai lo Jinq# ; ? lab hmt^tK iftii -ns »// .»?« sni->»)^ adi lo eotui/Wl . • b Joa W* 9f. — ; qi» bftiiW# Ha-id «Bd Ihiq* a d-n^^ I •.dJ-' ifjB.^aq iMHd /MuaoTsab -jdi J* . . >' yitHf.-i dJ « HiUiIro i» ■ />t»| od,' 111, bossilipUB i'lH OIB SVf 1 a*iinoi<4 M tilt# ‘wii 1 m Rtr^tana adj ritiol- i. frfl« boO 1 m aoh6»*Miq’|ft.ajll iifiili bta w^i vjriio oo f<' SERMON. Heb. XIII. 16. But to do good, and to communicate, forget not ; for with such sacrifices God is well pleased. . This inspired precept exhibits a prominent charac- teristic of our religion. It is a system that manifestly seeks both the present and future welfare of man. Embraced in faith and love, it can hardly fail to exert a purifying influence upon the heart and life. Not only has Christianity this direct tendency to reclaim from the love and practice of evil, and thus procure a permanent peace and glory for man ; by infusing its heavenly spirit into a given individual, it renders him a benefactor to others. In fulfilment of its claims, he cheerfully consecrates his powers in steady and vigor- ous action, to the service of God and his fellow-men. He yields habitually to the authority of that numer- ous class of divine precepts of which our text is a faix specimen. In our world, full of ignorance, crime, and suffering, there is scope for the efforts of the most enlarged be- nevolence. And it is matter of congratulation that a spirit of religious enterprise is among the distinctive features of the passing age. We are not surprised that such a spirit has been waked up ; — we are not surprised at the degree in w^hich it pervades the Christian world ; we are not surprised at the power it exhibits in calling forth the energies of the community, with a promise of no other reward than the approbation of God and 4 the luxury of doing good ; — we are not surprised, be- cause it is the exact spirit of the New Testament. — Our religion is a religion of love. It is a religion of action. To do good, and to communicate, forget not ; for with^such sacrifices God is well pleased. The precept before us is of a general character, in- culcating a readiness for benevolent action in whatever form it may be demanded by the circumstances of mankind. And hence, surely, it cannot be deemed in- appropriate as the foundation of a discourse on the . present occasion. The object of consideration spe- cially before us is the case of the coloured population of our country. They are a degraded and afflicted multitude, in the bosom of a free, enlightened, and Christian land. For their benefit primarily a society was formed twelve years ago, which has steadily pur- sued its object under circumstances of peculiar embar- rassment, but with very encouraging effect. And the claims of that society on our support are to constitute the burden of this discourse. The ‘‘American Colonization Society” was formed with special reference to the free blacks of our coun- try, With the delicate subject of slavery it presumes not to interfere. And yet doubtless from the first it has cherished the hope of being in some w^ay or other a medium of relief to the entire coloured population of the land. Such a hope is certainly both innocent and benevolent. And so long as the society adheres to the object announced in its Constitution, as it hitherto has done, the master can surely find no reas- onable cause of anxiety. And it is a gratifying circumstance that the society has from the first obtain- ed its most decided and efficient sup})ort from the slave-holding States. 5 The object of the Society is to aid the settlement of such free blacks, as are willing to emigrate, on the western coast of Africa. They may have been born free, or emancipated from a state of bondage. It would gladly, however, grasp at a still grander object — that of restoring to the land of their fathers the whole coloured race wdthin our borders. Nor probably will it be satisfied to rest from its labours, till this object, in all its magnitude, is accomplished. This then is the enterprise whose claims are now urged upon our consideration. Whenever an object of this nature is presented, two questions are naturally suggested — is the object im- portant ? — IS IT PRACTICABLE ? The importance of the enterprise before us is very generally conceded. — The Christian, the philanthropist, the patriot, are unit- ed in acknotvledging and proclaiming its importance. Though the plans of the Society have been regard- ed as benevolent and patriotic, the project was at first looked upon by the country at large as visionary— even though it was simply to remove the free people of col- oure. Hence for a number of years the Society ob- tained but a very limited support. And to the present time, it is believed that thousands decline a participa- tion in the enterprise from the palsying impression that it can never fully succeed. Toil, and treasure, and life may be expended ; and yet the dread evil will exist among us. Perhaps this spirit of incredulity pervades in a measure the community of which ourselves are a part. And to it probably may be ascribed in part the too general apathy that prevails on this subject. Could our eye glance forward upon the future operations of the Society, and fasten itself upon so splendid a result as that which it contemplates, the enterprise, it is be- lieved, would enjoy our warmest sympathies, and be 6 the occasion of some of our boldest and most self-de- nying efforts. Can the enterprise, then, on which the American Colonization Society is embarked, be accomplished ? Can two hundred and fifty thousand free people of colour, and two millions of slaves be taken from the midst of us and planted down upon the soil of their fathers, to their own benefit and to the immense ben- fit of our country. In considering the practicability of the colonizing plan, several inquiries are naturally suggested. And the first is. Can blacks be induced to emigrate ? An- other is. Can they be defended fro m the violence of the natives ? A third — Will the country to which they are carried furnish the means of their comfortable subsist- ence ? A fourth — Is the climate of the country suffi- ciently hecdthy to justify a settlement there ? And a fifth inquiry is. Has our country the resources demand- ed for the accomplishment of an object of this magni- tude ? 1. Can blacks be induced to emigrate? This inqui- ry is satisfactorily answered by a bare reference to the past operations of the Society, It has adopted no coercive measures ; and yet it has planted a flourishing Colony of fourteen hundred souls. Three hundred were transported the last year. Six hundred stood ready to embark at the close of the year. And at the same time a passage was sought for two hundred slaves. Had the Society the pecuniary means, these eight hun- dred might now have been pursuing the varied avoca- tions of an honest industry, free and happy, on the coast of Africa. It is not strange that the coloured race looked at the enterprise in its infancy with suspicion. How could 7 they do otherwise with the record of their past wrongs before them ? In proportion, however, as the plan and its success have become known, has that jealousy been removed. And why should they not readily fall in with the views of the Society which seeks their benefit ? On what, judging from the past, can they reasonably calculate in this land but degradation and suffering ? And in the foreign land to which they are pointed, how cheering is the prospect that opens on their view. By the more intelligent among them the case is well understood, and there is rising a tide of sentiment in favour of emigration. Meetings are held, and addresses sent forth from their number which can- not fail to aid immensely the designs of the Society. It has never yet been an obstacle to its operations that emigrants could not be procured, and probably it never will be. As regards this point, then, the object contem- plated is most manifestly within the limits of practica- bility. 2. Can a Colony on the coast of Africa be defended from the violence of the natives ? This inquiry, too, is satisfactorily answered by a bare reference to the past. A hostile spirit was manifested by the natives in the very infancy of the settlement of Liberia. The means of defence were of course very poor. The whole effective force of the Colony was but twenty-eight men and boys. And yet this little band, led by the discreet, courageous, and now lamented Ashmun — this little band, contending for liberty and life, withstood two successive attacks from the natives — the first by eight hundred, the second by fifteen hundred. And the result of that warfare, united with the well known timidity of the native African character, has led to the opinion, that a hundred well armed freemen, fighting for their liberty, and their children, and their homes. 8 may defend the Colony against all the hordes that can be mustered against them. And yet the Colony has at present a far better defence than that. Its military organization depends for its extent, discipline and strength, upon the public spirit of the people ; and still nearly every able bodied man has enrolled himself as a member of some uniformed and regularly trained corps. And the whole might be brought into actual service upon the shortest notice. The organization and disci- pline of this force are such as to admit of no appre- hensions of public danger. In proportion as the set- tlement enlarges, will its means of protection be ex- tended ; and an over-awing influence will be sent abroad through the neighbouring tribes. There is, then, no fearful hazard attending the enterprise. It is a groundless anxiety, that is occasioned by the num- bers and the jealousies of the native inhabitants. 3. Will the country^ selected as the home of our col- oured brethren^ furnish the means of a comfortable sub- sistence ? “ There remains not a doubt,” said Mr. Ashmun the Colonial Agent, some months previous to his decease, “ that the products of the Colony will, the ensuing year, equal its consumption in every article except rice. The results of the last year’s industry have furnished most convincing proofs of the produc- tiveness of the soil.” Of many articles a large surplus has been raised. The Coffee of the Colony has been sold in several of our own markets. A regular trade with the settlement has been commenced by some of our merchants. The exports of the Colony the last year are reported to have amounted to seventy or eighty thousand dollars. At the commencement of the year four small schooners had gone abroad upon the coasting trade under the flag of the Colony, — several others were about to sail, most of which had been built and fitted out by the Colonists. 9 Scarcely any country affords a better variety of do- mestic animals and products than that which now in- vites to its bosom our coloured population. Among them are some of the choicest luxuries as w^ell as conveniences of life. Nor is the productive terri- tory of very limited extent. It stretches along the coast and back into the interior, so as to constitute a country adequate, and more than adequate to all the majestic purposes contemplated by the Colonizing So- ciety. Nor is there any serious difficulty in obtaining from the natives an exclusive title to the soil, and that too for a trivial price. There is held out to the view of the emigrant then every reasonable prospect of a comfortable home. — Agriculture, the mechanick arts, commerce, all pledge to him a full reward for his labour. He may be bles- sed with competency ; he may be blessed with ivealth, I anticipate a little the future history of this enterprise, and visions of splendid improvement break on my view. I see the forest subdued ; gardens, orchards, and ex- tended fields enclosed ; 1 see cities rising one after an- other, embosoming a busy and thriving population.— Throughout an extended territory, the dwellings, the fields, the villages, the cities, the rivers, the harbours, all present the spectacle of a peaceful, thriving and happy population. But though the country may furnish the means of support— Is 4. The climate siifficiently healthy to justify a set- tlement there ? Say the Managers of the Society in their last Report, “ The general health of the Colony has through the year been uninterrupted ; and addition- al experience confirms the belief that there is nothing in the African climate to prevent the successful estab- lishment of colonies of coloured persons from die Uni- 2 10 ted States, Ibut that its influences are well adapted to the constitution of the coloured race. A slight in- disposition soon after their arrival may be expected ; but subsequently they enjoy more vigour and exemp- tion from disease than in countries without the tropics.” This is the language of experiment. In one of the towns of the Colony, with the exception of two chil- dren, no person has yet died of fever. And almost all the mortality of the whole Colony since its settlement can be traced to some circumstance of manifest impru- dence. Care is unquestionably to be exercised in the selection of places for settlement. Care is to be exer- cised also in guarding against the common causes of disease in all tropical countries. And in the distribu- tion of emigrants among the several settlements, refer- ence is to be had to the latitude of our country from which they were taken. In a uniform adherence to such measures of precaution, it is believed that the whole mass of our coloured population'^may be trans- ported to the coast of Africa with entire safety. It is believed indeed to be the very climate for which they were formed by the God of nature, and which is ren- dered in his wisdom si)ecially congenial to their peculiar physical constitution. And the residence of many of them among us is at the expense of comfort, health, and life, inasmuch as it is an obvious violation of the benevolent arrangements of Divine Providence. In considering the practicability of the colonizing enterprise, another inquiry is still presented. 5. Has our country the resources demanded for the accomplishment of an object of such magnitude f The transportation of more than two millions of souls to a remote country is indeed an object of formidable as- pect. It obviously cannot be accomplished at once. — But that the number can be gradually diminished, till 11 utterly extinguished, may be made to appear, it is be- lieved, from a little arithmetical calculation. Let the object be to prevent by transportation the future in- crease of this people, and to reduce annually but a lit- tle the original stock, and who can fail to perceive the importance and glory of the enterprise ? And can this object be achieved by such means as the country can readily bring to bear upon it ? The annual increase of the free blacks is estimated to be two and a half per cent, and that of the slaves to be three per cent. The last census being taken as the data of calculation, the actual increase of the former would be annually six thousand, and of the latter forty- six thousand ; — or of both united fifty-two thousand. — The average expense of each emigrant, young and old, including passage money and subsistence, is found by the experience of the Society to be twenty dollars. It is supposed it may yet be considerably reduced. — The annual cost of transporting the contemplated number to the coast of Africa, then, would be one million and forty thousand dollars. Here is the tax to be levied upon the United States, for the purpose of opposing an effectual barrier to the growth of an evil which the united voice of the land is beginning loudly to deplore — an evil, which, if not arrested, must inev- itably lead to results on which the eye looks with hor- ror. And can this tax he paid ? Assessed upon the ten millions of white population equally, it would be 7ime and a half cents for each — or ^howi ffty cents for each family. And where is the family that cannot pay its full proportion ? Let the man of princely estate withhold the generous donation he might spare as well as not, and who would still be burdened by the expense of this mighty enterprise ? Assessed upon the profes- sed disciples of the benevolent Saviour of all denom- 12 illations, the tax would be about one dollar annually for each. Let the church alone, then, assume the bur- den — the church, solemnly pledged for works of benev- olence — and who tvill harbour the apprehension that she must be impoverished ? And what Christian, cal- culating soon to exchange all earthly possessions for the imperishable glories of the upper world, will clinch the dollar that might perpetuate the liberties of his country, contribute to rescue thousands from deep af- fliction, and shed the blessings of civilization and the gospel over a continent ? Let such a tide of public sentiment in favour of the project be raised as to justify the General Government in assuming the pecuniary burden, and who honestly be- lieves that any of the great interests of the country would suffer ? Is a nation like this to be embarrassed by an annual appropriation of little more than a million of dollars to the cause of humanity ? — a nation that can extinguish in a year twelve millions of national debt, and at the same time prosecute with vigour its majestic plans of defence and of internal improvement ? — a nation, one of whose States can hazard six millions of dollars on the j)roject of opening a single canal ? — a nation, whose canvass whitens every sea, and proudly enters almost every harbour of the globe ? — a nation whose villages and cities are rising as by magic over a fertile territory of two millions of square miles ? — a nation destined within the compass of the passing cen- tury to embosom a white population of eighty millions ? With the past smiles of Divine Providence, our national debt will soon be annihilated. And from that glad hour let the government provide liberally for all its ne- cessary operations — let it push forward every wheel in its splendid machinery of political improvement, and then give to our cause but the surplus of its rev- 13 enue ; and, as regards the expense of transportation, it will furnish the means of granting to every African exile among us a happy home in the land of his fathers within the compass of six years. — Let it bestow but half the amount of the expense of our last war ; and it would enable the Society to accomplish all at which its benevolence grasps. Let the commu- nity make for the object an annual offering equal to that which it taxes itself for intoxicating liquors ; and it would enable the Society to purchase from their bon- dage at a fair price, the entire slave population of our country in five, or at most six years. And the offering would lay the axe at the root of the tree as regards the two deadliest evils in the land. Whether, then, the burden of this enterprise be sus- tained by the voluntary contributions of the community, or by the resources of the civil government, it cannot be the occasion of suffering to the nation. The money can be spared without seriously abridging individual comfort or national improvement. It has been said that the entire shij^ping of the country, both public and private, would hardly be com- petent for an object of this magnitude. But careful calculation has proved, that one eighteenth of the mer- cantile shipping alone^ entirely devoted to the enter- prise, is competent to carry it into complete consum- mation. And why might not our brilliant and growing navy aid to some extent the humane and patriotic cause ? If necessary, why might not the marine of other lands be chartered ? Strange indeed it is if ship- ping enough could be found half a century ago to re- duce hundreds of thousands of this race in a single year to a wretched vassalage, and in this age of aug- mented light, and wealth, and improvement in every 14 art, enough cannot be found for the single benevolent object before us ! But it may be said that the slaves are property ; and can be obtained only as they are purchased of the mas- ter. True, they are regarded as property; and the civil code recognizes the claim of the master. And what would be looked upon as a pecuniary equivalent for the whole must amount to an enormous sum. And yet who can doubt the ability of this rising nation to make the purchase ? And who can doubt that it might be the soundest policy to extinguish the master’s claim throughout our territory at the price of six hundred millions of dollars ? 1 will not, however, do our slave- holding brethren the injustice to believe that this whole equivalent will be demanded. Facts prove abundantly that it will not. There is extensively a readiness to relinquish entirely this property, just so soon as it can be done with safety to the community, and with ad- vantage to the coloured race. The American Colonization Society would gladly afford the opportunity of gratifying this spirit of hu- manity ; but its means have hitherto been utterly in- adequate. Of its emigrants the last year eighty-eight were manumitted slaves. At the close of the year a passage was sought for two hundred more. Two thou- sand could now be received from the single State of North Carolina. ‘‘ I am perfectly astonished,” says an Agent of the State Colonization Society of Ken- tucky, “ at the ardour with which all men of all ranks enter into the plans of the Society. In going round to receive members, I was informed by many individu- als, that they were perfectly ready to surrender their negroes at any time the Society might be prepared to receive them.” 15 Facts of this nature encourage the hope that the Society will never be under the necessity of ])urchas- ing emigrants. If its operations and its success are of a nature to secure for it the confidence of the country, it will yet be hailed by thousands as a medium of bles- sings to themselves and to their coloured dependents ; it will lead to the " Joption of Legislative measures in the States for emancipation ; it will give rise to one urgent appeal after another from all parts of the Union to the General Government in favour of its objects ; it will create such a public sentiment, that funds will be poured into its treasury by voluntary contribution and Legislative enactment, — and still, probably, till its work is completed, it will be unable to meet the appli- cations that will crowd upon its attention. The American Society is already sustained by eleven State Auxiliaries. The Legislatures of eleven States have publicly expressed their approbation of its plans ; and of these six are Slave States. By ten States have its objects been recommended to the patronage of the General Government ; and of these five are Slave States. And by the Legislature of one Slave State has an annual appropriation been made to further the objects of the Society. Let the benevolent pour their charities into its treasury. Let Congress make its generous appropriations. Let State Legislatures come to its aid with their more limited offerings ; — and the master will come forward ivith his slaves^ and present them to the Society as a free-will offering. The sev- eral Slave States it is to be presumed, too, will prompt- ly adopt regulatiotis for emancipation which shall cor- respond with the existing means of emigration. Thus have 1 glanced at the principal circumstances which affect xhe practicahility of the Colonizing scheme. 16 Blacks can be induced to 'emigrate. A colony on the coast of Africa can be made secure against the violence, of tlie natives. The adopted country will afford the means of their comfortable subsistence. The climate of the country is such as fully to justify their settle- ment there. And this nation has all the resources re- quisite for the full and triumphant accomplishment of such an object. The scheme before the American public is not, then, the project of an enthusiast. In all its greatness and its grandeur it can be carried into execution. The Society can do nothing, however, without funds, and at present its dependence is upon the voluntary offerings of the community. And to ourselves as well as others it now comes with its loud appeals. It ad- dresses itself to our generous feelings as men, to our sympathies as Christians^ and to our patriotism as citizens of this extended and rising Republic. — Among us is a growing population of strangers. — They are manifestly in circumstances to awaken our kindest commisseration. In the bosom of a thriving people they are poor. In the bosom of an enlight- ened people the}^ are ignorant. In the bosom of an independent people most of them are in slavery. In the note of exultation which to-day echoes through the land, two millions among us can feel no rational sympathy ! An asylum has been opened for them in the land of their fathers. Send them thither ; and they will find themselves to be at home. Freedom, and competency, and intelligence, and religion will bless their existence. The enterprise is one of unquestion- able benevolence. Scarcely another presents an ap- peal so touching to the sensibilities. This afflicted people have special and powerful claims on your sym- pathy. Rise to their relief. Restore them to their n proper home. And they will forget all their past wrongs. And amid the hosannas which shall celebrate their emancipation, they will do full justice to your benevolence. The American Colonization Society addresses itself to our patriotism, as citizens of this growing Republic. The existence of such a population among us is a most manifest evil. And every year adds to its threatening aspect. They are more than a sixth of our population ! Their ratio of increase exceeds that of the whites. They have all the lofty and immortal powers of man. And the time must arrive, when they will fearlessly claim the prerogatives oi man. They may do it in the spirit of revenge. They may do it in the spirit of desperation. And the result of such a mustering of their energies — who can look at it even in distant pros- pect without horror ? iVlmost as numerous are they now, as our whole population when this nation stood forth for freedom in a contest with the mightiest power of the civilized world. And if nothing is done to arrest their increase, w^e shall have in tw-enty years four millions of slaves ; in forty years eight millions ; in sixty years sixteen millions, and a million of free blacks ; — seventeen millions of people ; seven millions more than our present wdiite population ; — enough for a powerful empire ! And how" can they be governed ? Who can foretell those scenes of carnage and terror which our own children may w^itness, unless a season- able remedy be applied ? The remedy is now within our reach. We can stop their increase ; we can di- minish their number ; we can in thirty years entirely remove the race ; and that without any sacrifice. We can plant them on a distant coast, w here they will thrive, and in sixty years become a i)owerful Republic. Who then is the patriot that can withhold the little charity so imperiously deioaiided tor the safety of his beloved Country. The Society addresses itself to our sympathies as Christians, Its Colony is to be a civilized and a Chris- tian Colony. It is destined to exert a mighty influence on the neighboring tribes benighted and besotted. It will be a direct medium of access to them, with those arts and sciences which bless humanity — with that gos- pel which has treasures of consolation for man as a crea- ture of time, and which is his only adequate guide as a candidate for immortality. It may be a radiating point, from which the mingled lights of science and religion shall beam forth to cheer and elevate a continent of a hundred millions. Thus has the object a most manifest and powerful bearing on the predicted event of our world’s entire submission to the sceptre of Zion’s King. Who then will withhold the little treasure that is need- ed, when the offering would bless an injured people — his country — a continent — a world ? Dim must be the eye that does not perceive the majesty of the enter- prise ; and dead to sensibility the heart that is not thrilled by the bare possibility of its triumph. Why, then, should it not electrify the wise, the rich, and the good throughout the land ? Such a national effort in behalf of degraded and distant millions would be an eternal diadem in our country’s glory. Too long, dear brethren, have we been accustomed to exult in our privileges, and to forget the multitudes less favored. Fifty years have passed since to us were entrusted the ensigns of freedom to the whole earth. Meanwhile two generations of mankind have gone down to the dead; and half the living are yet in bondage. And shall we go on, exulting in our free institutions, and make no mighty ehbrt to emancipate the world r God of heaven forbid it ! Every generous feeling forbid it ! Rather let us seize every opportunity for extend- ing these blessin/,s. Let us be followers of Him who, though he was rich, for our sakes became poor. And when we go down to the gates of death, let it not be written to our eternal shame, that we have lived only to ourselves. And when, with the high and the low of every age and clime, we go up to meet the Judge in clouds, O may we hear from his gracious lips. In as much as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me. r ' \ ■ ' , ■ ■m ,f. - -. i:-' ' * vm V S’ , ; ■ t i:iS } < " ::4 W • i -^4 ■ ■ ■ • ■ . ' .jllli"'*- • ‘v#;' ..r M. .V :T " ''\-H /'l '. - ^’^. ■■ »■ m .‘-‘^,1,,, -V >\tf ,* .l•^;a ■■ :r.’F ...* • ->^ / i(n/ ,v’-: , J*^■- , rt*. ♦ ;■■» ,'A^ i* ■\ ' XA.-- . ->A ■■*" 'v" .rwOfc 'm ^4 ^ . ‘P'^'a ' . ; .'