The House and its Bu 'f , f ^^.m «« *' *"'°»'"" *%>,, PRINCETON, N. J. ^iC Sif// Division *^*-^7 — V.^ Section ^ /j I O Number m':yf 1% THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER C^ BOOK Foil THE ^DOUBTFUL samuelK:ox, d.d. AUTHOR OF "a COMMENTARY ON JOB," "BALAAM," " RUTH, "SALVATOR MUiNDI," &C., &C. T. FISHER UNWIN 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE MDCCCLXXXIX TO MY FRIEND JESSE HIND, ESQ. IN MEMORY OF MUCH KINDNESS AND MANY SERVICES. PREFACE. rHIS little book, or booklet, like the landlord's chest in The Deserted Village, is ''contrived a double debt to pay I' First, it includes the last ten Seinnons I have been alloived to preach, the only sermons I zuas able to preach during the last six months of a pastorate extending over a quarter of a century, and of a ministry zvhich has lasted some forty years. My Congregation, as was natural per Jiaps, seeing that it consisted of personal and attached friends, expressed a strong desire to have these Sermons pi^inted, that they might read and retain them in a permanent form. With their request I very gladly comply, as indeed I should be happy to comply zvith any request they coidd make of me ; for I owe them much, and love them much. PREFACE. And, t/icn, I avii not luitJiont hope that at least some of these discourses may prove useful to many who did not hear them. In the introduction to Sermon II. I have related the curioiis — arid, to Die, impressive — condnnation of circumstances that led me to take up the tJieme discussed in Sermons I.- VI., ivhile the opening sentences of Sermon X. explain Jioiv I came to follow them up with a final appeal to the reason^ conscience ^ and charity of those who had listened to that series ivith interest. These seven discourses are all, as will be seen, addressed to those zvho have been infected by the doubts zchich are in the very air of the time, doubts which every thoughtful mind is, sooner or later, co7npelled to face. In the course of my life I have Viet ivitJi so 7nany young people ivJio have been, un- willingly and reluctantly, driven into scepticism by the hard and Jiarroiu dogmas in ivhich they zuere bred, or by the pitiless severity with which these dogmas have been thrust upon them, that I have felt it my duty to devote myself to their service, and to consider again and again Jioiv I could best serve them. And hence I held it to be a happy accident, or, rather, a J lappy providence^ that I was led, by no design or intention of my own, to con- clude my ministry with words addressed to them. In these discourses I have used arguments and PREFACE. folloived a line of thought zvhich, in many private conversatio7is, have proved nsefid and effective ivith those zuhose minds were clotided with doubt, tJioiigh they desired nothing so mnch as to see the light and walk in it. And I fonnd them not less effective when they were reduced to form, and preached to a Congregation in which there zvere many young and inquiring minds. Hence I indidge the hope that they may still prove useful now that they are ad- dressed to a zvider circle. I can at least say this for them : that they have served to recover to an active a^id cheerful faith in the Father of all men, and the Saviour of all, some zvho once found themselves alone in the world, without a God whom they coidd love, or a hope which they could cherish and in which they coidd confide. A nd I trust and pray that they may yet do that great service for many more. These Sermons are not addressed to those zvho are either hostile to religion or indifferent to it ; hit to that large and increasing class to whom the loss of a reasonable faith is as a sentence of death, zuho long to believe and yet find the dogmas in zvhich they have been reared growing more and more incredible to them ; and zvJlo for bode zvith a sinking and reluctant heart that they may be com- pelled to renounce the faith they once held. By PREFACE. its timidity^ its narroivncss and hardness, its con- ti'oversies and divisions, tJie ChurcJi is largely answerable — more anszverable, I fear, than that advance of scientific thougJit and method which it too often condemns as alone responsible — for the existence of this class ; and those of 7ts who love the Church, and believe that it carries the fortunes of the world, while yet we see and confess how much of the existing unbelief it has to answer for, are bound to do ivhat we can for those who, through no fault of their own, but rather by our faults and defects, are being driven from the true home and sanctuary of the soul. One other reason may be alleged for the pub- lication of these discourses. They contain an exposition of one of the noblest passages in the zvritings of St. Paid, Romans viii. 1 8-27, a 7nore detailed and complete exposition than any I can find on my shelves : and this may prove welcome even to those wJio have long since faced their doubts and fought them dozun. The Holme, Hastings. CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE. I. THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER . .II II. THE ORIGIN OF EVIL : A WORKING HYPO- THESIS ..... III. THE GROANS OF NATURE IV. THE GROANS OF HUMANITY V. THE GROANS OF THE SPIRIT VI. INFERENCES AND USES VII. MERCY AND JUSTICE .... VIII. THE SEA OF CARE AND THE HARBOUR OF TRUST. A SERREON TO THE YOUNG . IX. THE LESSONS OF THE ROD . X. THE ESSENTIALS OF RELIGION. A FAREWELL DISCOURSE .... 30 49 74 93 no 128 143 161 177 I. THE HOUSE Q4ND ITS BUHDETi, "Every house is bitilded by some one; Int he that hcilt all things is Gct^."— Hrb. iii. 4. AD the house a builder, or did it build itself? This is a ques- tion which is occupying many minds, many tongues, many pens, just now, and to which various answers are given, though only two of them seem worth consider- ing. If we say, " The house built itself," that, clearly, is a straightforward answer to the ques- tion, however unsatisfactory it may prove on examination. And if wc say, " The house was 12 THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. built by God," that, again, is clearly an answer to the question, and an answer which seems at once to commend itself to our common sense, however disputable it may be. But if we have nothing more to say than " We do not know," clearly we do not answer the question at all ; we do not even shew it to be unanswerable ; we simply admit our incapacity to answer it: and though that may be a sufficiently interest- ing fact to us, it has no interest for the world at large, which cares very little for us, but cares a great deal for the question we have raised. Unless, therefore, we choose to occupy the Agnostic attitude of nescience — which, however, is the only position which some minds can occupy, for a time, since uncertainty of know- ledge makes suspense a duty — we have to choose between the answers of the Materialist and of the Theist. The Materialist says, " The house built itself;" the Theist says, '* He who built all things is God." The issue is, therefore, clear and plain. It is between these two answers to the question which lies at the root of all philosophy and all religion that we really have to choose. No third course, if at least we are to answer the question at all, is open to us. To ascribe the building of the house, the making THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. 13 of the universe, to Evolution, for example, is simply to evade and confuse the question in debate, not to answer it ; for evolution, or de- velopment, can be nothing more than the method, or one of the methods, by which the Builder wrought, whether that builder be a Person or a Force, and to determine the method in which, or the tool with which, the Architect wrought is not to decide who the Architect was. No, after all our discussions, all our evasions, we are brought back to a simple alternative, and must either say, " The house built itself," or say, " Every house is builded by some one ; and he that built all things is God." Which of these answers ive shall prefer, there can be no doubt ; for we accept the teaching of the New Testament as a revelation of the mind and will of God, as the supreme authority in all questions of ethics and religion. And yet it may — in these days of doubt, indeed, in which this fundamental question is being discussed in our very novels and newspapers and magazines, it must — be worth our while to consider what reasons we can assign for our preference. We cannot simply appeal to the authority of the Bible when its authority is disputed, or even denied. Nor do we shew any want o{ reverence 14 THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. for Holy Writ in appealing to the dictates of reason, and searching out arguments for the faith that is in us. Revelation itself must be reasonable ; for reason must be competent to judge its credentials, if not its contents ; we cannot bow to its authority until we are con- vinced of its authority. And how can any revelation prove, to reason, its right to teach irrationally? Any authority which appeals to reason for its right to speak asserts itself to be essentially rational. For why appeal to reason, if reason is to distrust and defy itself? Is not my text itself an appeal to reason ? Is there not a logical movement and force in the words, " Every house is builded by some one ; but he who built all things is God " ? And if the Bible argues with us, may we not, are we not bound to use our reason on its arguments, and to consider what is their force and weight ? On the other hand, let us bear in mind that to reason on any theme is not necessarily to prove it. Proof is only one of many forms in which reason works. And there are more kinds of proof than one. We cannot prove the exist- ence of Julius Caesar, no, nor even that of Napoleon Buonaparte, in the same way that we THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. 15 can verify an arithmetical sum or demonstrate a mathematical problem — so as to close every loophole for doubt. We cannot prove that the four Gospels were written by the four Evan- gelists whose names they bear, or that Homer composed the ballads collected in the Iliad, or even that Shakespeare wrote the dramas attributed to his pen, with the same irrefra- gable and unquestionable certainty with which we demonstrate that two and two make four, or that all the angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles. Even the larger conclusions of Science — conclusions summed up in such words as Gravitation and Evolution, or in the current theories of Light, Colour, and Sound — are justly called " speculations," although no sane man will deny them ; they are but working hypotheses which we accept because those who are able to judge assure us that they most adequately explain the phenomena they cover. And in theology we meet with the same difficulties, and the same limitations, that we encounter in Science, in Literature, in History. In one of his later poems, Browning satirizes Man, with the narrow mind (who) must cram inside His finite God's infinitude,— earth's vault He bids comprise the heavenly far and wide, i6 THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. Since man may claim a right to understand What passes understanding ! But it is only men of a narrow mind who ad- vance this tremendous and preposterous claim. If we have any breadth and compass of thought we shall admit that there is much in the heavenly far and wide which we cannot comprehend ; that even the simplest facts of which we are most sure are based on mysteries which we cannot hope to fathom. We shall frankly admit that we cannot prove the existence of God any more than we can prove our own existence ; that we can no more prove that we shall live again than that we have never lived before. But we shall remember, for our comfort, what one of our best thinkers has said, that we cannot, in this strict sense, prove anything that is much worth be- lieving.i We shall be content with the working hypotheses which most adequately explain the facts and phenomena with which we have to deal, and neither attempt to cram, nor pretend that we have crammed, God's infinitude into our finite, or comprehend, with our narrow minds, the heavenly far and wide. For, after all, ' For nothing worthy proving can be proven. Nor yet disprovcn. Tennyson's Tiresias. THE HOUSE AND ITS BUHDER. 17 What do we see ? Each man a span Of some few yards before his face. Can that the whole wide plan explain ? Ah, no : consider it again. Now if we come to the question before us in this humble and reasonable spirit, conscious that, at the best, our explanation of " the whole wide plan " of the universe must be a tentative and inadequate hypothesis, although the best we can frame, I do not think we shall have any grave difficulty in reaching our decision between the materialistic and the theistic answers to it, or even in arriving at an hypothesis in which we shall be content to rest. The Materialist says virtually, " The house built itself;" i.e., he sees nothing but matter and force in the whole universe — these two, matter and force, being, perhaps, only two dif- ferent forms or aspects under which we conceive the ultimate fact of the universe. This, at least, is his working hypothesis. He sees no need of a Builder, a Maker, a Creator. The inter-action of force and matter, by a process of slow and gradual evolution, is sufficient, in his judgment, to account for all that is, even up to the mind of man, and its craving for immortality. Is this, then, a satisfactory, an adequate, work- 2 i8 THE HObSE AND ITS BUILDER. ing hypothesis ? Docs It cover and explain all the facts ? To begin with, it in no way accounts for the origin of matter and force even. Nor does it account for the existence of law and order in the universe, or for the origin of life, thought, conscience. It does not prove, it only assumes, that matter is capable of being developed into life, and that the merely physical may rise, unaided, into the mental, and the mental into the moral life. These are very large assump- tions, very grave omissions ; and till these assumptions are proved, and these omissions supplied, it is but reasonable that the mate- rialistic hypothesis should be pronounced inade- quate and defective by Science as well as by Religion. For science assumes an intelligible order in the universe which it can discover and formulate : but how should it be intelligible if there were no Intelligence to produce and main- tain it ? Science has pronounced the hypothesis inadequate by the mouth of one of her favourite and most honoured sons, John Stuart Mill, who had to sweep away the prejudices of a lifetime before he could give as his final and deliberate verdict, " There is a large balance in favour of the probability of creation by Intelligence." THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. 19 Professor Huxley, again, has declared that " the antagonism of science is not to religion, but to the heathen survivals and the bad philosophy under which religion herself is often crushed," and has held up a saying recorded by one of the Hebrew prophets (Micah vi. 8) as embody- ing " the perfect ideal of religion," although that saying postulates the existence of a God whose character is the standard of justice and mercy, to whom therefore our obedience is due, and with whom we may and ought to walk in a constant and living sympathy and communion. While Dr. Asa Grey, the foremost disciple of Darwin, is quite sure that the tendency of true science is " not toward the omnipotence of Matter, but to the omnipotence of Spirit." I am not surprised that these great represen- tatives of " those who know " should evince some discontent with the purely materialistic hypo- thesis, and pronounce in favour of creation by Intelligence: for if we assume that "He who built all things is God," that the universe was created, and is sustained and ruled, by a Being of infinite wisdom and goodness and power, we get at least a less inadequate, a more satisfac- tory, solution of our problem ; a solution which does account for the origin of matter and force ; 20 THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. which, while it leaves full scope for the play of evolution, also explains the origin of life, of thought, of conscience, of the whole ethical and spiritual man, in whom the universe flowers and is summed up. That this hypothesis also has its difficulties I frankly admit : for how else could any discussion and debate have arisen ? How, indeed, should finite man, with his limited, if not narrow mind, who sees but a few yards before his face, frame any h}'pothesis of the origin of the universe which is not inadequate, which leaves no room for doubt or debate ? And with one of its difficulties — the shadow which the existence of so much pain, imperfection, suffering, throws on the perfect goodness of the Greater and Ruler of the world — I hope to deal, as best I may, in my next dis- course. But, for the present, we are concerned only with the existence of the Builder of the uni- verse, not with his character. And I am bold to say that, taken simply as a working hypo- thesis of the origin of all things, it is far more reasonable to postulate a creative Intelligence than to assume the omnipotence of Matter and Force ; to believe that the house had a Builder than to believe that the House built itself. "Butmay not Matter and Force be eternal?" it THE HOUSE AND ITS BUILDER. 2i may be asked ; " and may not the present universe have been evolved by the playof force on matter?" Well, that which is to have an end must, it is reasonable to suppose, have had a beginning. And Science predicts the end of the physical world as confidently as any of the Hebrew or Christian prophets. But if the whole solar sys- tem is to be burned up, whether by frost or by fire ; if the whole scene of human existence is to run to this dismal end, and there is to be no re- surrection of the dead, no such change in the life of man as shall adapt him to new, larger, fairer scenes, that surely is a reflection on the doctrine of evolution and the whole materialistic hypo- thesis more terrible and fatal than any but itself could allege against itself! Get rid of God and of immortality, and what cruel and monstrous force have you left which thus devours its own children, which lifts the whole round of Nature, through long centuries, into ever nobler forms and finer qualities of life, only to undo its own work, and to overwhelm all its fair productions in an all- embracing and relentless catastrophe ! Is that a consummation to be wished, to be credited even until all more adequate and hopeful forecasts have wholly failed us .'^ If Science zvere to bring such an indictment as this against the Nature 22 THE HOUSE AND ITS BUHDER. which it would have us study and reverence, must not we bring an indictment against Science herself in the name of Humanity, and refuse to listen to her voice, let her eicai U . y^^^Q^ Lee^ Author of " Euphorion," " Baldwin,'" &c. Crown 8vo., cloth, 5s. "This way of conveying ideas is very fascinating, and has an effect of creating activity in the reader's mind which no other mode can equal. 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