STATE RURAL POLICE FOR OHIO Shall Rural Ohio Be Given Protection? Ohio’s Problem of Protection of Life, Property and Morals Analyzed in Light of Experience of Other States Issued by Ohio Chamber of Commerce \Q Increasing Movement for State Rural Police In Ohio Is Analyzed as to Costs and Results Operations in Other States Throw Much Light Upon Question of What Results Might be Expected from Proposed Establishment in Ohio. The question is recurring with ever increasing insistence: “Shall Ohio establish a system of State Rural Police, vested with general police powers?” That it should do so is the conclusion of a rapidly growing number of Chio’s representative citizens and organizations. They are reaching this con- clusion after a careful study of Ohio’s needs and the experience of other progressive states of the Union. In view of the fact that enactment of a ’ State Rural Police law must come about through creation of an informed public opinion, it is the purpose of this pamphlet to present the facts to the public. zs Let us, therefore, first deal very briefly with whatever objections there have been to establishment of a State Rural Police System in Ohio. In sessions of the Ohio General Assembly of some years ago, the opinion prevailed among the law-makers that patrolling of rural highways and protection of property and morals outside of the cities was not of sufficient importance to justify such establishment. The situation was not aggravated. The student of present-day problems knows that argument does not apply today. There is most assuredly a need of the patrolling of high- ways in the interest of public protection. In the 87th General Assembly, Mrs. W. E. Slagle, representative from Mahoning County, introduced a measure providing for the establishment of a system of State Rural Police. The measure was referred to com- mittee. When it was revealed that there was a large deficit in the State Treasury which would require general curtailment of many existing ser- vices, such as operation of the State Library, Governor A. V. Donahey stated he would be forced to veto a State Highway Police measure, if passed. Enactment of an emergency General Property Tax Levy by the state, and the passage of a measure providing for an additional one cent gasoline tax to provide money for the building of Ohio’s highways, have now wiped out the deficit in the State Treasury. Treasurer Bert B. Buckley 3 90'71.06 Highway Conditions Changed State Treasury Deficit a Factor Cost of Operation Recovered Objections by Organized Labor Fair Administration How Other States Operate has expressed the thought that by January 1, 1929, when the 88th General Assembly convenes, there will be a treasury surplus of approximately $10,000,000. When once the State Rural Police System is established, the question of cost of operation is not one of importance. Payment of fines and costs and recovery of stolen property usually more than counterbalance the oper- ating and maintenance costs. Of course, to establish headquarters at vari- ous points in the state; to purchase equipment, such as motorcycles and automobiles, and meet other expenses will require a comparatively small outlay but that expense is incurred but once. These statements regarding initial and operating costs and revenues are verified by authoritative state- ments given in this pamphlet. The most insistent objection to the establishment of a State Rural Police System in Ohio has invariably come from spokesmen for organized labor. That position is most assuredly entitled to consideration to determine whether or not it is justified. In the past when hearings have been held on bills providing for the establishment of State Rural Police, this opposi- tion has manifested itself in crowded galleries in the General Assembly. Until recently the demand for enactment has not been crystallized and it rather mildly combated the opposition. Conditions on the highways, out- lawry, banditry and thievery, and the demand of farmers and others for protection by government against law violators, have caused thinking people to inquire whether or not organized labor js justified in its opposition to State Rural Police. It is found that thdse opposed to such a system usually do not differentiate between these actual state employes and those who have been deputized and employed by private interests. Alleged acts of “coal and iron police” in Pennsylvania — who are not employed by the state — are frequently paraded as acts of the State Rural Police System, which is manifestly unfair. Fewer failures and errors can be charged proportionately to State Rural Police officers than can be charged to police officers of cities — and no one suggests that city police officers are not essential. No one has suc cessfully shown why districts outside of cities are not entitled to protection of a mobile force supported by law. Farmers, motorists, hunters and fishermen, bankers and many others, either as individuals or as organizations, fear no injustice from State Rural Police. Therefore, there is no need for any other individuals, no matter in what calling, organized or unorganized, to fear them, so long as they abide by the law. State Rural Police have shown they enforce the law fearlessly and without respect to person. | In some states there are State Rural Police who have officially been given other names, such as the Texas Rangers. What these various forces 4 consist of; how they are chosen; what their equipment consists of; what their cost of maintenance and operation is; how many arrests they make and what fines and costs result; what amount of property is recovered or confiscated and how crime has been either reduced or prevented are facts which the public is entitled to, without having its vision marred by prejudice. Let us, therefore, look at the picture revealed in the various states as evidenced by the following concisely stated facts concerning State Rural Police Systems in them: at ee Thirty men appointed by the Governor. Salaries — $150 per month and expenses. Appropriation for law enforcement department — $100,000 per annum. * *+ * * Department of State Police created by legislature in 1903. Then con- sisted of five commissioners, superintendent, deputy superintendent, and fifteen officers. Since then, by various enactments, the State Police System has been given added powers, such as the duties of state fire marshals, supervision of motion picture theatres, those of the state sealer of weights and measures, supervision and licensing of billboard advertising, supervision and licensing of concessions and amusement parks. In 1921, the legislature provided for a force of 50 officers, a Super- intendent, Captain and three Commissioners. The department is steadily growing in influence, respect and efficiency. It now handles in excess of 1100 complaints a month. The total cost of every phase of the department for the year ending June 30, 1926, was $342,506. Stolen property recovered was $66,452. Liquors of the estimated value of $160,736 were seized and destroyed. The fines and costs are paid into the local courts and the total cannot be ascertained. * *F * State Rural Police system under control of the State Highway De- partment. Force consists of 33 uniformed men. Six hundred thirty miles of improved highways to patrol. Details as to cost and revenues accruing are not available at this time. * * * x State Rural Police system operative in Indiana has authority at present over motor vehicle laws only. A strong movement is on foot to increase the powers of the Indiana State Rural Police system. 5 Alabama Connecticut Delaware Indiana Maine Maryland Michigan The force ranges from 39 in winter to 60 officers in summer. The work is done on 25,000 miles of improved road. Motorcycles are used. The system does not use horses. Originally the duty was one of motor vehicle patrol only, but on July 23, 1925, through an act of the legislature, State Police were given general police powers. It is the policy of the department to do most of its work outside of the limits of cities and towns, although they cooperate with local officers when requested. The department has the cooperation of the Maine Bankers Association and has been able to apprehend many forgers and passers of worthless checks. In case of a bank robbery, a mobile force is available to patrol the highway. It is a great aid in discouraging crime of all kinds, according to James W. Hanson, Chief of the State Highway Police. The central division has a deputy who is a criminal investigator, having charge of finger printing and Rogue’s Gallery. It is found that the State Police do not duplicate work of other enforcement agencies. * * #F #€ The Maryland State Rural Police force was organized in December, 1920. It was made a department under the direction of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, to supervise the public roads and to apprehend criminals. Actual state mileage, 15,000. Improved roads, 2,500. Expenses met from automobile fees in automobile department. Last March the legislature amended the act, which was signed by Governor Albert C. Ritchie, adding 15 more men to the force. The addi- tional cost in this case is met out of revenues from the gas tax, which is 4c. The force is equipped with motorcycles, horses and automobiles. Cost of operation for the first few years was from $350,000 to $360,000, but with the initial equipment now having been purchased, it is expected future appropriations will be approximately $300,000. Thus far, these costs have been partially offset in fines and stolen property recovered, amounting to between $200,000 and $250,000 per year. me The department is directed by a commissioner appointed by the Gov- ernor, salary $5,000 per year, and a deputy commissioner, salary $3,500 per year. The number of men in the State Rural Police Force is left to the discretion of the State Administration Board within the limits fixed in the appropriation for the department. The appropriation for 1922 and 1923 was $350,000 per annum. The state maintained 12 police posts throughout the state in 1924, with three to twelve men at each post. Stolen property recovered and returned to owners, value $173,150. State has 7,800 miles of trunk line roads. A Criminal Investigation Department has been set up with the best men from the State Rural Police System. This department is enabled to secure information about crimes and criminals which has not been available to local officers. Its record in apprehending bank robbers and other crim’ inals has been particularly good. An identification bureau has been set up. The State Rural Police System collects hotel inspection fees, fire mar- shal fees, local permit fees, secures revenue from sale of confiscated cars, confiscated liquors, slot machines, and sale of copper stills. These fees, to- gether with fines and costs assessed by courts, value of stolen property re- covered, cars confiscated, liquors confiscated, and miscellaneous revenue, show a total revenue for the last year’s report of $526,427. * * * & State Rural Police System has 44 privates, one blacksmith, one saddler, one auto mechanic, four corporals, four sergeants, one lieutenant and one captain, the salaries of whom range from $1200 to $2400 per annum. The state has 2,100 miles of highway, not including city streets, of which between 800 and 1,000 miles are on the state system. The cost of operation of the State Rural Police Department for 1927 was $455,696. Fines amounted to $135,028; stolen cars recovered, $154,715; value of other property recovered, $41,121; value of confiscated property, $483,783; value of property saved from fire, $79,980; forfeited bail, $9,000; making a total of $902,627. The cost of operating the State Rural Police Department for the fiscal years from 1921 to 1926, inclusive, was $1,952,060, while the amount returned to the citizens was $2,826,998. * * * The Division of State Police operates under the Executive Depart- ment. There is a total of 570 men and officers, and eight at the headquarters in Albany. The force is charged with the enforcement of all laws in the rural portions of the state, outside of the cities and incorporated villages. The state has 80,000 miles of highway, 10,000 miles of which are improved state roads. There are 20,000 miles of semi-improved county roads. The 7 New Jersey New York Pennsylvania department has 132 motorcycles and 136 automobiles. George P. Dutton, Deputy Superintendent, says: “The success and popularity of the State Police movement in New York State is best evi- denced by the fact that ten years ago we started with 232 men and since that time three enlargements have been made without a dissenting vote in Legislature, so that now we have an authorized strength of 578 members and 24 civilian employes.” The total number of miles of road actually patrolled in 1927 was 3,815,978 The value of property recovered was $489,784, and fines collected $398,415. The cost of operation is not shown in the annual report. * *k +« The department has sub-divisions as follows: Executive Division. Clerical ‘Division. Bureau of Fire Prevention. Bureau of Criminal Identification and Information. State Police Force. The State Police Force consists of five troops, each of which has one captain, one lieutenant, one first sergeant, five sergeants, eight corporals, one saddler corporal, one blacksmith corporal, and 65 privates, the latter receiving $1200 a year each. There is a school troop consisting of one cap- tain two lieutenants, one sergeant, and two corporals. Each troop is provided with 50 horses, 14 motorcycles, and two light touring automobiles, together with other personal equipment. Each troop maintains from 10 to 15 sub-stations, of from three to five men each. Total expenditures for salaries for the year 1925 were $488,452, and contingent expenses for the same year were $293,012, or a total of $781,- 764. Salaries for 1926 were $519,719, and contingent expenses $267,163, or a total of $786,883. Stolen property recovered and returned to owners in 1925 amounted to $233,982, and in 1926, $256,380. Fines imposed in 1925 amounted to $661,129. Fines collected in 1926 up until June 1, 1926, amounted to $437,145. Mileage covered by State Police patrol in 1925 was 1,781,827, and in 1926, 2,300,798. Texas Ranger Force: There are four separate companies, consisting of one Captain, one First Sergeant, and 20 privates. There is a quarter- master for each force. The officers are appointed by the Governor. Revenues and costs of maintenance are not available. * * * * The State Road Police are set up for the purpose of patrolling and policing roads. The duty of the patrols is to enforce the laws of the state and “to perform such other duties as will be required by the Commission.” * * Kk The State Police Force was organized in West Virginia in 1919. Ac’ cording to the Superintendent of State Police, “One of the pitfalls that needs to be avoided in an organization of this kind is to see that it is organ- ized free from and kept out of politics.” All of the roads of the state are patrolled when weather permits. Outposts are maintained at strategic points, which enables the system to cover all sections. Fifty motorcycles are maintained. Total salaries of the department are $199,233. Total expenses of the department, $350,122. Returns from the operation of the department are: Fines imposed, $565,212; costs assessed, $222,057; cars confiscated, value, $93,600; stolen property recovered, approximately $59,244; or a total of $940,108. * * x x System consists of a Superintendent, a Captain, a Lieutenant, and 31 men. Section 8 provides “members of the department shall have and may exercise in any part of the state with regard to the enforcement of the criminal laws, all powers of sheriffs, deputy sheriffs, town sergeants, chiefs of police, police officers and constables.” This system, being comparatively new, has not been able to put itself on the revenue-making basis, as some of those systems have which have been established for a longer period. The Annual Report issued in 1928 gives total fines accruing to the state, fees earned and property recovered, as $56,886. The amount appropriated and expended for the year was $109,574. * * * The total road mileage in Ohio is approximately 87,000 miles. Of this amount 11,000 miles are on the State System. The State is expected to maintain and improve this system. It has already taken over 9 Texas Utah West Virginia Rhode Island Facts About Ohio’s Highways for maintenance all except approximately 500 of the total 11,000 miles. It will assume maintenance charge of the additional 500 miles as soon as certain local conditions are complied with. Of the State System, approximately 7,300 miles are hard surfaced while approximately 3,200 miles are gravel, crushed stone or similar con- struction not as yet surface treated. There are approximately 22,000 miles on the County or Secondary Road System set up under the Green Law. There are approximately 54,000 miles which are simply township roads. 10 Digest of Provisions of Suggested Ohio Rural Police Bill Favored by Farmers and Other Groups There is naturally considerable discussion as to the type of State Rural Police System which Ohio should have. The farming interests, a fine cross section of whose opinions is secured through the Ohio State Grange and the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation, want a measure similar to House Bill No. 216, introduced in the 87th General Assembly by Mrs. Slagle. Insofar e known, all other organized groups favoring State Rural Police share that view. In brief, this bill provided that Section 7251-1 of the existing law covering limited highway patrol shall be amended and additional sections be enacted to provide for State Rural Police. These added sections, in short, provide: That a State Rural Police System be set up. That appointees shall pass special examinations equivalent to that for an Ohio National Guard officer. That number of appointees shall not be less than 100 nor more than 200. That enlistments shall be for two years. That appointees shall pass a mental and physical examination. That members shall comply with provisions of law for control and regulation of the state highways. That the men shall be trained in their duties. That the men shall be commissioned by the Governor and be author- ized to make arrests without warrant for all violations of trafhic laws of Ohio which they witness, and that they may also have full police powers which may be exercised at any time when on duty. That moneys arising from fines and forfeited bonds resulting from prosecutions under this act shall be paid one-half into the State Treasury of Ohio to the credit of the State Maintenance and Repair Fund, and one- half to the township, municipality or county where the prosecution is held. 11 Force of 100 to 200 Commissioned ~ by Governor Position of Farmers Where Bankers Stand Farmers, Bankers, Conservationists of Fish and Game and Other Groups Are for State Rural Police Protection of Life, Property and Morals Needs Supporting Arm of State Rural Police; Drivers’ License and Inferior Courts Ineffectual Without Police. Some of the largest and most influential groups of citizens and inter- ests of the state have declared strongly in favor of the establishment of a State Rural Police system in Ohio. The farm groups, including the Ohio State Grange and the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation, have long been advo- cates of a State Rural Police system. As farm thievery has increased by leaps and bounds within the last several years, the demand from the farm- ing interests for State Rural Police protection has increased. At the convention of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation held in Co- lumbus on January 30 and 31, 1928, it was again RESOLVED THAT: “We favor State Rural Police.” The Ohio State Grange has repeatedly adopted resolutions on this subject and is more insistent than ever in its position at this time. The 55th Annual Session of the Grange held at Cleveland November 15, 16 and 177, 1927, adopted the following resolution: We favor the necessary legislation to establish State Rural Police and approve Grange cooperation with other organized groups to secure its establishment, and believe the time is ripe to initiate such a bill if necessary. The Ohio Bankers Association has fallen into line in the campaign for State Rural Police. They realize that more effective measures must be taken to curb bank robbers, bank bandits and hold-up men. At the 38th Annual Convention of the Ohio Bankers Association, held at Cincinnati May 22, 23 and 24, 1928, the following resolution was adopted: RESOLVED THAT: The Ohio Bankers’ Association, in convention assembled, emphatic- ally endorses proposals made by the Ohio State Grange and the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation looking toward the establishment of a Rural Police System in Ohio, and be it FURTHER RESOLVED: That the officers and the Legislative Committee of this Association hereby are instructed to call to the attention of the next Legislature the 12 need for such rural police protection and to use every effort to obtain the enactment of legislation necessary for the establishment of such a Rural Police Force. Although no official action was taken, a number of the officers and members of the Ohio Police Chiefs Association, meeting in convention in Columbus on August 1, 1928, indicated their great interest in and approval of the proposal to establish a State Rural Police System in Ohio. One of the nine fundamental planks of the program of work of the Ohio Chamber of Commerce is: Establishment of a Highway Police, more adequately to conserve the safety, morals and property of our citizens. The members of the Board of Directors of the Ohio Chamber of Com- merce, meeting in Columbus on April 25, 1928, passed the following reso- lution bearing on State Police: That the Ohio Chamber of Commerce reaffirm its stand in favor of a State Police system and give its approval to a bill similar to that intro- duced in the 87th General Assembly of Ohio, and that it recognize the leadership of the farm group ‘in this movement. Thousands of sportsmen of the state and others believing in conserva- tion of fish, game and other wild life are also appreciative of the fact that some agency is necessary, other than the deputy game wardens, who will protect that wild life. In many states having State Police, that force per- forms such duty. There is also considerable discussion of the desirability of setting up a system of Inferior Courts in the State. Such courts would supplant Justices of the Peace and would be more responsive to the interests of public wel- fare. The Ohio State Bar Association has recently formulated a proposed Inferior Court bill which it is submitting to other state-wide organizations for suggestions and criticisms. The finished product will, of course, be intro- duced in the 88th General Assembly. But such courts, no matter what their eventual form, should have the law-enforcing arm of the State Rural ob to make them of real public service to the end that justice may e done. The organized motor clubs of the state are also urging the enactment of a Drivers’ License Law as a measure of protection to motorists. Anyone who has studied this situation, however, admits it is essential to have a State Rural Police system to make effective the operation of such a measure. Without a Police system, the protection afforded by a Drivers’ License Law would be relatively small. Linked closely with the question of protection of the farmers’ prop- erty is the protection of the moral aspects of the country life. No one has yet devised any plan that will more satisfactorily solve that difficult prob- lem than the establishment of State Rural Police. Those Ohioans who 13 Police Chiefs Interested Ohio Chamber of Commerce Conservation Interests New Inferior Courts Driver-’ License Law Protection of Morals Survey of Farm Thievery ‘ Statement by Mr. C. A. Dyer have traveled the highways of state in which a State Rural Police System exists will readily testify to that fact. These resolutions and statements of the situation clearly indicate that Ohioans generally now appreciate the fact that measures must be taken to more effectively protect property of citizens from depredations, thievery and outlawry. Mr. Walter Lloyd, Editor of the Ohio Farmer, has recently been con- ducting a survey of the farm thievery situation in Ohio. His paper has founded “The Ohio Farmer Protective Service,” through which rewards have been posted for the apprehension of thieves stealing farm property. Mr. Lloyd hoped, through the sending out of questionnaires, to be able to make a statistical summary of the answers, but the diversity of the replies made a statistical compilation impossible. It will suffice to say that the re- ports of farm thievery were simply amazing, and the total property stolen was far greater than anyone had realized. Practically every conceivable article on a farm, including a great deal of livestock, has been stolen. In one eastern Ohio county, thieves actually loaded a live bull onto a truck and drove off with it in broad daylight. Because of lack of a mobile policing force and lack of jurisdiction of existing officers in other townships or counties, it was possible for the thieves to make their complete escape. State Rural Police would have general police powers anywhere in the state to cope with such a situation. Mr. Lloyd states that the replies received to the questionnaires indicate that more than three out of every four replying favored a State Rural Police System. “Those opposing,” said Mr. Lloyd, “did so largely on the ground of increased taxes.” The answer to the alleged difficulty is satisfactorily covered in another portion of this pamphlet. Mr. Lloyd says that during the past generation the Ohio Farmer has consistently advocated State Rural Police and is firm in its belief that this system is needed more now than ever before. In a report to the 55th Annual Session of the Ohio State Grange, meeting in Cleveland November 15, 16 and 17, 1927, Mr. C. A. Dyer, Legislative Agent for the Ohio State Grange, reviewed his activities for the year. With relation to the State Rural Police System, Mr. Dyer said, in part: “We must have greater protection out in the open country. Recently I spent two weeks in Pennsylvania and New York, addressing groups of Grange farm folks. They could not understand why Ohio did not have rural police protection and would not believe that any Ohio farmer opposed it. The Ohio State Grange should join hands with the other law abiding and law enforcement favoring groups of citizens of the state and initiate a rural police law for presentation to the next General Assembly so that life 14 and property will be safe on and along the highways of the state and so that God's open country may not become in Ohio a ‘no man’s land’ and a paradise for lawbreakers.” Mr. Charles H. Mylander, Secretary of the Ohio Bankers Association, recently made a careful study of the varied services rendered by the State Rural Police system of Pennsylvania. While it was not provided in the bill introduced in the 87th General Assembly of Ohio that a State Rural Police System in Ohio should render all such services, Mr. Mylander has taken occasion to make a compilation of what such services, now rendered through other agencies, cost the taxpayers of Ohio. With reference to his compilation Mr. Mylander says: “In Ohio, we are now spending over $530,000 per year for different kinds of state law enforcement agencies, all of whose functions could be carried on by a State Police Force.” 15 Mr. Mylander’s Compilation Figures for Ohio Penitentiary Mansfield Reformatory London Prison Farm Women’s Reformatory Official Records Show That More Than Half of Ohio Pen Prisoners Come from Other States Homicides in Ohio Increase Tremendously as State Becomes Dump- ing Ground for Criminal Element; Cost of Operating Ohio’s Penal Institutions Mounts. In considering whether or not Ohio needs a State Rural Police system, it is interesting to glance at the crime statistics to see what light they may throw on this subject. What is the cost of operating our penal institutions? How many pris oners are there in them? Are criminals flocking to Ohio from other states because of the fact that they know we have no State Rural Police? Care- fully compiled statistics are worthy of the reader’s perusal. On June 30, 1915, the Ohio Penitentiary had a population of 1,781, with total operating expenses of $193,383.98. On June 30, 1920, the popu- lation had grown to only 1,984. On June 30, 1926, it had grown to 2,710, with total operating costs of $587,408.29; on June 30, 1927, the peniten- tiary population was 3,160 with a total yearly operating cost of $680,827.28. In addition, let us glance at the figures for the Mansfield Reformatory. In 1917, it had a population of 1,233, with total expenditures of $293,- 659.73; but on June 30, 1927, the population had grown to 2,318, with grand total expenditures of $515,404.23. The London Prison Farm population increased from 424 in 1925 to 504 as of June 30, 1927, with grand total expenditures increasing from $201,837.30 to $299,929.63 during that period. The criminal population in the Ohio State Reformatory for Women at Marysville has also been growing by leaps and bounds. Quite a number of the offenses for which these women have been incarcerated have taken place outside of cities or on the public highways. In 1917, the Marysville Reformatory had an average daily population of 54. By 1920 that number had grown to 155; in 1925 it had grown to 280; and in 1927 to 414. The total operating expenses had jumped from $56,567.11 in 1917 to $115,- 552.25 in 1927. Because of the increased criminality and population, addi- tions and changes had to be made, causing total expenditures to jump from $70,102.90 in 1917 to $235,543.47 in 1927. 16 Although property is a possession which, when properly acquired, is aranteed us by law, our lives are even more carefully guarded. There- rae the increasing number of homicides in Ohio, many of which have oc- curred on the public highways and outside of cities ordinarily protected by police, is certainly worthy of consideration. The number of homicides in Ohio per year, from 1910 to 1927, follow: ib 0. NBs? BR TERN aera 226 | oO BS RTC HAN tore 417 ji 2 Oe NN ee 266 17 UR SS SNE 8 419 OLE LY Jeo ia 278 PIP DS ae 454 ping 8 RUE Cane ae 298 DOD Deh ak teal to bes, 441 | Beg Va IS ee Rael ae 300 Le PA pe ee dts eae 477 1 Ns al CES eaeneren rn 314 LSPA, Reman 50 ERLE alah 430 PU ee Ee ee 446 182 Blea: kl aoa 504 pO OS dh) Ce 526 |S Ao ERR Se Bra ee 540 BU es ce secerneis 477 1 ay pean a Be ole 546 This represents one homicide for every 17,922 people in Ohio in 1910, but in 1927 there was one homicide for every 11,822 people in the state. This is a record that certainly needs some attention and remedy. Many of these murderers were never apprehended, although many, of course, escaped the penalty of the law in other ways. It is interesting, in view of many failures to apprehend them, to note the actual commitments for first and second degree murder and manslaughter to the Ohio Peni- tentiary for the years from 1912 to 1927, inclusive: Oa) ee 86 Sang 30 beter ae ees. 87 SO ae 71 Tune 30. Woe ee eae 114 Cra) Ia 2 aa 66 Tone 30,1000) eee 111 fme 0191s 53 Tune! 30.