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XY UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE BABYLONIAN SECTION WV OLsa ls No. 3 a THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH BY STEPHEN LANGDON PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM 1917 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding trom Princeton Theological Seminary Library httos://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamishOOunse INTRODUCTION In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by pur- chase a large six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South Babylonian version of the second book of the epic ¥a nagba imuru, “He who has seen all things,” commonly referred to as the Epic of Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis x. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet! mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda? and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts are disengaged only by conjecture. The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed ae 1 Ni. 13981, published by Dr. PoEBEL in PBS: V,: No. 2. . 2 The local Bél of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun. (207) 208 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION into the realm of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real historic personages.’ The name Gil- gamish was originally written 4G1-bil-aga-mis, and means “The fire god (Gibil) is a commander,” abbreviated to *Gz-bil-ga-m15, and 4Gi(§)-bil-ga-mis, a form which by full labialization of b to u was finally contracted to %G7-zl-ga-m15.2. Throughout the at text the name is written with the abbreviation %Gz(¥),? whereas the standard Assyrian text has consistently the writ- ing “GIS-TU*-BAR. The latter method of writing the name is apparently cryptographic for *GzS-bar-aga-(m15); the fire god Gibil has also the title Gz5-bar. A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was published in 1902, a text from the period of Ham- murapi, which showed that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text,® where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun. 1 Tammuz is probably a real personage, although Dumu-zi, his original name, is certainly later than the title 4b-%, probably the oldest epithet of this deity, see Tammuz and Ishtar, p. 8. Dumu-zi | take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu. | * See ibid., page 40. * Also MetssNer’s early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably the same writing, see DHoRME, Choix de Textes Religteux, 298-303. * Sign whose gunufied form is read aga. * The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paut Haupt, Das Babylon- tsche Nimrodepos, Leipzig, 1884. ° The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read ri-mat *#@4Nin-lil, or Rimat- Bélit, see DHORME 202, 37; 204, 30,etc. But Dr. PoEBEL, who also copied this text, has shown that Nzn-lil is an erroneous reading for Nin-sun. For Ninsun as mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 II] 2. Ri-mat *@!Nin-sun should be rendered ‘‘The wild cow Ninsun.” STEPHEN LANGDON—THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH 209 The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second book.! At the end of Book | in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him in the conquest of Elam. Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When he enters he sees someone, whose name 1s broken away, eating bread and drinking milk, but the beauti- ful barbarian understands not. The harlot commands him to eat and drink also: “Tt is the conformity of life, Of the conditions and fate of the Land.” He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu. “Oh harlot, take away the man,” says the lord of Erech. Once again the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of Erech assemble about him admiring his 1 The fragments which have been assigned to Book Il in the British Museum collections by Haupt, JENSEN, DHorRMeE and others belong to later tablets, probably III or IV. 210 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION godlike appearance. Gilgamish receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this point the epic brings in a new and powerful motif, the renunciation of woman’s love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess IShara, and Enkidu, fearing the effeminate effects of his friend’s attachment, prevents him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these heroes ensues,! in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny. In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text? Enkidu rejects his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man redeemed from barbarism 1s the major theme of Book II. The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for seals. Obverse II] 28-32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of IShara, is probably depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Warp, Seal Cylinders of West- ern Asia, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the struggling heroes. This scene not improbably illustrates the effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the satyr stands between Gilgamish and |Shara(?) on the seal. ‘Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) published in Haupt, zbid., 31~4 preserves a defective text of this part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book IV, but it appears to be Book III. 2 K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, ibid., 16-10. *See also Warp, No. 199. TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION: . it-bi-e-ma ““Gilgamis Su-na-tam 1-pa-as-Sar. 2. 17-7a-kar-am!' a-na um-mi-su the . um-mi 1-na Sa-a-at mu-51-t1-1a . Sa-am-ha-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak . 1-na bi1-ri-1t 1d-da-tim . 1b-ba-Su-nim-ma_ ka-ka-’a?_ Sa- Ma-t . ki-2-?-rum? Sa a-nim im-ku-ut a-na $1-ri-1a as-S1-Su-ma tk-ta-b1-it* e-li-ia . tlam® 18-S$u-ma nu-us-Sa-su® u-ul el-ti-’1 . ad-ki ma-tum pa-h1-ir' e-li-Su . 1d-lu-tum u-na-Sa-ku Si-pi-su . U-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti . i-mi- du 1a-lt . as-S1- a-Su-ma at-ba-la-ds-Su a-na si-r1-k1 . . um-mi Gilgamis mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma . 17-7a-kar-am a-na ““Gilgamis 1 Here this late text includes both variants pasaru and zakaru. one or the other. . Gilgamish — arose interpreting dreams, 2. addressing his mother. As 16. . “My mother! during my night I, having become lusty, wan- dered about . in the midst of omens. And there-came out stars in the heavens, Likea...of heaven he fell upon me. : I bore him but he was too heavy for me. He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. I summoned the land to assem- ble unto him, . that heroes might kiss his feet. . He stood up before me® . and they stood over against me. . I lifted him and carried him away unto thee.” The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, said unto Gilgamish:— The earlier texts have only 2 For kakabé; b becomes u and then is reduced to the breathing. 3 The variants have kima kisri; ki-[ma]?-rum is a possible reading. texts regard Enkidu as the subject. weapon.” 4 Var. da-an 5 SAM-KAK =ilu, net. 6 Var. nussu for nus-Su=nuSSa-Su. The standard Assyrian The variant has wltaprid k1-is-su-Su, “he shook his murderous For kissu see ZA. 9,220,4=CT. 12,14b 36, g3-kud =ki-1s-su. The previous translations of this passage are erroneous. 7 This is to my knowledge the first occurrence of the infinitive of this verb, pabéru, not pabaru. 8 Literally “he attained my front.” 30. aay a2 33. 34. 35. 30. 37: . t-ra-ab-bi-su UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION _mi-in-di *“Gilgamish 3a ki-ma ka-t1 1-wa-li-id-ma Sa-du-u ta-mar-‘u-ma [sa(?)|-ap-ba-ta at- ta i-na $1-r1 _ id-lu-tum ti-na-Sa-ku S1-p1-Su? Vte-it-t-Ta-sU(S) es es Su-u-7U _ ta-tar-ra-[’a]-Su a-na si-[ri-1]a . [i8-(?)] ti-lam-ma® 1-ta-mar Sa- ni-tam . [Su-na-|ta 1-ta-wa-a-am a-na um- mi1-SU . [um-m]1 a-ta-mar Sa-ni-tam . [§u-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a_— 1-na zu-ki-1m . [i-na?] Unuk-(k1) ri-bi-tim* ha-as-si-nu na-di-1-ma e-l1-5u pa-ab- ru ha-as-si-nu-um-ma Sa-ni bu-nu- Su a-mur-su-ma ab-ta-ta a-na-ku a-ra-am-su-ma ki-ma 4$-Sa-tim a-ha-ap-pu-up el-Su el-ki-Su-ma as-ta-ka-an-Su a-na a-hi-1a um-mi ““Gilgamish mu-da-at ka- la-ma [38. iz-za-kar-am a-na "“Gilgamisb] 6. © 4. we 86 ew le 6) hl ce 6” © ete (eo uwere Pwole bv sy Bee ene @ 11V! of waladu. 2 Text mar 3 1Stanamma > 13tilamma. ee 18. 10. 20. Zhe P2R 23° 24. 25. 20. 27. 28. 20. 30. 31; “Truly oh Gilgamish he is born! in the fields like thee. The mountains have reared him. Thou beholdest him and art distracted (?) Heroes kiss his feet. Thousshaltuspare: insane Thou shalt lead him to me.” Again he dreamed and saw another dream and reported it unto his mother. AVL ye m0 ther Let pavemmscen another (dream. | beheld] my likeness in the street. In Erech of the wide spaces? he hurled the axe, and they assembled about him. Another axe seemed his visage. . | saw him and was astounded. . | loved him as a woman, . falling upon him in embrace. . I took him and made him . my brother.” . The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things . said unto Gilgamish:—] ce Grabs 6. 0 6 08 1a le. Boye ela 6) ase Om rma iseree Seu keene 4 Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in Babylontaca I| 177. 5]. e., in the suburb of Erech. 20. ade . “En-ki-[da - aA-na STEPHEN LANGDON—THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH Coreen! . as-Sum us-[ta-] ma-ha-ru it-ti-ka. . ““Gilgamish Su-na-tam i-pa-Sar wlar-si-1b ma-har ha-ri-im-tim mu et ]-ba-mu DI-?-al-lu- Un [ ] wm-ta-51 a-Sar 1-wa- al-du . timé 0 4 7 mu-Si- a-tim . “En-ki-dt te-bi- 1-ma . S$a-[am-ka-ta] ir- bi . ba-[ri-im-tu pa-al-Sa 1-pu-Sa-am- ma . 17-7a-[kar-am] a-na "“En-ki-dt? . a-na-tal-ka *En-ki-di ki-ma ili ta-ba-ds§-§1 . am-mi-nim 1t-tt na-ma-d§-te-e8 . ta-at-ta-|na-al-|la -ak si-ra-am . al-kam . a-na libbt Uruk-(k1) ri-bi-tim lu-ur-di- ka . a-na biti [el-|lim mu-Sa-bi Sa A-nim . 4En-ki-dh ti-bi lu-ru-ka mu-sa-bi Sa A-nim E-[an-nla . a-Sar [*Gilgami§] it-[......... | ne-p1-S1-lim(?) ]-di | -| ma ] ra-ma-an- ka i No [fw ARS Fk oy 213 that he may join with thee in endeavor.” . (Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. . Enkidu sitting before the hiero- dule [ ] forgot where he was born. . Six days and seven nights . came forth Enkidu . and cohabited with the courte- san. . The hierodule opened her mouth . speaking unto Enkidu. . “I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. . Why with the animals . wanderest thou on the plainr . Come! I will lead thee . into the midst of Erech of the wide places, . . even unto the holy house, dwell- ing place of Anu. . Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee . unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, . where Gilgamish [oppresses] the souls of men(?) ATC Asc Leet oa part of the root. 1 Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21. 2 Cf. DHoRME Choix de Textes Religieux 198, 33. me 3 namaxti a late form which has followed the analogy of rest# in assuming the feminine ? as ending. The long @ is due to analogy with namas‘# a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe 214 oh ay. 24. 25. 20. pL 28. 20. 30. ote 30% 33 34. 35. 30. ‘© 90 preterite zpizk and the other ibtuk. “SIT oaw BW NN = UNIVERSITY MUSEUM-——-BABYLONIAN SECTION al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri ma-a-a?! -ak ri-1-1mM ix-me a-wa-a7-7a im-ta-gdr ga-ba- Sa mi-il-kum Sa sinniStt im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-Su i$-hu-ut li-ib-Sa-am 15-ti-nam (11]-la-ab-bi-15-su li-ib- [Sa-am| Sa-n1-a-am $i-i it-ta-al-ba- as sa-ab-ta-at ga-az- a ki-ma ? 1-ri-id-di-su a-na gu-up-r1 Sa ri-1-1m a-S{ar | tar-ba-si-1m i-na | |-bu-ru ri-1a-u? wwe Sse oA de cee hive ee Se Le 0) CRORE © Ue te ees 22. 23. 24. Come thou, arise from the ground unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd.” He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. . The advice of the woman . fell upon his heart. She tore off one garment and clothed him with it. With a second garment . she clothed herself. . She clasped his hand, . guiding Hint Kes: eis ee eee . unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, unto "the placewof “the: 2 of the sheepfolds. Bou Lorie A to shepherd o Le 6 limiie “6 Me je: ve). REO EO Oe Oe ete Ce AP Oe @ eae ee (About two lines broken away.) Go, 51-17-ba Sa na-ma-ds-te-e 1-le-en- n1- ik . a-ka-lam_ 1s-ku-nu = ma-hbar-su ip-te-1k-ma i-na -at-tal u 1p-pa-al-la- as u-ul 1-d1 1 En-ki- di aklam a-na a-ka-lim Sitkaram a-na Sa-te-e-1m la-a lum-mu- ud IT] OES 2 Es Wen =e tng ka Milk of the cattle he drank. Food they placed before him. He broke bread? gazing and looking. But Enkidu understood not. Bread to eat, beer to drink, he had not been taught. 1 Room for a small sign only, perhaps 4; majak? page 1 and index. 2 Infinitive “to shepherd’’; see also PoEBEL, PBS. V 106 I, ri-ta-t, ri-te-ga-t. $ The text has clearly AD-RI. For maka, there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II * pataku has apparently the same sense originally as bataku, although the one forms its Cf. also mabdsu break, hammer and construct. —————oo —— -_ Cor. Sole PHEN . ba-ri-im-tum pi-Sa_ 1-pu-Sa-am- ma 11. iz-ga-kar-am a-na ““En-ki-dit 12. a-ku-ul — ak-lam “En-ki-dit 13. 7i-ma-at ba-la-ti-im 14. bi-S1-ti S$i-im-ti ma-ti 15. 1-ku-ul a-ak-lam ilu P'y-ki-di 16. a-d1 $1-b1-e-Su 17. Sikaram 15-t1-a-am Behr as-sa-am-mi-im' 19. it-tap-Sar kab-ta-tum 1-na-an-gu 20. 1-li-1s libba- Su- ma 21. pa-nu-su (2t-|ta(?)-bir -ru? Oa ba p- Pith [7s ae ones t- |-2 23. Su-bu-ra-am_ pa-ga-ar-su 24. $a-am-nam 1p-ta-Sa-ds-ma 25. a-we-li-15 1-mé 26. il-ba- as li-ib-Sa-am 27. ki-ma mu-ti 1-ba-d5-51 28. il-ki ka-ak-ka-Su 29. la-bi u% gi-ir- r1 30. 15-sa-ak-pu Sab-[51]-e5 mu-Si-a-tt 31. ut- tap -pi-15 Sib-ba-r1' 32. la-bi uk-tla_ |-Si-id 33. it-ti immer na-ki-[e?| ra-bu-tum 34. '“En-ki-dfi ma-as-sa-ar-Su-nu 35. a-we-lum Wwa-ru-um 36. 15-[te]-en id-lum Spe TA ea eae ul-za-ak-k1-ir re See sate) Sly ee epee ee eee Oe 6 en S 0) O45 O' ee LANGDON—THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH 10. yes 2: Ie 14. 15. 16. yf 18. 10. 20. 2h pik 22: 24. oy 20. Py 28. 20. 30. als 74) Ne. The hierodule opened her mouth and said unto Enkidu:— “Eat bread, oh Enkidu! It is the conformity of life, of the conditions and the fate of the land.” Enkidu ate bread, until he was satiated. Beer he drank seven times(?). His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. His heart became joyful, and his face glowed. Hevstrokede@acen. 3550 otk the hair of the heads His body with oil he anointed. He became like a man. He attired himself with clothes even as does a husband. He seized his weapon, which the panther and lion fells in the night time cruelly. He captured the wild mountain goats. . The panther he conquered. _ Among the great sheep for sacrt- fice _ Enkidu was their guard. .-A man, a leader, A hero. by BS Cte IRE a ea ee aan ae 8 Dd Pie ab (About five lines broken away.) 1Or azzammim? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word for cup, mug (er) 27f is uncertain and fa more likely than w5. 17, 15, 2; littatabrar, EBELING, KTA. 69, 4. . Here Suburu is taken as a loan-word from sugur=kimmatu, 3 The passage is obscure. One expects ittabriru. Cf. muttabrirru, hair of the head. The infinitive II! of sabaru is philologically possible. 4 For ¥apparu. Text and interpretation uncertain. uitappis II? from tapasu, Hebrew tapas, seize. 216 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION REVERSE | 1. 1-1p-pu-us ul-sa-am 1. And he made glad. 2. 15-Si-ma 1-n1-1-SU 2. He lifted up his eves, 3. 1-ta-mar a-we-lam 3. and beheld the man, 4. 17'-7a-kar-am a-na_ harimti 4. and said unto the hierodule:— 5. Sa-am-ka-at uk-ki-S1? a-we-lam 5. “Oh harlot, take away the man. 6. a-na mi-nim il-li-kam 6. Wherefore did he come to me? 7. ¢i-ki-ir-su lu-us-Su5 7. | would forget the memory of him.” 8. ha-ri-im-tum 15-ta-si a-we-lam 8. The hierodule called unto the man 9. 1-ba-us-Su-um-ma 1-ta-mar-Su g. and came unto him beholding | him. 10. e-di-1l! e-eS-ta-hi-|ta-am| 10. She sorrowed and was aston- ished ll. mi-nu a-la-ku-7u na-ab-> 11. how his ways were............ -|ma 12. e pi-Su 1-pu-sa-am-|ma] 12. Behold she opened her mouth 13. 17-7a-kar-am a-na ““En-[ki-dil] 13. saying unto Enkidu:— 14. bi-ti-1¥ e-mu-tim [| | 14. “At home with a family [to dwell ? ?] 15. Si-ma-a-at N1-S1-1- ma 15. 1s the fate of mankind. 16. tu-sa’-ar pa-a-ta-tim’ 16. Thou shouldest design bound- aries(?’?) 17. a-na ali dup-Sak-k1-1 e si-en 17. foracity. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). 18. UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi_ sa-a-a- 13) ee ees an abode of com- ba-tim fort. 1 Text ta! * On ekésu, drive away, see ZIMMERN, Shurpu, p. 56. Cf. uk-ki$, MyHRMAN, PBS. I eR iy ukkist, Kinc, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc. . ® The Hebrew cognate of maSi, to forget, is na$a, Arabic nasija, and occurs here in Baby- lonian for the first time. See also BROCKELMAN, Vergleichende Grammatik 160 a. * Probably phonetic variant of edir. The preterite of edéru, to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct the preterite edir is established. For the change r > ] note also attalah < attarab, HarPeEr, Letters 88, 10; bilku < birku, RA. 9, 77 II 13; uttakkalu < uttakkaru, EBELING, KTA. 49 IV Io. ® Also na-’-[ -]ma is possible. 6 The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My reading is uncertain. 7 Text uncertain. kal-lu-tim is possible. 2. u Sa-am-ka-al| _ t- ru- ub-ma a-nat libbit Uruk- nw . pi-ti pu-uk epsi! . pi-ti . a-na . AS-Sa-at $1-ma-tim 1-ra-ab-hi . Su-u STEPHEN” LANGDON——THE EPIC-~OF GILGAMISH a-na ¥arri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim. a-na ha-a- a-r1 _ a-na "Gilgamis Sarri $a Unuk- (ki) ri-bi-tim pu-uk epsii ha-a-a-ri pa-na-nu-um-ma mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu . t-na mi-il-ki Sa ili ga-bi-ma 10. 20. ain 22) 233 PP 25: olay 2% 217 For the king of Erech of the wide places open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. He cohabits with decreed for him, even he formerly. But henceforth in the counsel which god has spoken, the wife . In the work of his presence . shall be his fate.” . At the mention of the hero . his face became pale. REVERSE II ee oe ae Ce ait al teat rao hall 6) ofa) le erie) lel e le 10/6 ca! ie e f6) © Nereis ye: (0S cee Gi ye aye ONE 05S Ee MR Oe ene © (About five lines broken away.) . t-na bi-ti-tk = a-pu-un-na-ti-Su* . St- ma- ar- zum . a-na Zi-1k-r1 id-li-1m . 1-ri-ku pa-nu-Su . 1-tl-la-ak- .......... lar-k1-Su (ki) ri-bi-tim . ip-bur um-ma-nu-um 1-na $1- ON As T1-SU . 1f-71-7a-am-ma 1-na 7u-ki-1m . $a Unuk-(k1) . pa-ab-ra-a-ma r1-bi-tim ni-su fe 2. 3. 4. 1 KAK-S1. ENC. hak Mea ee ears and the harlot..... after him. He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. The artisans gathered about him. And as he stood in the street of Erech of the wide places, the people assembled 2 Literally nostrils. pitik apunnati-Su, work done in his presence(?). The meaning of the ideom is uncertain. 3 Text ZU! 4 Text has erroneous form. 218 . 1-ta-mé-a . a- . 1d-lu-tum u-te-el-li- . $a-ki-in . a-na idl Sa 1-tu-ru . a-na ""Gilgamis ki-ma . Sa-k1-15-Sum? . a-na *"I§-ha-ra ma-ia-lum UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION i-na $i-ri-su pi(?)- it-tam' . a-na mi-[ni}? "“Gilgami$ ma-S1-il . la-nam Sa- pi- il . e-$1| pul-uk-ku-ul 1 ? -ak-ta -|di 1-51? . S1-17-ba Sa [na-ma-|a5-|te]-e . i-le- en- ni- tk . ka-id-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(k1) kak-k1-a-tum? lu nut 71-Mu-SU 1p-Sa- 1-li-1m me-1b-rum . Na- [di|-1- ma . "““Gilgamish id-| |na-an(?)... . I-na mu-31 in-nt1-[ -|id . 1-na-ak®-Sa-am- ma . it-ta-| li-na ziki . tp-ta-ra-[ku |-ak-tam tye ““Gilgamish Be Sarr op aie Panes da-na(?) ni-15-Su CoL. 5 r= (7) Pare ae Se liamitl eek bad an 1-na $1-r1 ? Se TOT Oe BOF 6 ee UE ee wile 66 ee ‘Text PA-it-tam clearly! 2 Omitted by the scribe. * Sic! The plural of kakku, kakkitu(?). 8. disputing round about him:— “How is he become like Gilga- mish suddenly? . In form he is shorter. Re Thane he is made powerful. . Milk of the cattle . he drank. . Continually in the midst of Erech weapons . the heroes purified. A project was instituted. Unto the hero whose counte- nance was turned away, . unto Gilgamish like a god . he became for him a fellow. . For [Shara a couch . was laid. Gilgamishisty lee eee a ee .2in-the might) heveeee see . embracing her in sleep. f LDV 2e ee ae in the street . of Gilgamish. se Sea ae mightily(?) Aroadt() tee eee Gilgamish in the’ plain: 27,0, 2 oe eee * Cf. e-pi-Sa-an-Su-nu libaru, “May they see their doings,” Maklu VII 17. 5 For Sakin-Sum. *On the verb naéku see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs § 27. SNOW present tense which occurs here has zlut also. . it-bi-ma . a-na . 1t-tam-ha-ru 1-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti STEPHEN . 1-ba-an-ni-ib [p1-ir-ta-su?| pa-ni-" Su . “En-ki-dt ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik . i-na $1-p1-Su . "™Gilgami§ e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di- in . 1$-sa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-:-im _ I lu- du . {1-1p-pa-am 1-bu- tu . 1-ga-rum ir-tu-tin? . ™Gilgamis 1" En-ki- di . 1$-sa-ab-tu-n- ma . ki-ma I1-1-1m 1-lu-du . {1-1p-pa-am *1-bu- tu . 1-ga-rum ir-tu-tit . 1k-m1-1s-ma ™Cilgamis . 1-Na ga-ga-ag-ga-r1 $1-1p-Su . ip-Si-1? us-sa-Su- ma . 1-N1-'1 1-1a-a7-7Uu . 15-tu 1-ra-7U 1-n1-bu4 . En-ki-di a-na Sa-Si-im . iz-ga-kar-am a-na ““Gilgamis . ki-ma 15-te-en-ma um-ma-ka . U- li- id- ka . ri-1m-tum Sa gu- pu-ri . "tN in- sun- na . ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-eS-su LANGDON—THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH 219 . his hair growing thickly like the corn. Peller CamiealOLilleia® tute oe ste . Into his presence. . [They met in the wide park of the land. . Enkidu held fast the door . with his foot, . and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. . They grappled with each other . goring like an ox. . The threshold they destroyed. . The wall they demolished. . Gilgamish and Enkidu . grappled with each other, . goring like an ox. . The threshold they destroyed. . The wall they demolished. . Gilgamish bowed . to the ground at his feet . and his javelin reposed. . He turned back his breast. . After he had turned back his breast, . Enkidu unto that one . spoke, even unto Gilgamish. . “Even as one® did thy mother . bear thee, . she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, . Ninsunna, -_ whose head she exalted more than a husband. 1 The verb /Ja’dtu, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite ilut; see VA BL Vi21O4 tee 2 Note BUL(tu-ku) =ratatu (falsely entered in MetssNeR, SAI. 7993), and zrattutu in ZIM- MERN, Shurpu, Index. 3 For ipsab. 4 Sic! bu reduced to the breathing ’u; read 1-n1-’u. 5]. e., an ordinary man. 220 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION 32. Sar-ru-tam Sa ni-5t 32. Royal power over the people 33. 1-Si-1m-kum M4 Fy-lil 33. Enlil has decreed for thee.” ————— eee a»—>$“WT duppu 2 kam-ma Second tablet. Su-tu-ur e-li......... Writtensupone. ane 4 Su-S1 240 (lines). a 1 The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column. INDE LOO DAR TS 2° AN DE3 A. Adab, city, 123, 23. addi, wailing, 117, 31; 137,22; 161, ee abu, brother, 212, 36. Aja, goddess, 1098, 9. al (gix), al-gar (giS), a musical in- strument, 187-191. See also No. 20 Rev. 7-12. al-bi, com- pound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 (unpublished) al-gar, al- gar-balag in list with (g75)-a- ld, also an instrument of music. alad, protecting genius, 154, 18. amelis, like a man, 215, 25. Amurrfi, god. Psalm to, 118; 119. angubba, sentinel, 180, 14. Ane eOd mellow Io:20fl. 131, 8; LO5# 0 749 100,220. Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, Po erlOMly 7 leo elas 136i oT: tse O55 Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2. apunnatu, nostrils. pitik apunnati, 217,20. assammim (?), 215, 18. Ptalilein 220 eel 34.07. aramu, cover, 198 n. 2. araku, be pale, Prt. zriku, 217, 31. arhis, quickly, 199, 28. Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, Cissmeoisten Ola bniily F153 2; 171, 29; 190, 25. Other refer- ences, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34f. Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4. (221) AS-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. as omitted, No. 109, 2. as-me, disk, 133, 38. AS8irgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7. Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38. B. Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, a a VAGey Phan Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11. badara, see 200 N. 2. weapon, 133, 30. balag, lyre, 138, 52. bansur, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3- Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 52 Alay 110. bisitu, condition, 215, 14. bi’u, cavern, 196, 29. bulukku, crab, 174, 5. burgul, engraver, 185, 8. badarani, a (G Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15. D: Dada, god, 192, 6. Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21. Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7. Deification of kings, 106-9; 127n. 1. dépu, shatter, 195 n. 16. 222 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM-——BABYLONIAN SECTION DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10. Dilbat, city, 167, 16. Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4. dimgul, dimdul, master workman, 150. dingir-gal-gal-e-ne, the great gods, the Anunnakli, 114, 21:125; 149, 10. dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title) of ‘Bau, 170; 54) 418150203 184, 28. dumu-sag, title of TaSmet, 163, 12. Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136. dupsakku, trencher basket, 216, 17. Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, tahoey Coli baa OE E. E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125 FAb, 12s po Bl Os E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 162° 150, [1; )166,41. 9 herhaps read E-barra. E-daranna, temple of Enki in Baby- lon, 169, 253'-170, 29. -see BL. 133. edélu=edéru, be gloomy, 216, 10. é-dub, house of learning, 117, 39. é-gal, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, LVeHI31; Perla ete soe: é-gig=kissu, 191, 11. E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16. E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10. E-kiSibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13. E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 100,77; 146,95. 147, 177-lbolee 160; 451002177700, 19 3, Emah, ESmah, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4. E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3. E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13: E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 160, 24. en-a-nu-un, en-d-nun, title of In- nini and Gula, 173, 2. Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5. E-ninni, temple, 181, 22. EN-HUL-tim-mu, 194 N. 2. EN-KA-KA, bél dababi, 194, 2. Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 74 TAs LOU LOg2 pale ee 16. Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10i0b; 214; O2O21S Uli 2215.4 Aemea sd Cane QIOAOiI5 25-419 ip hana. 173,-13. Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155-184. Regarded as god of light, 157, 1 ff. 158, 3f. . Other references, 114),1O fbb fos 110, Loser GF 1136453 lOO meee oe 146431714 (LOOseDE 10; aoa 33- Enul, god, 149, 106. Enzu,-pod, A30g418 146.3, epsanu, deeds, 218, 18. epi, be dark, I? 2t@p%, 196, 20. Frech# city; 1255" 140) 13) = erecn ribitin, 212, 28; 213, 153" 21% NG? P21 eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8. eriday title, 175521% Eridu;‘city, 113}207) 130,13. Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, is ersagtugmal, penitential psalm, 118. E-sagila, temple, 152. E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4. eSendili, a title, 177, 10. eskar, fixed tax, 188, 9. es-lal, a sacred place, 161, 14. E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25. E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14. Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20. E-zida, temple, 166, 12. Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9. Ezira, reading of the divine name RAs a aa Ll. Es Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 Nn. 4. G: GAB, baked bread, 200, 33. GAB-LAL, a cake made with honey, 105) 225. 200,45: GAR-Sunu = ep1san-Sunu, 198, 13. gasan-gula, title of Nina, 119 n. 2. gepar, dark chamber, 123, 30f., 148, IQ TO io. Gibil, god, 197, 3. gi-gal (gis), interlude, 151 n.1; 182, Layeek gigunna, 114, 23. Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, eloeel Peel 7 82132 lz, 21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 23 92101810:15:20:26,. Deriva- tion of name, 208. Seealso No. De ReVeellils .it07;.42>. 124 f. eilsaacsacred Telic, 132, 22. Sila Fi eo OC wl 4) 75) 1777, 2k girru, lion, 215, 20. Girsu, city, 181, 23. Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18. - Guedin, province, 120, 28. Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 0. gupru, mighty, 214, 33. Gutium, land, 120ff. INDEX 223 nt Hallab, city, 125; 141. banabu, grow thickly, Prs. zbannib, 210, A: bapapu, embrace, 212, 34. bassinu, axe, 212, 20:31. barbatu, waste place, 200, 39. Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14. Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42. bilu, a bird, 199, 31. biku, a bird, 199, 31. r Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2. © 1bs1, liturgical expression, 120, 5. Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6. IGI-NAGIN-N4A, 194, 11. imib, weapon, 131, 8. mz-zb, ibid. Tis: imin, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18. Immer, god, 177, 8. Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3. Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, L643; eh2aue 20 age Olson, Gh Shamash, 148, 4. Other refer- ences, 154, 21. issur Samé, unclean birds, 195 n. 10. IShara, goddess, 218, 22. (Sine cliyal 22a sel. Ishme-Dagan, 178ff. Son of Enlil, Pole lol a3 2a LILUTeY sky 143. K. KA-DIB-BI, sibit pi, 194, 10. KAK-DIG, a weapon, 130, 4. kakkitu (?), weapon. PI. kakkiatum, mater 1ay KAK-SIR, a weapon (?), 130, 4. 224 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION kalama, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; [Al 5s UAT 225 150, c4 ald, 17; 177; 9. kanami =kalama, land, 120, 8. KA+WNE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10. kasi, bind. |? liktisu, 198, 20. Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; (23,120; 100) 4 00; O58 LOO, 1 OG,224" Kes tcitvial iSyebla ies: keSda-azag, a relic, 132, 27. ki, kin for gim=kima, 120, ©. KI-AG-MAL, ramu, 194 n. 4. Kidurkazal, daughter of Nuinkasi, 145. ki-malla, to bend. tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gi-gi, “Thy neck wearies not in bending,’ 168, 2. [Cor- rect the translation.]| ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 107-200; 1172 KI-SAR, kakkara tasabbit, 199, 29. Kish, city, 129, 30; 166,12. é kiS- (k2)-5%, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8. Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, I. kunin, gunin, reed basket, 150 n. 3. kurgal, “‘great mountain,” title of Sumer. 114; 11-2 Of Bahl ita, Lepe d eee os KURUN-NA, (amelu), 196, 34. KUS-KU-MAL, 194, 11. iz la’atu, gore. Prt. iladu, 219, 12:17. labu, panther, 215, 29:32. Lagash, city, 181, 23:26. Labama, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5. Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31. Libit-Ishtar, king, 141. libSu, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26. Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3. lilazag, epithet of a deified king, I4I, I. Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5. liméenu, be evil. II! ulammenu-innz, 197; 7- Lugal-dig, god, 197, 5. lw atu, pollution, 195, 109. M. Magan, land, 112, 2:5. matalu, couch, 218, 22. malasu, shear, 195, 20. - Mamit, 200, 41. mandatu, form, 195, 21. mal-gar (gi), a musical instrument, IOI, 10. mangu, disease, 195, 10. Marduk, god, 151. markasu, leader, 150. mash, seize, 195 Nn. 5. mas, to forget, 216, 7. Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. mebru, fellow, 218, 21. Mehus, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Melubha, land, 112, 6. Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15. mesh, a tree, 150, 23. muk, now, but now, 217, 26. Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18. Mulmul, gods, 142. N. nadu, water bottle, 198, 17. naditu, temple devotee, 188, 7. nagh, shout. Prs. imangu, 215, 109. naku, embrace, 218, 26. namastui, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1ew210. 804 Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24. Nana, goddess, 192, 7. INDEX 225 Wannane cody 15; 125° 110, 2357133, RO is seh al 50, 2. Nergal, god, 131, 6. Nidaba, goddess, 1091. ni-gal, cattle, 121, 6. nimir =ligir, 174, 4. ninda, linear measure, 133, 41. Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 15 io: NingiSszida, god, 133, 34. Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15. Ninkasi, goddess, 144. Ninki, goddess, 149, 16. Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; (27 to 40,14. Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Ninmah, goddess, 116, 22. Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnun- na, 190, 27. Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 1203) 13.buL6 (7). Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nin- tudras, 137; 10, ‘Creatress of man and woman, 102. Ninul, goddess, 149, 16. NinuraSsa, god, 191, 12; 146, 12. Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13. INIDPUIciLy.s Li2; 9; 122, 10:19; (Oma OG 2213. 100, 11>. 140, Lope 5 co, eos, 10. NI-SUR (amelu), 196, 35. Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. 10. nugiganna, epithet of Innini, 185, 2. niin apst, unclean fish, 195 n. II. Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; TOMO fa.li: nun-ur, epithet of Amurrt, 1109, 3. Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13. No. 20, Ee Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n.3; 176,5. A form of Tammuz. pananumma, formerly, 217, 25. Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Mar- duk, 163, 9. pataku, fashion, break, 214, 4. paturru, a weapon, 200, 37. Pleiades, 142. R. ratatu, demolish, 219, 109. Rimat ‘**Ninsun, 208 n. 6; 210, 29. Ruskisag, goddess, 132, 28. RU-TIG, an epithet, 141, 2. y. sa-bar; sa-sud-da, \iturgical note, 52 43 Fe Sabsi5, cruelly, 215, 30. Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, [OG3.52 5005) 100.- EI. Sabatu, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic sabita. saiabatu, desire, comfort, 216, 18. Sakapu, fell. 1? Ssakpu, 215, 30. salitu, enmity, 190, 27. SamaS, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; _ 199, 25:31. Samas-Sum-ukin, king. [ncanta- tions for, 193-200; 199, 23. Samsuiluna, king, 151. SAR-DI-DA, a relic, 133, 37: Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12. Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30. Ship, in legend, 113, 2. Silsirsir, a chapel. Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19. sippu, threshold, 219, 13:18. 226 UNIVERSITY MUSEUM—BABYLONIAN SECTION Sippar, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 10. , sirgidda, long song, 140, 54. Siris, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. SiriskaS, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. SiriSkaSgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. sirsagga, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48. S5U-AN =kat ili, 194, 12. SU-4INNINI, 194, 12. SU-NAM-ERIM-MA, 194, 13. SULNAM-LU-GAL-LU 104, 13: subura, earth, 175, 3. su-ud, su-ud-dm, epithet of goddess of Suruppak, 177, 10 and note 4. Suburu, hair (?), 215, 23. sukkal-zid, title of Nebo, 163, 10. Sulpae, god, No. 16 II 22. Sumerslands 13, 215 Plas 11 as13o, es sumugan, title of Girra, 177, 12 and NOL; «179; 3; See also AR Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3. Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Lit- urgy to, 191. Other references, 126; 208; 131, 20. tapasu, seize, capture, I|* uttapprs, 215, 31. teméru, cook, 196, 35. Tigris, river, 183, 12. Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10. LE ud, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 15091724: ul-al-iar, 191 n. ©. ulinnu, girdle cord, 195, 20. Ulmas, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 106, 3. Ure city; 134521 3704s Lamers tation for, 150. Other refer- ences, No. 19, 4:7:3:16:28:Rev. Battin | ats Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2. Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff. urinu, spear (?), 173, 3. , ursaggal, epithet for NinuraSa, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5. usumgal, 117, 33. Li zabu, flow. li-zu-bu, 198, 16. Cf. gam=7a’ibu, mitirtu, words for canal, SAI. 691-3. zag-sal, liturgical note, 103f. No. 21 end. za-am, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 50. zénu, be enraged, II! uzinu-innzt, 197, 0. ZI-T AR-RU-DA = nikis napistt, 194 n. 6. DES Ot Belo NTO TE: TABLETS NUMBER IN THIS MUSEUM VOLUME. NuMBER. DESCRIPTION. I 7771 Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches; W. 63; T. 1-3. Second tablet of the Epic of Gil- gamish. (227) AUTOGRAPH PLATES y BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. xX PLATE. LXIII OBVERSE Cot. 1 PaO BTS REY WE Heat Beye 35 Sy FER I RAG rt (en ee 4s At YE £ EATER AGS iA Be EA BATE = Fei AR "s vp FE VAT RAIA Pett == ce SEIS De TS eB SO EE SUA pa se HW We oA Po aaa pat. 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X PLATE LXIX rj i rd +d ag Be & rt 4 PO ae, wee cf ' oie oe Niro y) ie | ‘ 1 ™ ‘7% erie a a rncie 4 Ay y 4 TABLET OF THE GILGAMISH EPIC (OBVERSE) BABYL. PUB. UNIV. MUSEUM VOL. X PLATE LXX - Seer 7 te ‘ma gel (-_ ; con Meat ae oP om ; shi tee a TABLET OF THE GILGAMISE EPIC (REVERSE) “ a He: . i ee ee ; WIS a ae PJ3711 .P41 v.10 Sumerian epic of paradise, the flood and inceton Theological Seminary—Speer A 1 1012 00143 9829