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Ohio 
 Archaeological Exhibit 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Jamestown Exposition 
 
 (1907 ) 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM C. MILLS, M. Sc. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 COLYMBUS, on 
 
Gold Medal awarded to the Ohio Arch. & Hist. Society for Exhibit in Archae- 
 ology and the same was awarded to William C. Mills as Collaborator. 
 
AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 
 
 In preparing this brief account of the 
 Archaeological Exhibit at the Jamestown 
 Exposition we cannot forget those who, in 
 many ways, assisted in making this exhib- 
 it the best archaeological display that Ohio 
 has ever shown at any of the Expositions in 
 this country. 
 
 First of all we extend our best thanks to 
 the Ohio Commission, who conceived the 
 idea of placing on exhibition, a collection 
 of the remains of prehistoric man in Ohio. 
 The Commission furnished the necessary 
 financial support to enable the society to 
 properly place this exhibit and maintain it 
 during the Exposition. We particularly 
 mention Dr. Geo. W. Knight, Secretary of 
 the Commission, Col. John P. Given, Resi- 
 dent Commissioner, and Mr. Stuart R. Bo- 
 lin, Executive Commissioner for their untir- 
 
Plate 1, Ohio Exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition. 
 
‘punoy{ ssourefT ey} JO S[eling PpojyeursID “% RII 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. < 
 
 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 AT THE JAMESTOWN EX- 
 POSITION. 
 
 The Ohio State Archaeological and His- 
 torical Society was requested by the Ohio 
 Commission to the Jamestown Ter-Centen- 
 nial Exposition to participate in the cele- 
 bration of the three hundredth anniversary 
 of the English settlement at Jamestown, by 
 placing on exhibition, in the Division of 
 History and Education, a representative 
 archaeological collection of the state of Ohio. 
 
 The Division of History and Education at 
 Jamestown was fortunately under the direc- 
 tion of two most competent gentlemen, J. 
 Taylor Ellyson, of Richmond, Va., Gover- 
 nor of the Division, and Dr. J. A. C. Chand- 
 ler, also of Richmond, Director of the Divi- 
 sion, and much eredit is due to them for the 
 interest manifested in making the Ohio ex- 
 hibit one of the important features of the 
 History Building. 
 
8 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 The History Building was fireproof in 
 construction and contained besides the Ohio 
 Archaeological collection, perhaps the larg- 
 est collection of priceless relics, manuscripts 
 and books bearing upon the earlier colonial 
 period in America, ever gathered under one 
 roof. The Ohio exhibit occupied about eigh- 
 teen hundred square feet of floor space, near 
 the entrance from the south rotunda to the 
 main exhibition room. The collection was 
 placed in twenty-four large show cases, and 
 the books representing the publications of 
 the Society were placed in a bookcase near 
 
 the south entrance to the room. 
 
 PLAN OF THE EXHIBIT. 
 
 The general plan of exhibiting the collec- 
 tions, under three divisions, carried out in 
 detail, was as follows: 
 
 First: Publications of the Society. 
 
 Second: Models of noted prehistoric 
 earthworks owned by the State and kept as 
 
 free public parks. 
 
Uncremated Burial of the Harness Mound, 
 
Plate 4. Typical Rectangular Grave, Harness Mound. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 9 
 
 Third: Results of the explorations of 
 the Society. 
 
 In the first division an exhibit of all the 
 publications of the Society was made. ‘This 
 exhibit included the regular annual publica- 
 tion, which consists of a regular bound vol- 
 ume of over four hundred pages. The Soci- 
 ety has issued sixteen such volumes, which 
 are of great interest and value; containing 
 articles and papers by the leading authori- 
 ties. The Society has published nine edi- 
 tions of volumes, one to six, six editions of 
 seven, eight and nine, and three editions of 
 eleven and twelve. Besides the regular edi- 
 tion, a de Luxe edition was placed on exhibit. 
 
 The Society has also published a number 
 of miscellaneous volumes, namely: 
 
 The Centenmal Celebration, a volume 
 containing the entire proceedings of the 
 celebration of the admission of Ohio into the 
 Union, which occurred March 1, 1803. The 
 volume of over 600 pages, is fully illustrated, 
 
10 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 and contains a complete record of the exer- 
 cises and speeches. 
 
 Clark’s Conquest, by Consul Wilshire 
 Butterfield. This book is the publication of 
 the manuscript of Mr. Butterfield, as left 
 by him at the time of his death. He spent 
 many years upon its preparation, and it is 
 without doubt the most authoritative ac- 
 count of Clark’s Conquest that has been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 Archaeological History of Ohio, by Ge- 
 rard Fowke. This work is a large octavo 
 volume of over 700 pages, containing chap- 
 ters upon the Mound Builders, with various 
 theories as to their origin, customs, and 
 habits, and the Historic Indians of Ohio, 
 their various stages of culture, and a his- 
 tory of those found in Ohio at the time of 
 its settlement. 
 
 History of the Ohio Canals, by Hunting- 
 ton & McClelland. This volume gives an ac- 
 
 curate and thorough account of the origin, 
 
Plate 5. Typical Copper Ear Ornaments. Large Pearl Mounted in Copper. 
 
‘puhoy Sssotiiefy ‘ojetq toddog ‘9 die{d 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. at) 
 
 construction, and abandonment of canals of 
 Ohio, with a detailed financial statement of 
 their cost and maintenance, and the effect of 
 the canals upon the financial and industrial 
 conditions of the State. 
 
 The Serpent Mound, by HK. O. Randall. 
 This volume gives a complete, and accurate 
 account of the Serpent Mound, together 
 with the theories advanced by the leading 
 archaeologists of the country, regarding its 
 construction and purpose. It is regarded 
 as the most exhaustive work on the mound 
 yet issued. 
 
 Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio, 
 Vol. 1, by William C. Mills. This volume 
 of over 320 pages, and 267 illustrations, is a 
 graphic account of the explorations of the 
 Adena Mound, Gartner Mound and Village 
 Site, Baum Village Site, and the Edwin 
 Harness Mound ‘This is a well printed, 
 large octavo volume of excellent appearance, 
 and amply illustrated and constitutes a val- 
 
12 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 uable contribution to the archaeology of 
 Ohio. * * * Mr. Mills’ method of open- 
 ing the mounds is systematic and deliberate, 
 and the care exercised in uncovering the hu- 
 man remains, and objects of art, is exempli- 
 fied in both text and illustrations. He is the 
 most worthy coadjutor of Clarence B. Moore 
 in the field of mound exploration, of the pre- 
 sent period.’’ — W. H. Holmes in American 
 Anthropologist, 1907. 
 
 All of the above publications were placed 
 in a bookease accessible to the public, where 
 they were freely consulted and examined by 
 the visitors. 
 
 Models of Fort Ancient and Serpent 
 Mound Park, constituting the second divi- 
 sion of the exhibit, were placed in large 
 cases especially constructed so the models 
 could be examined from all sides. The mod- 
 els for the most part, were made of wood, 
 and covered with a light covering of plaster, 
 
 varying in thickness from one inch to one- 
 
Plate 7. Copper Axe, Harness Mound. 
 
Copper Axes, Harness Mound. 
 
 Plate 8. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 15) 
 
 half inch. A small amount of plaster was 
 used in order to lighten the models so that 
 they might be safely transported to the Ex- 
 position grounds and easily handled in plac- 
 ing them on exhibit. 
 
 The models were colored as true to na- 
 ture as possible by taking samples of the soil 
 and rock from the various places, and grind- 
 ing to a fine powder, then mixing with wa- 
 ter and glue, and where the soil was exposed, 
 as in roads, paths and earth banks, the mix- 
 ture was applied with a brush. The lawns 
 and trees were artificially made by the use 
 of colored moss, prepared in several ways 
 for that purpose. 
 
 FORT ANCIENT. 
 
 The model of Fort Ancient was made after 
 the survey of T. B. Van Horne. The size 
 of the model is 53 inches by 44 inches. Hori- 
 zontal scale: 1 inch equals 100 feet. Ver- 
 tical: 1 inch equals 50 feet. 
 
 Fort Ancient is the largest prehistoric for- 
 
14 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 tification in Ohio. About 100 acres are en- 
 closed by the artificial walls. The distance 
 around the enclosure, following the center 
 of the embankments, is 18,712 feet; about 
 three and one-half miles. The walls are so 
 irregular and crooked that a line from north 
 to south is only 4993 feet; less than one mile. 
 
 By an act of the Ohio Legislature, April 
 28, 1890, the Fort and immediate surround- 
 ing territory, comprising some 287 acres, 
 was purchased by the State, and turned over 
 to the Ohio State Archaeological and His- 
 torical Society, to be made into a free pub- 
 
 lie park. 
 THE SERPENT MOUND. 
 
 The model of Serpent Mound Park was 
 made after the survey of Clinton Cowen, 
 1901. Scale: 3 inches equal 100 feet. Hori- 
 zontal and vertical equal. 
 
 The Serpent Mound was first described 
 by Squier and Davis in 1848, and was saved 
 from destruction in 1885 by Frederick Ward 
 
Plate 9. Human Jaws, Worn for Ornaments, Harness Mound. 
 
Plate 10. Jaws of the Mountain Lion, Wild Cat and Black Bear, Used for Orna- 
 ment. Shark’s Teeth Perforated for Attachment, Harness Mound. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 15 
 
 Putnam, Professor of Archaeology and Eth- 
 nology, Harvard University. 
 
 The Serpent and surroundings are now 
 included in a park, which was secured by 
 subscription obtained by the ladies of Bos- 
 ton, in 1877, when it was deeded to the Trus- 
 tees of the Peabody Museum of Harvard 
 University, Cambridge, Mass. Exempted 
 from taxation by act of legislature of Ohio 
 in 1888. Transferred by Harvard Univer- 
 sity, May 1900, to the Ohio State Archaeo- 
 logical and Historical Society for perpetual 
 care as a free Public Park. 
 
 In the third division of the exhibit were 
 shown the results of the explorations of the 
 Society, together with models of mounds and 
 graves, and the published reports of various 
 investigations. The entire exhibit occupy- 
 ing twenty-two large show cases. 
 
 The largest exhibit, and perhaps the most 
 interesting, was from the Edwin Harness 
 Mound. This mound is the largest of the 
 
16 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Harness group, situated within one of the 
 large circular earthworks near the center 
 of the group, in the vicinity of Chillicothe. 
 The Harness group has long been known to 
 archaeological scientists through partial ex- 
 plorations by noted achaeologists for more 
 than half a century, and the artifacts taken 
 from the mound can be seen in several of the 
 museums in this country, as well as in Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 The exhibit of the Harness Mound was 
 placed in seven cases, four of which dis- 
 played models of the graves and mound, and 
 three large nine-foot cases were used for 
 various artifacts taken from the graves. 
 The model of the mound was five feet in 
 length by thirty-nine inches in width, and 
 made on a scale of 1 foot equals 40 feet, both 
 horizontal and vertical. The site of the 
 mound was an enclosure, or charnel house, 
 as evidenced by the molds of the posts form- 
 ing the sides of the structure as shown in 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. LF 
 
 the model. For the most part, the bodies 
 therein buried, were cremated in the large 
 fire-places, as shown in the model, and the 
 remains placed in a prepared grave within 
 the enclosure. In due time the building be- 
 came filled with the graves. The superstruc- 
 ture was then destroyed by fire and the long 
 tedious process of erecting the earthen mon- 
 ument to the dead began. During this erect" 
 ing process, others dying meanwhile, were 
 buried promiscuously and at various depths 
 in the mound. 
 
 Another interesting feature of the mound 
 was the careful method of the preparation 
 of the graves, which were shown in three 
 models, representing the three forms most 
 common. All the graves shown were full 
 
 size. 
 MODEL OF RECTANGULAR GRAVE. 
 
 This form of grave is seen in Plate 4, 
 which shows the grave and contents as they 
 were photographed during the explorations. 
 In this grave, the incinerated remains of the 
 
18 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 dead were placed in the center of the pre- 
 pared grave and the ornaments of copper 
 and gorgets of bear teeth, together with a 
 platform pipe, were promiscuously placed 
 as shown in the photograph. The model is 
 an exact duplicate of the grave. 
 
 MODEL OF OVAL GRAVE. 
 
 This form of grave, as shown in the mo- 
 del, was occasionally met with during the 
 explorations. This type is similar to the 
 other graves, but the timber used in con- 
 structing the outside portion was made of 
 small pieces of logs with clay plastered over 
 them, thus forming a regular grave. The 
 incinerated remains, as seen in the model, 
 were placed in the center of the grave, and 
 the implements and ornaments were grouped 
 around the remains. 
 
 MODEL OF THE PLATFORM GRAVE. 
 Fully seventy-five per cent. of the graves 
 found in the Harness Mound were of this 
 
Plate 11. Teeth 
 
 of the Bear, Raccoon and Opossum, Used for Ornament. 
 Harness Mound, 
 
Plate 12. Pipes From the Graves of the Harness Mound. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 19 
 
 type. A typical platform characterized by 
 a plain elevated platform made of clay usu- 
 ally elevated from three to six inches at the 
 center, and gradually sloping to the sides. 
 The average length of this form of grave was 
 about four feet, and the average width from 
 three to two and one-half feet. The inciner- 
 ated remains were placed in a small heap at 
 the center, similar in every respect to the 
 
 other forms of graves. 
 
 ARTIFACTS FOUND IN THE GRAVES. 
 
 The artifacts taken from the burials in 
 this mound were most interesting as to qual- 
 ity and quantity and represent the highest 
 art of prehistoric man in Ohio. From the 
 burials in this mound upwards of 12,000 
 specimens, including implements and orna- 
 ments of copper, shell, bone, and stone, were 
 removed, and a representative collection of 
 the objects were shown in cases Nos. 6, 7 
 and 8. 
 
20 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 COPPER PLATES. 
 
 The most interesting of the copper objects 
 were the large plates and the ear ornaments 
 shown in case No. 6. 
 
 One of the finest and largest of the eight 
 copper plates exhibited, is shown in Plate 6, 
 and this may be taken as a type of the plates 
 from this mound. ‘The entire surface of the 
 plate is covered with the remains of a woven 
 fabric. The plate is nine inches in length 
 and four and three-fourths inches in width, 
 and will average about one-eighth of an inch 
 
 in thickness. 
 EAR ORNAMENTS. 
 
 Hifty copper ear ornaments were shown 
 in case 6, and they fully illustrate the four 
 types taken from this mound, as well as the 
 mode of manufacture. The copper plates 
 used in making these ornaments were ham- 
 mered very thin, and made into concavo-con- 
 vex plates, and connected by a central cylin- 
 drical column. Many of the plates were 
 covered with meteoric iron, and a few with 
 
Plate 18. Adena Mound Pipe — Front View. 
 
Plate 14. Adena Mound Pipe — Side View. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 21 
 
 silver, showing a high degree of skill in their 
 manufacture as well as great advancement 
 in ornamental art. Case 6 also contained 
 beads made of meteoric iron, and a large 
 
 fresh-water pearl set in copper. 
 
 IMPLEMENTS OF COPPER. 
 
 The implements of copper were not nu- 
 merous in this mound, but the typical axes 
 and needles were shown in case No. 7. The 
 axes, for the most part were small and all 
 one type, and made from masses of native 
 copper by hammering into form. The sur- 
 faces of the axes were much corroded, but 
 they plainly show the irregularities upon the 
 surface, and many show the remains of a 
 
 woven fabric imprinted upon their faces. 
 
 BONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Bone implements were not abundant with 
 the burials of this mound, although a num- 
 ber of very fine awls and needles in perfect 
 condition were taken from the graves. The 
 
 bone implements are shown in case No. 7. 
 
ae OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 The awls show two types, those having sharp 
 points, and the body of the implement made 
 in proportion, and perhaps used in piercing. 
 The second kind had blunt points; the body 
 of the implement being heavy throughout its 
 entire length. 
 
 BONE NEEDLES. 
 
 The bone needles, as shown in case No. 7 
 were usually found clustered together in the 
 graves. The heads are usually flattened and 
 pierced with a hole near the end. The nee- 
 dles were usually made from the heavy leg 
 bone of the deer and much labor and even 
 skill was required to produce the gradual 
 taper and symmetry of the implement. 
 
 Small ornaments in the way of beads made 
 of bone, shell and pearls were very abundant 
 in this mound. Pearls were pierced with 
 holes, and strung on strings varying in num- 
 ber from fifty pearls to the string to more 
 than two thousand. One of the largest pre- 
 historic pearl necklaces (as regards size of 
 
Plate 15. A 
 
 Perfect Piece of Pottery, a Pipe and Shell Hoe, Taken From 
 Gartner Mound. 
 
ge Site, 
 
 a 
 
 ill 
 
 V 
 
 Baum 
 
 Pottery Vessels, 
 
 Plate 16 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. oo 
 
 pearls) ever found, was taken from one of 
 the graves of the mound. 
 
 HKvidently the supply of pearls was not 
 equal to the demand, as imitation pearl beads 
 were found in several graves. The imita- 
 tion pearls were made of clay, first burned, 
 then covered with a flexible mica, so that the 
 imitation resembled the true pearl both in 
 form and luster. Case No. 7 also contained 
 a splendid collection of large ocean shells 
 cut in such manner as to be useful as con- 
 tainers or drinking cups. The shells were 
 taken from the graves. 
 
 TEXTILES. 
 
 One of the primitive industries of the 
 builders of the Harness Mound was the 
 weaving of various fabrics, and the charred 
 remains of the simplest to the highest art 
 in primitive weaving were taken from the 
 graves, and material which was, no doubt, 
 used for clothing, for it is well known that 
 the textile art appeared early in primitive 
 
24 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 culture, and it is generally believed that the 
 association of esthetic concepts with it came 
 first, and became quite a factor in personal 
 adornment. 
 
 Upwards of thirty samples of weaving 
 were shown in case No. 7, as well as several 
 pieces to which were attached ornaments of 
 
 copper and mica. 
 PIPES. 
 
 The pipes taken from the Harness Mound 
 are shown in Case 8. They are of the plat- 
 form type, bold and symmetrical in outline, 
 the bowl arising from the center of the 
 slightly oval side of the platform requir- 
 ing much skill and labor in their manufac- 
 
 ture. 
 MICA. 
 
 Blocks of mica and various figures and 
 scrolls cut from its detached thin sheets 
 were found in many graves. From one 
 grave alone were secured more than one 
 hundred sheets of mica cut into various de- 
 
 signs, such as scrolls, circles, half circles, 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 20 
 
 long narrow strips, and several very com- 
 plicated designs. A representative collec- 
 tion of these designs was shown in Case 8, 
 tray No.2. 
 ORNAMENTS OF BONE. 
 
 Ornaments of bone were frequently found 
 in the burials in a perfect condition, though 
 many had been destroyed by fire. The most 
 interesting were shown in Case No. 8, and 
 consist of gorgets, carved bone, bear teeth, 
 shark’s teeth, and ornaments made from ani- 
 mal and human jaws. The most interesting 
 of these ornaments were the human jaws 
 which were cut, polished and perforated to 
 suit the individual requirement. In one 
 jaw, three human incisor teeth were missing, 
 but in their sockets were fitted three incisor 
 teeth of the deer; the substitute making the 
 jaw appear quite Symmetrical. In this case 
 is also shown portions of leg bones of the 
 bear, that had been polished and decorated. 
 The decoration was made by cutting the bone 
 
26 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 in such way as to leave in relief the deco- 
 rated portion. At one end the beak and por- 
 tions of a bird’s head are shown. The nos- 
 trils and eye being quite plain. The other 
 end of the bone is decorated with scrolls. 
 The two bones were decorated alike. 
 
 FLINT AND OBSIDION IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Flint and Obsidion implements are shown 
 in Case No. 8. They were found in all 
 graves, and consist, for the most part, of 
 knives flaked from cores of flint. The flint 
 was evidently secured from the Flint Ridge 
 district near Newark, and consisted of the 
 best grade of chalcedony found in that 
 noted section, and known as variegated and 
 banded jasper grades. The obsidion found 
 in this mound evidently came from the far 
 northwest, as it resembles the obsidion from 
 the Yellowstone region. 
 
 POTTERY. 
 
 The specimens of broken pottery shown in 
 Case No. 8 were not all taken from graves, 
 
Plate 17. Decorated Bones From Harness Mound. 
 
Plate 18. Bone Awls and Needles, Harness Mound. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. Li 
 
 but were found scattered through the 
 mound. 
 
 The use of pottery for the preparation 
 and retention of food was universal among 
 the prehistoric peoples of Ohio. Broken 
 fragments of pottery, presenting a high type 
 of fictile art, were found scattered through- 
 out the mound. The symmetry and grace 
 displayed by the unearthed potsherds evi- 
 denced that the early ceramic workers dis- 
 played much skill and patience as well as ex- 
 perience in their art. 
 
 THE SEIP MOUND. 
 
 Part of Case No. 9 displayed a represen- 
 tative collection from the recently explored 
 (1906) Seip Mound, located in the famous 
 Paint Creek Valley, Ross county, Ohio. At 
 this writing only a portion of the mound 
 has been examined and work will be resumed 
 during the summer of 1908. The copper 
 
 implements and ornaments in many respects 
 
28 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 are like the Harness Mound specimens and 
 belong to the same culture. 
 
 A new feature in the manufacture of the 
 large copper plates taken from one of the 
 graves of this mound was found, consisting 
 of a very thin sheet of copper placed over 
 a thicker piece and the edges turned under 
 and fastened after the fashion of our mod- 
 ern artisans. 
 
 Another interesting find taken from one 
 of the graves was a large tooth of the alli- 
 gator, two and one-half inches long, and per- 
 forated with two holes near the base of the 
 root. This is the first record of finding the 
 tooth of this reptile associated with the bur- 
 ials in the mounds of Ohio. 
 
 Case No. 9 also contained specimens be- 
 longing to the same culture as those of the 
 Harness and Seip Mounds. The artifacts 
 placed on display were all typical specimens 
 of ear ornaments, pendants, bracelets, finger 
 
 rings, crosses, head-dresses, breast-plates, 
 
Plate 19. Bone Awls From Baum Village Site, 
 
Plate 
 
 20, 
 
 Bone Awls and Fishhooks From Gartner Village Site.. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 29 
 
 Spear-points, tubes, drills, and axes, also 
 large nuggets of native copper found in 
 graves, as well as nuggets partly hammered 
 into form. The large collection of nuggets 
 of native silver shown in Tray No. 4 were 
 taken from the Snake Den Group of mounds, 
 Pickaway county, Ohio. 
 
 A large copper axe and a spear point, from 
 the collection of Mr. John Salmon, Washing- 
 ton, C. H., Ohio, were representative Wis- 
 consin types though taken from a grave in 
 
 Ohio. 
 ADENA MOUND. 
 
 Case No. 9 contained a representative col- 
 lection from the Adena mound. This mound, 
 prior to its examination, was owned by the 
 Thomas Worthington estate, and had been 
 kept intact for more than a century. The 
 mound was twenty-six feet and six inches 
 high, and two hundred feet in diameter. The 
 mound was built in two different periods, 
 showing two different modes of burial. In 
 
30 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 the first period the burials were all made in 
 burial cists and uncremated. The burial 
 cists were made of logs usually piled in the 
 form of a parallelogram, from eighteen 
 inches to two and one-half feet high. The 
 bodies were placed in the prepared grave and 
 covered with cloth or bark. Their imple- 
 ments and ornaments shown in this case 
 were placed in the grave. In the second 
 period, the bodies were not placed in pre- 
 pared graves, but were placed promiscu- 
 ously in every portion of the mound from 
 
 the base line to within five feet of the top. 
 
 COPPER PIECES. 
 
 The copper ornaments taken from the 
 Adena mound consisted mainly of copper 
 bracelets, which were made from native cop- 
 per, hammered round and tapering to a blunt 
 point at each end. ‘The ends overlapped each 
 other when bent around the wrist. From 
 one skeleton, eight copper bracelets were 
 
 taken. 
 
papoose 
 
 Plate 21. Perfect Bone Fishhooks and Specimens Showing Stages in the 
 Manufacture of the Hook, 
 
Perfect Bone Scraper and Specimens Showing Stages of Manufacture. 
 
 Plate 22. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. OL 
 
 The large flint knives shown in this case 
 were secured from the central grave. They 
 are fashioned from flint secured from Flint 
 Ridge, and are very finely wrought, ranging 
 from three to four inches in length. Be- 
 sides the awls and needles found in this 
 mound, perhaps the most interesting speci- 
 men was the effigy pipe, eight inches in 
 length, and composed of fire clay. The pipe 
 is tubular in form, the hole extending the 
 entire length of the body. The large open- 
 ing is between the feet. Within an inch of 
 the top of the head, the opening begins to 
 narrow down to a very small aperture one- 
 eighth of an inch in diameter. The mouth- 
 piece forms a part of the headdress of the 
 image. The front part of the pipe is of 
 a light gray color, shading to a beautiful 
 red in the back. The image is coated in 
 places with a deposit of iron, which appears 
 in blotches over the greater portion of the 
 surface of the specimen. The effigy repre- 
 
ae OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 sents the human form in the nude state with 
 the exception of a covering around the loins. 
 This covering extended around the body and 
 is tied in the back. The ends of the cover- 
 ing hang down and serve as an ornament. 
 On the body of the covering is found a ser- 
 pent, or scroll-like ornament. From the lobe 
 of each ear is hanging an ear ornament, 
 quite large in proportion to the ear, resem- 
 bling very much, the large copper ear orna- 
 ment shown in the Harness Mound cases. 
 This pipe represents the highest art of pre- 
 
 historie culture. 
 
 GARTNER MOUND AND VILLAGE SITE. 
 
 Case No. 10 contained an interesting col- 
 lection of the Gartner Mound and Village 
 Site. The peoples here represented are of 
 another culture from those of the Harness, 
 Seip and Adena Mounds and may be consid- 
 ered not so high in the scale of civilization. 
 In this mound no ornaments or implements 
 
 of copper were found, but implements of 
 
= 
 
 Bone Arrow Points. 
 
 23, 
 
 Plate 
 
SON 
 
 From Shell, 
 
 Objects Made 
 
 24. 
 
 Plate 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 33 
 
 bone and stone were found in great num- 
 bers. The Gartner Mound and Village Site 
 are located along the east bank of the Scioto 
 river, six miles north of Chillicothe. The 
 mound was not a large one, being only seven 
 feet and six inches in height, and seventy- 
 five feet in diameter. The Village Site sur- 
 rounded this mound. The artifacts taken 
 from this mound were similar in every re- 
 spect to those taken from the village and con- 
 Sequently belong to the same culture. In 
 the collection are the implements used in 
 the preparation of food, such as stone mor- 
 tars and pestles, which served for crushing 
 corn, beans, dried meats, berries, etc. In 
 Same case was a large collection showing the 
 various forms of ornaments. In the central 
 portion of the case, the implements used in 
 the procuring of food and for domestic pur- 
 poses, were shown. These were made of 
 bone, stone and shell, and were found in 
 great abundance in every section of the vil- 
 
34 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 lage. The bone implements, such as points 
 for arrow and spear heads, made from tines 
 and the toe bones of the deer, were most nu- 
 merous. Specimens showing every stage in 
 the manufacture of these implements are ex- 
 hibited. Large awls, made from the heavy 
 bones of the deer and elk, were shown in 
 great numbers, as well as the small sharp 
 perforators made from the bones of the va- 
 rious small animals and birds, that were 
 used for food. A number of perfect fish- 
 hooks, as well as specimens showing the dif- 
 ferent stages in the manufacture of the hook 
 were seen in this case. Large shell gorgets, 
 shell beads, shell crescents, and necklaces 
 made from elk teeth are shown in profusion. 
 The most interesting ornament is that of a 
 small ocean shell gorget perforated at the 
 center with a hole one-fourth of an inch in 
 diameter and set with fresh-water pearl. 
 A fine collection of perfect and broken pieces 
 
 of pottery were shown in one case. Prac- 
 
Plate 25. Woven Textiles From Harness Mound. 
 
Plate 26. Discoidals and Grooved Axe From Baum Village Site. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 35 
 
 tically all the pottery has textile markings 
 upon the sides. In several instances, im- 
 pressions of a woven fabric which had, no 
 doubt, been used while fashioning the plas- 
 tic clay, were shown, but the usual decora- 
 tions upon the pottery were those of incised 
 lines and circles. 
 
 The pipes shown in the Gartner Mound 
 Collection lacked the grace and beauty of 
 the Harness Mound specimens and many 
 comparisons of the various artifacts of the 
 two great prehistoric cultures of Ohio were 
 made by interested visitors. 
 
 BAUM VILLAGE SITE. 
 
 Cases Nos. 11, 12 and 18 contained the 
 results of the explorations in the Baum Vil- 
 lage Site. This site is situated in Ross 
 county, Ohio, near the small hamlet of 
 Bourneville and located on the first gravel 
 terrace of Paint Creek. The village, which 
 is quite extensive, and surrounds a very 
 large mound, was first examined under the 
 
36 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 direction of the Smithsonian Institution. 
 The land upon which this village is situated 
 has been under cultivation for three-quar- 
 ters of a century. Almost in the center of 
 the village, near the edge of the terrace to 
 the west, is located a large burial mound, and 
 in close proximity to the mound; the explo- 
 rations bringing to light the profusion of 
 artifacts displayed in the above named cases, 
 were found. The specimens were found in 
 the tepee sites, subterranean store-houses 
 and burials. In case No. 11, a number of 
 trays showed the agricultural implements 
 used in cultivating the agricultural products 
 found in the store-houses, which were abund- 
 ant in every section of the village. Another 
 tray showed the dried fruit of the wild plum, 
 as well as the hickorynuts, walnuts and but- 
 ternuts, all taken from the subterranean 
 store-houses. Their implements of war such 
 as arrow heads, spear points, celts, grooved 
 
 axes, and hammer-stones, were shown in 
 
Plate 27. Flint Objects, Baum Village Site. 
 
Le i: 
 
 Smite, 
 
 SESS Ee 
 
 i 
 
 Flint Objects, Harness Mound. 
 
 28. 
 
 Plate 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. BY 
 
 great numbers. In another tray were stones 
 used in playing games. In another tray, pipes 
 fashioned from sandstone, quartz, and slate, 
 were shown in all the various forms found 
 in this village. In case No. 12 was shown 
 a representative collection of implements of 
 bone found so abundant in this village. The 
 large awls made from the ulna of the elk and 
 deer, and also the small sharp pointed awls, 
 made from the bones of the wild turkey and 
 raccoon, were shown in great profusion. 
 Chipping tools made of deer horn, and used 
 in manufacturing the arrow points, together 
 with the flaking tools used in making the 
 large flint knives were perhaps the most in- 
 teresting of the bone implements. The great 
 variety of fishhooks shown on one of the 
 trays was sufficient evidence that the peo- 
 ples of this village depended largely upon 
 the river for their larder. 
 
 In Case No. 13 was found a representa- 
 tive collection of the ornaments made of bone 
 
38 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 and shell taken from this village and showed 
 necklaces containing hundreds of beads 
 made of ocean shells, as well as those made 
 of the teeth of the bear and gray wolf. In 
 this case was shown the largest collection of 
 bone scrapers known. They were made from 
 the metapodial bones of the deer and elk and 
 revealed much skill in their manufacture. 
 They were, no doubt, used in the prepara- 
 tion of skins. 
 HEMATITE OBJECTS. 
 
 Case No.14: This case contained a choice 
 collection of implements made of hematite. 
 Hematite specimens are not rare in Ohio, 
 for they are found in almost every county in 
 the State. However, the greater number of 
 these specimens are found in the Scioto, 
 Muskingum and Ohio River valleys. Tray 
 No. 1 contained a representative collection 
 of plummets from the Scioto Valley. Tray 
 No. 2 contained a representative collecticn 
 of hemispheres from the Tuscarawas and 
 
Spear Points, Huron Count 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 39 
 
 Muskingum Valleys. Tray No. 3 contained 
 a representative collection of small celts 
 from the Scioto Valley; tray No. 4 a collec- 
 tion of medium-sized celts from the same 
 valley ; tray No. 5 a collection of larger celts, 
 which are not common, from the same valley. 
 Tray No. 6 contained a representative col- 
 lection of grooved axes from the Ohio Val- 
 ley. These vary in weight from two to six 
 pounds. This tray also contained a pestle, 
 the only hematite pestle known at the pre- 
 sent time within the State. It is very finely 
 wrought, and is very heavy. Tray No. 7 con- 
 tained a miscellaneous collection of hema- 
 tite specimens. They represent gorgets, 
 amulets, paint mortars, angular cut pieces of 
 hematite, as well as pieces that were evi- 
 dently used in making paint. 
 
 PIPES. 
 
 Case No. 15 contained a representative col- 
 lection of pipes. The use of tobacco pipes 
 by the aborigines of Ohio was apparently 
 
40 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 universal among all the various tribes, and 
 in this case a representative collection of the 
 platform and effigy pipes were shown; tray 
 No. 1 contained two frog pipes; one found on 
 the surface, Warren county, O., made of a 
 compact sandstone, and a true representa- 
 tion of the frog; the second is also the effigy 
 of a frog and was found on the surface in 
 Brown county, O. It is made of granite. 
 Tray No. 2 contained a very large pipe, hu- 
 man effigy in type, found in a grave burial in 
 Tuscarawas county, Ohio, and is one of the 
 finest pieces of prehistoric art to be seen. 
 Tray No. 3 contained two very fine platform 
 pipes from the mounds of Scioto county, 
 Ohio. Tray No. 4 contained three very fine 
 pipes; one a bear effigy representing a mo- 
 ther bear protecting her young, and is one 
 of the most interesting pipe specimens of the 
 entire collection. Tray No. 5 was made up 
 entirely of effigy pipes. They represented a 
 hawk, duck, bear and human head. Tray 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 41 
 
 No. 6 contained a miscellaneous collection of 
 pipes; one made of hematite, the remainder 
 of fire clay. A fine collection of platform 
 pipes were shown in tray No. 7. The pipes 
 are typical specimens from Pike and Scioto 
 counties. This tray also contained a beauti- 
 ful alabaster pipe taken from Warren 
 county, Ohio. Tray No. 8 was made up 
 entirely of human effigy pipes and repre- 
 sented the Miami, Scioto and Ohio Valleys. 
 
 GORGETS. 
 
 Case No. 16 contained a great number of 
 gorgets made from argelite. These gorgets 
 for the most part are made of Laurentian 
 slate, secured from the drift, and cut and pol- 
 ished into thin slabs, which in some instan- 
 ces were ornamented with notches, but for 
 the most part are perfectly plain with one or 
 more perforations, no doubt used for attach- 
 ment. When these specimens are found in 
 the graves, they are usually placed on the 
 arm near the wrist. The gorgets in this 
 
42, OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 case showed all the different types found in 
 the State such as representative specimens 
 with one perforation and those with three 
 and two perforations; the latter being more 
 abuadant than all the others combined. One 
 tray showed a great variety of boat-shaped 
 gorgets. ‘These are usually flat on one side, 
 the other side being a perfect oval; the holes 
 being invariably drilled from the flat side. 
 
 Another interesting collection shown in 
 this case was the paint cups. Ten specimens 
 representing all the different types were 
 shown in tray No. 1. Another interesting 
 class of specimens shown in this case was 
 the large picks made of Laurentian slate. 
 The finest of the picks measures eighteen 
 inches in length, being largest at the center 
 and gradually tapering to a point at each 
 end. Tray No. 4 contained a choice collec- 
 tion of tubes. These vary in length from 
 three to eight inches. They are made, for 
 
 the most part, of slate; however, a number 
 
Plate 31. Grooved Stone Axes, Miami Valley. 
 
Plate 32. Ceremonial Objects of Slate. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 43 
 
 shown in this collection were made of fire 
 clay. The hole in the slate is usually about 
 one-half inch in diameter throughout the en- 
 tire length. A number of very fine speci- 
 mens shown in this case were from the col- 
 
 lection of Irvin Bacon, Nevada, Ohio. 
 
 OCEAN SHELL GORGETS. 
 
 In Case No. 17 was a numerous collection 
 of large gorgets made from ocean shells. 
 The largest of these measured five inches 
 in diameter, and the smallest three inches. 
 For the most part, these gorgets are circular 
 in form, and pierced with a very large hole 
 in the center, which were, no doubt, origi- 
 nally set with pearls. The gorgets are also 
 pierced with two holes, one-half to three- 
 quarters of an inch apart near one edge. 
 These, no doubt, were used for attachment. 
 A number of these fine specimens of shell 
 gorgets were from the collection of H. C. 
 Shetrone, Columbus, Ohio. Besides the 
 gorgets in Case No. 17, a large collection of 
 
44. OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 drinking vessels made from ocean shells 
 were shown. Tray No. 4: This tray con- 
 tained a most interesting collection of neck- 
 laces taken from various mounds in the 
 State. These necklaces consist of beads 
 made from ocean shell, as well as from small 
 ocean shells, together with beads of bone and 
 fresh-water pearls. A choice collection of 
 discoidals shown in trays 5 and 6 were very 
 interesting. They show all the types from 
 the plain undecorated to the finely decorated 
 and symmetrically made specimens. One of 
 the most interesting is a very large discoidal 
 from the Adams collection found in Scioto 
 county, Ohio. Instead of the customary per- 
 foration at the center of the specimen, a 
 track, perhaps representing that of the wild 
 turkey, is nicely cut on each side of the 
 stone. 
 
 Tray No. 7 displayed a variety of flint 
 cores from which the large knives have been 
 
 flaked. These cores came from the Flint 
 
iffy, 
 Hh) 
 
 Plate 33. Discoidal Stones, 
 
Plate 34. Effigy Pipes, 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 45 
 
 Ridge region, and represent the best quality 
 of the variegated jasper varieties. On tray 
 No. 8 was shown a number of specimens cut 
 and engraved with lines and crosses. I have 
 suggested that these were perhaps used as 
 stamps for decorating pottery. 
 
 FLINT IMPLEMENTS, 
 
 Cases Nos. 18 and 19 contained a few spec- 
 imens of all the types of flint implements 
 found in the State of Ohio, from the smallest 
 arrow point, not over one-half inch in length, 
 to the largest spear point, more than ten 
 inches in length. The Curator demonstrated 
 the art of arrow making to thousands of 
 visitors during the period of the Exposition. 
 
 GROOVED AXES. 
 
 Case No. 20: One entire case was used in 
 displaying the various types of grooved 
 axes, from the rough unfinished specimen to 
 the highly polished symmetrical specimen, 
 made of quartz, varying in weight from 18 
 
46 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 pounds to 234 ounces. One perfect specimen 
 was labeled so the various parts of the 
 
 axe could be readily understood. Viz.: 
 Edge means the cutting portion; blade, part 
 below the groove; head, or pole, part above 
 the groove; face, flat portion of the surface. 
 For the most part, grooved axes found in 
 Ohio are made of the tough, hard granite 
 boulders brought down by the drift and the 
 finest specimens are found in the Miami and 
 Scioto Valleys. 
 
 CELTS AND PESTLES. 
 
 Case No. 21: This case was a double ar- 
 rangement, made expressly to advantage- 
 ously display the specimens. The upper 
 part was used for ungrooved axes, or celts, 
 and contained a representative collection 
 from the unfinished to the finished specimen. 
 The specimens varied in length from 14 
 inches to 2 inches, and all the types had well 
 defined, sharp edges, and were usually made 
 of a hard and tough granite. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 47 
 
 The lower portion of the case contained a 
 type collection of pestles from the village 
 sites of the State. The pestles were of two 
 types; the conical, or bell-shaped, and the 
 roller pestles. The bell-shaped pestles va- 
 ried in length from 41% inches to 10 inches, 
 and all were made with an expanded base 
 and tapering or cylindrical handle. This 
 type was invariably made of granite. 
 
 The roller pestles were cylindrical in 
 form; usually tapering slightly from the 
 center to the ends; varying in length from 
 22 inches (the largest) to 6 inches. Gen- 
 erally the large specimens were made of 
 granite, and would require great patience 
 and great skill in cutting such a hard and 
 tough stone to the required dimensions. 
 
 The east wall space in the exhibition room 
 was allotted to the display of large photo- 
 graphs illustrating the explorations of the 
 Society. The photographs were 22 by 28 
 inches in size, the framing being of heavy 
 oak. 
 
48 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXHIBIT 
 
 No. 1. AT WORK IN THE GARTNER MOUND. 
 
 This photograph illustrates the manner of 
 examining a mound and shows the men re- 
 moving the soil from the floor of the mound, 
 while others are working out a burial. 
 
 No. 2. THE MUSSEL BAKE. 
 
 The photograph illustrates how prehistory 
 men had gathered together many thousand 
 mussels from the river and had a great feast. 
 
 No. 3. THE BURIAL. 
 
 The photograph fully illustrates the care 
 necessary to remove the soil from a burial so 
 as to leave the skeleton in relief upon the 
 clay. 
 
 No. 4. THE EXPLORATION UNDER WAY. 
 
 The photograph shows six different burial 
 cists, all fully worked out in relief and ex- 
 posed at one time. 
 
 No. 5. ADENA MOUND. 
 A fine photograph of Adena Mound be- 
 fore it was examined; height 26 feet 6 inches. 
 
JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION. 49 
 
 No. 6. BURIALS OF THE HARNESS MOUND. 
 
 The photograph shows nine burials all 
 placed in regular order in the charnel house. 
 The bodies were all cremated and only a 
 
 small collection of calcined bones remained. 
 
 No. 7. HARNESS MOUND. 
 Photographed before it was examined. 
 Contained 133 burials, from which more 
 
 than 12,000 specimens were secured. 
 
 No. 8. SEIP MOUND. 
 
 The Seip Mound appears in the fore- 
 ground and the Pricer Mound in the back- 
 ground. This mound proved to be very rich 
 in copper implements and ornaments. 
 
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