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Se ere = % ars si ier motors Se mee pect ears Stee eee ae ad ws SSS St a: see Ay aetaneeraeseerarats So eenenes oa atgeets: eee tan” r; * Se Saeecemseees Sete a = Bera ae ys Rect cporhc so ees “op Sane = eeeweseiries 5 pene Benes perrers Reres Shere teses, Seas aes ty uevetdicty A pitt a oil HE aeiTS AEE ih Mii st i irik ht i : M ‘ Boseieetit ua teat thy , 1 tite uy Mabie cy eh: ibhrsit ia tt i we 4) gu i nts is ae ts reset Rest ; pathitesonth % Oh wares asi ‘ hirtete on Soh Sani : mae : is ae? 4 i ity nytt HE Menace nn RE Tatlaatg uate aT See tar a sy ‘ti KR t) va) 4 wh : i Sata star) =? state > oir 3 ees serrate: 7 HULO sagen tats e7 » % Rett tile ty EM SERT ATO 6] alata i ek i} a , Ott oii eS ss : Pa is { ig f NOEY, “Sl AS Oy \ i vw i i \ / BO VGS6 LOG: oy \ Conference on Christian Education in China (1925 :| Chinese Christian education et { ’ ./ ag her irs s h) ‘ ? ae > ; ' { ed ‘ ay oF " ? , aay rt 7 r :, igs im j ey 1 + ' ye ; i } <<) SS a. = bee: on sal vero rae | ; i , a ms + Ed POA i Pi ee | ' a f ( i fee pil, 1 Ee i ‘f iy’ AL, ' PY ‘ ) & ‘% ia Ly . 9 Pe a a t i : i a % ® { hy, F baal ie \ 4 : ‘ 7 i ’ * p vl Tr: 4 whe ye! Me why rie y ye ~ j wi. 7 ate | vibe r( i it aes ue } re wt a i ia ab LAY A i ? > i i : q i> P ee nae wit mi, ‘ ih, Hi eau gf ie thes % 7 7 oe Gaus Lh de ule on Ney 7 A Wis \ SAR W wi 4 ae Lar of » ish inant nee i via ny, Sahil ee : * Ai ‘ 7 t f ‘ 4 ' ie in is y ron i z et nf* Chinese Christian Education A REPORT OF A CONFERENCE HELD IN NEW YORK CITY, ~ APRIL 6th, 1925 Under the Joint Auspices of the INTERNATIONAL MISSIONARY COUNCIL and the FOREIGN MISSIONS CONFERENCE OF NORTH AMERICA 25 MADISON AVENUE NEW YORK 1925 Copyrighted, 1925 Foreign Missions Conference of North America INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The following pages contain the report of the ‘Conference on Christian Education in China held in New York City on April 6, 1925. The Conference adopted no resolutions, for its purpose was to secure information regarding the facts of the present situation in China and by free discussion to discover the meaning of the facts in their bearing upon the development of Christian education in China. In order that this informa- tion and the interpretation thereof may become more widely known, the Conference voted that a narrative of its discussions should be printed. Previous to the Conference, a collection of papers had been circulated among those who had indicated their intention to be present. These papers are also printed so that the reader may have the same amount of common knowledge regarding the recent developments in China with reference to Christian education that was possessed by those who took part in the discussions. It will be noted that these papers were written by persons in China who have first-hand knowledge of that of which they write. The reports: of >the” speeches by Mr. TI. Z. “Koo, Dr. E. D. Burton, Dr. Rawlinson, and Dr. Russell have been cor- rected by these speakers. It has been impossible to arrange for such corrected reports from all the other speakers. The limitations of space have made it necessary to condense much of the discussion, but the effort has been made to state the principal points that were made by each speaker. It is hoped that by printing this report it will be more pos- sible for those who are responsible for the policies and plans for the larger and more fruitful development of Christian Education in China to give thoughtful attention to the demands of the present situation in China. In that way the Conference will accomplish its real purpose in that, while it could not of itself initiate any action, it will have aided those who are in responsible positions to act promptly, sympathetically and intelligently. A. L. WarnsHults. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/chinesechristian0Oconf STATEMENTS DISTRIBUTED IN PREPARATION FOR THE CONFERENCE “Christian Education under Fire” (The following extracts are from Editorial Notes in the January, 1925, number of the “Educational Review” published by the China Christian Educational Association.) At the present time.Christian education in China is facing the most serious and widespread criticism in its history. From many parts of the country come reports of meetings held to protest against the Christian religion and the schools and col- leges which it supports. * * * * Back of it there appears to be, however, a very definite purpose and organization on the part of certain of the more radical of the young intellectuals of China. * * *° * We should not fail to study the criti- cisms that are leveled at us in order to discover what lessons we may learn from them. 1. Asa Denationalizing Force Among the charges brought against the Christian school the most common is that it is a foreignizing institution, tending to weaken the patriotism of the students and to make them sub- servient to the sinister designs of foreign nations. * * * * The charge of using them as a “colonizing agency” is founded upon either ignorance or wilful misrepresentation. At the same time, we shall do well to restudy the situation and to see what more can be done to develop in our students an enlight- ened and unselfish interest in the practical problems of Chinese society. * * * * Again, the charge is made that Christian schools minimize the teaching of the Chinese language and exalt the English language and so tend to denationalize their students. 2. As Imperialistic and Pacifist Another criticism that is leveled against us is that the teach- ing of Christianity is “imperialistic” and “capitalistic.” The criticism, if sincere, is due to a confusion between the principles of the Christian religion and certain practices of the so-called Christian nations. * * * * It is inconsistent that at the same time Christianity is being charged with being “pacifist,” a force which tends to weaken a proper patriotic spirit and so 6 expose China to the attacks, open or insidious, of her enemies. The facts point in quite the opposite direction. Christians are earnest patriots, even though their sympathies are wider than the bounds of their own country. 3. As Setting Up a Rival System One of the most common criticisms at the present time is based upon a misunderstanding of the report of the China Educational Commission. The fact is, however, that the Edu- cational Commission, in what it says with reference to a system of Christian education, had reference not to the Christian schools vis-a-vis the government system, but to the Christian schools in their relationship one to the other. * * * * It was to enable the Christian schools to make a better contribu- tion to the education of the children of China that their co- ordination was urged as a prime essential to increased efficiency. * %* %*« * Tn no uncertain terms, the Commission stated its conviction that the Christian schools should be a part of the national system. 4. As an Agency for Propagating Religion It is increasingly evident that one of the main causes con- tributing to the present agitation is a desire to “put religion in its place,” that is to say, to do away with it so far as possible. With the extremists, who hold this view, there can be, of course, no compromise. They believe that religion is a disintegrating force, both to the individual and the nation; we believe that it is the only force which ultimately unifies personality and enables a nation perfectly to realize itself. The raison d’etre of the Christian school in China is to provide for the children of the Christian community an education which makes adequate pro- vision for the religious viewpoint in education, and which endeavors to prove the value of religion as an educative force. Any attempt to prevent Christian schools from continuing their religious work could be met only by firm insistence on the fact that it is for this that our schools have been founded, and that it would be better to close our institutions than in any way to agree to give up their religious character. * * * * It is inconceivable that the responsible leaders of China will con- sent to such action as would violate the principle of re- pe ligious toleration, which has been accepted by the government. * * %* * There are, however, a few sincere people, within as well as without the Christian community in China, who, while believing in the value of religion, question that it has a place in the schools of a nation. They point to France, with her secular system, and to the almost entirely secular instruc- tion in the United States, and they ask whether China should not follow the example of those two republics of the west. 5. As Undemocratic It is sometimes charged that it is undemocratic to allow any sections of a nation to send their children to other than the public schools. On the contrary, it is manifestly not in accord- ance with the spirit or practice of democracy to withhold from any group in a nation the right of giving their children a variant type of education, provided that it covers at least the minimum requirements of the public school system. * * * * Education always has to fight against a tendency toward a rigid adherence to standards and uniformity, a form of “intel- lectual Prussianism,” which is fatal to progress and to the devel- opment of the highest type of nationality which includes variety in unity. A Constructive “Apologetic” for Christian Education What should be the attitude of Christian leaders in face of these criticisms? * * * * Jn the first place, as we have already stated, it is the part of wisdom not to be stampeded by the violence or extensiveness of these attacks. We have more to fear from timorousness or lack of understanding of the situation among ourselves than from any attack from with- outy.* * * * Wershouldesee;to nt that our ‘schools are free from the least suspicion of denationalizing or foreignizing tendencies. * * * * Careful statements should be pre- pared and widely disseminated throughout the country of the aims, methods and achievements of the Christian schools and colleges. * * * * We should endeavor to make the truly spiritual aspects of religion in our schools more vital and more controlling. In the “Cheloo Weekly Bulletin” (Shantung Christian Uni- versity) for December 13, 1924, in reply to the question, “What 8 will be the place of the Christian college and university in the time which is rapidly coming when China will be able to pro- vide all the educational facilities needed by her people?” the answer is given: “Tt is plain that its justification will rest upon its ability to demonstrate some contribution which is absolutely unique and for which China herself, with her characteristic national tolerance, will find a place. This contribution will not be a matter of west- ern science, nor even of the English language, for by that time these subjects will be amply cared for under the national educa- tional system of the country. It will be solely in the realm of religion that the uniqueness of this contribution will appear. meated with a vital, throbbing message of Christianity, so that additional religious courses to a government curriculum, or of religious services, whether compulsory or voluntary. The whole content of the university course of instruction must be per- meated with a vital, throbbing message of christianity, so that history becomes the faithful record of the pathway of God through the ages; so that natural science recaptures the old posi- tion accorded to it by the devout religious workers of the Middle Ages, who saw in every exact scientific principle the reflection of God’s unerring ways and demand for truth; so that medical education, from the study of biological processes and anatomical structure up to the latest technique of medical and surgical treatment, becomes nothing less than a reverent in- vestigation of the highest handiwork of God and a solemn discharging of a divine trust.” RESOLUTIONS REGARDING THE REGISTRA- TION OF SCHOOLS Adopted by the Third Annual Meeting of the National Association for e Advancement of Education Nanking, July 8, 1924 1. That the government be asked carefully to determine regulations for the registration of schools, to be observed by all schools in the nation. 2. That there be two classes of registration, A and B. All schools and institutions of similar character should without ex- ception be registered under class B. Those schools that comply with the minimum government requirements as to curriculum, and which on inspection show nothing out of harmony with the form of government and national spirit of China, may be reg- istered as class A. 3. That students in schools that are not registered in class A be denied the special privileges accorded to those in class A schools. 4. That all foreigners using schools as means of aggression, when this is proved by inspection, should be restrained by the government. NOTE: The National Association for the Advancement of Education is a voluntary association of those who are interested in education. These resolutions, therefore, are recommendations to the Board of Edu- cation in Peking, and cannot come into effect until they have been for- mally adopted by the Board. NATIONAL FEDERATION OF PROVINCIAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ANNUAL MEETING, KAIFENG, OCT., 1924 RESOLUTION VII The Control of Education in China That Has Been Maintained by Foreigners 1. Reasons for Action. Many evil effects have resulted from the maintenance of edu- cation in China by foreigners. Four outstanding ones are to be noted. 1. Education is the most important function of the civil ad- ministration of a nation. Foreigners have come to China and freely established schools without having them registered or 10 examined by the Chinese authorities. This is an interference with the educational rights of the nation. 2. Each nation has its own policy for the education of its people. The racial characteristics and national ideals of for- elgners are different from those of our country. For them to control our education causes many difficulties, and it is contrary to our own educational principles. 3. The educational work done by foreigners in China looks like charity, but it is really in effect a form of “colonization.” Students who have received education from Japanese, British. Americans, French or Germans, will learn to love those nations and so will lose the spirit of national independence. This will injure the patriotic ideals of Chinese students. 4. If we investigate the content of their work we will find that most of the foreigners who are doing educational work in China usually have as their purpose either religious propa- ganda, or political aggression. Education is simply a supple- mentary matter to them. They organize the school systems and the curricula in their own way, without any attempt to come up to the standards that have been established by the nation. II. Proposals. For these reasons the control of education by foreigners should be immediately and strictly limited, as follows: (1) All schools and other educational enterprise established by foreigners should be reported and registered with the gov- ernment. (2) The registration of schools established by foreigners should depend upon the fulfilment of conditions stated in the educational laws and regulations of both the central and local governments. (3) All schools established by foreigners should be under the supervision and inspection of the local authorities. (4) Teachers who are serving in the schools established by foreigners should have the qualifications described in the edu- cational laws of China. (5) Tuition fees charged by the schools established by foreigners should be in accordance with the regulations of the Peking Board of Education. These schools should not charge 11 higher tuition than other private schools in the same district or province. (6) Students of schools which have not been registered with the government should not enjoy rights and privileges enjoyed by students of government schools. (7) Schools which are not qualified to register with the government should be closed after a certain period. (8) All celebrations and ceremonies in schools established by foreigners should conform to the regulations of the govern- ment. (9) Foreigners must not use their schools or other educa- tional enterprises to propagate religion. (10) All schools and other educational enterprises con- ducted by foreigners should be transferred to Chinese control after a certain length of time. (11) From the time of the announcement ofthese regula- tions foreigners should not be allowed to start any new educa- tional enterprise. RESOLUTION XXIII No Religious Work Should be Allowed to be Done in the Schools Various subjects of study have been incorporated in the school curricula with the purpose of training the student to have a strong personality and a democratic spirit. Recently many persons have utilized their schools for religious purposes, enforcing compulsory religious teaching and worship; thus the educational aims have been lost and many social troubles have been caused. For the benefit of society and the improvement of education schools should be required to have no religious teaching of any kind. 1. Preaching, religious teaching, and worship should not be permitted in the schools. 2. The educational authorities should look after this matter : if any registered schools have religious practices,-they should either lose the privileges of registration or be required to close. 3. A school should treat all teachers and students alike. (NOTE: This Federation of Provincial Educational Associations has previously greatly influenced the policies of the National Board of Edu- cation. It is uncertain, however, what action, if any, will be taken by that Board in this case, because these resolutions go beyond the ordinary province of the Department of Education. They are significant as they undoubtedly express the feeling of a large number of Chinese educators throughout the country.) ANTI-CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT IN CHINA By DR. HAROLD BALME President Shantung Christian University The Anti-Christian Movement, which is at present taking place in China, and which has been characterized by disturb- ances in various sections, presents a problem that must claim the attention of all interested in the missionary enterprise in that country. The actual form which the Movement is at present taking is not necessarily to be regarded as anything of a permanent nature, but the real importance of the Move- ment lies in the undercurrent of public opinion of which those sporadic outbursts are but the superficial eddies. In preparation for the proposed Conference, I have been requested to draw up a statement with reference to the causes which have led up to this Movement, and its possible effect upon Mission policy. I am very glad to respond to that re- quest, though I cannot claim that my observations of the situa- tion are necessarily accurate or that the inferences which I have drawn from it will be justified by the course of events. I can merely offer these personal opinions as a contribution to the wider discussion which will take place. De CONTRIBUTING GAGSES The underlying causes which have led up to the Anti-Chris- tian Movement may be regarded from three standpoints: 1. The Growth of Political Feeling. During the past four- teen years since the Republic was established in China there has been a steady growth of political opinion in the country, and although the present political situation is in some senses more chaotic and more hopeless than it has appeared since the days of the Tsing dynasty, there are certain elements in the situation which are becoming increasingly clear year by year, and it is these factors which are probably affecting Chi- nese thought to an extent that we have hitherto failed to appre- ciate. They may be briefly summarized as follows: (a) A Decline of Prestige of the Western Powers. The outbreak of the world war and all the events which led up to China’s participation in the conflict, had a profound effect on her attitude toward Western nations, and the events which followed the Armistice, and in particular the terms of the 13 Treaty of Versailles, all contributed to the lowering of Western prestige in the minds of the educated classes. Prior to this, the victory of Japan in the Russian-Japanese war and the gradual decline in authority of some of the European nations, coupled with an increasing suspicion of the foreign policy of others, assisted in this change of attitude which has been so evident during the past two or three years. The very fact that the Western powers today are finding it increasingly diffi- cult to assert their authority at Peking testifies to the change which has arisen in the situation. (b) The Growth of Nationalism. Whilst on the one hand the political influence of the West has been declining in the Orient, there has been a marked growth of Nationalistic senti- ment. This has been partly spontaneous, and partly a reflex of what ‘has been taking place in India and Japan. Although still divided by a marked provincialism, China is increasingly beginning to think in national terms, and never more so than when she regards herself the object of attack or exploitation by one or the other of the Western powers. (c) Reflex Effect of a Weak Central Government. It is a strange phenomenon, but the irritation of the Chinese people toward Western Governments has appeared to grow in pro- portion to the weakness of her own central government within the last four or five years. This is possibly to be accounted for by the unfortunate and often contemptuous attitude which is taken by Western nationals and which has been seen in the dictatorial articles of the English and American press in China; the actions taken by the various Chambers of Com- merce (particularly at the time of the Lincheng affair); and the various references to China in Western lands. It is prob- ably true of all of us that we are more ready to accept advice and criticism when our affairs are more or less prosperous than during a period when we are admittedly in an unsatisfac- tory condition, and unfortunately the tone in which such advice and criticism are offered to China often leaves very much to be desired. (d) The Influence of Communism. It is difficult to say to what extent Soviet propaganda is spreading in China and still more difficult to say whether or not such propaganda is 14 actually subsidized from Russia, although there appears good reason to believe that this may be the case. It is, however, an undoubted fact that the influence of Communistic doctrine is spreading in China, and Dr. Sun Yat Sen and others have been on the friendliest terms with these propagandists. The particular line of attack which the various Communistic socie- ties in China have developed is directed against the so-called imperialistic and capitalistic tendencies of the Christian move- ment. A large number of pamphlets and other forms of lit- erature have been brought out by these societies, and are in- creasingly being used on the occasion of large Christian conferences and the like. (e) Education Regarded as the Sole Political Hope. It is a very significant fact (and may possibly throw some light upon the selection of the mission schools and colleges as the main object of opposition) that within the last few years the student classes of China have more and more come to feel that the only hope of stabilizing the political situation of China lies in the wide-spread development of popular education, rather than in revolutionary methods or patriotic processions. The great impetus which has been given during the last two years to support the efforts for the establishment of night-schools, the teaching of the one thousand characters, etc., etc., is largely due to this cause. In this way political feeling has been linked with a new sense of responsibility for the spread of education and with a desire to use such education as a means for welding the whole country together and fitting it for its national tasks. 2. Educational Development. The past ten years have witnessed a remarkable progress in the educational development of China, and it is very encouraging to note that, whilst the country has been divided politically into a large number of different factions, the strongest unifying force in the land has been that of education. The conferences which have been held year by year have gathered together educators from every province in China, and political feelings have never been allowed to interfere with the matters under debate. In con- sidering the bearing of these developments upon the spread of the Anti-Christian Movement, the following ‘BOWES must be remembered : 15 (a) The Growth in the Number and Influence of Modern Trasned Christian Educators. But a few years ago it was prob- ably true to say that the majority of educationists in China, whose training had been along modern Western lines, were connected in one way or another with Christian colleges and movements. That day has long since passed. Today some of the strongest educational institutions in the country are entirely unconnected with the missionary enterprise, and only a comparatively small minority of Chinese leading education- ists are now to be found upon the staff of the missionary colleges and schools. The activities of the various educational societies of China are to be seen in the excellent conferences which they now organize, the text-books which they are in- creasingly beginning to publish, and the institutes, summer schools, etc., which are being developed. (b) The Sense of Potentiality on the Part of the Chinese Educationalists. Dr. Paul Monroe, on the occasion of his visit to China last Autumn, stated that the two elements in the edu- cational situation of China in which he noticed the greatest change since his visit of three years previously were: firstly, the growth of Anti-Christian sentiment on the part of educa- tional leaders, and secondly, their new sense of potentiality. In spite of the fact that both government and private schools have been crippled for finances, and that the whole country has been unsettled, Dr. Monroe and other educational experts have all noted this growing sense of confidence on the part of the Chinese educators with reference to their ability to develop a sound educational system for their country. As soon as political conditions become quieter, and more adequate resources are available for educational development, there will probably be a marked and rapid development in government and private schools, wise preparations for which are already being made. (c) Suspicion of Motivation of Western Education in China. However much we may deplore the fact, it is unde- niable that Christian education, insofar as it is subsidized and staffed by the West, is under suspicion today in China. There are various causes which have led to this state of things: the policy of “peaceful penetration” on the part of Japan in con- nection with the development of schools, etc., in Manchuria; 16 the fact that before the World War the German government was proposing to subsidize German mission schools in China for the direct purpose of spreading German “kultur” and bene- fiting German trade; the action of the Associated British Cham- bers of Commerce in contributing a large sum of money toward British schools and hospitals; and the widespread apprehension as to the possible use that will be made of the released Boxer indemnity funds. These and similar events have all helped to produce an attitude of suspicion on the part of leading Chinese as to the true motives underlying such an investment of men and money in educational enterprises in China. This suspicion has manifested itself in a double line of attack upon mission schools, partly political and partly anti-religious. 3. Religious Situation. There are two factors in the re- ligious situation in China which, although diametrically opposed, have a possible bearing on the development of the Anti-Chris- tian Movement. The first of these is the growing sense of independence of the Chinese Christian church, many members of which are becoming more and more restive under the re- straints of missionary organizations. There is a strong feeling on the part of many Chinese Christians today that both Mis- sion Boards and Missions are regarding their trusteeship of funds in a way that is liable to cripple the development of a strong and healthy indigenous church in China. On the other hand, there is also an Anti-Religious Movement in China, which is at present directed far more against the Western character of the Christian enterprise than against Christianity as such. Both of these factors may have some influence on the development of this Movement. II. MANIFESTATIONS OF THE MOVEMENT On the surface, the chief form in which the Anti-Christian Movement is at present manifesting itself is that of incitement to disturbances in schools and colleges and in the effort to induce the central government to insist upon a large measure of control of all mission schools and colleges and the elimina- tion of all forms of religious propaganda. Far more signifi- cant, however, is the attitude of the educated classes toward the spread of Christian education. This is not an attitude of actual hostility so much as a legitimate desire to see all forms 17 of education in the country conforming to a single system amenable to the government educational authorities. However we may interpret the actions which have been taken by the educational conferences, the fact remains that they represent a strong body of opinion which is challenging the right of mission schools to protect themselves behind special treaties obtained from China as the result of military defeat, and to regard themselves as being in consequence outside the ordinary laws of the land. It is probably only fair to say that these critics have failed to appreciate the efforts which have been made by many of these institutions to secure government rec- ognition on condition of conformity with government regula- tions, nor the obstacles which have been put in their way by the authorities of the central Board of Education. We must, however, be prepared for some action in the near future which will challenge the preferential treatment which is at present given to mission schools and colleges in allowing them to oper- ate without registration or without any regard to the educa- tional requirements of the country. Ills “ATTITUDE OF THE BOARDS OF MISSIONS I would like to suggest the following points as worthy of special consideration in view of the situation above described: 1. The Mission Boards at the home base and those of us who are connected in this work in China need to exercise infi- nite patience and imagination during these next few years, as it is almost inevitable that difficulties will arise in this period of transition. It is perhaps well for us to remember that what has happened in China is only what most of us would ourselves do under the same circumstances, and that while the anti- foreign and anti-Christian elements are unfortunate and embar- rassing, they are not necessarily a permanent feature in the ‘Movement. The fact that China is demonstrating her ability and desire to work out her own educational problems with efficiency and good hope of success is one that gives satisfac- tion and encouragement to all interested in her progress, and although the immediate stage may be somewhat difficult, every- thing will depend on the patience and sympathy with which we act. 2. The orientation of our educational policy to the Chinese 18 viewpoint is an urgent question. Anything that we can do, as those responsible for missionary educational work, in the direc- tion of securing larger powers of field administration, ccn- formity with government regulations, and the appointment of an increasing number of Chinese members of the Boards of Management and Chinese administrative officers will be of infinite value at this time. i ; I read ec: fies; 7 ¢ aT } oY oF | 5 P g . ¢ Ly 1 ' i oe Me . » j ‘a A 7 Nal ss ‘ i are bidi - o> ay ' " ‘ i¢ ‘ iw 7 ie 4 4 es Z, ¥ J : af Wy i 4 Ne i \ ‘i Hb ‘ 6 »' me ‘ a | i o f* 7 b 4 . ie ia} ee a iver : 7 ’ i? , ala | ne ea" —7 ir. ae put - re, | " ab his au ! ei # ¥ > 7 ; i i hae ie ’ N ‘ , - ‘ bors bee pt ) 4 ’ ak 7 Sy) | F x b, ie? 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