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Division LEZ Pr, tm, y 5 ms | bn Section !sl2i.\/ he Me Se ‘ y 3 | | | HISTORY or FRANCE ae pe : LT oe - ae, £,. + nn. ae a a tte, ; ' _ no a _ — = = Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00bain nn Li UU i | COTE Hil | | Cet av van que Erreur, des deux bouts dela terre. -Souleva contre-twy nulle Ennerris Jaloux Taocurs Grand dans la paix, mais plus Grand dans la Eur Jon. foudre suffit seul pour les terrasse tous o/ Mi CRORE OPT OPLLORLS LV. hes ~ ill r (| mw s, ALL ORCE AT LIONMETILCE THE Louis the Fourteenth HISTORY or FRANCE ” y AC DD rae SAR OF PRINGE ~*~ , a WON \ eb V On { ges 1090. . | EU \ BY NG / JACQUES ‘BAINVILLE CHEVALIER OF THE LEGION OF HONOR; CHEVALIER OF THE ORDER OF LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM; COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF THE CROWN OF ITALY; COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF THE CROWN OF ROUMANIA; DIRECTOR OF LA REVUE UNIVERSELLE Lal #11} ; ‘ |: wi he ORip:s vst TRANSLATED BY ALICE GAUSS, A.M. AND CHRISTIAN GAUSS, A.M., LITT.D. PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK eb LONDON eh MCMXXVI TRIO OUP Sone LG Po 197256 per ae Ds APPLETON AND) COMPANY: PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA D EEE DDR OS RST SER DEN SE RY DE OE INTRODUCTION M. Jacques Bainville begins his History of France with the confession that while at school and college, he had no love for history. It bored him. When he later became interested in this subject, he sought for the reasons of his previous antipathy and he found that what had repelled him was the mere stringing out of facts, one after the other. He felt that it had not been sufficiently borne in upon him, “why men fought, killed each other or became reconciled. History was a collection of footless dramas, a mélée, a chaos, in which the intelligence could discern nothing.” He came to the conclusion that there must be another way to write and teach history. To make it really interesting there must be some guiding thread; one must assume that the men of the past were like the men of the present and that their actions were governed by motives not unlike our own. If the merely chronological account is insipid or incoherent, all this disappears when the student begins to seek out the reasons for what has been done in the past. It was to gratify this curiosity that he undertook to write the history of his country. First of all he wished to satisfy himself and to set forth, as clearly as possible, causes and effects. It is in this spirit then that his history was written. M. Bainville’s work is original in the sense that it is an inde- dependent critique of the facts of history and that it makes them intelligible. Its success in France, where within a year it has passed through one hundred and twenty-five editions, is little less than astounding. He has evidently interpreted the history of France in a way to arouse the interest and to meet with the approval of a large number of intelligent Frenchmen. M. Bainville has already established his reputation as an able critic and man of letters; to the interest of his method he has added the further attraction of an accomplished style. When M. Bainville insists that he has maintained no thesis the statement should he taken as true in the sense that his inter- Vv Ge INTRODUCTION pretation of the facts of French history was undertaken in evident good faith and sincerity. It should not be assumed that in its results it is unpartisan. What he has really done is to disengage, to show in operation the forces which in his opinion have made for the greatness of France. The reader is left in no doubt as to what these forces were. M. Bainville is a con- servative, a traditionalist and, as he sees it, the two forces which have made for the greatness of France are the Monarchy and the Church. CHRISTIAN Gauss. TRANSLATOR’S NOTE Where in his exposition the author has assumed on the part of his French public a knowledge of facts not possessed by the ordinary American reader, occasional brief explanations have been added to the text, and occasional discussions of points in controversy have been abbreviated to keep the work within the same compass. In no respect, however, has the spirit of M. Bainville’s text been altered. The interpretation of French history, therefore, as given in the body of this work is M. Bain- ville’s and in no sense that of his translator. In so brief a work, for the author has succeeded in telling his story in a single volume, there is necessarily much foreshorten- ing. In attempting to disengage the rôle of traditional forces, M. Bainville occasionally neglects to mention facts which other French historians have regarded as important and which are at variance with his conelusions. In order to make it possible for the American reader to reach his own conclusions, the most im- portant of these facts are indicated in footnotes by the translator. He has not, however, even where he disagrees, attempted to enter into controversy with the author, believing that his volume is not only an interesting history of the France of the past, but a highly significant presentation of the political philosophy which may not inconceivably become a force in the France of the future. Whether or not the forces which M. Bainville sees as the dominant and valuable element in French life are cor- rectly diagnosed it is not our purpose to discuss. M. Bainville belongs to the school of Charles Maurras and the views here advanced have been held to a greater or less degree by French- men as representative and as distinguished as M. Paul Bourget and the late Maurice Barres. cls ot WS, heat f Ve \ L r CA]: UT h 4 ‘ Y, shies Dy: 4 t 1 Ay ye Par yi i db à ne a 1 AS J ¥ ME CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TRANSLATOR’S NOTE . CHAPTER VII. VIII. During 500 YEARS GAUL SHARES THE LIFE OP RoME . . THe MEROVINGIAN ATTEMPT . GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF THE CAROLINGIANS THe REVOLUTION oF 987 AND THE COMING OF THE CAPETIANS FROM THE DEATH oF HuGcH CAPET TO THE Hun- DRED YEARS’ WAR . THe HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR AND THE PARIS REvo- LUTIONS Lovis XI— FRANCE Resumes HER PROGRESS (1461-1515) . Francis I AND HENRY II THE STRUGGLE oF FRANCE AGAINST THE GERMANIC EMPIRE (1515-1559), . Crviz AND RELIGIOUS WARS BRING FRANCE TO THE VERGE OF RUIN Henry IV RESTORES THE MONARCHY AND REVIVES THE STATE . Louris XIII AND RICHELIEU— THE STRUGGLE WITH THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA . . THE LESSON oF THE FRONDE . Louis XIV FOR . Te Recency AND Louis XV . Louis XVI AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REvo- LUTION 1x 108 124 145 157 170 181 210 244 x CHAPTER POV: Vahl XVIII. XIX. VAE PONG ke XXII. INDEX . CONTENTS THE REVOLUTION THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE THE RESTORATION THE MoNARCHY OF JULY THE SECOND REPUBLIC AND THE SECOND EMPIRE . THe THirp REPUBLIC WAR AND PEACE—WORKS AND Days PAGE 273 319 353 376 393 419 453 475 ILLUSTRATIONS Lovis THE FOURTEENTH CHARLEMAGNE PHILIP THE SECOND . Louis THE ELEVENTH FRANCIS THE FIRST . HENRY THE FOURTH CARDINAL RICHELIEU NAPOLEON THE FIRST ., . . Frontispiece FACING PAGE 22 46 96 110 148 102 « 336 Ni wy Rist ony a { ie eo ie ay aN | RAA n . } a Weisel hs Ns 4 13 Lx ; Le x Ube 7 Ê Rt Bh mA Par 1. we x ! « ot 2 j J Ne RE - * | 5 1 (la ah te ds MAIRES om q i" + iy « rt o , A Lg v TA f re, P re : Caro ee 1e 114 di | a Pa vs a pe PRIT rae M Ter É k Vary MAUR ish à Can TU ye ub ‘as # pay ÿ « Ni ne MNT ae wh HISTORY OF FRANCE CHAPTER I DURING 500 YEARS GAUL SHARES THE LIFE OF ROME Men have probably lived upon the earth for hundreds of centuries. But beyond twenty-five hundred years ago, the ori- gins of France are lost in conjecture and obscurity. A long shadowy period precedes her history. On the soil of France migrations and conquests had followed each other up to the time when the Gaels or Gauls became her masters, either driving out the occupants they found there, or merging with them. These earlier inhabitants were Ligurians and Iberians, dark and of medium stature, and they still constitute the basis of the French population. The tradition of the Druids would have it, that part of the Gauls was indigenous while the rest came from the north and beyond the Rhine; for the Rhine has always seemed to be the frontier of Gaul. Thus the fusion of races began in prehistoric time. The French people are a com- posite; they are more than a race, they are a nation. Unique in Europe, the conformation of France was such that it lent itself to all shifting currents, both of blood and of ideas. France is an isthmus, a highway of communication between the north and south. Before the Roman conquest there were remarkable differences between the Greek colony of Marseilles and the Celts between the Seine and the Loire and the Belgae between the Meuse and the Seine. Other elements in large num- ber have, in the course of the centuries, been added to these. The fusion took place little by little, leaving only a fortunate diversity. It is to this that France owes her moral and intel- lectual riches, her equilibrium and her genius. It is commonly said that in this fertile country, upon this fortunately shaped land, there was destined to be a great people. 1 2 HISTORY OF FRANCE This is merely taking the effect for the cause. We are accus- tomed to see on this part of the map a state whose unity and solidarity are almost unparalleled. This state did not grow up by itself, nor did it come into being without a struggle. It is the work of the hand of man. It has several times collapsed but it has been rebuilt. The combination, France, seems natural to us. There have been and there might have been many other combinations, - Harmonious to the eye, the shape of this country is seriously defective in other respects. On the north and east, France has weak land frontiers which expose her to the invasions of a dan- gerous enemy. Furthermore, Flanders, Germany, Italy, Spain have ever made her uneasy, distracted her attention, tended to pull her apart. If she possesses the unique advantage of access to all the European seas, on the other hand, her maritime fron- tiers are too extensive, are difficult to defend and demand either a considerable effort or involve difficult decisions of policy. For the ocean calls for one fleet and the Mediterranean for an- other. If France is not directed by men of very great common sense, she risks neglecting the sea for the land or inversely; or she may even allow herself to be carried too far in either direc- tion, a situation in which she will repeatedly find herself. If she takes no pains to be strong at sea, she is at the mercy of a maritime power which then places obstacles in the way of her other designs. Jf she wishes to be strong at sea, the same mari- time power takes umbrage at her progress and a new kind of conflict results. Nearly a thousand years of an era not yet con- cluded will be divided between sea and land, between England and Germany. Thusthe history of France is that of the elabora- tion and conservation of a country through accidents, difficul- ties and storms, both from within and without; a score of times they have all but overthrown her house, and after them she has been forced to rebuild it. France is the product of will and intelligence. To what does she owe her civilization? To what does she owe the fact that she is what she is? To the Roman conquest. This conquest would have failed; it would have taken place GAUL SHARES THE LIFE OF ROME 3 much later, under different conditions, possibly less favorable, if the Gauls had not been divided among themselves and lost in their own anarchy. Cæsar’s campaigns were greatly facilitated by tribal jealousies and rivalries. These Gallic tribes were numerous; the administration of Augustus later recognized not less than sixty nations or cities. At no time, not even under the noble Vercingetorix did Gaul succeed in presenting a truly united front. There were merely coalitions. Rome always found some among the tribes who were ready to espouse her cause either directly or by connivance; as, for example, the Remi (of Rheims) and the Aeduans of the Saône. Civil war, the great Gallic vice, delivered the country to the Romans. / A formless, unstable government, a primitive political organiza- tion hesitating between democracy and oligarchy, was, what frustrated the efforts of Gaul to defend her independence.» The French are still proud of the national uprising of which Vercingetorix was the soul. The Gauls were military by tem- perament and their expeditions and migrations have, in ancient times, carried them across Europe and into Asia Minor. Rome trembled when they entered that city as conquerors.