Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/manualforstudyofOOcutt CP ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANUALS, PUBLISHED UNDER THE SANCTION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE &rcf)0eologt'cal Institute of CSrreat 33rttatn antf Erelanto. SEPULCHRAL SLABS AND CROSSES, BEING THE FIRST PORTION OF THE SUBJECT OF MONUMENTAL ANTIQUITIES. In recommending the following work to the Members of the Institute, and Archaeologists in general, as the result of the most systematic and detailed enquiry hitherto bestowed upon an inter- esting and neglected branch of Sepulchral Antiquities, the Central Committee desire that it should be understood, that they must not be held responsible for any statements or opinions expressed in this treatise, the Author alone being answerable for the same. HEYSHAM. LANCASHIRE. A MANUAL THE STUDY OF e & e it I c |) r a I ^ I a s Crosses OF THE MIDDLE AGES. HY THE REV. EDWARD L. CUTTS, B.A. LONDON, JOHN HENRY PARKER, 377, STRAND j a*d BROAD STREET, OXFORD. oxFonn : PRINTED BY I. SHIilMPTON. PREFACE. In such a work as this, accuracy in the engraved ex- amples is of primary importance, and care has been taken to secure this as far as possible : the author is answerable for the accuracy of those marked with his initials, which have been carefully reduced from the stones themselves, or from rubbings; others are from drawings and reduced rubbings by friends upon whose correctness the author could depend ; some others have been taken from engrav- ings in Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, Lysons' Magna Brittannia, the Archaeologia, Archaeological Journal, &c, and in most of these cases the authority has been men- tioned in the notes to the examples. This branch of archaeology has been hitherto much neglected, though it is a very interesting one, and the examples are much more numerous than is generally ima- gined; the number which has already come under the author's notice amounts nearly to one thousand ; much doubtless yet remains to be done in it, and the author begs to state his intention of prosecuting this study, and earnestly solicits the assistance of antiquarian students ; rubbings, accurate drawings, notices of grave-stones, or any information on the subject, will be highly acceptable and very thankfully received. vi PREFACE. The author cannot conclude without acknowledging his obligations to many gentlemen who have kindly lent rub- bings and drawings, and furnished other assistance to the work, and in an especial manner to Albert Way, Esq., M.A., I. H. Parker, Esq., Raphael Brandon, Esq., and J. C. Westwood, Esq., who have rendered much valuable as- sistance. EDWARD L. CUTTS. U'esterham, Ken/, July K), 1849. CONTENTS. PAGE Incised Cross Slabs ..... 2 Ancient Modes of Interment . . . .10 Stone Cofeins . . . . . .13 Symbols . . . . . . .28 Head Crosses . . . . . .47 Chronology of Grave-stones . . . .50 Inscriptions ... .... 56 Notes, descriptive of the Illustrations . . .59 ILLUSTRATIONS. Frontispiece Incised Cross Slabs. Prior to the twelfth century Twelfth century . Thirteenth century Fourteenth century Fifteenth century and after Raised Cross Slabs. Prior to the twelfth century Twelfth century . Thirteenth century Fourteenth century Fifteenth century Raised Cross Slabs with Heads and Demi Thirteenth century Fourteenth century Fifteenth century and after Head Stone Crosses. Prior to the twelfth century Twelfth century Thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Fifteenth century and after plates, i — in. IV — VII. VIII — xv. xvi — XXIII. xxiv — XXXII. XXXIII XXXV. XXXVI — XLI. XLII — LIV. LV — LXIV. LXV., LXVI. ■FIGURES. LXVII. LXV1II LXXI. LXXII., LXXIII. LXXV — LXXIX. LXXX. LXXXI. LXXXII., LXXXIII. ANCIENT GRAVE-STONES. This branch of Archaeology has hitherto attracted so little attention that it has no fixed nomenclature, and names have been rather loosely applied to the different kinds of grave-stones. It will therefore be necessary at the outset to state and define the names which it has been found convenient to use in the following pages. Ancient grave-stones have here been divided into three classes, incised cross slabs, raised cross slabs, and head crosses. By Incised cross slabs is meant flat recumbent grave- stones, which have a cross or other Christian symbol in- cised upon them. By liaised cross slabs is meant recumbent grave-stones, whether flat or coped, which have upon them a cross or other symbol in bas-relief. The old name for this class of grave-stones is coffin-stones or coffin-lids, but this name equally applies to many of the incised slabs, for they too frequently formed the lids of coffins. Moreover, these two classes have many features in common, especially in their designs j this connexion is expressed by giving to both the same generic name cross slabs. The name raised cross slab is perhaps rather clumsy, but it conveys the idea which is intended, of a slab of stone having a raised cross upon it. Head crosses are monumental stones, ornamented with crosses or symbols either incised or in relief, placed up- right at the head of the grave. B 2 ANCIENT GRAVE- STONES. INCISED CROSS SLABS. Grave-stones inscribed with the name of the deceased person whom they commemorated, and frequently with symbols of his trade, and other ornaments, were in common use among the Romans and Romanized nations at the com- mencement of the Christian era. The Christians did not throw aside the fashion, but in addition to the usual in- scriptions cut a cross, or fish, or some other of the Chris- tian symbols upon their grave-stones, to intimate the de- ceased's profession of Christianity. In the Lapidarian gallery of the Vatican at Rome are pre- served many of these early Christian monuments which were found in the Roman catacombs 3 . Nearly all these stones bear an incised cross or other Christian emblem ; some have in addition an inscription, others an emblem of the trade of the deceased, as the woolcomber's shears and comb b , &c. ; and many of them remind one of the com- mon English grave-stones of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. Many of these monuments have been engraved in the " Roma Subterranea" of Aringhi, in "Mammachii Origines et Antiquitates Christianas, " and more recently in the " Church of the Catacombs" of Dr. Maitland. From these appear to have been derived the incised cross slabs so common throughout Europe in succeeding times. The common adoption of the fashion is easily accounted for by the fact that all Roman customs were very generally followed by the subjugated European nations. The fre- quency of pilgrimages to Rome in early times from all parts of Christendom, and the frequent communication be- a These catacombs formed the refuge A.D. 400. and burial-place of the Christians at b Maitland's " Church of the Cata- Rome from about A.D. 80 to about combs," p. 223. INCISED CROSS SLABS. 3 tween the clergy of all parts of Europe, probably had also great effect in producing, not only in this but in every branch of Christian art, that general resemblance which we find in early art throughout Europe. By going from one country to another, we can obtain a connected series of these Christian grave-stones from the time of the Apostles to the present day. The series in the Lapi- darian gallery extends from A.D. 89 down to A.D. 400. The next in order of date which we meet with, are in Ire- land, where these early monuments are numerous. Of these the earliest which has hitherto been described is the stone of St. Brecan, A.D. 500 c ; next in order come those of Conaing, A.D. 822, Plate i. ; Suibine mac Maelhumai, c. A.D. 891 c ; Blaimac, c. A.D. 896, Plate i. ; Aigidin, A.D. 955 c ; Mael- finnia, A.D. 992, Plate n. ; and Flannchadd, A.D. 1003, Plate ii. These Irish stones bring down our series to the beginning of the eleventh century. On Plate in. is an example out of several found at Hartlepool : these stones are very small, and were not properly grave-stones, but were placed as bolsters under the heads of the corpses ; their exact similarity in design with the above Irish exam- ples, indicates that such grave-stones were used in England, at the same period, as well as in Ireland d . From this point we shall find our series completed down to the present time from English examples. Thus in the twelfth century we have the stones of Udarcl cle Broham, A.D. 1185, Plate vn., and Plates iv., v., vi., vn. In the thirteenth century Gilbert de Broham, A.D. 1230, Plate ix., Bishop Quivil, A.D. 1291, Plate xv., and Plates c Engraved in Petrie's Ecclesiastical law on the subject which must not be Architecture of Ireland. omitted here, " Let every sepulchre be d Such types may however have been esteemed sacred, and let it be adorned confined to those parts of England which with the sign of the cross, and take care were under the influence of Irish mis- lest any tread upon it with their feet." — sions or ecclesiastical settlements. Kenethi leges religiosae, Spelman's Con- In the ninth century we meet with a cilia, p. 342. 4 ANCIENT GRAVE-STONES. viii., ix., x., xi., xii., xiii. In the fourteenth Sire Nicholas de Huntingford, c. ] 330, Plate xviii. ; the ex- ample from Holme Pierrepoint, A.D. 1394, Plate xxiii., and Plates xiv. to xxiii. In the fifteenth century the example from Topcliffe, A.D. 1492, Plate xxviii., and Plates xxv., xxvi., xxvii. In the sixteenth century- Plates xxviii., xxix., xxx. In the seventeenth century the last example on Plate xxx. In England we find cross slabs most abundant in stony districts, as in the northern counties and in Derbyshire, and we find them of all kinds of stone, alabaster, Purbeck marble, granite, free-stone, lime-stone, &c. In incised slabs we find a great difference in effect pro- duced by different modes of treating the design. Most frequently the device is merely outlined by lines incised in the stone ; these lines were sometimes left open, sometimes filled in with lead, as in an example at Atten- borough, Notts. ; sometimes with white plaster or cement, as in an example at Papplewick, Notts.; sometimes with pitch : it is probable that other colours were also used, as was certainly the case upon the continent. Some of the incised stones in the Roman catacombs were thus filled in with coloured compositions e . No doubt in many cases the slab itself was partially or wholly coloured. Traces of colour still remain on some stones. In illuminated MSS. we find representations of coloured slabs. For instance, in the Psalter of Queen Mary, A.D. 1554 f , in a representation of the general resur- rection, occurs a coffin-lid which has a plain broad red cross, apparently not in relief, the stone being tinged with blue as if to indicate a marble slab. It will be convenient, while upon the subject, to discuss e Maitland's Church in the Catacomhs, p. 14. * Brit. Mus. INCISED CROSS SLABS. 5 here the colouring of raised cross slabs also. In the famous history of Matthew Paris g , written and illuminated by him- self, c. A.D. 1260, at f. 213, is a representation of the entombment of an archbishop ; the lid, which is just being placed upon the coffin, has a cross and several of the round ornaments mentioned at p. 44 in relief ; these are painted yellow, the stone itself being tinged green. In the very valuable collection of drawings of French monuments, called the Gagnieres collection, preserved at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, there are drawings of two slabs, both from the Abbaye de St. Pere de Chartres h . One has on the upper part of the stone a few lozenges coloured yellow, and in black letter characters (certainly not coeval with the stone) the inscription, abbas fulcfjenus. The lower part of the stone is divided into three compartments ; the centre one, much wider than the others, is divided into small lozenges alternately yellow and white (or the colour of the stone, i. e. lozengy or and " stone colour/') On each of the side compartments, upon a plain uncoloured ground, is a crozier in bas relief, coloured yellow, of the same shape as that on the slab of Padulfus of Chichester, Plate xxxvin. They are laid upon the stone just as the two croziers are on the very interesting fragment of a raised cross slab at Margam, Glamorganshire, engraved in the Archseol. Cam- brensis, vol. iv. p. 38. The other slab has an inscription in Lombardic character round the margin ; within this an ornamental border of a running pattern, of similar character to that on the slab at Ewenny, Plate xxxix. All the slab within this border is divided into small lozenges, in which are, in alternate rows, roses, an ill-defined ornament, and lilies. Upon this diapered ground is a crozier, coloured yellow, of similar e Mattha?i Parisiensis Historia, 14. c. h In the volume containing Beauvais, vii. Plut. xi. F. Brit. Mm. Chartres, and Vendome. 6 ANCIENT GRAVE-STONES. shape to that of Bishop Radulfus, Plate xxxvm., with the crook terminating in a serpent's head. In a second class the whole of the device, which in the first class is merely outlined, is cut away to a depth of about i of an inch, the matrix being filled up with plaster, pitch, or other composition, as in the examples from Bakewell, Plates xxxii., xli., xlii., xlv., xlvi., xlviii., li., &c. : the examples from Bakewell and Attenborough, Plate v., which are of the first class, would be reduced to this second class by cutting away the outlined device. Sometimes perhaps stone of other colours or coloured compositions may have been used for filling up the sunk portions of the design ; we find such a mode of treatment in slabs with incised figures. It is easy to imagine the beautiful effect which might thus be produced. Hitherto all the examples of this second class have been considered to be the matrices of brasses, but a careful ex- amination of the examples of this class, will shew that this cannot be the case. In the matrices of brass crosses we never find portions of the stone left within the outline of the design, as in Plate xx., and Lichfield, Plate xxv., and Lolworth, Plate xxx. Although the smaller pieces of stone left to form the design, have in many cases been so injured that the design can hardly be made out, yet it is sufficiently clear that the design would have been perfect when filled in with composition, without any of the additional lines which would have been given on brass. In some of the examples too, portions of the design are left in outline merely, which would not have been the case had they ever been filled in with brass ; as in the example from Peterborough cathedral, and from Lolworth. More- over a careful examination of many of the stones has brought to light no trace of brass or of the rivets with which it would have been fastened. INCISED CROSS SLABS. 7 We conclude therefore that these designs have merely been filled in with plaster, pitch, or other composition ; i.e. that they are not the matrices of brass crosses, but simply incised cross slabs. Some incised stones have two crosses, as that from St. Peter's at Gowts, Lincoln, Plate xn., from Monkton Farley, Wilts., Plate xxv., &c, and were probably placed over a man and his wife, or perhaps sometimes over two children. Some have been found with three crosses, as at St. Peter's at Gowts, Lincoln, Plate xiii., which may probably be placed over three children. On this subject see also the notes to the St. Peter's at Gowts slab at p. 65. In some incised slabs, as is the case also in raised cross slabs, and in monumental brasses, a representation of the deceased is introduced, besides the cross ; thus in Plate xxxi., from Monkton Parley, Wilts., the head of the cross is enlarged into a quatrefoil in which appears a well- drawn half length of Hugh Pitz Warren. In several stones in the chapel-yard of Lympley Stoke, Wilts., Plate xxxi., a head is introduced over the cross. In the example given from Cliff church, Kent, Plate xxxi., the cross has dis- appeared ; and the stone forms a connecting link between the incised cross slab with a head introduced, and the ordi- nary slab with incised effigy. There is a very curious example too at Christchurch, near Caerleon, Monmouthshire, Plate lxvi., whose design appears to have been borrowed from a common one in monumental brasses, where two full length figures are in- troduced with a tall floriated cross between them. It is perhaps singular that we do not find the crucifix commonly introduced upon these monuments. There is an instance of a crucifix introduced upon a mural monument in bas relief of the fourteenth century, at Bredon, Worces- 8 ANCIENT GRAVE-STONES. tershire, Plate lxx., another on a raised cross slab at Hales Owen, engraved in the Antiquarian and Topographi- cal Cabinet, vol. x. A very fine example of this from Sweden is given, Plate xxxn., from a drawing in the possession of the Antiquarian Society, Copenhagen : it is engraved in the Archseologia iEliana, vol. ii. Some incised stones have some other design upon them, instead of a cross. Thus at Hinton, Kent, Plate xxix.,is a stone having a heart with I Sb within it, and an in- scription round the border of the slab. At Bristol is one having a cook's knife and dredging box, engraved in Gough, vol. i. p. cix. 1 , the trade symbols of William Coke, quon- dam serviens Willmi Cannyngis mercatoris ville Bristol, whose brass (date 1474) exists in the same church. Sometimes a very small cross, like those with which inscrip- tions commence, is placed at the right hand top corner of the slab, as in one at Little Baddow, Essex, and at Mont Orgeuil castle, Jersey; or such a cross is placed in the middle of the slab, (where the heart is placed in the Hinton slab, Plate xxix.,) as in one at Gosforth, Northumberland, engraved in the Archseol. iEliana, vol. ii. p. 243. Sometimes a kind of cross is formed by drawing lines from end to end and across the stone, as at Woodperry, Plate l. A similar slab, with double instead of treble lines, is at Marks Tey, Essex. At Gosforth, Northumber- land, is a coffin-shaped stone with single lines drawn diago- nally from corner to corner, forming a St. Andrew's cross. These may perhaps be intended to represent the pall or bier cloth, upon which was commonly worked a cross, sometimes with one cross bar, sometimes with two, some- times with more. The bier cloths were of coloured stuffs, and perhaps these stones may have been coloured in imita- tion of them. Thus in the famous MS. of the Romaunt 1 Gough's Sepulchral Monuments. INCISED CROSS SLABS. 9 d' Alexandre, A.D. 1344, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, occur bier cloths with several red and blue stripes, at ff. 80, 97, 194. In the Douce MS., No. 77, in the same library, at p. 1, is a blue cloth semee with gold trefoils and with a one bar cross of gold. In a MS. book of " Heures," of the fifteenth century, among the Douce MSS., is a red bier cloth with a gold cross of one transverse bar. Very frequently too the slab has merely an inscription round the border without any symbol, as at Sundridge, Kent, &c. This appears to have been specially the case about the middle of the fourteenth century ; the inscription is generally in Lombardic character. Very frequently we find a flat coffin-shaped stone with no trace of design or inscription, as at Brasted, Kent-*, &c. Sometimes these stones have the head shaped like the stone at Oakley, Plate xlii., as at Falkbourn, Essex. The ancient Christian modes of interment were in a cist or stone coffin, in one of lead, or of wood, or in the earth without any coffin. Some of the above incised cross slabs doubtless formed the lids of stone coffins ; but the greater number appear to have been used as monuments and coverings for the graves when the other modes of interment were adopted. In a MS. in the British Museum (Nero, D. 1.) is a repre- sentation of a corpse lying in a grave without any coffin, upon which two men are placing a straight-sided slab, which has upon it an incised cross, in design like those in the slab at St. Benedict's, Lincoln, Plate xm. The subject of cists and stone coffins will be discussed hereafter. J Some of these may be the reverse ted was examined, and was found to have sides of slabs which have been turned its right side upwards, over, but not all. This example at Bras- C 10 ANCIENT MODES OF INTERMENT. Wooden coffins were used very early ; remains of them, with the iron clamps by which they have been fastened together, have been found in barrows ; for instance, in the barrow called Lamel hill, near York, which is made out by Dr. Thurnam to be of Saxon date, (Archa3ol. Journal, vol. v. p. 38.) A curious example of an early wood coffin formed of a hollow oak trunk is preserved in the museum at Scarborough. There is a notice of the discovery of several wood cof- fins, near Haltwhistle, Lancashire, in the Archaeol. iEliana, vol. ii. p. 177. One which was perfect is described as " cut out of the boll of an oak tree, which has been split by the wedge, and hollowed out in a very rough manner, to admit the body (bones were found in it), the lid was secured at the head and feet by wooden pins." From the rudeness of the workmanship these must have been of very early date. " The monk of Glastonbury says that King Arthur was buried in a trunk of oak hollowed, which proves, at least, that in his time this was an ancient mode of burial." Lead coffins too were in very early use; oblong lead coffins, the sides cast in ornamental moulds, were used by the Romans. King Stephen we read was buried in one : there are notices and engravings of several found in the Temple church, in Mr. Richardson's work on the restora- tion of the monuments there. They were used sparingly until the end of the fourteenth century, when they became more general. The old lead coffins were rather winding- sheets of lead, for they fitted rudely to the shape of the body ; their appearance agrees exactly with the idea con- veyed in the ballad of the little St. Hugh of Lincoln, " Scho roud him in a cake o' lead." A representation of one found at Mauveysin Ridware, ANCIENT MODES OF INTERMENT. 11 Staffordshire, is given in Shaw's History of Staffordshire, Plate xi. p. 193. These were sometimes enclosed in a wooden chest or coffin, sometimes in a stone chest or altar-tomb, surmounted by an effigy or monumental brass. Thus the lead coffin of the bishop in the Temple church, was enclosed in a stone coffin, see p. 66. Frequently the body was laid in the grave enclosed only in a winding-sheet, or sewed up in some garment, (perhaps occasionally a hide). In the representations of the Last Judgment which occur so frequently in illuminated MSS. of all dates, we constantly find the dead arising from open graves as well as from stone coffins. In the splendid MSS. in the British Museum, called the Durham Gospels k ? and which Mr. Westwood (Palseographia Sacra) makes out were written about the close of the seventh century, we find representations of the patriarchs folded in winding-sheets which fall loosely in large folds, being laid in the grave without any coffin, (pp. 11, 18, 44, 156, &c.) In an illumination of date c. A.D. 1180, of which there is a copy in the collection of the Archaeological Institute, we see a body about to be committed to the grave, which is sewn up in front in some garment, and a cross is marked upon the face. In the Douce MS., No. 77, at p. 1, is a repre- sentation of a woman sewing up a naked corpse after this fashion in a white winding-sheet. In the Gagnieres collection there is an incised slab on which is represented a corpse sewn up in this manner, dated A.D. 1446. It is rather singular that in most of these cases the body appears quite flexible. There are also representations of corpses wrapped up after similar fashions, being placed in stone coffins, as in an en- tombment from the MS. of Matthew Paris, before mentioned, k Cott MSS., Nero, D. IV. 12 ANCIENT MODES OF INTERMENT. fol. 198. Here, however, the corpse is swathed round and round with narrow fillets crossing in a lozenge pattern. In the Gospels of St. Augustine (Mr. Westwood's Pabeographia Sacra) Lazarus is similarly represented, rising from the tomb: the date of this illumination is sixth century. In a repre- sentation of the raising of Lazarus upon the fine Norman font at Lenton, Notts., Lazarus is swathed in this same manner, and is lying in a stone coffin, from which two men are raising the lid. And it is curious enough to find exactly the same custom still common in the sixteenth century ; when we find children very frequently represented in this way on altar and mural tombs ; there is a representation of one upon an incised slab at Morley, Derbyshire. In an entombment in the Luttrell Psalter, the corpse, lying in a stone coffin, is enclosed in a tight winding-sheet, gathered at the neck, and marked with a row of small crosses clown the body, the coped lid has a floriated cross upon it. In an illumination in the Cott. MS., Claudius B. IV. folio 74, (date eleventh century,) the tight-fitting garment in which the corpse is wrapped is diapered with a pattern of quatrefoils within squares. Other very interesting examples of similar character may be seen in the MSS., Bib. Reg. 14. evil; Nero, D. I. HarL 603, Plut. xxviii. 1 &c. The designs in both incised floor-crosses and coffin- stones very much resemble one another; it will be con- venient, having first treated of the peculiarities of coffin- stones, then to treat of the designs of both together. Further information, which can be more conveniently in- troduced in that form, will be found in the notes to the several examples, page 59, et seq. STONE COFFINS. 13 STONE COFFINS. The cist of many stones which has frequently been found in cairns or tumuli of stones, and also in the soil, and which has generally been attributed to the British inhabitants of the island, may be considered as a species of rude stone coffin. Perhaps, however, the stone coffin in the modern meaning of the term, may be more immediately derived from the Roman sarcophagus or cist of a single block of stone. Many of these have been found in England ; some of the later ones have roughly coped or arched lids. In Swinton Park, Yorkshire, are two valuable examples of early cists ; one — like the proper stone coffin — has the base narrower than the top, and its lid is coped : the other has the lid rounded at the sides and ends, and flat at the top, like a flat-bottomed boat : both these are engraved in the Archseol. Journal, vol. v. p. 46. Mr. Tucker thinks that these belong to the end of the Romano-British period. The proper stone coffin is formed of a single stone, (though examples do occur in which modern coffins are com- posed of two or more stones, at Llantwit for instance, see p. 87,) it is rather higher at the top than at the base, and in width tapers also from head to foot. Sometimes the interior excavation corresponds with the outside through- out j but very frequently the interior corresponds with the exterior only up to the shoulders, and then there is a small rounded excavation to fit the head ; see Plate lxxiv. and the cut on the next page : frequently a small hole is found in the bottom, it is supposed, to let out the liquid which was used in preserving the bodies. 14 STONE COFFINS. Some other varieties in the shape of the interior cavity occur, but they are neither numerous nor important ; it is rather curious that most of these should be brought toge- ther in the corner of an ancient churchyard at Hey sham, Lancashire, of which a representation is here given. These graves are cut in the rock, the trench which sur- rounds them on two sides Avas for the foundation of the churchyard wall. It is difficult to determine the date of these graves ; the church is most probably of Saxon date ; another church was built at the foot of the hill in early Norman times, but the church here may also have been used, and even if not, interments may have taken place in the old churchyard, so that we cannot limit their date by this. Perhaps the most curious feature about them is the square excavation at the head of each, which was STONE COFFINS. 15 probably intended for the heart or intestines, though it is difficult to imagine that the custom of embalming and con- sequent disemboweling, though undoubtedly not unusual, was yet so very common as would appear from this. The first and third (counting from the left) are the most com- mon shapes ; the second is very rare, the fourth and fifth are also rare, their outline exactly resembles that of a corpse prepared for interment, after the fashion before mentioned ; an example like the sixth occurs in an illumination in the Harl. MS. 603, Plate xxvm. 1, fol. 28, (of late eleventh century date.) Sometimes, especially in late examples, the coffin is a regular oblong chest. There are several lids of the same shape as the example from Oakley, Plate xlii. : it is therefore very likely that the coffins had the same shape externally, and perhaps also internally. The sides of the coffin were sometimes ornamented, and it appears that the coffin was then placed above ground, as in the fine example from Coningsborough, Plate xxxvu., whose front is covered with bas-reliefs. In Gough, vol. i. p. liii., is a representation of one which was dug up at the east end of Lincoln cathedral, and is now in the possession of E. J. Willson, Esq., of Lincoln ; it is ornamented with interlacing circles something like those on the Llantwit stone, Plate lxvii., and is of Norman date 1 . Another famous one of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, A.D. 1240, exists at Llanwrst church, Wales. Another at Cashel, Ireland, is engraved in Plate lxxiv. Another exists at Barnack, North ants. Representations of them are very common in illuminated MSS., for instance there are speci- mens in the Matthew Paris before mentioned, Bibl. Reg. 14, c. vii., at pp. 112, 198, 213, &c. At Silchester is a 1 A drawing of this coffin which Mr. Willson kindly sent for this work, unfortu- nately was received too late to be used. 10 STONE COFFINS. Head of stone coffin which has each end ornamented with a cross, represented in the mar- gin. In the grounds of J. Staniforth, Esq., near Sheffield, is a curious stone coffin which has been formed out of the lower part of the shaft of a Saxon standard cross, the remaining sides of which are decorated with elegant scroll-work, similar to that on the edge of the cross at Ireton™, Cumberland, and the east side of that at Eyam, Derbyshire. Generally, however, the coffin was plain, and it was just so much sunk into the earth, that the lid formed part of the pavement of the church, or lay at the surface of the church- yard, and served for both coffin-lid and monument 11 . This lid was of a single stone, and appears to have been fastened upon the coffin sometimes with mortar or cement, sometimes merely by its own weight. Stone lids were also placed over wooden coffins ; several stone lids were found in A.D. 1847, in Horningsea church- yard, Cambridgeshire. Beneath that on Plate lii.* was a stone coffin; beneath the others, on Plates liii. and lxv., bones and fragments of the wood coffins. Engraved in Ly sons' Cumberland. n Among the capitula made in the reign of King jEthelred, A.D. 994, is one which shews that the graves were not always made level with the floor of the church : the whole of it is worth transcribing. Cap. ix. : " It hath been an antient custom in this country to bring the dead often within the churches, and thus to make cemeteries of those places which have been consecrated to the wor- ship of God. Now we desire that from henceforward no man be buried in the church, unless he be of the sacerdotal order, or (at least) a holy layman ; so that it be known that by the sanctity of his life he deserved to have his body buried there. We do not however wish that bodies which have been formerly buried in the church, should be cast forth; but where mounds appear, let them be either buried deeper in the ground, or else let a way be made over them, and let them be brought to a level with the pavement of the church, so that no mounds appear there. But if in any place there should be so many graves that this cannot easily be done, then let those places be used as cemeteries, and let the altar be removed ; and there let churches be built where men may offer unto God purely and reverently." — Spelman's Concilia, p. 266. STONE COH'INS. 17 Wooden coped lids were also sometimes used; on Plate lii.* is a representation of one in Winterborne church, Bucks, (engraved in Gough, vol. i. p. cvii.,) and it would ap- pear that this wooden lid formed the monument. Wooden monuments, we know* were not unusual, for many very fine wooden recumbent effigies remain, as at Little Horkesley, Essex; Hildersham, Camb., &c. Also in Nicholas's His- tory of the Franciscans at Leicester, is the representation of a monkish funeral, where the body is being conveyed to the grave in a wooden chest or coffin which has a coped lid°. In Sussex, where iron foundries existed from an early period, cast iron coffin-slabs occur. There is an example at Burwash, Sussex, with a small cross and inscription, " orate piio annima J OH1NE Colins." A kindred example of later date exists at Crowhurst, Surrey, which bears a figure in shroud, (Anne Porster,) kneeling children, shields, and inscription, date A.D. 1591. An example with in- scription only exists at Cowden, Kent. There is another curious variety at Chelsfield, Kent • under a monumental arch is inserted a coffin -lid of later date than the arch, and of the same shape as that of Wil- liam Rufus, Plate xxxvu., and upon one of the sloping sides are brass figures of the crucifix, St. Mary and St. John, and on the base an inscription in brass to Robert de Brun, priest A.D. 1417. No raised cross slabs remain of so great antiquity as some of the incised cross slabs which have been noticed, though, if we may include the two cist-lids from Swinton in our list of coffin-lids, we arrive probably at a period as early as the fifth century. One of these has indeed all the charac- ter of an ordinary plain coped coffin-lid, the ridge, which is boldly rounded, is 6^ inches higher than the edge, the Bloxam's Monumental Architecture. D L8 STONE COFFINS. stone quite plain, and does not taper from head to foot. Next perhaps in point of date come the curious semicircu- lar or arched stones, one of which, from Repton, Derby- shire, is figured in Plate xxxiii. It appears probable that these were sometimes placed over the grave, perhaps over the cist. It is certain, however, that this was not always the case, for in Penrith churchyard four of them enclose the grave, two on each side, while at the head and foot are tall pillars bearing crosses and other ornaments in relief. (Engraved in the Archseologia, vol. ii.) Two examples from Bedale, Yorkshire, which have some features in common with the Repton stone, are given in Plate xxxiii. ; these are perhaps of the eighth or ninth century or even earlier. Another of similar character to the last was discovered at the church of St. Dionys, York ; here too the section of the stone is arched rather than coped ; at the junction of the arch with the sides and along the ridge runs a kind of cable moulding ; one side has animals in low relief which appear to have some symbolical meaning, the other side is covered with strange dragon-like monsters, with wings, tails, &c, going off into the intricate interlaced work, so commonly found in the illuminations of early Anglo-Saxon MSS. Its date may be the seventh or eighth century. The curious stone from Heysham, Northumberland, ex- hibited in the frontispiece, is probably of near the same date ; an account of this will be found in the notes, p. 74. At Bakewell was found a small acutely coped stone, the ends being sloped as well as the sides, like that of William Rufus, Plate xxxvu.; along the ridge and down the angles is the same cable moulding as in the last example ; one side has triple triangles &c. of knot-work, the other is divided down the middle by a broad panel formed by a fillet interlaced in a lozenge pattern, the remainder of the STONE COFFINS. 19 side being filled with animals ; one end has defaced knot- work, the other a device of two griffins back to back with a pillar or tree between them. This interesting stone is small, 3 ft. 4 in. in extreme length, and tapers slightly from head to foot. At Dewsbury and Laugh ton le Morthen, Yorkshire, are stones of similar character. Another arched stone probably of rather later date than the above, covered with sculptures of very conven- tional foliage and branches, exists at Brechin, co. Angus, Scotland, and is engraved in the thirteenth plate of Mr. Chambers's fine work on the " Sculptured Monuments of Angus." After this perhaps in date comes the flat slab with a cross upon it, found in Dover market-place, Plate xxxv. But for the inscription upon this stone we might think it of much later date, so different is it in character from the preceding and the few succeeding ones ; but the inscrip- tion, in Runic character, leaves little doubt that it is earlier than the Norman Conquest. Next perhaps we may place the stones from Cambridge castle, Plates xxxiv. and xxxv., which, like the last, have the cross for the chief feature in their design, the spaces of the stone being filled up with knot- work ; of about the same date is the small stone from Barningham, Yorks., Plate xxxv., which is covered with knot- work, without any cross. These are all of ante-Norman date. Fragments of two other coped stones, probably of the latter part of the eleventh or of the twelfth century, were also discovered at Bakewell ; one has a series of chevrons, moulded like the ordinary Norman chevron moulding, run- ning down each side from head to foot, the other has a roll on the ridge, and each side cut so as to resemble three overlapping rows of tiles. The roof shape was probably given to these stones in order to throw off the wet, and to 20 STONE COFFINS. prevent the lodgment of dust and dirt, and here we see the artist has preserved the primitive idea. We find now that flat and slightly and highly coped stones are equally common. The plain highly coped stones of William Rufus, and of Juga Bayard, Plate xxxvu., both belong to the very beginning of the twelfth century, the in- teresting stone from Coningsborough, Plate xxxvu., covered with sculptures, is probably of the beginning of this cen- tury. Another shape of the coped stone is shewn in that of Bishop Ralph, A.D. 1123, Plate xxxviii. ; some- what similar in the general form of the stone, though far more elaborate and beautiful in design, is that of Maurice de Londres, c. A.D. 1150, Plate xxxix. Probably all the examples from Plate xxxvi. to Plate xlt., belong to this century ; a simple inspection of them will be sufficient to shew the great variety of designs which were in use during this period. In the thirteenth century, as also in the succeeding cen- turies, we still find all shapes of the raised cross slab, both flat and coped; the stones of Abbat Alan, A.D. 1202, Plate xltt., of Urian de St. Pierre, A.D. 1239, Plate lh., of William Plantagenet in the Temple church, A.D. 1256, Plate lii., and of Prior William de Basing, A.D. 1295, Plate Lxvir., will prove this point. Plates xlit. to ltv. are pro- bably all of this date, and will sufficiently shew without de- tailed description, the style of work and design of the period. Plates lv. to lxtv. contain examples all of which are probably of the fourteenth century ; those from Tintern, Plate lxt., Dereham, Plate lxiii., and Plate lxtv. may be pointed out as possessing strongly marked fourteenth century characteristics. Plates lxv. and lxvt. contain examples of the fifteenth century, of which that from Jervaulx, Plate lxvi., may be specially pointed out, STONE COFFINS. 21 It is, however, somewhat remarkable that while in all other parts of ecclesiastical architecture during these three centuries we find three strongly marked styles, the Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular, we do not find any corresponding broad distinctions of style in these grave- stones. Ornamental work peculiar to these styles fre- quently occurs upon them ; but almost as frequently there is so little of peculiar character in the design, that it re- quires considerable familiarity with the subject to be able to assign, within a hundred years, the probable date of a slab within this period ; and in some instances the designs are so utterly void of any thing like character, that they may be of almost any date. When stone coffins went out of fashion, (about the end of the fifteenth century,) the coffin-shaped stone still continued in common use as a covering to the grave, with little or no alteration in its shape or dimen- sions. Indeed the coffin-stone never has gone out of use, and is still very common in all the southern coun- ties. In Weston churchyard, Hunts., are some very well-shaped specimens of the seventeenth century ; they are flat, taper from head to foot, have no cross, but an inscription round the margin, and are placed on brick graves. In St. Mary's churchyard, Hunts., is one slightly coped with a bold roll on the ridge, and an inscription running lengthwise, to Thomas Dales, churchwarden, A.D. 1675. In the churchyard of Standlake, Oxfordshire, are several examples of the last and present century. The very late ones are generally semicircular instead of being coped, and are widest at the shoulder, tapering towards the head and feet, and are generally accompanied by a headstone bearing an inscription ; of this kind ex? amples abound in the south of England. 22 STONE COFFINS. There is a variety of the simple highly coped coffin- lid, which is sometimes met with ; viz., where instead of one simple ridge, there are two, crossing one another at right angles, giving the idea of the roof of a cross church. The ridges are finished with a bold roll, so that the two rolls crossing at right angles form the symbol of the cross, as at Fingall, Yorks., Plate lxii., also at Bredon, Worces- tershire, Plate lxii., where the gabled ends are ornamented. Double coffin-stones also occur, having two crosses upon them : as that of Sir Adam de Cliderhow, at Ribchester, Lancashire, Plate lxiv., where the slab is divided into two compartments, each has a cross under a canopy, and an inscription runs round each division, one commemorating Sir Adam, the other his wife. Also one at Goosenerg, Plate lxiv., which has two crosses, each with a shield at the base, and other ornamental work, the whole stone being sur- rounded by a border of paterae. We find several French examples of these double stones in the Gagnieres collection ; they are generally placed over two successive abbats, and have two pastoral staves, each under its canopy, with a separate inscription to each abbat. There is another kind of double stone where the stone is not divided into two compartments, but it is about double the usual width, and is charged with two crosses, each accompanied by appropriate symbols ; it is clear that they have been placed over two persons, and both these and the preceding stones were probably the lids of double stone coffins, such as that called Rosamund Clifford's 1 ". There is such a stone at Chollerton, Northumber- land, Plate lx., where the sinister cross has a sword beside it, the dexter a book : another at East Shaftoe, Northumberland, Plate lxv., where the sinister cross has p The author's reference to the locality of this curious double coffin has been mislaid. STONE COFFINS. 23 a sword beside it, the dexter a pair of shears : another at Aycliffe, Durham, Plate v., where the sinister cross has a sword, pair of pincers, square (or hammer), and a small cross patee ; the dexter a key and pair of shears : another at Forcett, Yorkshire, with two crosses which are run into one another, in the same way as the three on the slab from St. Peter's at Gowts, Plate xm.; the sinister cross on this slab has beside it a sword with curious projections which look like parts of the belt, the dexter cross has two keys. There is one class of stones, which might be classed either as incised stones, or as coffin-stones. The upper part of the device consists of a floriated cross within a circle, and the cross is thrown into relief by cutting away the remaining part of the stone within the circle to the depth of about i of an inch or more. Generally the sunk part was filled up with plaster or pitch. Those from Bake- well, Plates xxxviii., xl., xlii., xlv., xlvi., &c, are speci- mens of this class. Those from Aycliffe, Plate v., and Rushen abbey, Plate xliv., are treated in a similar manner. We not uncommonly find stone coffin-lids without any cross upon them. Thus at Gosforth, Northumberland, is a well-coped stone, with only a roll or bead round the edge ; at the same place is another stone well coped, with a roll along the ridge, both engraved in the Archaeol. iEliana, vol. ii. p. 243. Highly coped but perfectly plain stones are frequent, as at Barton, Camb., &c. At Jesus college chapel, Cambridge, is a well-known stone, acutely coped in the same way as that of William Rufus, Plate xxxvii., without any cross, but with the inscription MORIBUS : ORN ATA : JACET ►£< HIC : BONA : BERTA : ROSATA. the monument probably of some nun of the thirteenth 24 STONE COFFINS. century, who was buried here while the chapel was still a part of the priory of St. Rhadegunda. A similar stone was found on the site of Belvoir priory with the in- scription " t%4 ROBERT . DE . TODENI . LE . FVDEVR." Both these are engraved in Gough, vol. ii. pi. xvi. p. ccxlvi. There is another very interesting deveiopement of the simple coffin-stone, which requires notice. Sometimes a head was sculptured above the cross representing the deceased, as hi the monument of Emote de Hastings, Plate lxvii., at Bitton, Gloucestershire ; in that of Prior William de Basing, Winchester, A.D. 1295, Plate lxvii. ; in that of a female at Bottesford, Notts., Plate lxx.; in one at Silchester, Plate lxix., where there are two heads; one at LlandafF cathe- dral has two heads, male and female, over a cross with lily terminations ; the inscription (illegible) is French in Lom- bardic character; date probably the fourteenth century; figured in the Archseologia Canibrensis, vol. hi. p. 320. At Silchester is a slab, Plate lxix., where the head is placed in a sunk quatrefoil, so as to give the idea of there being a quatrefoil hole cut in the coffin-stone, through which the face of the deceased is visible q . One somewhat similar exists in Merton college chapel, Oxford, of Richard Camsall, D.D., figured in Gough, vol. ii. pi. vii. fig. 2. An interesting late example exists at Llanvihangel Aber Cowiu churchyard, Glamorganshire : on the lower part of the stone is a plain calvary cross ; over it a half-length figure in falling run* with the hands clasped in prayer; round the cross is the inscription, >J< deus resipit anni- mos . . . orum in MiSERicoimiAM ; and on three sides of the stone, ^ heare lyethe in grave the bodye of GRIFFITHE GRANT SONE TO RICHARD GRANT AND MARGET VETRFIS A DECEASED THE 4 DAYE OF MAY ANNO the key perhaps the symbol of a woman. Example, St. Mary's, Gateshead, Durham, Plate xxn. Square. Perhaps a carpenter or a mason, or a freemason. Example, Thornton abbey, Lincolnshire. Bell and crucible, or pot of metal. Probably a bell- founder, an artist of considerable importance in the middle ages, when a form of prayer, made for the occasion, was always repeated before a bell was cast, and the bells them- selves were baptized. Example, St. Dionys, York. Trumpets. Perhaps of some trumpeter, or they may be merely a punning device, as in the case of Sir Roger cle Trumpington. They occur, incised, on a raised cross slab found near the Guildhall chapel, Lon- don, with the inscription ^ godefrey : LE : TROMPEUR : GIST : CI : DEV : DEL : ALME : EIT : MERCI. Cross patee within a circle. It has been conjectured that this symbol in- dicates the deceased to have been a Knight Templar. Mr. Richardson (Archaeological Jour- & °" U1 Bakewell, Derbysbir 44 SYMBOLS. nal, vol. i. p. 49) shews that the effigies at the Temple church are not those of Templars, and that there are no monuments in England which bear the symbols which we should expect to find on a Templar's tomb. On some of these cross slabs however we find the badge of the Temple, the cross patee within a circle, and in several cases, for instance the slabs from Trumpington, Plate liii., and from Chesterton, Plate liii., it is clear that this is not merely one of the innumerable forms in which the device of the cross and circle is presented to us on these slabs, but is a something introduced upon the slab in addition to the cross, — a symbol of something, and very probably of a Knight Templar. There are some other sculptures whose meaning is far more difficult of explanation. The most frequent and puzzling of these is the orna- ment about the middle of the shaft of the cross, which oc- curs in Oakington, Cambridgeshire, Plate xlv. ; Stanford in the Vale, Plate xlvii. ; Horningsea and Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, Plate liii. ; Landbeach, Cambridgeshire, Plate liv. ; Southwell, Nottinghamshire ; two at Rumsey, and one at Steeple Gidding, Huntingdonshire, (Gough, vol. i.) ; three at Buckenham Perry ; and one at St. Mary Magdalen, Wiggenhall, at Watlington, and at Sanding- ham, Norfolk ; and in many other examples. In some examples it looks merely like a riband, in others the stiffness of its form and the addition of an arrow nega- tive this supposition ; besides, a riband would assume more free and fanciful forms and not always the stiff form which we see pretty accurately preserved in all the exam- ples. Various conjectures may be offered, but none appear very likely; for instance, are they hinges, as though the coffin-lid were supposed to open like a chest at the ridge ; SYMBOLS. 45 are they after all merely ribands ; many of these designs were doubtless copied from processional crosses, — is this any appendage by means of which the tall and perhaps heavy cross was steadied while being carried : does it represent some implement ? We sometimes find large circles introduced, as in the example from Bungay, Suffolk, Plate x. ; are these intended to represent chaplets or garlands placed upon the coffin ? Those which occur on the coffin-lid at Repps, Norfolk, (Arch. Journal, vol. hi. p. 268,) two above the limbs of the cross and one upon the shaft, may perhaps admit of a dif- ferent explanation. It was a very ancient practice in repre- sentations of the crucifixion to represent the sun and moon by two circles over the cross ; such occur on the cross at AyclifFe, Durham, (Arch. Journal, vol. hi. p. 260.) These circles above the cross here may have this meaning. It is possible that the diagonal sculptures in the middle of the stone, and the circle on the shaft, may be the A. fl. which occur on many early grave-stones, for instance, on the stone from Hartlepool, Plate in. Sometimes we have two round ornaments about the size which the paten usually has, as on the slab from Bil- borough, Nottinghamshire, Plate lviii. ; on another slab lying beside this there is the same cross, but these two ornaments are placed above the limbs of the cross. The same ornaments occur on a fragment of a raised cross slab at Stanton Harcourt. We frequently find small round ornaments, as in an example at Camboe chapel, Northumberland, which has a sword on one side of the cross, and a row of these orna- ments on the other ; are they merely ornamental, introduced for the purpose of filling up blank spaces of the stone, or are they significant ? We find them also associated with the crozier ; in the illumination representing the entombment 46 SYMBOLS. of an archbishop, mentioned at p. 5, the coffin-lid bears a crozier with a row of these ornaments down each side of the shaft, they like the crozier being coloured yellow. The spear-head shaped ornament introduced upon the small stone at Papplewick, Plate xiv., of which stone there is also an exact duplicate at the same church ; is it a spear- head, or a trowel, or a child's toy — for the stone is only large enough for a child ? HEAD-CROSSE c 47 HEAD-CROSSES. Probably the earliest kind of sepulchral monument in the world was the pillar-stone, a rude unhewn stone set up to mark the place of burial of some great man. These appear to have been used by all primitive nations ; many such stones remain in Britain. That many of these were sepulchral is proved by the inscriptions which not unfrequently appear upon them, and by the fact that an interment in a cist has been discovered under one in Scotland 7 . After the Christian era, these pillar-stones began to be ornamented with a cross or other Christian symbol, either incised or in low relief, as in the examples on Plates lxxv. and lxxvii. ; sometimes the ornaments were very elaborate, as in the interesting examples on Plates lxxvii. and lxxviii. In some localities these pillar-stones continued in use to a very late date ; on Plate lxxxii. is an inter- esting one from the Isle of Man, A.D. 1489. The exam- ples on Plate lxxxiii. are so late as A.D. 1566 and 1631 ; and others exist in different parts of Ireland, at Dunkeld cathedral, Scotland, and elsewhere. Some of these stones have a socket at the top, into which probably a cross was fitted, as the stone of Cirusius, Arch. Journal, vol. iv. p. 307. In time the upper part of the stone itself was cut into a cruciform shape, and the pillar-stone became the tall sepul- chral cross, as in the examples on Plate lxxix. Of these pillar-stones and sepulchral crosses many examples will be found engraved in the Archaeologia, Ly sons' Magna y Macullock. 48 HEAD-CROSSES. Britannia, the Gentleman's Magazine, the Archaeological Journal, &c. The following are references to a few of the more inter- esting ones. Those engraved in Mr. Chambers's fine work on the Sculptured Monuments of Angus. Several from Cornwall, engraved in Archaeological Jour- nal, vol. iv. p. 302 to 318. Interesting one at Penrith, Archseologia, vol. ii. Three in Whalley churchyard, Yorkshire, Whittaker's History of Whalley. The pillar- stone was first modified into the sepulchral cross ; the next modification, which took place perhaps a century before the Norman Conquest, was into what is usually called the head-cross. This is a stone from one to three feet high, and of different shapes, placed upright at the head of the grave, and sometimes accompanied by a smaller stone at the foot of the grave. These head-crosses appear to have come into use (as has been said) about A.D. 950. Where the dead was buried in a stone coffin, its lid formed his monument ; these head- stones seem to have been placed over the grave in cases where a coffin of wood or lead, or no coffin at all, was used. They continued in use until the Reformation, soon after which they were again modified into the tall, square, ugly stones, which now crowd and disfigure our churchyards. Few ancient examples of head-stones remain, but from those which we have, we see that they are divided iuto several distinct kinds. First the stone itself is cut into the form of a cross of more or less elaborate design, as in the example from Glendalough, Plate lxxvi. j from Lancaster, Plate lxxviii.* ; and that from Camboe chapel, Northum- berland, given in the margin ; and Handborough, Oxford- shire, Plate lxxxi. This kind is susceptible of an infinite variety of forms, and is perhaps the most beautiful kind of HEAD-CROSSES. 49 monument. In another kind the stone is left square, or the head is rounded off, and a cross is in- cised upon the face of it, some- times on both faces, as in exam- ples from Cambridge and Bake- well, Plates lxxviii.*, lxxix.*, lxxx., and lxxxi. Sometimes the cross is in relief upon the face of the stone, as in examples from New Romney ; St. Mary-le-Wigford, Lincoln; and Camboe chapel , North umberiana. Tackley, Oxfordshire, Plate lxxxi. Varieties in the treatment of the head are seen in the third Bake well example, Plate lxxx. ; Handborough and Tackley, Oxfordshire, Plate lxxxi. Sometimes the cross occupies the whole stone, as in Bakewell, Plate lxxviii.*, but generally it is confined to the head, especially where the head is circular. Frequently a stone was placed at the foot of the grave as well as at the head ; it is possible that some of the smaller examples engraved as head-stones may be in fact foot-stones. Wooden grave crosses were sometimes used, but from their perishable nature no ancient examples, it is believed, now remain : they are still in use in Normandy, and other parts of France. Of the designs on these head-stones nothing need be said, they generally resemble the heads of the crosses on incised and raised grave-slabs, at least sufficiently so to render any additional remarks upon them unnecessary. H 50 CHRONOLOGY OF GRAVE-STONES. CHRONOLOGY OF GRAVE-STONES. Since this is the first attempt which has been made to arrange a collection of ancient grave-stones in chronological order, it may be satisfactory and useful to the student of antiquities to point out those peculiarities which indicate the date of a grave- stone. The shape or size of the stone is no safe guide to its date ; it has been thought that the early ones were highly coped, the later ones less so, but this is not the case, for many early ones are quite flat, while late ones are highly coped. Also in both coffin-stones and incised stones, straight-sided and coffin -shaped ones are to be found of all dates. In this part of the work as in some others, we may generally consider the, designs without reference to their being incised or in relief; for, except in one or two cases which are noticed, the way in which the design is worked, will afford no indication of the date of the monument. To determine the date then, we have to guide us only the form of the cross, and the ornamental accessories. Also we have a few stones whose date is actually or ap- proximately known either from an inscription or other circumstances : as these are extremely valuable for com- parison with others it will be useful to give a list of them here. Date. Locality. No. of Plate. 822 Clonmacnoise, Ireland I. 896 Glendalough, Ireland I. 992 Clonmacnoise, Ireland II. 1003 Clonmacnoise, Ireland II. CHRONOLOGY OF GRAVE-STONES. 51 Date. Locality. No. of Plate. c. 1060 Welbeck, Nottinghamshire xxxv. c. 1100 Winchester cathedral xxxyn. c. 1100 Little Dunmow, Essex xxxvii. 1123 Chichester cathedral xxxvm. 1150 Ewenny, Glamorganshire xxxix. 1185 Brougham, Westmoreland vil. 1225 Llanvair, Cornwall, engraved in Specimens of Church Plate and Sepulchral Slabs. 1230 Brougham, Westmoreland . ix. 1239 St. Pierre, Glamorganshire c. 1250 St. John, Southover 1257 Exeter cathedral xv. 1295 Winchester cathedral lxvii. c. 1300 St. Peter's at Gowts, Lincoln xii. c. 1320 Griffith ap Jorwerth, wall of Grammar School, Bangor. 1320 Stanton, Nottinghamshire lxviii. c. ] 330 Rampton, Cambridgeshire xviii. 1394 Holme Pierrepoint, Nottinghamshire xxiii. 1405 Chellaston, Derby 1430 Modstena, Sweden xxxn. 1436 Jervaulx, Yorkshire lxv. 1445 W. Aldburgh, Aldborough, Yorkshire 1463 Robert Gudyk, Thornton abbey, Lincolnshire 1480 Tankersley, Yorkshire, Gough, vol. ii. p. ccxlvii. 1489 Iona lxxxii. 1492 Kirkwood, Yorkshire xxvur. Lynby, Nottinghamshire xxviii. 1547 Llanlivery, Cornwall xxx. 1566 Sligo abbey, Ireland lxxxiii. 1569 Brecknock priory 1631 Ballinchter, Ireland lxxxiii. 1670 Lichfield castle xxx. The sepulchral brass crosses will also be found of use for comparison with the designs upon these slabs ; engravings of many of these may be found in Mr. Boutell's " Memorials of Monumental Brasses," and " Monumental Brasses of England." The shape of the cross is not of so much service in ascer- taining the date as might have been expected; this will easily be seen, for on the stone from Cambridge, Plate xxxv., of Saxon date, (c. A.D. 1000,) the cross has nearly 52 CHRONOLOGY OF GRAVE-STONES. the same shape as in those from Bungay and Bakewell, Plate x., which are probably of the thirteenth century. Again, Brougham, Plate vn., of date A.D. 1185, is very nearly like the common fifteenth century form seen in Plates xxiv., xxv., xxvi., &c. ; even the very early stone, from Dover, Plate xxxv., might easily be mistaken for a much later design. There are however a few forms peculiar to certain periods : thus the form seen in Clonmacnoise, Plates I. and ii. ; Glendalough, Plate in. ; Isle of Arran, Plate lxxv., &c, is not found on stones of later date than c. 1000; the round and pear-shaped forms in Bakewell and Attenborough, Plate v., are late Norman. The crosses with vine-leaves, like Plates xv., xvi., xvn., xviii., &c, are of the fourteenth century. The crosses with lilies as terminations to the limbs are very common in the fifteenth century, though we do find them also of earlier date ; indeed lilies were not uncommon ornaments from early Norman times down to the seventeenth century. The crosses formed by single broad lines like Lolworth, Plate xxvi., are probably late fifteenth century, though they do occur as a provincialism in the thirteenth century stones from Jersey, Plates vin. and ix. The Calvary moulded like the base of a pier, belongs also generally to the fif- teenth century. W e are driven then in most cases to the accidental orna- ments of the stone for indications of its date : and here some knowledge of ancient architecture, and of antiquities generally, becomes indispensably necessary to the student. Where the stone has an inscription, but without date, the shape of the letters will frequently enable us to approximate very nearly to the date. It is impossible to describe the many and minute peculiarities of shape which characterize different dates, all that can be done here is to give some very broad rules. Thus the runic character, as in Nos. 5, CHRONOLOGY OF GRAVE-STONES. 5;] 95, &c, was not used after c. A.D. 1000. From that date till about A.D. 1350 a kind of Roman character called Lombardic was commonly used, as in Nos. 44, 53, &c. The latest instance we meet with of Lombardic (says Gough, vol. iii. p. ccxlvi.) is on the tomb of Robert de Bures, Acton, A.D. 1361. The character called black letter seems to have been introduced c. A.D. 1350, it is used on the tomb of Edward III., who died A.D. 1377 ; and from this period it was in common use until c. A.D. 1530. About this time a debased kind of Lombardic became very fashionable, and gradually changed until about the middle of the sixteenth century, when it became the common Roman character. Moreover from c. 1100 to c. A.D. 1360, the inscription, though often in Latin, was more frequently in Norman- French, and generally in rhyme. From c. A.D. 1400 downwards, Latin became the common language for in- scriptions, though English ones are not uncommon after c. A.D. 1500. A symbol, as a mitre, pastoral staff, chalice, shield, &c, introduced upon the stone, will often determine its date approximately. The early mitres were low and the sides straight : about the middle of the twelfth century we find them simple in detail, and the apex forming a right angle ; afterwards the height increased, and in the fifteenth century the sides are lofty and often convex, and the details elaborate. A very early shape of the pastoral staff (c. A.D. 1066) is seen in the Welbeck stone, Plate xxxv. ; another form is shewn in the stone of Ralph of Chichester, A.D. 1 1 23, Plate xxxvin. ; this extended to the beginning of the thirteenth century. In this century too we frequently find the curve of the head terminating in a trefoil, as in that from Sulby abbey, Plate xlix., a ram's head, &c; later forms are shewn 54 CHRONOLOGY OF GRAVE-STONES. in Tintern, Plate lxi., c. A.D. 1250; in the fourteenth century the forms are more elaborate, the curved head crocketed, and its section very generally hexagonal or octa- gonal. The example from Jervaulx, Plate lxv., c. A.D. 1436, exhibits the form of the fifteenth century. The early Norman shields were kite-shaped, as in that on the Coningsborough stone coffin, Plate xxxvu. ; afterwards heater- shaped, viz., like the above, with a straight top ; and sometimes were much longer in proportion than is there represented : through the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- turies they became shorter, as in examples of Johan Fitz- alain, Plates xin. and xix. ; Orkney, Plate xxi. ; Dunstable, Plate xxii. ; Chester, Plate xxiii., &c. At the end of the fourteenth and beginning of the fifteenth centuries, the upper part of the sides is straight, and the shape almost square. About the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century, very fanciful shapes were given to them, as Llanlivery, Plate xxx. Early chalices were very simple in shape, as in examples from Newcastle, Plate xi. ; a later one is given on Plate xvi.; and on the stone from Holme Pierrepoint, A.D. 1394, Plate xxiii. Fifteenth and sixteenth century chalices gene- rally had an octagonal base, as in example from Topcliffe, Plate xxviii. Sometimes, though seldom, mouldings are introduced at the edges, &c, of the stone, as in a fine example in Norwich cathedral, and then the date can generally be approximately determined. The subject of mouldings could not be suffi- ciently condensed for insertion here; for information on the subject the reader is referred to Mr. Paley's work on Gothic Mouldings. Ornamental work introduced in the design generally carries its date. Knot- work, as in Plates xxxiii., xxxiv., xxxv., is generally of Saxon or very early Norman work ; CHRONOLOGY OF GRAVE-STONES. 55 rude figures of men and animals in low relief, as in Plate xxxvi., and Coningsborough, Plate xxxvu., are generally of Norman work ; the border in Plate xxxix. is of the thir- teenth century; the vine-leaves in Plates xv., xvi., xvn., xviii., &c, and the oak -leaves in Dereham, Plate lxiii., are characteristic of the fourteenth century. We are generally driven to such accidental features as those above pointed out, it would be an endless task to go through them all ; the above will suffice to indicate the way in which the student must proceed in finding out the dates of these interesting monuments. Yet after all every practised antiquary knows well that the date of many an object of antiquity is determined, rather by the general character and composition of the design, and by resemblances to conventional peculiarities of a particular period, than by any particular feature which can be pointed out to an inexperienced eye. 56 INSCRIPTIONS.. INSCRIPTIONS. The subject would hardly be complete without a few words on the inscriptions which we find upon these ancient grave-stones. The most remarkable thing in them is that they are, until a comparatively late period, very brief, and have little variety in them : nearly all of the same age were taken, with slight variations, from one conventional form which obtained at that period. Thus from A.D. 600 to 1000 the conventional mode seems to have been " Pray for the soul of ." We find it on the Irish slabs, Plates i., n., and elsewhere. In the thirteenth and early part of the fourteenth centuries, the model seems to have been " Sire gist ici Deu de sa alme est merci." When the deceased is an ecclesiastic, a forty or a hundred days' pardon are sometimes promised to all those who shall pray for the deceased, as in the example from St. Neot's, Beds., Plate xix. There is a curious variety belonging to this age on a slab at Kirklees, Yorks. (Gough, vol. hi. plate 18. p. 247.) " Douce Ihu de Nazareth Pils DlEU EIT MERCI DE ELIZABETH DE STANTON JaDIS PRIORESS DE CEST MAISON." Prom the middle of the fourteenth to the latter part of the fifteenth century, the conventional form appears to have been, "?^tc facet !&\\% cufus amme proptctetur Beus. amen." INSCRIPTIONS. 57 A not uncommon addition in this period is, fct) tl)e 15 of June anno tmt 1562 on fol)o0 gofoellg (Soli ftatb mercte."* A similar instance of a separate inscription to a floor cross is recorded in the note to slab from St. Peter's at Gowts, Lincoln, Plate xn. It is not however probable that this was a common practice. Plate xxix. Hinton, Kent. The device X ?^ within the heart NOTES. 71 was not an uncommon device upon grave-stones. Sometimes it doubtless meant that the heart alone was buried beneath it, as is proved by a very curious slab at Chichester cathedral, which bears a shield charged with a trefoil ; the termination of the upper cusp is a heart between two hands, which form the terminations of the other cusps, and round the margin of the trefoil runs the inscription, ici gist le cover mavd de c . . . . Here lies the heart of Maud de C. Other examples of this exist at St. Mary the Virgin, Wiggen- hall, Norfolk ; Bredon, Worcestershire, &c. : this case is easily de- tected by the size of the slab. This practice of burying the heart separately is not unusual; every one will remember the romantic example of the heart of Eobert Bruce, which, after being carried to the Holy Land, in performance of his vow, by his faithful soldier Sir James Douglas, was at last buried in its silver case in Melrose abbey, (see Introduction to Scott's "Abbot.") There is a popular opinion, founded perhaps upon the above romantic tale, that in some cases the heart upon a grave-stone alluded to some accomplished vow. There is however no proof of this ; the true meaning is probably pointed out by the present example, which clearly means that she loved and trusted in her Saviour — held Him in her heart. It appears probable that the peculiar shape given to the angles of some of the floriated crosses was intended to represent the heart, as in 1. Bake- well, Plate x.; Chester, Plate xxm. ; Monkton Parley, Plate xxv.; in Marisk, Yorkshire, Plate v., this is very clearly represented. It may be mentioned, that in some of the Jersey churchyards (St. Trinity for instance) there are comparatively modern small grave- stones cut into the shape of a heart. Plate xxx. Lolworth, Cambridgeshire. See page 6. Dullingham, Cambridgeshire. The ornamental border on this stone is unusual. The inscription at the base of the cross is illegible. Llanlivery, Cornwall. Is an interesting late example. Inscr. " CORPUS QUALTERI KENDALL, QUI DECIMO TERTIO DIE JULII ANNO INFRA (1547) SCRIPTO MORBO PERIIT, SUB HOC SAXO PREMITUR." Lichfield Cathedral. The monument of Bishop Hacket, A.D. 1670 s . s Mr. Paget's Tract upon Tombstones. 72 NOTES. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. Plate xxxi. Cliffe, Kent. Inscription, " ELIENOE-E DE CLIVE GIST ICI DEU DE SA ALME GIT MEECI AMEN PAR CHARITE." There is little to shew the date of this stone, it may perhaps be fourteenth century. These semi-effigies are not uncommon on many kinds of monu- ments : several examples of them in relief combined with raised crosses are given in Plates lxvii., lxix., lxx., lxxii. On sepulchral brasses they frequently occur, as at Lingfield, Surrey ; Kemsing, Kent, &c. An interesting example of two small semi-effigies in- serted in a niche in the wall occurs at Bakewell, Derbyshire. Monkton Farleigh, Wills. Inscription, "hic jacet hugo fttz warvn cujus anime propicietur Deus." The upper part of this stone looks perhaps more like fourteenth century, but the cusped cross and the moulded base seem of later date ; it is probably early fifteenth century. Lympley Stoke, Wills. Date may perhaps be fourteenth century*. Lympley Stoke, Wilts. Date may perhaps be fourteenth century 1 . There are nineteen other stones of similar character in this chapel yard, they have probably been removed from the interior of the chapel. Compare the terminations of the arms with the points of star in the base of the raised cross slab from Bilborough on Plate lviii., and with the example from Bridgenorth, Gloucestershire, given in the margin. The shape of the slab is curious and unusual. Plate lxvi. Christ Church, near Caerleon, Brecknockshire. (This is the proper place of this example in the series; it was found necessary to place it in its present place in order to facilitate the arrangement of 1 Archaeol. Journal, vol. iv. p. 206. NOTES. 73 the cuts in Plates.) This stone is a curious compound of the cross slab, and the slab with incised figures. In the Archseologia, vol. iv., (from which the drawing is taken,) is an account of a superstitious custom which the people of the neighbourhood have of laying their sick children upon this stone, on the eve of Ascension Day, in order to cure them of their sicknesses. Plate xxxii. Considering how frequently the crucifix was intro- duced in other Gothic work, it is rather singular that we do not find it more frequently on English grave-stones. There is one cu- rious example at Bredon, Worcestershire, Plate lxx., and another at Hales Owen. (Antiquarian and Topographical Cabinet, vol. x.) This splendid example is in memory of an Englishwoman, Philippa, daughter of Henrv IV., and wife of Eric Pomeranus, king of Den- mark ; it was placed in the monastery of Madstena, in Sweden, and is given from a drawing in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries, Copenhagen, engraved in the Archseologia ^Eliana, vol. ii. p. 169. It is uncertain whether the original is of stone or brass, but it appears to be a slab of the former material. Plate xxxii.* The examples from Lympley Stoke, Plate xxxi., shew the union of the incised half-length effigy with the incised cross ; that from Cliffe, Plate xxxi., exhibits the semi-effigy where the cross is omitted ; that from Christ Church, Caerleon, shews a curious union of the incised cross and full-length effigy ; the present fine and interesting example is given in order to shew the perfect incised effigy, and so complete the series ; from its shape it is doubtless the lid of a stone coffin. RAISED CROSS SLABS. Plate xxxiii. Repton, Derbyshire. This is one of a class of monu- ments which attracted considerable attention from the antiquaries of the last century; they supposed them to be of Danish origin, and fancifully imagined that they were intended to represent a boat turned keel upwards over the grave ; certainly a very suitable monument for L 74 NOTES. an ancient Sea King. More probably, however, they are of Saxon workmanship ; the spiral work round the base of this, and the last fragment from Bedale on the same plate, is of Saxon character; similar ornamental work is to be found in the illuminations of Saxon MSS. The interlaced serpents, too, on the first of the Bedale frag- ments, and the knot-work on the second, are very characteristic of Saxon work. This kind of ornamentation is very usual on the up- right crosses which are still so numerous in the north of England, and in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, &c. The marks on the upper part of the stone appear to represent the tiled roof of a house ; in the last of the Bedale cuts this is very clear ; in fragments of a coped stone at Bakewell also the sides are cut to represent overlapping square tiles. This overthrows the idea that these monuments represent Danish boats. The exact similarity in design between the side of this stone and the side of the Bedale stone represented in the last cut is highly interesting. The en- graving is taken from Lysons' Derbyshire. Other examples of this class occur at Penrith, engraved in the Archseologia, vol. ii.; at Dewsbury, Yorkshire, engraved in Whittaker's Loidis; two fragments from Bedale engraved on this plate; one fragment from St. Dyonis, York, preserved in the museum in that city. In the present state of our knowledge of these antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon period, it is hazardous to attempt more than a very rough approximation to the date of this and similar stones : the plate has been headed eleventh century, as the latest date under which they can fall ; but both the examples on this plate may be so early as the ninth. See p. 90, under Aycliffe, Durham. Bedale, Yorkshire. The first three cuts represent the bases of two sides, and one gabled end of the fragment of a stone found in the choir of Bedale church ; the slope of the sides is sculptured to re- present a roof covered with diamond-shaped tiles, as in the fragment figured in the fourth cut. The fourth cut represents one side of a fragment of a similar stone found in the same place ; the gabled end of this fragment is plain. For remarks upon the sculpture, date, &c, see preceding note. Frontispiece. Key sham, Northumberland. This exceedingly in- NOTES. 75 teresting coffin-stone exists in the present church-yard of Heysham, but probably it was brought clown there from the earlier church, whose ruins still remain on a point of rocky land above the pre- sent church, and overlooking Morecombe bay. Hessa is said to have taken possession of this point of land at a very early period in the Saxon era, and in addition to his place of strength to have erected a chapel there dedicated to St. Patrick. The ruins of a church which now exist present no features which enable us to fix its date with any certainty, but since the more modern church has some rather early Norman features, it is not unreasonable to conclude that these ruins are of Saxon date. On page 14 is given a plan of the churchyard with part of the foundation of the wall, and some curious stone coffins cut in the solid rock. In the more modern churchyard are some coffin-stones apparently of Norman workmanship, which may perhaps have covered these interesting coffins. It is difficult to conjecture the meaning of the sculptures upon the stone here represented. On one side we have two men at each end with elevated arms, and between the groups a stag and several animals apparently hogs. On the other side we have one man in the centre with elevated arms and holding a cup in his right hand, standing beside a tree, and surrounded by animals. Similar figures of men, and beasts of the chase, &c, are found in very many of the early upright crosses, (see Sculptured Monuments of Angus,) their mean- ing is not yet satisfactorily explained. Date probably tenth century, or early eleventh. Plate xxxiv. Cambridge Castle. Preserved at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. See next note. Plate xxxv. Cambridge Castle. This and the preceding ex- ample, together with several other somewhat similar, and the head- stones Plate .lxxviii."* and lxxix., and stone coffins, bones and other relics, were found under part of the original ramparts, in Cambridge castle, when great part of it was destroyed in 1810. The site had undoubtedly been a Saxon burial-place. As the castle was built c. A.D. 1070, these stones must be earlier than that date, per- haps about the beginning of the eleventh century. An account of 76 NOTES. the discovery is given in the Archseologia, vol. xvii. p. 228, and several of the coffin-lids are represented in Plates xv., xvi., from drawings supplied by the late Mr. Kerrich. See also his original sketches and notes, preserved in the Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 6735, fol. 189. Barningham, Yorkshire". Another interesting example of Saxon knot-work : its date may be earlier than eleventh century. Welbech Priori/, JYotts. x A hand holding a pastoral staff. A pastoral staff of this shape is found on the seal of Odo, bishop of Bayeux, c. 1060, (Archseologia, vol. i. p. 344,) and in an illumina- tion from a MS. of the eleventh century, engraved in Ducarel's Norman Antiquities ; also on a bas-relief inserted over the south door of Papplewick church, Notts. ; the date of this will therefore be c. 1066. Found in the Market-place, Dover?. This is a very interesting early example of a coffin-stone; the inscription, in Runic character, gisohtvs, is probably the name of the deceased : date, possibly the ninth or tenth century. This is the earliest example on which we find the cross alone without other ornament, after the fashion subsequently so common. Plate xxxvi. Lincoln Cloisters. The design upon this interesting stone is clearly a Jesse, or pictorial genealogy of Christ, such as was so frequently introduced in the stained glass windows of the twelfth and succeeding centuries. This consisted of a genealogical tree, springing sometimes from the side of a man lying at the bottom of the design ; the branches are arranged so as to form medallions, in which are represented the principal characters which occur in the genealogy of our Lord. In the present example it is difficult to appropriate the figures; those in the upper corners are doubtless angels; that seated, in the attitude of benediction, and with a nimbus, appears intended for our Lord ; it is not clear who are in- tended by the remaining figures. Plate xxxvii. Coning sborough, Yorks. The sculptures on the front and lid of the coffin appear to be emblematical : a dragon which u Archaeol. Journal, vol. iv. p. 357. r Archaeologia, vol. xxv. p. 604. x Gough. ( NOTES. 77 is trampling upon one man is opposed by a knight with sword and shield ; behind the knight is a bishop in the usual attitude of bene- diction. It is not unlikely that the knight may represent the person whose monument this is, and the whole sculpture may represent some particular event in his life, or generally his zeal in defence of the Church. On the lid are two knights tilting; the temptation of Eve; and other sculptures which appear to be the signs of the Zodiac. These signs are not unusual on Norman sculptures, e. g. at Brinsop Church, Herefordshire, engraved in the Archseol. Journal, vol. ii. p. 270. The costume and style of work is that of the beginning of the twelfth century : compare the bishop's staff with that on Bishop Ralph's tomb, Plate xl. See an account of this tomb by Mr. Haigh, Arch. Journal, vol. i. p. 354. Winchester Cathedral 1 -. This monument is generally, and with great probability, attributed to William Rufus ; its date would then be A.D. 1100. Little Dunmow, Essex z . The tomb of the Lady Iuga Baynard, who founded the priory and was the first prioress : she died A.D. 1111. Plate xxxviii. Chichester Cathedral. Monument of Bishop Radulphus, A.D. 1123. A very interesting example. Bahewell, Derbyshire. See next note. Bakewell, Derbyshire. Knot-work almost identical with that in this and the preceding example is to be found on the seals of Alice de Romille, wife of William de Romara, c. A.D. 1130, and of Robert de Lacy, about the same date ; both engraved in Whittaker's History of Craven. Also on a Norman capital at Steetly, Derby, engraved in Lysons' Derbyshire. Prom the chalice on this stone it must be the monument of an ecclesiastic; yet the stone is only two feet long, it cannot therefore have been the coffin-lid : it may however have been the lid of a chest, containing the heart or viscera of the priest; for it was very usual for the heart and viscera to be interred at one place, and the body at another. Thus in Lincoln cathedral were interred the viscera of Queen Eleanor, while her body was interred in Westminster abbey. See also note to Hinton, Kent, Plate xxix. 1 Grose. 78 NOTES. Plate xxxix. Ewenny, Glamorganshire. The stone of Maurice de Londres, who in A.D. 1141 gave Ewenny as a cell to Gloucester ab- bey. This will give the date of the stone c. A.D. 1150. The in- scription is, ICI ; GIST ■ MORICE \ DE ■ LVNDRES • LE * \ FVN- DVR ; DEV ; LI ; RENDE ; SVN ■ LABVR • AM(en). Plate xl. Dews-bury, Yorkshire. Gough conjectures that the birds on this slab are eagles, and that the stone may be connected with the family of Soothill, whose cognizance was an eagle. The double calvary steps here are singular ; the date of the stone is pro- bably late in the twelfth century. Bakewell, Derbyshire. Plate xli. Lincoln Cathedral a . This stone, with its stone coffin and the corpse within it in a high state of preservation, was found at the east end of Lincoln cathedral. A chalice and the remains of a staff were found with the body ; the shape of the cross would lead us to suppose that the coffin was that of an archbishop. Por a full account of the discovery of the coffin and its contents see Archseologia, vol. i. p. 53. Bakewell, Derbyshire. There are also fragments of two other stones of similar design. Bakewell, Derbyshire. Compare this with the design from the same place, Plate v. Bakewell, Derbyshire. A very singular and beautiful design. Plate xlii. Oakley, Bedfordshire. A dog is very usually placed at the feet of effigies, as in P)ate lxviii., and Norton Disne) r , Plate lxx. ; this is a curious and solitary instance of its being similarly placed at the foot of the sepulchral cross; in the example from Chetwynd, Plate lviii., we have a lion similarly placed. The cross indeed appears often to have been regarded as a symbol or repre- sentation of the deceased Christian; in the double cross slabs, for instance, we find a cross to represent each person, that which repre- sents the man occupying the sinister side of the slab. Bakewell, Derbyshire. Another instance of the cross without shaft. The lily termination of the limbs is different from the ordinary shape, the form of the matrix in which the cross is placed is also curious. a Gough, vol. i. p. 53. NOTES. 79 Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire. The stone of Abbot Alan, A.D. 1202. Netvbigging, Northumberland. For remarks on the symbols, see p. 42. The border and other ornaments are very curious; compare the head of the cross with that at Marisk, Plate xliii., Rushen abbey, Plate xliv., Woodhorn, Plate xliv., &c. There are from twenty to thirty other interesting examples of slabs at this church. Plate xltii. Southwell, Notts. Tanhersley, Yorkshire. A stone very similar to this, but with gra- duated calvary, from Ernley, Yorkshire, is engraved by Gough, vol. i. Marisk, Northumberland. Compare this with the incised stone from the same place, Plate v. The skulls scattered about the rock at the base point it out as Mount Calvary, " the place of a skull." New Romney, Kent. (Restored from a cross almost obliterated.) This cross formed by four circles is of very common occurrence ; this and the three succeeding examples shew varieties of this design. It also occurs in incised slabs, Mansfield Woodhouse, Plate x., and Great Salkeld, Plate xiii., &c. Plate xliv. Dorchester, Oxon. Southvell Minster, Notts. Rushen Abbey, Isle of Man. The disjointed state of the design suggests the idea that the sunk parts of the stone have been filled up with some composition. Woodhorn, Northumberland. A staff in shape much like the sym- bol here occurs also on a stone at Aldwick le Street, Yorks., (Gough, vol. i. ;) it may be a palmer's staff. Plate xlv. Oahington, Cambridgeshire. Por remarks on the ornament at the middle of the shaft, see p. 44. Bakewell, Derbyshire. A very singular device. Bakeivell, Derbyshire. Bakeivell, Derbyshire. Plate xlvi. Besthorpe, Norfolk. A very common design; it occurs also on stones at Kirklees, Yorkshire, Willoughby, Lincoln, &c. Bakewell, Derbyshire. The shape of this cross is a very com- mon one ; it occurs on an incised stone at Attenborough, Notts., Kirk by in Ashfield, Notts., Hallhoughton, Notts., &c, as well as in 80 NOTES. the succeeding engraved examples from Bakewell. The bow and arrow are probably the symbols of a forester. Bakewell, Derbyshire. In this, and examples on Plates xlii., u.., lvi., we have varieties in the shape of the matrix, in which the head of the cross is placed. Bakewell, Derbyshire. Plate xlvii. Romsey, Hants. The hand appears to be holding either a staff with a small flag, or a reversed pastoral staff with its vexillum. A cross very similar to this appears on a coffin-lid in an illumination in the MS. Nero, D. I., Brit. Mus. Stanford-in-the-Fale, Berkshire. Por remarks on the ornament at the middle of the shaft, see p. 44. Sta?tford-in-the-Vale, Berkshire. The small cross bar which so fre- quently appears under the head of the cross is curious : there is a very early example of it on a sculpture in the Yatican Gallery of Christian Antiquities, engraved in the " Church of the Catacombs," p. 209. Bakewell, Derbyshire. Plate xlviii. Great Milton, Oxfordshire. A very beautiful design. Plate xlix. Sulby Abbey. An interesting stone to an abbat or abbess, the staff is of a form common in the early part of the thirteenth century. The triple trefoils which terminate the limbs may convey an allusion to the doctrine of the Holy Trinity; the calvary steps have the same peculiarity as in the Dewsbury example Plate xl. : it is not unusual to find flowers springing from the calvary ; compare Llanlivery, Plate xxx. Elstow, Beds. A fragment of an exceedingly elegant design. The knot in the shaft and the little flowers upon the foliage are very singular. Plate l. Raunds, Northamptonshire. Woodperry, Oxon. The three slabs here represented exist on the site of the church which formerly existed in this hamlet, and are laid among the floor tiles as here represented. They prove that slabs were sometimes (probably frequently) laid amidst the tiles, thus producing a very picturesque effect in the pavement. The form of the calvary NOTES. 81 in the second and third examples is unusual in raised crosses, though the trefoil arch is often introduced in incised designs ; it occurs, however, in the Chollerton slab, Plate lx. An interesting account of the discovery of these and other remains from the same place, may be found in the Archaeological Journal, vol. hi. p. 116. Plate li. BaJcewell, Derbyshire. Shears and book, or perhaps shears and comb. See p. 42, 43. Bakewell, Derbyshire. A very beautiful design. Biickland, Berkshire. Bamborough, Northwnberland b . For remarks upon the symbols of shears and key, see p. 42. Plate lii. Melmerby. The circle behind the cross may be intended for a glory; or to represent the crown of thorns which sometimes was sculptured with the cross, as in a gable cross upon Louth church, Lincolnshire; or as a symbol of the eternity of Christ . St. Pierre, Monmouth 11 . Dr. Pegge (Gent. Mag., vol. 35. p. 72.) conjectures that this is the stone of Urian de St. Pierre, who died A.D. 1239. It certainly appears to belong to about this date. The projection of the margin on the dexter side of the stone is curious, probably it was merely intended to receive part of the inscription. Temple Church, London. Gough makes out this to be the tomb of William Plantagenet, the fifth son of Henry III., who died A.D. 1256. (The drawing from Gough. A drawing of this stone in its restored state may be seen in Richardson's Temple Effigies.) St. Pierre, Monmouthshire. Dr. Pegge conjectures that this was the stone of the wife of Urian de St. Pierre, whose stone is given above, who died A.D. 1239; but the device of a hand grasping a cross staff which pierces a dragon, is much more likely to belong to an ecclesiastic. In the Gagnieres collection of drawings of French monuments we find many examples of this device of a hand grasping a pastoral staff whose point pierces a dragon, and generally there is an inscription, and in every case it commemorates an abbat. The animal and birds are probably merely ornamental not significant, b Archaeo]. Journal, vol. v. p. 252. combs, p. 209. c See Maitland's Church in the Cata- d Archaeol. Journal, vol. v. p. 164-. M 82 NOTES. such sculptures are very unusual on stones of so late date. Tor remarks on the round ornaments at the top of the stone, see p. 45. The square tablet is very curious, it appears to be intended for an inscription, but no trace of such appears. Plate lii.* Winterborne, Buckinghamshire e . Coffin-lid of wood, see p. 17. Wistov:, Hunts. On the churchyard wall. Homingsea, Cambridgeshire. A very curious design. An example exists at Buckenham Terry, Norfolk, which has a small cross in the same position as the small square ornament upon this stone. Camboe Chapel, Northumberland. Where are several others of similar character. St. Martin, Colchester, Essex. This slab is of dark marble and in perfect preservation ; the design, as will be seen by the section, is not as usual rounded off, but square-edged, and has a very good effect. Rivenhall, Essex. A very interesting and beautiful example. The canopy is very rarely found on English slabs, though exceed- ingly common in French designs. Plate liii. Homingsea, Cambridgeshire. Por remarks on the cross patee in a circle see p. 43. And for remarks on the ornament on the shaft see p. 44. There is a stone exactly similar to this at Buckenham Perry churchyard, Norfolk. Trumping ton, Cambridgeshire. See p. 43, and p. 44. Wiggenhall, St. Mary Magdalen. See p. 44 for middle ornament. Chesterton, Cambridgeshire. See p. 43 for cross patee within a circle. Plate liv. St. Giles's, Oxford. There is very great similarity between this design and the two raised cross slabs from Woodperry, Plate iv., so much as to lead to the conclusion that they are by the same hand. Elford, Staffordshire. We very frequently find the St. Andrew's cross thus united with the " Christ cross/'' it is difficult to conjecture the reason. Landbeach, Cambridgeshire. Por remarks upon the ornament on the shaft see p. 44. Another example exactly similar to this exists e Gough, vol. i. p. 107. NOTES. 83 at Buckenham Ferry, Norfolk. It is curious that two stones at Buckeriham Ferry should have exact counterparts in the neighbour- hood of Cambridge, viz., this example from Landbeach and the one at Horningsea, Plate liii. ; and that another from the same place should very much resemble the singular one at Horningsea, Plate Ul.*j this coincidence could scarcely be accidental, most probably they were all designed by the same artist. Harrold, Buckinghamshire. Plate lv. Barnwell, Northants. An exceedingly beautiful design of late thirteenth or early fourteenth century date. The incised lines which connect the two parts of the design are curious. Plate lvi. St. Andrew's, Newcastle*. This stone may perhaps be of the thirteenth century. For explanation of the symbols, chalice, paten, and hand in attitude of benediction, see p. 36. Pavenham, Beds. A singular design. Hanbury, Staffordshire. 1. The square form given to the head here is very unusual. Hanbury, Staffordshire. 2. This curious design is suggestive of a highly ornamented X. P. Hanbury, Staffordshire. 3. This fragment may possibly be of the thirteenth century. A stone with design very similar to this, and with a sword beside the shaft, both of which are incised, forms the step of the west gate of Diserth churchyard, Flintshire. A similar one forms the threshold of the west door of Treimerchion church, Flintshire. Hanbury, Staffordshire. 4. These four fragments together with two others were found under the late perpendicular wall of the south aisle during some restorations. See Arch. Journal, vol. iv. p. 153. Plate lvii. Hexham, Northumberland*. Inscription, hic ■ iacet \ MATILDA \ VXOR ; (p)HILTPPI \ MEECER.AR.il • It is doubtful whether the shears upon this stone are put there as a female sym- bol, or as the symbol of a mercer or clothier. The date of the stone also is very doubtful. Tackley, Oxon. f Archaeol. Journal, vol. v. p. 257. 84 NOTES. Chesterton, Cambridgeshire. The repetition of the cross at the bottom of the shaft is not unusual ; scale, half an inch to a foot. Jervaulx Abbey, Yorkshire 5 . The chalice on this stone is of very elegant shape : the sculpture beside it appears to be the letter T, probably the initial of the Christian name of the deceased, who appears by the inscription to have been a canon of St. Leonard's, York. Plate lviit. Wilford churchyard, Notts. Bilborough, Notts. A very singular design ; the star within the calvary is unique. A similar stone rather narrower, and with the two circles above the limbs of the cross, lies beside it. This may perhaps belong to the thirteenth century. Chetwynd, Shropshire. A curious design. See note on Oakley, Beds., Plate xlii. Gars tang, Lancashire. The prolongation of the lower limbs of the saltire cross is very curious. Plate lix. Sutton in Ashfield, Notts} 1 The ornament at the sides of this stone is very curious and unusual. Lolworth churchyard, Cambridgeshire. Ilanbury, Staffordshire. See note to the fragments from the same place on Plate lvi. Welsh Bichnor, Gloucestershire. A very beautiful design. The ornaments in the angles of the cross resemble those in a cross at Newbigging, Northumberland. Plate lx. Chollerton, Northumberland. For remarks on these double stones, see p. 22. Little Welnelham, Suffolk. The fillet across the slab may have been intended for an inscription. Aconbury, Herefordshire. Perhaps of earlier date. May not the flowers upon this stone represent the flowers which it was customary to scatter over the tomb ? The inscription here is in a very unusual position. Horton, Northumberland' 1 . Very curious design. On a slab at Gosforth, Northumberland, engraved in the Archseologia iEliana, g Whittaker's Richmondshire, vol. i. h Gough and Thoroton. p. 427. 1 Archaeol. Journal, vol. v. p. 252. NOTKS. 85 vol. ii. p. 243, a sword is put in place of the shaft of the cross, just as the shears are here. Plate lxi. Tintem Abbe?/, Monmouthshire. A very elegant design, the head of the pastoral staff is of curious shape. Inscription, iacet : HENR1CVS : DE : LANCAVT : QVANDAM : ABBAS : DE : VOTO. Tintem Abbey. Yery elegant design. Inscription, hic : iacet : IOHANNES : DE : LVVNB : Catworth, Hunts. Erroneously marked Kirkby in Ashfield, Notts. (Gough, vol. i. pi. 2. p. cviii.) Fownhope, Herefordshire. The stems beneath the cross are pro- bably intended for palm-branches. Plate lxii. Darlington, I) wham. A very interesting fragment, but difficult of explanation. Probably it is the monument of a man, wife, and child ; the sword and book appear to be the symbols of the man, the shears and keys of the woman, and the shield of the child. The shears and keys we suppose merely to denote the domestic qua- lities of the lady, but the intention of the other symbols is very obscure. See p. 66, and Archseol. Journal, vol. v. p. 256. Fingall, Yorkshire. An interesting example of the class men- tioned at p. 22. Bredon, Worcestershire*. A very beautiful example of the class mentioned at p. 22. We have also here an example of an orna- mented coffin. Plate lxiii. Dereham, Cumberland. The leaves which frequently spring from the shaft of the cross are here expanded into oak- branches very elegantly spread over the stone. The head of the cross very much resembles one at Gilling, Yorkshire. The calvary is triangular, and has bunches of foliage springing from it. Kenilworth, Warwickshire. This mode of treating a design, viz., by carrying a bead round the outline, is very unusual, but has a good effect. The stone of John Lewys at Brecon priory, before mentioned, p. 63, is similarly treated. Compare the flowers springing from the calvary with those in the Sulby slab, Plate xlix. Old Romney, Kent. The intention of the curious ornaments beside the shaft of this cross is not clear. j Archaeol. Journal, vol, ii. p. 90. S6 NOTES. Jervaulx Abbey, Yorkshire k . The shape of the lilies here is very unusual. Two steps only to the calvary, as here, are very uncommon. The inscription is, f)ic . taut tn tbmba . hulls . note . callat? . construxlt . tabula . tmt . tbrma tJbottena. Plate lxiv. Goosenerg, Yorkshire, Each compartment of this singular stone contains a cross, the spaces between the shafts and border being filled in with trefoils, &c. The letters A. E. are of comparatively modern date, the stone having been used a second time. The border is filled with the common four-leaved flower of the fourteenth century 1 . | Ribchester, Lancashire. A very curious stone : this and the ex- ample from Rivenhall, Plate lii.*, are the only English examples which have been met with in which the canopy is introduced. In the French examples in the Gagnieres collection we find the cross, or pastoral staff, or sword very commonly placed under a canopy; there are examples there of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries ; also the double stones with canopies are numerous. The emblems on the dexter compartment of this stone are the sword and spear ; we very seldom find the latter weapon introduced upon tombs, it occurs also on the cross-legged brass of Sir J. D'Abernoun, Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey. Plate lxv. Horningsea churchyard, Cambridgeshire. This birfl, with its body on one side and its tail on the other side of the shaft, is very curious. On the upper part of the stone there appears to have been either a repetition of the bird, or a cross, it is not clear which. Attleborough, Norfolk. An example very much like this exists at Brandon, Suffolk. The design is very curious; the Brandon ex- ample looks still more like a double axe. East Shaftoe, Northumberland. Eor remarks on this stone see p. 22. Jervaulx Abbey™-. In the list of abbats of Jervaulx given in Dug- dale's Monasticon occurs Peter de Snape, A.D. 1436, undoubtedly the person here commemorated. k Whittaker's Richmondshire, vol. i. 1 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 467. p. 427. •» Ibid., vol. i. p. 427. NOTES. 87 Plate lxvi. Christ Church, Caerleon. (This cut is placed here for convenience of arrangement, its proper place is after Plate xxxi., where will be found some notes upon it.) Jervaulx, Yorkshire m . An exceedingly curious design. Ilorton, Northumberland 11 . Inscription, orate pro amma anne fiartiofol, Sb ® This is one of the slabs which render it highly probable that the shears were sometimes used as a female symbol. See p. 41. Plate lxvii. Llantwit Major, Glamorganshire. Por remarks on this and the slabs on the five succeeding plates, see p. 25. In- scription, NE : FETRA : CALCETVR : QVE : SVB : IACET : ISTA : TVETVR. The ornaments are of Norman character, but in Wales, Cornwall, the Isle of Man, and other remote parts of the empire, the ancient style of art continued much longer than elsewhere; see for instance the stone at Iona, Plate lxxxii., whose date is A.D. 1489. Gilling, Yorkshire. This very interesting stone may be of later date than is here assigned to it. It has been incorrectly given in the Arch. Journal. Bitton, Gloucestershire. Inscription, ►J< EMMOTE \ DE \ HASTINGS • GIST • ICI • DEV \ DE SA I ALME j EIT • MERCI \ Winchester Cathedral . Prior W. de Basing, A.D. 1295. Plate lxviii. Stanton, Notts. Sir William Stanton, A.D. 1326. A very beautiful and curious example, see p. 25. Inscription, »J< f)tc facet 2MIs tie Staunton miles filtus (^alfrttitie eatJem mtlttts qut obttt tit ttJt JBatt anno tint (m. c.) cc°xxut cut an pptctetur fceus ^ Plate lxix. Brampton, Derbyshire. Inscription, hic j iacet j matilda j le • cavs • orate • pro | anima • ei • pat(er) ; nost(er). Kingsbury, Warwickshire. Dugdale's Warwickshire. Silchester. Silchester. The coffins of which this and the preceding are the lids have crosses upon their ends, given at page 16. Plate lxx. Norton Disney, Lincolnshire . 111 Whittaker's Richmondshire, vol. i. " Archaeol. Journal, vol. v. p. 254. p. 427. Gough. 88 NOTES. East Markham, Notts* Bottesford, Notts* Bredon, Worcestershire*. An exceedingly interesting design. At Trim,, co. Meath, Ireland, a very similar one has been recently dis- covered with SS. Mary and John beside the cross. At Hales Owen (engraved in Antiq. and Topog. Cabinet, vol. x.) is a coffin- lid built into the wall of the church, which has a kneeling figure under a canopy, which is surmounted by a crucifix, with SS. Mary and John, the whole beneath another canopy. The cross ragulee is not very usual in figures of the crucifixion, one occurs, however, in a sculpture in a cave at Carcliffe Tor, Derbyshire, engraved in the Arch. Journal, vol. iv. p. 156. Plate lxxi. Washingborough, Lincolnshire. This beautiful frag- ment has probably formed part of a slab with a semi-effigy ; some- thing after the style of the one beneath it from Corwen, or that of Sir W. de Staunton, Plate lxviii. Corwen, Wales. An exceedingly curious and valuable example. The upper part of the figure and his feet are in low relief; on the flat part of the stone, which, in kindred examples is plain or orna- mented with a cross and other symbols, we have here the robes of the figure continued by incised lines, with an inscription running round the flat part of the stone, which passes like a broad band over the body at the middle and the feet. The chasuble and stole are richly embroidered, the robe under the chasuble appears at first sight to be entirely of embroidery, but it is most probable that it is only the albe with a larger apparel than usual on the front, the apparels at the wrists also are made to look like embroidered cuffs. Plate lxxii. Hendon, Yorkshire. A very interesting design, the two quatrefoils are intended to contain the initials of the deceased. Plate lxxiii. These two, together with another of similar charac- ter, exist in the churchyard of Llanfihangel Aber Cowin, Caermar- thenshire. Local tradition assigns these monuments to three holy palmers, " who wandered thither in poverty and distress, and being about to perish for want, slew each other, the last survivor burying himself in one of the graves which they had prepared, and pulling p Thoroton. q Archaeol. Journal, vol. ii. p. 91. NOTES. 89 the stone over left it ill adjusted in an oblique posture." "On opening the middle grave there was found at the depth of four feet a sort of kistvaen, composed of six slabs of stone arranged in the shape of an ordinary coffin, two more slabs formed a top and a bottom for the sepulchral chest. In it were found some small bones of a youth or female, and half a dozen shells, each about the size of the palm of the hand, by description precisely corresponding to the cockle shells of pilgrims, thus evidently proving the graves to be those of persons under a vow of pilgrimage, performed by or attributed to them r ." It is difficult to determine the date of these curious stones • Mr. Westwood refers them to the fifteenth century ; the date of the Welsh antiquities is not to be judged by the same rules as those of England ; but certainly the character of the work both in the recumbent stones and in the foot stones is decidedly of the eleventh or twelfth century. The use of the head and foot stone together with the recumbent coffin-shaped stone is uncommon. The head-stones are too much worn for their design to be made out. Plate lxxiv. Cashel, Ireland. These are introduced as examples of the complete effigy upon a coffin-lid in order to complete the pre- ceding series of partial effigies. The cross-legged figure is probably of the end of the thirteenth century ; the female figure of the end of the thirteenth or beginning of the fourteenth century. Athassel Abbey, Tipperary. Eichard de Burgo the Eed, earl of Ulster, in civil robes; before his death in A.D. 1326, he had retired to this abbey. Cashel. This is an interesting example of an ornamented stone coffin ; its date is probably late thirteenth century. In the Archaeological Journal, vol. ii. p. 121, is a memoir upon the preceding examples. HEAD-STONES. Plate lxxv. Church of St. Brecan, Isle of Arran, Ireland. This very interesting stone, a monument to seven Eomans, is of earlier date than A.D. 500. On the stone of St. Breccan, engraved in r Archaeologia Cambrensis, vol. iii. p. 317. N 90 NOTES. Petrie's Eccl. Architecture of Ireland, whose date is c. A.D. 500, there is a design almost exactly similar to the design here. Oratory of Gallerus, Ireland. The inscription, in the Byzantine character, is, " the stone of Colum son of Mel." Kilmalkedar, Ireland. On this stone we have a Byzantine alphabet, which appears to have been cut after the letters D N I, which appear about the middle of the stone. Near Dingle, Ireland. The stone of St. Monachan, fifth century. An interesting example of the rude Christian pillar-stone. These are from Mr. Petrie's Eccl. Architect, of Ireland. Plate lxxvi. St. Buryan, Cornwall. A very early instance of the cross patee within a circle. Ten y mynidd, Brecknockshire. Bakewell, Derbyshire. The date of this stone, which is here con- jecturally restored, is probably c. A.D. 1000. In Dronfield church, Derbyshire, is a fragment of an incised slab with part of a similar cross upon it. From the refert or burial-place of the kings, Glendalough, co. Wicklow, Ireland. A beautiful example of probably the tenth cen- tury. The design within the circle is very similar to that on Clonmacnoise, Plate n. 1. Mr. Petrie says that many fragments of similar crosses remain in the same place. Plate lxxvii. Ay cliff e, Durham. The date of this cross may be as early as the eighth or ninth century, but with all these early crosses whose date is in the present state of our knowledge so very doubtful, the plan has been adopted of giving them, in the headings of the Plates, the latest possible date. On comparing the shafts of these crosses with the illuminated letters of Irish and early Anglo- Saxon MSS., we find the ornaments in both almost identical : the fashion of unnaturally prolonging the tails, tongues, &c, of animals, and twisting them into knot-work, as may be seen in the tail of the Agnus Dei at the base of this cross, is very characteristic of this school, and the various styles of knot-work on this example, and those in Plates lxxviit. and lxxix., will give a very good idea of many of its other peculiarities. The Irish missionaries brought their national style of art from NOTES. 01 lona to Lindisfarne in the seventh century, and it was afterwards adopted by their Anglo-Saxon converts. The limits then of this style in England are from about the beginning of the eighth to about the beginning or middle of the eleventh. Plate lxxviii. Hawkswell, Yorkshire. The upper part of this cross is gone, it appears to have been finished in a similar way to that at Nevern, Plate lxxix.; the rectangular panel towards the top probably has had, or been intended for, an inscription, as on those at Carew and Nevern, Plate lxxix. Plate lxxviii.* Lancaster. The inscription on this cross has been explained to be " Oremus nancisci quietem Cynibaldum cele- brem castellanum." Date, probably the tenth century. There is a cast of the whole stone in the museum of the Archaeological Insti- tute. See a memoir on this remarkable stone in the Archseological Journal, vol. iii. p. 72. Bahewell, Derbyshire. In Aldborough church, Yorkshire, is a dedication stone of date c. A.D. 1050, (engraved in the Com- panion to the Glossary of Architecture, p. 25,) on which the design is a cross within a circle, and a small ornament is introduced between the limbs similar to the small ornament here. Cambridge Castle. Since this and the remaining stones upon the plate were found in the same situation as the coffin-stones, Plates xxxiv. and xxxv., we may suppose them to be of Saxon date. There is no strongly marked character about them, and they might any of them belong to almost any date prior to the seventeenth century. Plate lxxix. Carew, Pembrokeshire, (west side.) See note on Plate lxxvii. The inscription upon this cross has not been as yet explained. Nevern, Wales, (east side.) The inscription here is given in Gibson's and Gough's Camden, but has not yet been explained. These two crosses are referred by Mr. Westwood (Arch. Journal, vol, iii. p. 70) to the eighth or ninth century. Plate lxxix* Cambridge Castle, 1. Cambridge Castle, 2. Bahewell, Derbyshire. The mouldings on the edge of this stone are of subsequent date to the design. 9:2 NOTES. Bakewell, Derbyshire. A curious design, the cross (if ifc can be called a cross) formed of six bars is very unusual. Cambridge Castle. Cambridge Castle. All these from Cambridge upon this plate are singularly destitute of any thing like early character, they might all be mistaken for fifteenth century stones. Plate lxxx. Bakewell, Derbyshire, 1. An interesting early example. Bakewell, Derbyshire, 2. Temple Bruer, Lincolnshire. A very interesting design, which may be perhaps of earlier date than twelfth century. Compare it with the second cross slab from Glendalough, Plate m. Bakewell, Derbyshire, 3. The treatment of this design is curious : the stone from Tackley, Oxon, Plate lxxxi., is treated in a somewhat similar manner. Bakewell, Derbyshire, 4. Bakewell, Derbyshire, 5. The star of six points, which occurs on this and the two preceding stones, is of frequent occurrence in Norman work. Plate lxxxi. Bakewell, Derbyshire, 1. The design upon this stone approaches to that upon the incised slabs on Plate vn. Date, early thirteenth century. Bakewell, Derbyshire, 2. New Romney. May be of the twelfth century. Compare it with the Bakewell slab, Plate v. St. Mary le Wigford, Lincoln. A very interesting example. Date, probably thirteenth century. Handborough, Oxon. The cross with a kind of penthouse like this over it, in wood, is very common on the continent ; at Somersby, Lincolnshire, is a tall churchyard cross, which has an embattled gable much like this. Date probably fourteenth century. Tackley, Oxon. The design here is treated much like that at Bakewell, 3, Plate lxxx. Date probably fourteenth century. Plate lxxxii. Chapel of St. Orain, Iona s . A beautiful and very interesting example. Date, AD. 1489. We have the knot- s Archasol. Journal, vol. ii. p. 400. NOTES. 93 work of a much earlier date, combined with conventional English forms of the period ; for the form of leaf is common at this date, especially perhaps in iron-work; it occurs on door hinges at St. John's, Maddermarket, Norwich, &c. These anomalies are not un- common in remote districts. Both sides of the stone are exhibited. Plate lxxiii. Sligo Abbey, Ireland*. A very curious late example of the pillar-stone. Date, A.D. 1566. There is one of similar character at Dunkeld cathedral, Scotland. jBallinckter, West Meat/t, Ireland*. Curious example. Date, 1631. These late pillar-stones are not uncommon in Ireland. 1 Archseologia. OXFORD : PRINTED BY I. SHRIMPTON. NINTH CENTURY. PLATE I. GLENDALOUGH, IRELAND, AD 896 OtOKM ACNOISE. TFEX.AKD. AT) 1003. ELEVENTH CENTURY. PLATE III. Scale, half an inch to a foot. GLEiSiDALOUGH, IRELAND, TWELFTH CENTURY. PLATE IV. BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE. Scale, 1 inch to a foot BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE CORSEUIL, BRITTANY. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE VIII. Scale, half an inch, to a loot. ST. LAURENS, JERSEY. KEEP OF MONT ORGUEIL CASTLE, JERSEY. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE X. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XI. NEWCASTLE, ST MORCAS. DORE ABBEY, HEREFORDSHIRE. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XIII Scale, 1 inch to a foot GREAT SALKELD. CUMBERLAND. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XIV. PAPPLEWICK, NOTTS. PAPPLEWTCK. NOTTS THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XV. EXETER CATHEDRAL, A.D. 1267. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XVI. CARMELITE FklARY, YORK. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XVII. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XIX. Scale, 1 inch to a foot. ST. NEOT'S, BEDFORDSHIRE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XX. Scale, i inch to a foot. SAWSTON. CAMBRIDGESHIRE. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXII. Scale, half an inch to a foot. BASSENTHWAITE, CUMBERLAND ST. MARY'S, GATESHEAD, DURHAM. PLATE XXIV. SOUTHWELL, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE PAPPLEWICE., NOTTS. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXV. Scale, half an inch to a foot. PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL. ST. PETER'S, BRISTOL. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXVI. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXVII. E.L.C. Scale, half an inch to a foot. pappi/ewick:. notts. Scale, 1 inch to a foot. TAFPLEWICK, N0T1S. SIXTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXVIII. Scale, half an inch to a foot LYNBT", NOTTS. SIXTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXIX. HINTON , KENT. LYMPLBT STOK.E , WLL1SHIRK. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXXII. Fig 99— MODSTENA MONASTERY, SWEDEN. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. ST BRIDE'S, GLAMORGANSHIRE ELEVENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXXIII. BE DALE, YORKSHIRE ELEVENTH CENTURY. PLATE XXXIV. Scale 1 inch to a foot. FOUND TN THE FOUNDATIONS OF CAMBRIDGE CASTLE. TWELFTH CENTURY. PLATE XXXVI Scale, 1 inch, to a foct. LINCOLN CLOISTERS. TWELFTH CENTURY. PLATE XXXVII. LITTLE DUNMUW, ESSEX, c &.D. ] ICO. TWELFTH CENTURY. PLATE XXXVIII. Scale. 1 inch to afoot BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE TWELFTH CENTURY. PLATE XXXIX. EWENNY, GLAMORGANSHIRE, A.D 1150 TWELFTH CENTURY. PLATE XL. Scale, 1 inch to a foot DEWSBURY, YORKSHIRE. BAKE WELL, DERBYSHIRE. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XLI1I. Scale, 1 inch to a foot MARISK, NORTHUMBERLAND NEW ROMNEY, KENT (Restored) THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLAT E XLV. i£. L.C. Scale, 1 iuch to a foot. Scale, half an inch to a foot. BAKEWELL DERBYSHIRE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XLVI. Scale, 1 inch to a foot BAK.EWELL, DERBYSHIRE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE XLVlll. i THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE L. WOODPERRV, OXFORDSHIRE. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE Lf. Scale, 1 inch, to a foot. BAKEWELL, DERBYSHIRE BUCKXAND, BERKSHIRE BAMBO ROUGH. NORTHUMBERLAND FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LV. Scale, 1 inch to a foot. BARNWELL. NORTHAMPTONSHIRE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LVI. HAN BURY, STAFFORDSHIRE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LVII CHESTERTON. CAMBRIDGESHIRE JERVATJLX, YORKSHIRE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LVIII. FOURTEENTH CENTUR^ PLATE LIX. HAN BURY, STAFFORDSHIRE WELSH BICKNOR, GLOUC ESTE RSHIR FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LX. ACONBDRY, HEREFORDSHIRE. HORTON, NORTHUMBERLAND 4 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXIV. RIBC HESTER, LANCASHIRE. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXV. EAST SHAFTOE, NORTHUMBERLAND JERVAULX, YORKSHIRE . A.D J436. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXVI. HORTON, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXVII, BTTTON. GLOUCESTERSHIRE WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL, A.D 1295 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXVIII. STANTON, NOTTS, AD 1326 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXIX. SILCHESTER. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXX. FOURTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXXI. "ill ti r i i L 1 I 9 n L L JBiS WASHINGBO ROUGH, LINCOLNSHIRE. FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXXII. HENDON, YORKSHIRE FIFTEENTH CENTURY- PLATE LXXIII. LLANVIHANGEL ABER COWIN, CAERMARTHENSHIRE. THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES. PLATE LXXIV. CASHEL, IRELAND FIFTH AND SIXTH CENTURIES. PLATE LXXVI. ELEVENTH CENTURY- PLATE LXXVII. CR033 AT AYCUFFE. DURHAM. ELEVENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXXVIII. CROSS AT HAWK3WELL, YORKSHIRE. ELEVENTH CENTURY- PLATE LXXVIII. BAKE WELL, DERBYSHIRE CAMBRIDGE CASTLE. NINTH CENTURY. PLATE LXXIX. TWELFTH CENTURY PLATE LXXX. Scale, 1 inch to a foot, TEMPLE BRUER. LINCOLNSHIRE. BAKE WELL, DERBYSHIRE. Scale, 1 inch to a foot BAKE WELL, DERBYSHIRE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES- PLATE LXXXI. HANDBOKOUGH, OXON. TACKLE Y, OXON, FIFTEENTH CENTURY. PLATE LXXXII. CHAPEL OF ST ORAIN, IONA, A D. SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES. PLATE LXXXIII. SLTGO -ABBEY, A D, 1566 NEAB RALLTNCBTER, co. WEST MEATH, A.D. 1631 SPECIMENS OF GRAVE-STONES. GETTY RESEARC |j| J IJlll E ^ 3 3125 01360 6518