|€LA]RKE'S GIREEK iW^ 
 I 
 
 J.\AJJuAliD» 
 

 lBiMlMilMiM_i:^l^lHM 
 
 A' 
 
 RAPER 
 
 •A 
 
 ^o/t// r //^f/'ir/i ^Tfiyt//.j. 
 
The Statiw m' Ceres rc.rtorctl I'rom the Llaunninn f moment, and lariou.f lUithenrie iioruin/7if.< 
 h\' riu.rmaii and Eiumived bv t.W.Tomkuis. 
 
 tul-iU7u>i M,um it'^ iHoi In- Oldcll Sh Dmiejr j'mml. 
 
GREEK MARBLES 
 
 BROUGHT 
 
 FROM THE SHORES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EUXINE, ARCHIPELAGO, and MEDITERRANEAN, 
 
 AND DEPOSITED IN THE 
 
 VESTIBULE OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE, LL.D. 
 
 LATE FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, 
 AND PROFESSOR OF MINERALOGY IN THAT UNIVERSITY. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE SYNDICS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 SOLD BY PAYNE, PALL MALL, CADELL AND DAVIES, STRAND, LONDON, AND THE 
 
 BOOKSELLERS OF THE TWO UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 M.DCCC.IX. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 It has been suggested to the Author, that an Engraving 
 of the Sketch mentioned in the thirteenth page, as made by- 
 Mr. Gell at Eleusis, shewing the situation of the Statue 
 of Ceres when discovered among the Ruins of the Temple, 
 would be an interesting addition to the Work. This has 
 been done accordingly ; and the Binder is directed to place 
 the Four Plates, not as they are mentioned in the Preface 
 and in the thirteenth page, but in the following order. 
 
 I. Feagment of the Statue of Ceres, with the Face 
 
 restored, (after a design 'by Flaxman, engraved by 
 Tomkins,) as a Frontispiece to the Title. 
 
 II. View of Eleusis, &c. from a Sketch made on the spot 
 
 by W.Gell, M.A. of Jesus College^ Cambridge ; engraved 
 by Tomkins; to face page 14. 
 
 III. Fragment of the Statue of Ceres, shewing its 
 present state ; from a drawing by Flaxman, engraved by 
 Tomkins ; to face page 24. 
 
 IV. The Statue of Ceres, according to its pristine state, as 
 restored by Flaxman ; from a design by him, engraved by 
 Tomkins ; to face page 30. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 
 Research Library, The Getty Research Institute 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/greekmarblesbrouOOclar 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Xhe Public are not any way concerned in the 
 difficulties encountered to remove the Marbles described 
 in this small Volume, from remote and barbarous countries 
 to the place where they now are^. The Collection, such 
 as it is, must be considered, after all, merely a gleaning. 
 The Sickle and the Sheaf were in other hands. But, 
 if future travellers from the University, hereafter visiting 
 the territories in which these monuments were found, 
 contribute also their portion. Alma Mater will have 
 no reason to blush for her poverty in documents so 
 materially affecting the utility and dignity of her 
 establishment ^. The foundation, at least, of a Collection 
 
 of 
 
 (^) By observations which occur in pages 33, 45, it will not be difficult 
 to conjecture some of the causes. 
 
 (^) The hope is hardly expressed, ere it is in some measure accomplished ; 
 for the Author has the satisfaction to congratulate the University upon the 
 liberal contribution made by Mr. Walpole of Trinity College, after returning 
 from his long travels in Greece and Asia Minor. In a description of the 
 
 Marbles 
 b 
 
11 PREFACE. 
 
 of Greek Marbles may be said to have been laid ; and 
 by a description of the parts which compose it, 
 there is reason to hope, some points of antient 
 history may appear illustrated; some passages in the 
 text of Classic authors less equivocal. At the same 
 time, if the observations chiefly lead to conclusions 
 remote from any apparent connexion, let it be observed, 
 that the great mass of historic truth is formed by the 
 collection of single facts. 
 
 No attempt has been made towards the restoration 
 of any of the Marbles here described. They have been 
 deposited in the Vestibule exactly as they were found. 
 In this respect we have not imitated the example of the 
 French : and it is believed, the Public will not dispute 
 
 the 
 
 Marbles added by him to the Collection, some observations concerning the 
 remains of antiei>t splendour in the provinces of Ionia, Caria, and Lydia, might 
 have been introduced ; but they were purposely omitted, because he is 
 much better qualified, and it is hoped prepared, to satisfy the curiosity 
 of the Public, in this respect. 
 
 But while inducement is thus offered to others to augment the Collection 
 so happily begun, some acknowledgment is due from every Member of the 
 University, for the munificent, although frustrated, intentions of another of its 
 individuals. Mr. George Petre of Jesus College, nephew of Lord Petre, 
 embarked for the Continent with the noble design of sparing no expence 
 whatever to enrich this University with the remains of Antient Greece. He 
 was accompanied and guided in the undertaking by the Rev. Mr. Eustace, 
 whose zeal and talents most ably qualified him for the task. Scarcely had 
 these travellers reached Ithaca, where they stood, as it were, in limine, and 
 were preparing to excavate the whole of the Olympic Course, when the 
 turbid aspect of public affairs compelled them to return, without having 
 accomplished the object of their wishes. 
 
PREFACE. Ill 
 
 the good taste of the University, preferring a mutilated 
 fragment of Grecian sculpture, to any modern repara- 
 tion. Had Ceres gone to Paris, she would soon have 
 issued from a French toilet, not only with a new face, 
 but with all her appropriate insignia, her car, dragons, 
 and decorations, until scarce any of the original Marble 
 remained visible. Some of the Statues in the French 
 Collection have not a cubic foot of antique marble in 
 their composition. Even the famous Belvidere Apollo 
 (a circumstance little known) was degraded by spurious 
 additions, when placed in the Vatican. Its restoration 
 since has been probably more notorious. At the same 
 time, while we disclaim every intention of altering 
 the condition of such venerable relics, the Public are 
 fully qualified to judge of the original appearance of the 
 Statue of Ceres, by the exquisite drawings, for which 
 we are indebted to the genius of a modern Phidias, 
 Flaxman. In the first, as expressed in a future page, 
 he merely delineates the present state of the Marble^; 
 in the second, he has shewn the form of the coun- 
 tenance, from the most authentic documents ^; in a third, 
 he endeavours to represent the appearance of the Statue 
 when it was entire''. A few words will now be added 
 upon the nature of the restoration. 
 
 That 
 
 (^) See Page 24.. {^) See the Ficutispiece. 
 
 ( = ) See Page 30. From this last Design, the Eldest Daughter of Mr. 
 Wilkins, Sen^ completed a Drawing upon a very large scale, which is 
 suspended in the University Library. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 That Ceres, at Eleusis, was represented in a sitting 
 posture, there can be no doubt : it agreed with the 
 fabulous legend of her arrival, when she was found 
 by the Well Anthios, She is accordingly so repre- 
 sented upon medals and bas-reliefs. But it is very 
 remarkable, that upon the bronze medals of Eleusis 
 she does not appear upon a throne or chair, but in a 
 car drawn by serpents^; and it is most natural to sup- 
 pose the inhabitants of the place impressed their coins 
 with the image of their tutelar Deity, according to 
 the manner in which she was exhibited in their 
 temple. Of this, however, we can have no proof; 
 and the more common appearance certainly is that 
 described in the twenty-eighth page, taken from a 
 medal engraved in the Notes to Spanhem's Edition of 
 Callimachus, which exactly corresponds with Flaxman's 
 representation. 
 
 The endeavour which has been made to introduce 
 a species of type suited to the lithography of the 
 Antients, will, it is presumed, afford a more accurate 
 representation of the appearance of Inscriptions on 
 Grecian Marbles than any thing that has hitherto issued 
 
 from 
 
 (») "Ceres in biga draconum ad s. d. spicas." Vid. Num. Vet. Pop. et 
 Urb. G. Hunter, Studio Caroli Combe, p. 132. Lond. 1782. Haym. vol.1, 
 p. 219. Fig. 4, Lc. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 from the press. It was first introduced in the Disser- 
 tation on the Soros of Alexander ; and it is now repeated 
 in every instance, with the exception of two only, 
 where an Inscription occurs. The Characters on the 
 Marbles described in Nos. VII. and XXIV. from Anapa 
 and Taman, had they been so printed, would have 
 exceeded the limits of the page, and therefore would 
 have occupied more space than is warranted by the 
 forlorn hopes entertained of their elucidation. Where 
 a PoRsoN despaired, it would be more than foolish to 
 be very sanguine. 
 
 The brevity which usually characterizes a descriptive 
 catalogue but ill agrees with the length of the remarks 
 upon the Eleusinian Fragment ; but they have before 
 experienced the approbation of the Public : and being 
 out of print, the Author would not have considered 
 himself justified in offering merely a garbled extract 
 from his former Dissertation. He has even made some 
 additions to his former observations upon the Heathen 
 Mythology. 
 
 The celebrated Pascal wished that the Pronouns 
 I and Me were entirely banished out of conversation. 
 The exclusion might be extended to writing, and per- 
 haps with more justice. For this reason the Author has 
 generally used the third person, in order to keep the 
 
 style 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 style of this little Volume as clear as possible from that 
 disgusting egotism, which it might otherwise betray. 
 His principal object was, to afford the little information 
 he possessed, within a small compass, and to express 
 that little with accuracy. If he has failed in this design, 
 the fault is entirely his own. In former publications, 
 the keen and critical revisal of a Tyrwhitt might give 
 a sanction to writings, for the want of which no attention 
 of their Author could possibly have compensated. If it 
 was then a pride to acknowledge the fostering hand of 
 wisdom and of virtue, it is not less a duty to lament 
 at this time the privation caused by anguish and disease ; 
 a privation calculated to affect, not merely the walks of 
 literature, but every channel of society which conveyed 
 *' the benefit of knowledge, and the blessings of 
 " religion." 
 
 A most interesting discovery made by the Earl of 
 Aberdeen in the immediate vicinity of Athens, tends 
 to throw some light on that dark and enigmatical part 
 of the Heathen Mythology which related to the symbol 
 of Medusa's Head, as it appears upon the breast of the 
 Statue of Ceres*. The Author had collected several 
 
 facts 
 
 (^) In our most antient churches, built in times of Roman-Cathohc super- 
 stition, (as well as among heraldic ornaments,) the same Figure, a " Memento 
 viori " often occurs, either in the carved work of their roofs, or in the 
 
 stained 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 facts with a view to its partial illustration ; when this 
 discovery confirmed in the strongest manner the opinion 
 he entertained. His Lordship has very liberally con- 
 tributed his own authentic statement of the discovery, 
 which is reserved for the Appendix, where it will ap- 
 pear, together with the Author's observations upon the 
 subject. 
 
 stained glass remaining in their windows ; and it offers an interesting example 
 of one among the numerous Pagan symbols, which, upon the introduction of 
 Christianity, still preserved its title to veneration, even after its original signi- 
 fication was lost. Among the churches remarkable on account of this 
 relique, may be mentioned those of Hadstock in Essex, and of Trumpington, 
 Bartlow, and Harlton, in Cambridgeshire. 
 
 GREEK 
 
GREEK MARBLES. 
 
 I, 
 
 A MONUMENTAL PILLAR, of the kind caUed 
 Stele, 2THAH, antiently placed on the vertex of conical 
 Sepulchral Mounds, such as cover the Plains of Tar- 
 tarv, and are seen in almost all parts of the habitable 
 globe. It is a mode of burial which preceded even the 
 Pyramids in antiquity. The Tombs of persons of the 
 most distinguished rank were once characterized by no 
 other ornament. The use of it is recorded as early as 
 the Book of Genesis^ : " And Rachel died, and was 
 " buried in the way to Ephrath, which is Beth-lehem. 
 *' And Jacob set a Pillar upon her grave : that is the 
 " Pillar of Rachel's grave unto this day." Barnes, in 
 his edition of Homer, has a very curious note^ in 
 
 which 
 
 (») Gen. xxxY. 19. 
 
 (^) " TvfA.Bu Ti, cTtiXri T«.] In tractatu nostro De Columnis, nondum edito, 
 " plura diximus de Cippis Funebribus. Antiquitatenn autera rei rairabitur, 
 " qui meminit uxoris Lothi, in Columnam sails conversse ; et quod Geneseus, 
 " c. 35. V. 20. Jacobus Patriarcha statuerit Cippum super sepulchrum 
 " Rachdis." 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 which this fact is alluded to; but he translates the 
 word ^rnXf] by Cippus. There is some reason to 
 believe that the Cippus was not always a Pillar ; as will 
 hereafter appear. Homer thus commemorates the use 
 of the Stele ^: 
 
 "Ev6a 6 Tap')(varova'i Kacrl'yvrjToi re, eruL re, 
 
 Tjju/3<w re, '^TtjXii re* to yap yepa^ earrl BavovTcov. 
 
 II. n. 456. 
 And again : 
 
 wcrre 'Z.rrjXf] fievei efxirehov, fjr' eTrl Tvuf^ut 
 
 'Avepos e<TTrjKeL TeOveiOTOSy rje yvvaiKo^. 
 
 lb. P. 434. 
 
 The Tomb of Epaminondas, at Mantinea, was a 
 conical mound, or heap, with a Stele on the vertex. 
 
 The Stele here particularly referred to, was placed on 
 
 the Tomb of Cleopatra of Berytus, as the Inscription 
 
 tells ; 
 
 KAEOHATPA 
 
 ropriOY 
 
 BHPYTI A 
 
 and was taken from the Ruins of Phanagoria, on the 
 Asiatic side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, a. d. 1800. 
 
 (*) III Pope's Translation of this passage, it is most erroneously rendered 
 
 Pyramid : 
 
 " His friends and people to his future praise 
 
 ♦' A marble tomb and pyramid shall raise, 
 
 " And lasting honours to his ashes give : 
 
 *' His fame ('tis all the dead can have) shall live." 
 
3 
 
 II. 
 
 The base of a STATUE, supposed to be of 
 that kind called by Herodotus Androsphinx^; from 
 the Ruins of the City of Sa'is, in Egypt ^ 
 
 Larcher believed the Androsphinx to have been repre- 
 sented by the body of a lion v^ith the face of a man. 
 The remains of Egyptian sculpture, and particularly 
 those found at Sa'is, rather induce an opinion that it v^^as 
 the body of a man with the head of a lion. 
 
 This Monument exhibits an Inscription perfectly 
 entire, in the Hieroglyphical Writing. A representation 
 of the Ibis is given among the characters used in the 
 inscription. If any inference may be drawn from the 
 prototypes of the sculptured images, or symbols, the 
 inscription commemorates victories in the sacred Games. 
 An account of those prototypes was communicated to 
 the Society of Antiquaries by the Author. 
 
 III. 
 
 A STELE of RED PORPHYRY, remarkably well 
 calculated, by its durability'^ and simplicity, to com- 
 memorate the mode of sepulture for which it was 
 
 employed. 
 
 (•>) TovTo ^£, xoAojcTovj fAiyoiMvi Kxl ANAPOSOINFAS 'Jti^ii/.miCii uu^nxi, 
 Herodot. lib. ii. c. 175. Edit. Galei. 
 
 (0 The Inscription on the Pedestal is by Dr. Parr. 
 
 (<») Porphyry was one of the hardest substances employed in antient 
 sculpture. This Pillar is three feet five inches high, and nine inches in 
 diameter ; which is the ordinary height of the Stele, wherever it appears, 
 or of whatever material constructed. 
 
4 
 
 employed. It was found by the French in Egypt, and 
 had been deposited by them in the House of their 
 Institute ; whence it was removed by the Author, to 
 whom Colonel Holloway presented it in Cairo. The 
 French have hitherto concealed the circumstances of 
 its discovery. There is reason to believe, from the 
 unevenness of the surface, that the polish it exhibits 
 is not owing to the work of any antient lapidary, but 
 to the hands of those who subsequently held it in 
 superstitious veneration. 
 
 IV. 
 
 A RUDE Representation, in very antient Bas 
 Relief, of CERES sitting by the Well Anthios, 
 having assumed the appearance of an old woman, with 
 the Son of Meganira^. It was brought from the Ruins 
 of Phanagoria, on the Cimmerian Bosporus. 
 
 V. 
 
 A. SIMILAR Representation of the same subject, 
 from the same place; in which the Goddess, accosted by 
 one of the daughters of Celeus, is lamenting the loss 
 of Proserpine''. 
 
 VI. 
 
 A REPRESENTATION in Bas Relief of a FIGURE 
 on horseback, from the same place; having some 
 
 peculiar 
 
 (*) Pausan. in Attic, c. 39. (•>) Ibid. 
 
peculiar reference to the antient history of the Cimmerian 
 
 Bosporus. Such representations are found on the site of 
 
 Phanagoria, and of Panticapaeum. The figure of a Boy is, 
 
 moreover, generally introduced, meeting the person on 
 
 horseback'^. But it is remarkable, that the Monument here 
 
 referred to has a representation of this kind on either 
 
 side of the stone, which has been made to revolve on 
 
 a pivot since it was placed in its present situation, for 
 
 the purpose of exhibiting the double Bas Relief. Below 
 
 one of them is the following Greek Epigram : 
 
 TEIMOGEOZ AAZEIOZ XAIPE 
 TEIM0eE0Z0nATPAZ0ZI0Z<l>nznAISAEAAZET02; 
 
 TPIZAEKATAZETEnNTEPMATIZAZEGANEZ 
 ATAAANOIKTEIPXlZEnOAYKAAYZTHIEniTYMBXll 
 
 HYNAEZYNHPnnNXnPONEXOIZ<l>eiMENOZ 
 
 In attempting to translate this Epigram, two methods 
 are suggested ; either, by altering the text, to render 
 a construction suitable to the spirit of the language 
 in which it is written, or to reconcile the legend with 
 any tolerable interpretation. Pursuing either, various 
 opinions would arise, which it might be difficult to 
 reconcile. The Epigram is therefore printed, so as to 
 afford an exact transcript of the characters which appear 
 upon the marble ; merely observing, that it comme- 
 morates the premature death of a person whose name 
 
 was TiMOTHEUS. 
 
 (<=) See Pallas's Travels in the South of Russia, Vol. II. p. 283. Guthrie. 
 Tour in Taurid. &c. p. 318. Biberstein's Mem. &c. 
 
6 
 
 VII. 
 
 A LARGE MARBLE TABLET, with a Greek 
 Inscription, beautifully engraven. It was found in 
 the Pavement of a Turkish Bath, at the Capture of 
 the City of Anapa, in Circassia, by the Russian 
 Army. Professor Pallas caused it to be removed to 
 the Crimea ; and afterwards gave it to the Author. 
 
 No other illustration can be obtained from the 
 Inscription, in its present state, than that a List of 
 Persons, whose names are specified, commemorate 
 some public donation, or other event, in the time of 
 Tiberius. 
 
 The following Copy of it was made in the Crimea, 
 when the Marble was even more perfect than it is 
 at present ; a fracture having taken place in the lower 
 part of the stone, during its passage to England. 
 Professor Pons on compared it with the original. 
 
 INSCRIPTION. 
 
 BAXIAEYONTOSBASIAEfiSTIBEPIO . 
 KAISAPOS KAI<:)IAOPnMAOY2;Y2EPOYS . . 
 
 n . . . . inNor . s . . . . NO . . . 
 
 iNinoGosn . N . .ispo 
 
 nMrin . . O .IHANO . AAINI . . . . I 
 
 ©EA nT . . . . Xn . AM . o . . . . 
 
 N..O....TOl....TAI..ASn0..nE . . . 
 
 ..O.M..2NOSXP 
 
 . . nOQOSXPHZTinNOS 
 
 . . ISOT .NOYMINIOSnA 
 
 . . ATOYZN. . . OPANPSOP 
 
 S02AZAAZ0Y.SM . .on 
 
 PATO 
 
7 
 
 n . TE 
 
 A T.fi 
 
 3ANAF02 
 
 n OYKOZIO . 
 
 .... O . AAESANAPOYEn 
 . . . 2KOTNEOKAHI0 . . 
 J2NB*APNAKOTTEIMO . . 
 rATKIiNZfiSIArOPriA 
 AATASinnAPEINOY 
 r.OAPNAK .OTAOXA . 
 ^APNAKIfiNIA . . 
 
 TOAnPOYAEOAOSAAPIITf2NnO . 
 ONO. ZABAnOYAQHNOAaPOZnOGOY .... 
 NI . SnAnAXOAOYXPHSTOYEMTPIIKOYMYPEINO .... 
 ONOYNEOKAHS<DAPNAKir2NOSXAPAEI2EPEI2:<l)ANAAPAZOY . . . 
 EYZnAnnOi;<l)APNAKinNOSrASTElArA©OTKE<I)0OYA0HNOAn . . . 
 PO2<DAPNAKinNOSATIANEOKAHSnO©OY0EOTEIMOYnO0OSMAPIOY . . 
 IHrOSTElMO0EOSY. . . AHAH AXXPHSTinNOSEPMHSKAI ArA0OYZ . . 
 XPHSTinNOSEPMCYAYSIMAXOSBnAniArXPHSTOYArPi^NTAS . . . 
 MAKAPlOSOAPNAKinNOSAPISTaNBAnOYSAOASASXPHSTIfiNOS . . 
 
 PNAKHSBEPnTOi:<I)IAOAESriOTOS<l)APNAKOYEPnTOi;nO0OS . . . 
 . . XPYSOXOOYnO©OSnAnAEPn2<l)APNAKinNOSEPnT02riPAS . . . 
 . 2XPYi;i2TOTnO0EINOSTEPrONIOYA0HNOAJ2POSMYPIi;KOYA . . . 
 ZTnNXPHSTinNOSZAZZOY2:TEIMO©EOYA0HNOAnPOSNEOKAH2 
 . . 2;HrOYMENOYnAnA2MY4)ArOPAKOSSOYATTAMA5:A2nAnOY 
 KOSSOYSKAIA©HNOAnPOSYIOIBArHTOSAAMOSTPAT02AriOYMHNO 
 AfiP02BnPAK0Y<l)APNAKIfiNEPMAAIflN0i:ATAK0YASn . .nOYKONOY . . , 
 2ArA©OYrOPriOYnABA5:*APNAKOYTPArOY<l>APNAKinNArA . . 
 ©OY . . rOPriOYnO0EINO2BrNA<DISKOYATAMASA2KAP2AnPO2AOKIi2N 
 
 no0O2nAnnoYNOYMHNiosno©EiNOYXAXA2;roprosA 
 
 . 2EI YPA0nNOSXPH2TinNO0EKAAHMHTPI 
 
 Sn . NNY .OSOAPNAKinNOXHrOY . 
 
 MENOY AINOYMHMIOSY . 
 
 OKAKSArA0OY 
 
 ArA0OYA2ArA0OY(l)AF 
 
 NAKIQNOSM riYAnPOYPOAQN 
 
 OAPNAKIflNOS KOSSOYNOYMHNIOSEPnTOS 
 
 XPH2TmNOSANAPAAEONT02EOrC)APNAKinN02TnnAPEINOSXAPAEl 
 
 EOSXPH2TOYnAnnOS©EK AKATOKA2AAAOY 
 T . . . nAnnOSEPMHrAYKHNArAQOYXPHZTOYSnAn 
 
 OPOAnPO2AIMNAKOYMA£TOYi;i;O0INAnO0O2AT 
 Oi;ArA0OYnAnA2AZIAZlArOYZXPIlSTinNOS<DAP 
 
 NAKIfiNOr ATHlIAnAnnOirOZINOYNYM<S)ArOPASSAMBin 
 
 OSIMOOOAPNAKHZOAPNAKinNOSHrOYMENOYHPAKAF. 
 
 nNNEOKAEOYSXPHLTinNEPMOYKO0I2 APISTfiNO5:nO0ISKO2ArA0OI 
 A2YAVAA4)0 . . PAIOYIIl . . 0Y22 AP M AT A EPM A AIP-N NOV MIIMIOTXl'IiSTOYS 
 
8 
 
 . VIII. 
 
 A MARBLE, with an Inscription in the 
 Armenian Language ; the letters sculptured in relief. 
 It was found at Kaffa in the Crimea, and is of no 
 remote date ; commemorating work done to the Church 
 there, a.d. 1400. 
 
 Translation of the Inscription. 
 
 " By the Grace of God, I, the Son of Chaiats, have done 
 " my utmost, with the Son of Katranogloo, of the Family 
 *^ of Michael, to complete the Work of the Church of Saint 
 *^ Ocsent, with the Aid of the Public, for the Salvation of 
 " Souls. Let him, who reads this, pray for our Souls. 
 " M.cccc. Caffa, of the Crimea." 
 
 IX. 
 
 A MOST interesting Fragment of an EGYPTIAN 
 STATUE, found among the Ruins of the City of Sais 
 in the Delta, after the expulsion of the French by the 
 English army, in 1801. It is exquisitely wrought, in 
 the substance called Green Egyptian Basalt, or Trap ; 
 one of the rarest materials of antient art. The 
 beautiful polish given to it by the antient artist 
 has resisted all the attacks to which it has been 
 exposed. 
 
 A zonC; 
 
9 
 
 A zone, covered with hieroglyphics, fastens the 
 drapery round its waist ; which is beUeved to represent 
 the leaf of some Egyptian plant. But that which 
 particularly entitles it to the attention of historians of 
 the fine arts is, that, behind the Figure, the process used 
 in carving the hieroglyphical symbols "^ may be discerned, 
 part of the figures there delineated being completely 
 finished, and the rest sketched with great taste and 
 correctness preparatory to their incision. 
 
 This monument is made to turn on a pivot, for the 
 purpose of exhibiting that appearance with facility. 
 
 X. 
 
 A IMarble BAS relief, found in a Garden 
 at Athens ; representing a Procession of Athenian 
 Citizens to the Ceremony of Initiation at Eleusis. 
 Almost all Bas Reliefs of this kind were votive tablets. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Xhe figure of PAN, covered with the hide of 
 a goat ; found below the Grotto of that Deity, in 
 a garden at the base of the Acropolis of Athens. 
 It is executed in the grand style of antient sculpture ; 
 like the draped " Figure of the Soldier," so much 
 admired in the Collection at Paris; and the superb 
 
 Bas 
 
 (^) A remarkable circumstance, characterizing hieroglyphical sculpture, 
 may be distinctly observed upon this fragment. The characters, although 
 all of them huaglios, are cameos, as to their inferior surface. 
 
 C 
 
10 
 
 Bas Relief lately discovered by Mr. Gell of Jesus College, 
 on a Well at Corinth. From the appearance of an iron 
 cramp in the neck, and the account given by historians 
 of the Figures of Pan, there was reason to believe it 
 supported a Trophy. Mr. Flaxman w^as of this opinion, 
 and executed a Drawing, from which an Engraving 
 was made for JNIr. Wilkins's Antiquities of Magna 
 Grascia^. Some Designs from antient Statues, pre- 
 served in Trinity College Library, have since proved 
 the real nature of the burden. A similar Figure of Pan 
 is there represented bearing the vintage upon his head. 
 
 XII. 
 
 A STELE antiently placed on the TOMB of 
 EUCLID of Hermione, who is represented in the 
 Philosopher's habit, with a scroll in his hand. Above 
 the arched recess in which his figure has been intro- 
 duced, is the following Inscription, in the Doric dialect, 
 remarkable for the variation in the genitive case : 
 
 EYKAIAAZEYKAIAOY 
 EPMION EYZ 
 
 '' Euclid Son of Euclid of Hermione." 
 
 Below, on the part of the Pillar intended to be placed 
 in the earth, appears a Dog, the symbol used by the 
 Antients to denote the Infernal Regions, and which 
 is often seen on the sepulchral monuments of Greece. 
 
 This 
 
 (O P.71. 
 
11 
 
 This Pillar served as a horse-block in one of the streets 
 of Athens, and was removed to Cambridge in 1801. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 A Sepulchral TABLET, found at Patmos, which 
 may serve to shew^ the distinction between Cippus and 
 Stele. It answers to the former appellation; and was 
 originally placed, like our grave-stones, either lying flat 
 on the turf, or upright at the head of a grave, by the 
 way-side; or let in, as a tablet, into the side of a rock. 
 A passage in Persius seems rather applicable to its 
 horizontal situation, immediately over the body^: 
 
 "... Non levior Cippus nunc imprimit ossa?" 
 
 The usage of the Cippus is of later date than that of the 
 Stele, which characterized the most remote antiquity, and 
 may still be seen on tombs in the plains of European and 
 Asiatic Sarmatia. At the same time, it is not maintained 
 that their names were never used as corresponding terms ; 
 but that the Stele, necessarily a Pillar, was not always 
 implied by the word Cippus. The Cippus in use among 
 the Romans was generally a slab or tablet, placed as 
 before described ^ The use of tablets in the walls and 
 pavements of our churches, commemorating deceased 
 persons, as well as the common English grave-stones, 
 
 were 
 
 C') Sat. I. ver. 37. Edit. Var. 1684-. 
 
 C^) See Gruter Inscript. Roman, pp. 197, 198. 200. 711. There is not 
 a single instance in Gruter's work which represents the Cippus as a Pillar. 
 Edit. fol. 1616. 
 
12 
 
 were derived from the Roman Cippi, and introduced to 
 
 this country by that people. Those who have been 
 
 accustomed to compare works of antient and modern 
 
 art, will moreover recognise in the Tombs of our 
 
 church-yards, the Sarcophagus of the Romans, and 
 
 Soros of the Greeks. 
 
 The subject, here represented in Bas Relief, is the 
 
 Death-bed of " Aristeas the Son of Zosimus;" in 
 
 which the Dog, placed as before described, typifies the 
 
 Regions of Pluto. Below is this Inscription : 
 
 APICTEAC 
 ZIICIMOY 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Fragment of the Colossal STATUE of CERES, 
 
 taken from the Ruins of the Temple at Eleusis\ 
 
 The Author, in reprinting the Notices already pub- 
 lished respecting this interesting Statue, has little 
 addition to make. It is now pretty generally allowed, 
 that the statue in question is that of the Eleusinian 
 Goddess. Persons the most eminent for learning, not 
 only in our Universities, but in the kingdom at large, 
 maintain this opinion. With respect even to the 
 possibility that it was one of the Cariatides, the very 
 laws of architecture forbid it ; as the ornaments upon 
 
 the 
 
 (^) In its present state^ the block of marble alone, without the pedestal, 
 M'eighs nearly two tons. 
 
13 
 
 the head do not correspond with the style observed 
 in the building. Pausanias, moreover, who never 
 omitted the notice of Cariatides when they belonged to 
 any edifice described by him, makes no mention of such 
 ornaments in the Eleusinian Temple, of which he has 
 given a very particular account. IVIr. Gell, in his first 
 visit to Eleusis, prior to the removal of the statue, 
 made a Sketch, to shew its situation among the ruins 
 of the temple''; a copy of w^hich is deposited in the 
 Public Library. The Engravings here given are from 
 Drawings executed by Mr. Flaxman. The first represents 
 the statue as it now appears : the second shews the face 
 as restored by him from the best authorities : a third, 
 the whole statue, as he believes it to have existed in its 
 perfect state, taken from accounts given by historians, 
 and documents afforded by the medals and the gems of 
 Greece. 
 
 The Mystic Temple at Eleusis was erected by 
 Pericles for the solemnities of the Festival of Ceres ; and 
 Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon at Athens, com- 
 posed the plan of the edifice. Every thing that the arts 
 of Greece could afford, in the period of their greatest 
 splendour, aided by the genius, the taste, and the pro- 
 fusion 
 
 C') The same enterpriziiig traveller has again visited the spot, and assured 
 the Author, that notwithstanding the most extensive excavations made by the 
 agents of the Earl of Elgin, in and about the temple, and his own persevering 
 research, not a trace of any document could be found to warrant a conclusion 
 that Cariatides formed part of the building. 
 
14 
 
 fusion of their great patron, was lavished upon this 
 building. The effect of its beauty and prodigious 
 magnitude is described as exciting a degree of astonish- 
 ment, which could only be equalled by the awe its 
 sanctity created. Its materials were of the white marble 
 of Mount Pentelicus. The most celebrated men, in the 
 various arts necessary for its completion, were employed, 
 to give the highest perfection to the works ^. In this 
 wonderful combination of talents, Phidias presided ; 
 whose extraordinary powers, says Quintilian, were more 
 happily displayed in the representation of Deities than 
 Mortals'"; so that it was likely to present a monument, 
 both as a whole, and in the detail of its minutest 
 decorations, of whatever in sculpture or architecture 
 the world had seen most perfect. " The genius of 
 Phidias," says the elder Pliny, '' preserved its superiority 
 even in the minutest details'^." 
 
 At the end of the fourth century, this beautiful 
 superstructure fell a sacrifice to Gothic devastation '^. 
 Among the ruins of Antient Greece, there is not an 
 
 example 
 
 (*) Strabo^ lib. ix. Vitruv. in Praefat. lib. vii. Plutarch, in Pericl. vol.1. 
 p. 159. 
 
 C*) Quintilian, lib. xli. cap. 10. 
 
 («) Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. cap. 5. 
 
 C") During the invasion of Alaric the Goth, who passed the Straits of 
 Thermopylae at the head of 200,000 men, and laid waste the fairest realms 
 of Antient Greece, the whole territory of Attica, from the Promontory of 
 Sunium to the town of Megara, was desolated by the march of his army. 
 
c -^^ 
 
 ! 
 
 \\,.:il ill 
 
 VAWKW'Mf 
 
15 
 
 example of any building on which barbaric rage has 
 been vented with more studied schemes of destruction, 
 than on the Temple of Ceres at Eleusis. It is probable 
 the early Christians contributed to efface, if not to 
 annihilate, the remains of this temple, by the detestation 
 in which they held the rites there celebrated ^ Yet 
 neither the ravages of the Goths, nor the mistaken zeal 
 
 of 
 
 C^) The Author has the satisfaction to prove, that what he thus offered 
 merely in conjecture is confirmed by historical evidence. Eunapius expressly 
 states the fact. He relates, that persons " in black garments " accompanied 
 the Gothic army, during the ravages committed among the Grecian temples. 
 
 "Ote 'AXTiKfip^oj '^yw Tov: Bx.c^'a,oov; ^ix Tut 7rv>MV 7r«g?)A6£», uffve^ atct arctoiov 
 y.at liriron.PQTov irt'^iov T^iyuvy Tota.vTxg ccvtij ra? "rrvT^x^ axsrisife T»]i EAXaoof, 
 53TS Tut mot, <pon» lui.a,Tnx, Ivovrwt a.y.ai'hvT u ^ 'Tr^oa-xot.^uai.Momiii acnpsici, xc.t 
 ru» h^o^xvTix.ii:y GsafAuv tt assays*; iicix.o; x-cc) <7Vi'oia-i/.i);. " Quando AlaricllUS 
 cum Barbaris per Thermopylarum fauces pervasit, non secus quani per 
 apertum stadium, aut campum liberum et equorum decursui patentem : eas 
 GrEecise angustias illi prodidit impia natio fuscis utentium vestibus, qui nullo 
 prohibente simul cum eo irruperunt; rescissa jam Pontificalium institutorum 
 lege atque vinculo." Eunapius de Vit. Pliilos. Colon. 1616. p. 75. 
 
 Another extract from the same author will shew that the persons so attired 
 were Monks. ETt« txuffyiyov ror, U^oT<; totto^ roiig x«^ov/:*evoo? Movay^oviy ocvV^wnrov^ ^iv 
 xarx TO eT^oj, o Si /3io; ayTor? crywdn;, x«« I," to Ejt*^«v65 B'TTOttrxoy ts Ktx.] iTroiovv {/.t'^ix, xizKCi 
 xx) a.<p^xcrTx' oK'K oi^oi^ tovto ij.\v ivai^li IKkh to x.xrx(p^oiit> tou fieioy* ry^anvixviy 
 yo!,p sTyjv l^ovffMV TOTS TrSj avS^WTTof, y.i\u^va.v (po^uv l<7^nT»i K«* dvi[/.oaice, pov>.o^ivoi 
 
 utTx^iif-oviTv. " lidem postea in sacra loca invexerunt Monachos sic dictos, 
 homines quidem specie, sed vitam turpem porcorum more exigentes, qui in 
 propatulo infinita atque infanda scelera committebant ; quibus tamen pietatis 
 pars videbatur, sacri loci reverentiam procukare : nam ea tempestate quivis 
 atram vestem indutus, quique in publico sordido habitu spectari non abnuebat, 
 is tyrannicam obtinebat auctoritatem." Ibid. p. 64. 
 
 In a preceding passage, describing the havoc made in the Serapeum, he 
 says, " The pavement alone remained, ivkich they ivere unable to remove, on 
 account of the weight of the stones." The remark ia strikingly applicable 
 to the Temple of Ceres at Eleusis. 
 
16 
 
 of the teachers of the Gospel, have altogether availed. 
 Its destroyers, ignorant even of the arts necessary for the 
 accomplishment of their work, have been contented to 
 injure w^hat they w^ere unable to remove. Enough 
 remains to impress the mind with an idea of its immense 
 magnitude and grandeur : the pavement, the capitals of 
 several of the columns, shafts subverted and broken, 
 bases and pedestals, all of the most exquisite workman- 
 ship, are still seen ; and many a mutilated fragment at 
 once attests the lamentable effects of superstition, and 
 the unrivalled glory of the arts of Greece. 
 
 Thirteen centuries had elapsed, during which period 
 this magnificent edifice was yielding a daily sacrifice to 
 barbarians, when it became first noticed by an English 
 traveller. The learned and accurate Wheler, in his 
 journey from Athens to Corinth, visited Eleusis, and 
 thus describes the appearance of the temple : 
 
 *' The first thing we came unto, was the stately 
 Temple of Ceres, now laid prostrate on the ground: 
 I cannot say, not having one stone upon another ; for 
 it lieth all in a confused heap together : the beautiful 
 pillars buried in the rubbish of its dejected roof and 
 walls ; and its goodly carved and polished cornishes, 
 used with no more respect than the worst stone of the 
 pavement. It lies in such a rude and disorderly manner, 
 that it is not possible to judge of its antient form; only 
 it appeared to have been built of most beautiful white 
 
 marble, 
 
17 
 
 marble, and no less admirable work. Some chapiters 
 we saw of the lonick order, being three foot nine inches 
 and an <half diameter, which belonged to pillars of two 
 foot and eleven inches diameter. I took the dimensions 
 of a very beautiful corner-stone likewise, being six foot 
 five inches square, two foot one inch and a quarter thick. 
 We observed many other large stones among them, 
 carved with wheat-ears, and bundles of poppy, bound 
 together, being the characters of Ceres." ^ 
 
 But a very remarkable discovery was made upon this 
 occasion, of the Bust, or Statue, of the Goddess herself, 
 represented by the author in an engraving so rude, as 
 hardly to be reconciled to the original Figure, if it were 
 not for the more accurate delineation in the work 
 of his companion Spon'', together with the description 
 and the dimensions by which it is accompanied'^. It 
 has this inscription : " Simulacri Cereris Eleusini^ 
 FRAGMENTUM." The circumstanccs which, amidst all 
 the havoc of the Temple, have led to the preservation of 
 this Figure, will afterwards appear. In the mean time, 
 the author's testimony to the identity of the Statue is 
 here subjoined. 
 
 ** Hard by, a little more south-west, among the 
 
 ruins 
 
 (^) Wheler's Journey into Greece, p. 427, 428. Wheler left Athens, on 
 his journey to Eleusis, in 1676. The Statue of Ceres was discovered by him 
 on Shrove-Tuesday, the 5th of February of that year. 
 
 C") See Voyage de Grece et du Levant, &c. par ^pon, 
 
 C^) Wheler's Journey into Greece. 
 
 D 
 
18 
 
 ruins of old walls, we found the remains of the Goddess 
 herself; viz. a part of her Statue from the head to 
 below the waste, made of very w^hite marble, of ad- 
 mirable work, and perhaps of no less a master than 
 Praxiteles himself, as that was in her temple at Athens. 
 It is a colossus, at least three times bigger than nature. 
 She is girt about the waste, and two belts cross each 
 other on her shoulders. Her breasts appear very natural; 
 but her face is disfigured. Her hair falleth back upon 
 her shoulders, and is tied together near her neck. Upon 
 her head is a basket, carved on the outside with clusters 
 of wheat-ears, bundles of poppies, roses, and vessels. 
 For it is she, that was said first to have taught the 
 Grecians how to sow corn at Eleusis ; and poppies were 
 dedicated to her. Pausanias pretends to be forbidden 
 to write of her mysteries, by a dream ; it being held 
 unlawful for any to hear, see, or know them, but those 
 that were initiated in them ; and none to reveal them. 
 But Minutius Foelix knew them, and shev^s them to 
 liave been horribly wicked, and diabolical ; which was 
 the reason of their secresie. I designed the Statue 
 perhaps well enough, to give some rough imperfect idea 
 of it; but not to express the exquisite beauties of the 
 work. A little higher on the brow of the hill we 
 found a large basis for a statue, which we judged to 
 belong to that of the Goddess. There was written 
 upon it only N?^ NIFPEINOZ lEPOKHPYH, Noumilius 
 
 NigrinuSf 
 
19 
 
 Nigrims, Priest; which, perhaps, was the name of him 
 that erected the Statue. Bat that which is most re- 
 markable about it, is a small Basso-relievo, representing 
 The Procession of Ceres, used to be made by the 
 Athenians, in memory of her going about the world, 
 in search of her daughter Proserpina, stoUen by Pluto, 
 after she had lighted her torches at Mount JEtna. The 
 whole multitude carried flambeaus, they called AaZia ; 
 and to them belonged officers, whom they called Aa- 
 goJxo< ; being. I suppose, the chief regulators of that 
 
 ceremony." ' 
 
 To the testimony of Wheler may be added that of 
 Spon, the companion of his travels; who, with a much 
 more accurate engraving of the Statue, has given, as 
 might be expected, a description in the same sentiments, 
 and nearly in the same words, as those of his friend 
 and associate. Having mentioned the condition in 
 which he found the Temple, he says, " " We observed 
 
 a very 
 
 (a) This pedestal is not now to be seen at Eleusis. A report prevailed 
 at Athens, in the year 1801, perhaps without foundation, that it had bee a 
 removed to Parma, or one of the other Universities in Italy. Whoevei 
 compares Wheler's rude representations of Grecian sculpture u.th the 
 original monuments, will perceive and regret the injury the arts have 
 sustained in the loss of this beautiful Bas Rehef. 
 
 rM " Nous y remarquames un chapiteau lonique tres beau et med.ocrement 
 gros, et LE KESTE DE L.. SxAT.E DE Cekes de tres beaumarbre blanc par- 
 ?aitement bien travaiUe : aussi etoit-elle peut-etre de Praxiteles, comme celle 
 qui 6toit a Athenes dans le temple qui luy etoit dedie. Ce qu elle porte 
 sur la tete est extraordinaire; C est comme un panier, autour duquel sont 
 
 gravez 
 
20 
 
 a very beautiful and moderately large Ionic capital, 
 and the remains of The Statue of Ceres, of very 
 fine white marble, perfectly well executed: it was 
 perhaps therefore the work of Praxiteles, as well as 
 that which was in the temple dedicated to her at 
 Athens. That which she bears upon her head is extra- 
 ordinary : it is like a basket, round which are sculptured 
 ears of corn with flowers, because she had taught the 
 culture of the earth to those of Eleusis, and bunches 
 of poppies, which were dedicated to her. I made 
 a drawing of her, sufficiently well to afford you some 
 idea, but bad enough for making you comprehend her 
 beauties." 
 
 About the year 1668, Monsieur des Mouceaux was 
 at Eleusis, and wrote an account of the Ruins of the 
 Temple. An Extract from his Manuscript Journal was 
 communicated by his nephew, Comte de Bonneval, to 
 the French Editor of Le Bruyn's Travels, and published 
 as an Appendix to that work. It will therefore be 
 considered in the order of its publication, rather than 
 according to the date of the author's travels. He visited 
 Eleusis some years before the arrival of Wheler and 
 Spon ; but his observations were not communicated to 
 
 the 
 
 gravez des epis de bled avec des fleurs, parce qu'elle avoit enseigne la 
 culture de la terre a ceux d' Eleusis, et des javeiles de pavots qui luy etoient 
 dediez. Je la crayonnay assez bien pour vous en donner quelque idee, mais 
 assez mal pour vous en faire comprendre les beautez." Voyage de Grice et 
 du Levant, &;c. par Span. Edit. Amst. 1679. p. 216. 
 
21 
 
 the world before the year 1718; and even then they 
 are not given in his own words, but related by the 
 editor, who speaks always of the author in the third 
 person^. Des Mouceaux evidently entertained doubts 
 concerning the original history of the Statue, as appears 
 by the following representation of his written opinion. 
 ** *' In the midst of ruins," says he, *' on the slope 
 of the hill, is seen the statue of a woman in marble, 
 buried up to her breasts. (It is the same of which 
 M. Spon, who travelled seven or eight years after in 
 those parts, has given us the design.) The work, where 
 the drapery remains perfect, is * executed in folds of 
 wonderful taste. The author does not venture to affirm 
 this figure to be that of Ceres, and not one of the 
 Cariatides which sustained a frize in the temple, on ac- 
 count of the inverted basket with which she is attired." 
 The next traveller of note is Pococke, whose veracity 
 is proverbial*". In his journey from Athens to the 
 
 Isthmus 
 
 (^) The passage in the parenthesis, alluding to Spon, is also from the pen 
 of the French Editor. 
 
 C*) " Au milieu des ruines, sur la pente de la colline, se voit la statue 
 d'une femme en marbre, enterree jusqu'aux mammelles. (C'est celle dont 
 M. Spon, qui voyageoit sept ou hult ans apres des ces quartiers, nous a donn4 
 le dessein.) L'ouvrage ou est acheve la draperie, fait des plis d'un gout 
 merveilleux. L'auteur n'ose assurer que cette figure soit celle de Ceres, et non 
 pas quelque Cariatide qui soutenolt une frise dans ce temple, a cause de ce 
 panier renverse dont elle est coefTee.'* See Le Brui/n's Travels, torn. V. 
 p. 492. 
 
 (=) The requisites essential to the perfection of a Traveller are said to be 
 " the Veracity of Pococke, the Learning of Shaw, the Pencil of Norden, the 
 Descriptive Powers of Satari/, and the Enterprize of Bruce." 
 
22 
 
 Isthmus of Corinth, arriving at Eleusis% he thus speaks 
 of the Temple and Statue of Ceres. '' At the north 
 foot of the hill, on an advanced ground, there are many 
 imperfect ruins, pieces of pillars and entablatures ; and 
 doubtless it is the spot of the Temple of Cei^cs and 
 Proserpijie.'' ....*' At the Temple of Ceres I savr the 
 large Bust or upper part of a Statue, supposed to have 
 been designed for that Goddess; it is so large, that it 
 measured at the shoulders five feet and a half broad: 
 there is a circular sort of ornament on the head, above 
 two feet deep, the middle part of which is adorned with 
 foliages of oak, as mentioned by travellers, but the face 
 is much disfigured."'^ 
 
 From Pococke, omitting the observations of a few 
 foreigners, whose descriptions would appear more like 
 plagiarism than original matter, we come to the work 
 of Dr. Chandler, of Oxfords It is not easy to reconcile 
 
 his 
 
 (^) On the 4th of September, 1739. 
 
 (I') Pococke's Description of the East, vol, II. part ii. pp. 170, 171. 
 The cause of the injury which the face has experienced more than the rest 
 of the Figure, may be easily explained with reference to the material used by 
 the antient sculptor. Veins of extraneous matter are common in Pentelican 
 marble ; and their decomposition has subjected many of the fine works of 
 Athenian artists to more speedy decay than others have sustained which were 
 wrought in the marble of Faros, Naxos, and Thasos. A vein of sciiistus 
 may be observed in the marble of the Eleusinian Fragment, traversing the 
 whole mass, in a direction parallel to the back of the Statue. As this substance 
 became decomposed by the action of the atmosphere, the face and part of the 
 breasts fell off; and the slightest inspection of the marble, in its present state, 
 will prove that the front of the calathus had nearly shared the same fate. 
 
 (0 Dr. Chandler was at Eleusis on the 30th of March, 1760. 
 
23 
 
 his topography of the Temple of Ceres with the descrip- 
 tions of travellers who had preceded him, or who have 
 since visited Eleusis : but he gives a long account of 
 the Mystic Temple*^, and adds, that the site was beneath 
 the brow, at the east end of the hill, and encompassed 
 by the fortress. " Some marbles," says he, " which 
 are uncommonly massive, and some pieces of the 
 columns, remain on the spot. The breadth of the cell 
 is about a hundred and fifty feet ; the length, including 
 the pronaos and portico, is two hundred and sixteen 
 feet. The diameter of the columns, which are fluted 
 six inches from the bottom of the shafts, is six feet and 
 
 more than six inches About three fourths of the 
 
 cottages are within the precincts of the ISIystic Temple. 
 — At a small distance from the north end of the 
 inclosure is a heap of marble, consisting of fragments 
 of the Doric and Ionic orders; remains, it is likely, 
 of the Temples of Diana Propylea and of Neptune, 
 and of the Propyleum or gateway. Wheler saw some 
 large stones carved with wheat-ears and bundles of 
 poppy. Near it is the Bust of a colossal Statue of ex- 
 cellent worhmanship, maimed, and the face disfigured; 
 the breadth at the shoulders, as measured by Pococke, 
 five feet and a half; and the basket on the head above 
 
 two feet deep. It probably represented Proserpine^ 
 
 A tradi- 
 
 {^) Travels in Greece, by Richard Chandler, D.D. p. 189, &c. 
 (•=) No reason is given for this conjecture. 
 
24 
 
 A tradition prevails, that if the broken Statue be re- 
 moved, the fertility of the land will cease. Achmet 
 Aga was fully possessed with this superstition, and 
 declined permitting us to dig or measure there, until 
 I had overcome his scruples by a present of a hand- 
 some snuff-box, containing several zechins or pieces of 
 gold." ^ 
 
 Such are the testimonies and opinions of the most 
 celebrated men who have visited Eleusis, respecting the 
 Fragment now placed in the Public Library of this 
 University. To their authority may be added that of 
 Montfaucon, as given in the Translation of his work by 
 a late Fellow of Trinity College ^. 
 
 " A trunk of a Statue of Ceres which remains yet 
 in the Temple of Ceres Eleusinia near Athens, though 
 the face is disfigured and broke, hath on its head 
 a crown of an extraordinary shape, and which seemed 
 to rise up like a tower or turrets before it was injured 
 by time. The Figure is adorned with ears of corn and 
 flowers." 
 
 Supported by these authorities, the Abbe Barthelemy 
 
 thus alludes to the Statue, in his account of Eleusis : 
 
 " Ou se trouvoit cette Statue dont V 6clat eblouissoit les 
 
 nouveaux initids^.''' 
 
 The 
 
 (*) Chandler's Travels in Greece, pp. 191, 192. 
 
 (■*) Montfaucon's Antiquities, translated by David Humphreys, M.A. 
 vol. I. p. 52. 
 
 (') Voyage d'Anacharsis, torn. V. p. 537. 
 

 The Smtiie of Ctres, as it now appvai-.f. rrom 
 
 a Draumo ni.uh- hy mFla.vman . 
 
 Enoravesi by PM'Tomkiii.. 
 
 lublUtnl Mrrdt 2**rfo.«. hy ladell i Danw Strand. 
 
25 
 
 The resemblance which this Statue was supposed 
 to bear to the Cariatides in the Pandrosium of the Acro- 
 poHs at Athens, gave occasion to a surmise that it might 
 have represented a Canephoros'^. 
 
 A few facts were before urged to prove the impro- 
 bability of this conjecture; and their repetition may 
 perhaps now put the matter out of all doubt. 
 
 TheKANH<t)OPoi were certain Athenian Virgins, whose 
 office it was to carry a basket, called Kanoyn, at the 
 Panathenaea, the Dionysia, and some other solemnities. 
 This basket contained necessaries for the celebration 
 of the holy rites, as the mola salsa, the knife, or other 
 instrument to kill the victims, and the crowns. From 
 this circumstance of the procession, the Kanh<J)Opoi^ 
 received their name. Meursius gives the same account 
 of them, in his description of the Panathencea^: 
 and Cicero, mentioning two small bronze figures of 
 the Kanhoopoi carried off by Verres, also explains 
 the meaning of their appellation s. It is to be re- 
 marked. 
 
 {^) Museum Worsleyanura, vol. I. p. 95. 
 
 («) Archaeologia Graeca, vol. I. pp. 226. 383. 422. 
 
 (f) " Post hos virgines sequebantur, cum canistris; in quibus ea, quae ad 
 sacra facienda necessaria : unde illce Kavrjipspct appellata?. Hesychius : Kam- 
 (bopoi, it rocii "JTouircitq «* it ec.^iufMt'n wagUeroJ iKctvn^o^ovv , uo-ttb^ kch i» to<; 
 na»aG)jv«ioK:." Meursii PanatheiuEa, cap. 23. 
 
 (s) " Erant aenea praeterea duo signa, non maxima, verum eximia venustate, 
 virginali habitu, atque vestitu, quae inanibus sublatis sacra quaedam more 
 Atheniensium virginuin reposita in capitibus sustinebant. CANEPHOUffi ipsas 
 vocabantur." Cicero in Ver. lib. iv. 
 
 E 
 
i6- 
 
 marked, that the words " manihiis suhlatis,'' in the 
 description of Cicero, distinguish the Kanh<dopoi by art 
 attitude which does not correspond with the appearance 
 of the Statue from Eleusis. Ceres, as in that Figure, was 
 often represented with the left arm extended. Her left 
 hand generally held ears of corn, but sometimes a patera : 
 the right supported a sceptre, poppies, or fruit ^. The 
 canisters or baskets of the KANH<^opoI were also filled, 
 upon certain occasions, with flowers, and other vegetable 
 productions. At the Rites of Bacchus, the Kana were 
 of gold, and contained fruit ^. Canephorian Festivals are 
 not yet entirely abolished ; remains of them being still 
 observed in the Greek Islands'^. 
 
 Much error has arisen from having confounded 
 the Kanh<i>opoi with the Kistooopqi. And this cir- 
 cumstance is mentioned by a Scholiast in a note to 
 Callimachus'' : " Perperam confundunt viri docti Ka- 
 vtj(popou9 et Ki(rTo<p6pov£. In calathis sive canistris 
 
 porta- 
 
 (^) See the Antiquities engTaved in the Ernesti Edition of Callimachus, 
 vol. I. p. 232. The Bas Relief, found at Athens by Wheler, p. 405. Edit. 
 Lend. 1682; and the various representations of Ceres, ia Montfaucon, and 
 (ither authors. 
 
 (^) Archseologia Graeca, vol.1, p. 383. 
 
 (O At the beginning of the vintage in the Isle of Syra, the young 
 unmarried women are seen, at sun-set, returning in procession from their labours, 
 and bearing baskets on their heads filleil with grapes and flowers ; the vine- 
 branches falling almost to the ground, and twined elegantly about their 
 persons. The noise of their songs being heard from afar, the young men 
 go out to meet them, and join the chorus as they enter the town. 
 
 (O Callimach. Hymn, et Epigram. Edit. Eraesti, vol. I. p. 233. in Schol. 
 
27 
 
 portahantur fiores et splc(B nobilihiis virgimbus, in dstis 
 verb a muUeribus sacra mysticaJ" The Ki(rro(p6pGi were 
 employed at the Eleusinkin Festival in following the 
 Procession of the Holt/ Basket, on the fourth day of the 
 celebration of the mysteries. In their baskets wxre 
 sesamin, carded wool, some grains of salt, a serpent, 
 pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, a sort of cakes called 
 ^0019, and poppies^. They are distinguished therefore 
 from the Kanh<dopoi both by their burden and their 
 character. Neither does the description of them cor- 
 respond with the Statue of Ceres, which bears on its 
 breast the Medusa, and on its head the Holi/ Bashef, 
 adorned by symbols, many of which are not now to 
 ]be explained, but which evidently refer to the sacred 
 mysteries. Among these principally appears the 
 Lotus, exactly as pictured on the Greek vases ^ The 
 Gorgon terrors of initiation were typified by the 
 Medusa ; represented, according to the most antien*: 
 form, with the tongue exposed, as on the medals of 
 Parium, on several pateras and lamps, and on a small 
 
 votive 
 
 («) Archaeologia Graeca, vol. I. p. 392. The words of Meursius are, 
 " Et in his (cistis) reconditae sesaniides, pyramides, lanae elaborate, liba multis 
 distincta umbihcis, micae aliquot saUs, draco, mala Punica, corda, ferula, 
 hederae, placentae, et papavera." Mcursii Eleusinia, cap. xxv. p. 71. 
 
 (0 See the Works of D'Hancarville, Sir W. Hamilton, &c. The capitals 
 of the Ionic columns in the portico of the Temple of Minerva Polias at 
 Athens, have the same representation of the Lotus. See Stuart's Athens, 
 vol. 11. c. 2. PI. 11. fig. ]. 
 
28 
 
 votive offering, lately found at Delphi, and now in this 
 University ^. 
 
 The Statue of Ceres at Eleusis was distinguished by 
 the Kaaa0ion, or Holy Bashct, which she bore on her 
 head, and which, during the celebration of the Mysteries, 
 was carried in solemn procession. She is thus repre- 
 sented on a medal of the Ptolemies^; on the Bas Relief 
 engraved in Wheler's Travels''; on the colossal statue 
 brought from Italy, now in the possession of Mr. Townly ; 
 and on various antique medals'^, gems, lamps, and vases. 
 A statue of Ceres is engraved in Montfaucon, after 
 a Drawing by Mons. Le Brun, in which the KaXadiov 
 is represented plain, without ornaments. It holds in 
 
 one 
 
 C) By the manner in which it was placed on a vase found at Jenikale 
 in the Cimmerian Bosporus, and now in my possession, it appears to have 
 some reference, like the amphorae on Athenian medals, to the Shades of 
 Death. See the Appendix. 
 
 C") In the Collection of the late Dr. Hunter. 
 
 (0 Page 405, folio edit. Lond. 1682. 
 
 (•') See particularly the engraving of a medal in the Notes to Spanhem's 
 edition of Gallimachus, torn. II. p. 651. where the Editor has introduced the 
 following observation. " De solemni autem calatho, qui vulgo in pompa 
 hujus Deae frugiferae praeferretur, praeter ea, quae jam hie opportune ad- 
 notarunt priores editores, addi insuper illud potest, quod Ceres calathian 
 passim in capite gestare cernitur in nummis, aliisve antiquis ejus simulacris. 
 Cujusmodi duoe, quae hie infra prostant, Romani juxta et Graeci nummi 
 icones ; quarum prior, ut ipsa praefert nummi inscriptio, Cererem exhibet 
 aut Saloninam, Gallieni Imp. conjugem, sub Cereris sedentis, quae calathtuu 
 supra caput gestat, schemate, dextra autem duas spicas ac sinistra hastam 
 tenet, et inscr. CERERI AUG. AugustceJ" 
 
 See likewise the engraving of another medal in Haym's Tesoro Britannico, 
 vol. II. p. 210. PI. 1. fig. 9.; and Fig. 10. of the same Plate. Also the Sitting 
 Figure of Ceres, in the Vestibule, described in the 4-th page of this Work. 
 
29 
 
 One hand a patera, and in the other poppies". The 
 original was at Rome. If the upper part of the figure 
 only had been discovered, it might with equal reason 
 have been called a Canephoros. 
 
 The beautiful Hymn of Callimachus to Ceres opens 
 at the moment in which the It^aXaOiov is descending for 
 the procession on the fourth day^ The women are 
 called upon to hail its approach ; and the prophane to 
 cast their looks to the ground, not venturing to con- 
 template so much sanctity. 
 
 Ceres, being the same with Isis ^, the KaXadiov, or 
 Turret, upon her head, is in itself a symbolical repre- 
 sentation of the Lotus. Of this we receive full conviction 
 by observing the various modes in which the Lotus 
 has been represented upon the heads of Isis, and the 
 Ka\a^o9, or KaXaO'iov, upon the heads of Ceres. In many 
 instances they will be found to be one and the same 
 symbol. A very antient and remarkable statue of Ceres 
 was published by Fabretti, and is engraved in Montfau- 
 con*", where the Lotus appears exactly as on the figures 
 
 of 
 
 (e) Montfaucon, torn. I. Plate 43. fig, 4. Edit. Paris, i722. 
 
 {^) tZ KaAaGa; KaTioi-To?, &c. The old Scholiast to these words relates that 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus introduced the Procession of the Ka^a6/ol' at Alexandria. 
 (Callim. Hymn. &c. Edit. Ernesti, p. 232.) The Rites of Ceres were thus 
 conveyed to the country from which they originally car)ie. 
 
 \^) Herodot. lib. ii. c. 59. "lo-i; ^£ fcrrt xara T/jh 'EX^r»»»» y^Wl^•c^«» A>i^-:«TU§. 
 Hist, des Inscriptions, torn. XVI. p. 20. XVII. pp. 36, 87. 
 (") Tom. I. PI. 45. fii?. 6. 
 
30 
 
 of Isis found in Egypt. It seems an established truth, 
 that Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva of 
 Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of 
 Eleusis, the Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, and 
 the Bellona of the Romans. Indeed, in proportion as we 
 advance to the source of those opinions which gave 
 birth to the Pagan Mythology, the confusion, which at 
 first view seemed to bewilder the inquirer, gradually 
 disappears. The most antient expositors of Heathen 
 Fables teach us to believe that all their Divinities were 
 modifications of the active and passive principle of 
 Creation. The Giver of Light might be worshipped as 
 the Sun ; and the Receiver was rationally typified by the 
 Moon, Once in possession of this clue, the complicate 
 labyrinth of Paganism, whether surveyed in Egypt, 
 in Greece, in Persia, or the more distant Eastern 
 countries, may be explored. The agency of light upon 
 a chaotic fluid, that important truth, recorded in the 
 annals of every people, and resulting from the latest 
 researches into the History of Nature, was known to all 
 nations. Hence the transition is natural to those various 
 titles and personifications which became so numerous. 
 Sol, Titan, Mithras, Osiris, Ammon, and Belus, were 
 multiplied to such an extent, that Varro relates there 
 w^ere no less than three hundred different modes by 
 which Jupiter alone was represented. The same may 
 be said of the personifications of the passive principle. 
 
 The 
 

 
 
 V^ /''^ 
 
 
 .■^Wl 
 
 
 \ 
 
 w 
 
 The status cfCWe. .,ith Ac Far. n.tona ncronUru, to th. he.t Authoritie. DcMan.dhyFla.vnum. 
 Enqravcd by P.W.TomMn.t . 
 
 fuHi.'hcd March 14-'.- iSoa .hy CadcaiDo^-uj Str.wd. 
 
31 
 
 The Magna Mater was Isis, Luna, Juno, Astarte, 
 Vesta, Ceres, Proserpine, Minerva, or Diana, according 
 as their respective rites and appellations suited the 
 customs and the language of the countries in which 
 they were worshipped. 
 
 How beautiful is the mystic fable of the birth of 
 Typhon, son of Tartarus and Terra ^ ; and how simple 
 the explanation ! Subterranean fire is vomited. At this 
 awful manifestation of the first great principle of 
 Heathen Theocracy, all the herd of Divinities, who 
 were merely its modifications, shrunk and hid them- 
 selves^: Jupiter became a Ram; Mercury an Ibis; 
 Apollo a Crow ; Juno a Cow ; Bacchus a Goat ; Diana 
 a Cat; Venus a Fish% &c. It is curious to observe 
 the peculiar appropriation w^hich characterizes these 
 metamorphoses ; so that the various animals, introduced 
 as mystic symbols, should still typify their respective 
 relations to the active and passive principle. The former 
 presented itself as a Ram, an Ibis, a Crow, and a Goat ; 
 the latter, as ^ Cow, a Cat, and a Fish^: and thus they 
 
 were 
 
 (0 Hesiod. Theog. V. S19. Edit. Oxon. 1737. Hygini Fabulae, p. 35. 
 Edit. Basil. 1570. 
 
 C') Hence originated tlie fable of the Giants warring against Heaven, whom 
 Jupiter is said to have confined beneath a Volcano (^Etna), which for three 
 thousand years has thrown out fire. 
 
 (') Ovid. Met. lib. 5. 325. Edit. Amst. 1727. 
 
 C*") " Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image the 
 
 likeness of any/s/( that is in the waters," Deuteronomy, iv. 16. 18. 
 
32 
 
 were represented among the Antients. The Dolphin 
 is found representing or accompanying Venus ; and the 
 Ram typifying the Egyptian Ammon. 
 
 The depravity of man tending always to personify 
 Deity, caused the representation of abstract ideas by 
 visible signs. That which could only be mentally 
 viewed, became thus a symbolical exhibition. Among 
 other abominations, the active and passive principle 
 were often figured, and worshipped, under appearances 
 the most detestable. Hence ignorant men have supposed 
 the people to be more vicious than was consistent with 
 their real history. The types they used were lamentable 
 proofs of a degenerate superstition ; but there was no 
 moral turpitude in the ideas to which they referred^. 
 
 It is now above an hundred and twenty-seven years 
 since this Statue was first discovered by Wheler, and 
 made known to the world by the publication of his 
 Travels. During all that period, various attempts were 
 made for its removal. The Eleusinians, whose super- 
 stitions^ respecting it were so great that Dr. Chandler 
 paid a large sum for permission to dig near it, relate, 
 that as often as foreigners came to remove the Statue, 
 some disaster ensued. They believed that the arm of 
 any person who offered to touch it with violence, would 
 
 drop 
 
 (*) See Herodotus, Plutarch, and Lucian. 
 
 (•*) It was their custom to burn a lamp before it, upon festival days. 
 
33 
 
 drop off; and said, that once being taken from lier 
 station by the French, she returned back in the night 
 to her former situation . Nevertheless, ditierent Ambas- 
 sadors and Envoys, residing at Constantinople, made 
 application for its removal, and failed of success. Diplo- 
 matic intrigue, the artifices and meddling cunning of 
 the Greek Consuls, and, most of all, the enormous 
 vreight of the Statue, in a country where mechanical 
 aid v^as not to be procured, frustrated their views. It 
 is well known, that Monsieur de Choisseul Gouffier 
 endeavoured to obtain it for the French nation ; and the 
 agents of our own Ambassador arrived at Eleusis a few 
 days after it sailed for England, attended by a Janissary 
 of the Porte, to give orders for its being added to his 
 collection. 
 
 A short narrative of the means used by private indi- 
 viduals, unaided by diplomatic power or patronage, to 
 procure for the University, of w^hich they are members, 
 this interesting monument of the Arts and Mythology 
 of Greece, may not prove unwelcome. 
 
 The difficulties to be encountered were not trivial. 
 It was first necessary to purchase "^ the Statue from the 
 
 Waiwode, 
 
 (') Those who have visited Turkey know the difficulty of making such a 
 purchase. Among other absurd notions which the Turks, and even some 
 of the Greeks, have about foreigners, they beheve such stones are only sought 
 for the gold they contain ; and this gold, not in the form of ore, but of ready 
 coined, fine, glittering sequins. 
 
 F 
 
34 
 
 Waiwode, or Governor of Athens, who alone had power 
 to dispose of it. A Firman was then to be obtained for 
 its removal; the attendance of a Turkish officer to 
 enforce the order ; and a vessel capable of conveying it 
 awaj. The old qnay of Eleusis, consisting of immense 
 blocks of marble, broken and disordered, required repara- 
 tion. Across the chasms, where the stones were wanted, 
 it was necessary to place pieces of timber, as temporary 
 bridges, that the Statue might be conveyed to the utmost 
 extremity of the quay, where a sufficient depth of water 
 would admit the approach of large boats. 
 
 When all these preliminaries were adjusted, which 
 required equal promptness and secresy, amidst the oppo- 
 sition to be expected from a herd of idle and mercenary 
 Greeks, acting as Consuls to different nations ; in what 
 manner could a foreigner, without any mechanical aid, 
 expect to raise a mass of that magnitude, and convey 
 it over rocks and ruins, from its station at Eleusis to 
 the sea ? 
 
 Athens afforded a rope of twisted herbs, and a few 
 large nails. A small saw about six inches in length, 
 an axe, and some long poles, were found at Eleusis. 
 The stoutest of these poles were cut, and pieces nailed 
 in a triangular form, having transverse beams at the 
 vertex and base. Weak as this machine was, it ac- 
 quired considerable strength by the weight of the Statue, 
 when placed on the transverse beams. With the 
 
 remainder 
 
35 
 
 remainder of the poles were made rollers, over which 
 the machine might move. The rope was then made 
 fast to each extremity of the transverse beams at the 
 vertex. Simple as this contrivance was, it succeeded, 
 when perhaps more complicate machinery might have 
 failed ; and a mass of marble weighing near two tons 
 was moved over the brow of the hill, or Acropolis 
 of Eleusis, and from thence to the sea, in about nine 
 hours. 
 
 An hundred peasants were collected from the village 
 and neighbourhood of Eleusis, and near fifty boys. The 
 peasants w^ere ranged forty on each side to work 
 at the ropes, the rest being employed with levers to 
 raise the machine, when rocks or large stones opposed 
 its progress. The boys, who were not strong enough 
 to work at the ropes and levers, were employed in 
 taking up the rollers as fast as the machine left them, 
 and in placing them again in front. 
 
 But the superstition of the inhabitants of Eleusis, 
 respecting an idol which they all regarded as the pro- 
 tectress of their fields, was not the least obstacle to be 
 overcome'*. On the evening preceding the removal of 
 the Statue, an accident happened, which had nearly put 
 an end to the undertaking. While the inhabitants were 
 
 conversing 
 
 (*) They maintained that no ship would ever get safe into port with the 
 Statue on board ; and the prediction was amply verified in the wreck of the 
 Princessa. 
 
36 
 
 conversing with the Turkish officer who brought the 
 Firman from the Waiw^ode of Athens, an ox, loosed 
 from its yoke, came and placed itself before the Statue, 
 and, after butting with its horns for some time against 
 the marble, ran off with considerable speed, bellowing, 
 into the plain of Eleusis. Instantly a general murmur 
 prevailed; and several women joining in the clamour, 
 it was with difficulty any proposal could be made. 
 " They had been always," they said, " famous for their 
 corn; and the fertility of the land would cease when 
 the Statue was removed." These are exactly the words 
 of Cicero with respect to the Sicilians, when Verres 
 removed the Statue of Ceres: ''Quod, Cerere violatd, 
 omnes cultus fructusque Cereris in his locis interiisse 
 arbitranturf^y 
 
 At length, however, these scruples were removed ; 
 and on the following morning, November 22^ 1801, 
 the Priest of Eleusis, arrayed in his vestments as for 
 high mass, descended into the hollow in which the 
 Statue was partially buried, to strike the first blow 
 with a pickaxe for the removal of the rubbish, that the 
 people might be convinced no calamity would befall 
 the labourers. At mid-day the Statue had reached the 
 
 summit 
 
 (" ) Cicero in Verr. lib. iv. c. 5 I . The removal of the Statues of Ceres and 
 Triptolemus from the Temple at Enna, by Verres, is particularly applicable : 
 " His pulchritudo periculo, amplUudo saluti fuit, quod eorum demolitio, atque 
 asportatio, perdijicilis videbatur." Lib. iv. c. 49. 
 
summit of the hill above Eleusis ; and, as the sun was 
 setting, by the additional assistance of the crew of a 
 Casiot vessel hired to convey it away, was placed at the 
 extremity of the antient quay of the port. 
 
 The next day, 23*^ of November, boats were placed 
 parallel to each other from the quay to the vessel ; and 
 planks being laid over them, a kind of stage was 
 formed, on which the crew could more easily work the 
 blocks of the ship. These being all brought to act at 
 once upon the marble, it was raised and let into the 
 hold. The vessel then sailed to Smyrna, where the 
 S,tatue was again moved into the Princessa merchant- 
 man. Captain Lee. In her passage home, this vessel was 
 wrecked and lost near Beachy Head ^ ; but the Statue 
 was recovered, and finally reached its destination, 
 
 XV. 
 
 A BAS RELIEF found in Athens. The subject 
 appears to be The Initiation of Hercules in the 
 
 Eleusi- 
 
 (*•) Herein was completely verified the augury of the Eleusiniaus ; who 
 were so convinced of the disaster which was to befall the vessel, that the news 
 of the wreck has served to confirm them in their superstitions concerning the 
 Statue. It may be amusing to add, that subsequent travellers, having visited 
 the spot since the Statue was removed, have been much entertained with the 
 stories they relate. The first year after the departure of the Goddess, their 
 corn proved very abundant, and they were in constant expectation that Ceres 
 would return. The next year, however, was not so favourable ; and they 
 begin to fear she has deserted them. '' It would have been impossible," they 
 say, " without witchcraft, to hare carried her off." 
 
38 
 
 Eleusinian Mysteries. A Priestess of Ceres, with the 
 peculiar Patera in her right hand which characterizes the 
 Rites of Ceres, seems to invite the Hero, who is leaning 
 on his club, to partake in the solemnities. But it must 
 be remarked, that Fig;ures of Hercules in such drapery, 
 if not entirely unknown, are extremely rare. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Fragment of a MARBLE STATUE, found in the 
 Ruins of a magnificent Temple of Jupiter Liberator, 
 at the foot ofSouNT Ida. It represents the lower half 
 of a Female Figure, whose drapery has been executed in 
 the first style ot^Grecian sculpture. The Ruins of the 
 Temple were dily^overed by the Writer of this account 
 in the Spring of the year 1801, during a journey to the 
 source of the Riv^:, whether Simois, or Scamander% 
 
 which. 
 
 ( ^ ) " Whether Simois, or Scamander."] This equivocal expression may pos- 
 sibly require some comment; although it is by no means my intention to enter 
 here upon a controversy which involves so much discussion. With regard to 
 the mere name of the river, it is very remarkable, (and the suggestion was 
 made to me by Mr. Walpole of Trinity College, who has lately examined the 
 Plain of Troy with much attention,) that, while almost every antient author 
 has been ransacked for references concerning the dispute upon Troy and its 
 locality, the following passage of Horace has been entirely overlooked : 
 " Te manet Assaraci tellus, quam frigida 2}arvi 
 
 Findnnt Scamandri flumina." Epod. XIII. 
 
 Can it be supposed, that if the epithet great properly applied to the Sca- 
 mander, the poet would have used the word parvi ; especially when the 
 
 insertion 
 
39 
 
 which, bursting in a perennial cataract from the rocks 
 of Gargarus, waters, and sometimes inundates, the 
 PJain of Troy. The Temple was of white marble, of 
 the Doric order, and of such astonishing magnitude, 
 that the dimensions of the entablature exceeded those 
 of the Parthenon at Athens. The neighbouring town of 
 Bairamitch has long derived its materials for building 
 from the Ruins of this Temple, and the baths by which 
 it was surrounded. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 Part of a COLUjSIN of that rare antient Breccia 
 called bv the Italians " Verde Antico.'" It was taken 
 from the Temple of Erectheus, in the Acropolis of 
 Athens. There are circumstances which direct to the 
 long-lost quarries of that beautiful mineral. It is the 
 substance called " Green Marble of Laconia' by Pliny''. 
 Paul Silentiarius, enumerating the different marbles 
 employed in the Church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, 
 mentions the '' Laconian Green.'' In that edifice, the 
 only green marble is of this kind. As the southern 
 
 district 
 
 insertion of viagni, independent of any attention to truth, neither affects the 
 rultis of metre, nor the rhythm of the verse ? 
 
 The Reader, perusing the various dissertations which the heat of the 
 Trojan controversy called forth, may perhaps be surprized that no notice has 
 yet been taken of this remarkable document. 
 
 (*») Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. cap. 7. 
 
40 
 
 district of the Morea is no longer considered difficult of 
 access, it is recommended to travellers, who visit the 
 neighbourhood of Misitra% to seek for the Breccia to 
 which those authors so evidently direct their researches. 
 There is every reason to conclude that the substance 
 called Verde Antico by the Italians, was originally de- 
 rived from the quarries of Laconia*". 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 A MARBLE BAS RELIEF, found at Athens, 
 remarkable for the ease and freedom exhibited in the 
 sculpture. It is supposed to represent Caligula 
 bringing his Daughter, Livia Drusilla, to the pro- 
 tecting Minerva. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 A Representation in Marble of an Antient 
 
 Scenic MASK, found in the Ruins of the Proscenium 
 
 of the Theatre at Stratonice in Asia Minor, by 
 
 R. Walpole, of Trinity College, Cambridge, Editor 
 
 of ** Comicorum Grcecorum Fragmenta,'' and by him 
 
 deposited in the Vestibule. 
 
 Of 
 
 (^) Near the site of Antient Sparta, and the present Capital of Laconia. 
 
 C') A substance, much resembling the Verde Antico, has been recently 
 discovered in Anglesea; of which I have received specimens for the Mineralo- 
 gical Lecture. It is not so beautiful, hovvever, as that found in the ruins of 
 Greece and Italy. 
 
41 
 
 Of this Classical Relic it may be observed, that it 
 offers the only correct model, hitherto brought to this 
 country, of the riposnnoN of the Greeks, and Persona 
 of the Romans. It seems to have formed part of the 
 ornament of the theatre in vs^hich it was founds and is 
 pecuharly illustrative of a passage in Julius Pollux, who, 
 in his chapter on Comic Masks, specifically alludes to a 
 singularity observable in the features here sculptured'^. 
 According to Aristotle, in the fifth chapter of his Poetics, 
 the origin of the use of Masks is unknown. Suidas and 
 Athenseus attribute it to Choerilus, contemporary with 
 Thespis. Horace gives the invention to ^schylus ^. 
 Diomedes asserts, that, on the Roman stage, the first 
 Mask was worn by Roscius Gallus. The custom of 
 
 wearing 
 
 (« ) At the same time it may be remarked, that such marble effigies of 
 Scenic Masks were deposited as VOWS in the theatres of the Antients. In the 
 Medicean Collection of Gems, {Museum Florentinitm, Tom. II, Tab. 85. No. 3,) 
 is a sculptured sardonyx-agate, whereon appears a Marble Mask, placed upon 
 a small pillar in the proscenium of a theatre ; before which an aged Poet, or 
 Performer, having the crook inverted, is presented by the Muse. Gori's 
 observations upon that gem do not exactly coincide with these remarks. The 
 Mask, from its pleasing appearance and closed mouth, seems rather orchestric 
 than comic ; and the ceremony represented, from the circumstance of the 
 inverted crook, may be valedictory on the part of the aged figure. He has 
 added the suggestion of a friend, which affords perhaps the best illustration: 
 ** Quidam amicus meus, gemmam banc, dura earn iUustrarem, curiosius inspii- 
 " ciens, referre posse credebat ^schylum Tragoediae parentem, inventoreraque 
 " personae, non terribilis et horrificae, sed honestze, ut docet lioratius." 
 
 (^ ) 'AtxTsltBi tv» erepan OOPYN. 
 
 Jul. Pollux, tlif) nfoffuvur KufAtyMt. 
 
 (') "Post hunc Personje," &c. Hor, de Arte Poet. 
 
 G 
 
42 
 
 wearing Masks upon the Stage continued until the age 
 of St. John Chrjsostom, who mentions that the Tra- 
 gedians of his time wore them ^. The first Masks were 
 made of the bark of trees; and afterwards they were con- 
 structed of leather; but being liable to alter their form, 
 Hesjchius says wooden Masks were preferred. They 
 were also made of bronze, and so formed as to aid the 
 speaker, by rendering his voice audible in the vast 
 theatres of the Antients. According to Julius Pollux, 
 there were three sorts of Masks ; the Comic, the 
 Tragic, and the Satyric. The Satyric were sometimes 
 caricatures ; and so like the person intended, that the 
 resemblance was recognised by the spectators, before 
 the actor opened his mouth. They had also orchestric 
 Masks, for the dancers, without the mouth open, which 
 were described by Lucian as having a more natural 
 and pleasing appearance than others used in the Drama. 
 A particular Mask was assigned to each character by 
 the antient dramatists; and representations of the proper 
 Masks to be worn by the persons of the Drama w^ere 
 carefully delineated in the manuscript copies of their 
 plays ; as may be proved by the Manuscript of Terence 
 in the Collection at Paris. 
 
 With regard to the particular Mask which forms 
 the subject of this Article, its resemblance to the busts 
 
 and 
 
 (*) Chrysostomi Horn. VI. in Lazar. 
 
is 
 
 and antient portraits of Socrates ought not to pass 
 without notice, when it is considered that caricature 
 representations of his countenance were absolutely 
 necessary in the performance of " The Clouds" of 
 Aristophanes. 
 
 XX. 
 
 A. MOST exquisite Piece of Sculpture in Bas Relief, 
 representing VICTORY in her Car, and probably 
 alluding to the Career of Conquest which marked the 
 marches of Alexander s army in Asia. It was found in 
 the Castle of Pergamus, in Lydia, about sixty feet from 
 the ground, and brought to England by the late 
 Captain George Clarke of the Royal Navy, while 
 Commander of His Majesty's ship The Braakel. An 
 engraving made from it adorns the Frontispiece of 
 Mr. WiLKiNs's ** Antiquities of Magna Grcecia'* 
 
 XXL 
 
 Part of one of the COLUMNS of the Temple of 
 Apollo Thymbr^us ; found among the Ruins which 
 still exist on the banks of the River Thymbrius, near 
 the Plain of Troy. It serves to illustrate a passage 
 in Aristophanes ^ in which he alludes to the very 
 
 antient 
 
 (•>) Arisrtophanes, KTPBI2, Neph. v. 447. edit. Kuster. Id. STHAH, 
 Lysist. 513. See also Lysias, edit. Reiske, vol. I. p. 493. And Suidas, 
 STHAH. — *£> It •yiY^onrrsit ■n TotJ ffTyiXnivojAttov vj3g»{. ToMai»j St xai tvt^yiru* 
 
44 
 
 antient custom of cohimnating^ Public Men; that is to 
 say, of inscribing memorials of honour, or of reproach, 
 upon the pillars of the temples. The interesting 
 Inscription here given, commemorates the gratitude of 
 the citizens towards a Phrontistes of Drusus Cccsar, who 
 cleared the Hellespont of pirates, without imposing any 
 additional taxes upon the city. 
 
 HBOYAHIKAIOAHMOZ 
 
 ETEIMHZANTITONOY 
 
 AEPIONnPOKAONTON4>PON 
 
 TIZTHNAPOYZOYKAIZA 
 
 POSKA0EAONTATAENEA 
 
 AHZnONTnAHZTHPIAKAl 
 
 ENARAZINANEniBAPHTON 
 
 4>YAAEANTATHNnOAIN 
 
 fTranslation.J 
 
 " The Senate and the People honour Titus Valerius Proclus, 
 " the Phrontistes of Drusus Caesar, who cleared the Hel- 
 " lespont of Pirates, and, in all things, preserved the City 
 " unburthened." 
 
 m^yza'icn d)i»y^u(potiTut, " In quo inscribuntur facinora ejus, qui infamatur. 
 " Saepe tamen etiana beneficia eorum, qui bene de Bobis merite, (in steJis) 
 " inscribuntur." 
 
 (2) In using this liberty with the English language, may it not be asked, 
 if the Latin word Ccdumnia had not a similar origin r 
 
45 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Fragment of one of the METOPES from the 
 Parthenon at Athens, those surprizing monuments 
 of the genius of Phidias, the undoubted work of his 
 hands, which, in Alto Relievo, represented The Combat 
 OF THE Lapith^ AND Centaurs. Much finer examples 
 have been brought to this country bj the Earl of Elgin ; 
 but when the Author was in Athens, the removal of any 
 article of Athenian sculpture was an exclusive privilege 
 reserved for the Ambassador. The present Fragment, 
 however, was a gift of the Turkish Governor in the 
 Acropolis. It is executed in the Marble of Mount 
 Pentelicus. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 jol square Slab of Parian Marble, inscribed to 
 the Honour of Drusus Cjesar, Son of Germanicus and 
 Agrippina, who was starved to death by Tiberius, in 
 consequence of the calumnies of Sejanus. This most 
 interesting Inscription was found by the Author, in 
 journeying from Alexandria Troas towards the Plain of 
 Troy. It was lying in two pieces, on the surface of 
 the earth, with the Characters downwards. The Slab 
 is of considerable thickness, and extends full eight inches 
 into the wall of the Vestibule. The style of the Incrip- 
 tion having nearly a claim to the Classical purity of the 
 
 Augustan 
 
46 
 
 Augustan age, and coeval with the Crucifixion of the 
 Messiah, may afford an ^:cellent model for compositions 
 of this nature ; while the interest excited by the story 
 of the age to which it refers, and the rarity of any 
 pubhc monuments to Drusus Caesar, on account of his 
 untimely death, entitle this memorial to the regard of 
 the Student, the Scholar, and the Historian. 
 
 (Inscription.) 
 
 DRVSO CAESARI 
 
 GERMANICI CAESARIS 
 
 Fl LIO 
 
 Tl AVGVSTI N EPOTI 
 
 DIVI AVGVSTI PRONEPOTI 
 
 PONTI FICI 
 
 D D 
 
 (Translation.) 
 " Inscribed and Dedicated to the Pontifex Drusus Caesar, 
 " Son of Germanicus, Grandson of Tiberius Augustus, Great 
 " Grandson of Divine Augustus." 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 A MARBLE, with a Greek Inscription, found 
 by the Author among the Ruins of Phanagoria, now 
 Taman, a city on the Asiatic side of the Cimmerian Bos- 
 porus. It seems to have been originally placed over the 
 entrance of a Temple. From the injury the Stone has 
 sustained, part of the Inscription is lost ; and it is not 
 possible to give any other illustration of its purport than 
 
 what 
 
47 
 
 what a faithful transcript of the remaining Characters 
 will afford. It is therefore considered in the same view 
 as the Inscription from Circassia, mentioned in No. VII. 
 and is only worthy of notice on account of the rela- 
 tionship it bears to the style of writing adopted by the 
 remote Colonies of Greece, in which these imperfect 
 documents were discovered. 
 
 AIArAnOATT^NElSATTONrENOMENASTEIMA . . . 
 AIETEKAIAXEIS<5)0PIAI2A11ASAI2TAI2:kATATHNB.. 
 AEIX0ENTATOYK.AISAPEIOYAIABIOYEIirENOZ . . . 
 TAZANESTHSENTEIMHSXAPINSTNTfiKAIEni. . . . 
 MEPANAYTnNYnOTEEMOYKAITnNEK.TONn... 
 
 XXV. 
 
 An altar of Parian Marble, brought from 
 Delos by an Ancestor of the Rev. Bridges Harvey, of 
 Jesus College, Cambridge. It was presented by him to 
 the Author, when engaged in placing the Greek Marbles 
 in the Vestibule. His name has been therefore inscribed 
 upon a small Pedestal below. Such Altars are common 
 in the Isle of Cos, and other parts of Greece, at this day. 
 The Turks scoop a conical cavity in them, and use them 
 as mortars, wherein they bruise their coffee. They are 
 generally adorned with the Ram's Head, sustaining a 
 fillet and festoon, in relief, as in the sculpture seen 
 on the Harveian Marble. The Monument upon the 
 Islands called Cyaneae, at the entrance of the Euxine 
 from the Thracian Bosporus, which has been falsely 
 
 described 
 
48 
 
 described by travellers as a Pillar, is an Altar of this 
 nature, upon which mariners were accustomed to place 
 their vows for a prosperous voyage, previous to em- 
 barking on that inhospitable sea. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 A BUST of JUNO, in Parian Marble, found with 
 No. XVI. among the Ruins of the Doric Temple of 
 Jupiter before mentioned, as situated beneath Gargarus, 
 at the base of Mount Ida. 
 
 ''ldr}V 3' 'LKavev woXvTridaKa, fxrirepa Btipcov, 
 TdpyapoVj ev6a he ol Te;aei/09, (Sco/jlo's re 6vt]6i£. 
 
 Iliad. 0. 47. 
 
 But when to Ida's topmost height he came, 
 (Fair Nurse of fountains, and of savage game) 
 Where, o'er her pointed summits proudly raised, 
 His fane breathed odours, and his altars blazed. 
 
 Pope's II. VIII. 57. 
 
 A more particular account of these Ruins is reserved 
 
 for another publication. In the mean time it may be 
 
 observed, that iEschylus ^ probably alludes to this Temple 
 
 in the following passage : 
 
 Ok eV 'Ida'up irayM 
 
 Atos YlaTpMov /3a)/xos iarTi. 
 In rupe cui paterni Idaea sit Jovis ara. 
 Plutarch (in Parall.) also mentions the building of an 
 Altar of Idcean Jove {^Maiov Aios) in Phrygia. 
 
 {' ) ^schyl. in Niob. Vide Strabo, lib. xii. p. 5S0. 
 
49 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 A Marble BAS RELIEF, brought from Athens 
 by the Earl of Aberdeen. It is perhaps the same 
 mentioned by Wheler^, and represents a Lecti- 
 sternium in honour of Ceres, who, according to the 
 Mythology of the Greeks, assumed the figure of a Mare 
 to avoid the importunities of Neptune. She was there- 
 fore often worshipped, as typified in this Bas ReUef, 
 under the symbol of a Horse's Head ; particularly in 
 Sicily, where her statues represented her veiled in 
 black, with the head of a Horse ; holding a dove in one 
 hand, and a dolphin in the other. The horse Arion is 
 said to have sprung from the union of Ceres fNightJ 
 and Neptune (The Ocean.J This fable is evidently 
 an allusion to the rising of a constellation, at a 
 particular period of the Egyptian year. So antient is 
 the representation of the Horse's Head, as connected 
 with the principle of which Ceres was a type *^, that we 
 find it associated with the dead in the Catacombs of 
 Egypt, and upon the Sopoi of that country; particularly 
 in the celebrated example engraved by Niebuhr, of a 
 cistern brought originally from Ca'iro, and now placed 
 with the Soros of Alexander in the British Museum ^. 
 It is worthy of remark, that the Horse's Head placed 
 
 in 
 
 (»>) See Wheler's Travels, p. 406. Edit. Lond. 1682. 
 
 i^) See p. SO. and also the Dissertation on Medusa's Head in the Appendix. 
 
 (^) Tomb of Alexander, p. 7. 
 
 n 
 
50 
 
 in this Bas Relief exactly corresponds with the situation 
 of the Russian Boghs, idols of the Greek Church, in 
 their private apartments and public buildings. 
 
 XXVIIL 
 
 Part of an ILIEAN MARBLE PILLAR, com- 
 memorating the antient usage mentioned in No. XXL 
 but bearing an Inscription of much more antient date. 
 Professor Porson believed it to be as old as the Archon- 
 ship of Euclid. It v^^as found among the Ruins of a 
 Temple near the sources of the Scamander, in the Plain 
 of Troy. As to the construction, the verb signifying 
 HONOUR is omitted, as in the Tithorean Inscription, so 
 learnedly illustrated by Dr. Parr in " The Tomb of 
 Alexander^,'' and in various other instances noted by 
 Spon^. In the Third Volume of Chevalier's Account of 
 Troy, the Inscription of this Pillar was most inaccurately 
 published, on the authority of Akerblad. The following 
 is a genuine copy. 
 
 AlKOINnNOYZAITHZGYZIAZ 
 KAITOYArnNOSKAITHZ 
 
 r A N H rvp Enz 
 
 PYGAN 
 ZKAMANAPOTIMOYIAIAAA 
 KAAnZKAIAHIf2ZKANH<I>0 
 PHZAZANEYZEBEIAZ 
 ENEKENTHZPROZTHNGEON 
 
 (*) See Tomb of Alexander, Append. IV. p. 155. 
 
 ('') See Spon's Marmora Grteca, Nos. 6. 16. 17. 20. 21. 23. 24. 52. 65. 
 Also No. 45. o£ Marmora Oxoniensia, Part II. 
 
51 
 
 (Translation.) 
 " Those " partaking of the Sacrifice, and of the Games, and 
 *' of the whole Festival, honoured Pytha, daughter of Sca- 
 " mandrotimus, Native of Ilium, who performed the Office 
 " of Canephoros in an exemplary and distinguished manner, 
 " for her Piety towards the Goddess." 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 OMALL Marble BAS RELIEF, found in the 
 Remains of the antient City of Sigeum, upon the Pro- 
 montory of that name, in the year 1801. It repre- 
 sents two persons, one in the Civic, and the other 
 in the Military dress, approaching Minerva of Ilium. 
 There were originally Inscriptions, affording the names 
 of these personages, place^ji immediately over the figures ; 
 one only of which now remains perfect ; namely, that 
 above the figure of the Goddess ; over which the word 
 A0HNA may he distinctly perceived. The inscrip- 
 tion above the figure in the Civic dress is lost; but 
 above the Warrior, the termination of a name is visible 
 in the following characters, AAOZ. 
 
 ("=) The feminine of the original is not distinguished in the Translation^ as 
 Professor Person so read it ; and it seems doubtful whether the allusion is 
 made to Women, or to Cities. 
 
52 
 
 -A-YvAl.. 
 
 A SMALL MARBLE TABLET, with an Inscrip- 
 tion, found in the AcropoHs of Athens, near the 
 Prjtaneum. The following Characters only are legible. 
 
 M M A r E Y E 
 
 EnPYTANE YE 
 
 TAS LAXE SE 
 
 2ENAELAO LO 
 
 EX N H A LI 
 
 N A E 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 A SMALL MARBLE TABLET, with an Inscrip- 
 tion, found at the Sources of the Scamander. The 
 Characters of the Inscription, which is very entire, are 
 as follow. 
 
 XlflNlAHZ 
 
 MHTPOTIMOY 
 
 MHTPOTI MOS 
 XJriNIAOY 
 
 nBI A2KAMANAPOY 
 
 TYNHAEMHTPOTIMOY 
 
 (Translatioti.) 
 " Chlonides, Son of Metrotimus ; Metrotimus, Son of 
 " Chlonides ; Obia, Daughter of Scamander, and Wife 
 " of Metrotimus." 
 
53 
 XXXII. 
 
 oupERB TORSO, of a Male Figure in Parian 
 Marble, brought from the Ruins of Cnidus, in Caria, by 
 R. Walpole of Trinity College, and presented by him, 
 together with No. XIX., after his return from his travels 
 in Asia Minor. The best sculpture of antient Greece 
 once decorated the public edifices of the Cnidians. They 
 purchased of Praxiteles the celebrated Statue of Venus, 
 which they refused to Nicomedes king of Bithynia, 
 although he offered to liquidate an enormous debt under 
 which their city laboured ^. The same people also carried 
 statues to Delphi. Pausanias mentions some of them 
 which stood near the treasury of the Sicyonians ^. Even 
 in the mutilated state of this Torso, the taste shewn in 
 the disposition of drapery, and the anatomical accuracy 
 of representation, are sufficient to prove the high degree 
 of perfection to which sculpture had attained, when the 
 statue was completed. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 A vow TO HERCULES; being a Sculptured 
 Representation of the Club of that Deity, in Marble, 
 brought from Athens. Offerings of this nature were 
 common in antient Greece. They were placed, either 
 by the public roads, or in small cavities scooped in the 
 sides of rocks, amidst consecrated groves, or by fountains, 
 
 or 
 
 (^) Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. c.5. (•') Pausan. in Phoc. 
 
54 
 
 or bv the altars of the Gods. The custom is still pre- 
 served among the superstitions of the Romish Church ; 
 before whose painted idols, similar Vows, in wood or 
 w^ax, may be observed near all the public roads, par- 
 ticularly those which traverse the Alps and Pyrenees. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 A SMALL FRAGMEJfT of SCULPTURED MaRBLE, 
 
 found in Egypt, and taken from the House of the French 
 Institute in Grand Cairo. It has probably more reference 
 to Grecian than to Egyptian Mythology. It represents 
 a Winged Infant, perhaps Cupid, with his Torch, holding 
 by the drapery of a Female Figure. Were it not for the 
 circumstance of the wings, the proportions of the Child 
 w^ould rather prove it an Infant Hercules, with the Club. 
 An observation of Suetonius, in his Life of Caligula % 
 seems to explain the story intended by the original 
 group. Germanicus had nine children, of which two 
 died young. Livia caused one of them to be represented 
 as a Cupid. Augustus placed it in his apartment, and 
 kissed it whenever he entered. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 Fragment of a Small TRIPOD, in Marble. 
 A VOW (See No. XXXIII.) from Athens. It repre- 
 sented the forms of Three Female Figures, standing with 
 their backs to each other. 
 
 (^) Suetonius in Vit.Calig. p. 370. Edit. Beroald. Lugd. 154-S. 
 
55 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 SxMALL Sitting FIGURE of CERES, in Marble. 
 A YOW (See No. XXXIII.) from Athens. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 The paw of a LION, in Marble, being one of 
 the Feet of a large Tripod, from Athens. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 Xragment of a Colossal Statue, found in 
 the Ruins of Paphos, now Baffa, and brought hy 
 the Author from Larnica, in the Isle of Cyprus. The 
 Turks had used it with other building materials, and 
 fixed it with mortar in a wall. It exhibits part only of 
 a Hand of the Statue to which it belonged ; the thumxb 
 of which, near the lower joint, measures six inches in 
 circumference. The anatomy in this Figure was so 
 exquisitely perfect, that even the veins on the back of 
 the hand are distinctly represented ; and, in excellence 
 of sculpture, it certainly yields to no relic of antient 
 art; not even excepting the Belvidere Apollo. The 
 marble differs from that of Greece in general ; being 
 whiter, and closer grained, than the Parian, Naxian, and 
 Thasian ; and without the veins of the Pentelican. 
 
 IN 
 
56 
 
 Xhe Author, dosing this account of the Greek 
 Marbles, cannot consistently pass in silence a docu- 
 ment of another nature, which is also deposited in the 
 Public Library ; namely, A CAST from the Famous 
 ROSETTA STONE, presented by the Directors of the 
 British Museum. Something may be due on account of 
 the relationship in which the chance of travelling placed 
 him with regard to the Original ; something on account 
 of the interest excited by the extraordinary nature of 
 the document itself; but more than all, from the cir- 
 cumstance of his being the depositary of the only correct 
 Translation which has yet been made of the Greek Text 
 upon the Stone. 
 
 It is now above three years since, conversing with 
 his lamented friend, Professor Porson, upon the subject 
 of the Rosetta Stone, the Author requested him to 
 compare the Translation which appeared at the end of 
 Duanes SeleucidcB^ with the original Greek Inscription. 
 The consequence of this request was, that the Professor 
 carefully corrected the whole of that Translation ; and 
 left the Corrected Copy, in his own beautiful hand- 
 writing, with the Author ; 
 
 MNAMA nOGfiN, MNAMA (HAO^POSYNHS ! 
 
 A short 
 
 (-) Coins of the Seleucida;, Kings of Syria ; with Historical Memoirs, &c. 
 London, 1803. 
 
57 
 
 A short time previous to this undertaking, he com- 
 municated to the Society of Antiquaries their own 
 facsimile of the Greek Text, not only with the errors 
 corrected, but also having the blanks filled up in a most 
 surprizing manner^, in all those places where the Cha- 
 racters of the Inscription were deficient, in consequence 
 of the injuries which the Stone had sustained. Of this 
 extraordinary and valuable information, the Society have 
 not, as I am informed, in any way availed the Public or 
 themselves. 
 
 The Translation of the Greek Inscription will now 
 be added, as it appeared in the publication before alluded 
 to ; marking by Italics all those alterations made by the 
 Professor; and adding a note or two, which fell from 
 him in conversation when making the corrections. 
 
 (•») So completely was the restoration made accordant with the spirit 
 and genius of the Greek language, and so strictly consistent with antieiit 
 Lithography, that the number of Capital Letters exactly corresponded, not 
 only with the space they were required to fill, but also with the relative 
 situation and corresponding proportions of the Characters above each Letter 
 introduced. Of the difficulty thus encountered, it is easier to imagine than 
 describe. Yet such was Porson ! such the persevering industry, and inde- 
 fatigable zeal, of one whom the world called idle ! 
 
 CLARLM ET VENERABILE NOMEN 
 
 GENTIBUS ! ET MULTUM NOSTR.E QUOD PRODERAT URBI ! 
 
 Porson's 
 
58 
 
 Porson's Translation of the Greek 
 Inscription on the Rosetta Stone. 
 
 J-N the reign of the young prince, who received 
 the kingdom from his father. Lord of Kings, highly glo- 
 rious, who settled the affairs of Egypt, and respectfnl 
 of the Gods, pious, successful over his enemies, restorer 
 of the life of man, lord of the tridcontaeterides % like 
 the great Yulcan king, even as the Sun the great king of 
 the upper and lower districts, descended from the Gods 
 Philopatores, whom Vulcan approved, to whom the 
 Sun gave victory, the living image of Jupiter, son of the 
 Sun, Ptolemy ever living, beloved of Phtha, in the ninth 
 year of the p?iesfhood of Aetos, the son of Aetos, of 
 Alexander, and of the Gods saviours, and the Gods 
 brothers, and of the Gods Euergetae, and the Gods 
 philopators, and of the God Epiphanes, gracious, and 
 victorious, of Berenice Euergetis Pyrra, the daughter 
 of Philinus, being canephorus ; of Arsinoe Philadelphus, 
 Areia daughter of Diogenes, being priestess ; and of 
 Arsinoe, wife of Philopater, Eirene, daughter of Ptolemy, 
 being priestess ; on the 4th day of the month Xandicus, 
 
 and 
 
 (*) The Triacontaeteiis may have been a festival periodically celebrated, 
 as were tiie Olympic Games, &.c. P. 
 
39 
 
 and of the Egyptian Mechir the I8th decree. Tlie high 
 priests and prophets, and those who go into the sanc- 
 tuary to clothe the Gods and the Pterophorae, and the 
 sacred scribes, and other priests, all collected from the 
 temples along the country to Memphis, to the king, to 
 celebrate the receiving of the kingdom by Ptolemy ^ 
 ever living, beloved of Phtha, the God Epiphanes, gra- 
 cious, which he received from his father, they being 
 assembled in the temple in Memphis, on this day, have 
 decreed, that as king Ptolemy, ever living, beloved of 
 Phtha, the God Epiphanes, gracious, descended from 
 king Ptolemy and queen Arsinoe, gods philopatores, 
 has been in many things kind both to the temples and 
 all in them, and to all placed under his government, a 
 God descended from a God and Goddess, as Orus the 
 son of Isis and Osiris, assisting his father Osiris, well dis- 
 posed towards [the worship of] the Gods, has brought to 
 the temples supplies of money and corn, supported many 
 expences in order to render the climate of Egypt whole- 
 some, and established the sacred rites, and to his utmost 
 power has done good, and of the existing reversions and 
 tributes collected in Egypt has totally remitted some and 
 lightened others, so that both the people, and all other 
 persons, might be in plenty under his government, and 
 the debts due to the king from the inhabitants of Egypt, 
 
 and 
 
 C") Polybius mentions the inauguration of Ptolemy Epiphanes. P. 
 
60 
 
 and other parts of his kingdom, which were numerous, 
 he has forgiven to the people, and those who were 
 confined in prison, and long engaged in law-suits, he 
 had delivered from their perplexities, confirmed the 
 claims on the revenues of the temples^ and the annual 
 stated contributions to them of corn and money, and 
 likewise the proportions allotted to the Gods from the 
 vineyards and gardens, and other articles appropriated 
 to the Gods in his father s time, and ordered them to 
 remain in statu quo ; and that out of what belonged to 
 the priests they should contribute no more to the re- 
 venue than they were directed to do until the first year of 
 his father ; and also freed those of the sacred orders from 
 the yearly voyage to Alexandria, and ordained exemption 
 to them from contribution to the voyage, and of the 
 money due to government for furnishing the cotton 
 cloths in the temples, he forgave two parts ; and all 
 other things that were neglected in former times he 
 resettled in their proper order, providing that the ac- 
 customed offerings should be decently contiibuted to the 
 Gods. He has also distributed justice to all, as Hermes 
 the Great and Great. He has ordained also that those 
 who went out from among the soldiers, and from others, 
 whose minds were set upon the property of their 
 neighbours in times of tumult, and returned, should re- 
 main on their own settlements ; and has also provided 
 that forces, of cavalry and infantry, and ships, should 
 
 be 
 
61 
 
 be sent against the invaders of Egypt bj sea and land ; 
 having sustained great expences both of money and 
 corn, that both the temples, and all the inhabitants of the 
 country, might be safe. And coming to the city of 
 Lycopolis, in the Busiritic [nome], which was circum- 
 vallated and fortified against a siege with a plentiful 
 supply of arms, and all other appointments, as might 
 be expected by the long preceding disaffection of the 
 wicked, who were gathered together in it, and had 
 done much mischief to the temples and inhabitants of 
 Egypt, and, by counter circling it (the city) with banks 
 and ditches and notable walls, and checking the great 
 rise of the Nile in his 8th year, which overflowed the 
 plains, by strengthening the mouths of the rivers, ex- 
 pending on them no small sums, and stationing horse 
 and foot to guard them, in a short time took the city 
 by assault, and in it slew all the wicked, as [Hermjes, 
 and Orus, son of Isis and Osiris, overcame those who 
 in the same places had formerly revolted, so all those 
 who led others to revolt from his own father, and 
 7nade desert the country and violated the temples, when 
 he came up to Memphis, to assist his father, and his 
 own kingdom, he punished properly, at which time he 
 came to observe the proper ordinances suitable to his 
 assuming the kingdom ; but forgave what was due to 
 the royal treasury from the temples up to the eighth 
 year for corn and moneVj no little sum ; and in like 
 
 manner 
 
62 
 
 manner the penalties for cotton cloths not furnished to 
 the royal treasury, and for taxes up to the same time : 
 he remitted also to the temples the deficient bushel for 
 every acre of sacred land, and also the liquid measure 
 for that of the vineyards, and many things, to Apis and 
 Mnevis he gave, and to the other sacred animals in 
 Egypt he gave many more than any kings before him, 
 always considering w^hat was becoming; and to their 
 sepulchres giving what was suitable, largely, and glo- 
 riously, and contributions to the several temples, with 
 sacrifices and festivals, and other ordinances : and all 
 the valuables in the temples and in Egypt he preserved 
 in statu quo, agreeably to the laws ; and the temple of 
 Apis he adorned with costly works, contributing to it 
 gold and [silver], and precious stones, to no small 
 amount, and placing temples and shrines, and altars, 
 and restoring what ivanted repair, having the disposition 
 of a beneficent Deity in things appertaining to divine 
 tvorship, and informing himself luhich were the most 
 honourable temples, renewed them in his own palace, 
 as was becoming. In return, the Gods have given 
 to him health, victory, power, and all other blessings 
 of a lasting reign, to himself and his children for 
 ever. 
 
 With 
 
63 
 
 " With Good Fortune. 
 ** The priests of all the temples throughout the kingdom 
 decreed to pay the honours already due to the everliving 
 king Ptolemy, beloved of Phtha, the God Epiphanes, 
 gracious, and likewise greatly to increase the honours of 
 his parents Gods philopatores, and his predecessors Gods 
 beneficent, Gods brothers, and Gods saviours, to augment 
 the greatness, and that the image of the everliving king 
 Ptolemy, God, illustrious, gracious, shall be set up in every 
 temple, in the most conspicuous place, which shall be 
 called the image of Ptolemy the Defender of Egypt, 
 and by the side of it shall be set that of the peculiar God 
 of the Temple, v^^ho shall be represented giving him a 
 victorious shield, which shall be prepared [according 
 to the usual] manner, and priests to minister thrice a day 
 to the images, and to place by them sacred ornaments, 
 and perform other rites appointed, according as it is 
 done to other Gods [in feasts and festivijties, and that 
 there be erected to king Ptolemy, God, illustrious, gra- 
 cious, sprung from king Ptolemy and queen Arsinoe, 
 Gods philopatores, an image and a shrine of gold in 
 every one of the temples, and to be placed in the sanc- 
 tuaries among the other shrines, and in the great festivals 
 on which processions are made of the shrines, [the 
 shrine] of this God, illustrious, benevolent, shall be 
 brought out, [with them] that it may be conspicuous 
 
 now 
 
64 
 
 now and in future, and that there shall be placed upon 
 the shrine ten golden hasUeice, on which shall be placed 
 an asp : just as on each of the asp-shaped basileice upon 
 other shrines, and there shall be in the midst of them 
 the basileia called ^eXENT, wearing which he entered 
 into the [basileiori] in Memphis when were per- 
 formed the appointed ceremonies on his accession to the 
 kingdom, and that there be put upon the square space 
 round the basileice before described, in the fore-named 
 basileion, amulets of gold, on which shall be written that 
 they belong to the king, who made the upper and the 
 lower region illustrious, upon the thivtieth day of [the 
 month] Mesoreh, on which the birth- day of the king is 
 
 celebrated, and in like manner on the day of. . . . 
 
 in which he received the kingdom from his father, both 
 which they have decreed to be named after him in the 
 sacred calendar, which days are the origin of many 
 blessings to all, to observe on those days a festival [and 
 celebrities throughout E]gypt, in the temples, monthly, 
 and to perform in them sacrifices, and libations, and other 
 rites, according to those in other festivals in the temples, 
 and to hold a festival and celebrity in honour of the 
 everliving and beloved of Phtha king Ptolemy, God, 
 illustrious, gracious, annually [throughout both the up- 
 per and lower cjountry from the new-moon of Thouth 
 for five days, on which chaplets shall be worn, and 
 sacrifices and libations offered, and other appropriate 
 
 rites. 
 
65 
 
 rites. And the priests shall be called the priests of the 
 everliving jGod, illustrious, gracious, besides the other 
 names of the Gods to whom they minister, and all 
 
 oracles, and for the and it shall be lawful 
 
 to other individuals to celebrate the feast, and place the 
 aforesaid shrine, and have it by them, performing the 
 
 proper ceremonies in the annual festivals in a 
 
 year. So that it may be known why the people in 
 Egypt magnify and honour the God, illustrious, gra- 
 cious king, according to law. \^And what here is decreed 
 shall be inscribed] on blach hard stone, in sacred, and in 
 native, and in Greek characters, and placed in each 
 temple J both of the first and second Gods.'' 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 LETTER fro?n the Earl of Aberdeen fo the Author, 
 respecting the discovery of the figure of Medusa s Head, 
 as it is represented on the breast of the Eleusinian 
 Fragment, in a Tomb near Athens. 
 
 " Dear Sir, 
 
 " According to your request, I send you some 
 particulars relative to the Head of Medusa, an engraving 
 of which you are desirous of inserting in your Work. 
 
 " Amongst several Tumuli, w^hich I caused to be 
 opened during my stay at Athens, w^as one of considerable 
 magnitude, situated on the opposite side of the Ilissus, in 
 a south-east direction from the city, and very nearly, as 
 I imagine, on the antient position of the village of Axoue. 
 This Tumulus, w^hen excavated, was found to contain a 
 species of square chamber, about eight feet in diameter, 
 and five in height. The pavement and four walls of this 
 chamber w^ere composed of large blocks of a very soft 
 and white calcareous stone, and of which I do not 
 recollect to have observed any other specimens elsewhere 
 in that country. No vestiges of a roof remained ; nor 
 
 did 
 
68 
 
 did it appear that the chamber had ever been covered, 
 as it vras entirelv filled with earth and other substances, 
 which rose, without the interposition of any other stra- 
 tum, to the top of the mound itself. In removing the 
 earth, a great number of vases were discovered, with an 
 infinite variety in their forms, dimensions, and materials, 
 as well as in the subjects with which they were orna- 
 mented. In addition to these, were found two square 
 chests of marble, each containing burnt bones, and on 
 each of which was inscribed MENEZ0OZ. I will 
 pass over the enumeration of the mirrors, strigils, pa- 
 terae, and other objects which this Tumulus contained, 
 and proceed to relate in what manner the subject of 
 this Letter was discovered. In each corner of the square 
 chamber above mentioned, w^as a head ; round one of 
 which, connected by small bronze wires, was placed 
 a species of chaplet or band, entirely composed of such 
 heads as that seen in the engraving. They are of fine 
 earthenware, and the remains of gilding are visible 
 over the whole surface, although the features of several 
 are much mutilated and corroded by the effects of time. 
 
 I have met with no allusion in any Author to the 
 existence of a practice in the antient rites of sepulture, 
 that might serve to explain this use of Medusa's Head. 
 There seems, however, to be no reason for entertaining 
 a doubt of its intimate relation to some part of the 
 Eleusinian Mysteries : the different articles found in the 
 
 same 
 
69 
 
 same Tumulus, which are generally known to be more 
 immediately connected with these ceremonies, (such as 
 the marble eggs, the subjects represented on the vases, 
 a leaden medal on which is the Head of Ceres, but, in 
 particular, the representation of this same image on the 
 breast of the Statue of the Goddess herself at Eleusis,) 
 are sufficient clearly to indicate the truth of the suppo- 
 sition. What this relation precisely signified, or what 
 indeed was the peculiar import of the symbol itself, does 
 by no means admit of an easy explanation. 
 
 " Yours &c. 
 
 ABERDEEN. 
 
 " Wimbledon, Julj/ 22, 1807.' 
 
 In addition to the valuable communication made 
 by the Earl of Aberdeen, and as a comment upon the 
 subject of it, a few observations will be here subjoined, 
 which contain all the illustration the Author of this 
 Work is able to offer upon the interesting discovery 
 mentioned in his Lordship's Letter. 
 
 It is now above fourteen years since the remarkable 
 symbol of Medusa's Head, ^vith the tongue protruded, 
 was observed upon pater2e found in sepulchres of Magna 
 Gra^cia. In the summer of 1793, a very successful 
 excavation made near Locri, in the south of Italy, brought 
 
 to 
 
70 
 
 to light a great variety of Greek vases of very remote 
 antiquity. Among them w^ere some black paterae, most 
 elegantly formed, but w^ith no other ornament than 
 Medusa's Head, so characterized, stamped in has relief 
 in the centre of the interior surface of each patera. The 
 whole collection then discovered fell into the Author's 
 hands ; and having long entertained a conviction that no 
 representation of the Heathen Mythology was ever made 
 unconnected with those sublime truths which formed 
 the basis of all the Pagan superstitions, he has since 
 endeavoured to refer this extraordinary type to the cir- 
 cumstances of its origin. 
 
 The causes which led to the remarkable deposit 
 of paterae and cups in Grecian sepulchres are clearly 
 manifested, not only by the subjects represented upon 
 those vessels, but also by their appearance when 
 depicted upon Greek vases, as being in the hands of 
 votaries and priestesses officiating in the sacred rites. 
 They were considered as Vows offered to the Gods. 
 Of this nature were the Thericlean cups deposited in 
 the Acropolis at Athens ^. Thericles was a Corinthian 
 potter ; not that the cups bearing his name were neces- 
 sarily of earthenware, but that, of whatever materials 
 they were made, their form had been derived from the 
 more antient earthen vases fabricated by him. Bentley 
 
 has 
 
 (») Polemon apud Athen. p. 472. Bentley on Phai. p. 125. 
 
71 
 
 has cited, upon the subject of the Thericlean cups, a 
 passage of Eubulus the Comic poet, preserved in Athe- 
 nseus ^, which is very much to our purpose : 
 
 KadaptoTUTOV yap tov Kepafxov eipya'^ojutju 
 H QripiKXt]^ Ta9 KvXiKa^ rlviK f]v veo^. ^ 
 
 " I made the earthenware purer than Thericles did his cups when 
 " he was young." (Sic leg. Bentleius.) 
 
 Such strict attention was given to this character of 
 purity in offerings of earthen vessels to the Gods, that 
 they were sometimes merely dried in the sun, and de- 
 posited, without paint or varnish of any extraneous 
 substance, in tombs, temples, and other places. The 
 idol to whom the offering was made was typified either 
 by some symbol expressed upon the clay, by the shape 
 of the vessel, or by some painted representation upon its 
 exterior surface. Hog skins, imitated in earthenware, 
 were Vows to Bacchus; lamps and cups bearing the 
 owl, between two branches of laurel, were Vows to 
 the Cecropian Minerva ; and vessels of libation, having 
 actually the form, not only of the Bust of Ceres, but 
 even of the Calathus upon her head, were dedicated to 
 that Goddess. But a custom prevailed in antient Greece, 
 for the sake of brevity and convenience, of representing 
 
 their 
 
 (^)Bent. onPhal. p. 119. 
 
 (<=) Eubulus in Dolon. Vid. Athenaei Deipnos. lib. ii. p. 471. Edit. 
 Casaub. 1657. 
 
n 
 
 their Deities by simple expressive signs ; nor has the 
 practice been wholly discontinued in the Roman-Catholic 
 Church, where a crown of thorns, some nails, or a cross, 
 denote the Passion ; a wheel, the martyrdom of St. Ca- 
 tharine; and a couple of phials, the death of St. Januarius. 
 In this manner, the figure of a dolphin upon a small 
 Greek medal serves to shew that Venus was the tutelary 
 deity of the city where that medal was struck ; a serpent 
 wound spirally on a wand denoted the worship of Escu- 
 lapius; a ram's head, Jupiter; a club, Hercules ; a trident, 
 Neptune ; a diota, Bacchus. It now remains to prove, 
 that Medusa's Head, answering the description here 
 given, signified that principle of which all the female 
 Divinities of Greece were the personified representations, 
 and more peculiarly Ceres ; and that it was therefore 
 under circumstances of remarkable association, when 
 discovered forming a chaplet around the scull of a dead 
 person in a Grecian tomb. 
 
 In attempting to explore the labyrinth of Pagan 
 Mythology, it is necessary to have recourse to a clue 
 offered in the religious observances of Oriental nations, 
 from which the superstitions of Greece, Syria, and 
 Egypt, were derived ^; as it will certainly guide to a truth 
 
 supported 
 
 (») " Pour connoitre a fond la Theologie des Orientaux et des Egyptiens, 
 examiuons celle des Grecs et des Remains qui en derive. Jugeons des maitres 
 par leurs disciples. Je dois remanjuer cependant que la Mythologie Greque 
 et Romaine est bien plus imparfaite que celle des Orientaux et des iEgyptiens.'' 
 Discours sur la Theologie des Payens,par Ramsay. 
 
73 
 
 supported by all history and antiquity ; namely, that 
 the Sun, as Giver of' Light, and the Moon, as presiding 
 during its privation y under innumerable signs constituted 
 all the male and female divinities of the Heathen world ^. 
 It will not be necessary to recapitulate the observations 
 already made in a former part of the work, upon this 
 subject*^; although many additional proofs might be ad- 
 duced to shew, that, however numerous the names were 
 of the Pagan Deities, they all referred to light or to 
 darkness; to the Sun as ruling the day, or to the Moon 
 as ruhng the nighf^; to a principle of animation, or to its 
 
 privation ; 
 
 (*") Plutarch has preserved a fragment of the Theology of the Magi. 
 They relate, says he, that Oromazes, or the ^oo^ principle, originated in the 
 purest LIGHT ; but that Arimanius, the type of Evil, sprung from the 
 DARKNESS, (Vid. PlutarcU Opera, tom.II. p. 369. edit. Par. 1624.) and that they 
 combated with each other. The Oromazes of Persia was the Osiris of Egypt, 
 and the Jupiter of Greece. — The Bacchus of India may also be referred to the 
 same origin, as appears from Ausonius : 
 
 <f Ogygia me Bacchum vocat; 
 Osyrin iEgyptus putat : 
 Mysi Phanacem nominant : 
 Dionyson Indi existimant." Auson. Epig. 30. 
 
 " But let Dionysus, or Bacchus, be diversified by ever so many names or 
 titles, they all, in respect to vi^orship, relate ultimately to the Sun." (See 
 Bryant's Mythol.yo\.\. p. 396.) — " Sit Osiris, sit Omphis, Nilus, Syris, sive 
 quodcunque aliud ab Hierophantis usurpatum nomen, ad unum tandem 
 SoLEM, antiquissimum gentium numen, redeunt omnia," Seldcn de Diis 
 Syris, p. 77. 
 
 (^) See pages 29, 30,31,32. 
 
 (•*) Perhaps there is no document to which the Reader may be referred 
 for a more complete establishment of the fact, than to the Harpocrates of 
 Cuper. " Atque ut omnes Deos," says the learned author, after adducing 
 the most positive evidence in support of his opinion, "ad Solem, ita deas ad 
 LuNAM (quam AN0HAION, q. d. vicariam solis, quia noctu idem officium 
 terrse, quod sol de die praeslat, vocarunt Graeci, teste Hesychio) retulerunt : 
 
 L Minerva?!!, 
 
74 
 
 privation ; to life or to death ; to fire or to water ; to 
 sound or to silence''. The knowledge of these truths 
 seems to have constituted a considerable part of the 
 sacred mysteries of the Antients. The most learned of 
 them cautiously but clearly substantiate the fact ; and 
 among them, no one more pointedly than Apuleius, who, 
 fraught with the learning of Athens, of Carthage, and 
 of Rome, thus sublimely communicates the identity of 
 the female divinities of the Pagan world, by a personifi- 
 cation of the Moon, who is represented speaking \ 
 
 " Behold, 
 
 Minervam, Dianam, Cererem, Junonem, Isidem, Hecaien, Proserpma7n, Rheam, 
 Ccelestem, Astarten, Parcas, Enyo, aliasque Lunam habitas fuisse constat ex iis 
 quae memoriae mandant Porphyrius apud Eusebium, lib. iii. praepar. c. II. 
 torn. I. c. 10. et passim; Arnob. lib. iii.; Plutarchus de Iside, at in Sulla; Cic. 
 lib. ii. de Nat, Deor. ; Mart. Capella; et, ne omnestam veteres quam recentiores 
 laudem. Job. Gerh. Vossius, et Petrus Daniel Huetius, in praeclarissimis 
 operibus : quibus addendi sunt illustres et celebres antiquarii, Spanhemius, 
 Sequinus, Patinus, Vaillantius, Morellius, Sponius, aliique, quorum ex numrais 
 et operibus lux huic rei magna afTundi potest," &c. &c. Gisb. Cuperi Harpo- 
 crates, p. lOS. edit. Traj. ad Rhen. 1687. 
 
 (*) "Inferorum deplorata siLENTiA nutibus meis dispenso." 
 Ex iis qu(E apud Apuleium his (vel Luna) pronuniiat. Vid. Apuleii As. 
 Aitrei, torn. II. lib. xi. p. 998. edit. Lugd. 1614. Hence the origin of the 
 Valentinian, and still moreantient. Gnostic heresy, concerning the emanation of 
 the Xoyo? from Silence. 
 
 (•>) " En adsum tuis coramota Luci precibus ! rerum natura parens, elemen- 
 torum omnium domina, &c. &c. Cujus numen unicum, multiformi specie, ritu 
 vario, nomine multijugo, totus veneratur orbis. Me primigenii Phryges Pessi- 
 nuntiam nominant Deum Matrem. Hinc Autochthones Attici, Cecropiam 
 Minervam ; illinc fluctuantes Cyprii, Paphiam Venerem ; Cretes sagittiferi, 
 Dictvnnam Dianam; Siculi trilingues, Stygiam Proserpinam; Eleusinii,vetustam 
 Deam Cererem : Junonem alii ; alii Bellonam ; alii Hecaten ; Rhamnusiam 
 alii: et qui nascentis Dei Solis inchoantibus radiis illustrantur^thiopes, Ariique, 
 priscaque doctriiia pollentes iEgyptii, caeremoniis me prorsus propriis perco- 
 lentes, appellant vero nomine Reginara Isidem." Apuleii As. Aurei, lib. xi. 
 
75 
 
 " Behold, Lucius, moved with thy supplications, I am 
 present ! I, who am Nature, the parent of things, ruler 
 of all the elements, &c. &c. Whose divinity, in itself 
 BUT ONE, is venerated by all the earth, according to a 
 
 MULTIFORM SHAPE, VARIOUS RITES, and DIFFERENT AP- 
 PELLATIONS. Hence the primitive Phrygians call me 
 Pessinuntia, the mother of the Gods ; the native Athe- 
 nians, Cecropian Minerva; the floating Cyprians, 
 Paphian Yenus ; the arrow-bearing Cretans, Dictynnian 
 Diana ; the three-tongued Sicilians, Stygian Proser- 
 pine; and the inhabitants of Eleusis, the antient Goddess 
 Ceres. Some again have invoked me as Juno ; others 
 as Bellona ; others as Hecate; and others as Rham- 
 NUSiA : and those who are enlightened by the emerging 
 rays of the rising sun, the Ethiopians, Arians, and 
 Egyptians, powerful in antient learning, who reverence 
 my divinity with ceremonies perfectly peculiar, call me 
 by a true appellation. Queen Isis." 
 
 From all which it appears, that any symbol used to 
 denote one of the female divinities of Greece, applied 
 equally to all of them, or to the principle of which they 
 were individually personifications. Thus, if Medusa's 
 Head signified the worship of Ceres, it also was a type 
 of the Moon, of Night, of Darkness, of the sleep of 
 Nature, ("Inferorum deplorata silentia," to use the 
 express words of Apuleius,) and of Death. And that this 
 was really the case', the appearance of the symbol in 
 
 question 
 
76 
 
 question upon the breast of the Eleusinian Fragment not 
 only substantiates ; but a much more powerful inference 
 may be drawn from its association ; namely, that the 
 Statue itself was, on account of that appendage, neces- 
 sarily the Image of Ceres. In order to prove this, and 
 also the true meaning of the symbol, we have only to 
 refer to the medals of Parium in Mysia, which, with this 
 impression in front, have on their reverses, ears of corn, 
 the cornucopias, the ox, and other symbols sacred to 
 Ceres ^. The Medusa was the only one of the Gorgons 
 subject to mortality ^ or to that sleep of death over 
 which Ceres herself, the Stygian Proserpine, with regard 
 to mortals, and the Moony with regard to inanimate 
 nature, presided. They had therefore a peculiar relation- 
 ship to each other. The Antients fabled, that the 
 blood which dropped from Medusa's head gave birth 
 to those innumerable serpents which have ever since 
 infested the sandy deserts of Libya. Accordingly, her 
 head appears with or without serpents, according as 
 reference is made, or not, to this tradition. A similar 
 superstition ascribes the origin of reptiles to drops falling 
 
 from 
 
 (•) Nummorum Veterum Descript, Car. Combe, Lond. 1782. Tab. 40. 
 fig. 3, 4, 5. and Tab. 41. fig. 16. &c. Also, Catalogue d'une Coll. de Med. 
 Grecques, &c. Paris, An 8. p. 42. Nos. 829, 830, 831. 
 
 ('') In the enterprize of Perseus to accomplish the death of Medusa, we are 
 presented with an allusion to that part of the Theology of the Magi which 
 relates to the combat between Oromazes, the principle of light, and Arimanius, 
 the principle of darkness. Vid. Plutarch, de Isid. et Osir. 
 
77 
 
 from the INIoon even at this day ; and in the ISIacbeth 
 
 of Shakspeare, one of the Witches says, 
 
 "Upon the corner of the Moon 
 There hangs a vaporous drop profound ; 
 I'll catch it, ere it comes to ground." 
 
 Shaksp. Maf6. Act III. Sc. o. 
 
 The head of ISIedusa appeared therefore on the JEgis of 
 
 Minerva, and on the breast of Ceres, as a type of the 
 
 Moon in the firmament: and it may be remarked, that 
 
 a very evident resemblance to the usual representations 
 
 of that planet, as well as to its plenary appearance, may 
 
 be discerned in the representations of Medusa, whenever 
 
 they were connected with the peculiar superstitions 
 
 respecting Ceres. Medals of cities acknowledging Ceres 
 
 as their protecting deity bore the image of Medusa ; as 
 
 those of Athens did that of the owl ; those of Rhodes 
 
 of the pomegranate ; Chios, the sphinx ; Carthage, the 
 
 horse; Naxus, the diota ; Dorium, the trident; and 
 
 many others. 
 
 From what has been said, it will not be difficult to 
 
 deduce the circumstances of association, which led to the 
 
 situation of this remarkable symbol, as it w^as discovered 
 
 by Lord Aberdeen, when forming a chaplet round the 
 
 scull of a dead person in a Grecian tomb. It was, in 
 
 itself, an image of mortality ^ ; but, disposed as a chaplet, 
 
 did 
 
 (2) The Author found it closing the orifice of a small vase (containing the 
 ashes of a dead person), which was discovered in a tomb near the site of the 
 
 antient 
 
78 
 
 did most strikingly express *' death unto life everlasting,'* 
 which was among the truths communicated to those 
 who were initiated into the sacred mysteries. A chaplet, 
 or rosary of beads, to which a cross was suspended, is 
 one of the most antient symbols of Eternal Life with 
 which we are acquainted : it appears upon a medal in 
 the Author's Collection, which has every character of 
 the most remote antiquity, and it may frequently be 
 observed both among the hieroglyphics and other remains 
 of Egyptian sculpture. When the Temple of Serapis 
 was destroyed, among the hieroglyphics engraven on 
 stones were found crosses, which, as Socrates Scholasticus 
 informs us, each party. Christian as well as Heathen, 
 adapted to their own religion ^. Some of the converted 
 Heathens explained the symbol ; and said, it implied life 
 TO COME. But to those crosses in Egyptian sculpture 
 the chaplet is often, if not always, affixed ; and thus, 
 while the cross itself signifies " life to come,' the eternity 
 of a future state of existence is pictured by a string of 
 
 beads, 
 
 antient Panticapaeum, on the Cimmerian Bosporus. The vase, and its cover, 
 are now in his possession. The original signification of Medusa's Head, so 
 applied, is most forcibly illustrated by Homer in the following passage from 
 the Xlth Book of the Odyssey, 1. 632. edit. Didymi. 
 
 'E| AV^o; "mfj.'^iUt ayccvri Ue^en^onia.. 
 -me autem pallidus timor invasit. 
 
 Ne mihi Gorgonium caput horrendi monstri 
 Ab Inferis mitteret inclyta Persephonea, 
 
 (') Socrates Scholasticus, lib. v. c. 17. 
 
79 
 
 beads, having neither end nor beginning. Such chaplets 
 or beads are still found, made of glass or amber, in all 
 the antient sepulchres and catacombs of Egypt ; and the 
 practice of bearing them in the hand is continued, with- 
 out any reference to the Christian religion, by all the 
 inhabitants of the East. This manner of typifying 
 Eternity gave rise to the custom of binding chaplets and 
 crowns on the heads of dead persons ; a custom which 
 is still retained in France, in Italy, and in other countries. 
 Among the Antients it was the symbol of deification. 
 The apotheosis of Marcus Aurelius was so expressed on 
 a colossal marble bust in Mr. Townley's Collection. And 
 it is very remarkable, that every distinct representation of 
 the Medusa Head, as discovered by Lord Aberdeen, was 
 surrounded by grains or beads so disposed ; while all of 
 them together, connected by wires, formed a chaplet 
 round the scull ; so that, whether separately or collec- 
 tively considered, the symbol itself, and its disposition, 
 speaks a language as intelligible as the plainest inscrip- 
 tion ; manifesting, after a lapse of ages, that the sublime 
 truth of the Soul's immortality was not altogether 
 obscured by the darkness of the Heathen traditions. 
 
 THE END. 
 
81 
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 The Public are respectfully informed, that the engraved 
 Plate mentioned in Lord Aberdeen's Letter, and which he 
 liberally contributed to ornament this Work, is at present 
 missing. The Author, however, did not think himself justified 
 in delaying the publication on that account; as the Work 
 already contains Four Plates, two of which exhibit the figure 
 of Medusa's Head on the breast of the Statue. 
 
 In the mean time, no pains will be spared to recover this 
 valuable document ; an Impression of which will be afterwards 
 delivered to every Purchaser of the Work. 
 
 The Reader is requested to make the following Corrections. 
 
 P. 29, Note(*^), for the Dative tu x«^«6(i;, read the Genitive, as 
 
 in the former Edition. 
 P. 67, Appendix, for Axoue, read Jxone, 
 
 M