OF THE American Museum of Natural History. Vol. VI, Part I. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE YAKIMA VALLEY. BY HARLAN I. SMITH. NEW YORK: Published by Order of the Trustees. June, 1910. , „*c jjuuiL^aea in u, auiioS Oi i/CJt.vo vO;'a s ji about '600 pages each, issued in parts at irregular intervals, entitled Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. This series of publication aims to give the results of field-work conducted by the above department, supplemented by the study of collections in the Museum. The following are on sale at the Museum at the prices stated: Vol. I. Part I. Technique of some South American Feather-work. J3y Charles W. Mead. Pp. 1-lS, Plates I-IV, and 14 text figures. Jan- uary, 1907. Price, $0.25. Part II. Some Protective Designs of the Dakota. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 19-54, Plates V-VII, and 26 text figures, Febmary, 1907. Price, $0.50. Part III. Gros Ventre Myths and Tales. By A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 55- 139. May, 1907. Price, $0.25. Part IV. Ethnology of the Gros Ventre. By A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 141- 282, Plates VIII-XIII, and 44 text figures. April, 1908. Price, $1.50. Part V. The Hard Palate in Normal and Feeble-minded Individuals. By Walter Channing and Clark Wissler. Pp. 283-350, Plates XIV-XXII, 8 text figures, and 19 tables. August, 1908. Price, $0.50. Part VI. Iroquois Silverwork. By M. R. Harrington. Pp. 351-370, Plates XXIII-XXIX, and 2 text figures. August, 1908 Piice, $0.50. Vol IT. Part I. Mythology of the Blackfoot Indians. By Clark Wissler and D. C. Duvall. Pp. 1-164. September, 1908. Price, $1.0o. Part II. The Northern Shoshone. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 165-306, Plate I, and 20 text figures. January, 1909. Price, $1.50. * Part III. Notes Concerning New Collections. Edited by Clark Wissler. Pp. 307-364, Plates II-XXIII, 23 text figures. April, 1909. Price, $1.00. Vol. III. The Indians of Greater New York and tlie Lower Hudson. By Alanson Skinner, J. K. Finch, R. P. Bolton, M. R. IlarringtoM, Max Schrabisch and F. G. Speck Pp. 1-242. Plates I-XXIV, and 39 text figures. September, 1909. Price $3.50. Vol. IV. Part I. The A.ssiuiboino. By Ilober 11. Lowie. Pp. 1-270. Plates I- III, and 17 text figures. November, 1909. Price, $2:75. Part II. (In Press). Vol. V. Part I. The Material Culture of the Blackfoot Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 1-176, Plates I -VIFT, and 103 text figures. March, 1910. Price. $2.00. (Vol. V) Part II. ( In preparation.) Vol. VI. Part 1. The .\reliaeology <)l" the Yakima \alley. By Harian I. Smith. Pp. 1-I7I. Plates I-XVI, and 129 text figures. June, 1010. Price, $2.50. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE American Museum of Natural History. Vol. VI, Part I. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE YAKIMA VALLEY. BY HARLAN I. SMITH. NEW YORK: Published by Order of the Trustees. June, 1910. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS OF THE American Museuim of Natural History Vol. VI, Part I. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE YAKIMA VALLEY. By Harlan I. Smith. Contents. Introduction Geographical Description Archaeological Sites . Resources The Securing of Food . Points Chipped out of Stone 'Points Rubbed out of Stone Points Rubbed out of Bone Bows Snares Notched Sinkers Grooved Sinkers Shell Heaps Digging Sticks . Basketry . Preparation of Food Mortars Pestles Rollers Fish Knives Fire Making Caches Boiling Habitations . Semi-subterranean House Sites Circles of Stones (Summer House Tools Used by Men Wedges ..... Hammerstones Celts Sites) Page 7 9 11 21 23 23 26 27 29 29 30 30 31 35 35 36 36 39 47 50 50 51 51 51 51 55 58 62 Anthropological Papers American Museiwi of Natural History. [\o\. \I, Hand-Adze Whetstones Drills Scrapers . AiTdW-shaft Smoothers Tools i'sed by Women . Scrapers Chipped from Stone Scrapers Rubbed from Bone Awls Rubbed from Bone . Needles .... Mat-Pressers Processes of Manufacture Life Histories of Manufactured Object War . . Inii)lements used in Warfare Grooved Pebbles, Club-Heads, or Sinkers Stone Clubs 'Sla\e-Killers' . War Costume . Fortifications Woimds .... Dress anb Adornment . Skins .... Matting .... Ornaments Combs .... Beads .... Rentaliuni Shells Pendants Bracelets A Costumed Human Figure Deformation Games, Amusements, and Narcotics Games .... Nari'Dlics Art . . . Paintiiiiis Petro^ilyphs Jncised Designs Notches .... Circle and Dot Designs Pecked < Irooves Animal and Human I'diins Coast Art Method f)F Bum ai. Burials in nmno of \ olcinic A; Rock-slide (!ra\es Cremation Circles Position of tlie Body 64 65 66 67 69 69 69 71 71 72 73 74 74 75 75 75 76 80 82 82 82 83 83 84 87 87 88 90 92 99 100 105 105 105 106 117 119 121 124 130 130 132 132 136 138 138 139 142 142 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. Property with the Dead ..... 142 Horse Sacrifices ...... 143 Diseases ........ 143 Conclusion ........ 143 Bibliography 149 Appendix 152 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. vin. IX. X. XL XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. Chipped Points. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 202-8333), length 21 cm.; Fig. 2 (202-8338); Fig. 3 (202-8334). Chipped Points. Fig. 1 (Museum No. 202-8115), length 3.8 cm.; Fig. 2 (202-8169 A) ; Fig. 3 (202-8196 A) ; Fig. 4 (202-8196 B) ; Fig. 5 (202- 8142) ; Fig. 6 (202-8397) ; Fig. 7 (202-8366) ; Fig. 8 (202-8363) ; Fig. 9 (202-8368); Fig. 10 (202-8361); Fig. 11 (202-8359); Fig. 12 (202-8222); Fig. 13 (202-8203): Fig. 14 (202-8360). Quarry near Naches River. House Site near Naches River. House Sites near Naches River. Camp Sites near Sentinal Bluffs. Fort near Rock Creek. Rock-Slide Grave on Yakima Ridge. Terraced Rock-Slide on Yakima Ridge. Rock-Slide Graves on Yakima Ridge. Cremation Circle near Mouth of Naches River. Grave in Dome of Volcanic Ash near Tampico. Opened Grave in Dome of Volcanic Ash near Tampico. Petroglyphs near Sentinal Bluffs. Petroglyphs in Selah Canon. Petroglyph in Selah Canon. Petroglyph near Wallula Junction. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. Pictographs at Mouth of Cowiche Creek. Text Figures. 1. 2. 3. 1. 5. 6. 7. Chipped Point made of Chalcedony Chipped Point made of Chalcedony Chipped Point made of White Chalcedony Serrated Chipped Point made of Petrified Wood Chipped Point made of Obsidian . Fragment of a leaf-shaped Point made of Chert Point made of Bone ..... Page. 24 25 25 25 26 26 28 Anthropological Papers American Muneiun of Xalurul History. [\'ol. \'l, 8. Point made of Bone ..... 9. Scorched Point made of Bone 10. Point made of Bone ..... 1 1 . Point or Bail) made of Bone .... 12. Point or Barb made of Bone .... 13. Net Sinkers made of Pebbles .... 14. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio 15. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio 16. Sinker, a Perforated Boulder . . . 17. Fragment of Basket of Splint Foundation and Bifurcated Stitch 18. Fragment of a Mortar made of Stone 19. Mortar made of Stone ..... 20. Mortar made of Stone 21. Pestle made of Stone ..... 22. Pestle pecked from Stone .... 23. Pestle pecked from Stone .... 24. Pestle made of Stone ..... 25. Pestle made of Stone ..... 26. Pestle made of Stone 27. Pestle made of Stone ..... 28. Pestle made of Stone 29. Pestle made of Stone 30. Pestle made of Sandstone .... 31. Pestle made of Stone ..... 32. Pestle made of Stone ..... 33. Pestle made of Stone 34. Pestle made of Stone ..... 35. Pestle made of Steatite .... 36. Pestle or Poller made of Stone 37. Pestle or Roller made of Stone 38. Fragment of Hearth of Fire Drill . 39. Wedge made of Antler 40. Ilammerstone ...... 41. Hammerstone ...... 42. Hammerstone made of a Hard, Waterworn Pebble 43. Hammerstone ...... 44. Hammerstone made of a Close-Grained Yellow Volcanic Pebble 45. Celt made of Serpentine .... 46. Hand-Adze made of Stone .... 47. Point for a Diill, chipped from Chalcedony . 48. Point for a Drill, chipped from Chert 49. Scraper chij^ped from Petrified Wood 50. Scraper chipped from Agate 51. Scraper chipped from Chalcedony . 52. Scraper chipped from Chalcedony . 53. Scraper chipjied from a Flat Circular Pebble 54. Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble 55. Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble 56. Awl made of Bone .... 28 28 28 28 28 31 31 33 33 3) 33 37 3S 40 40 40 42 42 44 41 41 46 46 46 48 48 48 49 49 49 50 57 59 60 60 63 62 62 64 66 66 6S 68 68 68 70 70 71 1910.] Sntiih, The Yakima ]' alley. 57. Awl made of Bone 58. Spatulate Object made of Bone 59a. Object made of Steatite, probably a Mat Presser. b. Part of Incised Pictograph on Object shown in a GO. Grooved Pebble . 61. Club-bead or Sinker made of F/ava 62. Club made of Serpentine 63. Club Tnade of Serpentine 64. Club made of Stone 65. Club made of Stone 66. Club made of Stone 67. Club made of Stone 68. Club made of Stone 69. War Implement or Slave Killer, made of Friable Stone 70. Diagram of Stitch of Fragment of Rush Matting . '71a. Fragment of Matting, made of Twined Rush stitched together with twisted Cord, b Diagram of Stitch of a . 72. Fragment of Open-Twine Matting, made of Rush 73. Comb made of Antler ..... 74. Beads made of Copper, Glass and Sections of Dantalium Shells 75. Bead made of Brass ...... 76. Beads made of Shell ..... 77. Drilled and Perforated Disk made of Slate . 78. Pendant made of Copper, Thong and Copper Bead 79. Button made of Shell with Attached Bead made of Metal 80. Perforated Disk made of Bone .... 81. Pendants made of Slate ..... 82. Pendant made of Copper 83. Pendant made of Copper ..... 84. Pendant made of Brass and Bead made of Copper 85. Pendant made of Iron ...... 86. Pendant made of Iron ...... 87. Pendant or Bead made of an Olivella Shell . 88. Pendant made of {Pectunculus) Shell . 89. Pendant made of Iridescent Shell 90. Pendant made of (Haliotis) Shell .... 91. Pendant made of (Haliotis) Shell .... 92. Pendant or Nose Ornament, made of {Haliotis) Shell 93. Pendant made of Shell 94. Pendant made of Oyster Shell .... 95. Bracelet made of Copper ..... 96. Bracelet made of Iron ...... 97. Bone Tube 98. Bone Tube bearing Incised Lines, Charred . 99. Perforated Cylinder made of Steatite . 100. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite .... 101. Tubular Pipe made of Green Stone with Stem 102. Pipe made of Steatite used by the Thompson River Indians at Spences Bridge in 1895 103. Form of the Flange-Shaped Mouth of the Bowl of some Thompson River Indian Pipes . 72 72 73 76 76 77 77 79 79 79 81 81 81 84 85 87 88 89 90 90 92 92 92 92 93 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 98 98 98 98 99 99 100 100 106 106 106 106 107 109 109 6 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xatural Histonj. \yo\. \1, 104. Tulnilar Pipe made of Steatite 105. Fragment of a Sculptured Tubular Pipe made of Steatite 106. Pipe made of Limestone ...... 107. Pipe made of Sandstone ...... lOS. Pipe made of Bluestone . . ... 109. Pipe made of Stone ....... 110. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone ..... 111. Pipe made of Steatite ....... 112. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone ..... 113. Pipe made of Steatite ...... 114a. Incised Design on a Fragment of a Wooden Bow. b Section of ment of Bow shown in a . 115. Incised Design on Bowl of Pipe shown in Fig. 107 116. Incised Design on Stone Dish ..... 117. Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells .... 118. Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells .... 119. Incised Pendant made of Steatite with Red Paint (Mercury) the Holes and Lines ...... 120. Circle and Dot Design on Whetstone made of Slate 121. Costumed Human Figure made of Antler 122. Quill-fiattener made of Antler ..... 123. Fragments of a Figure ...... 124. Fragment of a Sculpture with Hoof-like Part 125. Sculptured Animal Form made of Lava 126. Handle of Digging Stick made of Horn of Rocky Mountain Sheep 127. Pipe made of Stone ....... 128. Sculptured and Inlaid Pipe made of Steatite with Wooden Stem 129. Sketch Map of the Yakima Valley .... Frag ui some o 112 112 112 112 112 112 114 114 114 116 125 126 126 126 126 127 133 133 133 133 134 134 135 136 137 152 Introduction. The following pages contain the results of archaeological investigations carried on by the writer for the American Museum of Natural History from May to August, 1903/ in the Yakima Valley between Clealum of the forested eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains and KenncAvick, between the mouths of the Yakima and Snake Rivers in the treeless arid region, and in the Columbia Valley in the vicinity of Priest Rapids. ^My preliminary notes on the archaeology of this region were published in Science.- Definite age cannot be assigned to the archaeological finds, since here, as to the north, the remains are found at no great depth or in soil the surface of which is frequently shifted. Some of the graves are known to be of modern IiTdians, but many of them antedate the advent of the white race in this region or at least contain no objects of European manufacture, such as glass beads or iron knives. On the other hand, there was found no positive evidence of the great antiquity of any of the skeletons, artifacts or structures found in the area. The greater ])art of the area was formerly inhabited by Sahap- tian speaking people, including the Yakima, Atanum, Topinish, Chamna- pum, and Wanapum, while the northern part of it was occupied by the Piskwans or Winatshmpui of the Salish linguistic stock.^ Near North Yakima we examined graves in the rock-slides along the Yakima and Naches Rivers; a site, where material, possibly boulders, suitable for chip})ed implements had been dug and broken with pebble hammers, on the north side of the Naches about one mile above its mouth; pictographs on the basaltic columns on the south side of the Naches River to the west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek; petroglyphs pecked into basaltic columns in Selah Canon; ancient house sites on the north side of the Naches River near its mouth, and on the north side of the Yakima River below the mouth of the Naches ; remains of human cremations, each surrounded by a circle of rocks on the point to the northwest of the junction of the Naches 1 A brief report of the operations of tliis expedition appeared in the American Museum Journal, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 12-14, January, 1904. It was slightly revised and appeared in Science N. S. Vol. XIX, No. 484, pp. 579-580, April 8, 1904, and Records of the Past, Vol. IV, Part 4, pp. 119-127, April 1905. 2 N. S_ Vol. XXIII, No. 588, p. .551-555, April 6, 1906. Reprinted in tlie Seattle Post Intelligencer for March, 1906, the Scientific American Supplement, Vol. LXII, No. 1602, Septem- ber 15, 1906, and in the Washington Magazine, Vol. I, No. 4, June 1906. Abstracted in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, May, 1906. 3 Mooney, Plate i.xxxviii. 7 8 Aiithropoloyical Papers Autcricun Museum aj .\ulurul History. [\'ol. VI, and Yakima Uivers; recent rock-slide graves on the eastern side of the Yakima lliver above Union Gaj) below Old Yakima (Old Town); the surface along the eastern side of the Yakima River, as far as the vicinity of Sunnyside; graves in the domes of volcanic ash in the Ahtanum Valley near Tampico; and rock-slide graves in the Cowiche Valley. AVe then moved our base about thirty miles up the Yakima River to Ellensburg, ^Nlr. Albert A. Avgyle examining the surface along the western side, en route. From Ellensburg, rock-slide graves and human remains, surrounded by circles of rocks, as well as a village site ujjon the lowland, were examined near the mouth of Cherry Creek. A day spent at Clealum failed to develop anything of archaeological interest in that vicinity, except that a human skeleton had been removed in the sinking of a shaft for a coal mine. From EUenslnirg we went to Fort Simcoe by way of North Yakima and near the Indian Agency observed circles of rocks, like those around the cremafed human remains near North Yakima, and a circular hole sur- rounded by a ridge, the remains of an undergroimd house. Crossing the divide from Ellensburg and going down to Priest Rapids in the Columbia Valley, no archaeological remains were observed except chips of stone suit- al)le for chipped implements which were found on the eastern slope of the divide near the top and apparently marked the place where material for such inii)lcments, probably float quartz, had been quarried. On the west- ern side of the Columbia, on the flat between Sentinal Bluffs and the river at the head of Priest Rapids, considerable material Avas found. This was on the surface of the beach opposite the bluffs and on a village site near the head of Priest Rapids. Graves in the rock-slides, back from the river about opposite this site, were also examined. Some modern graves were noticed in a low ridge near the river, a short distance above tlu' village site. Crossing the Columbia, some material was found on the surface of the l)each and further u]), ])etroglyphs pecked in the basaltic rocks at the base of Sentinal Bluffs were i)hotograi)hed. The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. 1). W. Owen of Kennewick for information, for permission to examine his colk-clion, to make notes and sketches of specimens in it, and for presenting certain speci- mens; ^ to Mr. Frank N. ^NlcCandless of Tacoma for permission to study and photograph llie specimens - in his collection containing ])art of the ^'ork (ollcclion in the Ferry Museum, City Ilall, Tacoma; to Mr. Louis ( ). Janeck of 415 North 2nd. St., North Yakima for information and for \)vv- > See Fig.s. 10, 39, 42, 56, .57, 107 and 124. 2 See Figs. 35, 45, 79, 100 and 113. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 9 mission to study and photograph the specimens ^ in his collection as well as for supplementary information since received from him; to Hon. Austin IVIires. of EUensburg for information and permission to study and |)hoto- grapli specimens- in his collection; to Mrs. O. Hinman of EUensburg for permission to photograph specimens ^ in her collection; to Mrs. J. B. David- son of EUensburg for information and permission to study her collection and to make drawings of specimens ^ in it, and for the pipe shown in Fig. 106; to Mr. W. H. Spalding of EUensburg for permission to i)hotograph speci- mens ' in his collection; to Mrs. Jay Lynch of Fort Simcoe, for information and permission to photograph specimens® in her collection; to Mr. W. Z. York of Old Yakima for permission to sketch and study specimens ^ in his collection, and to others credited specifically in the following pages. The accompanying drawings are by Mr. R. Weber and the photographs are by the author, unless otherwise credited. Geographical Description. Clealum is situated on the Yakima River, at a point on the Northern Pacific Railway, 122 miles east of the humid, heavily forested coast at Puget Sound. Although situated not over 154 miles from Copalis, on the ocean at the western edge or furthest limit of the temperate humid coast country, the summers are hot and dry and the winters severe. It is 1909 feet above the sea level and far enough towards the summit of the Cascade Mountains, that marks the line between the humid coast and the arid almost treeless interior, to find considerable moisture and many trees. EUensburg is situated near the eastern side of the Yakima River, 25 miles below Clealum, at an altitude of 1512 feet above the sea level and in the wide somewhat flat Kittitas Valley which was, in former geologic times, a lake bottom. The river flows rapidly and its low banks at places are high enough to form gravel bluffs. The surrounding country is arid and there is no natural forest growth. Cherry Creek, one of a number of small streams on this side of the river, flow^s through the eastern part of this valley, and cm])ties into the Yakima 1 See Figs. 19, 20, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 46, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 81, 108, 109, 120 and 125. - See Figs. 4, 5, 14. 15, 16, 24, 25, 32 and 44. 3 See Figs. 30, 36 and 116. * See Figs. 8, 47 and 106; see also p. 25. 5 See Figs. 11 and 59. 6 See Figs. 73, 119, 127 and 128. 7 See Figs. 26, 29, 104, 110, 111 and 112. 10 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xatural History. [\'ol. \'I, River ahoiil one mile helow Thnill on Section ol, Town 17, North of Range 19 East. Here, tlic river enters Yakima Canon which cuts through Ump- tanum Ridge and the western foothills of Saddle Mountains. There are some pines in this canon. Selah Creek flows through Selah Canon from the east and empties into the Yakima, about one mile above Selah at the northwest corner of Section 16, Town 14, north of Range 19 East. This is in a broad valley below Yakima Canon. At the time of our visit, however, the lower portion of this creek was dry. Wenas Creek empties into the Yakima from the west, nearly opposite Selah. North Yakima is on the western side of the Yakima River, about two miles below the mouth of the Naches, which empties into the Yakima from the west, immediately below where the latter breaks through Yakima Ridge. This break is called the Gap or the Upper Gap. North Yakima is at an altitude of 1007 feet al)ove the sea level. The soil of the valley is made up of a rich volcanic ash and the region is arid and jiractically treeless except on the banks of the rivers and creeks or where irrigation has been successfully practised. The climate in most respects resembles that of the southern interior of British Columbia, lying to the north, but in general, there is less vegetation except on irrigated land. Cowiche Creek flows from the southwest and empties into the south side of the Naches, at a point about three miles above its mouth. Tampico is situated on Section 17, Town 12, north of Range 16 East, on the north side of Ahtaninn Creek, which flows nearly east along the base of the north side of Rattlesnake Range and empties into the Yakima at Union Gap or Lower Gap, below Old Yakima. Fort Simcoe is located in a cluster of live oak trees, on one of the branches of Simcoe Creek, which flows in an easterly direction and empties into the Toppenish River, a western feeder of the ^'akima. This place is at an altitude of 937 feet above the sea level and is surrounded by 'scab' land. Going west from Fort Simcoe, up the sk)i)es of the Cascade Mountains, a mile or so, one notices timber in \\\r valleys, and as one proceeds still further up the mountains, the timber hcHonies thicker and of greater size. This is the beginning of the forest, which at the west side of the Cascades becomes so remarkably dense. 'I'o the east of Fort Simcoe, however, no trees are seen, excc|)I in ihc lioiioms along llic >li'caiiis, while on ihc lower reaches of the Yakima and on llic i)anks of the ('oininhia, cast of here, there are absolutely no trees. Kenncw ick is located on the western side of the Columbia River about six nn'Ics below the month of the \akiina. It is opposiic Pasco, which is about three miles above the inoiilh of Snake l\i\cr. The place is oidy 866 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 11 feet above the sea level and except where irrigation has been practised, there are no trees in sight, the vegetation being that typical of the desert among which are sagebrush, grease-wood and cactus. Lewis and Clark, when here on their way to the Pacific Coast, October 17, 1805,^ saw the Indians drying salmon on scaffolds for food and fuel. Captain Clark said, "I do not think [it] at all improbable that those people make use of Dried fish as fuel. The number of dead Salmon on the Shores & floating in the river is incrediable to say * * * liow far they have to raft their timber they make their scaffolds of I could not learn; but there is no timber of any sort except Small willow bushes in sight in any direction." Sentinal Bluffs is the name given to both sides of the gap where the Columbia River breaks through Saddle Mountains. It is a short distance above the head of Priest Rapids. Crab Creek empties into the Columbia from the east on the north side of these mountains. On the western side of the river, between the Bluffs and the head of Priest Rapids, there is a flat place of considerable area, portions of which the Columbia floods during the winter. Going northwest from here to Ellensburg, the trail leads up a small valley in which are several springs surrounded by some small trees. One ascends about 2000 feet to the top of the divide and then descends per- haps 1000 feet into the Kittitas Valley. Archaeological Sites. At Clealum, we found no archaeological remains, except a single human skeleton unearthed in the sinking of a shaft for a coal mine. Here, however, our examination of the vicinity was limited to one day, and it is possible that a more thorough search might bring to light archaeological sites. Speci- mens from the vicinity of Clealum are unknown to the writer, although there are a number of collections from the vicinity of Ellensburg, Priest Rapids, Kennewick and other places lower down. The abundance of specimens on the surface near Priest Rapids and Kennewick in proportion to those found near North Yakima and Ellensburg, suggests that the high parts of the valley were less densely inhabited and that the movuitains were perhaps only occa- sionally visited. It would seem possible that the prehistoric people of the Yakima Valley had their permanent homes on the Columbia, and possibly in the lower parts of the Yakima region. This is indicated by the remains of underground houses, some of which are as far uj) as Ellensburg. These remains are similar to those found in the Thompson River region, where such 1 Lewis and Clark, III, p. 124. 12 Anlhiopological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, houses were inhabited in the winter. The people of the Yakima area prob- ably seldom went up to the higher valleys and the mountains, exeept on hunting expeditions or to gather berries, roots and wood for their seaffolds, eanoes and other manufactures. If this be correct, it would account for the .scarcity of specimens upon the surface along the higher streams, since all the hunting y)arties, berry, root and wood-gathering expeditions were not likely to leave behind them so much material as would be lost or discarded in the vicinity of the permanent villages. Spinden states ^ that in the Nez Perce region to th(> east of the Yakima cotmtry, permanent villages were not built ill the u[dands, although in a few ])laces where camas and kouse were abundant, temporary sinnmer camps were constructed. In the vicinity of Ellensburg, we found no archaeological specimens except the chi])])ed ])oint mentioned on page 103, but this may be due in part to the modern cultivation of the soil and to the fact that the irrigated crops, such as are grown here, hide so nuich of the surface of the ground. A search along portions of the level country west of the town and even in such places as those where the river cuts the bank, failed to reveal signs of house or village sites. In Ellensburg, I saw a summer lodge, made up of a conical framework of poles covered with cloth and inhabited by an old blind Indian and his wife. East of the city, near the little stream below the City Reservoir A\-as another summer lodge made similarly, but among the cover- ing cloths was some matting of native manufacture. The remains of an undergrountl house, possibly 30 feet in diameter were seen to the east of the Northern Pacific Railway, between Ellensburg and Thrall. On the little bottom land along the western side of Cherry Creek, near its mouth, at the upi)er end of Yakiiua Canon, we found objects which show that the place had been a camping ground. This is immediately south of where an east and west road crosses the creek on the farm of Mr. Bull. On this village site were found the specimens catalogued under numbers 202- 8213 to 8222, of which two are shown in Plate II, Fig. 1 2, and Fig. 52. The opposite side of this stream strikes one of the foothills of the uplands, the western extension of Saddle Mountains. On the top of this foothill, which overlooks the above mentioned village site, were a number of burials luarked by circles of rocks.- In the rock-slide on the si of this hill, between these circles and the village site below, were a lunnber of graves which are describe.! in .Ictail under numbers 99-4326-4332 and 202-8223-8258 on pages 1(14 to KiCi. Some of tlie objects found, many of which are recent and sliow contact with the white v;u-i\ are shown iu l-'igs. 71a, 72, 74, 78, 80, 82-SG, 90-92, 95, and 9G. ' Spinden, p. 178. 2 See 99-4325, page 163. 1310.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 13 On the western side of the Yakima, about opposite the above mentioned village site, a rock-slide appears at the head of Yakirna Canon. In it are a number of rock-slide graves marked by sticks. In Selah Canon, on the north side of Selah Creek, about a mile and a half above where it empties into the Yakima are three groups of petroglyphs pecked into the vertical surface of the low basaltic cliffs of the canon wall. Two of these groups (Plate xii) are u])on eastern faces of the rock, while the one shown in Fig. 1, Plate xiri, is upon a southern exposure. In the rock-slide on the south side of Selah Canon, about three cpiarters of a mile above the Yakima or about half way between these petroglyj^hs and the Yakima, were found a number of graves, one of them marked by a much weathered twig. These were the only archaeological remains seen by us in Selah Canon, although we examined it for at least two miles from its mouth. On the north slope of Yakima Ridge, near its base, at a ])oint where the Moxee Canal and the river road turn and run west along the base of the ridge or about southeast of the largest ranch there, possibly two miles north- easterly from the Gap, were a number of scattered graves covered with rock- slide material. About one cpiarter of a mile west from here, a little Avest of south of the ranch, was a large rock-slide, covering a short northerly spur of the ridge. This is shown from the southwest in Plate vii. It is about three quarters of a mile northeast from where the Yakima River, after flowing through bottom lands, strikes the base of the Yakima Ridge. In this slide were a large number of shallow parallel nearly horizontal ditches below each of which is a low ridge or terrace of the angular slide-rock. Among these terraces, as shown in Fig. 2 of the plate, were a few pits surrounded by a low -ridge, made up of jagged slide-rock, apparently from out of the pits. It was naturally larger at the side of the pit towards the bottom of the slide. In none of these did we find human remains or specimens. Some of them are larger than similar pits that we found to be rock-slide graves. Their close re- semblance to graves found to have been disturbed, part of their remains being scattered near by and to other graves, as they appeared after our excavations, suggests that these pits are the remains of such rock-slide graves from which the bodies have been removed by the Indians possibly since the land became the property of the United States Government. On the other hand, these pits remind us of rifle pits, though it does not seem probable that they would be built in such a place for that purpose and there is no local account of the site having been used for such pits. This rock-slide is particularly inter- esting because of the terraces into which most of its surface had been formed. The character of the rock-slide material is such that oik^ may walk over these for some little time without noticing them, but once having l^een noticed, they ahMiys force themselves upon the attention. Standing near the top 14 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Nalural Hislory. [\'ol. \'I, of the slide, tlicv remiiul one of rows of seats in a tlicatre. Each terrace begins at the edge of the slide and runs horizontallv out around its convex surface to the opposite side. Some of them are wider than others. They resemble the more or less horizontal and parallel terraces formed by horses and cattle while feeding on steep sloj)es. The Yakima Kidge has been so terraced by stock in many ])laces and over large areas. However, there is no vegetation on the rock-slide to entice stock and the difficulty of walking over the cruelly sharp rocks as well as the j)resence of rattlesnakes would seem sufficient to cause both cattle and horses to pass either below or above it. The outer edge of each terrace is probably little lower than t!ie inner edge, but viewed from the slope it seems so, and this suggests that these terraces may have been entrenchments, though it would seem that they would be useless for such a purpose since one can easily reach the land above from either side. ^Moreover, it would not seem necessary to make parallel entrenchments down the entire slope. That they were made to facilitate the carrying of the dead to the rock-slide graves is possible but not probable. It seems unlikely that they could have been made for the seating of specta- tors to overlook games or ceremonies; for the sharpness of the rocks would make them very unc omfortable. There is a much higher rock-slide on the east side of a small steep ravine near where the Yakima River flows close to the base of the ridge, about a mile northeast of the Xaches River or Upper Gap. Near the top of this slide, ])Ossibly three hundred feet above the river, were similar jiits larger than those just described. Two or three of these were bountled along the edge towards the top of the slide by an vmusually wide terrace. Near the bottom of this slide were graves ' (Nos. 1 and 2) which arc described in detail on page l.")3. Crave No. 1 was in the base of the rock-slide as shown in the figur(> and was indicated by a cedar stick projecting from a slight depression ill the top of the heaj) of roL'k-slide material covering it. It was on a slight terrace about eighty feet above the river, and commanded a view over the valley of the ^'iikinia to the north. The presence of the brass tube shown in Fig. 75 suggests that this grave is not of great antiquity. Grave No. 2 was in the same rock-slide about fifty feet down the ravine or to the north, and ;il)(iut forty feet above the Moxee flume. It was indicated by a hole in a |)il(' of vo'.-k. like an old well. It was found to contain nothing, the re- mains having been removed. ( )n the south side of the Yakima Ridge, near the bridge over the ^'akiIna, at the Fjipcr Gap, I'ock-slide gravcvs arc said to have been disturbed (hiring the construction of tin- (luine which carries the waters of the Moxee ditch around the western end of the "^'akima Ridge, and > See Fig. 3, Plate vi from the nortli of west. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 15 during the gathering of stone on this point for commercial purposes. Some of these graves are said to have been above the flume. Here and there, near the base of the ridge from this point easterly for about a mile, were found small pits, such as one shown in Fig. 1, Plate viii. Apparently, these were rock-slide graves from which the human remains had been removed^ either by the Indians in early times or more recently by visi- tors from the neighboring town of North Yakima. Possibly some of them are old cache holes. One of these graves near the top of a small rock-slide above the flume contained a human skeleton and is shown in Fig. 2, Plate VIII. Below these graves, on the narrow flat between the base of the ridge and the Yakima River at a })oint about three quarters of a mile below the Upper Gap at the mouth of the Naches River, were discovered a number of small pits each surrounded by a low ridge of earth which were probably the remains of cache holes made by the Indians during the last twenty years. On this flat, close to the river were two pits surrounded by a circular ridge which indicated ancient semi-subterranean house sites, further described on page 51. It is said, that above the flume at a point about a mile and a half below the Upper Gap, rock-slide graves, some of which were marked by pieces of canoes were excavated by school boys. The writer was also informed by small boys that near the top of the ridge immediately above here, they fre- quently found chipped points for arrows but on examination discovered only chips of stone suitable for such points, the boys either having mistaken the chips for points or having collected so many of the points that they were scarce. On the west side of the Yakima, at the Upper Gap, there is a raised flat top or terrace that overlooks the mouth of the Naches River to the southeast. Here were a number of circles made up of angular rocks. Within each we found the remains of human cremations. Unburned fragments of the bones of several individuals with shell ornaments were often present in a single circle.^ Continuing ^^'estward, along the slope of the ridge, cut along its southern base by the Naches River, at a point about one and a (juarter miles west of the mouth of the river, a small ravine cuts down from the toj) of the ridge. This has formed a little flat through the middle of which it has again cut down towards the river. East of this ravine on the flat is a circle of angular rocks such as are found scattered over the ridge, 'i'liis circle no d()ul)t marks a house sit(\ the interior liaving been cleared of stoiu" and the circle of rocks ])r()l)ably having Ix'cn used lo hold down tht- lodge co\'ering.- To 1 See p. 142 and Fig. 1 , Plate ix. 2 See p. 15 and Fig. 1, Plate iv. 16 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Saturnl Historij. [\'ol. \'I, the west ol' tlu> ra\iiu>, where the flat is somewliat hi^'her than to the east, there are the remains of two semi-subterranean houses. Each of these is i("]) resented by a pit surrounded by a ridge of earth, and on the toj), are large angular rocks. ^ At a j)oint where the ridge meets this flat, close to the western side of the ravine was a slight dejiression in a small rock-shde which marked what seemed to be a grave, but which, on excavation, revealed nothing. Still further westward at a point probably two miles above the mouth of the Naches River and overlooking the stream at an altitude of per- haps 250 feet, we found scattered over the ground along the eastern summit of a deep ravine, the first one west of the house sites above mentioned, numer- ous small chips of material suitable for chipped implements. These became more numerous as we proceeded northward uj) the eastern side of the ravine for a distance of about a quarter of a mile. Here we came upon the small quarry in the volcanic soil, shown in Fig. 1, Plate iii. Immediately to the west of the pit was a pile of earth, apparently excavated from it. On the top of this heap of soil and among the broken rock to the south and east of it, were found several water-worn pebbles, used as hammers in breaking up the rock, as indicated by the battered condition of their ends (p. 58)- We saw no other water-worn pebbles on the surface of the ridge, but they were numerous in the gravel of the bottom-lands subject to the overflow of the rivers. It would seem that these pebbles were brought up from the riv(>r below for use as hammers. Scattered to the south of the pit were found large fragments of float (juartz material containing small pieces of stone suitable for chipped implements but made up mainly of stone which was badly disintegrated. Lying on the slope of the ravine were many small fragments of this same stone which were clear of flaws. It would seem that a mass of float (|uart/> much of which was suitable for chip[)ed implements had been found here. It had been excavated, leav- ing the pile of earth and then broken up with the river ])ebbles which were left behind with the waste. Probably there were fairly large pieces of the material, suitable for chipped im])lements; that were carried away while small pieces were left lying about a pile of imsuitable material. In other words, it would seem that these S])ecimens mark a place for the roughing out of material for chipped implements.' On the same side of the river, on the side of a rather low ridge or table-land overlooking it, at a point al)()iit twelve miles above its mouth, arc some rock-slides. Here it is said that graves have been found. They were probably typical rock-slide graves. On a point of land ])erhaps fifty feet above these and a few hundred feet to 1 See p. 52 and Fig. 2, Plate iv. 2 See p. 20. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 17 the north, Master James ^NlcWhirter pointed out a grave on his farm. It was then surrounded by a ring made u]) of water-worn pebbles, apparently brought uj) from the river. He stated that an attempt had been made to excavate it Avhich possibly accounts for the pebbles being in a circle rather than a hea]) over the grave. This grave was found to contain a slab of wood, shell ornaments, probably modern, and an adult skeleton. No. 12 (7), 99- 4320, p. 156. There are a number of painted pictographs on the vertical faces of the basaltic columns, facing north on the south side of the Xaches River, im- mediately to the west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek. These are below the flume and may be reached from the top of the talus slope which has been added to by the blasting away of the rock abo\e, during the construction of the flume. In fact, debris from this blasting has covered part of the picto- graphs. Some of the pictures are in red, others in white and there are combinations of the two colors.^ Local merchants have defaced these pictographs with advertisements. In the Cowiche Valley, there are several rock-slide graves, but these seem to have been rifled. Northeast of the fair grounds at North Yakima, the remains of an underground house are said to exist. K short distance east of Tampico, about 18 miles above the mouth of the Ahtanum, on the north side of the river and east of the road from the north where it meets the river road and immediately across it from the house of INIr. Sherman Eglin, was a grave located in a volcanic dome left by the ^vind, which ]\Ir. Eglin pointed out to us. The site is about 600 feet north of the north branch of the Ahtanum and about fifteen feet above the level of the river. A pile of rocks about eight feet in diameter covered this grave, No. 25, p. 160. On the land of Mr. A. D. Eglin, between the above-mentioned grave and Tam- pico on the north side of the road were seen the signs of two graves, destroyed by plowing. Near here, an oblong mound six or eight inches high and ten feet wide by eight feet long, supposedly covering a grave, marked by a stone on the level at each side and each end, 12 and 16 feet apart respectively was reported by Mr. Eglin's son. A little distance further north and up the slope of the land, were a number of volcanic ash heaps left by the wind. The surrounding land is what is locally known as "scab land." In some of these knolls, graves have been foimd and one which has been ex[)lored is shown in Eig. 2, Plate ix. It is located near the pasture gate, and Avas marked by a circle of stones as shown in the figure. On excavating, nothing was found. It is possible that the remains were entirely disintegrated. Graves in rock-slides on hill sides, and a village site near this place were ' Further described under the sul)j?ft of art on ji. 119 and shown in Plates xi\'-x\'i. 18 Anthropoloyical Papers American Museum of Natural Histurtj. [\'ol. \'I, reported by jNIi". Eglin's son. Alono- tlu' north side of Ahtamnn Creek between Ahtanum and Tainpico. l)el()\v the rim roek of the nplands parallel to the creek are a number of rock-slide graves. On the western side of Union Gap, through which the Yakima River flows, below the mouth of Ahtanum Creek, a short cHstance l)elow Old Yakima, on a httk' flat or terrace projecting from the south side of Hattle Snake Range is a modern Indian cemeterv surrounded bv a fence. To the east of Union Gaj), on the northwestern slope of Rattle Snake Range, we examined some rock-slide graves which had been made since the advent of objects of white manufacture. A mile or so south of Union Gaj) not far from the ui)lands to the east of the river was a ridge of earth extending north and south nearly parallel with the river road. This, however, I believe may be the remains of some early irrigation j^oject. On the west side of the Yakima River about two miles south of Union Gap was seen a summer lodge made by covering a conical framework with mats. At Fort Simcoe, immediately south of the Indian agency, on the north edge of the "scab land," overlooking a small ravine, is a large j)it surrounded by an embankment of earth, the remains of a semi-subterranean house. Perha})s an eighth of a mile south of this, on higher "scab land" was a rather low long mound upon which were several piles of stone that probably marked graves. This mound was lower and more oblong than the usual dome in which such graves were made. Mrs. Lynch, who pointed these out has excavated similar piles at this place and found them to mark graves. We were informed that chi})pecl implements were fre(|uently found along the Yakima River at a point near Prosser. Above Kennewick, while digging a flume, a number of graves were discovered, from A\liich ISIr. Sonderman made his collection. Some of these graves contained modern material (p. 111). On the surface of the western beach of the Columbia at KcimeAviek and on the flat land back of it we found chips of material suitable for making chipped imjdements, and a large pebble, j^robably a net sinker.^ TJiese, together with the fact that j\Ir. 1). W. Owen has also fre(iuently foiuid specimens here, suggest that this i)lace was an ancient camping ground. That Lewis and Clark saw Indians here and in the vicinity, as well as that the Indians still (amp here on the beach of the river, sheltered from the wind by the bank and depending upon the river driftwood for llieir fuel, strengthens this suggestion. Specimens have been found on the large island in the Columbia at the mouth of the Yakima. (Sec j). 04.) At a jioint four miles below Kennewiek or ])erhaps a mile below a jioiiit opjiosile the mouth > See p. 30. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 19 of the Snake, a grave Avhicli contained material of white manufacture is said to have been discovered by a man while hauling water up the bank of the Columbia. Schoolcraft states^ that there was an earthwork on the left bank of the Lower Yakima on the edge of a terrace about fifteen feet high a short dis- tance from the water. This terrace was banked on either side by a gvdley. This consisted of two concentric circles of earth about eighty yards in dia- meter by three feet high, with a ditch between. Within were about twenty '' cellars ", situated without apparent design, except economy of room. They were some thirty feet across, and three feet deep. A guide stated that it was unique and made very long ago by an unknown people. Outside, but near by, were other "cellars" in no way differing from the remains of villages of the region. What may be an earthwork near by is described by School- craft^ as follows: "The Indians also pointed out, near by, a low hill or spur, which in form might be supposed to resemble an inverted canoe, and which he had said was a ship." Schoolcraft suggests a possible relation of this to the mounds of the Sacramento Valley and continues: — "In this connection may also be mentioned a couple of modern fortifications, erected by the Yakamas upon the Sunkive fork. They are situated between two small branches, upon the siunmits of a narrow ridge some two hundred yards long, and thirty feet in height, and are about twenty-five yards apart. The first is a square with rounded corners, formed by an earthen embankment capped with stones; the interstices between which served for loop-holes, and without any ditch. It is about thirty feet on the sides, and the wall three feet high. The other is built of adobes, in the form of a rectangle, twenty by thirty-four feet, the walls three feet high, and twelve to eighteen inches thick, with loop-holes six feet apart. Both are commanded within rifle-shot by neighboring hills. They were erected in 1847 by Skloo, as a defence against the Cayuse. We did not hear whether they were suc- cessfully maintained, accounts varying greatly in this respect. In the same neigh- borhood Captain M'Clellan's party noticed small piles of stones raised by the Indians on the edges of the basaltic walls which enclose these valleys, but were informed that they had no purpose; they were put up through idleness. Similar piles are, however, sometimes erected to mark the fork of a trail. At points on these walls there were also many graves, generally made in regular form, covered with loose stones to protect them from the cayotes, and marked by poles decorated with tin cups, powder-horns, and articles of dress. During the summer the Indians for the most part live in the small valleys lying well into the foot of the mountains. These are, however, uninhabital)le during the winter, and they move further down, or to more sheltered situations. The mission which, in summer, is maintained in the A-td-nam vallov, is transferred into that of the main river.'' ^ » Schoolcraft, VI, p. 612. 2 Schoolcraft, VI, p. 613. 3 Of. also Bancroft, IV, p. 736; Stevens, pp. 232-3; Gibbs, (a), pp. 408-9. 20 Anthropolugical Papers Anierican Museum of Xuturul History. [Vo]. VI, After passing the toj) of the divide, to the left of the trail from Ellens- burg to Priest Rapids, chips and fragments of variegated float quartz suitable for c-hii)ped im})lements were found. This a})parently marked a place where a fragment of float rock had been broken up, but fine fragments were hardly numerous enough to indicate that the place had been a shop site, or at least a large one. The quantity of material broken up, judging from the amount of refuse, was small. On the western side of the Columbia, at the base of the basaltic rocks where they meet the bottom-land, perhaps a mile from the river were rock-slide graves in the talus slope. At the head of Priest Rapids, the river turns towards the west and then southward, flow- ing close to the southern end of this escarpment. On the flat, at the very head of Priest Rapids, the river, during high Avater had washed out the re- mains of a village or camp site, where pestles and animal bones were numer- ous. A short distance above this, in a low ridge near the river were some modern graves some of which were marked with sticks at the head and foot. The bodies, judging from the mounds of earth, were laid full length and many, if not all of them, judging from the size of the head and foot sticks, were placed with the feet towards the east. Perhaps a mile above here near the home of ]\Ir. Britain Everette Craig, several large and deep pits, the sites of ancient semi-subterranean houses were seen. Above and near his house, the river had washed out what was apparently a village site, and perhaps a few graves. Here was found the small fresh water shell heap, shown in Fig. 1, Plate v, and the pile of flat oval pebbles which probably marked a cooking place, shown in Fig. 2. On the west beach of the Columbia at Sentinal Bluft's })erhaps another mile further uj) the river, notched sinkers and other tndications of a camp or fishing ground were found. On the eastern side of the river near the head of Priest Rajiids some material was found on the surface of the beach where the floods of the river had uncovered it. A mile or more above here, pecked on the basaltic columns of Sentinal Bluffs, which may be seen in both figures of Plate v w^ere a number of petroglyi)hs, shown in Plate xi and described on page 121 . Those shown in Fig. 1, ]ihotogra])lied from the west, are on the cohunns to the east of the road, blasted through the rocks at this point, and ])erhaps fifteen feet froin the river. Those in Fig. 2, photographed from the north, are to the west of the road on tlr- cohunns which rise al)ru])tly from the river. Some specimens and indications of habitation were found scattered Ix'twcen this poiiU and the mouth of ('rab Creek, the bed of which was dry in most places when we visited it. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 21 Resources. The resources of the prehistoric peo})le of the Yakima VaUey, as indi- cated by the specimens found in the graves and about the village sites, were chiefly of stone, copper, shell, bone, antler, horn, feathers, skin, tule stalks, birch bark and wood. They employed extensively various kinds of stone for making a variety of objects. Obsidian,^ glassy basalt or trap, petrified wood, agate, chalcedonic quartz with opaline intrusions, chert and jasper were used for chijjping into various kinds of points, such as those used for arrows, spears, knives, drills and scrapers. According to Spinden," obsidian was used in the Nez Perce region to the east where it was obtained from the John Day River and in the mountains to the east, possibly in the vicinity of the Yellowstone National Park. The people of the Yakima Valley may have secured it from the Nez Perce. As on the coast, objects made of glassy basalt were rare here, although it will be remembered that they were the most common among chipped objects in the Thompson River region.^ Mr. James Teit believes that glassy basalt is scarce in the Yakima region and that this is the reason why the prehistoric people there did not use it extensively. Some agate, chalcedony and similar materials were used in the Thompson River region, but while there is a great quantity of the raw material of these substances there, the Indians say that the black basalt was easier to work and quite as effective when finished. Several small cjuarries of ffoat quartz had been excavated and broken up to be flaked at adjacent work shops, p. 16. River pebbles were made into net sinkers, pestles, mortars, ham- merstones, scrapers, clubs, slave killers, sculptures, and similar objects, and were also used for covering some of the graves in the knolls. Serpentine was used for celts and clubs; lava for sculptures. Slate was used for orna- mental or ceremonial tablets steatite for ornaments and pipes, though rarely for pestles and other objects; and impure limestone for pipes. Fragments of basaltic rock were used for covering graves in the rock-slides and in some of the knolls. Places on the basaltic columns and cliffs served as backgrounds upon which pictures were made, some being pecked,* others painted.^ No objects made of mica or nephrite were found. Siliceous sandstone was made into pestles, pipes and smoothers for arrow-shafts, but the last were rare. Copper clay, white earth and red ochre were not found, but red and white 1 See Fig. 5 and 202-8141, p. 154. 2 Spinden, p. 184. 3 Smith, (d) p. 132 and 135 (c) p. 407 ■• See Plates xi-xiii. 5 See Plates xiv-xvi. 22 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. \Yo\. VI, paint were seen on the ba.saltie cliffs and Mrs. Lynch reports bhie paint from a grave near Fort Simcoe (p. 117). Copper was used for beads, pendants and bracelets. While all of this copper may have been obtained by barter from the whites, yet some of it may have been native. Copper, according to Spinden, was probably not known to the Nez Perce before the articles of civilization had reached that region, but he states that large quantities of copper have been taken from graves and that the edges of some of the specimens are uneven, such as would be more likely to result from beating out a nugget than from working a piece of cut sheet copper.^ The glass beads, iron bracelets," and bangles,^ the brass rolled beads,^ brass pendant'' and the white metal inlay ,^ which we found, all came from trade with the white race during recent times and do not belong to the old culture. Shells of the fresh water unio, in a bed five or six feet in diameter and two or three inches thick, at the Priest Rapids village site and described on p. 34 indicate that this animal had been used for food. Shells of the little salt water clam {Pectunculus 202-8388, Fig. 88), haliotis (202-8234b, 8252, 8255, 8386, Figs. 89-92), dentalium (202-8178, 8156, 8163, 8173, 8177-9, 8184, 8186-89, 8192-3, 8233, 8241, 8253, 8389, Figs. 74, 117, and 118) olivella (202-8393, Fig. 87), and oyster (202-8170, Fig. 94) which were made into various ornaments must have been obtained from the coast. No shells of Pecien caurimis were found. Deer bones were seen in great numbers in the earth of a village site at the head of Priest Rapids where they probably are the remains of cooking. Animal bones were made into points for arrows or harpoon barbs, awls and tubes that were probably used in gambling. Fish bones (202-8387) found in the ^■i]lage sites suggest that fish were used for food. No bones of the whale were found. Antler was used for wedges, combs and as material upon which to carve. Horns of the Rocky Mountain shee]> were used for digging-stick handles. IMountain slice]) horns were secured by the Nez Perce who lived to the east of the Yakima region, and were traded with Indians westwnrd as far as the Lower Columbia.'' No objects made of teeth were found ahhough a piece of a beaver tooth (202-8189) was seen in grave No. 21, and Mrs. Lynch reports elk teeth from a grave near Fort Simcoe (p. 119). Pieces of 1 Spinden, p. 190. 2 See Fig. 96. 3 See Figs. 85 and 86. < See Fig. 75. 6 See Fig. 84. « See Fig. 128. 7 Spinden, p. 223. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 23 thong, skin, fur, and feathers of the woodpecker, all of which were probably used as articles of wearing apparel, were found in the graves preserved by the action of copper salts or the dryness of the climate. Wood Avas used as the hearth of a fire drill ^ and for a bow, a fragment of which is shown in Fig. 114. Sticks which had not decayed in this dry climate, marked some of the graves in the rock-slides (p. 140). Charcoal was also found in the graves and village sites. A fragment of birch bark, tightly rolled (202-8392) was found in a grave; roots were woven into baskets;- rushes were stitched and woven into mats.^ The Securing of Food. Points Chipped oxit of Stone. Many implements used in procuring food were found. In general, they are similar in character to those found in the Thompson River Region.* The most numerous perhaps, were points of various sizes and shapes, made by chipping and flaking, for arrows, knives and spears. Many of these are small and finely wrought and most of them are of bright colored agates, chalcedonies and similar stones. As before mentioned, several small c[uarries of such material with adjacent workshops were found. A very few specimens were made of glassy basalt, and it will be remembered (p. 21) that this was the prevailing material for chipped implements in the Thompson River region to the north, where there was perhaps not such a great variety of material used.^ In the Nez Perce region to the east, according to Spinden, a great variety of forms of arrow points chipped from stone of many kinds is found,^ and the extreme minuteness of some of them is noteworthy. The war spear sometimes had a point of stone, usually lance-shaped, but sometimes barbed.'' He further states that iron supplanted flint and obsidian at an early date, for the manufacture of arrow- heads.^ No caches of chipped implements were found in the Yakima region. Judging from the collections which I have seen, I am under (he impression that chipped points are not nearly so numerous in this region as they are near The Dalles and in the Columbia Valley immediately south of this area, 1 See Fig. 38. 2 See Fig. 17. 3 See Fig. 70-72. 4 Smith, (d) p. 135; and (c) p. 408. 5 Ibid. 6 Cf. Spinden, Figs. 10-22, Plate vii. 7 Spinden, p. 227. 8 Spinden, p. 190. 24 Anthropological Papers Atucrica)i Museum nf Xatural History. [\o\. VI, and perhaps not even as numerous as in the Thompson River country to the north. AVe found no fantastic forms such as were rather common in the Thompson River country.^ It will be remembered - that the art of chipping stone was not extensively practised on the coast of British Cohunbia or Washington, no specimens liaving been found in that area north of Van- couver Island except at Bella Coola, where only two were discovered. They Ave re frecjuent at Saanich and in the Fraser Delta and became still more common as one apj)roached the mouth of the Columbia on the west coast of Washington where, on the whole, they seem to resemble, especially in the general character of the material, the chipped points of the Columbia River Vallev in the general region from Portland to The Dalles. The range of forms and sizes is well shown in Figs. 1 to G and in Plates I and 11.^ The spe.cimen shown in Fig. 1 is very small, apparently made from a thin flake of chalcedony that has not been much chipped. Its edges are slightly serrated and it was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. Deeply serrated points are found in the Nez Perce region to the east, but they are unusual.' The one shown in Fig. 2 is also made of chalcedony and is from the same place. It is larger and Chipped Point iiuide ^^^ barbs are not so deep. The specimen shown in Fig. of Chalcedony. From 3, chipped from white chalcedony was found at the the surface, near tlie , i i • i ' i i -l- • j. head of Priest Rapids S'T-H^^ place antl may be considered as a knire point i nat. size. rather than as an arrow point. The one shown in Fig. 4 is made of petrified wood and has serrated edges. It was found at Priest Rapids and is in the collection of Mr. Mires. Fig. o illustrates a point with a straight base chi])pcd from obsidian, one of the few made of this material that have been found in the whole region. This is also from Priest Rapids in the collection of Mr. ]Mires. The straight based arrow-head is very common in the Nez Perce region.'^ The specimen shown in Fig. is leaf shaped, the base being broken off. It is made of chert, was collected at Wallula near the Columbia River in Oregon by Judge James Kennedy in 1882 and is in the James Terry collection of this Museum. Plate i shows a rather large and crudely chipix'd poiiu made of basalt, from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids on the bank of the Columbia River. The second is made of red jas])er and the ihird of white chert. Thev were found near the head of Priest Rapids, the latter also on 1 Smith, (d) p. 136; and (c) p. 409. 2 Smith, (b), p. 437; (a) p. 190; (e) p. 564; and (f), p. 3.59. 3 Photographs by Mr. Wm. C. Orchard. ■1 Cf. Spinden, Fig. 16, Plate vii. 5 Cf. Spinden, Fig. 14, Plate vii. 1910.1 Sniilh, The Yakima Valley. 25 the bank of the river. These three specimens may be considered as finished or unfinished spear or knife points. The specimens shown in Plate ii are more nearly of the average size. The first is made of buff jasper and was found on the surface at Kennewick. It is slightly serrated. The second is made of brownish fissile jasper and was found in grave No. 10 (5) in a rock- slide near the mouth of the Naches River. The third, chipped from mottled quartz was found in grave No. 2S (21) near the skull in a rock-slide about three miles west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek. The fourth of white quart- zite is also from grave No. 28 (21) near the skull. The breadth of the base of these last two specimens and the notches would facilitate their being fastened very securely in an arrow-shaft, while the basal points would probably project far enough beyond the shaft to make serviceable barbs. Fig. Fig. 3. Fig. 2 (202-8364). head of Priest Rapids. Fig. 3 (202-8336). Fig. 4. From tlie surface, near the Chipped Point made of Chalcedony ^ nat. size. Chipped Point made of White Chalcedony. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids, i nat. size. Fig. 4. Serrated Chipped Point made of Petrified Wood. From Priest Rapids. ^ nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.) The fifth specimen, chipped from V)iown chert was found among the refuse of a fire in grave No. 1, in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. The sixth is made of glassy basalt and is remarkable for having two sets of notches. It is rather large, which suggests that it may have served as a knife point. It is from the head of Priest Rapids and was collected and presented by Mrs. J. B. Davidson. Double notched arrow points are found in the Nez Perce region.^ The seventh is chip]:»ed from pale fulvous chalcedony and is from the surface at the same ])lace. The eighth is chipped from similar material and was found near by. The ninth is made of opaline whitish chalcedony and is from the same place. The tenth is chipped I'lom yellow agate, and somewhat resembles a drill, while the eleventh is of brown horn stone, both of them being from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. 1 Cf. Spinden, Fig. 15, Plate vii. 26 .Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xutural History. [\'ol. W, The twelfth which is chipped from clove Ijrown jasper was fouiul on the surface of the Cherry Creek camp site near Ellensburg. The thirteenth is made of reddish white chert and was found on the surface near tlic mouth of Wenas Creek. The fourteenth is of pale yellow chalcedony and comes from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. Most of these s])ecimens seem to be suitable for arrow ])oints, although some of them ])roliably served for use as knives. Points Rubbed out of Stone. No points rubbed out of stone have been found in this region, although it will be remembered that two such points Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Cliipped Point made of Obsidian. From Priest Rapids. J nal. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.) Fig. 6. (T-21184, H-180.) Fragment of a leaf-shaped Point made of Chert. From Wallula near the Columbia River, Oregon. Collected by Judge James Kennedy in 1882. i nat. size. were found in the Tlionipsoii Ivivcr region ' and were thought to n'|U'('Scnt an intrusion IVoni the coast whci'cthcy were comnioii as in the Frascr 1 )('ha - at both l*ort Ilaninioiid and Ebnrnr whci-c lliey an> more than one hah' as iinnicious as the chipped points, and at ('oniox ' where at least seven of this 1 Smith, (c), p. 409. 2 Smith, (a), pp. 141 and 143. 3 Smith, (1)), p. 308. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 27 type to three chipped from stone were found. They were also found at Saanich/ where they were in proportion of nineteen to twenty-four, near Victoria ^ and on the San Juan Islands.^ Points Rubbed out of Bone. Points rubbed out of bone which were so common on the coast everywhere, but rare in the Thompson River country are still more scarce here. Only ten specimens from the whole region can be identified as clearly intended for the points or barbs of arrows, harpoon heads or spears. The types are shown in Figs. 7 to 12. The first was found in the west, northwest part of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about a half mile above the mouth of the Naches River. It is nearly circular in cross section, 31 mm. long with a point only 6 mm. in length and was apparently intended for a salmon harpoon head, similar to those used in the Thompson River region ■* both in ancient and modern times but which are much more com- mon on the coast. The specimen shown in Fig. 8 is circular in cross section and w^as seen in the collection of Mrs. Davidson. It is from Kennewick and is of the shape of one of the most frequent types of bone points found in the Fraser Delta.^ The specimen shown in Fig. 9 was found with three others in grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. This and two of the others were scorched. They are circular in cross section and sharji at both ends but the upper end is much the more slender. The point shown in Fig. 10 somewhat resembles these, but it is slightly larger and tends to be rectangular in cross section except at the base. It was found with a similar specimen in a grave on the Snake River, five miles above its mouth, and was collected and presented by iVIr. Owen who still has the other specimen. Diagonal striations may still be seen on its much weathered brown surface. These were probably caused by rubbing it on a stone in its manufacture. A slightly different type of bone point is shown in Figs. 11 and 12. These seem to be barbs for fish spears such as were found in the Thompson River region,^ among both ancient and modern specimens. The one shown in Fig. 11 has traces of the marrow canal on the reverse. It was found in the Yakima Valley below Prosser and is in the collection of Mr. Spalding. While the specimen shown in Fig. 12 is from the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. Bone points and barbs were used in the Nez Perce region to the east, where three types of spears with bone points were known, two of them at least being similar to those found in the Thompson River region to the 1 Smith, (b), p. 332. 2 P. 357 and 358, ibid. 3 P. 380, ibid. 4 Smith, (c), p. 410; Teit, (a). Fig. 231. s Cf. Smith, (a), Fig. 13/i. 6 Smith, (c), p. 410; Teit, (a). Fig. 232. 23 Aidhiopological Papers American Museum of Xaturtd History. [Vol. VI Fig. 7. fl Fig. 8. Fig. 9. If Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 7 (202-8165). Point made of Bone. From the W., N. W. part of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about half a mile abo\-e the mouth of Naches River, i nat. size. Fig. 8. Point made of Bone. From Keniiewick. Original in the collection of Mrs. Davidson.) Fig. 9 (202-8143). Scorched Point made of Bone of the Yakima Ridge, i nat. size. Fig. 10(20.0-1468). Point made of Bone. Foun( River, five miles above its mouth, i nat. size. (Collected and presented \}y Mr. Owen.) Fig. 11. Point or Barb made of Bone. From the Yakima Valley below Prosser. i nat, size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. Spalding.) Fig. 12 (202-8381). Point or Barb made of Bone. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids, i nat. size. J nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. From grave No. 1 in a rock-slide in a grave on an island in the Snake 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 29 north. ^ The war spears sometimes had a point of bone, usually lance- shaped, but sometimes barbed.^ Bows. The only information which we have regarding bows is from the specimen shown in Fig. 114. The object seems to be a fragment of a bow which was lenticular in cross section although rather flat. It is slightly bent and the concave side bears transverse incisions, (p. 125.) The specimen was found in grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about one hundred and fifty feet up the slope on the north side of the Xaches River, about half a mile above its mouth. The presence of several perishable objects in the grave suggest it to be modern, but no objects of white manufacture were found. This is the only object indicating the sort of bow used in this region and with the exception of the chipped points previously described, some of which were undoubtedly for arrows, is the only archaeological object tending to prove the use of the bow. It will be remembered ^ that fragments of a bow of lenticular cross section ornamented with parallel irregularly arranged cuneiform incisions, were found in a grave near Nicola Lake in the Thomp- son River region and that pieces of wood, some of which may have been part of a bow, were found in a grave at the mouth of Nicola Lake ; also that pieces of wood found at Kamloops resemble a bow of the type shown in Fig. 220 of Mr. Teit's paper on the present Thompson Indians.* In the Nez Perce "region to the east, war clubs with heads made of un- worked river boulders, according to Spinden,^ were sometimes used in killing game and such may have been the case in this region. Snares. Fragments of thongs, skin, fur and woodpecker feathers merely suggest methods of hunting or trapping which are not j^roven by any of our finds. It is barely possible although not probable that the bone tubes considered to have been used in gambling and illustrated in Figs. 97 and 98 and also the perforated cylinder of serpentine shown in Fig. 99 may be portions of snares. Traps and snares of various kinds were common among the Indians of the larger plateau area of which this is a part." Mr. J. S. Cotton informs me that in the vicinity of ]Mr. Turner's home. Section 6, Town north IS, Range 40 east, on Rock Creek, aliout six miles below Rock I.,ake. and in the vicinity of the graves described on j). 140 and the so-called fort mentioned on p. 82, there is a long line of stones running from Rock Creek in a southeasterly direction across the coule to a small draw on the other side. This chain of rocks is about five miles long. The stones 1 Spinden, p. 189 and Fig. 5*, 'o, ". 2 Spinden, p. 227. 3 Smith, (c), p. 411. 4 Teit, (a), Fig. 216. 5 Spinden, p. 188 and 227, also Fig. 5^. Lewis, p. 182. 30 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, have evidently sunk into the u'round and show signs of having been their a long time. Thcv have been in the same condition since about 1874 when first seen bv the whites, even the oldest Indians claiming to know nothing about them. According to Lewis, game was surrounded and driven in by a large number of hunters or was run down bv horses, in the great area of which this is j)art.' It seems altogether probable that a line of stone heaps may have been made to serve either as a line of scarecrows, possibly to support flags or similar objects, which would have the effect of a fence to direct the Hight of the game or as a guide to enable the hunters to drive the game towards a precipice where it would be killed, or a corral where it would be impounded. Notched Sinkers. Sinkers for fish nets or lines were made of disk-shaped river pebbles. A pebble and the different types of sinkers are shown in Fig. 13. These w'ere numerous on the surface of the beach of the Columl)ia River near the head of Priest Rapids. They have two or four notches chipped from each side in the edges. When there are two, the notches are usually at each end ; when there are four, they are at the end and side edges. Some- times, the notches are so crudely made that the edge of the pebble is simply roughened so that a string tied about it at this place would hold. One of these sinkers from Priest Rapids was seen in Mr. Mires' collection. Grooved Sinkers. Some large thick pebbles have grooves pecked around their shortest circumference. They may have been used as canoe smashers or anchors, but seem more likely to be net sinkers. Two of these are shown in Figs. 14 and 15. They are from Priest Rapids and arc in the collection of Mr. Mires. Both are battered along the lower edge, from the groove on the left to within a very short distance of it on the right and over a consider- able portion of the edge of the top. In the second specimen, this battering forms a considerable groove on the lowtn- edge, but a groove only the size of those shown in the illustration on the u])i)er edge. This battering suggests that they may have l)een used as hammers, but the battered ends of hammers are not often grooved. There are certain grooves ])ecked on one side of each which seem to be of a decorative or ceremonial significance and are conse- quently discussed on ]). 132 under the section devoted to art. The first specimen is made of granite or yellow (juartzite with mica, the second is of granite or yellowish gray (piartz with augite and feldspar. One specimen similar to these two, but without any decoration oi'gi'ooving (202-81 ICi) A\as found hy us on the beach at Kennewiek as was also a large pebble grooved nearly around the shortest circumference (202-8332) at Priest Rapids. One object of tliis tvpe made of a liouMei' l)nt gi'ooved ai'onnd the longest » Lewis, p. 182; Ross, (aj, p. :{16; De Smet III, p. 1026; Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 371. Fig. 13. I'ig. 14. Fig. 13 a (202-8296), b (202-8318), c (202-8313), d (202-8330). Pebble and Net Sinkers made of Pebble.s. From tbe surface of the bank of Columbia l^ivcr, near tlie liead of Priest Rapids, i nat. size. Fig. 14. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a l^esigu in Intaglio. From Priest Rapids. i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44536, 9-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.) 32 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xatuiul Ilistonj. [\o\. \l, circumference was seen in Mr. ( )\v('n's collection. It was found on the bank of the Columbia River two miles below Pasco. The specimen described on ]). GO which has a notch pecked in each side edge and is battered slightly on one end may have been used as a net sinker, although it has been con- sidered a hammer. This specimen (202-8214) in a way resembles the small flat notched sinkers except that the notch is pecked instead of chipped and that it is larger and thicker in proportion. Other specimens which are considered as net sinkers, anchors or "canoe smashers" instead of being grooved, are perforated l)y a hole which tapers from each side and has apparently been made by pecking. Sometimes this hole is in the center, while in other cases it passes through one end. Fig. IG illustrates such a specimen. It was found at Priest Rapids and is in the collection of Mr. iNIires. It is made from a river pebble of yellowish -gray volcanic rock. The perforation is in the broadest end. A similar specimen perforated near one end and one pierced near the middle were seen in ]Mr. Owen's collection. He believes that these were used for killing fish, an Indian having told him that such stones were thrown at the fish and retrieved with a cord which was tied through the hole. Probably all of these were sinkers for nets or at least anchors for the ends of nets, set lines or for small boats. Sinkers were not seen by us among archaeological finds in the Thompson River region but Mr. James Teit has informed the writer of their use there on both nets and lines, particularly on the former. Nets, excepting the bag net, were very little used in the Kamloops-Lytton region along the Thom})son River and that may account for a scarcity of sinkers among archaeological finds. Nets were more extensively used on the Fraser River, but were very much used near large lakes and consequently one w ould expect to find sinkers in the vicinity of such places as Kamlooj)s, Shushwai), Anderson, Seaton, Lillooet, Nicola, Kootenay and Arrow Lakes. Now, as the Shushwa]) gen- erally made little bags of netting in which they jnit their sinkers to attach them to nets, this woidd greatly militate against th(> finding of grooved, notched or ])erforatcd sinkers in the Shushwap pari of this region. 'Wvy ])robably thought this method was more cfi'eclive or took \\\) less time than notching, grooving or perforating stones, and attaching lines to them. It is unknown which of these methods is the most ])riniitive. I'nworkcd pcl)l)les, chosen for their special adjiptation in sh;i])e, and others grooved or ])er- forated were used in soni<' parts of the interior of British Colnnibia for sink- ers which were not enclosed in netting. I'nworked pebbles attached to lines have been seen in use among tlie Thompson Uiver Indians by Mr. Teit who sent a s])(vimen of one to the Museum.' Tliese were of various I Teit, (a), Fig. 234. 1910.1 Smith, The Yakima ]' alley. 33 Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 15. Sinker, a Grooved Boulder bearing a Design in Intaglio. From Priest Rapids. i nat. size. (.Drawn from photograph 44536, 9-2. Original in tlie collection of Mr. Mires.) Fig. 16. Sinker, a Perforated Bjulder. From Priest R.ipids. i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44535, 9-1. Origlnul in the callectijn of Mr. Mires.) 34 Anthro})oloyical Papers American Muaeum of Natural History. [\'ol. VI, shapes, some of them being egg-shaped. A deeply notched oval ]:»el)ble was found on the site of an old semi-subterranean winter house on the west side of Fraser River at the mouth of Churn Creek in the country of the Fraser River division of the Shushwap. The Thomi)son Indians said it had been intended for a war ax and accordingly one of them mounted it in a handle. It is now cat. No. 16-9073 in this Museum. ]Mr. Teit believes the stone to be too heavy for a war club of any kind and that possibly it may originally have been a sinker, although it is chipped more than necessary for the latter. In 1908, he saw a perforated sinker found near the outlet of Kootenay I^ake, on the borders of the Lake division of the Colville tribe and the Flat-bow or Kootenay I^ake branch of the Kootenay tribe. It was made of a smooth fiat water-worn beach pebble 132 mm. long by 75 nnn. wide and 25 mm. thick. The perforation was drilled from both sides near the slightly narrower end and a groove extended from it over the nearest end where it formed a notch somewhat deeper than the groove. Mr. Teit heard that several such sinkers had been picked up around Kootenay Lake and also along the Arrow Lakes of the Columbia River on the borders of the Shushwap and Lake divisions of the Colville tribe. In the Nez Perce region ^ to the east, no sinkers were used witli fish lines, but roughly grooved river boulders were employed as net sinkers.- A grooved sinker has been found at Comox, grooved stones which may have been used as sinkers occur at Saanich, on the west coast of Washington and the lower Columbia. On the coast of Washington some of them have a second groove at right angles to the first which in some cases extends only half way around; that is, from the first groove over one end to meet the groove on the opposite side. One of the specimens found at Saanich was of this general type. Perforated s])ecimens have been found in \\\c l^'raser Delta,^ at Coniox,* at Saanich,* Point Gray,* Marietta,* at Gray's Harbor and in the Lower Columbia Valley. ( )n the wliole, however, sinkers are much more numerous in the Yakima region than on the Coast. The fish bones which were found, as mentioned under resources, tend to corroborate the theory that the notched, grooved and j)erforated jiebbles were net sinkers and that the bone barbs were for harpoons used in fishing. Shell Heaps. Small hea])s of fresh Water clam shells, as before men- tioned among the resources of the region on ]>. 22, were seen; but ihese being only about five feet in diameter and (wo or three inches thick arc hardly comparal)le to ihr immense shell heajjs of the coast. These fresji water > Spiiiden, p. 210. ' Spiiiden, pp. 188 and 211. 3 Smith, (a). Fig. 22. * Smith, (h), p. 311, 3.38, 362, 369. ■[910.] Sniitit, The Yakima Valley. 35 shells were probably secured from the river near by, where such moUusks now live. Shell fish probably formed only a small part of the diet of the people although dried sea clams may have been secured from the coast by bartering. The objects made of sea shell mentioned among the resources of this region as probably secured from the coast through channels of trade, suggest that the same method Avas employed for obtaining certain food products from a distance. In fact, Lewis and Clark inform us that the tribes of this general region carried on considerable trade with those of the lower Columbia. Shell heaps of this character, however, are found in the Nez Perce region. Spinden ' states that no shell heaps except of very small size are found, but occasionally those of a cubic foot or more in size are seen in the loamy banks of the rivers, noting a few near the junction of the South and Middle forks of Clearwater River, and also near the confluence of the North fork with the Clearw-ater. These seem to be the remains of single meals that had been buried or cast into holes. Digging Sticks. The gathering of roots is suggested by the presence of digging stick handles. One of these (Fig. 126) is made of the horn of a rockv mountain sheep and was secured from an Indian woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. The perforation, near the middle of one side for the reception of the end of the digging stick, is nearly square but has bulging sides and rounded corners. The smaller end of the object is carved, apparently to represent the head of an animal. Similar handles, some of them of wood, others of antler and with perforations of the same shape, were seen in ]Mr. Janeck's collection. It will be remembered that such digging stick handles made of antler were found in the Thompson River region among both archaeological finds and living natives,- the archae- ological specimens being of antler, the modern handles of wood or horn. The digging stick was one of the most necessary and characteristic im- plements of the Nez Perce region to the east, the handle consisting of a piece of bone or horn perforated in the middle for the reception of the end of the digging stick, or, according to Spinden, an oblong stone with a transverse groove in the middle lashed at right angles to the stick.^ No archaeological specimens which are certainly digging stick handles were found on the coast. No sa]) scraj^ers such as wvrv collected in the Thompson River region * were identified and they have not been recognized among specimens from the coast. Bashetnj. The gathering of l)erries as well as of roots is suggested by 1 Spinden, ]). 177. 2 Smith, (d), p. 137: (c), p. 411; Teit, (a), p. 231. 3 Spinden, p. 200, Fig. 33, Plate vii. * Smith, (c), p. 411. 36 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Hidory. [\'ol. VI, fragments of baskets which have liccii found. ( )ne of these is shown in Fig. 17. It was found in grave No. 10 (5) in a roek-slide about a half mile above the mouth of the Naches River. It is coiled with splint foundation and bifurcated stitch. Judging from other baskets of the same kind, it was probably once imbricated. This tyj^e of basketry is widely distributed towards the north and with grass foundation is even found in Siberia. • Commonly the coiled basketry in the Xez Perce region to the east was made with bifurcated stitch,- by means of a sharpened awl which was the only instrument used in weaving it. Some were im- bricated, although this style has not been made for many years, and only a few of the older natives remember women who could make them.^ Some similar basketry of a finer technique was found with this fragment. Fig. 17 I20i'-S161)- Fragment of Coiled Bas- ket of Splint Foundation and Bifurcated Stitch From grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about Iialf a mile above the rnoutli of Naches River. ^ nat. size. Preparation of Food. Mortars. Mortars made of stone for crushing food, such as dried salmon, other meat and berries, were not unconnnon in this region and pestles of tlie same material were numerous. Flat oval ])ebbles were found scattered on Fig. 18 (202-8394). Fragment of a Mortar maj. 37 the surface of a villacje site on the west bank of the Columbia at the head of Priest Rapids, and were probably used as lap stones or as objects upon which to crush food. A somewhat circular one (202-8295) about 230 mm. in diameter has a notch, formed by chipping from one side, opposite one natur- ally water-'W'orn, which sup-gests that it may have been used as a sinker; but it seems more likely that it was simply an anvil or lap stone. Similar pebbles were used in the Thompson River region/ some of them having indications of pecking or a slight pecked depression in the middle of one or both sides. In the Nez Perce region to the east, basketry funnels were used in connection with flat stones for mortars. These funnels were of rather crude coil technique." Another specimen (202-8292b) found at the same place is merely a water-worn boulder somewhat thinner at one end than at the other, the surface of which apparently has been rubbed from use as a mortar or milling stone. A few large chips have been broken from the thinner edge. Fig. 19. Mortar made of Stone. From the Yakima Heservation near Union Gap. J nat size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, 2-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeclc.) Still another specimen (202-8294) from here is a fragment of a pebble only 120 mm. in diameter with a saucer-shaped depression about 10 mm. dec]), in the top. A somewhat disk-shaped pebble of gray lava 295 mm. in diameter with a saucer-sha])ed depression in the top and a large pecked pit in the bottom (20.0-3344) was collected at Fort Simcoe by Dr. H. J. Spinden. A fragment of a mortar about 190 mm. in diameter with a nearly flat or slightly convex base and a depression 50 mm. (\vc]) in the top (202-8293) was foimd on the surface near the licad of Priest Rapids aitd another fragment nearly twice as large, the base of which is concave over most of its surface and shows marks of pecking, a])parently the result of an attem})t to make it either quit(» flat or concave like many other mortars that have a concavity in each side, is shown in Fig. IS. it was found among the covering boulders of the grave 1 Smitli, (d), p. 139. 2 Cf. Spinden, p. 194. 38 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Yo]. \I, of an adult, Xo. 42(4), in the sand at the western edge of the Columbia River about twelve miles above the head of Priest Rapids. The mortar shown in Fig. 19, is hollowed in the toj) of a symmetrieal, nearly circular ])ebble and has a convex base. It was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.^ This reminds us of a similar mortar found in the Thompson River region,- but such simple mortars made from pebbles are rarely found in the Nez Perce region to the east.^ The mortar shown in Fig. 20 also from the same place and in the same collection has a nearly flat base and three encircling These grooves find their coun- grooves. Fig. 20. Mortar made of Stone. From the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap. i nat size. (Drawn from photo- graph 44455, 2-4. Original in the col- lection of Mr. Janeclv.) terpart in four encircling incisions on the little mortar found in the Thompson River region.'^ The specimen shown in Fig. 116, which may be considered as a dish rather than a mortar, was seen in the collection of Mrs. Hinman who obtained it from Priest Rapids. It is apparently of sandstone, 150 mm. in diameter, 50 mm. high, the upper part being 38 nun. high and of di.sk .sha])e with slightly bulging sides which are decorated with incised lines,'' the lower part being also roughly disk shaped ()4 mm. by 7() mm. in diameter by about 12 mm. high with slightly convex bottom and edges curved out to the base of the up])er part. There is a disk shaj^cd dish in the top 100 mm. in diamettM' by 12 mm. in depth. ^ The animal form shown in Fig. 125 bears a mortar or dish in its back. The object is 203 mm. in length, SS mm. high and 113 mm. wide. 'J'he length of the bowl is 88 mm., the width 70 mm., and the depth 38 m\n. The object is made of ])<)r()us lava and was secured from ;iii Indian anIio claimed to have found it in a grave near Fort Simcoe on the \'akini;i Reserva- tion two miles b(4ow I'nion (Ja]) which is immediately below ( )1(1 Yakima.^ It seems strange that so many of the mortars are bi'okcn sinee they would 1 Museum negative no. 44455, 2-4. 2 Smith, (c), Fig. .342. 3 Spinden. Figs. 20 and 22, Plate vi. < Mu.seum negative no. 44455. 4-2. 6 Smitli, (c). Fig. 343. 6 See p. 125. ^ Museum negative no. 44537, 9-3. 8 Here reproduced from photographs 44452, 2-1, 44455, 2-4, and 44503, 6-4 and the original which is catalogue no. 36 in tlie collection of Mr. .Janeck. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 39 be hard to break. It will be remembered that one of the broken mortars came from a grave and it may be that the others were on or in graves but had been removed in some way. My general impression is that mortars are much more numerous among archaeological finds both in this region and in the interior of British Columbia than on the coast. Pestles. In addition to the probable use of pestles with flat stones or mortars with basket funnels, some of them, especially where nearly flat or concave on the striking head as in the Thompson River region to the north and on the coast may also have been used as hammers for driving wedges, splitting wood and like industries, if indeed they were not made solely for the latter uses. Some of the pestles differ from those found either to the north or on the coast, many of them being much longer, although Mr. James Teit informs me that very long pestles are occasionally found in the Thompson River region. He has seen four, and heard of one or two more. One two feet long was found in the Nicola Valley about 1905. One of the pestles of the Yakima Valley has a top in the form of an animal hoof, as is shown in Fig. 124. Others like animal heads are shown in Figs. 31, 33-35. The range of forms of pestles is shown in Figs. 21 to 35. The specimens shown in Figs. 22 to 28 inclusive are apparently all of the shorter type, while those shown in the remaining figures are variations of the longer type. By far the greater number of pestles, about forty, are of the type shown in Fig. 21, and of these two thirds come from the vicinity of Priest Rapids. They are merely natural pebbles, all more or less of suitable size, shape and material, Mdiich have been used as pestles until one end has become flattened. Some of them are also flattened on the toj), the battered ends often giving the only indication that they were used. Such as were not of exactly the right form for grasping have had their excrescences or the more projecting surfaces removed by pecking. A few of these objects seem to have been made from small basaltic columns, the corners of which have been pecked into a more suitable shape. Some of them have been pecked so that they taper gradually from the small upper end to the base. The specimen con- sidered as a "slave-killer" and shown in Fig. 69, may have been used as a pestle. Simple short cylindrical or conoid pebbles, only slightly changed from their natural form, are used for })estles in the Nez Perce region to the east.^ A pebble 559 mm. long by 152 mm. wide and 114 mm. thick, with rounded corners and ends, found by Mr. John I^acy near the Yakima River in North Yakima, has longitudinal grooves pecked in three sides to where they begin to round over to form the end, anrl a similar groove, except that 1 Cf. Spiiulen, Figs. 1-4, and 8, Plate vin. 40 Anthropological Papers American Muscian of Xntural History. [Vol. VI, iJMS^ tiyN-i^i'; CO rt m Oh ■"PL, «j o ■a II > o CS to CO t^4 aJ P-( N *4-l !« O ■c :« CS «f J^Sf^>^<^^l^^ ?^f »Bf' "^? i:^Mii:i^x.^j^ijiriiit>:;.,::i::iU/i,^u:ujt;i'!>^.iiiiit'iiiimflit i^'fi'f*i'ri^ii^i!^''yifi^if^ i iif/yHi:iAi^^^ S s g S o o — ' S ,^ tc ^S o c C , J2 3 3 C^I u (M ? — '.^ . '^ 3 3 iSJO (U cS tS E x; .Q J3 ■woo u, t.. P Ph Ph o u fi< OJ 1) C C! ° 2 g 55 S |ES 02 O O t. s *-. •« x-i O •C TJ OJ Oi Ol •a .^ .« si o u g lU Ol Sao. 0) 0) a} w m CO 0; oi n( ' In the collection of Mr. Janeck and Museum negative nos. 44453, 2-2 and 44501, 6-2. 2 In the collection of Mr. Mires, and Museum negative no. 44534, 8-12. 3 Cf. Spinden, Plate vii, Fig. 33. * Smith, (c). Fig. 341. 42 Attlhro-pological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, the top is roujjhiy disk-shaped, being neither hat-shaped nor in tlu> form of an animal head, as are most pestles of the Thompson region nor is it exaetly of the shape of the ty])ical pestles of northern and western ^'anc()uver Island.' The material is a soft gray stone whieh shows the marks of the peeking by means of whieh it was shaped. Fig. 25 illustrates a pestle, the toj) of whieh is broken off. There are two grooves eneircling the somewhat eylindrical striking head. The material Fig. 24. Fig. 25. Fig. 24. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. ^ nat. size. (Draw ii from photo- grapli 44.5.3.5, 9-1. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.) Fig. 2.5. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. ^ nat. size. (Drawn from photo- graph 44535, 9-1. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.) is a light hliK' haul porphoiilic rock. These Iwo spreimens are from Priest Rapids.- The pestle .shown in Fig. 2() is from the Yakima River, five miles below Old Yakima. Jt has a hat-.sha])e(l top and a cylindrical striking head a little larger at the to]) than at the bottom, is somewhat like the ty])ical pestles of the Tliom])soii lii\(r region,' and is in the collection of Mr. ^'ork. Another has ii slightly widn- lnim lo the hai-shaixd to]), a body concave in outline and the striking head is larger at the top than al tlie bottom, while a 1 Smith, (b), Fig. 126a. 2 In the collection of Mr. Mires, and Museum negative no. 44535, 9-1. 3 Smith, (d), p. 138. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 43 third has a medium sized brim, a body bulging in the middle and a long cylindrical striking head. The last two specimens are in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and are from the Yakima Valley within eight miles of North Yakima.^ The specimen shown in Fig. 27 was found in a grave with beads and resembles the typical pestles of Lytton except that it has no nii)ple on the top, which is of the shape of the tops of the typical pestles of northern and western Vancouver Island. Another of nearly the same shape but less regular was found on the surface of the Yakima Valley within eight miles of North Yakima. A third specimen 234 mm. long, also found within the above mentioned limits, is made of a concavely flaring pebble. A groove is pecked part way around near the top as if to carve the knob and begin the reduction of the top of the shaft. There is also a pecked surface on one side near the base, apparently the beginning of an attempt to form a striking head by first removing irregularities. The one shown in Fig. 28 was found within eight miles of North Yakima and is of rather unusual shape, having a short striking head of the shape of the typical pestles of northern and western Vancouver Island. The slightly bulging body and exceedingly small, nearly fiat knob at the top are entirely different from those of the pestles usually found in any of this area, or the country adjacent to it on the north and west. These four specimens are in the collection of Mr. Janeck.- There are found in the Nez Perce region ^ short pestles with dome- shaped tops, cylindrical bodies and rather long striking heads of the form ■of triangular or quadrangular prisms with rounded corners slightly larger at the top than at the liottom ^ and such pestles with hat-shaped tops, al- though one has a flat top, slightly expanding shafts and long striking heads, larger at the top than at the bottom. Fig. 29 is the first of those showing the longei type of i)estle from the Yakima region. This specimen was found at Satus on the Yakima Reserva- tion near Old Yakima and is in the collection of iMr. York. The top is somewhat spherical and the body elongated. Its conoid shape may class it with the one shown in Fig. 24. It somewhat reminds us of the pestles of the Santa Catalina Islands of California, but until we have a more definite knowledge of the forms in the vast intervening area, this resemblance must be considered as merely a coincidence, especially since long sim])le conoid pestles are found in the Nez Perce region to the east.'^ A somewhat similar 1 Museum negative no. 44454, 2-3. 2 Museum negative no. 44454, 2-3. 3 Cf. Spindeii, Figs. 11, 19, 21, 23, Plate vi; also Plate viii, Figs. 10, 11. * Spinden, j). 186, Plate viii. Fig. 9. 6 Cf. SpiiKlrii, Plate vi. Figs. 8-10, Plate vin. Fig. 6. 44 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, 00 be ^_ 2 Lh •- .'i o "5 "C 2 o o u N '^ '» O CO 1 C) '5 " t o p<* dj -T ^ I- "t^ w; Tf o c3 -• '^ a < t-< O tx . i o o S 1 IS >* •C «w tH , ^fl o ? ^5 'm p o 03 C3 0) CS bp E 'cS 'S .M c cS -,?* ^ ■g S C ■^ t>^ ^ O) O ^' >> tiC ^ Q s '^ CO ej cS > .£ S .:j: cd 'r^ 5 cs i-s tZ S tH . 0) > 2 t-< o Q^ OJ c > ^ •— c 2 -^ SI r- i; t: ii ^- ,^ >* M O .:<: U 5 C 5.S ^ L. Lh •^ ^ 7s a3 oj <.• ;&■ s C C t- o o o o ■*^ .»^ ^^ to 55 m «)' U-i (^ ^^ •" w C^l O o ii o o 1 a> •a - e8 ^ C3 ^ S S .^" B ■-5 e:? 1- u 0) 01 3! t-' — ■>*" to^ ■^ 71 r^ w f^ tn ^ OJ aj u pC t-> Ph o ^ S* CO 5? c h-^ S . & 00 o c-i (M IN ■^ j^ u o ii o ih .2 'i-s. • w* fi*. E o 'i^ o (^ - s o i a 0) o j3 1910.] Synith, The Yakima Valley. 45 pestle in Mr. York's collection is 408 nun. long, and has a tapering body, circular in sections, a knob at the top about the size of the base and a convex striking face. It was found at Fort Simcoe. The pestle shown in Fig. 30 is made of sandstone, was found at Priest Rapids and is in the collection of Mrs. Hinman. The shaft is a long cylinder, expanding some^^'hat towards the base Avhich is only slightly convex. Like the preceding, it has no striking head. It has a hemispherical top, is un- usually large and is decorated with an encircling line of circles and dots. There is also a circle and dot in the top. This decoration is again mentioned in the consideration of art on p. 130.^ The pestle shown in Fig. 31 is 355 mm. long. It has a conoid body perhaps more pronounced than the one shown in Fig. 29 but much less typical than the one shown in Fig. 24. The top is apparently intended to represent an animal head. It is made of very hard breccia and well polished. At each side of the lower part of the body is a design made by four parallel zigzag grooves, further discussed on p. 132. It was found in the Yakima Valley, and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.^ A pestle figured by Spinden, as from the Nez Perce Indians,^ is somewhat similar to this in that it has a knob protruding slightly to one side, but there is a notch or groove made longitudinally in the top of this knob. The pestle shown in Fig. 32 might perhaps be considered as a war clul). It was found at Priest Rapids and is in the collection of Mr. Mires. The top is somewhat flat and smoothed. There is a groove around the specimen near this end. From here it constricts gradually to the lower end which is broken oft". It w^as made from a triangular piece of gray basalt, ])robably a column, the natural angles and parts of the faces of which have been re- duced by pecking.^ The specimen shown in Fig. 33 from the Yakima ^'alley, is in the col- lection of Mr. Janeck and is 630 nun. long. The top apparently represents an animal head indicated by three nipples the larger of which is interpreted as representing the nose, the others as indicating the ears. The body is of circular cross section and expands evenly to a cylindrical striking head 70 mm. in diameter by 76 mm. long.^ A long pestle with a knol) at the top which is divitlcd into four pyranu'dal or dome-shaped nipples was found at Five Mile Raj)ids on Snake River and was seen in Mr. Owen's collection. The next figure represents a stone pestle ' Museum negative no. 44537, 9-.3. 2 Museuiu negative no. 44502, 6-3. ^ Spinden, Fig. 7, Plate viii. ■i Museum negative no. 44534, 8-12. 6 Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. 46 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, Fig. 29. Fig. 30. I. Mm :u. Fig. 29. Pestle made of Stone. From Satus on the Yakima Reservation near Old Yakima, i nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch Original in the collection of Mr. York.) Fig. 30. Pestle made of Sandstone. From Priest Rapids, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in the collection of Mrs. Hinman.) Fig. 31. Pestle made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44502, 6-3. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) 1910.] Smith. The Yakima Valley. 47 of somewhat similar slia})c but more speeialized. It Avas found in the Yakima Valley and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. It is 590 mm. long. The top is roujihly the form of the fustrum of a cone, being circular in cross section and gradually expanding downward, but it is somewhat celt-shaped, the sides for some distance being ground off nearly Hat. They approach each other more closely towards the front than they do towards the back. In each of these surfaces there is an incision which represents one side of an animal's mouth and a pecked dot indicating an eye. The tip of the nose is broken off. Across the curved part behind the flat surfaces or on the back of this animal head are four incisions. Below this portion the object is circular in section until near its middle, or ITS nun. from the top, where there is a band roughly sub-pentagonal in section with roimded corners 88 mm. long. Following this band it is nearly cylindrical, being 57 mm. in diameter for 178 mm. until it expands suddenly into the striking head which is unusually bulging, 108 mm. long by 64 mm. in diameter.^ The object 498 mm. long shown in Fig. 35 is made of steatite, material seemingly unsuited by its softness for a pestle, and may possibly be a w^ar club. Mr. jNIcCandless, in whose collection it is, calls the material a soft sandstone which he says is found at the head of the Wenatchie River. He says the specimen is from Lake Chelan and that he obtained it from a man above Wenatchie on the Columbia River. This man to!d him that he secured it from Chief Moses' tribe on Lake Chelan, and that the Indians there call it a war club and a family heirloom. The upper end is of the form of a truncated pyramid with two flat sides, two bulging edges and rounded corners. It shows peck marks and is engraved as described under art, on p. 124, and is said by the Indians to represent the head of a snake. The shaft is circular in cross section and gradually enlarges towards the base where it suddenly constricts. The specimen has been polished by the natural sand blast." The noise of the women at one of the Nez Perce villages, pounding roots, reminded Lewis of a nail factory.^ Beyond the Nez Perce counlry wliich bounds this area on the east, according to Spindcn,* the us(> of stone pestles disappears until the region of the Great Lakes is reached, but I have seen pestles in collections in Wyoming which are said to have been found in that state. Rollers. Another class of specimens considered as pestles or rollers is shown in Figs. 3G and 37. These do not seem to have been used as j)estles. 1 Museum negative no. 44502, 6-3. 2 Museum negative no. 44507, 6-8. 3 Lewis and Clark, V, p. 16. ■" Spinden, p. 187. 48 Aiithropulugical Papers American Museum of Natural Ilistonj. [\'ol. \'l, a m '':{m '.''."'M •^""^r^'-^ ii' '-'M ■:-£i /-.• •N-: i-M Fig. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 32. Pestle made of Stone. From Priest Rapids, i nat. size. (Drawn lioin plioto- graph 44534, 8-12. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.) Fig. 33. Pestle made of Stone. From tlie Yakima Valley, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44.502, 6-3. Original in the collection of Mr. .laneclc.) Fig. 34. Pestle made of Stone. From the YaUinia \'alley. i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44502, 6-3. Original in tlie collection of .Mr. Janeek.) 1910. Smith, The Yakima Valley. 49 The one shown in Fig. 36 from Priest Rapids is in the collection of Mrs. Hinman. The convex ends of this cylindrical form present the natural surface of a pebble and they are not battered. The material is a yellowish quartzite or closely allied rock. It is 457 mm. long, 75 mm. in diameter and the entire cylindrical surface has been pecked apparently to bring it to I M :yv MM Fig. 35. Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Fig. 35. Pestle made of Steatite. From Lake Chelan. \ luit. size. (Drawn from pliolograpli 44507, 6-8. Original in the collection of Mr. McCandless.) Fig. 36. Pestle or Roller made of Stone. From Priest Rapids. \ nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in tlie collection of Mrs. Iliinnan.^ Fig. 37 (202-8197). Pestle or Holler iiiadc of Stone. From the snrface, about one mile east of Fort Simcoe. \ nat. size. 50 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural HiHtonj. [Vol. VI, form. If it had been used as a pestle the ends woukl show the signs of battering or grinding. The cyhndrical surface does not seem to show any signs of its having been used as a roller or grinder. It may possibly be a pestle in process of manufacture although it seems very strange that so much work should have been expended on the cylindrical surface in a region where natural pebbles very nearly of this shape were common.^ The specimen shown in Fig. 37 is apparently made of basalt and was found on the surface about a mile east of Fort Simcoe. The ends are considerably chipped and one of them has apparently been somewhat battered since. If the object were used as a pestle the chipping of the ends is imusually great. The cylindrical surface has been formed by pecking except in one place where the natural svirface shows. This bit of natural surface is such that it suggests the specimen to have been made of a prismatic basaltic column. While these two specimens may have been intended for pestles, it seems possible that they were made for rollers. Several such objects made of stone were seen in Mr. Owen's collection. He says that they were used like rolling pins for crushing camas and house roots in making bread. Both of these roots were extensively used in the Nez Perce region to the east.^ Fish Knives. No fish knives made of slate were found, as in the Thompson River region, at Fig. 38 (202-8157) Frag- I ,rtton,^ rarely at Kamloops, * and commonly on ment of Hearth of Fire Drill. J ' j i > ^ J From Grave No. 10 (5) in a the coast at Fraser Delta/ Comox,'"' and Nanaimo.^ rock-slide about half a mile y^^.^ Making. The method of making fire above the mouth of Naches .... River. ^ nat. size. formerly employed in this region is suggested by a fragment of the hearth of a fire drill found in grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide about one half a mile above the mouth of the Naches River and is shown in Fig. 38. It is made of porous wood, of light cellular structure, possibly cottonwood. This is similar to the fire drill hearths of the Thompson River region,* where I have seen th(^ Thompson River Indians make fire with the j^alm drill, using cottonwood root for the hearth. In the Nez Perce region to the east, also, fire was made with the palm drill, the hearth stick being of the root of the light leaved willow or the stem of "smoke wood." It was of the shape of the hearth here described. The twirling stick was made of the dead tips of red fir.** 1 Museum negative no. 44537, 9-3. 2 Spindc-n, pp. 201-203. 3 Smith, (d), p. 140. * Smith, (c\ p. 414. 3 Smith, (a), p. 159. 6 Smith, (b), p. 315. 7 P. 345, ibid. s Teit, (a), p. 203. » Spinden, p. 200. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 51 Caches. A number of small circular holes about four feet in diameter, encircled by a slight ridge, as mentioned on p. 15, were seen which are possibly the remains of ancient food caches. The Nez Perce Indians in the region to the east referred to a field at Kaniiah, near the mouth of Lawyer's (^reek Avhich has the appearance of being "hilled" like an old hop field, as being the site of winter cache pits.^ Boiling. Natural pebbles were plentiful in the river bottoms near the village sites. Such were no doubt used in boiling food in baskets or boxes, as fragments of burned and cracked pebbles were also found while pottery was entirely absent. These facts suggest that it was the custom to boil the food in baskets or even in boxes as on the coast to the west. This idea is strengthened by the fact that in the Nez Perce region to the east, watertight coiled baskets were regularly used in cooking.^ We may naturally suppose that roasting before open fires was also customary in this region. No fireplaces such as were probably used in this area and are found in the Nez Perce region,^ were recognized by us, although beds of clam shells previously mentioned, may indicate the sites of ancient hearths. Habitations. Semi-siibtcrranean House Sites. Sites of ancient semi-subterranean winter houses, modern lodges and what may possibly have been a shell heap were seen and photographed by us in this region. Two of the examples of the remains of semi-subterranean house sites fotind here, as shown in Fig. 2, Plate IV, had stones on top of the surrounding embankments. Although on the top of the embankments of the remains of similar underground winter houses in the Thompson River region,* we saw no stones other than those of the soil. I am informed by Mr. James Teit that such are occasionally to be found there also, but that these stones are generally found only in those places where boulders were removed during the excavation for the houses. He was told that it was the custom to place these boulders around the base of the house. Two semi-subterranean winter house sites, as mentioned on ])p. 7 and 15, may be seen on the flat along the north side of the Yakima River about a mile below the mouth of the Naches. On(^ of these may be seen in Fig. 2, Plate in.'' There arc wat(>r-w()i'u boulders in and on (he 1 Spinden, p. 181. . 2 Spinden, pp. 190 and 194. 3 Spinden, p 178. 1 Smith, (d), p. 140 and Fig. 2, Plate xiii; (c), p. 414 . 5 Museum negative no. 44517, 7-7 from the north. Negati\-e no. 44518, 7-8 shows the .same from the norlliwest.- 52 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, embankments surrounding them. These boulders were probably uncovered during the excavation for the house. The holes are situated within tAventy- five feet of the river and between it and the Yakima Ridge which rises by perpendicular cliffs, almost immediately behind these winter house sites. In fact, the photograph reproduced in the figure was taken from the hill side north of the pit and just up stream from the cliffs. They are on a little terrace about three feet high which gives them the appearance of having been connected by a ridge. The hole shown in the figure measured from the top of the ridge was nine feet deep. The top of the bank measured at points on the flat between it and the river, up stream from it, and between it and the hill, was four feet, two feet, and two feet, four inches, respectively. Averag- ing these measurements, the height of the embankment above the level is thirty-three and one third inches. The hole was so near the level of the river, and was so deep that when we visited it on June 18, 1903, which was during high water, the waters of the Yakima had soaked through the terrace and were about two feet deep in the bottom of the hole where it was about eight feet in diameter, measuring north and south. Measuring in the same direction the diameter of the top of the hole from points inside of the sur- rounding ridge was twenty-two feet, from points on top thirty-three feet, from points outside forty-seven feet, and from points outside of the wash from the ridge fifty-one feet. These measurements give us twelve and a half feet as an ajjproximate width of the ridge or fourteen and a half feet if we measure from the bottom of the wash. The two sites mentioned on pp. 7 and 16 were also examined and photographed by us. One is i)lainly shown from the north of west in Fig. 2, Plate iv. They are located on a high terrace on the north side of the Naches River about one and a half miles above its mouth. There are angular rocks on each encircling ridge. Some of the large angular rocks found on the embankment of this ridge, may also have been dug out during the excavation for the house if such rocks are found under the surface of the soil in this terrace. Similar rocks are scattered about on the surface so thickly that it nnist have l)een necessary to remove a number of them from the site where the house was to stand and ])Ossibly others that were scattered about may have been put up around the base of the house in order to clear the immediate vicinity especially since many of them are disagreeably sharp angular fragments.^ Measuring tiic site best shown in the figure, east and west, the level lloor inside the extreme wash fioni the ridge is nine feet in (lianictci-, the rocks fallen from the I'idu'c thirteen feel, the iimei- ed'ie of the ri(l]). 12 and ]o and described on pp. 163 and 157, may be the remains of small houses of the type of semi- subterranean winter house sites that were made especially as grave houses. As before mentioned, this type of semi-subterranean circular lodge is found as far north as the Thompson River country, and T liave seen one site on the prairie near Rochester, Thurston Co., probably of this type. In the Nez Perce region to the east, remains that appear like those of semi-subterranean houses consisting of ridges of earth about a toot above the gencnil level of the ground, surrounding a circular pit, from three to five feet deep, measuring from the top of the ridge; and about seventy feet in (limnetcr, are found near the mouth of Tammany Creek on the casl l)ank of Snake River, a few miles above lA'wiston. The site may be identified with Ilasntin." The place 1 Lewis and Clark, V, p. 35. 2 Gibbs, (a), p. 409. 3 Kane, p. 272. * Gatscliet, pp. 177, 124; Abbott in tlie Pacific Railroad Kri.orf . VI, p, 69. » Lewis, p. 186. Spinden p. 179. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 55 is known to have been used as a camp until about 1878, especially during the season of lamprey eel fishing. These house rings are in several groups. A little charcoal, some unio shell, flint chips, a digging stick M-ith a bone handle, glass beads and other objects are reported to have been found in them. Somewhat similar house rings about twenty-five feet in diameter were found on the south bank of the Middle fork of Clearwater River, near the town of Kooskia. Spinden ^ refers to lycwis and Clark - for evidence of considerable antiquity for the circular house rings in this Nez Perce region. They mention one as being al)out thirty feet in diameter with a rim over three feet high and the floor sunken four feet below the surface of the ground or seven feet below the top of the rim. The Mountain Snakes, according to Ross ^ never used underground houses. At the site near Kooskia there is another type of house site such as I have not seen in the Yakima, Thompson or Coast regions. Spinden describes them as long and narrow, about sixty to eighty-five feet long by eighteen feet wide. The interior is sunken from one to three feet and surrounded by well marked elevated rims. As a rule, these pits are not so deep or clearly marked as those of the circular ty})e. The axis of the house is parallel with the river. He states that these house sites have not l^een used for a long time and that trees, some of which are eighteen inches in diameter grow directly out of them. Excavation revealed a number of fireplaces about twelve feet apart along the axis of these houses suggesting that they were communal lodges.* We discovered no indications of communal dwellings in the Yakima region. Circles of Stones {Summer House Sites). A circle of stones which marked a small lodge site was examined and photographed. The stones were no doubt cleared from the interior and all or part of these possibly with others, were no doubt used to hold down the lodge covers. Although I saw no such circle of stones in the Thompson River region I am informed by ]Mr. Teit that they are occasionally to be seen there and that they represent old lodge sites. The circle of stones above-mentioned as described on j). 15 was found on a terrace somewhat lower than the one on which were situated the remains of the two semi-subterranean houses described on j). 52. This terrace is a few yards down stream from the one on which they stand, and is .separated from it by a small ravine. The site is a little further down the stream and towards the southeast. It is sliowu in Fig. 1, Plate iv,'' from > Spinden, p. 197. 2 Lewis and Clark, V, p. 33. 3 Ross, (b), II, p. 117. * Spinden, p. 197. * Museum negative no. 44482, 4-7 from the north. 56 Anthropological Popers An/crinin Miisciini of Xaturnl IlislDri/. [\'ol. VI, the point on the hillside u few feet above it to the north, shown on the lower end of the slope in Fig. 2, Plate iv and in negative nos. 44491, 5-4, and 44492, 5-5. This circle of stones on the level ground was made up of angu- lar rocks such as are scattered on the immediate surface. It measures ten by eleven feet in diameter inside; fifteen by seventeen feet from the toj) of the circle; and twenty-two by twenty-three feet over all. The top of the highest stones was from fourteen to twelve inches above the middle of the space enclosed which as before stated, seemed to be on a level with the out- side, all measuring being east to west and north to south respectively. Among the rocks was found a chipped piece of jasper or brown chalcedony. No saucer-shaped depressions were seen in the Yakima region, although it is quite probable that they formerly existed and have been obliterated by weathering. It will be remembered that such saucer-shaped depressions are often made by sweeping out the summer lodges in the Thompson River region ^ and that they marked the sites of such houses. Two summer lodges photographed ^ by us near EUensburg which were mentioned on page 12 and the one seen below Union Gap down stream from Old Yakima, resemble those of the Thompson River region to the north. It will be remembered that mat covered tipis are found in the Nez Perce region to the east.^ Lewis and Clark ^ mention but one buffalo skin lodge among the Nez Perce in 18UG and that was apparently reserved for special occasions, but a few years later this type of lodge had practically supplanted the mat lodge among that tribe and was in conniion use among all the interior Salish and Sahaptin tribes. The mat houses of the Yakima are mentioned by Gibbs in the Pacific Railroad Reports.^ A pile of stones .shown in Fig. 2, Plate v " and mentioned on p. 20 as uncovered by the wash of the flood waters of the Cohimbia, was seen on the bottom-lands on the western side of the Columbia, south of Sentinal Bluffs and within a lunidred feet north of the house of ]Mr. Britain Evcrette Craig. It is ])0ssible that this may have been a house liearth or ancient cooking ])lace, although the presence of human bones among these stones, stiggests that it was a grave covered with flat oval I'iver pebbles. Near l)y, tuieovered by the same wash, was a small patch of fi-esh water unio shells shown fi'oiii the west 1 Smith, (c), p. 40.5. 2 Summer lodpe, covered with clotli, Japanese matting and Indian matting July, 1903; East of Ellensl)urg. Museum negatives no. 44.52.3, 8-1 from the southeast; no. 44524, 8-2, from the west; and no. 44525, 8-3 a nearer view; and summer lodge covered with cloth, July 1903, in the northern part of EUensburg, Museum negative no. 44526, 8-4 front tlie east. 3 Spinden, Fig. 6, Plate x. * Lewis and Clark, V, p. 16. » Gibbs, (a), I, p. 407. * Museum negative no. 44530, 8-8 from tlie southwest 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 57 of south in Fig. 1, Plate v.' This was probably kitchen refuse. The little pits, each encircled with a slight embankment made up of the soil thrown out in making it, p. 15. are probably the remains of food caches near the houses. Tools used by Men. f^. r 'I'-: J A number of objects which seem to be tools intended to be used by men are found in this region. Among these may be mentioned a wedge, hammer- stones, a celt, a hand-adze, drills, scrapers, and an arrow-shaft smoother. Wedges. Wedges made of antler were not frequently found by us as in the Thompson River region,- although according to Lewis, elk horn wedges or chisels were used for splitting wood in the general plateau region of which this is a part.^ One specimen, however (202-S37Sb), was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids, which is a])])arently a longitudinal fragment of a wedge broken off at the top and cut by longitudinal grooving along one edge, the other edge being a portion of the surface of the wedge formed by cutting convexly across the antler. The specimen is bleached from exposure on the surface. Another wedge, shown in Fig. 39, was found on the surface near the Columbia River below the mouth of the Snake. It is made of antler which has since been bleached from exposure on the surface of the ground. The top was partly cut off and then broken across, Avhile one side edfje shows where the antler was grooved lengthwise for over half its length, from the inner sur- face and then broken out. This shows that the process of cutting up pieces of antler in this region was similar to that employed in cutting both antler and nephrite, in the Thompson River region and on the coast of British Columbia and Washington. It has since been battered. One side shows the nearly fiat outer surface of part of the antler, the other has been cut oil' to form the wedge, which is constricted towards the ])()int so that it assumes a somewhat spatulate form. This specimen is twisted, imtil the vii:.'^S^ Fig. 39 (20.0-1464). Wedge made of Ant- ler. From the surface near the Columbia River below tlie Mouth of the Snake. i nat. size. (Col- lected and presented by Mr. Owen.) 1 Museum negative no. 44531, 8-9 from the west of soutli. 2 Smith, (d), p. 141; (c), p. 414. 3 Lewis, p. 186. 58 Anihropolcgical Papers American Mvscinn of Natural History. [Vol. \1, point is in a plane about 45° from the poll. It was collected bv ^Ir. Owen who beUeves it to have been used as a spatula for grinding paint upon the surface of a rock. Wedges made of elk antler are common in the Nez Perce region where they are said to have almost completely supplanted celts. ^ Although no wedges were found by us in the Yakima Valley })roj)er, and we can mention only these two specimens in the whole Yakima region yet it seems probable that they were here used and for the same purposes as in the Thompson River region to the north, the Nez Perce area to the east and on the coast to the west for splitting timber, for cutting firewood and for general carpenter work. Perhaps their relative scarcity here, as compared with the Thompson and the Nez Perce country, may be explained by sup- posing that wooden wedges, such as are more common than antler wedges on the coast, and which may have decayed were here used more than those made of antler. While the stone hanmiers or pestles with convex bases, Avhich are de- scribed on p. 39 et seq. were probably largely used for crushing food and other material; yet some of them and those with concave bases, were un- doubtedly sometimes used as hammers for driving wedges, setting stakes, jjinning out skins and for similar purposes. Hammer stones. The deeply pitted hammer, such as is found in the Mississippi Valley, was not seen here, and it will be remembered - that they were not found in the Thompson River region. Tough i)ebbles, however, were used for pounding. At the quarry shop mentioned on ]>. IG, we found a number of pebbles that were evidently used in breaking up the material out of which to make chip])ed implements. One of these (202-8129) is merely a water-worn pebble, 73 mm. long, an edge of which has been broken oft", and a sharp corner shows signs of its having been used as a hammer, as it has been battered and shows where one large chip has come oft". It will be remembered that in the vicinity of the shoji where the specimen was found, pebbles were rarely if ever seen, although the surface of the ground was covered with weathered fragments of volcanic rock. Another specimen (202-8127) found at the same place, shown southeast of the (piarrv pit, in Fig. 1, Plate in, is 155 mm. long and of a rather irregular cross section. The ends arc Ijattercd and fractured from use. Apj)arently it may have been held between the two hands and used in l)reaking oft" large ])ieces of material. A longer hammer ])ebble, bearing the same catalogue number, and found at the same place, shows on the top of the quarry dump to the left centre in Fig. 1, Plate iir. It is about 270 mm. long. In cross section it tends to be 1 Spinden, pp. 182 and 189, Fig. S'. 2 Smith, (d), p. 142; (c), pp. 415 and 440, Fig. 38. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 59 triangular with rounded corners. The ends are battered and long slivers have been broken off. The specimen shown in Fig. 40 is from the same place, shorter, but similar in that the section is sub-triangular and that each ■end is both battered and slivered. Other battered pebbles and fragments slivered from them were found at the same place. The hammerstone shown in Fig. 41 was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. It is an oval pebble, nearly twice as wide as it is thick, of yellowish brown color, which has l^een used for a hammer, as is indicated by the battered and chipped condition of its ends. Another specimen, shown in Fig. 42, is made of a hard, dark green or bluish, water-worn ]:)ebble. It was found in the Snake River Valley, twenty miles above the mouth of the river, and is in the collection of Mr. Owen. Both ends are battered and the margins of the battered surfaces are chipped. j\Ir. Owen says such objects were used in pecking pestles, mortars, and similar implements into shape. Fig. 43 illustrates one of these hammerstones, found on the surface at Kennewick. It is a part of a pebble of tough dark blue material, apparently glassy basalt. One side edge and one end have been chipped and show large scars on each side of the side edge and several on one side of the top. Near the middle of one side, and opposite it on the other side edge, there are signs of pecking which suggest an attempt at grooving. The lower corner of the pebble shows signs of having been used as a hammer for pecking. A small spatulate pebble slightly curved (202-8215), found at the same place, is battered entirely around the edge of its larger end and in one })lace on the side of the narrow end. The battering has given it a smooth surface in ])laces which suggests that it was used for pecking, rather than chipping. A large, rather flat, oval pebble (202-8213) from the same ])lace has large chi})s olf from both sides of its edge in three places, three fourths of its edge being so chipped. This seems more likely to be a hammerstone used for chipping. Fig. 40 (202-8128). Hammerstone. From quarry on north side of Naclies River about two miles above its moutii. i nat. size. 60 Anthropological Papers Attierican Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, CO 15 ■3 9 ho tin •a o3 ^ p :a X! C a; -Pi which had been notch(Hl or grooved on two edges was 1 Museum ne^jative, no. 445.34, 8-2 2 Described by Smith, (cO, p. 415. 3 Spinden, p. 188. 4 Lewis, p. 186; Lewis and Clark, 111, p. 124. 5 Smith, (c), p. 415. 62 Antltropulogical Papers American Museum of Xiilund Hislorij. [Vol. VI^ found and figured as a hammer.' Nor was the grooved stone maul used by the Nez- Perce to the east according to Spinden - ahhougli many specimens are found on the rmatilla in northern Oregon to the soulh/^ Celts. Celts made of stone such as were common in the Thompson River region ■* were not found l)y us in the Yakima region; but one typical specimen Fig. 44. Fig. 45. Fig. 44. Hammeistoae made of a Clo.se-Grained Yellow Volcanic Pebble. From Priest Rapids. I- nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44534, 8-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Mires.) Fig. 45. Celt made of Serpentine. From an Indian at EUensbnrg. J nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44507, 6-8. Original in the collection of Mr. McCandless.) which apparently resembles the celts found on Puget Sound, more than it does those found in the Thompson River region is shown in l<'ig. 45. It may be seen in ihc collection of Mr. McCandless who secured it fioin an Indian 1 Ibid, Fig. 347. - Spinden, p. 188. 3 Lewis, p. 186; Lewis and Clarl;, III, p. 124. 4 Smith, (d), p. 142; (c), p. 415. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 63 at Ellensburg. This celt is made of serpentine and is 190 mm. long.^ A similar specimen, in the same collection, resembles this one but shows grooves along the side edges by means of which it Avas cut out. There is a celt made of green serpentine, only about 3 nun. thick in the collection of Mr. Owen, but it was found at Umatilla, Oregon. Celts of jadeite (?) narrow and oblong were found on Snake River above Lewiston in the Nez Perce region to the east.' Spinden states that these were evidently acquired by trade from natives of the northwest coast and that they have been cut by grooving and breaking. x\.lso, that this method and material was not employed by the Nez Perce who considered the objects to have been used as wedges. I am inclined to believe, therefore, that these more nearly resemble the celts of the Thompson River country^ than they do those of the coast. At least one celt of this general style has been found near Lake Chelan lying between the Thompson River region and both the Yakima and Nez Perce regions. ' It is a long stone celt and was found in an ancient grave on the bank of the Chelan River near the house of Hon. Amos Edmunds, of Chelan, Washington. In the graves of this group, according to Mr. C. G. Ridout, who cooperated with Mr. Edmunds in excavating at this place, and from whom all of oiu- information on this specimen was obtained, stone knives and skinning and scraping tools were found. This celt is of a mottled green "marble resembling onyx" (probably serpentine or nephrite) 400 mm. long, 47 nun. wide and 15 mm. thick. It is slightly concave on the two sides, while one side edge is flat and the other is con- cavely bevelled. The poll is of the natural unworked stone and judging from the drawing furnished by ]\Ir. Ridout, was broken off. It is raggedly diagonal. The cutting edge is sharpened by long convexly ground surfaces of nearly equal size and curve. The bevel of the side edge suggests that the material for the celt was cut out by grooving and breaking as was the case in the Thompson River region, where the celts showed similar traces of grooving.' It is true that similar grooving may be seen on celts from the Coast, but in that region the celts are short, while in the Thompson River area they are long like this one and the material is more often of the mottled green color than on the coast. The specimen is owned by Mr. Edmunds and is in the collection of Mr. Ridout. No pieces of antler or other material which may possibly have served as celt hafts were found in this region, although it will be remembered that one specimen, thought })0ssibly to have been such, was found at Kaniloops in the > Museum negative no. 44507, 6-8. 2 Spinden, p. 182 and Figs. 1, 2, Plate ix. 3 Smith, (c), Fig. 349. * Cf. Smith, (c). Fig. 349. 64 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, Thoin]).son River' region, another in the Lillooet \'allev-' and that ceU hafts made of antler were eommon on the coast at Port Hammond,^ Comox/ Saanieh,^ and Utsalady.** A piece of antler (202-837Sa), found on the surface near the head of Priest Rai)ids, is much bleached and shows signs of having been daubed with red paint. It consists of a ])iece which has been cut around below a fork with some sharj) instrument and then broken off. The ])rongs seem to be simjilv broken off. Hand-Adze. Only one hand-adze has been found in this area, so far as I am aware. It is cata- logue No. 25 in the collection of ^Nlr. Janeck, made of stone and found near the surface of an old burial ground of the Indians near the mouth of the Yakima River on what is known as IMcNeals Island. This specimen is .shown in Fig. 46, and is 165 mm. long, 228 mm. in greatest circumfer- ence which is around the part corresponding to the edge of the striking head of a pestle, 37 mm. in diameter at the top and 37 mm. along the edge of the blade. It is made of rock resembling diorite or diabase. The natural surface of the pebble from which it was made shows on the ridge of the striking head of the })estle-like part. The convex side of the celt-like part of the object is very smooth. This is apparently partly due to the fact that it ])resents the smooth natural sur- face of the pebble from which the object was made, and also to more or less friction which must have been received here when in use. It pi()bat)lv served as an adze. This specimen is ])erhaps the most ideal form of this type that I Fig. 46. H;ui(l-.\dze made of Stone. From the surface in an old l)iirial ground of the Indian.s near the moutli of the Yakima River on have seen, the up])er end comparing closely to a McNeals Island, i nat. size. ^^,^^j^ ^^.j^j^ ,, ^j; ,,^ in.liration of a knob at the (Drawn from i)hotograplis . 44.50.3,6-4,444.52,2-1. Orig- to]), a flaring iiody, and a short striking head, the inal catalogue No. 25 in the ^|^j^^ ,,,• ^^.,,j^.,, ^^^^.^^j ,^^ .^ ^.j^^ ,^^.,„.,^. jf „„f collection ol Mi. .laneck.) entirely aioiind the specimen. The celt-like i)art is to one side of the axis, so that one side expands to meet the ridge above 1 Smith, (c). Fig. 348, p. 41.5. 2 Teit, (b). Fig. 66. 3 Smith, (a), Figs. 29 and .5<). 4 Smith, (b). Fig. 107. 6 Jbid, Figs. 129-130. Ibid, Fig. 157. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 65 mentioned, forming a concavity; the other contracts to meet it forming a convex sweep from the cutting edge to the beginning of the body of the pestle-Uke part.^ Such hand-adzes have been found at Portland, Columbia Slough about ten miles below Portland,^ and Mr. E. D. Zimmerman of Philadelphia has informed me that there are five or six specimens of this tvpe in his collection but the discovery of this specimen at McNeals Island marks the most eastern occurrence of this type, so far as I know at present.^ Whetstones. Whetstones, recognized as such, are rare in the Yakima region but a fragment (202-8217) of a sandstone pebble, which is apparently rubbed on the irregular sides was found on the surface of the little camp site, west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. It probably served as a rough whet- stone or for grinding implements into shape. The cigar-shaped object made of friable stone, shown in Fig. 69, and considered on p. 81 as a war implement or "slave-killer," is suitable for use as a whetstone and may have been such. The object thought to be a whet- stone shown in Fig. 120, is in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and is said to be from the Yakima Valley. It is made of friable slate; the top is broken off. It is 142 mm. long, 18 mm. wide and 6 mm. thick with rounded edges. The circle and dot design incised on the specimen is described on p. 131. It would seem that use as a whetstone would destroy the design.^ From the whole region, I have seen only these three specimens that can be considered as whetstones. This scarcity seems somewhat remarkable when we consider their abundance in the Thompson River region,^ and also on the coast at Port Hammond and Eburne in the Eraser Delta,^ Comox,** North Saanich^ Victoria,** New Dungeness,^ and Port Williams.^'* Beaver teeth sharpened for use as knives, such as were found in the Thompson River region,^^ were not found by us in this whole area any more than iu the Eraser Delta,^^ although they were present at Comox,^^ and though not certainly identified at both Saanich " and Burton.''^ However, 1 Museum negatives nos. 44452, 2-1 and 44503, 6-4. 2 First mentioned on pp. 303-304, Noteworthy Arciiaeological Specimens from Lower Columbia Valley, by Harlan I. Smith, American Anthropologist, (N. S.) Vol. VIII, No. 2, April-June, 1906. 3 Museum negative no. 44503, 6 4. • 4 Smith, (d), p. 144; (c), p. 417. s Smith (a), p. 167. 8 Smith (b), p. 312 7 Ibid., p. 339. 8 Ibid., p. 360. « Ibid., p. 389. ") Ibid., p. 392. >i Smith (d), p. 144; (c), p. 417. 12 Smith (a), p. 168. 13 Smith (b), p. 318. 14 Ibid., p. 346. 16 Ibid., p. 398. 66 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Hiffory. [Yo]. VI, a beaver tooth was found (202-8189) in cremation rectangle No. 21 (16) on the flat overlookino; the mouth of the Naches River. Object.s that are considen>(l as knife handles, such as were found at Lvtton,^ though not certainly at Kaniloops - were absent here as in the Fraser Delta.'' Objects made of bone or antler and thought to have been used for flaking stone implements were also absent. Drills. Drill points chipped from stone are perhaps less abundant in the Yakima country than in the Thonipson River region * to the north. They are found of various shapes in the Nez Perce region ^ to the east but it will be remembered that they were not certainly identified among finds frcm the coast. •* The specimen shown in Fig. 47, was collected at the head of Fig. 47. Fig. 48. Fig. 47 (202-8398). Point for a Drill, chipped from Chalcedony. From the head ol Priest Rapids. ^ nat. size. (Collected by Mrs. J. B. Davidson.) Fig. 48 (202-8370). Point for a Diill, chipped from Chert. From the surface, near the head of Priest Rapids, i nat. size. Priest Rapids, and presented by Mrs. J. B. Davidson of Ellensburg. It is chipped from a grayish chalcedony. "^Phe shaft is rather blunt at the end, possibly having been broken ott", and is somewhat lozenge-shaped in cross section although one side has a less pronounced ridge than the other which cau.ses the section to tend Iowa ids tiic sub-triangular. The base e.\))ands .sidewise and is somewhat thinner at the end than at the shaft ahhougli it is thicker than the ])oint. A jjoint somewhat similar in shape, hut .")? iniii. long, chipped from white chalcedony, and found at Priest Rapids, was seen in the 1 Smith (d). Fig. 50. 2 Smith (c), p. 418. 3 Smith (a), p. 168. •• Smith (d), p. 148; (c), p. 419. ^ Spiiiden, p. 18.5, Figs. 23-25, Plate vii. Smith (a), p. 190; (b), p. 438. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 67 collection of 'Sir. Austin Mires. Another drill ])oint chipped from black trap, 48 mm. long, and also found at Priest Rapids, was seen in the same collection. The shaft expands sidewise into a base of the form of a truncated triangle which is rather thin. Fig. 48 shows a drill point chipped from reddish brown chert that was found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. The upper portion resembles the first-mentioned specimen and the lower part is somewhat similar to it but more lenticular in cross section. In other words, the implement is either double-pointed or it was intended to chip away the lower part. The lower point is so well chipped to form that it seems more likely to be a double-pointed drill. Holes which have been drilled and apparently with such drills as these are seen in the stone objects shown in Figs. 34, 77, 81, 99, 105, 119. The shell object shown in Fig. 88 probably was broken; but in Figs. 76, 79, 90, 91, 93 and 94, the shell seems drilled and in Fig. 73 the antler is drilled. Scrapers. For scraping and shaving, the objects shown in Figs. 49-52 would have been useful. One side of these consists of a large facet, as in the case of Fig. 50, or is but slightly chipped. This surface on the first two specimens shows the bulb of percussion, while on the fourth all signs of the bulb have apparently been obliterated by secondary chipping along a longi- tudinal third, probably done to flatten the side, although as this scraper was made from a fragment of a flake rather than from the whole flake it is possible that the bulb was not on this piece. In the third specimen the bulb does not show as the object was not made from a flake but from a thin piece of chalcedony which shows striations upon both surfaces suggesting that it may have been the filling or cast of a seam from which it has separated. The upper ends of the first two specimens are somewhat convex on this surface probably because of the bulb of percussion. The lower or wider ends, which are chipped to a scraping edge from the opposite side on all the specimens are somewhat concave or at least flat as in the third specimen. The other two are not so regular in outline, but are also chipped like a scraper at the broad end and the side edges. The specimen shown in Fig. 52 was found on the surface of the little camp site on Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg, and is of a waxy, yellovrisli brown chalcedony. It is shaped something like a gun flint. There is a scra])er GO mm. long made of a greenish slate in the collection of Mrs. Davidson to whom it was presented by JNIr. Owen. It is somewhat tongue-shaped and slightly concavo-convex. The base is broken while the curved edge is slightly chipjx'd on the convex side to form an edge. TIk- point is rather thin and lias been somewhat rul)l)('d. Red paint has been daubed on the specimen wliicli suggests that it iimy ha\-e been found in a grave. It will ])e reineinbeicd thai scnipers were found, although not so 68 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xdtiiral Ifl.'r region which was similar in shape to the knives used until irccntly l)y the Thom])Son River Indians.* These knives from the Thompson River region are chi])ped imicli iiKirc I'loin one side than from the other and liaxc curved ])oints. The specimen shown in Fig. 3 (202-8330) has an aljsohiicly lint base which is apparently an unworkcd ])()rti()n of the block tVoin uhidi the ol)ject was 1 Smith (c), p. 418. 2 Spinden, p. 185 and Fig. 50. 3 Smith (c), p. 418, Fig. 352d. * Teit, (a), Figs. 125-126. 1910.] Smith, The Yakim-i Vallej. 69 chipped. It is possibly an unfinished arrow point, but its outline suggests that it is a knife point. The s])ecimen shown in Fig. 2 is chipped from waxy red chalcedony. It has a straight end and one edge of the point is slightly more curved than the other, which together with the fact that one side is nearly flat suggests that it may have been one of those points which are considered to have been used for knives rather than for arrow or spear points. The specimen (202-8369) shown in Fig. 1 may have served either as the tip for an arrow or as a knife point, and it may be compared with the much more deeply serrated points found in the Thom]>son River region.^ Arroiv-shaft Smoothers. Arrow-shaft smoothers, made of coarse sand- stone like those from the Thompson River region,- were not found by us in this area nor on the coast; ^ but one of these grooved stones was seen in the collection of Mr. E. R. McDonald at Ellensburg. It was collected by Mr. Dick \Yilliams, of the same place, who found it on the west bank of the Columbia River, twenty miles north of Priest Rapids, Kittitas County. It is made of a salmon-colored gritstone, and is of the usual type, semi-cylin- drical with a longitudinal groove on the flat side, in this case a very small groove such as might occur if it had not been much used. In the Nez Perce region to the east,^ according to Spinden, there have been found an arrow- shaft smoother made up of two somewhat rectangular blocks of light tufa, each with a semi-cylindrical groove in one side and a soapstone object which he considers to be an arrow-shaft polisher, but I have considered this as a mat presser. Tools Used by Women. A number of implements were found which may have served for the preparation of skins and for sewing. Among these may be mentioned skin scrapers, awls, a needle, and a mat presser. Scrapers Chipped from Stone. The scrapers chipped from stone, shown in Figs. 49 to 52, and considered among tools used by men on pp. 67-68, may possibly have been used on skins although they seem rather small for such a purpose. The specimen shown in Fig. 53, made from a flat circular pebble was foimd on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids. The edges are chipped in such a way that it has been brought somewhat to the form of a square. This object would serve 1 Smith (d), Figs. 8 to 19; (c), Figs. 332 i-j and :5;i4. 2 Smitli (d), p. 145; (c), p. 419. 3 Smith (a), p. 190; (b), p. 438. 4 Spinden, p. 187, Fig. 32, Plate vii. 70 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natarul History. [\"ol. VI, well as a skin scraper if hafted in the split end of a stick and used like similar im])lements seen in use by us among the natives of tire Thompson River region.^ It resembles archaeological specimens from the same area." In the Nez Perce region to the east ^ a disk-shaped si)all struck from a boulder was used for skin scraping. Another form, .shown in Fig. 54, is chipped from a pebble, probably a flat circular one. Along one side, the surface of the pebble shows, but on the other it has been completely chipped away. In outline, the object is elliptical, but has a slight tendency to be pointed at each end. It is lenticular in section, with the edges jaggcdly sharp. This reminds us of certain specimens found at Columbus and The Dalles, Avhich have the same general shape, but are ground and polished, so that no signs of chipping remain on some of them. It seems probable that this specimen Fig. 53. Fig. 54. Fig. 53 (202-8302). Scraper chipped from a Flat Circular Pebble. From the .surface of the bank of Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. ^ nat. size. Fig. 54 (202-8307). Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble. From the surface of the bank of Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids, i nat. size. is a roughcd-out form o'' the same kind, which may have been used in its pres- ent condition, or was intended to be fini.shed by grinding and i)olishing. It seems (piite likely that this im])lement may have been hafted in the end of a split stick and used as a skin scraper, similar to those previously mentioned. On the other hand, it may have been held in the hand and used in scra])ing skins or perhai)S as a knife. It was found with another on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River, ncai- the head of Priest Ra])ids. Another of these (202-8117) was found on the surface at Kennewick. 'J'lic spccinicn shown in Fig. 55 is simply an oval water-worn pe])ble with one edge chipi)ed on both sides. It is 115 nun. Ion*: ))v Ki nun. tliick, ni:i\- be an unfinished 1 Teit i,a,i, I'it;. l, I'latc xiv, ami Imjl 2 Smith (d). Fig. 64; (c). Fig. 355. 3 Spinden, p. 215. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 71 object, if not a scraper or knife, and Avas found on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. Scra'pers Rubbed from Bone. Scrapers made of bone, similar to those found by us in the Thompson River region and in the vicinity of Puget Sound ^ were not seen in the Yakima region. Awls Rubbed from Bone. Awls made of bone have been found in this area. The specimens made of stone, mentioned on p. 25 among chipped points, and on p. 66 among drills may have been used by women for the same purposes. The specimen shown in Fig. 56, was found on the surface of an island in the Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake, and it is bleached from exposure. It was collected and presented by Mr. D. W. Owen. The specimen shown in Fig. 57, was found on an island in the Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the Snake, and it is bleached from exposure on the surface. The shaft is nearly circular in cross section Fig. 55 (202-8297). Scraper or Knife chipped from a Pebble. From tiie surface of tlie bank of Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids, i nat. size. and tapers to a point for one half its length. The base ends in a flat elbow piece. The outline of the end of this projection is rounded. The specimen was collected and presented by Mr. D. W. Owen. No awls made from the proximal part of the idna of the deer were seen by us in this area, although it will be remembered they were found in the Thompson River region ^ and are reported from the Nez Perce region to the east by Spinden who says that they were used in braiding rope.^ We found them on the coast of British Columbia and Washington.^ The same re- marks are true of awls made of the distal end of the metapodial of the deer.^ 1 Smith (d), Figs. 65 and 66; (c), Fig. 356; (a), Fig. 34; Teit (a\ Figs. 128 and 129. 2 Smith (c), Fig. 357. 3 Spinden, p. 189, Plate vii, Fig. 29. 4 Smith {a), p. no {Eburne and Hammond); (b), p. 317, (Cowio.r); p.S-il (Saanich); p. 377, (Sianwood); p. 389, iNew Dungeness). 8 Smith (d). Fig. 74; (c). Fig. 357; (a). Fig. 35, (Eburne); (b), p. 317, (Comox); p. 348, (.Saanich). 72 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xutural Ilistonj. [Vol. VI, Fig. 56. Fig. 57. Fig. 56 (20.0-1466). Awl made of Bone. From the surface of an Island in Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake. ^ nat. size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.) Fig. 57 (20.0-1465). Awl made of Bone. From an Island in Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the Snake. * nat. size. (Collected and presented by Mr. Owen.) This seems rather interesting since these two kinds of awls, each made of a .special bone are so commonly found and so widely distributed in America that it seems hardly possible that they may not yet be found in this region. Simple sharpened bone implements which are said to have been used as awls are found in the Nez Perce region ' \\ Jicre according to Spinden, a small awl was used in m;d» Fig. 59 a. Object made of Steatite, probably a Mat Presser. From Prosser. i nat. size. (Drawn from pliotograph 44504, 6-5. Original in the collection of Mr. Spalding), b, Part of Incised Pictograph on Object Shown in a. Mat Pressers. Mat pressers, or objects that are considered to he such, made of stone are commonly found in the area immediately to the south. No objects recognized as such Avere found by us in the Thompson River region, and from the coast of British Columbia and Washington there is only one. It is made of stone ^ and was found at Cadboro Bay near Victoria. Specimens made of wood are Aery common among the present natives of the same coast. A ground soapstonc object from the Nez Perce region is considered by Spinden an arrow-shaft polisher,'^ but seems to me more likely to be a mat [n-esser of the tyi)e found in the region iunnediately south of the Yakima area. The object shown in Fig. 59 which may be an unfinished l~)ipe, is of the 1 Smith, (a), Fig. 36. 2 Smith (d). Figs. 76-78; (c), Fig. 358. 3 Museum negative no. 44503 (6-4). 4 Smith (b), Fig. 146. 6 Spinden, Plate vii. Fig. 34. 74 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. \'I, form of a flattened cylinder, made of steatite and was found at Prosser in the southern part of the area here considered. The surface is marked with incised figures, })art of which are ilhistrated in Fig. 59b and described on p. 124. The groove on one side suggests that it may have been used as a mat presser such as are used to string cat-tails and tule stalks. The cylin- drical bore in the top is 25 mm. deep by 10 mm. in diameter and its to]) is funnel-shaped. The original is in the collection of Mr. Spalding.^ Processes of INIanufacture. The processes of manufacture employed in this area as indicated by the archaeological objects found include fracturing by chipping and flaking, pecking or bruising, grinding, polishing, cutting by grooving and breaking, incising, whittling and gouging, and drilling. The materials Avorked by each of these processes may be seen among the specimens here figured and described. Spinden states ^ that in the Nez Perce area chipped implements were made by the men and that the pecked artifacts were made by the women. Life Histories of Manufactured Objects. The story of the manufacture of the objects found from the securing of the raw material to their finished and to their worn out and broken condition is not shown completely in the case of more than one class of objects, viz., chipped implements, but in a number of cases the signs of manufacture have not been entirely obliterated and some specimens are figured and described which are undoubtedly in ])rocess of manufacture. Plate in. Fig. 1 shows a (juarry from which material for the manufacture of chi])pe(l im])lements was obtained. A description of this has been given on }). IG. Here could be seen the hammers, one of which is illustrated in Fig. 40, that were used in breaking up the raw material, and the material in various stages of chipping and flaking together with the waste ])roducts. In Plates i and ii may be seen the more or less coinpleted chipped im])lements. It' points of antler were use d as flakers, they were either not found or recognized by us. Ac- cording to Mr. Cotton, tlicrc arc niunerous (•hi])s within the "fort" men- tioned on p. 82. One other exami)le of a series illustrating the life history of an object may be iiunitioncd, namely, that of the pestles. Many oblong ])el)- 1 Museum negative no. 44504, 6-5. 2 Spinden, p. 185. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 75 bles suitable for pestles without being ehanged from their natural fonn were seen in both the Yakima and the Cohunbia Valleys. Other pebbles re- quired but slight shai)ing to bring them to the required form. Fig. 22 illus- trates such a pebble M'hich is in process of shaping by pecking or bruising and Fig. 43 shows a suitable tool for executing the work. After being fully shaped by this process such pestles were polished but the materials used for this purpose, whether sandstones and similar abrasives, the horse tail rush or the bare hand, are not known. War. Im'plements used in Warfare. The objects considered under hunting on p. 23 et seq., such as chipped points for spears, arrows and knives may have served in warfare; so also may bows, mentioned on p. 29. Others that were considered as tools, on p. 57 ef seq., such as the celt and hand- adze, may have been used as weapons in war times; but there are some objects that were probably useful only in warfare. Prominent among these are the club-heads and clubs, made of stone, shown in Figs. 60-68. No clubs made of copper, antler or whale's bone have been seen by us that are certainly from this region although it will be remembered '■ that such were foimd in the Thompson River region, lying to the north, that the latter are common on the coast of British Columbia and Washington - to the west of this area and that one of whale's bone labeled from the upper Columbia River has been figured in my report on the archaeology of Puget Sound."' Grooved Pebbles, Club-heads, or Sinkers. The grooved spheroid pebble, shown in Fig. 00, was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap and is in the collection of jNIr. Janeck. There are two encircling grooves which cross each other at nearly right angles. These have been made by pecking. At one intersection of the grooves, the object shows signs of bat- tering such as may have resulted from pounding with it, or such as may have been made to form a pit for the reception of a handle end. It is prob- ably a club-head, net sinker or gaming stone ^ similar to those used in the Thompson River region.^ In the Nez Perce region " to the east unworkcd river boulders sewed in skin, were used for the heads of ^\■ar clubs which were sometimes also used in killing game. This kind of club is the same 1 Smith (d), Figs. 81 and 82; (c), Fig. 359. 2 Smith, (b), Figs. 165-171. 3 Smith (b), Fig. 166d. 4 Smith (d), Fig. 39; (c), p. 440; Teit (a), p. 279. 6 Museum negative no. 44455, 2-4. fi Spinden, pp. 188 and 227, also Fig. 5». re Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI» used bv the eastern Indians, aceording to I^ewis ^ ar.d was probably intro- duced. The spheroid specimen made of haid lava, possibly traj), shown in Fig. 61, was found on the Yakima Reservation near Union Gap, and is also in the collection of Mr. Janeck. There are three grooves, marking great circles at right angles to each other. These have been made by pecking. At each pole or the intersection of two of these grooves, at the top and bottom in the illustration, and in each area marked out by the grooves is a pit mak- ing a total of ten. In the equatorial grooves are the remains of two parallel strings, each twisted to the right or contra-screw-wise, made up of two strings twisted to the left and remains of a fabric of loose mesh overlying the strings. It measures 70 mm. Ijv 03 mm. by 57 mm.' A club-head made of stone Fig. 60. Fig. 61. Fig. 60. Grooved Pebble. From the Yakima Reservation near the Gap. ^ nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44455, 2-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) Fig. 61. Club-head or Sinker made of I^ava. From the Yakima Ile.servation near the Gap. i nat. size. (Drawn from photograpli 44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) with a handle covered with rawhide and horsehair, was seen by us in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The head is grooved, circvdar in cross section, and has conoid ends. It consequently resembles the stone clubs of the east- ern Plains. The objects shown in Figs. 14-16 and considered as sinkers, may have been fastened to handles and used as heads for war ehibs or as 'canoe smashers' in warfare. Stone Chihs. The club ^ shown in Fig. 62, is made of serpentine. The handle is oval but a])proaches a lenticular form in cross section. There are eighteen notches across one edge of the knob and eight on the other. The blade is of the characteristic form with lenticular cross section but thicker than the thin type of stone clubs of this form such as are found n(^ar the 1 Lewis, p. 189. 2 Museum negative no. 44455, 2-4. 3 First mentioned on p. 414 and Fig. 174a, Smith (b). 1910.1 Smith, The Yakima Valley. it coast. ^ The tip is rather bhint. The reverse is the same as the obverse. It is from Methow River, Okanogan County and here ilhistrated from a sketch by Mr. Charles C. Willoughby of the original in the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. The club shown in Fig. 63 was found in the Yakima Valley on the west side of the river between Wenas Station and Upper Gap above North WSi-^ m Fig. 62. Fig. 63. Fig. 62. Club made of Serpentine. From Metliow River, Okanogan County, i nat. size. (Drawn from sketches by Mr. Charles C. Willoughby. Orisiual catalogue No. 6479.5 in the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass.) Fig. 63. Club made of Serpentine From the Yakima Valley, between Wenas Station and the Gap above North Yakima. \ nat. size. (Drawn from pliotographs 44453, 2-2, and 44500, 6-1. Original catalogue No. 44 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) Yakima. It is made of seri)entine of a mottled yellow, l)rown and green color. It is 26 mm. long, and of the form of a rather thick, elongated a])ple ' Sniitli (b), Fig. 172a, b. 78 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, seed, with the upper mikI lower ends cut off. The top is of the form of a symmetrical celt with a dull edge and is bevelled about equally from each side. The handle, which is 22 mm. thick, is the thickest part of the object, rather oval in section and merges into the blade, which is paddle-shaped, lenticular in cross section and terminates in a celt-like end which is dull and bevelled about equally from each side.^ It is catalogue No. 44 in the collec- tion of Mr. .Taneck.- A club of this general type has been found as far east as Sand Point, Idaho, the most eastern occurrence, as was mentioned on p. 413 of my "Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound," where all the clubs of this type from Northwestern America are discussed. On the west, they seem to range from the Klamath ^"alley to the head of Puget Sound. The club, shown in Fig. 04 ^ is made of stone and has a blade rather lenticular in cross section, but bulging somewhat so that it reminds us of the clubs of the lozenge-shaped cro.ss section.* It is 265 mm. long, by 25 mm. thick. The handle is somewhat lenticular, but tends to be hexagonal in section, with rounded corners and meets the blade abruptly. There is a saddle-shaped knob at the top with an incised geometric design in the hollow. The upper part of the right edge of this knob is flat witli two incisions across it, while the lower part is rounded. A stone clul) with similar handle is known from Puget Sound.'^ The specimen is catalogue No. 40 in the col- lection of Mr. Janeck, and was secured by him from the York collection. It was originally collected from an Indian woman on the Yakima Reserva- tion.^ The club shown in I'ig. Go is made of diabase or allied material and is 338 mm. in length. It is bilaterally symmetrical and the reverse and obverse are alike. TJie handle is oval in cross section and terminates in a knob fi'oiii which it is separated by a slight groove. In the top of the knob is a de})ress:on as if there had been a hole peckcul through the form, tapering from each side, as in the clubs or slave-killers having lozenge-shaped cross section from the coast there "^ the top broken off and the broken edges rounded, as in the club with lozenge-sha])ed cross section from Copalis on the coast of Washington.** But such is not the case; the notch resembles that of the chil) shown in I-"ig. 04, slightly the one shown in Fig. 62, both from this ' Smith (bj, p. 417. 2 Museum negatives nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44500, fl-1. 3 First shown in Smith (b), Fis. 177a. ■1 Smith (b), p. 415. 5 Siintli (b). FiK. 177b. « .Museum negatives, nos. 4445.3, 2-2 and 44500, 6-1. 7 Smith (b), Figs. 175 and 17»). Ihid., Fig. 175e. 1910.J SmitJi, The Yakima Valley. 79 region, and one from Burton on Puget Sound. ^ The blade is paddle-shaped hke the large end of an apple seed, lenticular in cross section, with a mid-rib on each side which runs out about 10 mm. from the end of the club.- It was found on the surface at Union Gap, below Old Yakima, and is in the collec- tion of Mr. Janeck.^ m- m :'T Fig. 64 Fig. 65 Fig. 66 Fig. 64. Club made of Stone. From Yakima Reservation, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograplis 44500, 6-1, and 44453, 2-2. Original in tfie collection of Mr. Janeck.) Fig. 65. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union Gap below Old Yakima. J nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, and 44501, 6-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) Fig. 66. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union Gap below Old Yakima. J nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, and 44501, 6-2. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) The stone club, shown in Fig. GO, was found on the surface at Union Gap, below Old Yakima. It is of a purplish gray lava- like material. The handle is oval in cross section with a knob at the end which is somewhat flattened on each side and slopes towards the rounded top like a blunt 1 Ibid., Fig. 177b. 2 First mentioned. Smith, (b), p. 416 and Fig. 177c. 3 Museum negatives, nos. 44453, 2-2, and 44501, 6-2. 80 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Histunj. [WA. VI, symmetrical celt. The blade has convex side edges which are nearly flat and about 18 mm. wide. It is thicker in the middle than at the edg'es and bears a mid-rib of the shajie of a railroad embankment \\ ith rounded anjyjles, from the handle to the end. On each side of this mid-rib, the surface is nearly flat. The end of the blade is nearly flat. The specimen is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.^ It will be noted that the thin stone clubs found here have no mid-rib. Clubs made of stone, whale's bone or wood with such mid-ribs are unknown from the coast but are found with median decoration in place of a mid-rib, - those of whale's bone .being common and a thin club made of copper with a median decoration was found at Spuzz.um in the interior of Southern British Columbia.^ ' Slave-klUernJ A 'slave-killer" or club, made of frial)le stone shown in Fig. 67, was found on the surface of Union Gap, below Old Yakima. It is in the collection of Mr. Janeck. The object has a blade which sets out from the handle and resembles in shape the typical 'slave-killer' in that it is lozenge-shaped in cross section with bulging sides and rounded angles. The handle is oval or nearly circular in cross section, and slightly larger at the top where there is no knob or i)erforation as in the typical club of this type.^ The object is 377 mm. long, 03 mm. wide, and 41 mm. thick.''* The club or 'slave-killer' made of stone, shown in Fig. 68, was found at Lake Chelan, and is 280 mm. long. It is owned by Mr. C. G. Ridout of Chelan, Chelan County. The handle terminates in a knob, which re- sembles the form of an animal head. This knob is somewhat heart-shaped, the two lobes possibly representing ears, and the lower tip projects beyond the liaudle of tlie ol)ject. One si' ■ \-> - ''■ 'tffl Fig. 67. Fig. 68. Fig. 69. Fig. 67. Club made of Stone. From the surface at Union Gap below Old Yakima. J nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44453, 2-2, and 44500, 6-1. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) Fig. 68. Club made of Stone. From I^ake Chelan. J nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch furnished by Mr. C. G. Ridout. Original in his collection.) Fig. 69. War implement or Slave Killer, made of Friable Stone. From the Yakima Valley. J nat. size. (Drawn from pliotugraph 44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeok.) nearly flat and circular. From here the oliject gradually exjiands for about half its length and then contracts to a point, being nearly circular in cross section througliout. It is 2()S inin. long, 38 nun. in niaxinunn diameter, and 19 nun. in diameter at the lop. It was found in the Yakima ^\dley and is in the collection of Mr. Janeck.' The object considered as a hand- adze and shown in Fij:'. 4(), mav have l)een used as a 'slave-killer.' 1 Mu.seum negative no. 44503, 6-4. 82 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Iliatory. [Vol. VI, Xo objects considered as daggers or knives and made of antler were found by us in this region. Although it will be remembered ^ that several, over 200 mm. in kuigtli, were found in the Thompson River region. War Co,stinnc. The costume indicated on the figure carved in antler, described under the section of dress and adornment, \). 100, referred to in the discussion of art on p. 127, and shown in Fig. 121, may be that of a warrior as is sviggested by the similarity of the headdress to the war-bonnet of the triljes of the Plains. That the war-bonnet was used in this region is strongly suggested not only by this headdress,but also by those represented in the ])ictographs and petroglyphs as well as by the wearing of it by the modern Indians of this area. This idea is further strengthened by the fact that the war-bonnet is worn in the Nez Perce region to the east," where it has no doubt been used for a long time, although it may originally have been derived from the Plains. The Nez Perce sometimes wore streamers with these war-bonnets. Spinden states thnt the early Nez Perce Avar-bonnets differed from the type used by them to-day, and that exact information about them is difficult to obtain. Fortifications. A so-called "Indian fort" is situated near Rock Creek about six miles below Rock Lake. It is about a mile south of the ranch of Mr. Frank Turner (p. 54), and shown in the photogra])hs reproduced in Figs. P and 2\ Plate vi. These were taken and presented by ISIr. J. S. Cotton, then in charge of the cooperative range Mork at the Washington State Experiment Station at Pullman, who furnished from his notebook all our data on this subject. The "fort" is built on a fiat knoll of about fifteen feet in height and with precipitous sides. It is in the form of a circle, being enclosed about four fifths of the way around. The wall is built of flat rocks which are tilted in such a manner that they will glance all projectiles into the air. There were numerous arrow chipi)ings within the "fort." There are many Indian graves supposed to be very old, two pits believed to mark building sites, and a long line of stones in the vicinity (pp. 140, 54, 29). Woinids. The skull of skeleton No. 99-431S, found in rock-slide grave No. 10 (5) on the north side of the Naches River half a mile above its mouth, showed where the right side of the orbit had been ])iereed in such a way that the malar l)()nc was partly severed and re})air had taken place, leaving a large anterio lateral projection on the malar bone. ( )ne rib had two artic- ular surfaces at the anterior end. 1 Smith (d), Fig. 80; (c), p. 423 and Fig. 360. 2 Spinden. p. 228. 3 From the interior. * From tlie exterior. 1910.1 Smith, The Yakima Valley. 83 Dress and Adornment. Skins. Tanned skin and skin bearing hair of animals, including the deer, and feathers of the woodpecker have been found in the graves and were evidently portions of garments or of pouches; but graves containing these materials are apparently more modern than some of the others. No skins of birds were found by us in this whole region. The scrapers men- tioned on page 69 and the hammers as well possibly as the grooved stones mentioned on pages 30 and 75 may have contributed to the making of clothing: the former for scraping skins, the latter for beating and softening them. Skin (202-8223), resembling buckskin or leather in its decomposed condition, was found in grave No. 31 (2) (99-4326), in the rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, immediately below EUensburg. That this grave may not be as ancient as some of the artifacts here described is sug- gested by the fact that a small piece of a wooden post, not completely de- cayed, was found projecting from the rock-slide above the grave, and by the presence of four more posts, one at each corner of the grave, extending down from the level of the rock-slide, the upper parts apparently being entirely decomposed. The remains of matting which had been wrapped around the body, glass beads (202-8225) and three bracelets made of iron (202-8226), one of which is shown in Fig. 96, also suggest that this grave was modern, although it must be remembered that in this dry climate, wooden posts, matting and iron resist decomposition for a long time. The form of the garment or other object made up of this skin has not been identi- fied, but pieces of the skin are joined in some places by over-casting with skin thread; in others, with a double skin thong and still in others with some sort of vegetable fibre. A piece of deer skin (202-8230) with the hair on was found in grave No. 37 (4) (99-4328), in the same rock-slide. Here again, the presence of sticks about three feet long, decayed at the tops and arranged in three rows of matting made of reeds (202-8229 and 202-8230, Figs. 71-72), and of beads apparently made of factory-rolled copi)er, sug- gest that the entire contents of this grave are modern. Fragments of skin of a small mammal, with the hair on, which had been stitched along one edge with what appears to be twisted vegetable fibre made into a cord of two strings (202-8231), was found in grave No. 34 (5) (99-4329) in the same rock-slide. Here again were found evidences sug- gesting the grave to be modern. These consisted of decayed posts cut off at the surface of the slide. Among the other objects in the grave were matting (202-8232), beads (202-8233, Fig. 74), made of what is apjiarently 84 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [\o\. \I, factory-rolled copper, coarse string and thono;, some of which is wound at the ends and pieces of coarse twisted plant fibre upon which some of the beads were strung, two ornaments (202-8234, Fig. 1»1) made of haliotis shell, two ])end;mts made of what a])pears to be factory-rolled copjjcr (202- 8235), four l)racclets a])parcntly made of similar copper (202-823G, Fig. 95), a square pendant (202-8238, Fig. 78), a disk (202-8239, Fig. 83), both of which seem to be made of factory-rolled t o})])cr and a piece of iron (202-8242). Among the rocks above the grave were found a copper ornament (202- 8244), a brass pendant (202-8245, Fig. 84), with thong and copper bead, and a copper pendant (202-8246, Fig. 82). Matting. Fragments of matting of vege- table fibre sewed or twined with cords made of plant material were found; but only in recent graves. Such graves contained objects introduced into the region since the advent of the whites. These fabrics were ])robably modern but were in no way affected by the coming of the white man or the materials se- cured from him, being simply found in these modern graves associated with artifacts made from material secured from the white man. In the old graves they have ])robal)ly long since decayed. S])indlc-whorls were not found. P^'ig. 70 illustrates the stitch of a ])iccc of mat- ting (202-8391) of a well known type consist- ing of a single strand warp of rushes pierced at intervals by the weft which is a two-strand string. It is similar to that commonly found in the Thomjjson Kiver region.' This si)eci- men was found in grave No. 38 (1) (99-4333) in a rock-slide on the west side of the Columbia River, near the head of Priest Kapids. The grave was probably modern as is suggested by stakes nearly six feet long which projected about three feet above the surface of the rock-slide and a roll of birch bark^ (202-8392). The vegetable fibre used in sewing these stalks was probably the same as that used by the present Indians as was Fig. 70 (202-8391). Diagram of Stitch of Fragment of Rush Matting. From near the skin on skeleton in grave No. 38 (1) of an adult in a rock-slide on the east side of the escarpment near the head of Priest Rapids. J nat. size. 1 Teit (a), Fig. 131c. 2 Cf. Smith ( first specimen of a new type collected and figured. It was first brought to the attention of students in 190G through corre- spondence when Professor Otis T. Mason stated that he had never seen an exam])le, a picture or a description of just that technique. It was shown at the annual exhibition of the New York Academy of Sciences, in December of the same year, but reference to the type was first published in November 1908 by Spinden.'' In tli(> Thompson River region this tyj)c has not been found. Mr. James Teit informs me that he asked aU the old Thompson Indian women of the vicinity of Spences Bridge about this type of matting, 1 Smith (c), p. 423- Teit (a), p. 188. - Spinden p. 195 3 Siiindcn, ii. 19.5. 86 Anthrnpolngiral Papers American Museum of Xatural History. [Vol. ^'I, submitting a model of it to tliem which I sent him. Thcv all stated that they never saw that particular type made in the Thompson River region and if ever made there it must have been before the memory of those now' living. The only pierced matting made there as far as they have ever known is the tule tent mat/ but the strands of this were not twisted, being Hke those shown in Fig. 70. They had a weave similar to this and the same in general effect in the common mat used for beds and on which to sit, known as the floor mat, but the strands were woven and not stitched. - Certain rush bags of the Quinault and the ^Nlakah resemble this type of matting but the rushes are not pierced. Matting (202-8162) made of tule stalks stitched together with cords twisted to the right, but made of large stalks M'as found in a recent grave, No. 10 (5) in the rock-slide on the north side of the Naches River, half a mile above its mouth. Part of this was of a similar type and stitched with similar cords and part was of the more common form of sewed matting such as is shown in Fig. 70. This grave had been rifled, and the presence of bark, a portion of a fire drill (202-8157), part of a wooden bow (202- 8159), two pieces of a finely woven basket (202-8160) and copper tubes apparently of rolled copper, suggest that it was modern. Fig. 72 illustrates the technirjue of a piece of matting of open twine weaving made of rush which was found under the pelvis of the skeleton in grave No. 33 (4) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Spinden states that mats were made in the Xez Perce area, of cat-tail stalks held together by two twined cords and that mats were used for house and floor coverings and as sheets upon which to dry berries.^ The string of all these fragments of matting was too much decayed or fragmentary for determination. It will be remembered that both sewed and ■woven matting were found in the graves of the Thompson River region,* as well as among the living Indians. It seems probable that these mats were made and used one above the other like great shingles for covering the summer house, for Ix'ds and for wraj)ping the dead, w liile the tliinner pieces may have served for garments. Food was ])robably spread on them to dry and they no doubt served many other purposes. The art of weaving was practised to a considerable extent in the Xez Perce region to the east, although it had very slight development in the Plains area, still further east.'' Cord made of vegetable fibre (202-8233) found in grave No. 34 (5) T > Teit (a), Fii?. 131c. 2 Teit (a), Fit;. 131(1. 3 Spinden, p. 195. * Smith (c), p. 423. ' 8i)indoii, p. 190. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 87 (99-4329) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below EUensburg, upon which copper and shell beads were strung was made of two strands, some twisted to the right, others, to the left and in some cases a single cord was used for stringing the beads, while in other cases three cords were used. A roll of birch bark (202-8392) was found in grave No. 38 (1) (99-4333) in a rock-slide, on the west side of the Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. It is the only specimen of this kind that was found by us in the whole area although it will be remembered ^ that such rolls of birch bark were frec[uently found in graves of the Thompson River region. As stated on p. 84, we considered this grave to be modern. Ornainents. A great variety of ornaments was found, but most of these were in graves considered to be modern. Among the finds which appear to be old, none of them having been found in graves considered to be modern, none of them appearing to be made of commercial material and all of which seem to be of native technique are per- forated disks of stone (202-8152), and bone, (202- 8227), a perforated and engraved sea shell (202- 8388), and haliotis shell from the Pacific Ocean (202-8393), both plain and polished dentalium shells, pendants made of what is apparently haliotis shell, a nose ornament also apparently made of haliotis shell (202-8252), and beads made of shell. Red and yellow ochre, blue copper clay, and ^^■llite earth, which may have been used for paint such as was found in the Thompson River region ^ were not seen by us in this area. Although charcoal, which may have been mixed with grease and used for paint, was frec[uently found there was no evidence of such use. Combs. Only one comb was seen and nowhere throughout the area were found any objects known to have been used as head scratchers such as were not uncommon in the Thompson River rcgiim.^ The comb (Fig. 73) is made of antler and was found where a creek had washed it out of an old grave at Fort Simcoe. The teeth are convex in outline, the back is neiarly straight but not quite parallel with the line of the teeth and the Fig. 72(202-8230). Frag- ment of Open- Twine Matting, made of Rush. From under the pelvis of skeleton in grave No. 33 (4) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below EUens- burg. i nat. size. 1 Smith, (d), Fig. 117. 2 Smith, (d), p. 150; (c), p. 424. 3 Smith, (c), p. 424; Teit (a), p. 312. 88 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xalural History. [\o\. VI, ends convex, the rear end being shorter than the other. The nineteen teeth (one perhaps being rather wide to be considered) are set out from each other by grooves on each side of the comb. This edge of the object is somewhat sharpened making tlie lower end of each tooth resemble the shape of a celt or wedge. Near the back of the comb are three perfora- tions, one in the middle and one at each end, the latter being about (M|ui- . distant from both the back and the end of the comb. The hole near the short end of the comb was drilled ta])ering from the reverse, while the two other holes were drilled tapering part way through from each side, but slightly farther from the reverse than the obverse. The specimen is in the collection of Mrs. Jay Lynch at Fort Simcoe.^ A comb made of antler was found by us at Lytton " but none were seen among archaeological finds from the other parts of the Thomi)so.n River region,^ although wooden combs are found among the Indians there, as in the Nez Perce region where modern combs were made of narrow strips of Fig. 73. Comb made of Antler. wood lashcd together.^ A comb of antler From a grave at Fort Simcoe. i nat. ^^.^^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^3 j^ ^^le main shell Ilea I) size. (Drawn from photograph 44.510, . "^ ' 6-12. Original in the collection of Mrs. at EbuHie in the Frascr Dclta.^ ^^"^^•) Brads. Among beads, some made ■ of gla.ss are certainly modern. .Judging from these glass beads, others found associated with them or with things of white manufacture in the same grave are also modern; while some seem to be old and from sites believed to be ancient. Besides objects truly of the shape of beads, there are others, as for instance the tubes of copper such as are shown in Figs. 74 and 78, some oF which were found strung with simple bead forms. Otherwise, they might ])ossibly not have been con- sidered as beads. Fig. 121 suggests how such tubular beads of copper may have been worn on armlets and headdresses. In Fig. 74 are illustrated two fragmentary strings of several types of beads from a number which were found on the neck, arms and legs of a skeleton in grave number .')4 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of ('h(>rry Creek below Pvllcnsburg. The short cylinders are sections of dentalium shells, longer sections appearing occa- ' MuseiMii negative no. 44.")10, 6-12. 2 Smith, (d), Fig. 83. 3 Smith, (c), p. 424. ■1 Spinden, p. 221. 5 Smith, (al. Fig. 42. 1910. Smith, The Yakima Valley. 89 sionally. The longest cylinders are sheet copper rolled into cylindrical form. The lapping edge, in most of the beads illustrated is irregular and varies in thickness, Avhich suggests that they were beaten out of native copper rather than cut out of factory-rolled copper. Of course this appearance might be given to the latter by beating it. Such rolled beads made of copper are found in the Nez Perce region to the east ^ and in the Thompson River area to the north.- These shell and copper beads consequently might be considered ancient from their individual appearance, but on the shorter string are some more or less spherical beads made of glass which of course shows that all these beads were used in comparatively recent times. The beads on the longer string are strung upon coarse plant fiber twisted into Fig. 74 (202-8233). Beads made of Copper, Glass and Sections of Dentalium Shells. From neck, arms and legs of skeleton in grave No. 34 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below EUensburg. i nat. size. a two strand string while the shorter string is upon a much smaller fiber also of two strands which are twisted. Some of the other beads in this lot were strung upon thongs. The tubular bead shown in Fig. 75 is made of brass, proving conclusively that it is recent. It was found in grave No. 1 of the Yakima ridge, which contained a number of other objects that might characterize the grave as ancient were it not for the presence of brass beads. A smaller but sliglitly shorter brass bead was found with this. It contained a ])iec(> of stick, but this may be merely the rcmiuns of a rootlet many of which liad penetrated into the grave. The cd^i;es of th(> outer fold as well as the ends of the bead are irregular and thinned out similar to the corresponding -parts of the co])])er beads shown in Fig. 74. This suggests that the brass may have been 1 Spinden, Plate ix, Figs. 16-18. 2 Smith, (c), Fig. 371. ^0 Anlhropaloyical Papers A7)ierican Museum of Natural llislory. [\o\. W, pounded into sheets by the natives or at least that factory-rolled brass was pounded by them in manufacturing the bead. It also shows that this characteristic of the edges of coi)per objects, ^^•hile it may suggest that they were beaten out of native coj)per and are consequently ancient, does not prove it. Tubular copper beads with short sections of dentalium shell were Fig. 75 (202-8148). Bead made of Brass. From grave No. 1 In a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. Nat. size. found mixed all the way from the top to the bottom of grave number 10 (5) in a rock-slide on the north side of the Xaches River about half a mile above its mouth. Some of these were slightly larger than those shown in Fig. 74. The borie tubes shown in Figs. 97 and 98 and those described on p. 105 under games, may possibly have been intended for beads or ornaments. Beads were made of bones of birds in the Nez Perce region to the east.^ The perforated cylinder made of serpentine or steatite shown in Fig. 99 may also have been used as a bead or ornament instead of for gambling. Shell beads of disk shape such as are shown in Fig. 76 were found in three places. Those fig- ured were among the refuse of a grave in a rock- slide near the head of Priest Ra])ids. Two were found in grave No. 7 (4) in a rock-slide on the northern side of the Yakima Ridge. A brass button and three glass beads were found with them. Twenty-eight of them were foimd in tlie grave of a child in a rock-slide on the west side of the Columbia River iwiw the head of Priest Rapids. All these beads seem to be drilled from l)otli sides or at least each end of the bore is slightly larger than the middle. Somewhat similar disk-shaped beads, apparently made of shell are found in the Nez Perce region to the east,^ the Thompson area to the north •' antl in tiie Fraser Delta ' of the coast country to the west. Dentalivm Shells. Dentalimn shells, some broken or cut into short Fig. 76 (202-8384). Beads made of Shell. From refuse •of a grave in a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size. sections, were found in twelve of the graves ol tins i-cgion. Two of these 1 Spinden, p. 189. 2 Spinden, Plate ix, Figs. 12 and 13. 3 Smith, (d), p. 153; (c), p. 427. < Smith, (a), p. 179. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 91 graves were in domes of volcanic ash and probably old; five of them were cremation circles, also ancient, while five Avere rock-slide graves of which three were surely modern, and two probably so. It will be seen that the dentalia beads are found in about ecjual proportions in old and recent graves, there being seven examples of the former and five of the latter. One lot of dentaHa found in a cremation circle was charred. None of the dentalia found in the rock-slide graves were incised while in one of the graves in a dome of volcanic ash incised dentalia were found together with the sculp- tured human form in antler shown in Fig. 121 on which are represented what appear to be dentalium shells forming parts of ear or hair pendants. Incised dentalia were also found in two of the five cremation circles contain- ing dentalium shells. Some of the incised designs on dentalium shells are shown in Figs. 117 and 118. An idea of how the dentalium shells may have been used as ornaments on arm bands and headdresses may be had by reference to Fig. 121 and p. 101. Somewhat similarly incised dentalium shells were found at the large burial place at Kamloops in the southern interior of British Columbia to the north, ^ and in the Nez Perce region to the east bits of engraved dentalium shells are found in the graves of children." Strings of them were hung from the ears or fastened to the braids of hair and dentalia were attached to the dresses of the women.^ Among antiqui- ties they are found as far east as central Wyoming. There are some den- talium shells decorated with windings along lines somewhat similar in the collections from the Hupa of California. Dentalium shells used as nose ornaments, ear pendants or parts of ornaments and as beads were also found in the Thom]:)Son region.^ A few were fomid on the coast in the Fraser Delta,^ but while they are to be seen in collections from living Indians and recent graves they were not found among antitjuities else- where on the coast of British Columbia and Washington.*^ It seems noteworthy that while the shells are ])lentiful on the coast where they are used by the modern people they could only have been obtained in the Thompson River region and the Yakima Valley by barter. In the north, they were imported until recently through the Chilcotin country from the region north of Vancouver Island.^ In the Yakima Valley, how- ever, they were j)robably brought in by a more southern route and from places further south on the coast. INIy impression is that the Fraser Valle}' was not used as a route for the importation. 1 Smith, (c), Fig. 379. 2 Spiiiden, p. 181, Plate ix, Fig. 15. 3 Ibid., p. 220. ■» Smith, (c), pp. 425 and 427, (d), pp. 134 and 153. 6 Smith, (a), p. 180. G Smith, (b), pp. 319 and 387. 7 Smith, (f), p. 408. 92 AntJiropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, Pendants. Somewhat circular objects which might possibly be consid- ered as beads are shown in Figs. 77 to 80 and are considered as })endants perforated near the centre. The first is a slightly assymetrical disk, made of slate, which was found in grave No. 1 in a roc-k- slide of the Yakima Ridge. It is j^erforated at the centre Avith a large hole and at each end with a small liolc. These perforations taper from each end and were apparently drilknl. On each side there are four conoid pits about t'(|ui-distant from each other and the end holes arranged to form an oval about parallel with the edge of the object. On the reverse, there are only two of these pits, one on each side. The disk is 3 mm. thick. Fig. 78 illustrates a thin square of copper with rounded corners, a thong of skin and a copper bead, found in grave Xo. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg. The hole in the centre of this httle pendant has been punched. The presence of glass beads and iron in the same grave suggests that possibly this copper pendant was made of factory- rolled metal. The object shown in Fig. 79 is a sort of button made of shell attached to Fig. 77 (,20L'-8152). Drilled and Perforated Disk made of Slate. From grave No. 1 in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. Nat. size. Fig. 70. Fig. 80. Fig. 78 (202-8238). Pendant made of Copper, Thong and Copper Bead. From grave No. 34 (.5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. .size. Fig. 79. ButtfHi mwiW of Shell witli Attached Bead nia(h' of Metal. From an Indian at Ellensburg. Nat. size. (Drawn from pliotograi)li 44.506, 6-7. Original in the collection of Mr. McCandless.) Fig. 80 (202-8227). Perforated Disk made of Bone. From grave No. 31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the inontli of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size. wlii'li is a metal head. il was secured from an Indian at l^'llciisbiirg and is in the (ollcction of Mr. M(( 'andlcss.' The edge of the shell disk is 1 Museum negative no. 44.506, 6-7. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 93 rounded. There are two perforations through the disk, one a short distance from the centre. The other is in the centre, into which the metal bead is welded. The hole in the bead is parallel to the surface of the shell disk but does not go through the bead. Fig. 80 illustrates a disk of bone about 1 mm. thick found in grave No. 31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below Ellensburg. The edge is rounded, the perforation has straight sides and is slightly worn at the ends. This, together with certain faint parallel grooves running diagonally across the grain of the bone suggests that the object may be a portion of a factory-made button. Pendants perforated at the end or edge are shown in Figs. 81 to 94, arranged according to material, as stone, copper, brass, iron and shell. Fig. 81a illustrates a pendant made of slate which was found v. ith five others in a grave on McNeals Island near the mouth of the Yakima River by ]Mr. Fig. 81. Pendants made of Slate. From McNeals Island near the mouth of Yakima River. -J nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, 6-4. Original catalogue No. 45 n the collection of Mr. Janeck). Janeck. It is 52 mm. long, 3 mm. thick by 24 mm. wide. The upper end is narrower than the lower and perforated closer to the end of the object than to the side edges. The perforation tapers from each side and shows striations caused by drilling. The lower end of the pendant is somewhat thicker than the ujjper end.' The pendant shown next in the figure bears the same catalogue number in Mr. Janeck's collection and was one of the same lot of six specimens. It is 70 mm. long by 19 mm. wide and 3 mm. thick, is made of slate and similar to the other five specimens except that it bears six notches spaced about equi-distant from each other on one edge, and that the perforation is irregular, apparently having been broken through rather than drilled. The edges of this pendant are rather flat and the lower end is bevelled off somewhat from each side like a celt. This pendant may have been made to represent the tooth of an animal." 1 It is No. 45 in the collection of Mr. Janeck and Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. 2 Museum negative no. 44503, 6-4. 94 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xatund History. [\'ol. VL A pendant made of steatite and bearing an incised design in which part of the Hnes and holes are colored with red paint (mercury) is shown in Fig. 119. This was found on the manubrium of an adult skeleton supposed to be that of a man, in a grave covered with rocks on a low ridge about two and a half miles south of Fort Simcoe. The object is not necessarily recent because the coloring matter being mineral may have lasted a long time. In outline, it is of the form of a tall truncated pyramid. It is only about 6 mm. thick and its edges are rounded or somewhat sharp. Across the base of the side shown in Fig. 119a extends a ridge which on the opposite side of the specimen is raised for only a short distance on the left. The Agency physician is of the opinion that the grave was very old and that steatite does not occur near by but that the material must have been brought from Puget Sound. As the character of the art more closely resembles that of the Thompson River region where steatite is frerpiently found, at least in the form of artifacts, it would seem that the material more likely came from there, if indeed it was not from a nearer source, perhaps in this very valley. The specimen is in the collection of Mrs. Lynch. Fig. 82 illustrates a long pendant made of copper found about one foot deep among the rocks over grave 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek below EUensburg. The perforation at the top is ]>unched, which together with the fact that glass beads and a piece of iron Avere also found in this grave, suggests that the copper is factory-rolled. The edges are rounded and thinned, possibly by disintegration, to almost a cutting edge. The thong by which it was suspended is of skin and attached by being passed through the perforation and looped through a slit in the tip of the thong. Two somewhat similar pendants, (202-8235a, b) made of copper, were found near the legs in this same grave. The first is narrow at the top which is slightly concave in outline, and the perforation is punched. The sides are nearly straight. The lower end is about three times as wide as the top and is deeply concave in the middle and convex in outline from this concavity to the side edges. In each of the concavities is a notch. These suggest that they are worn out perforations from which other pendants may have been suspended. The second pendant is of almost the same size and shape as that shown in P^ig. S2. It has a somewhat Hutcd lower end but this characteristic may be partly the result of worn and decomposed perfora- tions or merely of decomposition. The jx'rforalion at \\\v toj) was ])unched and still retains a fragment of a leather thong. A small triangular ])endant only 18 mm. in length, made of copper, (202-82r)l) was found inside the skull of a child in grave Xo. 37 (8) in a rock-slide near the inouth of Cherry Creek. It is perforated near the most acute angle and also through the base. The perforations seem to have been punched and the corners have been 1910.J Smith, The Yakima Valley. 95 rounded, possibly by decomposition. Fig. 83 shows a thin disk-shaped pendant made of copper from the same grave as the one shown in Fig. 82. The perforation near the upper edge is also punched. A fragment of copper (202-8185) was found in the northwestern part of cremation circle No. 17 (12) on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. This may be a fragment of a copper ornament. It, and the specimen found in circle No. 15 constitute the only finds of copper which were made in cremation circles. In its decomposed state it does not look like factory-rolled copper Fig. 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 84. Fig. 82 (202-8246). Pendant made of Copper. From about one foot deep among the rocks over grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. ^ nat. size. Fig. 83 (202-8239). Pendant made of Copper. From grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the moutli of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size. Fig. 84 (202-8245). Pendant made of Brass and Bead made of Copper. From about one foot deep among the rocks over grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. J nat. size. and may be native. The other fragment (202-8181) found in cremation circle No. 15 (10) at the same place may be factory-rolled copper. In the Nez Perce area to the east, small pieces of copper were attached to the dresses of women. ^ The pendant shown in Fig. 84, also found near the one shown in Fig. 82 was made of brass. There are two })erforations near the upper edge the larger one of which is not circular and a perforation tapering more from tltc 1 Spinden, p. 220. 96 Anthropological Papers Atyierican Museum of Noturol History. [Vol. VI, concave side than from the other as well as a notch at the lower edge. The peculiarities of these perforations suggest that they were gouged out. The object is slightly concavo-convex. A skin thong is attached to the larger perforation at the ui)per edge by looping as in the case of the pendant shown in Fig. 82. On this is strung a cylindrical copper bead. Fig. 85 illustrates a pendant made of iron found in grave No. 35 (6) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. The next figure represents one of thirteen cone-shaped bangles or pendants also made of iron, found in the same grave. These were made by bending a thin sheet of the metal into the conical form. The remaining pendants are all made of shell. The one shown in Fig. 87 is a natural olivella shell with the top of the cone missing and found in grave No. 39 (1) of a child in a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids. Fig. 85 Fig. 86. Fig. 87. Fig. 88. Fig. 85 (202-8249a). Pendant made of Iron. From grave No. 35 (6) of a youth in a rock-slide near tlie mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensliurg. ^ nat. size. Fig. 86 (202-8248a). Pendant made of Iron. From grave No. 35 (6) of a youth in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. -J nat. size. Fig. 87 (202-8393). Pendant or Bead made of an Olivella Shell. From grave No. 39 (1) of a child in a rock-.slide near the head of Prie.st Rapids. Nat. size. Fig. 88 (202-8388). Pendant made of {Pcdunculus) Shell. From grave of a child in a rock-slide west of Columbia River, near the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size. A shell somewhat similar to this nuide into a bead was found in the Nez Perce region.' The ])cndant shown in Fig. 88 was found in the grave of a child in a rock-slide west of the Columbia Iliver near the head of Priest Jlapids. It is made of a small marine clam shell (Prcfinirulii.<{), ]irobably a voung Pcctunculus gigautea. Thv perforation ])asses through the ajx^x and has apparently been gouged from the outside. The ribs on the convex surface of the shell have been nearly effaced by grinding or polishing and the hinge also sc'ius to have beeu smoothed so that only slight scars mark the depths of the teeth. This shell cei-laiiily caine from llie Pacific Coast either in its natural conditiou or al'ler ha\ iii'C beeu made into this form. It 1 Spinden, Plate ix, Fig. 14. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 97 is the only object made of this kind of shell which I have seen in the whole no^th^^est. The pendant shown in Fig. 89 is made of iridescent shell possibly unio but probably haliotis. If the latter, it must have come from the Pacific Coast. It was found in the same grave. This grave contained no objects of white man's manufacture or anything suggesting that it was modern. A list of its contents will he found on p. 109. This pendant is of the form of an isosceles triangle. It is perforated through the more acute angle by a small hole Avhich tapers as if drilled from each side of the object. The edges of the pendant are rather sharp in places and the lower one is concave in outline. This object may be compared with the pendant made of bone, found at Lytton,"^ which was considered to be a sap scraper.' The pendant shown in Fig. 90, from grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth af Cherry Creek below EUensburg, is made of haliotis shell which must have come from the coast and is rectangular in outline with slightly worn or rounded corners. The perforation at the top is larger at each end, Avhile the one in the side is much larger on the convex side and only slightly larger on the concave side than in the middle. This perforation has been broken out. A somewhat similar pendant but smaller and with only an end perforation (202-8256) was found together with the shell pendant described on p. 98 near the lower jaw in the same grave. A larger pendant of this general rectangular form, Avith worn or rounded corners, perforated near the middle of one end, and Avith a second perforation loAver down (202-8254) Avas found Avith this. One perforation is larger at one side of the object, the other at the other side. Three somcAvhat similar pendants or fragments of such pendants, one Avith the perforation broken out, another AA'ith a single perforation and still another Avith a double per- foration like the one just described (202-8183) except tA\'o dentalium shells Averc the only shell ornaments found in cremation circle No. 17 (12) on the flat northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. These Avere in the north- eastern part of the circle. In the northern and north Avestern parts of cre- mation circle No. 15 (10) on this same Hat AA'ere found a number of such pendants and fragments of pendants Avhich liaA'e only one perforation so far as can be identified. A much decom])Oscd and fragmentary piece of shell, apparently of claAV shape Avith a perforation at the base, several other pieces of similar shape and tAvo triangular pieces of shell (202-8180-82) all of Avliicli Avere appar- ently burned, Avere found in cremation circle No. 14 (9) at the same place. A fragment of a shell ornament (202-8189) Avas also found in cremation circle No. 21 (16) at this place. 1 Smith, (d), Fig. 95. 2 Smith, (c), p. 441; (b), Fig. 109. 98 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, The pendant shown in Fio;. 91 is nearly of disk form and made of hahotis shell. It is perforated at the more convex edge and was found with one very much like it in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. One was near the head and the other near the pelvis. Another specimen and a fragment of still another (202- 82o7a, b) and several other small fragments of decomposed shell (202-8258) were found near the low^er jaw in grave No. 37 (8) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. Fig. 89. Fig. 90. Fig. 91. Fig. 92. Fig. 89 (202-8386). Pendant made of Iridescent Shell. From the grave of a child in ii rock-slide west of Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. Nat. size. Fig. 90 (202-8255). Pendant made of {Huliotis) Shell. From grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size. Fig. 91 (202-8234b). Pendant made of (^Haliotis) Shell. From grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-sUde near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. Nat. size. Fig. 92 (202-8252). Pendant or Nose Ornament, made of (Haliotis) Shell. From grave No. 37 (8) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below Ellensburg. i nat. size. The pendant or nose ornamcMit shown in Fig. 92 is made of shell which in its much decomj^oscd condition appears to be haliotis. This oljjcct was found on the lower jaw of a very much decomjiosed skeleton of a child in the same grave. The fact that a piece of c()])])cr, a})parently factory-rolled, (202-8251) was found inside the lir(»ken skull suggests that this grave was modern. The object is nearly cii-eiil;ii' in outline, although slightly wider than high. The sides have disintegrated or were rounded off, to a rather sharp edge. There were a])parently three peri'orations near the U])per edge of the object, and it is broken so that it is impossible to see whether thev were ])erforations for sus])ension or were made merely as a Jiieans of 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 99 cutting out a portion of the shell in such a way that it could be clasped on to the septum of the nose. Portions of this specimen and several other shell objects, found in the same grave were of a peculiar pink color. The shell shown in Fig. 93 was found near the neck at the south side of an adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered with pebbles in the bluff on the north side of the Naches River about 12 miles above its mouth. It has two perforations and what appears to have been a third perforation now broken out. A somewhat similar circular shell pendant which appears to have been made from the shell of the oyster was found with this and is shown in Fig. 94. One of these pendants was at the south shoulder, the other at the south side of the skull. A piece of wood in this grave suggests Fig. 93. Fig. 94. Fig. 93 (202-8171). Pendant made of Shell. From near neck at soutli side of adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered with pebbles in bluff on north side of Naches River about twelve miles above its moutli. Nat. size. Fig. 94 (202-8170). Pendant made of Oyster Shell. From near neck at south side of adult skeleton in grave No. 12 (7) covered with pebbles in bluff on north side of Naches River about twelve miles above its mouth. Nat. size. that it may not be an old one and that these disks may have been obtained from traders. The grave was apparently unique. The lower part of the inner decoration on each side of the face shown in Fig. 121 probably repre- sents a shell pendant for the ear or hair. Disks of haliotis shells were used as ear pendants in the Nez Perce region to the east.^ Bracelets. Bracelets are shown in Figs. 95 and 96. The one shown in Fig. 95 represents four of about the same size, all made of copper and from the arm of the skeleton found in grave No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. The presence of glass beads in this grave suggests that tlic bracelets may be of drawn copper. They are not made of wire l)ut seem to hv r()ll<"(l ont of rnllicr tliick slicct (•()])p('r. Tlic edges of Spinden, p. 220. 100 Anlhropological F^apers American Museum of Xulural History. [\'ol. \l, the fold are someAvhat irregular Init I do not ( onsidcr that this proves the material to be native co})per. The bracelet shown in Fig. 9G is one of three made of iron found in grave No. 31 (2) of a child in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek. The use of armlets of skin decorated with sIk^IIs or quills is suggested by the incisions on the arms of the costumed human figure made of antler shown in Fig. 121. In the Nez Perce region to the east arm and leg bands were worn ^ wliile in the Thompson area dentalium shells were sometimes fastened parallel to each other on arm bands. A Costumed Human Figure. A costumed human figure made of antler- is shown in Fig. 121. It was found in grave Xo. 25'^ in a dome of volcanic ash near Tampico. There was nothing to indicate that tlu grave Fig. 95. Fig. 96. Fig. 95 (202-8236b). Bracelet made of Copper. From arm of skeleton No. 34 (5) of an infant in a rock-slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below EUensburg. i nat. size. Fig. 96 (202-8226). Bracelet made of Iron. From grave No. 31 (2) of a child in a rock- slide near the mouth of Cherry Creek, below EUensburg. ^ nat. size. was recent and so this gives an idea of the ( ostume, but })Ossil)l_v merely of ceremonial costume as formerly worn in this region. It ai)i)arently shows a feather headdress like that of the ])resent Indians of the region and as far east as the Dakotas; the hair dressed and ornamented with dentalium shells, the arms, body, legs and feet a])parently bare and ornamented with cere- monial [)aintings and about the waist a fringed ai)ron. The general style of the costume indicated is unlike that of the northwest coast but resembles that of the i)lateaus to the south and the Plains to the east. Above the face is a zigzag line which may represent tattooing, ])ainting or a head-ring. Spinden says that tattooing was not ])ractised in the Xez Perce region to the east * but Teit reports it as ])ractised in the Thompson River region ^ \\ here 1 Spinden, p. 219. 2 Cf. p. 127. 3 See Plate x. * Spinden, p. 222. 6 Teit (a), pp. 228 and 321. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 101 he supposed that when applied to the wrists the custom was derived from the coast tribes/ Head-rings among the Thompson River Indians were deco- rated with dentalium shells.- In the Nez Perce region ^ the face and body were painted, red and yellow being much used for this purpose. In the Thompson River area ■* the face and body were painted with several shades of red, head-bands being painted across the brows. The zigzag is a common form of decoration of the head-bands among the Sioux. Above the zigzag arranged in a semi-circular row, are certain oblong forms which indicate feathers. The middle form, however, is marked with a circle. Both above and below this row are three incised lines forming an ark. Based on the outer one of these incisions are isosceles triangles slightly in relief. If these triangles represent the feathers of the headdress, they are certainly in the correct position. Between them are incised arks forming hachure parallel to the arks previously mentioned. Two of these extend above the tips of the triangles. Beyond this, much of the object is missing, but to the right may be seen a surface similar to the areas inter- preted later on as hair ornaments. Further evidence of the use of such a headdress is offered by the red and white pictographs and by the petroglyphs of this region, samples of which are shown in Plates xi, xiv-xvi. On each side of the face is what is apparently a hair ornament, perhaps made of buckskin, which Avas attached to the rolled up braids or curls of the front hair on each side of the head and hung down as in this representa- tion. The three horizontal bands of vertical lines apparently represent dentalium shells ahhough they may be intended for tubular copper or bone beads, while the oval figure at the bottom of each of these flaps probably represents a pendant of haliotis shell. Shell ornaments in the Thompson River region were sometimes of similar proportions and shape. Such hair ornaments were used until recently in the Thompson River region to the north where they were of different types and differed in the richness and style of their ornamentation. One of the common styles was to cover the flap of buckskin thi'kly with rows of the largest dentalia placed vertically side by side. Mr. James Teit informs me that the outer portion of the figure, bearing five bands of vertical lines, evidently represents part of the head- dress and the buckskin fla]>s such as were worn in the Thompson River re";ion attached to the sides of the head-bands. These were ornamented generally with dentalia among the women and more conniionly with designs embroidered with (juills or made with ])aint among the men. In tlie Xcz 1 See Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1890 p. 590. 2 Teit, (a), 351. i Spinden, p. 222. ■> Ihid., pp. 228 and 268. 102 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural IIitaraphernalia. Of the different articles of clothing worn by the Nez Perce, Lewis says,- "These are formed of various skins and arc in all respects like those par- ticularly described of the Shoshones." Along the Columbia, the similarity was not so complete,^ but as far down as the Upper Chinook numy articles described as similar to those of the Shoshone were found. ^ All these, how- ever, they declared were obtained by trade from other tribes and from those who sometimes visit the ^Nlissouri.^ According to Lewis,'' the clothing and equipment of the Shoshone living on Ivcmhi and Salmon Kivers in Idaho were much the same as the Plains type, and it is (|uite probable that they had formerly lived farther east. There are tw^o certain indications that this extensive introduction of eastern clothing took jjlace about the time of Lewis and Clark's visit. When they went down the Columbia in 1805, they found the women wore quite a different dress, consisting merely of a breech clout of buckskin with occasionally the addition of a small robe of skin.^ This is exactly the same dress as was worn by the Chinook women above the mouth of the Willamette.** When these explorers returned up the Columbia the following year they foimd the Indians particularly the women, much better dressed, and in the eastern or Shoshone style.^ A few vears 1 Spindpn, p. 216. - Lewis and Clark, V, p. 30. 3 Ihid., Ill, p. 125, IV, p. 317. 4 Ibid., IV, pp. 239, 284, 289. 5 Ibid., IV, 303. Lewis, p. 188. 7 Lewis and Clark, III, i>i). 125-137, and 143. 8 Lewis, p. 189. « Lewis and Clark, IV, pp. 322 and 337. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 105 later, Cox^ mentioned the older type of dress as found only among a few miserable tribes along the Columbia, above the mouth of the Yakima.' Deformation. All of the skulls secured in this area by our party showed antero-posterior deformation, although not so extreme as is found in the Lower Columbia region. Accompanying this in many cases was a concave depression in the anterior parietal region. The flattening of the head was practised to a limited extent by tribes living along the Columbia River above the Chinook, but limited, according to Lewis, almost entirely to the women, and gradually died out towards the east.^ Games, Amusements and Narcotics.. Games. Dice made of beaver teeth or woodchuck teeth, such as were found in the Thompson River region,^ but which were not found in the shell heaps of the Lower Fraser, or in fact, in any of those of the coast of Washington or British Cohmibia, were absent among our finds in this region although a beaver tooth was seen in the cremation rectangle No. 21 (16) near the mouth of the Naches River. A number of small tubes, made of bone which may have been used in gambling, were found here. Four of them, about 42 mm. long and 9 mm. in diameter, with the ends ground scjuarely across, but with the edges some- what rounded possibly by wear, were found in the east northeastern part of the bottom of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide on the north side of the Naches River about half a mile above its mouth. Fig. 97 shows one of two other bone tubes of similar size and shape, the ends ground somewhat more perfectly flat, which were found in grave No. 1, in the rock-slide on the north side of the Yakima Ridge to the southeast of the Yakinui River. Another bone tube from this same grave (Fig. 98) is 43 mm. long and 12 mm. in diameter, and the ends are ground off flat. This bears nine about ccpii- distant incised lines, w^hich run around it in such a way that the lower end of each line is on the opposite side of the bone from its upper end. It is charred. Such bone tubes were found at Lytton,'^ in ])Ouches in the graves, in other parts of the Thompson River region'' to the north and in (he shell 1 Cox, p. 229. 2 Lewis, pp. 188-189. 3 Lewis, p. 180; Lewis and Clark, III, pp. 125 and 137; IV, p. 324; Hale. p. 213; Whitman, pp. 91 and 95 (1891). * Smith, (d), Fig. 100; (c), p. 428. « Smitli, (d), p. 154. 6 Teit, (a), p. 275. 106 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. \I, heaps of the Lower Fraser River ^ to the west. In the Nez Perce region dice and gaming pieces were commonly made of bone.^ Cylindrical sections of the long bone of the deer were used in gambling,^ and whistles were made of the long bones of the sand hill crane."* The perforated cylinder shown in Fig. 99, made of serpentine is 44 mm. long and 8 mm. in diameter, rounded at the edges and was found in about the centre of grave No. 10 (5). There are five small pits about equi-distant from each other around this cylinder near the top, and four near the bottom. There are two transverse incised lines just below the five pits, and there is an incision about 12 mm. above the bottom of the specimen, below which the diameter is perhaps half a mm. greater than at the top. Near the middle Fig. 97. Fig. 98. Fig. 99. Fig. 100. From grave No. 1, in a rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge. From grave No. 1 in a Fig. 97 (202-8150). Bone Tube. J nat. size. Fig. 98 (202-8151). Bone Tube, bearing Incised Lines, Charred, rock-slide of the Yakima Ridge, i nat. size. Fig. 99 (202-8166). Perforated Cylinder made of Steatite. From near centre of grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near the mouth of Naches River, i nat. size. Fig. 100. Tubular Pipe made of Steatite. From Yakima Indians. J nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44506, 6-7. Original Catalogue No. 215 in the collection of Mr. McCandless.) of the object it is pierced by a hole which tapers from each end. While this object also may have been used in gambling, it seems possible thiit it may be an amulet. Narcotic.i. Pipes of seven distinct types were found in this region; a tube, a simi)le bowl, a disk with both bowl and stem made in the periphery, an elbow form, a modern inlaid pipe similar to the typical form of the cat- linite pipe of the Plains, a tomahawk-pipe in stone, and a i)ipc carved in the art of the North Pacific coast. A tubular pipe made of steatite is shown in Fig. 100. It was collected by Mr. Frank N. McCandless from the Yakima Indians. Aii-. AFcCandless » Smith, (a), p. 180. 2 Spinden, p. 189. 3 Spinden, p. 254. * Spinden, p. 189. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 107 says the stone diflfers from that found at the head of Wenatchee Lake, which is sometimes used for pipes in this region. This pipe is No. 215 in his collection deposited in the Ferry INIuseum in the City Hall at Tacoma. It is 51 mm. long and the bowl has been broken off irregularly, about half of it apparently having been broken aAvay. The bowl flares rather more abruptly than is the case in the pipes usually found either in this region or that of the Thompson River. In this respect it resembles the tubular pipes made of steatite, found on the coast of British Columbia.^ In outline, it is nearly straight, while most pipes of this type have bowls convexly curved in a form characteristic of the type found in the interior of British Columbia and of Washington. The bowl has been gouged out. There is a ridge or ring around the pii)e where the bowl meets the stem. Oblique incisions slanting downward from left to right, at an angle of about 45°, mark this ridge, making it suggest a twisted cord. The end of the stem is similarly marked. These lines are again mentioned under art on p. 125. The stem expands from the ridge to the end. The outline of the stem is rather straight or Fig. 101. Tubular Pipe made of Green Stone with Stem. From Lemlii River, Idalio, (Reproduced from p. 342, Vol. II, Lewis and Ciarlv. Bowl about 2^ Indies long.) slightly concave, while most jiipes of this type have more slender or nearly cylindrical stems. The interior of the stem was apparently formed by whittling. The pipe is stained by tobacco which suggests that while it may be old, it has nevertheless been recently smoked." In the Nez Perce region to the east the earliest form of pipe, according to Spinden, was doubtless the straight tubular type.^ One of the pipes figured by him has a flange for a mouthpiece similar to those found in the Thompson River region, and this flange is perforated near one end. This particular type of pi])e is also found in Oregon.* A pipe of this type, but which much more nearly resembles the typical form of tubular ])ipe of this region, especially the shorter s])ecimcns, is re])roduced in Fig. 101 from Lewis and Clark.'' This si)ecimcn which is made of green stone and has a stem, M^as seen among the Shoshone Indians at the headwaters of the Lemhi River, Idaho, by Lewis, August thirteenth^ 1 Smith, (a), Figs. 48 and 55; (b), Fig. 139. 2 Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. 3 Spinden, p. 188, Figs. 4 and 5, Plate ix. ■» Moorehead, Fig. 457, p. 316, Figs. 9, 17, 22 and 25. « Lewis and Claris;, II, p. 342. 108 Anthropological Papers America)! Museum of Xaturol History. [\'ol. VI^ 1805. ll marks tlie eastern limits of the oceurrenee of this type of i)ii)e, so far as I am aware at present, the short forms ha^•ing been found at L\iH'or(l Harbor, North Saanieh, Sidney ^ and Port Hammond,- on the southern coast of British Columbia, Damon '' on the coast of Washinjjton, Lytton ■* in the interior of British Columbia, I'matilla ■' and Blalot/k Island,® near Umatilla, both in the interior of Washington. In the Journal for Tuesday, August 13, 1805, Lewis refers to this i)ipe, as follows: — "the chief then lit his pipe at the fire kindled in this little magic circle. . . .pointed the stem to the four cardinal points of the heavens first l)eglning at the East and ending with the North, he now presented the pipe to me, as if desirous that I should smoke, but when I reached my hand to receive it, he drew it back and repeated the same c[e]reniony three times, after which he pointed the stem first to the heavens then to the center of the magic circle smoked him- self with three whifs and held the pipe untill I took as many as I thought proper; he then held it to each of the white persons and then gave it to be consumed by his warriors, this pipe was made of a dense simitransparent green stone very highly polished about 2j inches long and of an oval figure, the bowl being in the same direction with the stem. A small piece of birned clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to seperate the tobacco from the end of the stem and is of an irregularly rounded figure not fitting the tube per- fectly close in order that the smoke may pass, this is the form of the ])ipe. their tobacco is of the same kind of that used by the Minnetares ]Mandans and Ricares of the Missouri, the Shoshonees do not cultivate this plant, but obtain it from the Rocky mountain Indians and some of the bands of their own nation who live further south." ^ JVIr. James Teit informs me that a flange like the end of a spool at the mouth of the stem of a tubular pipe, makes it of a ty])e which seems to him peculiarly characteristic of the Thompson River region. In some cases this peculiarity is carried over into the stems of pipes of the modern or elbow type, Avhich have wooden stems, as is shown in Fig. 102. Mr. Teit has never seen or heard of tubular })ipes from the Tliom])son River region with holes through the flanges. It seems possible that the hole in such specimens as one from Umatilla, Oregon,^ may have been made for the ftttachment of ornaments or symbolic material such as feathers or for a cleaner. Ornaments were sometimes attached to \n\)Qs of the elbow {y]H' in the Thom])son River J Smith, (b), Fig. 1.39. 2 Smitli, (a), Fig. 48. 3 Smith, (b), Fig. 139. 1 Smith, (h), p. 34. 5 Ibid., Fig. 7. B Jbid., p. 36. 7 Lewis and Clark II, p. 341. s Sinilb, 111), Fig. 7a. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 109 region. This was done by tying in a hole bored through the hatchet-shaped piece underneath the shank close to the elbow. Pipes of the simple bowl type often had an extension at the foot of the bowl, sometimes perforated, to which ornaments could be attached. On the other hand, the hole may have been to facilitate attaching the pipe to its wooden stem. The pipes that have been perforated through the flange,^ however, seem to have too small a Ijore for a Avooden stem ; yet, a pipe of this type with a wooden stem has been shown in Fig. 101 . One reason given Mr. Teit by the Indians for the making of the flange or other thickening at the mouth of the pipe stem was to prevent the string used in attaching the pipe to the wooden stem slipping off. According to all of them, wooden stems were always used with tubular pipes as with elbow and simple bowl pipes; for a person cannot smoke any kind of stone pipe more than a few draws before it becomes too hot for the lips. To Mr. Teit's mind, no matter how small the bore of the pipe, a regular stem must have been used for smoking. Fig. 102. Fig. 103. Fig. 102. Pipe made of Steatite used by the Thompson River Indian.s at Spences Bridge in 1895. About i nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch by Mr. James Teit.) Fig. 103. Form of the Flange-Shaped Mouth of the Bowl of some Thompson River Indian Pipes. About 4 nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch by Mr. James Teit.) Some tubular pipes are said to have had a flange around the mouth of the bowl, similar to that on elbow pipes as in Fig. 103; but this flange meets the body of the bowl A\ith an even curve. Mr. Teit does not distinctly remember having seen such flanged tubular pipe bowls among the Thompson River Indians who gave him this information, but he saw one specimen at least, of the elbow type with flanged bowl. He further states that to his knowledge there is only one part of the country where the semi-transi)arent green steatite is obtained; that is, on the west side of the Fraser lliver, 1 Smith, (li). Fig. 4. 110 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, over twenty miles north of Lytton, which as is well known is at the mouth of the Thom])son River. This stone, ^\hpn polished and used, takes on a much darker hue than its original color. The fire may be seen through the stone of the pipes when smoked in the dark. The bluish gray steatite is the most commonly employed and it turns black when polished and used. The Thompson River Indians can usually tell from what part of the country the stone comes of which any particular pipe is made. The tubular form of pipe is remembered by the old Indians to have been in use in the Thompson River region, although not so common as the simple pipe bowls and elbow pipes, and one was seen in use in eastern Washington as late as 1896.^ On the other hand, no simple pipe bowls known to be such, or elbow pi})es have been seen among archaeological finds. The bowl and elbow pipes are affiliated with forms found farther east. This fact suggests that the tubular pipe was supplanted recently by bowl and elbow forms brought in from the southeast, or at least from the east. The west- ward movement of tribes due to the encroachment of our settlements may have brought them, or some of them, and they may be patterned after pipes seen in the hands of fur traders and their Indian em])loyees. The tubular pipe made of steatite, shown in Fig. 104, was purchased from Mr. W. Z. York of Old Yakima (Old Town), who secured it from Shaw-wa-way, an Indian known as "^'oung Chief Aleck," who lives on a ranch three miles south of Old Yakima. This Indian is known to have frequently visited the Okanogon region and it is ])ossible that he secured the pipe, decorated as it is, or got the idea for this particular sort of decoration from that region. This is suggested by the fact that this ])articular kind of decoration is common, especially on more recent ornaments, in the Thompson River region, the people of which in turn frequently visited the Okanogon country. The bowl of the pipe is cut scjuarely across at the end where the outer edge has been rounded. It is of the typical shape of this form of pi]K\s, and has been hollowed out by gouging contra-screw-wisc. It meets the stem abru]>tly and the latter is slightly larger than the base of the bowl, so that it seems to be separated from it. The stem is very short and cylindrical and the end is cut squarely off; l)ut it is bevelled on each side so that about one third of the end is left and the bevelled surfaces extend over half the length of the stem. This beveling may have been to form the mouthpiece; but it seems more likclv that the ])i])e had a long stem similar to those found in the Thompson River region.- Tliis seems to have been broken olf obIi(|Ucly near the bowl, then cuts((uarely across, and the other side bevelled to give bilateral sym- metry because one of these bevelled surfaces appears as if it had been 1 Teit, (a), p. 300. 2 Smith, (fl). Figs. 103. 104 and 111; (c), Figs. 374a, b. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima V alien. HI broken and then only slightly smoothed; both of these surfaces and the square end of the stem seem to have been more recently cut than the rest of the pipe. These three surfaces seem less polished and as if they were made with a steel knife. The bore of the stem measures 5 nun. in diameter. A portion of the bowl is decorated by incised lines into which red paint has been daubed, suggesting that it was recently applied; while the design it- self, which is further described on p. 131 under the section of art, is of figures which suggest that it was made lately. Possibly the pipe is old, but was recently broken and decorated with the incised design and paint. The fragment of a sculptured tubular pipe made of steatite shown in Fig. 105 is apparently about half of the original object. It was found in an Indian grave about a quarter of a mile from the bank of the Yakima River at a point about nine miles above its mouth, in August 1902, by Mr. W. Y. Sonderman of Kennewick. ]\Ir. Sonderman's collection from the immediate vicinity contained glass beads, a metallic handle and buttons, as well as chipped points. As the contents of the three graves from which he obtained this collection, during the construction of an irrigation canal were mixed, it seems that this pipe may belong to the same period as that of the glass beads and other objects of European manufacture and consecjuently may be modern, although it may be an old specimen, deposited in a modern grave. The general form of the pipe was thought to be that of a cone. The portion towards the front of the carving, however, is somewhat longer than that towards the rear, and the back is nearly flat, although this may be caused simply by the carving. The bore is somewhat smaller at the mouth of the bowl than lower down. It was apparently gouged out. Some traces of dirt, perhaps the remains of the material smoked in the pipe may be seen to\A'ards its larger opening. The carving, which represents a human form, is further described under the section of art on p. 135. As the tubular form of pipe seems to be common to this region, as well as to the Thonq^son River region, further north, it would seem that this specimen may be a variation from the type or merely one of these pipes made by an artist. It may be that such sculptured forms of this type of pi])e may not be t'ouiid in the Thompson River region, and that the carving of tubular jiipes in this way may be characteristic of the Yakima region, although the style of art suggests that found in the Thompson River region and more es])ecially iu the Lillooet Valley. Only one specimen of the second or sinq)le bowl i\\w was seen by iis in the whole region. It is shown in Fig. lOG, and was found near the head of Priest Rapids by a boy from whom Mrs. J. B. Davidson obtaiiud i( for her collection. She afterwards presented it to our (•x])edition. It is made of schistose rock, apparently limestone, of gray color with lighter veins. 'V\w 112 Anthropological Papers American Museuvi of Xahanl Hidonj. [\o\. \'I, object is oval in section, slightly longer than it is wide, and a little wider than it is thick being 32 mm. long, 29 mm. wide, and 15 mm. thick. If slightly flatter, this pipe would rcseml)le in shape the third type. The inside of the bowl which was apparently gouged out, is 1.3 mm. in diameter; while the opening for the stem seems to have been drilled. This opening is 7 mm. in diameter. The rim of the bowl is flattened, and this flat surface re- Fig. 104. Fig. 107. Fig. 105. Fig. 108. Fig. 106. Fig. 104 (202-8122). Tubular Pipe made of Steatite. From an Indian living three miles south of Old Yakima, i nat. size. (Collected bj- Mr. York.) Fig. 10,5 (202-8120). Fragment of a Sculptured Tubular Pipe made of Steatite. From near Kennewick. \ nat. size. (Collected by Mr. W. F. Sondernian.) Fig. 106 (202-8396). Pipe made of Limestone. From near the head of Priest Rapids. \ nat. size. (Collected and presented by Mrs. J. B. Davidson.) Fig. 107 (20.0-1470). Pipe made of Sandstone. From the Snake River Indians. ^ nat. size. (Collected and presented by Mr Owen.) Fig. 108. Pipe made of Blue Stone. From the Yakima Valley, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44.503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) Fig. 109. Pipe made of Stone. From the Yakima Valley, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44503, 6-4. Original catalogue No. 155 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) sembles that of the ])art of a hammerstone used for pecking. This style of pipe somewhat resembles some of the pipes used by the Thompson River Indians of the present day and together with elbow pii)es, su])plemented the tubular ])ipe in that region. This suggests them to be more modern than the tubular ])ipes in this region where also they are nul ;is numerous. The type is not found among the archaeological remains in the Thompson region, 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 113 but Mr. Teit sent one .simple bowl pipe to the ^Museum from a very old grave at Spuzzum besides two from the Thompson Indians.^ The absence of this form of pipe among archaeological S})ecimens from the areas to the north and west suggests that the culture of this region is somewhat more closely related to that further east than are the cultures of the areas further north and west. The i)ipe is ornamented with a circle and dot design again men- tioned under the section of art on p. 13.- Specimens of the third or disk-shaped type are shown in Figs. 107, 108 and 109. The first, made of sandstone, is from the Snake River Indians, was a part of Mr. D. W. Owen's collection, and was presented by him to our expedition. It is nearly of the form of a disk but has slightly bulging sides, 52 mm. long, 49 mm. Avide, and 19 mm. thick. The mouth of the bowl is 13 mm. in diameter; while the opening for the stem, at right angles to it, is 9 nmi. in diameter. The convex appearance of the sides or ends of the disk is due to the beveling of these surfaces near their edges. On each of these sides is an incised design. These are again mentioned under the section of art on p. 125. The second s])ecimen, shown in Fig. 108, is oval in outline with slightly convex sides. The object is made of blue stone and was found in the Yakima \'alley. It is about 52 mm. long, 41 nmi. wide, and 19 mm. thick. Parallel scratches on the surface suggest that it was brought into shape by grinding with a piece of sandstone, although these marks may be interpreted as those made with a file. The opening in the bowl tapers evenly towards its base, from one of the longer edges of the discoid; while the somewhat longer drilling for the stem from one of the shorter edges of the disk, at right angles to the bore of the bowl, is of nearly the same diameter throughout. The specimen is in the collection of Mr. Louis O. Janeck of North Yakima.^ The third specimen of this type which is shown in Fig. 109 is No. 155 in the collection of Mr. Janeck, and was also found in the Yakima Valley. It is made of stone resembling quartzite in appearance and is of a waxy, yellowish brown color. It is nearly circular in outline, almost flat on the rim, and the sides are somewhat convex. It is 45 mm. long by 40 mm. wide and 19 mm. thick. The bore of the bowl is H) mm. in diameter at the mouth, and is somewhat larger than that of the stem, which is 10 mm. in diameter at its end, and at right angles to the bowl. Each bore taj)crs from its outer opening to the ])oint of juncture. In the Nez Perce region to the east near Asotin city, this disk-sha])cd ty])(> of ])ii)e is found."* Mr. Fay Cooper Cole of the Field Museum of Natural History 1 Teit, (a), Figs. 27.5 and 276. 2 Museum ru-s^itive no. ■4450.5, 6-6. 3 Museum iieKative no. 4-1503, 6-4. * Spinden. p. 189, Fig. 6, Plate ix. 114 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, believes the Tlingit have a variation of this type of pipe and that it is also found in California. Its occurrence in Oregon is mentioned by ^loorehead.^ The fourth or rectangular bowl type is shown in Figs. 110, 111 and 112. The first shows the axis of the bowl and that of the stem, at nearly, if not exactly, a right angle. The specimen is in the collection of Mr. York, and is made of soft grit or sandstone. 'Vhv outer opening of the bowl is some- what larger than that of the stem. There Avas a band around the bowl, made up of a single thickness of thread which is not shown in the figure. The second of these specimens, shown in Fig. Ill, is a sim})le elbow pipe with the angle between the axis of the bowl and the stem, slightly greater than 90 degrees. It is also in the collection of Mr. York and is made of steatite, which he calls Wenatchee pipe stone. The outer opening of the bowl is slightly larger than that of the stem. The third specimen, shown in Fig. no. Fig. 111. Fig. 112. Fig. 110. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone. Locality Unknown. ^- nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. York.) Fig. 111. Pipe made of Steatite. Locality Unknown. ^ nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. York.) Fig. 112. Pipe made of Soft Sandstone. Locality Unknown, i nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. York.) Fig. 112, is also of the simple elbow type and the axis of the bowl is nearly at right angles to that of the stem. It is in the collection of Mr. York, and is made of soft grit or sandstone of a yellowish gray color. In the Thompson River region to the north, according to Mr. Teit, there seems to \)r little doubt but that the tubular pipe has been supplanted by the sim])le liowl and elbow types.^ This change may have been brought about by tlie copying of the early trader's pipes but Mr. Teit believes it more likely to have come from influence from the southeast, passed from tribe to tribe about the same time as the advent of the horse or a little later. The ''i"'honi])son River Indians tell him that the tubular ])ipe continued to be the one in conunon use as long as native tobacco only was used, but after the introduction of manu- factured tobacco the elbow type came to be exclusively used bei;ause very 1 Moorehead, Fig. 27, p. 316. 2 Teit, (a), Figs. 271 and 306. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 115 much better adapted for holding the latter kind of tobacco. In the Nez Perce region to the east, pipes with rectangular bowls were found. ^ One of these bowls has an incised design re])resenting a tomahawk, which with the character of other incisions on it suggest that it is modern. Only two finds of elbow pipes have been rej)orted on the coast. These,^ which were of fragments, were said by Mr. Edmond Croft to have been found by him in a shell heap near Markliam on Grey's Harbor, Washington. They are made of fine-grained sandstone of a gray color. Both were apparently intended to be used with a wooden stem and one of them has a ventral mid-rib from the mouth of the stem nearly to the base of the bowl which reminds one somewhat of a similar appendage on the pipe from the Yakima Valley shown in Fig. 113 and one from the Thom])son Indians.^ ]My supposition has been that they reached the coast recently from this general region })os- sibly by way of the Columbia or were taken there by employees of the fur companies in early historic times. The fifth type is illustrated by the specimen shown in Fig. 128. It is the only specimen of this type which I have seen from the region. It is now in the collection of Mrs. Jay Lynch at Fort Simcoe who obtained it from Chief iMoses. It is made of black steatite which Mrs. Lynch calls Wenatchee pipe stone, inlaid with white metal and has a wooden stem. It is compara- tively modern as is shown by the presence of inlaid white metal. The mouth of the bowl is 18 mm. in diameter, but tapers suddenly, the rest of the bowl cavity being nearly cylindrical. The opening for the wooden stem is 11 mm. in diameter, and also tapers suddenly to a nearly even bore. It is of the same form as many of the pipes made of red pipe stone (catlinite). This form of pipe is fovmd throughout the Minnesota-Dakota region. This specimen, however, bears four carvings, which together with the inlaid white metal design are further mentioned under the section of art on pp. 118 and 135. It would seem that this type of pijjc belongs to the region further east, and as no ancient pipe of this form has been found in this whole region, as well as from the fact that this specimen marks the most westerly occurrence of this form, so far as we know, we may conclude that it was introduced from the east in comparatively modern times. The type of carving, however, may be of more local origin. The bringing together of several animal forms may be associated with the idea of the totem poles found to the west; but no more so than the wooden pi])e stems of the Plains which the general character of the carving more closelv resembles.^ In this connection, it may ' Spinden, p. 188, Figs. 7 and 8, Plate ix. 2 Smiih, (b), Fig. 140. 3 Teil, (a), Fi^. .306. < Mu.seum negative no. 44508, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. 116 Aidhropological Papers American Museum of Natural Hisldrtj. [\o\. VI, be well to remember that in the Nez Perce region, catlinite for pipes seems to have been acquired from the Plains tribes.^ A pipe made from stone found in the Cascade IMountains of ^Yashing■ton, is in the collection of Mr. C. G. Hidout, of Chelan, Washington, who states that it has a representation of a bear and a man on the shaft back of the bowl. A specimen of the sixth type is shown in Fig. 113. It is the only one of this style which I have seen in the whole region, and was obtained from a Yakima Indian. It is in the collection of Mr. McCandless. It is made of steatite, which IMr. McCandless calls "sandstone from the northern part of Wenatchee Lake." The form of the ])ipe seems to be a conventionalized tomahawk i)ii:)e. The bowl is cir- cular in section and somewhat urn-shaj)ed and rests \\\)0\\ the part that is drilled for the stem and which is rather square in cross section with slightly convex sides. Projecting from the lower i)art of this is the form which represents the tomahawk blade. It is wider at its con- vex edges than where it joins the base of the stem ])art. Its three edges are flat, and it is of about equal thick- ness throughout. The pipe is somewhat stained by tobacco. It seems likely that this was modelled after the metal hatchet, tomahawk or tomahawk i)ii)e, intro- duced by the traders,- being a rather modern pipe, since Original in the coiiec- sucli objccts do not seem to have been used in early tion of Mr. McCand- _,. ..i .1. • j-iT*i jggg ) tunes m the great plateau region accordmg to L.ewis.'' The seventh type is illustrated in Fig. 127. The specimen is the only one of the style which I have seen from this whole region and so closely resembles in its carving the work of the Kwakiutl, Ilaida and Tsimshian Indians of the coast to the northwest, that I am inclined to believe it was brought in as a gift or l)y trade. The mnterial is ap])arentiy soft slate, but is rather light in color, possibly having been burned. Its apj)earance suggests that it is the same as that used by the Haida Indians on the Queen Charlotte Islands, for the carving of such things as dishes, miniature totem poles, and ])ipes. The pipe is made up of carvings representing among other things a bird, a human form and a human face, which are more fully described under the section of art on ]>. VM\. This s])ecimen was found two feet deep in earth at one side of a grave in a little hillside on '^I\)])penish (reek, four miles southeast of Fort Simcoe. Above the earth were rocks, and the grave was nnirkcd by a circle of stones. Fig. 113. Pipe made of Steatite. From a Yakima In- dian. ^ nat. size. (Drawn from photo- graph 44506, 6-7. 1 Spiii.Ioii, p. 188. 2 Museum negative no. 44506, 6-7. 3 Lewi.s, p. 190. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 117 111 the grave were found elk teeth, and a sea shell, filled with a blue powder, evidently paint, and covered with what appears to be gut or a bladder-like skin. ^Yhat is described as a silver coin, afterwards lost, was found with this pipe. It is possible that it may have been a silver disk or medal. The bowl of the l)ipe, which was gouged out, is in the middle of the carving, and the tube for the reception of the stem projects from the end under the human form. The upper part of the human figure is broken off. A hole was drilled in the opposite end of the pii)e through the lower part of the bird form, but if it had any connection with the l)owl, this is not now dis- cernible.' The specimen shown in Fig. 59 and considered as a mat presser reminds one of an unfinished pipe. Art. The graphic and plastic art of the early people of this region is illustrated by pictographic line paintings in red and white on the basaltic columns of the cliffs;^ petroglyphs of the same general style pecked into similar cliffs; incised designs on stone, bone, antler and dentalium shells, and carvings both incised and pecked in stone. Some of the objects found are colored by red ochre or have it rubbed into the lines of their incised designs. Ex- amples of graphic art seem to l)e more common than those of plastic art. The paintings and pecked designs on cliffs are more or less geometric although pictogra}>hic in character. The incised designs are still more geometric and include the circle and dot commonly found in the Thompson River region.^ This design is also common on modern objects from the coast of British Columbia and Washington, but was not there present among archaeological finds. Lewis ^ states that according to the early writers, in the general area of which this is a part, porcupine quills were much used for decorating articles of clothing and that later, beads were used for this pur- pose. The modern designs are largely floral. Among the Xe/, Perce, floral and ])iaiit designs in beadwork are particularly common although some geometric designs occur, as on belts, the decoration of which is largely geometric, as scpiares, triangles and similar figures.'^ Lewis" believes that 1 Museum negative no. 44509, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. 2 A few of which were figured and described in Smith, (g), pp. 195-203, and abstracted in The Scientific .American Supplement, pp. 23876-8, Vol. LVIII, No. 1490, July 23, 1904, and in Records of the Past, pp. 119-127. Vol. IV, Part IV, April, 1905. 3 Smith, (c). Figs. 3601) and 378; (d). Figs. 109. 110 and 111. * I-ewis, p. 191. 5 Spinden, p. 236. « Lewis, p. 191. 118 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natund Ili.stori/. [Vol. VI, the designs of the general region were originally geometric- and that some of the modern geometric designs are survivals, while others suggest eastern influence. He further states that floral designs are found among the Salish tril)es hut to a much less extent. We found no floral designs among the archaeological specimens in the Yakima area. Some of the incised work, on certain of the carvings is of good technique, and artistic execution. This is noticeable in the object made of antler, carved on one surface to represent a human figure in costume, shown in Fig. 121 and on the dish shown in Fig. 116. Inlaying with white metal was ])ractised in comparatively modern times. Animal heads are represented by the specialization of knobs on pestles, an animal form by a mortar and human forms by some of the picto- graphs, and petroglyphs, the incised antler figure and several of the pipes. Many of the re])resentations are realistic, others are highly conventional. Some conventional representations are explained by similar figures. For instance, the radiating lines of the i)ictogra])hs shown in Plate xvi are probably explained satisfactorily by similar figures in Plate xi. Fig. 2, such radiations on the costumed figure in antler shown in Fig. 121 or by the feather headdresses worn by the present natives. Spinden states that in the Nez Perce region, realistic figures are probably of recent origin.^ One of the carvings is clearly of the art of the northwest coast, from which' the object or the artist who executed it must have come. Some of the picto- graphic-geometric and conventional figures probably re])resent guardian spirits and illustrate dreams done in symbols. A few art forms are evenly spaced on objects but only a few are distorted to fit the shape of the field. Pictographic symbols and conventional figures may be placed in groups to form designs as in the arrangement of the circles and dots on the pipe shown in Fig. lOG. In general, the art of the region tends toward line work of geometric and a slightly ])ictographic nature. It shows little resemblance to that of the coast, but a strong relationship to that of the Plains. The decorative art of the Nez Perce region includes motives from the Plains and also from the Pacific Coast." Sonic of their designs ])artake strongly of motives froui the Plains, while here in the Yakima Valley there are ])erha])S more examples of coast art and still nuicli iuHucncc from tlic Plains. S])indcn says that in earlv times the Nez Perec were very jjoor in (IccorMlixc ideas and that the richness and variety found in their modern art may be ascribed to the absorb- ing of ideas from other cultures. This is ])('r]iaps c((ually true of the Yakima region where the influence of coast art in ])ro])ortion to that from the Plains is perhaps greater than in the Nez Perce region. 1 Spinden, p. 236. 2 Spiiuleii, p. 233. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 119 Paintings. Pictographic line paintings somewhat geometric in character, made on the basaUic cohimns on the west of the mouth of Cowiche Creek, on the south side of the Naches River, about four miles northwest from North Yakima, are shown in Plates xiv-xvr. These pictures, some in red, and some in white, were probably painted with mineral matter mixed with grease. Their antiquity is unknown. In the Nez Perce region to the east,^ pictographs in red, yellow and black occur, while in the Thompson River area - and in the Lillooet Valley,^ pictographs in red are found. Some of the Yakima pictographs have been destroyed during the construction of the irrigation flume which runs along the top of this cliff. Others are partly covered by the talus slope. All those remaining, are here represented by those reproduced in the plates. They extend from the top of the talus slope upward a distance of perhaps five feet. Many of them are indistinct, and appear more easily seen, if they are not actually clearer, in the photographs here reproduced than in the originals. Many of the paintings represent human heads and headdresses and one of them the whole figure with such a headdress. These headdresses may be compared to similar designs in the petroglyphs (Plate xi) at Sentinal Blufts, thirty-three miles to the northeast (Fig. 2, Plate XII and Fig. 1, Plate xiii) at Selah Canon, eight miles to the northeast and the headdress pecked on the grooved net sinker shown in Fig. 14. Also, taken together with the pictographs representing the full figure with similar headdress shown in Fig. 1, Plate xiv, may be compared to the petroglyphs of men each with a headdress among those at Sentinal Bluffs, the human figure with a headdress carved in antler found near Tampico, only fourteen miles to the southwest and shown in Fig. 121, petroglyphs which apparently represent human forms somewhat similar to this, on Buffalo Rock, in the Nez Perce region to the east * and the quill flattener carved to represent a human form with headdress or hair from the Dakota shown in Fig. 122. The human figure with feather headdress indicated by ten lines shown in Fig. 1, Plate xiv is all in red. It is the next to the westernmost picto- graj)h at this site. It is 457 mm. high, the ends of the legs are 279 mm. apart, the ti]) of the arms 254 mu)., ilu' width of the headdress 229 mm. and the height of the middle feather 101 mm. Tliere are four horizontal red lines on the ovcrlianging cohuiin above the figure.'^ Fig. 2 Plate XiV shows ' Spinden, p. 232. 2 Teit, (a), p. .3.39 and 381. 3 Teit, (b), PI. IX. •• Spinden, Plate x. Fig. 5. 5 Mviseum negative no. 44479, 4-4 taken from tlie east. First reproduced in Smith, C&)» Fig. 2, Plate viii. 120 Anthropological Papers Aynerican Museum af Xaiural History. [Vol. VI, luiinan heads with feather headdresses in white. ^ Fig. 1 Plate xv shows siinihir human heads with feather headdresses also in white." Fig. 2, Plate XV shows human heads with feather headdresses in white and a double star figure in white and red.^ Plate xvi ^ shows human heads with feather headdresses in white and red. In atklition, Fig. 2 shows the advertisement of a modern business man over the pictograi)hs. Some of the ])ictographs at the same place have every alternate radiating line in red, while others are in white. Mr. G. R. Shafer informed me that he knows of ])ainted rocks in the Teton River Valley, 20 miles above the Nelson Bridge, which crosses the Naches a short distance above the mouth of Cowiche Creek. jNlr. W. H. Wilcox of North Yakima stated to me that there are pictures on rocks on the west side of the Columbia River ten miles south of Wenatchee. Bancroft^ refers to painted and "carved" pictures on the perpendicular rocks between Yakima and Pisquouse. According to Mallery, "Capt. Charles Bendire, U. S. Army, states in a letter that Col. Henry C. Merriam, U. S. Army, discovered pictogra])hs on a perpendicular cliff of granite at the lower end of Lake Chelan, hit. 48° N., near old Fort O'Kinakane, on the upper Colum- bia River. The etchings appear to have been made at widely different periods, and are evidently quite old. Those which appeared the earliest were from twenty-five to thirty feet above the present water level. Those appearing more recent are about ten feet above water level. The figures are in black and red colors, representing Indians with bows and arrows, elk, deer, bear, beaver, and fish. There are four or five rows of these figures, and (juite a numl)cr in each row. Phe present native inhabitants know nothing whatever regarding the history of these paintings."" Ap})arently only paintings are meant. Red ochre is rubbed in the circle and dot designs and the grain of the stone of the pestle shown in Fig. 30 and also in the incised lines on the pipe shown in Fig. 104. Red paint (mercury) partly fills some of the holes and lines on the pendant made of steatite shown in Fig. 119. Because of the mineral nature of this paint, it may have remained a long time and its presence does not necessarily ])rove that the supposedly old grave in which the object was found is i-ceciit. Red paint also fills the circles and dots in the slate object shown in l*'ig. 120 while vermilion ])aint is found in the grooves 1 Museum negative no. 44483, 4-8 fiom I lie iiortl:. First reproduced Ibid.. Fig. 1, Plate VIII. 2 Museum negative no. 4448.5, 4-10 linni I he uorili. 3 Museum negative no. 44480, 4-.5 from the nortli. * Museum negatives Mos 44486.4-11,44487 4-12 from tlie north, s Bancroft, IV, p. 7.3.J; Lord. 1 1 , pp. I ().' and 1'60; Gihbs, I, p 411. Mallery, p. 20. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 121 of the animal form shown in Fig. 125 and as this is probably a mineral which would be rather endurino;, it does not indicate that the ])ainting was recently done. Painting was done on moccasins in the general plateau area of which this is a part.^ Spinden states that in the Xez Perce region the natives depended upon minerals for dyes, except in the cases of a wood, which produced a brown dye, and rock slime which ])roduced green - and that white, red, blue and yellow earth paints were obtained by them further east from the vicinity of the Grande Ronde Valley; ^ also, that rock surfaces were painted over with brown as a field upon which to })eck petroglyphs.* In the same region moreover, white clay ^ was used for cleaning clothing. Petwgh/pJi.^. The ])etrogly])hs ])ecked into the weathered surface of the basaltic columns found in this region, are similar in style to the paintings, being largely line designs of geometric or conventional representation to- gether with a few realistic figures. The ])ictures are formed by pecking away the weathered surface and exposing the lighter color of the basalt below. Some of them may be very old, but the l)ruised surfaces making up the lines are not weathered very much in comparison with the surrounding rock svirface and yet there is no history of their manufacture. In the Nez Perce region** such pecked pictographs are also found, some of them being upon fields painted brown. In Plate xi are shown petroglyphs on the vertical basaltic columns on the eastern side of the Columbia Kiver at Sentinal Bluffs, immediately above Priest Papids. They are at the base of the cliffs shown in Plate v. Those shown in Fig. 1 are to the east of the road which runs along a notch blasted in the top of the columns that rise from the river at this point, while those shown in Fig. 2 are about fifteen feet to the southwest on the columns that rise shear from the river. Some of those shown in Fig. 1 '^ represent human figures each with a feather headdress which may be compared with that of the antler figure found at Tam])ico (Fig. 121) and the pictographs of Co^^iche Creek. This place is only about 47 miles northeast from Tampico, and 33 miKvs in the same direction from the mouth of Cowiche Creek. One of these is shown in Fig. 2.^ The long form in the centre has a headdress which taken with 1 Lewis, p. 190. 2 Spinden, p. 191. 3 Ibid., p. 222. " Ibid., p. 231. s Ibid., p. 216. 6 Spinden, p. 232. 7 First reproduced. Smith, (g), Fig. 2, Plate ix; negative no. 44.534, S-ll, taken from the west. 8 Ibid., Fig. 1; Negative no. 44533, 8-10 as viewed from the nortli. 122 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Yo\. VI, its shape reminds us especially of the human form in antler from Tam])ic'o. The general shape of the body and the row of dots on each side edge suggest a resemblance to the quill flattener made of antler from the Dakota shown in Fig. 122. On each side are human heads, each with a similar feather headdress that might be interpreted as rising suns with eyes and mouths. On the left are some similar figures without eyes and mouths. Below, is a horizontal figure resembling five links of a chain. There is also a goat which resembles the two pecked in a granite boulder near Buffalo Rock in the Nez Perce area, eighteen miles above Lewiston on the east bank of the Snake River.' The star at the bottom, the rays of which end in dots, a small oval witli radiating lines at the left, and two connected ovals with radiating lines at the top, remind us of the stars at Selah Canon, shown in Fig. 1, Plate xii, the petroglyphs near Wallula Junction, shown in Fig. 2, Plate XIII, somewhat similar figures on the large ])etroglyph at Nanaimo - and perhaps even more than of the Nanaimo figures, those in the petro- glyphs beyond Nanaimo at Yellow Island, near Comox.^ However, the two connected ovals with the radiating lines may represent hands of a human figure with a headdress having radiating feathers. All of these headdresses remind us of the others at this place shown in Fig. 1, the rising suns at Selah Canon next described, the pictographs at the mouth of Cowiche Creek, and the incised human form in antler. In Plate XII and Fig. 1, Plate xiil are shown petrogly])hs whidi appear fresher and whiter or yellower than the naturally weathered reddish basaltic columns into which they are pecked. They are on the north side of Selah Canon about one and a half miles from the Yakima River at a point about a mile north of Selah station or one half a mile south of the intake of the Moxee Canal. It is ab(;ut twenty-five miles west southwest of Sentinal Bluffs, eight northeast from the mouth of Cowiche Creek and twenty-two miles northeast from Tampico. They are more easily made out from a distance than close l)y. The i)etrogly])h shown in Fig. 1, Plate xii, is the most northeasterly of the group. This seems to be made up of circles with a dot in the middle and radiating lines, some of which end in dots. They remind us of some of the same series of figures as the oval with radiating lines at Priest Rapids.^ The one shown in Fig. 2, is about eight feet to the southwest and a lilllc lower down. The upper part of the left figure and the two main parts on ' Spindcii, FiK. 4, Plate x. = Smith, (b), Plate xi •» Ibid., Fig. 11.5. * Museum negative no. 44463, 2-12 from tlie east aii'l fioiii a greater (lisl;i!icc, showing its relation to the next in negative catalogue no. 44462, 2-11. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 123 the right, each consisting of a curve with short radiating lines like a repre- sentation of the rising sun, may be compared with the top of the petroglyph on the rocks a few feet to the southwest shown in Fig. 1, Plate xiii, next described, and with some of those at Sentinal Bluffs, shown in Plate xi; also, with the pictographs at the mouth of Cowiche Creek. ^ The petroglvph shown in Fig. 1, Plate xiii, is a few feet southwest of those shown in Plate xii, taken from the south. The segment with radiat- ing lines like the rising sun at the top reminds us of similar figures among the other petroglyphs here just described, those at Sentinal Bluffs and picto- graphs at the mouth of Cowiche Creek, but the other lines are not interpreted and are not suggestive to us of other figures in the neighborhood. A small figure, similar in that it consists of two nearly vertical lines crossing each other and topped by a curved line, shows very faintly above, a little to the right. ^ A design similar to the part of some of these pictures interpreted as representing a headdress was also found pecked in the surface of the grooved net sinker shown in Fig. 14. The petroglyph shown in Fig. 2, Plate xin, is pecked on the top of a rock which projects about three feet from the surface of the ground near mile post 209 between it and 210 above the Spokane branch of the O. R. & N. on the south side of the Columbia Kiver about four miles west of Wallula Junction and is here illustrated as one twentieth of the natural size, from a tracing made by Mr. J. P. Newell, of Portland, assistant chief engineer on that road. We are indebted to Mr. W. E. Elliott of New York City, formerly engineer with INIr. Newell for permission to copy this tracing.^ The top of the rock forms an east and west ridge. The pecked grooves are all of about equal depth and there are no other petroglyphs on the rock. The large figure at the left reminds us of the dog-like figures with "spines" in the petroglyphs at Nanaimo,^ on Vancouver Island, especially as it has waved parallel lines, a fin or "spine" and two concentric curves at the top similar in shape to the lines indicating the back of the head and the mouth of the Nanaimo figure. This is less suggestive of certain harpoon ])oints that are incised ap])arently to represent fish found in the main shell heap in the Eraser Delta at Eburne^ although Eburne is nearer than Nanaimo and en route, and although these harpoon points hnve parallel lines, a fin-like projection and two lines representative of the back of the head or check and 1 Represented in Museum, with the one shown in Fig. 1, by negative no. 44462, 2-11 and from a nearer point as shown in this figure in negative no. 44476. 4-1. ^ Museum negative no. 44477. 4-2, is also represented from a greater distanee in negative no. 44478, 4-3. 3 Museum negative no. 45696. * Smith, (b), Fig. 117a and Plate xi. 5 Smith, (a). Fig. 52. 12-i Anthropological Papers Americioi Muse an of Xnfiudl Ilistonj. [\'ol. VI, the mouth. The small circles some with lines radiatinij; from them, remind us of similar marks on the same large petroglyph at Nanaimo and even more so of the petrogl_vi)hs beyond Nanaimo at Yellow Island near Comox.^ The large figure on the right reminds us of the humin form of the petroglyph at Nanaimo.- I am inforuicd by Mr. Owen that there is a petroglyph on the north side of the Columbia River below Kennewick and that it has been destroyed by recent railroad construction; by Mr. W. H. ^Yillcox of North Yakima that there are petroglyphs or pictographs on the rocks ten miles st)uth of Wen- atchee on the western side of the Columbia River; and by Prof. Mark Harrington that it is said that there are "engravings" on the cliffs o\erhang- ing Lake Chelan. ^Nfallery ^ refers to etchings at the lower end of Lake Chelan but his information seems to refer to painted figures only (See p. 120). The late Prof. Israel C. Russell informed me that there are etchings close to the river on both sides in the Snake Canon at Buffalo Rock in the extreme southeast corner of the state of ^^'ashington.^ Incised Desic/ns. Among the designs incised on stone, attention may be called to the top of the pestle made of steatite shown in Fig. 35, which bears two parallel longitudinal incisions and notches, ten on the left and eleven on the right of each side edge of the obverse. There are fifteen fine incisions running oblicjuely down from the notches on the left to the first longitudinal incision. They begin at the eighth notch from the bottom and extend to the lower notch. On the reverse are three longitudinal incisions a])])arently more recently made, and eleven notches on each side edge. This incised knob is said by the Indians to represent the head of a snake. On the reverse of the steatite object, possibly a raat-presser, shown in Fig. 59a, is an incised pictographic sketch which inifortvmately, with the exception of the nine short lines above, was re-scratched by its owucm-. It is rejjro- fluccd in Fig. 5Ul). Th(> first figure beginning at the left ])ossibly represents a tree. The middle figure has not been identified but it is clear that tlu^ one on the right represents a human being. On the left of the groove in the object are incised two hands jiointing towards the left. These also were re-cut and are not rc[)r( duccd in Fig. 5iK 'l"he incision in the edge of the top of the club shown in Fig. (32 and the incisions at right angles to tliis were probably intended I'of decorative pur|)oses. '^I'here is an incised design on the rounded surface of the saddle-shaped hollow of the ehib shown in Fig. 64. "^I'liis design is made of transverse notches above and a zigzag line below. ' Smith, (li), FiR. 115. 2 Ibid., Fig. 117a. 3 Mallery, p. 26. * Cf. Spindcn, Fiirs, 4 aiirl .5, Plate x. 1910.] Smitli, The Yakima Valley. 125 The upper part of the right edge of this knob is flat with two incisions across it. Incised Hnes arranged parallel to each other in rows may be seen on the handle and knob of the club shown in Fig. 68. There are thirteen of these lines on either edge of the knob. The other incisions are arranged in four vertical rows on the handle. The lines on the top of the shell pendant shown in P^'ig. 88 may be merely the depths of the teeth rather than incisions artificially made, but in this case they may have been considered as decorative and the shell may even have been chosen because of these lines. There are nine incised lines on the bone tube shown in Fig. 98. These run around it in a spiral direction in such a way that the lower end of each line is on the opposite side from the upper end. Tho three transverse incisions on the top of the steatite specimen shown in Fig. 99 may be for decorative purposes or merely as tallies as also the five small drilled pits arranged about €qui-distant from each other around the top and the four similarly arranged near the bottom. The oblique incised lines on the edge of the mouthpiece and on the ridge about the middle of the pipe shown in Fig. 100, which slant outward from left to right at an angle of about 45° and make the ridge at least suggest a twisted cord, were no doubt made for deco- rative pur]>oses. Pictographic scratches may be seen on the disk-shaped stone pipe, shown in Fig. 107. Those on the reverse are shown in Fig. 115. A simple geometric incised line decoration on wood may be seen on a fragment of a bow shown in Fig. 111. It will he remembered that parallel irregularly arranged cuneiform incisions decorated a fragment of a boAv found in the Thom])son River region.' The incised design on the stone dish previously mentioned on p. 38 and shown in Fig. 116 consists of two horizontal incisions running around the ui:)per ])art of llic dish a little below its middle and a zigzag line uiadr up of twenty-five V-shnpcd marks which fills the space between th(> flat rim of this dish and the ui)per horizontal line. Fig. 114 a (202-8159). Incised Design on a Fragment of a Wooden Bow. From grave No. 10 (5) in a rock-slide near tlie mouth of Naches River, i nat. size. 6 Section of Fragment of Bow shown in a. 1 Smith, (c). p. 411. 126 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Historij. [Vol. YI, Incised designs on dentalium shells are shown in Figs. 117 and 118. The first four were found under the skeleton in grave No. 25. This skeleton was of a child and was surrounded by a stone cyst buried in a dome of volcanic ash near Tampico, as shown in Plate x. This lot contained two shells ornamented with designs of the type shown in n, but in the one not figured the diamond points met and formed a checker pattern. There were four of the type shown in h, one of the type shown in c, and two like the type shown in d. The specimens shown in Fig. 118 were found among broken and charred human bones of about twelve individuals in cremation circle No. 15 (10) on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. While there was only one specimen of the type shown in a, there were two of the type shown in /;, and one like the four represented by Fig. 117b. Another cremation Fig. 115. Incised Design on Bowl of Pipe shown in Fig. 107. i nat. size. Fig. 116. Incised Design on Stone Dish. From Priest Rapids, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograph 44537, 9-3. Original in tlie collection of Mrs. Hinman.) circle containing incised dentalium shells is known as No. 18 (13) and was located on the same terrace. The specimens are mere fragments, one of b. Fig. li; Fig. 118. Fig. 117 (202-8193). Incised Designs on Dentaliiun Shells. From under the skeleton in grave No. 25 of a chilil in a stone cyst in dome of volcanic ash near Tampico. Nat . size. Fig. 118 (202-8178). Incised Designs on Dentalium Shells. From among brolLea and charred hiunan bones of about twelve individvials in cremation circle No. 15 (10) on terrace northwest of the junction of the Naches and Yakima Rivers. 1910] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 127 them, from the tip of the shell, bears a design similar to that shown in Fig. 117b, the other bears a simple incised spiral, the space between one incision and another being about equal to the width of the incision itself. The character of both the technic[iie and the motive of these designs resem- bles that of those found on similar shells at Kamloops in the Thompson River region ^ and in the Nez Perce area to the east.- The design shown in Fig. 117a at least reminds us of paintings on the parfleches found among the modern Sahaptin and Plains tribes. The incised design on the pendant made of steatite (p. 94, Fig. 119) does not seem to differ greatly in technique or motive from other incised designs found in this area and in the Thompson River region to the north. Fig. 119. Incised Pendant made of Steatite with Red Paint (Mercury) in some of the Holes and Lines. From manubrium of adult male skeleton in grave covered with rocks on a low ridge about two and a half miles south of Fort Simcoe. Nat. size. (Original in the collec- tion of Mrs. Lynch.) .While most of the lines and pits can be considered as forming symmetrical or geometric designs, the central figure on the side shown in Fig. 119b may be interpreted as a conventional representation of a life form, namely, a fish. Red paint is rubbed into some of the lines and ])its. The human figure described under costume (p. 100, Fig. 121) is a some- what conventionalized realistic form indicated by incisions on one surface of a piece of antler 2 to 5 mm. thick.-' It was found in the grave of an infant under the vertebrae, No. 25 in a dome of volcanic ash. It is of good technique and artistic execution. The eyes are of the shape of a par- 1 Smith, (c), Fig. 369. 2 Spinden, p. 181 and Plate ix, Fig. 15. 3 First described and figured, Smith, (g). See also abstract in Scientific American Supple- ment pp. 23876-8, Vol. LVIII, No. 1490, .July 23, 1904 and in Records of the Past, 1. c; The Saturday Evening Post, Sept. 10, 1904 and tlie Washington Magazine. 128 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Illxtunj. [WA. W, allelograra with rounded corners. These, with similarly slia])ed figures on the headdress or inner hair-rolls, and on the hands, knees, and insteps, slightly resemble a motive common in the art of the coast to the northwest. The crescent-shaped mouth and thick lips are indicated by incised lines, while the cheeks are full, and the entire head is somewhat set out in relief from the rest of the object. The radiating figures above the head do not represent feathers in a realistic way, but closely resemble the conventional paintings made by the Dakota on buffalo robes. These paintings have been called sun symbols, but are interpreted by the Dakota as the feathers of a war- bonnet or other headdress. The fingers and thumb are set off from the ]ialm by two lines, which, with the mark at the wrist, make a figure resembling the eye-form so common in Northwest coast art. The concentric design on the knees is probably related to the wheel, sun, or spider-web pattern common as a symbol on the shirts, blankets, and tents of some Plains tribes. The feet jutting out at the sides are slightly wider than the legs. The inside of the foot is straight with the inside of the leg, while the outer part is curved. The two, taken together with the lower portion of the legs, resemble a divided hoof. The divided hoof is a com- mon design among Plains tribes. There are only two specimens, of which 1 am aware, that resemble this. One (T-22107, 177 H) consists of seven fragments of a thin piece of antler found by Mrs. James Terry at Umatilla, Oregon, only about 83 miles in a southerly direction from Tampico. The back of this specimen is largely disintegrated, except on the two dog heads, and these being only about 5 nmi. thick suggest that the whole figure was thin. The carving (Fig. 123) is in much greater relief than in the specimen from Tampico, although some of the lines are merely incisions. The tongue ])r()jects betwecMi, but not beyond, the li])s. The cheeks are raised and there is considerable character to the face. The nose is aquiline and narrow, but the al?p are indicated. The orbits are sunken and horizontal oblong ]>its evidently indicate the eyes. The eyebrows are raised. Two hoi'izontal incisions extend across the brow. Below the chin, at the left, are four incisions in a raised ])iece. This seems to n'|)rr,sciit a liaiid held with the fingers to the neck. A similar hand was prolnd)ly at the right. A foot, with four toes in rclicl' projecting above the brow as high as do the eyel)rows, rests inmicdiatcly al)ov(> the U|)per horizon- tal incision and a])parently indicates that some animal, jiossibly a l)ird, stood Upon the human head. The fragment, howevci', is not sufHciently large to settle these points. Two of the other fragments arc api»arently intended to re])resent the heads of dogs. The eyes are indicated by the common circle and dot design; while the no>trils in one arc rc|)resented by drilled dots. The shape of the heads is brought out by the cai-\ing of the 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 129 edge of the object. The fragments are broken off at the neck, and the lower side of each shows the finished surface of the back of the object. The remaining fragments show little or nothing. The animal heads and the feet and hands suggest the possibility that in some cases animal forms were combined in such figures, as on the Northwest Coast, although the general style of art of the object is like neither Haida nor Kwakiutl work, but more like the carvings of Puget Sound and the lower Columbia River. The fact that the carving of this face is more in relief helps to explain the intent of the author of the Tampico specimen. The other specimen (50-3110 a, b, c) is a quill-flattener, made of antler (Fig. 122). It was obtained by Dr. Clark Wissler from the Dakota at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, who also made reference to other objects of the same sort among the tribe. Porcupine quills were flattened on it with the thumb nail until after it had been broken, when the lower or pointed end had been used as a brush in applying color to form designs on various articles made of buckskin. This end is stained a deep red and the point is much worn. The object, in general, resembles in shape and size the specimen from Tampico. Its sides are somewhat thinner and sharper. The slight indi- cations of hair or headdress, the deeply cut eyes and mouth in the concave side, the holes or ears at the sides of the head, and the method fo indicating the arms by slits, setting them off, from the body, are all details which emphasize this general resemblance. The technical work is about as good as that of the Tampico specimen, but the art work is inferior. One edge of the convex or outer surface of the bone has twenty-five notches, and in each tooth left between them, as well as above the top one, is a small drilled dot. Some of the notches on the other side are broken away with the arm, which is missing. On the same surface are twenty-six horizontal incisions, which were interpreted as year counts. The general shape of the body and the rows of dots are similar to those of the figure pecked on the cliff at Semi- nal Bluffs (Plate xi. Fig. 2). The Tami)ico specimen may have developed from a quill-flattener, \\hich implement was probably of common and characteristic use among Indian mothers, not only of the Plains but also as far west as Tampico. If the result of such a development, it had probably lost its domestic use and become entirely symbolic. Mr. Teit has heard the Thom])son Indians speak of figures carved by .some men in their spare time, and valued highly as curiosities and works of art. They had no practical \aluc, and were generally used as ornaments inside the house. They were in wood, bark, stone and antler, more generally in the last three, and usually represented the human figure. Although the Indians aver that tlic\- were sometimes verv eliilioiatdv and truthfullv carved, 130 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Nahadl Ilidnrij. [\'ol. VI, it is iinj)ossible to say, in the absence of a good specimen from the Thompson Indians whether there was any resemblance in style to that of tliis figure. The Thompson sometimes, ])laced such figures on the tops of houses, but the great majority were shown inside the houses. The Indian who made the one illustrated ^ told Mr. Teit that he had seen some of larger size which had taken a carver's spare time for many months. The headdress seems to be a so-called war-bonnet, and would indicate that the figure was that of an important personage; perhaps a suggestion of what had been hoped for the child's position in the tribe or after death. The arms, body, legs, and feet are apparently bare and ornamented with ceremonial paintings, \\hile about the waist is an apron. The whole object seems of a rather high order of art to be a mere child's doll, and it would seem more plausible to consider it as an emblematical figure. The general style of art and costume indicated show Httle or no resemblance to those of the Northwest Coast, but a strong relationship to those of the Plains. There are some incised lines on the ])i])e shown in Fig. 127. Those on the pipe shown in Fig. 104 are described on p. 131. In the Nez Perce region, according to Spinden, incised designs, some of them of a picto- graphic character and probably modern are found on pipes, and designs of ladder sha]5e are found on a flat i)lummet-shaped bone object.^ Notches. The notch in the base of the spatulate object made of bone shown in Fig. 58 and the two notches in each' side of the base may be for practical purposes but were probably intended to be artistic, while the six notches in the edge of the pendant made of slate shown in Fig. 81 j)robably also have been intended for decoration or even to make the object represent something although possibly the r(>i)rescntation may be rather conventional. In the Nez Perce region to the east,-^ a notched stone has been found near Asotin and notdies occur as decorations on objects found in the Tli()iii])son River region to the north, but, of this type, they are rare if not absent among archaeological finds on the coast to the west from Fort Ivupcrt on northern Vancouver Island to Tacoma. Circle and Dot Designs. The circle and dot design is commonly found in this region. It may be seen on the toj) of the pestle shown in Fig. 30. There is one of these designs in the tip and eleven about equi- distant in a row- around the edge of the knob. In the Nez Perce region to tiie east^ the design is found on lioiic gambling pieces. Further east, this design is also found. This motive nuiy be seen around the top of the bowl on a pipe 1 Teit, (a), p. 376, Fip. 297. 2 Spinden, p. 188 and Plate vii, Fig. 31. 3 Ibid, p. 183, Plate ix, Fig. 3. ■> Spinden, p. 252, Plate vii. Fig. 30. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 131 (50-4867a, b) from the Gros Ventre Indians of Montana collected by Dr. Clark Wissler, which, however, is considered to be recent. To the west, it is not found among ancient things on the coast but among recent objects it may be seen on certain bone gambling cylinders and on beaver teeth used for dice. The design is common in the Thompson River region ^ and the Lillooet Valley between there and the coast." It is perhaps even more frequently seen on the modern things among the Thompson River Indians ^ who often visit Lhe Okanogan country. The pipe shown in Fig. 104 was secured from an Indian who is known to have frequently visited the Okanogan area so that if he did not bring the })ipe from there, he may at least have gotten the idea for this style of decora- tion there. This suggests an explanation for the occurrence of the circle and dot design on what are ai)i)arently older specimens from the Yakima country. On the lower end of this specimen is a design made up of a zigzag line based upon an incision running around where the stem meets the bowl. The five triangles thus formed are nearly etiuilateral and there is a circle and dot design in each. Other circles and dots are arranged in seven equi- distant longitudinal pairs about the middle of the bowl. In addition, parallel to these, and between two of the pairs, there is a double-headed figure each end of which resembles the form of a crude fleur-de-lis. All of the incisions on this pipe are colored with red paint. The circle and dot design may be seen on the Hmestone pipe shown in Fig. 106. There is one circle and dot on the tip of the base, encircling this is a row of eight of them and outside of this still another circle of nine. Around the opening for the stem is a circle made up of eight, around the mouth of the bowl are ten and between the circle around the bowl and the one around the stem are three of the circles and dots. A typical circle and dot decoration is shown in Fig. 120 of what, as stated on p. 65, may possibly have been used as a whetstone. The object is made of slate and the top is broken off. It is 142 mm. long, 18 mm. Avide and 6 mm. thick. The lower end and side edges arc rounded. On the reverse, the design is similar except that it is continued upward by three circles and dots arranged in the same order as the ui^permost three on the obverse and that there are several slightly incised marks on it, one of which, of X form, makes a tangent and a cord with the next to the lower circle and dot. All the circles and dots are filled with red paint. There are twelve incisions, possibly tally marks, on one side edge near the point. The original is in the collection of ^Ir. Janeck.* 1 Smith, (c), Fig. 378; (d), Fig. 109. 2 Teit, (b), Fig. 92. 3 Teit, (a), Figs. 118 and 210. •• Museum nogative no. 44.503, 6-4. 132 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xaiural llldorij. [\o\. \l, The symmetrical aiTano;ement of the perforations and the pits on both sides of the object show n in Fi(>;. 77 was no doubt due to artistic motives. Pecked Grooves. Some designs were made by pecking grooves in stone. Part of these, those forming petroglyphs, have been mentioned on p. 121 and are shown in Phites xi-xiii. The ui)per portion of the marking on the grooved stone shown in Fig. 14 is made in this way. It may represent a feather headdress, such as is mentioned on p. 119 and such as is so common in the pictographs as well as in the petroglyphs. The design on the lower part of the same object was formed in the same way and on the obverse of the net sinker shown in Fig. 15 are pecked grooves forming three concentric semi-circles on each side of the groove and nearly parallel with the edges of the object. Taken together, they give the suggestion of a spiral. There are three pecked grooves encircling the stone mortar shown in Fig. 20 and two around the head of the pestle shown in Fig. 25. On each side of the lower part of the pestle shown in Fig. 31 is a longitudinal design made up of four parallel zigzag pecked grooves. The two pecked grooves at right angles to each other on the specimen shown in Fig. 60 while they are probably made for use may have been interpreted as decorative or artistic. This may also be said of the three pecked grooves at right angles to each other on the club- head shown in Fig. (51, and it seems likely that the eight pecked pits made in the middle of the spaces between these grooves and possibly even the two pits at either pole of the object were intended to embellish it. Pecking was also the process employed in forming the sculpture shown in Fig. 125. The four pyramidal or dome-shaped nij>])les on the top of the knob of a pestle found at Five Mile llaj)ids mentioned on p. 45 were probably made by peck- ing, followed by jjolishing and they may have served a ceremonial as well as a decorative purpose. Animal and Human Forms. There are a number of sculptures that apparently were intended to represent heads of animals, whole animals and human forms. The top of the pestle shown in Fig. '.M is sculptured to represent what is apparently an animal head. The to]) of tiie one shown in Fig. 33 has three nipples one of whicli is longer than the others. This sculpture also seems to represent an animal head, the e;irs being indicated by the short nipples and the nose by the long one. The toj) of the pestle show^n in Fig. 34 aj)j)arently represents an animal head, the mouth being indicated by the groove, each eye by a pit and there are f(»ur incisions across the to]) or b;i(k of the licad. A sculptured animal head, with wide o])en moutli, ])its for eyes, and projections for cars on w hat may be a pestl(> top, •has been found in the Nez Perce region to the e;ist ' and pestles witli heads 1 Spinden, Plate ix, Fig. 19. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 133 Fig. 121. Fife. ]2.3. 0\ '~^U Fig. 122. FiK. 120. Fig. 120. Circle uiul Dot Design on Wliotstoiie nuuJe of l^liiti'. I'roni the Yakima Valley, i nat. size. (Drawn from photograpli 44503, 6-4. Original in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) Fig. 121 (202-8191). Costumed Human Figure made of Antler. From grave No. 25 of a child in dome of volcanic ash near Tampico. i nat. size. Fig. 122 (50-31 10a, b, c). Quill-flatteiier made of .\ntlor. From the Dakota at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, i nat. size. (Collected by Dr. Clark Wissler. ) Fig. 123 (T-22107, H-177). Fragments of a Figure made of Antler. From Umatilla, Oregon. J nat. size. (Collected by Mrs. James Terry.) 134 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, are found in the Thompsou River area to the north. ^ Tiie knob shown in Fig. 35 (p. 47) is interpreted as representing a snake's head. The heart-shaped knob on the top of the ckib shown in Fig. 68 resembks the form of an animal head and stands at an angle of .jbout 45° to the axis of the club. Two of the incised circles probably represent the eyes. The top of the handle of a digging stick made of horn of the Rocky Mountain sheep, shown in Fig. 126 is sculptured to represent an animal head. It was obtained from an Indian woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. Fig. 124 illustrates a fragment of sculpture from Pasco. It is hoof-shaped and is here reproduced from a sketch of the original in the collection of INIr. Owen. The sculptured animal form made of lava shown in Fig. 125 which was mentioned on p. 38, bears a mortar or It is a good example of an art form which has been specialized so that it may be used or at least so that the useful part is less prominent than the animal figure. It has been sculptured by pecking. Fig. 124. Frag- ment of a Sculpture with Hoof-like part. From Pasco. ^ nat. size. (Drawn from a sketch. Original in the collection of Mr. Owen.) dish in its back. Fig. 125. Sculptured Animal Form made of Lava. From an Indian who cluiincd to have found it in a grave on the Yakima Reservation two miles below Union Gap below Old Yakima, i nat. size. (Drawn from photographs 44452, 2-1, 44455, 2-4, and 44503, 6-4. Original catalogue No. 33 in the collection of Mr. Janeck.) The raised eyes are almond-siiapcd ratlicr than elliptical, and the ears are indicated by raised ]ilaces on the transverse ri(lg(^ at the top of the head. The mid-rib or dewlap under the chin is about (1 mm. \\ ide and of the 1 Smith, (c). Fig. 341a; Teit, (a). Fig. 295. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 135 three transverse grooves in this, only the upper one is deep. The tail is slightlv under cut. The grooves are all more or less colored with vermilion, api)arently a mineral paint and consequently sufficiently lasting so that we need not consider even the painting as necessarily modern. The general form and especially the four elephantine legs remind us of a somewhat similar animal form with a dish in its back found in a shell heap in the delta of the Fraser River ^ and the animal form with the dish in its back resembles slightly carvings found in the Lillooet Valley - and the Thompson River region. The pipe made of steatite shown in Fig. 128 ^ illustrates the modern type of carving in soft, easily cut stone, as well as the style of white metal inlaying employed here during recent years. In this case, the inlaying is nearly bilaterally symmetrical as may be seen by comparing Fig. 128a with the out- lines in c and d. The carving is not symmetrical, the human form holding a fish-like form appearing on one side only, while the rear figure evidently rep- resents a turtle which animal is found in the valley. The other two figures are not easily identified but the forward one perhaps represents a dog, the white metal inlay on it possibly representing a harness, but as likely was merely for decoration. The figure on the base of the pipe might represent a lizard or any quadruped with a long tail. This form and the way it is represented as clinging to the cylindrical part of the pipe at least remind us of similar forms seen on totem poles in the region from Puget Sound to Victoria.^ The technique is rather crude and the style of art does not closely resemble that of the coast, but reminds us of certain sculptures found on pipes and on the carved wooden stems of pipes in the Plains where this particular shape of pipe is much more common than here. In Fig. 105 is illustrated a fragment of a sculj)turcd tubular i)ipe made from steatite by cutting or scratching and drilling the soft material rnther than by pecking. It was apparently intended to represent an anthropoid form. The mouth is indicated by an incision, the other features of the head Fig. 126 (202-8121). Handle of Digging Stick made of Horn of Rocky Mountain Slieep. From an Indian woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. \ nat. size. 1 Smith, (a), Fig. 56. 2 Teit, (b), Fig. 97. 3 First figured on p. 283, Arcliaeology of tiie Yakima Valley by Harlan I. Sniitli, Washing- ton Magazine, June, 1906. * Cf. also Smith, (b), Fig. 185a. 136 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Histori/. [\o\. VI, are more difficult to determine, but both the arm and the leg stand out in high relief. As pre\iously suggested on ]). Ill, this style of art slightly resembles that found in the region from the Lillooet Valley to the Lower Willamette and as far east at least as The Dalles."^ It is possible that some of the sculptures found in the Thompson River region - adjohiing the Lillooet Valley on the east and the Yakima region on the north, may be somewhat related to the style of art of this fragmentary ])ipe. The human form shown in Fig. 121 has been discussed on ]>. 127 as it is incised rather than carved in the round. Clark mentions a "malet of stone curiously carved," ^ which he says was used by the Indians near the mouth of the Snake River and Eells ^ men- tions two stone carvings from the general area of which this is a part Avhich he describes as horses' heads. If this interpretation be correct, the carvings are evidently modern. The fish form shown in Fig. 119 has been mentioned on p. 127. The very form of the pestle shown in Fig. 34 and the sym- metrical outline of the club shown in Fig. 62 are in themselves some- what artistic, while the fact that the l)i])e shown in Fig. 118 somewhat represents a tomahawk or hatchet suggests that it may have been scul])tured as representative art. It seems likely that it was modelled after the metal tomahawk pipe intro- duced by the traders which of (ourse would indicate that it was recently made. Coa.'^t Art. The pipe shown in Fig. 127 which was mentioned on ]>. 116 is clearly of the art of the northwest coast. It must have l)eeii l)rought to this region from as far at least, as the Kwakiutl and Haida region, and may be the work of an artist from that part of the coast, on \^aneouver Island, north of C'oinox. Although in a fragmentary condition, this sculpture ex- hibits an excellent te(hiii(|U(' of its style of art. Astride of the stem is a Fig. 127. Pipe made of Stone. From a hill- side grave on Toppenish Creek near Fort Simcoe. Collected by Mrs. Lynch, i nat. size. (Now in the collection of Mr. George G. Heye, New York.) 1 Teit, (b), Figs. 68 and 95-97; Smith, (d), Fig. 183 and especially Figs. 195b and 198. 2 Smith, (d). Fig. 113: (b), Fig. 185a. 3 Lewis and Clark, IH, p. 124. * Eells, p. 293. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 137 d Fig. 128. Sculptured and Inlaid Pipe made of Steatite with Wooden Stem. From Chief Moses of the Yakima Region. ^ nat. size. (Drawn from pliotograph 44508, 6-9, 6-10, 6-11. Original in the collection of Mr.'. Lynch.) 138 Anthropological Papers American Museian of Natural History. [Vol. VI, human figure Avith the left hand to the chest, and the right one resting on the right knee. The head is missing, the chest muscular. The other end of the pipe apparently represents the thunder bird. The head and most of the figure are bilaterally symmetrical. The beak is cut off in such a manner as to form a flat surface at the tip. The feathers of the rear portion of the left wing extend in a different direction from those on the tip, while those of the right wing are parallel with those on the rear part of the left wing. The lower side or tail of this bird figure is broken off, but it proba])ly extended to the broken place shown at the neck of the human face on the base of the pipe. In it, may be seen a groove, the half of a longitudinal perforation which does not connect with the pipe liowl. The carving on the right side of the pipe bowl, the top of which is broken away, is practically the same as that on the left, while the base is carved to represent a human head. jMetitod of Burial. In ancient times, there were three principal methods of disposing of the dead: in gra\es in domes of volcanic ash, in rock-slide graves, and in crema- tion circles. In all of these they were covered with stones.^ Detailed de- scriptions of the graves explored by us, are given in the appendix. There are also burials covered with pebbles, some of Avhich may be old; and recent graves (p. 20), where the bodies were apparently buried at length with the feet to the east, and both head and foot marked by a stake, the one at the head being the larger. Simple graves in the level ground known to be old were not found. Gibbs saw bodies wrapped in blankets and tied upright to tree trunks at some distance above the ground near the mouth of the Okanogan River.- Burials in Domes of Volcanic Ash. In this arid region are stretches of country locally known as 'scab land,' on which are occasionally groups of low dome-shaped knolls from ahoiu fifty to one hundred feet in diameter, by three to six feet in heiglit.-' These knolls consist of fine volcanic ash, and apparently have l)een left by tlu> wind l)ecaus(> held in \)h\vv by roots of sage brush and other vegetation. This ashy material has been swept from the intervening surface leaving the 'seal) land' paved with fragments of basalt imbedded in a hard soil. The })rehistoric Indians of this region, have used many of these knolls, each as a site for a single grave (Fig. 2, 1 Cf. also Yarrow, p. 178; Gibbs, (b), p. 201. 2 Gibbs, (a), p. 413. 3 See Museum negative nos. 44442, 1-3, and 44496, 5-9. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 139 Plate ix)> These graves, which are located in the tops of the knolls, are usually marked by large river pebbles, or, in some cases, by fragments of basalt that ap{)ear as a circular pavement projecting slightly above the sur- face of the soil. None of them are known to be recent. On the other hand, there is no positive evidence of their great antiquity. In these we sometimes find a box or cyst. This box (Plate x) was formed of thin slabs of basaltic rock some placed on edge and large flat slabs covering the cyst so formed. Above this, as was usually the case, above the skeletons in this kind of grave, the space was filled with irregular rocks or pebbles. The rocks and cyst were entirely dift'ercnt from those of the cairns of the coast of Washing- ton and British Columbia.- The skeletons Avere found flexed, on the side. In the graves, artifacts such as dentalium shells were deposited at the time of burial. The Kalapuya of the Willamette Valley to the southwest, buried their ■dead in the earth. ()ne writer described the process as follows: — "When the grave was dug they placed slabs on the bottom and sides, and when they had lowered the wrapped body doAvn, placed another over, resting on the side ones, and filled in the earth." ^ The account does not seem to indicate whether these slabs were of wood or stone, but in either case there is a certain similarity to the graves with the stone cyst found near Tampico. A grave which may be of this type, found about two and one half miles south of Fort Simcoe was reported to me by Mrs. I^ynch who furnished the following information about it. It was on a low ridge with the usual cairn of rocks about three feet high covering it. This cairn was made ui) of two distinct layers of rocks, both lying above the contents of the grave which included the skeleton of an adult man estimated to be at least six feet tall and that of a child aljout six to eight years of age, according to identifications made by the physician of the United States Indian service stationed at Fort Simcoe. The man's skull which was well preserved though brittle, was found four feet below the ground or approximately seven feet below the top of the cairn and on the eastern side of the grave. The pelvis of tlu^ child was completely decayed, and few of the bones were intact except the maxilla which was found in the western part of the grave between the i)atell<'e of the man. Near them were found four "links" [beads] of a copper necklace. The maxilla was deeply copper-stained. The steatite ornament shown in Fig. 119 was found on the man's manubrium. Rock-slide Graves. The rock-slides on the hill and canon sides as in the 1 See Museum negative no. 44497, 5-10, taken from the north of east. See also pp. 17 and 161. First mentioned in Smith, (g), VI. 2 See Smith and Fo\vlper Chinook were used." A somewhat similar method was observed even among the Nez Perce.^ This suggests that the cremation circles here described, may be the caved-in remains of earth-covered burial lodges built somewhat on the j)lan of the semi-subterranean winter houses. Position of the Bocli/. In all the old graves the skeletons were flexed and usually on the side (Plate viii. Fig. 2).^ The graves where the body was buried at length with the feet to the east were doubtless recent and probably placed that way due to the teachings of Christians. In the Nez Perce region to the east, the body was ])lace(l in a variety of positions, either flexed or at length ''' and sometimes upon the side. Considering the difference between the costume and objects used by the m(Mi and those by the women, in the Xez Perce region to the east," it M'ould seem that the contents of the graves in this near by region may be used to check the determination of the sex of the skeletons. Property ivilh tlir Dr(uL ( )l)jects are usually found with the remains of 1 Museum m'^iilivf uo. 44493, 5-6 of circle no. 14 from the east on the terrace northwest of the junction of the Yakima and the Naches Rivers (p. 15 and 157). Cf. also Museum negative no. 44522, 7-2. 2 Cf. Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark, II, pp. 139-140. 3 Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 369; Lewis, p. 190. •* Museum negative no. 44516, 7-6, see grave no. 22, p. 160. 5 Spinden, pp. 182 and 252. 6 Cf. Spinden, p. 216. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 143 the dead in all classes of old burials but some of the graves contained nothing; others very little. There was apparently no radical difference in the character of the material in the graves in volcanic domes and those in the rock-slides; but the more modern rock-slide graves seemed, on the whole, to contain a greater niunber of objects than the older graves or the graves in domes. On the coast, objects are found with recent burials, but rarely in ancient graves. The cremation circles often contained dentalium shells and bits of shell objects but little else. In the Nez Perce region to the east a considerable amount of property, ornaments and utensils is found buried with the dead.^ Horse Sacrifices. We discovered no graves containing horse bones or over which a skeleton of a horse was foimd, although it will be remembered that such were found in the Nez Perce region east of here.^ There, the killing of horses over the graves of their owners became the usual practice when horses were plentiful. Sometimes a horse was buried over the body.^ In this region, however, we found no evidences of the horse in connection with the graves other than the i)resence of an old Spanish bit in one of the more recent burials. Diseases. Out of about seventeen complete skeletons and six skulls secured in this region by our party those of two children (99-4323, 99-4326) and two adults, one of which was apparently a female (99-4336), exhibited anchylosis of some of the vertebrae. The left ankle bones of the other skeleton (99-4327) showed anchylosis \\ith the tibia and one of the ribs was abnormal. The skeleton of a young child (99-4329) with persistent frontal suture, an example of retarded development was also found. ^ Conclusion. The connection, nay partial identity, of this culture with that of the Thompson River region in the southern interior of British Columbia is sup- ported by considerable evidence. Small heaps of fresh-water clam shells are found in both regions. The preponderance of cliipj)ed points over those ground out of stone, bone and antler; the presence of digging stick handles; pestles with flaring bodies and no striking heads, others with tops in the form of animal heads; celts; the sites of cache pits, of circular suiiiincr lodges marked by rings of stones; and of semi-subterranean houses with stones on the encircling ridge; pairs of arrow-shaft smoothers, and bone tubes, were 1 Spinden, pp. 182 and 252. 2 Spinden, p. 182. » Spinden, p. 252. * Cf. Wounds, p. 82. 144 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, all found to be coiniiion to l)oth regions. The simple pipe bowl found here, although with one exception not found among archaeological objects in the Thompson area is commonly used by the present Indians there. Tubular pipes, modern copper tubes or beads, incised designs consisting of a circle with a dot in it and engraved dentalium shells, each of a particular kind, be- sides pictographs in red, rock-slide sepulchres, modern graves walled up with parts of canoes, the marking of recent graves with sticks, and the custom of burying artifacts with the dead were also found to be common to both areas. Perforated slate tablets of gorget-form are unknown in both regions. Circles of stones which mark places where cremated human remains were found in this region sometimes indicate graves in the Thompson River region. Frazer ^ mentions meeting Yakima Indians in the Lillooet Valley which shows that they travelled even beyond the Thompson River country and readily accounts for the dissemination of cultural elements. On the other hand, many differences in culture are observable. Thus objects made of nephrite and mica which occur, the former being common in the Thompson River valley, were not found in the Yakima area. Quar- ries and terraced rock-slides such as were seen here are not known to us in the Thompson River region. The bone of the whale occasionally found in the Thompson River country is lacking in Yakima collections. That glassy basalt was not the chief material for chipped implements, as it was in the Thompson River region, is probably due to the scarcity of this material and its use is perhaps as rare in the Yakima valley as on the coast. Chipped implements were made of a greater variety of stone than in the interior of British Columbia, and a greater proportion were of the more beautifully colored materials. No harpoon points made of a unio (?) shell, such as the object found in the Thompson River region or other objects made of such a shell, were seen. Notched sinkers and large grooved sinkers were more commonly found than in the Thompson Valley, while sap scrapers which were connnon there, were not found in the Yakima district. A great number of pestles made from short cylindrical ])cl)bles, forming a type rather rare in the Thompson River region; many long pestles, of which only four or five have been found in interior British Columbia; and one with a zigzag design not represented among the finds from that region, were found in the Yakima area. Saucer-shaped depressions marking summer lodge sites were not noted by the writer. ('lu!)s made of stone were more numerous and all are of a different tyjie. ( lubs or other objects made of the bone of the whale or drilled pendants either circular or I Fraser, p. 175. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 145 elongated were not found. Petroglyphs, pietographs in white, and repre- sentations of feather headdresses were not found anions: the archaeolooical objects in the Thompson region. Graves in knolls, some with a cyst made of thin slabs of stones constitute another distinct trait of the Yakima area. There is relatively less evidence of contact Avith the prehistoric people of Puget Sound and the Pacific coast of Washington, and of southern British Columbia. Several kinds of sea shells, including dentalium, haliotis and pectunculus, which must have come from the coast, were found in the Yak- ima Valley. Small points chipped from beautiful material found in this re- gion were occasionally seen on the coast, more particularly south of Puget Sound. Glassy basalt was used here perhaps about as much as on the coast. Net sinkers are also about as common here as on the coast from Gray's Har- bor southward. The pestles found in the vicinity of Vancouver Island are similar to some of the short pestles found in the Yakima region. Short tubu- lar pipes are found on the coast in the vicinity of the Saanich Peninsula and the Lower Frazer. The pipe previously described as clearly representative of the art of the Northwest coast must have been brought from there or made by a coast artist, not by one merely familar with the art of the coast. A portion of the material indicative of coast culture that was found in the Yakima Valley may have come uj) the Cowlitz and down the Toppenish River. The similarities mentioned are, however, outweighed by marked differ- ences. Large shell heaps — the chief feature of Coastal archaeology — have not been foimd in the Yakima area, while quarries are unknown to us on the coast. Objects made of nephrite and whale's bone are lacking in the Yakima Valley. A very great number of points rubbed out of slate and bone are found on the coast, but none rubbed out of slate and only a few rubbed out of bone have been found on Yakima sites. Net sinkers are much more common than on the coast, where they are plentiful only from Gray's Har- bor southward and in the Lower Columbia Valley. Long pestles with the tops carved to represent animal heads are distinctive of the Yakima area, while cylindrical pebbles used as pestles but slightly changed from the nat- ural form, which are quite common in the Yakima \'alley, are rarely found in the ('oast country. One style of club made of stone commonly found in this vicinitv has not been seen anvwhere on the coast, althoujih some clubs made of stone are like specimens from that region. Perforated slate tablets like Coastal gorgets are unknown to us from the Yakima area. Cairns common on the coast are not found in (lie Yakima country, while the icverse holds true of rock-slide burials. Graves in knolls arc nukiiown on the Pa- cific, and artifacts are often found in the Yiikiina graves hut tluw seldom, if ever, occur with ancient burials on the coast. 146 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, Much of the material from the Yakima region resembles that which I have seen from the general area including the Columbia Valley between Uma- tilla and The Dalles, and possibly extending further down the valley. There seems to be a greater similarity of the art products of the Yakima to those of the Thompson River region than to those of the Columbia Valley below the mouth of the Snake, so far as we understand the latter region at this time, and this according to Lewis^ is certainly not contrary to the belief in an earlier occupancy of this region by the Salish. The culture here resembles that of the Nez Perce region to the east in that a considerable variety of material was used for chipped implements.^ Inter-tribal trade may have been a factor in the production of some ob- ser\^ed similarities. It was seen that pipes of three types, one of which is found as far east as the Dakota, another as far north as the Thompson River country, and a third as far west as the Queen Charlotte Islands are all found in this region. It is clear that the ancient people from the Yakima region had extensive communications not only with the region southward as far as The Dalles, but also northward, as far as the more distant Thompson River tribes. If the products of the sea found in this region came up the Colum- bia, as may be inferred from Lewis,^ it is a good illustration of hoAv trade as a rule, follows the line of least physical resistance; although the migrations of the tribes do not always follow such lines because the lines of trade as a rule are thickly populated by people who resist the migration of their neigh- bors. Lewis^ states that from the coast inward there was only one trade route of importance in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho region and this led up the Columbia River to The Dalles where was found the greatest trade center in the whole region and whither the tribes were wont to come from the north and south as well as from the east.^ Klamath,^ Cayuse, Nez Perce, Walla Walla and other Sahaptin and probably Salish tribes were all in the habit of going there to traffic. He also states that further east, the Sahaptin in their turn, traded with the Shoshone from whom they obtained buffalo robes and meat. The center for this trade at least in later times was the Grande Ronde in eastern Oregon; ^ but this later center probably came into being after the advent of the horse. Ilie Okanogan are known to have crossed the mountains to Puget Sound to trade wild hemp for sea shells especially dentalia as well as for other small objects.^ The Yakima also in later times crossed the moun- 1 Lewis, p. 196. 2 Spinden, p. 181. 3 Lewis, p. 193. ■• Lewis, p. 193. * Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 286; Ross, (b), p. 117. fi Gatschet, p. 93. 7 Wilkes, IV, p. 394. 8 Ross, (a), p. 290; (b), I, p. 44. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 147 tains and traded with Piiget Sound tribes according to Gibbs/ but if this trade Avere carried on in earUer times its effect in the Yakima Valley seems to have been slight as indicated by the few dentalium shells, the shell pendants shown in Figs. 87-94 and the pipe of coast art, shown in Fig. 127. It is pos- sible that this trade with the coast became customary only after the horse was introduced. There was a considerable amount of trade between the Ya- kima and the Thompson River and other tribes of British Columbia which was carried on chiefly through the Okanogan.^ Lewis^ states that the Walla Walla who lived to the south of the Yakima at least in later times visited as far north as the Thompson River region, and that certain Sahaptin tribes seem to have moved northward and westw'ard and forced back the Salish tribes which at the time of Lewis and Clark's visit were on the north bank of the Columbia and on its tributaries.* These tribes were particularly the Klickitat and the Yakima, an assumption which Lewis states is supported by the definite assertions of the natives themselves. A number of old men pos- itively assured Dr. Suckle}' that they had pushed their way into the country formerly occupied by the Salish.^ The Klickitat, although living in a well wooded region on the southern slopes of Mt. Adams and Mt. St. Helens are thought to have been driven by the Cayuse from their earlier home which was further east and south. Later, they went further west into the Cowlitz Valley.'' This may account for the circular pit surrounded by an embank- ment which I saw^ near Rochester in Thurston County and interpreted as the remains of a semi-subterranean winter house site. Lewis also states that the Yakima probably lived on the Columbia near the mouth of the river which now bears their name, and are in fact so located by Cox who places them on the north and east side of the Columbia. The pressure of neighboring tribes caused by the coming of the white race no doubt facilitated the adoption of new cultural details. As late as 1854, the Palus, a tribe living further east on the Paloose River regarded themselves as a portion of the Yakima and the head chief of the Yakima as their chief.^ The general similarity of the Walla Walla language to that of the Klickitat and Yakima rather than to that of the Xez Perce is mentioned by Lewis. Cultural elements, especially those associated with the horse and with the new mode of life which it made possible, probably came from the region 1 Gibbs, (a), p. 408. 2 Cf. Teit, (a), p. 258. 3 Lewis, pp. 194-5. * Lewis and Clark, VI, pp. 11 "> ami 1 10; Mooney, pp. 734-736. •' Gibbs, (b), p. 224. « Swan, p. 323. 7 Stevens, XII, p. 200, Pacific R. R. Kept., I'l • I. 148 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Historij. [Vol. \I, to the southeast, and show a great shnilarity to the Plains type of ciUture. How much the Plains culture had influenced the Plateau type before the in- troduction of the horse, is a question.^ On the Columbia River, near the mouth of the Yakima, were numerous Indians who were visited by Clark in 1805, but he says that while he saw a few horses, the Indians appeared to make but little use of them. If these were the Yakima Indians there must have been quite a change in their manner of living in the next few years." This agrees very well with the time of the introduction of the horse among the Lower Thompson Indians towards the close of the eighteenth century, according to Teit.^ All this would tend to show that the horse, while com- mon in the Yakima country, about that time, had not yet affected the earlier customs of the natives. The early culture throughout the great area of which this is a part, according to Lewis, was of a very simple and undeveloped character, which probably accounts for the ra])iditv with Avhicli eastern types were assimilated when once introduced.' Summing up: the prehistoric culture of the Yakima area resembled that of its recent inhabitants, as it will be remembered was the case in the Thomp- son River region, the Lower Fraser Valley and the Puget Sound country including the coast from Comox on Vancouver Island to Olympia. As a typical plateau culture, being affiliated with the neighboring cultures to the north, east and south, it presented a sharp contrast to both the present and past cultures of the coast to the west. Compared with other branches of the Plateau culture area it must be considered inferior in coni])lexity to its north- ern neighbor of the southern interior of British Columbia and also to the ad- jacent branch near The Dalles to the south. \\'hile each of these divisions has been influenced by the others more especially in the past, differentiations due to environment or specific historical conditions lead to local variations without obscuring an essential unity of cultural traits. 1 Lewis, p. 179. 2 Lewis, p. 184; Ross, (b), I, p. 19. 3 Teit, (a), p. 257. 4 Lewis, p. 180. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 149 BlBIOGRAPHY. Banckoft, H. H. The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America. 5 volumes. 1874-1882. Catlin, George. 0-Kee-Pa. A religious Ceremony and other Customs of the Mandans. Philadelphia, 1867. Cox, Ross. Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. New York, 1832. De Smet, Father. Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, S. J., 1801-1873. 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Ethnology and Philology. Philadelphia, 1846. JocHELsoN, Waldemar. Material Culture and Social Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.) Kane, Paul. Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America. Loiulon, 1859. Lewis, Albert Buell. Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of Wasliington and Oregon. (Memoirs of the American Anthropo- logical Association, Vol. 1, Part 2, 1906.) Lewis and Clark. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904. Lord, John Keast. The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866. Mallery, Garrick. Pictographs of the North American Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American Etlmology, Washing- ton, 1886, pp. 3-256.) 150 Anthropological Papers American Museum of ?\a(ural History. [\o\. \J, MooNEY, James. The Ghost-dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Ft. 2, Washington, 1896.) MooREHEAD, Warren K. Frehistorie Implements. A description of tlie Orna- ments, Utensils and Implements of Fre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900. Ross, Alexander, (a) Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Colum- bia River. London, 1849. (b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London, 1855. Schoolcraft, Henry R. Historical and Statistical Information respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. Philadelphia, 1851- 1857. Smith, Harlan I. and Fowke, Gerard. Cairns of British Columbia and Washing- ton. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural His- tory, 1901, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 55-75.) Smith, Harlan I. fa) Shell-Heaps of the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.) (b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound. (Mem- oir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol. 4, Part 6, pp. 301-441.) (c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 6, pp. 401-442.) (d) The Archaeology of Lytton, British Columbia. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1899, Vol. 2, Part 3, pp. 129-161.) (e) Archaeological Investigations on the North Pacific Coast in 1899. ^American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 2, No. 3, July-September, 1900.) (f) New Evidence of the Distribution of Chipped Artifacts and Interior Culture in British Columbia. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 11, No. 3, July-Septem- ber, 1909). (g) A Costumed Human Figure from Tampico, Washington. (Bulletin, American Museum of Natural History, 1904, Vol. 20, Article 16, pp. 195-203.) (h) A Remarkable Pipe from Northwestern America. (American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. S, No. 1, January- March, 1906, pp. 33-38.) Spinden, Herbert Joseph. The Nez Perce Indians. (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Vol. 2, Part 3, 1908, pp. 171-274.) Stevtcns, Isaac I. Report of tlie Commi.ssioner of Indian .Vli'airs for 1854, pp. 184- 254. Swan, James G. The Northwest Coast: or Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory, New York, 1857. 1910.] Smith, The Yakama Valley. 151 Teit, James, (a) The Thompson Indians of British Columbia. (Memoir, Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, 1900, Vol. 2, Part 4, pp. 163-392.) (b) The Lillooet Indians. (Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1906, Vol. 4, Part 5, pp. 193-330.) Whitman, Mrs. Marcus. Letters written by Mrs. Whitman from Oregon to her relations in New York. (Transactions of the Oregon Pioneer Association for 1891, pp. 79-179, and 1893, pp. 53-219.) Wilkes, C. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. 5 vols. Philadelphia, 1845. Yarrow, H. C. A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of the North American Indians. (First Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, Wasliing- ton, 1881, pp. 91-203 ) 152 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [\o\. VI, Appendix. The following appendix contains a detailed account of graves with catalogue numbers of their contents and other finds, upon which the preceding descriptions are based. Kennewick. 202-8114. Fhnt chip from the surface. No chips of this quality were found in the Thompson River region. 202-811.5. Chipped point made of buff jasper from the surface (Plate ii, Fig. 1). 202-8116. Large grooved pebble from the beach of the Columbia River 202-8117. Chipped pebble from the surface. 202-8118. Broken pestle from the surface. 202-8119. Chipped and battered hammerstone from the surface. (Fig. 43). 202-8120. One half of a sculptured tubular steatite pipe, purchased from Mr. W. F. Sonderman who dug it up while building a flume near Kennewick (Fig. 105). North Yakima. 202-8121. Sculptured lumdle of a digging stick made of the horn of a Rockj' Moun- tain sheep purchased of Mr. W. Z. York, at Old Yakima, who bought it from an Indian woman living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. She, however, may have brought it from some other locality. (Fig. 126). 202-8122. Tubular steatite pipe (Fig. 104). 202-8123. Pestle made of stone. Presented by Mr. W. M. Gray of North Yakima. Found where the ]\Ioxie Ditch enters the flume, about 3 miles north- east of the mouth of the Naches River and southeast of the Yakima River. 202-8124. Fragment of rock painted red. Part of a pictograph showing a human figure with feather headdress (Plate xiv, Fig. 1), taken from the basaltic cliffs southeast of the Naches River above the moutii of Cowiche Creek, about four miles nortliwest of North Vakima. Several other pictographs were photographed here from the north: Plate xv. Fig. 2 (44480, 4-5), white hiunan heads with feather headdresses and white and red double star figure; Plate xiv, Fig. 2 (44483, 4-8), white human heads with feather headdresses, also (44484, 4-9), Plate XV, Fig. 1 (44485, 4-10); Plate xvi, Fig. 1 (44486, 4-11), and Plate XVI, Fig. 2 (44487, 4-12), white and red human heads with feather headdresses. 202-8125. Six parts of pebbles, from the surface of tlie flat on tlic (>ast side of the Yakima River at "The Upper Gap" near the northern end of North Yakima, as samples of what could have been used as material for arrow points. Fig. 129. Sketch Map of the "i Miss Ruth B. Hov.e Delin. alley. 1910.] S7nith, The Yakima Valley. 153 Numbers 202-8126 to 202-8136 are from the quarry shown in Plate III, Fig. 1 (44488, 5-1 from the .south, 44489, 5-2, and 44490, 5-3). This quarry is on the ridge top north of the Naches River, about two miles above its mouth (p. 16). 202-8126. Stone, possibly a hammer. 202-8127. Two river pebbles used as stone haminers. 202-8128. Hammerstone (Fig. 40). 202-8129. Pebble used as a hammer. 202-8130. Fragment of a hammerstone, edge smooth. 202-8131. Two fragments of hammerstones. 202-8132. Four pieces of raw material for chipped implements. 202-8133. Seven pieces of raw material for chipped implements, possibly waste from pieces blocked out to be transported or possibly too small or of too poor a quality to be transported. 202-8134. Tw^o pieces of raw material, perhaps chipped. 202-8135. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps too poor to be transported. 202-8136. Thirty pieces of raw material, some very good, some very poor, all apparently waste of pieces blocked out to be transported. No finished or broken implements were found here. Grave No. 1. Plate vi, Fig. 3 (1910) from north of west of the grave before it was disturbed (p. 14). This grave was about 50 feet up the gully from No. 2, and was excavated by us May 18. It was marked by a stick which was very dry but not yet fully decayed. It was located in the rock-slide on the east slope of the gully, a steep ravine going down from the south to a little flat southeast of the Yakima River. This ravine is on the north side of the hill on the east of the Yakima River at the mouth of the Naches River. The grave was about a mile northeast of the mouth of the Naches River, and about 80 feet above the Yakima. From the spot one can see out over the valley of the Yakima. The grave was on a slight, bench, terrace, or place that could be so interpreted. There were large pits and terraces in the slide above this grave, like those shown in Plate vii. Indica- tions of very old charred cedar strips were found across the grave. Charcoal was found among the rocks, and the grave was bounded by a sort of circular balcony of rocks of the rock-slide and had a slight flat or depression in the center. On top, the stones were large, averaging the size of a man's head, some 30 pounds, some 100 pounds, some the size of a man's fist. Below, covering the body, the rocks were small and many were fine, being chipped small from the same rock by fire. All except tliis burned rock were the common irregular angular rock-slide material. In the bottom of the grave were found adult human bones, partly charred black, the parts not so charred were yellow. Numbers 202-8137 to 202-8152 were found in this grave. 202-8137. Left half of a charred human jaw, parts are ivory black aiul parts yellowish gray. 202-8138. Part of a human vertebra. 154 Anthropological Papers Anicrlcaii J/waeu//; <>/ Xuturul Historij. [\'ol. VI, 202-8139. Some charivd aiul calcincil hones of a dog with the joint end of the tibia showing the artic-ulation pulled off as in youth. Ashes and bhack fine masses resembling pulverized charcoal were found in the bottom of the grave. The liuman bones found with these were probably of two skeletons, but all were much l)roken and charred, Rome yellow brown mass, composed of rootlets, maggot sacks, etc., was found at the sides of the grave. 202-8140. At the east side of the grave, a large piece of partly charred cedar about 8 inches wide by 2 inches thick was found. 202-8141. Chipped point of obsidian with base broken off, showing that at least some of the contents of the grave were of prehistoric culture. 202-8142. Finely chipped point made of brown chert found in fire refuse of this grave (Plate ii. Fig. 5). 202-8143. Scorched point made of bone (Fig. 9). 202-8144. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it 202-8145. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it 202-8146. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found with it. 202-8147. Tube of rolled bra.ss having the diameter of a lead pencil, proving this grave to have been made since the prehistoric people were able to reach the whites in trade. 202-8148. Tube similar to 202-8147 (Fig. 75). 202-8149. Charred tube made of bone about 1^ inches long. 202-8150. Tube similar to 202-8149 (Fig. 97). 202-8151. Scorched tube made of bone and ornamented by incisions running from one end to the other in a spiral course. The tube is charred and about \\ inches long (Fig. 98). 202-8152 Slate disk perforated in the center an;! at each side. The object is about 1 inch in diameter and J inch thick (Fig. 77). ■Grave No. 2. Rock-slide grave, about 50 feet down the ravine from grave No. 1 and about 40 feet above the flume. It had grass growing in the center. The grave seemed caved in and as if thoroughly walled like a well. It contained nothing, apparently having been rifled. Before excavation this seemed to be more like a grave than No. 1. (See photograph taken from the southwest.) "Grave No. 3. Rock-slide grave. 99-4314. Bleached skull and jaw of an adult purchased of a l)oy who said it was from a rock-slide grave on the north side of the Yakima Ridge lying east of the Yakima River above the Upper Gap. Grave No. 4. Rock-slide grave about 6 feet southeast of grave No. 5 at Selah Canon. As this trrave had boon opened and the skeleton had been disturbed, no accurate description as to its ])osition can be given. Some of the rock-slide material was quite large, weighing from 200 to 300 lbs; depth, 4 feet; diameter, 3 feet. Decayed wood was found in the grave and long poles on the side of the grave. The grave was probably not very old. '99-4315. Part of skull and skeleton of a youth which was partly bleached. Found in Grave No. 4. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 155 Grave No. 5. Rock-slide grave in Selah Canon and about 6 feet northwest of grave No. 4. Apparently this grave had been rifled. The adult skull lay to the west and was broken. The skeleton was flexed, the feet were toward the east and the knees south of the vertebrae, that is, the skeleton was on the right side. The grave which was about 75 feet up the hillside, and IJ miles east of the Yakima River on the south side of Selah Canon, was about 3^ feet deep by 3^ feet in diameter. Long poles lay on the side of the grave while decayed wood, leather thongs and dried flesh yet adhering to some of the bones, in this kind of a grave even in such a dry region as this, especially the last two, suggest the grave to be recent. ■99-4316. Jaw and skeleton of an adult. Found in grave No. 5. Orave No. 6. Rock-slide grave about 100 feet up the hillside at the top of a rock- slide on a point south of the Yakima River about 2 miles northeast and above the mouth of the Naches River. The bones were found in excavating an adjacent barren grave, 5 feet to the northeast and had probably been thrown out of this one on top of it. Pieces of cedar were scattered around the grave, which had been rifled. Its depth was 5 feet, diameter 5 feet. 99-4317. Skull and one hip bone of an adult. Probably from grave No. 6. Grave No. 7. Rock-slide grave situated northeast of North Yakima and about half a mile northeast of grave No. 6. There is a road near the edge of the grave. The grave had been rifled and pieces of wood were found lying near it; the bones were scattered around and broken. were in anatomical order. Numbers 202-8153 to found in this grave. 202-8153. One brass bell. 202-8154. Three glass beads. 202-8155. Two shell beads. 202-8156. Three dentalium shells. None of them 202-8156 were Grave No. 8. Rifled rock-slide grave. The skeleton which had been wrapped in cedar hark had been taken away. Nothing besides the cedar bark was found. The grave was found near No. 7 and about a half mile northeast of No. 6. Wood was lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had been rifled. Grave No. 9. Rock-slide grave found near No. 7 which was situated about half a mile northeast of No. 6. The grave contained nothing but charcoal. There was wood lying near by. There was a road near the edge of the -grave which had been rifled. Grave No. 10. Rock-slide grave excavated June 2, 1903. This grave was 150 feet up the hill from the Naches River, half a mile above its mouth and on llie north side. It was 5 feet long by 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep and had been disturbed and many of the bones thrown out. Dry poles and cedar boards lay around the top. Numbers 99-4318, 202- 8157 to 202-8169 were found in this grave. 156 Anthropohnjiral Papers American Museum of Xatural Histnri/. [\'ol. VI, 99-4318. All iulult skull and skeleton witli aljiiornuility on right malor and with one rib expanded, part of a yovuig adult skeleton and juirt of a child's skeleton were found. Some of the bones were bleached. The adult and the child were on the bottom. These two bodies had been wrapped in bark and placed in a hole one foot deep in the ground below the slide. The adult's head was to the west southwest. On top and to the east northeast was the young adult. Human hair was also found in grave No. 10. 202-8157. Four parts of the hearth of a fire drill, similar to that used in the Thomp- son River region. See Teit, (a) p. 203, for descriptions of fire drills (See also Fig. 38.) 202-81o8. \^'olf or dog bones, some of them bleached. 202-8159. Part of a decorated wooden bow (Fig. 114). 202-8 160a, b. Two pieces of a basket. Doubtless of a finer stitch than those from the Thompson River Indians. See Teit, (a). Fig. 131a and Figs. 143 to 146. 202-8161. Piece of coarse coil basket with splint foundation and bifurcated stitch (Fig. 17). 202-8162. Piece of a stitched rush mat (p. 86). The bill of a saw-bill duck was found but not preserved. 202-8163. Copper tubes with six beads, short sections of dentalium shells, which were found from the top to the bottom of the grave. These beads were strung. 202-8164. Four bone tubes found near the bottom and mostly to the east north- east of the grave. 202-8165. Point made of bone found to the west northwest in grave (Fig. 7). 202-8166. A perforated cylinder made of steatite found at about the center of the grave (Fig. 99). 202-8167. Fishbone. 202-8168. Three pieces of yellow jasper (raw material). 202-8169a, b, c. Three small arrow points, one found on center, one in east north- east part and one in south of grave, a is of brownish fissile jasper (Plate II, Fig. 2). Grave No. 11. Rock-slide grave located on the north side of the Naches River, a little over half a mile above its mouth. The place is about 600 feet west southwest of grave No. 10 and 150 feet above tiie river. It was 6 feet by 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep. Apparently it had been rifled as nothing was found in it except a skull and a few bones. 99-4319. Skull, a lower jaw, and a few broken bones which were scattered among the rocks. The skull was found in the west southwest part of the grave with the face down. The lower jaw was found in the southern part of the gra\"e al)out 1 foot highcn- up in tiie roclis. Grave No. 12. Blulf pclililc grave. We examined a ring of i'i\-er bouklers on the twenty-acre farm of Mr. James McWhirter. a lioy al>out fifteen years old, twelve miles up the Naches River on the crest of the foothill terrace north of the road, and overlooking the bottom along the north side of the Naches River. This grave was about 150 feet high aliove llie river by about half a mile from it. At first it looked like a 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 157 little unuergrouiid house site or a shallow cache pit. (Museum negative, no. 44441, 1-2 for general locality.) James, who called our attention to the pile of boulders, said that some one threw off part in an abandoned attempt to dig the grave. We thought the grave practically undisturbed and it proved to have been the least disturbed of any we had found up to this point. The outside of the ring was 10 feet east and west by 5 feet north and south. The inside of the ring or the space surrounded was 6 feet east and west by 4 feet north and south. Probably this grave was a boulder heap, the aspect of a ring being given by the removal of the stones, i. e., this central spoce may be where stones were thrown off. River boulders were found from top to bottom. The boulders varied in weight from about 7 to 30 pounds. Most of them were disk-shaped but some were oval. Numbers 99-4320 and 202-8170, 1 were found in this giave. 99-4320. An adult skeleton was found 4 feet deep with the head towards the west, resting on its occiput. The skull which was broken, faced south by east, with the mouth open. The knees were north; the body was on its left side and flexed. Over the north side of the knees was an elliptically-shaped piece of cedar burned on the upper side. It was about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. A few fragments of the skeleton of a child were found in the grave. All the bones in the grave were very soft and as the ends were broken off we discarded all but the skull and a few of the bones of the child. Two shell disks (202- 8170,1) were found about 6 inches apart near the neck, one at the south shoulder, and one at the south side of the skull of the adult. 202-8170. Pendant of disk shape made of oyster shell with one perforation near the edge (Fig. 94). 202-8171 Pendant of disk shape made of shell wltli two perforations near one edge (Fig. 93). Grave No. 13. Cremation circle, similar to several of the others on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the Naches River. This consisted of a ring of angular rocks among which were no river pebbles, resembling a small underground house site, 8 feet in diameter outside, 6 feet in diameter at the top of the rocks, 4^ feet in diameter inside, both east- west and north-south. It is widest and built of largest stones on the side towards the lower part of the terrace, suggesting that the ring had slid down but the nearly level terrace would argue against this idea. This grave was like a rock-slide grave, filled with soil, but on a gently sloping terrace instead of a steep slide. Photograph no. 44495, 5-8, from the south shows a telegraph pole to left and a flume across the Yakima River to the right. See also graves No. 14 and 15. Child l)ones, found two feet deep in volcanic ash, were decayed and discarded. Tlie tibiae were about 2\ inches long. Grave No. 14. This cremation circle was situated on the terrace about 100 feet above the Naches River and about 250 yards north of the two bridges near its mouth. Plate ix, Fig. 1 (photograph no. 44493, 5-6) shows this from tlie cast with telegraph poles beyond. The stone circle 158 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xafural History. [Vol. VI, measured 6 feet north and south inside (IG outside) by 7 feet east and west inside (14 outside). Our excavation liere was 6 by 5 by 4 feet deep. Fragments of charred himian bones, and some that seemed not to be charred, of six or seven individuals were found from about 1 foot deep down to 4 feet deep. Most of these were pieces of skulls,, but pieces of many other bones were found. The bones which were- most burned, were those found nearest the surface. Much charcoal was seen. A layer of ashes about 6 inches in thickness was found in the center. In the northwest part of the hole a skeleton was found lying on the left side flexed, the face east, and the head north. This, may have been buried after the others. The bones were very much decomposed and the skull was broken into small pieces. Numbers- 202-8172 to 202-8174 were found in this grave. 202-8172. A shell ornament found on the east side of the skull. 202-8173. Two dentalium shells found on the west side of the skull. Dentalium. shells were found in all parts of the excavation but were most numer- ous in the northeastern parts. 202-8174. A shell ornament. Grave No. 15. Cremation circle excavated on June 10, 11 and 12. Shown from, the east in photograph No. 44494, 5-7. It is 56 feet west of grave No. 14 and further up the terrace. The outside circle of stones measured 15 feet north and south by 15 feet east and west. The next circle of stones measured 9 feet north and south by 9 feet east and west. The space inside the stone circle nieasured 7 feet north and south by 7 feet east and west. The depth varied from 2 feet 6 inches in the east and south parts to 4 feet in the north and west parts below all of which was a pitching layer of basaltic rocks. The three rings of stones surrovmded a hollow. The inner row was about 12 inches lower than the outer ring. Several boulders were fovmd in the grave. Ashes and lava composed the grave soil. The whole cremation circle seemed to have been the burned remains of a com- mimal or family depository for the dead, probably a hut like an under- ground winter house walled around the edge of the roof with stones. Two skeletons were found on the bottom, apparently not burned, but much decayed. They were discarded. Numbers 202-8175 to 202- 8182 were found in this grave. 202-8175. Charcoal was abuntlant but most of it was found about 14 inches deep. 202-8176. Broken and charred human bones of about twelve imlivitluals were foimd throughout the grave in a space about 8 bj^ 5 feet beginning at the east inner ring of stones and extending beyond the second circle on the west. They were found from 8 inches deep to parts of the bottom. 202-8177. Dentalium shells were very abundant. 202-8178. Engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 118). 202-8179. Several kinds of shell ornaments were found in tlie iiurtliern and north- western parts of the grave. 202-8180. Several burned piec(>s of shell. 202-8181. One piece of metal, probably cop|)er. 202-8182. Several pieces of shell of different kinds. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 159 Grave No. 16. Shallow cremation circle, 13 feet north and south by 14 east and west (outside) ; 5 feet north and south by 7 feet east and west (in- side).- Charred human bones of a child about 10 years old were found . Grave No. 17. Cremation circle situated 58 feet west from grave No. 15 and 4ft feet west from grave No. 16. Its diameter was 13 feet east and west by 14 feet north and south outside of all stones. The diameter was 5 feet east and west by 6 feet north and south inside. At the middle of the stone ring the diameter was 9 feet. The middle of the excavation was 3 feet deep in volcanic ash. No evidence of burning was found among the bones except the presence of charcoal at a depth of four feet. Parts of at least four skeletons, one adult, and children were found, all much broken and separated. The bones were mostly in the southwestern end of the excavation. No skull bones were found except a lower jaw, while in grave No. 13 most of the pieces found were of skulls. Numbers 202-8183 to 202-8185 weie found here. 202-8183. Three shell ornaments found in the northeastern part of the grave. 202-8184. Two dentalium shells found in the western part of the excavation. These were the only two found in the whole grave. 202-8185. Piece of copper found in the northwestern part of the grave. Grave No. 18. Cremation circle situated 84 feet south of grave No. 14. This grave had possibly been rifled. The stone circle was 15 feet in diameter outside and 9 feet in diameter inside. The excavation was 2 feet, 6 inches to 3 feet 6 inches deep. Excavation 7 feet by 6 feet. Some fragments of human bones were found on the surface. There were more stones mixed in the earth than in the graves previously exca- vated here; viz: Nos. 13 to 17. Ashes were abundant especially at the bottom. Many pieces of much broken human bones were found but not as many as were seen in grave No. 15 and they were less Ijurned than in that grave. Numbers 202-8186 to 202-8187 were found in this grave. 202-8186. Two engraved dentalium shells. 202-8187. Two dentalium shells of which one was crushed and discarded. A broken flat shell ornament which we also discarded, was found here. Graves Nos. 19-20. These cremation circles were of the usual construction, showed nothing new and contained no specimens. Grave No. 21. Cremation rectangle last explored on the terrace near the mouth of the Naches River and situated 300 feet northwest from the two bridges. The rectangular enclosure was bounded by a single row of stones, but on the south several rows were placed outside to conform with the slope of the hill covering a semicircular area, while on the west was a second row of marking stones. It was 12 feet long north and south by 8 feet wide east and west and 3 feet, 6 inches deep. Part of a child's skull, two scapulae, two tibiae, and a piece of a femur, of another child; bones of a young adult; a small piece of skull and 160 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Nattirnl History. [Vol. VI^ part of a femur of an adult were found. All the bones were in a good state of preservation. Numbers 202-8188 to 202-8189 were found in this grave. 202-8188. Dentalium shells. 202-8189. A shell ornament was found in this excavation. A piece of beaver tooth and several pieces of decayed cedar were also found and discarded. 99-4321. See grave No. 25. Grave No. 22. Rock-slide grave located near the top of the slide and above the flume on the southern side of the Yakima Ridge on the northern side of the Yakima River about a mile eastward from the mouth of the Naches River. Traces of wrappings of stitched rush matting were seen in the grave. 99-4322. Adult skeleton, partly bleached, flexed on back, head north as shown in situ after removing covering rocks in photograph (no. 44516, 7-6 from the south by west), Plate viii, Fig. 2 (pp. 15 and 142). Grave No. 23. A grave 600 feet up on the plateau south of Oak Spring Canon, in a dome -shaped mound of volcanic ash left by the wind. It was not like a rock-slide grave Somewhat angular stones unlike rock-slide material among which were no pebbles, formed a rectangular pile, 15 feet long by 12 feet wide. The grave contained many stones, several modern beatls, evidently part of a rosary, two dentalium shells and a human lower jaw, but all were discarded. Grave No. 24. This grave was located in a dome of volcanic ash on the hill or plateau north of the Ahtanum River and northwest of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house near Tampico. It was marked by a rectangular group of rough and wind smoothed rocks (not rock-slide or river pebble) which extended down as in the crude cairns, 6 feet northeast and southwest by 4 feet wide northwest and southeast, the vault being 5 feet by 3 feet. Numbers 99-4323 and 202-8190 were fovmd in this grave. 99-4323. A skeleton of a child found in a very much decomposed condition. Some of the bones showed anchylosis. The skull was found in the south- west of the grave with part of the pelvis, two humerii and a scapula. The rest of the .skeleton was scattered, the lower jaw being in the northwest corner of the grave with the femora, tibitp and fibulre. The skull faced northeast and rested on the occiput. 202-8190. Bone point found at the side of the skull. 99-4324. See grave No. 27. Grave No. 25. Eglin stone grave located in a volcanic ash knoll left behind l>y wiml and surrounded by 'scab land' on the bottom land al)out 18 miles up and west of North Yakima or nearly to Tampico, Yakima County, and on llic nortli side of llie ii\('r road, l>nt east of the nortli and ."-ovith branch road which is eat:t of .Mr. Shernrm Kglin's place; about 600 feet north of the north brancli of the .\htaiuun river and about 15 feet above the water level. 0\ir the grave was a stone heap of 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 161 angular basalt about 8 feet in diameter. At a depth of 3 feet, after finding stones all the way down, was a cyst (Negative, nos. 44498, 5-11 and 44499. 5-12, reproduced in Plate x, from the same sta- tion looking east), made up of slabs averaging 2 inches in maxi- mum thickness with thin sharp edges about 2 feet by 18 inches and smaller. There were two such cover stones, some at the sides and ends. Sometimes two or three such slabs were found parallel or overlapping. There were no slabs or floor below the .skeleton. This grave resembled very much the stone graves of Ohio and Kentucky exc^it that the slabs were not of limestone and there was a pile of rocks over the stone cyst. Numbers 99-4321, and 202-8191 to 202- 8195 were found in this grave. 99-4321. In the cj^st about on a level with the lower edges of the enclosing slabs was the skeleton of a child about six years old with head west, face north, and the knees flexed on the left side. The skull was slightly deformed by occipital pressure (Plate x). 202-8191. Horizontally under the vertebrae was found an engraved slab of antler in the form of a costumed human figure with the engraved surface up (Fig. 121). 202-8192. Dentalium shells were found under the body, from the neck to the pelvis. 202-8193. Ten engraved dentahum shells (Fig. 117). 202-8194. A bit of bone. 202-8195. Charcoal found in this grave. The grave (No. 25) and its contents seem to antedate the advent of the white race in this region or at least show no European influence. 99-4322 to 99-4323 See graves nos. 22 to 24. Grave No. 26. Rock-marked grave in a dome left by the wind near the pasture gate on Mr. A. D. Eglin's place and about half a mile north of his house near Tampico. A heap of somewhat angular wind abraded rock some being smooth, (none being river pebbles or rock-slide material) marked the grave and extended below the surface about two feet. Then about 1 foot of earth intervened between them and thin rocks found around the bones of a very young child. The skull was in the northwest end of the grave and was disarticulated. The depth was 4 feet, the length of the excavation 4 feet, and the width 3 feet. The skeleton was found with the head northwest and the pehis southeast. A grave with outward appearance resembling tliis except that it had river pebbles among the stones of the pile is shown in Fig. 2, Plate IX, (Negative no. 44497, 5-10 taken from the north of east). Grave No. 27. Rock-marked grave in a dome of volcanic ash left by the wind located about half a mile north of Mr. A. D. Eglin's house hear Tampico. This grave was like a rude cairn being rudely walled and fountl filled with earth and stones as well as covered by rocks of which eight or nine weighing about 15 or 20 pounds, showed above the surface of the ground.. Its depth was 4 feet, length 5 feet, and its 162 Atithropologiad Papers American Museum of Xatural Ilistonj. [Vol. \'I, width, 3 feet 6 inches, extending west southwest and east northeast. A little charcoal was found in this grave also. 99-4324. Adult skeleton found flexed on left side, facing northeast. Grave No. 28. Rock-slide grave located in a small irregular rock-slide on the north side of Cowiche Creek about 3 miles west of its mouth and about 40 feet above the road. The rocks were piled up in a crescent-shaped ridge on the lower side of the grave. Four sticks about four feet long were found planted upright among the stones. The grave extended east and west. Parts of a human skeleton were found. It was in a flexed position, head west, skull and the l)ones of the upper part of the body broken and decomposed. The bones of the lower part of the body were well preserved. The skeleton had been wrapped in matting or bark, several pieces of matting being found in the grave as well as parts of a basket. Numbers 202-81'96a and 202-S196b were found in this grave. 202 -8196a. Chipped point of mottled quartz found near the skull (Plate ii, Fig. 3). 202-S196b. Chipped point of white quartz found near the skull (Plate ii, Fig. 4). 202-8197. Pestle or roller niade of stone from the surface about a mile east of Fort Simcoe. This is of cylindrical shape tapering to both ends but to one more than to the other. Both ends are fractured (Fig. 37). Grave No. 29. Rock-marked grave located on a plateau above Wenas Creek near its mouth and about seven miles north of North Yakima. The rocks marking the grave covered a space 6 feet by 4 feet and extended down to the skeleton which was very much broken but not decom- posed. No objects other than some charcoal were found in this grave. All the other graves in the vicinity of the mouth of Wenas Creek seem to have been rifled. 202-8198. Broken ulna of a deer found at the mouth of ^^'enas Creek about 7 miles north of North Yakima. Numbers 202-8199 to 202-8204 were found on the siirfare at the mouth of Wenas Creek. 202-8199. SiBall chipped point made of red jasper. 202-8200a-c. Three chipped points made of white chert. 202-8201. Broken and burned chipped point made of white chert. 202-8202. Broken triangular chipped point made of white chert. 202-8203. Chipped point made of reddish white chert (Plate ii. Fig. 13). 202-8204 a, b. Two chip])ed pieces of white chalcedony. Numbers 2()2-820r>a-(! to 202-8206f were fo'.md in the \alley of Wenas Creek, on the surface near where the trail from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses the creek, about 7 miles north of North Yakima. 202-8205a-e. Five pieces of agate of reddish or amlx-r color. 202-8205f. Agate of whitish color 202-8206a. A chip of stone. 202-8206b-e. Four pieces of stone. 202-82()6f. Chip of stone. Numbers 202-8207 to 202-8209 were fovmd on the surface at the mouth of Wenas Creek. 1910.] Siriith, The Yakima Valley. 163 202-8207. Pestle made of stone. 202-8208. Pestle made of stone. 202-8209. Broken pebble, battered on the side. 202-8210. Fragment of a pestle made of stone of nearly square cross section. Found on the surface three miles north of Clemen's ranch, on Wenas Creek where the trail from North Yakima to Ellensburg crosses. 202-8211. Pestle found about 28 miles north of North Yakima, on the trail to Ellensbuig. It was in a dry creek in "Kittitass" Canon. This canon is probably the Manastash not the "Kittitass," as we were told. Ellensburg. 202-8212. Base of a triangular chipped point made of jasper found on the surface near the town reservoir on the ridge east of Ellensburg. Numbers 202-8213 to 202-8222 were found on the surface of the bottom land west of Cherry Creek, near Ellensburg. The place was a village site and is on the farm of Mr. Bull near where an east and west road crosses the creek, and opposite where the creek touches on the east, the west base of the upland. At this point the creek comes up to the upland from the lowland to the north (p. 12). 202-8213. Chipped boulder. 202-8214. Notched boulder, or net sinker. 202-8215. Battered pebble. 202-8216. Four burned stones. 202-8217. Gritstone, probably a whetstone. 202-8218. Pebble. 202-8219. TTnio shells. 202-8220. Six chips. 202-8221. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 52). 202-8222. Chipped point of heart shape made of clove brown jasper. (Plate ii, Fig. 12). Grave No. 30. Stone circle located on the crest of a western extension of the Saddle Mountains on Mr. Bull's farm, east of Cherry Creek and about seven miles south of Ellensburg. The place is east of the village site above- mentioned which is on the bottom land along the west side of the creek at this point. A circular ring of stones, 10 feet in diameter marked the grave. Smaller stones and earth in the middle extended 3 feet 6 inches down to the skeleton. No objects were found except a plentiful supply of charcoal. 99-4325. The bones of an adult human skeleton which appeared as if it had been flexed were found very much out of anatomical order. It lay north- east and southwest in the southeast part of the grave. There was a large hole in the right frontal of the skull which lay facing the north- west. The lower jaw was found on top of the skull with its angle east. Fragments of the tibice were blackened by fire. Grave No. 31 . Rock-slide grave located in the rock-slide on the west side of the bluff, a western extension of the S;uldle .Mountains, east of Cherry Creek 164 Anthropnlngical Papers An^eriran Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, and about half a mile southwest of Mr. Bull's house. One small piece of decayed wood was found projecting above the rock-slide, and it was the only indication of the grave, there being no cavity over it. Among the rocks, four more posts were found, one at each corner of the grave. These had evidently rotted off even with the surface, having formerly, no doubt, extended above it. The depth of the grave was from 2 to 3 feet, according to the slope of the hill. Numbers 99-4326 and 202-8223 to 202-8228 were found in this grave. 99-4326. Skeleton of a child with anchylosed neck vertebrae. Some of the bones were bleached. The bones were very much displaced, the skull being fountl in the middle of the grave and some of the vertebrae being found near the surface, but most of the bones were around the skull. The body dressed and wrapped in matting had been placed between four large boulders. 202-8223. Fragments of leather or skin clothing. 202-8224. Dentalium shells. 202-8225. Glass beads. 202-8226. Three bracelets made of iron (Fig. 96). 202-8227. A bone disk with central perforation (Fig. 80). 202-8228. A bit of a fresh water shell. Grave No. 32. Rock-slide grave located about 30 feet south s-outhwest of grave No. 31 and in the same rock-slide. It had the same characteristics but had evidently been disturbed, the skull being missing. No artifacts were found in the grave. 99-4327. Adult skeleton without skull and some bones of a little child. The bones of an adult were found in a heap except the vertebrae which lay extended full length; cervical vertebrae to the north. The bones of one ankle, a tibia, and fibula were diseased. The cer\dcal vertebrae are anchylosed: and one of the ribs is abnormal. The bones of the knees are partly bleached. The bones of the child being found between the ribs and the pelvis suggest that it was foetal. Grave No. 33. Rock-slide grave located 40 feet south southwest from grave No. 31 in the same rock-slide with it. There was nothing on the surface to indicate this grave, but below the surface of the slide on the upper side of the grave, were three rows of sticks, about 3 feet long, standing vertically and close to each other. These seemed to be so placed that they would prevent the slide from further movement towards the grave. The grave cavity was 5 feet south southeast by 4 feet east northeast and 4 feet deep on one side, 3 feet on the other, or averaging about 3J feet deep, and extending into the soil below the slide. Numbers 99-4328 and 202-8229 to 202-8230 were found in this grave. 99—4328. In the bottom of the grave the skeleton of a youth was found. It was in good condition, lying on its back, facing west, but luiving rolled westward. The legs were flexed so that the femora lay at right angles or to the southeast of the pelvis, and the tibiae and fibulae lay parallel to them. The arms lay extended at the sides of the body with the hands on tlie pelvis. Three of tli(> arm bones and one 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 165 pelvis bone are stained by copper. The tibia of a child was found with these. 202-8229. Mat of twined rushes found under the pelvis. The rushes were stitched together in pairs with cord and each pair was twisted once between each stitch (Fig. 71). 202-8230. Open twine matting of rushes held together with cords woven around them, skin with hair on it, and in this were copper beads strung with beads made of dentalium shells on a leather thong (Fig. 72). Grave No. 34. Rock-slide grave found 5 feet south southwest of grave No. 32. There were no surface indications of the grave. Posts of decayed wood were found extending from the surface down to about 6 inches from the bottom. The tops appeared to have been cut off and proba- bly never extended above the surface. Numbers 99-4329 and 202- 8231 to 202-8246 were found in this grave. 99-4329. The skeleton of a young child with a persistent frontal suture was found at a depth of from 3 to 4 feet with the head east, trunk on back, femora at right angles to tibiae, and fibulae parallel to them, flexed to left or south. 202-8231. Skin with the hair on found on body. 202-8232. Matting. 202-8233. Several rows of beads, some of copper, others of glass and still others of sections of dentalium shells were found at the neck, arms and legs. These are strung on pieces of thong, some of which are wound at the ends. Some of them are on coarse twisted, and others on fine twisted plant fibre (Fig. 74). 202-8234a, b. Two pendants made of haliotis shell were found, one near the head and one at the pelvis (Fig. 91). 202-8235a, b. Two copper pendants were found at the legs, b has a thong in the perforation. 202-8236a-d. Four bracelets made of copper found on the arms (Fig. 95). 202-8237. Teeth of a rodent found in the grave. 202-8238. A square pendant made of copper with a thong and bead made of copper (Fig. 78). 202-8239. A pendant made of copper (Fig. 83). 202-8240. A bit of wood bounding a knot hole. 202-8241. Two dentalium shells. 202-8242. A piece of iron. 202-8243. Woodpecker feathers, some bound at the tips with fabric, one with feather, and fur or moss. 202-8244. A copper ornament found among the rocks over this grave about 1 foot deep. 202-8245. A pendant made of brass with thong and bead made of copper found among the rocks over this grave about 1 foot deep (Fig. 84). 202-8246. A pendant made of copper with thong found about 1 foot deep among the rocks over this grave (Fig. 82). * Grave No. 35. Rock-slide grave located in the same slide with Nos. 31, 32, 33 and 34, 8 feet to the south southwest of No. 34. The grave was 3 feet in diameter by 4 feet deep. Four posts of poplar were found at the 166 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural Ilistori/. [Vol. VI, coniLTs of this f;;ravc but these did not show above the surface being decayed down to within 6 or 8 inches of the ground under the rock- shde. Sticks had also been used to mark this grave on the surface. Numbers 99-4330 and 202-8247 to 202-8249 were found in this grave. 99-4330. The skeleton of a youth was found resting on its back with the head ta the east, arms at the sides, legs flexed at right angles, i. e., to the north. Two buttons, one of bone and one of pearl, or shell, and a bridle bit Avore found in the grave, but were discarded. 202-8247. A bit of shell. 202-8248. Thirteen cones made of iron (Fig. 86). 202-8249. Two pendants made of iron (Fig. 85). Grave No. 36. A rock-enclosure burial located on the hill south of Mr. Bull's house near the gap south of EUensburg and about 300 feet north of grave No. 30. This burial was the southwestern of a group of eight, all very close together anil of which the southern circular enclosure of five had been rifled although the three oblong enclosures were intact. There were traces of human bones in all of the eight enclosures. The enclosure to the north contained a skeleton that had been burned. No. 36 differed from No. 30 in that the stones did not extend below the surface. 99-4331. At a depth of 3 feet, in the grave pit 5 feet by 3 feet was the skeleton of an adult lying with the head north, face east, on the left side, arms extemled to pelvis, legs flexed to left, i. e., to east. No specimens were found in this enclosure. Grave No. 37. A rock-slide grave was located about 10 feet west of grave No. 35 and was similar to it in general character. Numbers 99-4332 and 202-82,50 to 202-8258 were found in this grave. 99-4332. The very much decomposed skeleton of a child was foiuid here. The. broken skull was preserved. 202-82.50a, b. Two fragments of antler, perhaps part of an implement found about 1 inch above the pelvis. 202-8251. A triangular copper object with two perforations found insitle the skull. 202-8252. A pendant or nose ornament made of haliotis shell and stained pink in places found on the lower jaw (Fig. 92). 202-8253. Dentaliuin shells. 202-8254. A long shell pendant with two perforations. 202-8255. A pendant made of haliotis shell bearing a pink stain with a perforatioi> and part of a second perforation (Fig. 90). 202-8256. A long shell pendant with one perforation. 202-8257a, b. Two triangular objects made of shell. 202-8258. Piieces of shell found near the lower jaw. Priest Rapids. 202-8259. One pebble showing use at the end as a peslle. Found on the surface of the divide 25 miles east of Ellensljurg, and about 15 miles west of Mr. Craig's house near ihc licad of Priest Rapids. 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley, 167 ■202-8260a, b. Pieces of a pestle made of part of a column of basalt, with the corners rounded by pecking. Found on the surface at the head of Priest Rapids on the west side of the river. 202-8261. A pestle made by rounding the edges of a piece of a basaltic column. Found on the surface of the west bank of the Columbia River 8 miles above Mr. Craig's house, which is at the head of Priest Rapids. Numbers 202-8262 to 202-8266 were found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. •202-8262. A pestle or part of a pestle. ■202-8263. A river pebble partly pecked into the form of a pestle (Fig. 22). 202-8264. The end of a pestle having a large striking head. 202-8265. Part of a stone pestle. 202-8266. Pestle formed by rounding the corners of a small basaltic column. 202-8267. Numbers 202-8267 to 202-8290 are pestles made of stone found on the to surface near the head of Priest Rapids (Fig. 21, 202-8281). 202-8290. Numbers 202-8291 to 202-8295 were found on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. 202-8291. Part of a pestle made of stone. 202-8292a. A pebble battered on each end (Fig. 41). 202-8292b. Pebble, one side of which has been used as a mortar. 202-8293. Part of a mortar made of stone. 202-8294. Part of a mortar. 202-8295. Disk-shaped boulder, one side of which is notched opposite a natural notch. Possibly this has been a net sinker similar to the following. Numbers 202-8296 to 202-8334 were found on the surface of the bank of the Columbia River near the head of Priest Rapids. 202-8296. River pebble. Such pebbles were made into sinkers for fish nets. See 202-8310 and adjacent catalogue niunbers (Fig. 13a). 202-8297. Scraper or knife made of a river pebble one side of which is chipped (Fig. 55). 202-8298. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped. 202-8299. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on two edges. 202-8300. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on one edge. 202-8301. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on two edges. 202-8302. River pebble of disk shape, partly chipped on four edges (Fig. 53). 202-8303. River pebble, partly chipped. 202-8304. River pebble of disk shape, chipped around the edge from one side only. 202-8305. Disk-shaped river pebble, chipped aroumi the edge from both sides. 202-8306. Disk-shaped river pebble, chipped in two places, opposite each other from both sides, and at a place equi-di slant from these two from only one side. 202-8307. Scraper or knife chipped from a pebble (Fig. 54). 202-8308. Chipped pebble. 202-8309 to 202-8322. Numbers 202-8309 to 202-8322 are oblong flat river pebbles with a notch chipped in the edge at each end from both sides. They an; probably sinkers for fish nets. (202-8313, see Fig. 13c; 202-8318, see Fig. 13^). 168 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Xatural History. [Vol. VI, 202-8323 Xumlicrs 202-8323 to 202-8325 are oval flat river pebbles with pieces 909 8*^9 " elii]ipeil from the edges in several places. 202-8326. Flat oval river pebble with pieces chipped from both sides of the edge at five places, probably a sinker for a fish net. 202-8327. Flat disk-shaped pebl)le with four notches about eqvii-distant around the edge, and chipped from each side, probably a sinker for a fish net. 202-8328. Oval river pebble with four notches chipped in the edge nearly equi- distant from each other, probably a sinker for a fish net. 202-8329. Oval flat river pebble with four notches ciiipped in the edge from both sides, and about equi-distant from each other, probably a sinker for a fish net. 202-8330. Oval flat river pebble with four notches chipped in the edge from both sides, and about equi-distant from each other, probably a sinker for a fish net (Fig. \3d). 202-8331. Half of a stone ring, probably a sinker for a fish net. 202-8332. Boulder in which groove is partly pecked, probably a net sinker or anchor. 202-8333. Large chip})ed implement made of basalt (Plate i. Fig. 1). 202-833-i. Large chipped form made of white chert (Plate I, Fig. 3). Numbers 202-8335 to 202-8383 were foimd on the surface near the head of Priest Rapids. 202-8335. Chipped form. 202-8336. Chipped form of white chalcedony (Fig. 3). 202-8337. Chipped form. 202-833S. Chipped form made of red jasper (Plate i, Fig. 2). 202-8339 to Numbers 202-8339 to 202-8344 are chipped forms. 202-S344. 202-8345. Basal half of a chipped point. 202-8346. Half of a chipped form. 202-8347. Point of a chipped form. 202-8348. Part of a chipped form. 202-8349 to Numbers 202-8349 to 202-8354 are points of chipped forms. 202-8354. 202-8355. Triangular chipped point. 202-8356. Triangular chipped point. 202-8357. Chipped form. 202-83.58. Cliii)ped point. 202-8359. Chipped point made of brown horn stone (Plate II, Fig. 11). 202-8360. Triangular chipped point made of pale yellow chalcedony. The chalce- dony is flint-like in texture (Plate ii. Fig. 14). 202-8361. Chip]K'd point made of yellow agate (Plate ii, Fig. 10). 202-8362. Chipped point. 202-8363. Chipped point made of pale fulvous chalcedony (Plate ii, Fig. 8). 202-8.364. Chipped arrow, knife or spear point made of clialcedony (Fig. 2). 202-8365. Chipped arrow, spear or knife point. 202-8366. Chipped arrow point made of pale fulvous chalcedony (Plate il, Fig. 7). 1910.] Smilh, The Yakima Valley. 169 202-8367. Chipped arrow point. 202-8368. Chipped ari-ow point made of opaline whitish chalcedony (Plate II, Fig. 9). 202-8369. Chipped arrow point made of chalcedony (Fig. 1). 202-8370. Point for a drill chipped from chert (Fig. 48). 202-8371. Scraper chipped from petrified wood (Fig. 49). 202-8372. Scraper chipped from agate (Fig. 50). 202-8373. Scraper chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 51). 202-8374. Chipped piece of chalcedony. 202-8375. Chipped piece of petrified wood. 202-8376. Flake of stone. 202-8377. Flake of stone. 202-8378a. Piece of antler showhig knife marks. 202-8378b. Part of a wedge made of antler 202-8379. A piece of antler that has been whittled. 202-8380a, b, c. Three pieces of antler. 202-8381. Bleached barb for a fish spear made of bone (Fig. 12). 202-8382. Six clam shells from the Columbia River. 202-8383. Seventeen clam shells from the old shell bed shown in Plate v, Fig. 1. 202-8384. Four shell disks found among the refuse of a rock-slide grave near the head of Priest Rapids (Fig. 76). 202-8385. One dentalium shell found among the refuse of a rock-slide grave near the head of Priest Rapids. 202-8386. Pendant made of haliotis shell, triangular in form, perforated at the most acute corner. This shell came from the Pacific Coast. Found in the grave of a child in a rock-slide near the head of Priest Rapids west of the Columbia River near the home of Mr. Craig (Fig. 89). Numbers 202-8387 to 202-8390 were also found here. 202-8387a, b, c, d. Vertebrae of a fish. 202-8388. Pendant made of a shell probably a young Pectunculus gigantea. The hinge side has been smoothed off (Fig. 88). 202-8389. Three dentalium shells. 202-8390. Twenty-eight shell disks or beads. Grave No. 38. A rock-slide grave located on the east side of the escarpment that runs south to the Columbia River about two miles southwest of Mr. Craig's house near the head of Priest Rapids. Stones were heaped up over this grave and sticks about 6 feet long were standing up and extended from the earth above the skeleton to 3 feet above the sur- face. Numbers 99-4333 and 202-8391 to 202-8392 were found in the grave. 99-4333. An adult skeleton was found at a depth of 3 feet from the top of the rock heap. The head was east. The skeleton was flexed and it was lying on the left side. 202-8391. Stitched rush matting, probably recent, found in contact with the skin on this skeleton (Fig. 70). Part was of the stitch shown in Fig. 71. 202-8392. A roll of birch bark. Grave No. 39. Grave of a child near grave No. 38. This child's grave was of the same kind as grave No. 38. 202-8393. Pendant or bead made of sea shell (Fig. 87) 170 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI, Grave No. 40. A rock-slide grave found 8 miles above Mr. Craig's house in a small slide at the foot of the bluff. Upright cedar slabs about 8 feet long were found along about 6 feet of the lower part of the grave. The skeleton of an arkilt lay flexed along the slabs with the head to the north. 99-4334. The skull. Several similar graves, most of which have been rifled, were seen at this place. Grave No. 41. Grave found about 5 miles south of Mr. Craig's house on the western bank of the Columbia. It was in the sand, covered with flat river boulders. No artifacts were found in the grave. 99-4335. Adult skeleton, bleached. Much of the skeleton was found exposed and parts were missing. The head was north. Grave No. 42. Boulder-covered grave in sand was located at the edge of the river 12 miles up the Columbia from Mr. Craig's house. Numbers 99-4336 and 202-8394 to 202-8395 were found in this grave. 99-4336. An adult skeleton was found in this grave with the head north, face down, and flexed. 202-8394 Fragment of a large mortar made of stone (Fig. 18). 202-8395a, b, c. Three pestles found among the covering boulders of this grave. Numbers 202-8396 to 202-8398 were presented by Mrs. J. B. Davidson of EUensburg. The specimens were collected at the head of Priest Rapids. 202-8396. Pipe made of limestone decorated with the circle and dot design similar to that used in the Thompson River region (Fig. 106 also negative 44505, 6-6). 202-8397. Double notched point chipped from black glassy basalt or trap (Plate ii, Fig. 6). 202-8398. Point for a drill or perforator chipped from chalcedony (Fig. 47). 202-8399. River pebble partly pecked into the form of a pestle. Found on the surface 8 miles above the head of Priest Rapids (Fig. 23) . Various Localities. Numbers 20.0-1463 to 20.0-1471 were collected and presented by Mr D. W. Owen of Konnewick. 20.0-1463. Bone object broken and partly missing from Blalock Island fifteen miles below Umatilla in the C olumbia River. 20.0-1464. Wedge made of antler from the surface near the Columbia River near the mouth of the Snake River (Fig. 39). •20.0-1465. Bleached awl made of bone from an island in the Columbia River, forty miles above the mouth of the Snake River (Fig. 57). 20.0-1466. Bleached awl made of bone from the surface of an island in tlic (\)lumbia River near the mouth of the Snake River (Fig. 56). 20.0-1467. Awl made of brownish bone nearly circular in section with five incised lines on two sides, four on one, and none on the other which is plain 1910.] Smith, The Yakima Valley. 171 because worn smooth probably by age or use. From a grave on Blalock Island, a long island in the Columbia River fifteen miles below Umatilla. 20.0-1468. Awl made of brownish bone. The shaft has nearly parallel sides and rounded corners but the base is nearly circular in section. Striations such as are made by a gritstone show on the surface. Found with another in a grave on an island in the Snake River five miles above its mouth (Fig. 10). 20.0-1469. Sculptured arm with hand made of black slate having four nearly parallel sides and rounded corners. From Umatilla, Oregon. 20.0-1470. Pipe made of sandstone bearing design. From the Snake River Indians (Figs. 107 and 115). 20.0-1471. Sculptured handle broken from a club made of serpentine. The broken surface is smooth. There are notches J inch long on the edge. From Blalock Island opposite Umatilla in the Columbia Valley (Fig. 167h, Smith, (b).). 20.0-3343. Fluted stone, possibly an unfinished pestle. From near Lewiston, Idaho. Presented by Mr. Henry Fair, Spokane, Idaho. Numbers 20.0-3344 to 20.0-3346 are from an old village site near Fort Simcoe. Collected by Dr. H. J. Spinden. 20.0-3344. Mortar. 20.0-3345. Pestle. 20.0-3346. Pestle. T-21184 (H-180). Fragment of a leaf-shaped point made of chert. From Wallula near the Columbia River, Oregon. Collected by Judge James Ken- nedy in 1882 (Fig. 6). T-22107 (H-177). Fragments of a figure made of antler. From Umatilla, Oregon. Collected by Mrs. James Terry (Fig. 123). Anthrop, Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VJ, Plate I. I Chipped Points. (Page 24) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate II. m riiii'PKD Point,-;. U'age 25) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate III. 1 '^■t'^j-' ^'^- .--"i»^,t r. -c- ■<-c*/jiV-?*!' '- ^^■ ^^^S^5 f?^ K?^j«^s*sr VP'-H-' -r- i*^** . -.^ M .''SP^'flT!' ^^^^#*f' V..;^ Quarry near Naches River. (Page 16) House Site near Naches River. (Page 51) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate IV, r" ■^^•/^:*>:^,jk '^'' k-. :-jL- _.- House Sites near Naches River. (Page 52) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate V. ■ '"Nta.... '--^Ssri.y^^. Camp Sites near Sentinal Bluffs. (Page 56) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Pl.\te VI. FcRr NE.\R Rock Creek. Rock-Sliue Grave on Yakima Kiuge. (Page 14) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate VII. .....^if^z /^. ^^->-*^^;.:g;^^-^^' \- >^ i>^-' ..^.:i^ )*.•,• T*^ Terraced Rcck-Slide on Yakima Ridck. (Page 141) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate \IU. ;*3'S?*^'-< „ rac -<5p ^#^v ^-Ma -.^^^m;^ 5%.> RuCK-8l1I)E (iltAVES ON \'aKIMA UlDGE. (Page 140) Anthrop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate IX. Cremation Circle near Mouth of Naches River. (Page 142) (Irave in Dome of Volcanic Ash near Tampico. (Page 139) Antheop. Pap. A. M. N. H. Vol. VI, Plate X. Opened Grave in Dome of Volcanic Ash neak Tampico. (Page 139) u < ►J O > b fe J :t figures, and 9 maps. 1917. Price, $1.50. III. An Outline for a Chronology of Zuiii Ruins. By Leslie Spier. Pp. 207- 331, and 18 text figures. 1917. Price, $1.00. IV. (In preparation.) Volume XIX. I. The Whale House of the Chilkat. By George T. Emmons. Pp. 1-33. Plates I-IV, and 6 text figures. 1916. Price, $1.00. II. (In preparation.) The Coamos Press, Cambridge, Massachuaelts.