' i V 1 ly tLst* b » CHAS HILL & SON, Sole Agents, AFTON, - N. Y Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/notesofmilitaryr00unit_0 30 th Congress, 1st Session. [SENATE.] Executive, No. 7. NOTES 0E A MILITARY RECONNOISSANCE, FROM FORT LEAVE WORTH, IN MISSOURI, T O SAN DIEGO, IN CALIFORNIA, INCLUDING PART OF THE ARKANSAS, DEL NORTE, AND GILA RIVERS. BY LIEUT. COL. W. H. EMORY. MADE IN 1846-7, WITH THE ADVANCED GUARD OF THE “ARMY OF THE WEST.” December 16, 1847. Read, and ordered to be printed ; and that 1,000 copies, in addition to the usual number ; be printed for the use of the Senate. WASHINGTON: WENDELL AND VAN BENTHUYSEN, PRINTERS. 1848. War Department, Washington , December 15, 1847. Sir: In compliance with a resolution of the Senate of the 9th instant, requiring the Secretary of War to communicate to the Senate u a copy of notes of a military reconnoissance of the route from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California* by Lieutenant William H. Emory, of the topographical engineers* with a map of the said route and of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila rivers; as also the report of Colonel P. St. George Cook’s route to California, after diverging from the track of General Kearny,” I have the honor to submit herewith a report from the Colonel of the corps of topograhical engineers, with the copies re- quired by the resolution. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, W. L. MARCY, Secretary of War . Hon. Geo. M. Dallas, President of the Senate . Bureau of Topographical Engineers, Washington , December 15, 1847. Sir: In obedience to your orders, I have the honor to submit the report of First Lieutenant Emory, corps topographical engineers*, of his reconnoissance of the route from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, being a reply to a resolution of the Senate of the 9th instant; also the report and map of the route of Lieutenant Colonel Cook, being a deviation from the route followed by General Kearny, from the valley of the u Del Norte” to a point on the u Gila,” called for by the same resolution. I beg leave to remark that Lieutenant Emory’s map, sent with his report, and founded, as the report will show, upon numerous careful and well digested astronomical observations, is the origi- nal. We have not had time. to make a copy. I hope, therefore, that the original will be returned to the archieves of this office, to which it belongs. A copy will be made in time for the engraver. This course will also afford opportunity to revise the map. There is one leading position, in reference to which the computers of observations disagree more than a minute in longitude. There is also danger, if the original goes into the hands of the artist, that it will be defaced and seriously injured. The numerous sketches and drawings referred to in Emory’s re- port are retained in the office, subject to the directions of the Senate. These are also originals, copies of which have not yet been made. If the work should be printed, it may probably be advisable to 4 IT] "have the map and sketches executed under the direction of this bureau, as in former instances. Respectfully sir, your obedient servant, J. J. ABERT, Colonel Corps Topographical Engineers, Hon. W. L. Maucy, Secretary of War. % NOTES O F A MILITARY RECONNOISS ANCE, PEOM FORT LEAVENWORTH, IN MISSOURI, TO SAN DIEGO IN CALIFORNIA, INCLUDING PART OF THE ARKANSAS, DEL NORTE, AND .GILA RIVERS. % ;-V , INSTRUCTIONS, AN T) EXPLANATORY REMARKS. Washington, September 1 , 1847. To Col. J. J. Abert, * Chief of the Corps of Topographical Engineers : Sir: The following order was received by me June 5th, 1846: Bureau of Topographical Engineers, Washington , June 5, 1846. Sir: You will repair, without delay, to Fort Leavenworth, and report yourself and party to Colonel Kearny, 1st dragoons, as field and topographical engineers of his command. In addition to your- self, the party will consist of — First Lieutenant Warner, now at Washington; Second Lieutenant Abert, do. Second Lieutenant Peck. Lieutenant Peck is at West Point, but he has been ordered to repair to St. Louis, and report to you at that place. Should Colo- nel Kearny be at St. Louis, which you will ascertain on passing through that place, you will report to him at St. Louis. Although ordered to report as field and topographical engineers, under the regulations, you will not consider these in the light of exclusive duties, but will perform any military duty which shall be assigned to you by Colonel Kearny in accordance with your rank. Should Colonel Kearny have moved on the prairies with his com- mand, you will make every effort to overtake him. Respectfully, sir, your obedient servant, J. J. ABERT, Colonel Topographical .Engineers . To Lieut. W. H. Emory, Top. Eng. Anticipating that the route of Colonel Kearny’s command would be through unexplored regions, your suggestions required, that in all cases where it did not interfere with other and more immediate military demands of the service, the attention of myself, and the officers assigned to duty with me, should be employed in collecting data which would give the government some idea of the regions traversed. The column commanded by Colonel Kearny, to which we were attached, styled u The Army of the West,” to march from Fort Leavenworth, was destined to strike a blow at the northern pro- vinces of Mexico, more especially New Mexico and California. It was supposed we would barely reach Fort Leavenworth in time to join the army, and but twenty- four hours were allowed us 8 m in Washington to collect the instruments and other conveniences for such an expedition. This was quite sufficient for all the objects appertaining directly to our military w^jits, but insufficient for the organization and outfit of a party intended for exploration. In submitting the following notes, they should be received as observa- tions made at intervals snatched from other duties, and with an ex- pedition whose movements were directed by other considerations than those which would influence the views and conveniences of an explorer. ; We left Washington on the 6th of June,- unable to procure a pocket chronometer, or telescope of power sufficient to observe eclipses; but through your intercession, and by the kindness of the Chief of Hydrography, U. S. N., we were provided with two excellent box chronometers, No. 783 and No. 2,(E5, by Parkinson and Frodsham, and we received from the bureau two of Gambey’s 8J-inch sextants. Crossing the Alleghanies the stage capsized with us, and placed the chronometers in great danger, but the prudence of Mr. Bestor, who carried them in a basket on his arm, saved them from destruc- tion. Their rates were changed very materially by the accident, but subsequent observations showed no other injury had been incurred. Elaborate observations for time and rate were made at St. Louis; from which place, being tolerably well established in geographical position, it was intended to carry the longitude by chronometer, but, on reaching Fort Leavenworth, the chronometers were again found to have changed their rates materially, owing to the peculiarly un- steady and jarring motion of the steamer upon which we ascended. The meridian of Fort Leavenworth, as determined by Mr. Ni- collet, is therefore taken as that to which all the determinations of longitude as far as Bent’s fort, by the chronometer, are referred, and any change which subsequent observations may make in the longitude of Fort Leavenworth, will be common to them. The travelling rates of chronometer 783 were, as the observations will show, very uniform, and longitudes deduced from it, compared with direct measurements of lunar distances made at various points, give satisfactory comparisons as far as camp 70, October 9th, on the Rio del Norte. At this point we left the wagons, thence crossing the mountains to the Gila river, some irregularity in the rates is dis- coverable, until w T e reach camp 83, October 26th, on the Gila river. From that point (camp 83) to San Diego, on the Pacific, the rates were very uniform. Assuming Captain Belcher’s determination of that point, lh. 48 m. 44s., "west from Greenwich, and carrying my longi- tudes back, they compare well with the longitudes derived from the direct measurements of lunar distances made at different points on the route. The longitude between the camps of October 9th and October 26th, are derived from direct measurements, and from lunar distances. Of the latitudes. The latitudes were determined by measuring with one of the Gambey sextants the double altitudes of stars near the meridian, and at all important points by observations on north and south stars as nearly as they could be obtained of equal altitudes. At these last points, where the observations are multiplied, their places may be depended upon to the nearest five seconds. Of local time. The local time was, in all cases, determined by altitudes of the heavenly bodies on different sides of the meridian. The astronomical observations, in number, were computed, in the first place, by myself and Mr. Bestor, and subsequently by Professor J. C. Hubbard. The results, as given in the appendix, are the final computations of Professor Hubbard, whose well-earned reputation as a computer entitles his work to entire confidence. These observations establish the geographical position of 52 points, extending from Fort Leavenworth to the Pacific, most of which lie in regions before undetermined. Heights above the sea. At Fort Leavenworth, through the liberality of the medical de- partment, I was furnished with a syphon barometer, by Bunten, No. 515, the comparison of which, with the standard at Paris, is given in the- subjoined note. Observatoire. — Comparaison du barometre a Syphon, No. 515 de Bunten, avec le barometre de l’observatoire. Paris, le 1843 Le barometre No. 515, donne des hauteurs plus grandes que celles qui sont indiquees par le barometre de l’observatoire, la dif- ference est de 0.45 centiemes de millimetre. Barometre, observatoire ; 758.74 Difference -{-0.45 Barometre de. L’observatoire. No. 515. 12.9 758.20 +0.40 758.60 12.5 12.0 761.50 +0.50 762.00 11.8 11.3 762.14 +0.56 762.70 . 11.0 10.8 758.06 +0 . 44 758.50 10.0 8.7 753.80 +0.35 756.15 8.8 • 2.25 +0.45 * Paris, le 3 Fevrier , 1843. GORYOZ. The d iscussion of the data upon which the heights indicated by the barometer have been founded, would, if pursued, occupy some space; for the present, it will be sufficient to say that the basis of 10 [ 7 ] comparison, as far as Santa Fe, is a series of observations made at Fort Leavenworth, with the same instrument, running through twt) years; and the height of the hospital at Fort Leavenworth above the sea assumed at 912 feet. From Santa Fe, down the Del Norte, and thence west as far as camp 83, of October 26th, the basis of comparison is the series of observations, running through two months, at Santa Fe. From the camp of October 26th, on the Gila, the basis of com- parison is the mean of the observations made at San Diego, on the Pacific, near the level of the sea. The barometer was left on the Pacific, under the charge of Lieutenant Warner, topographical en- gineers; and the further observations made with it on that coast will afford, at some future time, data upon which to reconsider the results now given, particularly those in the last section. In the absence of corresponding observations, the object has bee», to get a column of reference, progressing west, with the places observed at. The formula used is that of Altman’s. The heights deduced are marked on the map; but they should be considered, at best, but as near approximations to the tiuth. The time of day at which the observations were made is not that which experience has shown to be best ; but, the halts being be- yond my control, I was compelled to yield to circumstances. As far as Santa Fe, I received the assistance of Lieutenants J. W. Abert and G. W. Peck, of the corps of topographical engi- neers; both of whom had but too recently returned from an ex- ploring expedition in less favored climates, and fell ill — the first at Bent’s fort, and the last at Santa Fe. From Santa Fe to the Pacific, I was aided by First Lieutenant W. H. Warner, of the topographical engineers, and Mr. Norman Bestor; all of whom deserve notice for the zeal and industry with which they performed their duty. Whilst with me, Lieutenant Peck made the topographical sketches; after he left, they were made by Lieutenant Warner. I would here gladly avail myself of the opportunity of thanking Colonel Robert Campbell and Dr. fingelmann,* of St. Louis, for the disinterested and efficient aid they rendered us in St. Louis in our hurried preparations for a long and tedious journey. The advice given us by Colonel Campbell, a gentleman of great experience in prairie life, was felt beneficially to the last of the journey. The country between Fort Leavenworth and Santa Fe, traversed by the army of the west, may be divided into three great divisions, distinct in character, climate, and products, viz: from Fort Leav- enworth to Pawnee fork, from Pawnee fork to Bent’s Fort, and from Bent’s Fort to Santa Fe. The two first divisions have been so often traversed, that I have omitted my diary embracing them, contenting myself with, a few general remarks; but the scientific, and especially astronomical ob- servations referring to them, are as full as in regard to the other regions. * An interesting acconrU of the cacti observed on the route, furnished by Dr. Englemann^ will be found in Appendix No. 2, continued. For the information of detachments moving on that route, a table of distances has been prepared; which, with the map, (though on rather too small a scale for military purposes,) may enable move- ments to be made without other guides. Between Fort Leavenworth and Pawnee fork, the country is a high, rolling prairie, traversed by many streams, the largest of which is the Kansas, or u Kaw;” and all but this river may be forded, except during freshets. The beds of the streams are generally deeply indented in the soil, and their banks almost vertical, developing, where the streams make their incisions in the earth, strata of fossiliferous limestone, of various shades of brown, filled with the remains of crinoidea. On a branch of the Wah-Karrussi, where the Oregon trail strikes it, a seam of bituminous coal crops out. This is worked by the Indians, one of whom we met driving an ox-cart loaded with coal, to Westport. For the most part, the soil is a sandy loam, covered with rich vegetable deposite ; the whole based upon a stratum of clay and limestone. Trees are to be seen only along the margins of the streams, and the general appearance of the country is that of vast, rolling fields, enclosed with colossal hedges. The growth along these streams, as they approach the eastern part of the section under consideration, consists of ash, burr oak, black walnut, chesnut oak, black oak, long-leaved willow, sycamore, buck-eye, American elm, pig-nut hickory, hack-berry, and sumach; towards the west, as you approach the 99th meridian of longitude, the growth along the streams becomes almost exclusively cotton-wood. Council Grove creek forms an exception to this, as most of the trees enumerated above flourish in its vicinity, and render it, for that reason, a well- known halting-place for caravans, for the repairs of wagons, and the acquisition of spare axles. On the uplands the grass is luxuriant, and occasionally is found the wild tea, (amorpha canescens,) and pilot weed, {silphium lacin- atum;) the low grounds abound in prickly rush, narrow leafed as- clepias, white flowering indigo, flowering rush, spotted tulip, bed- straw, wild burgamot, spider wort, pink spider w T ort, pomme blanche, (psoralea esculenta,) scarlet malva, pilot weed, hazel, button bush, wild strawberry, cat-tail, and arrow rush. , As you draw near the meridian of Pawnee Fork, 99° west of Greenwich, the country changes, almost imperceptibly, until it merges into the arid, barren wastes described under that section. The transition is marked by the occurrence of cacti and other spinose plants, the first of which we saw in longitude 98°. Near the same meridian the buffalo grass* was seen in small quantities, and, about noon, our party was cheered for the first time by the sight of a small u band* 7 of buffalo, two of which we killed, at the expense of a couple of fine horses, which never recovered from the chase. Horses occasionally fed on grain be- come very weak feeding on grass alone, and should never in that condition be subjected to quick work. A violation of this precept * For a description of this famous grass ; see Appendix No. 2. 12 m has cost many volunteers their horses, and entailed trouble without end on many inexperinced travellers cc westward bound. ” The next day immense herds of the buffalo were seen. We were now on ground (see map of July 10th) which is tra- versed by the nomadic tribes of Pawnees, Sioux, Osages, and oc- casionally the Comanches. Their range is seldom farther east than Council Grove. The country thence, to the western borders of Missouri, is in the hands of Indians owing allegiance to, and re- ceiving stipends from the United States ; they live in log-houses, cultivate the soil, rear cattle, and pursue some of the arts of peace. They form the connecting link between the savage of the plains and the white man of the States. The latitude of our camp, a few thousand feet southeast of where the road crosses the Pawnee Fork, is 38° 10' 10"; and the longi- tude, by chronometer, is 98° 55' 22". The height above the sea, indicated approximately by the barometer, is 1,932 feet; the point, as will be seen on the map, is but a short distance from the junc- tion of the Pawnee Fork and the Arkansas river. The section of country embraced between this point* and Bent’s Fort is totally different in character from that just described, but the change is gradual, and may be anticipated from what has been said in referrence to the appearance of the country so far east as the 98th degree, or even the 97th meridian. The position of our camp near Bent’s Fort, determined by 29 al- titudes of polaris and 35 circum-meridian altitudes of alpha aquilse, is 38° 02' 53," and the longitude, by the measurement of distances between c and the * alpha aquilse and the * spica virginis, is 103° 01', agreeing within 34s. with the chronometric determination of the same point. — (See Appendix.) Our route from Pawnee Fork to this point, was along the Arkan- sas river. The approximate height of Bent’s Fort above the sea is 3,958 feet, and the height where we first struck the river, at the bend, is 1,658 feet, the distance between these two points being 311 miles, the fall of the river is about seven feet and four-tenths per mile. Its bed is of sand, sometimes of rounded pebbles of the pri- mitive rock. It is seldom more than 150 yards wide, and, but for the quicksands, is every where fordable. The bottom land, a few feet above the level of the water, varies in width from half a mile to two miles, and is generally covered with good nutritious grass. Beyond this the ground rises by gentle slopes into a wilderness of sand hills on the south and into prairie on the north. There are one or two exceptions; for instance, at the great bend, the sandhills from the south impinge abruptly on the course of the river; at Pawnee rock, a long swell in the ground terminates in an abrupt hill of highly ferruginous sand stone; and ten miles above Cho- teau’s island, the hills along* the river are vertical, as if the river had cut a passage through them; and as you approach Bent’s Fort, the hills generally roll in more boldly on the river, and the bottoms become narrower, and the grass more precious. At these places the geological formation can be seen distinctly. On the lower part of the river it is a conglomerate of pebbles, sometimes shells cemented by lime and clay overlaying % a stratum 13 . [ 7 ] of soft sand stone, which, in turn, over lays a blue shale, and some- times the richest description of marl. Higher up the river, we find the same formation, but in addition argillaceous lime stone, containing amonites and other impressions - of shells in great variety, and in more than one instance distinct impressions *of oyster shells. The dip in both cases about 6°, and a little north of east. The soil of the plains is a granitic sand, intermixed with the exuviae of animals and vegetable matter, supporting a scanty vege- tation. The eye wanders in vain over these immense wastes in search of trees. Not one is to be seen. The principal growth is the buffalo grass, cacti in endless variety, though, diminutive, yucca angustifolia, (soap plant,) the Darlingtonia brachyioba, schrankia uncinata, prairie gourd (cucurbita aurantia,) and very rarely that wonderful plant, the Ipomea leptophylla, called by the hunter man root, from the similarity of its root in size and shape to the body of a man. It is esculent, and serves to sustain human life in some of the many vicissitudes of hunger and privation to which men who roam the prairies, as an occupation, are subjected. July 24 — Near the dry mouth of the Big Sandy creek, the yucca angustifolia, palmillo of the Spaniards, or soap plant, first made its appearance, and marked a new change in the soil and vegetation of the prairies. The narrow strip which I have described as the bottom land of the Arkansas, varying from half a mile to two or three miles wide, contains a luxuriant growth of grasses, which, by the judicious selection and distribution of the camps, sustained all the animals of the army of the west whilst on the river. The only tree of any magnitude found on its course is the cotton-wood, (populus cana- densis,) and it frequently happens that not one of these is seen in a whole day’s journey, and the buffalo dung and wild sage consti- tute the only fuel to be procured. About 35 miles before reaching • Bent’s Fort is found what is called the u big timber.” Here the valley of the river widens, and the banks on either side fall towards •it in gentle slopes. The u big timber” is a thinly scattered growth of large cotton woods not more than three quarters of a mile wide, and three or four miles long. It is here the Chyennes, Arapahoes, and the Kioways sometimes winter, to avail themselves of the scanty supply of wood for fuel, and to let their animals browse on the twigs and bark of the cotton-wood. The buffaloes are some- times driven by the severity of the winter, which is here intense for the latitude, to the same place to feed upon the cotton-wood. To this point, which has been indicated to the government as a suitable one for a military post, Mr. Bent thinks of moving his establishment. In addition to the grasses and cotton-wood mentioned, we find in the bottoms wild plum, wild cherry, willow, (salix longifolia,) sum- mer grape, (vitis aestivalis,) cat-tail, (typha latifolia,) scouring rush, (equisetum hyemale,) a powerful diurectic upon horses, commelina angustifolia, Mexican poppy, (argemone Mexicana,) monarda fistu- losa, coreopsis tinctoria, psoralea esculenta, cassia chamaercrista. 14 m several varieties of solidego, cenothera, and helianthus; among ■which was the common sunflower. The animals of this section of the country are the buffalo, deer, antelope, elk, marmot, wolf, agama cornuta, &c.; but, for a more specific knowledge of the natural history and herbarium of the region from Fort Leavenworth to Bent’s Fort, reference is made to the interesting notes of one of my assistants, Lieutenant Abert, in appendix No. 6. Except the buffalo, game is very scarce, and cannot be depended upon to support a party of men, however small their number. The buffalo, where they range, may be relied upon to support a column of many thousand men; but their range is very uncertain. This year it was westward, between the 98th degree and the 101st meridian of longitude. For an account of the country from Bent’s Fort to the Pacific, I submit my notes, in which I have set down what passed under my own observation. The accompanying map is also limited chiefly to the route fol- lowed, based upon the data exhibited in the appendices, and num- bered from 3 to 5. For a more specific knowledge of the plants peculiar to the country traversed than will be found in the journal, I refer to the catalogue prepared by that eminent botanist, Dr. John Torrey, to whom all the plants and drawings were submitted — forming appen- dix No. 2 . The specimens brought home to aid me in elucidating the geology of the route, were submitted to Professor John Frazer, of the Pennsylvania University, to whose learning and knowledge I am under great obligation. The military force under Colonel Kearny, destined for the con- quest of New Mexico and the countries beyond, consisted of two batteries of artillery, (6-pounders,) under the command of Major Clark, three squadrons of the first dragoons, under Major Sumner, the first regiment of Missouri cavalry, under Colonel Doniphan, and two companies of infantry, under Captain Agney. This force was detached in different columns from Fort Leavenworth, and were concentrated with admirable order and precision on the 1st of August, at a camp nine miles below Bent’s Fort. And here I would take occasion to speak of the excellent under- standing which prevailed throughout between regulars and volun- teers, and the cheerfulness with which they came to each others assistance whenever the privations and hardships of the march called for the interchange of kindly offices among them. The volunteers, though but recently accustomed to the ease and com- forts of smiling homes, bore up against fatigue, hunger, and the vicissitudes of a long and tedious march, through unexplored re- gions, with a zeal, courage, and devotion that would have graced time-worn veterans, and reflect the highest credit on their conduct as soldiers. There was a noble emulation in the conduct of regulars and volunteers, which, in no small degree, benefitted the service ; while, at the same time, it promoted that cordiality in their inter- ests which will make their future meetings, in the more peaceful walks of life, a gladsome event to both. 15 [ 7 ] NOTES. August 2, 1846.- — I looked in the direction of Bent’s Fort, and saw a huge United States flag flowing to the breeze, and straining every fibre of an ash pole planted over the centre of a gate. The mystery was soon revealed by a column of du*st to the east, ad- vancing with about the velocity of a fast walking horse — it was u the Army of the West.” I ordered my horses to be hitched up, and, as the column passed, took my place with the staff. A little below the fort, the river was forded without difficulty, being paved with well attritioned pebbles of the primitive rock, and not more than knee deep. We advanced five miles along the river, where its bed slides over a black carbonaceous shale, which has been mistaken for coal, and induced some persons to dig for it. Here we turned to the left, and pursued our course over an arid elevated plain for twenty miles, without water. When" we reached the Timpas, we found the water in puddles, and the grass bad. Colonel Eloniphan was ordered to pursue the Arkansas to near the mouth of the Timpas, and rejoin the army by following the bed of that stream. Near where we left the Arkansas, we found on the side of the slope several singular demi-spheroids, about the size of an um- brella, coated with carbonate of lime, in pyramidal crystals, which, at a distance, resembled the bubbles of a huge boiling cal- dron. Along the Arkansas the principal growth consists of very coarse grass, and a few cotton-woods, willows, and euphorbia marginata. The plains are covered with very short grass, sesleria dactyloides, now burnt to cinder; artemisia, in abundance; Fremontia vermicu- laris; yucca angustifolia, palmillo, of the Spaniards; verbena; eu- rotia lanata, and a few menzelia nuda. The only animals seen were one black-tailed rabbit and an ante- lope; both of which were killed. Our march was 26 miles, that of the army 37; the last 20 miles without water. The artillery arrived about 11, p. m.; both men and horses were parched with thirst. The teamsters, who had to encounter the dust, suffered very much. When water was near, they sprang from their seats and ran for it like mad men. Two horses sank under this day’s march. Our ascent was considerable to-day. The height, indicated by the barometer, being 4,523 feet above the level of the sea. August 3. — We ascended the Timpas six and three-quarter miles, m is and halted for the day near running water; the grass was all burn- ed dry, and not a green sprig to be seen. Three buttes were passed of singular appearance; some idea of which will be given by the sketch. They were composed of lime-stone, and were garnished at their bases with nodules of carbonate of lime, like those described yesterday. A part of our road was on the dry bed of a river, paved with argillaceous lime-stone, containing, now and then, the impres- sion of oyster shells very distinctly. The valley in which we are now encamped presents the appearance of a crater, being surround- ed with buttes capped with stunted cedar, (juniperus Yirginianus.) The stratification, however, appears regular, and to correspond on different sides of the valley. The growth of to-day was similar to that found pp the plains yesterday, to which may be added an evergreen and, a magnificent cactus three feet high, with round limbs shaped like a rope, three and a half inches in diameter, branching at right angles. It is said the Mexicans make hedges of it. Colonel Doniphan’s regiment passed our camp about 4, p. m. The water was in pools, charged with vegetable matter and salt. The formation of the adjacent hills was distinct; first, a stratum of lime-stone, ten feet thick, then hard samd-stone, with amonites and a variety of other shells, &c., overlaying blue marl. From the sides of the hills protruded geodes, with crystallized lime-stone, and the ground was everywhere strewed with detached pieces of ferru- ginous sand-stone. On these hills we found cedar growing, very stunted; Missouri flax; several varieties of wild currants; a very stunted growth of plums; moss and cacti in great variety, but di- minutive. The latitude of this camp, by nine observations on Polaris, out of the meridian, is 37° 44' 56". The longitude derived from the chronometer, by an estimate of the local time derived from eight measurements of the double alti- tude of arcturus on the west, and seven of alpha aquilae in the east, is 64. 54m. 06. 7s. The barometer reading indicates a height above the sea of 4,761 feet. August 4. — 'The road wound through the valley of the Timpas. The soil, being impregnated with lime, rendered the dust, which rose in dense columns, distressing. Dwarfed cedar skirted the road on each side. The strata of hills on either side of the valley were the same as described yesterday; but the ferruginous nodules and blocks of sand-stone were more frequent. Thirteen miles’ march brought us to the crossing of the Timpas. The only water we found there was in a hole 40 feet in diameter, into which the men rushed with great eagerness, disturbing the vegetable deposit formed on its surface, and thereby rendering it unlit for use. Nine miles farther on we came to u the hole in the rock” — a large hole filled with stagnant, though drinkable, water. We saw at times, during the day, a few antelopes, rabbits, wild 17 [71 horses, two jack dams, (magpie,) meadow larks, king birds, and bob o’lincolns. The pasture was so bad that Colonel Kearny determined to march to th& “hole in the prairie, 55 the neighborhood of which, though said to be destitute of water, affords some dry grass. We passed a dead horse belonging to the infantry, black, with crows, and a wolf in their midst, quietly feeding on the carcase. This gave us unpleasant forebodings for our noble, but now attend ated, horses. We reached the “hole in the prairie 55 at 10, p. m. , the distance being 14 J miles, and found grass, as we expected: we were agreea- bly surprised to find -water also. The night was delicious, and alt slept in the open air. The infantry were encamped here. The total distance to-day was 36 miles. The horses were now falling away in an alarming manner, but the mules seem to require the stimulus of distention, and nothing else: this the dry grass affords. On the march, about sunset, the Wattahyah (twin hills) rose suddenly to view, south 75° west; and then Pike’s peak, 20 or 3# degrees farther to north. At the same time the dim outline of the great spine of the Rocky mountain chain began to show itself. We were now crossing the dividing line between the waters of the Timpas and those of the Purgatory, or Los Animos, of the Span- iards. The vegetation was the same as that of yesterday, as far as we could judge from its burned and parched condition; to which may be added a plant described by Dr. Torrey, as physalis perbalis, and; one eriogonum tomentosum. Height of this camp 5,560 feet. August 5. — To-day we descended eleven and a half miles, anti reached the valley of the Purgatory, called, by the mountain men s Picatoire, a corruption of Purgatoire, a swift-running stream, m few yards in width, but no grass of any amount at the crossing. The blighted trunks of large cotton-wood and locust trees were seen for many miles along its course, but the cause of decay was not apparent. The growth of the bottom, which is very narrow, was black lo- cust, the everlasting cotton-wood, willow, wild currants, hops., plum and grape, artemisia, clematis Yirginiana, salix, in many va- rieties; and a species of angelica, but no fruit was on the busl?q,g„ Beyond this stream five and a half miles, we encamped ontfh e b e $ of a tributary to the Purgatory, which comes down from t'Le north, side of the Raton, or Mouse, which is the name given to a dhai-ft of ragged looking mountains that strikes the course of the Burga< tory nearly at right angles, and separates the waters of the Atkan* sas from those of the Canadian. The banks of the Pucgatory s where this stream debouches, begin to assume something of a moua< tain aspect, different from scenery in the States. The hills are bare of vegetation, except a few stunted cedars; and the valley is said to be, occasionally, the resort of grizzly bear, turkeys., deer, ante- lope, &c. 2 [ 7 ] 18 Passing the rear wagons of the infantry, we found their horses almost worn out, and the train followed by wolves. Captain Cook, of the 1st dragoons, was sent ahead the day before yesterday, to sound Armijo. Mr. Liffendorfer, a trader, married to a Santa Fe lady, was sent in the direction of Taos, with two Pueblo Indians, to feel the pulse of the Pueblos and the Mexican people, and, probably, to buy wheat if any could be purchased, and to dis- tribute the proclamations of the colonel commanding. Yesterday Wm. Bent, and six others, forming a spy-guard, were sent forward to reconnoitre the mountain passes. In this company was Mr. F. P. Blair, jr., who had been in this country some months, for the benefit of his health. Measured 13 double altitudes of polaris, in the north, for lati- tude, and 7 of alpha aquilm, in the east, for local time, and the re- sulting latitude is 37° 12' 10#, and longitude 64. 56m. 48s. The height indicated by the barometer is 5,896 feet. August 6. — Colonel Kearny left Colonel Doniphan’s regiment and Major Clarke’s artillery at our old camp-ground of last night, and scattered Sumner’s dragoons three or four miles up the creek, to pass the day in renovating the animals by nips at the little bunches of grass spread at intervals in the valley. This being done, we commenced the ascent of the Raton, and, after marching 17 miles, halted with the infantry and general staff, within a half- mile of the summit of the pass. Strong parties were sent forward to repair the road, which winds through a picturesque valley, with the Raton towering to the left. Pine trees (pinus rigida) here ob- tain a respectable size, and lined the valley through the whole day’s march. A few oaks, (quercms olivaformis,) big enough for axles, were found near the halting-place of to-night. When we first left the camp this morning, we saw several clumps of the pinon, (pinus monophyllus.) It bears a resinous nut, eaten by Mexicans and Indians. We found also the lamita in great abundance. It resembles the wild currant, and is, probably, one^ of its varieties; grows to the height of several feet, and bears a red berry, which is gathered, dried, pounded, and then mixed with sugar and water, making a very pleasant drink, resembling currant cordial. We were unfortunate in not being able to get either the fruit or flower. Neither this plant, the pinon, nor any of the plum trees, nor grape vines, had any fruit on them; which is attributable to the excessive drought. The stream, which was last year a rush- ing torrent, is this year dry, and in pools. The view from our camp is inexpressibly beautiful, and reminds persons of the landscapes of Palestine. Without attempting a de- scription, I refer to the sketch. The rocks of the mountain were chiefly a light sandstone — in strata, not far from horizontal; and the road was covered with many fragments of volcanic rocks, of purplish brown color, porous, and melting over a slow fire. » The road is well located. The general appearance is something like the pass at the summit of the Boston and Albany railroad, but the scenery bolder, and less adorned with vegetation. 19 m An express returned from the spy-guard, which reported all clear in front. Captain Cook and Mr. Liffenclorfer have only reached the Canadian river. It was reported to me that, at Captain Sum- ner’s camp, about 7 miles above where we encamped last night, and 12 miles from the summit, an immense field of coal crops out; the seam bting 30 feet deep. To-night our animals were refreshed with good grass and water. Nine observations on polaris give, for the latitude of the place, 37° 00' 21". Seven on arcturus, in the west, and 7 on alpha aquilee, in the east, give the chronometric longitude 64. 57 m. 01.35s. Height above the sea, 7,169 feet. August 7, camp 36. — We recommenced the ascent of the Raton, which we reached with ease, with our wagons, in about two miles. The height of this point above the sea, as indicated by the barom- eter, is 7,500 feet. From the summit we had a beautiful view of Pike’s peakj' the Wattahyah, and the chain of mountains running south from the Wattahyah. Several large white masses were dis- cernible near the summits of the range, which we at first took for* snow, but which, on examination with the telescope, were found to consist of white limestone, or granular quartz, of which we after- wards saw so much in this country. As we drew near, the view was no less imposing. To the east rose the Raton, which appeared still as high as from the camp, 1,500 feet below. On the top of the Raton the geological formation is very singular, presenting the ap- pearance of a succession of castles. As a day would be required to Visit it, I was obliged to forego that pleasure, and examine it merely with the glass. The mountain appears to be formed chiefly of sandstone, disposed in strata of various shades of color, dipping gently to the east, until you reach near the summit, where the cas- tellated appearance commences, the sides become perpendicular, and the seams vertical. The valley is strewed with pebbles and fragments of trap rock, and the fusible rock described yesterday, cellular lava, and some pumice. For two days our way was strewed with flowers; exhilarated by the ascent, the green foliage of the trees in striking contrast with the deserts we had left behind, they were the most agreeable days of the journey. Among the flowers and shrubbery was the campa- nula rotundifolia, (hare bell,) sida coccinea, galium triflorum, the snowberry, eriogonum, geranium Fremontii, clematis virpuenna, ranunculus aquatilis, euphorbia marginata, linum perenne, malva pedata, lippia cuneifolia, and many pretty varieties of convolvulus. There is said to be a lake, about ten miles to the east of the summit, where inlmense hordes of deei, antelope, and buffalo con- gregate, but may be doubted. The descent is much more rapid than the ascent, and, for the first few miles, through a valley of good burned grass and stag- nant water, containing many beautiful flowers. But frequently you come to a place where the stream (a branch of the Canadian) has worked itself through the mountains, and the road has to as- cend and then descend a sharp spur. Here the difficulties com- 20 [ 7 ], mence ; and the road, for three or four miles, is just passable for a wagon ; many of the train were broken in the passage. A f ew thousand dollars judiciously expended here, would be an immense saying to the government if the Santa Fe country is to be perma- nently occupied, and Bent’s Fort road adopted. A few miles from the summit we reached a wide valley where the mountains open out, and the inhospitable looking hills recede to a respectable dis- tance to the right and left. Sixteen miles from camp 36 brought us to the main branch of the Canadian, a slow running stream, discharging a volume of water the thickness of a man’s waist. We found here Bent’s camp. I dismounted under the shade of a cotton-wood, near an ant-hill, and saw something black which had been thrown out by the busy little insects; and, on examination, found it to be bituminous coal, lumps of which were afterwards found thickly scattered over the plain. After crossing the river, and proceeding about a mile and a quarter, I found the party from which I had become separated encamped on the river, with a plen- tiful supply of grass, wood, and water; and here we saw, for the A first time, a few sprigs of the famous grama, Atheropogon oligos- taclyum. The growth on to-day’s march was pinon in small quantities, scrub oak, scrub pine, a few T lamita bushes, and, on the Canadian, a few cotton-wood trees; except at the camp, there was little or no grass. The evening threatened rain, but the clouds passed away, and w T e had a good night for observations. We have had no rain since we left Cow creeks, thirty days ago. We are now in what may be called the paradise of that part of the country between Bent’s Fort and San Miguel ; and yet he who leaves the edge of the Canadian or its tributaries must make a good day’s march to find wood, water, or grass. There may be mineral wealth in these mountains, but its dis- covery must be left to some explorer not attached to the staff of an army making f( 4 rced marches into an enemy’s country. To-day commenced our half-rations of bread; though not suffer- ing for meat, we are anxious to seize on Santa Fe and. its stock of provisions as soon as possible. August 8. — We remained in camp all day to allow Colonel Doniphan’s regiment and the artillery to come up. During the day, we had gusts of wind, and clouds discharging rain to the west. Captain Sumner drilled his three squadrons of dragoons, and made quite an imposing show. The latitude of the camp is 36° 47' 34"; the longitude 64. 56m. 59.75. On the 7th, I measured 8 altitudes of arcturus -in the west, and S of alpha aquilse in the east ; and, on the 8th, 10 of arcturus and 8 of alpha aquilse — showing the rate of chronometer 783 to be losing 35. per day. The height determined approximately, is 6,112 feet above the sea. August 9. — We broke up camp at 2^ o’clock, and marched with the colonel’s staff and the first dragoons 10J miles, and encamped t 21 [ 7 ] under the mountains on the western side of the Canadian, on the banks of a small stream, a tributary of the Canadian. The grass was. short, but good; the water in small quantities, and in puddles. Here we found a trap-dyke— course north 83 west — which shows itself also on the Canadian, about four miles distant in the same course. At the distance of six miles from last night’s camp, the road forks — one fork running near the mountains to the west, but nearly parallel to the old road, and never distant more than four miles, and almost all the time in sight of it. The army was divided — the artillery, infantry, and wagon train ordered to take the lower, and the Missouri volunteers and first dragoons the upper road. The valley here opens out into an extensive plain, slightly rolling, flanked on each side by ranges of perpendicular hills covered with stunted cedar and the pinon. In this extensive valley or plain may be traced by the eye, from any of the neighboring heights, the valleys of the Canadian and its tributaries, the Yermejo, the Poni, the Little Cimarron, the Rayada, and the Ocate. We saw troops of antelopes, horses, deer, &c.; also cacti in great abund- ance, and in every variety; also a plant which Dr. De Camp pointed out as being highly balsamic; and having collected quan- tities of it during his campaign to the Rocky mountains, and tested its efficacy as a substitute for balsam cop. To-night we observed a great number of insects, the first remarked since leaving the Arkansas. Birds were equally rare, with the exception of the cow-bunting, which has been seen in great num- bers on the whole route, and in a state so tame as to often alight on our horses. The horned frog (agama cornuta) also abounds here, as well as on the route westward from Chouteau’s island. August 10. — Colonel Kearny was dissatisfied with the upper road, and determined to strike for the old road. We did so after reach- ing the Yermejo, 9jt miles in a diagonal line, and rejoined it at the crossing of the Little Cimarron, where we foiyid the infantry en- camped — total distance 20J miles. The grass good, and water plenty, though not flowing. Another trapMyke, parallel nearly to the last, and three mile distant, presented its wall-like front. It was strewed with fragments of fernigenous sand-stone and crys- talized carbonate of lime. A Mexican came into camp from Bent’s Fort, and reported Lieu- tenant Abert much better. Colonel Kearny allowed him to pass to Taos, which place (60 miles distant by a bridle path) he ex- pected to reach to-night. The colonel sent by him copies of his proclamation. Five Mexicans were captured by Bent’s spy company; they were sent out to reconnoitre our forces, with orders to detain all per- sons passing out of New Mexico. They were mounted on diminu- tive asses, and presented a ludicrous contrast by side of the big men and horses of the first dragoons. Fitzpatrick, our guide, who seldom laughs, became almost convulsed whenever he turned his well practised eye in their direction. Mr. Towle, an American citizen, came to head-quarters at the Yer- 22 [ 7 ] mejo, and reported himself just escaped from Taos. He brought the intelligence that, yesterday, the proclamation of Governor Armijo reached there, calling the citizens to arms, and placing the whole country under martial law;. that Armijo has assembled all the Pueblo Indians, numbering about 2 , 000 , and all the citizens capable of bearing arms; that 300 Mexican dragoons arrived in Santa Fe the day Armijo’s proclamation was issued, and that 1,200 more were hourly expected; that the Mexicans to a man were anxious for a fight, but that half the Pueblo Indians were indifferent on the sub- ject, but would be made to fight. A succession of thunder storms passed yesterday to the north and west, but did not reach us. The ground indicates recent rain, as also does the grass, which looks as in the spring, just sprouting. The hills to the left, as near as I can judge, the same as in the Raton, were of different colored sand stone, regularly stratified, and dipping gently to the east, topped by a mural precipice of green stone. The growth on the mountains, pinon and cedar. On the plains, which are covered with scoriae, scarcely a tree is to be seen. We encamped on the little Cimarron, and observed at night for latitude and time. 7 altitudes of polaris give for the latitude 36° 27' 50" ; 7 on arcturus in the west, and the same number on alpha aquilae in the east give the meridian by chronomoter difference® 6 A. 58m. 39y. Approximate height 6,027 feet. The plants of to-day, in addition to many of plants heretofore mentioned, were the Erysinum Arkansanum, lippa cuneifolia, myo- sotis glomerata, so frequently found on the plains, lytherus line- aris, hypercium' ellipticium, several verbenas, and several new varieties of oxybaphus, wild sage, and on the streams a few cotton- wood and willows. August 11. — W e made a long march to-day with the advanced guard and the 1 st dragoons, to the Ocate, 3l§ miles. The road approaches the Ocate, at the foot of a high bluff to the north, where the river runs through a canon, making it inaccessible to animals. We as- cend the river for Tour or five miles, to where the road crosses 5 there we left the road, and at that point, the river being dry, con- tinued to ascend it a mile, and found good grass, and, occasionally, running water. The scenery to-day was very pretty, sometimes approaching to the grand; the road passed through a succession of valleys, and crossed numerous u divides” of the Rayada and Ocatd. The Rayada is a limpid running stream, ten miles from the little Cimarron, the first of the kind noted, though we have been tra- versing the bases of many mountains for days past. The pasture, however, is not good. At points two and four miles farther, at the foot of the mountains, there are springs and good grass. At the last point we overtook the infantry, where they halted. About five miles before reaching the Ocate, the road descends into a valley, overhung by confused and rugged cliffs, which give promise of grass and water, but, on going down, we found that this beauti- ful valley had no outlet, but terminated in a salt lake. The lake is now dry, and its bed is white with a thin saline encrustation. Here the road is indistinct, and takes a sudden turn to the left. 23 [ 7 ]. At this moment we discovered coming towards us, at full speed. Bent’s spy-guard. All thought they had met the enemy; I was ordered to ride forward to meet them, followed by Mr. Fitzpatrick and two dragoons. It proved to be a false alarm; they had missed their road, and were galloping back to regain it. The hills are composed principally of basalt and a porous vol- canic stone, very hard, with metallic fracture and lustre, traversed by dykes of trap. The lava is underlayed by sand stone. From the uniform height of these hills, one would think they originally formed the table land, and that the valleys had been formed by some denuding process, and their limits determined by the alternate existence or non-existence of the hard crust of volcanic rocks. . Matters are now becoming very interesting. Six or eight Mexi- cans were captured last night, and on their persons was found the proclamation of the Prefect of Toas, based upon that of Armijo, calling the citizens to arms, to repel the u Americans, who were coming to invade their soil and destroy their 'property and liberties ordering an enrolment of all citizens over 15 and under 50. It is decidedly less nombastic than any Mexican paper I have yet seen. Colonel Kearny assembled these prisoners, altogether some ten oi twelve, made a speech to them, and ordered that, when the reax guard of the army should have passed, they should be released. These men were not deficient in form or stature; their faces ex- pressed good nature, bordering on idiocy ; they were mounted on little donkies and jennies, guided by clubs instead of bridles. Two more Mexicans, of a better class, were captured to-night, or rather they came into camp. Their story was, that they had come out by order of the alcalde of the Moro town to look out for their standing enemies, the Eutaws, who were reported in the neigh- borhood. That they had heard of our advance some time since, but believed us to be at the Rayada, 22 miles back; but seeing our wagons, and having faith in the Americanos, they rode without hesi- tation into our camp. When they said they had faith in us, the colonel ordered them to shake hands with him. They were ordered to be detained for a day or two, for it was quite evident to all they were spies, who had come too suddenly into the little ravine in which we were encamped. They appeared well pleased, and one of them, after proceeding a few steps with the guard, turned back and presented the colonel with a fresh cream cheese. jCpThe grass was interspersed with a great variety of new and beau- tiful flowers — the cenothera; Stanley pinnatifida; anemone Penn- sylvania; eriogonum tomentosum; erysinum, Arkansanum, &c. &c. The hills were sparsely covered with cedar and pinon. Antelopes and horned frogs in abundance, but no other animals were seen. Height of this camp 6,946 feet. August 12. — The elder Mexican was discharged, giving him two proclamations; one for the alcalde, another for the people of his town. A message was sent to the alcalde to meet us at the cross- ing of the Moro, with several of his chief men. The other Mexi- can was retained as a guide. About 12 o’clock the advance was 24 E'7] sounded, and the colonel, with Sumner’s command, marched 20 miles, and halted in a beautiful valley of fine grass and pools of cool water, where the wild liquorice (glycyrrhiza lepidota) grew plentifully. The stream, where flowing, is a tributary of the Moro. From the drift wood, &c., found in its wide, well-grassed bed, I infer it is subject to great freshets. In crossing from the Ocat© to the valley of the Moro, the mountains become more rolling; and as we approached the Moro, the valley opened out, and the whole country became more tame in its appearance. Ten miles up the Moro is the Moro town, containing, we were Informed, 200 houses. It is off the lower road; but a tolerable wagon road leads to tjie Tillage from our camp of last night. The plains were strewed with fragments of brick-dust colored lava, scoria? and slag; the hills, to the left, capped with white granular quartz. The plains are almost destitute of vegetation; the hills bear a stunted growth of piiion and red cedar. Rains have fallen here recently, and the grass in the bottoms is good. The grama is now found constantly. We saw to-day some ground squirrels, with stripes on their sides: in their habits, resembling the common prairie dog. A flight of birds was seen to the south, but too distant to distinguish. We were attracted to the left by an object which was supposed to be an Indian, but, on coming up to it, it was discovered to be a sand-stone block standing on end and topped by another shorter block. A mountain man, versed in these signs, said it was in commemoration of a talk and friendly smoke between some two or three tribes of Indians. The latitude of the place, from 7 observations on polaris, is 35° 54' 21", and the longitude, deduced from the local time by 7 alti- tudes of alpha lyrae in the west, and 11 of O in the east, was 64. h9m. 4:9s. The height above the sea 6,670 feet. August 13. — At 12 o’clock, as the rear column came in sight, the call of “boots and saddles” was sounded, and in 20 minutes we were off. We had not advanced more than one mile when Bent, ©f the spy-guard, came up with four prisoners. They represented themselves to be an ensign and three privates of the Mexican army, sent forward to reconnoitre and ascertain our force. They said 600 men were at the Vegas to give us battle. They told many different, stories; and finally delivered up a paper, being an •order from a Captain Gonzales to the ensign, to go forward on the Bent’s Fort road to ascertain our position and numbers. They were corss-examined by the colonel, and detained. As soon as we commenced the descent into the valley of the Moro creek, some one reported a company of Mexicans at the crossing; Colonel Kearny ordered me to go forward with twelve of the Laclede rangers, and reconnoitre the party, and if they attempt- ed to run, to pursue and capture as many as we could. As Lieu- tenant Elliot and myself approached this company, they appeared to be motionless, and on coming up, we found them to consist of 25 [ 7 ] nothing but the pine stakes of a corral. The dragoons were sadly disappointed; they evidently expected either a light or a chase. Six miles brought us to the first settlement we had yet seen in 775 miles. The first object I saw was a pretty Mexican woman, with clean white stockings, who very cordially shook hands with us and asked for tobacco. In the next house lived Mr. Boney, an Ameri- can, who has been some time in this country, and is the owner of a large number of horses and cattle, which he manages to keep in defiance of wolves, Indians, and Mexicans. He is a perfect speci- men of a generous open-hearted adventurer, and in appearance what, I have pictured to myself, Daniel Boone, of Kentucky, must have been id his day. He drove his herd of cattle into camp and picked out the largest and fattest, which he presented to the army. Two miles below, at the junction of the Moro and Sapillo, is another American, Mr. Wells, of North Carolina; he has been here but six months, and barring his broad-brimmed sombrero, might have been taken for a sergeant of dragoons, with his blue panta- loons with broad gold-colored stripes on the sides, and his jacket trimmed with lace. 1 bought butter from him at four bits the pound. We halted at the Sapillo, distance nine and a half miles from our last night’s encampment, in a tremendous shower of rain; the*grass was indifferent, being clipped short by the cattle from the ranche- ria. Wood and water plenty. At this place a Mr. Spry came into camp, on foot, and with scarcely any clothing. He had escaped from Santa Fe on the night previous, at Mr. H ’s request, to inform Colonel Kearny that Armijo’s forces were assembling; that he might expect vigorous resistance, and that a place called the Canon, 15 miles from Santa Fe, was being fortified; and to advise the Colonel to go round it. The canon is a narrow defile, easily defended, and of which we have heard a great deal. War now seems “inevitable;” and the advan- tages of ground and numbers will, no doubt, enable the Mexicans to make the fight interesting. The grass was miserable, and the camp ground inundated by the shower of to-day, — which was quite a rarity. Barometric height 6.395 feet. August 14. — The order of march to-day was that which could easily be converted into the order of battle. After proceeding a few miles we met a queer cavalcade, which we supposed at first to be the looked for alcalde from Moro town, but it proved to be a messenger from Armijo; a lieutenant, accompanied by a sergeant and two privates, of Mexican lancers. The men were good looking enough, and evidently dressed in their best bib and tucker. The creases in their pantaloons were quite distinct, but their horses were mean in the extreme, and the contempt with .which our dra- goons were filled was quite apparent. The messenger was the bearer of a letter from Armijo. It was a sensible, straightforward missive, and if written by an American or Englishman, w’ould have meant this: u You have notified me that you intend to take posses- sion of the country I govern. The people of the country have risen, en masse, in my defence. If you take the country, it will 26 [ 7 ] be because you prove the strongest in battle. I suggest to you to stop at the Sapillo, and I will march to the Yegas. We will meet and negotiate on the plains between them.” The artillery were detained some time in passing the Sapillo. This kept us exposed to the sun on the plains for four hours, but it gave the colonel time to reflect on the message with which he should dismiss the lancers; as there was some apprehension that Captain Cook was detained, their discharge became matter for reflection. Sixteen miles brought us in sight of the Yegas, a village on the stream of the same name. A halt was made at this point, and the colonel called up the lieu- tenant and lancers and said to them, u The road to Saflta Fe is now as free to you as to myself. Say to General Armijo, I* shall soon meet him, and I hope it wiT'be as friends.” At parting, the lieutenant embraced the colonel, Captain Turner, and myself, who happened to be standing near. The country to-day was rolling, almost mountainous, and cov- ered in places with scoriae. Grass began to show itself, and was interspersed with malva pedata, lippia cunefolia, and several new species of geraniacae, bartonia, and convolvulus. The soil was good enough apparently, but vegetation was stunted from the want of rain. As we emerged from the hills into the valley of the Yegas, our eyes were greeted for the first time with waving corn. The stream was flooded, and the little drains by which the fields were irrigated, full to the brim. The dry soil seemed to drink it in with the avidity of our thirsty horses. The village, at a short distance, looked like an extensive brick-kiln. On approaching, its outline presented a square with some arrangements for defence. Into this square the inhabitants are sometimes compelled to retreat, with all their stock, to avoid the attacks of the Eutaws and Navahoes, who pounce upon them and carry off their women, children, and cattle. Only a few days since, they made a descent on the town and car- ried off 120 sheep and other stock. As Captain Cook passed through the town some ten days’ since, a murder had just been committed on these helpless people. Our camp extended for a mile down the valley; on one side was the stream, on the other the cornfields, wfith no fence or hedge interposing. What a tantalizing prospect for our hungry and jaded nags; the water was free, but a chain of sentinels was posted to protect the corn, and strict orders given that it should not be disturbed. Captain Turner was sent to the village to inform the alcalde that the colonel wished to see him and the head men of the town. In a short time down came the alcalde and two captains of militia, with numerous servants, prancing and careering their little nags into camp. Observations . — 9 altitudes of polaris in the north, 7 of arcturus in the east, and 7 of alpha aquilae in the east. Latitude 35° 35' 05”. Longitude 7 h. 00 m. 46s. Height, by the barometer, 6,418 feet. August 15. — 12 o’clock last night information was received that 27 m 600 men had collected at the pass which debouches into the Yegas, two miles distant, and were to oppose our march. In the morning, orders were given to prepare to meet the enemy. At 7 , the army moved, and just as we made the road leading through the town, Major Swords, of the quartermaster’s department, Lieutenant Gil- mer, of the engineers, and Captain Weightman joined us, from Fort Leavenworth, and presented Colonel Kearny with his com- mission as brigadier general in the army of the United States. They had heard we were to have a battle, and rode sixty miles during the night to be in it. At eight, precisely, the general was in the public square, where he was met by the alcalde and people; many of whom were mount- ed, for these people seem to live on horseback. The general pointed to the top of one of their houses, which are built of one story, and suggested to the alcalde that if he would go to that place he and his staff would follow, and from that point, where all could hear and see, he would speak to them; which he did, as follows: 1 u Mr. Alcalde and people of New Mexico: I have come amongst you by the orders of my government, to take possession of y©ur country, and extend over it the laws of the United States. We consider it, and have done so for some time, a part of the territory of the United States. We come amongst you as friends — not as enemies; as protectors — not as conquerors. We come among you for your benefit — not for your injury. u Henceforth I absolve you from all allegiance to the Mexican government, and from all obedience to General Armijo. He is no longer your governor; [great sensation.] I am your governor. I shall not expect you to take up arms and follow me, to fight your own people who may oppose me; but I now tell you, that those who remain peaceably at home, attending to their crops and their herds, shall be protected by me in their property, their persons, and their religion; and not a pepper, nor an onion, shall be dis- turbed or taken by my troops without pay, or by the consent of the owner. But listen! he who promises to be quiet, and is found in arms against me, I will hang. u From the Mexican government you have never received pro- tection. The Apaches and the Navajhoes come down from the mountains and carry off your sheep, and even 3/our women, when- ever they please. My government will correct all this. It will keep off the Indians, protect you in your persons and property; and, I repeat again, will protect you in your religion. I know you are all great Catholics; that some of your priests have told you all sorts of stories-— that we should ill-treat your women, and brand them on the cheek as you do your mules on the hip. It is all false. My government respects your religion as much as the Protestant religion, and allows each man to worship his Creator as his heart tells him is best. Its laws.protect the Catholic as w r ell as the Pro- testant; the weak as well as the strong; the poor as well as the rich. I am not a Catholic myself — I was not brought up in that faith; but at least one-third of my army are Catholics, and I re- spect a good Catholic as much as a good Protestant. 28 m “There goes my army — you see but a small portion of it; there are many more behind — resistance is useless. “Mr. alcalde, and you two captains of militia, the laws of my country require that all men who hold office under it shall take the oath of allegiance. I do not wish for the present, until affairs be- come more settled, to disturb your form of government. If you are prepared to take oaths of allegiance, I shall continue you in office and support your authority. 55 This was a bitter pill; but it was swallowed by the discontented captain, with downcast eyes. The general remarked to him, in hearing of all the people: “ Captain, look me in the face while you repeat the oath of office. 57 The hint was understood; the oath taken, and the alcalde and the two captains pronounced to be con- tinued in office. The citizens "were enjoined to obey the alcalde, &c. &c. The people grinned, and exchanged looks of satisfaction; but seemed not to have the boldness to express what they evidently felt — that their burdens, if not relieved, were at least shifted to some ungalled part of the body. We descended by the same ricketty ladder by which we had climbed to the tops of the houses, mounted our horses, and rode briskly forward to encounter our 600 Mexicans in the gorge of the mountains, two miles distant. The sun shone with dazzling brightness; the guidons and colors of each squadron, regiment, and battalion were for the first time unfurled. The drooping horses seemed to take courage from the gay array. The trumpeters sounded “ to horse, 55 with spirit, and the hills multiplied and re-echoed the call. All wore the aspect of a gala day; and, as we approached the gorge, where we expected to meet the enemy, we broke into a brisk trot, then into a full gal- lop, preceded by a squadron of horse. The gorge was passed, but no person seen. One by one the guidons were furled; the men looked disappoint- ed, and a few minutes found us dragging our slow lengths along with the usual indifference in regard to every subject except that of overcoming space. Two miles further brought us to another pass as formidable as the first, and all the intermediate country was broken and covered with a dense growth of pine, pinon, and cedar. Here the moun- tains of red sand-stone, disposed in horizontal strata, begin to rise to the height of a thousand feet above the road. Nine miles more brought us to Tacolote. Here we met the alcalde and the people in the cool and spacious residence of the former, "where the drama above described was again enacted. This time it was graced by the presence of the women with their bare ankles, round plump arms, and slippered feet. We marched ten miles farther, to the Vernal springs, and halted at the upper spring, and observed for ^ime and latitude about 500 feet south of the upper spring. Observed 9 altitudes of polaris, 7 of alpha aquilse, and 7 of arc- turus. Latitude 35° 23' 19"; longitude 7 h. 01 m. 235. 29 m Height indicated by the barometer 6,299 feet. August 16. — We marched to San Miguel, where General Kearny assembled the people and harangued them much in the same man- ner as at the Yegas. Reports now reached us at every step that the people were rising, and that Armijo was collecting a formidable force to oppose our march at the celebrated pass of the Canon, 15 miles from Santa Fe. About the middle of the day’s march the two Pueblo Indians, pre- viously sent in to sound the chief men of that formidable tribe, were seen in the distance, at full speed, with arms and legs both thumping into the sides of their mules at every stride. Something was now surely in the wind. The smaller and foremost of the two dashed up to the general, his face radiant with joy, and exclaimed, u they are in the Canon, my brave, pluck up your courage and push them out.” As soon as his extravagant delight at the prospect of a fight, and the pleasure of communicating the news, had subsided, he gave a pretty accurate idea of Armijo’s force.and position. The road passed over to-day was good, but the face of the coun- try exceedingly rugged, broken, and covered with pinon and cedar. To the left, one or two miles distant, towers a wall, nearly per- pendicular, 2,000 feet high, apparently level on the top, and show- ing, as near as I could judge from the road, an immense stratum of red sand-stone. We turned from the road to the creek, where there were a few rancherias, to encamp; at which place we passed an uncomfortable night, the water being hard to reach, and the grass very bad. Barometric height 6,346 feet. August 17. — -The picket guard, stationed on the road, captured the son of Saliza, who, it is said, is to play an important part in the defence of this country, and the same who behaved so brutally to the Texan prisoners. The son was at San Miguel yesterday, and heard from a concealed place all that passed. It is supposed, at this time, he was examining the position, strength, &c., of our army, to report to his father. A rumor has reached camp that the 2,000 Mexicans assembled in the Canon to oppose us, have quarrelled among themselves; that Armijo, taking advantage of the dissensions, fled with his dragoons and artillery to the south. He has long been suspected of wishing an excuse to fly. It is well known he has been averse to a battle, but some of his people threatened his life if he refused to fight. He has been, for some days, more in fear of his own people than of the American army. He has seen what they are blind to: the hopelessness of resistance. As we approached the ruins of the ancient town of Pecos, a large fat fellow, mounted on a mule, came towards us at full speed, and extending his hand to the general, congratulated him on the arrival of himself and army. He said, with a roar of laughter, Armijo and his troops have gone to hell, u and the Canon is all clear.” This was the alcalde of the settlement, two miles up the Pecos from the ruins, where we encamped, 15| miles from our last camp, and two miles from the road. 30 m Pecos, once a fortified town, is built on a promontory or rock, somewhat in' the shape of a foot. Here burned, until within seven years, the eternal fires of Montezuma, and the remains of the architecture exhibit, in a prominent manner, the engraftment of the Catholic churc% upon the ancient? religion of the country: At one end of the short spur forming the terminus of the promontory, are the remains of the estuffa, with all its parts distinct; at the other are the remains of the Catholic church, both showing the dis- tinctive marks and emblems of the two religions. The fires from the estuffa burned and sent their incense through the same altars from which was preached the doctrine of Christ. Two religions so utterly different in theory, were here, as in all Mexico, blended in harmonious practice until about a century since, when the town was sacked by a band of Indians. h; Amidst the havoc of plunder of the city, the faithful Indian man- aged to keep his fire burning in the estuffa; and it was continued till a few years since — the tribe became almost extinct. Their de- votions rapidly diminished their numbers, until they became so few as to be unable to keep their immense estuffa (forty feet in diame- ter) replenished, when they abandoned the place and joined a tribe of the original race over the mountains, about sixty miles south. There, it is said, to this day they keep up their fire, which has never yet been extinguished. The labor, watchfulness, and expo- sure to heat consequent on this practice of their faith, is fast re- ducing this remnant of the Montezuma race; and a few years will, in all probability, see the last of this interesting people. The ac- companying sketches will give a much more accurate representa- tion of these ruins than any written descriptions. The remains of the modern church, with its crosses, its cells, its dark mysterious corners and niches, differ but little from those of the present day in New Mexico. The architecture of the Indian portion of the ruins presents peculiarities worthy of notice. Both are constructed of the same materials: the walls of sun- dried brick, the rafters of well-hewn timber, which could never have been hewn by the miserable little axes now used by the Mex- icans, which resemble, in shape and size, the wedges used by our farmers for splitting rails. The cornices and drops of the archi- trave in the modern church, are elaborately carved with a knife. To-night we found excellent grass on the Rio Pecos, abreast of the ruins where the modern village of Pecos is situated, with a very inconsiderable population. August 18. —We w r ere this morning 29 miles from Santa Fe. Reliable information, from several sourfces, had reached camp yes- terday and the day before, that dissensions had arisen in Armijo’s camp, which had dispersed his army, and that he had fled to the south, carrying all his artillery and 100 dragoons with him. Not a hostile riflle or arrow was now between the army and Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, and the general determined to make the march in one day, and raise the United States flag over the palace before sundown. New horses or mules were ordered for the artillery, and every thing was braced up for a forced march. The \ 1 1 ins o.r I ’(‘cos . Oa.tbo. Chu reh ■'< 1 )-■ Rums of Pecos. Aztek Church. 31 [ 7 ] distance was not great, but the road bad, and the horses on their last legs. A small detachment was sent forward at day-break, and at six the army followed. Four or five miles from old Pecos the road leads? into a canon, with hills on each side from 1,000. to 2,000 feet above the road, in all cases within cannon shot, and in many with- in point blank musket shot; and this continues to a point but 12 or 15 miles from Santa Fe. The scenery is wild; the geological formation much the same as before described, until you begin to descend towards the Del Norte, when granitic rocks and sands are seen in great abundance on the road as far as Santa Fe. Cedar, piiion, and a large growth of long- leafed pine are densely crowded wherever the rock affords a cre- vice, until within six or eight miles of the town. Fifteen miles from Santa Fe we reached the position deserted by Armijo. The topographical sketch, by Lieutenant Peck, will give some idea of it. It is a gateway which, in the hands of a skilful engineer and one hundred reso ] ute men, would have been perfectly impregnable. Had the position been defended with any resolution, the general would have been obliged to turn it by a road which branches to the south, six miles from Pecos, by the way of Galisteo. Armijo’s arrangements for defence were very stupid. His abattis was placed behind the gorge some 100 yards, by which he evident- ly intended that the gorge should be passed before his fire was opened. This done, and his batteries would have been carried with- out difficulty. Before reaching the canon the noon halt was made in a valley covered with some gama, and the native potato in full bloom. The fruit was not quite as large as a wren’s egg. As we approach- ed the town, a few straggling Americans came out, ail looking anx- iously for the general, who, with his staff, was clad so plainly, that they passed without recognizing us. Another officer and myself were sent down to explore the by-road by wffiich Armijo fled. On our return to the main road, we saw two Mexicans; one the acting secretary of state, in search of the general. They had passed him without knowing him. When we pointed in the direction of the general, they broke into a full run; their hands and feet keeping time to the pace of their nags. We followed in a sharp trot; and, as we thought, at a respectable distance. Our astonishment was great to find, as they wound through the ravine, through the open well-grown pine forest, that they did not gain on us perceptibly. “ Certainly they are in a full run, and as certainly are we only in a trot,” we both exclaimed. I thought we w r ere under some opti- cal delusion, and turned to my servant to see the pace at which he was going. “Ah!” said he, “those Mexican horses make a mighty great doing to no purpose.” That was a fact; with their large cruel bits, they harrass their horses into a motion which enables them to gallop very long without losing sight of the starting place. The acting secretary broughi a letter from Vigil, the lieutenant governor, informing the general of Armijo’s flight, and of his readi- ness to receive him in Santa Fe, and extend to him the hopitalities 32 m of the city. He was quite a youth, and dressed in the fashion of the Americans. Here, all persons from the United States are call- ed Americans, and the name is extended to no other race on the continent. To-day’s march was very tedious and vexatious; wishing to enter Santa Fe in an imposing form, frequent halts were made to allow the artillery to come up. Their horses almost gave out, and during the day mule after mule was placed before the guns, until scarcely one of them was spared. The head of the column arrived in sight of the town about three o’clock; it was six before the rear came up. Vigil and twenty or thirty of the people of the town received us at the palace and asked us to partake of some wine and brandy of domestic manufacture. It was from the Passo del Norte; we were too thirsty to judge of its merits, any thing liquid and cool was palatable. During the repast, and as the sun was sitting, the United States flag was hoist- ed over the palace, and a salute of thirteen guns fired from the artillery planted on the eminence overlooking the town. The ceremony ended, we w T ere invited to supper at Captain ’s, a Mexican gentleman, formerly in the army. The supper was serv- ed very much after the manner of a French dinner, one dish suc- ceeding another in endless variety. A bottle of good wine from the Passo del Norte, and a loaf of bread was placed at each plate. We had been since five in the morning without eating, and inex- haustible as were the dishes was our appetite. August 19. — I received an order to make a reconnoissance of the town and select the site for a fort, in co-operation with Lieutenant Gilmer, of the engineers. This occupied me diligently on the 19th and 20th, and on the 21st the general was furnished with the map, a copy* of which is sent to the Adjutant General and another to the Eureau of Topographical Engineers. The site selected and marked on the map is within 600 yards of the heart of the town, and is from 60 to 100 feet above it. The contour of the ground is unfavorable for the trace of a regular work, but being the only point which commands the entire town, and which is itself commanded by no other, we did not hesitate to recommend it. The recommendation was approved. On the 22d we submitted a complete plan of the work, which was also approv- ed. It is computed for a garrison of 280 men. On the 23d, the work was commenced with a small force; on the 27th, 100 laborers were set to work on it, detailed from the army;; and, on the 31st, 20 Mexican masons were added. As it was determined to send an express to the States on the 25th,, I commenced to project and plot my map of the route of the Army of the West, that the government might have at once the benefit of my labors. It was rather a bold undertaking to compress, in a few days, the work of months. My astronomical observations were brought up from day to day as we advanced on the march, without which the understanding would have been impracticable. We all worked day and night, and, with the assistance of several gentle- men of the volunteers, I succeeded in accomplishing the work : not, however, in a very satisfactory manner. Events now begin to crowd on each other in quick succession, but my duties keep me so constantly occupied in my office and in the field, that I cannot chronicle them in regular order or enter much upon details. On the morning of the 19th, the general as- sembled all the people in the plaza and addressed them at some length.. The next day, the chiefs and head men of the Pueblo Indians came to give in their adhesion and express their great satisfaction at our arrival. This large and formidable tribe are amongst the best and most peaceable citizens of New Mexico. They, early after the Spanish conquest, embraced the forms of religion, and the manners and customs of their then more civilized masters, the Spaniards. Their interview was long and interesting. They narrated, what is a tradition with them, that the white man would come from the far east and release them from the bonds and shackles which the Span'ards had imposed, not in the name, but in a worse form than slavery. They and the numerous half-breeds are our fast friends now and forever. Three hundred years of oppression* and injustice have failed to extinguish in this race the recollection that they were once the peaceable and inoffensive masters of the country. A message was received the same night from Armijo, asking on what terms he would be received; but this proved to be only a ruse, on his part to gain time in his flight to the south. Accounts go to show that his force at the Gallon was 4,000 men, tolerably armed, and six pieces of artillery. Had he been possessed of the slightest qualifications for a general, he might have given us infinite trouble. A priest arrived last night, the 29th, and brought the intelligence that at the moment of Armijo’s flight, Ugarte, a colonel in the re- gular service, was on his march, at this side of the Passo del Norte, with 500 men to support him. That, had he continued, he would have been enabled to rouse the whole southern district, which is by far the wealthiest and most populous of the whole country. In the course of the week, various deputations have come in from Taos, giving, in their allegiance and asking protection from the Indians. That portion of the country seems the best disposed to- wards the United States. A Taos man may be distinguished at once by the cordiality of his salutation. # A band of Navajoes, naked, thin, and savage looking, fellows, dropped in and took up their quarters with Mr. Robideapx, our interpreter, just opposite my quarters. They ate, drank, and slept all the time, noticing nothing but a little cinnamon-colored naked brat that was playing in the court, which they gazed at with the eyes of gastronome’s; and Mr. Fitzpatrick told me these people some- times eat their own offspring, and consider it a great delicacy. Various rumors have reached us from the south that troops are moving on Santa Fe, and that the people are rising, &c. To quiet * Since this was written, the massacre of the excellent Governor 33 mt has taken place in Taos. It proves the profound duplicity of this race. 34 m them ? an expedition of 150 miles down the river has been deter- mined on, to start on the 1st September. - August 30. — To-day we went to Ghurch in great state. The gov- ernor’s seat, a large, well stuffed chair, covered with crimson, was occupied by the commanding officer. The church was crowded with an attentive audience of men and women, but not a word was uttered from the pulpit by the priest, who kept his back to tae congregation the whole time, repeating prayers and incantations. The band, the identical one used at the fandango, and strumming the same tunes, played without intermission. Except the gover- nor’s seat and one row of benches, there were no seats in the church. Each woman dropped on her knees on the bare floor as she entered, and only exchanged this position for a seat on the ground at long intervals, announced by the tinkle of a small bell. The interior of the church was decorated with some fifty crosses, a great irumber of the most miserable paintings and wax figures, and looking glasses trimmed with pieces of tinsel. The priest, a very grave, respectable looking person, of fair com- plexion, commenced the service by sprinkling holy water over the congregation; when abreast of any high official person he extended his silver water spout and gave him a handful. When a favorite air was struck up, the young women, whom we recognised as having figured at the fandango, counted their beads, tossed their heads, and crossed themselves to the time of the music. All appeared to have just left their work to come to church. There was no fine dressing nor personal display that will not be seen on week days. Indeed, on returning from church, we found • all the stores open, and the market women selling their melons and plums as usual. The fruits of this place, musk melon, apple, and plum, are very indifferent, and would scarcely be eaten in the States. I must ex- cept, in condemning their fruit, the apricot and grapes, which grow in perfection. On leaving the narrow valley of the Santa Fe, which varies from a thousand feet to a mile or two in width, the country presents nothing but barren hills, utterly incapable, both from soil and climate, of producing anything useful. The valley is entirely cultivated by irrigation, and is now, as will be seen on the sketch, covered with corn. Five miles below the town, the stream disappears in the granitic sands. The population of Santa Fe is from two to four thousand, and the inhabitants are, it is said, the poorest people of any town in the province. The houses are of mud bricks, in the Spanish style, generally of one story, and built on a square. The interior of the square is an open court, and the principal rooms open into it. They are forbidding in appearance from the outside, but nothing can ex- ceed the comfort aiid convenience of the interior. The thick walls make them cool in summer and warm in winter. The better class of people are provided with excellent beds, but the lower class sleep on untanned skins. The women here, as in many other parts of the world, appear to be much before the men in refinement, intelligence, and knowledge of the useful arts. The higher class dress like the American women, except, instead of the bonnet, they wear a scarf oyer the head. This they wear, asleep or awake, in the house or abroad. The dress of the lower class of women is a simple petticoat, with arms and shoulders bare, except what may chance to be covered by the reboso. The men who have means to do so, dress after our fashion; but by far the greater number, when they dress at all, wear leather breeches, tight round the hips and open from the knee down; shirt and blanket take the place of our coat and vest. The city is dependant on the distant hills for wood, and at all hours of the day may be seen jackasses passing laden with wood, which is sold at two bits (twenty-live cents) the load. T.iese are the most diminutive animals, and usually mounted from behind, after tne fashion of leap-fsog. The jackass is the only animal that can be subsisted in this barren neighborhood without great expense; our horses are all sent to a distance of twelve, fifteen, and thirty miles for grass. Grain was very high when we first entered the town, selling freely at five and six dollars the fanegas, (one hundred and forty pounds.) As our wagons draw near, and the crops of wheat are being gathered, the price is falling gradually to four dollars the fanegas. Milk at six cents per pint, eggs three cents a piece, sugar thirty- five cents per pound, and coffee seventy-five cents. The sugar used in the country is principally made from the cornstalk. A great reduction must take place now in the price of drygoods and groceries, twenty per cent, at least, for this was about the rate of duty charged by Armijo, which is now, of course, taken off. He collected fifty or sixty thousand dollars annually, principally, indeed, entirely, on goods imported overland from the United States. His charge was $500 the wagon load, without regard to the con- tents of the wagon, or value of the goods, and hence the duty was very unjust and unequal. Mr. Alvarez informed me that the importations from the United States varied very much, but that he thought they would average about half a million of dollars yearly, and no more. Most of the wagons go on to Chihuahua without breaking their loads. New Mexico contains, according to the last census, made a few years since, 100,000 inhabitants. It is divided into three depart- ments — the northern, middle, and southeastern. These are again sub-divided into counties, and the counties into towmships. The lower or southern division is incomparably the richest, containing 48,000 inhabitants, many of whom are wealthy and in possession of farms, stock, and gold dust. New Mexico, although its soil is barren, and its resources limit- ed, unless the gold mines should, as is probable, be more extensively developed hereafter, and the culture of the grape enlarged, is, from its position, in a commercial and military aspect, an all-important military possession for the United States. The road from Santa Fe to Fort Leavenworth presents few obstacles for a railway, and, if it 36 4 m continues as good to the Pacific, will be one of the routes to be considered, over which the United States will pass immense quanti- ties of merchandise into what may become, in time, the rich and populous States of Sonora, Durango, and Southern California. As a military position, it is important and necessary. The moun- tain fastnesses have long been the retreating places of the warlike parties of Indians and robbers, who sally out to intercept our cara- vans moving over the different lines of travel to the Pacific. The latitude of Santa Fe, determined by 52 circum-meridian al- titudes of alpha aquilee,23 of beta aquarii, and 36 altitudes of polaris out of the meridian, is N. 35° 44' 06". The longitude, by the meas- urement of 8 distances between the * alpha aquilse and the c ‘"O CD 3 i — i I— - j h— CD ' ' ' \ 59 m was the principal operator in these mines, and is said to have amassed an immense fortune. On his first arrival in the country he was suspected to be an agent of the United States, and thrown into prison in Sonora, where he was kept in irons for eleven years. He is said to have stated that the gjld found in the ore of these mines paid all the expenses of mining, and the transportation of the ore to the city of Mexico, where it was reduced. We were disappointed in not meeting the Apaches yesterday and to-day. This afternoon three men came in dressed very much like the Mexicans, mounted -on horses. They held a talk, but I do not know the purport. This afternoon I found the famous mezcal, (an agave,) about three feet in diameter, broad leaves, armed with teeth like a shark; the leaves arranged in concentric circles, and terminating in the middle of the plant in a perfect cone. Of this the Apaches make molasses, and cook it with horse meat. We also found to-day the dasylirion graminifolium, a plant with a long, narrow leaf, with sharp teeth on the margin, with a stalk eighteen feet high. According to Doctor Torrey, it has lately been ^described by Zuccarini,” who says u four species of this genus are now known, all of them Mexican or Texan. ” The elevation of this camp was 6,167 feet. October 19. — I tried last night to get observations for latitude, &c.; but the early part was cloudy, and we fell asleep and did not wake till broad daylight. In the afternoon there was a thunder- storm to the west, which swept around towards the north, where it thundered and lightened till nearly 9 o’clock. The country passed over in the first part of to-day was beautiful in the extreme; a succession of high, rolling hills, with mountains in the distance. The soil rich, and waving with grama. The latter part was more barren, and covered with artemisias. • The spring of San Lucia, 13| miles from the copper mines, very large and impregnated with sulphur, is in a beautiful valley, sur- rounded, at the distance of ten or fifteen miles, with high moun- tains. This was the place appointed for meeting the Apaches, at 11, a. m.; but arriving at 12, and not finding them as we expected, and the grass all eaten up, we moved on to Night creek, making 30 miles. W e halted at night on unknown ground, by the side of a creek, so miry that the mules, some of which had not drunk since morn- ing, refused to approach it. It was dark; many of the men mistook the trail and got on the wrong side of the treacherous creek. The mules begun to bray, for water, and the men to call out for their messmates; all were in confusion. My thoughts of last night came vividly to my mind, as I heard the voice of my chronometer man on the other side, asking to be shown the way across. I sent him word to retrace his steps two or three miles. The assembly call was sounded, which seemed to settle all things; and, as far as the clouds would allow me, I obtained observations. This is only the second time since leaving the 100th degree of longitude that I have been interrupted by clouds in my observa- tions. Nothing has been heretofore more rare than to see the heavens otercast. [-7] 60 An Apache has just come in, and says the people who agreed to meet us at the spring yesterday are coming on with some mules to trade. Three miles from the camp of last night we had reached the “divide, 5 ’ and from that point the descent was regular and con- tinuous to Night creek. The ravines on either side of the “divide 55 are covered with fragments of blue limestone and rich specimens of the magnetic oxides of iron. October 20. — My curiosity was excited to see by daylight howmy camp was disposed and what? sort of place we were in. It was quite certain the broad, level valley we had been traveling the last few miles was narrowing rapidly, by the intrusion of high precipices; and the proximity of great mountains in confused masses indicated some remarkable change in the face of the country. We were, in truth, but a few miles from the Gila, which I was no less desi- rous of seeing than the Del Norte. The general sent word to the Apaches he would not start till 9 or 10. This gave them time to come in, headed by their chief, Red SI eeve. They swore eternal friendship to the whites, and everlast- ing hatred to the Mexicans. The Indians said that one, two or three white men might now pass in safety through their country; that if they were hungry, they would feed them; or, if on foot, mount them. The road was open to the American now and forever. Carson, with a twinkle of his keen hazel eye, observed to me, “I | would not trust one of them. 55 The whole camp was now busily engaged in attempting to trade. The Indians had mules, ropes, whips and mezcal. We wished to get a refit in all save the mezcal, offering to give in exchange red shirts, blankets, knives, needles, thread, handkerchiefs, &c., &c.; but these people had such extravagant notions of our wealth, it was ; impossible to make any progress. At length the call of “boots and saddles 55 sounded. The order, quickness and quietude of our move- ments seemed to impress them. One of the chiefs, after eyeing the general with great apparent admiration, broke out in a vehement manner: “You have taken New Mexico, and will soon take Cali- fornia; go, then, and take Chihuahua, Durango and Sonora. We will help you. You fight for land; we care nothing for land; we fight for the laws of Montezuma and for food. The Mexicans are ras- cals; we hate and will kill them all. 55 There burst out the smothered fire of three hundred years ! Finding we were more indifferent than they supposed to trade, and that the column was in motion, they became at once eager for traffic. They had seen some trumpery about my camp which pleased them, and many of them collected there. My packs were made. One of my gentlest mules, at that moment took t right , and went off like a rocket on the back trail, scattering to the right and left all who opposed him. A large, elegant looking woman, mounted a straddle, more valiant than the rest, faced the brute and charged upon him at full speed. This turned his course back to the camp; i and I rewarded her by half a dozen biscuit, and through her inter- vention, succeeded in trading two broken down mules for two Lith .>tv\TC ."Weber 8cCo^BaltX). 61 m good ones, giving two yards of scarlet cloth in the bargain. By this time a large number of Indians had collected about us, all dif- ferently dressed, and some in the most fantastical style. The Mexican dress and saddles predominated, showing where they had chiefly made up their wardrobe. One had a jacket made of a Henry Clay flag, which aroused unpleasant sensations, for the acquisition, no doubt, cost one of our countrymen his life. Several wore beau- tiful helmets, decked with black feathers, which, with the short shirt, waist belt, bare legs and busking gave them the look of pic- tures of antique Grecian warriors. Most were furnished with the Mexican cartridge box, which consists of a strap round the waist, ■with cylinders inserted for the cartridges. These men have no fixed homes. Their houses are of twigs, made easily, and deserted with indifference. They hover around the beautiful hills that overhang the Del Norte between the 31st and 32d parallels of latitude, and look down upon the States of Chihuahua and Sonora; and woe to the luckless company that ven- tures out unguarded by a strong force. Their hills are covered with luxuriant grama, which enables them to keep their horses in fine order, so that they can always pursue with rapidity and retreat with safety. The light and graceful manner in which they mounted and dismounted, always upon the right side, was the admiration of all. The children are on horseback from infancy. There was amongst them a poor deformed woman, with legs and arms no longer than an infant’s. I could not learn her history, but she had a melancholy cast of countenance. She was well mounted, and the gallant manner in which some of the plumed Apaches waited on her, for she was perfectly helpless when dismounted, made it hard for me to believe the tales of blood and vice told of these people. She asked for water, and one or two were at her side; one handed it to her in a tin wash basin, which, from its size, was the favorite drinking cup. We wended our way through the narrow valley of Night creek. On each side were huge stone buttes shooting up into the skies. At one place we were compelled to mount one of these spurs almost perpendicular. This gave us an opportunity of seeing what a mule could do. My conclusion was, from what I saw, that they could climb nearly as steep a wall as a cat. A pack slipped from a mule, and, though not shaped favorably for the purpose, rolled entirely to the base of the hill, over which the mules had climbed. A good road was subsequently found turning the spur and fol- lowing the creek, until it debouched into the Gila, which was only a mile distant. Some hundred yards before reaching this river the roar of its waters made us understand that we were to see something different from the Del Norte. Its section, where we struck it, (see the map,) 4,347 feet above the sea, was 50 feet wide and an average of two feet deep. Clear and swift, it came bouncing from the great moun- tains which appeared to the north about 60 miles distant. We crossed the river, its large round pebbles and swift current caus- ing the mules to tread wearily. We followed its course, and encamped under a high range of symmetrically formed hills overhanging the river. Our camp resem- bled very much the centre of a yard of huge stacks. We heard the fish playing in the water, and soon those who were disengaged were after them. At first it was supposed they were the mountain trout, but, being comparatively fresh from the hills of Maine, I soon saw the difference. The shape, general appearance, and the color are the same; at a little distance, you will imagine the fish covered with delicata scales, but on a closer examination you will find that they are only the impression of scales. The meat is soft, something between the trout and the cat-fish, but more like the latter. They are in great abundance. We saw here also, in great numbers, the blue quail. The bottom of the river is narrow, covered with large round pebbles. The growth of trees and weeds was very luxuriant; the trees chiefly cotton-wood, a new sycamore, mezquite, pala, (the tallow tree of our hunters,) a few cedars, and one or two larch. There were some grape and hop vines. 16 circum-meridian observations beta aquarii, and 9 of polaris, give the latitude of this camp 32° 50' 08". Its approximate longi- tude is 108° 45' 00". October 21. — After going a few miles, crossing and recrossing the river a dozen times, it was necessary to leave its bed to avoid a canon. This led us over a very broken country, traversed by huge dykes of trap and walls of basalt. The ground was literally covered with the angular fragments of these hard rocks. From one of these peaks w T e had an extended view of the country in all directions. The mountains run from northwest to southeast, and rise abruptly from the plains in long narrow ridges, resembling trap dykes on a great scale. These chains seem to terminate at a certain distance to the south, leaving a level road, from the Del Norte about the 32d parallel of latitude, westward to the Gila. These observations, though not conclusive, agree with the reports of the guides, who say Colonel Cooke will have no difficulty with his wagons. The mountains were of volcanic rock of various colors, feld- spathic granite, and red sand stone, with a dip to the northwest, huge hills of a conglomerate of angular and rounded fragments of quartz, basalt, and trap cemented by a substance that agrees well with the description I have read of the puzzolana of Rome. The earth in the river bed, where it was not paved with the frag- ments of rocks, was loose, resembling volcanic dust, making it unsafe to ride out of the beaten track. A mule would sometimes sink to his knee; but the soil was easily packed, and three or foqr mules in advance made a good firm trail. This was a hard day on the animals, the steep ascents and descents shifting the packs, and cutting them dreadfully. The howitzers did not reach camp at all. A few pounds of powder would blast the projections of rock from the canon, and make it passable for packs, and possibly for wagons also. The route upon which the wagons are to follow is, Fisli of the Rio Gila without scales I b lli^ * l 1 -i^ |g| 1 i$ ■ v\i 17 mm%M 1 1 &• • • - \,y . ifMi&viiii - •< ;'A-y \'. : ' ■ /;, + 'iU! Xiti_ By E Weber Sb Co /Balt® however, to the south of this. Under this date, in the catalogue of plants will he found many differing from those heretofore observed; amongst them the zanschneria Californica, also a new shrub with an edible nut, a grass allied to the grama, Adam’s needle, artemisia cana, and many varieties of mezquite. October 22. — The howitzers came up about nine o’clock, having, in the previous day’s work, their shafts broken, and, indeed, every- thing that was possible to break about them. We again left the river to avoid a canon, which I examined in several places, and saw no obstacles to a good road. The canon was formed by a seam of basalt, overlaying limestone and sand-stone in regular strata. Through these the river cuts its way r . Many deep arroyos have paid tribute to the Gila, but in none have we yet found water. Following the bed of one of these, to exa- mine the eccentric geological formation it displayed, I found un- known characters written on a rock, copies of which were made, •but their antiquity is questionable. We were now fast approaching the ground where rumor and the maps of the day place the ruins of the so called Aztec towns. This gave the characters alluded to additional interest; they "were in- dented on a calcareous sandstone rock, chrome colored on the out- side, presenting a perfectly wffiite fracture. This made them very conspicuous, and easily seen from a distance. The coloring mat- ter of the external face of the rock may proceed from water, as there was above the characters a distinct water-line, and every ap- pearance that this gorge had more than once been the scene of over- flows and devastation. We encamped on a bluff high above the river, in view of a rock which we named, from its general appearance, Steeple rock. Latitude of our camp to-night, by 17 circum-meridian altitudes of beta aquarii, 32° 38' 13". Longitude 109° 07' 30". October 23. — Last night the heavens became overcast, the air damp, and we expected for the first time since leaving Santa Fe, (a month to-morrow,) to have a sprinkle of rain; but, at 9 this morn- ing, the clouds had all been chased away, and the sun careered up in undisputed possession of all above the horizon. The atmos- phere resumed its dryness and elasticity, and at night the stars looked brighter, and the depth of the spaces between greater, than ever. The changes of temperature are very great, owing to the distance from the influence of large masses of water, a*ul, if they were ac- companied by corresponding changes in humidity, they would be insupportable. Last night we went to bed with the thermometer at 70° Fahrenheit, and awakened this morning shivering, the ther- mometer marking 25°; yet, notwithstanding, our blankets were as dry as though we had slept in a house. The table land, 150 feet above the river, was covered so thick with large paving pebbles, as to make it difficult to get a smooth place to lie upon. The growth of to-day and yesterday, on the hills and in the val- leys, very much resembles that on the Del Norte, the only excep- tions being a few new and beautiful varieties of the cactus. After 64 m leaving our last night’s camp, for a mile, the general appearance, width of the valley, and soil, much resemble the most fertile parts of that river. This, so far, has decidedly the best soil, and the fall of the river being greater, makes it more easy to irrigate. To-day we passed one of the long sought ruins. I examined it minutely, and the only evidences of handicraft remaining, were immense quantities of broken pottery, extending for two miles along the river. There were a great many stones, rounded by at- trition of the water, scattered about; and, if they had not occa- sionally been disposed in lines forming rectangles with each other, the supposition would be, that they had been deposited there by natural causes. October 24. — To-day w T e laid by to recruit. Although the moon w r as*not in a favorable position, I availed myself of the opportunity to get a few lunar distances. 18 circum-meridian altitude of beta aquarii, and 12 altitudes of polaris, give for the latitude of the place 32° 44/ 52", and 8 distances between d and Fomalhaut give for the longitude 109° 22' 00". We feasted to-day on the blue quail and teal, and at night Stanly came in w r ith a goose. u Signs” of beaver and deer were very distinct; these, with the wolf, con- stitute the only animals yet traced on the river. October 25. — The general character of the country is much the same as before represented; but towards camp, it broke into irreg- ular and fantastic looking mountains. A rose-colored tint was im- parted to the whole landscape, by the predominance of red feld- spar. The road became broken and difficult as it wound its way around two short canons. We were now in the regions made famous in olden times by the fables of Friar Marcos, and eagerly did we ascend every mound, ex- pecting to see in the distance what I fear is but the fabulous u Casa Montezuma.” Once, as we turned a sharp hill, the bold outline of a castle presented itself, with the tops of the walls horizontal, the corners vertical, and apparently one front bastioned. My com- panion agreed with me that we at last beheld, this famed building; on we spurred our unwilling brutes; restless for the show, I drew out my telescope, when to my disappointment a clay butte, with regular horizontal seams, stood in the place' of our castle; but to the naked eye the delusion was complete. It is not impossible that this very butte, which stands on an imposing height in the centre of a vast amphitheatre of turreted hills, has been taken by the trappers, willing to see, and more especially to report marvellous things, for the u Casa Montezuma.” The Indians here do not know the name Aztec. Montezuma is the outward point in their chronology; and as he is supposed to have lived and reigned' for all time preceding his disappearance, so do they speak of every event preceding the Spanish conquest as of the days of Monte- zuma. The name, at this moment, is as familiar to every Indian, Puebla, Apache, and Navajoe, as that of our Saviour or Washington is to us. In the person of Montezuma, they unite both qualities of di- vinity and patriot. 65 m | ' x . < . We passed to-day the ruins of two more villages similar to those of yesterday. The foundation of the largest house seen yesterday was 60 by 20 feet; to-day, 40 by 30. About none didT we find any vestiges of the mechanical arts, except the pottery; the stone forming the supposed foundation was round and unhewn, and some cedar logs were also found about the houses, much decayed, bear- ing no mark of an edged tool. Except these ruins, of which not | * one stone remained upon another, no marks of human hands or foot- step have been visible for many days, until to-day we came upon a place where there had been an extensive fire. Following the course of this fire, as it bared the ground of the shrubbery, and ex- posed the soil, &c., to view, I found what was to us a very great vegetable curiosity, a cactus, 18 inches high, and 18 inches in its greatest diameter, containing 20 vertical volutes, armed with strong spines. When the traveller is parched with thirst, one of these, split open, will give sufficient liquid to afford relief. Several of these cacti were found nearly torn from the earth, and lying in the dry bed of a stream. These and the mezquite, acacia, prosopis odorata, and prosopis glandulosa, now form the principal growth. Under the name mez- quite, the voyageur comprises all the acacia and prosopis family. Last night, about nine o’clock, I heard the yell of a wolf, resem- bling that of a four months.’ old pup. In a few minutes there was a noise like distant thunder. “Stampede !” shouted a fellow, and in an instant every man was amongst the mules. With one rush they had broken every rope; and this morning, when we started, one of our mules was missing, which gave us infinite annoyance. Our party is so economically provided that we could not afford to lose even a mule, and I left four men to look it up, who did not rejoin us till night. A question arose involving a serious point of mountain law, which differs somewhat from prairie law. One of my party captured a beau- tiful dun colored mule, which was claimed by another party ; the one claiming the prize for having first seen the animal and then catching it with the lazo. The other pleaded ownership of the rope, used as a lazo, as its title. It was settled to the satisfaction of the first. The mule was one which Carson had left on his way out, and on being asked why he did not claim it, he said it was too young to be useful in packing, and as we now bad plenty of beef, it would not be required for food, and he did not care about it. October 26.- — Soon after leaving camp, the banks of the river be- came gullied on each side by deep and impassable arroyos. This-- drove us insensibly to the mountains, until at length we found our- selves some thousand feet above the river, and it was not until we had made sixteen miles that we again descended to it. This dis- tance occupied eight and a half hours of incessant toil to the men, and misery to our best mules. Some did not reach camp at all, and when the day dawned one or two, who had lost their way, were seen on the side of the mountain, within a few steps of a high pre- cipice, from which it required some skill to extricate them. The men named this pass “the Devil’s turnpike,” and I see no reason to 5 66 [- 7 ] change it. The whole way was a succession of steep ascents and descents, paved with sharp, angular fragments of basalt and trap. The metallic clink of spurs, and the rattling of the mule shoes, the high black peaks, the deep dark ravines, and the unearthly look- ing cactus, which stuck out from the rocks like the ears of Mephis- topheles, all favored the idea that we were now treading on the verge of the regions below. Occasionally a mule gave up the ghost, and was left as a propitiatory tribute to the place. This day’s jour- ney cost us some twelve or fifteen mules; one of mine fell headlong down a precipice, and, to the surprise of all, survived the fall. The barometric height was taken several times to-day. Long and anxious was my study of these mountains, to ascertain something of their general direction and form. Those on the north side swept in something like a regular curve from our camp of last night to the mouth of the San Carlos, deeply indented in two places by the in- gress into the Gila of the Prierte (Black) and Azul (Blue) rivers. Those on the south, where we passed, were a confused mass of ba- salt and trap, and I could give no direction to the axis of maximum elevation. They seemed to drift off to the southeast. Wherever the eye wandered, huge mountains were seen of black, volcanic ap- pearance, of very compact argillaceous limestone, tinged at times with scarlet from the quantities of red feldspar. Through these the Gila (now swift) has cut its narrow way with infinite labor, assisted by the influx of the Prierte, the Azul and San Carlos rivers. As the story goes, the Prierte flows down from the mountains, freighted with gold. Its sands are said to be full of this precious metal. A few ad- venturers, who ascended this river hunting beaver, washed the sands at night when they halted , and were richly rewarded for their trouble. Tempted by their success, they made a second trip, and were at- tacked and most of them killed by the Indians. My authority for this statement is Londeau, who, though an illiterate man, is truthful. October 27. — After yesterday’s work we were obliged to lay by to-day. The howutzers came up late in the afternoon. They are •small, mounted on wheels ten feet in circumference, which stand apart about three feet, and with the assistance of men on foot, are able to go in almost any place a mule can go. I strolled a mile or two up the San Carlos, and found the whole distance, it has its way in a narrow canon, worn from the solid ba- salt. On either side, in the limestone under the basalt were im- mense cavities, which must have been at times the abodes of Indians and the dens of beasts. The remains of fire and the bones of ani- mals attested this. Near its mouth we found the foundation of a rectangular house, and on a mound adjacent that of a circular build- ing, a few feet in diameter. The ruin was probably that of a shep- herd’s house, with a circular building adjoining as a look-out, as there was no ground in the neighborhood which was suited for irri- gation. Both these ruins were of round unhewn stones, and the first was surrounded by pieces of broken pottery. Digging a few feet brought us to a solid mass which was most likely a dirt floor, such as is now used by the Spaniards. In my walk I encountered a settlement of tarantulas; as I ap- proached, four or five rushed to the front of their little caves in an 67 m attitude of defence. I threw a pebble at them, and it would be hard to imagine, concentrated in so small a space, so much expres- sion of defiance, rage, and ability to do mischief, as the tarantula presents. Our camp was near an old Apache camp. The carcasses of cattle in every direction betokened it to have been the scene of a festival after one of their forays into the Spanish territory. The Gila at this place is much swollen by the affluence of the. three streams just mentioned, and its cross section here is about 70 feet by 4. The waters change their color, and are slightly tainted with salt; indeed, just below our camp there came from the side of an. impending mountain, a spring so highly charged with salt as to be altogether unpalatable. Several exquisite ferns were plucked at the spring, and a new green-barked acacia, covering the plains above the river bed, but vegetation generally was very scarce; this is the first camp since leaving the Del Norte, in which we have not had good grass. At. 84. 40 ?ti., a meteor of surpassing splendor started under con- stellation lyra, about 20 degrees above the horizon, and went off towards the south, projected against a black cloud. The clouds interfered with my observations; but such as they were, 12 altitudes of polaris, 9 of alpha andromedse, and 9 of alpha lyrse, and 16 distances between the D and alpha pegasi, gave the latitude of the camp 32° 53' 16", and the longitude 109° 31' 34". October 28. — One or two miles 5 ride, and we were clear of the Black mountains, and again m /he valley of the Gila, which wi- dened out gradually to the base of Mount Graham, abreast of which we encamped. Almost for the whole distance, twenty miles, were found at intervals the remains of houses like those before described. Just before reaching the base of Mount Graham, a wide valley, smooth and level, comes in from the south-east. Up this valley are trails leading to San Bernadino, Fronteras and Tucsoon. Here also the trail by the Ojo Cavallo comes in turning the southern abut- ments of the Black mountains, along which Capt. Cook is to come with his wagons. At the junction of this valley with the Gila are the ruins of a large settlement. I found traces of a circular wall 270 feet in cir- cumference. Here also was one circular enclosure of 400 yards. This must have been for defence. In one segment was a trian- gular shaped indenture, which we supposed to be a well. Large mezquite now grow in it, attesting its antiquity. Most of the houses are rectangular, varying from 20 to 100 feet front; many were of the form of the present Spanish houses, thus: CO U ET U i's=ss nnnBl»mmaBiS3SE>3aBS3^acsaSaS£:;t1E£ Red cedar posts were found in many places, which seemed to< detract from their antiquity, but for the peculiarity of this climate, where vegetable matter seems never to decay. In vain did we search for some remnant which would enable us to connect the in- habitants of these long deserted buildings with other races. No mark of an edge tool could be found, and no remnant of any house- hold or family utensils, except the fragments of pottery which were every where strewed on the plain, and the rude corn grinder still used by the Indians. So great was the quantity of this pot- tery, and the extent of ground covered by it, that I have formed the idea it must have been used for pipes to convey water. There were about the ruins quantities of the fragments of agate and obsi- dian, the stone described by Prescott as that used by the Aztecs to cut out the hearts of their victims. This valley was evidently once the abode of busy, hard-working, people. Who were they! And where have they gone! Tradition among the Indians and Spaniards does not reach them. I do not think it improbable that these ruins may be those of comparatively modern Indians,*' for Yenegas says: u The father Jacob Sedelmayer, in October, 1744, set out from his mission, (Tu- butuma,) and, after travelling 80 leagues, reached the Gila, where he found six thousand Papagos, and near the same number of Pimos and Coco Maricopas;” and the map which he gives of this country, although very incorrect, represents many Indian settlements and missions on this river. His observations, however, were confined to that part of the Gila river near its mouth. Great quantities of green-barked acacia on the table lands, and also the chamiza, wild sage and mezquite; close to the river, cot- ton wood and willow. We found, too, amongst many other plants, the eriodictyon Californicum, several new grasses, and a sedge, very few of which have been seen on our journey. We saw the trail of cannon up the valley very distinct; that of an expedition from Sonora against the Indians, which was made a few years since, without achieving any results. Wherever the river made incisions, was discoverable a mela- morphic, close grained, laminated sandstone, and in many places were seen buttes of vitrified quartz, (semi-opal.) October 29. — -The dust was knee deep in the *rear of our trail; the soil appeared good, but, for whole acres, not the sign of vege- tation was to be seen. Grass was at long intervals, and, when found, burned to cinder. A subterraneous stream flowed at the foot of Mount Graham, and fringed its base with evergreen. Every where there were marks of flowing water, yet vegetation was so scarce and crisp that it would be difficult to imagine a drop of water had fallen since last winter. The whole plain, from 3 to 6 miles wide, is within the level of the waters of therGila, and might easily be irrigated, as it no doubt was by the former tenants of these ruined houses. * Since these notes were written, a very interesting letter was received from the venera- ble Mr. Gallatin connected with the history of these ruins. The letter, with my reply, will be found in the Appendix. 69 m The crimson tinted Sierra Carlos skirted the river on the north side the whole day, and its changing profiles formed subjects of study and amusement. Sometimes we could trace a Gothic steeple; then a horse; now an old woman’s face; and, again, a veritable steamboat; but this required the assistance of a light smoky cloud, drifting to the east, over what represented the chimney stack. Wherever the river abraded its banks, was seen, in horizontal strata, a yellowish argillaceous limestone. October 30. — Mount Turnbull, terminating in a sharp cone, had been in view down the valley of the river for three days. To-day about three o’clock, p. m., we turned its base forming the northern terminus of the same chain, in which is Mt. Graham. Half a mile from our camp of last night was another very large ruin which appeared, as well as I could judge, (my view being ob- structed by the thick growth of mezquite,) to have been the abode of five or ten thousand souls. The outline of the buildings and the pottery presented no essential difference from those already de- scribed. But about eleven miles from the camp, on a knoll, over- looked in a measure by a tongue of land, I found the trace of a solitary house, somewhat resembling that of a field work en cremal- liere. The enclosure was complete, and the faces varied from ten to thirty feet. The accompanying cut will give a more accurate idea than words. Clouds had been seen hovering over the head of Mount Turnbull; and as we passed, the beds of the arroyos leading from it were found to be damp, showing the marks of recent running water. Last evening about dusk, one of my men discovered a drove of wild hogs, and this morning we started on their trail, but horse flesh had now become so precious that we could not afford to fol- low any distance from our direction, and although anxious to get a genuine specimen of this animal, we gave up the chase and dropped in the rear of the column. The average weight of these animals is about 100 pounds, and their color invariably light pepper and salt. Their flesh is said to be palatable, if the musk which lies near the back part of the spine is carefully removed. 70 m Many Afresh signs” of Indians were seen, but, as on previous days, we could not catch a glimpse of them. They carefully avoid- ed us. This evening, however, as Robideaux unarmed was riding in advance, he emerged suddenly from a cavity in the ground, thickly masqued by mezquite. He had discovered two Indians on horse back within twenty yards of him. The interview was awkward to both parties, but Robideaux w T as soon relieved by the arrival of the head of our column. The Indians were thrown into the greatest consternation; they were tolerably mounted, but escape was hope- less. Two more miserable looking objects I never beheld; their legs, (unlike the Apaches we left behind) were large and muscular* but their faces and bodies (for they were naked,) were one mass of wrinkles, almost approaching to scales. They w T ere armed with bows and arrows, and one with a quiver of fresh cut reeds. Neither could speak Spanish, and the communication w r as by signs. They were directed to go with us to camp, where they would re- ceive food and clothing; but they resolutely refused, evidently thinking certain death awaited them, and that it would be prefer- able to meet it then than suffer suspense. The chief person talked all the time in a tongue resembling more the bark of a mastiff, than the words of a human being. Our anxiety to communicate to the tribe our friendly feeling, and more especially our desire to pur- chase mules, was very great; but they were firm in their purpose not to follow, and much to their surprise, (they seemed incapable of expressing joy,) we left them and their horses untouched. They were supposed by some to be the Cayotes, a branch of the Apaches, but Londeau thought they belonged to the tribe of Trem- blers, who acquired their name from their emotions at meeting the whites. Observed to-night 12 altitudes of polaris for latitude, and mea- sured 9 lunar distances for longitude. Lat. 33° 12' 10". Long. 110° 20' 46". October 31. — To-day we were doomed to another sad disap- pointment. Reaching the San 'Francisco about noon, we unsaddled to refresh our horses and allow time to look up a trail by which we could pass the formidable range of mountains through which the Gila cut it s way, making a deep canon impassable for the howit- zers. A yell on the top of a distant hill announced the presence of three well mounted Indians, and persons were sent out to bring them in. Our mules were now fast failing, and the road before us unknown. These Indians, if willing, could supply us with mules and show us the road. Our anxiety to see the result of the inter- view was, consequently, very great. It was amusing, and at the same time very provoking. They would allow but one of our party to approach. Long was the talk by signs and gestures; at length they consented to come into camp, and moved forward about a hun- dred yards, when a new apprehension seemed to seize them, and they stopped. They said, as well as could be understood, that the two old men we met yesterday had informed their chief of our pre- sence, and wish to obtain mules; that he was on his way with some, and had sent them ahead to sound a parley. They were better looking, and infinitely better conditioned, than those we met yes- terday, resembling strongly the Apaches of the copper mines, and like them decked in the plundered garb of the Mexicans. The day passed, but no Indians came; treacherous themselves, they expect treachery in others. At everlasting war with the rest of mankind, they kill at sight all who fall in their power. The conduct of the Mexicans to them is equally bad, for they decoy and kill the Apaches whenever they can. The former Governor of Sonora employed a bold and intrepid Irishman, named Kirker, to hunt the Apaches He had in his employment w T hites and Delaware Indians, and was allowed, besides a per diem, $100 per scalp, and $25 for a prisoner. A story is also told of one Johnson, an Eng- lishman, an Apache trader, who, allured by the reward, induced a number of these people to come to his camp, and placed a barrel of flour for them to help themselves; when the crow T d was thickest of men, women, and children, he fired a six pounder amongst them from a concealed place and killed great numbers. 13 circum-meridian altitudes of beta aquarii, and 10 altitudes of polaris give the latitude of this camp 33° IT 29". The longitude by 12 lunar distances E. and W. is 110° 30' 24". November 1. — No alternative seemed to offer but to pursue Car- son’s old trail sixty miles over a rough country, without water, and two, if not three days’ journey. Under this, in their shattered condition, our mules must sink. We followed the Gila river six or seven miles, when it became necessary to leave it, how long was uncertain. Giving our animals a bite of the luxurious grama on the river banks, we filled every vessel capable of holding^ water, and commenced the jornada. The ascent was very rapid, the hills steep, and the footing insecure. After travelling five or six miles, ascending all the way, we found trails from various directions con- verging in front of us, evidently leading to a village or a spring; it proved to be the last. The spring consisted of a few deep holes, filled with delicious w T ater, overgrown with cotton wood; and, although the grass was not good, w T e determined to halt for the night, as the howdtzers were not yet up, and it was doubtful when we should meet with water again. I took advantage of the early halt to as- cend, with the barometer, a very high peak overhanging the camp, which I took to be the loftiest in the Piiion Lano range on the north side of the Gila. Its approximate height was only 5,724 feet above the sea. The view was very extensive; rugged mountains bounded the entire horizon. Very far to the northeast was a chain of mountains covered with snow, but I could not decide whether it was the range on the east side of the Del Norte or the Sierras Mimbres. Near the top of this peak the mezcal grew in abundance, and with the stalk of one 25 feet long we erected a flag-staff. Here too we found huge masses of the conglomerate before described, apparently as if it had been arrested in rolling from an impending height, but there was no point higher than this for many miles, and the inter- vening ravines were deep. Lower down we found a large mass of many thousand tons of the finer conglomerate, the shape of a trun- 72 [ 7 ] cated pyramid standing on its smallest base. It appeared so nicely balanced, a feather might have overthrown it. A vrell levelled seat of large slabs of red ferruginous sand-stone altered by heat indi- cated we were not on untrodden ground. It was the watch-tower of the Apache; from it he could track the valley of the Gila beyond the base of Mount Graham. At the point where we left the Gila, there stands a cactus six feet in circumference, and so high I could not reach half way to the top of it with the point of my sabre by many feet; and a short distance up the ravine is a grove of these or pitahaya, much larger than the one I measured, and with large branches. These plants bear a saccharine fruit much prized by the Indians and Mexicans. u They are without leaves, the fruit growing to the boughs. The fruit resembles the burr of a chesnut and is full of prickles, but the pulp resembles that of the fig, only more soft and luscious.” In some it is white, in some red, and in others yellow, but always of exquisite taste. A new shrub bearing a delicious nutritious nut and in sufficient abundance to form an article of food for the Apaches. Mezcal and the fruit of the agave Americana, and for the first time arctosta- phylos pungens. Two or three new shrubs and flowers. The formation near the mouth of the San Francisco is diluvion, overlaying a coarse grained highly calcareous sand-stone and lime- stone. The mountains were chiefly of granite with red feldspar, and near our camp was discernible a stratum of very compact argil- laceous^lime-stone, dipping nearly vertically to the west. November 2 . — The call to water sounded long before day-light, and we ate breakfast by the light of the moon; the thermometer at 25°. As day dawned we looked anxiously for the howitzers, which were beginning to impede our progress very much. My camp was pitched on the opposite side of a ravine some distance apart from the main camp, the horses were grazing on the hill side still beyond and out of sight. We were quietly waiting for further orders, when our two Mexican herdsmen came running into camp much alarmed and without their arms, exclaiming: u The Indians are driving off the mules. u To arms” was shouted, and before I could loosen a pistol from tKe holster my little party were in full run to the scene of alarm, each with his rifle. On turning the hill we found the horses tranquilly grazing, but the hill overlooking them was lined with horsemen. As we advanced, one of the number hailed us in Spanish, saying he wished to have u a talk.” They were Apaches, and it had been for some time our earnest desire to trade with them, and hitherto we had been unsuccessful. u One of you put down your rifle and come to us,” said the Span- ish-tongued Indian. Londeau, my employe before-mentioned, im- mediately complied, I followed; but before reaching half-way up the steep hill, the Indian espied in my jacket the handle of a large horse pistol. He told me I must put down my pistol before he would meet me. I threw it aside and proceeded to the top of the hill, where, although he was mounted and surrounded by six or eight of his own men armed with rifles and arrows, he received me The fire place Rock Cereus Giganteus ->i ui.'j lul. Appendix. 1 . Continued : i I ■ with great agitation. The talk was long and tedious. I exhausted every argument to induce him to come into camp. His principal fear seemed to be the howitzers, which recalled at once to my mind the story I had heard of the massacre by Johnson. At last a bold young fellow tired of the parley threw down his rifle, and with a step that Forrest in Me tarn ora might have envied, strode off to- wards camp, piloted by Carson. We were about to follow when the chief informed us it would be more agreeable to him if we re- mained until his warrior returned. The ice was now broken, most of them seeing that their comrade encountered no danger, followed one by one. They said they be- longed to the tribe of Pinon Lanos; that u they were simple in head, but true of heart.” Presents were distributed; they promised a guide to pilot us over the mountain, five miles distant, to a spring with plenty of good grass, where they engaged to meet us next day with 100 mules. The mezcal flourishes here; and at intervals of a half a mile or so we found several artificial craters, into which the Indians throw this fruit, with, heated stones, to remove the sharp thorns and re- duce it to its saccharine state. Observed last night for latitude and time, and our position is in latitude 33° 14' 54", longitude 110° 45' 06". Our camp was on the the head of a creek which, after running in a faint stream one hun- dred yards, disappeared below the surface of the earth. On its margin grew a species of ash unknown in the United States, and the California plane tree, which is also distinct in species from our sycamore. November 3. — Our expectations were again disappointed, the In- dians came, but only seven mules were the result of the days’ la- bor, not a tenth of the number absolutely required. Our visiters to-day presented the same motley group we have always found the Apaches. Amongst them was a middle-aged wo- man, whose garrulity and interference in every trade was the an- noyance of Major Swords, who had charge of the trading, but the amusement of the by-standers. * She had on a gauze-like dress, trimmed with the richest and most costly Brussels lace, pillaged no doubt from some fandango-going belle of Sonora; she straddled a fine grey horse, and whenever her blanket dropped from her shoulders, her tawny form could be seen through the transparent gauze. After she had sold her mule, she was anxious to sell her horse, and careered about to show his quali- ties. At one time she charged at full speed up a steep hill. In this, the fastenings of her dress broke, and her bare back was exposed to the crowd, who ungallantly raised a shout of laughter. Nothing daunted, she wheeled short round with surprising dexterity, and seeing the mischief done, coolly slipped the dress from her arms and tucked it between her seat and the saddle. In this state of nudity she rode through camp, from fire to fire, until, at last, at- taining the object of her ambition, a soldier’s red flannel shirt, she made her adieu in that new costume. A boy about 12 years of age, of uncommon beauty, was among 74 [?] our visiters. Happy, cheerful, and contented, he was consulted j in every trade, and seemed an idol with the Apaches. It required little penetration to trace his origin from the same land as the gauze of the old woman. We tried to purchase him, but he said it was long , long , since he was captured, and that he had no desire to leave his master who, he was certain, would not sell him for any money. All attempts were vain, and the lad seemed gratified both at the offer to purchase, and the refusal to sell. Here we found the mountains chiefly of red ferruginous sandstone, altered by heat. November 4. — Six miles from our camp of last night w^e reached a summit, and then commenced descending again rapidly towards the Gila, along a deeply cartoned valley, the sands of which were black with particles of oxide and peroxide of iron. Near the summit, the hills on each side were of old red sandstone, with strata slo- ping to the southwest at an agle of 25°, and under this were strata of black slate and compact limestone, and then granite. In the ravines we found, at places, a luxuriant growth of syca- more, ash, cedar, pine, nut-wood, mezcal, and some walnut, the edible nut again, Adam’s needle, small evergreen oak and cotton- wood, and a gourd the cucumis perennis. There was every indication of water, but none was procured on the surface; it could, no doubt, have been found by digging, but the Gila was only twenty miles distant. The last six or eight miles of our route was down the dry bed of a stream, in a course east of ssuth, and our day’s journey did not gain much in the direction of California. It was necessary to as- cend the river a mile in search of grass, and then we got but an indifferent supply. Except in the two camps nearest to Mount Turnbull, and the one at the San Carlos, we have never before, since leaving Santa Fe, had occasion to complain of the want of grass. We encamped in a grove of cacti of all kinds; amongst them the huge pitahaya, one of which was fifty feet high. Geological formation on this slope of the Pihon Lano Mountains: 1st. Conglomerate of sandstone and pebbles; then, red sandstone in layers a foot thick; then, granite very coarse. The depth of the two first was many hundred feet, and in some places its strati- fication much deranged. Many large masses of sandstone, with thin seams of vitrified quartz. In the dry creek down which we travelled, we saw a cave of green sandstone, in which a fire had been built; for what purpose I cannot conjecture, as it was too small to admit a man. The Apaches gave us to understand that a marauding party of their people were in Sonora. The broad fresh trail of cattle and horses leading up the arroyo, induces the belief that they have re- turned — successful, of course. Last night was mild, the thermometer at 63° Fahrenheit; and,, what was very unusual here, the heavens were overcast, which pre- vented my getting the rate of the chronometers. Although we have had no rain except at Mount Graham, where j Lith . Tsv E We b ex & Co £ alto . 75 [ 7 ] we had a shower which scarcely sufficed to lay the dust, yet the whole face of the country bears marks of rains, and running water met with in no other part of our journey. The absence of vegeta- tion will, in some measure, account for the deep incisions made by running water in the earth. November 5. — The howitzers did not reach camp last night, yet, the grass was so bad, and our beds, on the round pebbles every- where covering the surface of the ground, so uncomfortable, it was determined to move camp. The Gila now presents an inhospitable look; the mountains of trap, granite, and red sandstone, in irregular and confused strata, but generally dipping sharply to the south, cluster close together; and one ignorant of the ground could not tell from what direction the river came, or in what direction it flowed onwards to its mouth. The valley, not more than 300 feet from base to base of these per- pendicular mountains, is deep, and w T ell grown with willow, cotton- wood, and mezquite. At several places, perpendicular walls of trap dyke projected from the opposite side of the river, giving the idea that the river waters had once been dammed up, and then liberatedby the blow of a giant; for the barrier was shattered — not worn away. In the course of six miles we had crossed and re-crossed the river twice as many times, when we left it by turning abruptly up a dry ravine to the south. This we followed for three miles, and crossed a ridge at the base of Saddle-Back mountain, (so named from its resemblance to the outline of a saddle,) and descended by another dry creek to the San Pedro, running nearly north. Tne valley of this river is quite wide, and is covered with a dense growth of mezquite, (acacia prosopis,) cotton wood, and willow, through which it is hard to move without being unhorsed. The whole appearance gave great promise, but a near approach ex- hibited the San Pedro, an insignificant stream a few yards wide, and only a foot deep. For six miles we followed the Gila. The pitahaya and every other variety of cactus flourished in great luxuriance. The pita- haya, tall, erect, and columnar in its appearance, grew in every crevice from the base to the top of the mountains, and in one place I saw it growing nearly to its full dimensions from a crevice not much broader than the back of my sabre. These extraordinary looking plants seem to seek the wildest and most unfrequented places. The range of mountains traversed to-day is the same we have been in for some days, and is a continuation of that of Mount Gra- ham, which turns sharply westward from Turnbull’s peak, carrying with it the Gila. Saddle-Back is an isolated peak of red sandstone that has every’ appearance of having once formed the table land, and being harder than the surrounding surface, having withstood the abrasion of water. The uplands covered as usual with mezquite, chimaza, ephydree, the shrub witli the edible nut, and cactus, of this a new and beau- * tiful variety. In the canon we heard in advance of us the crack of a rifle; on coming up we found that old Francisco, one of the guides, had killed a calf, left there, doubtless, by the Apaches. The dry creek by which we crossed to the San Pedro river was the great highway leading from the mountain fastnesses into the plains of Santa Cruz, Santa Anna, and Tucsoon, frontier towns of Sonora. Along this valley was distinctly marked the same fresh trail, noted yesterday, of horses, cattle and mules. The bed of this creek was deeply cut, and turned at sharp angles, forming a zigzag like the bayoux laid by sappers in approaching a fortress, each turn of which (and they were innumerable) formed a strong defensive position. The Apache once in possession of them is secure from pursuit or invasion from the Mexican. Since the 1st November, we have been traversing, with incredi- ble labor and great expenditure of mule power, the stronghold of j these mountain robbers, having no other object in view than mak- j ing our distance westward; yet here we are at this camp, only five j seconds of time west of camp 89, at Disappointment creek, and one minute and four seconds west of our camp at the mouth of the San Francisco. Nature has done her utmost to favor a condition of things which has enabled a savage and uncivilized tribe, armed with the bow and lance, to hold as tributary powers three fertile and once flourishing states, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Durango, peopled by a Christian race, countrymen of the immortal Cortez. These states were at ! one time flourishing, but such has been the devastation and alarm spread by these children of the mountains, that they are now losing population, commerce and manufactures at a rate which, if not soon |j arrested, must leave them uninhabited. November 6. — For the double purpose of allowing the howitzers to come up, and to recruit our mules, it is decided this shall be a day of rest. The grama is good, but sparsely scattered over the hills, and it is necessary to loosen every animal and let them graze at will. We are yet 500 miles from the nearest settlement, and no one surveying our cavalry at this moment would form notions favorable to the success of the expedition. Except a few saddle mules, the private property of officers, which have been allowed to run loose, every animal in camp is covered with patches, scars, and sores, made by the packs in the unequal motion caused by the ascent and descent of steep hills. The failure of the Apaches to bring in theic mules, was a serious disappointment, and entirely justifies the name given to the creek, where they agreed to meet us. Besides, being the only means of transportation, they are, in extremity, to serve us as food, and the poor suffering creatures before us, give no very agreeable impres sion of the soup which their meat will furnish. However grave the subject may appear, it is the common source of merriment. All seem to anticipate it as a matter of course, and the constant recur- rence of the mind to the idea, will no doubt accustom us to it, and make mule as acceptable as other soup. fil |« Group of Hants exhibiting the Ye gitati on on the Gila Xith . "by E ."Weber & Co . B alto . 77 [ 7 ] In the sandy arroyos where our fires burn, that look as if they had been formed but a year or two since, was broken pottery, and the remains of a large building, similar in form, substance, and ap- parent antiquity to those so often described. Strolling over the hills alone, in pursuit of seed and geological specimens, my thoughts went back to the States, and when I turned from my momentary aberrations, I was struck most forcibly w T ith the fact that not one object in the whole view, animal, vegetable, or mineral, had any thing in common with the products of any State in the Union, with the single exception of the cotton wood, which is found in the wes- tern States, and seems to grow wherever water flows from the ver- tebral range of mountains of North America; this tree we found growing near the summit of the Pinon Lano range of mountains, in- deed, always where a ravine had its origin. In one view could be seen clustered, the larrea Mexicana, the cactus, (king) cactus, (chandelier) green wood acacia, chamiza, prosopis odorata, and a new variety of sedge, and then large open spaces of bare gravel. The only animals seen were lizzards, scorpions, and tarantulas. I made elaborate observations for time and latitude, and for longi- tude by measurement, of lunar distances. Anxious to observe eclip- ses of Jupiter’s satellites, I determined once more to try the small telescope wflth which the satellites of Jupiter could just be discerned. I strained my eyes for two nights in succession to see if I could discover the moment of immersion and emersion of I and III satel- lites of Jupiter, which were visible from our camp. My efforts were fruitless, and the result to myself is a distressing nervous af- fection of the eye, which may injure the correctness of my other observations of this night. The resulting latitude of the place is 32° 57' 43 ;/ . longitude u . u 74. 23 m. 19s*. Rate of chronometer 2075, losing 12 /; 7 s. per day. The height by barometer 2115 feet above the sea. The latitude was deduced from 13 circum-meridian altitudes of be- ta aquarii, and 12 altitudes of polaris. The longitude from 8 dis- tances between alpha arietisand the D , 9 of regulus and the D, and 5 of aldebaran and the D . November 7. — About two miles from our camp the San Pedro joins the Gila just as the latter leaps from the mouth of the canon. The place of meeting is a bottom three miles wide, seeming a con- tinuation of that of the Gila. It is principally of deep dust and sand, overgrown with cotton wood, mezquite, chamiza, willow r , and the black willow. In places there are long sweeps of large paving pebbles, filled up with drift wood, giving the appearance of having been overflowed by an im- petuous torrent. The hills on both sides of the river, still high, but now farther off, and covered to the top with soil producing the mezquite and pitahaya, as the day advanced, began to draw in closer, and before it closed, had again contracted the valley to a space kittle more than sufficient for the river to pass; and at halt, after making seventeen miles, we found ourselves encompassed by hills much diminished in height, but not in abruptness. The road, ex- cept the deep dust which occasionally gave way and lowered a mule to his knee, was good, that is, there were no hills to scale. The river was crossed and re-crossed four times. At 12 and 14 miles there were good patches of grama, burned quite yellow, but for most of the way, and at our camp, there was little or no grass, and our mules were turned loose to pick what they could of rushes and willow along the margin of the stream. Wherever the formation was exposed along the river, it was a conglomerate of sandstone, lime and pebbles, with deep caverns. Nearly opposite our camp of this date, and about one-third the distance up the hill, there crops out ore of copper and iron, easily worked, the carbonate of lime and calcareous spar. A continuation of the vein of ore was found on the side where we encamped, and a large knoll strewed with what the Spaniards call guia, the Eng- lish of which is “guide to gold.” The night has set in dark and stormy; the wind blows in gusts from the southwest, and the rain falling in good earnest, mingled with the rustling noise of the Gila, which has now become swift and impetuous, produces on us, who have so long been accustomed to a tranquil atmosphere, quite the impress of a tempest. We have b^en so long without rain as to cease to expect or make provision against it, and the consequence is the greatest difficulty in getting the men to provide coverings for the destructible portion of our rations. Three Indians hailed us just before making camp, and after much parley were brought in. They feasted heartily, and promised to bring in mules. At first they denied having any; but after their ap- petites were satisfied, their hearts opened, and they sent the young- est of their party to their town, which was at the head of the dry creek of our camp, of the night before last. The fellow went on his way, as directed, till he met the howitzers, which so filled him with surprise and consternation that he forgot his mission, and followed the guns to camp in mute wonder. These people are of the Pinon Lano (pinon wood) tribe, and we had been told by the Pinoleros (pinole eaters) that the chief of this band had mules. Flights of geese and myriads of the blue quail, and a flock of turkies, from which we got one. The river bed, at the junction of the San Pedro, was seamed with tracks of deer and turkey; some signs of beaver and one trail of wild hogs. Our camp was on a flat, sandy plain, of small extent, at the mouth of a dry creek, with deep washed banks, giving the appearance of containing at times a rapid and powerful stream, although no water was visible in the bed. At the junction, a clear, pure stream flowed from under the sand. From the many indications of gold and cop- per ore at this place, I have named it Mineral creek; and, I doubt # not, a few years will see flat-boats descending the river from this point to its mouth, freighted with its precious ores. WMM \ MMK W?. V| i, VAM 'AKwWi in BHBB ^MlSSlIi |SL V- ■« tfiw ■'^fcrfi. MW 1 -;- ' WmmffiM m i 1111 MS f#i| '4 ■¥%vf ira&sl® PPM ■|§% $58gBM8E« $8aPiilB8 ■®h&jv ' Ja®yfi| M&i ( y iG^^NHhJ ^■|M hSEsot 79 [ 7 ] There was a great deal of pottery about our camp, and just above us were the supposed remains of a large Indian settlement, differing very slightly from those already described. November 8.— The whole day’s journey was through a canon, and the river was crossed twelve or fifteen times. The sand was dee]p, and occasionally the trail much obstructed by pebbles of paving- stone. The willow grew so densely in many places as to stop our progress, and oblige us to look for spots less thickly overgrown, through which we could break. The precipices on each sidewere steep; the rock was mostly gra- nite and a compact sandy limestone, with occasional seams of ba- salt and trap; and towards the end of the day, calcareous sand stone, and a conglomerate of sandstone, feldspar, fragments of ba- salt, pebbles, &c. The stratification was very confused and irreg- ular, sometimes perfectly vertical but mostly dipping to the south- west, at an angle of 30°. Vast boulders of pure quartz; the river, in places, was paved with them. About two miles from camp, our course was traversed by a seam of yellowish colored igneous rock, shooting up into irregular spires and turrets, one or two thousand feet in height. It ran at right an- gles to the river, and extended to the north, and to the south, in a chain of mountains as far as the eye could reach. One of these towers was capped with a substance, many hundred feet thick, dis- posed in horizontal strata of different colors, from deep red to light yellow. Partially disintegrated, and laying at the foot of the chain of spires, was a yellowish calcareous sandstone, altered by fire, in large amorphous masses. For a better description of this landscape, see the sketch by Mr. Stanly. To the west, about a mile below us, and running parallel to the first, is another similar seam., cut through by the Gila, at a great butte, shaped like a house. The top of this butte appears to have once formed the table land, and is still covered with vegetation. Through both these barriers the river has been conducted by some other means than attrition. Where it passes the first, it presents the appearance of a vast wall torn down by blows of a trip hammer. Under to-day’s date, in appendix No. 2, will be found many in- teresting plants, but the principal growth was as usual, Pitahaya, acacia, prosopis, Fremontia, and obione canescens. The latitude of this camp, which is within a mile of the spot where we take a final leave of the mountains, is, by the mean of the observations on north and south stars, polaris and beta aquarii, 33° 05' 40"; its longitude, derived by measurement and also by the chronometric difference of meridian between this and the camp of November 5th, is 111° 13' 10" west of Greenwich, and the height of the river at this point above the sea, as indicated by the barom- eter, 1,751 feet. At night, for the first time since leaving Pawnee Fork, I was interrupted for a moment in my observations, by moisture collecting on the glass of my horizon shade, showing a degree of humidity in [ 7 ] 80 the atmosphere not before existing. In the States there is scarcely a night where the moisture will not collect on the glass exposed to the air, sufficient in .two or three minutes to prevent the perfect transmission of light. November 9. — The effect of last night’s dampness was felt in the morning, for, although the thermometer was only 37°, the cold was more sensible than in the dry regions at 25°. We started in advance of the command to explore the lower belt of mountains by which we were encompassed. The first thing we noticed in the gorge was a promontory of pitch-stone, against which the river impinged with fearful force, for it was now descending at a rapid rate. Mounting to the top of the rock, on a beautiful table, we found sunk six or eight perfectly symmetrical and well-turned holes, about ten inches deep and six or eight wide at top ; near one, in a remote place, was a pitch-stone well turned and fashioned like a pestle. These could be nothing else than the corn-mills of long extinct races. Above this bed of pitch-stone, a butte of cal- careous sand-stone shot up to a great height, in the seams of which •were imbedded beautiful crystals of quartz. Turning the sharp angle of the promontory, we discovered a high perpendicular cliff of calcareous spar and baked argillaceous rock, against which the river also abutted, seamed so as to represent distinctly the flames of a volcano. A sketch was made of it, and is presented with these notes. On the side of the river opposite the igneous rocks, the butte rose in perpendicular and confused masses^ This chain continued, not parallel, as I supposed, to the first de- scribed barrier, but circled round to the east, and united with it. It also united on the north side, forming a basin three or four miles in diameter, in which we encamped last night. Except a few tufts of larrea Mtxicana, these hills were bare of vegetation. Away off to the south, and bordering on the banks of the river, covering the surface of the ground for one or two feet, was an incrustration of black cellular lava or basalt, like that seen about the R.aton. Nothing more was wanted to give the idea of an immense extinct volcano. Through the centre of the crater the Gila now pursues its rapid course. The Gila at this point, released from its mountain barrier, flows off quietly at the rate of three miles an hour into a wide plain, which extends south almost as far as the eye can reach. Upon this plain mezquite, chamiza, the green acacia, prosopis, artemisia, obione canescens, and-.petahaya, were the only vegetation. In one spot only we found a few bunches of grass; more than four-fifths of the plain were destitute of vegetation; the soil, a light brown loose sandy earth, I supposed contained something deleterious to vegetation* *A specimen of this soil was submitted to Professor Fraser, who says: u It is a light brown, loose sandy . earth containing scarcely anything soluble in water, the solution giving only faint indications of common salt and carbonate of lime. A very small portion of iron pyrites is also contained in it, but I imagine its want of fertility may more properly be attrib- uted to its deficiency in organic matters.” We made our noon halt at the grass patch. At this place were the remains of an immense Indian settlement; pottery was every- where to be found, but the remains of the foundations of the houses were imbedded in dust. The outlines of the acequias, by which they irrigated the soil, were sometimes quite distinct. The soil was moist, and wherever the foot pressed the ground the salts of the earth effloresced, and gave it the appearance of being covered with frost. In this way the numberless tracks of horses and other animals, which had at times traversed the plains, were indelible, and could be traced for great distances, by the eye, in long white seams. We found fresh trails of horses, which might be those of General Castro, or the Indians. When leaving California, Castro’s deter- mination, as we learn from Carson, was to go to Sonora, beat up recruits, and return. Our route might easily be reached, for we are now marching along a road everywhere accessible, and within three days’ march of the settlements of Sonora and the fort at Tucsoon, said to be regularly garrisoned by Mexican soldiers. We passed the deserted lodges of Indians, and, at one place remote from the lodges, we saw thirteen poles set up in a sort of incantation formula; twelve on the circumference of a circle, twenty feet in diameter, and one in the centre. Radii were drawn on the ground from the centre pole to each one in the periphery of the circle. It was the figuring of some medicine man of the Apaches or Pimos, we could not tell which, for it was on neutral ground about the dividing line of the possessions claimed by each. After leaving: the mountains all seemed for a moment to consider the difficulties of our journey at an end. The mules went off at a frolicsome pace, those which were loose contending with each other for precedence in the trail. The howitzers, which had nearly every part of their running gear broken and replaced, were, perhaps, the only things that were benefitted by the change from the mountains to the plains. These were under the charge of Lieutenant David- son, whose post has been no sinecure. In overcoming one set of difficulties we were now to encounter another. In leaving the mountains we were informed that we bade adieu to grass, and our mules must henceforth subsist on willow, cotton wood, and the long green ephedra. November 10. — The valley on the southern side of the Gila still grows wider. Away off in that direction, the peaks of the Sonora mountains just peep above the horizon. On the north side of the river, and a. few miles from it, runs a low chain of serrated hills. Near our encampment, a corresponding range draws in from the southeast, giving the river a bend to the north. At the base of this chain is a long meadow, reaching for many miles south, in which the Pimos graze their cattle; and along the whole day’s march were remains of zequias, pottery, and other evidences of a once densely populated country. About the time of the noon halt, a large pile, which seemed the work of human hands, was seen to the left. It was the remains of a three-story mud house, 60 feet square, pierced for doors and windows. The walls were four feet thick, and formed 6 82 [ 7 ] by layers of mud, two feet thick. Stanly made an elaborate sketch of every part; for it was, no doubt, built by the same race that had s once so thickly peopled this territory, and left behind the ruins. We made a long and careful search for some specimens of house- hold furniture, or implement of art, but nothing was found except | the corngrinder, always met with among the ruins and on the plains. The marine shell, cut into various ornaments, was also found here, which showed that these people either came from the sea coast or j trafficked there. No traces of hewn timber were discovered; on the contrary, the sleepers of the ground floor were round and un- hewn. They were burnt out of their seats in the wall to the depth I of six inches. The whole interior of the house had been burnt out, and the walls much defaced. What was left bore marks of having been glazed, and on the wall in the north room of the second story were traced the following hieroglyphics. Where we encamped, eight or nine miles from the Pimos village, we met a Maricopo Indian, looking for his cattle. The frank, confi- j dent manner in which he approached us was in strange contrast with that of the suspicious Apache. Soon six or eight of the Pimos came in at full speed. Their object was, to ascertain who we were, and what we wanted. They told us the fresh trail we aw up the river was that of their people, sent to watch the move- ments of their enemies, the Apaches. Being young, they became much alarmed on seeing us, and returned to the town, giving the alarm that a large body of Apaches were approaching. Their joy was unaffected at seeing we were Americans, and not | Apaches. The chief of the guard at once despatched new T s to his | chief, of the result of his reconnoissance. The town was nine miles distant, yet, in three hours, our camp was filled with Pimos loaded with corn, beans, honey, and zandias (water melons.) A brisk trade w Y as at once opened. This was my observing night; but the crowd of Indians was great, and the passing and repassing, at full speed so continuous, that I got an indifferent set of observations. The camp of my party was pitched on the side .nearest the town, and we saw the first of these people and their mode of approach. It was perfectly frank and unsuspicious. Many would leave their packs in our camp and be absent for hours, theft seeming to be un- known among them. With the mounted guard, which first visited us, was a man on foot, and he appeared to keep pace with the fleetest horse. He was a little out of breath when he reached us, but soon recovering, told us he was the interpreter to Juan Antonio Llunas, chief of the Pimos. We were taking some refreshments at the time, and invited him to taste of them. The effect was electric; it made his bright, in- telligent eye flash, and loosened his tongue. I asked him, among other things, the origin of the ruins of wdiich we had seen so many; ' he said, all he knew, was a tradition amongst them, that in bygone days, a woman of surpassing beauty resided in a green spot in the mountains near the. place where we were encamped. All the men admired, and paid court to her. She received the tributes of their i devotion, grain, skins, &c., but gave no love or other favor in return. f’Y,i The Interpreter of lire TTrnos "by birth, a Coco Man cop as . Xirli TyvS .'Weber & Co iBsito . \ ( 83 m Her virtue, and her determination to remain unmarried were equal- ly firm. There came a drought which threatened the world with famine. In their distress, people applied to her, and she gave corn from her stock, and the supply seemed to be endless. Her good- ness was unbounded. One day, as she was lying asleep with her body exposed, a drop of rain fell on her stomach, which produced conception. A son was the issue, who was the founder of a new race which built all these houses. I told the interpreter repeatedly, he must go and report to the general, but his answer was, u let me wait till I blow a little.” The attraction was the aquardente. At length he was prevailed on to go to head-quarters, leaving at our camp his bows and arrows and other matters, saying he would return and pass the night with us. November 11. — Leaving the column, a few of us struck to the north side of the river, guided by my loqacious friend, the inter- preter, to visit the ruins of another Casa Montezuma. In the course of the ride, I asked him if he believed the fable he had re- lated to me last night, which assigned an origin to these buildings. ^No,” said he, u but most of the Pimos do. We know*, in truth, nothing of their origin. It is all enveloped in mystery.” The casa was in complete ruins, one pile of broken pottery and foundation stone of the black basalt, making a mound about ten feet above the ground. The outline of the ground plan was dis- tinct enough. We found the description of pottery the same as ever; and, among the ruins, the same sea shell; one worked into ornaments; also a large bead, an inch and a quarter in length, of bluish marble, exquisitely turned. We secured to-day our long sought bird, the inhabitant of the mezquite, indigo blue plumage, with top knot and long tail. Its wings, when spread, showing a white ellipse. Turning from the ruins towards the Pimos village, we urged our guide to go fast, as we wished to see as much of his people as the day would permit. He was on foot, but led at a pace which kept our mules in a trot. ♦ We came in at the back of the settlement of Pimos Indians, and found our troo*ps encamped in a corn field, from which the grain had been gathered. We were at once impressed with the beauty, order, and disposition of the arrangements for irrigating and draining the land. Corn, wheat, and cotton are the crops of this peaceful and intelligent race of people. All the crops have been gathered in, and the stubbies show they have been luxuriant. The cotton has been picked, and stacked for drying on the tops of sheds. The fields- are sub-divided, by ridges of earth, into rec- tangles of about 200 x 100 feet for the convenience of irrigating. The fences are of sticks, wattled with willow and mezquite, and, in this particular, set an example of economy in agriculture worthy to be followed by the Mexicans, who never use fences at all. The houses of the people are mere sheds, thatched with willow and corn stalks. 84 m With the exception of the chief, Antonio Llunas, who was clad in cast off Mexican toggery, the dress of the men consisted of a cotton serape of domestic manufacture, and a breech cloth. Their hair was very long, and clubbed up. The women wore nothing but the serape pinned about the loins, after the ‘fashion of Fersico’s Indian woman on the east side of the Capitol, though not quite so low. The camp was soon filled with men, women, and children, each with a basket of corn, frijoles, or meal, for traffic. Many had jars of the molasses expressed from the fruit of the pitahaya. Beads, red cloth, white domestic, and blankets, were the articles demanded in exchange. Major Swords, who had charge of the trading duty, pitched a temporary awning, under which to conduct the business, which had scarcely commenced before this place formed a perfect menagerie, into which crowded, with eager eyes, Pimos, Maricopas, Mexicans, French, Dutch, English, and Ameri- cans. As I passed on to take a peep at the scene, naked arms, hands, and legs protruded from the awning. Inside there was no room for bodies, but many heads had clustered into a very smal^ * space, filled with different tongues and nations'. The trade went merrily on, and the conclusion of each bargain was announced by a grunt and a joke, sometimes at the expense of the quartermaster, but oftener at that of the Pimos. November 12. — We procured a sufficiency of corn, wheat, and beans from the Pimos, but only two or three bullocks, and neither horses nor mules. They have but few cattle, which are used in tillage, and apparently all steers, procured from the Mexicans. Their horses and mules were not plenty, and those they possessed were prized extravagantly high. One dashing young fellow, with ivory teeth and flowing hair, was seen coming into our camp at full speed, on a wild unruly horse, that flew from side to side as he approached, alarmed at the novel apparition of our people. The Maricopa, for he was of that tribe, was without saddle or stir- rups, and balanced himself to the right and left with such ease and grace as to appear part of his horse. He succeeded in bringing his fiery nag into the heart of the carnf. He was immediately offered a very advantageous trade by some young officer. He stretched himself on his horse’s neck, caressed it tenderly, at the same time shutting his eyes, meaning thereby that no offer could tempt him to part with his charger. The general gave a letter to Governor Llunas, stating he was a good man, and directing all United States troops that might pass in his rear, to respect his excellency, his people, and their proper- ty. Several broken down mules were left with him to recruit, for the benefit of Cook’s battalion as it passed along. To us it was a rare sight to be thrown in the midst of a large nation of what is termed wild Indians, surpassing many of the Christian nations in agriculture, little behind them in the useful arts, and immeasurably before them in honesty and virtue. During the whole of yesterday, our camp was full of men, women, and i ♦ ’^.v. - -.. ?.- l%to' :> J Juan Antonio _. Pomo Head Chief. Iatk. lay IE. Weber 8cCo.Balto. - . ' , . . r y r \ .. ed frequently, as might be seen from the different growths of cot- on wood marking the old land. Our road, about five miles from ast night’s camp, was traversed by a spur of coarse grained granite mderlaid by old red sandstone dipping some 80° to the south and vest. The direction of the spur was nearly parallel to those before lioted, northwest and southeast, which is the direction of the axis 1 'f the maximum elevation of most of the mountains traversing the ourse of the Gila. Our camp was pitched on a little patch of grass, two miles from be river, night came on before the horses reached it, and they were ,/ithout water for twenty-four hours; there was a pond near the camp, but so salt that the horses could not drink it. At noon, the thermometer was 74°, at 6, p. m. , 52°, and at 6 o’clock the next morning, 19°, which has been about the average range of temperature for the last two weeks. November 21.- — To-day we marched only eight and a half miles, and halted for a patch of grama, which was an agreeable and bene- ficial change to our mules, that had been living on cane and wil- low for some days past. 1 The plains are now almost entirely of sand, and composed of 'sandy and calcareous loam with iron pyrites and common salt, cov- ered sparsely with chamiza, larrea Mexicana, and a shrubby species of sage, (salvia.) . I observed at night for latitude and time, and there being two occultations of Jupiter’s satellites, I was tempted to observe them with our inferior telescope, which only gave us another proof of its uselessness for the purpose. November 22. — Mr. Warner and I started before the advance sounded, and climbed the sharp spur of a continuous comb of moun- tains coming from the southeast, to try if we could seethe Colorado of the west. The mountains rose abruptly from the plains as they mostly do in this region, resembling in appearance large dykes ter- minating at top in a sharp ridge which a man could, at any part, straddle. They were of hard granite, pepper and ^lt colored, traversed by seams of white quartz. This spur gives the river Gila quite a bend to the north, and from that point to its mouth, which we reached at night, the river is straight in its general direction; but its course is crooked and dotted with sandbars, by incur- sions from the sandhills which now flank both its sides. The sand is brought down by the winds from the valley of the Colorado. Its volume seemed, I think, a little diminished, probably absorbed by the sand. The day was warm, the dust oppressive, and the march, twenty- two miles, very long for our jaded and ill-fed brutes. The gene- ral’s horse gave out, and he was obliged to mount his mule. £ 7 ] 94 | Most of the men were on foot, and a small party, composed chiefly of the general and staff, were a long way ahead of the j straggling column, when, as we approached the end of our day’s; journey, every man was straightened in his saddle by our suddenly falling on a camp which, from the trail, we estimated at 1,000 men, I who must have left that morning. Speculation was rife, but we ali soon settled down to the opinion that it was General Castro and his troops; that he had succeeded in recruiting an army in Sonora, j and was now on his return to California. Carson expressed the j belief that he must be only ten miles below, at the crossing. Our j force consisted only of 110 men. The general decided we were too ; few to be attacked, and must be the aggressive party, and if Cas- ! tro’s camp could be found, that he would attack it the moment night set in, and beat them before it was light "enough to discover our force. The position of our camp was decided, as usual, with reference to the grass. The lives of our animals were nearly as important as our own. It was pitched to-day in a little hollow encircled by a chain of sand hills, overgrown with mezquite. The sergeant of the general’s guard was behind, his mule having broken down, and when he came in reported having seen two In- dians about five miles back. For a short time we supposed this immense trail was a band of Indians returning from a successful i marauding expedition in Sonora or California; but this conjecture ; was soon dispelled by the appearance of a mounted Mexican on a j sand butte overlooking our camp, who, after taking a deliberate survey, disappeared. The camp was arranged immediately for de- I fence, and a cordon of sentinels stationed on the sand hills. The two howitzers did not arrive till nine o’clock, and the offi- cer in charge, Lieutenant Hammond, reported fie ha’d seen large fires to the right, apparently five miles distant, on the opposite side j of the Gila. The general said it was necessary for him to know who occupied ! the camp, its force, character, and destination. He ordered me to take my party and fifteen dragoons, for the purpose of reconnoitering. After beating about in the mezquite for some time, we struck a slough of the Gila, where grew some tall willows. Up one of these I sent a dragoon, ^ho saw no fire, but whose ears were gladdened by the neighing of horses. He slipped down the tree much faster than he climbed it, quite enchanted with the hope of ^changing his weary mule for a charger. Instead of re- porting what he had seen, he exclaimed, “Yes, sir, there are enough for us all.” “ Did you see the fires'?” u No! but they are all on horses; I heard them neighing, and they cover much ground.” He pointed in the direction, and after proceeding a short distance, we all heard distinctly the noise of the horses, indicating a large number. Silence was enjoined, and we proceeded stealthily along for some time, when a bright fire blazed before us. I halted the guard, and with two dragoons, Londeau and Martinez, proceeded unobserved until within a few feet of the fire. Before it stood an armed Mex- Junction of the Cjila & Colorado Rivers. 95 m ican. I sent Londeau and Martinez with orders to assume the oc- cupation of trappers, and ascertain whom, and what, the man guar- * ded. The conference w T as short; other Mexicans advanced, and I sent in man for man. It was not Castro, as we expected, but a party of Mexicans with 500 horses from California, on their way to Sonora for the benefit of Castro. I took the four principal men to the general, and left a guard to watch the camp and see that no attempt was made to escape. The men were examined ^separately, and each gave a different account of the ownership and destination of the horses. The chief of the party, a tall, venerable looking man, represented himself to be a poor employe of several rich men engaged in sup- plying the Sonora market with horses. We subsequently learned that he was no less a personage than Jose Maria Leguna, a colonel in the. Mexican service. November 23. — We did not move camp to-day, in order to make a refit from last night’s capture, and give our mules an opportu- nity to pick what little grass they could before taking the desert of 90 miles, which lies on the other side of the Colorado, and be- tween us and water. Warner, Stanley, and myself, saddled up to visit the junction of the Gila and Colorado, which we found due north from ouf camp, and about a mile and a half distant. The day was stormy, the wind blowing fiercely from the north. We mounted a butte of feldspathic granite, and, looking 25° east of north, the course of the Colorado was tracked by clouds of flying sand. The Gila comes into it nearly at right angles, and the point of junction, strangely chosen, is the hard butte through which, with their uni- ted forces they cut a canon, and then flow off due magnetic west, in a direction of the resultant due to the relative strength of the rivers. The walls of the canon are vertical, and about 50 feet high, and 1,000 feet long. Almost before entering the canon, in descending the Gila, its sea-green waters are lost in the chrome colored hue of the Colorado. For a distance of three or four miles below the junction, the river is perfectly straight, and about 600 feet wide; and up, at least, to this point, there is little doubt that the Colo- rado is always navigable for steamboats. Above, the Colorado is full of shifting sandbars, but is, no doubt, to a great extent sus- ceptible of navigation. The Gila, at certain stages, might be navigated up to the Pimos village, and possibly with small boats at all stages of water. Near the junction, on the north side, are the remains of an old Spanish church, built near the beginning of the 17th century, by the renowned missionary, Father Kino. This mission was eventu- ally sacked by the Indians, and the inhabitants all murdered or driven off. It will probably yet be the seat of a city of wealth and importance, most of the mineral and fur regions of a vast ex- tent of country being drained by the two rivers. The stone butte through which they have cut their passage is not more than a mile in length. The Gila once flowed to the south, and the Colorado 96 m . . s to the north of this butte, and the point of junction was below.; What freak of nature united their efforts in forcing the butte, is difficult to say. During freshets, it is probable the rivers now dis- charge their surplus waters through these old channels. Francisco informs me that the Colorado, seven days’ travel up from the butte, continues pretty much as we saw it. There a canon- is reached impassable for horses or canoes. The country between is settled by the Coyotaros, or wolf-eaters, cochin - cans , (dirty fellows,) Los Tontears, Or fools, and the Garroteros, or club Indians. These cultivate melons, beans, and maize. On our return we met a Mexican, well mounted and muffled in his blanket. I asked him where he was going; he said, to hunt horses. As he passed, I observed in each of his holsters the neck of a bottle, and on his croup a fresh made sack, with other eviden- ces of a preparation for a journey. Much against his taste, I in- vited him to follow me to camp; several times he begged me to let him go for a moment, that he would soon return. His anxiety to be released increased my determination not fo comply with his re- quest. I took him to General Kearny and explained to him the suspicious circumstances under which I had taken him, and that his capture would prove of some importance. He was immediately searched, and in his wallet was found the mail from California, which was of course opened. Among the letters was one addressed to General Jose Castro, at Alta, one to Antonio Castro, and others to men of note in Sonora. All suspected of relating to public affairs were read, and we ascer- tained from them that a counter revolution had taken place in Cal- ifornia, that the Americans were expelled from Santa Barbara, Puebla de los Angeles, and other places, and that Robideaux, the brother of our interpreter, who had been appointed alcalde by the Americans, was a prisoner in jail. They all spoke exultingly of having thrown off u the detestable Anglo-Yankee yoke,” and con- gratulated themselves that the tri-color once more floated in Cali- fornia. Captain Flores was named as the general and governor, pro tern., and the enthusiasm of the people described as overflowing in the cause of emancipation from the Yankee yoke. One letter gave a minute and detailed account of a victory stated to have been ob- tained over the Americans. It stated that 450 men landed at San Pedro, and were met, defeated, and driven back to the fort at San Pedro. This last was attributed by us to Mexican braggadocio, as it is usual with them to represent their defeats as victories; but that there was a disturbance of a serious kind in the province, we could not doubt, from the uniformity of the accounts on that head. We also learned that the horses captured were in part for General Castro. Nothing more was wanting to legitimize our capture, and Captain Moore was directed to remount his men. The letters contained precise information, but being dated so far back as the 15th October, left us in great doubt as to the real state of affairs in California, and the Mexicans played their parts so dexterously.it was not in our power to extract the truth from them. The f ‘ire_ jjJ a<-i_e ijock f I f J V Lath by E Weber fc Co.3sdto 97 [ 7 ] One of the party, who had received some little favor from Carson in California, was well plied with brandy, but all that could be extorted from him was the advice that we should not think of going to the Puebla with our small force, counsel that our friend soon learned we had not the slightest intention of following. The position of our camp, about one mile and a half south of the junction of the Colorado and Gila rivers, determined by 12 circum- meridian altitudes of sirius, 6 of saturn, and 12 altitudes of polaris is latitude 32° 42' 09". The longitude by one set of lunar dis- tances, E. and W., 114° 37' 09", which agrees with the chronome- tric determination of the same place, determined by assuming the longitude of San Diego to be 117° 11'. The clouds, together with my military duties, interfered with taking a more elaborate set of lunar distances. An inspection of the individual observations for latitude will show that the latitude of the camp may be relied on, but I regret it was not in my power to measure the exact distance of our camp from the mouth of the Gila. At night, passing my arm over the surface of the fur robe in which I was enveloped, electric sparks were discharged in such quantities as to make a very luminous appearance, and a noise like the rattle of a snake. November 24. — We visited the camp of our Mexican friends, whom the general determined to release, and found there was a woman with the party in the agonies of childbirth. She was at once furnished from our stores with all the comforts we possessed. This poor creature had been dragged along, in her delicate situa- tion, over a fearful desert. The captured horses were all wild and but little adapted for im- mediate service, but there was rare sport in catching them, and we saw for the first time the lazo thrown with inimitable skill. It is a saying in Chihuahua that u a Californian can throw the lazo as well with his foot as a Mexican can with his hand,” and the scene before us gave us an idea of its truth. There was a wild s + allion of great beauty which defied the fleetest horse and the most expert rider. At length a boy of fourteen, a Californian, whose graceful riding was the constant subject of admiration, piqued by repeated failures, mounted a fresh horse, and, followed by an Indian, launched fiercely at the stallion. His lareat darted from his hand with the force and precision of a rifle ball, and rested on the neck of the fugitive; the Indian, at the same moment, made a successful throw, but the stallion was too stout for both, and dashed off at full speed, with both ropes fly- in the air like wings. The perfect representation of Pegasus, he took a sweep, and followed by his pursuers, came thundering down the dry bed of the river. The lazos were now trailing on the ground, and ' the gallant young Spaniard, taking advantage of the circumstance, stooped from his flying horse and caught one in his hand. It was the work of a moment to make it fast to the pommel of his saddle, and by a short turn of his own horse, he threw the stallion a complete somerset, and the game was secure. 7 ' 98 [ 7 ] We traveled over a sandy plain a few miles, and descended into the wide bed of the Colorado, overgrown thickly with mezquite, i willow, and cotton wood; after making about ten miles, we en- | camped abreast of the ford on a plateau covered with young wil- lows, of which our horses were to lay in a sufficient supply to last them over the desert. Since waiting the above, we have found a good patch of grass, and our people have been ordered to cut a ra- tion for each mule to carry along. The night was excessiv-ely cold and damp, and in the morning our blankets were covered with a little dew. For the first time, the bugle calls were distinctly reverberated, showing the atmos- pheric change as we approach the coast, and descend into the neigh- borhood of the sea level. In New Mexico, even when surrounded by hills and perpendicular walls, the report of fire arms, and the sound of the bugle, were unattended by any distinct echo. The reports were sharp and unpleasant, not rounded, as here, by the reverberation. The country, from the Arkansas to this point, more than 1,200 miles, in its adaptation to agriculture, has peculiarities which must forever stamp itself upon the population which inhabits it. All of North Mexico, embracing New Mexico, Chihuahua, Sonora, and the Californias, as far north as the Sacramento, are, as far as the best information goes, the same in the physical character of its sur- face, and differ but little in climate or products. In no part of this vast tract can the rains from Heaven be relied upon, to any extent, for the cultivation of the soil. The earth is destitute of trees, and in great part also of any vegetation whatever. A few feeble streams flow in different directions from the great mountains, which in many places traverse this region. These streams are separated, sometimes by plains, and sometimes by mountains, without water and without vegetation, and may be called deserts, so far as they perform any useful part in the suste- nance of animal life. The cultivation of the earth is therefore confined to those nar- row strips of land which are within the level of the waters of the streams, and wherever practised in a community with any success, or to any extent, involves a degree of subordination, and absolute obedience to a chief, repugnant to the habits of our people. The chief who directs the time and the quantity of the precious irrigating water must *be implicitly obeyed by the whole commu- nity. A departure from his orders, by the waste of water, or un- just distribution of it, or neglect to make the proper embankments, may endanger the means of subsistence of many people. He must therefore be armed with power to punish promptly and immediately. The profits of labor are too inadequate for the existence of negro slavery. Slavery, as practised by the Mexicans, under the form of peonage, which enables their master to get the services of the adult while in the prime of life, without the obligation of rearing him in infancy, supporting him in old age, or maintaining his family, af- fords no data for estimating the profits of slave labor, as it exists in the United States. 99 [7]i No one who has ever visited this country, and who is acquainted with the character and value of slave labor in the United States, wottld ever think of bringing his own slaves here with any view to profit, much less would he purchase slaves for such a purpose. Their labor here, if they could be retained as slaves, among peons, nearly of their own color, would never repay the cost of transport- ation, much less the additional purchase money. I made many inquiries as to the character of the vast region of country embraced in the triangle, formed by the Colorado of the west, the Del Norte, and the Gila; and the information collected, will, at some future time, be thrown into notes for the benefit of future explorers, but are not given in this work, as I profess to write only of what I saw. From all that I learn, the country does not differ, materially, in its physical character from New Mexico, except, perhaps, being less denuded of soil and vegetation. The sources of the Salinas, the San Francisco, Azul, San Carlos, and Prierte, tributaries of the Gila, take their rise in it. About their head waters, and occasion- ally along their courses, are presented sections of land capable of irrigation. The whole extent, except on the margin of streams, is said to be destitute of forest trees. The Apaches, a very numerous race, and the Navajoes, are the chief occupants, but there are many minor bands, who, unlike the Apaches and Navajoes, are not nomadic, but have fixed habitations. Amongst the most remarkable of these are the Soones, most of whom are said to be Albinos. The latter cultivate the soil, and live in peace with their more numerous and savage neighbors. Departing from the ford of the Colorado in the direction of So- nora, there is a fearful desert to encounter. Alta, a small town, with a Mexican garrison, is the nearest settlement. All accounts concur in representing the journey as one of ex- treme hardship, and even peril. The distance is not exactly known, but it is variously represented at from four to seven day’s journey. Persons bound for Sonora from California, who do not mind a cir- cuitous route, should ascend the Gila as far as the Pimos village, and thence penetrate the province by way of Tucsoon. November 25 . — At the ford, the Colorado is 1,500 feet wide, and flows at the rate of a mile and a half per hour. Its greatest depth in the channel, at the ford where we crossed, is four feet, h he banks are low, not more than four feet high, and, judging from in- dications, sometimes, though not frequently, overflowed. Its gen- eral appearance at this point is much like that of the Arkansas, with its turbid waters and many shifting sand islands. The ford is entered at the lower extremity of the plateau upon which we encamped, and leads down the river, crossing three sand islands, which we sketched, but as they are constantly shift ng, will perhaps afford no guide to the traveller, and may even lead him into error. They are therefore not furnished. The ford is narrow and circuitous, and a few feet to the right or left sets a horse afloat. This happened to my own horse. r Report makes the distance of the mouth of the Colorado, from the crossing, eighty miles, but unless the river is very crooked, this cannot be; Lieut. Hardy, of the royal navy, determined the mouth to be in latitude 31° 51/ north, and longitude 114° l 7 . The growth on the river bottom is cotton wood, willow of differ- ent kinds, equisetum hyemale, (scouring rush,) and a nutritious grass in small quantities. After crossing, we ascended the river three quarters of a mile, where we encountered an immense sand drift, and from that point until we halted, the great highway between Sonora and California lies along the foot of this drift, which is continually but slowly encroaching down the valley. Prosopis glandulosa, wild sage, and ephedra compose the growth; the first is luxuriant. We halted at a dry arroyo, a few feet to the left of the road, leading into the Colorado, where there was a hole five or six feet deep, which by deepening furnished sufficient water for the men. We are yet, by the indication of the barometer, but 20 or 30 feet above the river, and w T here the sands from the desert to the north have not encroached, the soil appears good. There are remains of zequias about five miles back, and where we halted, the remains of Indian settlements, but it is probable the water has been cut off by the drift, and cannot now be brought from the river above. I made observations at night for time and latitude, and found the position of the place to be north latitude 32° 40 7 22", and longitude 114° 56' 28", west of Greenwich. We tied our animals to the mezquite trees, (prosopis glandulosa,) and remarking on the way that they showed an inclination to eat the bean of this plant, we sent the men to collect them; the few gathered were eaten with avidity. November 26. — The dawn of day found every man on horseback, and a bunch of grass from the Colorada tied behind him on the cantle of his saddle. After getting well under way, the keen air at 26° Fahrenheit made it most comfortable to walk. We traveled four miles along the sand butte, in the same direction as yesterday, about south 75° west, (magnetic,) we mounted the buttes and found, after a short distance, a firmer footing covered with fragments of lava, rounded by water, and many agates. We were now fairly on the desert. Our course now inclined a few degrees more to the north, and at 10, a. m. , we found a large patch of grama, where we halted for an hour, and then pursued our way over the plains covered with frag- ments of lava, traversed at intervals by sand buttes, until 4 p. m. , when, after travelling 24 miles, w T e reached the Alamo or cotton wood. At this point, the captured Spaniards informed us, that failing to find water, they had gone a. league to the west, in pur- suit of their horses, where they found a running stream. We ac- cordingly sent parties to search, but neither the water nor their trail could be found. Neither was there any cottonwood at the Alamo, as its name would signify; but Francisco said that it was nevertheless the place, the tree having probably been covered by the encroachments of the sand, which here terminates in a bluff 40 feet high, making the arc of a great circle convexing to the north. Descending this bluff, we found in what had been the channel of a stream, now overgrown with a few ill-conditioned mezquite, a large hole where persons had evidently dug for water. It was ne- cessary to halt to rest our animals, and the time was occupied in deepening this hole, which after a long struggle, showed signs of water. An old champagne basket, used by one of the officers as a pannier, was lowered in the hole, to prevent the crumbling of the sand. After many efforts to keep out the caving sand, a basket- work of willow twigs effected the object, and much to the joy of all, the basket, which was now 15 or 20 feet below the surface^ filled with water. The order was now given for each mess to draw a camp-kettle of water, and Captain Turner was placed in charge of the spring, to see fair distribution. When the messes were supplied, the firmness of the banks gave hopes that the animals tnight be watered, and each party was noti- fied to have their animals in waiting; the important business of wa- tering then commenced, upon the success of which depended the possibility of their advancing with us a foot further. Two buckets for each animal were allowed. At 10, a. m. , when my turn came, Captain Moore had succeeded, by great exertions, in opening another well, and the one already opened began to flow more freely, in consequence of which, we could afford to give each animal as much as he could drink. The poor brutes, none of which had tasted water in forty-eight hours, and some not for the last sixty, clustered round the well and scrambled for precedence. At 12 o’clock I had watered all my animals, thirty-seven in num- ber, and turned over the well to Capta ; n Moore. The animals still had an aching void to fill, and all night was heard the munching of sticks, and their piteous cries for more con- genial food. November 27 and 28.— -To-day we started a few minutes after sun- rise. Our course was a winding one, to avoid the sand-drifts. The Mexicans had informed us that the waters of the salt lake ? some thirty or forty miles distant, were too salt to use, but other information led us to think the intelligence Avas wrong. We ac- cordingly tried to reach it; about 3, p. m. , we disengaged ourselves from the sand and went due (magnetic) west, over an immense level of clay detritus, hard and smooth as a bowling green. The desert was almost destitute oi vegetation, now and, then an ephedra, cenothera, or bunches of aristida were seen, and occa- sionally the level was covered with a growth of obione canescens 3 and a low bush with small oval plaited leaves, unknown. The heavy sand had proved too much for many horses and some mules, and all the efforts of their drivers could bring them no far- ther than the middle of this dreary desert. About 8 o’clock, as we approached the lake, the stench of dead animals confirmed the reports of the Mexicans, and put to flight all hopes of our being able to use the water. The basin of the lake, as Avell as I could judge at night, is about 102 m three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile wide. The water had receded to a pool, diminished to one-half its size, and the approach to it was through a thick soapy quagmire. It was wholly unfit for man or brute, and we studiously kept the latter from it, thinking that the use of it would but aggravate their thirst. One or two of the men came in late and, rushing to the lake, threw themselves down and took many swallows before discovering their mistake; but the effect was not injurious except that it in- creased their thirst. At the point where we left the sand, sketches were taken of the objects by which our pilot wended his way; these may serve to guide future travellers. From this point the traveller may go di- rectly to the gap exhibited in the sketch, nearly magnetic west, through which the trail passes. A few mezquite trees and a chenopodiaceous shrub bordered the lake, and on these our mules munched till they had sufficiently re- freshed themselves, when the call to saddle' was sounded, and we groped silently our way in the dark. The stoutest animals now began to stagger, and when day dawned, scarcely a man was seen mounted. With the sun rose a heavy fog from the southwest, no doubt from the gulf, and sweeping towards us, enveloped us for two or three hours, wetting our blankets and giving relief to the animals. Before it had dispersed we came to a patch of sun-burned grass. When the fog had entirely dispersed we found ourselves entering a gap in the mountains, which had been before us for four days. The plain was crossed, but we had not yet found water. The first valley we reached was dry, and it was not till 12 o’clock, m., that we struck the Cariso (cane) creek, within half a mile of one of its sources, and although so close to the source, the sands had al- ready absorbed much of its water, and left but little running. A mile or two below, the creek entirely disappears. We halted, having made fifty-four miles in the two days, at the source, a magnificent spring, twenty or thirty feet in diameter, highly impregnated with sulphur, and medicinal in its properties. No vessel could be procured to bring home some of the water for analysis, but I scraped a handful of the salt wffiich had effloresced to the surface of the adjacent ground, and Professor Frazer finds it to contain sulphate of lime, magnesia, and chloride of sodium. The spring consisted of a series of smaller springs or veins, varying in temperature from 68° to 75°. This variation, however, may have been owing to the different exposures of the fountains in which the thermometer was immersed. The growth was cane, rush, and a coarse grass, such as is found on the marshes near the sea shore. The desert over which we had passed, ninety miles from water to water, is an immense triangular plain, bounded on one side by the Colorado, on the west by the Cordilleras of California, the coast chain of mountains which now encircles us, extending from the Sacramento river to the southern extremity of Lower Califor- nia, and on the northeast by a chain of mountains, a continuation of 103 [ 7 ] the same spur noted on the 22d as running southeast and northwest. It is chiefly covered with floating sand, the surface of which in various places, is white with diminutive spinelas, and every where over the whole surface is found the large and soft muscle shell. I have noted the only two patches of grass found during the u jornada.” There were scattered, at wide intervals, the palafoxia linearis, atriplex, encelia farinosa, daleas, euphorbias, and a simsia, described by Dr. Torrey as a new species without rays. The southern termination of this desert is bounded by the Tecate chain of mountains and the Colorado; but its northern and eastern boundaries are undefined, and I should suppose from the accounts of trappers, and others, who have attempted the passage from Cali- fornia to the Gila by a more northern route, that it extends many days’ travel beyond the chain of barren mountains which bound the horizon in that direction. The portal to the mountains through which we passed, was formed by immense buttes of yellow clay and sand, with large flakes of mica and seams of gypsum. Nothing could be more forlorn and desolate in appearance. The gypsum had given some consistency to the sand buttes which were washed into fantastic figures. One ridge formed apparently a complete circle, giving it the appear- ance of a crater; and although some miles to the left, I should have gone to visit it, supposing it to be a crater, but my mule was sinking with thirst, and water was yet at some distance. Many animals were left on the road to die of thirst and hunger, in spite of the generous efforts of the men to bring them to the spring. More than one was brought up, by one man tugging at the halter and another pushing up the brute, by placing his shoulder against its buttocks. Our most serious loss, perhaps, was that of one or two fat mares and colts brought with us for food; for before leaving camp, Major Swords found in a concealed place one of the best pack mules slaughtered, and the choice bits cut from his shoulders and flanks, stealthily done by some mess less provident than others. I observed at night for time and latitude; for longitude by meas- uring 18 distances between the d and aldebaran, and the d and fomaihaut. Latitude 32° 52' 33". Longitude 116° 06' 09". November 29. — The grass at the spring was anything but desir- able for our horses, and there was scarcely a ration left for the men. This last consideration would not prevent our giving the horses a day’s rest wherever grass could be found. We followed the dry sandy bed of the Cariso nearly all day, at a snail’s pace, and at length reached the “little pools” where the grass was lux- uriant but very salt. The water strongly resembled that at the head of the Cariso creek, and the earth, which was very tremulous for many acres about the pools, was covered with salt. This valley is at no point more than half a mile wide, and on each side are mountains of grey granite and pure quartz, rising from 1,000 to 3,000 feet above it. A few miles from the spring called Ojo Grande, at the head of the creek, several scattered objects were seen projected against the [.7 ] 104 cliffs, hailed by the Florida campaigners, some of whom were along, as old friends. They were cabbage trees, and marked the locale of a spring and a small patch of grass. We found also to-day, in full bloom, the bronnia spinosa, a rare and beautiful plant; the plan- tago, new to our flora; a new species of eriogonum, very remark- able for its extremely numerous long hair-like fruit stalks and mi- nute flowers. We rode for miles through thickets of the centennial plant, agave Americana, and found one in full bloom. The sharp thorns terminating every leaf of this plant, were a great annoyance to our dismounted and wearied men whose legs were now almost bare. A number of these plants were cut by the soldiers, and the body of them used as food. The day was intensely hot, and the sand deep; the animals, inflated with water and rushes, gave way by scores; and, although we advanced only sixteen miles, many did not ar- rive at camp until 10 o’clock at night. It was a feast day for the wolves, which followed in packs close on our track, seizing our de- serted brutes and making the air resound with their howls as they battled for the carcasses. The water comes to the surface in pools at this place. It is a valley surrounded by high bleak mountains destitute of vegetation. The mountains are of a micaceous granite seamed w T ith volcanic matter. The grass, which is coarse, extends for a mile or two along the valley. A heavy cloud overhung the mountains to the west, and the wind blew a hurricane from that quarter; yet our zenith was never ob- scured, except for a minute at a time by a fleeting cloud detached from the great bank. A horse was killed for food, which was eaten with great appetite, and all of it consumed. November 30. — Notwithstanding the water was saltish and in pools, and the grass unfavorable to the horses, yet we were com- pelled to avail ourselves of it for a day to recruit. The day and night were very unpleasant, from the high wind which, came over the snow-clad mountains to the west. The ground, too, was trem- ulous, and my observations for time, by which I hoped to obtain the rate of my chronometers, were not such as I could desire. December 1. — We ascended the valley, now destitute of both grass and water, to its termination, and then descended to the deserted Indian village of San Felippe. The mountains on either side are lofty, I suppose from 3,000 to 5,000 feet high, and those to the west encrusted on the top with snow and icicles. Our camp was in a long field of grass, three or four miles in extent, through which a warm stream flowed and drained through a canon to the north, abreast of the village. We went to the barren hills and collected the dry sage and scrub mezquit'e, with which we made a feeble fire. The larrea Mexicana grew here also, but it is unfit for fuel. About nine miles from the camp, we passed the summit which is said to divide the waters flowing into the Colorado from those flowing into the Pacific, but I think it is a mistake. The pass is much below the peaks on either side, and the height gives no indi- 105 i- t,i IS tr 1 if i J e ! 1 [ 7 ] cation of the elevation of the range, and, indeed, the barometric reading was but an indifferent index of the height of the pass, as the day was stormy. We are still to look for the glowing pictures drawn of California. As yet, barrenness and desolation hold their reign. We longed to stumble upon the rancherias, with their flocks of fat sheep and cattle. Meat of horses, may be very palatable when fat, but ours are poor and tough, and it is hard to satisfy the cravings of hunger with such indifferent food. Early in the day’s march, we met two Indians, a man and wo- man; they could give us no information of what was passing on the western side of the mountains. They continued on with the ut- most indifference, exhibiting no signs of fear or astonishment at this sudden apparition of ragged blue-coats. They had fine athletic figures, but were prematurely wrinkled from poverty and exposure to cold. December 2 and 3. — We commenced to ascend another “divide,” and as we approached the sumpiit the narrow valley leading to it was covered with timber and long grass. On both sides, the ever- green oak grew luxuriantly, and, for the first time since leaving the states, we saw w T hat would even there be called large trees. Emerging from these, we saw in the distance the beautiful valley of the Aqua Caliente, waving with yellow grass, where we expect- ed to find the rancheria owned by an American named Warner. As we passed, crows and wolves were seen in numbers. Leaving the valley, we ascended the hills to the north covered with mezquite, estafiat, &c. Our progress was slow and painful; we thought Warner’s rancheria never would open on our eager sight, when suddenly it bqrst upon our view at the foot of the hill. We were mistaken for Indians, and soon 'were seen horsemen at full speed leading off cattle and horses to the mountains. We quickened our pace to arrest this proceeding. The rancheria was in charge of a young fellow from New Hampshire, named Marshall. We ascertained from him, that his employer was a prisoner to the Americans in San Diego, that the Mexicans were still in possession of the whole of the country except that port, San Francisco, and Monterey; that we were near the heart of the enemy’s stronghold, whence he drew his supplies of men, cattle and horses, and that we w T ere now in possession of the great pass to Senora, by which he expected to retreat, if defeated, to send his prisoners if success- ful, and to commmunieate with Mexico. To appease hunger, however, was the first consideration. Seven of my men eat, at one single meal, a fat full grown sheep. Our camp was pitched on the road to the Pueblo, leading a little north of west. To the south, down the valley of the Aqua Caliente, lay the road to San Diego. Above us was Mr. Warner’s backwoods, American looking house, built of adobe and covered with a thatched roof. Around, were the thatched huts of the more than half naked Indians, who are held in a sort of serfdom by the master of the rancheria. I visited one or two of these huts, and found the in- mates living in great poverty. The thermometer was at 30°, they had no fires, and no coverings but sheepskins. They told me, that 106 m when- they were under the charge of the missions they were all comfortable and happy, but since the good priests had been removed, and the missions placed in the hands of the people of the country, they had been ill-treated. This change took place in 1836, and many of the missions passed into the hands of men and their con- nexions, who had effected the change. Near the house is the source of the Aqua Caliente, a magnificent hot spring, of the temperature of 137° Fahrenheit, discharging from, the fissure of a granite rock a large volume of water, which, for a long distance down, charges the air with the fumes of sulphuretted hydrogen. Above it, and draining down the same valley, is a cold spring of the temperature of 45°, and without the aid of any me- chanical instrument, the cold and warm water may be commingled to suit the temperature of the bather. The Indians have made pools for bathing. They huddle around the basin of the spring to catch the genial warmth of its vapors, and in cold nights immerse themselves in the pools to keep warm. A day will come, no doubt, when the invalid and pleasure seeking portion of the white race, will assemble here to drink and bathe in these waters, ramble over the hills which surround it on all sides, and sit under the shade of the great live oaks that grow in the valley. Our information in reference to the state of affairs in California was yet very imperfect and unsatisfactory. Marshall spoke of a Mr. Stokes, an Englishman, who lived fifteen miles distant, on the road to San Diego. The general at once despatched Marshall to him, and in three hours he appeared in our camp, presenting a very singular and striking appearance. His jlress was a black velvet English hunting coat, a pair of black velvet trowsers, cut off at the knee and open on the outside to the hip, beneath which were drawers of spotless white; his leggins were of black buck-skin, and his heels armed with spurs six inches long. Above the whole bloomed the broad merry face of Mr. Stokes, the Englishman. He was very frank, proclaimed himself a neutral, but gave us all the information he possessed; which was, that Commodore Stockton was in possession of San Diego, and that all the country between that place and Santa Barbara was in possession of the u country people.” He confirmed all that Marshall had said, and stated he was going to San Diego the next morning. The general gave him a letter for that place. I made observations at night for time and latitude, but the flying clouds, and the trembling ground on which we were encamped, made it a delicate operation. Information was received on the 2d, that fifteen miles distant, on the road to the Pueblo, a band of horses and mules were catched, belonging to General Flores and others. Tired as our people were, nightfall found twenty-five of them in the saddle, with fresh horses, under the command of Lieut. Davidson, accompanied by Carson, on their way in pursuit of the cache. Davidson was successful, and returned with the horses on the 3d, about meridian; but the animals, 107 [ 7 ] like those we captured at the mouth of the Gila, were mostly un- broken, and not of much service. My observations give for the latitude of our camp of this date, which was on the meadow to the south of the rancheria, 33° 16' 57". We remained in camp on the 3d to rest. December 4. — The morning was murky, and we did not start till 9 o’clock, about "which time it commenced to rain heavily, and the rain lasted all day. Our route was chiefly through narrow valleys overtopped by high hills of some fertility, covered with oaks. We were now in the region of rains, and the vegetation, though not luxuriant, was very much changed, but it was too late in the fall to get the flowers or fruits to determine the plants. Our camp was pitched, after marching 13| miles, in the valley of the Rio Isabel, near the rancheria of Mr. Stokes, formerly the mis- sion of Saint Isabel. Mr. S. had gone, but he left his keys with a man whom the Span- iards called Signor Reel, with directions to entertain us. The Sig- nor was a deserter from an English merchant-man, and had lived in the neighboring mountains some ten years; during this time he had acquired a little property, and some knowledge of Spanish, but the sailor was visible in all his acts. Before night Mr. Beel had made good use of his keys, and shone in his true colors as sailor Bill. We were drenched to the skin, and looked forward with some pleasure to the idea of once more entering a house, with a blazing fire and plenty to eat and drink. In the last two items we were entirely satisfied, but sadly disappointed in finding no fire, the only cfiimney about the rancheria being in the kitchen. The dragoons took the dinner intended for the officers, and we were obliged to stand, cracking our heels in the cold damp chapel, now converted into a hall, for two hours, before the Signor, or rather Sailor Bill, could cook another dinner. The appearance of desolation which the rancheria presents is little calculated to impress us with favorable notions of the agri- cultural resources of this part of California. The land in the nar- row valleys is good, but surrounded every where by high barren mountains, and where the land is good, the seasons are too dry for men to attempt cultivation without facilities for irrigation. December 5. — A cold rainy day, and the naked Indians of the rancheria gathered around our fires. We marched from the ran- cheria of San Isabel to that of Santa Maria. On the way we met Capt. Gillespie, Lieut. Beale, and Midshipman Duncan of the navy, with a party of thirty-five men, sent from San Diego with a de- spatch to Gen. Kearny. We arrived at the rancheria after dark, where we heard that the enemy was in force nine miles distant, and not finding any grass about the rancheria, we pushed on and en- camped in a canon two miles below. It was long after night when we halted, and though there may have been plenty of grass, we could not find it. Besides the rain, a heavy fog obscured the land- scape, and little could be seen of the country during the day’s jour- neying; what we did see, however, did not impress us favorably as to its fertility. Although this was the rainy season, no flowing streams were I crossed after leaving the San Isabel, and the ground was destitute of grass. Our camp was in a valley, overgrown with large oak trees and other shrubbery; but it was too dark to distinguish their | character. A party under Lieut. Hammond was sent to reconnoitre the ene- my, reported to be near at hand. By some accident the party was discovered, and the enemy placed on the qui vive^ We were now on the main road to San Diego, all the u by-ways” being in our rear, and it was therefore deemed necessary to attack the enemy, and force a passage. About 2 o’clock, a. m. , the call to horse was sounded. December 6. — We marched nine miles before day-break over a hilly country, leaving our packs to come on in the rear. The ge- | neral invited Mr. Warner and myself to ride with him, and taking four of my party, I left Messrs. Bestor and Stanly with the rest, six in number, to take care of the baggage, and look after the in- struments and notes. When within a mile of the enemy, whose force was not known to us, his fires shone brightly. The general and his party were in ad- vance, preceded only by the advanced guard of twelve men under Captain Johnston. He ordered a trot, then a charge, and soon we found ourselves engaged in a hand to hand conflict with a largely j superior force. For an account of this engagement, reference may be made to the official report of the general, which has been published. The subjoined topographical sketch will show the first and second posi- tion of the enemy, and his final rout. As day dawned, the smoke cleared away, and we commenced collecting our dead and wounded. We found 18 of our officers and men were killed on the field, and 13 wounded. Amongst the killed we-re Captains Moore and Johnston, and Lieutenant Hammond of the 1st dragoons. The general, Capt. Gillespie, Capt. Gibson, Lieut. Warner, and Mr. Robideau badly wounded. A large body of horsemen were seen in our rear, and fears were entertained lest Major Swords and the baggage should fall into their hands. The general directed me to take a party of men and go back for Major Swords and his party. We met at the foot of the first hill, a mile in rear of the enemy’s first position. Return- ing, I scoured the village to look for the dead and wounded. The first object which met my eye was the manly figure of Capt John- ston. He was perfectly lifeless, a ball having passed directly through the centre of his head. The work of plundering the dead had already commenced; his watch was gone, nothing being left of it but a fragment of the gold chain by which it was suspended from his neck. By my directions Sergeant Falls and four men took charge of the body and carried it into camp. Captain Johnston and one dragoon were the only >1 or THE actions T OUGHT AT ted a srtDTTTJML: CALIF ORNI Between the Americans Mexicans J > ' J • • I ; \ i. * ( \ / ' r' - i> •' - ■; 109 [ 7 ] persons either killed or wounded on our side in the fight by fire- arms. Information was received that the dead, no matter where buried, would be dug up to rob the bodies of their clothes, and orders were given to pack them on mules, with the intention of carrying them to Sam Diego, but it was found that there were not a sufficient number of strong animals left to convey both the dead and the wounded, and directions were given therefore to inter them at night as secretly as possible. When night closed in, the bodies of the dead were buried under a willow to the east of our camp, with no other accompaniment than the howling of myriads of wolves attracted by the smell. Thus were put to rest together, and forever, a band of brave and heroic men. The long march of 2,000 miles had brought our little command, both officers and men, to know each other well. Com- munity of hardships, dangers, and privations, had produced rela- tions of mutual regard which caused their loss to sink deeply in our memories. The general’s wounds were so serious, that during the day Cap- tain Turner assumed command and directed operations. There was but one surgeon in our party, Dr. Griffin, and notwithstanding his great skill and assiduty, he did not finish dressing the wounded till late in the afternoon, nor were the ambulances for their transport- ation completed. This, with the desire to bury our dead under cover of night, caused the forward movement to be postponed till morning. Our provisions were exhausted, our horses dead, our mules on their last legs, and our men, now reduced to one third of their number, were ragged, worn down by fatigue, and emaciated. The officers of Captain Gillespie’s- party said there were wheel carriages at San Diego, 39 miles distant, -and it was determined to send there for the means of conveying our wounded. Early in the day, Godey, with a few picked men, was on his way by a circuitous route to that place. Our position was defensible, but the ground, covered with rocks and cacti, made it difficult to get a smooth place to rest, even for the wounded. The night was cold and damp, and notwithstanding our excessive fatigues of the day and night previous, sleep was im- possible. D ecember 7. — Day dawned on the most tattered and ill-fed de- tachment of men that ever the United States mustered under her colors. The enemy’s pickets and a portion of his force were seen in front. The sick, by the indefatigable exertions of Dr. Griffin, were doing well, and the general enabled to mount his horse. •* The order to march was given, and we moved off to offer the enemy battle, accompanied by our wounded, and the whole of our packs. The ambulances grated rn the ground, and the sufferings of the wounded were very distressing. We had made for them the most comfortable conveyance we could, and such as it was, we were in- debted principally to the ingenuity of the three remaining moun- tain men of the party, Peterson, Londeau, and Perrot. The fourth. 110 m the brave Francois Menard, had lost his life in the light of the day- before. The general resumed the command, placing Captain Tur- ner, of the dragoons, in command of the remnant of dragoons, which were consolidated into one company. Arranging our wounded and the packs in the centre, we marched towards San Diego in the direction of the San Barnardo rancheria, taking the right hand road over the hills, and leaving the river San Barnardo to the left. The enemy retired as we advanced. When we arrived at the rancheria of San Barnardo, we watered our horses and killed chickens for the sick. The rancheria was the property of Mr. Snooks, an Englishman; it was deserted except by a few Indians. Finding no grass about the rancheria, we moved on towards the bed of the river, driving many cattle before us. We had scarcely left the house and proceeded more than a mile, when a cloud of cavalry debouched from the hills in our rear, and a portion of them dashed at full speed to occupy a hill by which we must pass, while the remainder threatened our rear. Thirty or forty of them got possession of the hill, and it was necessary to drive them from it. This was accomplished by a small party of six or eight, upon whom the Californians discharged their fire; and strange to say, not one of our men fell. The capture of the hill was then but the work of a moment, and when we reached the crest, the Californians had mounted their horses and were in full flight. We did not lose a man in the skirmish, but they had several badly wounded. By this movement we lost our cattle, and were convinced that if we attempted any further progress with the ambulances we must lose our sick and our packs. It was impossible to move in the open field with these incumbrances, against an enemy more than twice our numbers, and all superbly mounted. The general, therefore, determined to halt, for the night to have the wounds of the sick re- dressed, and then to cut our way to San Diego. December 8. — We bored holes for water, and killed the fattest of our mules for meat. In the morning a flag of truce was sent into our camp, informing us that Andreas Pico, the commander of the Mexican forces, had just captured four Americans, and wished to exchange them for a like number of Californians. We had but one to exchange, and with this fellow I was sent to meet Andreas Pico, whom I found to be a gentlemanly looking, and rather hand- some man. The conversation was short; for I saw the man he wished to ex- change was Burgess, one of those sent on the morning of the 6th to San Diego, and we were very anxious to know the result of his mission. Taking rather a contemptuous leave of his late cap- tors, he informed us of the safe arrival of himself and Godey at San Diego. He also stated that when captured, his party, consist- ing of himself and two others, on their return from San Diego, had previously 66 cached” their letters under a tree, which he pointed out; but on subsequent examination, we found the letters had been abstracted. Cur wounded were still in no condition to move; to have at- Ill [ 7 ] tempted to transport them would have required one half of our fighting force, and it was decided most expedient to wait until they could be carried on horseback. At night, Lieutenant Beale, 'of the navy, Mr. Carson, and an Indian, volunteered to go to San Diego, 29 miles distant- — an expedition of some peril, as the enemy now occupied all the passes to that town. The observations made to-night give, for the latitude of this camp, 33° 03' 42", and the longitude 117° 03' 29". Don Antonio Robideaux, a thin man of fifty-five years, slept next to me. The loss of blood from his wounds, added to the coldness of the night, 28° Fahrenheit, made me think he would never see day- light, but I was mistaken. He -woke me to ask if I did not smell coffee, and expressed the belief that a cup of that beverage would save his life, and that nothing else would. Not knowing there had been any coffee in camp for many days, I supposed a dream had carried him back to the cafes of St. Louis and New Orleans, and it was with some surprise I found my cook heating a cup of coffee over a small fire made of wild sage. One of the most agreeable little offices performed in my life, and I believe in the cook’s, to whom the coffee belonged, was, to pour this precious draught into the waning body of our friend Robideaux. His warmth returned, and with it hopes of life. . In gratitude he gave me, what was then a great rarity, the half of a cake made of brown flour, almost black with dirt, and which had, for greater security, been hidden in the clothes of his Mexican servant, a man who scorned ablutions. I eat more than half without inspection, when, on breaking apiece, the bodies of several of the most loathesome insects were exposed to my view. My hunger, however, overcame my fastidiousness, and the morceau did not appear particularly disgusting till after our arrival at San Diego, when several hearty meals fiad taken off the keenness of my appetite, and suffered my taste to be more del- icate. Last night the brave Sergeant Cox died of his w T ounds, and was buried to-day deep in the ground, and covered with heavy stones, to prevent the wolves from tearing him up. This was a gallant fellow, who had, just before leaving Fort Leavenworth, married a pretty wife. December 10. — The enemy attacked our camp, driving before them a band of wild horses, with which they hoped to produce a stampede. Our men behavecl with admirable coolness, turning off the wild animals dexterously. Two or three of the fattest were killed in the charge, and formed, in the shape of a gravy-soup, an agreeable substitute for the poor steaks of our worn down brutes, on which we had been feeding for a number of days. Doctor Griffin gave the welcome information that all the sick, but two, were able to get in the saddle, and orders were given to march the next morning. There was little expectation that Carson and Lieutenant Beale would succeed in reaching San Diego; the hiding place pointed out by Burgess was examined, and the letters from San Diego were not found. 112 m We were all reposing* quietly, but not sleeping, waitnig for the break of day, when we were to go down and give the enemy an- other defeat. One of the men, in the part of the camp assigned to my defence, reported that he heard a man speaking in English. In a few minutes we heard the tramp of a column, followed by the hail of the sentinel. It was a detachment of 100 tars and 80 ma- rines under Lieutenant Gray, sent to meet us by Commodore Stock- ton, from whom we learned that Lieutenant Beale, Carson, and the Indian, had arrived safely in San Diego. The detachment left San Diego on the night of the 9th, cached themselves during the day of the 10th, and joined us on the night of that day. These gallant fellows busied themselves till day distributing their provisions and clothes to our naked and hungry people. December 11. — The junction of our forces was a complete sur- prise to the enemy, and when the sun rose, but a small squadron of horse was to be seen at Stokes’s rancheria. They had fled pre- cipitately, leaving most of the cattle behind them, for which we had been contending for the last three days. None of our men were mounted— theirs were all mounted; and why they should have left their stock is inconceivable. It was certainly not incompati- ble with their safety to have carried them all away. The only way of accounting for it, is, by supposing our night attack had filled them with the unnecessary fear of being surprised. We drove the cattle before us. Our march was in close order, over a road leading through a rolling country of light black soil, destitute of trees, and without water, covered with oats indigenuous to the soil, now fallen to de- cay. The grass in protected places was sprouting, but not in suf- ficient quantity to afford grazing to our stock. After marching twelve miles' we arrived at the rancheria of Signor Alvarado, a nerson who was in the fight against us. The women and children had fled to the mountains, leaving plenty of turkies, chickens, goats and sheep behind; also two casks of wine, the produce of the country. The havoc committed o.n the comestibles was immense; the sheep not killed were driven by us into San Diego. The owner had taken the oath of allegiance to the United States and broken it. The navy took a prisoner at this house as they marched to meet us. He gave us much information, and was then liberated. He stated that Pico’s force consisted of 160 men, 100 of which were drawn from the Pueblo, and the balance from the surrounding country. We subsequently received authentic accounts that his number was 180 men engaged in the fight, and that 100 additional men were sent him from the Pueblo, who reached his camp on the 7th. . , . , . There was a fine spring at this rancheria, and another two miles below it. On the hill, before reaching the rancheria, the Pacific opened for the first time to our view, the sight producing strange but agreeable emotions. One of the mountain men who had never seen the ocean i I 113 [ 7 ] before, opened his arms and exclaimed: u Lord! there is a great prairie without a tree,” December 12 . — We followed the Solidad through a deep fertile valley in the shape of a cross. Here we ascended to the left a steep hill to the table lands, which, keeping for a few miles, we de- scended into a waterless valley, leading into False bay at a point distant two or three miles from San Diego. At this place we were in view of the fort overlooking the town of San Diego and the bar- ren waste which surrounds it. The town consists of a few adobe houses, two or three of which only have plank floors. It is situated at the foot of a high hill on a sand flat, two miles wide, reaching from the head of San Diego bay to False bay. A high promontory of nearly the same width, runs into the sea four or five miles and is connected by the flat with the main land. The road to the hide houses leads east- ward of this promontory, and abreast of them the frigate Con- gress and the sloop Portsmouth are at anchor. The hide houses are a collection of store houses where the hides of cattle are packed before being shipped; this article forming the only trade of the little town. The bay is a narrow arm of the sea indenting the land some four or five miles, easily defended, and having twenty feet of water at the lowest tide. The rise is said to be five feet, making the great- est water twenty-five feet. Standing on the hill which overlooks the town, and looking to the northeast, I saw the mission of San Diego, a fine large building now deserted. The Rio San Diego runs under ground in a direct course fronFthe mission to the town, and sweeping around the hill, discharges itself into the bay. Its original debouche was into False bay, where, meeting the waters rolling in from the seaward, a bar was formed by the deposite of sand, making the entrance of False bay impracticable. Well grounded fears are entertained that the immense quantity of sand discharged by this river will materially injure, if it does not destroy the harbor of San Diego; but this evil could be arrested at a slight cost, compared with the objects to be obtained. At present San Diego is, all things considered, perhaps one of the best harbors on the coast from Callao to Puget’s Sound, with a single exception, that of San Francisco. In the opinion of some intelligent navy officers, it is preferable even to this. The harbor of San Francisco has more water, but that of San Diego has a more uniform climate, better anchorage, and perfect security from winds in any direction. However, the commercial metropolis must be at San Francisco, owing to the greater extent and superiority of the country adjacent, watered by the rivers Sacramento and San Joachim, unless indeed it should be made the terminus of a railroad leading by the route of the Gila to the Del Norte, and thence to the Mississippi and the Atlantic. ^ The rain fell in torrents as we entered the town, and it was my singular fate here, as in Santa Fe, to be quartered in the calaboose, a miserable hut, of one room, some 40 -j- 30 feet square. A huge 114 m old gun was mounted in this hovel, looking through an embrasure to the westward. In this building I was told that I could stow my party and my instruments safely. We preferred the open air and the muddy plaza, saturated with all sorts of filth, to this wretched hole; but having no alternative, I our chronometers and instruments were stowed in it and guarded by the indefatigable Mr. Bestor. I went off to accept from the hos- pitality of a friend the first bed I had seen in many months. About midnight there was one of those false alarms which ever and anon disturbed this goodly town. Four burly fellows rushed to man this gun, but they found themselves unexpectedly opposed by | Mr. Bestor and two or three of my party. But for this timely re- sistance, my whole little stock of chronometers, barometer, &c., would have been totally destroyed. In the morning, through the kind exertions of my friend, Captain Gillespie,** I was enabled to get a house with two rooms, the only unoccupied quarters in the town. Foreseeing employment of a different nature, my little party occupied themselves busily in collecting and bringing up the notes of our field-work. On the 28th December I received notification from General Kearny to leave my party in San Diego and report to him for duty, as the acting adjutant general of the forces; Captain Turner, his adjutant general, having been assigned by him to the command of the remnant of the company of the 1st dragoons. Mr. Warner was still too unwell, from the wounds received at San Pasqual, to accompany us, or to commence the survey of San Diego bay. Wishing to have a secure place to deposite my instruments, notes, & c., I applied to Captain Dupont to give them a place on board the Cyane. He granted this request, and kindly insisted that Mr. Bestor and Mr. Stanly should also go on board, where they could pursue their work unmolested. I should be very ungrateful if I did not here make my acknow- ledgments to Captain Dupont, and all the officers of the navy with whom we were throwm in contact, for the uniform kindness and the generous hospitality with which they always supplied our personal wants, and the promptness with which they rendered assistance in any public enterprise. My work as topographical engineer maybe considered to end at this place; and that portion of the map embraced between San Diego and the Pueblo or Ciudad de los Angeles is compiled from existing maps, with slight alterations made by myself from a view of the ground, without the aid of instruments. The coast is taken from old Spanish charts, published in Madrid in 1825, kindly furnished me by Captain Wilkes. The harbor of San Diego has been surveyed by Captain, Sir Edward Belcher, of the royal navy, w T hose determination of tjie longitude of the spit to the south of Punta Loma, published in his u voyage round the world,” has been adopted, in the absence of time or instruments to enable me to make the requisite observations. The longitude of the same point by Malispina 117° 17', and the chronometric longitude brought by myself from my last station | 115 [ 7 ] over the mountains, where lunar distances were observed, 117° 14/; but I have not hesitated to take the results of Sir Edward Belcher, although I have had no opportunity of seeing his observations. Malispina’s observations were made long since, and the results from the chronometers brought overland by me are liable to objec- tions: first, from the imperfection in the determination of my inter- mediate stations by lunar distances, and, next, from the disturb- ances to which the chronometers were subjected in the battle of the 6th December, and the skirmish of the 7th, but more particu- larly the last, where a sudden charge was made in an open plain on our baggage by the enemy’s cavalry. The harbor was originally explored by Sebastian Vizcaino in 1603, but no settlement was made at San Diego until 1769. Vessels may ride at anchor in the harbor, perfectly land-locked, but in very heavy southerly gales some inconvenience may be felt by those^not provided with good ground tackle, from the immense volumes of kelp driven into the harbor. The kelp (fucus gigantens) occupies a space in front of the har- bor some miles in length and half a mile wide. At a distance, I took the kelp for a low island, but was informed of my error by Captain Schenck, who told me vessels were forced through it in a stiff breeze. On th*e morning of the 29th Decemb er we marched out of San Diego with the following force: Capt. Lieut. Sergt. Corpl. Bug. Privates. Dragoons 1 1 2 4 2 47 Sailors acting artillery.. 1 1 2 4 — 39 Sailors and marines act- ing infantry 8 10 17 17 345 V olunteers 3 3 6 _ — 48 Three employes of the topographical engineers, three medical officers, and twenty-five men, Indians, and Californians; the whole divided into four divisions or battalions, commanded respectively by Captain Turner, Lieutenant Renshaw, Lieutenant Zielin, and Captain Gillespie. Six pieces of artillery, of various calibre, got up with great ex- ertion, under the orders of Commodore Stockton, by Lieutenant Tilghman of the navy, acting as captain of artillery. A wagon train, consisting of one four-wheel carriage and ten ox carts, under the charge of Lieutenant Minor of the navy. The wagons were heavily laden, and our progress was slow in the ex- treme. We did not reach the Solidad, the first watering place, till 8 o’clock at night. I was ordered to ride forward and lay out a defensive camp, hoping to give confidence to the sailors, many of whom were now, for the first time, transferred to a new element. We soon found their habits of discipline aboard ship made the transition easy, arid I speedily arrived at the conclusion that Jack, properly handled, made a very good infantry soldier. 116 [ 7 ] The plan of the camp being approved, I was directed to make it the habitual order of encamping wherever the configuration of the ground would admit. The plan was the natural one to protect ourselves from the night attacks of the enemy, who were all mounted. The mode in which they designed to make their night attacks was to drive into our camp a manada of wild mares, and then take ad- vantage of the confusion they might create to deliver a charge. December 30. — We encamped at the rancheria of Alvear. December 31. — We encamped at the San Bar'nardo, having gone in three days only 30 miles. The ground passed over was the same as that described in the last two days of our march into San Diego. January 1.— 1 To-day we obtained some fresh oxen and a few fresh horses, which enabled us to do better and to make 17 miles before sunset. Our road to-day diverged from that heretofore described, and laid over a rolling country, destitute of water and trees. Cattle were seen, in small numbers, covering the plains in all directions, proving to us that the enemy had found it impracticable to fulfil their boast, that we should not get a hoof from the day we left San Diego. We pitched our camp at the Indian settlement of Buena Yista, passing by the way a deserted rancheria, where there was a puddle of stagnant water, the only water on the route. % January 2. — Six and a half miles march brought us to the de- serted mission of San Luis Rey. The keys of this mission were in charge of the alcalde of the Indian village, a mile distant. He was at the door to receive us and deliver up possession. There we halted for the day to let the sailors, who suffered dreadfully from sore feet, recruit a little. This building is one which, for magnitude, convenience, and du- rability of architecture, would do honor to any country. The walls are of adobe, and the roofs of well made tile. It was built about sixty years since by the Indians of the country, under the guidance of a zealous priest. At that time the Indians were very numerous, and under the absolute sway of the missionaries. These missionaries at one time bid fair to christianize the Indians of California. Under grants from the Mexican government, they collected them into missions, built immense houses, and commenced successfully to till the soil by the hands of the Indians for the ben- efit of the Indians. The habits of the priests, and the avarice of the military rulers of the territory, however, soon converted these missions into in- struments of oppression and slavery of the Indian race. The revolution of 1836 saw the downfall of the priests, and most of these missions passed by fraud into the hands of private individ- uals, and with them the Indians were transferred as serfs of the land. This race, which, in our country, has never been reduced to slavery, is in that degraded condition throughout California, and do the only labor performed in the country. Nothing can exceed their present degraded condition. For negligence or refusal to work, the lash is freely applied, and 117 [ 7 ] in many instances life has been taken by the Californians without being held accountable by the laws of the land. This mission of San Luis Rey was, until the invasion of Cali- fornia by the Americans, in 1846, considered as public property. Just before that event took place, a sale was made of it for a small consideration, by the Mexican authorities to some of their own people, who felt their power passing away, and wished to turn an honest penny whilst there was power left; but this sale was un- doubtedly fraudulent, and will, I trust, not be acknowledged by the American government. Many other missions have been transferred in the same way; and the new government of California must be very pure in its administration to avoid the temptations Waich these fictitious sales, made by the retiring Mexican authorities, offer for accumulating large fortunes at the expense of the government. The lands belonging to this mission are extensive, well watered, and very fertile. It is said, and I believe it probable from appear- ances, that wheatwill grow in the valleys adjacent, without irriga- tion. January 3. — After marching a few miles the wide Pacific opened to our view. We passed the St. Marguerita rancheria, once a de- pendency of San Luis Rey, now in the possession of the Pico family. We encamped near Flores, a deserted mission. Just below it, and near the ocean, is an Indian village. Cattle were seen in great numbers to-day, and several well broken pairs of oxen were picked up on the way. Distance 10.5 miles. January 4.— -After leaving Flores a few miles, the 1 high broken ground projects close in upon the sea, leaving but a narrow, un- even banquette, along which the road wends through a growth of chapparal. Here we met three persons, ^bearing a flag of truce; one an Englishman, named Workman, another Fluge, a German, the third a Californian. They brought a letter from Flores, who signed himself governor and captain general of the department of California, proposing to suspend hostilities in California, and leave the battle to be fought elsewhere between the United States and Mexico, upon which was to depend the fate of California. There was a great deal of other matter in the letter, useless to repeat. The commission returned with a peremptory refusal of the proposition of the governor and captain general Flores. After going nine miles from Flores, the high land impinges so close on the sea that the road lies along the sea beach for a dis- tance of eight miles. Fortunately for us the tide was out, and we had the advantage of a hard, smooth road. Notwithstanding this, our column stretched out a great distance, and we were compelled to make frequent halts for the rear to come up. This pass presents a formidable military obstacle, and, in the hands of an intrepid and skilful enemy, we could have been severely checked, if not beaten back from it; but we passed unmo- lested, and encamped late at night on an open plain at the mouth, 118 m of the stream leading from the mission of San Juan de Capristano 3 . and about two miles from the mission. It was so dark I could not see to lay off the lines of the camp accurately, and I was glad, in the morning, that an early start gave no time for criticism. Distance 18.8 miles. January 5. — The mission of San Juan has passed into the hands of the Pico family. The cathedral was once a fine strong building, with an arched cupola; only one-half of the building,, capped by a segment of the cupola, is now standing, the other part having been thrown down by an earthquake in the year 1822, kill- ing some thirty or forty persons who had fled to it for refuge. Attracted by a house having a brush-fence round the door, as if to keep out intruders, I was told there were four men within, in the agonies of death, from wounds received at the battle of San Pasqual. We moved to the Alisos (Sycamore) rancheria, where we found a spring of good water, but nothing to eat. Through the kindness of Mr. Foster, an Englishman, we received here a supply of fresh horses. The road was principally through the valley of the stream water- ing the mission. On each side were beautiful rounded hills, covered with a delicate tinge of green from the grass, which was now sprout- ing freely near the sea-coast. Up to this point, except a small patch at Flores, I had not seen the mark of a plough or any other instrument of husbandry. The rancherias were entirely supported by rearing cattle and horses. Distance 11.1 miles. January 6. — To-day we made a long march of 19 miles to the upper Santa Anna, a town situated on the river of the same name. We were now near the enemy, and the town gave evidence of it. Not a soul was to be seen; the fe\y persons remaining in it were old women, who, on our approach, had bolted their doors. The leaders of the Californians, as a means of inciting their people to arms, made them believe we w~ou!d plunder their houses and violate their women. Taking advantage of a deep ditch for one face of the camp, it was laid off in a very defensible position between the town and the river, expecting the men would have an undisturbed night’s rest, to be in the morning ready for the fight, which might now be expected daily. In this hope we were mistaken. The wind blew a hurri- cane, (something very unusual in this part of California,) and the atmosphere was filled with particles of fine dust, so that one could not see and but with difficulty breathe* January 7. — The wind continued to blow violently, which the enemy should have taken advantage of to attack us. Our weapons were chiefly fire-arms; his, the lance; and I was quite certain that in such a gale of wind as then blew, the difficulty of loading our arms would have proved a serious matter. The Santa Anna is a fine, dashing stream, knee-deep, and about 100 yards wide, flowing over a sandy bed. In its valley are many valuable vineyards and corn fields. It is capable of affording water to a great many more. On its banks are considerable tracts I an, Lr^ rs O- w ^ -■ 4 g h - — p-2 ® a ^ 5 hr ~i r o hT- ^ r* O — ■ n> p oo rvr. rj W PC £ a N O * £ .GTS! 2 S M psi 6=2 m 119 m of uncultivated land within the level of irrigation. We now began to think there would be more formidable and united resistance by the enemy, but he failed to show himself ; and such was the unani- mity of the men, women and children, in support of the war, that not a particle of information could be obtained in reference to his force or position. After travelling ten miles we came to the Coyotes, a rancheria owned by a rich widow lady, who had just married a handsome young fellow, who might well pass for her son. These people we found at home, and we learned from them that the enemy intended to give us battle the next day. Indeed, as we approached the ran- cheria, several horsemen drew off, reconnoitring us so closely as to make it doubtful if they were not some of our own vaqueros. January 8. — We passed over a country destitute of wood and wa- ter, undulating and gently dipping towards the ocean, which was in view. About two o’clock we came in sight of the San Gabriel river. Small squads of horsemen began to show themselves on either flank, and it became quite apparent the enemy intended to dispute the passage of the river. Our progress was necessarily very slow, our oxen being poor, and our wagons (the ox-carts of the country) with wheels only about two feet in diameter. The enemy did not yet discover his order of battle, and we moved to the river in our habitual order of march, when near the enemy, viz: the 2d division in front, and the 1st and third on the right and left flanks respectively; the guard and a company of volunteer carbiniers in the rear; our cattle and the wagon train in the centre, making for them, what the sailors wittily termed, a Yankee corral. The artillery were distributed on the four angles of the rectangle. This order of march was adopted from the character of the ene- my’s force, all of which was mounted; and in a measure from our own being men unaccustomed to field evolutions, it was necessary to keep them habitually in the order to resist cavalry attacks when in view of the enemy. We had no cavalry, and the object of the enemy was to deprive us of our cattle by sudden charges. The river was about 100 yards wide, knee-deep, and flowing over quick-sand. Either side was fringed with a thick undergrowth. The approach on our side was level; that on the enemy’s was favor- able to him. A bank, fifty feet high, ranged parallel with the river, at point blank cannon distance, upon which he posted his artillery. As we neared the thicket, we received the scattering fire of the enemy’s sharp shooters. At the same moment, we saw him place four pieces of artillery on the hill, so as to command the passage. A squadron of 250 cavalry just showed their heads above the hill, to the right of the battery, and the same number were seen to oc- cupy a position on the left. The 2d battalion was ordered to deploy as skirmishers, and cross the river. As the line was about the middle of the river, the enemy opened his battery, and made the water fly with grape and round shot. Our artillery was now ordered to cross — it was unlimbered, pulled over by the men, and placed in counter battery on the ene- 120 [ 7 ] my’s side of the river. Our people, very brisk in firing, made the fire of the enemy wild and uncertain. Under this cover, the wagons and cattle were forced with great labor across the river, the bottom of which was quick sand. Whilst this was going on, our rear was attacked by a very bold charge, and repulsed. On the right bank of the river there was a natural banquette, breast high. Under this the line was deployed. To this accident of the ground is to be attributed the little loss we sustained from the enemy’s artillery, which showered grape and round shot over our heads. In an hour and twenty minutes our baggage train had all crossed, the artillery of the enemy was silenced, and a charge made on the hill. Half way between the hill and the river, the enemy made a furious charge on our left flank. At the same moment, our right was threatened. The 1st and 2d battalions were thrown into squares, and after firing one or two rounds, drove off the enemy. The right wing was ordered to form a square, but seeing the enemy hesitate, the order was countermanded; the 1st battalion, which formed the right, was directed to rush for the hill, supposing that would be the con- tested point, but great was our surprise to find it abandoned. The enemy pitched his camp on the hills in view, but when morning came, he was gone. We had no means of pursuit, and scarcely the power of locomotion, such was the wretched condition of our wagon train. The latter it was still deemed necessary to drag along for the purpose of feeding the garrison, intended to be left in the Ciudad de los Angeles, the report being that the enemy intended, if we reached that town, to burn and destroy every arti- cle of food. Distance 9.3 miles. January 9. — The grass was very short and young, and our cattle were not much recruited by the night’s rest; we commenced our march leisurely, at 9 o’clock, over the u Mesa,” a wide plain be- tween the Rio San Gabriel and the Rio San Fernando. Scattering horsemen, and small reconnoitring parties, hung on our flanks. After marching five or six miles, we saw the enemy’s line on our right, above the crest made by a deep indentation in the plain. Here Flores addressed his men, and called on them to make one more charge; expressed his confidence in their ability to break our line; said that u yesterday he had been deceived in supposing that he was fighting soldiers.” We inclined a little to the left to avoid giving Flores the advan- tage of the ground to post his artillery; in other respects we con- tinued our march on the Pueblo as if he were not in view. When we were abreast of him, he opened his artillery at a long distance, and we continued our march without halting, except for a moment, to put a wounded man in the cart, and once to exchange a wounded mule, hitched to one of the guns. As we advanced, Fiores deployed his force, making a horse shoe in our front, and opened his nine-pounders on our right flank, and two smaller pieces on our front. The shot from the nine-pounders 121 [7] on our flank was so annoying that we halted to silence them. In about fifteen minutes this was done, and the order u forward” again given, when the enemy came down on our left flank in a scattering sort of charge, and notwithstanding the efforts of our officers to make their men hold their fire, they, as is usually the case under similar circumstances, delivered it whilst the Californians were yet about a hundred yards distant. This fire knocked many out of their saddles, and checked them. A round of grape was then fired upon them, and they scattered. A charge was made simultaneously with this on our rear, with about the same success. We all considered this as the beginning of the fight, but it was the end of it. The Californians, the most expert horsemen in the world, stripped the dead horses on the field, without dismounting, and carried off most of their saddles, bridles, and all their dead and wounded on horse- back to the hills to the right. It was now about three o’clock, and the town, known to contain great quantities of wine and aguardiente, was four miles distant. From previous experience of the difficulty of controlling men when entering towns, it was determined to cross the river San Fer- nando, halt there for the night, and enter the town in the morning with the whole day before us. The distance to-day, 6.2 miles. After we had pitched our camp, the enemy came down from the hills, and 400 horsemen, with the four pieces of artillery, drew off towards the town, in order and regularity, whilst about sixty made a movement down the river, on our rear and left flank. This led us to suppose they were not yet whipped, as we thought, and that we should have a night attack. January 10. — Just as we had raised our camp, a flag of truce, borne by Mr. Selis a Castilian, Mr. Workman an Englishman, and Alvarado the owner of the rancheria at the Alisos, was brought into camp. They proposed, on behalf of the Californians, to sur- render their dear City of the Angels, provided we would respect property and persons. This was agreed to; but not altogether trusting to the honesty of General Flores, who had once broken his parole, we moved into the town in the same order we should have done if expecting an attack. It was a wise precaution, for the streets were full of desperate and drunken fellows, who brandished their arms and saluted us with every term of reproach. The crest, overlooking the town, in rifle range, was covered with horsemen, engaged in the same hos- pitable manner. One of them had on a dragoon’s coat, stolen from the dead body of one our soldiers after we had buried him at San Pasqual. Our men marched steadily on, until crossing the ravine leading into the public square, when a fight took place amongst the Califor- nians on the hill; one became disarmed, and to avoid death rolled down tHe hill towards us, his adversary pursuing and lancing him in the most cold-blooded manner. The man tumbling down the hill was supposed to be one of our vaqueros, and the cry of rescue him” was raised. The crew of the Cyane, nearest the scene, at once, and without any orders, halted and gave the man that was 122 7 ] landing him a volley, strange to say he did not fall. Almost at the same instant, but a little before it, the Californians from the hill did fire on the vaqueros. The rifles were then ordered to clear the hill, which a single fire effected, killing two of the enemy. We were now in possession of the town; great silence and mystery was observed by the Californians in regard to Flores; but we were given to understand that he had gone to fight the force from the north, drive them back, and then starve us out of the town. To- wards the close of the day we learned very certainly that Flores, with 150 men, chiefly Sonorians, and desperadoes of the country, had fled to Sonora, taking with him four or five hundred of the best horses and mules in the country, the property of his own friends. The silence of the Californians was now changed into deep and bitter curses upon Flores. Some slight disorder took place among our men at night, from the facility of getting wine, but the vigilance of the officers soon suppressed it. January 11. — It rained in torrents all day. I was ordered to se- lect a site, and place a fort, capable of containing a hundred men; with this in view, a rapid reconnoissance of the town was made, and the plan of a fort sketched, so placed as to enable a small garrison to command the town and the principal avenues to it. The plan was approved. Many men came in during the day and surrendered themselves. January 12 . — I laid off the work, and, before night, broke the first ground. The population of the town, and its dependencies, is about 3,000; that of the town itself, about 1,500. It is the centre of wealth and population of the Mexico Californian people, and has heretofore been the seat of government. Close under the base of the mountains, commanding the passes to Sonora, cut off from the north by the pass at San Barbara, it is the centre of the mili- tary power of the Californians. Here all the revolutions have had their origin, and it is the point upon which any Mexican force from Sonora would be directed. It was therefore desirable to establish a fort, which, in case of trouble, should enable a small garrison to hold out till aid might comefrom San Diego, San Francisco, or Monte- rey, places which are destined to become centres of American settle- ments.* January 13. — It rained steadily all day, and nothing w T as done on the work; at night I worked on the details of the fort. Thursday 14. — We drank to-day the wine of the country, manu- factured by Don LuisVigne, a Frenchman. It was truly delicious, resembling more the best description of Hock than any other wine. Many bottles were drunk, leaving no headache or acidity on the stomach. We obtained, from the same gentleman, a profusion of grapes and luscious pears, the latter resembling in color .and taste the Bergamot pear, but different in shape, being longer and larger. * Subsequently to my leaving the Ciudad de los Angeles, the entire plan of the fort was changed, and I am not the projector of the work finally adopted for the defence of that town. 123 m January 15. — The details to work on the fort were by compa- nies. I sent to Captain Tilghman, who commanded on the hill, to detach one of the companies under his command to commence the work. He furnished, on the 16th, a company of artillery (seamen from the Congress,) for the day’s work, which they performed bravely, and gave me great hopes of success. January 18, 19, and 20. — I received special orders which sepa- rated me from the command, and the party of topographical engi- neers that had been so long under my orders. The battles of the 6th December, and the 8th and 9th January, had forever broken the Mexican authority in California, and they were daily coming in, in large parties, to sue for peace, and every move indicated a sincere desire on the part of the more respectable portion of the Californians to yield without further struggle to the United States authorities; yet small parties of the more desperate and revengeful hung about the mountains and roads; refusing or hesitating to yield obedience to their leaders, who now, with great unanimity, determined to lay down their arms. General Flores, with a small force, was known to have taken the road to Sonora, and it was believed he was on his way to that province, never to re- turn to California. Leaving General Kearny at San Juan de Capristano, on his re- turn to San Diego, I took three men and pushed on for the latter place. Halting late in the evening at the deserted Indian ranche- ria of Santa Margarita, we broke open one of the Indian huts, and got some corn and pumpkins for our animals. When night came on, the number of insects about the hut, and the intolerable noise made by the wolves, kept us from sleep. The moon shone brightly, and about ten at night we saddled up to pursue our journey. In this determination we were confirmed by the unexplained movement of several small parties of mounted Californians that reconnoitred our camp; a circumstance which afforded additional proof that some of the Californians were yet in arms, and led us very reasonably to the conclusion that our only safety was in changing our camp. We reached the mission of San Luis Key, and found not a human being stirring The immense pile of build- ing, illuminated by the pale cold rays of the moon, stood out in bold relief on the dim horizon; a monument of the zeal of the indefati- gable priests, by whom it was built. Now untenanted and deserted, it offered no resting place fqr the weary and hungry, and we rode on, determined to halt at the first place where grass should be in abundance. The road here divides into two branches; one leads to the west, by the rancheria of San Barnardo, the other directly to San Diego, over the high lands, running nearly parallel to the sea coast. The first is that by which we had marched on the Pueblo de los Ange- les, fearing that the hills on the sea coast road would embarrass the movement of our artillery and ox carts. Without a guide, we had great difficulty in striking at night the trail leading over the mountains; but consulting the stars for our course, and relying upon the sagacity of my three men, who had 124 m passed most of their days in traversing untrodden regions, we jogged along, shivering with the cold air of the elevated hills. ! X bout twelve, we came to a large patch of luxuriant grass, wet with dew. Upon this we loosened our animals and attempted to get a little sleep, but, in the absence of biankets or fire, the cold de- prived us of repose, and the dawn of day found us again in our saddles. The only habitation on the road from San Luis Rey to San Diego is a hut about half way, where there is a good spring. Its occu- pants had just returned from the wars, quite as hungry as we were. They had preceded us not more than twenty minutes, yet they had a fat bullock killed, and choice bits of his flesh roasting before the fire. We outnumbered the party, and consequently received their ' hospitality, which was extended to us with a good deal of bon- hommie. They conversed freely of the battles fought but a few days be- fore, acknowledged their participation in them, and expressed them- selves satisfied of the uselessness of farther resistance without aid from Mexico. The fresh meat of a bullock is all that is required by the Califor- nian for breakfast, dinner, and supper. Bread, tea, and coffee are rarely, if ever, used, and even when within their reach, looked upon with indifference. We very soon fell into their habits, and it is probable the troops in California, at this time, would not consider it an excessive hard- ship to make a campaign with no other stores in the commissariat than a plentiful supply of fresh beef. The white teeth of the Cal- ifornians, and the blood tingling in the cheeks of their olive col- ored faces would seem to prove this beef to be a very healthy diet. The advantages in the movement of troops that are contented with this kind of subsistence is very great, enabling them to move without wagons, and with no other care for the morrow than herd- ing the animals intended for food. Our host was so well pleased with the manner in which we acquit- ted ourselves at his rude repast, that forgetting old animosities, he saddled up his jaded horse, and piloted us for five or six miles, until we reached the broad trail, leading to the Solidad. About midday we reached San Diego, and next morning taking leave of my men and the animals that had done us such good ser- vice, I embarked on board the prize brig Malek Adhel, commanded by Lieutenant Schenck, of the navy, and prepared to take my leave of Upper or Alta California. Before doing so, however, I may venture upon a few general remarks, based upon personal observa- tions, upon the topography, climate, and products of that portion of the country not covered by my survey, or that of others. These observations were made after I had become separated from my as- sistants and instruments, my mind being engrossed with other sub- jects. The information contained in them is, therefore, less precise than that contained in other portions of my journal. The region, extending from the head of the Gulf of California to the parallel of the Pueblo, or Ciudad de los Angeles, is the only' portion not heretofore covered by my own notes and journal, or by 125 . [ 7 ] the notes and journals of other scientific expeditions fitted ouk*Uy the United States. The journals and published accounts of these several expeditions combined, will give definite ideas of all those portions of Califor- nia susceptible of cultivation or settlement. From this remark is to be excepted the vast basin watered by the Colorado, and the country lying between that river and the range of Cordilleras, rep- resented as running east of Jffie Tulare lakes, and south of the parallel of 36°, and the country between the Colorado and Gila rivers. Of these regions nothing is known except from the reports of trappers, and the speculations of geologists. As far as these ac- counts go, all concur in representing it as a waste of sand and rock, unadorned with vegetation, poorly watered, and unfit, it is believed, for any of the useful purposes of life. A glance at the map will show ! what an immense area is embraced in these boundaries; and, notwithstanding the oral accounts in regard to it, it is difficult to bring the mind to the belief in the existence of such a sea of waste and desert; when every other grand division of the earth presents some prominent feature in the economy of nature, administering to the wants of man. Possibly this unexplored region may be filled with valuable minerals. I have alluded, elsewhere, to the population of this country, the savage character of which is another obstacle to its exploration, and has tended to veil in mystery its true character and resources. Alta California, between the 31st and 34th parallels of latitude, presents to the eastern man, accustomed to navigable rivers and broad estuaries of the ocean, topographical features of a very un- usual character. Two chains of mountains traverse the country in a direction nearly parallel to the sea coast, slightly converging towards each other, and finally uniting near the parallel of 32°. Here they form the promontory of Lower California, extending its entire length, and terminating abruptly in the ocean, at Cape San Lucas. The first chain (that nearest the coast) may be considered a steppe of the second or interior range of mountains. It impinges on the coast at three different points, Santa Barbara, San Juan de Capristano, and between San Luis Rey and San Diego — at the first two places with so much boldness as to make it necessary to conduct the road along the margin of the sea, between the lines of high and low water mark, so that both Santa Barbara and San Juan present points worthy of consideration to the military command- ant charged with the defence of that country. Between the first and second ranges of mountains there is a val- ley, traversed by a good road, leading directly from the great desert to the Pueblo de los Angeles, and a defending force would meet its adversary to the greatest advantage at Cariso Creek, the termina- tion of the u jornada” across the desert. The description and lo- cality of Cariso Creek has already been given. The second or principal range of mountains lies at no great dis- tance from the first, and the valley between offers some arable land. The distance between the first range and the sea coast varies from 126 [ 7 ] 1 to 20 or 30 miles. The surface covered with vegetation, though small, is difficult to estimate; and perhaps it is unimportant that an estimate should be made, since the productiveness of these re- gions depends on other considerations than smoothness of surface, and character of soil. The rains cannot be relied upon, and the tiller of the earth depends upon irrigation from the mountain streams for his crops. The extent of ground, capable of tillage, is thus reduced to very narrow limits, easy of computation. A knowledge of the water courses, their fall, volume and extent, and the quantity of lands on their margin, within the level of these waters, are the data upon which the computation must be based. Taking this as a guide, an inspection of the accompanying map will give a general idea of the extent of arable ground, sufficiently correct for all practical purposes; but, in candor it should be said, that many streams laid down in it disappear in the sand, while the rocky cliffs, forming the banks of others, render irrigation im- practicable. The scale upon which the map is projected is too small to represent these accidents of the ground. Where irrigation can be had in this country, the produce of the soil is abundant beyond description. All the grains and fruits of the temperate zones, and many of those of the tropical, flourish luxuriantly. Descending from the heights of San Barnardo to the Pacific, one meets every degree of temperature. Near the coast, the winds prevailing from the southwest in winter, and from the northwest in summer, produce a great uniformity of temperature, and the climate is perhaps unsurpassed in salubrity. With the exception of a very few cases of ague and fever of a mild type, sickness is unknown. The season of the year at which we visited the country was un- favorable to obtaining a knowledge of its botany. The vegetation, mostly deciduous, had gone to decay, and no flowers nor seeds were collected. The country generally, is entirely destitute of trees. Along the principal range of mountains are a few live oaks % , syca- more, and pine; now and then, but very rarely, the sycamore and cotton wood occur in the champaign country, immediately on the margins of the streams. Wild oats every where cover the surface of the hills, and these, with the wild mustard and carrots, furnish good pasturage to the immense herds of cattle, which form the staple of California. Of the many fruits capable of being produced with success, by culture and irrigation, the grape is perhaps that which is brought nearest to perfection. Men experienced in growing it, and Europeans, pronounce the soil and climate of this portion of California, unequalled for the quality of the grape and the wine expressed from it. We sailed from San Diego on the 25th of January, and coasted along the rocky and barren shores of Lower California. The in- formation in reference to this country, which it was in my power to obtain, is not so precise as that which might be derived from an ac- tual survey, and I have therefore embodied it in the. appendix. • I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours, W. H. EMORY. 127 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 1. New York, October 1, 1847. Dear Sir: I return you my thanks for the very interesting infor- mation contained in your letter of the 20th of September.* It unfortunately happens that I cannot wait for the arrival of your papers, or for the publication of the map of the War Depart- ment. My essay makes part of the second volume of the transac- tions of the New York Ethnological Society. The work is now in the press, completed with the exception of my essay; and the prin- ter presses me for it. The map, which will accompany it, is prin- cipally intended to show the original abodes of the Indian tribes. It w T ill be presented as a sketch, without pretensions to accurate correctness. But there is a consideration, which makes me anxious to obtain every possible information respecting the Rio Gila, and especially its upper waters. You may not be aware that a work has lately been recovered and published, which contains a full and authentic account of an expe- dition in the year 1540-1542, by order of the viceroy Mindoca, and under the conduct of Yasquez Coronado. It consisted of 350 Spaniards and 800 Indians. Setting off from Culiacan, they reached the sources of the Rio Gila, passed across the mountains to the Rio del Norte, wintered twice in the province now called New Mexico, explored it through its whole length, from north to south, and afterwards, taking a northeast course, crossed the mountains, reached the buffalo plains, through which they wandered a consi- derable distance eastwardly, and as far north as the 40th degree of latitude. Finding no gold, they returned to Mexico. The Span iards did not re-enter the country till the year 1581; and the con quest of New Mexico was not completed till about the year 1595. The veracity of the narrator, Castenador, who was a volunteer in the expedition, and who wrote the account twenty years after, is fully established by a variety of circumstances, too multiplied to be inserted here. It is sufficient to say, that the Indians of the Rio Gila, and of the upper valley of the Rio del Norte, were an agri- cultural people, cultivating maize, beans, pumpkins, and cotton; depending exclusively on agriculture for their subsistence, dwelling in villages built of mud, (torchis,) mixed with certain balls of har- dened matter, and well cemented together. The houses were gener- ally four stories high, with no opening on the first floor, accessible only by moveable ladders, with top terraces, and an under ground apartment occupied exclusively by the men, and used as estufas ; * This letter gives a general outline of the route, and twenty words of tho Coco Mariko- pas language, and a few of the Pinros. 128 [ 7 ] in short, similar in every respect to the existing pueblos of New Mexico, and to the ruins of the Casas Grandes described, as I think, erroneously to the Aztecs. With respect to New Mexico, one principal want is that of voca- bularies, which would at once settle the question of identity with any of the Mexican nations. The same difficulty exists with re- spect to all the tribes of the country drained by the great Rio Co- lorado of the west. But there is an additional embarrassment re- specting the actual situation of what were called the seven villages of Cibala; of which we can only say, that they were situated in a narrow valley six leagues long, and on the very sources of some one branch of the Rio Gila. The phenomenon of this insulated semi-civilized population, is in itself remarkable, and difficult to be explained; and the discovery of the precise spot, where the seven Cibala villages were situated, is especially desirable. With this object in view, I beg leave to submit to you the following queries. 1st. On leaving the copper mines, on the 18th of October, and after having crossed the Sierra Mimbres, you reached the main branch of the river Gila on the 20th; now what I wish to knew, is, from what quarter did that main branch come, or in other words, if you had ascended that main branch, what was its apparent course? What was the distance from the western foot of the Sierra Mim- bres to that main branch where you struck it? Did you, along that distance, cross any tributary streams of the Rio Gila, and from what quarter did they come? 2d. Can you furnish me with the approximate latitude of some of the principal points observed when descending the river; prin- cipally the junction of the Salmas, the village of the Pimos In- dians, any other spot where evident traces of ruins were discovered, and the mouth of the river Gila. From what quarter did the river Salmas come ? Did you carry time with you, so as to obtain the relative longitude of some points ? The most important would be the spot where you left the Rio del Norte, that where you struck the main branch of the Gila, the mouth of the Salmas, the Pimos village, and the mouth of the Rio Gila. If you had no other means, still your travelled distance may give a rough approximation. It seems to me that the easiest way to answer these two queries, would be a rough approximate sketch of the country traversed by you. I will take special care not to commit you in any way. I km no plagiarist, and I must in general terms acknowledge that I am indebted to you for some important information; but I will at the same time refer to your intended complete report and map, which will give that precise information which was not within my reach. 3d. You did not visit the mouth of the great Rio Colorado: but . General Kearny states in his letter that the mouth of the Gila was in about latitude 32°; that he crossed the Colorado ten miles below, and marched near it for thirty miles, when he left it, (turning off eastwardly across the desert,) without having reached its mouth. Now the generality of our maps place the mouth of the Colorado ld.th./ljy I .Weber frCo.Balto 129 % In latitude 32°, and it is clear from what precedes-, that it must be nearly one degree further south. Do you think that I may in my sketch set it down at about latitude 31°? 4th. The cultivation of cotton is one of great general impor- tance. As now informed, I believe that, independent of varieties,, there are but two distinct species: the black seed, which is the na- tive American, and found as such no where else, and the green seed, which adheres to the staple, of Asiatic origin, thence brought to the Levant and the Mediterraenean, and imported into North America, of which it was not a native. I cannot obtain in this city a copy of Bomplant’s great botanical work, which would have thrown much light on the subject. I wish now to know, whether you took any notice of the cotton cultivated by the Pimos, and what species it was? I presume that it was not a native of that region, and that the seed must have been imported from Mexico. I now proceed to that which relates to the Indians, who are the principal objects opmy researches. 1st. I have compared your vocabulary of the Coco Maricopas with those of the four Mexican languages in my possession, and of thirty-two well ascertained families of Indians, living within the United States or further north, and have found no resemblance with either. It is to me a quite new language, but there is a remarkable word. Apache is the word for man ; and judging by analogy from several other Indian languages, they should be Apaches or belong- ing to that family. Thus, for instance, amongst the Algonquin tribes, the names assumed by two of them, Illinois and Linno Li- nap, are evidently derived from Linno, a man. However this may be, I wish to have some further information respecting that tribe; to know with as much precision as you can, the quarter whence they came; their present location in reference to the Pimos, and par- ticularly whether and what they do cultivate; also, whether they are wilder than the Pimos, and whether on good terms with them. 2d. You say that the accounts, by report, of the Indians to the mouth of the Gila are conflicting and of an indefinite character. This observation applies to every information derived from other sources. We have as yet only vague rumors. Yet I wish to col- lect all these, as far as possible. A few legitimate inferences may, perhaps, be drawn by comparing them together; but it is principally for the purpose of enabling me to point out the most important ob- jects of inquiry that I wish to be thus informed. You will, there- fore, oblige me by communicating such rough notes as you may have taken on that subject, and also what were the abodes and occupations of the few scattered Indians whom you met on your journey. (a.) Have you, by any direct observation, ascertained within 30' the positive longitude, in reference to Greenwich, of any point on the Rio del Norte or vicinity which may serve as a starting point ? There must be some kind of a dividing ridge which separates the waters of the river Gila from the waters that empty into the gulf of California. From what you say of Colonel Cooke’s route, I would infer that he left the Rio Norte a short distance above El 9 130 m Tasso, and that he must have travelled south of that ridge, in an almost due west course to the Rio Colorado. I use the word u Sierra Madre 55 in the sense attached to it by the Mexicans, viz: that ridge which separates the waters that fall into the Atlantic from the rivers which empty into the Pacific ocean, without any regard to its elevation. I pray you to accept the assurances of my distinguished consid- eration and personal regard. Your most obedient and faithful servant, ALBERT GALLATIN. To Lieutenant W. H. Emory, U. S. Topographical Engineers , Washington. Washington, October 8, 1847. Dear Sir: In answer to vour letter of the 1st instant, I have the pleasure to send you, with the permission of the chief of my de- partment, a table of twenty-three geographical positions determined by myself, which you are at liberty to use; and, should you think the information of sufficient importance, I should feel much flat- tered that you should, as you propose, communicate them to the Ethnological Society of New York for publication. No astronomical observations, that I am aware of, have ever be- fore been made on the same grounds, if we except the observations of Dr. Coulter at the mouth of the Gila, which have never yet been published. You will see that the position of the Gila is very much changed; as well as that of Santa Fe, in New Mexico. The observations were made with an 8J inch sextant, constructed by the celebrated Gambey, of Paris. In most cases, the determina- tions of the places in latitude are the mean of the results obtained by many observations on north and south stars, of nearly equal altitudes, by which the errors of eccentricity, &c., in the instru- ment were avoided. The longitudes are derived from a combination of the results i 1 from the chronometers, and measurement of distances between tjj*# moon and stars, nearly equi-distant on either side of it. The chronometers used were two very good box chronometers, by Parkinson & Frodsham, (Nos. 783 and 2075.) The observations themselves, including those between Santa Fe and Fort Leavenworth, (our point of departure,) in number 2,500 or 3,000, were all computed in the field, and are now undergoing verification by Professor Hubbard, a very accurate young computer, attached to the observatory at Washington. The computations for all the points embraced in the table sent you, have been verified. The objects of our expedition being purely military, the subjects of interest to scientific men were only pursued so far as they were incidental to the expedition, and did not interfere with its great ob- ject. The instruments with which I was furnished were not those. 131 [ 7 ] perhaps, which I would have selected; at the same time there was nothing for me to regret, except the absence of a good portable telescope, with which occultations of the fixed stars by the moon, and the immersion of Jupiter’s satellites, could have been observed, and a few pocket chronometers. We left Washington on twenty-four hours’ notice, and time was not allowed to procure either the telescope or pocket chronometers. 1st. We. struck the Gila, as the table will show, in latitude 32°" 44 52" and longitude 108° 45 ; west from Greenwich; thence its course is very nearly west. As well as we could judge from the course of the mountains, its course from that point to its source was not very far from northeast or southwest. No tributaries to the Gila were crossed before reaching it, except one named by me Night creek, a very insignificant stream. The Sierra Mimbres, 6,000 feet above the sea at the highest point where we crossed it, falls gradually and almost imperceptibly to the Gila. 2d. Your second interrogatory is answered principally, by the table of geographical positions. The Rio Salinas comes in from the northeast , a little west and north of camp 97, of November 12. (See table.) This camp, the astronomical position of which is given in the table, is about mid- way between the villages of the Pimos and Coco Marricopas In- dians. 3d. The table will show you that the junction of the Gila and Colorado is on the parallel of 32° 43' or 4'; and, in the absence of more specific information, I would advise you to place the mouth of the Colorado on the parallel of 31° 51', which is the latitude given it by Lieutenant Hardy, of the royal navy, whose little book of travels in Mexico you have no doubt seen. 4th. Specimens of the seed of the cotton grown by the Pimos were obtained, but they have not yet reached me. Overcoming space was the great object we had in view when we passed the Pimos, and our investigations and collections were necessarily hasty and superficial. We passed with them only the part of a day, whereas, if exploration alone had been the object of our party, I should have considered a week as little enough to have devoted to this interesting people. When I left California, it was as a special envoy to the government, and on so short a notice that many of my collections and notes were left behind, with my assistants. Among the things so left, were the seed of the cotton. Most of the plants collected, however, were brought home. These will show a very complete history of the botany of the coun- try. They are in the hands of Doctor Torrey, who is preparing an elaborate catalogue and drawings of those plants, heretofore unknown. This catalogue I should be very glad to place at the disposal of your society. The Coco Marricopas Indians come from the West. So late as 1826, Mr. Kit Carson, one of our guides, met these people at the mouth of the Colorado. Subsequently to that period, they were visited by Dr, Anderson (whom we met in Santa Fe) at a point [ 7 J ' 132 about 'half way between their present village and the mouth of the Gila river. Th ey are taller and more athletic than the Pimos, and what struck me as very remarkable, the men had generally aquiline noses, whilst those of the women were retroussers. They occupy thatched cottages, thirty or forty feet in diameter, made of the twigs of cotton wood trees, interwoven with the straw of wheat, corn stalks, and cane. Cotton, wheat ; maize, beans, pumpkins, and watermelons are the chief agricultural products of these people. Their fields are laid off in squares, and watered, by the Zequias, from the Gila river. Th eir implements of husbandry are the wooden plough, the harrow, and the cast-steel axe, (procured probably from Sonora.) They have but few cattle, and not many horses. I observed, domestica- ted among them, ducks, chickens, and pigs. They had many or- naments of sea-shells, showing, in my opinion, their recent migra- tion from the gulf. From the character given of them by Carson, when he saw them in 1826 , although they were then an agricultural people, I should think they had learned much by their proximity to their neighbors, the Pimos, whom they acknowledge as politi- cally their superiors, and with whom they live on terms of inti- mate and cordial friendship. The Marricopas impressed me as a more sprightly race than the Pimos; the interpreters of the Pimos were all natives of the Mar- ricopas band. The dress of both nations or bands was the same. That of the men a breech cloth and a cotton serape of ^domestic manufacture; that of the women the same kind of serape pinned around the waist and falling below the knees, leaving the breast and arms bare. Both nations cherished an aversion to war, and a profound at- tachment to all the peaceful pursuits of life. This predilection arose from no incapaciiy for war, for they were at all times able and willing to keep the Apaches, whose hands are raised against all other people, at a respectful distance, and prevent depredations by those mountain robbers, who hold Chihuahua, Sonora, and a part of Durango in a condition approaching almost to tributary provinces. They have a high regard for morality, and punish transgressions more by public opinion than by fines or corporeal punishments. Polygamy is unknown amongst them, and the crime of adultery, punished with such fearful penalties amongst Indian nations gener- ally, is here almost unknown, and is punished by the contempt of the relatives and associates of the guilty parties. The Ind ians we met between the Del Norte and the Pimos set- tlement were mostly wild Indians of the great Apache nation, which inhabits all the country north and south of the Gila, and both sides of the Del Norte, about the parallel of the Jornada and Dead Man’s lakes. They h ave no fixed habits, and the only vestiges of their abodes which we saw were temporary sheds, a few feet high, made of the 133 [ 7 ] twigs of trees. They live principally by plundering the Mexicans of New Mexico, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Durango. No vocabulary of their language was procured. I am inclined to think they extend up to the head waters of the Gila. Beyond them to the north is the warlike nation of the Navajoes, who, Mr. Fitzpatrick thinks, are allied to the Crow Indians. Near the head waters of the Salinas, which runs in a course, it is said, nearly northeast and southwest, is a band of Indians called the Soones, who, in manners, habits, and pursuits, are said to resemble the Pimos, except that they live in houses scooped from the solid jock. Many of them are Albinos, which may be the consequence of their cavernous dwellings. Surrounded by the warlike Navajoe, and the thieving Apache, they nevertheless till their soil in peace and security. Coming farther east, we reach the San Jose, a tributary to the Puerco, which is tributary to the Rio del Norte from the west , not the Rio Puerco represented on the map to flow into the Del Norte south of El Passo. Here is an Indian race living in four story houses, built upon rocky promontories inaccessible to a savage foe, cultivating the soil and answering the description of the seven cities of Vasquez Coronado, except in their present insignificance in size and population, and the fact that the towns, though near each other, are not in u a (con- tinuous) valley six leagues long,” but on different branches of the same stream. The names of these towns are Cibolleta, Moquino, Pojuato, Covero, Acona, Laguna, Poblacon; the last a ruin. I did not visit these towns in person; but I hope to get a minute description froim one who did, and, should I succeed, it will be sent to you. The work you mention, of Castenada, has never been seen by me. My own impression, and it is so stated in my journal, is that the many ruins we saw on the Gila might well be attributed to Indians of the races we saw in New Mexico, and on the Gila itself. I mean by the last, the Pimos, who might easily have lost the art of building adobe or mud houses. In all respects, except their dwell- ings, they appeared to be of the same race as the builders of the numberless houses now level with the ground on the Gila river. The implement for grinding corn, and the broken pottery, were the only vestiges of the mechanical arts which we saw amongst the ruins, with the exception of a few ornaments, principally immense well turned beads, the size of a hen’s egg. The same corn grinder and pottery are now in use among the Pimos. The corn grinder is merely a large stone, well worn, slightly concave, and another of different shape, convex ; intended to fit the first and crush the corn between by the pressure of the hand. The ruins on the Gila were first seen at camp 81 , the position of which is shown in the table, from thence to the Pimos village. Wherever the mountains did not impinge too close on the river and shut out the valley, they were seen in great abundance, enough, I should think, to indicate a former population of at least one hun- 134 [ 7 ] dred thousand; and in one place, between camps 91 and 97, there is a long wide valley, twenty miles in length, much of which is covered with the ruins of buildings and broken pottery. These ruins are uniformly of the same kind; not one stone now remains on the top of the other; and they are only discoverable by the broken pottery around them, and stone laid in regular order, showing the trace of the foundation of a house. Most of these outlines are rectangular, and vary from 40 x 50 to 200 and 400 feet front. The stone are unhewn, and are most of an amygdaloid, rounded by attrition. Now of the tributaries which come into the Gila from the north, there are several besides the Salinas, which, at their mouths, are insignificant in size and can be stepped across; but in this whole region no legitimate inference can be drawn of the size of a river, throughout its course, from that at any one point. It may be large near its source, and after traversing deserts of sand, through arid regions, unvratered by rains, become very small, and even disappear altogether. Therefore, except the Salinas, of which we have oral accounts, nothing is known or can be inferred of the magnitude of these tri- butaries from their appearance at the junction. These tributaries come in near camp 81, where the mountains are so precipitous and bold no conjecture can be formed of their course. The Salinas must have been the branch by which the expedition of Coronado ascended and crossed into New Mexico. Its general direction is not far from a line drawn from its mouth to Santa Fe, and nearly in this line are the seven towns mentioned as being on the head waters of the San Jose. Indians now pass from the Pimos village to New Mexico on this route. I omitted to mention in its proper place, that we were informed by an intelligent Marricopas Indian that, about fifty miles from the mouth of the Salinas, was now standing, in a perfect state of pre- servation, the walls of a large three story building of mud, with its interior sides glazed and finely polished, and about it was to be seen many traces of large acequias, and broken pottery in great abundance. There is another tribe of Indians called the Moquis, who, like the Pimos and Soones, cultivate the. soil and live in peace with their neighbors; but the exact locality of this tribe I do not know, beyond the fact that it is on or near the head waters of some of the tributaries of the Gila. I am, with great respect, your obedient servant, W. H. EMORY. 135 7] APPENDIX No. 2. College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York , February 10, 1848. My Dear Sir: I have examined the interesting collection of plants which you kindly placed at my disposal, and herewith send you a list of them, as complete as my numerous engagements per- mit me to make at present. The route which you passed over is exceedingly rich in botanical treasures, as is evident from the num- ber of new species and genera which you were enabled to make under great disadvantages, and in an expedition which was almost wholly military in its character. Most of the new plants w T hich you found are only indicated, or, at most, very briefly described in the following list. A more full account of them will be given here- after. I am, my dear sir, very respectfully, yours, JOHN TORREY. To Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Emory. July 22, 1847. My Dear Sir: I give you the following written sketch of the route, not being able, as you request, to get a trace made from my map. From the 27th June to July 11th, we were traversing the country between Fort Leavenworth and the bend of the Arkansas, a rich rolling prairie embraced between the 39th and 38th parallels of latitude, and the 94th and 98th meridians of longitude. From July 11th to July 13th, followed the Arkansas to Pawnee fork, in longitude about 99. At this point the fertile soil ceases, except on the immediate margin of the streams. From the 14th July to August 1st, we were in the valley of the Arkansas, occasionally crossing the spurs of low hills which inter- rupt the direct course of the Arkansas. This part lies in latitude 38°, and between longitude 99° arid 103° 1'. From the 1st August to the 8th, crossing the plain in a southerly direction and mounting the Raton mountain, about 7,000 feet above the sea, between latitudes 38 and 36. From the 8th August to the 14th, in the valleys of the tributaries to the Canadian, and crossing the extensive plains between these valleys. From the 14th August to the 18th, ascending the great ridge be- tween the head of the Canadian and the waters of the Del Norte, halting at Santa Fe, in latitude 35° 41', on a tributary of the Del Norte, about 15 miles distant from the Del Norte, and about 1,500 feet above that river and 6,850 above the sea. 136 m From August 18th up to the 14th October, all the collections were made in New Mexico, in the valley of the Del Norte, or on the table lands adjacent, and between Santa Fe and the 33d par- allel of latitude, (230 miles below Santa Fe.) From the 14th October to the 19th, we were crossing the great dividing ridge between the waters of the Del Norte and the waters of the Gila, nearly on the 33d parallel of north latitude, and be- tween the 107th and 109th meridians of longitude, measured from Greenwich. The greatest height of this dividing ridge along our trail was about 6,000 feet above the sea. From the 19th of October to the 22 d November, we were follow- ing the course of the Gila river, occasionally forced into the moun- tains to avoid the canons. This route is never far from the 33d parallel of latitude, and is embraced between the 109° and 114° 30 ; meridians of longitude, failing, during that distance, very uniformly from about 5,000 feet to near the level of the sea. From the 22d November to the 24th, we were on the Colorado of the west, traversing a low sandy bottom. From the 24th November to the 28th, we were crossing the great desert of drifting sand in a course little north of west. On the 28th November, we encamped at the Cariso (Reed) creek, or spring, the waters of which, when first exposed, are warm, and emit the smell of a sulphuretted hydrogen. From the 28th November, we commenced to ascend the Cordil- leras of California, (the continuation of which forms the peninsula of Lower California, and reached the highest point of the route December 5th, 3,000 feet above the sea, and as many below the overhanging peaks. From that point we descended to San Diego, a seaport on the level of the sea, in latitude 32° 45' and longitude 170° 11' west of Greenwich. This point we reached December 12. With great respect, very truly yours, W. H. EMORY. Professor Torrey, Princeton. RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus aquatilis, Linn. Plains of the Arkansas. Clematis Yirginiana, Linn. Raton mountain. An undetermined species of this genus was found in fruit, November 10th, on the Gila. The plumose tails of the carpels are nearly three inches long. BERBERIDACEdE. Berberis pinnata, Lagasca. Higlands bordering the Gila. This appears to be a common species in the southern part of Upper Cali- fornia, and in Northern Mexico. CRUCIFER/E. Lepidium ruderale, Linn. Yalley of the Arkansas. JErysimum Arkansanum, Nutt. Tributaries of the Canadian* 137 CAPPARIDACEiE. m Polanisia graveolens, Raf. In flower and fruit, September 26 — October 3, valley of the Del Norte. The plant is taller, and the flowers are considerably larger than in the form that is common in the northern United States. Cleome integrifolia, JVutt. This beautiful species is abundant on both sides of the mountains, from the plains of Oregon, and the upper waters of the Platte, to latitude 33° north. VIOLACEfE. Yiola cucullata, Linn. Pawnee fork of the Arkansas. PORTULACACEiE. Portulaca oleracea, Linn . On the Arkansas. Perhaps intro- duced . Sesuvium portulacastrum, Linn. In flower and fruit, November 17. Saline soils along the Gila. Leaves spatulate. Flowers nearly sessile, stamens numerous. Styles 3. GERANIACEiE. Geranium Fremontii, Torr. in Frem. 2d Rep. On the Raton. ZYGOPHYLLACEJE. Kallstroemia maxima, Torr. and Gr. Tribulus maximus, Linn . Tributaries of the Canadian. Larrea Mexicana, Moricand^ pi. 7iov. t. 48. u Creosote plant . n Io~ deodondo of the New Mexicans. Used externally for rheumatism. A shrub from three to six feet high. Abundant from the upper wateis of the Arkansas and valley of the Del Norte, to the great sandy deserts of California. It likewise occurs in the northern parts of Mexico. The plant abounds in a strong smelling resinous matter. No animal seems to feed on it, and it is useless for fuel, as it can scarcely be made to burn. ANACARDIACEJE. Rhus glabra, Linn. From the^upper part of the Arkansas to longitude 107°. id R. laurina,, JVutt. A large shrub. Mountains of California, towards the sea coast. R. trilcbata, JVutt. On the Gila. A shrub 18 inches high, found late in the autumn, with staminate aments nearly matured for the following spring. The whole plant is clothed with a dense velvety pubescence. It is, perhaps, a distinct species from R. trilohata. MALVACEAE. Malva Munroana, Dougl. High sandy plains, and in the valley «of the Gila, Flowers bright rose color. 138 m M. pedata, Torr. and Gr. Upper part of the Arkansas. Sphseralcea stellata, Torr. and Gr. Near Santa Fe, &c. High- lands between the Del Norte and the Gila. Sida coccinea, DC. On the Raton mountain. Several other un- determined Malvaceae occurs in the collection. SAPINDACEiE. Sapindus marginatus, ( soap berry.) Yalley of the Gila. RHAMNACEdE. Ceanothus ovalis, ., Torr. and Gr. On the Arkansas. A small scrubby species of this genus was found on the Cordilleras of Cali- fornia, towards San Diego. It has thorny branches, small ovate coriaceous, smooth entire leaves, which are supported on short pe- tioles. The branches are glabrous and glaucous. There were neither flowers nor fruit on the specimen. C. ovalis, var. intermedius, Torr. and Gr. On the Arkansas. LEGUMINOSiE. Sesbania maerocarpa, Muhl. On the Gila. In fruit November 20 . Glycyrrhiza lepidota, JVutt. Near Santa Fe. Not found in flower. Psoralea esculenta, Pursh. (Pomrne de Prairie.) On the Ar- kansas. P. floribunda, JVutt. With the preceding. Amorpha fruticosa, Linn. On the Gila. The specimens were without flower and fruit, and we therefore cannot be certain of the species. Dalea formosa, Torr. in Ann. lyc. JV. York , 2 p. 178. This beautiful species was first detected by Dr. James, in Long’s first ex- pedition. It is a shrub about three feet high, with numerous crooked branches, and purplish flowers. Near Santa Fe, and val- ley of the Del Norte. D. alopecuroides, Willd. With the preceding. D. laxiflora, Pursh. Yalley of the Arkansas. Besides these Dalese, there were two other species, both shrubby, in the collection; but I have not ascertained whether they may not be already described. One of them is densely branched; the leaflets are in six to seven pairs, broadly obovate connate about 3 lines long, glabrous above, very villous, and furnished with large dark colored glands toward the margin underneath; they are obscurely toothed. The flowers are in short dense spikes; calyx with plumose subulate-setaceous teeth, which are as long as the tube. This species was found on the Gila river. It is very near D, ramosissima, Benth. in Bot. Sulph., p. 11., t. 10. The other species is canescently tomentose, and diffusely branched. The leaflets are narrowly oblong, in three to four pairs, which are distant. On both sides they are sparingly furnished with small red 139 m glands, which are nearly concealed in the down. The flowers are in short loose, spikes, small, purple. Calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the tube, plumose. Found on the great desert west of the Colorado. Petalostemon gracile, j3. oligophyllum. Stem erect; leaflets in 2— 3, linear, slightly dotted underneath; calyx glabrous, longer than the subulate bracts, the teeth very short, ovate; petals oblong. Yalley of the Del Norte. Prosopis glandulosa, Torr. in Ann , Lyc. JY. York , 2. p. 192, t. 2. (mezquite.) Abundant in the valleys of all the rivers, from Santa Fe, west. The trunk of this tree is sometimes 14 inches in diam- eter. The pods are long, flat, and filled with a sweetish pulp. They are excellent food for horses, and are sometimes used by men in times of scarcity. P. (Strombocarpa) Emoryi, n. sp. Branches glabrous; spines in pairs, slender, short, straight, pinnae a single pair; leaflets about 4 pairs, oblong, somewhat coriaceous; the under surface, and the petioles somewhat pubescent; legume spirally twisted into a com- pact cylinder. Found in fruit only; on the Gila river. This spe- cies is nearly allied to the P. odorata of Fremont’s 2d report, but differs in its shorter, broader, and less numerous leaflets. Schrankia uncinata, Willd. On the Arkansas, where it is called sensitive vine . Darlingtonia brachyloba, DC, With the preceding. Several other Mimosese are in the collection, but the specimens are mostly without leaves and flowers. Cassia chamsecrista, Linn. On the Arkansas. ROSACEflE. Cerasus ilicifolius, JYutt. Mountains of California. The kernel of the fruit has a strong flavor of bitter almonds. Geum Yirginianum, Linn. On the Arkansas. Fallugia paradoxa, Endl. gen. 6385, Sieversia paradoxa , Don in Linn.) trans , 14, p. 576, t. 22. A remarkable rosaceous shrub, with white flowers, and very long slender plumose tails to the carpels. It differs, in some respects, from Endlicher’s character of the genus, but I have not had an opportunity of comparing it with Don’s de- scription and figure. It was found in various parts of the valley of the Del Norte. Can it be Geum dryadoides , DC.? Cercocarpus parvifolius, JYutt , Torr, and Gr., ji. 2, p. 427. A shrub about 12 feet high, with numerous straight branches spring- ing from near the ground. The carpels, with their long plumose spirally contorted awns, bore into the earth, after they have fallen. The action of the wind communicates to them a twisting motion, and retrorse pubescence retains them in the soil. Spiraea Californica, n. sp. Shrubby; leaves ovate, lanceolate, undivided, nearly glabrous, glandularly serrate, conspicuously pe- tiolate; flowers in compound corymbs, perfect, calyx-segments broad, about as long as the tube; disk coherent with the tube of the calyx; stamens numerous; carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved; seeds* 140 m 2, ascending, the tesla expanded at the superior extremity into membranaceous wing. Grows on high mountains near the Gila This species is remarkable for its ascending winged seeds and co viaceous leaves. It can scarcely be referred to any of the section into which the genus Spiraea is at present divided. Andenostoma fasciculata, Hook and Am. Abundant in the Cor dilleras of California. A shrub about five feet high. A. sparsifolia, n. sp. Leaves scattered, linear-subulate, dottet with glands. Cordilleras of California. A tree 30 feet high, will Yery numerous slender branches. Leaves nearly half an inch long scarcely half a line wide, somewhat triangular, apparently ever- green. Flowers in small terminal paniculate spikes. Pediceh short, with numerous minute scarious bracts at the base. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 10-striate, 5-toothed; the teeth ovate, ob- tuse, conspicuously imbricated. Stamens about 10; the filaments, inserted into a crenulate glandular ring at the summit of the calyx- tube. Ovary obovate, compressed, with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Very different in appearance from A. fasciculata, and des- titute of the fleshy glands, with which the throat of the calyx-tube is furnished in that species. Photinia arbutifolia, Linn. Cordilleras of California. A shrub 4 5 feet high. LYTHRACEiE. Lythrum alatum, Pursh. On the Arkansas. ONAGRACEiE. Zauschneria Californica, Presl. Valley of the Gila. A shrub with bright crimson flowers, resembling those of a Fuchsia. (Enothera albicaulis, JYutt. Valley of the Del Norte. (E. pinnatifiua, JYutt. Tributaries of the Canadian river. CE. biennis, Linn. Valley of the Del Norte. Several other undetermined species of (Enothera exist in the col- lection. Gaura coccinea, JYutt. Tributaries of the Canadian. G. parviflora, Dougl. Valley of the Del Norte. LOASACFAE. i Mentzelia pumila, JYutt. Stem whitish, slender, branching, and a little roughened above, smoothish and somewhat shining below; leaves pinnatifid, or sinuate-toothed; flowers (small) 2-3 together, pedicellate; petals 10, lanceolate; stamens very numerous; the outer filaments dilated ; capsule turbinate-cylindrical; seeds nume- rous, winged. Valley of the Del Norte. Plant about a foot high. FIow r ers less than an inch in diameter. Capsule three-fourths of I an inch long, 3-valved at the summit. Cevallia sinuata, Lagasca. This interesting plant, which has been admirably illustrated by Fenzl, occurs in many parts of the Talley of the Del Norte, from Santa Fe to Saltillo. 141 [ 7 ] CUCURBITACEjE. Cucumis perennis, James , Torr. and Gr. On the Gila river, abundant. We are yet uncertain of the genus of this plant, which seems to be common in various parts of Mexico, particularly in arid, sandy wastes. No specimens of the fruit have yet been sent to us. There are three other undetermined Cucurbitacese in the collection, distinct from any described in the Flora of North America. CACTACErE. Several interesting plants of this family were noticed by Colonel Emory, but they cannot be satisfactorily described from dried specimens. Tney are probably included among the numerous new species of Mexican Cactacese soon to be described by Dr. Engle- mann. CORNACEiE. Cornus paniculata, V Her. On the Arkansas. CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Symphoricarpus racemosus, Linn. (Snow berry.) On the Ar- kansas. COMPOSITAE. Yernonia fasciculata, Michx. Bent’s Fort. Liatris punctata, Hook . Rayada Creek. Corethrogyne tomentella, Torr. and Gr. fl. JV. Am. 2, p. 99. Very abundant on the Cordilleras of the Pacific, and called by the natives estafiat. It is a celebrated remedy for cholera, as noticed by Colonel Emory in his report. Dieteria incana, Torr. and Gr .? Diplopappus incanus , LindlA On the Gila. Differs from Douglas’s Californian plant in its slen- der stem, and nearly glabrous, spinulose dentate leaves. D. coronopifolia, Nutt. Yalley of the Del Norte, and the head waters of the Canadian. D. asteroides, n. sp. Minutely scabrous, pubescent, stem panicu- lately branched above; leaves oblong-cuneate, somewhat rigid, sharply and rather coarsely toothed, involucre hemispherical; scales linear, in several series, with rather short herbaceous squar- rose tips; rays 30 or more, violet; achenia sparingly pubescent. Pappus of the ray much shorter than that of the disk. Elevated land between the Del Norte and the waters of the Gila. A well marked species, with leaves broader than in any other plant of the genus. Aster hebecladus, DC. Valley of the Del Norte, and desert be- tween the Colorado, and Cordilleras of California. A. (Tripolium.) A branching species, with the stems pubescent 142 m above, and middle sized flowers with purple rays. It seems to be- undescribed. Valley of the Del Norte. Solidago elongata, Nutt. Valley of the Gila. Linosyris graveolens, Torr. and Gr. Chrysocoma dracunculoi- des , Purs/i. A shrub about two feet high, and bright yellow heads of flowers. Abundant on the highlands between the Del Norte and the Gila, Aplopappus spinulosus, DC. On Ocate creek, &c., called Pinettz by the natives. f A. Menziesii, Torr. and Gr. p. dentatus: leaves coriaceous, strongly dentate or pinnatifid, toothed, glutinous. Abundant in the great desert between the Colorado and the Cordilleras of Califor- nia. Another form of this species was found near St. Diego, w T ith the stem and the leaves clothed with a copious loose pubescence, and the serratures of the leaves few and small. Grindelia. An apparently new species of this genus was found in ascending the Cordilleras of California, but the flowers had 1 fallen from the heads, and our specimen is therefore scarcely suffi- cient for determination. The stem is very smooth and whitish; the leaves are oblong, clasping at the base, spinulose, serrate and glab- rous, and the scales of the involucre are very acute, but scarcely recurved. Chrysopsis canescens, Torr. and Gr. Near Ocate creek. C. echioid.es, Benth. in Bot. Sulph. p. 25. Valley of the Gila. Perityle, Benth. in Bot . Sulph. A new species of this genus (P. Emoryi , nob.) was found in ascending the Cordilleras of Cali- fornia. It differs from P. California of Bentham in its smaller and much more deeply lobed leaves, narrower achenia, which are very hairy on the margins, and in other characters. Baccharis Douglasii, DC. Valley of the Gila. Besides this* there are three other species of Baccharis in the collection, none of which are described in the Flora of North America, but we can- not yet pronounce them new. Tessaria borealis, DC. An aromatic shrub about three feet high, growing in all the deserted beds of the Gila, and in the valley of the Del Norte; usually with the Fremontia, both of which are abundant in those regions. Hymenoclea, Torr. and Gr. ined. This remarkable new genus is allied to Ambrosia and Xanthium. Another species of it ( H . Sal- sola) was found in Fremont’s second expedition, which, with the characters of the genus to which it belongs, will be published in another work. This species, from the scales of the involucre being in a single whorl, we propose to call H. monogyra Torr. and Gr » It was found in various parts of the valley of the Gila. Franseria Hookeriana. Nutt. (Yerba del Sapo.) Ambrosia acanthocarpa, Hooker. Very abundant from Santa Fe to the 33d parallel of latitude. Another species of this genus, and apparently an undescribed one, exists in the collection. It is suffrutescent hoary, with the leaves bipinnatifidly, divided into very small obtuse segments. The flowers are wanting. 143 [ 7 ] Ambrosia artemisisefolia, Linn. Bank of the Gila. Dxcoris, Torr. and Gr. Another new genus allied to.Iva, of ■which a full description and figure will hereafter be given. It was found in the valley of the Gila, and in the desert of drifting sands west of the Colorado. (5 to 6 inches long, and 4 to 5 wide.) Wyethia ovata, n. sp ., Torr. and Gr., ined. Stem very stout, leaves orbicular, ovate, entire; somewhat coriaceous, pubescent, (as are also the petioles and branches); scales of the involucre lan- ceolate; pappus of 3 to 4 acute rigid teeth, one of which is longer than the others. Abundant on the western side of the Cordilleras of California. Silphium laciniatum, Linn. (Pilot weed.) On the Arkansas and its tributaries. Another Silphium, with large ovate undivided leaves, was found on Cariso creek. Englemannia pinnatifida, Torr. and Gr. ft. JV. Am. 2, p. 283. Tributaries of the Canadian. Lepachys columnaris, Torr. and Gr. Rudbeckia columnaris , Fursh. The rays vary from being wholly yellow to entirely pur- plish brown. From the head waters of the Canadian to Santa Fe. Encelia farinosa, Gray ined. An aromatic shrubby plant; exu- ding a yellowish resin from the branches. The leaves are ovate, sofly pubescent, and hoary on both sides, with 3 to 5 prominent reticulated nerves underneath. Helianthus petiolaris, JVutt . Upper part of the Arkansas, and valley of the Del Norte. H. 1 enticularis, Dougl. With the preceding. Coreopsis palmata, JVutt. Turkey creek. Simsia. A rayless, and probably new species of this genus^, was found in the bed of the Agua Caliente, November 28th. It is a branching shrub, and the slender bark of the irregular twigs is cov- ered with a whitish, very scabrous pubescence. The leaves are scarcely an inch long, ovate, entire, obtuse, with short petioles, and scabrous on both sides. Chaff of the receptacle embracing the obovate achenium, the margin of which is furnished with long silky hairs. Wulfia.'? Specimens of a plant with the floral characters of this genus, but with different foliage, were found in abundance on the higher grounds bordering the valley of the Gila. It also resembles Leighia, but is destitute of a pappus. Some of the genera, to which the plant is allied, will need revision before its place can be satisfactorily determined. Ximenesia, n. spA Valley of the Del Norte, and along the Gila, September and October. This needs comparison with some of the Mexican species. It very nearly resembles X. encelioides , Cavan. Riddellia tagetina, JVutt. Torr. and Gr.fi . , JV. Amer. 2p. 362® Valley of the Del Norte, about two hundred miles below Santa Fe. A beautiful plant with persistent flowers, first detected by Mr. Nutt- all towards the sources of the Platte. Baileya, n. gen. Harv. and Gr., ined. Two other species of this unpublished genus, dedicated to that profound observer of na~ 144 m ture, Professor Bailey of West Point, exist among the California plants collected by Coulter, and will soon be described by Mr. Harvey and Dr. Gray. This is distinguished from the others by its numerous ray-flowers, and is the B. multiradiata , Harv. and Gr . The whole plant is clothed with a woolly pubescence, and varies from a few inches to a foot or more in height. The leaves are somewhat pinnatately cut into several narrow segments. The heads are. on long naked peduncles, and when the rays are fully expanded are more than an inch and a half in diameter. The rays are 40 or 50 in number, in two or more series, obovate cuneate, of a bright orange yellow, and 7-nerved, carolla of the disk, flowers with five short segments which are glandulary pubescent, with intra-margi- nal nerves. Branches of the style short, somewhat dilated and truncate at the extremity. Yery abundant along the Del Norte and in the dividing region between the waters of the Del Norte and those of the Gila. Flowers from October 4th to November. Zinnia grandiflora. JYutt. in Amer. Phil, trans. ( n . ser.) 7, p. 348; Torr. and Gray ft. JY. Amer. 2, p. 298. Yalley of the Del Norte. This plant, which was first detected by Dr. James in Long’s first expedition, is certainly frubescent at the base; in which re- spect it resembles the nearly allied Z. linearis , Benth. plant Hartw.y JYo. 47. This is the most humble species of the genus; being not more than six inches high. The stem is branching and rigid. The leaves are linear, sessile, and somewhat connate at the base, strongly 3-nerved,and glandularly punctate. Heads mostly solitary at the summit of the branches, on short peduncles. Involucre ovoid-cylindrical; the scales about 8, closely imbricated; outer ones somewhat orbicular; the inner oblong, ciliate, and somewhat scari- ous on the margin. Ray flowers 3-5, coriaceous and- persistent, roundish-ovate, emarginate, continuous with the summit of the achenium. Disk flowers few. Lobes of the corolla villous. An- thers yellows. Branches of the style tapering into a subulate-lanceo- late point, hairy above the middle. Achenia obcompressed, scarcely winged, scabrous; the outer integument thin; those of the ray naked, of the disk with a single awn. Gaillardia amblyodon, Gay. On the upper part of the Arkansas. This species has been beautifully figured by Dr. Gray in Mem . Amer . acad. ( n . ser.) t. 4. G. pulchella, Foug. Yalley of the Del Norte. Palafoxia linearis, Lag. New Mexico. Hymenoxys odorata, DC. Great desert west of the Colorado. Artemisia filifolia, Torr. in Ann. lyc. JY. York , 2 p. 211. Yal- ley of the Del Norte, and along the Gila; abundant. A . dracunculoides, Pursh. Table lands of the Del Norte and Gila. A very common species of wormwood, often called sage by the hunters. A. cana, Pursh. On the Raton Mountains. Senecio longilobus. Benth. in pi. Hartweg. A bushy species about three feet high, growing abundantly in the region between the waters of the Del Norte and the Gila. Tetradymia, (sub-genus Polydymia.) Heads about 16-flowered; 145 m the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre of 15 to 16 oblong ob- tuse coriaceo-chartaceous scales which are slightly concave but not carinate. Receptacle naked. Corolla with rather slender tube; the lobes short, ovate, erect, furnished with long villous hairs ex- ternally. Anthers included. Branches of the style tipped with a very short obtuse pubescent cone. Achenia oblong-turbinate, vil- lous with short hairs. Pappus of numerous, somewhat rigid, den- ticulate bristles. A suffrutescent prostrate much branched plant, canescently and densely tomentose ; the leaves broadly obovate, toothed, narrowed into a petiole. Heads on short peduncles, ter- minating the somewhat corymbose branches. T. (Polydymia) ramosissima, n . sp. Hills bordering the Gila, Stem spreading^ with very numerous matted branches. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch in length, the lamina broader than long, with 5-7 indistinct rounded teeth, abruptly narrowed into a longish petiole. Heads about one-third of an inch in diameter, ovate. Involucral scales in several series, the exterior ones shorter than the interior. Hairs of the achenium smooth, slightly bifid at the summit. Pappus longer than the achenium. This plant is clearly allied to Tetradymia, but differs in the many-flowered heads, numerous scales of the involucre, slightly cleft corolla- tube, and in several other characters; so that it should perhaps form the type of a distinct genus. Cirsium undulatum, Spreng. The locality of this plant is not recorded, but it was probably found on the upper part of the Arkansas. S # tephanomeria paniculata, Nutt. Ascending the Cordilleras of California. Mulgedium pulchellum, Nutt. Pawnee Fork of the Arkansas, ERICACEAE. Arctostaphvlos pungens, Kunth.l Valley of the Gila and San Diego. Flowers in January. A. tomentosa, Dougl. ? A shrub 4 to 5 feet high. Cordilleras of California. This may be a smooth variety of Douglas’s plant. The leaves are orbicular-ovate, obtuse or truncate at the base, glabrous on both sides, with the petiole one-third the length of the lamina. It was not found in flower. PLANTAGINACEJE, Plantago, n. sp.l Allied to P. gnaphaloide$ } Nutt . Great desert west of the Colorado, near the Cordilleras of California. The whole plant is clothed with a loose white tomentum, which is partly deciduous with age. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, en- tire, and taper to a long narrow base. The peduncles are 5 to 6 inches long, and bear a close cylindrical spike, which is less than an inch in length. Sepals ovate, membranaceous, marked with & strong mid-rib, which is villous externally. Segments of the co- rolla ovate. Capsule 2 seeded, 10 m 146 PEDALIACEjE. Martynia proboscidea, Linn.? Abundant in the valley of the Del Norte. We have only the leaves, and a drawing of the fruit. It is possibly M. althecefolia , Benth. in hot. Sulph. SCROPHULARIACEyE. Maurandia antirrhina, Lindl. On the San Francisco, a tributary of the Gila. A slender trailing plant, with beautiful purplish flowers. Castilleja linearifolia, Benth. Valley of the Gila, and the re- gion between that river and the waters of the Gila. Penstemon Torreyi, Benth. Region between the Del Norte and the Gila. Three or four other species of Penstemon exist in the collection, but the specimens are incomplete, and have not yet been studied. VERBENACEyE. Verbena bipinnatifida, JVutt. Valley of the Dei Norte. Lippia cuneifolia, Steud. Verbena cuneifolia, Torr. in Long’s Rocky Mountain plants. Upper part of the Arkansas, and along the tributaries of the Canadian. LABIATE. * • Salvia carduacea, Benth. Western slope of the Cordilleras of California. Another species of this genus was found with the preceding, but not in flower. It is entirely clothed with dense soft canescent pu- bescence. It is shrubby, with long stout branches springing from near the root. The leaves are oblong, coriaceous, entire, and two inches or more in length. Several other undetermined Labiatee were found in the valley of the Del Norte and on the Gila. BORAGINACEyE. Myosotis glomerata, JVutt. Tributaries of the Canadian. Euploc^ grandiflora, n. sp. Hirsute with rough oppressed hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short petioles. Flowers in leafy clus- ters. Calyx five-parted to the base, with linear-lanceolate segments. Corolla white; (the expanded limb nearly three-fourths of an inch in diameter,) obscurely 5-lobed, plaited; tube slender, somewhat ventricose below the middle; the throat naked. Stamens inserted towards the base of the corolla- tube; the filaments short; anthers oblong-linear. Ovary 4-celled, style filiform, persistent, arising from the summit of the ovary; stigma capitate, with a tuft of stiff hairs at the extremity. Fruit 4 celled, 2-lobed, finally separating into indehiscent carpels; embryo curved, terete, surrounded with very thin albumen; radicle superior. On the Del Norte below 147 [ 7 } Santa Fe. This plant is clearly a congener of Euploca convolvula- cea of Nuttall. It is nearly related to Tournefortia. HYDROLEACEiE. Eriodictyob, Benth. in hot Sulph.. p. 35. Chois, in DC , prod. 10, p. 183. A well characterized Californian genus, containing three described species, one of which, the Wigandia Calif ornica f Hook, and Am , was found in rocky places near the mouth of San Carlos, on the Gila, and on the Cordilleras of California. The leaves are coriaceous, varying in form from narrowly linear to lan- ceolate, and from being perfectly entire to strongly dentate. The Upper surface (as well as the branches,) is covered with a copious adhesive varnish, while the under-side is whitish tomentose, with strongly marked reticulated veins. POLEMONIACEiE. Phlox, n. sp. This likewise occurs in Texas, and will be de- scribed by Dr. Gray. It was found in various places on the tribu- taries of the Canadian. Gilia pulchella, Dougl. Ocate creek, and other tributaries of the Canadian. G. longifolia, Benth. Ipomcea longifolia, Torr. in Long’s Rocky mountain plants. Valley of the Del Norte. Fouquiera spinosa. ( Bronnia spinosa , Kunth. nov. gen. 6, p. 84 *t. 528.) Benth. in hot. Sulph. p. 16. Ascending the Cordilleras of California. A highly ornamental shrub, shooting up long smooth simple stems, to the height of from 12 to 25 feet, with a panicle of scarlet flowers at the summit. It differs slightly from the figure and description of Kunth, but seems to be the same plant. The leaves afe obovate-oblong, glabrous and membranaceous, grow- in fascicles in the axils of the spines. The spines are from a half an inch to near an inch in length, slender, more or less spreading, or even somewhat recurved. At the base of each is a longitudinal protuberance which extends along the stem until it reaches the spine, which is on a line with it below. The panicle is usually contracted and elongated, but sometimes short, and almost corymbose. The flowers are on short pedicels which are furnished with deciduous bracts. Sepals 5, nearly orbicular, concave, strongly imbricated, persistent, about one-fourth the length of the corolla. Corolla about three-fourths of an inch long; the tube cylindrical, and often curved; limb 5-cleft, with ovate rather acute segments. Stamens 13 to 16 exserted, hypogynous; the filaments thickened and some- what coherent at the base; anthers linear-oblong, mucronate. Ovary 3-celled, with about 6 ascending anatropous ovules in each cell; style 3-parted below the middle. Capsule oblong, acute, obtuse, triangular, coriaceous and glabrous, 3-valved, loculicidal, straight, or little curved, one-celled by the separation of the valves from the triangular axis. Seeds 3 to 6, white, ovate, peltate, much compressed, with a broad winged margin, whieh is an expansion of the testa, and which finally is resolved into numerous fine hairs* 148 Tffiese are beautiful objects under the microscope. They are spiral vessels consisting of an extremely delicate sheath, containing the loosely coiled thread which frequently ramifies with anastomosing branches. The whole testa is formed of these singular vessels. Embryo nearly as large as the seed; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle pointing downward. There can be little doubt of the propriety of uniting Bronnia and Fouquiera. Each genus was founded on a single species, and both plants seem to be very littie known to Eu- ropean botanists. Of the former the flowers are imperfectly de- scribed, and of the latter, the fruit is unknown. Our plant partakes of the characters of both genera. In the ovary the placentae meet in the axis, but only slightly cohere; finally they unite, but in fruit the valves of the capsule separate from the axis, to which the ' seeds remain attached. As to the affinities of Fouquiera, I am in- clined to adopt the opinion of Lindley, that it is very near Pole- moniaceae, and particularly to Cantua. It differs, however, in its distinct imbricated sepals, (which are exactly those of convolvu- lus,) more numerous and hypogynous stamens; and very sparing albumen, as well as in habit. It is certainly very unlike Franke- niacese, to which it is appended by Endlicher. Kunth placed it among genera allied to Portulacaceae. CONVOLVULACEJE. Ipomcea leptophylla, Torr. in From. 1st report , p. 94. Upper part of the Arkansas and head waters of the Canadian. The stems are often erect, about two feet high, and of a bushy 'appearance. From the appearance of the specimens, I should suppose the plant were a perennial, but according to Dr. James it is an annual. One or two other Convolvulace® were in the collection, but I have not determined them to my satisfaction. ' SOLANACEiE. Nycterium lobatum. Between Fort Leavenworth and the head of the Arkansas. Datura Metel, Willdl Valley of the Gila. It grows from four to five feet high, with spreading branches. Perhaps introduced. Solanum triflorum, Nutt . Upper part of the Arkansas, and on the tributaries of the Arkansas. Another species of Solanum was found on the Del Norte below Santa Fe. The whole plant is clothed with a dense yellowish white pubescence. The stems are rough, with minute slender prickles. Leaves linear- oblong, entire, rather obtuse, prickly along the midrib. Flowers, two or three together at the summit of the branches, white? stamens 5; anthers equal. GENTIANACEiE. Eustoma Russelianum, Don . Near the bank of the San Pedro.. A showy plant. * Erythraea Beyrichii, Torr. and Gr. E. tricantha j3. Griseb. Val- ley of the Del Norte, and along the Gila. 149 GLEACEjE. Fraxinus velutina, n. sp. Branches, petioles, and under surface of the leaves, clothed with a dense soft pubescence. Leaflets 3 to 5, rhombic-ovate, cuneate at the base, coarsely serrate or toothed,, sparingly pubescent above. Fruit narrowly oblanceolate, nearly entire at the apex, about three-fourths of an inch long. A. small tree, usually from 15 to 20 feet high. Grows in the region between the waters of the Del Norte and the Gila; also on the Mimbres, a tributary of the latter river. NYCTAGINACEiE Abronia mellifera, Hook. Yalley of the Del Norte. A. ( Tripterocalyx ) micranthum, Torr . in From. 1st report , p„ 96. Yalley of the Del Norte. This differs in some respects from Fremont’s plant. The pedun- cles are elongated, and the fruit is more than an inch long, with very broad wings. The structure of the seed is precisely the same as in that plant, the inner cotyledon of the conduplicate embryo Being abortive. It is wanting also in A. mellifera. In several species of this genus, if not in all of them, the filaments adhere throughout nearly their whole length to the tube of the perianth. The lobes of the perianth are dilated, and deeply emarginate, but appear ovate in the bud, from the lobules being conduplicate. CHENOPODIACEiE. Sarcobatus vermiculatus. S. Maximil i oni , JVees in Prince Maxim . irav ., Engl, ed., p. 518. Fremontia vermicularis , Torr . in Frem. 1st report , p. 96; and2d report , p. 317. Batis vermicularis, Kooky jl. Bor. Am. 2, p. 188. Abundant on the Del Norte, and upper part of the valley of the Gila. This is the pulpy thorn of Lewis and Clark. It has a very ex- tensive range in the desert regions on both sides of the mountains. Since my notices of this plant were published in Fremont’s reports,, I have ascertained that Nees’ description of his genus Sareobatus,, dates a little anterior to mine, so that his name must be adopted. Obione argentea, Moq. Atriplex argentea , JVutt. Abundant in sandy saline places on the Del Norte. O. polycarpa, n. sp. Yalley of the Gila. Eurotia lanata, Moq. Valley of the Del Norte. A shrubby Sa- licornia, an Atriplex, and a species of Sueda, were found in saline soils along the Gila. AMARANTHACEiE. Amaranthus hybridus, Var.? Glabrous; stem and leaves nearly smooth, flowers (purplish) crowded in a dense compound terminal spike; bracts somewhat awned, shorter than the flowers; utricle opening transversely. On the Del Norte, below Santa Fe. 150 POLYGONACEjE. Eriogonum trichopes, n. sp. Stem scape-like, verticillately and divaricately much branched, glabrous; peduncles capillary; invo- lucre minute, few-flowered, glabrous, 4-toothed; the teeth nearly equal, obtuse, erect; sepals ovate, acute, nearly equal, very hairy. Eastern slope of the Cordilleras of California. Our specimens of this remarkable species are imperfect, the leaves being wanting. They probably grow in a radical cluster. The flowering stems are a foot or more high, with the primary and secondary branches ver- ticillate; the branchlets are bi-trichotomous, and the ultimate divi- sions or peduncles somewhat secund. Involucre scarcely half a line in length, 5 — 6-flowered, and only 4-toothed. The flowers are nearly twice as large as the involucres, sepals concave, erect — ■ spreading. Stamens scarcely exserted. E. tomentosum, Michx. Abundant in the region between the val- ley of the Del Norte and the waters of the Gila; the most western station hitherto found of this species, which is almost the only Eriogonum known east of the Mississippi. E. Abertianum, n. sp. Annual! Canescently tomentose; stem dichotomous above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to a petiole at the base; involucres solitary, somewhat racemose on the branches, pedunculate, many flowered, campanulate, deeply 5 — 8-parted ; exterior sepals nearly orbicular, deeply cordate at the base; inner sepals narrow, carinate below, contracted above, somewhat dilated and emarginate at the summit; stamens much shorter than the se- pals. Very common in the region between the Del Norte and the Gila. Also found by Lieutenant Abert on the upper waters of the Arkansas. Just as I was sending these notes to the press, I received a visit from Mr. Nuttall, who informed me that a species allied to this was found by Mr. Gambel, in his late journey to California. He thinks its characters differ so much from all the Eriogona hith- erto described, that he has constituted of it a new genus under the name of Eucycla. A full account of Mr. Gambel’s plants, by Mr. Nuttall, will soon be published in the journal of the academy of Philadelphia. Our plant is about a foot high, with loosely panic- ulate branches. Th e heads and flowers are nearly as large as those of E. tomen- tosum. The sepals are yellowish, tinged with rose, the three inner ones differ widely from the others; they are carinate and glandular on the back below the middle, and closely embrace the pistil, the angles of which correspond with the keels of the sepals. Imperfect specimens of several other Eriogona occur in the col- lection. saururacet:. Anemopsis Californica, Nutt. Hook, in hot. Beechey’s voy ., p » 390, t. 92. Yalley of the Gila. 151 m EUPHORBIACEJE. Eremocarpus setigerus, Benth. in hot. of Sulph ., p. 53, L 26, Plains of San Diego, California. Hendecandra Texensis, Klotzsch. H. multiflora, Torr. in Frem . 1st report. Croton muricatum , JVutt. Valley of the Del Norte. Another species of this genus, allied to H. procumbens , was found on the Cordilleras of Mexico, but the materials are scarcely sufficient for determining it satisfactorily. Stillingia spinulosa, n. sp. Suffruticose? leaves rhombic-ovate, rigid, narrowed at the base, prominently 3-nerved^ mucronately acuminate, dentate-spinulose on the margin; spikes axillary and terminal; sterile flowers sepile; bracts acuminate, with a stipitate gland on each side at the base. Abundant in the desert west of the Colorado. Stem (apparently) about a span high, with spread- ing branches. Leaves an inch or more in length, sessile, neatly margined, with spreading spinulose teeth, glabrous on both sides. Spikes numerous; with solitary fertile flowers at the base. Sterile flowers about as long as the scale. Perianth hemispherical, irreg- ularly lobed and undulated. Stamens 2. Fertile flowers imperfect in our specimens. Fruit glabrous. Euphorbia herniaroides, Nutt. Banks of the Gila. A pubes- cent variety of this species was found in the desert west of the Colorado. CUPULIFERfE. Quercus Emory i,’ n. sp. Leaves coriaceous, oblosg, on very short petioles, remotely and repandly toothed, the serratures mu- cronate, smooth on both sides; fruit pedunculate, solitary and in pairs, gland ovoid- oblong, mucronate; cup hemispherical, the scales appressed. Common in the elevated country between the Del Norte and the Gila. This small-leaved oak resembles Q. agrifolia and Q. undulata , ( Torr . in Ann. lyc. N. York 2, p. 248, t. 4,) but is quite distinct from both. SALICACEiE. Salix. Several narrow-leaved willows were found along the Gila, and in the region west of the Colorado, but being without fructification they cannot be determined. One of them is used as food for cattle when there is no grass. PLATANACEfE, Platanus Mexicanus, Moricand pi. nouv. ou rares d^Amer. t. 26. P. Calif ornicus, Benth. hot. Sulph., p. 54. P. racemosus , Nutt.? Valiev of the Gila. * CONIFERS. Ephedra occidentalis, Willd.? From the region between the Del Norte and the Gila, and the hills bordering the latter river to the 152 [ 7 ] 4 desert west of the Colorado. A shrub 3 — 4 feet high, with numer- ous slender branches; its appearance being that of Scotch broom, (Spartium scoparium.) The sheaths are very long, 3-parted, with subulate-acuminate segments. This can hardly be the E. America- na of Quito, which is described as having 2-parted sheaths. The specimens are without either flowers or fruit. If the species should prove to be new, it may be called E. trifurcus. There seems to be still another species growing on the table lands of New Mexico, differing from the preceding in its very short sheaths. Juniperus. Two undetermined species were found in crossing the country from the Del Norte to the Gila. Both of them have the general character of J. Virginiana . One is a large tree, with acerose leaves, and a bark like that of a Pious; the other has short closely appressed leaves, and berries larger than a buck shot. AMARYLLIDACEHL Agave Americana, Linn. Found in descending the western slope of the Cordilleras of California. This is the maguey of the Mexi- cans. It shoots up a flowering stalk 10 or 15 feet high. The juice of the plant affords an intoxicating drink called pulque. Another species of Agave, or a very remarkable variety of the preceding was found in New Mexico, west of the Del Norte. It differs from A. Americana in its much shorter and broader leaves, which are furnished with smaller marginal spines. LILIACEiE. * Yucca. The leaves only, of what appear to be four species of this genus, occur in the collection, but we cannot identify them for want of the inflorescence. ORCHID ACE^E. Spiranthes cernua, Rich. Low grounds in the valley of the Del Norte. CYPERACEHC. Eleocharis quadrangulata, R. Brown. Valley of the Gila. Cyperus Michauxianus, Schultes. Valley of the Gila. GRAMINEHL Chloris alba, Presfr. Spikes umbellate-fasciculate, numerous, (8 — 12,) the peduncle enclosed in a broad compressed sheath ; spikelets 2-flowered; upper glume nearly as long as the flowers, 2-toothed, with a short awn between the teeth; lower palea of the perfect flower obscurely 3-nerved, gibbous in the middle, the mar- gin ciliate with long hairs towards the summit; awn three times as long as the palea; neuter flower broad and truncate, inclosing a short aristiform rudiment; the awn twice as long as the palea. Bed of the Gila. Very near C. harbata , which differs in the entire 153 [ 7 ] glumes, which are only mucronate, (not awned,) in the entire straight lower palea of the perfect flower, and in the third or aristi- form flower, being much exserted. Bouteloua racemosa, Lagasca .? Culm erect, simple; spikes nu- merous (20 — 40), reflexed, 3-flowers; lower glume linear-subulate; upper one linear-lanceolate, scabrous, entire, nearly as long as the spikelets; lower palea of the perfect flower unequally tricuspidate, pubescent; abortive flower reduced to a slender awn, which is nearly as long as the perfect flower, furnished at the base with 2 short and inconspicuous bristles. Valley of- the Gila, rare. This plant agrees pretty well with Kunth’s description of B. ( Eutriana ,) race - mosa , except in the pubescent lower palea, and the minute bristles at the base of the neuter flower. Whether it be the plant of La- gasca or not is very difficult to determine from his brief character. It certainly is very different from B. racemosa of the United States, w T hich has a large 3-awmed neuter flower, and if distinct from La- gasca’s, must receive another name. That of B. curtipendula would be appropriate. Chondrosium erUpodum, n. sp. Culm simple, pubescent below; spikes 4—6, racemose, appressed; spikes on short woolly peduncles; spikelets 2-flowered; flowers distichous; glumes very unequal, glab- rous, linear- lanceolate, mucronate, entire; lower palea of the per- fect flower glabrous, bifid at the apex, with a short bri'stle between the teeth; neuter flower pedicellate, with 3 slender awns. This is one of the species of u Grama” so useful as a fodder-grass in New Mexico. It is abundant along the Del Norte, and in the region be- tween that river and the w.aters of the Gila. The culm is slender, a foot or more in height. Leaves are very narrovr, 2 — 3 inches long, with glabrous sheaths; sheath almost wanting. Spikes about three-fourths of an inch long. Chondrosium fceneum, n. sp. Leaves glabrous; spikes 2 — 3, ob- long, falcate, spreading; rachis nearly half the length of the spikes; upper glume nearly as long at the perfect flower, with two rows of piliferous glands on the back; lower palea deeply 3-cleft, the seg- ments lanceolate and mucronate, hairy on the margin; neuterflower of two truncate emarginate valves, with a 2-valved rudiment of a third flower, and 3 short stout awns. Uplands bordering the valley of the Del Norte. This is another of the, grasses called Gramm in New Mexico, and is the best kind, being almost as good fodder as oats. It is nearly allied to Atkeropogon ( Chondrosium ,) oligosta- chyum of Nuttall. Chondrosium polystachyum, Benth. hot. Sulph. p. 56. Uplands bordering the Gila. The smallest kind of u Grama ” found on the journey. It is about 6 inches high, very slender. The spikes are narrowly linear, and almost half an inch long, erect, on short brownish peduncles. The other characters agree minutely with Mr. Bentham’s admirable detailed description in the work quoted above. Leptochloa filiformis, Roem , and Schults. Valley of the Gila. Scarcely distinct from L. mucronata ot the United States. Sesleria.I dactyloides, Nutt. Upper part of the Arkansas. This, 154 [ 7 ] is' the celebrated u Buffalo grass ff' so called because it constitutes the chief fodder of the wild buffalo, during the season that it flourishes. I have retained this plant, for the present, where it was placed by Mr. Nuttall, who noticed its anomalous characters. It differs from Sesleria, and indeed from the Tube Festucacece, in. its habit, which is that of Chondrosium. The stem throws off suck- ers which root at the joints, from whence leaves and culms of a few inches in height are thrown up. The spikes are two or three in number, on short spreading peduncles. They are oblong, about half an inch in length, and obtuse; bearing from 6 to 8 spikelets, which are unilateral, and form a double row on the rachis. The spikelets are usually 2-flowered, but I have occasionally found them with 3 flowers, and even the rudiment of a fourth. The glumes are very unequal, oblong-ovate, coriaceo-membranaceous, carinate and one-nerved, the upper one slightly mucronate. Palea oblong- lanceolate, and somewhat keeled, membranaceous, nearly equal, but longer than the glumes, entire, glabrous except on the keel; the lower 3-nerved, the upper hi- carinate. Anthers large, linear, fulvous. In all the specimens of this collection, as well as in those in my herbarium from numerous other localities, there are no fertile flowers, and only in a few instances rudimentary styles, so that the plant seems to be dioecious or polygamous by abortion. Arundo .Phragmites, Linn. Yalley of the Dei Norte, and along the Gila. Andropogon argenteus, DC.^Kunth. enum. 1 , p. 500. Yalley of the Gila. A handsome species, with the spikes in a terminal pani- cle, which has a white appearance from the abundant silky hairs of the flowers. A. macrourus, Michx. With the preceding. Besides these grasses, there were a few others, mostly collected in the valley of the Gila, but which I have not determined, as the specimens are not so complete as could be desired. Among them are a Glyceria , two Jlgrostides , five species of Panicum and a Poa (Eragrostis,) with large elongated spikelets. In some parts of the valley of the Del Norte, Sorghum vulgare is cultivated, and was found partly naturalized. EQUISETACEiE. Equisetum hyemale, Linn. Lower part of the Colorado. FILICES. Adiantum tenerum, Swartz. Yalley of the Gila. This species is widely spread over the southern part of North America, and yet has not hitherto obtained a place in our Flora. We have it from Alabama, Florida, Texas, and various parts of California. Lycopodium. A small species allied to L. rupestre , was found in descending the Gila. It differs in its incurved leaves, which are mucronate, but without a bristle at the tip. No fructification ex- ists in the specimen. 155 St. Louis, February 13, 1848. My Dear Sir: Your letter, together with the package containing the drawings of a number of most interesting cactacem, arrived safely here about two w T eeks ago. On the occasion of my report on the botany of Dr. Wislizenus’s voyage, I have made a careful investigation of the cactacese, of which he brought home with him more than 20 species, and have been enabled to elucidate several points which had been unknown, or obscure before; no doubt because in the hot-houses of European gardens these curious plants, though they thrive pretty well, rarely produce Hoovers and fruit; so that from 800 species of cactacese at present cultivated in Europe, perhaps not one-fourth is known as to its flower, and a much smaller proportion in fruit. I am now able to distinguish all the different genera of cactaceae * by their seed, and sometimes even the different sections of one genus. The small black shining seed sent me, belongs to a true Cereus y probably the plant which you mention under the name of pitahaya, the larger opaque black seed is that of an EchinocactuSy and the largest white seed is the seed of an Opuntia of the section cylin - dracece. I have ventured to describe some of your species from the draw- ing; my description, however, and the names given by me, must remain doubtful till we are able to obtain some more data to charac- terize the*species. I have written it more for your information than for publication, but if you choose to append it to your published re- port, I have no objection to it, but must request you to make such corrections or alterations as your notes or your recollection of the plants will enable you to do; for example, as to size, as in some of the drawings no size is mentioned, # in which case I have assumed them to represent the natural size. I have, for convenience sake, numbered the different figures, and shall now proceed to copy for you the descriptions and remarks following my numbers. 1. Mammilaria, October 18, 1846. Proliferous in the highest degree, forming hemispherical masses often of a diameter 3J feet; which are composed of 100 — 200 different heads or stems. Single heads conical, apparently about 4 or 5 inches high, and 2J — 3 inches in diameter; color, bluish green; spines white or reddish. This species appears to be allied to M. vivipara , but is distin- guished by the conical heads, and the hemispherical tufts, while M. vivipara has hemispherical or even depressed heads, and forms flat and spreading masses. It may be an undescribed species, in which case the name of M. aggregata appears to be most appropriate. 2. Mammilaria , October 26, 1846. Rare. Apparently a mammilaria , though the ffabit of the plant is more that of an Echinocereus , but all Echinocerei have the bunches of * Where the size is not mentioned, the original drawings are the size of nature. W. H. E. 156 H] spines disposed in vertical ridges, which is not the case in the figure in question. Stems irregularly cylindrical, with divers contractions and swelling, about 4— 6 inches high, and 1J and 1| inches in di- ameter, many (in the fig. 8) from one base- The name of M. fasciculata would indicate the peculiarity of this species. 3. Mammilaria , u November 4, 1846, abundant. ” Several (fig. 3) oval stems from one base, 1J — 2J inches high, and inch in diameter* tubercles in about 13 rows; spines whitish, short; 1 small obovate red berry toward the apex not more than 1| line long. ' If the figure is correct, this species ought to be distinguished by the name of M. microcarpa , as I know of no other Mammilaria with such a small fruit. 4. Echinocactus Wvelizeni. (Engelm. in Wislizenus’s report.) u October 26, 1846.” In addition to the description in Dr. W.’s report, which I have drawn up from dried specimens, I observe in this figure that the species has 21 oblique ribs, is of an oval shape, and bluish green color; the ribs are acute, but not compressed, ac- cording to the representation of a section, and the groves corres- ponding. 5. Echinocactus , u October 25, 1846, 18 inches in diameter.” Height equal to the diameter; shape ventricose, contracted towar ds the vertex, therefore somewhat urceolate; with 21 straight sharp ribs; spines apparently 8, straight, brown, color of plant bright green; vertex whitish, (tomentose?) fruit 1 or 1J inches long, oval, yellowish or reddish. Seed obovate, obliquely truncated at base, full 1 line long, black, opaque, slightly roughened; embryo curved or hooked, cotyledons accumbent, partly buried in the large farina- ceous albumen. This species is distinct from all other New Mexican species ex- amined by me, and is most probably undescribed. I propose to name it after its zealous discoverer, who has, surmounting number- less difficulties, though occupied by severe and arduous duties, found leisure to do so much for the advancement of cur knowledge of the wild countries traversed by him, Echinocactus Emoryi. 6. Cereus, u November 21, 1846, 3 feet high.” There can be but little doubt but that we have here a species be- fore us, which I have received from Dr. Wislizenus and from Dr. Gregg, from the neighborhood of Chihuahua, and which I have de- scribed in Dr. W.’s report by the name of C. Greggii ) erect, branch- ing, wilh 5 compressed ribs, dark green, with whitish areolee, and about 8 short dusky spines. The specimen figured here is very remarkable on account of the fruit, which was unknown to me. Provided the drawing is correct, we have here a smooth oval accuminate fruit, crowned with the re- mains of the corolla, and supported by a distinct stipe of a bright crimson color. A stipe, as well as such an acumination, I have not see in any other fruit of a cactus. Fruit, with the long acumina- tion, 2J inches long, | to 1 inch in diameter, stipe about \ inch long. A T ° 6. 157 m 7. Opuntia. “Very abundant on the Del Norte and Gila.” No date nor statement whether the figure represents the natural size or is smaller. The species belongs to the section ellipticce of Salm; it is ascend- ing, older stems prostrate, branches and younger joints erect, 8 — 10 inches high; joints orbicular obovate, rounded, obtuse or some- times acutish, of a bluish green color, 1J to 2J inches long, and little less wide; spines short and whitish; berries obovate, scarlet, only about 3 or 4 inches long. If the figure represents the natural size, this species ought to bear the name 0 microcarpa. 8. Opuntia. “October 28, 1846, common on the Gila. 55 Much branched, sub-erect, joints obovate, often acutish, purplish, with two or three longer brown spines directed downwards; fruits obo- vate, red. In the figure, the joints are 1^ — 2 inches long, and 1 — - 1J wide; fruit about 3 lines long. There are several opuntise known with purple colored joints, but none in the least resembling this, and I must consider it as a dis- tinct species to which I would give the name of 0. violacea. 9. Opuntia ? “October 22d, 1846. Abundant on the Del Norte and Gila. 55 A remarkable plant apparently more like a Mammilla - ria than like an Opuntia. The fruit is also represented without areolae or tubercles, exactly like the smooth fruit of a Mammillaria ; but this may be an oversight in the artist. The habit of the plant suggests the belief that it is an opuntia of the section cylindracece . Joints or branches ascending, cylindrical, tuberculated, 4 — 6 inches long; 1 — 1 \ inches in diameter; tubercles very prominent, with about 8 long (1 — inches) straight spines; fruit obovate, umbilicate, scarlet, towards the top of the branches, about 9 lines long, and 6 in diameter. It is a distinct species, which I am gratified to dedicate to the skilful artist who has drawn all these figures, Mr. J. M. Stanly; I therefore propose for it the name Opuntia Stanlyi. 10. Opuntia. “November 3d, 1846, 4 feet high. 55 Stem erect, with verticilate horizontal, or somewhat pendulous branches* branches cylindrical, strongly tuberculated, about 8 lines in diame- ter, with short spines on the tubercles; fruit pale yellow, clavate, tuberculate, umbilicate, 1 to \\ inches long, 6 — 8 lines in diameter. This is probably the Opuntia arhorescens , Engelm. in Wisliz^s report , though the spines are represented as being shorter than in my specimens of 0. arhorescens from New Mexico and Chihuahua. 11. Opuntia. “November 2d, 1846. Somewhat resembling the last, but forming ‘low, wide spreading bushes. 5 55 Joints more slender, only about 4 or 5 lines in diameter, alternating (not oppo- site nor verticillate,) forming with the stem an acute angle, sub- erect, tubercles more prominent, eerolee whitish at their lower edge with 3 dusky deflexed spines; fruit clavate, tuberculate, pale yel- low, 1 inch long, 4 lines in diameter. I believe this to be an undescribed species, and would propose the name for it of O. Californica. 12. Opuntia. “October 10, 1846, abundant, 55 3 feet high, with spreading branches; the same in circumference. 158 [ 7 ] I can see no difference between this figure and a plant which T have received from El Passo, by Dr. Wislizenus, and which I have described in his report under the name of 0 . vaginata. Nos. 13 — 15 are no Cacti. In 13, I recognize the Kceherlinia zuccarini , a shrub common in the chaparals of northern Mexico, which has been collected in flower about Parras and Saltillo, by Drs. Wislizenus and Gregg. The fruit is unknown so far; the speci- men figured is, however, in fruit; the berry (?) is globose, | — 1 line in diameter, crowned with the rudiment of the style. It was col- lected October 23d, 1846, and is described as a shrub 3 feet high, with low, spreading boughs. 14. Collected “November 15, 1846, 4 feet high, rare,” is, per- haps, another species of the same genus; but the entire absence of flower or fruit makes it impossible to decide. Branches similar, straight, leafless, ending in robust dark spines; but much elongated and sub-erect, not horizontal, as in No. 13. 15. “October 22 d, very abundant, 3 feet high, fruit 5 inches long.” It is entirely unknown to me, perhaps an agave? at least some amaryllidaceous plant, if the fruit is correctly represented, with large radical leaves, and a ribbed or angular inferior fruit, crowned with the remains of the flower. In your letter you figure and describe a cactus plant, of which you have before sent me the seeds; if I am correct about this from your notes, I would describe it in the following manner: Stem tall, erect, simple, or with a few erect branches, below without spines; ribs about 20, oblique or spiral; fruit large, edible; seeds small (0.7 lines long,) obovate, obliquely truncate at base, black, smooth, shining, embryo hooked, no albumen; cotyledons foliaceous incumbent. Stems 2 — 5 feet in circumference, 25 to 60 feet high. The only true Cercus approaching this in size is Cereus Peru- vianus; but this is vastly different. The question then arises whether our species is not one of the few arranged now under the genus Pilocereus ; but if it is a constant fact that the cotyledons of Pilocereus are thick and globose, our species cannot belong here; the cotyledons are absolutely those of a true Cereus. It is called In California pitahaya , but it appears that the Mexicans call by that name all large columnar cacti, the fruit of which is edible. The plant, which is commonly called Cereus variabilis, is widelydiffer- ent from this California giant. I propose for it the name Cereus gigantens. The large white seed is that of an Opuntia of the section cylin- dracece , embryo circular, curved around a pretty large albumen, but not spiral. Very truly, yours, G. ENGELMANN. I CA TV Endwotthth- IfewYor DALEA FORMOSA I , . \ ■ Q. & K Sndtcoit IlZ/i~Mea>. Yo r k/. FALLUGrIA PARAROXA III. LARREA MEXICAN A. & MS JZitiliMib J/itTL ffluo York-. £ & Wlridic/iltLith. New lork . ZINNIA GRAND IF LORA. C.& IV ' EndwpftMth.fiewYork I ■' - . s' 7 • X > 1 ARCTOSTAP HYPOS PUN PENS. FOUQUIER A SPIN 0-5 A Q. & W Snduott Irih'- fflav.Yorh- - — ^ IX G %C W Bndecott Lith. 'fiemyork. gUERCUS EM0RT1. -X &C W JSnd^cott htk lien? York. SESLERIA DACTYLOIDES G. Gc W EndUcoll liih.H ewYorh . IPQMCEA LEPTOPHYLLA XII, 159 [ 7 ] EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate 1 — Dalea formosa. — A branch of the natural size, with a separate iiower mag- nified. Plate 2 — F allugia paradox as — Natural size, with a separate carpel magnified. Plate 3 — Larrea Mexicana. — A branch of the natural size. Figure 1. Separate flower. Figure 2. External view of a stamen, with a scale at its base. Figure 3. The same, seen from the opposite side. Figure 4. Ovary and style. The last three figures mag- nified. Plate 4 — Zinnia grandijiora. — The entire plant, except the root. Figure 1. A head of flowers. Figure 2. A ray flower, natural size. Figure 3. A disk flower. Figure 4. Stamen. Figure 5. Portion of the style, with its branches. The last three figures more or less magnified. Plate 5 — Ridellia tagetina. — A branch of the natural size. Figure 1. Achenium and pap- pus of a ray flower magnified. Figure 2. A ray flower less magnified. Figure 3. A disk flower. Figure 4. Part of the style, with its branches. The last two figures considerably magnified. Plate 6 — Baileya multiradiata.-— The whole plant, except the lower portion of the stem. Figure 1. A ray flower. Figure 2- A disk flower. Figure 3. Two of the stamens* Figure 4. Style and its branches. All magnified. Plate 7 — JLrctostaphylos pungens. Plate 8 — Fouquiera spinosa. — Summit of the stem and panicle of flowers. Figure 1. A capsule, with the valves separated, showing the placentiferous axis. Figure 2. A seed. (Both of natural size.) Figure 3. Tranverse section of a seed. Figure 4. Embryo. (The last two magnified.) Figures 5 and 6. Spiral vessels composing the testa of the seed, greatly magnified. Plate 9 — Quercus Emoryi.— Figures 1 and 2. Acorns of the same. All the figures of natural size. \ Plate 10— Sesleria dactyloides . — The entire plant of the natural” size. Figure 1. A spike- let. Figure 2. Glumes. Figure 3. Staminate flower. Figure 4. The same, with the palese removed. All the figures magnified. Plate 11 — Ipomcza leptophylla- — A branch of the natural size. Figure 1. Pistil. Plate 12 — Chondrosium faneum,-—' Two plants of the natural size. Figure 1. A spikelet magnified. Figure 2. The same, with the glumes removed, somewhat more highly magnified. Figure 3. Upper palea of the perfect flower. 160 [ 7 ] CO * o & X t— I p fci w Pm <1 161 [ 7 ] a W o co >o bfl a W O SO sc C © o Hj fcB P o 2 a h K^T) a jS H3 .tJ © fe be g ,j a ,5 Os sc. a Si © P- £ © W oo ©S _a © .si a p1§ o 3 o so O N © • gw js GO © N a ® c (Tl bi3rO • «-% o >-I r- +->- a +1 ja be i? © ns >-> !> a © © © Bi k.' 1 — ' G a a ns © c -2 ^.£ c sn a O G £ to a r- b.O; a . •= ab C B =0 .5 J ■3 t,S-g © _Q ^ : g's be t - * ju . ^ Q>QO © « © © P 0 g w > m t£ra tss a a ; — S GO N ■5 J - © a o W 2 ^ © ns ’- 0 a a s- P © a so 2 «* as a -a a ~ © • a £ _a -a £« a ~ ^ c.fe a | c? a ns ©^ £ P O {> a a >s > a © M ns a so a © £ o £ © N © © GO ns ^ a W c a > -> _Q £ gp P © -*-J VI 3 CD G U2 . JD ^ H &\3 >7£ .2 be£.£ © N © • © GO © £>->' Q ^ ?“•*> as ■ — _a bJ3 HsSfl L'g ITS «3r 52 W^ WO © SO nr 1 w -a GOH § . ©^ ° Si NtStJ© © .£ .£ a M * * T fcC be bJD^ C 5 5 i-© W o o o ^ (H Ss -O *j -U i a SO SO 50 © nS Jh 5 h >- ns c a a a s .a © © © .is ?so3o£ a .2 *5 m Ch T5 G c3 o . © +j -a SO +J © fe o © » as n© >> > ns : s ; O i-H • ©1 u© CO ©1 o ©1 1^ CO GO 02 ©1 © ■•“-4 • i- CO ' o ■nr 1 n© CO CO 1— t 02 i-i U© Tt* 1C • CO GO GO 00 ©J 1- o i-i LO GO © • T-W rH i—i r— 1 t — 1 1—1 1—1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 H. In In © fn 1> In In © In © In v 1> In In © lO SO SO © so © © © © He* 1H]C* *H]C* 'IH]C< lies ©0 cc 00 CO CO In © © 00 CO In u© 00 ©1 © © In CO © 00 r~1 CM © In SO © T— i © CM oo © © © oo 1"- In In 00 In OO in £n In In In In }n in © in © In In 00 In In © © In © In © In 00 © 00 He* F ^ i]es ©2 CO CO oo •nf 4 In © lO i—i so CO © ©) in c 0C> © on i CM © ©1 In © CO CO In © © In © © o PI ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 CM ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 ©1 CO ©1 ©1 rl T— i ©1 T— 1 CM r— 1 ©( ©1 ©1 CO n n m a so © a «c n a ©lO'an'osoooooiNrtKi CO b- nf -CO Ci N W W Ci N « N N K h Ja i> £a £a {a O'. J>. ! ^ la Ja (M *— i 1 — H l a {a {a {a r— ( la as.os N to sfe sa>.oi ,ea> an oicjofj at n-< nr< ^s nf ’— '•— li— (I— I— H i-Hi-Ht — (— 1 la Ja la la la Ja Ja }a £a m n rj In CO In lO N lO so InSOlnlONlnOOln ni* *o G© 00 o o o o o o o >, _>.ns J>.nb >,as ^ns _>,ns ^ ns ^nS "s£" 5 ©aa "a s *“J 1*9 1“ 5 I - 5 5 t ~5 •“S *~5 oi a 5 CO nt 1 US to la © o o o ns t — .nS ^> -i~a j-- .ns ^ i a a a a a Hj l-s 1-0 t“5 *-0 00 OJ O '—I O I— I Oi-t 0. a t-3 ^ S i a a 1-0 *-o be a "sD P- .ns 3 O f-i o _> a o a *C V02 5h 'O m Ph W 3 G V) G 3 w> G a +i ci G o3 a c3 a CQ . 5h m © CO „ ^s © nt< -a nf 1 -a © SO ab © © Si < M © © © © a ■nS-P3 © as © CO lO a W ©s' ia ^ o © ■ o o o o — ns ns a n i o © a ■ a a o l2 "O © ’ Si a ^© O ^3 V 2 3 m G c© © " a © © oo £^ a D © C “ c© - Cl . 0 ® £f p gP gPP Co a U a Q Od © o o A .a a «- O P P P g .5.P 2 g P § a Q U Q t» . G 02 w > s o » si a4 be h a 50 a a a=d 51 nS co o © as © as a a h- o o W' ©1 ' > 4-3 •ft $5 . © W £ © © N . ’ © © © _C ©2 A° . . P 02 82 ft © © ft S3 ft si © J= 02 " 02 ^ © ft. N ~ c , P 2 © (fl G © . © w •3«> a 'P •3 © ■ w "£ ft p o W £ ft S3 be r—« o Si S ft 2 c W p ' ^ • _w n i ^ .'SSSwI^I 22 ^ bi "P ft os ft a -P a P c c ©= c .© bp p ofrp • - be-£ ft S ft P § IT O '£ a 1 M £T b £ ci ci o ci oi ci b ©!ft©s2©©©>. OmOmOOQO e3 r-O TH P 02 © >18 H ^03 ft f -1 !-i S G © ft © ,— > £5^ © oa ft S-I g 2 ft O be ^ C M- s S ft © CO © •— 1 ci ' 1 si m ft G ft G © 02 tft ft p 4 N o> CD Sm c 3 CG cj o 5 — ( o ' ft P 3 4-5 ^3 . w CD l> O G G © S- 03 w 02 ft © © O 81 >^©©©©©ft© m55S55^5 rr* -G <2 * rr 5 C 3 ^ O rt irv i /3 ^ S- 4-5 G ■ O r< ^ G ' r „ © ft cc 5^53 o CO 00 02 ft ft 02 Oi Oi CO T— * ft 00 ft T-ft 02 02 ft ft ft Oi CO 02 02 Oi CO CO >o ft CO 02 lO Oi Oi CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ft •qpq 10A1 •aaij — ]et h|ci P-Hft'OOCOftft'-iPiCCftO ft ft ft ft ft i>- CO ft ft ft ft ft *-i|c* OiOiftC'iC2i^i--t-^*OOiOC’— < — h ftftftftftftftftiOftiOftiOft »l)Cl M]C* »-i|C^ PftCOi'-’-iOOCOOlft— iftOft ft t" 00 ft 00 ft 00 IpOO i> 00 i> t" — IcH K]et ft OC 00 ft 02 ft Pi i'- ft'ft OftHN ftr^ot^ftoc'ftooftooi^oci'^oo •paqoimy — |e< — |e< —|gH n o ® © a a o co m i-' io ft* ci ft T-i ci t- ci ci ft oi oi oi oi »H]C* *4|Cl ca'ciooaiomoooiHHMO .Pi OI — I Oi Oi Oi r-H CO i-i CO Ci CO Oi CO 3 o 5 -< G$ M oNaooooioooiafta r -P' i-— — - 1 C'. CJV t OC' -.o OOOOOOOOCONNNNNN'O CC CO w r o cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc O’— ftrtHCiftcoiXlrtOOO'- 1 "d* ooO©iO©Tf'i < ^’MCi"'-i>-iN ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft O ft ftftftftftftftftftftftftoft 3533 ©S 33 s 3 3 S • • • * 0-0 GO© p-co Pi^r 1 Aci Pci a 333233 3 ©SSSSciS © P- ci Ph © P. G Ph © Pa G P-iCO Ph iQNiONftNftNPNfthiO N © h-> G P G > © w 'o 00 © © G Oi Oi CO Gt 1 VO ft COi O Oi O Oi O Oi ft fti xb gis ^ . in--. ”3 © ft ft ft ft ft O Oi o ft ft _ft © ft 02 CC C© m * © 3 3 pj PS ,0 o a © PS © > o -O d tiO .S *50 as as ^ • ’ — s P £3 C/2 •4-J a a a .CN £3 O J-l p Xfl • - be • - O) T3 Sm p ^ P o ^ P f * a PS O 4-J PS fcfl ^ rj pj- © ps ^ Pw^ a _ si *" H •a 1 5 ,S £ a o S © ^ > © o ”+2 >-, co ps a © ° fel a; a a a CO © a © as © th a* s- a >fita ® d c © a3 >a-5 .5 qo SmOQP^O I a^ I- °P /■a < *H Si © £ o as CO >> > a © as © > a Ci © etj - a ^ p p' ns co a a © o © a © a jz as as © a a a -3 p a a ^ P a a 00 ^ 0) CD CS o r r3 s C/2 CD £ 0) S.s s ^ cj 4J p o to as as © a a a a a © a a ° © © t>i a © as a a a a © a o a I-* as a a r 3 a a o -a te a o 5-r .3 a Si a a as a © a Si © .Jtf ffias is .2 ® £ -i © ; as G °.5 © ■© ’a _p >v . . > © © © Vj ©“ cd sd O’ n O <© GO C3 CP ?'• CO o VO 00 CO CO CO CD ©s ys ©c CO VO r-H o 03 -fl CO r— 1 CO at CO 3^ SO (X) r-H r— 1 t—H O C7i CO co at 03 CO CO oo o UO *o CO CO CO CO CO co CO CO »X> He> iO UO 03 03 CO at VO vO CO vO VO i-O • |H]C* • CO (S3 OJ CO ■ CO vo CO VO CO •Hie* «H]'cl 03 CO OO CO CO CO CT5 at vo lO at co vo so at CO at GS VO CO 54 vo CO CO CO lO CO CO vo VO CO kO -1C vo ©5 ©V vo vo VO ph|c* ^]ci ’ * r-t|C^ i-»]e* iHlCt n GO O O O CO at 03 03 CO O COGS'— 1 - 11 — 1 P C3 00 CO 03 1© vo 3 t vo 3^ CS r-H OS 3^ Oi 1 *— co oo co it- vo 3^ 3^ io 3 t >0 3t VO CO VO 3>- CO CO lO CO vo 3a> VO 3a. JO 3- iO CO co vo CO CO phJc< *h]c* »-H]C» |H|C< Hot Hjc< IH}C^ «h5c< H]CV at <35 iO vo 03 at VO CO 03 CO <— 1 03. 03 at O OS CO — 1 n O at at CO 00 at *0 at r— s *o at O GO 03 a-> CH r — i C3 i— 1 03 03 a- i 03 i-i 03 r-H r-H r-H C ^ r-H n 03 *— 1 03 a 03 r-H r-H r-H CM T— (i HN05 H M , t ai 00 3a- CO O 3a. CC CO at CO CO O 03 >0 O GS VO 3a. oo CO 03 oo 03 ©(Mu ooio^oob O 03 03 03 CO 03 03 at CO at VO ' 03 00 CO co CO CD GO OS 3a. CO 3-» i- VO vo CO OO -i— • < r-H r— ( r-H r-H r-H r-H Oj 0> o o o O O O o GS OS ©5 ©s OS co co CO CO VO lO VO CO CO CO co co COCOCOOVOCOVOCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO vO vo vo VP vOv ; s ; 3 ; ; s ; ; ; £ ; g a £ a 3 £ a £ £ £ a £ s££sp£££ ^ P-S P* a co Ph a p,co Pi a pci Ph a p^a P-. vO vo" 3^ vO 3a- CO Ob-PNPN v03a-v03'-C03''COCO ei £ £ £ a £ a £ £ s a O - . . o • o . 20 o * -o. CO P-t P.CO P< CO Ph r-H a Ph a vo co £D CO VO CO VO CO Ip CO CO 3— « • * , • ; « • O • • I I ^ *• • as • • • : : * : : : : ■ 9 \ s -»- • • • * • * • • T • o • • • « • <3 O • 9 <► at vo "co "7^ GO CC> O r-H r-H r-H 03 r-H CO r-H r-H in r— i CD r-H 3>* TO t-H o$ T— l o 03 a? C/2 c/2 C/2 a a o a o a be fcrT= be - © be a a a a crT at' IP CO CO CO O ppO P° A S S P g« a a a OO O c o3 o© §1 a^^ © ^ © *1 O zo CO ?- CO 1- 83 oqO CO to co co a-oaoaoa© so e(.as cl© bjjas ci “ ocas a a a © o < <1 <1 *P ^ . o O Q a,, 3 a P. P. Pi p s ^ a a o s © S-. >-' a o a ci as © 3 O c o p Pu a CQ o a o © rp © rp © as as a oo CO a be o a o as be 1 "© • r -i-i • o © cc a o P2 as‘£ © . © ©i • o © be a © sa m be .3 CP CD o r-H as a a Si © a” Oi o p CO a}< at* O p.O c. O pO fp PpPgpgPg S a a a o o P o oT a ^ -2 bj]^ b0 £3 p •< *< © CO a . ^ P- © P- C) P- © a 1 U a O a O a ! Q £ a O u ^ © 1- Sp « o o W PL a CD APPENDIX No. 3.— METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— Continued. [7] 164 T5 a 5-i 3 3 © J© H es S © P4 to _Q w 1 © £3 s - i-i ci ci © © W J© o £3 ei © .a Oi 7 0 Sh O "s a s- 33 1 © 1 O £5 ‘ ^ 3 3 3 -P> £ OsOsOsOsOsOSOsO>OsO£©e©eO aciaaaaaaaaaassas © +-3 c3 p so &ei O-ei £0 3 £0 ei co ei £©co £0 ci £0 3 £0 3 £0 3 £o £0 3 ^ COCOCC>COCOt'iCOl>COOOCOt^Ob'-CC>ooCC>t>COO©C©£0*^ l '.OCOC©iO o ©t ©I +1 41 c n m 0 3 0 bo fcrj-o © a <\ <1 ©* Oi © o blT© © CO ©I 41 W © o bfil© its ©I +1 tn © o CX"© © <1 so ©t 3 0 0 be*© 13 © X- ©I ©I 41 J_5 W C/2 ©30 fcj] Cfj"© © © <3 <1 oo ©I 4-3 m © o be 3 © <1 02 ©< 4-3 in © o br.ro ei > s 5» -a o «4-t o m 3 3 3 4-1 p V3 Pi 3 CO oooooooocoocoooooooooo p q p q P p p p q p p p q p q q p p q p p p 3 3 Si 3 o 3 41 in ©3 Oi rh ® O 3 S-, 1 * o o p.3 P g.2 03 *3 Qco 3 c3 GQ £ o r 3 -Q cn 3 2S c;) * ^ .£■ S-7S 1^ o 165 co >1 ^ . .S £•2 __© ^ £3 ,b O fe- ci o "3 £3 si s-< oj p=< cj GG £3 -a 03 £3 *"< 3 £-fe as ^ £ Cj a> • f«— i cj CJ o a "a H3 «o3 Cj ^ s a cj ej ^ do rj Cj 2 !-f 2 S ' cj reP "2 Q feO o co po fe J co £ >» £ ^ -§ W g 75 _. . «s 12 ft 5-, - j> ^ .2 *S« •5 © >? £3 © © O k. 50 o -2 a, -£3 -a g «3 0) — tl} ' £3 .5 ' T5 £3 ■ ,■ ,, ^ 5- © O Ob, w 3 3.^0 x jr ~ QQco co © & o v. re £ re ©3 • c © cj) 'o .2 re 'o - £3 re g re — re o © re 3 i-a res £3 £3 £3 _ re ci oj° re o © "O S3 S 3 43 H M S -4 rj H £3 4-j £j re re re OQO 03 x re r- re © r— '. a -O re © « H3 J "re O o 02 ® ■t-» .s ■tJ al re o Si © p> o >3 CG co r*~>. re P4 nre 0 <— * S'S §s re 3 ac i— i «■ i— < 2 "7^ sh feT 03 cS cj a> OO 4 • 0 Q O oo o> a 1ft • a ere & ■s— < • • oo O ft • • o c» • O o 03 ft >o 00 ft ft -re< lO 1-0 ex ere cc t-i io o oo j"* ft oo lO ihIcs 03 ’—i io ere 03 ere co IO OO'eJseOOJ'^'i'C'JMi-t loioioioreiokoioiore *hJC< •h]c< H<* — |e* Hef FH|d ^ lO 54 H" 1 ^ ft co ere 74 i'- ft ere 50 67 46 co ere ere i'- ft ere o- 70 GO ft ere ere v£> CO i> »HJC* He' -ics r"*}^ —■lex * He< |^|C* —lex oo re* CO reF O ere — » 00 ft 00 CO •'it 1 i-h -b 1 ex — 03 o rej 03 co co (M 1—1 (?X t— i rH ret i-< rei ereooft^ -si! ft ere 00 03 O i—i CO i—1 r—< 'ef 1 1— t ic ?—) CO l- 00 05 O rH 7—1 r— i 1—1 CNl Cx © Si © © ft 0 ft 2 r © 2 © © ft © CO ft © CO ?-( Si Si © © © aSSoS^ © © -© -u ft ft © © CO CO © +j ft © CO © 43 - re © *-> r-i . © CO oooooooooo p p p p p P P P R Pi X APPENDIX No . 3.— METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS — Continued . [ 7 ] 166 s-. © © g o a © © Vt Si oi g © PS H £ h3 G . to © a & 2 1 ©-I > O >" © - g Vi ^ ci c 2 ia 2 > • •*-» O ^=3 • «5 b£ o i-?mO © £ o >> a"> p £ G w -© £ ©3 fcO ©3 s be £ r 2‘g © tries ~ © S-3 ® -© jG ci 0 P - d.S ~ g fe brj-© g ^SS6C [j s . ltS 2 -| s d o3 w cj 3 cj U!g PPO o -© o no o o o ns •© -a © no © ci © © .g no o| Si OP get •qpq A1 r * CO b SC CO H © IQ O IQ IQ iilet O lO CO >o co m He* !> co co co fine CO •00.1,3 He* -lei — )e\ r * d 00 CO G CO CO 1C O OC O M 0O N W N © O © O CO CO CO CO nj* CD CO CO CO CO •poqoEijy O d d T— I d I— f -w C CO ^ d d He' CO CO d 1 © He* >0 © •— i d d CO ci © T3 • G cS t-» ci © ■ Oi o o CO CD CO d "Sf o IO CO CO Ci OO C2 N CO UP nj* CD nj* rQ 0 I'- as or* He* O i-i 1> iO -lei-fcr CO d d O Si ci PQ CO m — 1 00 G CO 00 00 CO 00 d G i " d CO o 'LO *p-» ' — * OO <=> r— ) G O d CO VO i— G G G CT> G d d’ co p CO nf P *sh nf H* O P P ifi ifl CO CO CO CO CO CO CD CD CD CO CO CO • . • • • • . . . • • • 2 ' * * 2 2 2 2 2 2 ci 2 2 m m. 2 2 2 m. 2 2 c • iO - „ . . , . G G G G G Gnf G Cj G o3 G G G c3 G G CO CO b- CO co m* co CO CO CO CO co co CO CO co © •4-0 CC$ ft hNCO d d d Si Si © © © -a © -o S © © o c Co © © © -n -n -n G. Pi Pi © © © C/2 CO W H* d G © CO *0 CO d d Si Si © © G G o G 03 © G G © O CO 02 V- d S-I © G g © 41 G.. © CO c no 00 d Si © G 2 © u g © 0Q . O 03 G d © "2 © S no © ■u G © co o co © •~i 2 © n g © CO c .2 ci > Si © m g o o © ci S4 '© P r- G © vi © -M '2 Vi no ci o o Vi © © © © © Si JZ o ©3 O © © o Vi © ‘g © G O ^ 1 “ ( ^ l- 4 r— ' — - © © © © o • o /■“> ~i i"l 1 1 o o o ppp Q G ci G Oi - s - si u p 55 5 OO >00 Ggi ©i-; iO ‘2 >0 •;- “P ci ci ^ G r/J a - g^ SP 1 ® © o -r| >0 •.— ci '© ci w GO C_ 2 G 2 G^ G r/2 P- O SP c -P 2 -a 2--G g ^ SP ci + -‘ci +J ci 0 -" 0 ^ ci T'i © iG © a © § 1 ^ c ° o g 23 te g ■p o ci .g "© 2 -P ® © 3 +-> o Si — ! G O g"S ^ o 1.2 ® °P*^ S J S ' © P ^ 'g © wP N _ P» •4—0 C. 4-0 s 3 S £ O G © TO L- * C4J 4-0 ' ‘ a O o ^ o 4-0 o O c3 o m pp £ o 23 • -O V) © © .. G d p” CP O © (GCj &l U 167 a s Ji 'S o « —d » X 5 CS Js a © « d W 03 g o © XI © © be a o ■u CO © S3 © a e •— H £ O £ co d r d . c . d r- ' ■ > o s - o 9 to d ® d g-d d id c © fe c © © © x> 03 © © ‘-5 £ o CO £ O c3 © ® © d o e a d _ a'§ e3 r P o 72 +2 ^ "be o o d3 ' brdP £ © - © o 5 d g © >-.•© G Cc 03 CD ** 03 © bed © d ■d d OS p O M CO © c3 © l — I +-3 © © d © © © C ?* © £ © o3 72 O & 72 JZ ! ^.2 p >> . ■r b{ -£ P .fe cdfa g © d ^ <3 O ZZ 72 4-3 .2° c be a g.S > to, © in s3 © d c d £ o c d i o : d 03 g O C3 'cc a o O © — -© r— s ^ o CU CO m dS ' d d S i-^; a • ’£ J3 '1 c ’> . g ^ d -r .r, © t? +-S g 4-> — J © .bed be ' d 1 m •; .jfo 1—1 "© be i— _o s 2 Sh C5 H 'H L( d si c3 © Sm d © g si © © CD o Oj © © © © be © © p P s 5 s POP PPOP o so © CO so © r»H 00 d © © © 3^ SO © © 3" d CO © r— < 03 03 © © © SO © 03 t-H T— ( OO 03 d d d d d d d r-H (N d d ' © © d © 3> © iO no d 3^* © © 3'- © GO HC! 03 co d OO • • N © • © © CO • o « • • T— 1 e 30 © © CO © CO © CO SO d © TT © d co © d . . © . © • © d © • © • 03 d ’■W’-’]®' ©)d Htt - •“f|C< -( id 03 O N d CO 3> OO © OOONCO^dWd C0C0d>O3©C03>dt'» He! ©]cc »— tjC c OO O © — t d 3>* co © *“l)C^ fh]3?< . lO^'oddiOdirjN »— i co 03 CO 03 03 03 net »^}ct © d © i— < d i— i 03 ’—i C3 H]CJ (Hjrf i-f]cl »H]C< i-l © r©r- llOr©OC3©©© Ci 03 CO © 03 03 03 03 03 03 r-i ©00©© ©©©©03 CO © © 03 d © d © 3- co©dLOco©cooo© 03 © © CO IO ^ 3>* CO 00 3' © t- t'' r-i (>{ 03 CO l^©3^003^3^3— ©!— 1 0-3 © © 3^ d d d d d d d d d d d d d >0 © © so" 30 SO © © © © s o 30 d d CO CO 03 ©©©©©© © © © © © © © © © © © © ©©©©©©©©© © © © © . . . . , . . . . • • • • . • . . • • • . • • g 0 ’ * 2 g g ; £ £ ; £ ■ £ ; £ * a * * ££££££ S3 £ Pi 2 £ £ £ £ 2 © © © E2©2ci£©£© £ ©£ 2 . • • • © © © . © © . © • © . © • © • • Ou d &. ci O- ci © ci © - ci © d © d ci co CO C>0 cicoco d co. d co d co d i— i d © CO ^ CO ^ o © © © © © © © © 30 ©©■©©©©©"©.© © © © © O d 03 CO d © co 3^ oo © o i—i 03 CO d © co l'— 3—1 r — 1 t— 1 T— ! T— ) r—fl Ur u u, 5-1 Sh 5-1 i-i J-3 ?H SH 5-1 S-H 5-( S-4 CD © b © o © © PO O p3 O -*© o gb -t-j w o o -3— > 4-3> d O ■p Pp O C rr- O +J +-3 A-i d O d O nd O PD O 4-S o o o O o © O O O CD O Q © © o o C O O o o o oo o OO o o o o O o d © vu s o H ’ o i — i © © erT © O ©P d Q cO © o © © o © o in © Cj © a ©T © © o o c © o © g P P p g fp s d o3 d O P P 3- © g c3 P OO © o p CD © © P p p © © © ■ eg 4-3 4-3 C O-r C tH o < V . © . © © 3^ Ci i- be a >■ c3 © cn © PH 13 o ,g©ooo©o©o gPPP SP £ P O © CO ^ "fi NN © o © ©3 o ^ a a d . d d o3 c3 g © d P 2 o S^i d o c3 O o © © p »o 3'- © © © © O E £ P s3 s3 O O H © © © si P 5-i © © APPENDIX No. 3 .— METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS— Continued. m H £ 04 © & <0> PS CtJ © Q * o 3 CD Q © 03 ** '-5 !>-> © © © *-> w 2 '© CO gg r- £5 CT^ ^ W C/2 ■ '"O a F ° o n© a I? o a w "3 a C3 q a C/2 r- 1 © 33 fe a ^ o © to r 3 3 O o o o C$ iz jd c oo g.g rt fS ^ . r T3 Sh 3 C3 O 0 C/5 s|s a - g as .fee-© ^ eS 7! 5 -G S-. a a o © o %* a "brlO . ©> — ■ -a ffe -© .g ©.a £© £ o a •- a •-" ^ .~-3 g p® O be a o ‘a O © © © oo © -a ~ w w a © a 'c£ or. c © o © © © © to- — POOOOOOOmtoP a © s O C3 r O a bn aa pfe a P © -a SJ P© a , i^voi>dcodcocotM co •poiioR)iy O Tt ’ Cl Mid M'^j. M’dMjd M]d M]d M)d *4 o pt! a :o cji ot'd^aN^M-^onC'dfo o h d d »— < '—I d d d i— i d d d ci d © © 4—' © 5 © a PQ CO GO d 03 ci CO CO • • jj — ci CO CO O GO CL t— CO CO d Cl *— H H *“H i"H CO f OCO^O CO Noo^Wooiorooc^w^dooN on MoadnaaoacKdaM vo ^oicaaaaNaaaNtCoo co ©©©©©©©©©©©■aaa co © a c3 g g a P - a o ■4 o d ,oo d o • • co c© a S S & o CO O VO a a a a a a i ’ a £© a pl a o© a bb a cu © io © vo © vo © vo a vo © vo © o o "4 © i d p 00 03 O — 1 (M.J CO *4 vo CO r— d d cr d d Cl Cl © © © © © © © © OJ © © © © © © © © PD o C O O 03 o a3 oa oo oa oo oa C 03 o 4— ' o c © o o r a o -a 4-> 4-5 © © © o o r o © O O © O "O *-i 4— > o o © o o 03 a o a > 40 o © © a © a c© c © a ’ © i 4© © ° £ "© Q © -3 g a © © © £ 4© © a vo Z © p© © a £ a ^ O o t» © _ a — > c© g-d H d CO o’ c CO !_ _ "G “ a a vO © p© o © © a 4© © a © 'CO ‘3 ©4 . O ~ " £ iM ©M ©4 S o o c©o P© a. 2 2 P© o o a a c b H Q 6 B o vo 44! a o M=> a d GO _a 5 ^ a O _a O j3 o o o o © i-Q © r— ® — . D ©a 03 03 ^03 o o o a a a 3 a © a g g cs £ > g w ^ ^ ® a © o ® o a a 4 n a u 'p- GO *> d a© a. 2 2 a a O O 03 PM A, O GO , O Q. O M O q g-fi g Q a O a o 00 o o o c'flflfl a O a o cT 00 c o ?„a o > fee o ^Og 4 CO 03 © 00 oo a , oo Is p© 3T © O i-tf Q- 2 n CS o Gila [ 7 ] s xS c3 2 O Jm 23 C3 © > S3 t> .^c O ^tp tfi« r^* .2 n3 ^ .2 £ © ^ > vt tn -i-s 1§ in r Si Qj © m | -C5 -.2 -IT +-> © Vi H 2 © O Js ^ ® bn «J i •pcs " eS rfj 5> +_a iP c bD b£.2 2 $1 O 24 *3 © VI 2 2 "g 2 o o © +■» -s s Cft © bn K* O I T.’SS'S’ 3 fc-°» ^l-fr k* !© cq 24 02 tn 53 is o 2 !W ■’-' 2 >> © fell 53 b Crrt £ 2 c3 o3 o3 o 0 53 S3 53 2 © 5> eft 2 53 eft 55 p 5 > O Sh 24 eft 23 3 o 2 2 5) 133 Si rd © P «? ° 53 5) • - © 2 2 f- <2 53 £3 23 S O tft P eft -2 2 JO "© bn O N O 3 >, s -^ © 53 eft P3 „_ S - — 2 -S3 53 <3 -P ei O 0 2 03 0 2 5) -14 eft GQ S3 bB 23 2 fc$ © 2 53 2 5 3 £ft 2 5) S-( © > O bn sb 02 M GQ s S 3 S3 bB23 S3 2 _ 03 , S-, s 2 2 © 5 UQ o N o S3 33 a s o r~* «5 r^j C/i £ s 2 'o £3 w s 2 CO > ^23 0^2.2 >J O {£ 24© 02 0 2 5) 23 2 s- ■ 2 5 0 o o 23 23 © CM 23 l- CO ^ CO »— i CM S3 2h * 53 >o i- uO 23 CM 00 i-~ —4 © 00 23 o f - G'- Jh. r— 1 r— 4 03 Ci CM Cl CM 2T iO CO Cl Cl i' A s — ' N ' A ~ — ^ ,• N 50 Cl O 12 • CM CM Cl © • © © 1> CM oo • o lO S3 . © © ^T* © • © © © © © « Hc« •^Ict •?ld J1]C* C) iC3 >C3 © 50 © CO © 'rr 1 © O 1-H © © 1 CM 00 © l'- NGOM ip © S3 © CO © eo © CO © Cl © © © © © CO © © © © © © tH)C^ -W C7'-f »— lJO» IH)C< He* Cl 0- CM © O 2t< oo (M © 00 T-l © © © © *-d © © © i-H © !-S T— 1 r— ( T~ 1 Cl Oi t-H T— 1 Oi T-H rH © r-i v — 1 <0 ^ Cl Cl T— < CO >2 t-~ '-H © oo CO Cl Cl © CM GO © i © — © © Cl CO 03 CO CO 00 © 2P o © © 00 oo 00 © © © eo © © © © Cl © CO' 00 CO CO 00 © © CO ©* © © ^ ei © © © © © © 1—1 © 23 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © i3— r— i— . . . O • • • • • • o . . • , . • c • 2 • • • • o . • « • • • t s 2 a 2 2 2 2 g © P s p . 2“2 p p p p p p 2 p S- © . © * . • . ♦ • CO © 2 © 2 © P © ei © d CO © © c3 © 2 P-i od P P* P- 2 23 S3 © © © © v © © © © © ei © © © © © © © © © © • * . . . . • • • • rH CM © © © © 1- CO © © *— i Cl CM Cl CO © —1 5— i S- Sm r— ( 5-» CD CD CD 5) O 0) 5f r, o o o © o © O © © O © S3- © © CD CD © 2 23 © © 2 “3 2 ^22 5) 5) > > © 2 P "c Jo © o O 03 ^ o C r3 © o o 23 © o tie © > CD t> s > <5 © > > c o o © o o o o O O o - c o o O o & ■CO 00 2 0 o 23 O P . © * -1-5 • 3 ” O I 22 . P 55 3 . i 5) s g © 3 00 3 O O. 4-a p s S 2 ^ 0 o CM © 32 0 5j *Sh 53 S3 H-4 © > o S3 2 03 ^ ^ © S3 . p

^ .> ,© £ 2 's ~r © ° © 2 1 © ^ o' ^ m CD CO GO o 00 C 00 J> £> Ph P- o P- o Ph 8 g s g so g «5 es 53 ei ® os UO P P o ©> o r> K SO PP C »-3 <1 o o c ►0 o PC a w H w co c 5s X ■HH p 5s, K P4 a be ‘2 o .o be >> Psi m nO S3 w d 72 d 03 03 -P S3 '"O •'”' a P- >1 £ ~ 05 £ 03 11 ^ ° o 3 P _ - •=* -O i— ( k- a ,r " o be >0 c^ £> HD ^ (— ; _ be *S 2 r* 5-f -t-3 H H loi no CZ J C™’ 1 CD 5^ . C £ o £ c p C CD the a □ ring wind o £ • _<« p sky ■P be fe-S . r “ m .£ o S3 5 p p c no m -c 03 P P ""r^-5 O r S ^ fi fce «j ' P b^ d b 5- s £ p 0*3 5 m P W 6WO d d O 03 O CO JM 02 %- 3 15 a3 sm d 03 O o '-c no S3 o3 d O £ 5m »-< 72 «5 •rN--* 03 s- P -73 o3 P fl o O ^ 33 £ +j 03 >1 03 M , I o o no CG c5 E> 5-r 03 73 -Q o 73 w b C ; m d S 5m £3 Cu Tj< a o a> a> w c3 S S&-.2 is o 03 mm> d P 03 .— -c X P O .tJ Pn£ P, 05 <1 tH SO C3 00 O lO 03 o iO IM 1© cc r-H oo o e- 1— O so so g c 03 ti'OP m « o so CO e-- ^ so ot >o •patpn^y --TOO O 04 n* lO CO 03 — -,c' CO 04 lO o 04 CO nf 03 -*-m 03 d CQ 03 Oi . 0O 'Cf N >o CO o CO o 03 00 »o i- «>. 03 03 O) CO 03 o 03 04 SO CO o’ —1 '—i ’ — i ?N oi oj CO cc CO CO CO 03 N l- 1' t- i- 03 • m. m. £ £ £ a s £ £ £ £ ci SP £ 1 • o , m . . . ' ■ o o H Cm 53 P- P Pm c3 Pm ci p. c3 Pm CO CO lO SO O SO VO so 30 SO lO so XO so il oo 03 o T-H 04 CO rH r-! *— i T-H a a s_, a a a C5 > > > > > > o o c o O C o 1 £ Is o no d > Sh 03 72 -S3 C 03 03 d £ 0 a Oi c PhP g Cj a C£ S c6 HU O 0*fl . ^ c Sl . 05 __ n 2 05 £ a £ s O Si C 05 13 S3 a fee P - .p is -S3 -1 m a M ob gS'H.^ , "'S'g 1 3 u 5 <3 ^ -4 £ O 03 05 =3 05 si o3 Si a r , ■ 05 » £>"5 Pd zn a Si © Si a a 05 05 hwSmO 72 '"d S— * o o fe-» -S3 i3 05 Si S3 05 CO PC O S3 d zn 05 rz si 05 0 ) o PC -c -S3 CO ’ CO 05 a -S3 r^ -S3 l_ 0 C5 -n S3 '3 ® 3 If 23 O 4 -T ^ r/5 Cd £>b) CD -*H - ^ £^ 3 rrH 13 a brg •S .= -2 & S 05 fee o = C > — * D 2 O O CQ N d T/” 1 4-^ £>■ CO P* c3 CD c3 o Co o O 0 m • 1 — c i- 00 0 ox ox 04 04 Ci Ci iH OO • « • • • (TO <> « CO • t e if CO If • O • SO If if n|e1 oo QO oo If so If ox If x> If DO Tf CO if i]a «|c< WfMftOOO- < r^» i^. CO If 00 CO CO 00 Ci C000’-sifl^03i0030 03 1— 1 OO r-H 0 50 r— } <50 00 50 Ci 03 Ci CO If 2 If 50 >0 'O 50 CO 50’ CO 50 CO 50 CO 50 50 50 CO CO CO CO CO 50 CO Nfitih-f-MiiiN ii i'- ii 1^ I- i- l- 1- 1- 1- i— l- : £ 111. m. • : : : : : 2 • 5 • • • : 1 £- 55 m. a. m. a. m. m. m. m. m. m. £ £ £ £ £ ci £ a 111. a 111. m. •ra . 50 .50 . 50 . . . . . .0.1* 0 . » » e # n,^ O-if S0, 53 Oi o3 Pi C3 p- o3 2 a p.- CO Pi Pi c3 Pi Cs3 p> 30 2 50C050C050C050C0 50 CO 50 CO 50 CO 50 i'i 50 CO 50 CO 50 50 50 if 10 CO N 00 ffi 0 '-H CO If 50 CO t—( r- j r— 1 r-i r— ) ci Cl 04 Ci Ci Ci Cl Si Si t-* s- u Sh p, 5-1 © 0 0000 0 0 0 © 0 0 0 -O -Q O -Q 0-° O-SO o_Q 0 -0 O -O © -S3 0 p O pc 0 pc 0 -S3 0 £ £ •^3 a 13 a^ a 13 a^ a^ £ 1 3 2 13 £ 13 a 13 0 0 O CD O > > > > > > K* £> £> t> > ►> 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $5 £ S 3 ^ ^ £ £i 52 ? - CD <4-1 <4^ €*-H <4-! <4h i-5 I ^ I ! 0 <4-i 0 ri d ■— 1 4-2 p P3 -u p 1-d 4-P r-J -y p c3 r~j Co Ch p c . r d 0 p 0 fi c a - 0 p pc Q 0 c3 So 13 05 -S3 S3 O cT 05 o o o3 6 O O ci c3 c3 S S o 1305 - 0301305133 ; — 1 ^aa r-1 Cg 3 o 0 13 -0 o3 3 c3 0 CO o CO o O ^1 000 oo r-l c’~^o , ~ l o'' • flfl fe-p Op 30 p 0 -_a OL^ S S £ go ^3 Co O d O cj o c3 o 53 o If o ^ o Sb-P £ c3 o * c3 ^ c5 ^ S ^ 5 0 CO C3 © Cs- a 0 0 c5 Co r d 0 r-l d 0-1 0 -i-2 0 4-2 0 ■11 ^0 72 72 3 0 "c r'l cS qd 4-2 Co o .. . N r,N 5 _5 c -Ssp h3 2 .13 Cd r_ 1 o3 ^ c3 ^ - S3 O • O ^ P=i p-p Pi Q P. q 5 Cl. Pi (U £■* © £-25 a-^ a a £ pi a^ £-= £2 £p £ h£ s, a a ■*-’ a + -’ a ^ a ^ a ^ a ^ a ^ a POP O O O O Q O 03 * 2^ Oh £ ci ^ o APPENDIX No. 3.— METEOROLOGICAL* OBSERVATIONS— Continued. m 172 75 d g © cn 3 VI c o 3 bn n CD o 35 3 cS c3 O ~ © _tn £ -3 s 3 • •" w o ® .a .3 |2 r-« 4-> ■+-' f" c/7 c/2 O N ~ -C 2 rf 71 . ^ m cj O ■- 3 bn o S’? P h 3 3 O ^ • — •_ _gg a ® ^3 © -f © be 2 3 £© S J1 r © .g 04 . % s a m « '5 d c - i 1 CO (3 j2 35 ^ ,n « *5 a S co “ 3 2 c 3 ^ O £ g O £ “ © to , %, ~ 33 ■0 3'" >!*-" 3 3 k» T o g d 3 * ©’£ 3’" CO tH 35 jo *© 33 C d 33 3 3 o a 35 3 -< — ' . -M— 1 rl .”§t>S gd -a _ CO cd 3 *j t" bn a ° 3 d.S >>g -m o e 2 > S -3 4-3 £! 3 'fe -2 £ 72 , § c 3 o .a 3© § CT. _r- o O r h . 3 C 3 3 3 3 © to © +-> © O © •3 OQ 3 > . 3 ■w © CO j— © ~~ k 33 ^ 3 © ei 33 3 © 3 — ■ +j CO -3 © ■ bJ] & tp-Z §< .5 ’3 . © © >-» 3 o Oil g co m S3 72 CD ^ £ 72 . £ * * Sd £ 33 -3 © ■ ’ > O b tn~ £ > c* 3 g S ,*~P ] 3 cr 1 © 35 © 0 3 ,© 3 ©-< 3D © 5© © 3 C +J to S ej © 3 .3 35 £.2 S-f! © ,2f-3 cij oP S © © 33 ^ "3 . 3g 2 © t 3 3 w 4-5 Cs 3 . # ' .2 35 «5 Cl m cn 0 H CO X & 10 MT< / CO CO O 13 7 -H 3 T 1 m CO CO 5- w C© 3 M CM cm CO <1 f ' •qp-q pav P© ’ 52 H id 43 © * 0 Oj ■ © •© O CD © ,_o O 32 m 0 ■-P 0 pZ2 0 0 0 p 3 33 £ 3 35 p 35 M S3 35 35 r* p *T5 © © © © © © ►> > > > © O 0 0 0 0 © © s . P P ' © © Ca- c?5 O ® cj 1 1 3 bn . C3 G 0 O ci c5 • • O 35 . 0 ® s *‘ 4-> ! % Qp Cj cj c 3 O • e • • J72 > Cj O 0 +3- CD M r¥ : 25 • • 4-5 Cj -• © © <3 cn n 0 35 1 2 «5 ©3 _r © !© © T-( © r-H © O) M ci > - & 2 CH • - O E T— ( £jj cn c 3 h ^ og c© £ T— < q C© 0 ^ © C© 0 T— • Pk 0 P Do r— 4 a. 0) ^3 CL Do © c©'d ! • . 3 O 3 O 2 P 72 5 ^ Cj ^ r~ p » -' £ 5 r— c n n C* ^ . 0 6 O O O 0 OP 0 173 [ 7 ] © © .2 £ ^ © o .2 cS p ■© > © 44 a: £* ci O Sd bB 72 cS © S-i © > O 44 $-1 ci © 02 c 5 Si © © a d d © Pi P-, cS >> > d © 33 O © C © o Si a£ > d © © T3 PS d be .5 *2 3 Si • ... © o 72 N © -r 43 © C cij © P ^ O CZ5 Tc g §1 P ^ a ® ^ -p . ci .3 p ! r§ 33~ O ^ ~p 72 oS © © > o • >1 p -W 72 GO © rs ts.S © ^ © o o , r O 1 - 7 -* f— > ■"d p ' i=J H3 c3 ^ ^ c ^ o o © p > p ci £ ^ c3 £ ©©, 2 '^ OS OP e3 CD ^ O Si r © 5 4= be** «a u T 1 73 fe _© ^ tB§ o a c • ^ Si 3 33 33 © S3 33 © +i -u ps £ 3 cS _ PS p bn ^ a © g 2 S 53 2 Si eS 43 be a o .3 *Sl O W GO 72 bc"P © i-^ 33 g fl P ^2 2 'p p p ©3! 33 © 2 ?S e3 * © 2 © ’oS § © o ci Si • +j g Jfl .„© 2 § 33 C 2 f p ci .03 O P 33 a g ’cS © .2 p o3 © Si 33 © s 4a S 03 be 2 P £ 44 4© © , birP OP H .. 33 Si P c3 O © © © . P >-* © © Si . c P .2 C p ^ P CD Ci W ►>"« 3*H t-H O ^ PsS 'jd ^ — i C3 GO GO 02 02 O GO -33 S3 | S r ^ © .— 33 t-.S § 44 si 43 02 P O © . W _, c c P -5 72 03 -u w s: -c: p S3 33 P ’S Sh 33 § S 2 S © *3 © oc?o 73 44 o o 72 03 © Si © >■ . o J >> p 44 © 74 * _ P 'P P 33 ,g 72 > ©33 ^ ^ g ° © 05 C l-'g.g ^ S"S P ° -.-h P Si s >v2 © .,,33 P 44 © P ^ P 3 •3 O >* Ci 1 > Q PO - P 33 oS S3 © -r GO yV . _ 0 • 0 0® — — v CO O CO o • 9 • 9 • • * 9 0 0 a • • • 0 0 0 « 0 0 id r— i 03 • • • 0 a o o {-> ■3 1 a o «0« 03 03 o a 0 • • 0 0 0 A o 0 o 0 0 ® 0 0 e r " ^ . 0 0 • 0 0 • w|d o o • <9 • * * • • • a 'H]- • « • • • • • • 00 CO • loojoo-^oorfoo-fco-^yosco , 3f • • • • • • • 0 9 • « • • • > • e • SO lO lO 20 •lOiOOOiOiQlOiOiQOiOiq 00 Cl 02 3T ■i]e< O 3f- 00 03 o CO 03 03 03 i]d o >o m o i-i n lO 03 20 03 03 O »-<]C< »— «)c^ IH)C^»H)C^ 10'—I02 ®NlC02P3}02C}m3hi-H000jO o © io ioioiooiopio®iQPin©op© Hci «|s • in Hj-f He* Ci 20 3f rH lO ^ Ci 'ey © 3y 3ycooi2no3i^3yio^y2oo3co3y20»o "H 7— i ?—« T“ 1 rH H rH r- 1 i — 1 rH rH rH rH rH r-°i rH rH rH i — 1 rH ?H rH -CO o o 00 20 02 03 3f rH © 03 ry©lONO>Oi-(© Ci Ci r-1 03 © CO CO to 20 03 t— CO Ci 20 GO © © i- © oo 20 00 i> 00 © 1 " 00 i" oo oo 00* oo oo 20 lO 20 20 20 CO CO* P CO CO © © © © © © © © CO CD CO CO CO CO CO CO h* i" i- i- !>» i- i - 2 j • 1 • 2 2 | g * 2 • ; • : : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2 • g : 2 : : 0 0 » 0 • 0 • CD cc * « 0 0 0 0 C . • 9,00 si 2 2 I^H »— J cS d g C3 2 ci O 33 2 g 2 2 2 2 ^ g 03 g ci 2 ci g © g g . . o - 20 o . O . © • p . • . © 4 O • © • o © • o - . cc so, e3 r ^J P, ^y 03 SPco P-03 s© G ». e3 S3, ci CO P-co P-r“l ©CO 0,03 P -03 © ci to 20 ?-= 20 l-C CO 20 CO 20 CO 20 GO 20 oo © CO 00 5 8. 5 9. 5 8. 5 8. 5 8. 5 8 03 20 CO r- oo 03 © '~H 03 © © 00 © © rH Ci CO 7 ^ 1 r— i 7—1 7 J rH rH rH rH rH Ci Ci Ci Ci Pi Pi S-f .P( Pi P P P P P P P q, p p © © cd © © CD © a3 © © © © © © © CD CD ■CP © O O © © © © © © o © c; © © CD CD a o o CD © O © ■o © © o CD CD © CD © © © © CD © CD CD p p P P pp p ppp p P PP P P P p P P > ': «3 ci ci CS o' o o be fcJO 'on <1 <1 ci o s ' "cD © "D3 J/2 © "p CD & *P CD d p CD CS ci fi oS Si C© H CD c» P p p ci ci ci ci £ p ^3 ci Si © Si Ph C3 -P p p GO o ci ;ci ^ cs r: ci £ 1, 03 OQ 3fl ^ ^ 5 ' I c 3 £ I— I r- ^3 i Qj T— i (JJ n .J) P-rp P.'-g l«|5|5 o o o i-O c r- ‘ 3 r-t P SP Ph SP go a CIS w 03 o © 33 00 O i-i be o'"" 1 oooco.2 QCi flflflflflfl 2 a P 03 O 02 ooo ooooooooooooooo oqp pqppppflpflflPRflpfl APPENDIX No. 3.— METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS — Continued. [ 7 ] 174 in u d © ns e o s Sc o Cs c g rj r c 3 § X p-j? £ * CJ c 2 .2 ts © “ £ dC s 22 O >*1 S3 > ctf * CD ftS C3 03 <13 4-3 ■"D Cfl c3 ftp 03 ' bp P o +-j # ’ . ft* K*P 3. IS 4-3 03 c3 4-3 • C-O ^ sm c 2 ? C 3 ft OQO s © o ^ 2 CO "< OS . * © fcifg © .5 h 3 -p S a .5 £ 43 _toc ”2 © <— +-= Cf: = s- b ^ ”3 V^» ^5 © r O c b !> S3 <3 I? g c 3 o ft c cn ra © >•> 43 op a • •C f "3 £ g © o 03 ?5 S3 ’“' 3 ... 02 >> s- c ci C © o boo © -t-j a3 . a © C 33 ■gs a* <1 •ajnq io Ai »H)d »-t]d r * 1 - iO i- CM H lO C IQ O © 03 kO o CO lO (N LOOK) ' 00 .TJ — |Ck r-^jc' —)ck r • o Ok o o >o co Tfo coo HCO ©©©© COCO CO CO kO •poipiniy o CO kO t- kft GO t— CO COCO^f s o ft* g3 PP CO t— 00 Ot l— CO GO J> kO "CT 1 CO CO CO C£I CO CO CD *>• T- i> £*• i>- 76.52 76.72 76.70 76.75 76.55 : £ : 2 : 2 ; 2 ... • l * 03 c2 S 02 rn. a. m. a. 2 2 2 c • "i © © S3 oi ft © © & © o © o V) ©© Si ‘S^ &>© P o o © a © CD © lO to S 00 •on ,_, § tri so 00 OO Oi i© © i© © © O ^ CO CO (MNW W CO CO CO CO OO ’i 1 Oi Oi CO O'*' — 1 Oi Ci Oi Oi , cr © ©- 1^00 n o © N co M -cf © N © cocoro^^ioioiooiri- COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO «i © ■“O © if © P S© C/! -i . r -4 P 3 © CO if if CO ©- ( Oi -or 1 , i' oo " « " Cl COOOOiOOOiifGO’— 1 OOiO : D 00 ifi ©© OO CO Oi >0 CO OO Ci Ci CO if if >C lO CO CO CO' CO n o Oi OO if 00 Oi Oi lO CiiOifCOifOiifCOt'©?^ CiCOSOCOSDOOCOlO©© I ©- 1 w © © — p © o £ S3 © > ccS © P o p r© oi s '© © © © S3 pc. O ccS +© — r » •2 © ccS j© to (/} p cc •-< o 0 c © 1ft ^a a p si cO o © © S- g_ O I S3 H© *f ^ S3 S3 o O o i-3 S3 f? a: ci Oi S3 cS tf > '© ■© © © -© -S3 © -“© ■©> o a a © O O 4-5 p© o - s c© w c /3 tf 3 O'© o ci S3 fcB o . 4J ccS ■PQP £ n=S O S3 © o QO©s © c 1 §gfls«®©o S jS pi "3 i -o 00 © Oi O © CO iO so o i-< 1— ( Oi Oi CO fcc S3 < © >i ©• O-^ . . ^-33 ® -© o ->© ©J *3 SSo | g © |g P o a o © o ©OOOOCOOOCr. C . f---- £3 F-4 © © U1 p © . ? g*.S Si? ti « fcD © fjq 03 ©! -O X r 3 r d F 3 r c^ r c p ^ r t p a’ , d P P # 177 o o ooo o o c o ooo o ooooooo oc © © c ooo© ns ns nsnsns T3 ns ns ns © © -o © ©©©©©©© ns ns © © © © © © © ' ft V " © ■nr* © oiom ©nr Ci nr o o © © © CO CO © © in Ci CO T— i VO O © O © © nT CO i-i © © © CO O CO nf! nT <0 Ci © CO © 00 © i— < © CO — < i~i © © — » Pi nt* © CO O r " H © nWO nT CO © nf ?n CO nr 00 CO nr VO © © © © or >o ?n Pi — © co o co nr © oi m o* © VO CO n}* © CO VO ■nT ns nf 1 In o © VO VO tn Ci t O nr © nT © VO VO © © © © © o © © © © © Q ©NN © © © In © CO 00 oo © © © o © © © © © © 1-1 © o O — — ! 1— < s— ! ~S •t-* r— i r— i Pi Pi co CO n- > •— I l— | t M r4 T— 5 (7 — t VO Ci Ci CO © © © © CO 00 © rn 03 C3 © CO © © o OO nT © © ?n © © Ci © © QO © 03 1-1 © © Ci © OO © ft o CO © nr Ci o © o T— i vO i—i © Pi © CO © CO Pi © Ci © © 1— t © © Ci Pi © lO OO 03 © —1 nf © in in in in GO 00 o Pi © © © in OO — 1 Pi CO O0 © ?n CC — 1 © © lO © ooo o © © © © © © T — 1 ■7—i r— ( t — 1 t — 1 t—1 C ^ Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Pi © © CO oo © in In fn in in in i'-. In in {n In in in ^ N In fn in in tn in Jn. © T-H © © © o o in CO C3 C3 Ci © — ' © CO CO Pi © O © © © © —< CO Pi ci GO © Ci O'-!© CO Ci © CO CO 1-1 o o t — 1 © O T— 1 © m 1 r~s Pi © © © Pi Ci Pi © © 2>» nf VO OO ss © T-N o OO i n ~S o vO Pi © © CC © CO Pi © © in © © © © © OO in in 00 00 C3 03 o o • v-i rs Pi Pi • Pi ©i CO © CO © © © kO iO CO CD T— 1 T~ i • T— i ?—< r— i r-< » ■©»; t— ! r— j t™i r-*t ®— i T—i r— ‘ 'T-l T— 1 7— t © CO © © }n © Oi Pi i~s © 00 oo . ® c o Sh Q « o £ * £5 f/J g'o o Oft d) § ta Cm O CO fcfl c o © Os CO r e3 c 03 : 1 > 03 S3 O s-= O o © ci o' 03 *j t* Os £ o .£-(3 © .2 in .2 ft 03 © 03 © 00 © co © c n © ci DC Ot© P^Ph> »j> g QO 03 N © ©CO CO © 0C in 00 CO © o © C3 © S3 . c3 ^ *-> ^ nr O “ 5— © ® S-S P-( o o c c3 ei 0.0 03 O a £- p 2 2 c oi O QO ■ -H n V- Ci3 O fcB 03 13 > © © ci 0 0-2 ft ft 2 4© O-h r, .s O— < o o Ci M Ps C C <3 | 4—3 t« S-f s-= 03 5 “ ►> ci s-s ? © © co'o ccT © fs tn ©. Pm © 2 2 2 ci si ci QUO CD m O © ^ .2 sg .2 Pa ci O IS 2 § 03 03 4-S © Vs — O t.2^ O P r— I O CD ^ H3 4 3 .2 rt 03 ci O - w o Q ^ CD & H fl O P C3 © ° .2 r “ a© »n CO' O fn(n® © Cm Q. 2 2 2 ci .-5 ci OOO © 00 CO ©CO © Ci — * G4 OO © N « IN M CO © C5 O 03 © CO O . \ : o' 3 o . .52 © o c 2 ci O *1 S ci ci _ w SSm g © «3 03 O C 3 03 o o ■— ; e o - - -p CO © in -s 00 00 © c , Pm Ps c. ^ B 8 5 p ci ci cc OOO ci PO g 03 P 03 s- o 03 is s_>© r* © S Pft S - c § •8“ Ps CO P© 03 s- 3 © ©^ 2 £ s) ci OO OC 3 © © © © o © nr r>siio ffi O Ol i 1 C O H n w oi — * s tf’S: 3>1 CO) CO 20 t- P- © r — 1 r— * r— i r— i T—1 *— 1 ^ - ' >tk ft, C-I Of 04 o> CO CO 04 O CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO ^5 ft © 35 33 CJ 1 i K>. CD CJ S3 c3 •*-* ft © a c tf d 3 tfj fsj "3 n o$ -4-3 . C H 1.0 ?" ft CO O f . ft ft co co CO O 00 o CO GO 1— CO CO ft ft OO 00 QO ft 1 — i r — 1 r— < 03 -i-5 ft ft S 03 O ft £ (53 © CO ft CO 04 f'* T-H o c o CO id 04 *9 a o a3 32 O e— » O VS © o BS <53 § © -C 33 3 03 03 VS © ft S3 © ° ■£ S O d 32 O eb »rT co o o O qj SS £ © + c . ©r§ -S ot3 ft ft s s c3 <53 oo ■ ° o 32 P J'S CO Cw o 3 O o © be £3 ci © Vi © £ "3 ftt a « ® © no - £ CO w V . 32 V-> * cn • d) *"0 • JX • ■*-> ^ • C 33 © 03 a © o 33 £ jj § - - S'© £ 0°^ «3 - h 3 j© •£ £ 'a 0^cd“|5 ’— i 04 rf o3 00 O — i-t [> '-i c« T— 1 T— I r— I T-H CD ft, ft ftv_ ftft S £ £ ° 5 H - o3 ccj d oS 5 QOO O m © -c-0 93 p l-< 04 . 04 04 CO 3F 00 • ■I— I o lf3 OO 02 04 04 04 04 © © ft APPENDIX No. 5. TABLE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS- APPENDIX No. 5 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. Note.- — The lunar distances were reduced by Professor Hubbard, by Bessel’s method, which is presumed to be the most accurate method known. The important changes made in the longitude of one or two leading positions, must, therefore, depend for authen- tication upon the observations themselves. These observations have not, in all cases, been multiplied to the extent desired, owing to the nature of the service on which the un- dersigned was employed; but there is no reason on the face of them for doubting the results deduced. W. H. EMORY. Jmie 21, 1846.-— Fort Leavenworth. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time. P- m. Double altitudes of a Lyras Chronometer fast. in the east • h. m. ueg. min . sec . h. m. s. 4 01 46.5 102 00 20 6 53 14.9 4 04 52 103 09 35 6 53 14.8 4 4 06 (yrf 15 2 on 103 l irw i(>± 40 sj'Cj 30 20 6 0 53 53 15.4 15 7 4 08 27.1 104 29 35 6 53 53 16.0 4 09 56.7 105 02 30 6 17 6 4 11 18.5 105 33 30 6 53 16 6 4 12 46.2 106 07 20 6 53 14 1 4 13 57.3 106 53 35 6 53 15 0 4 15 59 107 18 40 6 53 16.7 Thermometer 60°. 181 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 21, 1846 . — Fort I^eavenworth. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time,, p. m. Double altitude of Arcturus in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg min. sec. /?. m. s. 4 21 39.8 126 57 50 6 53 19.2 4 29 18.0 126 08 10 6 53 17.4 4 30 32.0 125 46 50 6 53 20.2 4 32 30.2 125 10 20 6 53 18.5 4 33 59.1 124 44 00 6 53 20.2 4 35 31.5 124 14 40 6 53 17.0 4 . 37 14.7 123 43 00 6 53 18.1 4 38 52.8 123 12 05 6 53 17.2 4 40 35.3 122 41 15 6 53 21.9 rej. 4 42 17.0 122 08 00 6 53 18.7 Thermometer 60°. Chronometer fast by 10 obs. of east star Chronometer fast by y oos. or wcot h. m. s. 6 55 i m Mean. 6 53 17.09 determination of index error. Off the arc On the arc * • • Index error — + 20 v . m. s. 31 50 31 10 ?*v i 182 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 21, 1846. — .Fori Leavenworth. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. I ! it- Time, i _ p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. Deg . min . sec 4 59 03.0 76 36 40 39 21 29 5 01 02.2 76 37 55 39 21 34 5 03 28,6 76 38 55 39 21 22 5 05 13.5 76 40 50 i 39 21 24 5 06 50.3 76 41 05 39 21 28 5 08 22.5 76 41 45 39 21 23 5 09 50.8 76 42 30 39 21 10 5 11 12.2 76 43 50 39 21 27 D 1.2 29.6 76 44 35 39 2-1 36 5 13 55 . 0 76 45 20 39 21 33 5 15 18.8 76 46 20 39 21 39 r D 16 44.7 76 47 10 39 21 36 5 18 15.0 76 48 20 39 21 45 5 19 41.8 76 48 40 39 21 28 5 21 23.5 76 49 50 39 21 32 76 61 in DO 21 41 Mean of 16 observations, 39° 21' 30". 183 - [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. June 21. 1846, — Fort Leavenworth . / DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a, m.- —June 22. Double altitudes of sun's upper limb. y Time, — p. m.— -June 21. Chroaoraet er fast. h. m. S . Beg. min. h. 711. 5*. k. m. s. 5 -05 42 . 0 125 50 8 45 51.8 6 53 17.8 5 03 15 . 8 123 40 8 46 19.8 6 53 18.23 5 02 46.0 123 30 8 46 49.7 6 53 18 . 33 5 02 17.0 123 20 ■ 8 47 17.0 6 53 17.48 Lost « 123 10 8 47 46 . 0 5 01 19.2 123 00 8 48 15.1 6 53 17.58 5 00 51.5 1.22 50 8 48 43.5 6 53 17.53 5 00 23.5 122 40 Lost 0 4 59 54,5 122 30 o O 49 39 . 7 6 53 17.58 122 20 *8 50 08.5 122 10 8 50 36.2 fe- 12.2 00 8 51 06 . 0 3 47 37.5 95 40 10 ‘ 01 57,5 6 53 17.96 3 47 11 .5 95 30 10 02 24.0 6 53 18 . 2 1 3 46 44.2 | 95 20 10 02 50.2 6 53 17 . 66 . 3 46 18.5 | 95 10 10 03 15.5 6 53 17.46 3 45 52.5 | 95 00 10 03 41.5 6 53 37.46 3 O O 45 45 26.8 j 11.0 94 94 50 40 ! 10 10 04 04 08.3 34.1 6 6 53 53 18.01 18.01 3 44 34.0 94 30 10 05 00.0 6 53 17.46 3 3 44 41 08.5 57.5 94 93 20 30 10 10 05 07 26.2 38.2 6 6 53 53 17.81 18.31 3 41 32.5 93 20 10 08 03.0 6 53 18.21 3 41 15.3 93 10 10 08 28.0 6 53 17.11 3 40 39.5 93 00 10 08 55.2 6 53 17.81 3 40 14.2 92 50 10 09 21.0 6 53 18 . 06 Lost. 92 40 10 09 47.0 17.06 3 39 21.5 92 30 10 10 11.9 6 53 Ther. o O Ther. 75° __ Mean of 22 observationsj 6A. 53 m. 17 .IQs. 184 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 22, 1346 . — Fort Leavenworth . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Bttiz.’sz rr Time. a. iTu Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p. m. Chronometer fast. h . m. S. Deg ■. min . h. m. s. k. m. s. 3 48 02.5 95 50 10 01 42.5 6 53 16.69 3 47 37.5 95 40 10 02 08.2 6 53 17.04 3 47 11.5 95 30 10 02 33.5 6 53 16 . 69 3 46 44.2 95 20 10 02 59.1 6 53 15.84 3 46 18.5 95 10 10 03 26.5 6 53 16.69 3 45 52. 5 95 00 10 03 52.0 6 53 16.44 3 45 26.8 94 50 10 04 18.0 6 53 46.59 3 45 01.0 94 40 10 04 45.1 6 53 17.24 3 44 35.0 94 30 10 05 11.0 6 53 17.19 3 44 08.5 94 20 10 05 36.8 6 53 16.84 Lost. 94 10 10 06 2.3 Lost. 94 00 10 06 28.5 3 41 57.5 93 30 10 07 45.8 6 53 15.84 3 41 32.5 93 20 10 08 11.8 6 53 16.34 10 10 n« e G 03 , it). 24 3 40 39.5 93 00 10 09 05.0 6 53 16.44 3 40 14.2 92 50 10 09 30.2 6 53 16.29 Tber. 68° Th er. || Mean of 15 observations, 6k . 53m. 16.52s. 185 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June .24, 1846 . — Fort Leavenworth . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time ; p. in. ■ Double altitudes of Lyrae in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 4 26 24.0 115 45 10 6 53 06.2 4 27 37.8 116 13 05 6 53 06.0 4 29 38.0 116 58 30 6 53 06.6 4 30 55.7 117 27 55 6 53 06.7 4 32 37.5 118 06 40 6 53 06.3 4 33 58.2 118 37 10 6 53 06.7 4 35 33.7 119 13 45 6 53 05.9 4 37 47.0 120 04 25 6 53 05.9 4 39 30.2 120 44 05 6 53 04.7 Thermometer 66°. Tirnn, r». m. Double altitudes of Arcturus Ch r/vr*— in tne west. h. m. S. Deg min. sec. h. m. 5“. 4 44 52.0 117 22 50 6 53 11.5 4 46 47.5 116 44 55 6 53 14.6 rej. 4 48 19.0 116 13 00 6 53 11.8 4 50 06.8 115 35 35 6 53 09.8 4 54 31.5 114 04 40 6 53 09.7 4 55 58.5 113 34 30 6 53 09.8 4 57 14.2 113 09 10 6 53 14.3 rej. 4 58 38.5 112 38 40 6 53 09.3 5 00 26.7 112 01 45 6 53 12.0 5 02 05.0 111 27 25 6 53 12.2 Barometer 39.52 Thermometer 64°. 34.57 Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of east star Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of west star h. m. s. 6 53 06.58 10.76 Mean 6 53 08.67 [ 7 .] 186 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 25, 1846 . — Fort Leavenworth. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time. p. M. ' Doable altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time. a. m.- -June 20. Chronometer fast. h. Til. s\ Deo;. rain. h. m. s. 4. m. s. 10 08 34.5 S3 20 3 42 24.5 6 53 07.09 10 09 00.0 QQ tj 10 3 41 59.5 6 53 07.35 10 10 44.2 09 •s Aj/ 30 3 40 15.0 6 53 07.31 10 11 10.2 92 20 3 39 48.5 6 53 06.71 10 11 36.5 92 10 10 12 02.8 QQ 00 3 38 58.0 6 53 08.02 10 14 38.0 91 00 3 36 20.5 6 53 06.88 10 17 14.2 90 00 O D 33 44.0 6 53 06.73 10 17 40.0 89 50 Ther o CO p« I fie r. 74° Barometer, 39.50. ' 34.48. Mean of 7 observations, 64. 53m. 07. 16,s. n o j iOio . — -irvsb Ijeavznwortfl. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time. a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p . m. Chronometer fast . t 4. m. s . Deer. min . 4. ?n. S. k. m. s. 3 38 58.0 92 00 10 12 07.0 6 53 05 . 97 Tost. 92 10 10 11 41.2 3 39 48. 1 92 20 10 11 14.2 6 53 04.57 3 40 15.0 92 30 10 10 48.2 6 53 05.07 3 40 40.8 92 40 10 10 22.5 6 53 05.12 3 41 09.2 92 50 10 09 57.5 6 53 06.32 3 41 33.0 93 00 10 09 30.2 6 53 05.07 3 41 59.5 93 10 10 09 04.2 6 53 05.31 3 42 24.5 93 20 10 08 40.3 6 53 05.86 3 42 50.8 93 30 10 08 10.8 6 53 05 . 76 3 43 16.5 93 40 Lost 3 44 42.0 93 50 10 07 21.2 6 53 05 . 06 3 45 10.2 94 00 10 06 54.5 6 53 05.81 Ther. 74° = i — Ther. 80° Mean of 11 observations, 64. 53 m. 05.45s. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ rfu ■ APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 26, 1846. — Fort Leavenworth , JV\ W. angle of square . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Ime. p. ra. i Double altitudes of a Oplii- ucbi, near the meridian. atitude. m. s. Beg. min . sec. Deg. ruin. sec. 29 57.5 94 36 40 39 21 12 31 35.8 94 39 20 39 21 00 Q O 30 00.0 94 40 30 39 21 12 34 14.0 94 41 50 39 21 07 35 47.9 94 42 50 39 21 11 37 20.0 94 43 40 39 21 08 38 51.2 94 44 10 39 21 06 40 19.7 94 44 15 39 21 05 42 05 . 0 94 43 25 39 21 20 43 35.5 94 42 30 39 21 27 45 03.8 94 41 50 39 21 18 46 19.0 94 40 40 39 21 18 48 10.0 94 38 25 39 21 27 49 25 .2 94 37 10 39 21 15... 50 UQ ft Q4 Pzt qn — -mm> JL OC5 52 01.2 94 32 15 39 21 35 • 53 35.8 .1 94 29 10 39 21 37 Thermometer 64°. Mean of 17 observations, 39° 21' 17 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 26, 1846. — Fort Leavenworth. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p, m. Double altitude of Polaris. Latitude. . m. S. Deg;. min. sec. Deg min . sec. 58 46.5 76 47 45 39 21 21 00 03.2 76 48 40 39 21 24 01 37.2 76 49 50 39 21 30 02 50.8 76 50 20 39 21 23 03 59.0 76 51 20 39 21 31 05 07.2 , 76 52 10 39 21 35 06 12.1 ' 76 53 05 39 21 42 07 55.2 76 53 40 39 21 29 09 20.0 76 54 50 39 21 38 10 27.1 76 55 35 39 21 39 11 19.8 76 56 05 m 39 21 37 Barometer, 39.42 inches. “ 34.41 “ inermometer Mean of 11 observations, 39° 2P 32". 189 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. 1 ' ' [Without using horizon glass.] Ju?ie 26, 1846 . — Fort Leavenworth . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Oplii- uclii, near the meridian. Latitude h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. Beg. min . sec. 5 49 39.8 126 23 20 f 39 20 01 5 51 37.8 126 28 40 39 20 00 5 52 20.2 126 32 55 39 20 19 5 54 26 . 0 126 35 05 39 20 00 5 56 40., 7 126 38 20 39 20 48 5 58 38.6 126 38 40 39 21 06 6 00 57.0 126 40 50 39 20 44 • 6 02 39.2 126 39 55 39 21 05 6 04 05.4 126 38 15 39 21 36 6 06 34.0 126 36 45 39 21 16 6 07 55 . 1 126 34 20 39 21 55 6 09 18.7 126 33 05 39 21 15 6 10 21.2 128 29 50 39 19 45 6 11 43.5 126 27 20 39 - — - — 16 6 X 3 ,23 a. & \ ISO — so — , Thermometer 63 - Barometer, 39.42. 34.41. Mean of 15 observations, 39° 20' 37". Latitude of Fort. Deg. m. s. Latitude by 16 observations of Polaris, June 21 . . 39 21 30 u a << Polaris, June 26 . . 21 32 u 17 “ a Ophiuchi, June 26 21 17 u 15 Li a Ophiuchi, June 26 20 37 Mean 39 21 14 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 26, 1846 . — Fort Leavenworth . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. JLs KJ uuio ciunuuv lit IhO 1 « h. m. s. Deg*. min . sec. 6 21 08.0 117 18 45 6 22 49.0 117 55 10 6 25 23.5 118 42 15 6 27 06.0 119 25 50 6 28 20.0 119 52 10 6 31 13.2 120 53 50 6 32 11.0 121 13 00 6 33 17.5 121 38 25 • 6 34 41.0 122 08 05 Barometer, 39.42. 34.41. Thermometer 60°. So mucn e — , i imrc no confidence in these observations. 191 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 27, 18-16. — Fort Leavenworth, DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. — 21. June Double altitudes, of sun’s upper limb. Time, p. m.- 26. —June Chronometer fast. h. m. s * i Deg. min , k. m. S. h . m. s. 3 39 19 .0 92 00 10 32 oi. (y 6 52 06.09 o O 39 40 .0 1 92 10 10 11 41.2 6 52 06.63 3 40 04 .8 92 20 10 11 14. 2 1 6 52 05.63 3 40 32 .0 92 30 10 10 48.2 6 52 06.13 3 40 57 .2 92 40 10 10 22.5 6 52 05 . 88 3 41 22 .8 92 50 10 09 57.5 6 52 06.18 3 41 47 .7 93 00 10 09 30.2 6 52 04.98 rej. 3 42 16 .0 93 10 .. 10 09 04.2 6 52 06.15 3 42 41 .0 93 20 10 08 40 . 3 6 52 06.68 3 43 07 .8 93 30 10 08 13.8 6 52 06 . 83 3 43 32 .6 93 40 1 nof iUin* 3 44 00 .0 93 50 10 07 21.2 0 52 06.63 3 44 24 .8 94 00 10 06 54.5 6 52 05.68 Moan of 11 observations. 6/L 52m. CD [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. June 30, 1846. — Camp JVo. 4. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double aliitude of a Ser- pentis, near the meridian. Latitude • h. m. S. Deg. m in . sec. Deg;. min . sec. 3 49 20.8 115 59 10 38 53 54 3 50 36.8 116 00 10 38 54 05 3 51 41.7 116 01 15 38 53 59 3 52 52.0 116 02 05 38 53 ’ 58 3 54 01.0 116 02 45 38 53 53 3 55 32.7 116 02 55 38 53 54 3 56 55.8 116 02 45 38 53 55 3 58 04.5 116 01 40 38 54 15 3 59 4.8 116 01 25 38 53 50 4 00 46.0 116 00 00 38 54 07 4 02 3.1 115 58 31 38 54 10 4 03 20.0 115 56 50 38 54 08 4 04 33.0 115 53 40 38 53 45 The lour troublesome. <- 1 ^ i (Ulici Uuuidfui • musquita.s so very Mean of 13 observations, 38° 53' 59 \ APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 30 5 1846. — -Camp JSTo. 4. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time. p. in. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg. min sec. Deg mm. sec. 4 13 42.0 75 35 50 38 54 00 4 15 13.8 75 37 30 38 54 23 4 16 36.0 75 38 30 38 54 33 4 -I? 58.2 75 33 05 38 54 27 4 19 27.7 75 39 50 38 54 27 4 20 50.0 75 40 00 38 54 09 4 22 2.8 75 40 40 38 54 08 4 23 0.0 75 41 25 38 54 13 4 24 34.2 75 42 20 38 54 16 4 26 28.5 75 43 15 38 54 14 4 27 48.7 75 43 55 38 54 10 Thermometer, 67°. S v Deg. min. sec. Latitude by 13 observations of Polaris, 38 54 18 Latitude by 13 observations of a Serpentis, 53 59 Mean «••••• a « ® % * « ® a « ® « ® ® » ® ® ® » *««•«« >$8 54 08 lat. of camps * 13 ' V APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. June 30, 1846. — Camp 4. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time. p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg min. sec. h. m. s. 3 30 19.1 102 54 10 6 54 05.5 3 32 16.0 103 37 55 6 54 05.3 3 33 51.0 104 13 30 6 54 00.3 rej. 3 34 54.2 104 38 05 6 54 03.3 3 36 21.5 105 09 55 6 54 06.(7 3 37 29.8 105 35 50 6 54 05.0 3 38 49.0 106 05 15 6 54 06.4 Thermometer, 68°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus in. the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. h. m. s . 4 33 00.0 114 07 30 6 54 12.9 4 34 16.0 113 40 40 6 54 12.7 4 35 28.7 113 15 00 6 54 12.3 4 36 44.0 112 48 30 6 54 12.4 . 4 37 49.0 112 24 55 6 54 11.0 4 39 03.5 111 59 20 6 54 13.4 4 40 18.7 ! • 111 32 30 6 54 16.1 rej. 4 41 47.0 111 01 10 6 54 14.0 4 42 38.2 110 42 20 6 54 12.5 4 44 34.0 110 00 00 6 54 10.2 .4 45 48.5 109 33 50 6 54 12.1 Thermometer, 66°. Chronometer fast by 6 obs. of east star ...» Chronometer fast by 10 obs. of west star h. 771. S . . . • . 6 54 05.30 12.55 « • • • © O » « o [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 4, 1846 . — Camp 8, Big John Spring . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitude of sun/s upper limb. Chronometer fast. h. m. s Beg. min. h. m. s 10 33 24 2 86 10 6 58 49 7 10 33 50 8 86 00 6 58 50 6 10 34 17 0 85 50 6 58 51 0 10 34 41 8 85 40 6 58 50 3 10 35 08 2 85 30 6 58 51 1 10 35 33 7 85 20 6 58 50 9 10 35 59 0 85 10 6 58 50 6 10 36 25 8 85 00 6 58 51 7 10 36 49 2 84 50 6 58 49 4 10 37 17 0 84 40 6 58 51 6 10 37 42 0 84 30 6 58 51 0 10 38 08 5 84 20 6 58 51 8 10 38 35 2 84 10 6 58 52 9 10 38 58 7 84 00 6 58 50 a 7 Thermometer, 88°. Mean of 14 observations, 6h. 58m. 50. 06s* I *[ 7 ] 196 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 5 ? 1846 .—Camp 8, Big John Spring. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a, m. Double altitudes of a Aquilae in the west. Chronometer fast. h. 77?/, / s. Deg min. sec. h. m. s. 10 31 28.0 85 48 4.0 6 58 4T.9 10 32 30.8 85 28 30 6 58 50.8 10 33 37.0 85 04 20 6 58 46,6 10 34 57.9 84 36 05 6 58 47.4 10 36 25.8 84 06 35 6 58 47.9 10 38 06.2 83 31 25 6 58 46.8 10 39 10.0 83 09 35 6 58 47.9 10 40 09.7 82 48 30 6 58 47.0 10 41 04.5 82 28 40 6 58 44.9 rej. 10 42 03.2 82 08 30 6 58 46.0 Mean of 9 observations, 6h* 58 m. 47,505. & 197 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. t July 5j 1846 .- — Camp 8, Big John Spring. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h . m. S Deg. min . sec. Deg . min . sec . 10 03 11 0 79 24 45 38 39 50 10 04 43 8 79 25 50 38 39 55 10 06 16 7 79 26 25 38 39 44 10 07 31 0 79 27 20 38 39 52 10 09 20 0 79 28 20 38 39 53 10 11 54 0 19 29 50 38 • 39 54 Time, a. m. Double altitude of Saturn, near the meridian. Latitude. A. m. 5 . Deg. min. sec . Deg o min. sec. 10 16 59.0 77 13 20 38 38 43 10 18 39.9 77 12 55 38 38 59 10 19 46.2 77 12 15 38 39 16 10 21 37.3 77 11 56 38 39 10 10 22 52.0 77 11 30 38 39 05 10 24 01.8 77 10 35 38 39 11 10 25 29.2 77 09 00 38 39 10 10 26 49.0 77 08 05 38 39 11 Thermometer 75°/ . Latitude of camp. Deg. min . sec . 'I Latitude by 6 observations of Polaris . . . ....... . 38 39 51 8 u u Saturn ........... 06 Mean .................... 38 39 28 ===== hi [ 7 ] 198 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued % July 5, 1846 . — Camp 9, Diamond Spring. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. ' h. m. S. Deg. mm. mm sec. Deg. min. sec. 3 53 40.0 74 58 35 38 36 52 3 55 03.2 74 59 10 38 36 48 3 56 33.0 75 00 15 38 36 58 3 58 06.5 ' 75 00 55 38 36 54 3 59 11.0 75 01 40 38 36 58 4 00 05.0 75 02 00 38 36 54 4 01 07.0 75 02 35 38 36 56 4 01 59.0 75 03 00 38 36 54 4 03 13.5 75 03 35 38 36 53 4 04 35.7 75 04 35 38 36 57 4 10 58.0 75 07 25 38 36 57 4 12 00. G 75 08 20 38 36 49 4 13 07.2 75 09 25 38 36 49 4 14 56.0 75 09 55 38 36 50 4 15 56.2 75 10 40 38 36 51 Thermometer 72°. Mean of 16 observations, 38° 26' 52". APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 5 5 1846. — Camp 9 5 Diamond Spring . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyras m the east. i Chronometer fast. h. m . S. Deg. min . sec. h. m. 3 26 57.2 106 40 45 6 59 54.8 3 28 49.8 107 21 55 6 59 58.4 3 29 55.7 107 47 20 6 59 57.0 3 30 45.0 ■ 108 07 25 6 59 53.2 3 32 32.0 108 47 10 6 59 54.9 3 33 39.7 109 11 55 6 59 57.2 3 34 38.2 109 32 50 6 59 60.4 3 35 34.0 109 55 40 6 59 56.0 3 36 31.5 110 17 40 6 59 55.4 3 37 24.7 110 37 40 6 59 55.8 3 38 47.5 111 9 00 6 59 55.9 Thermometer 72°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus Chronometer fast. in the west. h. m. Deg. min . sec. h. m> . s. 4 20 57.0 113 44 20 6 59 60.8 4 22 02.0 113 21 15 6 59 60.9 4 23 07.8 112 52 35 6 59 60.2 4 24 16.0 112 oo 15 6 59 60.2 4 25 20.8 112 10 00 6 59 60.0 4 26 09.7 111 52 35 6 59 60.4 4 27 10.7 111 30 25 6 59 59.5 4 28 11.0 111 08 30 6 59 58.9 4 29 33.8 110 38 55 6 59 59.8 Thermometer 71°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 11 observations of east star 6 59 56.27 u 9 u west star 60.08 6 59 58.18 Mean APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 6, 1846 . — Camp 10, Cottonwood Grove. \ - / DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p -?r '~r .r 1 ■- — —■ . m. Double altitudes of in the east a Lyrse, Chronometer fast. h. m. Deo*. min . sec. h. m. s. 4 05 32.8 122 05 00 7 01 54.0 4 06 40.0 122 31 55 7 01 57.0 4 07 59.5 123 01 10 7 01 54.3 4 09 07,0 123 27 55 7 01 52.0 4 10 21.8 123 56 55 7 01 51.1 4 11 45.8 124 28 15 7 01 53.7 4 13 04.5 124 59 20 7 01 51.5 4 14 24.0 125 29 50 7 01 51.7 Time, p . m . Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. •S'. Deg. min i sec. h. m . s. 4 19 30.0 113 37 55 7 01 56.5 4 20 52.8 113 07 50 7 01 54.9 4 22 43.2 112 28 15 7 01 54.8 4 24 04.3 111 59 15 7 01 55.2 4 25 25.2 111 30 35 7 01 56.6 4 27 26.5 110 45 50 7 01 54.1 4 29 40.0 109 57 55 7 01 55.8 4 32 42.8 108 51 10 7 01 55 .5 4 34 54.0 108 13 40 7 01 57.1 4 35 46.2 107 44 15 7 01 56.6 4 38 05.8 106 52 55 ry i 01 55.8 4 39 14.0 106 26 55 7 01 54.6 Thermometer 72°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 8 observations of east star 7 01 52.44 11 12 u west star 55.62 APPENDIX No. 5 —Continued. July 6, 1846. — Camp 10, Cottonwood, Grove. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. k. m . s. Deg. min. sec. Deg . min . sec. 4 49 21.0 75 17 45 38 29 44 4 53 05.0 ♦75 19 35 38 29 25 4 54 07.0 75 20 35 38 29 35 4 55 36.2 75 21 35 38 29 35 4 56 58.3 75 22 10 38 29 25 4 58 07.0 75 22 35 38 29 12 4 59 31.0 75 23 50 38 29 26 5 01 14.7 75 25 20 38 29 35 5 02 28.7 75 26 10 38 29 38 5 03 46 . 0 75 27 05 38 29 37 Thermometer, 71°. July 7, 184 6. — Camp 10. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. i h. m s. Deg . min. sec . Deg. min. sec . 4 16 45.0 74 59 45 38 29 31 4 19 27.5 75 01 05 38 29 22 4 20 16.0 75 01 40 38 29 27 Thermometer 68°. Deg. min. sec . Latitude by 10 obs. of Polaris, July 6 ........... . 38 29 31 Latitude by 3 obs. of Polaris, July 7. ........... . 27 Mean of 13 observations » 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 38 29 30 202 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 7, 1846 . — Camp 10, Cottonwood Grove. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min. h. 771 . s. 4 01 24.2 95 50 7 01 50.3 4 01 50.4 96 00 7 01 50.7 4 02 16.3 96 10 7 01 50.8 4 02 41.8 96 20 7 01 50.4 4 03 07.0 96 30 7 01 49.8 4 03 58.8 96 50 7 01 49.9 4 04 50.8 97 10 7 01 50.3 4 05 17.0 97 20 7 01 50.5 4 05 42.7 97 30 7 01 50.4 4 06 08.7 97 40 7 01 50.5 4 06 34.0 97 50 7 01 49.9 4 06 59.6 98 00 7 01 49.6 9 Thermometer, 88°. Mean of 12 observations, Ih. 04m. 50.265. 203 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 7, 1846. — Camp 10, Cottonvjood, Grove . m DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. rn . Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Chronometer fast. 4. m. S. Deg. min , 4. m. s 10 17 49.0 93 20 7 01 54 0 10 18 14.5 93 10 7 01 53 6 10 18 38.8 93 00 7 01 52 4 10 19 05.1 92 50 7 01 52 8 10 19 31.0 QO 40 7 01 53 1 10 19 57.0 92 30 7 04 53 4 10 20 47.5 92 10 7 01 52 4 10 21 13.5 92 00 7 01 52 7 10 21 39.2 91 50 7 01 52 7 10 22 08.0 91 40 7 01 52 8 10 22 30.0 91 30 7 01 52 1 10 22 56.5 91 20 7 01 52 9 10 23 21.8 91 10 7 01 52 5 10 23 48 . 0 91 00 7 01 53 0 Thermometer, 90°. Mean of 14 observations, 7 4. 01m. 53.106-. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west. Chronometer fast. 4. m. Deg. . min . sec . 4. m. s. 4 04 16 . 8 117 33 55 7 01 50.4 4 05 24.5 117 11 5 7 01 52.4 4 06 46.0 116 42 20 7 01 51.2 4 07 32.0 116 26 40 7 01 52.5 4 09 54.0 115 36 55 7 01 52.7 Mean of 5 observations, 74. 01 m. 51. 84s. [ 7 ] 204 APPENDIX No. 5-— Continued. July 11, 1846 . — Camp 14, Bend of Arkansas. Time, p. m. Doable altitudes of a Ly- ras in the east. ^ - Chronometer fast. 1 h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 26 08.0 112 31 05 7 07 01.8 3 27 04.0 112 52 20 7 07 02.0 3 28 05.8 113 15 10 7 07 03.8 3 29 04.7 113 38 10 7 07 02.3 3 30 34.0 114 13 10 7 06 59.7 rej. 3 31 35.2 114 35 05 7 07 03.4 3 32 41.0 114 59 50 7 07 04.2 3 34 12.0 115 35 10 7 07 02.8 3 35 03.2 115 54 40 7 07 02.9 3 36 01.2 116 16 40 7 07 03.2 3 37 02.0 1 16 40 15 7 07 02.1 3 38 06.2 117 05 10 7 06 59.4 rej. Time, / [>. m. Double altitudes of Areturus in the west . Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min sec. h. rn. 5. 3 41 09.1 121 59 55 7 07 05.0 3 42 10.7 121 39 20 7 07 04.8 3 43 37.5 121 10 25 7 07 05.5 3 44 41.8 120 48 40 7 07 05.4 3 45 38.0 120 29 30 7 07 04.9 3 47 01.0 120 01 25 7 07 05.2 3 47 58.8 119 41 15 7 07 04.0 3 49 01.8 119 19 40 7 07 02.9 3 50 05.5 118 57 30 7 07 03.0 3 51 02.2 118 38 10 7 07 03.7 3 52 00.3 118 18 10 7 07 03.9 3 53 01.5 ! . ii7 57 15 7 L___ 07 04.7 Thermometer, 71°. h . m. s. Chronometer fast by 10 obs. of east star 7 07, 02.85 Chronometer fast by 12 obs. of west star ......... 04.42 Mean 7 07 03.64 205 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continue!. July 11, 1846. — Camp 14, Band of Arkansas. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, % p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitud e. h. m. S. Beg. min . sec. Deg. min . sec . 4 16 18.0 74 48 40 38 21 02 4 17 27.8 74 49 55 38 21 19 4 18 52.5 74 50 30 38 21 09 4 20 33.0 74 51 25 38 21 05 4 21 26'. 1 74 52 10 38 21 11 4 22 30.5 74 52 40 38 21 07 4 23 55.5 74 53 30 38' 21 05 4 24 56.2 74 54 40 38 21 21 4 25 45.0 74 55 10 38 21 21 4 26 24.2 74 55 40 38 21 24 4 27 35.1 74 56 00 38 21 12 4 28 53.0 ' 74 57 20 38 21 27 4 30 07.5 74 57 55 38 21 21 4 31 24.2 74 59 05 38 21 31 4 33 57.0 74 59 55 38 21 10 4 34 52.2 75 01 05 38 21 25 4 36 20.5 75 01 50 38 21 19 4 37 01.0 75 02 20 ,38 21 24 4 37 45 . 1 75 02 45 38 21 19 4 39 00.0 75 03 20 38 21 10 Thermometer 71°. Mean of 20 observations, 38° 21' 16". m 20S APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 11, 1846 . — Camp 14, Bend of Arkansas . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Ophiu- chi, near the meridian. > Latitude h. m. S. Deg . min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 4 44 10.7 126 45 25 38 20 48 4 46 13.1 126 58 40 38 20 27 4 48 04.5 127 ir 00 39 20 32 4 50 14.7 127 23 20 38 21 02 4 51 54.8 127 33 00 38 21 01 4 53 50.8 127 43 10 38 21 06 4 56 01.0 127 53 40 38 21 08 5 00 44.0 128 12 30 38 21 21 5 02 12.8 128 17 25 38 21 34 5 03 58.2 128 23 15 38 21 16 5 05 13.0 128 26 50 38 20 58 5 06 41.5 128 30 00 38 21 06 5 08 ; 21.7 128 33 25 38 21 03 5 09 29.5 128 35 40 38 20 51 5 10 39.6 128 37 10 38 20 54 5 12 17.0 128 38 10 38 21 12 5 13 17.5 128 38 55 38 21 16 5 14 45.0 128 39- 45 38 21 15 5 16 07.0 128 39 20 38 21 21 5 18 10.2 128 38 55 38 21 27 5 19 15.7 128 37 40 38 21 46 5 20 21.0 128 36 30 38 20 52 5 21 17.0 128 35 50 38 20 42 5 22 40.2 128 33 10 ; 38 21 05 5 24 12.1 128 31 45 38 21 29 5 25 24.5 128 28 50 38 21 44 5 26 29.7 128 27 00 38 21 24 5 27 34.6 128 24 40 38 21 • 12 Thermometer 71°. Latitude of camp. * _ Beg , min. sec . Latitude by 28 observations of a Ophiuchi . . . . . . 38 21 18 “ 20 “ Polaris 16 ♦ ® e « * 9 * » o ® ® $ 9 ® e © 38 21 17 207 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. [ 7 ] July 13, 1846. — Camp 16, Pawnee Fork. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrsd, Chronometer fast. in the east. h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. h. m. s. 3 26 32.1 114 44 50 7 09 12.9 3 27 51.3 115 15 40 7 09 11.5 3 28 56.2 115 40 15 7 09 11.9 3 29 54.0 116 02 05 7 09 12.7 3 31 22.0 116 36 15 7 09 10.3 3 32 41.7 117 05 50 ' 7 09 13.8 3 33 54.9 117 34 20 7 09 12.6 3 34 55.6 117 57 30 7 09 12.7 3 36 00.0 118 22 45 7 09 11.2 Thermometer 72°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec. h. m. 5“. 3 44 26.2 119 06 55 7 09 12.1 o O 45 39.5 118 41 15 7 09 11.5 3 46 44.0 118 19 20 7 09 12.9 3 47 55.7 117 54 15 7 09 12.8 3 49 09.0 117 28 10 7 09 11.5 3 50 19.7 117 14 00 7 09 13.4 3 52 44.9 1 116 12 50 7 09 13.4 3 54 24.0 i 115 37 45 7 09 13.5 3 55 40.9 115 10 20 7 09 13.4 Thermometer 71°. , h. m . s. Chronometer fast by 9 observations of east star 7 09 12.18 9 u west star 12.74 Meant ® 0 ® S ® 7 09 12.46 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 13 , 1846. — Camp 16, Pawnee Fork . Time. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s . Beg. min. sec . Beg. min. sec. 4 24 21.0 74 35 30 38 10 10 4 25 35.9 74 36 10 38 10 06 4 26 38.4 74 38 50 38 10 06 4 27 25.8 74 37 20 38 10 04 4 28 35.2 74 38 5 38 10 06 4 29 20.8 74 38 40 38 10 09 4 30 14.6 74 39 15 38 10 09 4 31 16.0 74 39 50 38 10 08 4 32 06 . 0 74 40 30 38 10 13 4 32 43.0 74 41 00 38 10 13 4 34 06.8 74 41 55 - 38 10 17 4 34 54.2 74 42 40 38 10 20 4 35 35 .0 74 43 15 38 mm 10 24 Thermometer 70°. July 14, 1846.- — Camp 16, Pawnee Fork. Time. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg. min sec . Beg. min. sec. 4 39 43.5 74 47 55 38 10 05 4 41 00.0 74 48 55 38 10 07 4 42 05.8 74 49 50 38 10 11 4 43 12.2 74 50 30 38 10 08 4 43 56.5 74 51 30 38 10 23 Latitude of camp. Beg. min. sec. Latitude, by 5 observations, July 14 38 10 10 “ 13 “ July 13 . 16 Mean e © © ® « . 38 10 11 o APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. ' • ' . if' ‘ \ July 14 , 1846 . — Camp 16, Pawnee Fork . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time. p. m. Double altitudes of a Ly- ras in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Beg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 32 15.8 118 28 15 7 09 08.5 3 33 39.4 119 00 25 7 09 08.5 3 34 34.0 119 21 50 7 09 07.0 3 35 33.0 119 44 25 7 09 07.1 3 36 28.8 120 04 20 7 09 11.0 rej. 3 37 37.0 120 32 40 7 09 05.4 rej. 3 38 49.3 120 59 28 7 09 08 . 0 3 39 47.0 121 21 20 7 09 08 . 6 3 41 07.2 121 52 05 7 09 08.8 Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arc* turns in the west. Chronom eter fast. h. m. s . Beg. min . sec . h. m. S. 4 20 02.3 104 47 45 7 09 11.8 4 21 03.8 104 23 55 7 09 09.8 4 21 50.8 104 06 20 7 09 09.9 4 22 31.6 103 50 55 7 09 09.7 4 23 41.0 103 25 30 7 09 11.5 4 24 55 . 0 102 57 15 7 09 07.6 rej. 4 25 58.7 102 33 30 7 09 11.2 4 26 57.5 102 11 50 7 09 11.1 4 28 03.0 101 45 20 7 09 10.1 Thermometer 71°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of east star 7 09 08.04 Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of west star .... ...... 10.84 Mean 7 09 09.44 14 [ 7 ] 210 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 19, 1846 . — Camp 20, Jackson Grove. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, 3. m. Double altitudes of Arc- turus in the west . Chronometer fast. h. m. S. * Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 26 44.5 118 20 50 7 11 38.9 3 28 02.5 117 52 50 7 11 36.1 3 29 15.2 117 27 35 7 11 38.8 3 30 13.8 117 06 15 7 11 38.0 3 31 24.0 116 41 15 7 11 38,7 3 32 16.5 116 23 30 7 11 41.7 3 33 11.0 116 03 30 7 11 40.5 3 34 05.0 115 43 35 7 11 33 . 6 rej . 3 35 05.7 115 22 10 7 11 40.5 3 35 55.5 115 03 45 7 11 39.2 3 36 43.0 114 46 25 ■ 7 11 38.8 3 37 41.0 114 25 50 7 11 40.2 Thermometer 72°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyree in the east. Chronometer fas h. m. S. Deg. min . sec. h. m. s. 3 13 28.8 117 37 30 7 11 38.2 3 14 37.0 118 13 10 7 11 39.6 3 15 26.0 118 22 10 7 11 36.3 3 16 30.8 118 37 40 7 11 37.5 3 17 45.0 119 15 40 7 11 39.0 3 18 44.9 119 38 55 7 11 38.4 3 19 54.5 120 06 00 7 11 37.7 3 21 00.0 120 30 20 7 11 38.1 Thermometer 72°. h. min. see. Chronometer fast by 11 obs. of west star . 7 11 39.22 Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of east star..... 38.35 • i t Mean.... 7 11 38.78 211 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 19, 1846 . — Camp 20, Jackson Grove. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, ,, v ,T p. m. Double altitudes laris. of Po- Latitude. h. m. s. Deo; . min . sec. Deer. min . sec . 3 43 52.0 73 26 30 37 41 53 3 45 01.3 73 27 10 37 41 52 3 46 12.5 73 27 55 37 41 35 3 47 05.5 73 29 00 37 41 51 3 48 06.3 73 29 40 37 41 56 3 49 00.0 73 30 00 37 41 46 3 50 04.0 73 30 30 37 41 41 3 50 43 . 8 73 31 00 37 41 45 3 52 01.0 73 31 35 37 41 39 3 53 05.0 73 32 00 37 41 33 3 •54 00.0 73 32 40 37 41 33 3 56 12.8 73 eJO 40 37 41 23 3 56 52.5 73 34 20 37 41 30 3 57 31.7 73 35 00 37 41 38 3 58 16.8 73 35 40 O l 41 44 Thermometer 72°. Mean of 15 observations, 57° 41' 41''. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 19, 1846 .— Camp 20, Jackson Grove . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Her- culis, near the meridian. Latitude. h. m. $. Deg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 4 18 25.5 133 31 35 37 41 41 4 20 04.8 333 35 50 37 41 56 4 22 52.5 133 41 40 37 41 26 4 24 15.8 133 44 00 37 41 15 4 25 46.6 133 45 45 37 41 10 4 27 38.5 133 46 30 37 41 21 4 28 59.7 133 46 30 37 41 29 4 30 10.0 133 46 20 37 41 29 4 31 23.9 133 45 40 37 41 33 4 32 12.2 133 45 00 37 41 36 4 33 19.7 133 43 40 37 41 45 4 35 13.0 133 41 15 37 41 46 4 36 10.5 133 39 20 37 41 51 4 37 06.0 133 38 20 | 37 41 28 4 38 18.4 . 133 34 40 37 41 58 Latitude by 15 obs. of Polaris. ... Latitude by 15 obs. of a Herculis . Deg. min. sec. 87 41 41 35 Mean 37 41 38 lat. of camp 213 m ® APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 19, 1846 , — Camp 20, Jackson Grove , Arkansas . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time. Double altitude of the sun’s upper limb. Chronometer fast. h. m. i S. Deg. min. h. m. s. 10 34 23.6 89 30 7 11 38.2 10 34 50.2 89 20 7 11 39.3 10 35 15.8 89 10 7 11 39.4 10 35 42.0 89 00 7 11 40.1 10 36 07.0 88 . 50 7 11 39.7 10 36 32.3 88 40 7 11 39.5 10 36 57.0 88 30 7 11 39.7 10 37 23.8 88 20 7 11 40.1 . 10 37 48.0 OQ CO 10 7 11 38.7 10 38 14.2 88 00 7 11 39.4 10 38 39.7 87 50 7 11 39.5 10 39 04.8 87 40 7 11 39.2 10 39 30.3 87 30 7 11 39.3 ' 10 39 54.7 87 20 7 11 38.3 10 40 21.8 87 10 7 11 39.8 10 40 47.8 87 00 7 11 40.5 Thermometer 88°. Mean of 16 observations, 7 h. 11 m. 39. 36s. DETERMINATION OF INDEX ERROR. Min. sec . On the arc 31 20 Off the arc 31 40 Index error — -f 10". m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 22j 1846. — Camp 23 7 Arkansas river. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilse. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Beg. min. sec. • h. m. .s. 4 27 17.2 90 30 10 7 15 38.9 4 28 39.6 90 57 40 7 15 39.1 4 29 36.5 91 17 30 7 15 37.2 4 30 35.3 91 37 10 7 15 37.3 4 31 32 2 91 54 15 7 15 43.0 rej. 4 32 34.8 92 15 55 7 15 40.3 4 33 46.7 92 . 40 20 7 15 38.7 Thermometer 68°. f - . ‘ • Time, p, m. Double altitudes of Arcturus, Chronometer fast. in the west. h. m. s. Beg. min. sec. h. m. s. 4 37 33.7 88 34 30 7 15 39.3 4 38 20.0 88 16 20 7 15 39.1 4 39 17.5 87 54 20 7 15 40.3 4 40 43.8 87 20 40 7 15 40.5 4 41 30.7 87 01 50 7 15 39.1 4 42 19.1 86 43 10 7 15. 39.8 4 43 30.8 86 15 50 7 15 41.7 Thermometer 68°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 6 observations east star..., 7 15 38.58 Chronometer fast by 7 observations west star ... 39.97 7 15 39.28 Mean I 215 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 22 , 1846 . — Camp 23. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. < Time, 3. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. ' 6‘. Deg;. min. sec. Deg min. sec 4 49 32.5 74 47 10 37 57 20 4 50 37.0 74 48 10 37 57 33 4 51 26.8 74 48 50 37 57 34 4 52 01.8 74 49 20 37 57 37 4 52 46.0 74 49 55 37 57 40 4 53 37.3 74' 50 44 37 57 42 .4 54 34.9 74 51 20 37 57 41 4 55 16.8 74 52 00 37 57 45 4 56 34.0 74 52 45 37 57 39 4 57 16.0 74 53 15 37 57 40 4 57 57.5 74 54 00 37 57 47 Thermometer 68°. Mean of 11 observations, 37° 57' 39". I [ 7 ] 216 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. ' July 25, 1846. — Camp 26, Arkansas river. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. Deg . min . sec. 3 37 02.7 74 10 30 38 01 01 3 38 16.5 74 11 10 38 00 58 3 39 16.5 74 11 50 38 00 56 3 39 51.5 74 12 30 38 01 07 3 40 35.0 74 13 10 38 01 14 3 42 17.2 74 13 50 38 01 04 3 43 08.2 74 14 50 38 01 18 3 44 20.8 74 15 15 • 38 ‘ 01 07 3 45 08.5 74 15 40 38 01 05 3 45 52.0 74 16 20 38 01 11 3 46 27.5 74 16 55 38 01 17 3 47 14.8 74 17 10 38 01 10 3 47 55.2 74 17 30 38 01 07 3 48 06.1 74 17 55 38 01 08 3 50 27.8 74 19 30 38 01 18 Thermometer 78°. Mean of 15 observations, 38° 01' OS". 217 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 25, 1846 .- — Camp 26, on the Arkansas. DETERMINATION OF TIME. 1 Time, p . m . Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg . min. sec. h. m. s. 3 54 48.2 102 04 05 7 19 46.2 3 56 33.8 101 24 50 7 19 48.5 3 58 09.7 100 47 50 7 19 47.0 3 59 13.7 100 23 25 7 19 46 . 9 4 00 17.8 99 59 20 fry 19 47.9 4 01 28.6 99 31 40 7 19 46.4 4 02 27.7 99 08 55 7 19 45.8 4 03 30.0 98 45 40 7 19 47.4 4 !_ 04 33.5 98 20 20 7 19 44.8 rej. Thermometer 77°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilte in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Beg. min. sec . h. m. s. 4 11 05.8 87 32 30 7 19 46 . 9 4 12 20.7 87 58 20 7 19 46.7 4 13 14.5 88 16 20 7 19 48.0 4 14 46.7 88 47 55 7 19 47.8 4 15 43.0 89 06 20 7 19 50.0 4 16 34.6 89 24 40 7 19 48.7 4 17 32.5 89 44 50 7 19 46.2 4 18 34.0 90 04 50 7 19 48.4 4 19 47.8 90 30 10 ry i 19 47.0 4 • 20 32.2 90 • 53 15 7 19 52.5 rej. Thermometer 77°. h. min. sec. Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of west star 7 19 47.01 Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of west star 47.78 ♦ ————— — — — — Mean 7 19 47.40 APPENDIX- No. 5— Continued. July 29, 1846 — Camp 30, near Bent 1 s -Fort . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time^ p. m. Double altitudes of Arc- turus in the west. Chronometer fast. k. m. Deg min . sec. h. m. s. 4 20 28.0 88 19 10 7 25 31.6 4 21 57.7 87 44 30 7 25 32.4 4 22 59.0 87 20 25 7 25 31.9 4 24 02.0 86 56 00 7 25 32.4 4 25 09.8 86 29 30 7 25 32.4 4 25 57.5 86 10 50 7 25 32.3 4 26 59.2 85 46 43 7 25 32.3 4 28 04.7 , 85 20 05 7 25 29.7 4 28 56.5 84 59 40 7 25 29.4 4 30 01.0 84 35 10 7 25 31.2 4 31 01.5 84 11 50 V" 7 25 32.2 Time, p . m. Double altitudes of a Aqui- lae in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. S . Bey;. min . sec. h. m. 5. 4 34 06.8 98 20 30 7 25 32.3 4 35 39.8 98 48 50 7 25 33.6 4 36 50.1 99 10 20 7 25 33.8 4 37 48.6 99 28 30 7 25 33.9 4 39 17.0 99 55 30 7 25 33.2 4 40 44.0 100 21 20 7, 25 35 . 0 4 41 58.0 100 44 20 7 25 32.6 4 43 28.8 101 12 10 7 25 30.0 4 44 24.5 101 26 55 7 25 35.9 4 45 35.0 101 48 40 7 25 32.6 4 46 57.7 102 13 20 • 7 25 31.4 ! * Thermometer 66° h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 11 observations of west star.. 7 25 31.62 u 12 u east star... 32.12 Mean 7 25 32.37 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 30, 1846 . — -Camp 30, near Bentfs Fort. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west. - Chronometer fast. h. m. • s. V, Deg. min. sec. . h. m. s. 3 33 05.8 104 59 30 7 25 32.1 3 34 37.0 104 24 50 7 25 30.1 3 35 32.5 104 04 05 7 25 31.6 3 37 00.8 103 30 55 7 25 31.9 3 38 00.0 103 08 30 7 25 31.8 3 39 08.5 102 42 30 7 25 31.4 3 40 06.2 102 20 50 7 25 31.9 3 41 00.0 102 00 ■ 20 7 25 31.6 3 42 12.5 101 32 30 7 25 29.7 Thermometer 74°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilse Chronometer fast. in the east ■ h. m. S. Deg . min. sec. h. m. s. 3 46 06.8 83 40 2b 7 25 29.4 • 3 47 23.0 84 07 00 7 25 30.1 3 49 03.5 84 41 50 7 25 31.3 3 50 02.5 85 03 20 7 25 29.0 3 50 56.0 85 21 10 7 25 31.3 3 51 48.1 85 40 00 7 25 29.2 3 52 46.5 86 00 10 7 25 33.5 3 53 35.7 86 16 30 7 25 32.1 3 54 46.0 86 42 10 7 25 28.2 Thermometer 74°. \ . h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of west star 7 25 31.46 Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of east star 30.44 Mean 7 25 30.95 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 30, 1846. — Camp 30, near BenCs Fort. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. • Deg. • min. sec. 4 01 31.0 74 38 55 38 02 47 4 03 07.8 74 39 55 38 03 03 4 04 23.0 74 41 15 38 03 06 4 05 17.1 74 41 50 38 02 54 4 06 17.0 74 42 30 38 02 52 4 07 15.2 74 43 00 38 02 46 4 08 08.0 74 43 50 38 02 52 A 09 04.5 74 44 20 38 02 50 4 10 12.2 74 45 20 38 02 55 4 11 18.5 74 45 50 38 02 45 4 12 20.0 74 46 55 38 03 06 4 13 26.0 74 47 40 38 02 54 4 14 11.2 74 48 30 38 03 04 Thermometer 74°. Mean of 16 observations, 38° 02' 55". APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 30, 1846 . — Camp 30, near Bent’s Fort. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p m. Chronometer fast. 4. m. S. De%. min. 4. m. s. h. m. s. 4 23 02.3 90 00 10 40 02.5 7 25 30.06 4 23 29.7 90 10 10 39 36.0 7 25 30.52 4 23 55 . 0 90 20 10 39 10.0 rj 25 30.18 4 24 20.2 90 30 10 38 44.2 7 25 29.80 4 24 47.3 90 40 10 38 17.5 7 25 30.10 4 25 38.8 . 91 00 10 37 26.0 7 25 30.11 4 26 03.2 91 10 10 37 00.0 7 25 29.42 4 26 56.5 91 30 10 36 08.0 7 25 29.98 4 30 02.0 . 92 40 10 33 06.0 7 25 31.76 4 30 51.8 93 00 10 32 14,0 7 25 30.67 4 31 18 . 8 93 10 10 31 47.7 7 25 31.03 * 4 31 44.0 93 20 10 31 22,3 7 25 30.94 4 3g 10.0 93 30 10 30 57.4 7 25 31.50 4 32 37.0 93 40 10 30 29.5 7 25 31.06 4 33 02.8 93 50 10 30 04.2 7 25 31.32 4 33 28.8 94 00 10 29 37.5 7 25 30.99 Thermometer 78°. Mean of 16 observations, 74. 25 m. 30.59,?. DETERMINATION OF INDEX ERROR. I • Jilin . sec. On the arc ....... 31 30 Off the arc ...... 31 30 Index error — OQ'h m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 30, 1846. — Ca?np 30, near Bentos Fort. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitude of a Aquilse, near the meridian. Latitude. h. m. s. Beg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 6 24 18.8 120 40 40 38 02 37 6 25 30.0 120 42 30 38 02 44 6 26 47.5 120 46 10 38 02 14 6 27 58.0 120 47 10 38 02 37 6 29 05.5 120 48 50 38 02 33 6 30 07.6 120 50 10 38 02 28- 6 31 16.5 120 50 50 38 02 36 6 32 37.0 120 51 50 38 02 31 6 33 37.0 120 52 10 38 02 32 6 35 02.8 120 52 30 38 02 27 6 36 26.0 120 53 00 38 02 04 6 37 48.8 120 52 25 38 02 01 6 38 57.1 120 51 00 38 02 21 6 39 56.5 120 49 50 38 02 28 6 41 04.6 120 48 55 38 32 15 6 42 06.5 120 47 10 38 02 25 6 44 38.0 120 42 50 38 02 22 6 47 08.8 120 37 20 38 02 16 Thermometer 68°. Mean of 18 observations, 38° 32' 25". APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. m July 31, 1846. — Camp 30, near BenVs Fort. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE BY LUNAR DISTANCE. Time, p. m. a Aquilse, and moon’s Double altitude of moon’s Longitude. west limb. upper limb. h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. Deg . min . sec. h. m. s. 3 12 39.6 75 42 10 64 09 50 6 50 05.1 3 16 04.0 '75 41 30 63 34 10 6 48 45.1 3 18 5.5.8 75 40 30 63 01 30 6 48 57.5 3 21 04.0 75 39 30 62 41 40 6 49 .55.9 3 26 06.8 75 37 40 61 48 20 6 50 29.8 3 28 11.8 75 37 00 61 23 50 6 50 29.8 3 30 23.3 75 36 25 60 56 40 6 50 02.1 V Time, p. m. Spica Virginis, and moon’s west limb. Moon’s lower limb. Longitude. h. m . s. Deg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 40 33.0 24 26 40 57 46 50 6 55 13.7 3 46 51.0 24 27 55 56 49 10 6 55 02.9 3 48 54.0 24 28 40 56 01 40 6 52 19,2 3 50 58.2 24 29 20 'i 55 33 40 6 52 22.7 Thermometer 18°. h. m. s. Longitude by 7 observations of a Aquilse 6 49 49.33 u 4 “ Spica ............ 6 53 44.12 6 51 46.72 M ean ...... * • e 9 • • [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. July 31, 1846 . — Camp 30, near BenVs Fort, DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time., a. m. Double altitudes of Time. p. m. Chronometer fast. sun’s upper limb. h. m. s. Beg. min . 'll. m. S. h. m. s. 4 38 04.2 87 50 10 44 49.5 7 25 27.20 4 18 31.0 , 88 00 10 44 23.5 7 25 27.62 4 18 55.9 88 10 10 43 57.2 7 25 26.93 4 19 21.7 88 '20 10 43 32.0 7 25 27.24 4 19 48.0 88 30 10 43 05.5 7 25 27.15 4 20 13.6 88 40 10 42 39.8 7 25 27.10 4 20 39.0 88 50 10 42 13.8 7 25 27.21 4 21 06.0 89 00 10 41 48.0 7 25 27.42 4 21 32.0 89 10 10 41 22.0 7 25 27.43 4 21 57.5 89 20 10 40 57.7 7 25 28.04 4 22 23.0 89 30 10 40 30.0 7 25 26.94 Thermometer 77°. Mean of 11 observations, 7 h. 25 m. 27.50 s. 225 [ 7 j APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 31j 1846 . — Camp 30, near Bent’s Fort. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arc turns iu the west. Chronometer fa&t. h. m. S. Deg . min. see . h. m . s. 4 05 05.8 91 12 50 7 25 28.0 4 05 52.3 90 54 05 7 25 26.3 4 06 40.5 90 35 55 7 25 28.0 4 07 36.4 90 14 20 7 25 28.1. 4 08 32.7 89 52 50 7 25 29.0 4 09 27.7 89 31 00 7 25 27,9 4 10 22.8 89 09 30 7 25 27 . 8" Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilie in the east. Chronometer fast. =~ h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s . 4 12 45.2 94 04 50 7 25 26.3 4 13 46.0 94 23 50 7 25 29.0 • 4 14 48.2 94 44 45 7 25 26.3 4 15 50.0 95 04 35 7 25 26.5 4 16 35 . 0 95 19 20 7 25 25.7 4 17 43.8 95 40 30 7 25 28.4 4t 4 18 47.0 96 01 00 7 25 26.5 h. m. S. Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of west star 7 25 27.87 Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of east star ........ 26.96 Mean 7 25 27.41 15 [ 7 ] 226 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. July 31, 1846 . — Camp 30, near Bent’s Fort. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. * Time. p. m. Double altitudes of *Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. Deg min. sec. 4 27 45.2 75 00 30 38 02 45 4 28 50.0 . 75 01 15 38 02 43 4 30 06.3 75 01 50 38 02 33 4 31 20.5 75 02 50 38 02 36 4 32 07.5 75 04 00 36 02 55 4 33 07.0 55 04 40 38 02 52 4 34 08.8 75 05 30 38 02 52 4 35 19.6 75 06 05 38 02 43 4 36 13.0 75 €6 30 38 02 36 4 44 03.0 75 13 00 38 02 55 4 45 20.7 75 13 30 38 02 40 4 46 26.8 75 14 20 38 02 40 4 47 09.0 75 14 50 38 02 39 4 48 05.5 55 15 40 38 02 46 4 48 46.6 75 16 05 38 02 39 4 49 35.2 75 16 50 38 02 45 Thermometer 76°. Mean of 16 observations, 38° 02' 44". 227 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. July 31, 1846 . — Camp 30 ? near BenCs Fort . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilee, near the meridian. Latitude. • h. m. s. Deer min. sec. Deg;. min. sec 6 22 36.0 120 44 30 38 03 17 8 24 28.5 120 47 30 38 03 48 6 25 38.0 120 49 50 38 03 20 6 26 55.2 120 51 10 38 03 17 6 28 05.2 120 52 05 38 03 16 6 29 00.0 120 52 40 38 03 10 6 30 08.0 120 52 40 38 03 20 6 31 18.2 120 52 00 38 03 11 6 32 21.0 120 51 30 38 03 54 6 34 04.7 120 51 30 38 03 31 € 34 47.5 121 51 05 38 03 23 6 35 35.0 • 120 50 00 38 03 34 6 36 39.8 120 48 20 38 03 49 6 37 41.8 120 47 50 38 03 24 6 38 37.8 120 45 50 38 03 44 6 39 25.5 120 45 20 38 03 18 6 40 07.0 120 43 20 38 03 40 Thermometer 68°. Mean of 17 observations* 38° 03' 28". [ 7 ] 228 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. July 31, 1846 . — Camp 30. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, • p. m. Distance of a Aquiiae from moon’s west limb. ' Long itude. h. m. s. Deg . min . sec. h. m. S. 3 12 39.6 75 42 10 6 50 05.1 3 16 04.0 75 41 30 6 48 45.1 3 18 55.8 75 40 30 6 48 57.5 3 21 04.0 75 39 30 6 49 55.9 3 26 06.8 75 37 40 6 50 29.8 3 28 11.8 75 37 00 6 50 29. S 3 30 23.3 75 36 25 6 50 02.1 Time, p. m. Distance of a Virginis from moon’s west limb. Longitude. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s . 3 40 33.0 24' 26 40 6 55 13.7 3 46 51.0 24 27 55 6 55 02.9 3 48 54.0 •24 28 40 6 52 17.2 3 50 58.2 24 29 20 6 52 22.7 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. S A ■ August I, 1846. — Camp 30. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. ' Time, p. m. Distance of meon’s a Virginis from west limb. Longitude. h. 771 . S. Beg. min. sec. h . m. s. 3 24 02.0 37 40 05 6 53 22.0 3 27 34.5 37 41 30 6 53 30.1 3 .29 27.8 37 42 05 6 53 11.0 3 31 30.0 37 43 00 6 53 38.3 3 33 31.5 37 43 40 6 53 24.2 3 35 48.0 37 44 25 6 53 11.0 Time, p. nio Distance of a Aquilee from moon’s west limb. • # Longitude. h. m. s. Beg. min. sec . h. \ m. s . 3 39 46.5 65 37 15 6 50 24.7 3 41 50.2 63 36 30 6 50 36.8 3 43 39.7 63 35 50 6 50 48.8 3 45 43.5 63 34 55 6 51 31.0 3 48 29.2 63 33 50 6 * 52 04,1 3 49 58.5 63 33 20 6 52 04.1 3 51 24.6 63 32 50 6 52 07.2 h. m. S. Longitude by 14 observations of a Aquilae ...... 6 50 35.86 Longitude by 10 observations of a Yirginis 6 53 31.36 6 52 03.61 Mean [ 7 ] 230 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 1, 1846 . — Camp 30, near BenCs Fort. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p. m. Chronometer fast. h . m. S. Beg. min. h. m. S. h. m. s. 5 41 17.5 118 00 9 21 28.0 7 25 28.42 5 41 47.8 118 10 9 *20 57.7 7 25 28.33 5 42 18.0 118 20 9 20 27.0 7 25 28.10 5 42 47.2 118 30 9 19 57.0 7 25 27.71 5 43 17.6 118 40 8 19 26.7 7 25 27.78 5 43 48:0 118 50 9 18 55.8 7 25 27.54 5 44 19.0 119 00 9 18 25.8 7 25 28.05 5 44 48.8 119 10 9 17 55.7 7 25 27.92 5 45 18.6 119' 20 9 17 25.3 7 25 27.64 5 46 20.2 119 40 9 16 24.2 7 25 27.81 5 46 50.8 119 50 9 15 55.8 7 25 28.02 5 47 21.0 • 120 00 i 9 15 23.2 7 25 27 .84 231 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 3j 1846. — Cam^p 32. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west. «» Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg min sec . ' - x h. m. s. 3 42 40.2 96 04 00 * 7 27 03.3 3 45 35.7 94 55 50 7 27 03.0 3 47 24.0 94 14 05 7 27 03.7 3 48 17.8 93 52 30 7 .27 01.9 3 49 02.7 93 35 30 7 27 03.0 3 49 52.5 93 16 10 7 27 03.1 3 50 31.6 93 01 00 7 27 03.1 3 51 18.8 92 41 50 7 27 01.2 Thermometer 76°. Tnne 3 p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilse in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m: s . Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 54 06.0 91 36 40 7 27 02.3 3 54 46.8 91 49 50 7 27 04.0 3 55 38.5 92 07 30 7 27 02.9 3 56 40.0 92 27 25 7 27 04.9 3 57 36.1 92 46 00 7 27 05.1 3 58 25.2 93 02 40 7 27 04.1 3 59 13.1 93 17 40 7 27 06.9 Thermometer 76°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of west star .. 7 27 02.79 Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of east star 04.31 7 27 03.55 Mean [ 7 ] - 232 ♦ APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 3, 1846 . — Camp 32. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time. p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec. Deg. min. sec. 4 03 41.0 ’74 15 05 37 44 59 4 04 36.6 74 15 55 37 45 06 4 05 28.5 74 16 30 37 45 01 4 06 35.0 '74 16 55 37 44 55 4 07 11.8 74 17 40 37 45 01 4 08 09.7 74 18 05 37 44 54 / 4 09 03.5 74 18 35 37 44 50 4 09 46.3 74 18 55 37 44 45 4 10 39.0 74 19 55 37 44 55 Thermometer 75°. Mean of 9 observations, 37° 44' 56". APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 5, 1846 . — Camp 34, on the Purgatory . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. A. m. S . Beg. min. sec. Beg. min. sec. 4 06 29.5 73 15 05 37 12 06 4 07 52.0 73 15 50 37 11 59 4 08 51.2 r /3 16 40 37 12 03 4 09 53.3 73 17 10 37 11 55 4 12 43.0 73 19 30 37 12 02 4 13 40.8 73 20 05 37 11 59 . 4 15 15.5 53 20 55 37 11 49 4 15 53.4 73 21 40 37 11 58 4 19 55.0 73 24 20 37 11 46 4 20 38.8 73 25 30 37 12 06 4 21 14.6 73 25 50 37 12 04 4 21 50.0 ! 73 26 10 37 12 00 4 22 34.6 i 73 ”26 40 37 11 54 - Thermometer 67°. Wind very high ; observations imperfect. Mean of 13 observations, 37° 11' 59". [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 5, 1846. — Camp 34, on the Purgatory . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilee, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 4 28 01.5 104 44 20 7 29 24.7 4 29 21.3 105 06 55 7 29 26.9 4 30 16.6 105 22 50 7 29 27.2 4 31 24.0 105 41 50 7 29 28.6 4 32 12.7 105 55 50 7 29 28.4 4 33 14,5 106 13 30 7 29 28.2 4 34 28.0 106 35 00 7 29 25.6 Thermometer 67°. Mean of 7 observations, 7 h. 29 m. 27.09 s. * 235 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. • ’ ' ‘ August 6 ? 1846 : — Camp 35, i?i the Raio?i . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes 0 : Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec. Deg. min . sec. 3 46 15.5 72 40 50 37 00 36 3 47 57.8 72 41 40 37 00 25 3 49 20., 7 72 42 40 37 00 26 3 50 48.8 72 43 40 37 00 22 3 51 52.7 72 44 20 37 00 20 3 53 05.5 72 45 20 37 00 24 3 54 07.5 72 45 50 37 00 15 3 55 28.0 72 46 30 37 00 06 3 56 21.6 72 47 30 37 00 17 Thermometer 64°. +> Mean of 9 observations, 37° 00' 21''. 226 APPENDIX No. 5 — -Conti med. m August 6, 184S.~-~Ca mp 35, in tie Rct)n, DET EE M IN AT ION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arctnrus in the west. Chronometer fast. h. *m. s. # I Deg min . sec. h. m. s. * 4 00 00.8 85 48 55 . 7 29 28.4 4 01 09.0 85 22 15 7 29 29.6 4 02 09.0 84 58 20 7 29 29.4 4 03 06.6 84 35 45 7 29 30.2 4 04 19.7 84 08 05 7 29 33.8 rej. 4 05 12.5 83 45 50 7 29 30.7 4 06 18.8 83 19 55 7 29 31.9 Thermometer 64°. Time, - v p. m. Double altitudes of in the east * a Aquilee, Chronometer fast. h. m. S. ' Deg. \ min . i sec. h. m. s. 4 11 33.4 101 09 55 7 29 31.9 4 * 13 42.8 101 50 00 7 29 32.3 4 14 54.7 102 11 50 7 29 33.5 4 15 50.5 102 28 40 7 29 34.4 4 16 43.6 102 45 10 7 29 33.5 4 17 42.5 103 03 10 7 29 33.2 4 18 52.0 103 24 10 7 29 33.4 • Thermometer 63°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 6 observations of west star.. 7 29 30.03 Chronometer fast by 7 observations of east star.. 33.17 Mean ...... ...... 7 29 31.60 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 7, 1816. — Camp 36, on the Canadian , south side , about one and a half mile below the crossing. P DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west. •v Chronometer fast. h. m. 5. Deg. min sec. h. m. s. 3 35 22.7 94 01 50 7 29 20.2 ' 3 36 14.5 93 41 30 7 29 20.6 3 37 01.0 93 22 30 7 29 19.1 3 37 45.3 93 04 55 7 29 18.9 3 38 39.0 92 44 20 7 29 20.5 3 39 34 . 6 92 21 40 7 29 18.9 3 40 13,0 92 04 50 7 29 14.8 rej. 3 41 02.0 91 47 35 7 29 20.1 Thermometer 59°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Acpiilse, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 43 56.5 93 43 00 7 29 22.7 3 45 13.3 94 09 30 7 29 21.6 3 46 15.8 94 30 20 7 29 22.6 3 47 01.0 94 46 00 7 29 21.0 3 47 53.8 95 03 05 7 29 24.5 3 48 43.0 95 19 50 7 29 22.8 3 49 36.2 95 37 40 7 29 23.2 3 50 34.0 95 57 15 ■ 7 29 22.5 Thermometer 59°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 observations of west star ... 7 29 19.76 u 8 u east star ... 22.61 • «••••• 0 e 0 ® « • 7 29 21.18 [ 7 ] 238 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. • August 7, 1846 . — Camp 36. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude % h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. Deg. min . sec . 3 55 48.0 72 23 45 36 47 11 3 56 59.3 72 24 55 36 47 25 . 3 57 59.3 72 25 40 36 47 25 3 59 09.0 72 27 00 36 47 37 4 00 32.6 72 28 10 36 47 52 4 01 39.0 72 28 50 36 47 38 4 02 25.3 72 29 55 36 47 54 4 03 31.0 72 30 25 36 47 44 4 04 15.0 72 31 00 36 47 45 4 05 24.2 72 31 10 36 47 25 4 06 15.5 72 31 40 36 47 21 Thermometer 59°. Mean of 11 observations, 36° 47' 34". Yariation of the needle, determined by the eastern elongation of Polaris, = 12° east. / S39 [7] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. August 8, 1846 . — Camp 36. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. ra. Double altitudes of a Aquilse in the east. Chronometer fast. • h. m. s. Deg min. sec. h. m. s. 4 01 14.8 100 44 25 7 29 16.8 4 02 07.6 100 59 55 7 29 20.4 4 03 02.2 101 17 20 7 29 19.8 4 03 53.7 101 33 30 7 29 19.7 4 05 12.8 101 57 45 7 29 21.4 4 06 08.8 102 15 50 7 29 19.1 4 07 03.7 102 33 25 7 29 17.2 4 08 03.5 102 52 30 7 29 15.1 rej. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus in the west . • h ' 5 - , „ , , Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 4 10 06.0 18 37 10 7 29 17.7 4 11 00.8 18 15 30 7 29 18.7 4 11 57.7 77 52 30 7 29 18.9 4 12 48.0 • 77 32 05 7 29 17.3 4 13 59.8 77 03 25 7 29 17.4 4 14 53.7 76 41 30 7 29 16.6 4 15 38.0 76 24 20 7 29 18.1 4 16 42.5 75 57 35 7 29 15.9 4 17 32.5 75 38 30 7 29 18.2 4 18 12.8 75 21 30 7 29 16.1 Thermometer 63°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of east star. 7 29 19.29 (( 10 u west star 17.49 Mean . , • . 7 29 18.34 DETERMINATION OF INDEX ERROR. Mi n. s*c. Mir . sec. On the arc • 31 40 31 35 Off the arc 31 45 31 45 « Index error = + 3.7. o o m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 10, 1846. — Camp 33, on the Ciman Citon. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double alt in • tudes of Arcturus the west. Ch - . : ... _ — . ~ - ? ronometer fast. h. Til. S. . Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 10 58.7 99 36 40 7 30 32.9 O 11 49.0 99 17 25 7 30 34.3 3 12 40.2 98 56 45 7 30 33.1 3 13 43.5 98 31 40 7 30 ■ 32.7 3 14 31.0 98 13 00 7 30 32.9 3 15 17.0 97 54 45 7 30 32.6 o O 16 10.0 97 34 10 7 30 33.5 Thermometer 59°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilae in the east. Chronometer fast. * * h. m. s. Deg . min. sec. h. m. s. 3 18 54.0 89 01 35 7 30 33.1 3 20 08.2 89 27 40 7 30 34.1 3 21 17.1 89 52 25 7 30 33.1 3 22 34.1 90 18 45 7 30 35.6 3 23 43.8 90 43 20 7 30 35.6 3 24 43.5 91 03 55 7 30 36.5 3 25 27.0 _! 91 20 00 7 30 34.4 Thermometer 59°. k. 711. s. hronometer fYstby 7 ohs. of east star 7 30 34.63 hrono.meter f; st by 7 obs. of west star 33.14 Mean 7 30 33.88 CO CO CO CO 00 co CO CO CO Co 00 r 0 241 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 10, 184:6.— -Camp 38. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. ?imc ; p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. m. *> S. I) eg . min. sec. | Deg . min sec. 29 03.5 71 33 25 36 27 43 29 58.0 71 34 00 36 27 44 31 09 . 0 71 35 10 36 27 52 32 20.0 71 35 50 36 27 47 33 25 . 0 71 36 50 36 27 54 34 36.5 71 37 30 36 27 50 35 27.2 71 38 20 36 27 59 36 14.5 71 38 50 36 27 55 37 03.8 71 39 10 36 27 47 37 45 . 4 71 39 55 36 27 52 38 44.0 71 40 30 36 27 51 Thermometer. 58°. Mean of 11 observations, 36° 27' 50". 16 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 12, 1846 . — Camp 40. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. rn. Double altitudes of a Lyres, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. * s. 9 16 50.0 71 35 30 7 31 26.9 9 17 38.5 71 18 15 7 31 28.3 9 18 41.6 70 53 50 7 31 27.7 9 19 43.0 70 31 50 7 31 26.0 9 20 24.2 70 16 10 7 31 24.4 9 21 11.8 69 59 20 7 31 25.9 9 22 03.6 69 40 15 7 31 25.5 Time, a. m.— -August 13. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Chronometer fast. h. 771 . S . i Deg. min . h. 711 . s. 4 05 34 . 3 77 50 7 31 25.0 4 06 00.5 78 00 7 31 26.1 4 06 26.2 78 10 7 31 26.7 4 06 51.7 78 20 7 31 27.1 4 07 16.2 78 30 7 31 26.5 4 07 41.0 78 40 7 31 26.2 4 08 05.0 78 50 7 31 ‘•'25.1 4 08 29.2 79 00 7 31 24.1 4 08 54.2 79 10 7 31 24.0 4 09 20.0 79 20 7 31 24.6 4 09 44.6 79 30 7 31 24.1 Thermometer 66°. h . m . s . Chronometer fast by 11 observations of sun in east 7 31 25.49 Rate for' 7 hours . . e ..... c . 88 Chronometer last at 13,4. , August 12..... 7 3] 26.37 Chronometer fast by a Lyrse, in the west 26.39 7 31 26.38 Mean 243 m APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. August 12, 1846. — Camp 40. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg . min . sec. Deg . min. sec. 9 27 11.2 74 33 30 35 54 06 9 28 38.0 74 34 25 35 54 19 9 30 09.0 74 35 00 35 54 SO 9 31 14.7 74 35 30 35 54 24 9 32 18.5 74 36 00 35 54 29 9 33 18.5 74 36 00 35 54 18 9 34 27.0 74 36 50 35 54 31 9 35 25.8 74 37 00 35 54 26 9 36 38.5 74 37 15 35 54 22 9 37 38.5 74 37 30 35 54 19 Thermometer 49°. Mean of^lO observations, 35° 64' 21". 244 in APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 14, 1846.— -Camp 42, about cue mile south of the Vegas.. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Are- Chronometer fast . turns n the west. .. a - h. m. S. Beg. min. sec. h. m. S. 3 42 51.8 81 21 30 7 32 05.0' 3 #4 19.8 80 45 45 7 32 05.1 3 45 35.9 80 16 15 7 32 08.9 3 46 38.2 79 50 50 7 32 08.7 3 47 42.7 79 24 20 7 32 08.1 3 48 58.6 78 53 10 7 32 07.4 3 49 55,0 78 30 30 7 32 08.1 Thermometer 60°, 1 4 me, p . m. Double altitudes of a Aquilae, Chronometer fast. in the east h. m. S . Deg. min . sec. h. m. s. 3 52 21.4 105 59 30 7 32 06.3 3 53 39.0 106 23 45 7 32 05.5 3 54 51.7 106 47 25 7 32 01.5 3 56 02.5 107 08 20 7 32 03.8 3 57 12.0 107 29 35 7 .32 03.1 3 58 18.8 107 49 50 7 32 02.9 3 59 19.0 108 07 30 7 32 04.4 t Thermometer 60°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 obscrvat ions of east star. . . 7 32 03 . 93 u 7 u west star. . • 07.36 7 32 05 . 64 Mean [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 14, 1846. — Camp 42, one mile- south of the Vegas . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, pi m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. • h. m. s. Deg. min . sec . Deg. min. sec. 4 03 54.2 70 23 25 35 34 50 4 05 06.0 70 24 10 35 34 46 4 05 51.0 70 25 30 35 35 08 4 06 52.5 70 25 50 35 34 55 4 08 09.0 • 70 26 50 35 34 56 4 09 09.0 70 28 10 35 35 13 4 10 11.5 70 29 10 35 35 21 4 11 12.0 70 29 50 35 35 15 4 11 59.0 70 30 35 35 35 20 Thermometer 60°. Mean of 9 observations, 35° 35* 05". [ 7 ] 246 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 15 , 1846. — Camp 43, Vernal Spring. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Areturus in the west. Chronometer fast. A. m. S. Deg min. sec . A. m. s. 3 .25 03.0 87 14 30 7 32 35.7 3 25 59.0 86 51 40 ri i 32 35.5 3 26 57.1 86 28 30 7 32 36.7 3 27 45.2 86 08 50 . 7 32 36.5 3 28 26.7 85 51 30 7 32 35.4 3 29 09.8 85 33 55 7 32 35.3 3 29 57.3 85 15 10 7 32 36.7 Thermometer 68 3 . Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilee in the east. Chronometer fast. A. m. S. Deg min . sec. A. m. s. 3 33 34.8 101 18 30 7 32 30.9 3 34 31.1 101 38 25 7 32 30.3 3 35 34.1 101 58 30 7 32 32.3 3 36 23.0 102 14 30 7 32 32.8 3 37 10.5 102 30 05 7 32 32.8 3 38 15.0 102 51 40 7 32 31.2 3 39 17.0 103 11 15 7 32 33.2 Thermometer 65°. A. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 observations of east star 7 32 31.93 (( H 7 u west star 35,97 7 32 33.95 Mean APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. m # August 15, 1846 . — Camp 43. \ 0 DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. k. m. v* s. Deg. min sec. Deg min. sec. 3 48 13.5 63 50 40 35 23 05 3 49 19.5 69 51 30 35 23 06 3 50 03.2 63 52 15 35 23 12 3 51 08.5 69 53 30 35 23 25 3 51 59.2 69 54 25 35 23 32 3 53 06.0 69 54 55 35 23 23 3 53 59.0 69 55 25 35 23 10 3 54 54.0 69 56 20 35 23 03 3 55 43.5 69 57 00 35 23 24 Thermometer 65°. Mean of 9 observations, 35° 23' 19 ,; . APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 19j 1846 . — Santa Fc. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. | Double altitudes of a Coro- use Borealis in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. .9. Deg. min . sec. h. m. s. 4 32 23.0 93 16 00 7 34 49.3 rej. 4 33 37.7 92 47 05 7 34 52.8 4 34 35.0 92 23 40 7 34 52.4 4 35 26.8 92 02 00 7 34 50.9 4 36 20.0 91 41 05 7 34 52.5 4 37 12.9 91 18 50 7 34 50.7 4 38 31.7 90 48 20 7 34 54.4 rej. 4 39 26.0 SO 24 35 7 34 50.1 4 40 23.0 90 01 40 7 34 50.6 Thermometer 60°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of in the east a Pegasi Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg . min . sec. h. w. s. 5 10 46.0 41 25 7 34 62.7 rej. 5 11 51.2 78 10 00 7 34 55 .5 5 12 39.6 78 28 25 7 34 57.9 5 13 38.8 78 51 20 7 34 59.5 rej. 5 14 22.0 79 10 00 7 34 56.0 5 15 19.0 79 33 20 7 34 54.4 5 16 23.8 79 57 20 7 34 54.5 5 17 31.2 80 23 20 7 34 61 2 rej. 5 18 32,5 80 49 30 7 34 56.8 Thermometer 59°. h. Til. s. Chronometer fast by 6 observations of east star.... 7 34 55.82 Chronometer fast by 7 observations of west star... 51.43 Mean ...... 7 34 53.62 249 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. Jtuvust 19, 1816 . — Santa Fe. O * DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. 7?E. s. Deg. rain. sec. Deg. rain . sec. 5 24 20.0 71 51 10 35 40 47 rej. 5 25 34.0 71 52 40 35 41 03 5 26 51.0 51 53 50 35 41 09 5 27 52.5 71 54 40 35 41 11 5 28 47.0 71 55 40 35 41 18 5 30 07.5 71 56 30 35 41 12 5 30 55.2 71 57 10 35 41 13 5 31 28.0 71 57 55 35 41 23 Thermometer 59°. Mean of 7 observations, 35° 41' 13 f '. [ 7 ] 250 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 2Q 3 1846 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Corona; Borealis. Chronometer fast. h. m. s . Deg. min. sec. 3 40 19.0 93 25 45 • 3 41 49.5 92 47 10 3 43 04.7 92 17 50 a» ' * Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Are- turus in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min sec . 3 44 54.5 72 01 20 3 45 46.2 71 40 30 3 46 46.2 71 17 00 3 47 36.2 70 56 10 3 48 28.0 70 35 40 3 49 26.9 70 11 00 3 50 18.0 69 50 25 3 51 09.8 69 29 50 3 52 01.0 69 08 50 Thermometer 62°. 251 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 20 3 1846 — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. 771. Beg. min . sec. Deg . min. sec. 3 57 08.4 70 46 30 35 41 17 3 58 20.2 70 47 20 35 41 14 3 59 14.0 70 47 50 35 41 11 3 59 50.0 70 48 30 35 41 14 4 50 47.8 70 49 30 35 41 21 4 01 18.5 70 49 50 35 41 19 4 01 57.5 70 50 10 35 41 15 4 02 56.0 70 51 05 35 41 27 4 03 12.0 70 51 10 | 35 41 25 Thermometer 62°. Mean of 9 observation 35° 4T 13". 4 [ 7 ] ' 252 » APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 21j 1846. — Santa Fe. Time, a. ra. Double altitudes of the sun’s upper limb. h. m. 5. Deg. min . 5 09 35.5 98 50 5 10 04 . 0 99 00 5 10 58.0 99 20 5 11 25 .5 99 30 5 11 53.8 99 40 5 12 21.5 99 50 5 12 47.8 100 00 r' o 13 44.0 100 20 5 14 12.5 100 30 5 14 39.2 100 40 Thermometer 68°. m APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. August 22, lSi6.—Sa?ita Fe. DETERMINATION OF. TIME. Time, a. m.— -August 23. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p. ill. — Aug’. 22. Clironometer fast. h. m. s. Beg. min. h. m. s. h. m. s. 4 57 26.0 93 40 10 18 08.2 7 34 46.44 4 56 58.0 93 30 10 18 36 . 8 7 34 46 82 4 56 31.3 93 20 10 19 02.8 7 34 46.55 4 56 05.0 93 10 10 19 28.7 7 34 46.42- 4 55 38.5 93 00 10 19 55.6 7 34 46.70 4 55 11.2 92 50 10 20 22.5 7 34 46.50 4 54 44.5 92 40 10 20 50.0 7 34 47.03 4 54 17.5 92 30 10 21 15.0 7 34 46 . 10 Thermometer 64°. Mean of 8 observations, 7 h. 34 m. 46.58-5. 254 APPENDIX No.5— Continued. August 22, 1846.— Santa Fc. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. h. m. S, Deg . min. 5 19 22.8 102 00 5 19 51.0 102 10 5 20 19.8 102 20 5 20 43.8 102 30 5 21 10.0 102 40 5 21 43.5 102 50 5 22 13.0 103 00 5 22 40.5 103 10 5 23 08.5 103 20 5 23 36.0 103 30 5 24 05.4 103 40 5 24 34.0 103 50 5 25 03.0 104 00 Thermometer 60°. t 255 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. August 22, 1846.-— Santo, Fe . Time, p, m. Double altitude of Coronse Borealis. h. m. Deg. min. sec. 4 29 08.0 89 46 50 4 30 17.0 89 19 20 4 31 14.0 88 55 10 4 31 55.3 88 59 00 • 4 32 48.1 88 18 20 4 33 56.7 87 50 00 4 34 58.1 87 25 00 4 35 43.2 87 06 50 4 36 32.8 86 46 20 Thermometer 64°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Pegasi. h. m. s. br 1 ^ min - sec . 5 43 19.5 95 12 35 5 44 20.5 95 35 40 5 45 24.9 96 01 05 5 46 02.0 .96 14 15 5 46 48.0 96 32 30 5 47 30.0 96 43 50 5 48 18.0 97 07 00 5 • 49 06.8 97 26 00 5 49 57.5 97 45 25 Thermometer 64°. CnCnCnCnCTCrtOiOt [ 7 ] 256 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 22j 1846 . — Santa Fe. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilse near the me- ridian. h. m. s. 5 00 33.0 5 01 23.5 5 02 32.0 03 39.3 04 54.0 06 20.8 07 18.0 08 21.5 09 17.5 10 04.8 11 10.6 5 14 10.0 5 16 12.0 5 17 28.4 5 18 15.5 5 21 14.2 5 22 33.5 5 23 50.0 5 25 16.5 5 26 37.0 Deg. min . sec , 125 16 05 125 18 05 125 21 00 125 23 55 125 27 20 125 30 15 125 31 30 125 33 10 125 33 50 125 34 20 125 35 40 125 38 40 125 37 40 125 36 55 125 35 00 125 32 20 125 29 00 125 23 40 125 21 05 125 17 00 Thermometer 64°. * 257 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 23, 1846 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. ^ vv<- Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p. m. Chronometer fast. 4. m. s. Deg. min . 4. m. S. 4. m. s. 4 54 17.5 92 30 10 19 46.5 7 34 44.54 4 54 44.5 92 40 10 19 19.8 7 34 44.69 4 55 11.2 92 50 10 18 54.0 7 34 45.13 4 55 38.5 93 00 10 18 26.6 7 34 45.07 4 56 05.0 93 10 10 17 50.5 7 34 45.26 4 56 31.3 93 20 10 17 34.0 7 34 45 . 15 4 56 58.0 93 30 ’ 10 17 05.8 7 34 44,39 4 57 26.0 93 40 10 16 39.4 1 7 34 45.10 4 57 52.0 93 50 10 16 13.5 7 34 45.22 4 58 20.1 94 00 10 15 47.1 7 34 46.02 4 58 45.8 94 10 10 15 19.7 7 34 45.21 4 5S 15.5 94 20 10 14 52.5 7 34 45.45 4 59 39.8 94 ’ 30 10 14 ’24.0 7 34 44.35 Thermometer 69°. Mean of 13 observations, 74. 34 m. 45.05 s. 17 [ 7 ] 258 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 23, 1846. — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. SI c, 1 Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilse, Latitude. near the meridian. h. m. S. Beg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 4 59 37.0 125 24 40 35 40 22 5 00 47.0 125 26 00 35 41 00 rej. 5 01 38.8 125 28 55 35 40 23 5 02 57.8 125 30 40 35 40 39 5 03 50.7 125 32 00 35 40 38 5 04 51.5 125 33 20 35 40 37 5 06 17.0 125 34 • 30 35 40 44 5 07 22.5 125 35 25 35 40 39 5 09 24.5 125 36 00 35 40 41 5 10 42.0 125 36 10 35 40 34 5 11 41.0 125 36 10 35 40 25 5 12. 31.5 125 36 00 35 40 17 5 13 47.5 125 34 50 35 40 22 5 15 35.6 125 33 00 35 40 17 5 16 42.3 125 30 10 35 40 54 rej. 5 17 58.5 125 27 50 35 40 58 rej. 5 19 12.5 125 26 05 35 40 36 5 l^-n — 20 10.0 125 23 40 35 40 43 Thermometer 69°. ^ 8 V -- * I Mean of 15 observations, 35° 40' 32'\ / ( m 259 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 24, 1816 — Santa Fe. Time, a. m. h. m. s. 4 55 39.0 4 56 04.0 4 56 32.2 4 56 59.0 4 57 25.8 4 57 53.8 4 58 19.7 4 58 47.0 4 59 14.5 4 59 42.1 5 00 08.5 Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Deg. min. 92 40 92 50 93 00 93 10 93 20 93 30 93 40 93 50 94 00 94 10 94 20 Thermometer 68°. [ 7 ] 280 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. August 28, 1846 — Santa Fe. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, a. ra. — August 29. i h. m. Deg. min . h. 77i. s. 10 45 22.0 80 00 4 26 24.5 10 45 48.1 79 50 4 25 58.5 10 46 14.5 79 40 4 25 32.5 10 46 40.0 79 30 4 25 05.5 10 47 07.5 79 20 4 24 39.2 10 47 32.0 79 10 4 24 14.5 10 47 58.2 79 00 4 23 47.5 , 10 48 21.8 78 50 4 23 21.2 10 48 51.8 78 40 4 22 55.5 10 49 16.4 78 30 4 22 29.0 10 49 42.7 78 20 4 22 03 . 4 10 50 08.6 78 10 4 21 35.3 10 50 34.6 78 00 4 21 12.2 10 51 00.0 77 50 4 20 44.5 10 51 26.2 77 40 4 20 18.8 10 51 52.5 77 30 4 19 53.0 Thermometer 70°. Thermometer 66°. ( r 261 [ 7 ] 0 1 a APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 29, 1846 . — Smta Fe. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, p. m. Distance of a Aquilse from moon’s western limb. Double altitudes of moon’s lower limb. h. m. ' s. Beg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 3 05 55.0 55 49. 50 60 38 10 3 07 05.0 55 49 00 60 25 10 3 09 59.0 55 48 00 59 53 50 3 12 03.8 55 46 55 59 33 30 3 15 12.0 55 45 45 58 55 30 3 17 00.0 55 45 20 58 35 30 3 19 05 „ 6 55 44 20 58 11 20 3 21 19.0 55 43 40 57 45 40 Thermometer 69°. / m- 262 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August, 29, 1846 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p m. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. mm . ! fl. m. S. h. m. s. 4 26 24.5 80 00 10 43 51.5 7 34 31.65 4 25 58.5 79 50 10 44 18.8 7 34 32.31 4 25 32.5 79 40 10 44 44.6 7 34 32.22 4 25 05.5 79 30 10 45 10.6 7 34 31.73 4 24 39.2 79 20 10 45 38.0 7 34 32.29 4 24 14.5 79 10 10 46 03.8 7 34 32.84 4 23 47. 5 79 00 10 46 30.0 7 34 32.45 4 23 21.2 78 50 10 46 55.8 7 34 32.21 4 22 55.5 78 40 10 47 21.5 7 34 32.22 4 22 29.0 78 30 10 47 47.0 7 34 31.73 4 22 03.4 78 20 10 48 13.5 7 34 32.18 4 21 35.3 78 10 10 48 40.0 ~7 34 31.39 4 21 12.2 78 00 10 49 05.8 7 34 32.75 4 20 44.5 77 50 10 49 31.8 7 34 31.91 4 20 18.8 77 40 10 49 57.8 7 34 31.67 4 19 53.0 77 30 10 50 24.2 7 34 32.38 Thermom. 66°. Thermom . 72°. Mean of 16 observations, 7k. 32.1 2s. 263 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued, \ August 29, 1846 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. m Time ; p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s . Beg. min. sec. Beg. min. sec. 5 22 59.8 72 22 05 35 41 35 5 23 50.5 72 22 20 35 41 20 5 24 54.0 72 23 10 35 41 23 5 25 30.0 72 24 00 35 41 34 5 26 21.5 72 24 30 35 41 30 5 27 04.8 72 25 30 35 41 44 5 27 58.5 72 26 00 35 41 39 5 28 57.0 72 26 40 35 41 37 5 29 42.5 72 27 05 35 '41 33 Thermometer 68°. Mean of 9 observations, 35° 41' 33". m 264 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 29, 1846 . — Santa F’e. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of b Aquarii, near the meridian. Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. Deg . min . sec. 6 23 30.0 96 10 15 35 40 56 6 24 16 . 8 96 10 25 35 41 09 6 25 13.8 96 10 30 35 41 11 6 26 46.8 96 10 30 35 41 11 6 27 32.0 96 11 15 35 40 44 6 28 22.8 96 11 00 35 40 43 6 29 04.7 96 10 20 35 40 54 6 29 •34.2 96 09 55 35 40 58 6 30 15.5 96 09 25 35 41 01 6 30 59.0 96 58 30 35 41 12 6 31 33.5 . 96 08 00 35 41 12 Thermometer 66° Mean of 11 observations, 35° 41' 01". m 265 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. August 29, 1846 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquarii, near the meridian. Latitude. % h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. Deo* . min. sec. 6 51 57.5 106 26 30 35 40 49 6 53 23.0 106 28 10 35 40 56 * 6 54 36.8 106 29 40 35 40 52 6 55 44.0 106 30 55 35 40 45 6 57 42.0 106 32 30 35 40 35 6 58 56.1 106 32 10 35 40 57 7 01 45.8 106 32 00 35 41 01 7 03 19.2 106 31 30 3b 40 57 7 04 11.0 106 30 50 35 41 01 7 05 00.0 106 29 55 35 41 09 7 06 10.8 106 28 30 35 41 18 7 07 20.0 106 27 30 35 41 08 7 08 38.4 106 26 30 35 40 45 7 09 22.8 . 106 24 45 35 41 05 Thermometer 66°. Mean of 14 observations, 35° 40' 57". [ 7 ] 266 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. August 29, 1846 . — -Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, p. m. Distance of moon’s a Aquilee from west limb. Long itude. h. m. . Beg. • min . sec. h. m. s. 3 05 55.0 55 49 50 7 05 52.5 rej. 3 07 05.0 55 49 00 7 04 25.1 3 09 59.0 55 48 00 7 04 41.8 3 12 03.8 55 46 55 7 03 48.4 3 15 12.0 55 45 45 7 03 51.1 3 17 00.0 55 45 20 7 04 33.8 3 19 05.6 55 44 20 7 03 59.1 3 21 19?0 55 43 40 7 04 25.8 Ailgust 30, 1846 . — Santa Fe. Time, p . m. Distance o moon’s f Antares from west limb. , Long itude. h. m. S. Beg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 42 09.0 16 15 55 7 04 39.7 3 43 39.8 16 16 40 7 04 02.2 3 48 23.8 16 18 20 7 03 59.3 3 50 33.5 16 18 50 7 04 42.6 o o 51 48.0 16 19 20 7 04 28.2 3 52 49.1 . 16 19 40 7 04 36.8 3 55 59.5 16 20 30 7 04 22.4 3 56 57.5 16 21 15 7 04 08.0 h. m. s. Longitude by 7 observations of a Aquilse ........ . 7 04 14.73 u 8 u Antares 7 04 22.40 Mean 7 04 18.56 267 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 1 ? 1816 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Borealis. a Coronse Chronometer fast. h. 3 m. 29 S. 17.8 Deo*. r> 97 min . 57 sec. 35 3 30 52.0 97 20 00 3 31 40.1 97 00 15 3 32 32.5 96 39 10 . 3 33 32.0 96 14 30 3 34 26.0 95 53 10 3 36 32.1 95 01 30 Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquarii, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Beg. min sec. 3 53 23.8 92 10 30 3 54 28.6 92 34 00 3 55 16.5 92 51 40 3 56 07.6 93 09 50 3 57 08.8 93 31 20 3 57 50.5 93 46 30 3 58 34.3 94 02 15 / Thermometer 70°. E?] September 268 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. 4, 1846. — Camp 49, on the Rio del Alalavo. DETERMINATION OF TIME. JVort e, near the Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Aquilee in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. .2 41 22.8 108 33 40 7 37 03.0 2 42 06.5 108 46 35 7 37 04.0 * 2 43 00.5 109 02 40 7 37 04.7 2 43 42.0 109 14 55 7 37 05.4 Thermometer 64 3 . T ime , p. m. Double altitudes of Arcturus Chronometer fast. in the west. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 2 53 28.8 69 52 00 7 37 06.2 2 54 15.5 69 34 15 7 37 07.5 2 55 10.0 69 09 20 7 37 03.2 rej. 2 56 11.9 68 45 40 7 37 07.2 2 57 07.0 68 23 00 7 37 06.9 2 58 09.8 67 57 55 7 37 08.5 2 59 04.0 67 35 35 7 37 08.0 2 59 58.4 66 13 00 7 37 07.2 3 00 49.0 65 52 50 7 37 07.7 Thermometer 64°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 4 obs. of east star 7 37 04.28 Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of west star 07.40 7 37 05.84 Mean m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 4, 1846 . — Camp 49, on the Rio del JYorte , near the Alalavo. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. * \ Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. ■ ' 1 ' ' ' Latitude. ... t, ^ h. m . S. Des;. min. sec. Deer. min. sec. 3 06 11.0 69 51 35 35 11 19 3 07 08.0 69 52 25 35 11 21 3 08 35.5 09 69 53 35 35 11 17 3 09 45.0 54 20 35 11 IS 3 10 51.3 69 55 10 35 11 17 3 11 48.5 69 56 00 35 11 20 3 12 44.0 69 56 30 35 11 13 3 13 20.0 69 57 10 35 11 20 3 13 56.8 69 57 55 35 11 32 3 14 54.5 69 58 30 35 11 21 3 15 30.3 69 59 00 35 11 22 3 16 19.0 69 59 40 35 11 25 3 17 03.4 70 00 00 35 11 18 Thermometer 64°. Mean of 13 observations, 35° 11' 20". [71 270 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. September 6, 1846. — Peralta , about 500 feet north of the Charois chapel. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Borealis. a Coronse Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec . h. m. s. 5 36 42.2 87 58 00 7 37 15.9 3 37 43.6 87 31 55 7 37 13.6 3 38 44.0 87 07 45 7 37 14.9 3 39 37.1 86 46 15 7 37 15.4 3 40 42.5 86 19 45 7 37 15.8 3 41 46.0 85 53 10 7 37 14.4 3 43 09.0 85 19 00 7 37 13.7 3 44 14.3 84 51 50 7 37 12.5 3 45 01.2 84 33 20 7 37 14.0 3 46 12.8 84 03 50 7 37 13.4 3 47 12.3 83 39 40 7 37 13.6 3 48 03.8 83 18 50 7 37 14.1 Thermometer 60°. Mean of 12 observations, 7 h. 37 m. 14.285. 271 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 6, 1846. — Peralta. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p . m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec . Deg. min. sec. 3 53 54.0 69 54 30 34 50 49 3 56 13.5 69 56 30 34 50 55 3 57 39.0 69 57 10 34 50 56 3 58 52.8 69 58 40 34 50 56 4 00 03.7 69 59 40 34 50 59 4 01 09.2 70 00 45 34 51 06 4 02 16.8 70 01 20 34 50 57 4 11 29.2 70 07 55 34 50 58 4 12 37.5 70 09 40 34 51 05 4 13 30.2 70 10 10 34 50 59 4 14 51.0 70 10 50 34 50 47 4 15 52.5 70 11 55 34 50 55 4 16 58.1 70 13 00 34 51 03 Th ermoraeter 56°. Mean of 13 observations ; <84° 50' 57 ;/ . 273 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. , -'"7 1 : . i September 6, 1846. — Peralta. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of in The easl a Pegasi, Chronometer fast . h. m. S. 1 Deer . mm. sec. h. m. s. 4 36 53 . 8 91 52 10 7 37 15.2 4 37 44.5 92 12 10 7 37 15.1 4 38 31.5 92 0 I 00 7 37 14.3 4 39 14.0 92 47 50 7 37 14.0 4 40 03.9 93 07 30 7 37 13.8 4 41 16.3 93 35 30 7 37 14.9 4 42 16.5 93 59 40 7 37 13.5 4 43 30 8 94 29 10 7 37 12.5 4 44 29.7 94 51 40 7 37 13.9 h. min. sec. Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of east star 7 37 14.13 Chronometer fast by 12 obs. of west star 14.28 h. min. sec. Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of east star 7 37 14.13 Chronometer fast by 12 obs. of west star 14.28 Mean 7 37 14.20 * 18 i 273 m '•'APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 10, 1846. — Camp 55 , on the Rio del J\Torte 3 about one mile south of San Felippe. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes laris. of Po- Latitude. i h. m. I Deg . min . sec . Deg. min. sec . 3 01 13.1 . 70 34 10 35 24 47 rej. 3 02 04.2 70 36 10 35 25 37 3 02 56.2 70 36 50 35 25 37 3 03 42.8 70 37 30 35 25 35 3 04 25.5 70 37 30 35 25 32 3 05 25.5 70 38 40 35 25 33 3 06 11.1 70 39 15 35 25 33 3 07 35.2 70 40 05 35 25 23 3 08 48.0 70 40 40 35 25 15 Thermometer 52°. Mean of 8 observations, 35° 25' 3Q ; '. 18 / m 274 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 10 ? 1846 . — Camp 55. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes ol a Coronse Borealis, in the west. Chronometer fast. ■! h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 13 37.8 89 47 05 7 36 06.6 3 16 43.0 89 20 50 7 36 07.3 3 17 34.9 88 59 40 ' 7 36 07.1 3 18 28.7 88 37 45 7 36 06.7 3 19 30.7 88 12 50 '7 36 08.6 3 20 37.4 87 44 45 7 36 05.3 3 21 27.0 87 24 15 7 36 04 -6 Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Pegasi, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 47 10.1 78 32 10 7 36 03.4 3 48 00.0 78 51 30 7 36 05.2 3 48 37.5 79 14 20 7 36 05.7 3 50 07.5 79 42 10 7 36 06.3 3 51 04.2 80 05 50 • 7 36 05.8 3 51 44.5 80 21 20 7 36 05.4 3 52 48.5 80 46 50 7 36 05.4 3 53 49.8 81 11 05 7 36 05.4 » f . . Thermometer 52°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of east star 7 36 05.19 Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of west star 06.60 Mean ...... 7 36 05.90 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 13, 1846. — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, \ a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Beg. min. ) sec 0 h. m. s. 4 31 12.0 76 30 00 7 33 54.2 4 31 39.8 76 40 00 7 33 54.4 4 32 07.5 76 50 00 7 33 54.3 4 32 35.8 77 00 00 7 33 54.9 4 33 02.3 77 10 00 '7 33 53.6 4 33 32.0 77 20 00 7 33 55.5 4 34 00.2 77 30 00 7 33 55.9 4 34 27.2 40 00 7 33 55.0 4 34 54.8 77 50 00 7 33 54.7 4 35 22.7 78 00 00 7 33 55.7 4 35 51.1 78 10 00 7 33 55.1 4 36 19.0 78 20 00 7 33 55.1 4 36 46.5 78 30 00 n 4 33 54.6 Thermometer 59°. Mean of 13 observation?, 7 h. 33 m, 54.78s. DETERMINATION OF INDEX ERROR. Min. sec . On the arc 31 20 Gif the arc 31 50 Index error = -r 10''. Min , sec . 31 40 31 50 i APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 13, 1846 .— Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Chronometer fast. ✓ h. m. i S. Beg. min. ' sec . h. m. s. 10 53 10.2 67 10 00 7 33 53.4 10 53 37.5 67 00 00 7 33 54.1 10 54 03.0 66 50 00 7 33 53.1 10 54 30.3 66 40 00 7 33 53.8 10 54 56.3 66 30 00 7 33 53.3 10 55 22.7 66 20 00 7 33 53.2 10 55 49.0 66 10 00 7 33 53.0 10 56 15.2 66 00 00 7 33 52.7 10 56 41.0 65 50 00 7 33 52.1 10 57 08.4 65 40 00 7 33 53.0 10 57 36.5 65 30 00 7 33 54,7 10 58 01.0 65 20 00 7 33 52.7 10 58 29.2 i 65 10 00 7 33 54.5 Thermometer 74°. Mean of 13 observations, 7 k. 33 m. 53.50 s. 277 ' [ 7 1 .APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 17, 1846 . — Santa Fe. Time, a. m. , Sept. 18. Double altitudes of the sun’s upper limb. Time, p. m. h. m. Deg;. min. h . m. S. 4 48 02.0 80 20 10 09 13.0 4 47 32.8 80 10 10 09 42.6 4 47 02.0 80 00 10 10 11.0 4 46 34.0 79 50 10 10 42.0 4 46 04.2 79 40 10 11 10.2 4 45 36.0 79 30 10 11 39.5 4 45 06.8 79 20 10 12 09.4 79 10 10 12 38.8 79 00 10 13 07.5 Thermometer 68°. Thermometer 72°. j [71 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued'.' September 17, 1846 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of b Aquarii, near the meridian. Latitude, li. m. s. Beg . min . sec . Deg. min . sec. 5 02 37.0 96 06 55 35 40 34 5 04 14.0 96 08 40 35 40 35 5 05 29.0 96 09 30 35 40 44 5 06 48.9 96 10 20 35 40 46 5 08 05.5 96 11 05 35 40 42 5 09 57.5 96 11 20 35 40 47 5 11 39.8 96 11 20 35 40 44 5 13 09.0 96 11 15 35 40 33 5 14 29.5 96 09 55 35 40 51 5 16 00.0 96 08 50 35 40 50 5 17 29.8 96 07 20 35 40 50 5 19 06.8 ' 96 05 10 35 40 55 Thermometer 60°. Mean of 12 observations, 35° 40' 44". 279 [ 7 ] . APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 17, 1846 . — Santa Fe . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time 3 p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. i Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. Deg . min. sec. 5 26 53.8 73 16 20 35 41 11 5 28 25 .8 73 17 20 35 41 12 5 29 40.0 73 18 15 35 41 18 5 30 59.5 73 19 20 35 41 26 5 32 11.0 73 20 20 35 41 34 5 33 48.0 73 21 10 35 41 30 5 35 31.8 73 22 40 35 41 43 5 36 37.8 73 23 35 35 41 45 5 39 05.5 73 24 15 35 41 26 5 41 01.0 73 25 40 35 41 34 Thermometer 60°. Mean of 9 observations, 35° 41' 30". ' By North Star. By South Star. Deg. min. sec ' Deg. min. sec. Aug. 19 . . 35 41 13 7 obs. Aug. 25 . . 35 40 32 15 obs. “ 20.. 35 41 18 9 cc “ 29 . . 35 41 01 11 Cl “ 29.. 35 41 33 9 Cl “ 29.. 35 40 57 14 u Sept. 17 . . 35 41 30 9 cc Sept. 17 . . 35 40 44 12 a Mean . . 35 41 23. 5 Mean . * 35 40 48.5 Mean of north, and south 35° 41' 06'', latitude of Santa Fe. APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. September 18, 1846 . — Santa Fe. r Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. h. m. s . Deg. min. 4 45 06.8 79 20 4 45 36,0 79 30 4 46 04.2 79 40 4 46 34.0 79 50 4 47 02.0 80 00 4 47 32.8 80 10 4 48 02.0 80 20 4 48 30.5 80 30 4 49 00.5 80 40 4 49 30.0 80 50 4 49 58.0 81 00 Thermometer 68°. 281 4 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 21, 1846 . — Santa Fe. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m.- —Sept. 22. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time, p m. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Beg;. min. h. m. s. h. m. s. 4 41 25.5 76 20 10 12 47.0 7 33 38.18 4 40 58.6 76 10 10 13 14.8 7 33 37.26 4 40 29.2 76 00 10 13 46.2 7 33 38.39 4 40 01.0 75 50 10 14 14.3 7 33 38.48 4 39 31.5 75 40 10 14 42.9 7 33 38.16 4 39 03.0 75 30 10 14 12.6 7 33 38.99 Th errnom. 65. Thermom. 74°. Mean of 6 observations, 7 h. 33 m. 38.24s. t 4 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 22, 1846 . — Santa Fe. * - Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. h. m. 6'. Deg. min. 4 38 38.8 75 20 4 39 03.0 75 30 4 39 31.5 75 40 4 40 01.0 75 50 4 40 29.2 76 00 4 40 58.6 76 10 V-'' 4 41 28.5 76 20 4 41 59.5 76 30 4 42 27.5 76 40 4 42 57.0 76 50 Lost by clouds. 77 00 Thermometer 65°. % \ 283 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 23, 1846 . — Santa Fe . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- medse, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. , 1 Deg;. min. sec . h. m. s. 5 03 21.8 119 03 15 7 33 35.7 5 04 29.0 119 30 35 7 33 35.6 5 05 29.0 119 54 40 7 33 36.3 5 06 36.8 120 22 45 7 33 34.9 5 07 27.0 120 42 10 7 33 37.2 5 08 10.8 121 04 05 7 33 36.0 5 09 11.0 121 22 10 7 33 42.6 rej. 5 09 54.1 121 41 25 7 33 38.2 5 10 36.3 121 58 55 7 33 37.2 5 11 36.5 122 23 50 1 7 33 36.0 Thermometer 62°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyree, in the west. 9 Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec. h. m. s. 5 14 47.5 101 07 00 7 33 37.3 5 15 44.0 100 43 50 7 33 33.4 rej. 5 16 32 ..8 100 26 20 7 33 36.5 5 17 20.5 100 07 30 7 33 34.9 5 18 10.5 99 48 20 7 33 34.9 5 19 01.8 99 27 55 7 33 32.8 rej. 5 19 51.0 99 10 05 7 33 35.4. 5 20 52.8 98 46 20 7 33 35.0 6 21 49.5 98 25 20 7 33 36.1 Thermometer 62°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of east star 7 33 36.34 Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of west star 35.81 Mean.... 7 33 36.08 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. September 30, 1846. — Camp 62, seven miles below Isclett^ west bank Rio del JYorie. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. % Time, p. m. Distance of Antares from moon’s western limb. Long itude. h. m. S. Beg; min . sec. h. m. s. 3 04 20.8 67 11 30 7 08 40.9 3 06 18.6 67 12 15 7 09 06.1 3 11 05.8 67 13 20 7 06 41.4 3 14 13.5 67 14 20 7 07 44.3 3 16 04.2 67 14 50 7 07 25.4 3 18 14.5 67 15 40 7 07 53.7 3 20 08.5 67 16 30 7 08 37.8 3 21 48.5 67 17 05 7 08 47.2 • Thermometer 48°. Time, p. m. Distance of a Pegasi from moon’s western limb. Longitude. ✓ h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 36 07.5 38 56 10 7 04 55.2 3 38 19.2 38 55 00 7 05 44.7 3 39 58.8 38 54 30 7 05 21.3 3 43 32.0 38 53 20 7 ' 04 52.6 3 44 47.5 38 52 30 7 05 44.7 3 49 21.8 38 50 55 7 05 21.3 3 50 53.0 38 50 25 7 05 05.6 3 53 04.0 38 49 40 7 04 50.0 Thermometer 48°. h. m. s. Longitude by 8 observations of Antares 7 08 07.10 Longitude by 8 observations of a Pegasi 05 14.42 Mean 7 06 40.76 APPENDIX No, 5— Continued. September 30, 1846 . — Camp 62. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double ’'altitudes of a Andro- rnedse, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. 5“. Deg. min. sec . h. m. s. 4 06 17.5 105 51 05 7 36 24.0 4 07 04.8 106 10 45 7 36 23.5 4 07 54.0 106 31 35 7 36 22.0 4 08 47.6 106 54 05 7 36 20.8 4 09 30.0 107 10 30 7 36 23.4 4 10 23.8 107 33 05 7 36 21.3 4 11 21.9 107 56 25 7 36 25.6 Thermometer 48 c Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse, Chronometer fast. in the west h. m. 5. Deg. min . sec . h. m. s . 4 25 41,8 109 55 15 7 36 25.7 4 26 44.0 109 31 25 7 36 25.2 4 27 28.8 109 13 50 7 36 24.7 4 28 12.0 108 57 00 7 36 24.5 4 28 55.8 108 40 10 7 36 22.9 4 29 45.0 108 20 50 7 36 24.2 4 30 39.0 107 59 55 7 36 23,4 ft Thermometer 48°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 observations of east star.. 7 36 22.66 Chronometer fast by 7 observations of west star.. 24.37 Mean.* 7 36 23.52 m 286 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. September 30, 1846. — Camp 62. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. 5. Deg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. . 4 35 38,0 71 29 50 34 48 28 4 42 11.0 71 34 00 34 48 34 4 43 09.0 71 34 40 34 48 36 4 44 10.0 71 35 20 34 48 37 4 44 46.0 * 71 35 40 34 48 34 4 45 18.5 71 36 05 34 48 36 4 46 16 . 8 71 36 35 34 48 34 4 47 21.5 71 36 55 34 48 24 Thermometer 48°. Mean of 8 observations, 34° 48' 33". APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 4, 184 6.— Lamp 65, west bank Rio del Norte, about two miles below Linitans . LUNAR DISTANCE. Time, p. m. Fomalhaut and moon’s western limb. Double altitude of moon’s lower limb. h. m. S. Deo-. min | sec. Deg. min. sec. 4 04 09.8 47 15 50 66 37 10 4 06 01.8 47 15 50 67 20 40 4 07 09.2 47 16 35 67 46 20 4 08 53.8 47 17 10 68 27 00 4 11 57.5 R 47 18 45 69 38 40 4 13 40.0 47 19 10 70 18 50 4 15 32.0 47 20 Oh 71 01 30 4 17 08.0 47 20 35 71 38 30 Time, p. m. Aldebaran and moon’s western limb. Double altitude of moon’s lower limb. S h. m. s. Deg. min sec. Deg. min. sec . 4 28 56.5 ! 51 59 05 76 09 40 '4 31 05.0 51 58 40 76 58 40 4 32 46 . 0 51 57 45 77 36 10 4 34 43.0 51 56 30 78 19 50 4 36 58.0 51 56 10 79 10 30 4 38 35.0 51 55 35 79 47 50 4 40 27.0 51 54 55 80 38 50 4 41 41.5 51 54 10 80 57 ‘ 00 4 43 13.0 51 53 40 81 31 30 • Thermometer 60 °. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 4, 1846 . — Camp 65, west bank of the Rio del JYorte. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. , « \ Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. x Deg. min . sec . Deg min. sec. 2 22 50.5 68 42 50 34 07 27 2 24 00.0 68 44 00 34 07 34 2 24 50.0 68 44 55 34 07 42 2 26 07.8 68 45 55 Jf! 34 07 40 2 27 14,2 68 46 50 34 07 42 2 28 16.2 68 47 45 34 07 45 2 28 58.0 | 68 48 20 34 07 46 2 30 09.8 | 68 49 10 34 07 47 2 30 58.7 68 49 50 34 07 44 2 31 36.5 68 50 10 34 07 39 2 32 19.8 68 50 35 34 07 34 2 33 09.0 68 51 10 34 07 32 Thermometer 64°. ^ Mean of 12 observations, 34° 07' 59". 283 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No, 5 — Continued. October 4, 1846. — Camp 65, west hank of the Rio del JYorte , DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- meda, in the east. • Chronometer fast. h. m. . S. Beg. min. sec . h. m. s. 3 01 27,9 85 21 25 7 36 51.0 3 02 21.8 85 43 50 7 36 49.7 3 03 01.2 85 58 30 7 36 53.8 rej. 3 03 54.0 86 21 15 7 36 51.1 * 3 04 42.5 86 41 25 7 36 50,5 3 07 23.0 87 45 45 7 36 50.2 3 08 23.0 88 12 05 7 36 50.1 3 09 10.5 88 31 50 7 36 49.6 3 09 45.8 88 46 20 7 36 49.5 * 3 10 31.5 89 04 50 7 36 50.1 i Thermometer 62°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse, in the west. Chronometer fast . h. m. s. Beg. min . sec. h. m. 5. 3 46 00.0 118 58 50 7 36 52.2 3 46 58.8 118 35 35 7 36 51.3 3 47 59.0 118 12 50 7 36 53.5 3 48 57.5 117 49 50 7 . 36 53.1 3 49 43.8 117 32 25 7 36 54.7 3 50 31.7 117 12 30 7 36 51.7 v 3 51 14.8 116 56 25 7 36 53.6 3 52 09.8 116 34 45 7 • 36 53.1 Thermometer 62°. h> m. s. Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of east star • . 7 36 50.20 u 18 u west star ......... . 52.90 Mean 7 36 51.56 19 290 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 5, 1846 . — Camp 66, near Socorro. • Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andromedse. ** 9 h. m. S. Deg. min . 9 sec. 3 36 56.2 101 37 30 3 38 15.8 102 10 10 3 38 58.7 102 28 25 3 39 47.5 102 38 25 o 40 46.8 103 13 10 3 41 30.0 103 31 05 3 42 05.5 103 46 50 Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyree, in the west. h. '111. S. Deg. min . sec. 3 46 28.0 117 10 35 3 47 29.7 116 47 00 3 48 22.0 116 26 05 3 49 19.5 116 04 00 3 50 12.8 115 43 35 3 51, 10.1 115 22 10 3 £= 1 51 58.5 115 02 V 40 Thermometer 58°. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 7, 1846 . — Camp 68, west bank of the Rio del Norte. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- medge, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. 5. D eg . min . sec. h. m. s. 4 38 30.5 130 21 55 7 37 02.3 4 39 38 .2 130 50 05 7 37 02.2 4 40 37.8 131 14 15 7 37 03.6 4 41 30.5 131 36 30 7 37 02.7 4 42 27.0 132 00 20 7 37 01.8 4 43 11.5 132 19 10 7 37 01.3 4 43 55.7 132 37 05 7 37 01.9 Thermometer 62°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of in the west a Lyrse, t Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. h . m. 4 47 29.0 90 21 10 7 37 06.4 4 48 06.0 90 06 40 7 37 05.6 4 49 02.0 89 45 25 - 7 37 06.0 4 49 51.8 89 26 05 7 37 05.5 4 50 38.7 89 08 50 7 37 07.2 4 51 37.8 88 45 50 7 37 06.2 4 52 31.4 88 24 55 7 37 05.2 4 53 20.0 88 06 00 7 34 04.2’ 4 54 06.0 87 49 00 7 37 05.8' Thermometer 62°. h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of east star 7 37 02.26 Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of west star 05.79 Mean r 3 $ © 9 ® • « • • e e 7 37 04.02 £ 7 ] 292 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 7, 1846. — Camp 68, west bank of the Rio del Norte . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude h. m. s. Deg. min . sec. Deg. mtn . sec. 5 20 51.02 69 53 45 33 41 04 rei. 5 22 12.8 69 54 45 33 41 16 5 23 18,0 69 55 10 33 41 16 5 23 46.0 69 55 30 n o OO 41 20 5 24 37.0 69 55 . 50 33 41 20 5 25 26 . 0 69 56 10 33 41 18 5 26 03.5 69 56 35 Q O do 4l 22 5 26 45.0 69 56 50 oq 41 21 5 27 24.0 69 57 05 33 41 20 5 28 09.5 69 57 20 33 41 18 Mean of 9 observations, 33° 41' 19''. v 293 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 10, 1846 . — Camp 70. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. / Time, p. m. Double altitudes of h Aquarii, near the meridian. Latitude. h. m. 5“. Beg. min . sec. Beg. min sec. 3 34 46.0 100 46 50 35 19 19 3 35 56.5 100 48 00 33 19 45 3 37 15.5 100 49 55 33 19 36 3 oo oo 38.2 100 51 10 33 19 41 3 39 49.0 100 51 30 33 19 50 3 40 57.05 100 53 10 33 19 28 3 41 57.5 i 100 54 10 33 19 10 3 43 12.8 100 54 35 33 19 05 3 45 12.5 100 53 50 33 19 24 3 46 15.0 100 53 05 o o 19 36 3 47 02.0 100 52 20 33 19 47 3 47 51.2 100 51 50 33 19 45 3 48 58.8 100 51 10 | 33 19 41 3 50 19.0 100 49 40 33 19 45 3 51 55.2 100 47 40 33 19 45 3 52 54.5 100 46 20 33 19 42 3 54 32.8 100 42 40 33 19 68 Thermometer 48°. Mean of 17 observations, 33° 19 f 38". 294 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. Ooctober 10, 1846 . — Camp 70. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. k. m. Deg. min . sec. Deg. min. sec. 4 02 30.2 68 36 35 33 20 15 4 03 47.0 68 37 50 33 20 29 4 05 11.2 68 38 05 33 20 11 4 05 54.5 68 38 50 33 20 19 4 06 44.0 68 39 55 33 20 37 4 07 31.3 68 40 10 33 20 30 4 08 19.2 68 40 40 33 20 30 ' A 09 12.5 68 41 10 33 20 28 4 09 43.5 68 41 25 33 20 26 4 10 34.0 68 41 50 33 20 24 4 11 15.5 68 42 30 33 20 31 > 4 12 08.5 68 43 10 33 20 36 4 13 03.0 68 43 00 33 20 14 4 14 05.0 68 44 00 33 20 25 4 14 45 .8 68 44 20 33 20 24 4 15 20.8 68 44 35 33 20 21 4 15 56.8 68 44 50 33 20 19 Latitude of camp. Deg. min. sec . Latitude by 17 observations of b Aquarii 33 19 38 u u Polaris 33 20 25 33 20 02 Mean APPENDIX No. 5— -Continued. October 10, 1846 . — Camp 70, east side of the Rio del JYorte . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, • p. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. * Deg. min . h. m. s. 5 01 7.5 75 30 7 37 42.5 5 01 39.2 75 40 7 37 41.9 5 02 12.8 75 50 7 37 42.6 5 02 45.0 76 00 7 37 42.0 5 03 18.0 76 10 7 37 42.0 5 03 51.8 76 20 7 37 42.8 5 04 23.5 76 30 7 37 42.5 5 04 56.9 76 40 7 37 41.8 5 05 30.5 76 50 7 37 42.2 5 06 03.0 77 00 7 37 41.5 Thermometer 68°. Mean of 10 observations, 74. 37 m. 42. 18s. / [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. '■ V 9 ' fA7.' . ' ■ - % October 10, 1846 . — Camp 70. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Equal altitudes of sun. Time, a. m. — Oct. 11. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. Time p. m 10. — Oct. .ft* Chronometer fast. 4. m. s. Deg. min . 4. m. s. 4. m. s. 4 57 49.3 74 00 9 52 44.5 7 37 37.67 4 57 18.2 73 50 9 53 16.0 7 37 38.07 4 56 45.0 73 40 9 53 49.0 7 37 38.16 4 56 12.5 73 30 9 54 20.8' 7 37 38.00 4 55 41.5 73 20 9 54 51.0 7 37 37.79 4 55 09.2 73 10 9 55 25.5 7 37 38.07 4 54 37.3 73 00 9 55 56.0 7 37 38.55 4 54 04.7 72 50 9 56 26.3 7 37 37.59 4 53 33.5 72 40 9 56 59.0 7 37 38.50 4 53 01.0 72 30 9 57 30.0 7 37 37.90 4 52 28.8 72 20 9 58 01.2 7 37 37.63 4 51 25.3 72 00 9 59 04.5 7 37 37.87 Mean of 12 observations, 74. 37m. 37.99s. DETERMINATION OF INDEX ERROR. On the arc Off the arc Index error = + 10". Min. sec. 31 30 31 50 297 * [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. ♦ October 11 , 1846. — Camp 70. ‘ * DETERMINATION OF TIME. Equal altitudes of the sun. Time a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. ' Time, p. m. Chronometer fast. h . m. S. ; Deo*, min. h. m. s. h. m. .s . 4 51 25.3 72 00 9 56 54.5 7 37 35.60 4 51 57.0 72 10 9 56 21.7 7 37 35.05 4 52 28.8 72 20 9 55 50.3 7 37 35.25 4 53 01.0 72 30 9 55 19.0 7 37 35.70 4 53 33.5 72 40 9 54 46 . 0 7 37 35.45 4 54 04.7 72 50 9 54 18,8 7 37 37.45 rej. 4 54 37.3 73 00 ‘ 9 53 43.0 7 37 35.85 4 55 09.2 73 10 9 53 09.0 7 37 34.80 4 55 41.5 73 20 9 52 38.5 7 37 35.70 4 56 12.5 73 30 9 52 05.8 7 37 34.85 4 56 45.0 j 73 40 j 4 57 18.2 73 50 4 57 49.3 74 00 Ther. 60°. Ther. 80°. Mean of 9 observations, Ih. 37 m. 55.36s. m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 12, 1846 . — Camp 70. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro* medae, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 07 55.0 100 34 25 7 37 29.1 3 09 03.8 101 01 50 7 37 32 .1 rej . 3 10 07.5 101 30 10 7 37 27.8 3 11 07.8 101 55 40 7 37 27.0 3 12 08.2 102 19 25 7 37 30.4 rej. 3 13 31.2 102 55 30 7 37 26.9 3 14 29.8 103 20 10 7 37 26.4 3 15 43.8 103 50 05 7 37 28.7 3 16 40.5 104 14 00 * 7 37 28.2 3 17 27.2 104 33 10 7 37 28.9 Thermometer 42°. - Time, ♦ p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrae, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. S . Deg min. sec. h. m. s. 3 21 45.0 115 52 10 7 37 31.9 3 22 26.8 115 35 40 7 37 31.5 3 23 06.0 115 20 30 7 37 31.9 3 23 49.8 115 03 20 7 37 31.7 3 24 40.2 114 43 30 7 37 31.3 3 25 27.8 114 24 50 7 37 31.2 3 26 15.8 114 06 10 7 37 32.5 3 27 02.0 113 48 20 7 37 31.9 3 28 05.5 113 22 50 7 37 30.2 Thermometer 42°. t h. min. sec. Chronometer fast by 8 obs. of east star 7 37 27.88 Chronometer fast by 9 obs. of west star 7 37 31.57 Mean 7 37 29.72 299 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5.— Continued. October 13, 1846 . — Camp 70. i v v Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse , in the west. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec . 3 46 40.8 104 32 30 3 47 47.3 104 07 30 3 48 49.0 103 43 40 3 49 51.2 103 20 20 3 50 36.5 103 01 50 3 51 40.5 i 102 37 10 Thermometer 42°. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 13, 1846. — Camp 71, west side of the Rio del JYorte. \' '* I Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andromedse. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec. 3 37 49.1 114 46 00 3 39 17.5 115 23 10 3 40 14.0 115 45 45 3 41 17.3 116 12 30 3 42 08.0 .'V 116 34 15 3 42 57.8 116 54 40 Thermometer 42°. m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 15, 1846 . — Camp 73, on a small stream — -first camp after leaving the Del JYorte. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, v p. m<, Double altitudes of a Andro- med®, in the east. Chronometer fast. . k. m. ,9. Deg min. sec. h. m. 3 57 13.2 108 39 15 8 19 06.7 3 58 20.8 109 08 15 8 19 05.2 3 59 04.2 109 27 10 8 19 03.6 rej. 3 59 45.7 109 44 00 8 19 05 . 0 4 00 32.5 110 03 30 8 19 05.4 4- 01 20.7 110 23 05 8 19 07.8- 4 01 58.5 no 38 40 8 19 07.7 . # Time, p. m. r Double altitudes of a Lyrse, Chronometer fas in the vrest. h. m. i ■ 5*. Deg . min. sec . h. m. 5. 4 22 34.5 103 28 35 8 19 10.6 4 23 35.0 ' 103 04 40 8 19 09.6 4 24 41.2 102 38 40 | 8 19 08.9 4 25 24.5 102 22 20 8 19 10.2 4 26 19.5 102 01 20 8 19 11.2 4 26 57.1 101 47 05 8 19 12.1 4 27 47.6 101 27 45 8 19 12.3 Thermometer 66°. Chronometer fast by 6 observations of east star. u 7 u west star. h . m. s. 8 19 06.30 8 19 10.70 Mean.,., 8 19 08.50 ) s 302 [ ?] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 15, 1846 . — Camp 73. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Dee*. min. sec. Deg. min sec. 4 07 21.8 67 34 40 32 54 37 rej. 4 08 05.2 67 35 40 32 54 53 4 08 57.5 67 36 20 32 54 56 4 09 33.5 67 36 50 32 54 59 4 10 30.0 67 37 45 32 55 08 4 11 25.8 67 38 10 32 55 04 4 12 26.5 67 39 15 32 55 15 4 13 50.0 67 39 55 32 55 10 . 4 14 30.0 67 40 10 32 55 04 Mean of 8 observations, 32° 35' 04". 303 [ ? ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 17, 1846. — Camp 75. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p . m . Double altitudes of a An- dromedce in the east. Chronometer fast. k. m. S. Beg-, min . sec. h. m. s. 3 35 11.8 99 49 50 8 25 53 . 9 3 36 11.8 • 100 14 55 8 25 54.0 3 36 58.0 100 35 10 8 25 51.8 3 37 49.5 100 56 10 8 25 53.2 o 0 38 38.5 101 16 40 8 25 53.4 3 39 30.0 101 38 15 8 25 53.3 o 0 40 13.5 101 55 50 8 25 54.9 Thermometer 38°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse Ch ronometer fast. , in the west. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 45 10.2 117 29 55 8 25 57.8 3 46 15.2 117 03 30 8 25 55.3 3 47 06.8 116 43 50 8 25 56.6 3 47 56.2 116 24 20 8 25 56.2 3 48 56.2 116 00 25 8 25 54.9 3 49 47.8 115 40 25 8 25 55.4 3 51 16.0 115 06 25 8 25 56.8 h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of east star. 8 25 53.50 Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of west star .... 8 25 56.14 8 25 54.82 Mean APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. 4 October 17, 1846 . — Camp 75. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of b Aquarii, Latitude. - near the meridian. I - h. m. S. ! Deg min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 3 57 57.0 102 04 40 32 42 18 3 59 04 . 0 102 05 50 32 42 08 4 00 13.0 102 07 00 < 32 42 03 4 01 40.0 i 102 07 50 32 42 05 4 02 54.4 102 08 30 32 41 59 4 03 56,0 102 08 05 32 42 18 4 05 00.0 102 08 10 32 42 16 4 06 16.5 102 07 55 32 42 15 4 07 22.0 102 07 40 32 42 10 4 08 17.0 102 07 25 32 42 02 4 09 33.0 102 06 35 32 41 58 4 10 46.5 102 04 50 32 42 15 4 11 44.0 103 03 25 32 42 22 Therniomet er 38° Time. p. m. a < ! Double altitudes of Polaris. ! r ! Latitude. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 4 16 53.8 67 16 30 32 42 09 4 18 04.0 67 16 50 32 41 58 4 18 47.2 67 17 50 32 42 15 4 19 45.0 67 18 30 32 42 17 4 20 57.8 67 18 50 32 42 03 4 21 50.0 67 19 25 32 42 05 4 22 36.0 67 20 20 32 42 18 4 23 10.5 67 20 40 32 42 17 4 23 42.0 67 21 15 32 42 26 Thermometer 38°. Latitude of camp. Deg . min. sec. Latitude by 13 obs. of b Aquarii 32 42 10 Latitude by 9 obs. of Polaris 32 42 12 Mean 32 42 11 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 19, 1846 . — Camp 77. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Doable altitudes of a Lyras, in the west. 1 Chronometer fast. h. m. s. i Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 5 10 51.3 32 39 10 8 28 01.6 5 11 42.0 81 50 00 8 28 02.0 5 12 29.9 81 32 10 8 28 03.0 5 13 20.8 81 13 10 8 28 04 1 5 14 03.0 80 56 40 8 28 02.9 5 15 06.8 80 32 40 8 28 03.7 5 16 16.0 80 05 55 8 28 02.6 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 7 observations, 84. 28m. 02.84$. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude, h. m. S, Deg. min. sec . Deg. min. sec . 5 20 51.8 68 11 20 32 50 31 5 21 48.0 68 12 20 32 50 46 5 22 49.5 68 12 40 32 50 40 5 23 34.2 68 13 30 32 50 55 5 24 12.0 68 14 00 32 50 61 5 25 43.8 68 14 40 32 50 59 5 26 27.5 68 15 20 32 50 70 5 27 15.0 68 15 30 32 50 66 5 28 51.0 68 15 40 32 50 55 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 9 observations^ 32° 50' 54". 20 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued . October 20., 1846. — Camp 78, on the Rio Gila. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. * Time , p. m. Double altitudes of b AquaVii, near the meridian. T J-j atitude I. m. s. Deg. min . ! sec. Deg. min . sec. s 50 18.0 101 48 50 32 49 48 3 51 05.8 101 49 40 32 49 50 3 52 01.0 101 50 30 32 49 53 3 52 49.7 101 50 45 32 50 07 3 53 41 .0 101 51 50 • 32 49 52 3 54 28.0 101 51 '55 32 50 02 3 55 19.8 101 52 20 32 50 01 3 *56 23/0 10 r 5.2 50 32 49 54 3 57 .25.8 301 52 55 32 49 53 3 58 02.8 101 52 40 32 50 00 3 59 20.8 101 51 50 32 50 16 4 00 15.5 101 51 20 32 50 19 4 01 22.0 i 101 50 50 32 50 14 4 02 28.2 \ 101 50 20 32 50 03 4 03 06.5 101 49 50 32 50 00 4 04 19.2 101 48 10 i 32 50. 09 Time, p . m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. A. m. *• Deg . min. sec . Deg min . sec. 4 28 08.0 an \j i 43 20 32 50 01 4 29 05.5 67 44 10 32 50 05 4 29 38.0 67 44 50 32 50 15 4 30 16.8 67 45 20 32 50 21 4 31 07.0 67 45 40 32 50 16 4 31 52 . 1 67 46 15 32 50 21 4 32 34.0 67 46 30 32 50 15 * 4 33 12.8 67 46 55 32 50 16 4 33 47.0 ... to: ' : ... 1 67 47 20 32 50 18 Thermometer 50°. Deg. min . sec. .L 3 lity.de by 16 observations of b Aquarii, 32 50 01 Latitude by 9 observations of Polaris, 32 50 14 M eft a K 32 50 08 lat; of camp. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued., October 20, 1846. — Camp 78. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- medte in the east. Chronometer fasto h. m . 5. Deg. min. sec. h. m° s. 4 10 38.3 117 46 30 8 30 29.2 4 11 39.0 118 11 55 8 30 29.6 4 12 25 . 7 118 31 35 8 30 29.6 4 13 15.0 118 52 35 8 30 29.0 4 14 11.2 119 15 65 8 30 29.8 4 15 04.0 119 39 00 8 30 27.8 4 15 53,0 119 59 40 8 30 27.7 Thermometer 50°. Time, p. m. i Double altitude^, of a Lyras in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. J s. Deg . min . sec. h . m. s. 4 19 33.8 101 20 05 8 30 29.2 4 20 17.8 101 04 10 8 30 32.2 4 .21 00.8 100 47 30 8 30 32.2 4 21 49.7 100 28 20 8 30 31.8 4 22 38.0 100 08 55 8 30 30.0 4 23 17.8 99 53 10 8 30 29.4 4 24 04.0 99 35 35 8 30 30.2 Thermometer 50°. Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of east star.. Chronometer fast by 7 obs. of west star . «*£• o , B 5 * s e t> ft,. min. sec.. I 30 28.96 8 30 30.71 Mean 5- « * o 8 30 29.83 / 1 7_j 308 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 22 , 1846 . — Camp 80, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE* Time, p. m. Double altitudes of 6-Aquarii. near the meridian. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg;. min. sec . Deg. min. sec. 3 46 12.0 102 10 50 32 38 29 3 47 08.8 112 12 20 32 38 19 3 48 07.5 103 13 30 32 38 15 * 3 49 02.8 102 14 50 32 37 59 3 49 47.8 102 15 30 32 37 56 3 50 40.7 102 36 25 32 37 55 3 51 24.9 102 16 30 3.2 37 42 3 52 14.0 102 16 10 32 38 10 3 53 15.8 ' Q O 54 29.0 102 15 55 32 38 21 O D 55 17.5 102 15 50 32 38 19 3 56 09.8 102 15 30 32 38 19 3 56 54,0 102 15 00 32 38 23 3 57 38.0 102 14 30 32 38 28 3 58 21.0 102 14 00 32 38 23 3 59 20.5 102 13 20 32 38 16 4 00 18.5 102 12 20 32 38 18 4 01 03.8 102 11 40' 32 38 07 Thermometer 62°. Mean of 17 observations, 32° 38' 13". I APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. Oztohcr 22, 1846. — Camp 80, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- rnedse in the east . Chronometer fast. - m h. m. ' s. t Deg;, min . sec , h. m . s. 4 04 53.8 116 53 05 8 34 42.2 4 05 58.8 117 20 20 8 34 42.6 4 06 51.0 117 43 05 8 34 40.8 4 07 37.0 118 02 20 8 34 41.2 4 08 45.6 118 30 10 8 34 43.9 4 09 37.8 118 53 00 8 34 41.9 4 10 24.8 119 13 10 8 34 41.1 Thermometer 62°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec . h. m. s. 4 13 45.0 102 01 25 8 34 42.1 4 14 34.8 101 43 » 10 8 34 43.2 4 15 25.8 101 23 30 8 34 43.7 4 16 13.2 101 04 30 8 34 44.3 4 16 55.0 100 48 40 8 34 45.4 4 17 43.2 100 29 10 8 34 43.6 4 18 28.0 ICO 12 00 8 34 44.1 h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 7 observations of east star 8 34 41.96 u a 7 u west star 8 34 43.77 Mean 8 34 42.86 APPENDIX No*. 5 — Continued. October 24, 1846. — Camp 81, on the Gila . DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, p. m. Distance of Fomalhaut, from moop J s west- ern limb. h. m. • s. Beg. min. sec. 2 32 14.8 2 34 03.6 67 42 20 2 35 16.8 67 42 15 2 37 04.5 67 41 45 2 38 39.0 67 40 55 2 39 57.8 67 •40 30 2 41 12.5 67 40 05 2 42 38.5 67 39 55 2 44 02.0 67 39 10 2 46 01.0 67 38 20 2 47 17.0 67 37 40 2 48 35.8 67 37 10 2 50 04.0 67 36 50 Thermometer 68°. Longitude by mean of observations, 7 h. 1 2m. 17. 4s, APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 24, 1846 . — Camp 81, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. rn. Double altitudes of a Andro- medse in the east. Chronometer firs h. m. ‘s. * Deg. min. sec. h . m . 5“ . 3 13 24.8 98 23 55 8 35 05 . 6 3 14 25.2 98 50 00 8 35 05.8 3 15 15.5 69 10 50 8 35 04.3 3 16 04.7 99 31 30 8 35 04 . 1 3 16 50.6 99 51 30 8 35 02,2 3 17 41.0 100 11 50 8 35 04- . 1 3 18 38.0 100 36 15 8 35 03 . 6 3 19 33.0 100 58 10 8 35 04 . 3 3 20 17.5 101 17 35 8 35 03.7 1 * Thermometer 54°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyras in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 23 15.0 118 53 55 8 35 04.5 3 24 01.2 118 37 20 8 35 08.3 lei- 3 24 54.0 118 15. 10 8 35 04.5 3 25 34.0 117 59 50 8 35 05.3 3 26 15.5 117 43 20 8 35 04.7 3 26 59.8 117 25 50 8 35 04.3 3 27 40.8 117 09 30 8 35 03.4 3 28 24.0 116 52 30 8 35 05.4 3 29 08.0 116 35 30 8 35 03.7 h. m. s. Chronometer fast by 9 observations of east star.... 8 35 03,9? Chronometer fast by 8 observations of west star... 8 35 04 . 48 Mean ...... ...... 8 35 04,22?: APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. t October 24, 1846 . — Camp 81, on the Gila . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of b Aquarii, near the meridian. • Latitude. h. m. s. Beg. • min. sec. i Beg . min. B sec. 3 34 52.0 101 51 50 32 45 03 3 35 59.5 101 53 50 32 44 56 3 37 17.9 101 55 50 *32 45 01 3 38 51.8 101 57 30 32 45 * 17 rei. 3 40 02.5 102 00 20 32 44 31 3 41 12.0 102 00 40 32 44 57 3 42 21.2 102 02 25 32 44 31 3 43 45.0 103 03 20 32 44 26 3 45 10.8 102 03 15 32 44 41 3 46 30.0 102 03 40 32 44 31 3 47 36.0 102 04 00 32 44 16 3 48 22.8 102 03 10 32 44 34 3 49 13.2 102 03 10 32 44 22 3 50 06.8 102 02 20 32 44 31 3 51 14.2 102 01 40 32 44 28 3 52 10.0 102 00 55 32 44 20 3 53 07.0 j 102 00 15 32 44 08 rei. 3 54 18.8 101 58 10 32 44 24 3 55 37.6 101 55 25 32 44 45 3 57 13.5 101 52 40 32 44 43 Mean of 18 observations, 32° 44^ 37 /; . Latitude by 12 obs. of Polaris 32 45 06 Latitude by 18 obs. of b Aquarii ...... . 32 44 37 Mean of north and south stars. . . 32 44 52 lat. of camp. 313 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 24, 1846. — Camp 81, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time . p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. Deg min . sec . 2 56 31.0 • 66 39 20 32 45 14 ' 2 57 30.5 66 40 20 32 45 14 2 58 18.8 66 40 45 32 45 01 2 58 58.5 66 41 10 32 44 57 2 59 39.2 66 42 00 32 45 06 3 00 34.5 66 42 45 32 45 09 3 01 24.0 66 43 15 32 45 07 3 02 21.5 66 44 10 32 45 13 3 03 18.8 66 44 55 32 45 15 3 03 58.8 66 45 20 32 45 12 3 04 57.0 66 45 50 32 45 08 3 05 55.6 66 46 20 32 44 59 Thermometer 62°. Mean of 12 observations, 32° 45 r 06". [ ?'-] 314 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 26, 1846. — Camp 83, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. V 1 Time, p. m. Distance of a Pegasi from moon’s western limb. Double altitudes of moon’s lower limb. h. ✓ m. S. Beg min. sec. Beg. min. sec. 4 14 49.0 56 00 10 63 59 20 4 16 28.2 55 59 10 63 Id 40 4 18 20.8 55 58 30 62 47 00 4 19 43.5 55 58 10 62 26 10 4 22 33.0 55 57 30 61 43 55 4 24 11.8 55 57 10 61 19 20 Thermometer 66°. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. • Double altitudes of — in the west. h. m. s. Beg. \ , min. sec. 5 19 35.8 96 03 40 5 20 24.0 95 46 20 - Time, p m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse in the west. h. > m. 5. Beg. min. sec. 5 25 51.0- 70 07 10 315 . [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 27, 1846. — Camp 83, on the Gila. r ;l ... I DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. /< Time., p. m. Double altitudes laris. ** of Po- I atitude . h. m. S. Deg; . min . sec. Deg. min . sec. 2 40 42.0 66 50 10 32 55 11 2 41 27.8 66 50 50 32 55 15 2 42 29.2 66 51 35 32 53 15 2 44 02.0 66 52 50 32 53 18 2 45 15 .3 66 53 40 32 53 12 2 46 10. S 68 54 30 32 53 17 2 46 58.5 66 55 10 32 53 20 2 47 46.7 66 55 45 32 53 19 2 48 28.8 66 56 10 32 53 16 Thermometer 51°. Mean of 10 observations, 52° 55' 16". APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued October 27, 1846.— CVrmp 83, on the Gila . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- medse, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec . h. m. s'. 2 54 45.6 94 11 05 8 38 24.3 2 55 30.5 94 29 00 8 38 26.3 2 56 16.7 94 48 05 8 38 26.8 2 57 08.5 95 09 05 8 9Q 28.1 2 57 50.4 95 27 10 8 38 26.8 2 58 36.8 95 47 25 8 38 24.8 2 59 57.8 96 11 45 8 38 26.4 3 00 2,2.0 96 30 10 8 38 27.6 3 01 08.2 96 49 55 9 38 26 .5 Thermometer 51°. Time, • p. mu Double altitudes of a Lyree. in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. S . Deg. min. .. sec. h. m. s. 3 28 13.0 113 46 20 8 38 28.4 3 29 20.2 113 20 05 8 38 28.6 3 30 12.0 112 59 55 8 38 28.8 3 31 21.0 112 33 05 8 38 29.2 3 32 22.6 112 09 05 8 38 28.8 3 33 11.0 111 48 40 8 38 25.0 rej. 3 33 55.8 111 32 10 8 38 28.0 3 34 45.0 111 13 05 8 38 28.4 3 35 33.0 110 54 10 8 . 38 28.0 * Thermometer 51°. Mean of 17 observations, 8h. 58 m. 27,46s. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 27, 1846. — Camj) 83, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. 9 : Time, * ♦ p, m. Distance of a Pegasi from Double altitude of moon’s moon’s western limb . lower limb. k. m. S. Dem. mw. sec. Beg. n>,in. sec. * 4 46 05.5 42 43 40 74 31 50 4 47 41 .0 42 42 50 74 10 10 4 49 05.5 42 42 30 73 51 40 4 50 53.0 42 42* 00 73 27 40 4 54 56.0 42 40 30 72 31 10 4 56 52.5 42 39 35 ’ *70 L 04 40 4 58 31.8 42 3.8 50 71 40 00 5 00 28.3 42 38 20 71 13 10 5 02 42.0 42 37 20 70 41 00 5 04 09.2 ' 42 37 10 70 19 20 5 05 59.5 42 36 35 69 52 15 Thermometer 50°. • Longitude, by mean of observations, 7 h. 13m. 04.24 s. [ 7 ] 318 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 30, 1846. — Cam.p 86, on the Gila . ■ i DETERMINATION OF TIME. I “ • ' ' « Time, p. m. Double altitudes of in the east. * h. m. s. . Beg. min. sec . 8 26 01.0 98 19 05 8 26 50.0 98 38 10 8 28 23.0 / ' , 4k . 99 14 50 .. - w — •DETERMINE T ION QF LATITUDE. m Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Deg . min. sec. Beg. min. sec . 8 34 30.5 69 14 50 33 12 05 8 35 48.0 69 14 30 33 12 05 . 8 36 51.2 69 14 30 33 12 14 8 37 37.8 69 14 10 * 33 12 11 8 39 01.8 69 15 50 33 12 13 8 40 03.5 69 13 20 33 12 16 8 41 19.0 69 13 05 33 12 11 8 42 55.0 69 12 35 33 12 13 8 44 29.0 69 11 40 33 12 01 8 45 40.5 69 11 20 33 12 04 8 46 27.0 69 11 15 33 12 10 8 47 26.8 69 11 05 Oo 12 15 *8 48 22.7 . * 69 10 45 33 12 47 ■s Mean of Thermometer 55°. 13 observations, 33° 12' 10". % 319 m APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. j October 30, 1846 . — Camp 86., on the Gila, DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Aldeba- ran, in the east. Chronometer fast. V ‘ h. m. S. Beg. min . sec. h. m. s. 8 55 13.8 124 55 50 8 41 02.9 8 5.6 14.5 125 16 35 8 41 04.9 8 57 24.0 125 41 05 8 41 04.9 8 58 26.8 126 03 30 8 41 03.7 Clo uds. 9 00 44.8 126 51 15 : -8 41 04,7 9 01 54.0 127 15 15 8 41 04.5 9 03 32.8 127 48 55' 8 41 05.1 9 05 35.8 128 31 10 8 41 04.2 9 06 41 9 128 53 15 8 41 05.0 Thermometer 55°. Mean of 9 observations, 8 k, 41 m, 04.43s. * # • » / [ 7 ]_ 320 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 30, 1846. — Caw/p 86, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time ; p. m. Distance of Aldebarar* from moon’s western limb. ... ... - « Double altitudes of moon’s lower limb. h. m. s. Deg . min . sec . Deg. min. sec. 9 ■23 27.0 72 07 35 58 47 40 9 25 06.0 72 06 50 58 10 50 9 27 55.8 72 05 35 57 06 30 9 30 03.5 72 04 25 56 18 00 9 31 55.8 72 03 25 • 55 36 10 9 33 36 . 0 72 02 40 54 58 20 9 35 27 8 72 01 40 54 15 30 9 37 40.8 ‘ 72 00 25 53 24 50 9. 39 28.8 71 59 30 52 43 20 Thermometer 50° a * APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 31, 1846 . — Camp 87, on the San Francisco , about two m-il&s from its mouth. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p, m. Double altitudes of Z>/Aqi iar A near the meridian: Latitude > h. m. S. Beg. min . sec. Beg . min . see » 3 17 31.8 100 58 50 33 14 29 3 18 38.7 101 01 00 33 14 04 rej. 3 19 28.5 101 01 20 I 33 14 19 3 20 33.5 101 02 05 33 14 25- 3 21 45.0 101 02 50 33 14 26 3 22 50.9 101 03 30 33 14 99 3 24 00.7 101 03 45 So 14 25 3 25 54.2 101 04 10 33 14 IS 3 27 13.7 101 04 30 33 13 53 ref 3 28 28.0 101 03 10 33 14 15 3 29 51.5 101 02 10 33 14 16 3 31 00.0 101 01 00 33 14 20 s 3 32 14.2 100 59 45 33 14 IS 3 33 31.5 100 57 40 33 14 27 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 12 observations, 33° 14' 21". APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. October 31, 1846. — Camp 87. DETERMINATION OF TIME. 2- Time) p. m. Double altitudes of a And.ro- medse in the east. Chronometer fhst. h. m. s . Beg. min. sec . h. m. 5 . 3 40 05.0 118 29 40 41 31.2 3 41 18.2 119 01 00 8 41 29.7 3 42 04.2 119 20 00 8 41 30.4 3 43 12.5 119 49 10 8 41 29.2 3 44 13.0 120 13 25 8 41 31.9 3 45 10.8 120 38 20 8 41 30.3 3 46 06 . 0 121 01 30 8 41 30.3 3 47 01.0 121 24 55 8 41 29.4 3 48 05.8 121 51 40 8 41 30.5 Thermometer 50°. T ime , p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse, in the west. Chronometer fast h. m. S Beg. min sec . h. m. s. 3 57 51 0 97 34 30 8 41 32.8 3 58 41 8 97 14 50 8 41 32.8 3 59 29 0 96 56 35 8 41 32 .9 4 00 12 8 96 39 50 8 41 33.2 4 01 10 7 96 17 25 8 41 33.1 4 02 24 0 95 49 30 8 41 34.2 4 03 13 3 95 30 05 8 41 33.2 4 03 52 0 95 15 10 8 41 33.2 4 04 46 9 94 54 10 8 41 33.7 4 05 25 5 94 39 10 8 41 33.4 4 06 18 * 0 94 18 30 8 41 32.4 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 20 observations, 84. 41m. 54.75$. m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. October 31, 1846. — Camp 87. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, p. m. Distance of a Aquilee from, moon’s western limb. Double altitudes of the moon’s upper limb. h. m. 5 . Deg. min. sec. Deg. min . sec. 4 28 54.2 70 KO * « ® 9 * Q h . m. s. 7- 23 15.07 20 18.09 7 21 47.30 iQ kO <© «£> t I APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. ■ ‘ . • \' October 31, 1846. — Camp 87. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. h. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. m. S. Deg. min . sec. \ Deg. min sec. 52 35 .2 69 22 35 34 14 28 53 26 . 0 69 22 55 34 14 32 54 28.2 69 23 30 34 14 42 55 36.5 69 23 40 34 14 39 56 21.0 69 9 Q 55 34 14 41 57 06.8 69 24 05 34- 14 33 57 42.8 69 24 10 34 14 38 58 24.5 69 24 20 34 14 39 59 16.2 69 24 30 34 14 36 00 01.3 69 24 40 34 14 36 00 33.0 69 24 55 34 14 40 Thermometer 39°. Mean of 11 observations^ 33° 14' 37". FOR INDEX ERROR. Min. sec. On the arc . . 31 55 Off the arc . * , 31 30 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 2, 1846 . — Camp 89, Disappointment. creek. ' ,< \ DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- rnedse in the east. Chronometer fast. h . m. i s. Deo*. min. sec. h . m. 5. 3 20 05.0 113 10 50 8 42 04.9 3 20 50': 8 113 31 10 8 42 01 .4 rej. 3 21 40.3 113 51 05 i , . 8 42 05.3 3 22 45.0 i 114 17 20 8 42 05.5 3 23 44.0 114 43 10 . 8 42 02.7 3 24 29.5 115 01 30 8 42 04.4 3 25 13.0 115 20 05 8 42 03.5 3 26 03.8 115 41 15 8 42 03.8 3 26 52.0 116 01 55 / 8 42 02.7 Thermometer 40°. \ Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyres in the west. Chronometer fast. i h. m. S. D Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 28 38.4 106 06 10 8 42 09.9 rej. 3 30 25.0 105 22 35 8 42 04.6 3 31 09.6 105 05 20 8 42 05.6 3 31 53.0 104 49 00 8 42 06.1 3 32 38.0 104 31 25 8 42 06.9 3 33 18.0 104 15 35 8 42 06.3 3 34 05.3 103 57 10 8 42 06.1 3 •34 50.2 103 39 50 8 42 07.8 3 35 35.5 103 22 10 8 t 42 05.5 Thermometer 40°. Mean of 16 observations, 84. 42m. 04. 96s. 326 < , I APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 2, 1846. — Camp 89. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec . J)eg min. sec. 3 39 40.8 - 68 27 40 33 14 57 3 40 47.6 68 28 05 33 14 49 3 41 48.5 68 28 45 33 14 50 3 42 29.0 68 29 10 33 14 50 3 43 31.6 •68 29 45 33 14 48 3 44' 13.7 . 68 30 20 33 14 54 3 45 06.9 68 31 10 33 15 02 3 46 03.5 68 31 20 33 14 53 3 46 57.1 68 31 55 33 14 54 3 47 43.5 . 68 32 20 33 14 53 3 48 55.8 68 32 55 33 14 57 3 49 13.0 m. 68 33 20 33 14 57 Thermometer 40°. ' > Mean of 12 observations, 33° 14' 54". p s_ - APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 5, 1846 . — Camp 91, on the San Pedro . DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of b Aquarii, near the meridian. Latitude. h. m. Deg min . sec. Deg . min . sec. 2 58 31.0 101 33 45 32 57 15 2 59 48.8 101 34 55 32 57 28 3 01 16.1 J 101 35 50 32 57 35 3 02 57.5 101 36 50 32 57 31 3 04 17.6 101 37 40 32 57 25 3 05 24.8 101 38 00 32 57 19 3 07 06.4 101 37 30 32 57 29 3 07 51.5 101 36 55 32 57 39 3 10 02.8 101 36 30 32 57 14 3 10 42.8 101 35 45 32 57 19 3 11 30.7 101 35 20 32 57 11 3 12 34.0 101 34 10 32 57 11 3 13 30.6 101 32 30 32 57 26 Thermometer 52°. Mean of 13 observations, 32° 57 / 23". 1 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. 'November 5, 1846 . — Camp JYo. 91, on the San Pedro . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, P- m. Double altitudes of a Andro- meda, in the east. Chronometer fast. A. m. s. Deg; . min . sec. h. m. s. .3 18 27.5 117 33 45 8 41 45.6 3 19 29.2 118 00 30 8 41 42.8 3 20 29.5 118 25 40 8 41 44.2 -3 21 30.8 118 51 30 8 41 44.1 3 22 17.5 119 10 50 8 41 44.8 3 23 24 0 119 39 10 8 41 43.9 3 24 24.0 120 04 30 8 41 43.7 3 25 38.8 120 35 40 8 41 44.4 3 26 43.0 121 03 05 8 41 43.4 Th ermometer 52°. Time, > p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyra, in the west. Chronometer fast. k. m. S. Deg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 29 32.5 100 48 35 8 41 48.4 3 30 32.8 100 24 30 8 41 46 . 6 i 3 31 46.0 99 57 05 8 41 49.1 3 32 43.8 99 33 45 8 41 46 . 8 3 33 33.0 99 14 15 8 41 45.8 3 34 30.8 98 52 25 8 41 47.1 3 35 25.7 98 31 35 8 41 48.4 3 36 14.8 98 12 10 8 41 47.5 3 ■it ssrsr— — 37 11.8 97 50 05 8 41 47.3 Thermometer 52°. Mean of 18 observations, 8 h. 41 m. 45.766“. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 5, 1846 . — Camp 91, on the San Pedro , about from its mouth at the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. i Double altitudes of Polaris. 5t. Latitude. h. m. 5 . Deo-. min. sec . Pep 1 . min . sec. 3 40 39.0 68 01 30 32 57 54 3 41 55.5 68 02 30 32 58 02 ■ 3 43 23.6 68 03 00 32 57 55 3 44 11.5 68 04 00 32 58 07 3 45 23.8 68 04 20 32 58 07 3 46 39.8 68 05 15 32 58 04 3 47 26.0 68 05 55 32 58 04 3 48 12.8 68 06 20 32 58 09 3 49 22.8 68 06 45 32 57 59 3 50 37.6 68 07 30 » 32 58 03 3 51 16.0 68 07 30 32 58 03 3 51 54.7 68 08 10 32 58 03 Thermometer 52°. 9 Mean of 12 observations, 32° 58' 03'' I [ 7 ] 330 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. November 5, 1846 . — Camp 91, on the San Pedro. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, p. m. Distance of a Arietis from moon’s eastern limb. f Double altitudes of moon’s upper limb. h. m. S. Deg . min . sec. Deg. min. sec. 12 29 20.0 48 22 30 134 00 30 12 31 01.5 48 22 40 133 26 20 12 32 40.8 48 22 55 132 50 10 12 34 14.2 48 23 40 132 17* 35 12 36 29.0 48 23 40 131 30 30 12 38 25.5 48 23 55 130 48 -30 12 40 22.6 48 25 40 130 05 30 12 42 09.5 48 26 30 129 27 00 12 43 37.8 48 26 50 128 54 10 12 44 51.5 48 27 10 128 28 10 12 47 31.2 48 27 40 127 29 30 12 49 26.8 48 28 15 126 45 50 Thermometer 32°. I APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 5, 1846 . — Camp 91, on the San Pedro. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time ; p. ra. Distance of Regulus from moon’s eastern limb. - «► Double altitudes of moon’s upper limb. 4. m. s. Deg. min . sec. Deg. min. sec. 12 57 55.2 65 18 45 123 36 00 12 59 49.5 65 18 00 122 52 15 13 01 38.0 65 17 20 122 11 15 13 05 13.8 65 16 35 121 34 40 13 04 47.5 65 16 00 120 59 30 13 06 04.5 65 15 30 120 29 50 13 07 57.8 65 14 55 119 46 40 13 09 15.0 65 14 30 119 16 20 13 10 51.5 65 13 55 118 49 00 Thermometer 32°. Longitude, by mean of observations, 74. 23m. 46.95. APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. JYovemher 6 ? 1846 . — Camp 91, on the San Ped^ro. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes cf a Andro- medte in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. Beg. min. sec. h. m. s. 3 12 38.0 116 51 40 8 41 32.2 3 13 45.8 117 20 15 8 41 32.0 3 14 31.0 117 40 00 8 41 30.5 3 15 26.0 118 02 45 8 41 31.1 3 16 19.7 118 24 50 8 41 32.3 3 17 17.6 118 50 05 r 8 41 30.1 3 18 12.8 119 12 25 8 41 32.2 3 18 59.8 119 33 15 8 41 29.6 * Thermometer 64°. Time, • p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrae. in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Beg . min sec. h. m. s. 3 22 56.5 101 45 35 8 41 35.1 3 23 53.8 101 21 55 8 41 31.5 rej. 3 24 44.8 101 03 15 8 41 34.4 3 25 22.5 100 49 05 8 41 35.6 3 26 11.2 100 29 50 8 41 34.6 3 27 07.5 100 08 15 8 41 35.3 3 28 00.5 99 47 45 8 41 35.6 3 28 55.8 99 25 50 8 41 34.3 Thermometer 64°. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. \ November 6 } 1846 . —Camp 91, on the San Pedro . DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time. Distance of Aldebaran from moon’s western limb. Double altitudes of moon’s upper limb. I h. m. O 01 29.2 120 29 15 8 45 22 .1 3 02 16.8 120 48 25 * 8 45 24 . 1 3 03 05.0 121 08 38 8 V 45 24.2 Thermometer 50°. Time, p. m. i Double altitudes of a Lyrse, Chronometer fast. \ . in the west. ■ h. m. s. 5 D eg . min sec. h. m. s. 3 07 26.8 100 15 40 8 45 .26.9 3 08 11.2 99 59 05 | 8 45 28.5 3 09 19.8 99 31 50 8 45 27.9 3 10 05.5 99 14 15 1 8 45 27.2 3 11 03.8 * 98 51 45 8 45 27.3 3 11 45.5 98 35 45 8 45 27.9 3 12 50.0 98 10 55 8 45 28.2 3 13 47.2 97 48 40 8 45 27.9 3 14 35.5 97 29 50 8 45 27.5 3 15 24. S 97 10 30 3 45 26.8 3 16 19.8 j 96 49 10 i 8 45 26.7 3 17 05.0 96 31 25 8 45 26.0 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 22 observations, 8 h. 45m. 25.79s. co co co co co co oo co co co co co APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. November 12, 1846 . — Camp 97. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. - Latitude. m. s. Deg. min. sec . Deg. min sec 28 58.5 68 31 50 33 09 40 29 52 . 5 68 90 OC 20' 33 G9 41 30 46.0 68 32 50 33 09 41 31 51.8 68 33 05 33 09 31 33 16.0 68 34 00 o o o o 09 «■> t' oO 34 05.0 68 34 35 33 09 40 35 03.8 68 34 55 33 09 33 36 07.0 68 35 40 33 09 38 37 04.0 68 36 05 33 09 35 37 41.8' 68 36 45 33 09 43 38 34.2 68 37 00 99 OO 09 58 39 11.5 68 37 35 33 09 31 Thermometer 48°. Mean of 12 observations, 33° 09' 37". [ 7 ] • 342 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. November 13. 1846. — Camp 97. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, a. m. Double altitudes of sun’s upper limb. | Chronometer fast. h. m. 5. Deg. min. sec . h. m. s. 5 41 04.8 50 23 10 8 45 18.9 5 42 28.7 1 50 47 35 8 45 19.7 5 42- 59.0 50 57 15 8 45 17.2 5 43 40.0 51 08 50 8 45 18.5 5 44 34.0 51 24 55 8 45 17.3 5 45 38.5 51 43 20 8 45 18.6 5 46 35.8 52 00 10 8 45 17 .-7 5 47 05.8 52 09 00 8 45 17.2 5 47 42.5 j 52 18 28 8 45 21 .0 rej. 5 48 38.0 52 35 15 8 45 17.8 5 49 22.5 52 48 05 8 45 17.7 5 50 14.5 ! 53 02 35 8 45 18.8 Thermometer 60°. Mean of 11 observations^ 8 h. 45m. 18. 13s. m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. JVove?nher 14, 1846. — Ca?np 99, cm the Gila . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- medae, in the east. + Chronometer fast. 4. m. S. Deg. min. sec. k . m. s. 2 42 53.0 114 56 50 8 47 49.3 2 43 54 . 6 115 22 45 8 47 49.2 2 44 54.2 115 47 50 8 47 51,2 2 45 57.5 116 13 45 8 47 50.7 2 46 48.0 116 35 35 8 47 49.2 2 47 47.0 117 00 10 8 47 47.6 2 48 32.0 117 19 00 8 47 50.1 2 49 21.5 117 40 05 8 47 49.5 Thermometer 50°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrae, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec . h. m. s. 3 17 07.0 94 36 50 8 47 54.0 3 17 55.8 93 58 10 8 47 52.9 3 18 44.0 93 39 40 8 47 53.2 3 19 38.8 93 19 10 8 47 54.8 3 20 37,0 92 55 20 8 47 51.3 3 22 02.8 92 21 15 8 47 48.5 rei. 3 22 52.8 92 03 10 8 47 51.7 3 23 37.0 91 46 20 8 47 52.2 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 15 observations, 84. 47 m. 51.235. [ 7 ] ' 344 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 14, 1846 . — Camp 99, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. T ime 3 p. m. Doable altitude of Saturn, near the meridian. ♦ | i Latitude. h. rn. s. Deg. min . sec. Deg. min . sec. 2 52 36.2 84 14 19 32 59 17 2 53 33.0 84 15 40 32 59 07 2 54 23.5 84 16 30 32 59 10 2 55 06.8 84 17 05 32 59 13 2 56 52.5 84 18 30 32 59 14 2 58 08.2 84 19 55 32 58 53 2 59 15.5 84 20 05 32 59 03 3 00 25.8 84 20 50 32 58 50 3 01 51.5 84 20 30 32 59 03 3 02 48.0 84 20 10 32 59 10 3 03 50.0 84 19 55 32 59 10 3 04 54.8 84 19 15 32 59 17 3 06 04.8 84 18 35 32 59 21 3 07 19.2 84 17 45 32 59 16 3 08 26.8 84 17 10 32 59 04 3 09 22.8 84 15 40 32 59 20 3 10 10.8 84 14 40 32 59 .22 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 17 observations, 32° 59' 10". « S 345 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 14 , 1846 . — Camp 99, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. Beg. min. sec . Beg . min . sec. 3 28 14. S 68 14 20 32 59 36 3 29 28.5 68 14 35 32 59 25 3 - 30 27.0 68 15 15 32 53 29 3 32 19.0 68 16 00 32 59 20 3 33 36.8 68 17 06 32 59 34 3 35 02.5 68 18 05 32 59 40 3 36 06.8 68 18 25 32 59 34 3 37 08.5 68 19 05 32 59 39 3 38 04.6 68 19 45 32 59 35 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 9 observations, 32° 59' 34 re [7 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 15, 184.6 . — Camp 99. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Andro- medse, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. 5 . Deg min . sec. h. m. 5 . 2 41 43.6 116 12 05 8 47 36.7 2 42 41.7 116 35 50 8 47 38.3 2 43 22.5 116 53 20 8 47 37.5 2 43 59.8 117 08 20 8 47 38.8 2 44 35.0 117 23 45 8 47 37.6 2 45 28.0 117 46 20 8 47 36.9 2 46 14.8 118 05 40 8 47 37.6 2 46 56.0 118 23 10 8 47 37.2 Thermometer °. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse, in the west. Chronometer fast L 711. s. Deg min. sec. f h. m. s. 2 48 47.8 103 38 55 8 47 40.1 2 49 42.0 103 18 35 8 47 41.2 2 50 23.0 103 02 05 8 47 40.6 2 51 06.8 102 44 10 8 47 57.5 rej. 2 51 50.0 102 28 40 8 47 40.8 2 52 38.5 102 08 50 8 47 38.2 2 53 19.0 101 53 55 8 47 40.4 2 54 15.2 101 32 05 8 47 40.4 Mean of 15 observations, 8 h. 47 m. 38.915. 347 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 14, 1846. -—Camp 101, on the Gila. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Algerib, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. 5“. Deg min . sec. h. m. s. 3 14 02.8 116 17 50 8 49 33.0 3 15 00 . 0 116 38 55 8 49 32.9 3 16 12.5 117 05 45 8 49 32.3 3 17 12.5 117 26 55 8 43 34.2 3 18 08.0 117 47 30 8 49 33.2 3 19 02.5 118 07 35 8 49 32.4 3 19 55.3 118 26 45 8 49 32.4 3 20 42.2 118 43 25 8 49 33.1 3 21 52.8 119 09 15 8 43 e 31.9 Thermometer 40°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyras, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. 5“. Deg. min . sec. h. m. s . 3 24 29.8 87 31 20 8 49 37.1 3 25 16 . 8 87 13 20 8 49 37.2 3 26 03.5 86 55 10 8 49 36.6 3 26 57.8 86 34 10 8 49 36.0 3 28 02.0 86 08 45 8 49 33.9 rei. 3 28 52.6 85 49 55 8 49 35.4 3 29 54.3 85 26 20 8 49 38.3 3 30 35.5 85 10 50 8 49 36.1 3 31 14.0 84 56 20 8 49 37.1 Thermometer 40°. Mean of 17 observations, Sh. 49m. 34. 76s. ,0 w co o: > 348 m APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 17, 1846. — Camp 101. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 Time, p m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude • m. t s . Deg. min . sec. Deg. min. sec. 51 28.5 68 22 55 32 55 40 52 32 . 8 68 23 20 32 55 38 53 52.3 ■ 68 24 05 32 55 43 54 46 . 0 68 25 10 32 56 05 56 07.0 68 25 00 32 55 41 57 42.8 68 25 50 .■32 55 46 58 50.5 68 26 25 32 55 48 59 35.0 68 27 00 32 55 58 00 13.5 68 27 25 32 56 00 00 52.8 ! 68 27 45 32 56 02 01 28.0 68 28 05 32 56 04 02 20.0 68 28 20 QO 56 00 Thermometer 38°. Mean of 12 observations, 32° 55'' 52". APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 19, 1846. — Comp 103, on an island of the Gila . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m„' Double alti in fades of the west a Lyrae, Chronometer fast. 4. m. 8. Beg . mm . sec . 4. m. s. 3 40 47.5 78 47 20 8 51 21.6 3 41 34.8 78 29 00 8 51 20.7 * 3 42 21.0 78 10 45 8 51 18.7 3 43 12.0 77 51 05 8 51 17.9 3 44 16.5 77 26 55 8 51 18.8 3 45 04.3 77 09 10 8 51 19.7 3 45 48.2 76 52 35 i 8 51 19.9 3 46 34.8 76 34 55 8 51 19.9 3 47 26.5 76 15 10 8 it 51 19.4 i Thermometer 5Q C C , v ** • • - ‘ . Time, p, m. Double altitudes of a Arietis, | o hronometer fast. in the east - 4. m. s. Beg. min . sec . /, m. s. 3 53 19.0 97 50 55 8 51 17.1 3 54 11.2 98 13 10 8 51 16.5 3 54 57.8 98 32 00 8 51 18.4 3 55 39.8 98 50 05 8 51 17.4 3 56 32.0 99 12 20 8 51 16.8 3 57 21.0 99 33 10 8 51 16.3 3 58 40,0 100 05 45 8 51 18.0 3 59 30.8 100 27 45 8 51 16.4 4 00 11.0 100 44 45 8 51 16.4 4 00 51,2 101 01 35 8 51 16.5 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 19 observations, 84. 51m. 18.30s. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 19, 1846 . — Camp 103. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. S. Beg;. min . sec. Beg. min. sec. 4 08 37.0 68 09 05 32 43 55 4 09 32.5 68 10 00 32 44 13 4 10 37.8 68 10 00 32 44 01 4 11 06.5 68 10 25 32 44 08 4 12 42.0 68 10 50 32 44 02 4 13 27.2 68 11 00 32 43 59 4 14 10.8 68 11 25 32 44 03 4 14 32.0 68 11 50 32 44 09 4 15 57.0 68 12 20 32 44 12 4 16 46 .0 68 12 50 32 44 18 4 17 56.5 68 12 55 32 44 09 4 19 33.0 68 13 10 32 44 00 4 20 40.5 68 13 25 32 43 55 Thermometer 46°. Mean of 13 observations, 32° 44 f 05", APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 19, 1846. — Camp 103. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Procyon, near the meridian. Latitude. h. m. .5. • vX ■ Deg. min. i ! sec . Deg. min . sec. 12 16 18.0 125 34 55 32 43 40 12 17 58.8 125 39 55 32 43 00 12 20 46.8 125 43 15 32 43 37 12 23 26.2 125 46 15 32 43 27 12 25 00.5 125 48 00 32 42 58 12 27 09.0 [ • 125 48 10 32 • 42 55 12 29 42.0 125 48 30 32 43 04 12 31 34.0 125 42 35 32 44 02 12 33 49.8 125 41 50 32 42 39 12 34 47.7 , 125 39 05 32 43 06 12 36 54.5 V 125 35 40 32 42 21 Thermometer 28°. Mean of 11 observations, 32° 43' 11". APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. Jfovembe r r 21, 1846 . — Bamp 105, on the Gila. determination of time. 1 Time. p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyra, / Clironome ter fast. ’ r in the west. h . m. s. Beg. min . sec . h. m. S . 3 21 02.0 83 44 15 8 52 28 .0 3 21 49.2 83 25 35 8 52 26 4 3 22 43.9 83 05 10 i 8 52 27 6 3 23 27.8 82 48 25 8 52 27 6 3 24 17.2 82 29 55 8 52 28 6 3 25 12.0 82 08 35 8 52 27 7 3 25 55 .5 81 52 15 8 52 28 2 3 27 16.0 81 20 20 8 52 25 0 rej * o O 27 55.9 81 06 05 j 8 52 27 6 Thermometer 40°. Time ; p. m. Double altitudes of a Arietis, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Beg. min. sec. h. m. s . 3 32 43.3 92 00 30 8 52 25 . 9 rej. 3 33 36.0 92 24 00 8 52 21.9 3 34 32.0 92 47 10 8 52 22.8 3 35 40.8 93 16 10 8 52 23.0 3 36 27.6 93 35 45 8 52 23.3 3 37 16.8 93 57 15 8 52 21.4 3 38 19.5 94 23 45 8 5.2 21.3 3 39 15.5 94 47 30 8 52 20.9 3 40 15.0 95 12 40 8 52 21.8 Thermometer 40°. Mean of 16 obsei vations, 8 h. 5 2m. 24.88$. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 2 1, 184 6.— -Camp 105. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. I Time, ■' i 1 p. m. j Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. s. t Deg. min . sec. Deg min. see. 3 45 29.0 68 00 30 32 42 58 rej. 3 46 38.8 68 01 40 32 43 17 3 47 23.8 68 01 50 32 43 13 3 48 20.7 88 02 10 32 43 10 3 49 03.1 68 02 30 32 43 12 3 49 47.8 68 03 05 32 43 19 3 50 24.2 68 03 25 32 43 22 3 50 58.0 68 03 50 ^ 32 43 27 3 51 49.5 68 04 00 32 43 22 3 52 25.0 68 04 10 32 43 20 3 53 04.9 68 04 20 |. 32 43 16 3 53 46.8 68 04 30 32 43 13 9 O 54 23.5 | j 68 04 45 32 43 13 Thermometer 40°. Mean of 12 observations, 32° 43 ; 17". «► ■ / 23 x I APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. / ' ""A 7 ’ November 22, 1846 . — Camp 108 , near the mouth of the Gila , 5, to. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. ' Time, p. m. Distance of Fornnltam from moon’s western limb. Double ab i t tides of moon’s lower limb. h. TO. S. Deg. min. sec. Deg. to in . sec. 2 41 39 . 0 46 52 35 58 40 50 2 44 1^. 8 46 51 40 58 01 20 2 46 53.8 46 50 20 57 18 30 2 49 15 0 46 49 45 56 41 10 2 52 30.2 46 48 45 55 46. 20 2 56 17.5 46 47 30 54 46 10 3 02 06.0 46 45 35 53 08 55 3 03 49.2 46 45 10 52 49 50 3 06 13.3 ;i 46 44 40 51 58 50 Thermometer 66°. Longitude, bj mean of observations, Ih. 40to. 50.0Gs. * APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. ft . I v ' . • ' V Jfovember 22, 1846 . — Camp 106, ?rear tke mouth of the Gila, DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. ■7 . V Double altitudes of a Lyrse, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. Deg. mi 7 1 . sec. h. m. s. o o 14 13.3 85 09 35 8 53 20.9 3 15 11.7 84 44 55 8 53 20.9 3 16 17.6 8i 21 35 8 53 19.8 3 17 13.8 83 59 30 8 53 18.3 3 18 05 . 9 83 40 10 8 53 19.8 3 18 54.0 83 21 40 8 53 19.5 3 19 53.0 82 59 00 8 53 19.2 3 20 44.8 82 40 05 8 53 21.5 3 21 35 . 2 82 20 15 8 53 20.0 Thermometer 60°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of in the east N a Arietis. Chronometer fast. h. m. s . Deg. min. sec. h. m. ,9. 3 28 17.5 91 26 10 8 53 16.7 3 29 06 . 0 91 47 40 8 53 14.2 3 29 58.8 92 09 40 8 53 16.0 3 30 49.8 92 30 20 8 53 16.8 3 31 33.5 92 49 30 8 53 15 . 0 3 32 28.0 93 11 25 8 53 18.6 3 33 33.8 93 40 10 8 53 15.2 3 34 55.0 94 14 15 8 53 15.5 3 35 54 8 94 39 15 8 53 18.0 Thermometer 60°. Mean of 18 observations. Sh. 53 m. 18. 10s. APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November- 22, 1S46 . — Camp 106. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time ? p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. ! 5. Deg. min . . J sec. Deg . min . sec. 3 48 19.5 68 01 50 32 42 21 3 49 26.0 68 02 15 32 42 19 3 59 18.0 68 02 30 32 42 18 3 59 59.8 68 02 25 32 42 08 3 52 56.0 68 03 30 32 42 15 3 54 08.0 68 04 10 32 42 15 3 55 12.8 68 04 20 32 42 14 3 56 07.8 68 05 05 32 42 25 3 57 10.9 68 05 20 32 42 22 3 58 23.2 68 05 35 32 42 14 3 59 26.8 68 05 45 32 42 08 4 00 35.2 68 06 05 32 42 05 4 01 51.8 68 06 45 32 42 11 Thermometer 60°. Mean of 13 observations, 32° 42' 15". APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. November 23, 1846.-— Camp' 106. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Saturn in the west. ' " A . 5 . k. m. Beg. min. sec. 2 39 36.5 85 06 00 2 40 38.5 85 04 50 2 41 37 0 85 03 , 20 2 42 42.8 85 02 50 2 43 20.0 85 01 10 9 44 01.0 85 00 00 i Thermometer 56°. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, p. m. tgllfii Distance of a Arietis from ' moon’s western limb. Double altitudes of moon’s lower limb. / h. m. 1 J)e-g min . sec. Deg. min. sec,. 3 15 51.0 88 30 55 68 50 20 ' 3 20 08.8 88 28 10 67 47 20 3 22 08.5 88 27 20 I 67 17 45 3 28 06 . 0 88 24 45 65 46 50 • 3 30 41.5 88 23 50 65 06 55 3 34 08.5 88 22 30 64 11 50 3 35 54.8 88 21 40 63 44 00 Thermometer 56°. h. m. s. 7 39 46.5 7 40 50.0 Longitude by a Arietis . Longitude by Fomalhaut • a « • « t » 7 40 18.25 # APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. November 25. / 1848. — Camp 106. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Arietis, in the east. Chronometer fast. ^ 9 k. m. S. Beg. min sec. k. m. s. 3 42 58.8 99 22 55 8 53 02.9 3 43 56.0 99 48 25 8 53 04.5 3 44 37.8 100 02 45 8 53 07 .4 rej. 3 45 31 .8 100 .26 20 8 53 05 . 3 3 46 22.0 TOO 48 10 8 53 ('3.7 3 47 10.8 101 08 35 8 53 03.9 3 47 59^.0 101 28 65 8 53 03.5 4 48 55.5 101 52 25 8 53 04 . 6 4 49 39.0 102 11 20 9 53 13.1 Thermometer 54°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of in the west a Lyras. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg. min . sec. h. m. s. 3 54 46.8 68 12 40 8 53 05.1 ♦3 55 4810 87 49 40 8 53 04.9 3 56 36.5 67 32 15- 8 53 06.8 3 57 18.3 67 16 40 8 53 06. 8 3 58 08.8 66 57 50 8 53 06.8 3 58 53.8 66 40 25 8 53 05.1 3 59 32.8 66 26 20 8 53 06.3 4 00 20.8 66 08 10 8 53 03.5 4 01 04.0 65 52 30 8 53 06.7 Thermometer 52°. Mean of 17 observations, 8k. 53 m. 04. 86s. 353 [ 1 ] APPENDIX. No. 5— -Continued. JVovember 23, 1846 . — Camp 106. Time, p. m. Double aliitudes of Sirius, near the meridian. Latitude. h-. m. s. 'Deg* rain. sec . Deg min . sec . 11 14 39.8 81 34 55 32 42 06 11 15 36.0 81 35 20 32 42 11 11 16 30.7 81 36 10 32 41 59 11 17 33.6 81 36 20 32 42 05 11 18 36.8 81 36 40 32 42 01 11 19 33 0 81 36 30 32 42 23 rej. 11 21 17.5 * 81 36 20 32 42 06 11 22 17.0 81 36 20 32 41 57 11 23 06.0 81 35 45 32 42 04 11 23 54.8' 81 35 10 32 42 07 11 24 40.0 81 34 45 32 42- 05 11 25 41.6 81 34 05 32 42 01 11 27 00.0 ! 81 33 10 32 41 51 Thermometer 46°. Mean of 12 observations, 32° 42 f 03". % 360 [ APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. .Jfovember 25, 1846. — Camp 108 —first camp after leaving the Rio Colorado . DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrae, in the west. Chronometer fast. h . m . s. Deg . min . sec. h . m. s. 3 05 57.5 84 02 20 8 53 63 . 1 rej . 3 06 40.8 83 44 15 8 53 59.2 3 07 27.9 83 on X> s J 35 8 54 01.1 * 3 08 16.5 83 07 45 8 53 59.5 3 09 10.9 82 46 50 8 53 59.2 3 09 59.8 82 28 35 8 53 60.4 3 10 48.0 82 09 30 8 53 58.7 3 11 34 . 8 81 51 35 8 53 58.6 Thermometer 46°. Time, P- m- Double altitudes of in the east a Arietis, Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Deg. min . sec . r h. m* s. 3 16 18.5 91 06 00 8 53 54.4 3 17 14.0 91 31 25 8 53 49 . 8 rej . 3 17 52.5 91 45 15 8 53 55.6 3 18 31.6 92 02 00 8 53 54 . 9 3 19 15.0 92 20 55 8 53 53.4 . 3 19 58.5 92 39 35 8 53 52.8 3 . 20 39.5 92 56 30 8 53 53.8 3 21 26.8 93 16 20 8 53 54.0 Thermometer 46°. Mean of 14 observations, 8 h. 53 m. 56.82s. / APPENDIX No. 5~ Continued. November 25 ? 1846 . — Camp 108. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Tirue, p. m. Double altitudes cf Polaris Latitude. h. m . s. Beg. min . sec. Beg. min . sec 3 24 40.5 67 52 05 32 40 11 3 25 46.2 67 52 55 32 40 ■Q Q Ad Ad 3 26 45.0 67 53 10 32 40 16 3 27 31.8 67 53 30 32 40 16 3 28 51.5 67 54 20 32 40 24 3 29 44.0 67 54 40 32 40 22 3 30 26.8 67 55 05 32 40 25 3 31 06.5 67 55 45 32 40 33 3 32 01 .0 67 55 45 32 40 '24 3 33 25.0 67 56 30 32' 40 30 Thermometer 44°. Mean of 10 observatlonsj 32° 40 7 22", [ 7 ]‘ 362 APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 1 28, 1846. — Camp 111. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time, p. m. Distance of Aidebaran from Double altitude of moon's moon’s western limb. lower limb. h. m. s . Deg. min . sec. Deg. m in . sec. 5 27 34. 0 49 25 25 129 01 40 5 29 22. 8 49 24 45 129 05 50 5 31 16. 0 49 23 55 129 08 25 5 33 17. 5 49 23 05 129 11 10 5 05 15. 8 49 22 35 129 32 20 5 37 22. 8 49 21 50 129 13 00 5 39 25 . 8 49 21 35 129 12 40 5 41 25. 8 49 20 25 129 • 11 10 1 Thermometer 44°. Longitude, by mean of observations, 7 h. 43 m. 06.45. m APPENDIX No. 5- November, 28 5 1846, — Camp 111. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE. Time p. m. Distance of Fomalhaut from moon’s western limb. Double altitudes of moon’s lower limb. h. m. S. Deg. min. sec. Deg. min. sec. 5 48 54.0 50 Oc) 50 128 57 30 5 51 03.8 50 33 30 128 50 20 5 53 43.7 50 34 10 128 40 30 5 58 03.5 50 35 35 128 QO ^ /W 15 6 01 58.0 50 36 10 128 00 00 6 05 24.1 50 37 50 127 38 30 6 08 12.5 50 39 00 127 19 20 6 10 19.2 50 39 00 127 03 20 6 15 10.0 50 40 30 126 4 0 10 6 16 02.7 50 41 20 126 15 30 6 19 19.0 50 42 40 125 45 50 * Longitude Thermometer 44°. by F omalhaut .... < . «. h. 7 < 9 9 * « 0 m. 43 s. 43.01 Longitude by Aldebaran .... .. 54 06.04 Mean • ® • 0 • d • ..... 7 43 24.75 ; ffl il I AJPPENDIX No. 5 — Continued November 28 . — Camp 111, C dr iso creek . first after passing the Jornada. DETERMINATION OF TIME. , / * Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Beg. min sec. h. m. s. 2 49 2d .5 87 31 40 8 57 58.4 2 50 20 . 0 87 10 40 8 57 57.2 2 51 10.0 86 5 1 20 8 57 56.8 2 51 54.5 86 34 45 8 5.7 37.9 2 52 43 . 0 86 15 30 8 57 56.4 2 53 23 3 86 00 20 8 57 57.0 2 54 18.2 85 39 35 8 57 57.7 2 55 07.3 85 19 50 8 57 55.2 2 55 51.5 85 03 35 8 57 55.0 Thermometer 48°. Time , p. m. Double altitudes of a Arietis, in the east. Chronometer fast. h. m. s . I) eg . min . sec. h: m. s. 3 02 01.8 88 21 15 8 57 56.7 3 03 06 . 2 88 47 45 8 57 58 . 2 3 03 59.8 89 10 05 8 57 58.8 3 04 55 .5 89 33 45 8 57 58.2 3 05 55.8 89 59 45 8 57 56.7 3 06 47.8 90 21 10 8 57 57.8 3 07 47.5 90 46 30 8 57 57.3 3 08 32.8 91 05 25 8 57 57.7 <■» o 09 21.5 91 27 35 8 57 53.7 rej. Thermometer 48°. Mean- of 17 observations, 8 h. 57 m. 57 .26s. I APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. November 28, 1346 . — Camp 111. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes laris. of Po- Latitude. h. m. s. Beg . min. sec. Beg min . sec . 3 23 15.0 68 19 25 32 52 31 3 24 09.0 ! 68 19 40 32 52 28 3 25 04.5 68 20 00 32 52 25 3 23 06.5 68 19 30 32 51 56 rei. o o 26 50.0 68 21 20 32 9 KJ AJ 43 3 27 35.0 68 21 35 32 5.2 40 3 23 22.5 68 21 40 32 52 33 3 29 34.5 68 21 50 32 52 24 O O 30 52.0 68 22 20 32 52 24 3 32 11.8 68 23 20 32 52 37 3 33 20.0 68 23 40 32 52 34 3 34 02.5 f 68 23 55 32 52 33 3 35 20.0 68 24 25 ! 32 52 39 Thermometer 46°. Mean of 12 observations, 32° 52' 33". V \ - APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued, November 2 9, 1846 .- — Camp 112 5 u Valle Citon P 5 DETERMINATION OF TIME. * . - " -Time, n. m. / ji Doable altitudes of a Lyrse, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. s. Beg. min sec . A. m*. s. 2 47 23.8 87 10 05 8 58 44.1 2 48 17.0 86 49 10 8 58 42.7 o Amf 49 33.9 86 27 20 8 58 42.6 2 50 03 . 5 86 08 25 8 58 42.9 2 50 5 1 .5 85 5-0 15 8 58 43.5 9 A** 51 32.0 85 35 05 8 58 44.2 0 52 24.2 85 14 45 8 58 43.3 2 53 12.4 84 56 10 8 58 42.9 Thermometer 50°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of in the easi a Arietis, Chronometer fast. k. m. s . Beg min . sec . h. m. s. 2 ,58 01.0 87 59 50 8 58 43.7 2 58 50.3 88 21 20 8 58 41.9 2 59 30.0 88 37 35 8 58 42.9 3 00 19.2 88 58 30 8 58 42.4 o 01 20.3 89 23 55 8 58 42.9 o o 02 16.5 89 48 35 8 58 40.5 3 03 10.8 90 10 35 8 58 42.4 3 04 12.0 90 36 40 8 58 41.8 3 05 04.2 90 58 35 8 58 41.7 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 17 observations^ 8M 58m. 42. 78s. 387 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. <,5 — Continued, November 30, 1846 . — Camp 112. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyrse, Chronometer fast. in the west. • h. m . , 9 . . Deo;, min. sec. , m. 9. 2 47 58.8 85 21 1 15 8 58 31.2. 2 48 46.6 85 02 55 8 58 31.2 2 49 38.8 84 4 2 55 8 58 3.).7 2 50 27.5 84 24 15 8 58 30 . 5 2 51 11.0 84 07 45 8 58 30.7 2 51 55 .2 83 50 40 8 5S 30.3 2 52 45 .0 t 83 31 20 8 58 29.3 2 53 29.9 83 14 25 8 58 29.9 2 54 21.7 82 55 05 ■ 8 58 31.1 Thermometer 48°. t Time, P- m* Double altitudes of a Arietis, Chronometer fast. in the east. h. m. . 9 . Deg' min. sec. k. m. s. 3 14 21.0 96 37 20 | 8 58 28.1 3 16 50.8 97 40 10 8 58 27.6 3 17 25.0 97 54 10 8 58 29.1 3 19 40.6 98 50 50 8 58 29.9 3 22 24.8 99 59 55 8 58 29.5 Thermometer 48°. Mean of 14 observations, 8 k. 58m, £9 . 69.?. Boisterous and cloudy. The ground at this camp is spongy, and shaken by the lightest tread. CO co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. November 29, 184 6.— Camp 112. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. me, p . m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. m. i S. Beg. i ■min . sec. Beg. min sec. 08 45.0 68 26 20 32 58 24 09 51.8 68 26 40 32 58 24 10 47.5 68 27 30 3.2 58 32 12 02.0 68 27 ' 45 32 58 20 13 02.5 68 27 55 32 58 13 13 52.5 68 28 15 32 58 10 14 33.5 68 28 35 32 58 12 15 26.0 68 28 55 32 58 10 16 04.0 68 29 10 32 58 09 16 40.8 68 29 20 32 58 02 17 27.0 68 29 55 32 58 14 18 06.2 68 30 00 32 58 8 T Thermometer 50°. Mean of 12 observations, 32° 58 1 15 K v 369 [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. December 2 , 1846 . — Camp 114, u Warner 1 sW DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, p. m. j Double altitudes of, a Lyras, ! Chronometer fast. in the west. ( h. m. ■ s. Deg. min. l sec. h. m. s. 2 45 26.8 83 51 55 8 59 16.0 2 46 22.5 83 31 10 8 59 17.2 2 47 17.9 '83 10 05 8 59 17.3 2 47 56.8 82 54 55 8 59 16.4 2 48 44.0 82 37 35 8 59 18 1 2 49 31 . 7 82 18 30 8 59 15.6 2 50 2* *5.8 81 57 55 8 59 16.4 2 51 13.0 si 40 15 8 59 16.3 2 51 57.8 81 23 50 8 59 17.9 Thermometer 34°. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of a ArietiSj Chronometer fast. - in the east h. m. s. V Beg. min . sec. h. m. 5. 2 58 40.8 92 59 40 8 59 15 6 2 59 32.3 93 20 50 8 59 16.6 3 00 24.0 93 42 35 8 59 16.4 3 01 19.5 94 06 55 8 59 13.7 rej. 3 02 12.5 94 28 30 8 59 15.2 3 03 31.2 95 00 55 8 59 16.6 3 04 19.3 95 21 05 8 59 16.5 3 05 16.8 95 44 50 8 59 17.2 3 05 58.5 96 03 & 20 8 59 14.8 Thermometer 36°» Mean of 17 observations, Sh. 59 m, 16A6s» * / 24 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. c ember 2, 1846 . — - Camjj 114, Warner sB » DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. h. m. s. Beg. min . sec. j Beg. rain. o n r* 3 11 12.8 69 09 55 j oo 17 21 3 12 31.8 69 09 10 ! 0,0 16 40 3 13 33.5 69 09 25 l r Oq. 16 OQ /tar «_/ o o 14 51.5 69 10 55 O O. oo 17 00 3 16 28.9 69 14 35 1 - 33 17 09 3 17 51.0 69 12 10 33 17 09 3 18 35.8 69 12 10 i 33 16 47 3 20 31.0 69 12 50 ! 33 16 49 3 21 03.8 69 13 25 I Q O o o 16 58 3 21 52.0 i 69 13 40 33 16 58 3 22 23.8 69 13 55 33 16 59 3 23 13.0 69 14 10 i 33 16 59 Thermometer 64°. Mean of 12 observations, 33° 16' 57", APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. December 8, 1846. — Camp 118, San Bernardo. DETERMINATION OF TIME. N ' ft T 11X10, p. m. Double altitudes of a Lyras, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. S. Deg . mir i sec. « h. m. s . 3 19 08.0 62 19 00 8 59 41.2 3 20 28 8 61 49 25 8 59 40.8 3 21 20 . 2 61 30 20 8 59 40.4 3 22 17.9 6 1 09 30 8 59 43.6 3 22 59.5 60 53 55 8 59 40.7 3 23 46.2 60 36 35 8 59 40.4 3 24 31.7 60 19 25 8 59 39.3 3 25 28.8 . , 59 59 20 8 59 41.5 3 26 08.8 59 44 60 8 59 40.5 Thermometer 40°. Time, p. Ill, Double altitudes of a Arietis, in the east. . Chronometer fast. h. m. S . ] Deg . min. sec . h. m. 5*. 3 34 46.0 117 46 30 8 59 36.9 3 35 41.8 118 09 15 8 59 37.5 3 36 32.8 1 118 30 15 8 59 37.6 3 37 13.8 118 47 35 8 59 36.5 3 38 13.8 119 12 35 8 59 35.8 3 38 59.6 119 30 30 8 59 38.1 3 39 40.0 119 47 25 8 59 37.5 3 40 34.7 120 09 30 8 58 38.5 Thermometer 40°. Mean of 17 observations, 8 h. 59 m. 38.9 5$. m * 4^3 i APPENDIX No. 5— Continued. December 8, 1846. — Camp 118, San Bernardo. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. W V m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude h. rri- S. Deg. min sec. Deg. min. sec . 3 44 15.0 69 01 30 33 03 49 3 45 10.0 69 03. 50 33 03 45 3 45 45 .5 69 02 00 33 03 46 3 46 32.2 69 02 00 33 03 40 3 47 10.8 69 02 10 33 03 41 3 48 00 . 8 69 no 30 33 03 45 3 48 34.6 69 02 40 33 03 46 3 49 25.8 69 02 35 33 03 38 3 50 04.0 69 62 30 33 03 32 T n e r in o m e ter 40° . \Teaji of 9 observations., 33° 03' 42''. j t*y [ 7 ] APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. December 15, 1846. — Camp 12QJ Diego. DETERMINATION OF TIME. Time, ... v p. m. Double alti - in hides of a Areitis, the east. Chronometer fast. h. m . S. Deg . min , sec. h. m. s. . 3 33 31.0 129 04 15 8 58 38.1 3 34 24.0 129 25 25 • 8 58 39.1 3 35 15.8 129' 46 10 8 58 39.2 ■ 3 36 26.8 130 15 40 8 58 36.9 3 37 30.0 139 41 20 8 58 36.4 3 38 23.2 i3 i 02 • 10 8 58 37.8 3 % 39 23 . 9 131 26 40 8 58 37.4 3 40 22.5 131 50 20 8 58 36.9 Thermometer 50°. Time, p. m. Double altitude's of a Pegasi, in the west. Chronometer fast. h. m. Deg . min. sec . h. m. s. 3 52 26.5 123 38 45 8 58 41.6 3 53 43.8 123 11 55 8 58 41.2 3 54 42.8 122 50 55 8 58 42. G . 3 55 34.7 122 33 10 8 58 40.9 3 56 25 . 0 122 16 45 8 58 4 4.2 rej. 3 57 22.3 121 55 40 8 58 41.6 3 58 > 13.0 121 37 40 8 58 41.3 3 59 04.5 121 19 40 8 58 41.9 4 00 05.2 120 58 10 8 58 42.1 Thermometer 50°. Mean of 16 observations, 8/j. 58m. 39.65s. [ 7 ] 374 APPENDIX No. 5 — Continued. December 15. 1846 . — San Diego. DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE. Time, p. m. Double altitudes of Polaris. Latitude. h. m. 5. Deg. min sec. Deg. min . sec . 4 17 32.0 68 33 55 32 45 41 4 18 27.8 68 33 35 32 45 30 4 19 21.5 68 33 55 A 32 45 39 4 20 49.2 68 33 55 9 o 45 37 4 21 33 0 68 33 45 32 45 32 4 22 09.0 68 o OO 35 32 45 27 4 23 \ j f - ■ * > I t -U