Franklin Institute Library PHILdbELPHId ClassSi) 2.v£> Book 7 "f” Accession ^<5 09 ^ QUANTITY SUBVEYING QUANTITY SURVEYING FOR THE USE OF SURVEYORS, ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS By J. LEANING AUTHOR OF ‘THE DUTIES OF A CLERK OF WORKS: A COMPLETE SET OF CONTRACT DOCUMENTS, SPECIFICATIONS, ETC.’ THIRD EDITION \ REVISED AND ENLARGED FIFTH THOUSAND Uontion : E. & F. N. SPON, Limited, 125 STRAND fit to 3Jorfe: SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12 CORTLANDT STREET 1897 S? rC ^ fcf P RE FACE TO THE THIED EDITION. Although an effort has been made to exclude information extraneous to the subject, this edition will be found more voluminous than the last. This increase is to some extent referable to the introduction after each direction for measure- ment, of the item as it would appear in a bill of quantities. These items make the directions clearer, and show more completely the distinctions which should be observed. Specifications having been dealt with in a separate book, the chapter relating to them has been altered but little. It should, however, be noticed that many of the bill items before referred to may, with very little alteration of phraseology, be used in specifications. The lists of items of taking off in the several orders fur- nished will assist the student to broad views of the subject; if he should desire to see examples of the office work of the quantity surveyor, “A complete set of contract documents,” referred to on the title-page, presents such examples in fac- simile; for this reason it has been considered inexpedient to repeat such a work in this book. Some recent important decisions have been added to the chapter on law. Their finality is questionable, and there are VI QUANTITY SURVEYING. still many doubtful points as to the legal relations of the quantity surveyor. The chapter on cubing and approximate estimates has been extended. For this the importance of the subject to the quantity surveyor is, perhaps, a reasonable excuse. Reference to the index will show that this edition com- prises a great number of small items of advice and information which have not appeared in the former ones. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The nucleus of the following pages appeared in the ‘British Architect’ in the years 1878 and 1879. These papers have since that publication been revised and much increased in volume. The change of practice which has been in course of development for some years, and the gradual settlement of a methodical and reasonable system which is not completely explained in any book hitherto published, would seem to warrant the assumption that this manual will not be unwelcome. The value of ordinary procedure cannot easily be overrated, and the writer has endeavoured to indicate various ways by which this can be ensured. The sections on the Order of Taking Off on various principles, Office Practice, the Settlement of Variations, the Treatment of Works of Alteration and Restoration, the Law, the Forms of Bills and Schedules of Prices and the Examples of Collections and Taking Off will, the writer trusts, prove useful to the student, and tend to increase the number of those men (daily becoming more numerous) who, in the face of adverse opinion and opposing ignorance, hold to the belief that a thing worth doing at all is worth doing well. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The system of measuring suggested in this book is for the greater part that adopted by Mr. Thomas M. Rickman, and consequently needs no further recommendation. The Order of Taking Off, the Preambles of Bills, the Form of Schedule of Prices, and various minor matters, are derived from his practice, and I take the opportunity this second edition affords to express my very grateful acknowledgment of the obligation. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. Diversity of usage — Tables and formulae purposely excluded — Supply of quantities just — Quantities essential if work is to be well done — Builders of position refuse to tender without quantities — Question able, honesty to dispense with quantities — Disadvantages incident thereto — Charge when tendering without quantities — Quantities should form part of the contract— Deposit of priced bill — Examine bill before sealing — Function of a bill of quantities — Prejudice against elaborate quantities — Detail regulated by quality of work — Rough methods — One system for the whole kingdom desirable — Qualifications of an efficient surveyor — General course of procedure — Definition of taking off, squaring the dimensions, abstracting, billing, examples of paper used — An unvarying system should be adopted by the surveyor — Dimensions on plan to be preferred — In collecting always begin at one point — Largest dimensions to be taken — Distinguish between voids and wants — Definition of wants — Keep dimensions clear — Clearly describe position of work — Rules with various scales thereon — Example of “ on waste ” — Inquire as to details before com- mencing to take off — Examine drawings and specification — Find out points of compass — Figure the drawings — Number the rooms — Make notes of altera- tions — Parts of buildings which repeat — Make plan of each course of oriels, &c. — Dimensions of certain parts to be kept separate— Collection advised — Measuring finishings a check upon deductions of openings — Alterations of dimensions to be made with care — Marks recommended to show that openings have been dealt with — Title of work — Numbering columns of dimensions — Index — Order of binding papers — Separate dimensions into small volumes — Checking taking off — The two leading methods of taking off — Respective merits of the two methods — Dotting on — Timesing — Precaution necessary — Quantities supplied by inexperienced surveyor, short — One collection avail- able for several items — Averaging a saving of labour — Correcting specification — Quantity surveyor to write specification — Methods of writing dimensions, of various surfaces and solidities, Examples — Length of hip rafter, Example Repetition avoided, Example — Say if dimensions are in clear — Preambles and headings to bills — Cubic contents of building — “ a. b.” and “ as last Refer- ence to previous items — Queries — Memory not to be trusted Specification to be read through after taking off — Sets of tracings facilitate work Methods X QUANTITY SURVEYING. of reproducing drawings — One man to take responsibility — Supervisor to take off painting as a check— Taking off for a large building divided among a number of men — Acceleration of taking off — Facilitating settlement of varia- tions — Assisting valuation of work for certificates — Work in corridors — Notes in dimensions, how written — Reference and indexing facilitated by headings — Writing to dictation — Emphasise changes in thickness — Use of the words “ elsewhere taken ” — Work in “ narrow widths,” “ small quantities,” &c. — “ Deduct and add ” — “ Extra for ” and “ Extra only ” — Articles from special manufacturers — Insurance of drawings — Preparation of quantities from draw- ings in pencil — Exact quantity of work — Excess in bill of quantities — Rickman on ‘ Building Risks ’ — Extract from ‘ Quantities and Quantity Practice ’ — ‘ Young Surveyor’s Preceptor.’ Pages 1 to 22 CHAPTER II. ORDER OF TAKING OFF. Advantages of the system proposed — Care to be observed in alteration of dimen- sions — Arrangements suggested not always expedient — Special objects to remark on visiting site of proposed work — Opportunity for settling queries afforded by deferring visit until after taking off — Observe condition of work in carcase — Application to freeholder, district surveyor, &c. — Order of items — Alternative order of taking off. Pages 23 to 41 CHAPTER III. MODES OF MEASUREMENT— CREDITS. Attendances — District Surveyor’s fees — Provisions to be made for works of uncertain quantity — Works at the building — Surveyor should make details. Excavator. — Dredging and removing — Piling — Driving piles — Waling pieces — Bolts and straps — Coffer dams — Digging and concrete — Rubbish from pulling down — Surface digging — Digging to trenches — Examples of collections of walls — Strutting and planking — Clay puddling — Concrete — Expansion boards — Rubbish — Levelling ground — Post holes— Digging to cesspools — Drains — Channel pipes. Bricklayer. — Dividing work into sections — Measure each wall to its ex- tremity —Compare the drawings of the various floors — Count fireplaces — Figured diagram of chimney stacks — Extra thickness of certain walls — Arches over passages — Work in cement — Brickwork, how measured — Cube brickwork — Brickwork above certain height— In small quantities — In backing — In raising — “ Built overhand ” — Work to old w alls — Underpinning — Bricks of larger size than ordinary — Allowance for wall plates — Deductions of stone- work— Deductions for flues — Soot doors — Semicircular and circular deductions CONTENTS. xi — Deductions for Gothic arches — Deductions of openings — Order of measuring — Averaging footings, Example— London Building Act regulating footings— Walls fair both sides— Half-brick partitions— Sleeper walls— Circular brick- work— Battering brickwork— Hollow walls— Vaulting— Brick sewers— Bill- Work measured by superficial yard— By superficial foot— By foot run— By yard run— Works numbered— Facings— Terra-cotta— Faience— Concrete buildings. Mason. — Usual practice — Another method — Hoisting — Order of dimensions important — Allowance for plastering— Cube stone— Stone must accord with extra size of bricks — Number stones — Taking off long lengths of stone Measuring the cube stone — Waste in conversion — Half sawing — Stopped work — Preparatory faces— Sawing— Rough sunk face— Plain face — Beds and joints — Plain work — Sunk work — Circular work — Circular circular work — Moulded work — Work measured by foot run — Items numbered — Stone and labour — Yorkshire stone— Granite — Processes of working stones— Rubble walling — Artificial stone. Slater. — Work measured by square and foot superficial — By foot run— New trade rules for measuring slating. Slate Mason . — Slabs — Work measured per foot run — Works numbered. Tiler. — Works measured by square and foot superficial — By the foot run — New trade rules for measuring tiling — Pantiling. Carpenter. — Distinction between Carpentry and Joinery — Scales and tables for timbers — Allowance for tenons — Wrought timbers — Specified sizes — Finished sizes — Work kept separate — Work measured by the foot cube — By the square — Centering — Fences — Sound boarding — Wall battening — Weather boarding — Work measured by foot superficial — By foot run — By numbers. Joiner and Ironmonger. — Different woods — Cross-tongued — Work kept separate — Circular work — Radius described — Work screwed, nailed, &c. — Sketch any unusual construction — Collecting dimensions — Backings — Plug- ging — Notching — Scribing — Misapplied terms — “ Splayed edge ” and “ Cham- fered edge ” — Finished sizes — The words “ labour to ” — “ Square framed ” — Framings — Work described as “ dwarf ” — Work with various labours on it — When to take ironmongery — French polishing — Mouldings — Averaging doors and windows — Pieces of joinery of small size — “ Cross-grain ” — Judgment as to whether the measurement of work shall be lineal or superficial — Floors — Mat sinkings — Wood block floors — Skirtings — Dados — Grounds — Pipe casing — Skylights — Sashes and frames — Shop sashes — Window linings — Boards and bearers — Nosings — Architraves — Solid frames and casements — Window backs and elbows — Shutters — Doors— Gates — Door frames — Jamb linings — Fram- ings — W.c. fittings — Bath fittings — Cisterns and sinks — Shelf for gas meter — .Ladder to traps — Plate racks — Dressers — Copper lids — Pilasters — Columns of wood — Staircases, &c. — Attendances — Deal cornices — Church and other fittings — Ironmongery. Plumber. — Size of sheets of lead and how cut — Internal and external plumbing sometimes kept separate — Other distinctions — External plumbing — Internal plumbing — Hot-water system. Zincworker . — How measured. Plasterer . — Separate external and internal work — Narrow widths — Plaster- ing on old walls — Dubbing — Plastering of extra thickness— Circular plastering — Plastering in small quantities — In gauged stuff — Deductions, how treated — xii QUANTITY SURVEYING. Plastering to specially high stories — Modes of measurement — Various cements — Fibrous plaster. Founder and Smith. — Wrought and cast work to be kept separate — Patterns and alterations — Artistic ironwork — Work “ in position ” — Modes of measure- ment. Gasfitter. — Work frequently treated as provision — The description of pipes — Attendance — Mode of measurement. Bellhanger. — Mode of measurement — Attendance — Speaking tubes. Glazier. — Defective lighting — Mode of measurement — Keep separate the different kinds of glass. Paperhanger. — Dimensions may be obtained from plasterer — Mode of measurement— French papers — Ornamental papering — Canvas and battens. Painter . — Ironwork painted before supplied — Opportunity of checking taking off of other trades — Various methods of measurement — Oiling and rubbing — Staining, &c. — Polishing — Writing — Graining — Flatting — Treat- ment of ironmongery when decoration is a separate contract — Bill. Use and waste — Ventilation and warming — Credits — Various methods of dealing with an old building — Surveyor should be a judge of materials— Sub- contracts — Abbreviations in general use. Pages 42 to 237. CHAPTER IV. SQUARING THE DIMENSIONS— ABSTRACTING AND BILLING. Squaring and checking the dimensions, suggestions — Areas of circles — Short ways of squaring — Varying order of factors — Clerk squaring should look to errors — Carry all the results into squaring column — Unchanging order of ab- stracting desirable — Safety suggestions — Ticking bottom of columns — Check- ing abstracts — Plenty of paper to be used — Writing number of column opposite each dimension — Averaging — Suitable items for averaging — Order of the bills — General rules for abstracting and for order of items — Examples to illustrate abstracting and reducing — General order of billing — Disposal of fractional parts of totals — Orders of the figures of scantlings — Judicious headings — Small metal articles — Writing short — Examples — Dividing items between two pages — Articles to be supplied by special persons — The words “ cube ” and “ superficial ” — “ and including ” — “ as pattern ” — “ to detail ” — “provide” and “allow” — Billing direct — Separate or continuous bills — Sketches in bills — Forms of preambles to bills — Separate estimate — Form of a bill of alternative estimate — Form of a schedule of prices for labour — Form of summary — Form of tender — Remarks on credits bills — Form of credits bill — Pull down and credit — Billing works wdiich involve the labour of more than one trade — Tick the bottom of each column of abstract — Reading draft bill — Examining transfers — Addenda bill — Function of a bill of quantities — Com- bining the quantities and specification — Tenders advertised for without quantities— Selection of builders to tender — Form of a bill of quantities. Pages 238 to 304. CONTENTS. xm CHAPTER Y. RESTORATIONS. Generally apply to churches — Cost of work dependent upon architect— Surveyor to take no more than his share of responsibility — Materials removed — New work measured in usual way— Description of the stonework - Cutting new open- ings— Work to facing— Repairs to stonework— Separation of parts— Alterna- tive estimates — Provisions in certain cases advisable— Examples of items of frequent occurrence — List of clauses required in bill— Works of general alteration — Examples of items— Openings cut, Example — Adapting old joinery, Example — Various methods of reducing amounts of tenders— Report thereon — Example of omissions of dimensions — Treatment of omissions and additions on abstract — Pricing items of variation. Pages 305 to 311 CHAPTER YI. ERRORS , ETC. IN ESTIMATES— SCHEDULE OF PRICES— ADJUSTMENT OF ACCOUNTS. Errors in builder’s estimate, how to treat — Signing form of tender a legal contract — Checking priced estimate — Deduction of percentage — Enumeration of common errors. Schedule of prices, when expedient — Published schedules — Mode of pre- paration — Method of analysis — Report thereon — Forms of schedules of prices — Modes of measurement prescribed for the New Houses of Parliament, Westminster — Preamble of a masonry schedule of the War Department. Adjustment of accounts — Favourable conditions — Extra works and their measurement — Course to be adopted — Separate measuring books — List of . incomplete works to be made — Progress drawings — Not always advisable to measure an omission — Clerk to book the dimensions — Words “omit” and “ deduct ” — Certain items not to be billed — Abstracting and billing — Two forms of a bill of variations— Pricing — Disputed prices — Precautions — Liberality of surveyor to builder — Day accounts — When proper to allow day accounts — Quantity surveyor to take charge of day accounts — Credit for old materials — Items which should not be charged — Measuring complex joinery — Alterations — Foreman’s time — Treatment of preliminary items — Provisions — P. C. — Carriage — Exorbitant discounts — Claim for profit on omitted work — Charges for water, tackle, plant, &c. — Charge for lodgings — Claim for stop- page of works — Unjust claims — Claims for liquidated damages — Reference — Witnesses — Abstracting day accounts — Form of a bill of variations — Form of statement of account — Mode of dealing with disputed account — Precis of correspondence. Pages 312 to 351 XIV QUANTITY SURVEYING. CHAPTER VII. SPECIFIC A TIONS. Frequently written by surveyor — Best written by man who takes off quantities — Better completed before lithographing quantities— Addenda to quantities objectionable — Convenient method of preparation of specification — Same order to be maintained throughout — Describe joinery floor by floor — Commence trades with description of material — List of items to be observed — Specifica- tion more easily written if dimensions are properly noted — Correction of architect’s specification — Clauses which neutralise each other. Pages 352 to 356 CHAPTER VIII. PRICES. Valuing requires judgment — Surveyor should watch changes of market prices — Collection of trade circulars advisable — Deposited priced bills of quantities — Young surveyor should be familiar with prices of leading items — Usual profit — Profit least on open tenders — Large contracts confined to few competitors — Mr. Lucas on profits — Surveyor can estimate cost from cubic content — Dimensions should commence with cubic content — Received method of cubing — Boundary walls, &c. — Elements of modification of price per foot cube — Professor Kerr on cost of buildings — Cost of various classes of building per foot cube, per square, &c. — London County Council list of wages, &c. — Cost of work in the country — Constants of labour — Approximate estimates — Drawings should be examined before pricing an estimate — Work in small or large quantities — Specially low prices may sometimes be obtained from manu- facturers — Surveyor should observe how quantities have been prepared — Price books not to be relied on — Calculation of value of small quantities from larger — Disregard of nice distinctions — Preliminary and incidental charges — Fees for the parochial surveyor — Water — Water Company’s charges — Pro- visions — Valuing excavation — Sand on site — Carting — Example of valuing concrete — Trade discounts on drain pipes and pottery — Strutting and planking — Example of valuing brickwork — Cost of a rod of brickwork, how obtained — Expedients for keeping down cost — Value of facings dependent upon the kind of bond — Cost of facing, how obtained — Trade discounts — ‘Laxton's Bricklayers’ Tables ’ — Valuation of masonry — Quarry-worked stone — Special estimates from quarries — Percentage for waste — Sectional area a basis of value — Trade terms — Price the labours — Valuation of slating — Allowance for breakage — How cost is reduced — Trade terms — Example of valuation — Quality and value of timbers not well known — Saving by use of deals — Example of valuation of timber — Small scantlings of greater value than large — Points to be observed in the valuation of joinery — Analogy in prices — Dis- regarding labours — Example of valuation of deal — Allowance for waste — Table of thicknesses advisable — Ironmongery trade discount — Surveyor should observe how plumbing is measured — Various weights of lead — Lead pipe often CONTENTS. xv inferior— Trade discount— Allowance on old lead— Points to observe in valuing plastering— Example of valuation of plastering— Points to observe in valuing ironwork— Trade discount on stoves, &c.— Weight the basis of all iron prices — Trade discounts on gas pipes and fittings — Points to observe in the valuation of gas fittings — Points to observe in the valuation of glass — Trade discounts — How low prices are accounted for — How cost of painting is reduced — Trade discount on wall papers — Pricing of day accounts — Retail prices. Pages 357 to 385 CHAPTER IX. THE LAW AS IT AFFECTS QUANTITY SURVEYORS. Average solicitor not familiar with building cases — Quantity surveyors should know the law — Special court for building cases — Trade custom an important factor — Quantities a part of the contract — Sir Edmund Beckett on quantities — Preparing quantities and disclaiming responsibility by architect anomalous — Elimination of “ sporting items” — Clauses in contract of National Associa- tion of Master Builders — Mr. Hudson’s remark to builders — Priestley v. Stone — Appeal of plaintiffs — Rights of quantity surveyor — Moon v. Guardians of Witney Union — Rule nisi obtained — New decision — Gwyther v. Gaze — Waghorn v. Wimbledon Local Board of Health — Taylor v. Hall — Builder’s liability in measuring extras and omissions — Architect’s personal liability — Burnell v. Ellis — Richardson and Waghorn v. Beales and others — Scrivener and another v. Pask — Quantity surveyor to furnish copy of dimensions — Surveyor’s liability to building owner — Surveyor acting as appraiser — Mr. Cates on quantities and quantity practice — Readiness of surveyors to pay for deficiencies — Suggestions of Mr. Hudson — Opinion of Mr. Studwick— Architect’s quantities — Stevenson v. Watson — Leave given to amend claim — Bankruptcy of builder— Young v. Blake— Legality of customs questioned. Pages 386 to 419 CHAPTER X. ORDER OF TASTING OFF IF THE OLD METHOD BE ADOPTED. Trades separate in dimensions — Saving of labour in squaring and abstracting — Expedients adopted by some — Modifications — List of items in their order — Reid’s * Young Surveyor’s Preceptor.’ Pages 420 to 422 CHAPTER XI. NORTHERN PRACTICE. Probable reason for the [practice of obtaining tenders from separate trades Statement of methods recommended by the Manchester Society of Architects — Comparison of items with London practice — Examples of items. Pages 423 to 442 XVI QUANTITY SURVEYING. CHAPTER XII. EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIONS . Stoves and chimneypieces — Damp proof courses — Joists — Fir in quarter partitions — Skirtings — Doors and linings — Plastering and papering — Plastering of re- curring heights— Cornices — Flashings — Labour and materials connected with chimney-gutters, flashings, &c. — Rain-water pipes — Bells. Pages 443 to 451 CHAPTER XIII. EXAMPLES OF TAXING OFF. Excavation and brickwork — External walls— Internal walls — Deduction of openings — Deduction of window opening in hollow wall — Facings to a window opening with brick dressings — Facings to a brick chimney stack — Alternative method — Inspection pit — A stone pier cap — An apex stone — A stone string course in brick wall — Stone quoins in brick wall — Alternative treatment — A stone balustrade and entablature — A stone arch — A stone column — A stone traceried window — A quarter partition — A circular rib to a roof truss — Doors — Staircases — Square-headed sashes and frames — A gutter — Alternative for cesspool — A balustrade and cornice in Portland cement and brick — An archway in Keene’s cement — A cast-iron column and its base — A wrought-iron box girder — Painting. Pages 452 to 509 CHAPTER XIY. THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF ESTIMATING. Development of existing system — Sources of information on estimating — Medieval work — Contracts by separate trades — Division of responsibility — Measure and value — Cause of its disuse — Mode adopted at Worsley Hall — Rise of the practice of tenders from one contractor for all trades — Builders appointing quantity surveyor — Present system of appointment of quantity surveyor — Schedules of prices — Modern French practice — The Glasgow practice — The Edinburgh practice — Tenders without quantities — Duties, &c., of quantity surveyor should be formulated by authority — Questions circulated by the Royal Institute of British Architects — “ Employment of Surveyors ” — “ Report of Special Committee on Employment of Surveyors” — Discussion on Mr. Saunders’ paper — Shall the architect take out his own quantities? — Points for consideration thereon — Clauses which should not be introduced in a bill of quantities. Pages 510 to 522 APPENDIX Page 523 Pages 525 to 547 INDEX QUANTITY SURVEYING. CHAPTER I. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. The diversity of usage in the profession of quantity surveying (see page 12), and the existence of a number of manuals on the subject, none of which can claim to be complete or entirely reliable,* have led the writer to the conclusion that a treatise which should present the most generally recognised modes of measurement and office practice, and furnish good reasons for the rejection of vicious methods, would prove acceptable to the pro- fession generally, tend to a settlement of disputed modes, and help the establishment of a system which should be generally adopted. Tables and formulae have been purposely excluded from this book. The student will find all he may require in Hurst’s ‘Architectural Surveyor’s Handbook.’ The feeling which has been entertained by some architects, that the supplying of quantities for works adds to their cost, is, it is believed, giving place to the impression that, whatever may be the result in that respect, their supply is just and correct in principle. If work is to be well done the quantities are absolutely essen- tial ; there is no more fruitful source of bad work than is found * These for the most part are wanting in system (a very important element in the consideration of the subject), and the information they afford is mixed with facts relating to construction with which every person who professes to take out quantities should be familiar, and which are more properly taught in books which specially treat of practical architecture. B 2 QUANTITY SURVEYING. in the attempts of builders to recoup themselves for losses from error in their original estimates. It has, moreover, become the practice with the majority of builders of good position to refuse to tender unless quantities are supplied. The honesty of the parties who dispense with quantities in order to keep down the cost of a building may be fairly questioned. The liability to error in pricing an estimate is considerable, and in the cases where quantities are not supplied there is added the further risk of the production of a bill of quantities by persons who, in the majority of cases, have had hardly any special training for the work. It is also most unfair to give a number of builders (sometimes twelve or more) the trouble of preparing estimates when only one tender can be accepted. It is a disadvantage incident to the attempt to dispense with quantities that they are under such circumstances liable to be prepared by a surveyor as a speculation, and builders are ready enough to save themselves trouble by accepting them. Some of the evils of such a condition of things are as follows : the sur- veyor is not usually the kind of person whom the architect would select ; the commission charged is generally larger, and the sur- veyor not having been nominated by the architect, neither he nor his charges are under the architect’s control. A builder ostensibly tendering without quantities, not un- frequently includes a charge in the amount of his tender, as he commonly employs a surveyor to make his estimate. The employer should obtain neither more nor less work than is included in the estimate, consequently the quantities should form a part of the contract ; and if a stipulation is made in the bill that a priced copy of it shall be deposited with the architect, the prices of which shall form the bases of the rates of any variations, the advantage to the proprietor is usually great. Sometimes it is pro- vided that the deposited bill shall remain sealed, as in some cases in which this has not been done the architect has omitted from the executed work many of the things on which the contractor would have obtained the largest profit. It will be necessary to examine the bill before sealing, to see that all the prices have been extended, the casts correct, &c. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 3 The object to be attained is the production of a bill of quantities which shall afford a uniform basis for competition, give the builder all the information that he may require to make his estimate, and be sufficiently clear for any surveyor (not necessarily the one who produced it) to readily adjust variations therefrom. As a contractor prices many estimates before he obtains a contract, the bill should be as short as is consistent with clearness and facility of reference during the progress of the building. A prejudice exists in some minds against the elaboration which the more accomplished quantity surveyors affect. This can only reasonably be objected to when the items are of no value. Every item, however small, which has a value should be presented in the bills. The builder may then price them or not, as he may prefer. Often, as in the case of labours on stonework and extra labours on joinery, he does not price them, and suffers in con- sequence. The experienced surveyor will, however, to some extent regu- late the amount of detail in his bills by the quality of the work. It may be admitted that with inexperienced builders the increase in the number of items will produce a corresponding increase in the amount of the tenders, but the unworkmanlike results which many sets of quantities present are quite as likely to do so. The adoption of rough methods such as low class builders favour is akin to the complaisance of those persons who when in vulgar company imitate its vulgarities, and is surely unworthy of building experts, who should rather be arbiters than mere followers of a fashion. . The systems of measurement in various parts of the country are very different. The adoption of a code of rules by the Man- chester Society of Architects, which differs in many respects from the best London practice, is to be deplored, for though some differ- ences are at present unavoidable (local customs being difficult to change), yet united action on the part of that and other societies would have resulted in the removal of some of the divergencies if they had thought it advisable, which it is presumed they did not. One recognised system of measurement throughout the kingdom should certainly be the object which the profession should strive to realise. b 2 4 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Provisions. Estimate, Woodcote. Excavator. Supl. Burke’s mosaic paving as dead. Wilkinson s 1 3 ct. paving. 7 4 11 5 80 9 4 2 169 0 6 2 435 11 95 4 125 8 685 8 76 yds. 2 ft. 14 yds. Excavation 9 in. deep to general surface, sepg. vegetable soil, and wheeling and depg. where directed at an Run trench average distance of for pipe. 2 runs. 20 0 4376 8 25 0 486 yds. 3 ft. 45 0 15 yds. Cube. Cube. Provide for carving two stone tablets, £15. Provide for carving corbels at 10/ each. 2 14 5 Excavation to Concrete as basement trenches, described in and wheel a. b. trenches. 17 6 587 6 78 0 565 11 272 6 15 0 54 2 1168 5 422 2 43 yds. 7 ft. 15 yds. 17 ft. 21 Cube. Provide for two W. I. finials and fixing £8. Excavation to surface trenches, and wheel a. b. 587 6 v Do. P. F. 565 11 and R. Supl. 15 0 — 22 0 587 6 Concrete 9 in. 5 8 56 5 11 thick, levelled to 16 6 15 0 falls to receive 22 0 paving. 1212 7 5 8 16 6 455 6 44 yds. 25 ft. — 190 4 1212 7 645 10 44 yds. 25 ft. 71 yds. 7 ft. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. Bricklayer. Reduced Brickwork in mortar. January 1886. l B. H B. Deduct 78 4 39 2 792 2 87 1 87 1 493 4 1259 6 1210 9 2 0 204 7 50 0 1 0 2269 1 2035 11 421 7 75 0 1847 6 1960 11 615 10 1231 8 1231 8 3192 7 11 rods 201 ft. 1 B. H B. 43 0 12 0 114 10 7 6 93 3 13 6 70 9 6 0 39 11 36 0 59 10 421 7 H 0 *B. partn. in ct. 54 9 96 3 56 11 133 3 253 10 J&. walls built honey- comb. 260 4 108 6 Deduct 7 11 10 Brick vaulting in two £B. rings in ct. 73 42 368 10 115 9 Ro. cutting on B. 29 6 43 9 33 6 106 9 Damp- proof course l in. thick of .Seyssell asphalte. 761 9 6 0 48 11 5 11 822 7 h B. trimmer arch in ct. and levelling up w. concrete. 12 3 7 0 13 2 Fair struck joint and 2ce L.W. 804 0 61 8 865 8 96 yds. 2 ft. 32 5 6 QUANTITY SURVEYING. To take off quantities with facility, the surveyor should have a thorough knowledge of construction, of mensuration of superficies and solids and of their development, a knowledge of the archi- tectural styles, their characteristic differences, and the technical names of their parts. He should be well acquainted with the provisions of the Building Act and bye-laws of the Metropolis, or of the locality in which the work is to be done. He will be practically the technical adviser of the architect upon all matters of construction and detail. A knowledge of book-keeping is abso- lutely necessary to the methodical adjustment of the accounts of a building. The general course of procedure in the preparation of a set of quantities is the following : — Talcing off, i.e. measuring drawings to scale and making notes of the dimensions on paper ruled as below. ( 1 ) (2) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) 17 4 Excavn. to surface 3 3 trenches and re- 2 0 112 8 moving a. b. N wall servants’ hall 17 4 3 3 42 3 Do. P. F. & R. i 9 N. of coals 10 9 E. of do. . . 23 3 S. of do. . . 6 4 W. of do. .. 5 2 S. of do. ..27 4 E. of S. hall 16 0 88 10 6 41 5 1| B. 88 10 foots 1 B. walls Column 1 is usually described as the timesing column ; 2, the dimension column ; 3, the squaring column ; 4, the description column. Some surveyors write dimensions from drawings in measuring books, but it is not advisable to use measuring books, except for work at a building. Squaring the dimensions , i.e. calculating the products of the dimensions and writing the results with ink in the squaring column. Squarer also checks the “ wastes.” These calculations should be afterwards checked by another person, ticked in red if correct, or altered in red if wrong. Abstracting , i.e. transferring the results and descriptions from the dimension sheets to the abstract as on pp. 4 and 5 in the order of the proposed bill. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 7 The vertical lines are frequently disregarded in practice so far as the writing of headings is concerned, but their adoption is essen- tial to the columns of figures. Reducing the abstracts , i.e. casting the columns of figures and reducing them to the denominations in common use as yards, squares, &c. Billing , i.e. transferring in the customary order to paper ruled as below, which, if abstracting is properly done, will be the order of the abstract, the items therein. yds. ft. in. Continued. 335 supl. Excavate to general surface , about 12 in. deep, (averaged) 1 wheel and deposit within an 1 1 average distance of 5 runs. ' 153 cube Ditto to surface trenches andb wheel and deposit as before. Jj Taking off is seldom checked, but should be. Abstracting is checked by a clerk, who ticks in red every item from the dimensions. Billing is checked in the same manner. There are a few general rules which it will be advantageous to remember in the preparation of quantities. The adoption of one unvarying system facilitates the identifi- cation of dimensions, when the whole of the collateral circumstances are forgotten. Take off the dimensions always in the same order. This is the surest protection from error. When dimensions in different drawings do not agree, those of the plan should always be preferred. Take always first, the length ; second, the breadth ; third, the depth. In collecting dimensions begin at one particular angle of the building, and proceed always in the same direction from that point in succeeding collections. Prefer always to take the largest dimensions you can find, and make deductions afterwards for voids, “wants,” &c., to taking a quantity piece by piece ; the former plan better preserves you from the risk of the quantities being short. Always clearly distinguish in your dimensions between voids and wants. The latter are portions of work measured in excess ; as when one measures an area square for convenience, and deducts 8 quantity surveying . a triangle from it, as sketch; spaces enclosed by dotted lines indicate wants. Keep all the dimensions as clear and distinct as possible ; do not squeeze dimensions together in order to spare paper ; closeness of writing is a frequent cause of error. In all cases clearly describe the position of each item of the work, keeping such de- scription well to the right-hand edge of your paper, and this is especially necessary when the surveyor writes the specification. Do not use a rule which has several scales on it ; if an eighth scale, let it have nothing but an eighth scale on both edges ; if a quarter, nothing but a quarter. Errors have been often made by applying to the drawing the wrong edge of a rule with various scales on it. When a dimension is made up by the addition of several smaller dimensions, show the addition on the right-hand side of the description column (on “ waste,” as it is called), or (though this is not so well) write after the description of the work, “ col- 25 0 East Wall. 1£ B. 5 0 South ditto. Still Koom. 25 0 West ditto. 6 0 North ditto. 1|B. 61 0 Still Koom. Collected. Before commencing your measurement inquire as to what details are to be supplied to you, as, if you do not, you will possibly find when you have well advanced with your work on the small-scale drawings, that details furnished will render parts of it useless. Carefully examine the drawings and compare them to see whether the plans and sections agree as to thickness of walls, heights, &c. Read the specification through, making notes of any descrip- tions which appear doubtful, or of any omissions which occur to you. Find out, if possible, the points of the compass, as walls are Jected. Thus— or, 61 0 10 0 61 0 10 0 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 9 more conveniently described as north, south, &c., than in any other way. The writer prefers, in default of the ability to discover the real north point, to treat the plan in question like a map, calling the top north, &c., and though this conclusion may be wrong, it is to be looked upon as a mere expedient which facili- tates his work. A note on his dimensions stating that he has assumed this will insure him from misconstruction in the future. If the drawings have not been figured, the surveyor will save himself much trouble if, before he commences his dimensions, ho figures in pencil the lengths and breadths of rooms, the lengths of external walls, and the heights of the stories ; and during the process of taking-off, when calculating a dimension, write it on the drawing in pencil, as it may be useful later. If the bedrooms have not been numbered, or if a system of numbering has not been carried by the architect through the whole building, number them in pencil consecutively, 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. ; make a rough tracing of the arrangement and the numbers to preserve with the dimensions. This will save labour in the description of the situation of the rooms. These figures are simply for the surveyor’s own use. Their adoption may, however, be suggested to the architect, as they facilitate the writing of the specification. Avoid the use of more than one series of numbers in the same building. Make notes of any alterations of arrangement that may be adopted in the course of taking off, and if not easily described, make tracings of them, or draw them in pencil on the original drawing. When a building appears naturally to divide itself into two (or more) separate blocks, keep the dimensions of each block distinct, following the same order of taking off, and the same entire process, as. if. each were a separate building. The parts which repeat may then be simply doubled, but the figures used for this purpose (the “twicing”) should be red, to show that the doubling is not a part of the same block. Some surveyors use red ink for the timesing of any series of dimensions. When taking off oriels, bays, turrets, &c., in stone or terra- cotta, the work will be easier if the surveyor makes a plan of each course on tracing paper. When the girth of mouldings is doubtful IO QUANTITY SURVEYING. draw them full size, and a drawing to a larger scale of any part of the work obscurely shown by the general drawing will help the surveyor to realise the possibilities ; these details should be care- fully preserved with the other notes. Measure all detached buildings, outbuildings, or boundary walls last, and keep the dimensions relating to them separate, as the whole or part of them are not unfrequently omitted in course of erection, and such alterations can be much more easily adjusted if the dimensions be kept distinct. Do not describe unnecessary things, such as the width of the rails or stiles of a door, unless there is something unusual about them. In taking off dimensions, collect lengths as much as possible ; time is thus saved in the squaring and abstracting. The more expert the measurer the fewer dimensions does he take off to produce the result. Collections are disliked by some surveyors, on the ground that if a mistake is made in calculation it is generally much larger than when the dimensions are more separated. The advantages of collections, however, more than counterbalance the risk. Observe that, as a rule, collections on waste need only be made when their total is required for one of the factors of a subsequent multiplication. In measuring finishings, refer to the dimensions of the deduc- tions of openings ; by this means another check takes place, and the same order being maintained in both, reference is easier. In altering dimensions after the squaring has been done, take the precaution of crossing out the figures in the squaring column, and besides this put a mark in pencil in the margin to attract attention. If an alteration is made after the dimensions are abstracted, the whole process of altering should be done at once by two persons, one making the alteration and the other check- ing it. In “taking off” openings in a large building it is absolutely necessary, and it is in the case of all buildings (large or small) advisable, to put a mark on the drawings (in pencil) showing which openings have been dealt with ; a good p ] an is as follows (Fig. 2) : a line through the opening signifies opening deducted ; a shorter line across it on outside of wall, facings deducted ; line GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 1 1 on inside of wall across first line, plastering deducted ; a line between two last, finishings measured. By these means any doubt of the kind can be readily solved. Some surveyors use a small pencil tick instead. Some marks are especially necessary when several men are engaged on the same set of drawings. Write the title of the work at the top left-hand corner of every sheet of dimensions ; the danger of mixture with dimensions of other work is thus avoided. Number every column of dimensions. This is handier for reference than numbering each page. Write an index when all is taken off, which may be fastened to the front of the set of dimensions, thus : — Cube of Building D. S. Fees Surface Digging 1 2 2 &c. If you bind the papers when the work is finished, the following order is a reasonable one : Specification, Dimensions, Bills, Varia- tions, Memoranda, Correspondence. Abstracts and Draft Bills are not bound, but should be preserved. Sometimes the papers are bound before the variations on the contract are adjusted, and it is best, when the work is large, to separate the dimensions into comparatively small volumes of not more than 300 pages, as it is frequently the case that several assistants should be working on them at one time, and this is impossible if the dimensions are in one volume, the reasonable course is then to cut the volume into sections. For the same reasons, in the measurement of a building or of variations on a contract, the measuring books should not much exceed fifty pages. The practice of “ taking off” by a surveyor without any check is frequent, and objectionable. The dimensions should always be examined item by item with the drawings by another suiveyor. When circumstances prevent this, the surveyor should himself look through the dimensions after several days have elapsed , he 12 QUANTITY SURVEYING . will then probably discover errors or inconsistencies which will more than repay him for the trouble thus taken. There are various methods of “taking off” quantities; all, except for unimportant differences, referable to the three following categories ; — (a) Taking off each trade separately, as the whole of the excavation, the whole of the brickwork, &c., keeping each trade separate in the dimensions. (6) Taking off the work in two divisions — 1st, the construction or carcase, comprising excavator, bricklayer, mason, slater, carpenter, &c. ; 2nd, the finishings, com- prising joiner, ironmonger, plasterer, glazier, painter, paperhanger, &c. (c) A modification of b, which discards the division between carcase and finishings to a great extent and groups the dimensions as hereafter explained. The former method (a) is now but little used. Its advantages are the comparatively few dimensions, and the consequent saving of labour in squaring and abstracting them. It is said also that it favours the writing of the specification. Its disadvantage is the separation in the dimensions of the items of a particular piece of work so completely that in the adjustment of a contract involving omissions the work of picking out each item is often considerable, and liable to be incomplete. The second method (6) is the one which has been adopted in this work. The labour is certainly greater, but the superior clear- ness obtained in the event of variations much more than compensates for the additional labour at first. Method (a) is sometimes used when it is desired to write the bills immediately after the taking off, and before the whole of the dimensions are completed. It frequently happens that another dimension occurs exactly like one which has been previously taken. It is then convenient either to “ dot it on,” as it is called, or to “ times ” the first dimen- sion. The first dimension being 2/5 feet, read 5 feet twice, the “timesing” would be thus, 2/2/5 feet, read 5 feet twice-twice and the dotting on thus, 2-2/5 feet, read 5 feet four times, in this case equivalent. The process requires, in either case, great care, as it is a frequent cause of error. In all cases where a dimension is dotted on, make a reference in the dimensions, where it would properly be, to the column to which it is added, and add a description of its position at that part of the dimensions where it is dotted on. It GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 13 will sometimes be convenient to dot on J, or £ times, &c. When items are likely to be frequently repeated, “ dotting on ” will often prove more convenient than timesing. A precaution sometimes taken, if the surveyor has a series of dimensions which will require “ timesing,” is to put the number or some mark in pencil opposite the first of the series, putting the number in ink to the whole of the items after they are taken off. This will be seen by the abstractor, if the surveyor, taking off, should forget to attach the number, and an error will thus be avoided. Always finish a series before you “ times” it. It is generally admitted, and well to remember, that quantities prepared by inexperienced surveyors are deficient in quantity and in completeness of description. Keep in mind the principle of making one collection of dimen- sions serve for several kinds of work. In many instances one collection will be sufficient for excavation, concrete, footings and walls ; and, with slight modification, one for skirting, plastering, cornices; one for eaves fillet, cutting to eaves or extra slating, fascia, and in many more cases which the student may, with little thought, discover for himself. Much labour may be saved by averaging. Care must be taken that the things averaged are of the same relative value, and that the result arrived at is truly an average. In the case of items measured superficially one dimension should be constant, items measured cubically two. Always show the process “on waste.” (See remarks on averaging in Chapter IV., section Abstracting.) It will not unfrequently occur that a result obtained by elabo- rate labour will be further from a correct one than that produced by averaging ; as a general rule, it may be assumed that the less detail involved in the process the less liability to error. As. the surveyor proceeds, if he is supplied with a specification, he should run a vertical line in pencil through each clause as it is dealt with, and he will save time if he corrects each clause requir- ing correction as soon as he has finished the dimensions relating to it ; but this is not always practicable. Always take off in your own order, not that of specification. But the most convenient practice when architect and quantity surveyor know each other’s ways, is for the latter to write the specification after the quan- tities have been prepared ; the architect, before the quantities 14 QUANTITY SURVEYING. are begun, furnishing notes of any special arrangements he may require. In measuring triangles, the dimensions are more easily identi- fied if, instead of halving the base or perpendicular dimension of the triangle, both be entered in full, and J put in front of them, thus : — If \ 20 0 l 10 0 100 0 in stead of 20 0 50 100 0 1 B. 1 B. Gable. Gable. For the method of writing circles and semicircles see p. 59. The following are the methods of writing dimensions of various surfaces and solidities. The circle is sufficient to identify such as are cubic dimensions in abstracting. The solidity of a pyramid 5 feet base, 15 feet vertical height : — (Base) i | /5 0 3 ! \5 0 | 15 0 125 0 (Perpendicular height) j spire The surface of a pyramid is treated as a number of triangles. The solidity of a cone 5 feet diameter at base, 15 feet vertical height : — (Base) i 3 Q (Perpendicular height) 15 0 98 2 spire The surface of a cone 5 feet diameter at base, 15 feet vertical height, 15 feet 10 inches slant height: — (Circumference) (Slant height) h 15 8 15 10 124 0 spire The solidity of a sphere 5 feet diameter : — (Base of circumscribing cylinder) .. 2 3 (Height of ditto) 5 0 65 C GENERAL DIRECTIONS. i5 The surface of a sphere 5 feet diameter : — ( Circumference ) ( Height of circumscribing cylinder ) The usual method of measuring the length of hip rafter is as follows : A B C is a plan of the hipped end of a roof ; B D is the vertical height drawn at right angles to A B ; A D is the length of hip. Observe that if the roof plane is at an angle of 45° with the horizon, E B and B D will he equal, and you may take your dimension from the plan with- out reference to the section. To avoid repetition, and to show that an item is to he abstracted in two operations, the dimensions are written as follows : — 4 0 3 0 12 0 | B.P.P. ground O. S. I in 1 square. and B. P. P. ground O. S. and cut to shapes. in 1 square. When dimensions are given of a cesspool or similar receptacle, say if in clear, as “9 inches by 9 inches by 12 inches all in clear.” A general description of the materials, Ac. (See Chapter IV., section Billing), to form the preamble to each trade, may be written in the dimensions, or may be written as a heading to the bill direct from the specification ; and this latter course is best, as much writing in the dimensions is thus saved. For items involving a long description refer to specification thus : “ No. 1 Dresser as described. See p. 30 specification. ’ The preliminary bill may always be written direct from the specification, or from a former bill. Head the dimensions with a description of the work, the place, the name of the proprietor, the name of the architect, and the date thus : — 15 8 5 0 78 4 — i6 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Estimate for the erection of a house and offices at Godaiming, in the county of Surrey, for John Smith, Esq. (with Mr Surveyor). William Brown, Esq., Architect, March 1878. 2 Fenchurch Chambers, E.C. If the quantities are prepared jointly with another surveyor, insert the name as shown in parentheses. Some surveyors commence their dimensions with the cubic content of the building. A number of such calculations for different buildings are very useful data for the comparison of prices. The dimensions should always be taken on the same principles. The letters a. b. (as before) or the words “ as last ” will frequently save repetitions of descriptions, but use these with care. Writing may often be saved by marking a previous item with a letter, thus : — 3 0 7 0 21 0 2| in. door as A col. 48 dims. Before beginning to “ take off,” head a sheet of paper with the name of the work, and the word “ Queries ” ; rule a vertical line down the middle of the sheet, write your queries on the one side of the line as they occur in the course of your work, leaving the other half of your paper blank for the answers, and write these down as you obtain them either by further inspection of drawings and specification, or inquiry of the architect. Do not trust to your memory. If you discover that you have forgotten to take an item in its proper order do it on the first opportunity ; nothing contributes so much to a clear head as the avoidance of an accumulation of small items of arrears of work. All the items which will be found in the different following sections could not apply to one building, they are introduced for the purpose of clearly showing the system. After the quantities have been taken off, read through the specification, to see if all has been taken. When the quantities are required for a large building, and it is found necessary for a number of men to take off at one time, it is the usual practice to make several sets of tracings (one for each GENERAL DIRECTIONS. i7 man) so that the inevitable interruption of each other’s work, when several are working on the same set of drawings, may be avoided. The expense thus incurred is amply repaid. There are other well-known methods of reproducing drawings of the same size as the originals, which are generally cheaper than tracings if several copies are required, such as the ferro- prussiate process, white lines on a blue paper; the ferro-gallic process, dark lines on white paper; the aniline process, which reproduces the lines of the drawing on a special slightly tinted paper ; and photo-lithography, for which ordinary drawing paper may be used. These two latter kinds of copy can be coloured in the ordinary way. When more than one person is engaged in taking off a set of quantities, the liability to error is much increased, as each man is apt to assume that one or the other has taken off a particular section of the work, and the way to obviate the risk is for one man to take the responsibility, and supervise this. Supervisor should take off the painting from the dimensions of the whole work, when they are complete, and he will discover mistakes and discrepancies, which he can remedy. If the necessity of checking taking off should arise, and he cannot follow the dimensions, let him take it off in his own way and compare the results. Other considerations arise when the work of taking off for a large building is divided among a number of men. The main objects are such a classification of the work in the dimensions and allotment of it to the workers as shall accelerate the taking off, facilitate the settlement of variations, and assist the valuation of the work for certificates. Surveyors of experience know that no rules of practice can be uniformly applied, but there are several principles of action which may generally be adopted with advantage. First as to acceleration of taking off. If we take as an example an asylum or a hospital, we shall have in the one establishment several distinct types of building — the wards, the offices, the corri- dors, the houses of the staff, the sanitary work, the drains. It will generally be most advantageous, in the case of the wards, to let one man do the roofs of all the wards, another the whole of the brick- work, another the whole of the joinery and finishings, rather than allot one ward in all trades to each man, for (and more especially c i8 QUANTITY SURVEYING. when there is no specification) it is obvious that, according to the first-named arrangement, the minutiae of construction and finish in one branch of the work being repeated throughout the wards, only one man would spend the time necessary for its investigation, instead of several, as would be the case if each man dealt with a complete ward. The work of such a building when divided among a number of assistants is facilitated by having one block taken off complete in an approved manner by one assistant and instructing the others to adopt the same order and system with the succeeding blocks. Probably each of the sections other than wards may be most conveniently taken off complete in all trades by one man. Second. As to facilitating settlement of variations. The drains are so frequently varied that they should be taken off in all trades as a separate set of dimensions, and should form a separate bill. The wards might form a separate bill. Each of the officers’ houses should form a separate bill ; the boundary walls and gates should form a separate bill. In the allotment of brickwork to its particular sections, let the dominant building include the whole of its necessary walls. If the machinery and apparatus of laundry, the sanitary work, the heating work, or the ventilation is the subject of a provision or a sub-contract, the builders’ work in connection with either should form a separate bill. The dimensions of the work in all trades below the damp-proof course should be kept distinct and together, as foundations are frequently varied in execution. Third. As to valuation for certificates, when a building is large, the valuation for certificates is helped by keeping separate the dimensions of the work above and below certain levels, as between one floor and another, and by abstracting such section separately, as, for instance, all work below first floor on one set of abstracts, all work above first floor on another, and although the work on one abstract would probably be transferred to the other, so as to make one bill of the whole, the material for rapid separate calculations of approximate value would be thus ready for the surveyor’s use as soon as occasion arose, or abstracts for separate blocks may be adopted. The recommendation as to separate bills before mentioned, GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 19 involving, as they do, separate abstracts, will afford the surveyor similar assistance. Each man engaged should make any requisite notes on his dimensions for the guidance of the others. It will be obvious that doubts will arise at those parts of the building where one man’s work is divided from another’s. The following is a specimen of such a note. Work in Corridors . — In the general store, coal store, visiting room and medical assistant officer’s quarters, the wall of building is measured including digging and deductions, but the plastering in corridors is not measured ; the lead gutters between these roofs and corridor roofs are measured, but lead gutters to corridor roofs against walls are not measured. Facing is measured on the walls above roofs of corridors. Mere notes should be written across both dimension and description columns, not confined to the description column. Future reference to the dimensions will be much easier if headings are written in the body of the dimensions wherever the work appears to naturally divide itself, thus : “ Main roof,” “ Roof of laundry,” “ Fittings,” &c. ; the indexing will also be facilitated by this practice. Much time may be saved by employing a careful clerk to write the dimensions to your dictation. Keep a watchful eye on the page as it is written. When you desire to have a series of dimen- sions added together, begin with the words “ on waste,” and when the clerk has finished the series use the word “ dimension ” ; the clerk will then add them together, state the result of the cast, and write it in the dimension column. The received method of dictating the following, 2/3/7 M) 1" X 1" deal fillet rough, is seven feet three times twice inch by inch* deal fillet rough. When in taking off you make a sudden change in the thickness of work of the same description, underline it thus : “ 1^ four panel square door.” Items should not leave the reader in doubt as to whether part of the work is included in the prices or not. To avoid this, use the words, “ elsewhere taken,” thus : “ 1^ inch Honduras mahogany w.c. seat fixed with brass screws and cups elsewhere taken.” It will sometimes happen that there are certain things which the surveyor c 2 20 quantity surveying. is compelled by circumstances to take, but which he knows must of necessity be altered in execution. If the surveyor keeps a list of these items he will find it an assistance when he is required to settle variations. Work in narrow widths, small quantities, or short lengths, should be so described and kept separate ; but where the quantity in the bill is so small as to speak for itself, the specific words “ in small quantities ” need not be used. Such work should always be billed in feet. “ Deduct and add,” is a convenient form of words when a small part of a large total quantity differs from the remainder, moreover, the process saves dimensions, and is less liable to error than a measurement of small pieces. Digging is often treated thus. A large dimension is taken of “ Dig fill and ram,” and a small quantity of the same is afterwards measured as “ Ddt. and add Dig and Cart.” Moulding on stone would be first measured as “ Moulding ” and followed by an item “ Ddt. and add ” “ moulding stopped.” The words “ Extra for ” and “ Extra only ” are useful, but require judgment in their application. What the extra is upon should clearly appear. It is obvious that some item has been previously measured and appears elsewhere in the bill, or the “ Extra for ” may appear “ written short.” No. 10 Extra for bends in 4" pipes £ d. Shows that a lineal dimension of 4" drain has been measured, including the length of these bends. rods. ft. 1 in. 5 to 0 © 1 supl. Reduced brickwork, extra only in cement Shows that a larger quantity of brickwork appears elsewhere in mortar in the bill, and that this item represents the difference between cement and mortar. ft. 1850 in. Extra on common brickwork for facing of best red Fareham facing bricks, and raking out and pointing with a neatly struck bevelled joint in cement s. d. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 21 Shows that the ordinary brickwork appears elsewhere, and that this item represents the extra value for the better bricks and the pointing. When describing an article from a special manufacturer, his name and address should appear in the item of the bill, but the address need not be given in more than one item — adopt as nearly as possible the description in the trade list. The loss and inconvenience which surveyors have sometimes suffered by injury to drawings by ink, fire, &c., have led many to insure them against such damage. The practice is a good one, and may preserve the surveyor from heavy loss. Some surveyors refuse to prepare quantities from drawings in pencil ; if he does he should retain tracings of them, or have them finished by the archi- tect’s clerk in his own office; an inadvertent alteration may be important. The surveyor will endeavour to measure the exact quantity of work in the building he deals with. Perhaps excess in a bill of quantities is not so frequent as it was a few years ago, but it is not rare even now to see 5 per cent, taken off at the end of a bill by the estimator for full quantities. No doubt the closeness of the quantities will vary with the temperament of the surveyor (the personal equation as it has been called) who prepares them, but the general principle now is to give the exact quantity to the best of the surveyor’s ability. Mr. Eickman said in his paper on 4 Building Kisks,’ read before the Surveyors’ Institution : “ Pro- bably it will be near the mark to state that in very careful quan- tities taken from general drawings only, there is an excess of J to 1 per cent, (and there ought not to be more), and that there are various labours taken which a builder tendering will consider either not imperative or included in the general description of the wojrk to the extent of possibly 1 per cent. ; these points are commonly discounted by the successful tenderer.” The following extract from 4 Quantities and Quantity Practice,’ Transactions of Institution of Surveyors, 1880, as to the extent of detail in taking off, may be recommended to the student : — “ Ee verting to the subject of greater or less minuteness of detail, it will be obvious that in some cases it would be advisable to go into very much more detail than in others. It occasionally happens that a long description, illustrated by a sketch in the 22 QUANTITY SURVEYING. margin of the bill, will best help the builder in arriving at the cost of some feature or element in the work. Sometimes, on the other hand, the better way is to measure the work in considerable detail, so that, although its individuality is lost in the bill of quantities, its components are added to those of others and priced with them. Sometimes, again, from the fact of only one object of a kind existing, it may, with advantage, be numbered, as a slight difference between actual and estimated cost is not increased by multiplication ; whereas, if there were several features of the same kind, greater detail should be observed, as a trifling error in the price of one would obviously become magnified. Another illus- tration of this principle is met with in large works like hospitals, workhouses, &c., where there is a large amount of repetition as regards the features, such as many windows of the same size and kind, and it is easy to see that great attention to minutiae is necessary where one window only is actually measured and multiplied many times, as that which would be inappreciable in the one, becomes serious in the many.” The student of quantity surveying may derive advantage from a familiarity with the literature of the subject. With the exception of a few references to the measurement of builders* work in Peter Nicholson’s ‘ Architectural Dictionary,’ Reid’s ‘Young Surveyor’s Preceptor’ is the first methodical statement of modern methods. It contains a complete set of drawings of a house, specifications, dimensions, abstracts and bills, and although much of the practice there shown is obsolete, the book may be read with advantage. This was succeeded by Dobson’s ‘ Students’ Guide to Measuring and Valuing.’ In Mr. Hurst’s ‘Architectural Sur- veyor’s Handbook,’ the section ‘ The Measurement of Builders’ “Work’ was a considerable advance upon the published informa- tion on the subject. Since then Fletcher’s ‘ Quantities ’ and Leaning’s ‘ Quantity Surveying ’ have further exemplified the practice. A list of modes of measurement is attached to the speci- fication of the Houses of Parliament {see Donaldson’s ‘ Handbook of Specifications ’). In the published official schedules of prices of H.M. Office of Works, the War Office, the London County Council, the School Board for London, &c., each trade commences with directions for measurement. Several of the provincial professional societies have also formulated systems of measurement. 2 3 CHAPTER II. ORDER OF TAKING OFF. This order is referred to as ( b ) at page 12 in Chapter I. The items in this section are furnished as a general guide, and do not profess to comprise everything which arises in the course of practice. The principle to be observed in “ taking off” is the avoidance of the loss of time, liability to error, and uncertainty as to the stage of the work arrived at, which is a consequence of mixing things up too much. The arrangement of the following list is believed to meet some of these objections. The similarity of its order to that adopted in the measurement of a building, for which it is well suited, may possibly be a recommendation to some, and it certainly favours the division of the taking off among a number of assistants. In looking through dimensions some time after they have been taken off, be very careful to make no alteration without mature consideration, for although a dimension may appear at first sight to be wrong, it will most frequently prove on further thought to be correct. Many of the arrangements suggested in the following pages are applicable only to a large work, in a small one they would only produce confusion in the guise of order. It will generally be necessary for the surveyor to visit the site of the proposed work. In cases of new buildings, he should discover if possible whether sand or gravel suitable for the works can be obtained on the ground ; should observe the access, and if exceptionally difficult, should describe it in the preliminary bill ; should note any flues of adjoining buildings that may require raising, any parts of abutting property exposed by the pulling down of party walls or boundary walls, necessitating inclosure by contractor or special shoring ; should measure the lengths of frontage if paved, and describe as “ . . . feet run. Take up street 24 QUANTITY SURVEYING. paving and deposit and relay, and make good at completion, or pay parish authorities for so doing.” In cases of alterations to old buildings, see if temporary floors are required (sometimes neces- sary when business is carried on during construction of a new floor) ; temporary ceilings or roofs (when new stories are con- structed over occupied premises) ; temporary inclosures (to separate occupied part of building from part to be altered). In all cases measure the quantity and describe. See what arrangements are necessary for temporary supply of gas or water, where these are interfered with. Note what work requires casing and protecting, as stone staircases, chimneypieces, &c. A visit to the building is better deferred until the surveyor has taken off all the work which can be measured from the drawings, he can then settle all the points noted, and will better know what to look for. Some surveyors, however, visit the building first, taking the drawings with them, and making notes in a measuring book of everything which will be imitated or repeated, the actual taking off being afterwards done at the office. In the preparation of quantities for the’completion of buildings in carcase, particular care must be exercised in the observation of the condition of the work, much of which is left in various stages of progress. The quantities should include cleaning down all the work, both new and old ; renewing work which has possibly already failed ; removal of hoarding, making good paving up to building frontage, &c. If a hoarding is already fixed, state what alteration will be required to adapt it to contractor’s purpose. When there is a necessity for application to the freeholder, dis- trict surveyor, Ecclesiastical Commission, Education Department, or other authority, it should be made before the quantities are commenced, CARCASE— Cube of buildiDg. Area for district surveyor’s fee, if in Metropolitan area. Any work to party-walls complete. Digging to surface. Ditto to basement. Ditto filled in and rammed. Ditto to basement trenches. Ex- ternal walls. Collect the lengths a. Concrete to basement trenches. Ex- ternal walls. Collection a. Cases will sometimes arise in which it will be the simplest course to measure one wall at a time, begin- ning with the footings and complet- ing it to the top. Footings. External walls. Collection a. External walls up to a certain level (say ground tloor). Collection a. ORDER OF TARING OFF. 2 5 Digging concrete and brickwork of projections on external walls up to the same level. Measure everything up to one level if possible, before taking any work above that level, as to level of damp- proof course or ground floor. Incidental cuttings are best taken as they occur. Also preparation of old walls to receive new. Cutting and bonding new work to old, &c. Digging to basement trenches. In- ternal walls. Collection b. Concrete to trenches. Internal walls. Collection b. Footings. Internal walls. Collection b. Internal walls up to a certain level (say ground floor). Collection b. Digging concrete and brickwork of projections on internal walls up to the same level. Digging to surface trenches. External walls, i. e. walls where there is no basement. Collection c. Concrete to surface trenches. Ex- ternal walls. Collection c. Footings. External walls. Collec- tion c. Walls, external, up to a certain level (say ground floor). Collection c. Digging concrete and brickwork of projections on external walls up to the same level. Digging to surface trenches. Internal walls. Collection d. Concrete to surface trenches. Internal walls. Collection d. Footings. Internal walls. Collection d. Walls, internal, up to a certain level (say ground floor). Collection d. Digging concrete and brickwork of projections on internal walls up to the same level. Strutting and planking to basement. Strutting and planking to trenches. See collections of walls. Damp-proof course. See collections of walls. See also example of a collection [ of damp-proof course. External walls from last level up to first floor level. See former collections. Internal walls from last level up to first floor level. See former collections. External walls, from first floor level, floor by floor to top. Brick fronts to dormers and gables. Internal walls, from first floor level, floor by floor to top. Deduct wants as they occur. Projections of chimney breasts, one at a time y commencing with concrete and finishing with shafts. If surveyor follows these up from the ground, tracing the flues, he is sure to get the breasts of the right size. When the building is large, writing will be saved by making a sketch on the dimensions of the disposition of the chimney stacks, and referring to them by letters thus : — CD B TJi CD H PLAN Hoop iron bond. Collect. See collec- tions of walls. Brickwork extra only in cement for last. FIRES— Beginning with topmost story. De- duct brickwork of opening. All the openings on one story of similar width and depth may be collected. Add chimney bars. Collect. Segmental arches. „ Flues, parget, and core. Collect. Soot doors and sweeping flues. Fender walls. Collect. Centering to trimmers. Collect. Trimmer arch and levelling up with concrete. Collect. Skewback cutting. Collect. Feather-edged springer. Collect. Filleting soffits of trimmers. Hearths and back-hearths. Collect. 26 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Notchings for chiraneypieces. Collect. Curbs, tile hearths, cement-floated face concrete. Chimney-pots or chimney moulds or bafflers. Collect. Stoves and setting. Coppers and setting. Copper-lids. Chimneypieces. If a provision for stoves and chimneypieces, make a collection as shown in examples of collections. Fixing only chimneypieces. If setting stoves is not in provision take particulars of materials for setting only. INTERNAL OPENINGS— To be referred to when taking off the joinery. Beginning with topmost story. Deduct brickwork. Collect or average the openings where possible. Add lintel. Collect. Relieving arch (or segmental arch and centering where no lintel). Wood bricks, pads, or fixing blocks. Steps or thresholds (if any). Collect the various widths. Ends cut and pinned or jointed. Frame bed and point (if auy). Iron dowels and mortises. ARCHWAYS AND RECESSES— Deduct brickwork. Centering. Arch. FACINGS— Collect. Facings to chimney-stacks, taking stone dressings, if any, at same time, also extra projecting brickwork, and extra only in cement. Gable copings (stone or brick), finials, kneelers, bonders. General facings. Collect the lengths. Strings and brick cornices, and extra brickwork for their projection, quoins, plinths, tablets, niches. Excavation, brickwork, and facing for extra thickness of walls to form plinths, &c. Ashlar facing and general stonework, or external cement work, except to openings. Terra-cotta, if any, except to openings of doors and windows, EXTERNAL OPENINGS— Beginning with topmost story and floor by floor. Deduct brickwork. Deduct facings. Add jambs, stone or brick, mullions, transoms, lintels, centering, strutting. Arches, cutting to facings, rough cutting. The openings may often be averaged. Sill, fair ends, window sills made up and pointed. Lintel. Collect. Relieving arch. Frame bedded and pointed or screeded. Wood bricks or pads. Iron dowels and mortises. Stone steps, including brickwork sup- porting them, and the landings and railings to external flights taken with the doorways to which they lead. Ends cut and pinned. Areas complete in all trades, with the basement windows. Collect the walls of areas where possible. Pavings— Beginning with basement. Hard dry rubbish. Concrete. Cement-floated face. Pavings of all kinds. Iron joists connected with vaulting. Ends cut and pinned. Templates. Centering and horsing to vaulting. Vaulting. Cutting. Raking out and pointing to soffits. Stone staircases complete in all trades. ORDER OF TAKING OFF. 27 Ground Floors — Brickwork of oversailing to receive plates. Collect. Excavation for sleeper walls. Collec- tion e. Concrete for sleeper walls. Collec- tion e. Footings for sleeper walls. Collec- tion e. Remaining brickwork for sleeper walls. Collection e. Extra thickness of walls to receive plates. Excavation, footings, remaining brick- work. Collection /. Damp-proof course. Plates. Collection f. Joists. Collect. Concrete under wooden floors. Air bricks and openings through walls. Upper Floors — Templates, felt or lead pads, girders, wood or iron. Brick piers, bases, and iron columns. Ends cut and pinned. Flitches. Tension rods, &c. Bolts. Joists. Collect. Trimmers. Collect. Deductions of joists for voids. Strutting. Collect. Sound-boarding and pugging. Deductions of ditto. Partiti6ns — Floor by floor, beginning with top- most story. Heads and sills. Collect. Interties. Collect. Posts. „ Quarters. „ Braces. „ Bridging-pieces. Collect. Ironwork in straps and bolts. Partitions trussed, same order as last. Brick-nogged partitions. Collect. Deduct openings. Heads and sills. Collect. Quarters. Nogging-pieces. ROOFS— Templates. Felt or lead pads. Ends of timbers cut and pinned. Trusses. Tie beams. Principal rafters. King or Queen posts. Struts. Collars. Circular ribs. Wrought face. Ironwork and fixing. Straps. Bolts. Gibs and keys. King or Queen heads. Hoisting and fixing roof trusses. Templates. Ends cut and pinned. Purlins. Collect. Cleats. Scarfings and bolts. Plates. Collect. Ridges. „ Scarfings. Tile or slate ridges. Ends fitted. Ends splayed and fitted. Rough chamfer on fir. Ridge rolls. Collect. Lead to ridges. Hips. Collect. Hip rolls. „ Rough chamfer on fir. Collect. Lead to hips. Bossed ends to rolls. Cutting to slating or tiling. Cutting to boarding or battens. Bossing intersections of ridges and hips. Hip tiles. 28 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Close cut and mitred hip. Valleys. Collect. Valley boards. Collection j. Tilting fillets. Valley fillets. Cutting to boarding. Cutting to slating or tiling. Lead to ditto. Valley tiles. Dragon pieces and bolts. Rafters. Collect . Sprockets. „ Cut and shaped and wrought ends to rafters. Eaves boards. Collect. Eaves fillet. „ Slating or tiling for eaves. Tilting fillet. Collect. Battens or boarding and felt. Slating or tiling. Gutter boards and bearers. Rebated drips. Short lengths of roll. Lead to gutters. Cesspools. Collect. Lead to ditto. Extra labour and solder to cesspools. Socket pipes from ditto. Perforations in brickwork for ditto. Copper wire or galvanised iron covers to cesspools. Flashings to gutters. Collection g. Raking out, wedging, and pointing. Collection g. GENERAL FLASHINGS to main roofs — Flashings. Stepped flashings. Tilting fillets. Raking out and pointing. Fillets to secret gutters. Collection h. Lead to ditto. Collection h. Extra labour to secret gutters. Flashings to ditto. Collection h. Raking out, wedging, and pointing. Collection h. CHEEKS— Boarding and quarters and lead. Soldered dots. Flashings. Copper nailing. Vertical tiling. Soakers. CHIMNEYS— Deduct tiling or slating, and boarding of battens, and felt. Add for cuttings td ditto. Chimney gutters. Collection l. Short lengths of roll. Gusset pieces. Flashing boards. Collection l. Tilting fillets. „ Lead to gutters, cover flashings, aprons, stepped flashings. Collect. Bossed ends to rolls. Rake out, wedge and point, flashings. Collect. DORMERS WITH BRICK FRONTS— All trades except finishings and the brickwork, which last is measured with general brickwork. Deduct slating or tiling, and boarding or battens, and felt. Deduct rafters. Plates. Collect. Valleys or footing-pieces, valley boards, valley fillets. Collect. Lead to valleys or valley tiles, cutting to boarding or battens and to tiling. Trimmers. Add ridge. Collection m. Ridge roll. „ Chamfer on fir. Collection m. Lead to roll. „ Bossed ends to ditto. Tile ridges Ends splayed and fitted. I Lead soakers. ORDER OF TAKING OFF. 29 Rafters. Collect. Eaves board. „ Tilting fillet. „ Tiling or slating for eaves. Sprockets. Collect. Cut and wrought ends to rafters. Tiling or slating. Boarding and backings to cheeks. Cutting to boarding. Collect. Lead or other covering to cheeks. Copper nailing. Collect. Brass screws and soldered dots and sinkings in boarding. Flashings. Collection n. Raking out, wedging, and pointing ditto. Collection n. CEILING JOISTS— Plates. Collect. Ceiling joists. „ Stretchers. „ Hangers. „ Ways in roofs. „ Traps in ceilings complete. Ladders. EXTERNAL TRAPS— Deduct rafters, slating or tiling, battens or boarding, felt. Add slating or tiling for cuttings. Trimmers. Boarding or battens for ditto. Trap and rims. Lead covering. Copper nailing, Collect. Bossed angles. Fastenings. Curb, and labour on same. Lead covering to curb. Copper nailing. Collect. Flashing boards. „ Tilting fillets. „ Gutter board and bearers. Lead to gutter. Deduct plastering. Add plaster quirk. Collect. LANTERN LIGHTS, &c.- These vary greatly in detail, but gene- rally as to traps and dormers. Snow boards. Collect. “ Cat ” or roof ladders. EAVES GUTTERS AND RAIN-WATER PIPES— Fascias. Eaves gutters. Collect. Stopped ends. 11 Angles. 91 Outlets. 91 Covers to outlets. 91 Rain-water pipes. 11 Swan necks. 11 Heads. 11 Covers to heads 11 Shoes. 11 Tee pieces. 11 Bends. 11 Plinth bends. 11 Loose bands. Holder bats. Cuttings to brick or stone strings. Collect. Connections with drain. Collect. WATER SUPPLY— Well. Bearers to cisterns, iron or wood. Templates. Ends cut and pin. Cisterns of iron. Cisterns of wood. Lead lining. Soldered angle. Collect. Copper nailing. „ Standing waste. „ Brass washer and waste, and fly nut. Lead under waste. Boiler screw and overflow. Perforations in brick or tile. Cistern covers. Joiner attend plumber for each cistern. 30 QC/AJVT/TY SURVEYING. Perforations in brickwork for pipe. Chase for pipe, pipe casing, plaster quirk. Collect. SINKS— Stone, stoneware or porcelain. Bearers. Perforations for traps. Cutting and pinning sink to brickwork. Trap. Waste. Perforations in brickwork for pipes, Joiner attend plumber to sink. Wall tiling or cement around sink. WOODEN SINKS— Bearers. Ends cut and pin. Woodwork of sink. Lead lining. Soldered angle. Collect. Copper nailing. „ Wooden capping. Brass grate and plug, and rim and soldering. Lead waste. Lead cones. Lead trap and cap and screw. Chase. Collect. Pipe casing. Collect. Plaster quirk. ,, Perforations in brickwork and making good. Deal top, if any. Perforation for sink. Joiner attend plumber to sink. Enclosure of space beneath, complete. Draining boards. Covering with lead. Copper nailing. Collect. LAVATORIES— Apparatus and valves complete, rough deal tops and bearers. Perforation for basin. Slate or marble top, and perforation. Rounded or moulded edge. Collect. Skirting and angles. Collect. Basin and washer, plug and chain. Waste. Trap. Connection with drain. Overflow pipe and joints. Chase. Collect. Pipe casing. Collect. Perforation in brickwork for pipe. Enclosure of space beneath, complete. Shelves and bearers. Joiner attend plumber to lavatory. BATHS— Deal cradle for bath. Bath and valves. Waste and joints. Connection with another pipe, or as the case may be. Perforations for pipes. Pipe for overflow and joints. Lead safe. Joiner attend plumber to safe. Lengths, bossed angle. Pipe for waste from safe and joints. Dribble pipe or weighted copper flap and soldering. Wooden top. Rounded or moulded edge. Collect. Deduct perforation for bath. Perforation in bath top. Add rounded or moulded edge. Enclosure to front and ends. Collect. Extra for door. Fastenings. Skirting and mitres to top. Collect. Joiner attend plumber to bath. WATER-CLOSETS- Apparatus. Anti-D trap. Soil pipe, including joints. Bends. Extra joints. Cap or hood and straps to vertical pipe. Connection with drain. Perforations for pipes. ORDER OF TAKING OFF. 3i Ventilating pipe and joints. Perforations in slating or tiling. Lead slate. Set of flashings. Lead safe. Bossed angles. Dribble pipe, if any. Waste from, safe and joints and copper flap. Joiner attend plumber to safe. Seat and riser and bearers and flap and frame. Butts. Hole, cut and dished for pan. Ditto cut and beaded for handle. Extra for seat and riser to remove easily. Grounds. Skirting and mitres and cut or mitred ends, or back and elbows. Collect. Waste preventer and its appurtenances. Flushing pipe. Overflow pipe. Hole in wall. Joiner attend plumber to w.c. Paper boxes. Candle brackets. Pot cupboards. SUPPLY PIPES— Cistern connector with union and fly nut and joint to supply. Lead pipe to each draw-off w.c., apparatus, sink, &c. Collect. In measuring supply pipes from cisterns, take the longest length first and then its branches. Branch joints as they occur. Perforations in brickwork as they occur. Cocks as they occur. Chase. Collect. Pipe casing. Collect. Plaster quirk. „ Connection with main, paying fees, and making good roads and footways. Lead pipe to supply the cisterns. Collect . Trench for pipe. Collect. Ball valve. Perforations in brickwork for pipe. Chase. Collect. Pipe casing. Collect. Plaster quirk. „ Stop-cock in each case, with the supply in which it occurs. Chamber for stop-cock, if outside of building. Water meter. Brick chamber and cover. Pump. Lead suction pipe and joints, &c. Rising main. Collect. Warning pipe. Joiner attend plumber to pump. HOT WATER SUPPLY— Hot water cistern or cylinder and bearers. Pipes. Collect. Cocks. Perforations in brickwork for pipes. Chases. Collect. Pipe casing. Collect. Plaster quirk. „ Safety valve attendance. DRAINS— Cesspools, rain-water tanks, gullies, grease-traps, dumb wells. Inspection pits complete. When there are several inspection pits or turning chambers they may be distinguished by letters A, B, C, &c. Drain pipes, with their various depths of digging, bends, junctions, di- minishing-pieces, syphon-traps. Col- lect. Connection with sewer and pay fees. FINISHINGS— Floor by floor, beginning with topmost floor. 32 QUANTITY SURVEYING. FLOORS- Flooring. „ for cuttings. Collect. Flooring in small quantities and bearers. Collect. Steps complete from one level to another. Skirtings. Collect. Mitres. „ Irregular ditto. Collect. Fitted ends. „ Housings. „ Cement skirtings. „ Mitres. „ Stopped ends. „ Returned mitred ends. Collect . Cement or wooden dados, and cappings. DORMERS— Dormers complete when there is no brickwork to them,wifh the windows of topmost floor. WINDOWS — May often be averaged. Refer to the dimensions for the deductions of the openings. The surveyor will thus ensure the correct dimensions, and will be less likely to forget any of them. Deduct plastering and paper. Add sashes and frames. Moulded horns. Iron tongue and white lead and groove in oak, and groove in stone. Collect. Sash fastening. Lifts. Top fastenings, or eye and plate. Linings. Collect. Window-boards and bearers. Collect. Notched, returned, and mitred ends. Collect. Window-nosing. Collect. Returned and mitred ends. Collect. Window backs. Canvassing and painting backs of ditto. Rendering in cement behind ditto. Long notchings of linings over ditto. Beaded capping. Grounds. Architraves and their bases. Collect. Plinth to window back. Housings to ditto. Glass. Painting to frame and squares. Shutters and boxings. DOORS— May often be averaged. Refer to dimensions of deduction of brickwork. Deduct plastering and paper. Add door. Butts or hinges. Lock. Fastenings. Finger plates. Linings. Collect. Grounds. „ Dovetailed backings, if any. Architraves and bases. Collect. CASEMENTS— May often be averaged. Deduct plastering and paper. Add frame. Transome. Casements. Fastenings, water-bar. Linings. Collect. Grounds. „ Architraves and bases. Collect. Glass. Painting to frame and squares. FITTINGS— Not included with water supply, as cupboards, shelves, dressers, &c. ORDER OF TAKING OFF. 33 STAIRCASES— . Treads and risers. Winders. Housings. Moulded, returned, and mitred ends to steps. Cut brackets. Curtail ends and veneered fronts to risers. Bull-nosed or quadrant ends. Ends notched and fitted to newels. Wall string, ramps, wreaihs, mitres. Collect. Outer string, ditto. Collect. Landings and bearers. Nosings. Apron linings. Collect. Newels, wood and iron. Turnings to newels. Balusters, wood and iron. Collect. Iron stays. Hand rail and core rail. Collect. Scrolls to both. Collect. Ramp to both. „ Wreaths „ „ Handrail brackets. Plastering to soffits and whitening. Collect. Ditto ditto flueing. Collect. Quirks. Spandril framings. Doors and ironmongery in ditto. PLASTERING AND PAPER — Taken together. First, all the apartments and next the passages, floor by floor. Ceilings and whitening. Cornices and bracketing. Collect. Mitres. Collect. i Irregular ditto. Collect. Enrichments. „ Returned and mitred ends. Collect. Centre flowers. Collect. Partitions. Collect. Walls. Collect. Cement angles. Archways and recesses. Deduct plastering. Add plastering to reveals. There is seldom much advantage in collecting the plastering of walls of attics ; the variety of heights is often so great that it is better to measure these one room at a time. GASFITTER — Pipes. Collect. Syphon. Meter. Shelf or enclosure for meter. Short length of pipe and connections. Main cock. Pay fees and make good footway. Perforations in brickwork, as they occur in measuring pipes. Attendance. BELLHANGER— Bells. Pulls. Bell-boards. Attendance. Electric bells usually a provision. PAINTING- VENTILATION— In all trades. The order of taking off, referred to as (c) in the introduction, is not quite so favourable to the division of the work between a number of assistants as (6), but it has advantages, inasmuch as it deals with various parts of the work completely, so that no return to them is required. Its advantage in the case of variations is considerable, as in the event of the omission of a window or a n 34 QUANTITY SURVEYING . door, a continuous series of dimensions can be entirely omitted. Moreover a particular group of dimensions is completely con- sidered and finished at one time. These are its chief points of contrast to (6). The suggested preliminary works cannot be more advantage- ously dealt with than as suggested in the previous section of this Chapter. The differences will be readily seen by comparing the two lists. Area for district surveyor’s fees, if in Metropolitan area. Work to party-walls complete. Digging to surface. Ditto to basement. Ditto filled in and rammed. Digging to trenches of external walls, basement. Concrete to ditto. Footings of ditto. Walls of ditto up to a certain level, as ground floor, or top of plinth or damp-proof course. Digging concrete footings and brick- work of projections on these walls up to the same level as last. All the cuttings on this section of the work. Digging and concrete to trenches of internal walls of basement, footings of ditto. Brickwork up to the same level as before. Digging concrete footings and brick- work of projections on these walls up to same level as before. All the cuttings on last. Digging and concrete to surface trenches (i. e. walls where there is no basement), external walls. Footings and brickwork up to the same level as before. Digging, concrete, footings and brick- work up to same level, of all pro- jections on these walls. All the cuttings on these walls. Digging and concrete to surface trenches, internal walls. Footings and brickwork up to same level as before. Digging concrete footings and brick- work up to same level, of all pro- jections on these walls. All the cuttings on these walls. Strutting and planking to basement. Strutting and planking to the foregoing trenches. Damp-proof course. External walls from last level up as far as they continue of one thickness, projections on these walls. Internal walls from first level up to same level as the external walls. Projections on these walls. All the cuttings on these walls. External walls from last level to base of gables, or up to roof plate, or as far as they continue of one thick- ness. Gables of external walls. Projections on these walls. Internal walls from last level to base of gables, or up to roof plate, or as far as they continue of one thick- ness. Gables of internal walls. Projections on these walls. All the cuttings on these walls. Projections of chimney breasts one at a time, commencing with concrete and finishing with the shafts. Hoop-iron bond. Brickwork extra only in cement, take as it occurs in the foregoing stages. ORDER OF TAR/JVG OFF. 35 FIRES— Deduct brickwork of opening. Chimney-bars. Segmental arches. Flues, parget and core. Chimney pots. Centering to trimmers. Trimmer arches. Skewback cutting. Feather-edged springers. Filleting soffits of trimmers. Fender walls. Hearths and back-hearths. Curbs. Notchings of hearths. Stoves and setting. Coppers and setting. Copper lids. Chimneypieces. Painting to chimneypieces. Blacking stoves. INTERNAL DOORS— Floor by floor. Deduct brickwork. Lintel. Relieving arch, or segmental arch, and centering. Wood bricks or fixing blocks. Frame bed and point. Flooring in the opening or threshold, or step. Ends of steps, cut and pin or joint. Door. Ironmongery. Linings or frame. Iron dow.els. Architraves and grounds. Cement or plaster reveals. Deduct plastering. Painting. EXTERNAL DOORS— In the same order. Stone steps, landings, railings, &c., with the doorways. WINDOWS— Floor by floor. Deduct brickwork. Deduct facing. Centering to external arches. Arches or stone lintels, and deduct brickwork. Cutting to facing. Facing to reveals or stone dressings, and deduct brickwork. Sills. Fair ends. Make good facings to window sills. Lintel. Relieving arch. Wood bricks. Frames, bed and point. Window frames and sashes. Iron tongue and grooves in oak and stone. Moulded horns. Extra labours on sash or frame. Ironmongery. Glass. Window-boards. Notched, returned, and mitred ends. Linings. Architraves and grounds. Deduct plastering. Plaster or cement reveals. Rough chamfer on brickwork. Painting. ARCHWAYS AND RECESSES— Floor by floor. Deduct brickwork Centering. Arch. Plastering and mouldings to reveals and angles. Deduct plastering. PAVINGS— Hard dry rubbish. Concrete. D 2 36 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Cement-floated face. Pavings. Iron joists for vaulting or concrete floors, painting on iron. Ends cut and pinned. Templates. Iron columns, commencing with the digging, concrete brickwork and stone base, and painting. Centering. Vaulting or concrete. Cutting on brickwork. Raking out and pointing soffits. STONE STAIRCASES— Complete in all trades, including painting. GROUND FLOORS— Oversaving to receive plates. Sleeper walls. Concrete under floors. Plates. Joists. Air bricks and painting. Floor boarding. Deductions of ditto. UPPER FLOORS— Floor by floor. Digging, concrete. Brick piers, stone bases and iron columns, supporting floors, and painting. Templates, felt or lead pads. Girders, wood or iron, and painting. Flitches and bolts and painting. Tension rods and painting. Joists. Trimmers. Strutting. Sound-boarding and pugging. Deductions of ditto. Floor boarding. Deductions of ditto. Steps at change of level of floors. PARTITIONS— Floor by floor. Heads and sills. Interties. Posts. Quarters. Braces. Bridging-pieces. Ironwork and painting. TRUSSED PARTITIONS— Similar order to last. BRICK-NOGGED PARTITIONS— The brickwork. Deduct openings. Heads and sills. Posts. Quarters. Nogging pieces. ROOFS— Templates. Felt or lead pads. Ends timber cut and pinned. TRUSSES— Tie beams. Principal rafters. King or Queen posts. Struts. Collars. Circular ribs. Wrought face and painting, staining or varnishing. Ironwork and painting. Hoisting and fixing roof trusses. Templates. Ends cut and pinned. Purlins. Wrought face and painting, staining or varnishing. Cleats. Scarfings and bolts and painting. Plates. Ridges. / ORDER OF TAKING OFF. 37 Wrought face and painting, staining or varnishing. Searfings and bolts and painting. Tile or slate ridges. Ends fitted. Ends splayed and fitted. Rough chamfer on fir. Ridge roll. Lead. Hips. Rough chamfer. Roll. Lead. Bossed ends to rolls. Bossed intersections of ridge and hip. Hip tiles or soakers. Cutting to tiling or slating. Cutting to boarding or battens. VALLEYS— Timber. Cutting to slating or tiling. Cutting to boarding or battens. Valley boarding. Valley fillets. Tilting fillets. Valley tiles. Lead. RAFTERS, BOARDING AND SLATING.— Sprockets. Cut ends to rafters. Slating or tiling. Batteqs, boarding, felt. Extra slating or tiling for eaves. Eaves fillet or eaves board. GUTTERS— Gutter boards and bearers. Drips. Rolls. Gussets. Lead. Cesspools. Lead. Extra labour and solder. Wire or other covers. Socket pipes. Holes for ditto. Flashings to gutters. Rake out, wedge and point. GENERAL FLASHINGS TO MAIN ROOF— Tilting fillets. Flashings. Stepped flashings. Raking out and pointing. Soakers. Fillets to secret gutters. Lead to ditto. Extra labour to secret gutters. Flashings to ditto. Raking out, wedging and pointing. CHEEKS— Boarding and quarters. Lead. Copper nailing. Soldered dots. Flashings. Vertical tiling. Tilting fillets. Soakers. CHIMNEYS— Deduct tiling, slating, boarding, battens, felt. Cuttings to ditto. Gutters. Hips. Rolls. Gussets. Lead. Bossed ends to rolls. Tilting fillets. Flashings. Rake out, wedge and point. LEAD APRONS— Lead. Rake out, wedge and point. Tilting fillets. Stepped flashings. Soakers. Rake out, wedge and point. 38 QUANTITY SURVEYING. DORMERS WITH BRICK FRONTS— Deduct slating, tiling, rafters, boarding, battens, felt. Trimmers. Plates. Valleys or footing pieces. Cutting to boarding, battens, and tiling or slating. Valley boards, valley fillets, tilting fillets. Lead or valley tiles. Wooden ridge. Roll. Rough chamfers on fir. Lead to roll. Or tile ridge. Ends splayed and fitted, and leadeoaker. Rafters. Cut ends or sprockets. Boarding or slating and tiling or battens. Extra tiling or slating for eaves. Eaves board. Eaves fillet. Boarding and backing to cheeks. Cutting to ditto. Tiling or slating. Cutting to ditto. Lead to cheeks. Copper nailing. Soldered dots. Flashings. Stepped ditto. Rake out, wedge, and point. Tilting fillets. Ceiling joists. Sill. Frame. Casements. Ironmongery. Glass. Lead apron. Linings. Architrave and grounds. Window board. Plastering of ceiling and cheeks. Deduction of plastering. Painting. CEILING JOISTS— Plates. Stretchers. Hangers. Joists. MISCELLANEOUS ADJUNCTS OF ROOF— Ways in roof. Traps in ceilings, and ironmongery and painting. Ladders and painting. Snow-boards and painting. Cat ladders and painting. EXTERNAL TRAPS— Deduct rafters, slating or tiling, battens, boarding, felt. Trimmers. Slating or tiling for cutting. Boarding or battens for cutting. Trap and rims. Lead covering. Copper nailing. Bossed angles. Ironmongery. Curb and labours on it. Lead covering to curb. Copper nailing. Flashing boards or tilting fillets. Gutter board and bearers. Lead. Internal lining. Deduct plastering. Plaster quirk. Painting. LANTERN LIGHTS, FLECHES, DORMERS— Take complete in all trades, including painting. ORDER OF TARING OFF. 39 EAVES GUTTERS AND RAIN-WATER PIPES— Fasciae. Painting of ditto. Eaves gutters. Stopped ends. Outlets and wire covers. Painting ditto. Rain-water pipes. Swan necks. Heads and wire covers. Shoes. Tee pieces. Bends. Plinth bends. Loose bands. Holderbats. Painting. Cuttings to brick or stone strings. Connections with drain. WATER SUPPLY— Well. Well cover and painting. Bearers of iron or wood for cistern and painting. Templates. Ends cut and pin. Cisterns of iron. Cisterns of wood. Lead lining. Soldered angle. Copper nailing. Standing waste or apparatus for emptying. Brass washer and waste with fly nut and union. Lead under waste. Boiler screw and overflow. Hole in brickwork. Ditto in tile or slate and lead tile or slate. Cistern covers and painting. Holes in brickwork for pipe. Chase for pipe, pipe casing, and paint- ing plaster quirk. Joiner attend plumber to cistern. SINKS— Stone, stoneware, or porcelain. Bearers, wood or brick. Holes for gratings. Brass grate. Trap. Lead waste. Holes in brickwork for pipes Joiner attend plumber to sink. Tiling or cement around. WOODEN SINKS— Bearers. Ends cut and pin. Woodwork of sink. Lead lining. Soldered angle. Copper nailing. Wooden capping. Brass grate and plug and rim. Lead cones. Lead trap with cap and screw. Lead waste. Chase. Pipe casing. Plaster quirk. Deal top. Perforation. Joiner attend plumber. Enclosure of space beneath. Draining boards. Lead covering. Copper nailing. Painting. Tiling or cement around. LAVATORIES— Apparatus and valves complete. Rough deal top and bearers. Holes for basin and taps. Slate or marble top and perforations. Rounded or moulded edge. Skirting and angles. Basin and washer, plug and chain. Lead trap with cap and screw. Overflow pipe and joints. Chase. 40 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Pipe casing and painting. Hole in brickwork for pipe. Enclosure complete and painting. Joiner attend plumber. BATHS— Deal cradle. Bath and valves. Lead trap. Lead waste. Overflow and joints. Lead safe. Joiner attendance to safe. Lengths, bossed angles. Pipe for waste from safe and joints. Copper flap and joint. Wooden top and enclosure. Extra for door. Ironmongery. Rounded or moulded edge. Skirting and mitres to top. Joiner, attendance to bath. Painting or French polishing. WATER-CLOSETS— Apparatus. Anti -\_ ) trap. Soil pipe and joints. Bends. Extra joints. Connection with drain, and brass thimble or tail-piece. Holes in brickwork. Ventilating pipe and joints. Holes in slate or tiling. Lead, slate or tile, and solder joint. Cap or hood and straps to vertical pipe. Lead safes. Bossed angles. Waste from safe and copper flap. Holes in brickwork. Joiner attend plumber to safe. Seat and riser. Flap and frame. Butts. Hole for pan. Ditto for handle Or seat for pedestal closet, p.c. Extra for seat and riser made to remove easily. Grounds. Skirting and mitres. Waste-preventing cistern and its appur- tenances. Overflow pipe. Flushing pipe. Joiner attend plumber to w.c. and waste-preventing cistern. Paper boxes. Candle brackets. Pot cupboards. Painting or French polishing. SUPPLY PIPES— Cistern connector with union and fly nut and joint. Lead pipe to each draw-off, w.c., sink, bath, lavatory, with valve at end of each branch. Branch joints as they occur. Holes in brickwork. Chases. Pipe casing. Plaster quirk. Connection with main. Rising main. Ball valve. Chase. Pipe casing. Plaster quirks. Stop-cocks. Chambers for ditto. Water meter and chamber and cover. Painting. PUMPS- Pump. Lead suction and joints. Foot valve and rose. Rising main. Warning pipe. Holes in brickwork. Joiner attend plumber to pump. ORDER OF TAKING OFF. 4 HOT WATER SUPPLY— Hot water cistern or cylinder, and bearers and expansion pipe. Flow and return. Safety valve. Branch pipes and valves. Holes in brickwork. Chases. Pipe casing. Plaster quirk. Painting. DRAINS, CESSPOOLS— Rain-water tanks. Gullies. Inspection pits. Drain pipes of various sizes and depths. Connection with sewer and pay fees. SKIRTINGS AND DADOES— Floor by floor. Skirtings. Mitres. Ditto irregular. Fitted ends. Housings. Wooden dadoes. Cement skirtings. ' Mitres. Ditto irregular. , Stopped ends. Cement dadoes. Painting. FITTINGS— Cupboards. Shelves. Dressers. Painting. STAIRCASES— Wooden staircases in all trades. PLASTERING AND PAPER— Floor by floor. First all the rooms, then the passages. Ceilings and whitening. Cornices. Bracketing. Mitres. Ditto, irregular. Enrichments. Returned and mitred ends. Centre flowers. Walls and paper. Partitions and paper. Cement angles. GASFITTER- Pipes. Syphon. Meter. Shelf or enclosure for meter. Short length of pipe and connections. Main cock. Pay fees and make good footway. Holes in brickwork. Attendance. Fittings and fixing. BELLHANGER- Bells. Pulls. Bell boards. Attendance. Painting. ELECTRIC BELLS— PAINTING — Such painting as may not have been dealt with in preceding sections. VENTILATION— Work in all trades. 42 QUANTITY SURVEYING. CHAPTER III. MODES OF MEASUREMENT. After each clause of direction as to mode of measurement will he found a specimen item, as it would appear in the hill. Attendances. — Attendances are generally met by providing a sum, and the work involved is either charged day account or measured at completion ; but inquiry will often give surveyor sufficient information to enable him to measure the work before- hand, and include it in quantities. District Surveyor’s Fees. — State the number of squares in area and the number of stories in height, counting the basement as one. (See Chapter IV., section Billing, Preliminary Bill.) Observe where party-walls are raised or otherwise altered, that half the full fee will be chargeable for adjoining house (see the Schedule of Fees, London Building Act). When a building is of intricate plan, or the application of the Schedules of the Act is doubtful, the district surveyor may be consulted with advantage, or a sum provided. Where any particular part of the work is of uncertain quantity, and it is nevertheless necessary that it be measured, it is usual and convenient to include such a quantity as the surveyor deems sufficient, which is kept separate in the bill and followed by the words “ as provision,” the real quantity used being adjusted at the settlement of accounts. sqrs. ft. in. 2 50 supl. Bill. 1" rough boarding as ways in roof “ as pro- vision” s. d. In cases where the drawings are to a very small scale, and no details are supplied, the surveyor should make a detail of any part which cannot be exactly measured from the small scale WORKS AT THE BUILDING . 43 drawing, especially of mouldings, tlie girth of which cannot other- wise he accurately obtained. Works at the Building. — When the contemplated building is partly new and involves alterations to old work, notes of the par- ticulars of the alterations must be taken at the building in the usual dimension book ; it is most convenient to take out all that can be taken from the drawings before going to the building, making notes as work proceeds of what to observe when visiting the building. yds. ft. supl. A “ All the cutting of openings to include removing and carting away rubbish and any needling or shoring ” “ The making good after cutting of openings to be in hard stocks and cement, and the arches to include centering ” “ Allow for cutting opening 3' 0" x 7' 0" in 1 £-brick wall, for inserting lintel and pads, elsewhere taken, for making good brick- work around, and for making good plaster- ing on both sides after fixing joinery ” .. “Allow for cutting two openings 4' 0" X 9' 9" in 1^-brick wall for inserting semi- circular arches in two rings, and making good brickwork ” “ Allow for cutting opening 2' 9" x 2' 0" in 2-brick wall, for inserting stone lintel (elsewhere taken), and making good brickwork ” “Allow for cutting opening 15' 3" X IT 0" in 1^-brick eastern wall of study, for shoring up and needling wall over, for supporting floor, inserting two rolled joists and cover stone (elsewhere taken), and for making good all works disturbed ” . . Often earlier items may be referred to by a letter, thus : — Allow for cutting opening 3' 6“ X 8' 0" in 2-brick wall and all as A. s. d. Provisions. — Observe to take templates, painting, or any col- lateral work, as unloading, hoisting, or fixing. When you decide to provide a sum for a particular portion of the work, as tiling, patent cement, paving, &c., the quantity should be measured and sent to the manufacturer for his estimate. The sum thus obtained can then be adopted, plus a certain sum 44 QUANTITY SURVEYING . for attendance. The protection of the work of sub-contractors and responsibility for its damage should be imposed upon the general contractor. (See also Chapter IV., section Billing, Provisions.) EXCAVATOR. Dredging and Removing. — The quantity being usually un- certain, the contractor tenders at a price per ton ; state that it includes barging and finding a deposit, or barging and depositing within a certain number of yards, and state the method of depositing. Tons. 800 Bill Dredging and removing mud from bed of river, barging away, and finding a deposit Piling. — Measure the piles per foot cube ; describe the kind of timber and as including fixing. Keep separate those below and above 144 square inches in section, and describe them in bill accordingly. Bill ft. 1250 in. cube Fir in piles not exceeding 144 square inches 1300 in section and 30 feet in length, and to include heading, pointing and fixing, and depositing ready for driving .. Ditto, exceeding 30 feet 500 - Ditto, exceeding 144 square inches in 640 - 55 section, not exceeding 30 feet in length Ditto, exceeding 30 feet £ (l Driving Piles. — Each, state scantling, the length measured from point of shoe to finished top of head before driving, and the depth of driving measured from surface of ground to point of shoe. Bill I No. 50 12" x 12" fir piles, 29 feet long (averaged for length) driven 7 feet (driving only) . I • • \ . ' : • • ; EXCAVATOR. 45 Number the cutting off of the heads, stating size of pile ; if below water state it, and describe the depth. Bill 1 I No. 1 50 Cutting off heads of piles 12" x 12" .. 1 55 20 Ditto, 12'' xl2", 2 feet below water surface at low water s. d. Waling Pieces at per foot cube, and. describe as including fixing. Number the shoes, stating size of pile and weight of each shoe. State that they include fixing, and all nails, spikes, staples, &c., or a clause about nails, spikes, &c., may appear in preamble of bill. Bill ft. in. 1 540 - cube No. 100 Fir in waling pieces and fixing and bolting to piling (bolts elsewhere taken) .. Wrought-iron shoes, weight 30 lbs. eaeh, in two varieties, including pointing pile and fitting and fixing with 1" diameter screws £ s.' d. Bolts. — Number and describe, as directed in Smith. Straps. — Measure per foot run, afterwards reduce to weight, as described in Smith. Coffer Dams. — Measure the piles and timber per foot cube as “ use and waste in coffer dams, including all material,” “ carriage, fixing and removal.” State if piles are 3 inches or 6 inches thick, as the case may be, and whether edges are shot. Also whether beveljed or rebated, or measure the bevelling separately. Measure the ironwork as above, but describe as for “ use and waste.” Bill ft. | in. 800 - cube 1 Use and waste of material in coffer dam, including all material, labour, carriage, fixing and removal Fir in piles 6" thick, and not exceeding 20 feet in length .. 3200 feet run bevelled edge to 6" piles .. £ s. d. 46 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Measure the clay-puddle at per yard cube if over 12 inches thick, and per yard superficial if not exceeding 12 inches, and de- scribe ; state if mixed with chopped straw, aud allow for ramming and removal. yds. ft. in. I 1000 ' " supl. 166 - - cube Bill Clay puddle of well-tempered clay, 6" thick and filling in and ramming in layers to coffer dam or. Clay puddle of well-tempered clay, and fill- ing in and ramming in layers to coffer dam £ s. d. Digging and Concrete. — Digging is measured as before excava- tion, and although earth always increases in bulk by removal, no allowance is made in quantity. The nature of the soil should be stated if involving unusual trouble, as very stiff clay or rock, or if grubbing up old founda- tions. And if the soil is likely to be liquid a special clause should be inserted in the quantities to ensure the liability of the con- tractor. (See Kirk & Randall v. East and West India Dock Company.) If the building is on the site of an old one with a basement, the excavation should be measured from street level, as the rubbish from pulling down will have filled the cellars, or nearly so. The way the excavation has been measured should be stated, and a clause inserted “ contractor to make his own allowance for any voids that may exist.” yds. ft. in. f 400 ! - cube Digging to basement from surface to a depth of 11 feet, wheeling or throwing out and carting away. (Note the base- ment is filled with rubbish from the pulling down. Contractor to make his own allowance for any voids that may exist) 1 £ s. d. State if basketed (as is necessary in confined situations) ; if wheeled ; if wheeled more than one run (20 yards) ; and how many runs, also if carted away, or deposited on the site. Keep excavation beyond 6 feet in depth, beyond 12 feet, beyond EXCAVATOR. 47 18 feet, &c., separate. State the depth and keep separate the various multiples of 6 feet, as 12 feet, 18 feet, &c., and to depths over 6 feet, say “ including staging.” In measuring trenches where there is concrete, measure the trench the width of the latter, except in cases where the projection of the concrete is less than 6 inches on each side beyond the lowest course of footings ; in that case, as in that of trenches without concrete, 6 inches on each side must be allowed. If no strutting and planking is taken, further allowance must be made for slopes where the excavation is deep ; but this is very rarely done, it is better to take strutting and planking. If done it should be stated in bill. It is usual to commence measurement of excavation by re- moving the surface all over the site, commonly about 12 inches deep. Observe whether the ground is truly level ; if not, and it is desired to bring it to a level, take off the soil to an average depth. Surface Digging. — Where earth is removed over a surface it should be measured superficially, if not more than 12 inches deep, stating the depth ; where more than 12 inches deep, measure by the cubic yard. State if it includes separation of vegetable soil. The digging to basements should be taken as digging to base- ment . . . feet deep, throwing out, or basketing, or wheeling, and carting away, or spreading. If the basement is paved, take this excavation down to the bottom of the paving ; or if there is concrete beneath it, to the bottom of the concrete. The space between outer face of wall and outer edge of trench by- the depth is to be next taken and deducted from the last, and added with the description, “ excavation and returning, filling in and ramming.” Bill. yds. ft. in. 1210 supl. Digging to general surface 9" deep averaged wheeling 2 runs, and depositing, including separation of vegetable soil . . £ s. d. Digging to Trenches, at per yard cube . — State if to basement trenches, i.e. trenches below level of general basement excavation, or to surface trenches, i.e. trenches below level of general surface. Describe as “excavation and carting away) or wheeling and 48 QUANTITY SURVEYING . spreading),” or “ digging to trenches, part filled in and rammed, and the remainder carted away.” The former being the proper description for the part to receive concrete, the latter for the part of trench to receive brickwork. In the measurement of trenches, collect the lengths of external walls and internal walls respectively, and be careful to put oppo- site each dimension a description of its position. These dimensions will be used for lengths of excavation, concrete, footings and walls; This is the more usual practice, the difference between the lengths of excavation, concrete, and brickwork being, as a rule, but small. If it be desired to take the quantity with more exactness, a founda- tion plan must be made showing widths of trenches. For ordinary buildings, like dwelling-houses, the former course is recommended, but for a large building with thick walls a foundation plan should be used. Examples of Collection of Walls. External Walls. 1£B. 2 B. 2* B. South of dining-room 18 0 12 0 West of ditto 14 6 Bay (collected) Remainder of west wall .. North of west wall .. 23 6 4 3 15 9 4 6 If it should be necessary to separate the part carted away from the part returned, filled in and rammed, it is quite easily arrived at. In the sketch (Fig. 4) the wall occupies three-eighths of the trench ; about three- eighths of the whole width measured above the concrete multiplied by the depth from the surface to half way down the footings is a close approximation to the quantity that would be carted away, and the remainder would be Z-3 . a-.\ filled in. It is obvious that the part of the trench filled with concrete admits of no re- turn of the earth. The dimensions of 100 feet run of digging and concrete, measured in the foregoing manner, assuming the depth from surface to top of concrete to be 4 feet and the concrete 12 inches deep, would be as follows. BKS 2 4 . 0 Fig. 4. EXCAVATOR. 49 100 0 4 0 5 0 2000 0 100 0 2 6 3 6 250 0 100 0 4 0 1 0 400 0 A me >re exact r nethod is a 100 0 4 0 1 0 400 0 100 0 4 0 4 0 1600 0 100 0 2 5 1 0 241 8 ' 100 0 1 6 3 0 > 450 0 j Dig surface trenches and cart away. Ddt. and Add Dig surface trenches, fill and ram. Concrete as described in trenches. Dig surface trenches and cart away, and Concrete as described. Dig S. T. F. and R. Ddt. Dig S. T. F. and R. and 1 10J 3 0 4 10£ 2 5 } When foundations are stepped, it will generally he most conve- nient to collect the whole round of the walls for the minimum depth, and afterwards take the extra depths one at a time. At the points where the steps occur, observe that concrete must be taken between the bottom of that of wall at upper level and the top of that at lower level, as sketch (Fig. 5). Excavation in ground where buildings have Fig. 5. previously existed should be described as “in- cluding any necessary grubbing up of old foundations *' ; or in 5o QUANTITY SURVEYING. the preamble of bill, “The digging to trenches to include any necessary grubbing up of old foundations.” If excavation is in small quantities to underpinning, state it and keep it separate. Observe that where trenches are very close together, the earth * between them cannot be left in ; the surveyor must allow for re- moving it and filling in the space. Bill. yds. ft. in. 100 - - cube Dig surface trenches not exceeding 6 feet in depth and cart away 100 - - „ Ditto, from 6 to 12 feet deep 100 _ _ „ Dig basement trenches and cart away 100 „ Ditto, in small quantities in under- pinning .. .. (. £ s. d. Digging for Drains is better included with the drains, but whether separated (rarely done) or not, state the average depth of excavation and the size of pipe. Observe that these depths must be taken at regular intervals, or it will be no average. Great errors have arisen from taking the depths without observing this rule. Measure trench for water or gas pipes at per foot run, stating average depth, and describe as trench for pipe. Bill. yds. ft. in. 100 — - run Dig trench for pipe, return, fill and ram . . £ s. d. For the computation of excavation in large quantities, as for railways, the prismoidal formula must be used, and the published earthwork tables will greatly facilitate the surveyor’s work. Strutting and Planking to Sides of Excavation, per foot run, stating depth of excavation. — This should always be measured to basements, and if doubtful of its necessity, add the words “ if necessary ” to the description, but in any case measure it all ; or it may be measured per foot super. Strutting and Planking to Trenches, at jper foot run , described as “ one side only measured,” stating width and depth of trench, or an item may appear in preamble to the bill of excavation, “ all EXCAVATOR. 5i excavation to trenches to include strutting and planking, if neces- sary,” in which case none need be measured, but it should always be measured when the trenches exceed 4 feet in depth. Bill. ft. 500 in. supl. Strutting and planking to basement 12 feet deep Strutting and planking to trench 4 feet 500 - run 500 I ” wide and 5 feet deep (one side only measured) Ditto, 4' 9" wide and 6 feet deep . . 500 _ supl. Some surveyors say — Strutting and planking (if required) to basement 12 feet deep, &c. £ d. Strutting and planking to holes 3 or 4 feet square is best numbered, stating length, width and depth of holes. Bill. No. 3 Strutting and planking to hole 4 feet X 4 feet and 5 feet deep Clay Puddling, at per cubic yard.ii more than 12 inches thick ; if not exceeding 12 inches thick, per yard superficial ; if filled in over arches or hoisted, state the height of hoisting. Bill. yds. ft. in. | 100 - - cube Puddling of well-tempered clay rammed in layers Puddling of well-tempered clay average 9" thick, and hoisting and filling in over arches 12 feet above street level .. 100 ~ supl. £ s. d. Concrete, at per yard cube , where exceeding 12 inches thick; where not exceeding 12 inches, per yard superficial; if thrown from stages, state that it includes stages. State if in trenches, if levelled or to falls, and if measured per yard cube, measure the levelling separately at per yard superficial, except in trenches which includes levelling, if rammed state it in description. State if filled in over arches, in which case average the depth. If hoisted, state height of hoisting. Over trimmer arches, concrete is included (see p. 73). State whether of lime or cement. e 2 52 Q UANTITY S UR VE YING. The description of its composition is preferably written in the preamble of the bill of excavator. When a separate contractor does the concrete work, a superficial dimension of “ levelling and making up ” to receive tiling will be required to the surface, and to the soffit “ make good and dub out as may be necessary to receive plastering.” Bill yds. ft. in. 100 _ _ cube 100 - - supl. 100 ~~ — >5 Concrete as described in trenches Ditto 6" thick levelled to receive paving . . Ditto 6" „ „ falls £ d. The casing of iron girders and similar members is best mea- sured per foot run, stating the finished sizes, how finished, and what else is included. Bill l ft - 1 in - II £ s. 90 -1 run Casing to iron stringers and joists to carry UTI- v -t floors and landings, to average 11" x 8" in section, including the necessary gal- vanised iron wire foundations and all yiy wooden casings and moulds, and finishing with fine Portland cement faces and yi . > chamfered edges, as sketch, including all Fig. 6. necessary stops and mitres Expansion Boards, at per foot run . — When the sizes of concrete arches render it necessary (over 9 feet span), an item as follows should appear : “ allow for supplying, fixing, and removing expan- sion boards to edges of concrete arching.” Also feet run, “ allow for grouting in after removal of expansion boards and pointing with mortar (or cement).” Hard Dry Rubbish. — Measure as described for concrete. Bill. Hard dry brick or stone rubbish, and filling in and ramming Ditto, 9" thick and ditto Ditto, 9" thick to falls yds. ft. | | in. 100 cube 100 _ _ supl. 100 — EXCAVATOR. 53 Levelling and Consolidating Ground, at per yard superficial. Bill. yds. ft. in. 100 — supl. Level and ram surface Post Holes. — State size of post and depth of hole. Bill. No. 10 Dig hole 5 feet deep for 12" x 12" post, and fill in and ram £ d. Digging to Cesspools is usually taken with the cesspool and included in the description; if not, measure as for basements, stating depth of excavation (see also page 79). Drains, at per foot run. — State the kind, if tested, if “ Town made,” how jointed, if the joints are puddled around with clay, if opercular or half-socketed, or half-socketed at intervals, stating the distance (or measure as plain pipes and count the half-socketed pipes as extra on the plain), if Stanford’s [patent ; also state the average depth of digging and include with the description. Any length of pipe under 2 feet must be called 2 feet. Number and describe as “ extra for ” bends, junctions, double junctions, diminishing pieces, siphon traps, the length of these bends, junctions, &c., having been previously measured in the length of the drains. And observe that junctions and diminishing pieces are designated by the size of the main [pipe of which they form a part. Thus, the junction shown in sketch (Fig. 7) is a 9-inch junction. Number gullies, grease traps, &c., stating size and number in trade list of manufacturer. Include in description digging, bedding in concrete and connect- ing with drain. Number the connection with sewer, and fees. If the architect has not shown the drains on his plan, the surveyor should, on a tracing of the ground plan, draw the drains, marking upon it all the rain-water pipes and waste pipes, as ho measures them, and should supply a copy to the architect. 54 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Drains embedded in concrete or laid on concrete may be measured, pipe, concrete and digging together ; but in that case the length should be measured net, and the fact stated in the bill of quantity. The best way to deal with a system of drains is to begin with the gullies, cesspools, inspection or turning chambers. After taking all the gullies and inspection pits, &c., it will be found most convenient to take off the longest length of drain on the plan, the digging being calculated as an average depth, i.e. a mean between the depths at each end of the length. The part in a public way should be kept separate, and if the depth of sewer is unknown, described as including deep-digging in roadway ; but the depth may generally be discovered by enquiry at the office of the Vestry or Local Board. Next take all the bends on this line of drain. Then, beginning at the shallower end of the same line of drain, take each branch, including junction and bends. Proceed with each main line of pipes in the order of its length, then its branches as before, with the extras on them. Inspection pits should be taken out in detail, the work kept separate, and described as in small quantities. The making up of bottom is best numbered, stating size and average thickness. The iron covers should be described by a number in a trade list. (See also Chapter XIII.) In a large system of drainage, it will be found convenient to number the inspection pits consecutively, or to designate them by letters ABC, &c. Bill, ft. in. 100 - run 4" drain, and digging 2 feet deep .. 88 - * „ „ o ,, .... 120 - » 6" „ „ 2 „ .... 66 - » 6" „ „ 4 „ .... No. 3 Extra for 4" bends » 6 ,, *, 6 ,, .. .. .. .. .. 55 6 „ „ 4" junctions 55 3 on 55 55 ° 55 •• • • •• *• •• 55 2 „ „ 4" double junctions 55 2 „ „ 4" diminishing pipes 55 10 Doulton’s (Lambeth) figure 15 yard gully with dished cover and galvanised iron grating, and digging, bedding on and in- cluding cement concrete and connecting 1 with drain £ s. d. DRAINS. 55 Channel Pipes. — Measure by the foot run, calling anything less than 12 inches another foot. State the kinds as “ white enamelled,” “ brown glazed,” &c. ; state diameter and how jointed, and if any particular manufacturer is desired, give his name and address. Number the bends, junctions, &c., but not “ extra for.” The bends, although designated in the trade list by letters which correspond with certain varieties of curves, may be referred to two categories, short and long, both of which vary a little in price, but when the surveyor takes off drains from an eighth scale plan, or makes a plan, as he frequently does, nicer distinctions are impossible. When a large-scale plan of the inspection pits is furnished, the curves may be compared with a trade list and identified ; but such a detail rarely appears at the quantity-taking stage, and would probably be varied in the doing of the work. Bill. # ft. in. £ s 22 - run Broad’s (South Wharf, Paddington) 4" white enamelled channel pipe, and bed- ding and jointing in cement 28 — »> Ditto 6" # ..... •• No. 3 4" white enamelled channel junctions, and bedding and jointing with cement |5 4 6” ditto ? 55 2 4" ditto, double junctions ? 55 2 55 10 4" short channel bends 55 8 6" ditto 55 10 4” long channel bends 6 6" ditto 1 Winser’s (Buckingham Palace Road) 6" white glazed drain chute, and bedding • ■ and jointing with cement, and cutting and fitting brickwork around BRICKLAYER. In a large building it will be found of advantage to the survey or in the collection of internal walls to divide his work into sections. He will usually find several walls which pretty clearly perform this function. He will first take these walls, and then those in each section thus formed. (See also Chapter XIII.) 56 QUANTITY SURVEYING. In making collections of walls, measure each wall to its extremity through the wall transverse to it ; if this is invariably done, the surveyor will never be in doubt. The external walls should be collected, commencing at an angle of the building and going regularly round to the starting point. Compare the plan of each floor with that of the floor above, to see if any brickwork is shown on the upper floor for which there is no support below, as in such case provision must be made for it either by thickening walls or introducing girders, &c. Examine the drawings in order to omit from your collection at ground level the parts which belong to projections such as bays on one story only. Count the fireplaces, see that the proper number of flues are shown on each floor, and that the chimney breasts or backs are of sufficient projection to contain them. Observe whether shafts are drawn large enough to accommodate the requisite flues. A figured diagram (for permanent use) of chimney stacks to contain various numbers of flues is useful ; from it the stacks can be readily figured on the roof plan. Where there are extra thicknesses of walls, to receive plates of ground joists or to form plinths, it is better, as these usually only occur at parts of the walls, to collect them afterwards, measuring the wall at first (in the collection) of the thickness required minus the thickness of that part required for plinths or sleepers. Where arches occur over passages, measure the work as though the wall was continuous across the passage, deducting the voids in the usual order. State in all cases whether brickwork is in mortar or cement. It is the usual practice where only a small part of the work is built in cement to measure the whole of the brickwork as though it were in mortar, and to again measure the parts in cement, calling it “ Brickwork extra only in cement.” Brickwork is measured superficially, stating opposite the dimen- sions the number of bricks in thickness, or measured cubically where in very thick or irregularly shaped walls. The whole is reduced to the superficial rod = 5J yards by yards, or 272 feet 3 inches, but always taken as 272 feet lj brick thick, except 4J inches and 0 inches (as page 02). BRICKLAYER. 57 Brickwork in large or irregular shaped masses is often most conveniently measured in cubic feet, and is so abstracted, although billed, as usual, as “ reduced brickwork.” If brickwork is over 60 feet from the ground, it should be kept separate, and all above that level divided into heights of 20 feet, described as “ 60 feet to 80 feet,” “ 80 feet to 100 feet,” &c. Brickwork in small quantities in filling in of openings of old work or in similar positions should be kept separate and described as “ in small quantities inserted.” This may be measured the net size of the openings, in which case the item should include “ Extra labour and materials ,” “ cutting and bonding” or the brickwork should be measured larger than the opening, and should include only “ Extra labour , cutting and bond- ing” The same consideration arises when new walls are built in an old building, and the treatment and its alternative is the same. Keep brickwork in backing to stonework separate, and state that it includes the necessary cutting and fitting to stonework, or this cutting and fitting may be mentioned in the preamble of the bill. In cases where a wall is faced with stone, it is generally most convenient to measure the whole thickness of the wall including the stonework (but not including the projections of the latter), making the deductions from the brickwork when the stone is measured. Keep work in raising an old wall separate ; if any work is built “ overhand ” it should be stated. Keep work to old walls distinct from that to new work. If brickwork is in small quantities to underpinning, state it, and whether in cement, and keep it separate. Also state if it includes iron wedges or pinning up with slates, or if any timber will be left in. It should be observed that the bricks used in some of the northern and midland counties will frequently rise as much as 13 inches and upwards to the four courses instead of the London average of 12 inches ; this will affect both the brickwork and the stonework bonded with it. If gault bricks are used, the walls will finish of a greater thickness than they would if built with ordinary bricks ; a three- brick wall would be about 2 feet 4 inches thick. The work may be measured as of the ordinary thickness and a percentage added QUANTITY SURVEYING. 58 to the abstract before billing, or measured by the cubic foot to the exact finished dimensions. Measure walls to the top of the wall plate where the latter is not more than 3 inches thick ; where over 3 inches allow that height for labour of bedding, or the brickwork may be measured net and a lineal dimen- sion taken of “ bedding plate.” Stonework is not deducted unless 6 inches in height or over. In cases where it is deducted it is better to do so after taking the dimensions of the stone, usually the same dimensions serve for both. Often the stone exceeds the deduction of brickwork, and in some instances it will save labour to fix some proportion for the deduction, as J, J, &c., otherwise a new dimension must be taken for the deduction. The following instance shows the above-mentioned process : — 100 0 1 0 9 75 0 C. Box Ground stone and Ddt. £ Bkk. String below first floor window sills. Sometimes in the case of a brick wall faced with stone, when it is desired that the brickwork in backing to masonry shall be kept separate, it will be convenient to begin by deducting the whole area occupied by masonry by the total thickness of the wall from the ordinary brickwork, then to measure the stonework, and after- wards the brickwork, as brickwork in backing to stonework. Where the stonework of a building consists principally of quoins it is sometimes not deducted, but the course adopted should be clearly stated in the bill. No deductions are made for flues under 2 feet square in diameter, but a flue of such size would certainly be for a furnace chimney. In such cases measure the shaft and deduct the void ; keep the brickwork separate and state that it has been measured net, and what it is. Flues at an angle with the horizon of less than 45° must have soot doors provided. BRICKLAYER. 59 A separate bill of all trades is generally most convenient for a large furnace chimney, even when it is connected with a building. Where semicircular or circular superficial or cubical dimensions occur, they are treated as in the following examples Ddt. 1 Bk. Archway. Ddt. 1 Bk. Opening in gable. Ddt. Bkk. For turret stair. Fig. 9. In dealing with large Gothic arches the dimensions are best shown as below : — Ddt. 2 B. Arch between aisle and baptistery. To fireplaces deduct the chimney opening only. The theory is to deduct ash-holes of coppers, but it is rarely done, and in the writer’s opinion should not be. See “ setting coppers ” in works numbered ; it is better to give setting coppers as an item, including brickwork. The majority of deductions will depend upon the size of the joinery to be fixed in the openings. The general rule to he observed as to deductions of brickwork for internal doorways is to allow 3 inches in width and 3 inches in height beyond the finished 6o QUANTITY SURVEYING. Y-1 6 ■ar V* size of door ; for external door-openings and window-openings to receive solid frames, the clear dimensions between reveals and between sill and head for the external part, the same width pins 4 inches, and the same height plus 3 inches for the internal part. The deduction for window-openings intended to receive sashes and frames will be for the external part as last described, the same width plus 9 inches and the same height plus 3 inches for the in- ternal part. Deductions for open- ings with segmental heads should have t their height measured up to the springing of the arch only, if the rise does not exceed 1 inch to a foot of span ; if it does exceed that the mean height must be taken. To projections the same number of courses of footings should be taken as to the adjacent walls, and in the dimensions it will be found most convenient to take the dimension of projection as the item of length as follows, assuming the depth from surface to bottom of concrete to be 4 feet. Fig. 11. 9 0 27 0 5 5 6 9 2 3 4 6 Dig surface trenches and cart and Concrete. Dig surface trenches, fill and ram. 21 B. top course of footings. 4 B. bottom do. Ddt. 2)61 and — Add 3J = 2' 5". Dig surface trenches and cart. 31 B. foots. 2 B. up to ground line. BRICKLA YER. 61 In the measurement of brickwork turn to the collection of the lengths of the walls of basement, if there is one, and measuro first the external walls up to a convenient level, such as ground-floor level, then the internal walls up to the same level. After measuring the walls up to a certain level measuro the projections up to the same level, then measure the walls where there is no basement, bringing them up to the same level as last. Proceed with the measurement of each floor in the same manner until you have arrived at the top. Finish measuring the whole of the brickwork up to a certain level before you begin to measure anything above that level. Chimney breasts and shafts are better left until the whole of the general brickwork has been taken off, then take off one stack at a time, beginning with the digging and concrete, and finishing with the shaft. Deductions of openings and voids should also be left until the whole of the general brickwork has been taken off. “ Wants ” may be deducted as they occur. Footings are averaged thus: By adding the top and bottom courses together and dividing by 2, the dimensions as below : — 100 0 100 0 1 0 - r 2£ B. 4 Footings to Bk. walls. 3£ B. 2 B * B Fig. 12. Observe that within the jurisdiction of the London Building Act you must take as many courses of footings as are prescribed by the schedule of the Act ; your drawings will sometimes show fewer. The number of courses prescribed equals in number the half 62 QUANTITY SURVEYING . bricks in thickness of base of wall, and the average width of footings is as follows : — £ brick wall average 1 * 2 2* »> M » » JJ 1 brick If „ 2$ „ 3* „ 4 „ 4f „ Brick walls 9 inches in thickness and not plastered are kept separate and described as “ reduced brickwork in one-brick walls, fair both sides.” Do not insert the word “ struck ” as is sometimes done. If fair one side only reduce as ordinary brickwork. Half-brick partitions and half-brick sleeper walls are kept separate and not reduced ; if built “ honeycomb ” or “pigeon hole ” state it. Brickwork circular on plan, where over 25 feet radius, should be measured as common brickwork first, and then one face measured and described as “ extra labour to circular face on brick- work, one face only measured.” Where under 25 feet radius keep the brickwork separate, state the radius, that it is in wall circular on plan, and that it includes any necessary cutting, and take a template, stating length, or say that the work includes templates. When walls are built battering, keep them separate and state how many inches they batter for each foot in height. When one face only batters, measure a superficial item of extra for battering face, giving the same particulars ; the brickwork may go into bill with the general brickwork. Observe to take the rough cutting where it changes from battering to perpendicular or the opposite. Measure hollow walls solid as reduced brickwork, state the thickness, make no deduction for cavity, but state its width, the kind of ties used, the number to each superficial yard, and whether haybands or movable boards are placed along hollow to keep out falling rubbish. Measure vaulting at per rod reduced. Take the mean girth by the length. State the thickness and whether in mortar or cement. Observe whether it runs beyond the end walls enclosing the area to be covered. Measure groin point at per foot run ; describe as labour and waste to groin point of vaulting, stating thickness of vault. BRICKLAYER. 63 1 rods. ft. ' in. 40 185 - supl. 10 14 — 55 20 15 _ 55 1 15 - 55 1 90 - » 2 25 55 3 55 - 55 2 120 - 55 6257 - 55 576 >5 573 _ ?5 68 55 Bill Reduced brickwork in mortar Ditto, extra only in cement Ditto in cement as backing to masonry . . Ditto in one-brick wall in mortar, fair both sides Reduced brickwork in cement, in small quantities in filling in of openings, in- cluding extra labour and materials, cut- ting and bonding to old Ditto in cement in raising on old walls . . Ditto in cement in small quantities in underpinning Do. do. in vaulting in two half-brick rings in cement 100-ft. run, extra labour and waste to fair- cut groin point Hollow wall of two thicknesses of brick- work 9" and 4£" respectively, with 2\” cavity, bonded with galvanised wrought- iron wall ties four to each superficial yard, and weighing 60 lbs. per hundred, and allow for keeping the hollow clear of droppings of mortar and rubbish, and for leaving openings at bottom of hollow, and for cleaning out hollow and filling up openings at completion Half-brick sleeper walls built honeycomb in mortar Half-brick partition in cement Half- brick trimmer arch in cement, and levelling up with fine concrete £ d. Brickwork filled in between stone ribs, as in groined roofs, is usually measured by the foot superficial, stating the thickness and the kind of bricks and including the cutting ; the item in the bill would be similar to the following : — - it. 254 Bill. supl. Half-brick groin cells in small spandrils of red bricks, as described for the facing set in mortar, the soffits slightly arched or cambered and neatly cut and fitted to the stone ribs, including cutting, cleaning off and pointing (or joints struck as the work proceeds), and all requisite center- ing or laths £ d. Brick Sewers.— In the taking off of brick sewers great care must be exercised. They are usually public works, are often of considerable extent, and a small error, either of measurement or 64 QUANTITY SURVEYING. judgment, becomes a serious matter when it affects a mile or two of sewer. It will generally be best to measure the manholes and lampholes first, and afterwards the sewers. The vertical section generally to a small scale will show the contour of the ground, and usually a red line below it indicating the bottom of the invert. The digging will be separately mea- sured ; the dimensions of depth being taken at regular distances of not more than 50 feet, added together and averaged. The digging of that part of the trench which receives the brick sewer will be either carted away or deposited. The remainder will be dug, got out, wheeled, deposited, wheeled back or thrown back, filled in and rammed. The brickwork will be measured in feet and reduced to standard rods, and described as in egg-shaped sewer, giving a sketch in the bill with the dimensions figured. Describe the bricks whether in mortar or cement, and how finished inside, whether purpose-made arch bricks are used. Where passing through fields it will generally be necessary to take a superficial dimension* of taking up turf, rolling and relaying, and in roads an item of cutting through road formation. The method of building brick sewers is to work from each end of the line towards the middle, using a few comparatively short lengths of centre, which are shifted as the work proceeds, but it is better to give the whole length in the bill as — yds. 850 ft. in. run Centering and moulds as may be required to brick sewer 2' 2" wide and 3' 3" high, the arch 3' 5" girth £ s. d. The contractor can then make his own computation of the quantity required. (See also the preamble to a bill of sewers, Chapter IV., section Billing.) Although the practice of measuring and billing excavation as before removal has long been settled, both by custom and legal decision, it is a general usage with surveyors to state in a bill of quantities for sewers how the digging has been taken. Ironwork is usually so described as to correspond with specimens to be seen at the offices of the Vestry or Local Board. The books of Bailey Denton, Baldwin Latham and Molesworth afford much valuable information about sewers, as well as tables of the quantity of brickwork in a lineal yard of various sizes ; these BRICKLA YER. 65 are useful as a check on results, but should not supersede a careful measurement and calculation. 1 yds. ft. [ la., r ■ 1 2693 _ cube ! 15 - 99 6065 „ 6200 - 99 2573 - 99 j 4 - 99 7 ' _ 3 - 99 I 7 - 99 3 - 99 | 215 - - supl. 1640 - - >» j 3 - - run j 11 - - >f 3 - - » 5 - - 4 »» 12 » - | 20 j - »> - 26 No. »» 1 1 99 1 Bill Dig trench from surface to the average total depth of 13 feet (varying from 9' 3" to 14' 9") including trimming sides and bottom of trench, staging, casting, or otherwise getting out the earth . . .. Ditto, but circular on plan Ditto, as first, but to an average of 11 feet (varying from 7 to 16 feet) Partly fill in from banks, and partly return, wheel and fill into trenches and ram as described Fill into carts and cart away surplus earth Dig trench to a total depth of 5 feet from surface, get out earth, fill and cart away Ditto to a total depth of 8 feet, and ditto . . Ditto to a total depth of 5 feet, get out earth, return and ram Ditto to a total depth of 9 feet, get out earth, fill and cart away Ditto to a total depth of 9 feet, get out earth, return and ram Cutting through road formation, and mak- ing good as described Cutting and taking up turf, rolling up and depositing and relaying, the relaying 10 be delayed to such time as the engineer shall direct Cutting through road formation for trench for 12" pipe, and making good as de- scribed Cutting through road formation for trench for 18" pipe, and making good as de- scribed Take up old 6" drain and cart away, no digging Dig trench average 4 feet deep and take up and cart away 15" pipe, including j getting out earth, returning, filling in : and ramming, planking and strutting j trench, and carting away surplus earth j Ditto, 8 feet deep and 12" pipe, and ditto Thoroughly clean and relay, and joint, as before described, old lh" pipes, supplying new in place of any that may be broken or not satisfactory to the engineer 6" drain, and laying and jointing as de- scribed 15" ditto Fair splayed end to 12" pipe Ditto 15" ditto Continued j £ j £ s. 1 d. F 66 QUANTITY SURVEYING. No. 1 » 1 >» 5 »» 1 »» 1 »» 5 » 40 yds. ft. in. 6 - - cube 5 - supl. 1219 - - run 450 _ _ 3 - - No. 1 >! 5 rods 132 173 supl. 60 n 5 - »> 10 » 12 >» 16 - )> No. 1 ’ » if 1 Bricklayer— continued. Continued Extra for 6" bend Ditto 12" ditto Ditto 15" ditto Make good junction of new and old 6" drain Ditto 15" ditto Upright shafts as lamp-holes, average length 5' 6", formed of 9" glazed stone- ware socketed pipes, except the bottom length which shall be a 12" taper-piece, all jointed in cement and embedded in and including cement concrete 2' 5" dia- meter in all, and allow for the necessary boarding and apparatus Take up house drains and connections each for a length of 10 feet, and relay and re- connect with sewer with valve trap and galvanised iron flap, and any necessary new bends, junctions, or straight pipes in place of those defective or disapproved by engineer (as provision) Cement concrete in trenches as described . . Level surface of cement concrete to falls in manholes in small quantities Planking and strutting to trench 4' 2" wide, and average 11' 0" deep Ditto 4' 4" wide, and average 12' 6" deep Ditto all as last, but circular Planking and strutting to excavation for manhole 5' 0" x 3' 0" and 5' 0" deep .. Ditto 6' 9" x 4' 9" and 11' 0" deep (aver- aged) Gault Brickwork , as described. Reduced brickwork in one brick in cement laid and worked as described, in egg- shaped sewer (as sketch), the joints of inside faces to be neatly struck as the work proceeds Ditto, circular on plan, about 6' 6" radius Ditto, 8 feet radius Ditto, in sewer as first, but slightly diminishing Egg-shaped sewer, all as first, but half- brick thick Half-brick in cement, semicircular channel ramped Connection of 18" pipe with one brickwork, including extra for two half-brick rings as eyelet, including all cuttings Ditto 12" pipe with egg-shaped sewer, and ditto .. .. Continued rods j 1 B-RICKLA YER. Bricklayer— continued. ' Continued £ zV- - * 9 ' -J 1 \ \ ^ / / \\ 1 / / i j ft. in. Staffordshire Brickwork , as described. 124 supl. Reduced brickwork in one-brick walls in cement in small quantities in manholes, the inside face neatly struck as the work proceeds 22 - yy Ditto, circular, to 12" internal radius 70 - yy Arch in cement in two half-brick rings in small quantities in manholes 40 - yy Clean off soffit of arch and point with cement 41 - yy Rough cutting 209 - run Labour, rough, oversail or set back, one course circular 8 _ yy Rough cut bird’smouth circular 81 _ yy Circular cutting . . No. l Make good junction of 18" pipe with old one-brick manhole, and making good with brickwork in cement as eyelet in i two half-brick rings » 1 Make good junction of 6" pipe with new one-brick manhole, and all as last » l Ditto 12" pipe, ditto ft. in. Yorkshire Stone , finely tooled whiere exposed. 37 supl. 3" tooled, one side cover and bedding in cement 2 - yy 3" ditto triangular measured net 30 - run Jointed edge to 3" 31 - yy Finely-tooled edge to 3" 1 3 yy 3" ditto circular sunk i ; 3 - 1 yy Sunk and finely-tooled edge to 3" i 3 _ yy Ditto 4" i No. 5 4" covers tooled both sides 2' 9" x 3' 0", j with fair tooled perforation 12" diameter, and bedding in cement Continued £ Ck ! F 2 68 QUANTITY SURVEYING . No. 3 yds. ft. in. - 40 - supl. 1212 - - run 450 - - »» 3 - - >* 5 supl. No. 5 » 5 5 >» 5 H 32 » 5 32 »> 5 » 5 » 5 Bricklayer — continued. Granite. Continued Kings of four courses of 4" cubes around circular manhole cover 24" diameter, grouted with cement on and including cement concrete 6" thick, and the neces- sary digging Centering to semi arch Centering and moulds to brick sewer 2' 2" wide and 3' 3" high, the arch 3' 5" girth Ditto 2' 4" wide and 3' 6" high, the arch 3' 8" girth Ditto all as last, but circular on plan Portland cement plain face, f" thick (two of sand to one of cement), trowelled to falls in small quantities in manholes, in- cluding making good to edges of channels Cast Iron. The ironwork to match in pattern, quality and weight, the similar articles at present used by the Vestry. Samples may be seen at the engineer’s office Lamphole covers and dirt boxes, and bed- ding in cement Circular manhole covers and frames 2' 4" diameter, with galvanised iron dirt box with perforated sides, and bedding in cement Sluice frame for 2' 2" sewer, including bolts and fixing to blue Staffordshire brick- work, and neatly cutting and fitting gault brickwork of sewer against frame 4' 2" x 2' 11" extreme Wrought Iron. eye-bolts 9" long, one end caulked and built into brickwork Foot irons of x 1£" metal, and building into brickwork Clean and Paint three Oils on Iron. Eye-bolts Foot irons Lamphole covers and frames Manhole covers and do. Sluice frames Carried to Tender BRICKLAYER. 69 WORK MEASURED BY THE SUPERFICIAL YARD. Limewhiting is usually taken with joints of brickwork, struck fair. Raking out and pointing to soffits is taken with lime whiting, when limewhited. Observe that raking out, &c., is impossible if the vaulting is in cement. Describe as cleaning off, and making good. It is commonly most convenient to separate the joints struck fair and the lime whiting. yds. I ft. 540 - in. supl. 1840 - — »» Bill . Joints of brickwork struck fair Twice lime white d. Brick-Nogging.— State that the timbers (taken with partitions) are not deducted, and are “ elsewhere taken,” whether in mortar or cement, whether bricks flat or on edge, and if including nogging pieces. (See p. 136.) Bill yds. ft. in. 187 supl. £ d. Brick-nogged partitions 4 thick in mortar, j and allow for all cutting (quarters and nogging-pieces elsewhere taken) .. .. Cement Floated Face to receive tile pavings. State thickness and keep separate that on walls and floors. yds. ft. in. 18 - - supl. 25 - - >» s.\d. Bill Portland cement floated face, 1" thick, to receive tile pavings .. .. Ditto £" thick on walls to receive tiling . . The foregoing items are sometimes billed in plasterer. Cement Paving. — State thickness, if finished in pure cement, if to falls. The patent cement pavings, like Wilkinson’s, are usually included as a provisional sum. Bill yds. ft. in. 94 supl. Portland cement paving 1$" thick, floated and finished in pure cement d. 7o QUANTITY SURVEYING . Tar Paving. — State thickness and if covered with siftings of Derbyshire spar, or obtain an estimate and include the amount in the estimate as a provision. Bill ( y ds - ft. in. j 1 110 { 1 supl. Hobman’s tar paving, or other approved tar paving equal thereto, 2£" thick, rolled and levelled to falls, and finished with fine Derbyshire spar, and allow for dress- ing six months after laying with fine tar, and for keeping in good repair and con- dition for twelve months after laying . . £ d. Brick Paving. — Describe quality of bricks, if flat or on edge, if bedded in mortar or sand, if jointed or grouted with cement. Measure cuttings at per foot run where the sides of the area covered are not at right angles. Bill I yds. ! 30 ft. in. supl. Paving of hard stocks on edge, bedded in £ ! 76 - - ** mortar and grouted with cement . . 24' 0" run, raking, cutting and waste Paving of 3" best blue Staffordshire grooved paving bricks in cement 41' 0" run, raking, cutting and waste .. j 1 i | ! d. Wall Tiling. — Measure the exact area covered, and describe as “ measured net.” State the size, colour and quality of the tiles, and how fixed, and if from any particular manufacturer give the address. Measure at per foot run, cutting around openings occur- ring in the surface measured, up the angles and to the upper edges, where the height is not a multiple of the size of the tile. Measure angle tiles per foot run, and take cutting and waste to each edge. yds. ft. in. J "24 supl. j 75 II 1 - ! run Bill I Minton’s best 6" white glazed tiles, set and pointed in Parian cement (measured net) 100' 0" run, cuttiug and waste to edges . . 20' 0" ditto, raking, ditto 100' 0" ditto, cutting and waste to internal angles Minton’s best white glazed angle tile set and pointed in Parian cement, and allow for cutting and waste j £ s. d. BRICKLA YER. 7i Floor Tiling. — Measure as for wall tiling, state price por yard superficial at manufactory , and that it shall include packing, car- riage, profit and fixing. Measure at per foot run, the cutting around voids and to edges. yds. ft. in. 26 supl. Maw & Co.’s (Bentliall Works, Jackfield, Shropshire) floor tiling, P.C. 10s. per yard at manufactory, and allow for pack- ing, carriage, profit and laying in cement, measured net 35' 0" run, cutting and waste to edges 20' 0" ditto, raking 18 »> Tiling, p. c. 20s. per yard at manufactory, and allow as last, in small quantities in hearths, measured net 18' 0" run, cutting and waste to edges £ s. d. Some surveyors bill wall tiling and all tile paving, except common quarries, at the end of the plasterer’s bill ; plasterers usually fix them unless the manufacturer does it. Some of the tile merchants keep men who do nothing else but lay tiles, and they generally do it very well. Asphalte Paving. — State thickness, kind, if to falls, if vertical, if on arches, if laid by any particular company’s own men, if in two thicknesses. Measure forming channel at per foot run extra upon the area measured, number making good to bases, gullies, &c. Measure skirting at per foot run, state thickness, height, whether square or chamfered, and number the mitres, stopped ends, &c. Measure angle fillet at per foot run. yds. ft. in. 350 - « supl. 202 run 70 i _ 99 No. I 4 >» i 1 4 Bill I Seyssel Asphalte Co.’s (38 Poultry, E.C.) I asphalte paving 1" thick, laid in two thicknesses to falls 94' 0" run. Extra labour forming gutter Ditto skirting 6" high, and allow for angle fillet and letting into joint of brickwork including raking out mortar joint No. 84 mitres •• Extra for forming shallow channel 9" wide Making good to column bases 9" diameter Labour and materials to outlets through 14" wall £ 1 s. d. 7 2 <2 UANT1TY S UR VE YING. WORK MEASURED AT PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Rough Cutting. — Measure it all to rakes, skewbacks, and other positions where the brickwork requires cutting. If cuttings are fair they are taken with the facings. If under 6 inches measure per foot run. (See facings, p. 86.) Rough cutting to brickwork bonded with masonry is usually covered by a clause in the preamble of the bricklayer’s bill. A lineal dimension of cutting to facings is assumed to be 4J inches wide. Consequently to the upper edge of a 9-inch brick parapet to a gable surmounted by a coping there would be a superficial dimen- sion of the length by 5 inches of rovgh cutting besides. ft. in. 95 — Bill Rough cutting to rakes, skewbacks, &c. £ d. Rough Relieving Arches. — Some surveyors simply take a superficial dimension of the rough cutting, which is billed with the other rough cuttings, others measure the quantity in them and describe them as “ reduced brickwork, extra only in rough reliev- ing arches.” Observe that if the cutting be taken it will be to extrados, intrados and skewbacks, and if in cement, a dimension of brickwork extra only in cement. The best way is to number them, describing their length, width of soffit, and depth (about 6 inches longer than the lintel is about the average length), and describing them as “ extra labour, cutting and waste to relieving arches, 5 feet by 1 brick by 1 brick,” or, as the case may be, averaged in abstract. (See p. 249.) Rough Segmental Arches are measured in the same manner as No. j 45 Extra labour, cutting and waste to relicv- [ ing arches 5' 3" x 1 brick x 1 brick (averaged) 24 Ditto, segmental arches 3' 0" x 1£ brick x ft. 1 brick (averaged) in. or. 145 - supl. Reduced brickwork extra only in rough relieving arches | 72 I - ! Ditto, segmental Quantities roughly prepared sometimes de- ' scribe the brickwork as “ reduced brick- | work in mortar, including all cuttings J and rough relieving and segmental i arches” ., £ 5 . d. I BRICKLA YER. 73 Trimmer Arches. — Measure the length between the floor trimmers by the width of the hearth plus 3 inches; state whether in mortar or cement, and if levelled up with concrete, and include the concrete with the item. Bill ft. in. £ S. d. 60 - supl. Half-brick trimmer arches in cement and levelling up with fine concrete ,, Damp-proof Course. — Refer to the collection of walls for the length, and multiply by the width ; state if asphalte, asphalted felt, tar and sand, or slates ; if latter, say if it is in cement, whether one or two courses, and that it is measured net, including cuttings. (See also Chapter XII.) Bill ft. 120 | in. 1 supl. 96 - ” 116 - run 45 1 - 1 Damp-proof course thick of Claridge’s (Victoria Embankment) asphalte, and laying on walls Ditto thick, of pitch, tar and sand boiled together and laid hot on walls .. Damp-proof course of two courses of stout slates, laid breaking joint in cement to 9" wall, measured net, and allow fur cut- ting and waste Ditto to 14" walls d. WORK MEASURED AT PER FOOT RUN. Rough Cut Birdsmouth, &c. (Fig. 13), or Squint Quoin (Fig- 14). — In both many surveyors simply call it rough chamfer ; in the latter case correctly, in the former incorrectly, if it is properly done, but in the majority of cases rough chamfer is all that is done for birdsmouth. When on facings it would be described as fair cut. P IG - 13 * Fig. 14 • The words “ rough chamfer : on brick,” should be used when only one brick is cut; where more than one, it should be called “rough splay on brick,’ and the width thereof stated, or measured superficial. 74 Q UANTITY S UR VE YING. Bill. i ft. 1 65 in. run I Rough cut birdsmouth or squint quoin .. 65 _ » or, Rough cut chamfer on brick 65 _ »» or Rough cut splay one course of bricks 45 - supl. Rough cut splay on brick 50 - run or Rough cut splay 9" wide on brick .. -p d. Filleting to Slating or Tiling. — State whether in mortar or cement, and if twine or nails or both are used. I ft 143 Bill. run Cement filleting to tiling Some surveyors bill this with the tiler instead of bricklayer. s.' d. Raking out and Pointing Flashings with Cement. — T ake the same length as the lead flashings. Keep that to stepped flashings separate. Bill. ft. in. £ s. d. 100 - run Rake out and point flashings with cement 75 1 >» Ditto, stepped Cutting and Pinning Landings in Cement. — State thickness of landing, and if in old wall say so. Bill. ft. in. £ s. d. 24 - run Cut and pin 4" landing in cement 15 i >» Ditto to old wall Cutting and Pinning Edges of Shelves (if this is done after the plastering take also an item of plastering made good to shelf edge). Bill. 1 ft. in. 30 - run 20 - »» 50 >» Cut and pin edge of slate shelf in cement Ditto to old wall Make good plastering to edge of slate shelf £ r. d. BRICKLA YER . 75 Cutting or Forming Chase for Pipe.— I f in old work state it. Take this to all pipes which adjoin brick walls. ft. in. 35 - run 22 - Bill. Cut or form chase in brickwork for pipe .. Ditto in old wall .. , £ d. Extra Labour and Materials, Cutting and Bonding New Wall (stating Thickness) to Old. — In this case measure new work up to face of old wall only, or sufficient brickwork may bo measured to allow for bonding, and the words “ and materials ” omitted. ft. in. 1 25 - run 30 _ >» 25 »» Bill Extra labour and materials, cutting and bonding new 1-brick wall to old Ditto 1^-brick Extra labour, cutting and bonding new 1-brick wall to old “ Chase, Cut and Parget,” in which case measure sufficient brickwork to allow for the bonding. Bill ft. in. 15 _ run Cut and parget, chase in old wall for 1-brick new wall 20 - Ditto 1 J-brick ditto £ ! s. d. “ Labour Rough Oversail or Set Back One Course.” — A course of brickwork 20 feet in length projecting from the face of a wall would -appear in the bill as 40-feet run, the brickwork measured in the usual way and included in the item of reduced brickwork. Bill ! ft. in. j 40 i run Labour oversail or set back one course £ I d. Cores to Columns. — Describe as “ Brick in cement core to shafts to columns, 14 inches mean diameter, including cutting. If diminished or swelled state it. 76 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bill ft. in. 40 - run Brick in cement core to diminished shafts of columns, 14" mean diameter, including all cutting £ d. Level and Prepare Old Wall to Receive New Work. — S tate thickness of wall. Bill ft. in. 70 - run Level and prepare old lj-brick wall to receive new work 22 »» Ditto 2-brick £ s. d. Extra Labour to Beam Filling. — State height and thickness of such part of the wall as it affects. ft. in. 100 Bill Extra labour to beam filling 6" high to 9" wall £ d. WORK MEASURED AT PER YARD RUN. Iron Hooping. — Give size, length may be obtained from collec- tions of walls, and add 5 per cent, to length to allow for laps. State if tarred and sanded, if Tyerman’s patent, and that it includes laying in walls. Make no deduction for the parts cut out, and measure right through openings. Measure one line of hooping to each half brick in thickness of wall at the levels specified. This length would be multiplied by the number of tiers ; it is usual to state the weight as well as the length. yds. ft. in. ; 333 run 1£" x No. 15 B. W. gauge hoop-iron, lapped together at joints and angles, and laying in walls by bricklayer (weight, 3 cwt. 1 qr.) d. BRICKLAYER, 77 WORKS NUMBERED. Frames, Bed and Point.— State if screeded in. Keep window frames separate if the sills are bedded in white-lead. Call frames over 24 feet superficial large ; over 36 feet, extra large. In the case of loophole frames measure at per foot run. Some surveyors measure all frames per foot run. 1 1 1 £ No. 20 Frame bed in lime and bair, and point with cement )> 24 Ditto, large ** 6 Ditto, extra large ft. in. or, 100 - run Frame bed and point in lime and hair, and 1 point with cement Parget and Core Smoke Flues. — When of a common length the dimensions need not be mentioned, but if very long — over 50 feet — their length should be averaged and stated, or instead of each per foot run . No. I 10 ” 10 ft. 1 in. J 900 - 1 run Bill Parget and core flues Parget and core flues 90 feet long (aver- aged) or, Parget and core flue £\s.'d. Parget and Core Ventilating Flues. — Average their length and state size, or instead of each per foot run. Bill No. 3 Parget and core ventilating flues 14"x 14' and 40 feet long (averaged) s. d. Setting Stoves or Ranges. — State kind of stove. Give size of openings, and state that it includes the necessary firebricks. If slow combustion stoves, such as Barnard and Bishop’s, state that 78 QUANTITY SURVEYING. they include fire-lumps also, and if any extra firebricks. Average the widths of similar stoves. Bill No. 6 Set register stoves in hard stocks and mor- tar to 3 feet opening (averaged) .. Ditto range to 5 feet opening, and form flues and supply any necessary firebricks Set slow combustion stoves in hard stocks and mortar, and set any extra firebricks supplied with them 18" fire-bars .. Set copper and furnace work in hard stocks in mortar and connect with flue, and render and float the brickwork with Port- land cement, including all labour and materials £ I s. d. Window Sills. — Where very large sills, as in Gothic work, take “ sills bedded hollow, made up and pointed at completion,” counting each light of the window as one sill. Bill No. 45 Bed sills hollow and make up and point at completion ; where this item is not taken take “ making good to window sills,” and bill with the facings £ s. d , Cut and Pin Ends of Steps, Thresholds, &c. — State whether to new or old walls or to facings. Note. — “ Cut and pin ” should be taken to any ends of timber or stone which go into a wall, as in the majority of cases, whether built in and made good to, or cut away for , the labour is about equal. Ends of stone treads and risers may be described together as ends of steps cut and pinned. Bill No. 74 Ends of steps, thresholds, curbs, &c., cut and pinned in cement 20 Ditto to old walls 10 Ditto, iron joists • 1 1 ” 12 Ditto, girders 1 £ : s. d. BRICKLA YER. 79 Setting Air-bricks or Gratings and Forming and Rendering Openings. — State thickness of wall and size of grating, and if grating is more than 9 inches long, that it is to include the necessary cover stones, and whether the opening is cranked. Small metal items which are fixed by bricklayer are most conveniently billed with the labour to them. 9" X 3" cast-iron ornamental air-brick and fixing, and forming and rendering with cement opening through 2^-brick wall (averaged) 18" X 12" cast-iron ornamental grating thick, Macfarlane’s (Glasgow) No. — , and fixing, and forming and rendering with cement cranked opening through 2-brick walls (average) 3 bricks thick, and including any necessary self-faced York cover stones Chimney Pots and Fixing. — State height and material, or provide a sum for each, or state number from a trade list. State that they are bedded and flaunched with cement. No.' 20 I 14 Bill No. I 10 No. 10 Chimney pots, Brown’s (Braintree), No. 230, and bedding and flaunching with cement or, Chimney pots, p.c. 4s. 6d. each at manu- factory, and allow for packing, carriage, profit, and bedding and flaunching with cement £! s. d. Small Cesspools, Grease Traps, &c. — Describe length, breadth, and depth in clear, thickness of brickwork, if in cement, if rendered in cement, cover, grating, if any, how many ends of pipes mado good thereto, and connection or connections, stating how many with drain, and state that they include digging. Rain-water tanks are best taken out in detail, and billed in all trades as a separate section after the drains. Inspection pits and turning chambers are best taken out in 8o Q UANTITY S UR VE YING. detail, and the work to them included in the bill “ Drains in all Trades.” Bill. Brick cesspool 14" x 14" and 12" deep all in clear of 9" brickwork in cement, with brick flat bottom on 6" of cement con- crete and 2£" self-faced York cover, in- cluding digging and connecting with drain s. d. Perforations in Walls for Pipes and Making Good. — State thickness of wall. Thickness to he averaged in abstract. Eyelets, stating thickness of wall and what they are for, as “ for 6-inch drain pipe through 1 J-brick wall (averaged).” No. 10 10 Bill Perforations for pipes in walls l£-bricks thick (averaged), and making good Eyelets for 4" drain in walls 2-bricks thick (averaged), and making good £ d. Wells. — Describe in one item, state diameter and depth in clear, if steined dry or in mortar or cement, or part in either, and that it includes digging. The curb may be included in the descrip- tion. Sometimes in addition to this the quantities are given in detail “ written short.” (See Chapter IV., section Billing.) Treat large cesspools in the same manner. No. Brick cesspool 6' 0" diameter and 1 2 feet deep, both in clear, of 9" brickwork, steined dry, the bottom 6" thick in cement, on cement concrete 9" thick, domed over in 9" brickwork in cfment, with eye 24" diameter in same covered with a 3" tooled York cover 3' 0" x 3' 0" with strong iron ring and fanged eye let in and leaded, including curb, digging and connecting with drain, all labour and materials complete BRICKLA YER. 81 FACINGS. Facings at per foot superficial , measure the net quantity as extra on common brickwork, and the pointing measured with it ; state the kind of bricks, the bond, the kind of pointing, deduct all openings and gauged arches, allow 3 inches below surface of ground. If gauged arches are measured extra on facings they must not be deducted. Be sure of the architect’s intention as to pointing, whether “Joints struck fair as the work proceeds,” or “Bake out and point ” is meant. If facing is filled in between relieving arches and window heads after the general facing is done, it should be kept separate and its position described. Measure the whole depth of the reveals as facing ; some sur- veyors allow only half the reveals, but the majority allow the whole. When the reveals are cemented the facings should not be measured. Where there are dressings, cornices, &c., of better bricks, measure first the whole surface of the walls, including the dressings, &c. The deduction of facings may be made when the cornices, &c., are measured. Work which has been built in cement must have its face measured in addition, and described as “ Baking out cement joints, and pointing to match facing,” a similar quantity of the ordinary facing and pointing being deducted. In measuring facings, collect the whole round of the walls of the same height, add to the length inches at each internal angle, and multiply by the total height from 3 inches below the finished ground line to eaves. It is best to begin with the chimney shafts, follow with the gables, measuring them down to the eaves. The whole surface of the walls from eaves to 3 inches below ground can then in many cases be brought into one dimension. (See also Chapter II.) ft. 1850 in. supl. Extra on common brickwork for facings of picked stocks, laid old English bond, finished with a neatly struck bevelled joint as the work proceeds d. G 82 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Extra on Facings for Gauged Arches at per foot superficial . — Measure the whole surface of face and soffit ; for the face the mean length midway between the soffit and top of arch. Describe the bricks and the pointing and whether straight, cambered, or Gothic, if set in cement or putty, and how pointed. Measure the cuttings to facings with the arches. According to this treatment the ordinary facings should not be deducted. Bill ft. in. 100 supl. 100 - Extra on picked stock facings for gauged arch in Brown’s best red rubbers set in cement, and raked out and tuck-pointed with putty or, Extra on common brickwork for gauged seg- mental arches in Brown’s best red rub- bers set in cement, and raked out and tuck-pointed with putty This treatment involves the deduction of the facing. £ d. When the bricks for dressings are of better bricks than the general facings, measure the former and deduct the latter. For quoins, average the width of the two faces, and multiply by the height. A running length of “ extra for bonding quoin with common facings ” should also be taken, or a general clause may be put in the bill stating that the better facings are to include bonding with the commoner ones. If a better kind of facing is confined to bands and quoins in small proportion to the general facing, it should be measured in the usual way, and the common facing which has been previously measured over it deducted ; when facing is in glazed bricks it should be similarly treated. Bill ft. in. 150 Facings of Lawrence (Bracknell) best red facing bricks laid Flemish bond in small quantities in quoins and bands, and raking out and pointing with blue ash mortar Observe that facing in coloured mortar is almost invariably raked out and pointed. Brickwork in Rubbers closely set in Shellac or Putty for Carving, measure per foot superficial as extra on common brick- BRICKLA YER. 83 work, usually projected from the general surfaco of the wall. Measure the projection extra as common brickwork. £ s. d Bill Extra on common brickwork for rubbed and gauged facings of Lawrence’s best red rubbers, set Flemish bond, in shellac (or putty) for carving Battering Face at per foot superficial , state amount of batter. Bill ft. in. 20 supl. ft. in. 40 supl. Extra on red facings for battering face 3" to each foot of rise, including all cutting and waste £ s. d, Diapers. — Measure these at per foot run if not exceeding 12 inches in width, per foot superficial if over 12 inches; describe as “Extra on common brickwork,” deducting the general facing. Say how bricks are arranged, if any of them project, and how much, and what setting and pointing. They are best selected by number from a trade list. Bill ft. in. 40 supl. d. Extra on common brickwork for diaper of Brown’s (Braintree) No. 428 diaper bricks pointed to match facings Carving on Brickwork varies so much in quality that it is best treated as a provision. Bill Provide for carving 20 feet supl. of gauged brickwork Cornices and String Courses are measured in two ways, extra on facings and extra on common brickwork. If treated as extra on facings , the projection is measured as ordinary brickwork ; if in cement, the extra only in cement is also measured. The string course or cornice is girt and billed with the similar facing. The general facing behind it is deducted, and the lineal length of the feature measured, and the mitres, &c., counted. g 2 84 QUANTITY SURVEYING. ft. in. 50 - Bill run Extra on facings for one course of moulded bricks, all headers as string 3" high, in- cluding setting out and raking out, and pointing to match facings No. 20 mitres „ 4 ditto irregular 4 returned mitred ends d. If treated as extra on Common Brickwork, the projection is measured as ordiuary brickwork, and if in cement the extra only in cement is also measured, the general facing behind it is deducted, and the lineal length of the feature measured, and the mitres, &c., counted. Bill ft. in. 50 run Extra on common brickwork for labour-moulded bricks and facing for one course of moulded red bricks, all headers as string 3" high, including setting out, raking out, and pointing to match facings No 20 mitres „ 4 ditto irregular „ 4 returned mitred ends This latter method is less liable to mis- apprehension by the builder. £ s. d. If the maker of the moulded bricks is named in a preamble to the section facings, and the height of the member stated in the item, the numbers in the trade list need not be quoted, as the value of the various sections varies but little. If the bricks are enriched, the price is higher than for ordinary facing bricks, and the numbers in the trade list should be stated. ft. ' 1 in. 35 run Extra on common brickwork for labour-moulded bricks, and facing for cornice, in red bricks 12" high, 8" projection of one course plain, one course (No. 44) enriched, two courses moulded, including setting out, raking out, and pointing to match facings No. 4 mitres „ 2 returned mitred ends „ 2 stopped ends £ s. d. BRICKLAYER. 85 Oversailing Courses of Facing are described as oversail or set back one course of facings, if in short lengths say so, and make the item include square angles. Measure the projection as common brickwork. Bill. ft. in. £ S. d. 130 - run Labour oversail or set back one course of facings, including square angles .. Moulded Courses as Strings or Cornices, when cut and rubbed, would be treated in a similar manner to the foregoing, but describing the work as in rubbers. ft. in. 35 run Bill. Extra on common brickwork for best red rubbers, as cornice 12" high, 8" projec- tion, moulded 18" girth, set in putty .. No. 4 mitres „ 2 returned mitred ends „ 2 stopped ends £ s. d. Cut and Bubbed Mouldings on brick would be measured as extra on facing per foot superficial when over 12 inches girth, per foot run when not exceeding 12 inches girth. Bill. ft. in. 29 run Extra on facings for cut and rubbed mould- ing 9" girth, raked out and pointed to match facings No. 2 mitres „ 2 moulded stops £ 3. d. Brick on Edge Coping at per foot run. — Measure as “extra on brickwork for brick on edge, and double plain tile creasing in cement,” and state the thickness of wall, and if cement fillet on each side (this will have been measured before as common brick- work). Bill. ft. 1100 in. Extra on brickwork for brick on edge, and double plain tile creasing all in cement to 9" wall, and cement fillet on each side 24 Ditto, circular to ramps No. 3 angles £ s. d. 86 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Or the ordinary brickwork may be measured up to under side of creasing, and the foregoing description altered by omitting the words “ extra on brickwork for.” Brick sills per foot run , state how many courses, if on edge, if in cement, if all headers, and the depth of reveal, and describe as including fitted ends. Bill ft. in. 55 _ run Window sill of red-splayed bricks on edge, all headers in cement to 4£" reveal, in- cluding fitted ends d. It is the practice of some surveyors to measure all the better facings as “ extra on common facings,” but this leads to confusion. Measure at per foot run — Fair cut and rubbed splay not exceeding 12 inches, stating width over 12 inches per foot superficial. Bill ft. 25 in. run Extra on facings for labour to cut and rubbed splay 9" wide, including two arrises No. 4 mitres £ d. Measure at per foot run , “ circular and skewback cutting,” “ fair cut and rubbed squint quoin,” ‘‘fair cut and rubbed birdsmouth,” “ mouldings under 12 inches girth.” Extra labour plumbing angles of battering facing, stating the amount of batter in each foot of rise. 1 ft. in. 110 - run 15 - 99 44 - 99 Bill Circular and skewback cutting to facing . . Labour fair cut and rubbed squint quoin or birdsmouth Ditto to battering face 1" batter to 12" rise £ d. Terra-cotta per foot cube. — Each piece is measured as a cube of the size which will contain it. Only two kinds of terra-cotta BRICKLA YER. 87 are recognised in the trade, one kind 'plain or moulded , the other enriched; keep the two kinds separate. State the colour, the general thickness of the terra-cotta, if chambered, the composition of filling in, if of Portland or Roman cement, or cement concrete, and whether filled in before or after fixing, the kind and colour of the mortar in which it is to be set. Make no deduction of the brickwork, but state this fact in the bill, and although the greater proportion of the terra-cotta will be chambered, it is measured as if solid. State if pieces of hoop iron are used for the bonding of blocks together, and if galvanised, or whether the blocks are joggled together, and if it includes modelling. Take care to arrange for plenty of vertical joints. If the plan of a moulded jamb can be divided into several pieces the adjusting of the lines of moulding will be so much the easier. Where in considerable quantity, an estimate is sometimes obtained from a modeller for the modelling, and the amount for modelling included in the estimate as a provision ; or the models for enriched work only may be thus treated (the estimate being obtained from a stone carver or a decorative plasterer), the general contractor preparing and supplying the remainder. A model must be taken for every piece of terra-cotta, except where exact repetitions of shape ; but observe that in some cases the same model will be usable for two pieces apparently different, as for right and left jambs of an opening when moulded on one face only. Plain pieces can generally be reversed, in which case one model serves for two pieces. If a separate contract is entered into with the terra-cotta manufacturer, it will be stipulated that certain proportions of the material shall be delivered by given dates, as “ all the terra-cotta below first floor,” that “ between first and second floor level,” &c., and it will be necessary to keep these sections distinct in dimen- sions, abstracts and bills. Per foot run, “ clean off reveal of terra-cotta door and window jambs to receive wooden frames.” “ Clean up and straighten groove for lead lights.” Number notchings, ends cut and pinned, copper cramps or dowels and mortises, &c. Although the contract may be a separate one, the manufacturer should price every item of the bill. 88 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bill. ft. in. I 1350 cube 400 »» 285 - 20 run 110 M No. 4 19 3 19 6 99 210 Terra-cotta in mortar, including hoisting and setting at various levels Ditto, enriched Ditto, extra only for setting in cement Clean off reveal or door and window jambs to receive frames Clean up and straighten grooves for lead lights Cut or form mortises for dowels Ditto, perforations 6" diameter through 9" terra-cotta Mortises and lead plugs Copper cramps 8" long, weight £ lb. each, and letting in and running with cement About 100 models will be required for the plain and moulded work, and about 30 for the enriched. £ d. The foregoing arrangements are the most reasonable when the intended quantity is large ; when small the pieces may be num- bered, stating the size and giving sketch, or may be selected from a trade list, as Doulton of Lambeth or Edwards of Kuabon. Bill. ft. 1 100 in. run Cornice 18" (average) on bed 12" high, 9" No. ” 1 »> 1 3 2 4 1 projection, moulded 18" girth to detail, and hoisting and setting in fine mortar.. No. 2 mitres „ 2 returned mitred ends Pier caps, 14" x 14" x 12", as sketch Edwards’ (Ruabon) No. 391 window heads, and allow for packing, carriage, profit, and setting in fine mortar Doulton’s (Lambeth) No. 49a terminals, and ditto and setting in cement . . £ s. d. Faience.— When in the form of tiles, cappings or skirtings, and used as a wall lining, it may be selected at such manufacturers as Burmantoft s or Doulton’s at a price per yard at manufactory, and treated in the same manner as a tile wall lining. When in large quantity and specially designed it must be measured and carefully described, brought into a bill of quantities, and bent to the manufacturer to price ; a sum may then be provided in the bill of quantities ; each of the items should be priced for the BRICKLA YER. 89 convenience of adjusting variations. The same amount of care must be exercised as to arrangement of times of delivery, and the definition of the respective duties of general contractor and separate contractor as is recommended for terra-cotta. Concrete Buildings. — Measure the concrete per yard cube, state how it is mixed, and the proportions of the materials and that it is in walling; keep the 9-inch and the 4J-inch walls separate, and measure them at per superficial foot. Number the openings as “ extra labour to forming openings average . . . feet superficial each, with square (or segmental, as the case may be) heads in walls . . . inches thick, including moulds and centering.” Lintels of angle iron are often specified for openings in the walls of concrete buildings ; these would be taken with the openings and reduced to weight as described for iron joists. The outer faces of external walls are generally finished “ plain face in Portland cement,” which should be described as “ on concrete walls else- where taken.” The internal plastering, instead of “ render float and set,” will be “ float and set on concrete walls.” Bill. 1 yds. ft. in. 400 - - cube Concrete as described in walls, including 25 all necessary boarding and apparatus . . - - supl. Ditto in 4£" partitions 40 - - 1) Ditto 6" ditto 50 - - ** Ditto 9" walls No. 10 Extra labour forming openings with seg- mental heads externally in 12" wall, average 3' 0" x 6' 9", including all centering and boarding »> 20 Ditto, with square heads in 4$" partitions and ditto, 2' 9" x 6' 9" (averaged) Ditto, 6" ditto and ditto 3' 0" x T 0" ditto » | 10 I >» 12 | Ditto, 9" walls and ditto 3' 3" x T 3" ditto £ d. MASON. The usual London practice of measuring stonework, and by far the best method, is to take out all the labours upon it ; this is the only way to arrive at the exact value of the work in question. The labour of the surveyor is, however, frequently not appreciated as it should be, the builder simply reading through the labours or looking at the drawings, and afterwards pricing the items of cube 9 o quantity surveying. stone at a price which, in his opinion, will pay for stone and labour, and leaving the labour items unpriced. In such a case the estimator would read the list of labours and regulate his price mainly by the proportion of the moulded work to the other labours. Another way, which has arisen as a consequence of the un- certainty as to the extent to which preliminary faces have been measured by the surveyor (and this varies very much), is to omit beds and joints and sawing entirely, and to describe the stone as including “ all plain beds and joints, and preliminary faces ” ; when this course is adopted every other labour is measured as it finishes, including sunk joints and sunk beds, and as to these labours there is rarely any difference of opinion. A reasonable average of beds and joints to each cubic foot of stone is in Classic and Classic Renaissance work 1 J superficial feet, Gothic work 2 superficial feet. Another method is to take out the stone, including labour, and to divide it into a few main items, each composed of stone upon which the labour is similar, and giving sketches to the more ornate parts, as “ stone and labour in chamfered jambs ” ; “ ditto in moulded ditto ” ; “ ditto in chamfered plinths and strings, &c.” ; “ ditto in sedilia, as sketch, &c.” To measure stone properly, the surveyor should know all the processes through which the stone must pass. State in all cases how finished, whether rubbed or dragged, if any stones are in scantling lengths (6 feet long and over for most stones except Mansfield), if hoisted over 40 feet, after which divide into heights of 20 feet, describing as 40 feet to 60 feet, 60 feet to 80 feet, &c., if bedded in mortar or cement, or the stone may all be put together and the extra hoisting charged, as “ 100 feet 0 inches cube. Extra hoisting to stone between 40 and 60 feet of height,” or as the case may be. This division of heights is sometimes modified when a well- defined feature of the building occurs within a few feet of the limit, but the real state of the case should be clearly stated. State if any of the labour or materials is in small pieces, although the aggregate quantity may be large. The adherence to the order of length, breadth, depth, in taking off is more important in this trade than in any other, for the sake of after identification of dimensions. MASON. 9i Measure all stone not exceeding 3 inches thick per foot super- ficial. In cases where plastering stops against quoins, jambs, &c., as in the interior of some churches, the surveyor must observe to measure the stone sufficiently large to leave it flush with surface of plaster. Sometimes, in case of the restoration of an old building, the stones of jambs are kept flush with the inside surface of the walling, and the plastering stands its whole thickness in front of the stone, in such a case a lineal length of arris and J inch or 1 inch return must he measured. Cube Stone measured per foot cube . — The stone is measured, the net size of a cube which will contain the proposed finished stone ; claims for waste are frequently made, and builders will argue for an allowance beyond this, but the custom is firmly established, and although two stones of irregular shape may often be cut out of one cube (see preamble of a masonry schedule of the War Depart- ment), that treatment of the measurement can only be adopted by an express stipulation in the quantities or schedule. When any dimension includes a fraction of an inch call it another inch, thus 10 J x Hi X Hi should be called 11" X 12" x 12". In all cases describe the stone as cube stone, including hoisting and setting. Bill ft. in. 540 - cube Stone as described, including hoisting and setting 55 - ») Ditto in scantling lengths 396 — Ditto and hoisting between 40 and 60 feet from street level 40 - 99 Ditto in scantling lengths and ditto 75 - 99 Extra only for setting in cement 150 Extra only for hoisting between 40 and 60 feet £ s. d. In some parts of the country the facing bricks are so large that four courses will rise 13 inches and upwards instead of 12 inches. Quoins and jamb stones will be affected accordingly. Observe that the height of each stone agrees with a certain number of courses. In taking off intricate stonework, the surveyor will sometimes find the labour of description of position saved by numbering the stones in pencil, but if he adopts these numbers he should make a 92 QUANTITY SURVEYING. tracing showing the stones with the numbers, to deposit with his dimensions. In taking off a long length of string or plinth, &c., where there are exceptional pieces of stone, as splayed angles or stones of extra size, take all these before taking the main length, the bed of which latter may be averaged. All labours (except preparatory faces) are measured over the finished surface shown, except beds and joints, in which one face measured represents two faces. When a number of stones are measured in one dimension state on your dimensions how many there are. In all cases of “ stone and labour ” state what faces of the stone are rubbed, tooled, &c. As the stone of different kinds and its labour appears in cate- gories under different headings , any reference in the bill item to the kind of stone is unnecessary. Waste in Conversion. — The waste on stone varies with its quality and the character of the architecture ; some of this waste is allowed for in all systems of measurement by the general rule of measuring all stones as square. The rules of the Manchester Society of Architects (elsewhere quoted) prescribe an allowance of an “ inch each way beyond the net dimensions of each block when worked.” The London surveyor measures the stone net, and sometimes states it thus in the preamble of the mason’s bill : — “ The stone is measured net as set, and no allowance has been made for waste.” Half-Sawing measured per foot superficial , described as “ all measured .” — It is the surface produced on each of the two pieces of stone which a saw divides in converting the block of stone as raised from the quarry into rough cubes ; the foreman examines the quarry block when it comes to the works, and decides for what purposes it will best cut up. Supposing that he decides to cut the stone for jambs of windows, he would settle the varieties of depth required as 12 inches, 15 inches, &c., and direct it to be sawn into slabs of those thicknesses. The zinc moulds for the various sizes of beds would then be worked on the faces of the slabs, and the stone again sawn into pieces, each a trifle bigger than the plan of the mould. The sawing of many of the oolites is done with a toothed saw. The harder stones, as York, Portland, &c., are sawn with a saw MASON. 93 without teeth, by the aid of sand and water. Others, still harder, cannot be sawn, but are split. Even some soft stones have so much grit in them that they soon render a toothed saw useless, and must be sawn with a wet one. After the block is divided, many of the surfaces of the cubes will be simply the quarry faces untouched, other pieces will be sawn all round. Bill. ft. in. £ s. d. 100 - supl. Half-sawing 150 >» Labour to back The examples of the measurement of stonework in Reid’s ‘Young Surveyor’s Preceptor,’ published in 1848 (a book to which all the succeeding writers on systematic quantity surveying owe considerable obligations), commence by taking half-sawing to all the six faces of the original cube, and over some of these same surfaces measures plain work in addition. Very few surveyors measure half-sawing now. They call such faces half-bed or half- joint. Other surveyors take half-sawing to all sawn surfaces to which no other labour has been taken. This will usually confine it to the back of the stone, and as this face is very frequently the quarry face, many surveyors describe it as labour to back, and the estimator prices it at a lower rate than half-sawing. Stopped Work. — When a labour on a piece of stone is not con- tinued for the whole length of such stone, it is said to be stopped. The splay on a Gothic window sill of one or two stones, the lower part of the moulding on a jamb which runs down to such a splay, the mouldings or splays on the stool of a mullion, are instances of stopped work. Sometimes such work is stopped at both ends; the difference is of such small value that the distinction is not worth notice. Stopping will qualify both superficial and lineal dimensions. ft. in. 45 - supl. 10 - » 18 - run 5 >1 Bill Sunk face stopped Ditto in short lengths . . Moulding 3" girth stopped Ditto in short lengths . . No. 4 stopped ends d. 94 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Preparatory Faces. — Preparatory faces comprise any surfaces required to set out upon, such as plain face on tracery, plain work all around small mullions and transomes, rough sunk work to the face of undercut mouldings to sunk angles of cornices and to sunk work above a certain depth. In arguments about labour on stonework these are the chief points of difference, and because of this, various methods have been adopted in the attempt to avoid the difficulty. One expedient is to exclude them by a clause in the preamble of the mason’s bill, “ all finished surfaces to include preparatory labours,” and to measure only the beds and joints and the labours on the finished surfaces. Another way is to exclude the beds and joints also from the specific measurement, including them with the description of the stoDe, thus : — Bill ft. 1800 in. cube Stone, including hoisting and setting, pre- 1800 - yy liminary faces and plain beds and joints Or by a clause in the preamble to the bill, “ All stone to include plain beds and joints and preliminary faces,” and in the bill . . Stone, including hoisting and setting £ d. Sawing. — Sawing is always considered to be included for any face on which any finished labour has been taken. If the attempt were made to measure it exactly it could not be done, as the sizes of blocks of stone (and consequently the sawing) vary considerably. Rough Sunk Face.— Rough sunk face occurs when mouldings are undercut thus, measured on the face A to B, Fig. 15. In cases where a stone has a re- entering angle, as Fig. 16, the girth from A to B by the height and to the splays of sills which are 3 inches or more below the general face of the stone. Plain Face. — Plain face all four faces of mullions, afterwards the finished faces of moulded or sunk work would be measured, the plain face on the finished mullion would be covered by the preparatory face. Both faces of the stone in tracery heads are measured as plain face, and are also preparatory, but these should MASON, 95 not be excluded from the bill even when the above stipulation as to preparatory faces is used. " Although sawing done with judgment reduces the labour on the beds and joints, it is not generally sufficient to enable the mason to square the stonework without further labour ; in soft stones with the chisel and the drag, in hard stones with the chisel. Beds and Joints measured per foot superficial , described as “ one face measured for twoS — Half-bed is the upper and lower surface of a stone, half-joint is the surface of its sides. Bed is made up of the upper and lower surface of a stone in contact with a stone above or below it, the two touching surfaces being two half-beds. Joint is made up of the surface of the side of a stone in contact with a stone adjoining, the touching surfaces being two half-joints. It is the custom to take a bed and a joint to each stone, which will be equal to half-bed or joint on four out of six of the surfaces of the cube, that is, to top, to bottom and to two sides. When plain work occurs on a surface coincident with one already measured as half-bed or joint, measure the plain work and deduct half-joint or half-bed. In the measurement of the stonework of a building it will be convenient sometimes to take a dimension of half- bed, at others of bed, sometimes a dimension of half-joint, at others of joint. The beds and joints are abstracted in one item and described as “plain beds and joints, one face measured for two.” The half- beds and ^aZ/-joints abstracted together, divided by two, and the result added to the total of beds and joints, thus : — Bed and Joint. Half -beds and Joints. 20 0 10 0 25 0 13 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 14 0 50 0 2)39 0 19 6 — - 69 6 19 6 In long lengths of stonework, as in plinths, strings, cornices, &c., where the joints are not indicated on the drawings, allow one to each 3 feet in length. For mullions and small columns take two beds to each stone. To save dimensions the bed and joint are not infrequently taken together (see Chapter XIII.). 9 6 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bill. ft. 1540 in. j " I supl. Labour in plain beds and joints, one face measured for two d. When there is much stone in a building the quantity surveyor should be supplied with tracings of the details of the stonework, upon which he should mark (preferably in red) the bed of each stone of the size when it comes to the banker. Some surveyors call the surface above described as half- beds and joints, bed and joint. The above quantity would appear in their bills thus, the amount being exactly double. Bill. ft. in. 3080 supl. Labour in plain beds and joints, each sur- face measured d. Rough Sunk Work measured per foot superficial, described as “ all measured .” — This should be measured in addition to the sunk face to the general face of all mouldings or sunk faces which are 3 inches or more below the general surface of the stone. ft. in. 35 — supl. Bill. Rough sunk work, all measured £ s. d. Sunk Beds and Joints measured per foot superficial , described as “ all measured .” — These are the beds and joints which are sunk below the general surface of a true cube. Some schedules define the treatment of arch stones in this respect thus : “ ordinary arch stones to be considered as having one plain bed and one sunk bed,” and in the treatment of a stone of irregular shape it is necessary to decide which bed shall be treated as a plain one, for on this decision the description of the other surfaces depends. ft. t in. 75 1 - 8Upl. Bill. Sunk beds and joints, all measured £! s. d. Circular Beds and Joints measured per foot superficial , described as “ all measured .” — These are beds and joints which are sunk below MASON. 97 the general surface of a true cube, and may be either concave or convex. The extrados and intrados of a relieving arch are a familiar illustration. Bill. ft. in. 1 22 _ 1 supl. Circular bed and joint, all measured £ d. Circular Sunk Joint measured per foot superficial , described as “ all measured . — These are joints which are sunk below the surface of a circular face ; for example, a rebate for a frame in the soffit of an arch ; if stopped say so, and keep it separate. Bill ft. 37 in. supl. Circular sunk joint, all measured 10 — Ditto stopped £ d. Plain Work measured per foot superficial , and described as “ all measured.” — This is taken to all exposed plain surfaces, like the exposed plain surfaces of a true cube. When the face involved is identical with either of the four faces dealt with in the regulation beds and joints, deduct a corresponding quantity of half-bed or half-joint, i.e. wherever plain face is taken no bed or joint should be allowed for that face, it includes it. (See description of beds and joints.) In all cases state the kind of finish, as plain work dragged, plain work rubbed, plain work tooled, &c. It is customaiy to measure plain work on both faces of the original stones out of which tracery is worked, this is necessary for setting-out upoD. Also on all four faces of the original stone out of which a mullion is worked. Plain work in widths not exceeding 3 inches is measured per foot run, stating the width, and if stopped describe it so. ft. in. 40 - supl. 25 — run 12 - » 15 Bill. Plain work rubbed, all measured Plain rubbed margin 3" wide Ditto 2" wide, stopped Ditto 2" wide, sunk and stopped (as in a sunk panel) No. 4 mitres £ s. d. H 9 8 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Sunk Work measured per foot superficial , described as t( all measured” — This is work to fair surfaces sunk below the general surface of a true cube. The girth by the length is measured ; when the sinking cannot be worked straight through the stone it is called sunk face stopped. Weatherings to string courses and cornices, rebates, channels, are familiar instances of sunk work. Sunk work not exceeding 3 inches wide is measured lineally, and the width stated. If stopped state it, and keep it separate. Bill . ft. 95 in. supl. Sunk work, all measured 45 - » Ditto stopped 3" sunk margin 50 - run 20 » 3" ditto stopped £ d. Circular Work measured per foot superficial , and described as “ all measured.” — This is taken to convex surfaces, such as to shafts of columns. If stopped state it, and keep it separate. ft. in. 44 - supl. 22 ~ Bill . Circular work, all measured Ditto stopped £ s. d. Circular Work Sunk measured per foot superficial , and described as “ all measured” — This labour is taken to concave surfaces, such as soffits of arches, and the concave surfaces of copings or curbs, circular on plan or elevation. If stopped state it, and keep it separate. ft. in. 37 - supl. 36 ~ u Bill . Circular work sunk, all measured Ditto stopped . ! £ s. d. Circular Circular Work measured per foot superficial , and described as “ all measured.”— This labour is taken to the convex sur- faces of domes or spheres. If stopped state it, and keep it separate. ft. in. 21 - supl. 11 " Bill. Circular circular work, all measured . . Ditto stopped d t MASON. 99 Circular Circular Work Sunk measured per foot superficial , and described as “ all measured .” — This labour is taken to the concave surfaces of domes or niche heads. If stopped state it, and keep it separate. Bill. ft. in. 24 - supl. 13 Circular circular work sunk, all measured Ditto stopped £ s. d. Moulded Work measured per foot superficial , and described as “ all measured.” — This labour is taken to the profiles of cornices, to strings, caps and bases, panel mouldings, &c. Undercut mould- ings or those on stones which contain mitres should always be described as stopped. Mouldings not exceeding 6 inches in girth are measured per foot run and the girth stated. In measuring the superficial quantity of moulding on cornices or strings with external mitres, measure the extreme length along the “ nib ” of the moulding, as that length of moulding is worked and partially cut away afterwards to form the mitre. Mouldings not exceeding 9 inches in length would be described as in short lengths, and kept separate. Bill. ft. in. 100 - supl. 20 - » 10 - 20 - „ 25 - »> 12 - » 10 -• 5 - >> 18 - »» 10 - » 5 - >» 5 - » 6 - » 18 _ run 10 - » 9 ■ ~ 20 1 V Moulded work, all measured Ditto stopped Ditto in short lengths Ditto ditto stopped Ditto circular Ditto ditto stopped Ditto ditto in short lengths Ditto ditto ditto stopped Ditto ditto sunk . Ditto ditto stopped Ditto ditto in short lengths Ditto ditto stopped Moulded work, circular, continuous in small quantities in caps and bases Moulding 4" girth Ditto 4" ditto stopped Ditto 4" ditto circular No. 5 mitres „ 2 returned mitred ends Ditto 6" girth £ h 2 s.j d. IOO QUANTITY SURVEYING. WORK MEASURED AT PER FOOT RUN. Throat. — State if it includes stops, if not, number the stops. Bill. it. in. 95 - run 95 - 99 Labour throat, including stops or. Labour throat No. 20 stops d. Rebate or moulding not exceeding 6 inches girth. State if it includes stops. Bill. ft. in. 26 - run 10 - >» 84 _ >» 20 Back Joint. ft. in. 10 Labour to rebate 4" girth Ditto stopped No. 10 stops Moulding 5" girth Ditto stopped No. 3 mitres „ 2 stopped ends on splay „ 2 external mitres, with one 6 " return and one stopped end to each Bill. Labour back joint to 4" landing d. d. Mitre to Splay either per foot run or by number averaged on abstract for width. Bill. ft. in. 20 - run No. 40 Labour mitre to splay Mitres to splay, 6" wide (averaged) . . d. Chamfer not Exceeding 3 Inches Wide. — State width, and if stopped state it, and keep it separate. ft. 1 in- 74 run 25 - >» 'I it Bill. Labour to chamfer 2" wide , Ditto stopped Ditto circular No. 6 mitres „ 10 splayed stops .. d. MASON. 101 Joggles. — State kind. Bill. ft. in. 74 - run 74 _ 20 - » 25 Double arris joggle and cement or, Double arris joggle, pebbles and cement . . Joggle joint in cement to 6" landing.. Ditto on solid in cement to 6" landing . . £ d. Groove for Lead Lights and Pointing. — The rebate on sills is included with it. Bill. ft. in. £ s. d. 140 - run Groove or rebate for lead lights, and point- ing on both sides with cement Groove for Flashing and Burning in. Bill. ft. in. 5 — run Cut groove for flashing and burn in . . £ d. Rustic Groove. — State width and depth. Bill. ft. 420 in. run Labour to rustic groove 1£" wide and 1" 15 deep Ditto circular 20 - >» Ditto in short lengths 10 ~ V Ditto ditto circular £ d. Margins. — State width, if stopped, if circular, if sunk. Number the mitres. Plain work not exceeding 3 inches wide, is called plain margin. ft. in. 15 - run 10 - 15 _ »» 3 Bill. Plain margin 2" wide Ditto sunk and stopped No. 4 mitres Plain margin 1 wide, circular Ditto stopped £ d. 102 QUANTITY SURVEYING. ITEMS NUMBERED. Perforations. — State diameter and thickness of stone. If square, if rebated, whether fair or rough. Bill No. 2 Rough perforations through 3" stone for 4” pipe Fair rebated ditto in 4” stone for 14” coal plate Fair square perforations through 6” stone for 4” x 3” pipe 99 1 2 £ d. Mitres to Moulding. — State girth. Stopped Ends to Mould- ings. — State girth. Stopped Ends on Splay to Mouldings. — State girth. Splayed or Moulded Stops to Chamfer. — State width of chamfer. Mitres to Chamfer. — State width of chamfer. These are generally “ written short ” after the lineal item to which they apply. When the moulding or chamfer exceeds 6 inches girth, this cannot be done, and such items would be billed with Numbers. No. 100 70 »» 75 J* 20 I Bill Mitres to moulding 13" girth, averaged . . Stopped ends to mouldings 11" girth, averaged Mitres to splay 9" wide Moulded stops to splay 7” wide £ d. Mortises and Sulphur for. Large Ditto. or Lead and Running, stating what No. 110 Bill for balusters and lead and run- Mortises ying Ditto large for newels Note . — This order of the words, “ and lead and running,” is more exact than “ and running with lead.” In the districts where it is customary to let the work to separate trades, it settles which trade shall supply the lead for such purposes. MASON. 103 Iron Dowels and Mortises. Bill. No. 20 Iron dowels and mortises Described in the taking off as iron dowels and mortises in York and fir. 9) 20 Mortises in fir for dowels £ s. d. Slate Dowels, Mortises and Cement. — State size of dowel. No. 200 • Bill 1" x 1" x 4" slate dowels, mortises and cement £ 8. d. Copper Cramps. — State weight and size, and mortises and lead and running. Bill. No. 10 Copper cramps 2" x f" and 12" long (weight 5 lbs. each), and letting in flush and lead and running £ s. d. Copper Dowels. — State size and weight. Bill. No. 2 Copper dowels 1" x 1" and 12" long (weight 4 lbs. each), and mortises and cement . . £ d Galvanised Iron Cramps. — State size and weight. Bill. No. 45 Galvanised wrought-iron cramps 2" X f" and 15" long (weight 6^ lbs. each), and letting in flush and running with sulphur £ d. Mortises for Door Frames. No. Bill. £ s. d. Mortises 3" x 3" and 3" deep for frames .. 1 04 Q UANTITY S UR VE YING. Lead Plugs and Mortises. No. 12 Bill . Mortises and lead plugs d. Small Metal Articles connected with Masonry. — Describe the labour with them. Bill No. Polished brass gratings 9" X 9" and thick, P.O. 7s. 6d. each at manufactory, and forming fair rebated opening through 9" stone, and bedding in cement . . 6 " X 2” x Y wrought-iron socket plates for bolts, and letting in flush, and lead and running d. Templates. — State size, if rough, self-faced, tooled, or tooled or rubbed where exposed. Bill 9" x 9" X 3" templates tooled where ex- posed 14" x 9" x 3" ditto rubbed on longer edge and tooled elsewhere No. 22 14 Bases. — State size, and the labour on the various faces and elsewhere. Bill No. 4 Column bases 18" x 18" x 6", tooled on top and edges, and jointed on bed sunk 1" deep for 12" x 12" base plate, and with two mortises for Lewis bolts and lead and running Corbels. — State size, and description of labour. Bill No. Corbels 18" x 9" x 9", rounded on front edge, projecting 9" from wall, tooled on all faces except back £ s. d. £ s. d . Sink Stones. — S tate size and thickness, and how many holes, MASON. 105 if dished, if tooled or rubbed, if with iron grating include it with the description, and state if it is run with lead or cement. Bill. No. 4 v 4 4" x 18" X 18" 5-hole sink stones finely tooled on top and edges, dished and set in cement 4" X 15" x 15" cover stones finely tooled on top and edges and set in cement, dished, perforated and rebated for and including 6" x 6" x wrought-iron grating .. £ d. Sinks. — State size and thickness, how many rounded corners, if perforated for bell trap, on how many sides cut and pinned to wall, whether on and including brick or stone piers, or measure at per foot superficial, and state rounded corner, perforation, and cutting and pinning separate, state if tooled or rubbed. Bill. No. 1 5" rubbed York sink 4' 0" x 2' 0", sunk and with two quadrant comers and re- bated hole for bell trap, pinned on back edge into brickwork on and including two half-brick piers in best white glazed bricks in cement, with semicircular front edges £ s. d. Chimneypieces. — For these provide a sum, to include fixing, or take the fixing separately and state that it is to include the necessary cramps, or they may be measured in detail. Bill. No. 2 * jt 2 ft. in. 26 - run 12 - ” Enamelled slate boxed chimneypieces to 36" opening, P.C. SI. 108. 0 d. at manufac- tory, and allow for packing, carriage, profit and fixing or, Provide for two slate chimneypieces, 11. P.C. at manufactory, and allow for packing, carriage and profit Fixing only slate boxed chimneypieces to 36" opening, and allow for any necessary cramps 1£" X 7" rubbed and chamfered mantel and jambs, and allow for any necessary cramps H" x 9" ditto shelf rubbed both sides .. No. 2 small quadrant corners £ s. d. io6 QUANTITY SURVEYING. WORK USUALLY MEASURED AND DESCRIBED AS STONE AND LABOUR. Ashlar per foot superficial . — State the average thickness; for instance., if the courses are alternately 9 inches and 4J inches the average would he 6f inches and would he called 7 inches ; if there are bond stones state their average length, width and height, and how many to a superficial yard, and how the stone is finished on face and hack; describe as including all beds and joints, or the ashlar may be measured as stone and labour, as for other stone- work, i.e. stone per foot cube, labour per foot superficial. 1 ft. in. 1 110 - supl. Ashlar, average 7" on bed, rubbed on face, sawn at back, and including all beds and joints, stone and labour, and all cutting and fitting to dressings £ s. a Filling in to Groined Roofs per foot superficial . — State the kind of stone, the width and thickness of the courses, what it is set in, how finished, and state that the price includes cutting and centering. An alternative is to take out all the labours, which is often a very intricate process and generally unsatisfactory, as most estimators would prefer to have it presented in the other way, as follows : — ft 946 Bill. supl. Bath stone filling in to cells of groining in spandrils of various sizes, in mortar, in courses 2£" to 5" wide and 4£" thick, slightly arched or cambered, the face finely dragged, cleaned off and pointed (or the joints struck as the work pro- ceeds), including all cutting, waste and fitting to the stone ribs, and all necessary centering or laths £ d. The ribs and bosses would he measured in detail. Stone Tracery Heads per foot superficial . — These are sometimes measured per foot superficial ; state the kind of stone, its thickness, and what other elements it includes ; it is by this treatment usually .measured squaro, if measured net the fact must he mentioned. MASON. 107 Bill. ft. in. 143 supl. Bath stone sunk tracery-heads 7" thick, including all dowels, cement plugs, and strutting and ribbing, measured square Ditto 9" thick 70 - » 39 It Bath stone cusped and moulded tracery heads 8" thick, and all as last £ d. Bosting. — To enriched mouldings not exceeding 6 inches girth at per foot run ; when exceeding 6 inches girth at per foot super- ficial. Number bases, terminals, finials, caps, &c., giving the three dimensions. Or, the bosting may be included with the carving, which is probably the better way if contractor does both. Carving. — The value of this depends so much upon the skill of the workmen employed that the usual method is to provide a sum for it, an estimate being first obtained from a carver selected by the architect. If it should be necessary to measure it, measure it as described for bosting and refer to sketches in margin, but take care that it is carving and not mere mason’s work. The ordinary mason will do almost any work, however intricate, so long as it is not enriched. Bill ft. in. 40 - supl. 49 - run 50 - • • - No. 4 a 6 Bosting and carving diaper in low relief . . Ditto enrichment 4" girth, including mitres Ditto 6" girth, ditto Ditto foliated capitals to columns, 12" x 12" and 15" high, extreme dimensions Ditto Gothic crocketed finials 15" x 15" and 24" high, extreme dimensions £ d. YORKSHIRE STONE. The use of Yorkshire stone in London for dressings is exceed- ingly rare ; when so used the same principles of measurement may be adopted as directed for other kinds of stone. Its uses in London are for such things as pavings, landings, steps, thresholds, copings, hearths, window sills, templates, bases for columns and stancheons. As nearly all these are worked at the quarry, it is customary to io8 QUANTITY SURVEYING. bill the stone and labour in one item, except in the case of such labours as must be done later. State how finished, self-faced, tooled, quarry worked, or rubbed. Pavings per foot superficial. — State thickness, if in parallel courses, if the stones are to be not less than a certain number of superficial feet each, if bedded in mortar, if bedded and jointed in cement ; it is usual to measure irregular shaped stones as square stones of the smallest size out of which it is possible to obtain them. It is sometimes convenient where stones are of triangular shape, and many of them, to number them, and state the extreme dimensions, or measure net and describe as in “ triangular shapes measured net.” Measure at per foot run tooled edges, coped edges, rubbed edges, sunk edges, splayed edges, notching, splayed cutting and waste, circular cutting and waste ; in all cases state the thickness of the stone. Landings at per foot superficial. — When not over 30 feet super- ficial. Any stone of 15 feet superficial or over should be called landing, also any stone of whatever area if more than 3 inches thick. Measure portion tailed into wall and allow in the measurement for each joggle joint. When over 6 feet in length, state the exact size, as 7 feet by 4 feet, state thickness and how finished. When landings are thinner than the rise of step observe that a riser must be taken and a stopped rebate in the edge of landing to receive it. ft. in. 120 - supl. 28 99 50 - ii No. 4 94 _ supl. 56 — 99 70 - 19 No. 2 ” 1 4 Bill. 3" tooled paving in parallel courses (no stone less than 14 feet superficial) bedded in mortar and jointed in cement .. 2£" rubbed paving ditto in triangular shapes, measured net Pieces of 2£" rubbed paving of triangular shape 4' 3" x 2' 6", and bedding and jointing with cement 3" tooled both sides landings 4" rubbed both sides ditto 4" ditto in stones over 30 feet superficial each 4" rubbed one side and tooled the other, landing each T 6" x 4' 3" 6" rubbed both sides, landings each 8' 0" x 5 0" . . £ d. MASON. log ft. 40 in. run Labour tooled edge to 3" paving 12 - » Ditto rubbed edge to 4" landing 5 - »> Ditto circular sunk and rubbed edge to 6" 12 » landing Ditto moulded edge to 6" landing 4 - v Ditto circular 7 - »> Ditto stop-splayed edge to 4" lauding, in- 10 _ »» cluding stops Raking, cutting and waste to 3" paving .. 10 »» Joggle joint on solid to 6" landing . . £ 8 . d. Treads and Risers per foot superficial . — State thickness, de- scribe whether rubbed or otherwise, take the tooled edges separately, or include them in the description, keep winders separate, measure them net, and describe them as such. ft. in. 74 - supl. 20 - » Bill. 2" tooled treads and risers, including tooled or jointed edges 2" ditto in winders, measured net £ s. d. Hearths per foot superficial . — State thickness, describe whether tooled or rubbed, and as including jointed edges. Number the notchings to chimneypieces, state whether single or double. Hearths should never be measured less than 12 inches longer than width of opening and 15 inches wide. They are generally measured 18 inches longer than the width of opening and 18 inches wide. If hearth and back hearth in one, measure the notching per foot run. ft. in. 44 - supl. No. 12 2 « Bill. 2" rubbed hearths and jointed edges Notohings for chimneypieces Ditto double £ d. Shelves per foot superficial . — State thickness, take tooled edges per foot run, or include them in description. Bill. ft. 34 in. supl. 2" self-faced shelves 17 - run Tooled edge or, 2" self-faced shelves, including tooled edges | 34 — supl. £ d. I IO QUANTITY SURVEYING. Coyer Stones per foot superficial . — State thickness, state if bedded and jointed in mortar or cement, either measure tooled or coped edges per foot run or include in description. ft. in. 45 - supl. 60 - V 80 - run Bill 3" self-faced coyer stone, including coped (or tooled) edges, and bedding and joint- ing in cement 3" tooled cover stone, and bedding and jointing with cement Tooled edge £ s. d. WORK MEASURED AT RER FOOT RUN. In dealing with a long length of either of the following items, if the description does not include joints, take two “jointed ends ” where each joint occurs, stating sectional size of stone. Assume that joints of curbs and copings, in long lengths, are about 3 feet apart. The joints of curbs, copings and steps in ordinary cases would be regulated by the rule as to scantling lengths, the stones generally being measured as under 6 feet in length where convenient. Curbs. — State size, if joints joggled with cement, or plugged with lead, and whether joints are included, if rounded, rebated, chamfered, or throated. Take fair throated ends where they occur. ft. in. 40 run Bill 9" x 4" curb rubbed ou top and two edges, including joints and bedding and joint- ing with cement No. 2 fair ends „ 4 sunk joints £ d. Copings. — State size, if weathered, twice weathered, throated, twice throated, circular on plan or elevation, if circular state that the size given is finished size, state how jointed, and if bedded in cement, and if including joints. Number the angles or knees, and state if out of solid and the size of stone out of which they are obtained, sunk joints, fair ends MASON. hi ft. 95 104 Bill run >» 12" x 2£" parallel coping, twice throated, bedded and jointed in cement, including joints No. 6 sunk joints „ 4 fair throated ends 16" x 3" rubbed feather-edge coping, throated both edges, bedded and jointed in cement, including joints No. 20 sunk joints „ 6 fair throated ends „ 6 apex stones out of solid, sunk 1£" on two faces, 18" x 16" x 12" extreme dimensions, and to match the coping, including joints £ s. d. Steps. — State extreme size, whether solid or spandril, on which faces worked, if sunk rebated, if hack jointed, if rubbed all round. State if moulded, and if spandril, whether with square wall hold. Steps of spandril section should generally be illustrated by a sketch in bill. Number the winders, giving extreme size, and state if soffits are flueing. Number steps with curtail ends, stating size and describing the labour upon them. Sometimes the plan of staircase and the sections of the steps will make it necessary to measure the steps as directed for general masonry, i.e. cube stone, beds and joints, moulding, &c., but this is very rarely done, although the text-books describe this method of measuring. Bill ft. in. 105 run 5 - 99 13" x 8" spandril steps rubbed all round, splayed and splay rebated (as sketch) . . £ s. d. No. 26 fair ends 13" x 7" step, rubbed top and two edges.. No. 1 fair semicircular end 1 1 2 QUANTITY SURVEYING. ft. in. No. 20 15" x 8" spandril steps with moulded nos- ings rubbed all round, splayed and splay rebated, and with two square ends for building in (as sketch), and 4' 0" long . . s. d. 5 * 6 1 Ditto, but spandril-shaped on plan as winders, 6' 0" x 18" x-8" extreme di- mensions, and with flueing soffits . . 15" x 8" step, 5' 6" long, with moulded nosing, rubbed top and two edges, splayed and underjointed, and with one moulded curtail end and one square end for build- ing in Window Sills of the usual section. — State size, if sunk, weathered, throated, if grooved for iron tongue (to every joint take two jointed ends). Number fair ends. Bill ft. in. 50 - run 11" x 4" rubbed, sunk, weathered and throated sills 24 r » 11" x 4" ditto in scantling lengths .. No. 20 fair ends „ 10 sunk joints „ 2 jointed ends £ d. Thresholds. — State size, and that they include jointed edges. Bill. 3" x 9" rubbed thresholds and jointed edges 3" x 14" ditto ft. in. 35 - run 20 ~ » GRANITE. In London and its vicinity, granite when in considerable quan- tity is usually separately tendered for, and would in such case form a separate bill. Even when the amount is inserted as a provision it should be MASON. !I3 measured and billed and every item priced by the person tendering, because of the convenience of that course in the event of variations. Granite is measured as described for other stones, except that the beds and joints are all measured instead of “ one for two.” Describe whether “ axed,” “ finely axed,” “ nidged,” or “ sparrow picked ” on face. In cases such as corbels or bases, number the stone and describe all the labours on it in one item, and bill it as “ stone and labour.” Take polishing by the foot superficial. When granite is a provision, the bill must state clearly who is to fix, unload, get in, and protect, and if it is desired that the general contractor shall fix, the items must appear in the general bill headed “ fixing only, including unloading, depositing and protecting.” Bill ft. in. 128 - cube 7 - j » 10 - ft 175 - supl. 12 - ft 360 - ft 49 - ft 2 - ft 5 - ft 9 - ft 228 - ft 21 - ft 16 - 75 - run 53 _ >5 4* - ft 53 ft 56 ft 41 - ft 35 ft 108 - It Grey Aberdeen Granite. Stone as described Ditto in 6' 6" lengths Ditto in 9' 0" lengths Roughly axed back Ditto sunk Finely axed beds and joints (all measured ) Ditto sunk Finely axed plain face Ditto sunk and stopped Ditto circular sunk High shine polished face Ditto circular Ditto suuk and stopped High shine polished margin wide Ditto 1" wide Ditto 2" wide High shine polished moulding 3" girth . . No. 2 mitres „ 2, 2" returns with one internal and one external mitre to each High shine polished moulding 4" girth . . Ditto stopped Ditto circular No. 4 mitres „ 4 stopped ends on splay „ 10 moulded stops „ 2, 2" returns with one internal and one external mitre to each „ 4, stopped ends to rebate 5" girth Double V-groove in joints for cement and pebble joggles Total £ d. £ I 1 14 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bill. 1 ft. in. j ]22o - cube 84 |150 — supl. i 28 ! run 55 1 - 1 ^ Fixing only. Setting only granite, including all rough cutting on brickwork (the brickwork de- ducted), and all casing and cleaning down at completion Ditto in courses 9" high Building in granite, dressings average 10" thick, and casing and protecting same, the brickwork not deducted Clean up reveals against joinery Clean up joggles £ s. d. A few of the simpler processes of working stones after the first operation of sawing the qnarry blocks into pieces as nearly as possible of the sizes and shapes of the finished pieces, may here be referred to. When the stone in question is a “ free stone,” like Bath, Teynton, Doulting, Painswick, &c., the further superfluous stone is saion off with a mason’s ordinary toothed saw, but when the stone is Portland and such harder stones, it must be removed by the tool, a much longer process. The working of any stone must begin by the production of one plane surface, if it does not already exist. In the case of a piece of stone cut out of a large block this would generally be a sawn face, which would require but little more labour to produce a plain surface sufficiently true to square from. On this surface is laid the zinc mould, which is of the shape of the plan of the intended stone, and its outline is marked on the surface. The working of a true cube fair all round with the chisel would begin with the top plain face first referred to. Assuming it to be true, on this would be marked two lines crossing at right angles, and by measurement a rectangle of the intended size would be marked out. A chisel draft would then be worked along one side on the end of the stone, and by the use of the mason’s square other similar drafts would be worked along the other edges of this “ end,” and a second plain face produced. If the surface selected as the starting point is not true, there are two ways of making it so. For a large stone a chisel draft is worked along two edges of the top, two chisel drafts diagonal to the sides, and crossing each other, would then be worked. Two other drafts are then worked, one at each end of the stone. MASON. The stone between these drafts is then worked off and the whole surface tested by a straight-edge, Fig. 17. Another way (generally used for small stones) is to sink a chisel draft, tested by a straight-edge or rule, along one edge of the top surface, another chisel draft is worked along the edge parallel to the last, using a rule of the same size as the first. When the upper edges of the two rules are in the same plane the drafts are each in the same Fig. 17. plane, and the rough stone between the drafts is worked off, Fig. 18, or a line may be worked in the same plane all round the stone. The stone above this line is then removed and a chisel draft worked along the edges of the top face, the remainder is levelled with two equal straight edges as before. When a surface not at a right angle with the first plane is required, it is produced by using a bevel instead of a square. When a winding or twisted surface is required, the process is similar to those before de- scribed, but one ordinary rule and one rule wider at one end than the other, called a twisting rule, is used* Fig. 19. For a curb of which the upper face is of circular section the stone is first brought roughly by the chisel or saw to a parallelo- piped, and the ends, bed and one side worked at right angles to each other, labour, technically half-bed, so that the mould may be applied to each end of the stone ; the contour of the ends is then marked and formed on each end by a chisel draft, the sectional shape is then obtained by removing the stone between these drafts and testing by a straight-edge, Fig. 20. i 2 „6 Q UANTITY SUR VE YING. For a moulded cornice or string course, Fig. 21, the stone would first be brought roughly by the chisel or saw to a parallelo- piped, and the ends, bed and one side worked at right angles to each other, the labour on these faces would be half-bed or half- joint ; the mould would then be applied to each end of the stone, the contour marked and formed on each end by a chisel draft, the triangular pieces of stone ABC DEF removed by the hand-saw B A if free stone, and by the chisel if hard stone, the stone then removed between the drafts to the contour of the moulding and tested by the straight-edge. The voussoirs of arches would, wherever possible, be sawn nearly of the shape required, Fig. 22, out of a slab previously sawn, of thickness equal to the dimension of the arch from back to front, and the circular faces worked afterwards, the front and back faces of stone being worked first, the “\ 7 \ mould applied and marked on each, a chisel draft \ / \ sunk of the curve required, the circular faces \ worked at right angles to the front and back Fig 22 face by the use a S( l uare and a straight- edge. In the case of an unsawn stone, the workman would first work a plain bed, then the two ends. On these last the shape of the voussoir would be marked from the template, then the bed oppo- site to that first named would be worked, curved chisel drafts would then be sunk at the ends of the stone, the rough stone knocked off to produce extrados and intrados and tested by straight-edges. The stones forming the courses of a dome would first be sawn into cubes or parallelopipeds, then worked roughly as if forming parts of an upright circular ring. The other surfaces would be set out on the plain surfaces and brought to shape or tested by circular rules or straight-edges. Each course would require a special set of winding rules. WALLER . . 1 17 The nature of the beds of each course which are circular circu- lar (the top being concave and the lower convex) may be conceived as produced by the revolution of an inverted cone the apex of which in a hemispherical dome is identical with the centre of the plane at the base of the dome. In work of this kind curved templates and curved rules (concave or convex) are frequently used with advantage. For the wing walls of bridges which are circular on plan, every stone involves special twisting rules, a bevel and a face mould. There are very few stones which cannot be worked from two preparatory faces, consequently the orthodox half-bed and half- joint is sufficient. WALLER. RUBBLE WALLING. In the stone districts the majority of the walls are entirely built of local rubble for the commoner buildings, and with a thin backing of brickwork for the better ones. The walls are rarely built less than 18 inches thick, and those of less thickness always cost a higher price per cubic yard, so that the saving by adopting thinner walls is but small. In exposed situations, there should be a cavity between the stone and the brick, but often the brickwork is bonded to the stone. In some districts, rubble walls are measured by the perch of 18 superficial feet, reduced to a thickness of 24 inches, in others by the rod of 36 superficial yards reduced to 24 inches in thickness, in others by the perch of 16^ superficial feet of 18 inches. In Glasgow and its neighbourhood, by the superficial yard, 24 inches thick, walls exceeding that thickness being reduced to it, and those under 24 inches classed according to their respective thicknesses. In Ireland, by the perchnf 21 feet run, stating height and thickness, or by the square perch of 21 feet superficial at a standard thickness of 18 inches. In some districts no deduction is made for openings. The London surveyor, however, invariably measures rubble by the cubic yard, keeping any walls under 18 inches thick separate, and stating their thickness. The various kinds of coursing and their descriptions are illustrated in ‘ Notes on Building Construction ’ (Longmans), and Seddons, ‘Builders’ Work’ (Batsford). 1 18 QUANTITY SURVEYING. In the case of rubble walls where stone of the same kind as that used for the rubble is used for the facings and dressings, the best plan is to measure the whole of the walling at per yard cube. The facing per foot superficial as extra on rubble, giving a description of the coursing, pointing, &c. The dressings as extra on facings, stating what they are, as jamb, string, quoins, &c., and stating the labours upon the stone, and that it includes joints, beds and all labours. Where rubble walls with comparatively thin brick backing are used, measure the whole wall as solid rubble and afterwards measure the brick backing as extra thereon per foot superficial. If hollow, measure the cavity in the cubic content and describe it with the extra for backing. Rubble Foundations per yard cube. — State whether in mortar or cement, whether random, random coursed, or coursed, and if the stones are of unusual size. Walls 18 inches thick and under should be measured per yard superficial. Describe fully, and state if fair both sides. Facings per foot superficial. — State all as last, how finished, also the average thickness and the number of through stones per yard superficial, whether galleted joints, the kind of mortar, and how pointed. Archks. — Number extra only on facings , stating the length and depth (including cutting in the description), and the kind of arch, as segmental, pointed, semicircular, &c. Take levelling up, wherever a damp-proof course or level bed of masonry occurs, or mention it in the preamble of the bill. Some architects insist upon the internal angles of rubble walls being solid, Fig. 23, in which case an extra labour should be measured lineal. Fig. 23. yds. ft. in. 100 - — cube 50 20 - - 143 - supl. 1505 Bill. Irregular coursed rubble brought up to level courses in mortar, with one through stone 14" square in bed to each superficial yard Ditto in 16" walls .. .. Ditto in 10" parapet walls fair both sides Raking rough cutting Extra on rubble walling for local stone lacing roughly hammer-dressed, and rak- ing out and pointing with blue ash mortar £ s. d. WALLER. yds. ft. 190 in. 1 run 526 - 710 No. ** 35 1760 l supl. | 1425 - ! ” Extra on facing for dressing quoin, with a tooled chisel draft 1" wide on each return Levelling wall for stonework 12" on bed (averaged) Ditto 20" wall for damp-proof course Extra on facing for segmental-pointed re- lieving arch (averaged) 5' 0" long, 12" on bed and 10" high, including all cuttings Extra on rubble walling for brick backing three courses, stretchers, and one of headers alternately Extra on rubble walling for half brick in- ternal lining, with 2" cavity between it and the stone, bonded together every sixth course with Jennings’ patent No. 6 stoneware bonding bricks 2 feet apart, and allow for leaving openings at bottom of hollow for properly cleaning out hollow, and filling up openings at completion . . The rubble most commonly used in London is of Kentish rag, this is measured by the foot superficial ; as it is more generally used as a facing with a thick brick backing, the walls should be measured, first their whole thickness as of brick, and after- wards the stone measured superficially of an average thickness and described as “ extra on brickwork for facing,” describing the coursing and pointing. The extras would be described as for other kinds of rubble. The dressings are commonly of some kind of freestone. 119 £ s. d. Bill. Extra on brickwork for facing of Kentish rag stone in irregular hammer-dressed courses, average 7" on bed, in mortar, raked out and pointed with a bevelled joint in blue ash m >rtar Flint Facing, measured per foot superficial. ft. in. 1354 supl. £ ; s. d. ft. | in. 1210 1 supl. 54 ” »> Bill. Extra on brickwork for facings of approved knapped flints, set and pointed in cement Extra on brickwork for facing of black flints 3" x 3", accurately squared on beds and joints, and face filled in to panels of i-tonework set in cement with a close joint and neatly pointed with cement, including all cutting and fitting in small quantities s.'d. I2 o QUANTITY SURVEYING. ARTIFICIAL STONE. Granolithic Stone. — There are several firms who make this material, and it may either be treated as a provision, or measured and put into the bill as items ; it is usual to prescribe the maker. Whether treated as a provision or not, it should be measured and every item priced, either by the specialist or the general contractor. Copings, strings and cornices may be measured per foot run, stating thickness and width. Pavings, landings, &c., may be measured per foot superficial, pier caps, finials, steps, &c., numbered and described. Generally the treatment should be like that suggested for items of stone and labour. As the manufacturers adopt different methods, some sending such things as landings ready cast to the building, others casting them in situ , it will be advisable to enquire of the particular maker what his process may be, as attendance, centering, chases, &c., will be affected thereby. For the bill, the items given for stone and all labour, in Mason, will be a sufficient guide. SLATER. Slating. — Per square of 100 feet superficial. Measure the exposed surface, describe the kind of slates, if in promiscuous sizes, if from any particular quarry, the gauge or lap, the kind of nails, whether composition or otherwise, and number to each slate, and weight of nails per thousand if of copper, if screwed with copper screws, if torched or pointed underneath, if circular or vertical, or in small quantities. When in surfaces of irregular shapes, measure the exact superficial content and describe as measured “ net.” If diagonal or fancy keep separate. It is better to describe the size of the slates as well as their designation. Slating to steep roofs, as spires or roofs similar to spires, costs more than ordinary slating and should be billed separately. It is an established custom to allow a certain superficial quantity to cover extra labour as well as waste. As to eaves, hips and valleys, and cuttings around voids, this is not in accordance with the best principles of quantity taking, i.e. that extra labour and waste on anything should be so described ; the allowance of SLATER. I 2 I superficial quantity for troublesome work is deceiving. As a general rule labour and waste on any work should be described in a bill of quantities, and the contractor can then judge its value for himself. The practice as to deductions varies. The merchant deducts all voids and measures the cutting around. Many London sur- veyors make no deduction unless it exceeds a yard superficial. Some of the schedules of prices of public bodies define their intention thus : “ Deductions will be made for all openings above 5 feet in area, as chimney shafts, skylights, dormer-windows or the like, but no allowance will be given for what is called workmanship for any open- ings.” In Manchester, nothing is deducted under 6 feet superficial. It is best to deduct all voids. Allow for cuttings to deductions the length of the edges of the void by 6 inches. Allow for cutting to all irregular lines of edge the length by 6 inches. No allowance is made for cutting when the slating abuts against a wall or gable if the plan is at right angles. No allowance is made for cutting at ridge. A roof however hipped has the same area as the simplest roof with gables at ends, provided that the pitches are similar. Allow for double course to eaves and edges of curbs, the length by the gauge of the particular denomination of slates used. This, in the case of Countesses, to a 2j-inch lap would be 8J inches, but the majority of surveyors allow 12 inches. If the lap is prescribed, the gauge, or exposed part of the slate, is readily found. Thus, for Countess slates, 20 X 10 inches to a 2J-inch lap, the gauge would be half the difference between 2£ inches and 20 inches, i.e. 8 } inches. Observe that where vertical slating occurs in dormer cheeks, the allowance for both eaves and cutting should be made along the lower edge adjoining the slope of main roof A to A, Fig. 24. The slate merchants always stipulate for an allowance for eaves equal to one-half the length of the particular size of slate used, by the length of the eaves, i.e. for Countesses (20 X 10 inches), 10 inches; Duchesses (24 x 12 inches), 12 inches, &c. 122 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Allow for cutting to hips the length by 6 inches on each side. Allow for cutting to valleys the length by 6 inches on each side. When there is a large number of dormers, skylights, &c., to a building, the space they occupy should be deducted, and some such item as the following should appear in the bill: “No. 24, allow for slater attending on plumber and making good after him around skylights and dormers.” When there is nothing un- common this item need not be taken. Bill sqrs. ft. in. ! 1 40 25 1 supl. Best Bangor Countess slating (20" x 10") laid to a 2£" lap with two 1£" copper nails, weight 10 lbs. per thousand, to each slate 6 55 - »» Ditto to steep roofs 10 15 » Best Bangor Doubles slating (12" x 8") laid to a 4£" gauge, with two 1J" copper nails, as last, circular to an average radius of 10 feet 55 5 V Best green Westmoreland slating laid to a 3" lap in courses diminishing from eaves to ridge, with two 1£" copper nails to each slate d. WORK MEASURED AT PER FOOT RUN. “ Double Course of Slates (where no gable parapet) and Bedding in Cement and Cement Hollow Fillet to Verge.” ft. 1 in. 40 run 1 Bill Double course of slates and bedding and slate soffit and hollow fillet, all in cement, to verge No. 5 apex mitres Close Cut and Mitred Hip. ft. | in. 74 »» Bill Extra labour for close cut and mitred hip and bedding in red-lead cement and screwing with copper screws s. d. d. Slate Ridge and Hips. — Describe the diameter of roll and thickness and width of wings, if screwed with copper screws, if bedded in red-lead cement. Number the fitted ends and intersections of ridges and hips. SLATER. 123 Bill. ft. 120 I in. 1 run Slate ridge of 2£" roll screwed with 2" copper screws and sawn slate wings 6" wide, in lengths of not less than 4 feet, bedded and jointed with cement No. 6 ends fitted „ 4 ditto, splayed and fitted „ 2 mitres „ 1 fourway intersection £ d. NEW TRADES RULES FOR MEASURING SLATING. The leading firms of slaters who make sub-contracts with builders (and it may be here remarked that the majority of contractors sublet slating) have agreed upon certain rules which are here given, not that the surveyor is recommended to adopt them, the rules elsewhere stated being at present those almost uniformly observed by London surveyors. Rules of Measurement For every description of slating , including Westmoreland. Eaves Cuttings Valleys Hips Dormer sides Skylights and other openings Chimneys All irregular or run out cuttings, except eaves . . Circular cuttings Mitre cuttings to hips or valleys Deductions Circular work The length by half the length of full-sized slate used at eaves over the undereaves. The length by 6 inches on each side. Ditto by 6 inches on ditto. Ditto by 6 inches on ditto. Ditto by 6 inches on ditto. Ditto by 6 inches on ditto. Ditto by 6 inches on ditto. The length by 6 inches wide. Ditto by 12 inches wide. The running length for both sides extra to the usual measurement of 6 inches each side. All openings containing more than 4 super, feet. Hinged skylights not to be deducted. Measure on face as other slating, and allow one-third or one-half extra in price according to radius — if cir- cular on face or elevation add one-fourth extra. 124 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Schedule of Charges. Bedding eaves, labour only Filleting ditto Undercloak of slate to verge bedded in cement, but not in- cluding cement Mitred hip, including requisite wide slates, and bedding in oil cement Ditto to Westmoreland and ditto Fixing only zinc soakers, including zinc nail Ditto, if lead and copper nail Slater Labourer Vertical slating extra , per foot run, Id. ditto Id. ditto 4 d. ditto 9 d. ditto Is. per dozen 6 d. ditto 8 d. per hour lid. ditto Id. per square Is. Including shop time. Travelling expenses extra. SLATE MASON. Slate Slabs per foot superficial, allow in the measurement any portion let into wall. State whether rubbed or sawn, and if rubbed on both sides, or enamelled one or both sides. Give the size of each slab if more than 5 feet long and if more than 2 feet 6 inches in width. State if bedded against walls, and if in cement, if screwed with copper screws to and including oak plugs. Or slate slabs may be billed in accordance with the merchant’s classification, or described as not exceeding. . . .feet superficial ; the classification is as follows : From 3 feet to 5 feet long and 1 foot to 2 feet 6 inches wide. From 5 feet to 7 feet long and 1 foot to 3 feet 6 inches wide. From 7 feet to 9 feet long and 1 foot to 4 feet wide. From 9 feet to 10 feet long and 1 foot to 5 feet wide. WORK MEASURED AT PER FOOT RUN. Rounded Edge, state thickness of slate. Bevelled Edge, state thickness of slate. Sawn Edge, state thickness of slate. Groove. Rebate, state girth. Rebated Joint and state if in cement or oil cement, and to what thickness of slate. Double Grooved Joint and Copper Tongue, and state if in cement or oil cement, and to what thickness of slate. SLATE MASON. 125 Slate Skirtings. — State height, thickness and finish, whether bedded in cement, whether fixed with brass screws and including plugging. Number mitres or rebated angles. Slate Louvres per foot run, state width, thickness and finish. Number ends housed on rake, or any labours to ends. ft. in. 54 — No.: ft. in. 20 _ 10 _ 15 - 20 supl. 1 run Bill 11" sawn and rubbed both sides slate shelves not exceeding 5 ft. long and 2' 6" wide (or not exceeding 12' 6" supl.) in- cluding rubbed edges 11" do. triangular shaped 4/ 0" x 4' 0" ex- treme dimensions Rebated joint and red-lead cement to 11" shelf Rubbed rounded edge to 11" x 7" rubbed and chamfered skirting, fixed with and including copper screws, with countersunk heads and oak plugs in brickwork No. 6 rebated angles „ 6 rubbed and shaped ends 1J" x a" copper tongue, and two grooves in slate, and bedding in red -lead cement £ s. d. WORKS NUMBERED. Rounded Corners to Slabs, state girth and the thickness of slate. Perforations for Basins, state diameter and thickness of slate, and if rebated, rounded or dished, if for screws state if counter- sunk and size of screw. Notchings (stating thickness of slate and size). Lead Plugs and Screws, state if brass or copper screws and size of screw. Brass or Galvanised Iron Angle Plates and Screws, state size of plates and number and size of screws. Lavatory Tops. — State size and thickness, and whether per- forated and with rounded edge or of irregular shape. Slate Cisterns. — State length, width and depth, all in clear, or to hold water so many inches deep, or the number of gallons it shall hold, stating thickness and description of slate, if grooved together, if put together in red-lead cement, and describing the ironwork and including in the description all holes cut for supplies and wastes, or take the holes separately. State the height of hoisting and include fixing. 126 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Chimnf/ypieoes. — For enamelled slate chimneypieces a sum is generally provided, and the fixing included in the amount, or the fixing may be stated separately, and that it is to include all necessary cramps. They may also he conveniently designated by a number in a trade list. Bill Rubbed and rounded quadrant corners 6" girth to 1\" slate Countersunk perforations through 1 J" slate for 2" screw Rebated rubbed perforations for basins 14" diameter in 1 £" slate Rubbed notchings 9" girth (averaged) in 1§" slate .. .. Lead plugs and mortises, and 1£" copper screw, and driving Sets of two brass angle plates, 2" x 2" and 4" long, each set including 3 holes through 1|" slate and 3" brass bolts, with heads and nuts; six mortises and lead plugs in slate, and six 1^" brass screws, the heads countersunk 1£" rubbed slate lavatory top, with moulded front edge, and perforation for 12" basin with rounded edge, 4' 0" x 21", and fix- ing on deal top (elsewhere taken) . . 1J" rubbed both sides slate cistern to hold 150 gallons, grooved together, jointed in red-lead cement, and bolted together with Y' galvanised iron bolts, with all necessary holes, and hoisting and fixing 40 feet above street level Black enamelled slate chimneypiece, P.C. 51. at manufactory, and allow for packing, profit, carriage and fixing with the necessary iron cramps £ t. d. Stone Slates measured at per square of 100 feet superficial . — These must always have laths whether there is boarding or not, and they are almost always bedded in lime and hair. The superficial allowances in the districts where they are used are, for eaves, 12 inches by the length ; hips and valleys, 24 inches by the length ; cuttings, 6 inches by the length. If, however, the same system of allowances be adopted as recommended for Welsh slating, such a clause should appear in the bill as may be found in Chapter IV., section Billing. “ In all trades the London mode of measuring has been adopted, &c.” TILER. 127 It is generally reasonable to say where stone slates are to be quarried. Bill. sqrs. ft. 95 10 in. supl. Stone slating of the best quality from Finch’s quarries (Barton, near Winch- comb, Gloucestershire) in promiscuous sizes, laid diminishing from eaves to ridge, bedded in lime and hair to a 3" lap, and each slate nailed with two 2" galvanised steel nails on and including X H" sawn fir laths £ s. 1 d. TILER. Plain Tiling, per square of 100 feet superficial. Describe the kind and gauge of the tiling, if laid with gauge diminishing from eaves to ridge, whether laid dry or pointed, or torched, the nails or pins, if of oak, iron, galvanised iron, the laths (described and included with the tiling), if vertical or circular, and in the latter case what radius, if screwed with copper screws, if bedded on straw, if laid in lime and hair mortar. Deduct chimneys, skylights, &c., and allow 3 inches by the length around same for cuttings. Allow for cutting to irregular angles 3 inches by the length. Allow for eaves the length by 6 inches. Allow for cutting to hips the length by 6 inches, viz. 3 inches on each side. Allow for cutting to valleys the length by 6 inches on each side ; or where purpose-made valley or hip tiles are used, let the cutting be included in the description, thus : — “ Extra for purpose- made valley tiles to course and bond with general tiling, and allow for all cutting and waste.” Observe that where hip or valley tiles are used for roofs of different pitch the tiling must be laid to different gauges, so that the tiles on one slope may course with those on the other. Vertical Tiling per square of 100 feet superficial . — Describe kind of tiles, the gauge, the battens, and if plugged, and whether the tiles are secured with screws, copper screws, or tenter-hooks. If with bands of ornamental tiles, state what proportion in quantity they bear to the plain ones — either a fraction or a percentage. Make the same allowance for cuttings as to roof tiling. 128 QUANTITY SURVEYING . MEASURE AT PER FOOT RUN. Extra on Tiling for purpose-made Hip or Valley Tiles, and state if bedded in cement or mortar, state if to various slopes. Observe that this will not obviate the necessity of making allow- ance for cutting ; the use of valley tiles where the pitches of the intersecting roofs vary is exceedingly inconvenient. Extra for Bedding Eaves in Cement. Extra value of “ tile and half ” at verge to break joint. State if bedded in cement or mortar, if with cement fillet underneath. Filleting. State if mortar or cement. Ridge tiling, describe by reference to a trade list, state if to varied angles, number the splayed and fitted ends (where lower ridges run into plane of main roof). Intersections, and state of how many ridges. Number. Hip Hooks. — State if ornamental, if of unusual shape, give sketch, and if possible the weight. Tile Hip Knobs, giving sketch or providing a sum for each. Apex Tiles to top of hips, allow for the fixing. Where ridges or hip knobs are to be obtained from a particular manufacturer, or if to special design, it is best to state it. 1 sqrs. ft. in. 55 55 supl. Best Broseley tiling of true shape and even colour, free from fire cracks and other defects, laid to a 3£ gauge, with two stout 1£" zinc nails to each tile, on and includ- ing 2£" x sawn fir laths 10 10 - »» Ditto to steep tower roofs 422 run Extra on tiling for purpose-made hip and valley tiles accurately fitted to slopes of roof, and to course and bond with general tiling (and allow for cutting and waste to tiling) If the words in parenthesis are adopted, the superficial allowance for cutting would not be measured. 100 - Extra for bedding eaves in cement .. 420 - »> Extra for tile and half to break joint . . 100 - » Cement filleting 104 >» Tile ridge, Edwards’ (Ruabon) No. 26, and ^ bedding and jointing in cement .. No 6 ends splayed and fitted .. „ 4 ends fitted „ 4 three-way intersections, purpose-made „ 2 hipped ends, ditto 4 £ s. d. TILER . 129 sqrs. ft. in. 2. Edwards’ No. 4 hip knobs, and setting in cement 25 15 - supl. Best Broseley tiling and lathing, as before, but 4" gauge fixed vertically, and the laths plugged to brickwork 74 - Ditto, but without laths, fixed to boarding with copper screws in small quantities to dormer cheeks 90 - run Extra on ditto for angle tiles, to course and bond with the general tiling d. NEW TRADE RULES FOR MEASURING TILING. The leading firms of tilers who make sub-contracts with builders (and it may be here remarked that the majority of contractors sublet tiling) have agreed upon certain rules which are here given, not that the surveyor is recommended to adopt them, the rules elsewhere stated being at present those almost uniformly observed by London surveyors. Rules of Measurement For Broseley , Reading and Yorkshire Tiling. Dripping eaves 6 inches per foot run. Valleys 6 inches each side per foot run. Hips 6 inches ditto ditto. Dormer sides 6 inches per foot run on each side. Skylights, &c Ditto ditto ditto. Run out walls 6 inches per foot run. Circular cuttings 12 ditto ditto. Circular work Measure on face as other tiling, and allow one half or double extra in price according to radius — if circular on face in elevation add one-fourth extra. Schedule of Charges. Mitred hips, extra on labour lOd. per foot run. Mitred valleys, extra on labour 10d. per foot run. Under verges, bedded in cement, but not including cement . . 6d. per foot run. Verges, bedded and pointed in cement, but not including cement 2 d. per foot run. Bedding eaves, labour only 2 d. per foot run. Tiler per hour lid. Labourer per hour 7 d. Travelling expenses extra. Including shop time. Vertical tiling extra. E I3 o QUANTITY SURVEYING. Pantiling per square of 100 feet superficial. Describe the gauge, the laths, and whether pointed inside or out, or both. Allow the length by 12 inches for cutting to hips and valleys; for all other cuttings the length by 6 inches. Note whether plain tile eaves are used, if so, add one and deduct the other, and describe it as “ plain tiling in narrow widths to eaves of pantiling.” MEASURE AT PER FOOT RUN. Plain Tile Heading, Hip and Ridge Tiles, and state if bedded in mortar or cement. Filleting. Number Hip Hooks, and describe, stating weight. Bill . sqrs. 28 ft. 25 in. I supl. 40 - run 80 - 100 - » No. 4 Local pantiles laid to a 10" gauge in lime and hair, on and including 2|" x 1£" sawn fir laths Plain tile heading to pantile roof, bedded in cement • . Plain tile eaves to a 4" gauge, nailed with 1£" galvanised iron nails, on and includ- ing laths as last, four courses wide, the lowest laid double .. Pantile ridge and hip, bedded and jointed with cement Wrought-iron hip hooks, weight 2| lbs. each, and screwing to fir £ s. d. CARPENTER. The broad distinction between carpentry and joinery is that the latter is for the most part prepared at the bench and brought to the building ready to fix ; the former is usually prepared and fixed at the building. The surveyor should have ready for use paper scales of convenient lengths, each with divisions marked upon it corresponding with the centre lines of joists, rafters, or quarters at the usual distance apart (12 inches) for 2-inch, 2£-inch, 2J-inch, and 3-inch joists respectively, for scales of inch and £ inch to a foot, thus : — CARPENTER. 131 123456 7- 89 10 1 I I I I I I I 1 I &c. 3-inch joists. Scale, 4 feet to an inch. Or, he may construct a table on the principle of the following one, which may be extended to any extent. No. H" 2 n 2r 2f" 3' if Length of Room or Building. ft.' in. ft. in. ft. in. it. in. ft. in. ft. in. 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 6 4 3 4 3 6 3 7 3 7 3 8 3 9 5 4 6 4 8 4 9 4 10 4 11 5 0 6 5 7 5 10 5 11 6 0 6 2 6 3 7 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 3 7 4 7 6 8 7 10 8 2 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 9 9 9 0 9 4 9 5 9 8 9 10 10 0 10 10 1 10 6 10 7 10 10 11 1 11 3 11 11 3 11 8 11 9 12 1 12 3 12 6 12 12 4 12 10 13 0 13 3 13 6 13 9 13 13 6 14 0 14 2 14 6 14 9 15 0 14 14 7 15 2 15 4 15 8 16 0 16 3 15 15 9 16 4 16 6 16 11 17 2 17 6 16 16 10 17 6 17 9 18 1 18 5 18 9 17 18 0 18 8 18 10 19 4 19 8 20 0 18 19 1 19 10 20 0 20 6 20 11 21 3 19 20 3 21 0 21 2 21 9 22 1 22 6 20 21 4 22 2 22 5 22 11 23 4 23 9 21 22 6 23 4 23 7 24 2 24 7 25 0 22 23 7 24 6 24 9 25 4 25 10 26 3 23 24 9 25 8 25 11 26 7 27 0 27 6 These scales or tables will save him some time and liability to error in the calculation of the number of rafters or joists required in a given space. He must not take for granted that the number shown on the drawings is the correct one. Where the work is framed, make allowance in the length for tenons, and observe that in most cases the tenon passes right through the timber which is mortised. In this respect carpentry differs from joinery, tenons not being measured in the latter. Wrought timbers may be either measured at per foot cube, as i 3 2 quantity surveying. fir framed, in floors or roofs as the case may be, and tbe “ planing on fir ” measured superficially, or may be measured at once, where there is much planing as in exposed roof trusses, as fir wrought and framed ; the latter method usually produces a lower price. Measure all timbers not exceeding 3 inches square at per foot run , stating what they are ; also up to 4J by 3J when in small quantities. When there is anything special about the fixing of timbers they are better billed in lineal dimensions. Bill 1 1 ft. in. 520 - run 44 - 120 >5 1 254 - 3" X 2£" fir framed ceiling joists 4|" x 3£" fir framed quarters in short lengths and small quantities 3£" x 2J" fir joists in short lengths, framed at each end in stepped galleries .. 3J" x 2|" ditto, fixed radiating £ d. Specified sizes of timber (in the absence of any stipulation to the contrary) are held to mean those sizes minus the waste caused by the saw cuts. Where timbers are specified to be “ finished sizes when fixed,” no allowance is made in the measurement beyond the specified scantlings, the waste in sawing will be met by a clause in the preamble to the bill of the trade, stating that the sizes are to be “ finished sizes,” and that no allowance has been made for this in the measurement. If the timbers are wrought and “ finished sizes ” allow of an inch for each wrought face for loss in planing, thus — 4 inches by 3 inches wrought all round will appear in the dimensions as 4J inches by 3J inches, or the timbers may be measured without allowance for waste, and a superficial dimension taken of “ wrought face on fir including waste.” In measuring wrought face on a plate, observe to take it on three sides, although only one exposed. Working one face only leaves rough edges. Keep different kinds of wood, as fir, oak, teak, &c., separate. Where chamfers, mouldings, rebates, &c., are stopped state it. Keep separate any part of the work which is in small quantities or inserted, or both. CARPENTER. i33 MEASURE AT PER FOOT CUBE. Fir in Plates. — Add to the length 6 inches for lap when 20 feet long or over. Add 12" to the length at angles. Fir in Lintels. — If framed, keep separate; in default of instructions allow 9 inches longer than width of internal opening. Wood Bricks. — Take these as a running dimension ; as they are usually all of the same scantling, they can be cubed after they are collected in the abstract. In the absence of instructions, assume that they are 2 feet apart. ft. in. 110 — „ | cube Bill Fir iu plates, lintels and wood bricks £ s. d. Fir in Ground Joists and Sleepers, kept separate from other floor joists. Bill j ft. in. 1 421 - cube Fir in ground joists £ s. d. Fir framed in Floors. — All floors are taken as framed except ground floors. Take trimmers and deduct joists to voids. Collect the joists of the various scantlings. The different lengths of joists in a room, in consequence of pro- jection of chimney breasts, are better measured as they present themselves instead of deducting for chimney breasts. (See Collec- tion of Joists, Chapter XII.) Bill ft. in. £ s. 522 - cube Fir framed in floors Fir in Girders. — State if sawn down and reversed, if bolted, if fitted to iron. Take flitches, bolts, and all labours upon the girder at the same time. Ordinary girders and binders (i.e. not sawn down and bolted) would be billed with the item “ fir framed in floors.” *34 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Bill. ft. in. 73 _ cube Fir framed in girders, sawn down, reversed and bolted 25 - 5 > Ditto fitted to iron and bolted £ s. d. Measure all timbers 2 inches thick and under at per foot super- ficial. Bill ft. 70 in. supl. 1 fir framed ridge 44 J! 2" ditto hip £ d. For scarfings to purlins, &c., where the scarfing is not over a principal or other bearer, allow a length equal to four times the depth of the timber every 20 feet; take the necessary bolts or straps to the scarfings and let an item appear in bill. Bill No. 20 Extra labour on 8" X 5" purlin for scarf 2' 8" long, including four wrouglit- iron bolts 10" long, with heads, nuts, washers and fixing £ d. All timbers over 25 feet in length, or more than 15 inches in depth, should be kept separate. Bill ft. in. £ s. d. 124 - cube Fir in joists 9" deep, and between 27 and 28 feet in length Keep separate items of fir fitted to iron, as to iron joists or stanchions. Bill ft. in. 1 £ s. d. 115 ' run j 4^" x 3" fir plate, fitted and bolted to iron Ironwork in straps and bolts should be measured with the timbers to which it is attached ; it is either described as “ ironwork in straps and bolls, including perforations and fixing by carpenter,” or CARPENTER. '35 as “ straps and bolts,” and the fixing made a separate item in the Carpenter’s bill. The former way is the better one. (See preamble Smith and Founder, Chapter IV., section Billing.) Bill. Fixing only , Ironwork. £ s ' d f" bolts, with heads, nuts and washers, 11" long (averaged) f" ditto 15" long Straps average 3 feet long King 1 leads average weight 64 lbs. each .. Iron flitches 24/ 3" long (averaged), and 12" deep No. 40 25 80 20 4 Collect joists, rafters, plates, &c., as much as possible, as it saves much labour in the squaring and abstracting. An alternative to collecting on the dimensions when there are timbers of similar size, is to write them lineally and leave them to be squared on the abstract, as in the case of wall plates, which may be written in the dimensions in either of the following ways : — 100 0 H 3 100 0 or, Fir plates. 4|" X 3" fir plates. Fir Framed in "Roofs, as Purlins, Ridges, Valleys, Hips, Dragon pieces, Rafters, Pole-plates, Angle-ties, all collected into one cubic item of bill. Observe that in the case of a hipped roof, the rafters may be collected from the extreme length A to B, the ends of roof being disregarded, except that one rafter shall be added for centre of each end, as a roof, however hipped, has the same surface as a gabled roof, provided that the slopes are similar. Bill. d. ft. in. 644 - cube Fir framed in roofs QUANTITY SURVEYING. 136 Fir Framed in Koof Trusses.— Keep separate. Take the king or queen posts at their largest scantling. It is a practice with some surveyors to deduct one shoulder from the king posts and half a shoulder from the queen posts ; but this should not be done unless the piece cut out is as much as 3 inches wide and as much as 3 feet in length, and should be measured 3 inches short of the length between the shoulders. The majority of surveyors, and rightly, deduct nothing. Bill ft. 212 in. cube Fir framed in roof trusses (including hoist- ing), or the words in parentheses may be omitted and a separate item given for hoisting (see items numbered) £ s. d. Ceiling Joists. — Stretches and Hangers. — If small, the rule as to running them would apply. (See introduction to this trade.) ft. in. 110 - i cube Bill Fir framed ceiling joists £ s. d. Fir Framed in Quarter Partitions. — Quarters, heads and sills; posts, interties, braces, &c. (See example for collection, Chapter XII.) If trussed, state it, and keep separate. Measure the noggin g pieces at per foot run , stating size. Number the bearers or bridging pieces to support sill, and give their scantling and length, and describe them as framed between joists. (These are taken in cases where the sill runs parallel with joists, and would be not more than 2 feet 6 inches apar t.) In default of special directions for brick- nogged partitions, take the quarters 3 feet apart, the nogging pieces 2 feet apart. An outline sketch, on the margin of the dimensions, of the arrangement of timbers in trussed partitions is useful ; single lines with the scantling of each timber marked, are sufficient, Fig. 26. Fig. 26. I ft. 722 in. cube Fir framed in quarter partitions 75 - „ Ditto trussed 110 - run 4" x 2" nogging pieces No. 52 4" x 3" fir bridging pieces about 15" long, framed at each end between joists £ d. CARPENTER. i37 Some surveyors measure brick-nogged partitions, brickwork and timber together. Bill ft. 120 in. supl. 4£" brick-nogged partition, including tim- ber and nogging pieces, the timbers measured in £ d. Tho alternative is to bill the timber with the fir framed in quarter partitions. Half Timbering. — Measure the length, including the tenons ; when diminished, measure the extreme width ; the circular struts (if any) may be treated as described for circular ribs (see p. 143). ft. 533 Bill. cube Selected clean fir timber wrought on all exposed faces and grooved where re- quired to receive plastering, framed to detail drawings and put together in white-lead, aud with oak pins to half timbered portions of upper part of build- ing, the scantlings measured net, and allow all waste for planing £ s. d. MEASURE AT PER SQUARE OF 100 FEET SUPERFICIAL. Boarding to Roofs. — State the thickness, if edges shot, if traversed, if wrought one or both sides, if beaded or V -jointed one side, if grooved, if matched, if tongued with hoop iron. If in small quantities state it, and keep separate. If boarding is laid on felt keep it separate. If to circular roofs or cupolas, keep it separate, and describe it as in narrow widths. To very small curves, it will require saw-kerfing. Allow for cuttings 3 inches by the length on each side of all hips and valleys, to irregular angles and around all deductions. sqr. ft. in. 40 10 - supl. 1" rough boarding, edges shot, for roofs .. 10 5 - 5) 1" ditto wrought one side 4 5 - V 11" wrought one side, grooved, tongued and V-jointed boarding to roofs 4 30 - >> ]p' wrought one side, grooved and tongued with iron tongues, boarding to roofs 5 20 >> rough boarding in 4p' width to circular roof 7 feet radius £ s. d. QUANTITY SURVEYING. !38 Battening for Slates. — State the size of battens and for what slates they are spaced. Allow for waste as directed for roof boarding. Bill. sqrs. ft. in. 42 35 - supl. 2£" x f" deal battens spaced for countess slating £ s. d. Boarding to Flats, as for roofs, but state that it is to flats and that it includes firrings. If the firrings are more than 3 inches deep, call them deep firrings, or state the depth of firrings or take them separately as a superficial dimension and state their average depth. Bill sqrs. ft. in. £ s. d. 20 15 - supl. 1" rough boarding to flats traversed for lead and firrings to falls 10 - - 1" ditto, and firrings, average 4" deep 10 ~ Firrings to flat, average 5" deep of 2|" fir CENTERING. To Vaults at per square of 100 feet . — State that it includes horsing, where it is possible to strut it up from floor, and state height of story. If the vaulting is groined keep the centering separate, and state that it is to groined vaulting. Measure at per foot run. Extra for Groin Point to centering. Extra for Raking, Cutting and waste to centering. Bill. sqrs. ft.. in. 75 5 ~ supl. Flat boarded centering for concrete floors and horsing 12 feet 10 10 - »> Ditto and horsing 10 feet 12 55 - » Centering to vault and horsing 7 feet 5 i 40 » Ditto groined 30 feet run, extra for groin point 20 ditto ditto, raking, cutting and waste .. £ $. d. To Apertures at per foot superficial. — Where the soffits exceed CARPENTER. 139 9 inches in width, state if the soffits are straight, segmental, semicircular, pointed, segmental-pointed. At per foot run where the soffits do not exceed 9 inches in width, stating the kind of curve as before, and these are some- times described as turning pieces. In the case of relieving arches to facings, centering will be required if the facing below them is filled in after they are constructed. Centres to arches of small span (18 inches and under) or to circular openings are usually numbered. Bill ft. 69 in. supl. Centering segmental soffit 24 - 19 Ditto segmental -pointed ditto 70 - run Ditto 4£" flat soffit 20 - 99 Ditto 4 segmental ditto 25 - 99 Ditto 9" semicircular soffit 106 - *9 Ditto 9" Gothic-pointed ditto No, 2 1 Centres to semicircular openings 18" span, 9" soffit Ditto to circular opening 24" diameter, 4£" soffit with four notchings for key-blocks £ s. d. Some surveyors keep centering to gauged arches separate, as it is not unfrequently close boarded and more expensive than centering constructed of fillets nailed across the ribs, lagged centering as it is called. • Observe that chimney bars will serve for centres to openings of fire-places. Sometimes centering is unavoidably left in position, in such case it must be so described. To Trimmers at per foot superficial . — State if the centres are left in for lathing to, or number “ filleting soffits of trimmers.” Bill ft. in. 42 - supl. No. 5 £ s. Centering for trimmers Filleting soffits of trimmers for lathing to d. 140 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Number. Centres to openings over 10 feet span, stating width of opening, girth, width of soffit and kind of curve. Bill. No. 10 Centres to Gothic-pointed stone arches 12 feet span, 10' 6" high, 24' 6" around, and 18" soffit, and horsing 10 feet £ d. Strutting to Stone Lintels. — (In windows of several lights take one to each light.) Strutting and Ribbing to Traceried Windows, giving clear width and height, and stating the number of lights or averaging the superficial contents, and describing as “ strutting and ribbing to traceried windows .... feet superficial each (averaged).” Bill 1 No. 45 Strutting to stone lintels 5) 6 Strutting and ribbing to three-light win- dow, with Gothic-pointed traceried head 5 feet wide, 15' 6" high £ s. d. Extra on Centres for Notching for Keystones. Extra on Ends of Centres for Fitting same to Jambs. — Where centres can be re-used, count each instance of taking down and refixing, but it is seldom possible to do this, or take all as new and by a clause in the bill call the contractor’s attention to the possibility of re-using some of them. Bill. No. 20 Extra on centres, 9" soffit for notchings for keystones 10 Ends of centres, 12" soffit fitted to splayed jambs £ s. d. Fences at per lineal rod of 16^ feet , or per foot run . — State if deal or oak. Give size of posts (length and scantling). State if butts are charred. State distances apart of posts. Give size of rails ; state if square, arris or “ cant,” and their number. Describe gravel boards. Describe the pales, state whether cleft or sawn, and the total height of the fence. State what parts are wrought CARPENTER. 141 or if merely sawn. As pales are generally cleft very thin, if a substantial fence is required their thickness should bo stated. Number the digging of the post-holes. Bill ft. in. 100 run Deal wrought fence of 5" x 5" posts, with large butts, and 8 feet apart, two 4" x 3" arris rails, and f " X 3" pointed pales 3" apart, nailed with galvanised steel nails, and 5 feet high . . 100 Oak fence of 6" x 6" sawn posts 9 feet apart, with substantial chaired butts 30" in ground, three 4" x 3" sawn arris rails, stout cleft pales nailed with galvanised iron nails, two rows of No. 16 B.W.G. galvanised hoop iron, and 1|" x 9" sawn gravel plank, and 6 feet high in all £ d. Sound Boarding, state thickness and that the space occupied by the joists is included in the measurement ; give size of fillets, and state if single or double fillets. Bill. sqrs. ft. £ s. d. 29 50 supl. sound boarding and stout deal fillets, the joists not deducted 10 25^ — §" ditto and double fillets Wall Battening. — State size of battens and distance apart, and if plugged. Bill sqrs. ft. in. £ s. d. 20 15 - supl. 2£" x 1" deal battens, spaced 2 feet apart to partitions !0 5 — 2£" x 1" ditto plugged to walls When intended to receive boarding, they are frequently included in the description, thus : — I sqrs. ft. in. 10 5 supl. matched and beaded boarding in 7" widths, on and including 2£" x 1" deal battens 2 feet apart, plugged to walls . . £ s. d. 142 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Weather Boarding. — State thickness, if wrought both sides, if headed, the width of hoards and the lap ; measure the net finished surface ; and let part of the description he u allow for laps.” Bill sqrs. ft.. in. £ s. d. 18 45 _ supl. 1" weather boarding, wrought one side, measured net, and allow for laps . . 5 15 - 1" ditto beaded one edge MEASURE AT PER FOOT SUPERFICIAL. Wrought Face on Fir, including Waste, where no allowance has heen made for size of timber lost in the planing. — Take planing on fir when an allowance has heen made ; measure at same time mouldings, rehates, &c., nor exceeding 6 inches girth per foot run over 6 inches per foot superficial. Bill. | ft. in. '£ s. d. 100 - supl. Wrought face on fir, including waste 100 1 ?> Labour planing on fir Eaves Boards, Flashing Boards and Valley Boards. — State thickness and if feather edged, state that the valley hoards include tho necessary splaying and fitting. Bill. ft. in. 76 — supl. 1” deal valley boards, splayed and fitted . . or per foot run. 108 - run 1" X 9" valley boards, splayed and fitted 74 » 1" X 7" feather-edged eaves board and fitting £ d. Felt.— S tate the kind, describe the nails, and that it is measured net, and that allowance is to he made for laps. If boiler felt is required, as this varies very much in quality, state the weight per foot superficial in ounces, or the weight per sheet, stating size of sheet, and give name of patentee. CARPENTER. M3 ft. in. 940 supl. Stout inodorous felt to roofs, measured net, and allow for laps and nailing with clout nails 500 55 Boiler felt, 16 oz. per sheet (Croggon’s), to roofs, measured net, and allow for laps and nailing with clout nails £ d. Firring s to Cupolas, Domes, Etc. — These are generally nailed to the backs of raking rafters, and the outer edge cut to the contour of the roof. Where each piece is not more than 5 or 6 feet in length, take the running length measured along back of rafter by the extreme width ; when more than this, divide it into similar lengths. Measure the circular cutting ft. in. 74 supl. Bill. 2" deal in firrings to ogee roof of cupola, and nailing to backs of rafters 108' 0" run, labour circular sawing £ s. d. Circular Ribs to Roof Trusses. — Measure the full quantity of timber out of which the ribs are cut. Keep them separate. State thickness, if wrought and framed, and if including joints, say so ; if not, take the joints separately, and in either case say if the joints are dowelled together. If more than 14 inches deep, keep separate and so describe it. .Ribs of short length in one piece may be numbered. Bill. .ft. 154 in. 8Upl. 2i" wrought selected fir, framed in circular 74 55 ribs 2£" ditto in fir 18" deep 108 - run Grooved and rebated joint to 2£" rib, and 70 55 dowelling with oak dowels Labour, circular sunk, wrought and twice No. 6 moulded, 2" girth edge to 2£" fir .. Fir struts, 5 feet long out of 3" x 12", twice chamfered on exposed edges, framed at each end and pinned with oak pins, as sketch £ s. d. 144 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Or the timber may be billed to include a certain proportion of the labours, thus : — Bill ft. 150 supl. 6" pitch-pine timbers in 19" widths, wrought both sides, and framed in cir- cular ribs to roof-trusses, including sunk and wrought framings at scarfings, and all other secret framings, and fixing with oak pins (as sketch), the circular face and die mouldings elsewhere taken £ d. Ribs in Thicknesses. — Where circular ribs are formed of thick- nesses of deal, measure the net superficial area of them, stating total thickness, and describe as ribs of certain thickness bolted together and measured net. Take the cutting to edges separately. Take the bolts (if any) at the same time. ft. in. 90 supl. Bill. Deal ribs to roof in two thicknesses of 1" deal, wrought and screwed together, measured net 40' 0" run, circular sunk and wrought edge to ditto £ d. Facias. — State the thickness, and if rough or wrought one or both sides, if beaded, but generally better measured lineal. CARPENTER. *45 Bill. ft. in. 74 — supl. 1" deal rough fascia or, 178 - run 1" X 5" rough fascia 120 • » 1" X 6" wrought one side and beaded fascia No. 2 mitres „ 6 ends splayed and fitted £ s. d. Bracketing to Cornices. — Measure the girth of the face of the bracketing by the length. Take the run of fillet to attach brackets to, stating size. Number the angle brackets, and describe as “ extra for.” Keep that which is circular on plan or in small quantities separate. State thickness of the wood used. Bracketing is sometimes measured at per foot run, stating the girth of cornice for which it is required. In the absence of details of cornices about two-thirds of the girth of the cornice may be taken for the bracketing, but as a rule none will be required for cornices under 12 inches girth. ft. in. 149 - run 15 - » 75 - supl. Bill 1£" deal bracketing for cornices 12" girth 1 ditto, circular No. 6 extra for angle brackets 1" deal bracketing for cornices No. 4 extra for angle brackets 15" girth .. d. Cradling, and state what to, as entablatures, and if fitted to iron. Bill. ft. in. 93 — supl. Deal cradling fitted to iron girders . . d. Filleting and Counterlathing to Partitions, including the quarters in the measurement, and stating that such has been done. Bill. ft. in. 226 - supl. 54 - Filleting and counterlathing to quarter partitions Ditto fixed between quarters, the quarters measured in £ L d. « 146 quantity surveying . Gutter Boards and Bearers. — State thickness of boarding and whether bearers are framed. Where gutters do not exceed 6 inches wide take them at per foot run, stating the average width. Number. “ Extra to Rebated Drips in Gutter,” or “ Short Lengths of Rebated Drip,” Short Lengths of Roll. The two latter may be so described up to a length of 30 inches, over that length measure at per foot run. Cesspools, stating thickness of deal and length, width and depth, all in clear. Where parapet gutters occur take rough fillet (giving size) and plugging to wall to receive ends of bearers. Bill 1 ft. in. 110 - supl. 1|" gutter boards and framed bearers 34 - run 11 ” ditto, average 6" wide 42 - 99 i l|" cross rebated drip 140 - 99 2" deal roll for lead No. 10 Short lengths 1£" cross-rebated drip .. ” 22 Ditto 2" deal roll for lead ” 5 1|" deal dovetailed cesspools 10" x 10" x 6" I all in clear, holed and fitted £ d. Snow Boards. — State size of battens and bearers, and the distance apart of both, and that they are to be made movable, and in . . . feet lengths. Where the gutters are under a foot wide at per foot run , stating average width, and describing as before. Bill. ft. 175 in. supl. Deal wrought snow boards of 1£" x 2£" laths, about 1" apart, on and including 3£" x 2" cut bearers about 4 feet apart, hollowed for passage of water, all screwed together and fixed in short lengths to remove .... £ d. MEASURE AT PER FOOT RUN. The Circular Sunk Edge to Ribs, Chamfer, Rebate, Groove, stating girth or width. Valley Fillet, Tilting Fillet, Eaves Fillet, giving sizes in each case. CARPENTER. i47 Mouldings. — State girth and what out of , as 4 inches by 5 inches. Hip and Ridge Rolls. — State size, if birdsmouthed, if spiked on. Take two rough chamfers to ridge and hips if roll is birds- mouthed. Strutting. — State if herring-bone and give size, or if solid give thickness ; state depth of joists, and that the joists are measured in the length. Feather-edged Springer to trimmers, state size. Bill. ft. 124 in. run Labour circular sunk and wrought edge to 72 99 3" fir t Ditto and twice chamfered 1" wide . . 104 - M Ditto groove 720 - 99 Ditto chamfer 1|" wide 79 20 : 99 99 Ditto circular Ditto chamfer 1 wide, stopped 10 99 4 moulded stops Ditto rebate, 2£" girth 24 - 99 Ditto stopped, including stops 104 - 99 Tilting fillet 95 - 99 3" x 2" twice splayed valley fillet .. 116 - 99 4" x 2£" splayed eaves fillet 30 - 99 4£" x 3" feather-edged springer 25 - 99 4" x 3" cornice, moulded 6" girth finished 25 _ 99 or, 4 x 3 cornice, moulded 6" girth . . 43 99 No. 4 mitres „ 1 end splayed and fitted 2" deal roll for lead spiked 73 - 99 2" ditto birdsmouthed . 108 99 No. 4 mitres „ 2 three-way intersections „ 2 four- way ditto 2" herring-bone strutting, accurately fitted and nailed to 9" joists (the joists measured in) 2" ditto to 11" joists 140 • - 99 £ s. d. I NUMBER. Sprockets. — State what size two are cut out of, or the length, breadth and thickness of each. No. 64 99 20 Bill. Deal wrought sprockets, two out of 2" X 6" X 24", and nailing to rafters Ditto, but the upper edge curved £ L 2 s. d. 148 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Cut Ends to Rafters. — State if moulded, and if wrought for what length, and the size of rafters. Bill. No. 101 Ends of 4" x 2£" rafters, wrought for a length of 15", and shaped to detail £ d. Extra Labour to Scarfings, stating size of timber, and in- clude the bolts, stating their number and size, billing all together. Bill No. 10 Extra labour on 8" x 5" purlins for scarf- ings about 32" long, including four bolts 9" long, and fixing £ d. Hip Knob. — State size, and how many rafters are framed into each, if firred out or turned, describe it. Bill. No. 2 5" x 5" hip knobs 5 feet long, framed to ridge, and four hips turned for a length of 2 feet, firred out at base for a height of about 2 feet, and prepared to receive lead £ s. d. Cleats. — State size and if wrought. Bill. No. 20 Fir wrought cleats for purlins 12"x6"x6", 1 and spiking £ s. d. Hoisting and Fixing Roof Trusses. — State width and height of truss, and distance from ground to ridge when fixed. (Some surveyors only take this item to very large trusses.) Bell cots and fleches are often hoisted after they are framed, and should be num- bered in a similar manner. JOINER. 149 No. 10 V 1 1 Bill Hoisting and fixing roof trusses 22' x 12', 30 feet from ground to ridge Hoisting and fixing fieche 10' x 10' X 18', 59 feet from ground to finial Allow for extra framing, hoisting and fix- ing to spire roof 8' 6" x 8' 6" and 20 feet high, the apex 65 feet from ground £ s. d. JOINER- Keep the different kinds of wood separate. Describe all work as cross-tongned where over 9 inches in width if in deal or pitch pine, 12 inches American walnut. Where the work is in small quantities, or short lengths, or circular, keep it separate, and observe generally that very small things where possible should rather be numbered than measured by the foot, superficial or lineal. Circular work to be described as “ flat sweep ” when the rise is J an inch to a foot of chord line ; quick sweep when more than that. Where in circular cupboard fronts, wreathed strings, (fee., state that the work is to include cylinder. The custom of describing the radius instead of using the terms quick or flat sweep is becoming very general, and is perhaps to be preferred. Observe the distinction between circular work of various kinds, as curved work bent in fixing, curved work in cylinders, work curved on plan, as to ribs, curved work glued up in thicknesses, &c. Circular fillets may be either bent .circular, cut circular one edge, or cut circular both edges. If* work is screwed instead of nailed, if secretly nailed, if fixed with brass screws and cups, state it. If work is to be of selected deal and to be stained, keep it separate from the parts painted. Where work is unusually constructed and cannot be quite intelligibly described, give a sketch. In collecting dimensions on waste, half inches will be used in widths only, but in lengths and in transferring the resulting length to your dimension column call any part of an inch 1 inch. QUANTITY SURVEYING. !5o Backings are sometimes included with the article measured, state in all cases if framed or dovetailed. Take plugging at per foot run to the edge of all joinery next brickwork, where there are no grounds or other attachment, and add the word plugged to the description of any other joinery adjoining brickwork which is fixed by plugging, but observe where wood bricks have been taken for fixing of frames, &c., the plugging will not be necessary. Notching should be measured to any work notched to fit a pro- jection, the thickness of the wood and the girth of the notching to be stated ; notchings to materials of same thickness may be averaged. Where work is of irregular shape measure it net (that is, the exact superficial quantity), and take scribing at per foot run to the irregular sides, stating the thickness of the wood. Scribing is sometimes claimed unjustly, as for edges of shelves against plaster- ing. Where the plan is not irregular this should not be allowed, as the face of plastering, if floated, should be sufficiently near to a true plane to obviate the necessity of scribing ; but if the plaster is not floated scribing may be allowed. Wrought both sides includes wrought edges, wrought one side includes one edge wrought. Observe to use the words tongued or rebated in their proper places ; a familiar instance of their misapplication is in the case of window boards and window nosings which are rebated thus, Fig. 27, and are frequently described as tongued. The meaning of the word tongued is, however, generally received as a rebated edge and a groove to receive it. Let the words “ splayed edge ” always be used when the wholo thickness is dealt with, “ chamfered edge ” when part only. Thus : — Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Where joinery is described to be of “ finished sizes,” no allow- ance is usually made in the measurement, but it should be stated in a clause of the preamble of the bill ; it is, however, better, in addition to the statement in preamble, to give in the bill the actual thickness ot the work as 1* inch floor when reputed 1^ inch floor is intended, &c. JOINER. 151 Joiners’ work is generally described as of the thickness of the stuff it is produced gfrom. A 1^-inch door will measure about inch. Deal framing wrought one side will measure |th less than the reputed thickness, wrought both sides T \ths. Wainscot, wrought both sides, £ to J an inch less. In some cases, where the sizes generally are not intended to be finished sizes, an architect produces details of work which must of necessity be finished of the size shown, or the design would be altered ; in such cases the surveyor must state it, as, for instance, “ 20 feet run, 5 inches by 4 inches (finished) frame, rebated and moulded 3 inches girth,” and where much work is moulded to detail finished sizes should be specified. An alternative is to describe the size of the original section of the wood used. Bill ft. in. 20 run 5" x 4" (finished) frame rebated and moulded, 3" girth or. 20 » 5J" x 4|" ; frame, rebated and moulded, 3" girth .'. £ e. d. The same principle should be applied to mouldings shown by detail. The sooner this anomaly is got rid of the better ; it is to bo wished that all architects would describe their work as of finished sizes. Scottish architects nearly always do so. In measuring running lengths of labours, as to moulding, begin with the words “ Labour to,” as otherwise the item may be mistaken by the abstractor for an item of labour and material. In describing joinery, square framed is always held to mean square framed both sides, but in all other cases, as moulded, bead, flush, &c., it is better to describe as “ moulded both sides,” bead- flush both sides, moulded and square, bead-flush and square, &c. Some country builders erroneously argue that square framed only indicates the rectangular shape of the piece of framing, not its section. Where the panels of framings are very small, or of irregular shape, it should be stated, and the average superficial contents given : thus, “ 1^-inch moulded and square bath enclosure one panel high, the panels averaging 12 inches superficial each. * 152 QUANTITY SURVEYING. All doors and framings under 5 feet in height must be kept separate and described as dwarf, unless from their nature they cannot be otherwise, as window backs. When framings are rough on one side and square framed, no notice need be taken in the description ; if flush framed, state the thickness of the wood in the panels. In measuring finished framings nothing extra is allowed for the tenons, but in cases where a frame or similar work is measured in separate parts the tenons must be measured in the length. When a piece of work has various labours on it, mouldings, rebates, &c., it should either be run, including all the labours in the description, or measured superficial, omitting from the descrip- tion the labours in question, and measuring them per foot run separately. Take the ironmongery with the joinery to which it belongs. French polishing is not unfrequently included in the joiner’s bill, with the description of the work intended to be polished. In describing mouldings to doors or framings, be careful to state if they are on solid, and if they are stopped. When an edge is chamfered, state whether once or twice cham- ^ ere ^’ an( ^ suc k things as architraves whether once or twice moulded, as Fig. 29. p- IG 09 If any mouldings are to detail state it, other- wise machine-made mouldings are intended. If mouldings have unusually small members state it. Small mouldings up to 3-inch girth may have the mitres in- cluded with the description, and if the purpose of the moulding is stated, the item can easily be priced, but if there are many more mitres than are usual for such a purpose, separate them. Sometimes much labour may be saved by averaging the sizes of doors or windows. When a piece of joinery is of small size and with much labour on it, the surveyor will usually find it best to measure it at per foot run, or to number it ; as if he measure it at per foot superficial, the extra labour will make a large number of items. In describing labour to edges of joinery, state if any part is “ cross grain, and keep it separate ; it is sometimes expedient, when the labour is of small value, to keep it all together and describe as “ part cross grain.” JOINER. *53 Judgment must be exercised as to whether the measurement of work shall be lineal or superficial ; very often a lineal quantity is easier to price than a superficial one; for instance, an item of “ 100 feet 0 inches supl. of 1 inch lining, tongued at angles, rebated one edge and staff beaded the other,” would not afford much in- formation as to the quantity of rebate or staff bead ; the absence of the words cross-tongued would show that it did not exceed 9 inches in width, but if those words were inserted the item might be of any width ; on the other hand, “ 100 feet run, 1 inch x 8 inches lining rebated one edge and staff beaded the other, and tongued at angles,” is definite enough. However, when labours are of the ordinary character, like rebates or beads, the question is not im- portant, but when the work is more expensive it is worth con- sideration, and the item should either be run and all its labours described with it, or the material measured superficial and the labours separately measured. There is never any objection to measuring lineally anything 9 inches wide and under, after that it comes into the category cross-tongued, and as a general rule should be measured superficially. Deal intended for staining should be kept separate and de- scribed as “ selected deal.” Floors, per square of 100 feet superficial . — State the quality and thickness, and whether deal or batten. If of unusual widths state it, whether rough, edges shot, folding, straight joint, splayed headings, tongued headings ; if dowelled, if grooved, if side nailed, if tongued and the kind of tongues, if traversed and cleaned off at completion, if covered with sawdust after laying. Take separately all flooring in recesses and doorways, and describe as “ in small quantities and bearers.” Allow 3 inches by the length for all raking cutting. Deduct chimney breasts, projections and voids, but not hearths. Bill. sqrs. 10 ft. 15 in. supl. f " rough sub- floor 60 25 - 9 > 11" yellow batten floor, laid straight joint, i 5 99 with splayed headings and mitred borders to hearths (hearths not deducted), punched, puttied, traversed and cleaned off at completion 11" ditto, grooved and tongued with 11" i 70 - 99 galvanised hoop iron 11" ditto, in small quantities, and bearers d. *54 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Sinkings for Mats. — M easure a running length of “ extra on lj-inch floor for glued and mitred border ; and 1 inch by 1^-inch wrought fillet rebated both edges and two grooves in floor,” or as the case may be. When the sinking is in a tile floor, the border will be of iron or slate. Bill. ft. 1 I in. 16 - run Extra on 1|" floor for glued and mitred border 16 _ M 1" x 2" wrought fillet and mitres 16 »» x 2" wrought-iron border to mat sink- ing No. 4 forged angles £ d. Measure at per foot run — Scribing Edge of Floor to Stone Paving where it adjoins the wooden floor. Scribing Floor to brickwork where actually scribed. Mitred Border to Hearths if tho slabs are deducted, but this is rarely done. The usual plan is not to deduct tho slab, the excess of floor being considered sufficient set-off to the mitred border. Bill ft. in. 24 — run Labour scribing li" flo >r to edge of stone paving 20 Extra on 1£" floor for glued and mitred border to hearths d. Wood Block Floors, measured per yard superficial. — Tho patent kinds are generally treated as a provision, and they should be laid by the patentee ; observe that cutting all around walls is charged extra. For wood block floors of the ordinary kind state what wood, the size of the blocks, how laid, as herring-bone, &c., whether bordered, whether traversed and cleaned off, whether blocks are gauged. JOINER. Bill. *55 yds. ft. in. 84 supl. Wood block floor of 18" X 3" x 3" pitch- pine strips wrought all round and at ends, and carefully gauged, the lower half dipped in hot Stockholm tar, laid herring- bone, traversed aud cleaned off at com- pletion, grouted with fine dry Portland cement brushed into the joints, left clean and free from grit, measured net, includ- ing all cuttings, against walls £ d. Skirtings, at per foot run . — State the thickness, the height, and if it includes backings and narrow grounds. (These latter are sometimes included in the description.) If it is tongued to floor. If the moulding is of greater size than usual state its girth. If in two or more pieces state the size of each and how put together, and state size of moulding and total height. If plugged or fixed with wall-hooks keep separate. For very ornate skirtings it is better to give a sketch in addition to the description. Number Tongued and Mitred Angles, irregular ditto (only necessary to distinguish these last when a large skirting of sevoral pieces), Housings (as to architrave bases), Fitted Ends (as to chimneypieces), Returned Ends, Tongued and Mitred Ends, Heading Joints. In collecting skirting some surveyors measure the net length as finished; other surveyors measure them across the doorways, and deduct that length with the other deductions related to such doorway. There is some show of reason for this, a doorway is often omitted, and the result of the omission of the whole series of dimensions relating to such doorway will be the restoration of the skirting if it has been measured across the opening. Idle- running length around the room is sufficient for the quantity, where in very long lengths heading joints occur, but where the length is under 20 feet these are usually disregarded. ft. in. 6 - run 110 » , Bill. x 4" square skirting, and mitres .. 1" X 7" torus skirting No. 12 mitres „ 10 fitted ends „ 15 housings £ s.'d. 156 QUANTITY SURVEYING. ft. | in. 343 1 - | run Skirting in three pieces (as sketch), mould- 1 ing out of 2 x 5", surbase 1" x 6", base 1£" X 5", all rebated and grooved to- gether, the lower edge rebated and let into door, and 15£" high in all No. 8 fitted ends „ 43 mitres „ 70 irregular do „ 38 housings 1 — IF £ s. d. Dados , per foot superficial . — Take the round of the room, minus openings, and at the same time deduct the plastering behind it, the same dimensions serving both purposes. Measure at per foot run, capping, housings tongued and mitred, or rebated and grooved angles (internal), rebated, grooved and moulded angles (external). ft. in. 210 supl. 1" deal wrot. one side, V‘j°iuted, grooved and tongued boarding in 4" widths, as dado, fixed to grounds, elsewhere taken 48 - run Labour, housing of 1" 72 - Labour, rebated and grooved angle to 1" .. 64 - » Labour, rebated, grooved and chamfered angle to 1" 52 » 3£" x 2" capping, rebated and moulded, 3|" girth No. 10 mitres „ 6 housing „ 5 fitted ends £ s. d. Grounds, per foot run . — If under 3 inches in width call them simply narrow grounds, in all other cases state width and thick- ness, if framed (as behind architraves), splayed, grooved, beaded, or chamfered, plugged, fixed with wall hooks. State if circu- lar on plan or circular both edges, if skeleton. Where over 3 inches in width they are sometimes measured at per foot super- ficial. In good work grounds should be taken to edges of all work where it comes against the plastering, and framed wherever it is practicable. Pilasters are often fixed to skeleton grounds ; and although much of the surface is void, measure the whole surface superficial, including the voids. JOINER. 57 Bill ft. in. 225 - run 1" X 3" splayed grounds 1125 - » 1" x 3" ditto, plugged 52 - >» 1" X 3" ditto, fixed with wall hooks .. 137 - 1" X 3" twice splayed grounds 1677 ' - )> 1" x 3" framed and splayed ditto 212 - »» 1" X 3" ditto, plugged 10 - 1" x 3" ditto, circular both edges li" wrought and framed skeleton grounds to receive pilasters 70 supl. £ d. Pipe Casing per foot run . — State thickness, and say whether fixed with screws or brass caps and screws. If boxed measure per foot superficial. ft. in. 54 run 1A" wrought, rebated and beaded grounds, and 1" wrought pipe casing, fixed with brass cups and screws to remove 40 supl. 1*" ditto, boxed No. 4 extra on ditto for small doors hung with and including 2" brass butts and brass knob turnbuckles £ >. d. Skylights, per foot superficial . — State thickness, if chamfered or moulded bar, approximate distance apart of bars, if put together in white-lead, if screwed with brass screws. Per foot run . — Labour to throat. To splayed edges if splayed, stating thickness of the skylight. Number the sets of fillets for condensation, state if teak, oak, or deal, if screwed with brass screws, and the average length in each set, or sinkings for the same purpose in bottom rail, stating size and depth. ft. in. 74 — 8Upl. No. 50 * Bill. 2" deal moulded skylight, with moulded bars about 13" apart, throated all round and fixed with brass screws to curbs Sinkings deep in bottom rail of skylight for escape of condensed water (as sketch) £ s. d. 158 QUANTITY SURVEYING. ft. in. No. 20 Strips of boiler felt 13" long, 5" wide, nailed with copper nails to bottom rails of skylights »> 45 Sets of two x 1" X 6" teak wrought fillets, and nailing to bottom rails of sky- lights £ s. d. Skylight Curbs, per foot superficial . — State thickness, whether dovetailed, put together in white-lead, beaded or grooved. Bill. ft. in. 10 0 supl. 2" wrought skylight curb, cross-tongued, staff beaded, grooved and tongued at angles £ l d. Sashes and Frames, per foot superficial . — To the height of the external opening from top of stone sill to soffit of arch add 3 inches for the height and to the width between the external reveals 9 inches for the width. Where with semicircular, or pointed heads, keep the part above the springing separate, and state that it is “in semicircular (or pointed) heads to sashes and frames measured square,” and state the number of frames ; if segmental headed, measure all together, and describe as “ sashes and frames with segmental heads measured square.” If circular on plan keep separate and state it. Number any sash and frame not exceeding 12 feet superficial, stating the extreme dimensions of breadth and height. State the thickness of outside, inside and back linings, and of pulley stiles, and whether the pulley stiles are of a different wood ? the size of sill, and whether of oak or teak ; whether sunk, double sunk, weathered, throated, check-throated ; the thickness of sashes, whether moulded or chamfered, if hung with iron or lead weights, if weighted for plate glass, if with parting slips of stout zinc ; the description of lines and pulleys, if single or double hung or fixed, if the frames are grooved all round for linings, if with margins at sides or all round, if in single squares, if in small squares (under 1 foot superficial), if the bars are unusually thick give their size, if in Venetian frames state which of the lights are hung and which fixed. If the sash weights are hinged state it; if specially good sash JOINER. lines are required, state the maker’s name and the number in his trade list. Measure at per foot run any unusual labours to bottom or meeting rails as rebates or grooves, groove in sill, iron tongue, and state if galvanised, painted, or bedded in white-lead. If sashes and frames are fitted to stone mullions and transoms they frequently require a greater width of lining. This may bo either measured at per foot run as “ extra ” on sashes and frames for extra wide linings to mullion or transom, or included in the general description. Number moulded horns to sashes, if the mouldings and rebates are stopped to form these say so, stating thickness of sash, sash fastenings, sash lifts or hooks. State if lifts are sunk. Brass eyes and plates. Poles and ends ( “ long arms ” ), stating length of pole, its diameter, and of what wood, and the kind of end. Sets of lines, pulleys and hooks or cleats, describing their use and the height of top of sash from floor, and whether iron or brass work. The large windows of public buildings sometimes combine double-hung sashes with casements in one opening ; in such a case the various types should be collected and the quantities in detail of one of each kind attached to the joiner’s bill, designating each type by letters, as A, B, C, &c. If we adopt the sketch, Fig. 30, as A and assume a quantity the process would be as follows. In the section sashes and frames of the joiner’s bill would appear an item. Fig. 30. ft. 890 m. 0 eupl. £ s. d. Sashes and frames as detail A at end of bill At the end of bill would appear — Detail A. £ s. d. Detail of one window to opening 7' 0" x 11' 6" extreme, in two lights with cased frame, the lower part with double-hung sashes and cased mullion, the upper part with casements hung on centres, with solid transom and mullion, 80' 6" supl. Here will follow the quantities for one opening in the usual order. Total divided by 80' 6" supl £ Price per foot supl = i6o QUANTITY SURVEYING. The estimator will thus be furnished with a rate per foot superficial to apply to the item 890 feet as above. ft. in. 100 supl. 100 100 - run 100 - n 18 - 91 No. 20 „ 1 V 1 Bill Deal cased frames of 1" inside and outside linings, li" pulley stiles, back linings, with proper beads and parting slips, all rebated and grooved together, and 3£" teak double-sunk, weathered and check- throated sills, and 2" moulded sashes with large moulded bars in small squares, double hung with Austen’s No. 8 patent best superfine quality finely plaited thread lines equal to sample, and Gib- bon’s (Wolverhampton) No. 20 best quality patent pulleys with solid brass fronts and wheels, steel axles and gun- metal bushes and sides, net price 36s. per dozen, gross price 42s., and iron weights, the frame grooved all around for finish- ings in 5 complete frames Ditto in two lights, with deal-cased mullion in three frames Labour, splay-rebated and grooved bottom rail to 2" sashes Labour, splay-rebated meeting rail to 2" sashes Extra on sash frame for mullion being 7" wide Moulded horns to 2" sashes, including stop- ping, moulding and rebate, so that horns may be the full thickness Sash and frame as before, but 2' 6" X 4' 0" extreme 1£" ovolo moulded casement hung on butts (elsewhere taken) in and including 4£" X 3" wrought frame rebated, chamfered and beaded, and 3" oak sunk and weathered sill, 2' 9" x 2' 3" extreme dimensions d. Shop Sashes, per foot run . — Measure the length of bar, rail head, bead, guard-bead, &c. State if they are moulded, how many times rebated, &c., and state the size of each part. ft. in. 114 - run 76 - M Bill. X i" bead for glass and mitres, fixed with and including brass cups and screws If x f" guard-bead No. 6 mitres £ s. d. JOINER. 61 ft. in. 24 - run 2i" X 1£" framed sash bar, twice rebated and twice ovolo moulded 19 - >» 2£" x 2£" ditto 22 — » 2£" x 2" sash stile and head, framed, re- bated and ovolo moulded 7 2£" X 3" bottom rail to sash, framed, grooved, rebated and ovolo moulded £ s. d. Window Linings, per foot superficial. — State thickness, whether rebated to frames, beaded, tongued at angles, rounded, on splay ; if moulded, and in how many panels the set ; if under 6 inches wide measure at per foot run ; and state the labour upon them, soffits with splayed ends should be measured to their extreme points. Bill. ft. in. 45 - supl. 1" window linings, cross -tongued and tongued at angles 105 - run 1" x 9" ditto, rebated one edge and tongued at angles 66 — »> 1" x 8" ditto, ditto, and ovolo moulded . . £ s. d. Window Boards and Bearers, per foot superficial. — State the thickness, whether rebated, rounded, with moulding tongued under, giving size of moulding, if under 9 inches wide measure at per foot run. Number the fitted ends, the notched, returned and mitred ends. Bill. ft. in. 54 - supl. 1±" window board, cross-tongued, rebated and rounded and bearers • - 76 run li" x 7" window board, rebated and rounded, and bearers No. 40 notched, returned and mitred ends „ 10 fitted ends - 20 » li" x 9" window board, rebated and rounded, and with small moulding re- bated and let in beneath No. 6 notched, returned and mitred ends . . „ 2 ditto on splay £ d. Window Nosings, per foot run. — State width and thickness, and if with moulding tongued under, if rebated to frame, if rounded. Number the fitted ends, the returned and mitred ends. M 162 QUANTITY SURVEYING. In good work separate the window board or window nosing and the moulding beneath. Bill. ft. in. 64 - run Labour to stopped groove 64 - 1£" x 1|" bed-moulding, rebated one edge No. 18 returned mitred ends 65 » 2£" x 1|" window nosing, rebated and rounded No. 18 returned mitred ends £ s. d. Architraves, per foot run. — Measure round the outer edge of the architrave for the length, including the plinth (if any) in the measurement of the length. State the size. If in two pieces, state it, and give the size of each piece. If of unusual section give a sketch. Include the mitres in the description, when in deal, but in hard woods take “ tongued, mitred and screwed angles.” Number the plinths, and describe as “extra on architrave,” stating width, height and thickness. State if moulded or splayed. If the architrave is dowelled or dovetailed and screwed to the base, include it with the description of base. When a part of an architrave only is to be used, because of limited space, measure as a whole architrave and take scribing in addition, as the whole architrave will have been produced by the machinery. ft. in. 422 run 2£" X 1|" moulded architrave and mitres No. 64 extra on ditto for 2£" x 1£" X 9" moulded bases, dovetailed and screwed . . £ d. Solid Frames and Casements. — Measure the frame and tran- som and oak sill at per foot run, giving size. State if rebated, beaded, staff-beaded, moulded (give girth of moulding). Make the same allowance as in door frames (which see, p. 170). Describe transom aud sill as framed. Measure the casements at per foot superficial. State thickness, if moulded or chamfered, if fixed, hung on hinges or centres, hung folding (in which case add an inch to the width for rebate), if in small squares. Per foot run . — Labour to water hollow around frame or case- ment. Labour to hook rebate. Water bar, stating size, if galvan- JOINER. 163 ised, if bedded in white-lead, if patent. Weather fillet, state size, if rebated, weathered, or moulded. Number the casement fastenings, the stays, patent water bar (stating whose patent), stating length, and if for folding casements ; the pairs of centres, stating if bushed ; flush bolts, giving length and width ; espagnolette fastenings, stating height of casement. Casements and frames 12 feet superficial and under should be numbered. It will sometimes be necessary to measure beads to casements separately ; they are best billed in sets, and their lengths may be averaged thus : — ft. No. »» in. 10 5 Sets of beads to casements, each containing 9 feet run (averaged) and including mitres Sets of cut beads to swing casements, each containing 12 feet run (averaged) and including mitres Bill 220 — supl. 2" moulded casements in single squares, hung with butts . . . . 64 - run Labour to hook rebate to 2" casements . . 42 3" x 2" moulded and twice rebated weather fillet (as sketch) an( l fixing with' screws 712 — » 5" x 3%" frame, rebated 3" girth, moulded 2§" girth, and three times grooved 252 5" x 4§" mullion framed, twice rebated 3" girth, twice moulded 2£" girth, and four times grooved • 173 V 5" X 4£" transom framed, twice rebated 3" girth, moulded 2£" girth, splayed 3" wide and four times grooved - 231 w 7" X 3" oak sill framed, grooved, check- throated, twice sunk-weathered No. 3 irregular framed angles, with 6" joint screw No. 16 fair ends £ s. d. £ d. Window Backs and Elbows, per foot superficial . — State thick- ness, in how many panels, if square framed, moulded, flush-framed, keyed, if on splay. If canvassed and painted at back include in description or measure it at per foot superficial. m 2 164 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Per foot run. — The capping, state width, thickness, if tongued, if rounded, if moulded, or with moulding tongued under, or simply call it beaded capping, if the common beaded capping and hous- ings. Number the fitted ends and housings. Bill. Canvas and glueing to window backs and painting twice in red-lead li" framed and moulded window back one panel high 2" X f" beaded capping and mitres No. 10 fitted ends „ 4 housings ft. in. 66 - sup. 66 - >» 30 run Boxing Shutters, per foot superficial . — State the thickness, the number of panels, if moulded, if moulded and square, moulded and bead flush, bead butt, in how many heights hung. • Add 1 inch to the width for each of the rebates. Keep the back flaps separate. State that they include all rebates and splay rebates. Number the elbow caps, and the clearing pieces or blind rails, stating size of each, the shutter bars, giving length, shutter knobs, shutter latches, pairs of butts, pairs of ba** 1 ^ flaps, stating size in each case. Shutter Boxings, per foot superficial . — State thickness, if framed, rebated, beaded, splayed, how many times grooved. Back Linings, per foot superficial . — State thickness, if panelled, how many panels in height, if moulded, square framed, bead-butt, bead flush, &c. State if splayed. Return Linings, per foot run. — State thickness, and if rebated or grooved. ft. 84 in. supl. 135 - »> 77 - 68 - run 69 Bill. 1" bead-butt back linings, three panels f high 1" bead-flush and square back flaps, four panels high in two heights, hung folding li" moulded and bead-flush front shutters, four panels high, hung folding in two heights 6" x 1" return lining, rebated both edges and tongued at angles 8” x boxing grounds framed, splay- rebated and staff-beaded £ s. d. JOINER. No. 12 10" lengths of 1£" x 3" blind rail framed 1 and staff-beaded 5 * 1 12 1" elbow caps 20" x 12" extreme, both ends splayed, housed on three sides and the front edge rounded 12 f" soffits to boxings 20" x 11" extreme, | both ends splayed, housed in all round . . ^5 £ d. Sliding Shutters. — The only proper way is to measure these in detail, the shutters at per foot superficial, stating the kind of pulleys, lines and weights, the thickness, and if moulded, head flush, &c., the pulley stiles, heads, &c., at per foot run, describing the labour upon them ; or per foot run deal-cased frame for single (or double) hung shutters, describing the various parts, as linings and pulley stiles, as directed for sash frames. Some surveyors measure shutter and frame together as they do deal-cased frames and sashes, but this is an inexact method. Number the flush rings or drop rings, the lifts, pairs of butts, thumb-screws, &c. Measure the flap at per foot run, stating thickness and width, and if rounded or moulded. Sometimes the deal-cased frame for the shutter is placed inside a sash frame, and in such case its inside lining would be omitted from the description as unnecessary. ft. in. 10 ' supl. 1£" three-panel, moulded both sides, shutter hung with and including best flax lines, brass axle pulleys and iron weights 4 _ run 3" X 2" framed head to deal-cased frame.. 14 »» Deal-cased frame for single hung shutter of 1" inside, and outside linings 1|", pulley stiles and back linings, all rebated and grooved together •4 » 3" X 1J" flap, with rounded nosing and hung with butts . . £ t. d. Lifting Shutters, per foot superficial . — State thickness, if square framed, moulded, &c. State if rebated (as for shop shutters), and allow for the rebate in the measurement. Per foot run . — The moulding or fillet, if any, on face of door to receive shutter, giving size and description. i66 Q UANT1TY S UR VE YING. Number the thumb-screws. The stubs and plates. The shutter shoes, state if screw heads are countersunk or if the shoes are patent. ft. in. 8 - supl. 55 - 3 run Bill. 1£" two-panel, bead flush and square lift- ing shutter 1±" bead butt, both sides rebated and beaded, shop shutters in narrow widths If" X 1£" wrought fillet, with 2" x f" bead on face, and screwing to door No. 2 fair ends £ d. Revolving Shutters. — These are best treated as a provisional sum. The trade lists of the well-known manufacturers show the allowances required beyond the visible measurement for grooves and coil, usually 2 inches more than the “ sight ” width and 1 foot beyond the “sight” height and the minimum superficial quan- tity for which they charge (as anything less than 20 feet as 20 feet). Measure the letting in and forming grooves at per foot run. Measure coil casing at per foot superficial. Provide a sum for attendance in all trades. I ft 100 Bill supl. Self-coiling revolving shutter, P.C. 3 8 . 6d. per foot supl. at manufactory in one shutter, and allow for carriage, profit, fixing and attendance or, Provide for 100 feet supl. of self-coiling revolving shutter 111. 10s. 0 d. } and allow for carriage, profit, fixing and attendance £ d. Doors. — Refer to your dimensions of deductions of brickwork, and for external doorways assume the doors to be of the same size as the deduction of external openings. For internal doorways assume the doors to be 3 inches less in width and height respec- tively than the deduction. Keep folding doors separate. Allow 1 inch in the width for the rebate. If the rebates are specially moulded or hook rebated take the extra labour at per foot run. Measure doors with segmental or segmental pointed heads as if square, taking the extreme dimen- JOINER. 167 sions, but stating that they are segmental or segmental pointed- headed measured square. Separate the semicircular heads of doors from the part square, and describe the quantity as in semicircular heads to doors of description as the case may be. Where both leaves of folding doors are intended to open simultaneously, take “ sympathetic hinges.” State whether glazed doors have diminished stiles. Where doors are to be covered with cloth state it, and include the cloth in the description. The doors must be described as flush framed. To doors hung with rising butts, take run of splayed edge to top rail, and in very good work to head lining, a dimension of labour to splay . . . inches wide. When doors or framings are polished, take to edge of each lock and hinge stile “ f-inch mahogany (or other wood) dovetailed slip to edge of 2J inches door and letting in and glueing,” to hide the tenons. Note the difficulty of making doors with curved heads to swing. Doors Ledged, per foot superficial. — State if tongued, grooved and beaded, if braced. Almost invariably hung with cross garnet hinges or strap hinges. An “ inch proper ledged door,” means a door of 1-inch ledges covered with 1-inch boarding; a “£-inch proper ledged door,” £-inch boarding and j-inch ledges, &c. ; if anything different to this usage is intended, it must be described. Bill. ft. in. £ s. d. 65 - supl. 1£" proper ledged door - - 42 — Doors Framed and Braced, per foot superficial . — State the total thickness, if cross-braced, if stop-chamfered including stops, if covered with boarding, if filled in with boarding, state thickness of boarding, if in narrow widths, if grooved, tongued, and V jointed or beaded one or both sides, if filled in diagonally. If preferred, the chamfering may be omitted from the description of the door and measured separately. If the door is filled in with boarding and converted on the inside into a number of panels state it, and give their number and i68 QUANTITY SURVEYING . average size. If the boarding and framing are of different wood state it, and in such case describe the doors as of skeleton framing . . . . inches thick, covered with boarding, giving description and thickness. Number the fastenings, pairs of hinges, &c. It is advisable to state the width of stiles and rails of framed and braced doors, either in the preamble of the Joiner’s bill or in the item. ft. in. 64 supl. 84 - » Bill 2" framed and braced door, the stiles, top rail and braces of batten width, bottom rail 11" wide, lock rail 9" wide, stop chamfered, filled in with 1" matched and beaded both sides boarding in 4£" widths . . 2£" framed door in two panels outside, con- verted on the inside into 8 panels. The bottom rail 11" wide, the lock rail 9" wide, the stiles and other rails of batten width, filled in with 1" matched and beaded both sides boarding in 4 widths £ d. Panelled Doors, per foot superficial . — State thickness, the number of panels, if square framed, bead flush, bead butt, moulded, bolection moulded, if the latter state if mouldings are rebated to stiles and rails, if mouldings are tongued in or tongued and mitred at angles, state it. If bolection mouldings are moulded on their outer edge, it may either form a part of the general description or that labour may be separately measured. If folding state the number of panels “ per set” doors, not the number in each leaf, and allow in the width for the rebate. State if “ prepared with and including ” shifting beads for glass, and if the beads are secured with brass screws or brass screws and cups, or if the doors are prepared to receive sashes. In this latter case measure the sashes in addition and describe them as “ fitted to panels of doors.” State if any of the panels are filled in with and including wire gauze or perforated zinc, and include the beads in the description. In the absence of a drawing of glazed doors, assume that the top of the middle rail is 3 feet 2 inches from floor. Sometimes brass cups and screws are taken separately and JOINER. 169 described as brass cups and screws and driving, stating the length of screw. ft. in. 40 - supl. li" four-panel square-framed doors .. 12 — *> 1£" .square framed dwarf doors in two panels, the set hung folding 22 2" three-panel, moulded both sides, door, the upper panels with diminished stiles, rebated and prepared for glass, with and including shifting mouldings screwed with screws and cups <• 32 » 2£" 10-panel door, the lower six panels bolection moulded both sides, and with sunk and mitred margins on one side to form raised panels, the upper four panels moulded both sides, rebated and prepared for glass, with and including mitred mouldings screwed with brass cups and screws (elsewhere taken) £ s. d. Gates, per foot superficial. — State thickness, and describe gene- rally as for framed and braced doors (which see, above). Per foot run . — The capping. State if beaded or moulded, and if of teak or oak. Number wicket and describe as “ extra for wicket,” giving size and description ; take the fastenings. ft. in. 60 supl. •10 - run Bill. 2£" framed and braced gates, the bottom and lock rails 11" wide, the other rails, stiles and braces in batten widths, filled in with 1J" matched and beaded both sides boarding in 4|" widths, and hung folding No. 1 extra for forming and hanging wicket about 2 feet x 4' 6", including rebating the edges of both gate and wicket all round 4" X 2" capping to gates grooved 3^" girth, moulded both edges, bedded in white- lead and fixed with screws No. 2 fair ends, rebated and splayed £ s. d. Gate Posts. — Stating size and if the butts are charred. Number the cut ends, and if ornamental give sketch. Measure rebates per foot run, state girth and if stopped. 170 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bill No. 4 Oak wrought posts 12" x 12" and 10 feet total length, with large charred butts 3 feet in ground, and with cut pyramidal tops £ s. d. In the case of an ornamental gate it is advisable to give a sketch and state the kind of gate and the number of feet of stile, rail, braces, with sizes and labours that it contains, written short in bill. Door Frames, per foot run . — State size ; if wrought, rebated, chamfered, or beaded, and how many times rebated, chamfered, &c. To the collected length of the sides and width of the door add four times the width of the frame, and 6 inches for the two horns. Where tenoned into sill, allow further 2 inches for each tenon. Where not tenoned, take “ iron dowels and mortises in fir and York (or other) stone ” ; the latter usual for all external doors. Where frames are wrought, rebated and beaded, they are some- times (very rarely) measured at per foot cube and described as fir proper door frames, but the former method is the most convenient and best. Where frames are semicircular or pointed headed, measure the frame to 3 inches above the springing as straight, and the girth of the outer edge of the circular part from the springing as circu- lar. If the head is to show segmental outside and square inside, the size out of which the head is obtained should be stated, and it should be kept separate. Number the heading joints and sets of oak keys and wedges, or handrail screws, and fixing. Describe circular parts of frame as of 5-inch by 4-inch finished, or “ out of 9 inch x 5 inch,” or as the case may be. If frames are in two or more pieces, cross-tongued and glued together, state it and give sketch. These are generally of hard wood on a deal core. Number “ extra for irregular framings ” to angles which are not square. The term frame covers square angles only, state the scant- ling of frame. If oak sills to door frames, measure at per foot run and state size and labours. fOINER. 7i ft. in. 38 _ 5 — 4 - 28 - 10 - 40 _ Bill 4|" x 3" frame, rebated and twico beaded 4£" x 3" ditto, circular to segmental head outof4£"x9" No. 2 extra for irregular framings 7" x 4£" head framed, rebated and beaded with segmental soffit 5" x 4" frame, rebated and ovolo moulded, girth 5" x 4" ditto, circular to semi-head out of 10" x 5" No. 2 joints and 6" joint screws 5£" x 4" frame in four pieces, tongued and glued together with oak cross tongues, of yellow deal core 3§" x 3", two pieces of 3£" X 1£" wainscot, rebated one edge, and one piece of wainscot 5f" x 2", rebated and moulded, 1|" girth (as sketch) £ d. Oak Foot-boards to Loophole Frames per foot superficial . — State thickness, if wrought both sides, if cross-tongued. Number the sets of strap hinges and chains, stating size and weight, and how many bolts. Number the bow handles, stating size and weight. ft. in. 16 supl. Bill 3" oak wrot. both sides, and mortise clamped foot-boards, with rounded edges, and hung £1 s . d. Jamb Linings, per foot superficial or per foot run . — Add to the collected length of two sides and top of the door four times the thickness of the linings and 1 inch for horns for the length. State thickness, if on splay, if single or double rebated, if tongued at angles, if once or twice beaded and moulded, if panelled (and state the number of panels in the set), if tongued on one or both edges. Where in two pieces, it is better to measure the lining at per foot run, describing the pieces. State in all cases that they are to include backings, and if they are dovetailed backings, or the dovetailed backings may be numbered. QUANTITY SURVEYING. ft. 70 in. supl. 110 - 44 - run 50 - Bill. 1J" jamb linings, double rebated, twice beaded, tongued at angles 1£" ditto, rebated, twice beaded, framed and moulded in eight panels the set, and tongued at angles 1|" x 7" ditto, rounded both edges, tongued at angles with and including x 21" stop, nailed on to form rebate 1£" x 11" ditto, cross-tongued, twice nar- row chamfered, double rebated, tongued at angles £ r. d. Framings, per foot superficial . — State thickness, if panelled, if in small or irregular shaped panels, the number of panels in height, if spandril-shaped, in that case measured net and so described, if prepared for glass, or with bars as sash. Deduct the doorways, or if the doors are uniform with the framing, let the measurement include the door, and number them, and describe as “extra for forming four-panel door in same,” the item following the framing in the hill and written short ; in either case, take the stops, rebates, and ironmongery in addition. Number extra on framings, describing them, as for instance, to undersides of girders, stating size of girder. Notch- ings, giving their girth and stating thickness of framing. Per foot run . — Rebate on framing or on edge of doors. Door stops, stating size and if rounded, twice rounded, chamfered. The mitres to be included in the description. Where quadrant corners occur, measure the fram- ings short of them and measure the corner per foot run : thus, “ 8 feet run, solid quadrant corner 0-inch girth out of 2j-inch deal, beaded and grooved, both edges as sketch,” Fig. 31, or as the case may be. Fig. 31. II i ft - 1 in. 1 AJllV. 20 - supl. 1£" moulded and square spandrii framing, measured net 108 - 2" moulded both sides partition, three panels high 75 »> 2" moulded and square framing, two panels high, the upper panel with moulded bars in small squares for glass No. 2 extra for forming three-panel door in same „ 2 extra for framing top rail and bars, for passage of 14" x 12" girder £ s.\d. JOINER. i73 W.C. Fittings, per foot superficial.— Observe that 20 inches is the least width that should be taken for a good w.c. seat. Where seat and riser are plain they may be kept together, where there is a difference between the two keep them separate. State the thickness, and include in the description deal-framed bearers, or the bearers may be separately measured ; if the bearers are dovetailed state it. Seats for pedestal closets are best described from a trade list. The flap and frame per foot superficial . State if mortise clamped, or mortise and mitre clamped, if frame is beaded, moulded, or chamfered. Number “ button blocks,” “ thumb cuttings,” &c. Back and Elbows, per foot superficial . — State thickness and if square-framed or moulded. Per foot run. — Skirting, giving description. Moulded nosing tongued on (state girth). Rounded edge to flap or seat. Capping to back and elbows, state size and if beaded or moulded. Tongued and mitred angle to elbows. Grounds, State size in all cases. Number mitres to skirting ; holes cut and dished for pan, holes cut and beaded or chamfered for handle. “ Extra for seat and riser made to remove easily, with oak button blocks and brass cups and screws” (or otherwise). Joiner attend plumber to w.c. Joiner attend plumber to safe. Paper boxes, giving description. The ironmongery. As these items will be under a heading, Mahogany, the word does not appear in the items. Bill. ft. in. 21 - supl. 1J" w.c. seat and riser, and deal-framed bearers 13 - 5 > 1|" mortise and mitre-clamped flap, and beaded frame 7 - run Labour, rounded edge to - - 7 - 5 > 2£" x 2", moulding and tonguing to edge of flap 28 - » 7" X f " moulded skirting No. 6 mitres - - No. 2 „ 6 shaped ends Seat-holes, cut, shaped and dished . . 2 Holes, cut and beaded for handles .. ?> 2 Sets, w.c. fittings made to remove easily, with oak button blocks and brass cups and screws ), 2 Cutting frame of flap and hanging with and including 2" brass butts, and form- ing small deal paper-box under seat » 2 Bolding’s (Davies Street, London, W.) No. 131 polished double-wood seat, for pedes- 1 tal closet and fixing to glazed brickwork £s.\d. 174 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bath Fittings, per foot superficial. — The top : state thickness, and that it is framed. Deduct the opening, and state that it is measured net, or number the top, giving description and stating size. The enclosure, stating thickness, if panelled, if moulded, if in very small panels. The step and riser, describing thickness. State if any part is screwed with brass cups and screws to remove, or count the cups and screws. Per foot run . — Skirting. Labours to rounded or moulded edges. Number, extra on framing (of enclosure) for small door for access to cocks. Perforation in top. Deal framed cradle for bath. Joiner attend plumber to bath. Joiner attend plumber to safe. Quadrant angles to rounded edge. ft. 13 in. supl. 11" bath top, fixed with screws, measured 14 No. 1 supl. net or, 11" ditto, 7' 0" x 3' 0", with rounded edge 1 and shaped perforation, also with rounded edge, fixed with brass cups and screws to remove 11" framed bath enclosure, moulded and 7 run square, one panel high No. 1, extra for small door, hung with and including 2" brass butts and brass knob, turnbuckle both door and frame, rebated all round Labour rounded edge to 11" 9" x 1" moulded skirting 13 - >* No. » » >» » 1 1 1 1 1 No. 2 tongued and mitred angles „ 2 shaped ends Stout deal cradle for bath Extra for set of bath fittings, fitted to re- move easily, with oak button blocks, and brass cups and screws Labour to perforation for bath in 11" top, part semicircular, with small quadrant corners and rounded edge J oiner attend plumber to bath Ditto to safe £ d. Cisterns and Sinks, per foot superficial. — The bottom, state thickness, and describe as screwed, state if wrought one or both sides. The sides, state thickness, and describe as dovetailed, state if wrought both sides. JOINER . *75 ft. 25 in. supl. 1£" sink sides, wrought one side, cross- 15 »» tongued and secret dovetailed, prepared for lead 1£" sink bottom, wrought one side, cross- No. 1 tongued, screwed and prepared for lead Joiner attend plumber to sink £ s. d. Perforations for Wastes, or other purposes. State thickness of wood and size of pipe or perforation. They are generally rough, but if fair say so. No. 20 2 Bill. Holes for pipes §" to 2" through 1" deal .. Dished holes for 3" pipe through 1|" deal £ s. d. Shelf for Gas-meter, give description and how fixed. It is generally sufficient to state the capacity of gas-meter. No. 1 Bill. Stout deal shelf and brackets for 40-light gas-meter, and fixing to brickwork d. Ladders to Traps, state width and length, and size of sides and rounds ; state if folding, and describe the ironwork. Bill. No. 1 Wrought ladder 10 feet long and 15" wide. of 3" x 2" sides, and 2" X 2" rounds, 9" apart, dovetailed and screwed, and in- cluding wrought-iron hooks and eyes for fastening £ d. Plate Racks : state size and description of parts. No. 1 1 Bill. Deal-framed plate rack of 1£" x 2" frame, and diameter round bars, 2£" apart, 5 feet long, and to take three rows of full-sized plates, and fixing to brickwork or, when no particulars are given, Strongly-framed plate rack 5 feet long, 3' 6" high, to detail and fixing to brickwork £ d . Dressers : state length and height, and give description, or provide a sum. The latter is the more frequent practice. 176 quantity surveying . Provide for dresser, including fixing and painting, 5Z., or an item of complete description as it would appear in a specification, thus : — No. Bill Deal dresser 8' 0" long and 8' 0" high, of 2" top 1' 9" wide, 2 %" X 2£" framed legs and rails, four dovetailed drawers with bottoms, f” sides and 1" beaded fronts, all glued and blocked, and with hard- wood runners and two japanned wooden knobs to each drawer, 1 cut and shaped standards, four tiers of 1" shelves arris grooved for plates, f " fascia, §" top, 2" x 1 moulding as cornice, §" matched and beaded back, 1" pot-board and bearers, and 4 dozen cup-hooks £ s. I d. Or the complete detail may be taken out and billed as “ One dresser containing as follows,” followed by the items written short. Braining Boards : state size and thickness, and that it is blocked up to fall, and describe the grooving. If to be covered with lead state it. Shelves, butler’s pantry fittings, cupboards, should be taken out in detail. Bill ft. in. 1£" draining board, with grooves deep, 5 0 supl. 1" wide and apart, prepared to receive lead, and blocked up to falls d. Copper Lids. — State what wood, thickness and diameter, if in two thicknesses, if pinned with oak pins, if do welled together, and describe the handle. Bill No. 1 Deal copper lid 24" diameter, of two thick- nesses of f" pinned and dowelled together with oak pins, and deal shouldered handle pinned on with oak pins £ s. d. Pilasters, per foot superficial. — If in more than one piece mea- sure the girth by the height, state thickness, if glued and blocked, how fixed if not nailed, as screwed. If slotted screws, they should be numbered, and the work described as “ fixed with slotted screws elsewhere taken.” Measure the salient angles per foot run, stating the labour. The caps, bases and necking are best numbered thus : ‘‘No. 1. Base to pilaster lj inch by 15 inches and 12 inches high, JOINER. 177 moulded 6-inch girth, with two external tongued and screwed mitres and two 6-inch returns, the upper edge rebated, and the whole glued and blocked.” If the pilaster is in one piece, i.e. the returns only formed by the thickness of the stuff, they may be run, stating width, thickness, and labour, in one item. Bill ft. in. |j 30 - 1 supl. No. 3 » 1 ! 3 1|" pilasters, glued and blocked 19" lengths of 1£" x II" moulding, rebated on back edge with two 3J" returns, two external mitres, and two fitted ends as necking to pilaster 21" lengths of 1£" x 9" skirting, moulded 4" girth, and rebated with two 4£" re- turns, two external tongued and mitred angles, and two fitted ends as base to pilaster £ s. d. Columns of Wood are best numbered with complete description ; state how constructed, height, girth, cap and base ; if any part is carved describe those parts as prepared for carving and provide a sum for carving. Those 6 inches diameter and under are usually solid, those of larger diameter put together in sections glued and blocked, the former may be described in one, the latter in pieces. An alternative to the provision for carving may be found in the following items. Bill . | No. 6 ft. in. 18 run No. 2 »> Ionic-turned diminished columns of selected deal 6" extreme diameter, with moulded base 7" X 7" and 4" high, and carved and enriched cap 9£" x 9£" and 3£" high, 5' 3" high in all In two turned diminished fluted column shafts of 2" best selected yellow pine, glued together (as sketch above) 12" ex- treme diameter and 9 feet high, rebated at each end to receive caps and bases . . Moulded and enriched Roman Ionic column caps T 7" x 1' 7" and 7" high, rebated at bottom, and fitting and glueing to shafts Moulded attic bases to column T2"x 1'2" and 7" high, rebated at top and fitting to shafts £ s. I d. I N 178 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Staircases, see that there is sufficient headway, not less than 6 feet 6 inches. If the treads and risers are of different woods keep them separate. Where the steps are curved on plan the risers must be veneered, and so described and kept separate. Treads, Risers and Flyers, per foot superficial . — Measure the width of steps, including the housings (£ inch each), by the whole length of the area occupied by them (the flight) on plan, plus the height from floor to floor. To this length add 1 inch for each tread where nosings are rounded, and 1 J inch where moulded. State the thickness of treads and risers, if glued, blocked and bracketed, if grooved and rebated together, if screwed together, the number and size of carriages, if rounded nosings, if moulded nosings, if with moulding tongued under, whether prepared for close or out strings. Winders, per foot superficial . — For the treads measure the size on plan, the width by the length, collect the length of the risers, multiply that length by the height from top of tread to top of tread, plus 1 inch each for rounded nosings and 1J inch each for moulded nosings. Describe them in the same way as for flyers, and state in description that they are cross-tongued and measured net, and keep them separate from the flyers. Number housings to treads and risers, stating whether rounded or moulded nosings. Housings to winders. Ends of treads notched and fitted to newels. Returned rounded or moulded and mitred nosings to steps, state if circular on plan. Cut brackets, state thickness, size, and if circular on plan. Curtail end to bottom step, and state length of step for veneered front to riser. Wall Strings, per foot run . — State thickness, if moulded, if in two pieces give size of each and state how put together, if parts of the string are ramped for a length of 2 feet or thereabouts keep them separate and take a heading joint at each end, but if there are only short ramps, shorter than those last mentioned, describe them as “ extra for short ramps,” having previously measured them in the length of string. Number the tongued and mitred angles, heading joints, fitted ends, returned moulded ends. Outer Strings, per foot run . — State thickness, if framed, if cut JOINER. 179 and mitred, beaded, sunk, grooved, moulded, chamfered, if circular or wreathed, if in either of the two latter cases “glued up in thicknesses,” and state size of well-hole or the radius of the curve. Number ends framed on splay, if the string has not been de- scribed as framed. Newels, per foot run. — State size, describing as wrought and framed, state if chamfered, moulded, stop moulded, and how many times, or the labours last mentioned may be separately measured. Number stops splayed or moulded to moulding or chamfer ; the turnings to newels, stating length ; turnings to pendants, stating length ; finials describe, and if put on, state how fixed and if of different wood. Handrails, per foot run. — State the size, whether rounded or moulded, if framed, if continuous, if ramped, wreathed, level circular, if fitted to iron core ; if the moulding is of uncommon section give a sketch. Number ends framed, if not described as framed, ditto on rake ; joints and handrail screws, and state if joints are do welled ; lengths of wreathed or circular handrail where under 12-inch well-hole, stating length, and including the two joints and handrail screws in the description. Scrolls, stating size and including the joint and handrail screw, turned and mitred newel cap and joint, and handrail screw, and short ramp. Balusters, stating size and average length, if turned, and labour generally, if dovetailed to step, if housed to handrail. Iron balusters, with flapped ends, state size and length, what parts are let in flush, and if the heads of screws are counter- sunk.- Apron Lining, per foot superficial. — State thickness, if moulded, beaded, sunk, rebated, grooved, circular on plan. Number short lengths of circular or wreathed, state length, width and all labours, and include two heading joints in the description, and state radius ; tongued and mitred angles. Nosings to Edges of Landings, per foot run. — The superficies measured with the landing and described as “ extra for nosing,” &c. State thickness, width and labours, if tongued to edge of floor. Observe that in counting the housings of steps the housing of this nosing should be counted and included with them. n 2 i8o QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bill. ft. in. Ill supl. 108 - 25 - 14 - 9 run 6 - » 23 - ii 23 ii 52 - ii 52 - ii 70 ii 10 - ii 5 ii 44 ii 32 ~ ii 16 ii Staircases in Deal. 1£" treads, with rounded nosings and 1" risers, all rebated and grooved together, glued, blocked and bracketed on and including two strong fir carriages, and prepared for close strings 1£" ditto ditto, &c., all as last, but with 1£" x 1” moulding, tongued under and prepared for cut strings on and includ- ing three strong fir carriages 1£" ditto in winders, cross-tongued and measured net 1 cross-tongued, landing and bearers . . Extra on 1£" floor, for 1£" nosing with 1£" X 1" moulding, rebated and let in beneath, and glueing and tonguing to edge of floor No. 2 small quadrant corners „ 1, 20" length of ditto circular to 12" radius, including two fitted ends 12" x 1' apron lining, cross-tongued, re- bated one edge, grooved and beaded No. 2 mitres „ 2 housings 2£" x 1£" capping, grooved 2" girth, twice moulded 2" girth No. 2 housings „ 2 fitted ends on splay 1£" framed and beaded outer string .. 2" outer string, wrought, framed and twice rebated 1" girth 2" ditto, and cut and mitred No. 1, 36" length of ditto, wreathed to 12" well-hole, and with two cross-tongued heading joints 1£" moulded wall, string and backings .. l|" ditto, but the backings plugged 1£" ditto, ramped No. 10 mitres „ 2 heading joints „ 4 extra for short ramps, with one heading joint to each 2£" “ mopstick ” handrail framed .. .! 3" x 2£" rounded handrail, including dowelled heading joints and handrail screws 4" x 4" newel, wrought, framed and four times stop-chamfered No. 16 moulded stops to 1" chamfer .. „ 2 ends turned for a length of 6" as pendants No. 3 ends turned, cut and shaped (as sketch), including moulded stops to chamfer as finials £ s. d. , JOINER. 181 ft. in. No. 10 » 29 »> 37 » 28 » 28 6 » 4 » 6 » 1 23 - run 48 >» No. 4 turnings 24" long (averaged) . . „ 5 turned, cut and moulded top 4"x 4" x 7", with wainscot ball with strong pin glued in, and the ball French polished 2" turned balusters, 26" long, with moulded stops on caps and bases, housed to deal string and wainscot handrail 2" ditto on rake Ends of steps with rounded nosings, housed to strings Ditto, with moulded nosings, ditto .. Ditto, with moulded nosings, cut, mitred and returned Ends of winders, ditto Ditto circular to 12" radius Ends of steps with moulded nosings, notched and fitted to newels Extra for semicircular end, and veneered front to riser of step, with moulded nos- ing, the step 1' 10" wide and 4' 6" long Staircases in Mahogany , French polished. 4£" X 3£" moulded and framed handrail, including dowelled heading joints and handrail screws 4f" X 3£" moulded handrail, continuous, including dowelled heading joints and handrail screws No. 2 extra for short ramps „ 1, 48" length of ditto, wreathed to 18" well-hole No. 1 turned and moulded newel cap 7" diameter, with short ramp and heading joint £ s. d. Attendances. — To every sink, safe, w.c., bath, lavatory, or cistern, an item should be taken “ joiner attend plumber to sink,” or as the case may be. Bill. No. 2 V 2 »> 2 » 2 1 Attendances. Joiner attend plumber to Baths .. .. .« Sinks * W.c.’s Cisterns Joiner attend bellhanger, cutting away and making good after him to No. 13 bells with No. 13 pulls, and include the neces- sary boards for bell runners and for fixing the floor boards and joinery over same to remove with brass cups and screws £ 5. d. 182 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Deal Cornices, per foot run . — State the girth of the moulding, how it is put together, and the thickness of the wood, and include backings with the description. Number the mitres, housings, &c. ft. in. 20 run Cornice moulded 18" girth, 12" high, 9" projection of 2" deal, all rebated together, glued and blocked, and including f" cover board 9" wide, and deal backings No. 2 mitres „ 2 housings £ d. Church Fittings. — The joinery for church fittings will present little difficulty ; the same principles will apply to its measurement as to the work dealt with in the foregoing pages. The seats, book-boards, &c., will be measured at per super- ficial foot , and the extra labours upon them measured at per foot run. The boarding for filling in between top and bottom rails or between seats and floor should be described as in 12-inch or 14-inch lengths, as the case may be, and what it is to be used for. Bench ends and standards are most conveniently numbered, giving a sketch and stating the thickness, size and labour on each. Ornamental framings, as stall fronts, may be measured at per foot run , stating thickness and height, and giving sketch and description, or the labour in a given length of it may be stated. In all cases provide in the estimate for a pattern bench, including its carriage to and from the building. For pulpits, lecterns, prayer desks, &c., a sum is usually pro- vided, but where not thus treated, the quantity of material in each should be kept separate, so that the cost of the article in question may be seen without trouble. Fittings. — If in large quantity, as the shelves, dressers, cup- boards, &c., of a large house, should be made a separate section in the bill ; it is not fair to bill them with the general joinery, as they are worth a larger price. Take them out in as much detail as possible. IRONMONGERY. 33 IRONMONGERY. Where it is essential that the ironmongery should be of very good quality it is a frequent practice to specify the prime cost of each of the articles, or to select a manufacturer to whom a list of the ironmongery is sent to affix his prices, the total sum being then included in the estimate as a provision, in such a case the “ fixing only ” appearing in the joiner’s bill. State in all cases whether ironmongery is of brass, iron, or gun-metal, and keep ironmongery and fixing to deal separate from that fixed to hard woods, with which latter include that fixed to pitch pine. When an article of ironmongery does not appear in any trade list it must be described as “ purpose made.” Articles of ornamental ironmongery may often be described with advantage by the number and price in a trade list, thus — Bill. No. 10 Hill’s (100a Queen Victoria Street), No. 1075 brass grip handles, list price 3s. 9c?. Iron Butts or Back Flaps. — Give the size, measuring along the knuckle, if the kind known as broad, state width and height, state if rising or projecting butts, state if with steel washers and pins, if with face plates, and if the face plates are engraved. Bill. No. 10 Pairs 2£" wrought-iron butts 6 Ditto 3£" X 4" best wrouglit-iron welded butts yy 6 Ditto 5" wrought-iron projecting butts . . £ s. d. Cross-Garnet Hinges. — State the length measured knuckle to point. Bill. No. 5 Pairs 15" cross-garnet hinges 6 Ditto 18' ' extra strong cross-garnet hinges 2 Ditto 18" light welded water-joint hinges from 184 <2 UANTITY S UR VE YING. Strap Hinges. — State length, size of iron, if with fanged or double-fanged hooks, if with screwed plates, if bolted state the size of bolts and the number to each hinge. Observe to take the labour to letting into stone and lead and running where fixed to stonework. Sometimes it may be convenient to state the weight per pair. No. 2 2 1 Bill. I Pairs wrought-iron strap hinges 18" long, of 2" x f" iron, with back straps and plates, fixed with screws with counter- sunk heads Ditto ditto, but with double-fanged hooks and eyes Ditto 3" x strap hinges 6' 0" long, with back straps 3 feet long, with cups instead of eyes, and double-fanged hooks with steel points, each hinge fixed with six screw bolts, with octagon heads, nuts and washers £ s. d. Patent Hinges. — Describe the kind, the thickness of the door they are for, if spring hinges, including filling boxes with neat’s- foot oil, and in all cases adjusting at completion. For spring hinges take a wood cradle or oak block, and letting in where in a wooden floor, and letting into stone and running with lead where a stone floor. II 1 No. 2 » 2 ” 1 1 Bill Pairs Cottam’s (2 Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London), 48" improved spherical hinges, fixed with and including bolts . . Sets Archibald Smith’s (48 Leicester Square, London), double-action swing centres for 2" doors, including letting into oak (or stone), filling the boxes with glycerine and adjusting at completion . . No. 2 oak blocks, for swing hinges and framing between joists Pair japanned iron (spring hinge and blank hinge), 7" double-action helical spring butts for 2£" door £ s. d. Ornamental Hinges. — If cast-iron hinge-fronts they may generally be most conveniently selected from an illustrated trade catalogue, the number of the pattern and name of manufacturer being stated in the quantities. If wrought-iron ornamental IRONMONGERY. 185 hinges to design it will be better to provide a sum per pair, the fixing being either taken separately or included in the amount provided. The sum to be provided is the more likely to be reasonable if the detail drawing be sent to an ironworker for a price, and if sent to several of equal ability the advantage of a competitive price may be obtained. Bill No. 4 Provide for 3 pairs of wrought-iron hinges and bolts for fixing 15Z., and allow for packing, carriage, fixing and profit Pairs Hill’s (100a Queen Victoria Street, London), ornamental iron hinge fronts, No. 877, list price 11s. per pair £ s. d. Bolts. — State length (measured by the length of the rod of the bolt), if tower, barrel, bright rod, necked, brass mounted, square, monkey-tailed. These last are measured by their total length, and the sectional size should be stated. Number the brass or iron thimbles or floor-plates for bolts, and state whether let into wood or stone, and in the latter case whether run with lead or cement. Bill No. 3 2 2 5 1 1 2 4" iron necked bolts 4" iron flat spring bolts 6" iron barrel bolts 9" ditto f" monkey-tail bolt, 18" long 1" ditto, 48" long Iron thimbles for bolts, and letting into York and lead and running £ s. d. Flush Bolts. — State length and width. Bill No. 4 » 3 brass flush bolts 4" long |" ditto, 9" long .. .. £ s.'d. Espagnolette Bolts. — State the height of the doors they are intended to secure, or their length, and whether of brass or iron. 1 86 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Bill. No. 2 »> 2 malleable iron Berlin black espagno- lette bolts, 6 feet long Burnished brass espagnolette bolts, 6' 6" long with 1" rods £ d. Smith's Sill Bar. — State length and whether to single or folding easements, and observe that they cannot be applied to a casement under 2 inches in thickness. Bill. No. 2 Archibald Smith and Stevens’ (48 Leicester \ Square, London), patent weather-tight Janus sill bar, for 2" casement opening outwards, 3 feet long, and fixing to deal casement and oak sill 2 Ditto, 4' 6" long to folding casements £ 8 . d. Smith’s Weather-tight Casement Fastenings. — State length, and whether to single or folding casements. No. 1 Bill. Archibald Smith and Stevens’ (48 Leicester Square, London) patent weather-tight Janus fastening, 6' 6” long for folding casements £ s. d. Locks. — State the size, the kind, as iron rim, mortise, drawback, if three holt, two holt, or one holt (two holt is the usual kind), dead or stock, if upright, if rebated or half rebated (the two latter for folding doors), the kind of furniture. In cases where a number of doors occur and each side has a different kind of furniture, it will be most convenient to take the locks and fur- niture separate, numbering each side of the door as a half set of the furniture required, and describing the locks as “ without furniture.” State if locks are “ en suite,” and if so number the master keys. In cases of oak stock locks, with wrought-iron mountings, to design, it will be better to provide a sum, taking the fixing separately or including the fixing in the amount provided. Cupboard locks are described by their height in inches; all other locks by their length in inches. IRONMONGERY. 187 If locks are copper or brass warded, state it. In measuring mortise locks after they are fixed the length from the centre of the spindle to the edge of the door, plus 1 inch, will be the length of the lock. As iron rim locks are sold at a price per dozen including furniture, the furniture may be included with the description of the lock. Mortise locks are sold at a price per dozen exclusive of furniture, and the locks and furniture appear separately in the bill. Knobs. — State diameter, and whether metal, porcelain, ebony, &c., and describe as sets or half sets of furniture. If patent spindles, state whose patent. Bill. 1 No. | 6 3" iron cupboard locks 99 ; 14 4" brass spring latches, P.C. 5s. each 99 ' 6 5" brass mortise latches, with brass furni- ture 99 4 6" iron rim locks, and Mace’s patent brass furniture 99 18 Hobbs, Hart & Co. (76 Cheapside, London), 7" machine-made, fine finish, two-bolt mortise locks 99 12 Ditto, but half-rebated 99 18 Sets of Hobbs, Hart & Co.’s solid steel slotted spindle furniture for mortise locks, with 2£" strong brass knobs 99 4 * Sets of Hill’s (100 a Queen Victoria Street) No. 489 fluted brass furniture, with Hill’s patent spindles for mortise locks . . £ 5. d. Finger Plates. — Describe them and state whether long or short. Number each one, not each set — the latter term is misleading. Bill No. 20 99 20 Sandeman’s (15 Boro’, London), No. 4492 short finger-plates Ditto No. 4492 long ditto £ s. d. Sash Fastenings. — State length and quality. Bill No. 15 » 10 £ s. 2V' strong brass bronzed sash fastenings .. 3" Hopkinson’s patent brass sash fastenings d. i88 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Sash Centres. — Number the pairs, state length and quality ; observe that a pair of sash centres is two centres and two slotted plates. Bill No. 10 >» 10 »> 10 Pairs 2^" japanned iron sash centres Ditto 3" brass ditto Ditto 3" brass ditto, with steel bushes £ d. Slotted Screws, each. Brass screws (state length) and brass slotted plates, including all labour for slotting on architraves or as the case may be; average 18 inches apart. Bill. No. | 305 1£" brass screws and brass slotted plates, including all labour for slotting on archi- traves, mouldings and other joinery £ s. d. PLUMBER. A sheet of lead is ostensibly 7 feet by 30 feet, usually about 6 feet 10 inches wide, and of length varying from 25 feet to 30 feet. The lead for gutters and flats is cut lengthwise of the sheet, that for flashings, hips, ridges, &c., across the sheet. If a large work, keep external and internal plumbing separate. Measure all the sheet lead by the foot superficial, and bill it by weight. Gutters, flats and flashings are billed together. Stepped flash- ings and soakers should be kept separate, as there is more trouble in fixing. Lead to curved roofs, ornamental turrets and fleches should be kept separate. Measure per foot run, dressing lead to mouldings, stating girth, and number the mitres. EXTERNALLY. Flats and Gutters.— Measure the lead by the foot superficial, allow in the width for turning up under slating (usually 9 inches from bottom of gutter), and against walls (usually 6 inches from bottom cf gutter). Allow for 1^-inch drips 6 inches, and for PL UMBER. 189 2-inch drips 8 inches; for lj-inch rolls 6 inches, and for 2-inch rolls 8 inches, beyond the original measurement, all over the surface. Assume always that drips are not more than 10 feet apart, as when in longer lengths there is much risk from expansion and contraction. Collect rolls and drips as much as possible. Flashings. — 5 inches to 6 inches wide usually. In these an allowance must be made for tacks and passings, add 4 inches for every 7 feet in length, and 6 inches for every angle. This will be found to be practically correct, and will cover the weight of tacks ; or, allow 3 inches or 4 inches as may be directed every 7 feet in length for passings, and take tacks 6-inch or 7-inch by 2-inch at distances of 3 feet 6 inches apart. Aprons. — Usually 12 inches wide. Make the same allowance in length as for flashings. Ridges, Hips and Valleys. — The two former usually 18 inches wide, the latter 20 inches wide. Allow for clips or tacks and passings as for flashings. Observe that where ridges stop against a roof plane as in the case of dormers — a “ soaker ” must be taken about 18 inches square. Stepped Flashing. — Usually 12 inches wide. Make the same allowance as for horizontal flashings. When soakers are specified instead of stepped flashings, a piece of lead should be taken to each course of slates or tiles, allowing the same lap as the slates or tiles, and to course with them, running 4 inches under slating or tiling, and turning up 4 inches against wall. The length of each soaker to slates or tiles, measured up the roof slope, will be equal to the gauge plus the lap ; thus, to tiles of a 3J-inch gauge, the lap will be 3J inches, and the length of soaker 7 inches. To countess slates (20 inches x 10 inches) to a 2J-inch lap ; the gauge will be 8£ and the length of the soaker 11 \ inches; the surveyor would call this 12 inches. Soakers to the edge of a roof covering adjoining a gable parapet, would be covered with a stepped flashing usually measured as 6 inches wide. Where roofs are covered with lead forming “ lean-to’s ” against walls, as to the aisle roofs of some churches, lead tacks, about 9 inches by 3 inches, should be taken, wedged at one end into the wall, and soldered to the lead covering, one to each bay formed by the rolls, otherwise the lead is apt to slip downwards. 190 QUANTITY SURVEYING. cwts. qrs. lbs. 35 1 7 17 2 14 12 3 21 27 3 0 10 2 7 Bill. Milled lead and labour in gutters, flats and flashings Ditto in covering to ogee cupola Milled lead (labour elsewhere taken) in covering to mouldings, crockets and finials Milled lead and labour in stepped flashings Ditto in soakers, and fixing by tiler .. d. Measure per foot run . — Lead or oak wedging to flashings. Keep that in stepped flashings separate ; in either case take the same length as that taken for the flashings. Copper nailing, state whether “ open,” “ close ” (1 inch apart), or “ very close,” Bed- ding edge of flashings in white-lead. Labour to vandyked or serrated edges. Soldered angle. Extra labour, dressing lead over fillet to form secret gutter. Welted edge. Labour dressing lead to mouldings, stating the girth of moulding. Rain-water pipe, state size of bore, weight per foot superficial of the lead used, if tacked, if collared, if fixed in chase. Where a flashing is grooved into a horizontal instead of a vertical face, take “ burning in ” to flashings in stonework only. Bill ft. in. 40 - run Bedding edges of flashings in white-lead.. 150 - Lead wedging to flashing 72 - Ditto, stepped 22 - Copper nailing 76 - Ditto, close 24 - Burning in flashing 10 - 77 Soldered angle 64 — 77 Extra labour dressing lead over fillet to form secret gutter 15 - 79 Labour to welted edge 25 — 77 Labour dressing lead to moulding 3" girth No. 10 bossed mitres 34 77 Ditto to moulding 6" girth No. 2 bossed mitres „ 3 four-way intersections „ 2 three-way ditto 10 - 77 Labour escalloped edge to 7 lbs. lead 15 - 77 Ditto corrugated edge to ditto . . 70 77 4" rain-water pipe, weight 9 lbs. per foot run, including tacks and joints and nail- ing with wrought-iron rose-headed nails to and including teak plugs in brickwork No. 6 extra for bends £ s. d. PLUMBER, 191 Number. Extra labour and solder to cesspools. Lead, iron, or copper wire covers to cesspools, or to outlets of eaves gutters. Lead beads of rain-water pipes, copper wire covers to ditto. Lengths of socket pipe, stating size of bore, length in inches, whether “ once,’* “ twice,” or “ all bent,” and the number of soldered joints to each, and the weight per foot superficial of lead it is made from, or the weight per foot run. Bossed ends to rolls. Bossed intersections to rolls. Bossed cross intersections of roll with ridge. Soldered dots and brass screws. Bossing and dressing lead to crockets, stating extreme dimensions. Sets of flashings and soldering to pipes passing through roof, giving weight per foot of the lead used, and the size of pipe, or the total weight of the set. Bossing lead out of solid over bases of finials, vanes, &c., describing each, and giving sketch. Some surveyors say “plumber and labourer, . . . hours each, as provision ,” to such an item as the foregoing, the charge for the actual time spent being adjusted at completion. Lead hood or bonnet and straps out of . . . lbs. lead to (ventilating) pipe, state size of pipe. Bill. Labour bossing and dressing 7 lbs. lead to carved crockets, 10" long, 5" wide, 5" projection . . . Ditto bossed ends to rolls Ditto bossed three-way intersections to rolls Ditto bossed four-way ditto Ditto, bossing 7 lbs. lead to turned and moulded finial 6" diameter with disc terminal 12" diameter — 4 feet high in all Bossing lead to 2" returns of 9" moulding with two mitres to each Bossed irregular angles and welted lap, and copper nailing to mitres of moulding, 30" girth Extra labour and solder to cesspools . . Soldered dots and brass screws Strong copper wire covers to outlets of eaves gutters Ditto to cesspools Ditto to rain-water heads 24" lengths (averaged) 4" drawn lead socket pipe 7 lbs. per foot run, all bent, one end tafted and soldered to cesspool 7 lbs. lead, slate and soldering to 4" venti- lating pipe £ s. d. i 192 QUANTITY SURVEYING . No. 4 »> 1 » 2 Bolding’s (Davies Street, W.) “ Simplex ” lead ventilating cap, and fitting to 4" pipe Hood and straps out of 7 lbs. lead and soldering to 4" ventilating pipe . . Cast lead heads to rain-water pipes P.C. £7 each, and solder joint to 4" pipe £ s. d. INTEKNALLY. The larger proportion of the internal work will be connected with the water supply. Before measuring the water supply it will be necessary to obtain a copy of the regulations of the water company which supplies the district, you will then be sure of the prescribed weights of pipes, regulations as to wastes, waste preventers, brass- work, &c., and in cases where the building is to be supplied by meter the surveyor should ascertain whether the proprietor will supply his own meter or hire one of the water company at a rental. Observe generally that where a water meter is used no waste preventers will be required, though even then some of the water companies insist upon their use. In all items relating to pipes state the bore of pipe, except to copper and brass pipes, which are described by their external diameter, and where a cock or short length of pipe requires tafted ends, soldered joints, soldered ends, or bends, include them with the article. Observe that this clause applies to many of the items under the head of “ numbers .” Do not measure short lengths of pipe over 2-inch bore by the lineal foot, but number them (up to 4 feet in length), stating the length. The weight of pipes, up to 2-inch bore, will be settled by a clause in the bill of quantities. Where of greater bore state the weight per foot superficial of the lead they are made from, or the weight per foot run if drawn pipes. Where very good cocks or valves or apparatus are required, it is well to state in the bill the name of the manufacturer. In a large work it will be advisable to make a complete list of the cisterns and their supplies, and the apparatus connected with PLUMBER. i93 each, and cross off each as it is measured. This saves time, although apparently cumbrous, thus : — Attic Floor: Cisterns. 1 Drinking water waste 1 Rain water waste 2 W.C. cisterns waste 1 W.C. south of bedroom 2 1 „ north of ditto 3 Hot Water. Housemaid’s Sink, 1 j next back stairs / Ditto, next Bath- 1 j room .. .. / supply overflow. overflow. supply overflow. soil-pipe supply. ditto ditto. Cold. Rain Water. Waste. 1 1 1 1 1 1 It will also be convenient and safe to have a tracing of the block plan of the building on which the wastes and rain-water pipes which deliver at ground level may be marked in readiness for the measurement of drains. It will be seen by reference to the order of taking off that every lavatory, sink, or w.c. apparatus is followed by all its adjuncts except the supplies. In measuring the supplies from cistern, first take the one which runs to the apparatus furthest from the cistern, and finish with the valve. Then the branches from that pipe, beginning with the one nearest to the cistern, proceed in the same way with each main line of pipes and its branches, then the rising main. Some surveyors adopt the following order in taking off a water supply, and it is a very clear and reasonable system. Tapping main. Rising main. Cistern and all its adjuncts. Longest service from cistern. Apparatus supplied by last, with all its adjuncts. Branches from last pipe (beginning with the one nearest cistern). Each apparatus as it is reached, with all its adjuncts. Follow with other main services, with the branches from each, and ap- paratus, all as before described. Whether measuring from drawings or the actual work, adopt a system and adhere to it rigidly, even at the cost of many journeys up and down stairs, which will no doubt be urged as an argument against it. o 194 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Lead in Sinks, Cisterns and Safes, per foot superficial . — Keep the lead in safes separate from that in sinks and cisterns, to these two latter allow 1 inch for the lap where soldered angles occur, and a width equal to the thickness of the wooden sides for turning over at the top. The soldered joints to sinks should he taken to four vertical angles and two edges of bottom, the lead of ends and bottom being usually in one piece. To cisterns, take soldered angle to all angles if large, if small, treat as directed for sinks. Take copper nailing around the outer edge of the sides and ends, both to sinks and cisterns. Measure at per foot run. Soldered angle, copper nailing. Lead pipes, state whether “ middling ” or “ strong,” and include the joints in the description except the branch joints, i.e. junctions of one pipe with a main line of pipe which are counted, and charged as “ extra soldered joints.” Soil pipes ; state bore, what lead out of (as 7 lbs.), whether tacked, collared, fixed in chase. Copper pipes; state external diameter, and whether perforated as for urinals. Maine’s tin-encased pipe. Keep pipes laid in ground separate. For measuring the diameter of pipes, if the necessity arise, pocket dividers may be adjusted in the form of callipers, and used in a similar manner. Number branch joints to pipes. Observe that branch joints are described by the size of the main pipe, thus a joint at the junction of a f-inch pipe with 1-inch pipe is called a “ 1-inch extra soldered joint.” Fire bends (if any), soldered ends, ends tafted and soldered. Lengths of pipe ; state size, length, whether bent, and how many times bent, if jointed to iron, if soldered and pierced (as for dribble pipe). Trumpet-mouth waste ; state length, average bore, what lead out of, if with beaded top, whether lead or galvanised iron. Extra for bends to soil pipes, stating size of pipe and how many soldered joints to each. Bonnets or cowls to air pipes; state weight per foot of lead used and size of pipe. Lead collars and soldering to soil or waste pipes ; state size of pipe and weight per foot of the lead used. Lead D traps; state if full size, what lead out of, if with brass screw cap and lining, state size of latter, state if trap is soldered to safe. Cast-lead traps ; state size, whether with brass screw cap, state size of latter. Observe that PLUMBER. *95* where waste pipes deliver over gratings in the open air you may safely dispense with traps. Brass screw unions ; state size, and if with fly-nut, and whether to iron or slate, and whether jointed to iron or lead pipe. Brass washers and wastes, all as last. Brass cistern connectors and all as last. Tee pieces to copper pipe, state size of pipe, include the brazed joints. Stopped ends to ditto. Cocks ; state size, if plated, brass, or iron, stop cocks or bib cocks, round or square way, screw bottom screw boss, if with loose key or spanner, if high-pressure screw-down loose valve, diaphragm, if screwed for iron, if engraved, and what, as “ hot,” &c. Observe that air vessels are not necessary when screw-down valves are used. Ball cocks or valves ; state size, and if copper or zinc ball and stem. Sets of bath valves ; give full description. Copper clips, and brass screws. In all cases, state whether brass work is jointed to iron, lead, or slate. Pumps. — Give description, and P.C. price if possible, or refer by number to a trade catalogue, and include joints with de- scription ; take suction pipe and rose. Wrought-iron Cisterns. — State if galvanised, the length, width, depth in clear, or to hold water . . . feet deep, or if the space to receive cistern will allow of variation of size, and shape is unimportant, give the alternative, “ or to hold . . . gallons,” as stock sizes are cheaper than special. Where the usual trade iron cistern is all that is required, no particulars of thickness, stays, &c., need be given, but where a better kind or larger size is required state the thickness of iron, the size of angle iron around top and at angles, the size of stays if any, include the “ necessary perforations ” and small angle stay for ball valve or cock in the description, and state the height from the ground of the hoisting. A system has arisen of supplying iron cisterns at -J inch, or \ inch, or ^ inch (as the case may be), “ full ” or “ bare ” as to thickness, and as in the case where there are a number of cisterns this may make a large difference in cost, the surveyor should see that his employer obtains what is specified. Observe that in calculating the content of cisterns 3 inches less than the absolute depth should be taken as their capacity. W.C. Apparatus. — Provide a sum for each, and give address of manufacturer. State colour and kind of basin, size of valve; if o 2 196 QUANTITY SURVEYING. with regulator, and what kind; if with looking-glass bottom- valve ; if copper pan ; the metal of sunk dish, and description of handle ; include the joints and fixing in description. Where there are a number of w.c.’s in one establishment it is a good plan to add to the description “ to be set in order by manufacturer (or patentee) at completion.” Lavatory Apparatus. — It is better to provide a sum for these, or give a full description and address of maker. Include all joints and unions and fixing with the description. If the marble or slate top is not to be supplied by the manufacturer of apparatus, state in description that it is “ elsewhere taken.” Urinals. — Give description as before, and include the joints and fixing. Baths. — State if full sized or what size, if iron, copper, porcelain. Include joints. If porcelain baths have extra inlets, state it ; as these baths are very heavy state the height of hoisting and observe that their great weight will often necessitate extra strength in the floor timbers. Take a wooden cradle for each. Water Meters. — Provide a sum to include fixing and joints. If outside the building take a brick chamber and cover to enclose it. Waste Preventers. — Give descriptions, and include joints and fixing. Attendance. — It is customary to take an attendance by joiner upon plumber to each apparatus. If the intended course of the pipes is known take holes through walls, stating in each case thickness of wall (afterwards averaged) ; if the course is not known insert an item “allow for attendance, cutting away and making good in all trades after plumber (attendance to apparatus else- where taken).” Bill cwts. qrs. lbs. 1 l 7 3 7 2 7 ft. in. 18 - run 11 - 20 - 1 14 _ 99 - I 75 - ! M 25 Milled lead and labour in safes and sinks.. Ditto and labour in covering grooved drain- ing board Close copper nailing Soldered angle No. 16, 4" lengths of ditto f" middling lead pipe, including bends, joints and fixing 1" ditto 1J" ditto 1£" ditto 2" ditto £ d. PLUMBER. i97 ft. in. 3 — run strong lead pipe, including bends, joints and fixing 125 - »» §" ditto 207 - i" ditto 25 — » 1" ditto, and digging in roadway, as pro- vision 13 - 11" strong lead pipe, as before 27 - >» H" ditto 12 - 3" ditto .. 75 No. »> » »» V » JJ 1» » »5 » » 2 4 1 10 6 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 4" soil pipe, weight 9 lbs. per foot run, in- cluding joints, tacked and collared, and fixed with strong wrought-iron nails to and including oak plugs in brickwork . . No. 6 extra for bends Extra to §" soldered ends Ditto 1" ditto $" extra soldered joints f" ditto 1" ditto 2" ditto Ends of 1" pipe tafted and soldered to safe Ditto 1J" ditto 24" lengths of 1" middling lead pipe, all bent, one end tafted and soldered, the other end with soldered joint to soil pipe 36" lengths of 3" lead soil pipe, 7 lbs. per foot run, all bent, one end tafted and nailed to floor, the other end with 4" soldered joint li" to 2§" trumpet-mouthed standing waste 2' 6" long out of 7 lbs. lead, and soldering to brass waste Connections of soil pipe with drain, in- cluding lead flange out of 7 lbs. lead soldered to 4" pipe fitted to socket of drain pipe and sealed down with cement §" brass cistern connector for iron cistern, with fly-nut, and union and soldered joint 1 " ditto §" boiler screws, and joint to iron cistern, and soldered joiut long ditto li" brass washer and waste, with fly-nut and union, and soldered joint and joint to iron cistern ?» » 2 2 1 Tyler and sons (2 Newgate Street, London) |" gun-metal loose valve screw-down high-pressure bib cocks, strong water- works pattern, with screw boss and soldered joint |" ditto as last, but screwed for iron, and with joint to iron pipe 1 " bib cock, as first described 2 |" brass high-pressure screw-down stop cocks, with unions both ends, and soldered joints * £ d. 19s QUANTITY SURVEYING. No. 1 1 yy 1 yy 2 yy 2 yy 1 » 1 1 200 QUANTITY SURVEYING. If the zinc is corrugated, state it, and measure as if plain, making no allowance for the corrugating. State how it has been measured, and the way the sheets are connected. The zincworker usually charges his work at a price per foot superficial, including everything except soldered shields to ends of rolls ; these should be numbered. Observe that the “ rolls ” should be described (in the carpenter’s bill) as twice splayed fillets, stating the size. Measure gutters and rain-water pipes by the foot run, stating the size and out of what gauge zinc, and that they are measured net. Number the angles, outlets, &c,, to gutter, and the heads, shoes, bends, &c., to the rain-water pipes. Articles of ornamental stamped zinc may be described by numbers from a trade list. Bill ft. in. 754 - supl. 352 - 174 - No. 155 194 run 102 - 55 No. 15 zinc, as described in flats „ 12 zinc, ditto in flashings „ 12 zinc, ditto in stepped flashings Soldered shields to rolls 3" rain-water pipe out of No. 15 zinc, with ears soldered on and fixed with strong galvanised iron nails to brickwork, measured net No. 10 shoes „ 8 swan necks 15" projection „ 10 plinth bends 2i" projection .. 4" Half round eaves gutter out of No. 15 zinc, including stout zinc clips nailed to the rafters, measured net No. 18 stopped ends „ 10 outlets .1 „ 4 angles £ d. PLASTERER. Keep external work separate from internal work. Measure plastering generally by the yard superficial. In all work, except cement and stucco work, narrow widths may be in- cluded with the general work. Measure walls and partitions from top of skirting grounds to ceiling where not plastered down to floor ; where they are, measure from floor to ceiling. If only ren- dered behind skirtings, measure as if ordinary plastering down to floor, the difference in value is so small as not to be worth the distinction. PLASTERER. 201 Where plastering is on old walls, take “ hacking off old plaster- ing, and raking out joints to form key ” for new, and where the surface is likely to be very uneven, say in the description, “ allow for any necessary dubbing with tiles and cement.” If part of the plastering is on old, and part on new walls, the dubbing must be separately measured. If it is at any time necessary to produce a face more than 1 inch beyond the face of brickwork, add to the description the words “and dubbing out with tiles and cement.” If any plastering is to be more than 1 inch thick it must be stated. Keep circular plastering separate from straight. Keep plastering in small quantities separate from the rest, and measure by the foot superficial instead of by the yard. If any plastering is finished in gauged stuff it must be stated in the description, and say what it is gauged with and proportions of the material. Deduct openings clear of the grounds, or clear of the openings where there are no grounds. Make no deductions for chimneypieces, as the quantity not de- ducted is considered equivalent to the making good ; or deduct plastering, and add . . . making good to chimneypieces. The case of plastering to specially high stories may be met by a clause in the preliminary bill, which see. When cement work, as in reveals, &c., is stopped against stone, terra-cotta, or brick facings, state it. Pugging, per yard superficial. — State the thickness and of what composed. Measure the whole surface, including the space occupied by joists, and state that the joists are not deducted. Counterlathing and Fillets and Twice Rough Rendering to Partitions, per yard superficial. Plastering to Walls, at per yard superficial . — State if render, render and set, or render, float and set, if circular keep separate and bill in feet instead of yards. Plastering to Partitions, at per yard superficial. — State if lath, plaster and set, or lath , plaster , float and set, if “ lath and half ” or “ double laths.” The foregoing descriptions in italics will be suffi- cient when the lathing is of the common thickness. Deductions as to walls. 202 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Stucco, per yard superficial . — State if “ render, float and finish, trowelled or bastard stucco for paint,” or “ lath, plaster, float and finish, trowelled or bastard stucco for paint.” State if floated with a felt float. If circular, if in narrow widths or small quantities, measure at per foot superficial. Bill. yds. ft. in. 76 - _ supl. Twice whiten ceilings and soffits 254 - - 11 Pugging 2" thick of lime, sand and chopped hay (the joists not deducted) 72 11 Lathing and stout deal fillets nailed to the quarters, and rough render one coat on both sides between quarters of partitions, the quarters not deducted 110 — — 19 Rake out joints of old brickwork to form key for plastering 15 — - 11 Dubbing out 1" thick in tiles and cement on old walls 10 - - 11 Render and set walls 75 - - 11 Render float and set ditto 64 - - 11 Ditto, circular 110 — — 11 Render float and finish trowelled stucco for paint 142 - - 19 Lath, plaster and set partitions 425 - - 11 Lath, plaster, float and set ditto 9 - 11 Ditto, circular 400 11 Render float and set walls gauged with equal quantities of lime and cement £ d. Plastering to Ceilings and Soffits, at per yard superficial . — As described for partitions, but state that it is to ceilings and soffits. Keep sloping ceilings separate. If between rafters state it ; measure the rafters in, and state that they are not deducted. If in panels, describe as “ in panels not exceeding . . . yards each.” Keep flueing soffits separate. The whitening will be measured with the plastering, but separate in the bill. The theory is to deduct from the ceiling the projection of cornice at one side and end, but this is rarely done unless the cornice is unusually large (24 inches girth). Bill. 1 yds* ft. in. 100 - supl. [ 64 _ _ i ” |[ 29 - - 11 75 - 1 11 20 - Lath, plaster, float and set ceilings and soffits Ditto, sloping Ditto, between rafters, the timbers measured in Lath, plaster, float and set sloping ceiling in panels, not exceeding 4 feet superficial each Lath, plaster, float and set flueing soffits . . £ d. I PLASTERER. 203 Measure at per foot run . — Reveals not exceeding 9 inches wide. Where with an arris, describe both together as arris and . . . inch return, arris, beads, chamfers, rounded angles, of the two latter, stating girth or width. Arrises to salient angles of walls or parti- tions. ft. in. 20 - run 73 - >* 42 - »» 17 - 22 Bill. Arris Arris and 7" return Bead and two quirks, 3" girth in all Chamfer 2" wide, and arrises Rounded angle, 6" girth £ s. d. Incised Plastering, per yard superficial , or a price per yard should he provided. Give a sketch to show the kind of work. If in panels number them, giving the size and a sketch. Bill in feet. The material will be defined by the sub-heading under which it appears, as ordinary plastering, Portland cement, &c. Bill. ft. in. 15 - supl. Labour and materials to incised plastering, to design No. 4 Ditto in panels 18" x 12" ditto £ s. d. Rough Cast, per yard superficial . — State composition whether on brick or lath, describe the laths, if in small quantities measure per foot superficial. yds. j ft. in. 750 - - supl. 643 >» Bill. Rough oast, made with clean sharp washed shingle and sand, and Portland cement in approved proportions Lath with oak laths as described, plaster and float in lime and hair, and finish with rough cast, made with clean sharp washed shingle and sand, and Portland cement in approved proportions, between timbers the panels averaging 12" wide in clear, and many to irregular shapes, measured net, and clean timbers ready for painting £ s.'d. 204 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Cornices. — Where not exceeding 12 inches in girth by the foot run , where exceeding 12 inches in girth by the foot superficial. If the cornices do not exceed 12 inches in girth the length of the walls will be sufficiently near for the length of the cornice ; where they exceed 12 inches in girth the mean length must be taken. Where cornices are bracketed keep them separate, and state that they are “ on lath.” Where cornices are enriched measure the whole girth of the cornice, including the space which will be occupied by the enrich- ment, as moulded work. Coves, in cases where they are not run in the same process which produces the cornice, should be measured per foot super- ficial, and described as coves ; otherwise measure and describe them as cornices. It is customary where the girth of a cornice is measured from the mould used to run it, to allow 1 inch beyond the actual girth on the mould. Make the same allowance when measuring from a detail drawing. This allowance is to cover the expense of running a screed on the ceiling. See also preamble to Plasterer’s bill, Chapter IV., section Billing. In the absence of details it will be reasonable to assume that the height of the wall and width of ceiling covered by cornice added together equal three-quarters of the girth, that one-third of this is on wall and two-thirds on ceiling. It is not usual to make any distinction foi^ short lengths of cornice, where of the usual character, as to returns of chimney breasts, but where from the nature of the work there are many, anything under 18 inches in length should be described as in short lengths, and kept separate. Number all the mitres, irregular mitres, stopped ends, stopped ends on splay, returned and mitred ends, stating girth of cornice, circular corners, stating girth of corner and cornice. Enrichments, per foot run . — State the girth, and whether to design. Number the mitres, and state whether specially modelled. Stopped ends, &c., as to cornices. In all cases of enrichments state that modelling is to be included. PLASTERER . 205 Bill Fine Plaster . ft. 70 in. _ supl. Plain face on lath, including dubbing out 402 1J" to form panel margin Moulded cornice 30 - run Ditto 6" girth 86 No. 4 mitres Ditto 9" girth 251 _ No. 16 mitres Ditto 10" girth 1065 No. 29 mitres „ 1 stopped end on splay „ 2 mitred returned ends Ditto 12" girth 47 - yy 1 Ditto 12" girth on lath 80 No. 145 mitres „ 2 returned mitred ends Ditto 12" girth, on lath with two enrich- 70 yy ments 3" girth No. 8 mitres „ 2 irregular ditto „ quadrant corners 9" girth Enrichment 7" girth to detail 74 . yy No. 6 mitres Ditto 9" girth No. 46 12 No. 4 mitres „ 2 stopped ends Mitres to cornice, average 15" girth Ditto, irregular £ d. Moulded ceiling ribs per foot run . — State girth and that they are to include cutting to form key and making good after. If net girth state it. If not, add to girth 2 inches for screeds. Number the mitres, stopped ends, &c. It will be found most convenient where ribs intersect to count and describe the mitres as “ half-mitres.” In the case of ceilings with ribs, an item should appear in the bill something like the following : “ Allow for setting out ceiling 29 feet x 21 feet (‘ to irregular plan/ if irregular) in geometrical panels to detail.” Bill I ft. in. 112 run Ceiling ribs 1£" X 2£", moulded 5" girth, including cutting to form key and mak- ing good after 105 )> Ditto, circular No. 412 half mitres Allow for setting out ceiling 18' 0" X 11' 0", to geometrical plan to detail £ s. d 206 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Generally at per foot run . — Plaster quirk. Making good plaster- ing to slate shelves, &c. Mouldings not exceeding 12 inches girth, stating the girth and counting the mitres. Bill. ft. in. 70 _ run Plaster quirk 104 >> Moulding 3" girth No. 24 mitres „ 2 stopped ends „ 4 ditto on splay 26 >5 Make good plastering to edges of slate shelves £ d. Generally number , making good plastering to ends of bearers, cantilevers, handrails, &c., and to those things which have been fixed after plastering was done. Lengths of mouldings, modillions, paterae, caps to columns or pilasters, stating size and giving full description and sketch, and state that they include modelling, or the repetition of the allusion to modelling may be avoided by the insertion of a clause in the preamble of the bill. Bill. 1 No. 4 1 »» 1 2 )) 2 18" lengths of moulding 9" girth, with two external mitres, two internal mitres, and two internal irregular mitres to each as caps to angle pilasters, including model- ling Cast centre flower 4' 6" diameter to design, including cutting away to form key and making good Enriched Ionic caps to columns, with moulded abacus and necking 10" x 10" and 10" high Foliated caps to piers 14" wide, with one 4£" and one 14" return, and 5" high . . £ s. d. Portland Cement, per yard superficial. — Measure as for other plastering. State whether “ rendered,” plain-face, render and float, or trowelled, and whether on brick or lath. Describe anything under 2 feet wide as in narrow widths. Measure all arrises, rustic grooves, &c., and mouldings not exceeding 12-inch girth, at per foot run. Measure mouldings over 12 inches girth at per foot superficial. Mouldings, arrises, &c., not exceeding 18 inches long should be described as in short lengths and kept separate. PLASTERER. 207 If mouldings are flush, state it. Observe that all cement work forming plain faces between rustic grooves must be described as in narrow widths. Generally per foot run. Skirtings, state height and whether square, flush-beaded, chamfered, or moulded. If dubbed out, state how much projection. Angle, state if with one or two returns, and the width of the returns. Angle beads, and state if with one or two quirks. Chamfered angles, state width. Splays, state width and that they include two arrises, and describe returns if any. The repetition of the words Portland cement in each item may be avoided by arranging a subsection of the bill headed Portland Cement. Bill. yds. ft. in. 70 - - supl. Portland cement, plain face 40 _ 99 Ditto, in narrow widths 990 - 99 Ditto, 11" thick, in narrow widths to form rustics 62 - _ 99 Ditto, trowelled 63 - 99 Ditto, in narrow widths 105 - 99 Portland cement moulding 20 - 99 Ditto in short lengths 65 — run Arris 54 - 99 Ditto, slightly chamfered 6 - 99 Mitre to splay 10 - 99 Arris, and two 2" returns 25 _ 99 Ditto, and one 2" and one 9" return 380 - 99 Flush bead, and two quirks 1|" wide in all No. 40 mitres 520 - 99 Rustic groove, 1£" wide and £" deep .. 247 99 Splay 4" wide, including arrises No. 40 mitres „ 20 ditto, irregular 75 - 99 Moulding 6" girth 12 99 Ditto in short lengths No. 4 mitres ,, 2 stopped ends . . . . : 194 - 99 Square skirting 7" high, including mitres, stopped ends, &c 67 - 99 Ditto raking to stairs 13 - 99 Ditto ramped to ditto No. 14, extra for short ramps Skirting moulded 3" girth, 12" high in all No. 10 mitres „ 2 ditto, irregular „ 4, 9" lengths, with one mitre and one stopped end to each 95 99 £ s. d. 208 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Generally numbers. Mitres to skirtings, splays, mouldings, &c. Stopped ends and mitres to splays, junctions of circular and straight splays, &c. In all cases state girth or width. Many of these are “ written short ” after the lineal dimension to which they belong. Bill. No. 10 99 20 6 99 18 99 16 V 8 99 2 99 20 99 45 / 7 99 6 \ > Make good to ends of iron bars Mitres to mouldings 19" girth (averaged) Splayed ends to ditto 21" ditto Stopped ends to ditto 12" ditto Ditto on splay 21" ditto Moulded stops to moulding 15" ditto Returned and mitred ends to moulding 16" girth 17" lengths of flush moulding 4" girth, with four irregular mitres Quoins (as sketch) 22" long, with 12" re- turn and 15" high, including dubbing and projecting 1" from general plastering Dubbing out for and forming plain key stones 1' 2" x 1' 8", and 2" projection . . £ d. Martin’s, Keen’s, or Parian Cement. — Measure as other cement work. State whether on backings of coarse cement of the same kind or on backings of Portland cement. Whitening and Colouring, per yard superficial . — State if clair- colled, if stippled, whether once or twice whitened or coloured, and whether on plastering or brick. Measure the foregoing with the plastering on which it is done. Distempering to Cornices, per foot run , measured with the cornices. — State whether once or twice, whether in one or more tints, and the girth of the cornice. Bill. yds. ft. in. 423 - - aupl. Twice whiten ceilings 140 — - Claircolle, and twice distemper ceilings a tint 640 — - a Ditto walls pink 140 1 run Ditto cornice 12" girth, and pick out two members in another tint £ d. Whitening and distempering are more often done by painters than by plasterers, and many surveyors bill such items in the Painter’s bill. PLASTERER . 209 Fibrous Plaster, per yard superficial . — State whether on walls or ceilings, how fixed and how finished, and what with, and whether it includes battens. Measure it net and to include all cuttings, and describe it so. yds. ft. in. 30 supl. Fibrous plaster slabs of the best quality, fixed with 1|" galvanised iron screws to 2" x 1" grounds, about 2 feet apart, plugged to walls, stopped and finished with one coat of setting stuff, measured net, and allow for all cutting and waste 44 I 1 Fibrous plaster slabs of the best quality as ceiling, fixed with 11" galvanised iron screws to the joists, stopped and finished with a thin coat of Parian cement, measured net, and allow for all cutting and waste £ s. d. FOUNDER AND SMITH. Keep wrought and cast work separate. In all cases of heavy work measure the superficial quantity of iron and state the thickness in the dimensions, so as to obtain the weight. For girders, columns, stanchions and heavy pieces of ironwork generally, state the height of hoisting and what trades they are fixed by. Keep the different kinds of articles separate, and in addition to the weight state what the weight comprises, as, so many columns or stanchions of such a height. Take a pattern to every variety of casting and an alteration to pattern where the pattern is altered, as in the instance of the shortening of a column. If artistic wrought ironwork of high finish is required, a sum should be provided in the quantities founded on an estimate from an ironworker to be selected. In measuring labours on iron, be careful to state if any of the work is to iron in position, as for instance “ No . . . . rivets |-inch diameter and including holes through one thickness of ^-inch and of f-inch iron in position .” Observe to measure the iron in the internal rounded angles of v 210 QUANTITY SURVEYING. castings, or make a note to add a percentage to the weight on the abstract. 2J per cent, addition is the ordinary custom. The dimensions of iron columns should always appear in the dimensions immediately preceding those of the work they support, and at the same time should be measured all their adjuncts, as brick piers, stone bases, &c. Bill. cwts. ' qrs. | lbs. i Cast Iron. 45 2 7 ! In 7 hollow columns, and hoisting and fix- ing at various levels, not exceeding 40 feet above street paving . . No. 1 pattern for hollow column 8 feet high, with moulded base cap and neckiug, and four brackets No. 3 alterations to ditto 70 3 14 In 5 stanchions of H section, and hoisting and fixing at ground floor level No. 1 pattern to stanchion of H section, with square cap and base, and four stiffeners £ s. d. Eaves Gutters, per foot run . — The most frequent practice is to measure by the yard, any dimension less than 3 feet being called a yard. Some surveyors measure the exact length, but if this is done it should be described as “ measured net.” State size, if jointed in red-lead, if bolted at joints, if screwed to fascia or rafters* feet, if bedded on brickwork and blocked up to falls. Describe the brackets or clips if of unusual pattern. If it be desired to adopt a gutter of any particular manufacture, state the name of manufacturer, and the number in their trade catalogue. State if “ heavy.” Number. The angles, outlets, stopped ends, returned and mitred ends. The brackets, if of wrought iron, stating the weight, and if ornamental. Give a sketch, and state how they are fixed, or a trade catalogue may be referred to. Bill. ft. in. 51 run 4" half round eaves gutter, with wrought- iron brackets screwed to feet of rafters . . No. 4 angles „ 4 outlets „ 2 stopped ends £ s. d. FOUNDER AND SMITH. 21 I ft. 114 run Macfarlane’s (Glasgow) 4£" x 3£" No. 12 eaves gutter, bolted and jointed with red-lead cement, and fixed with stout screws to fascia No. 44 stopped ends „ 4 angles „ 2 ditto, irregular „ 23 outlets cast on to back of eaves gutter, with small quadrant bend into rain-water pipe £ d . Rain- Water Pipes, per foot run . — Measure in the same way as described for eaves gutters. Where a manufacturer is selected, give the number in trade catalogue as described for eaves gutters. State size, if “ heavy,” whether round or square, if set up in red- lead or iron cement, if joints are plugged with tow, if with ears cast on, if nailed with rose head or ornamental nails, if with oak or teak plugs in the brick or stone work. If with ornamental bands give price each, or state number in trade catalogue, and keep them separate from the pipe. Number shoes, plinth bends (state projection), swan necks (state projection), heads, if ornamental, giving price or number in trade catalogue, Y pieces. State in all cases the size of pipe. If either of these are described in the bill as “ extra for,” their length must first be measured in with the ordinary pipe. If either of the foregoing require to be purpose made state it, and that it is to include pattern. Sometimes troublesome bends are made in heavy lead pipe, generally at a less cost than in iron. ft. 69 342 Bill 3" round rain-water pipe, with ears cast on, and fixing with wrouglit-iron rose- headed nails to brickwork No. 5 shoes „ 2 elbows „ 5 extra for plinth beads, projection „ 4 extra for swan necks, 15" projection Macfarlane’s (Glasgow) 4"x3" heavy rain- water pipe, fixed with loose bands (else- where taken), with wrought-iron nails to and including teak plugs in brickwork No. 14 extra for bends „ 11 plinth bends, 3" projection .. „ 26 shoes „ 117, No. 6 Macfarlane’s loose bands „ 5, No. 13, ditto heads £ s. d. p 2 quantity surveying. King or Queen Heads, number. - that it is to include pattern. Bill -Give weight of each. State No. King heads, weight 112 lbs. each, including pattern and fixing by carpenter d. Coal Plates, number . — State diameter, whether plain or illu- minating, and include wrought-iron hook, chain, staple and padlock, and protecting ring if any. Bill. No. 1 Hayward Bros.’ (Union Street, London, S.E.) patent 14" illuminating coal plate with protecting ring, stout chain, hook and staple, and fixing to brickwork, and running ring with cement £ s. d. Pavement Lights, number . — State size, if illuminating, state how glazed, if prismatic, if with round or square lenses, if with irregular angles or irregular shaped. If patent, give address of manufacturer and number in trade catalogue. The adoption of stock sizes will save time and expense. Bill. No. 2 Hayward Bros.’ (Union Street, London, S.E.) pavement lights glazed with 4" x 3" convex lenses, section 2 C. C., the lenses bedded in red-lead, and the frames bedded in cement, 3' 9" x 1' 7" .. Ditto, to irregular shape, 3' 0" x 1' 4" 2 extreme V Ditto, semicircular, 3' 0" diameter . . £ s. d. Gratings or Panels. — State size and thickness, or refer to a number in a trade book. FOUNDER AND SMITH. 213 Bill No. 5 »> 2 gratings, with 1" bars about 2£" apart, and 1" border, and coating while hot with a mixture of boiling tar and pitch, including pattern and fixing, and run- ning with cement, 3' 0" x 1' 3" Macfarlane’s (Glasgow) No. 389 ornamental panel 1' 9" X 1' 9", and fixing by brick- layer, and forming and rendering open- ing with cement through 1^-brick wall £ s. d. Ornamental Balusters or Newels. — Generally selected from a trade catalogue and described by a number. Bill. No. 8 Macfarlane’s (Glasgow) No. 629 baluster and fixing, and riveting to core rail 2 Ditto newel No. 671, and fixing and rivet- ing to core rail £ d. Rolled Joists in small or medium sizes, up to 9 inches deep, at per foot run , billed at per cwt . — State if to exact lengths, if they are hoisted to various heights. State the weight in lbs. per foot run. If over 30 feet long, state it and keep them separate. Large Rolled Joists, per foot run, billed at per cwt. — State the number of joists comprised in the weight, and the height of hoisting. Many large girders are constructed of rolled joists of stock sizes with a bottom or top plate or both bolted on ; they should be separately billed. Iron or steel joists are usually selected by their weight per foot run from an iron merchant’s list. Iron joists or girders should always in the dimensions immediately precede the work they support, as a wall or floor. Bill cwts. qrs. lbs. 41 .3 21 26 2 14 27 1 7 20 - - Rolled joists not exceeding 9" deep, cut to exact lengths, hoisting to various levels, and fixing by bricklayer Ditto not exceeding 12" deep, and ditto .. Ditto 18" deep in two joists, and hoisting and fixing 60 feet above street level by bricklayer In one combination girder of two 10" x 5" joists, and 1" top and bottom plate, bolted together, and hoisting and fixing 25 feet from ground level . . £ 1 s. d. 214 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Riveted Girders, measure the iron per foot superficial, stating thickness of iron, bill at per cwt . — Add 5 per cent, of the total weight in abstract for the weight of rivets of the usual distance apart (“ 4-inch pitch ”). Five per cent, is the usual allowance, but in deep lattice girders per cent, is sometimes sufficient. cwts. qrs. lbs. 26 1 7 In one riveted girder 23 feet long, of boiler plate, with angle irons and stiffeners, and hoisting and fixing 24 feet above ground level £ s. d. Flitch Plates, at per foot superficial , billed at per cwt . — State that they include perforations, or the perforations may be taken separately, stating their diameter and the thickness of the iron. Bill. cwts. qrs. lbs. £ s. d. 22 2 14 In rolled iron flitches, including perfora- tions and fixing by carpenter Chimney and Bearing Bars, at per foot run, billed at per cwt . — Generally measured about 2 feet longer than opening, and \ inch by 2^ inches. State size, and if cambered and caulked, and add to description “ and fixing by bricklayer.” Bill. cwts. qrs. lbs. £ s. d. 2 0 21 In chimney and bearing bars, cambered and caulked, and fixing by bricklayer . . Straps and Bolts, at per foot run, billed at per cwt. — Describe as “ bolts and straps, including perforations.” Only bolts over 24 inches long should be included with the foregoing. Some surveyors allow in the measurement six times the diameter of the bolt for the head and nut, but it is better to make an item “ extra for large head nut and washer to 1^-inch bolt,” or as the case may be. FOUNDER AND SMITH. 2I 5 cwts. qrs. lbs. 2 1 7 No. 3 Bill. In bolts and straps, including perforations and fixing by carpenter Extra for sets of large heads, nuts and washers to 1£" bolts s. d. Saddle-Bars, per foot run. — State also the total weight in bill. State if round or square, the size of section, and if galvanised. Rings of saddle-bar are best numbered, stating the number of points to each. When a provision is made for stained glass those windows in which it occurs may be omitted from the measurement of saddle^ bars ; the persons who supply the glass prefer to supply them also. Bill. ft. in. £ s. d. 242 - run diameter galvanized iron saddle-bars (weight 1 cwt. 1 qr. 21 lbs.) Hoop Iron. — See Bricklayer. Handrails, at per foot run, billed at per cwt. — In bill, state length, size and section, as well as weight; describe as framed. Keep the ramped or wreathed parts separate, but treat in the same manner. Number the scrolls as “ extra labour ” the iron being measured in with the straight rail. qrs. lbs. 3 21 In 2" x £" framed handrail (25 feet run) 1 - 2" x ■§- " ditto, wreathed (6 feet run) . . No. 1 extra labour forging scroll „ 1 end forged, perforated, countersunk and screwed „ 2 extra for forging small ramps . . £ d. Area Gratings, the bars and rails at per foot run, stating size in the dimensions afterwards reduced to weight billed at per cwt. — Describe them as framed. “ Framed ” implies all the necessary perforations, riveting, &c. Bill II cwts. I 1 qrs. lbs. | 1 1 21 ! In one framed area grating . . £ s. d. 2l6 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Guard Bars, at per foot run , billed at per cwt. — As for area gratings. Number the forged ends (generally pointed), stating the size of bar. Bill. cwts. ! qrs. lbs. 3 14 In framed guard bars, and fixing by joiner No. 22 ends of 1£" X f" bar, forged, and with countersunk perforation and large screw No. 2 ends of §" bar, pointed £ d. Newels of Balusters, at per foot run , stating size and whether round or square, billed at per cict. Describe as “framed balusters.” Increased size to parts of bars or rails are numbered and described as “ extra labour and iron ” and a sketch assists the description. Bill. cwts. ! qrs. lb*. £ s. d. 2 2 7 In f" diameter framed balusters 2 1 14 In 1£" x 1£" framed newels As many estimators price handrail, balusters and newels at a uniform price per cwt., some surveyors put all together in one item as follows. Bill. cwts. qrs. lbs. 5 14 No. 20 In framed balustrade Extra labour and iron on 2" x rail for increasing to 3£" x 31", where 11" standard passes through, as sketch £ s. d. Core Bails, at per foot run. — In the bill state length, size, as well as total weight. Keep the wreathed or ramped parts separate. Number the extra labours. qrB. lbs. 1 21 1 Bill. In 1" X core rail, with countersunk holes and screws (60 feet run) In 1" x I" ditto, wreathed (30 feet run) .. No. 10 forging short lengths of level circular „ 3 forging short ramps „ 1 forging end as newel cap 3" dia- meter, extra metal and labour £ s. d. I FOUNDER AND SMITH. 217 Iron Roof Trusses. — Measure the various sections of bar, rod, angle or tee iron, &c., per foot run and bill by weight, stating the number of trusses and the sizes of their parts. The shoes are usually of cast iron, these appear as numbers, give description and weight of each. It is best to put them all together in the bill as a sub-section headed Iron Roof Trusses. Bill I cwts. qrs. lbs. 135 1 21 No. 9 •n 27 » 16 » 24 »> 8 »> 15 »» 36 48 >» 32 >> 8 »» 8 » 34 8 16 32 16 • • Iron Hoof Trusses. In No. 8 roof trusses of 4" x 3", angle iron rafters 3£" X 3f", struts and rods vary- ing from to If" diameter, and hoisting and fixing about 32 feet from ground to ridge Ends of f" bolt, forged as eye, and per- forated for 1" bolt Ditto f" ditto and ditto Ditto 1" bolt, ditto for f" bolt Ditto If" bolt, ditto for 1" bolt Forging ends of 5" rod as fork, beating out ends to form eye for 1" bolt Ditto 1" rod ditto Ends of 2f" x f" bar forged, beaten out and perforated for f " bolt Ditto 2£" x f" ditto for 1" bolt Ditto 3f x 3|" tee iron, ditto for f " bolt . . Large nuts to bolt Ditto f" ditto Screw ends and nuts to f" bolt Unions and screw ends to f " bolt ! 1" Lewis bolts 7" long, with nuts and screw ends 2£" lengths of 3" x 3" angle iron as cleats, and riveting with two rivets to T 5 ^" iron, and one perforation, and bolt 7 " long with head and nut Cast-iron shoes to roof trusses, weight 28 lbs. each, including pattern £ s. d. Numbers. Holes rimed out as bolt holes (this only occurs in cast Work). Perforations, state diameter and the thickness of iron. Forged ends, state size of bar. Sets of ornamental heads, nuts, and washers to bolts, stating diameter of bolt. This item to bolts already measured at per foot run, and no allowance having been made for their weight. Bolts up to 24 inches long averaged, keeping separate those not exceeding and exceeding 12 inches long, and keeping the various diameters separate; state if with ornamental heads, nuts and washers. 2 1 8 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Bolts should be measured from the inside of head to the point of the screw. Bill. No. 20 Holes rimed out 99 10 Holes through £" iron for §" bolts 99 12 Ditto f" ditto for 1" ditto 99 6 Forging ends of 2" X £" bar, and hole for f" bolt )9 6 Sets of ornamental heads, nuts and washers to 1£" bolt 99 37 y bolts, average 8" long, not exceeding 12" long, with heads, nuts and washers, and fixing by carpenter 99 14 §" ditto, average 8" long, and ditto .. 59 25 bolts, average 15" long, all over 12" long, with heads, nuts and washers, and fixing by carpenter 99 12 f" ditto average 18" long, and ditto .. 99 6 |" bolts 9" long, with head and handrail, II nut, and fixing by carpenter £ d. End of joists cut, fitted and connected with cross-joists, such an item as follows is common. “No ends of iron joists, 2 J inches by 7 inches, cut and fitted to iron and riveted with 6-inch length of 4-inch by 4-inch angle iron to web of joist of similar section.” Bill. No. 2 Fitting end of 8" x 5" joist to 12" x 6" transverse joist, and riveting together with two 6" lengths of 2" x 2" angle iron, including perforations £ d. Iron Casements, Number . — Stating name of manufacturer, the size of each, and how fixed. No. 3 19 10 Bill Burt and Potts’ (York Street, Westminster) wrought iron casements and frames., section 1, quality 2, with hinges, gun- metal stays and fastenings, and fixing and bedding in white-lead to wooden frames 1' 0" x 2' 0" Ditto, 1' 8" x 1' 11" 4 ? s. d. Felt Pads. — State size and kind of felt. GASFITTER . 219 No. 20 >» 12 Bill Pads of stout asphalted felt 12" x 12" pads of boiler felt, 16 oz. per sheet . . £ s. d. Rivets. — State diameter, how many thicknesses of iron they pass through, and that they include holes, and as these (as a general rule) are separately measured only when the work is “ in position,” state it. Bill No. 20 Rivets, and two perforations in iron to each in position £ d. GASFITTER. The intentions of the architect and building owner are so often uncertain at the time of the preparation of quantities, that the gasfitting is almost always remeasured at the completion of the building. Frequently, therefore, the whole of the gasfitting is put into the bill “ as provision ” of . . . feet of the various sizes of pipe. State the quality of the tubing ( “ iron barrel ” ) and if gal- vanised, whether the price is to include tees, elbows, connections, bends, &c., and whether the joints are set up in red-lead cement. Also whether it includes attendances and fixing floor boards and joinery with brass cups and screws to remove. State that the gasfitting is to be executed to the satisfaction of the company’s inspector. * Piping, per foot run , giving size. Number generally. Brackets or pendants, usually P.C. so much each. They are best described by numbers from a trade list. Gas meteV, stating whether wet or dry, and the number of lights, and include stamping by company’s inspector, and for carriage. When the gas fittings are treated as a provision, fixing only so many brackets, pendants, &c., should be taken. Count the number of proposed lights, and provide a meter equal to about -f of the number. Thus 100 lights should have a 60-light meter. Reference to a price book will show you the capacity of the stock gas-meter. 2 20 QUANTITY SURVEYING. The meter is generally hired from the company at an annual rental, in such case it will not appear in the quantities. Number. Tees, elbows, diminishing sockets, screw caps, &c., if not included in general description of piping, but they are usually. Length of lead pipe and connection with main and meter. Gas main cock, stating size and that it is jointed to iron pipe. Item for attendance. Bill. Gasfitter — All as provision. ft. in. 1 run 400 - pipe, as described 250 - §" ditto 100 - 1" ditto No. 1 1" brass gas main cock, with iron spanner and connections with iron pipe 1 Short length of 1" strong lead pipe, and connections with main and meter .. >» 1 Glover’s best dry gas meter for .40 lights, and allow for testing and stamping by gas company, and carriage, profit and fixing Fixing only , including nipples. » 1 16 gas brackets, and allow for 3" polished mahogany rose . . »> 1 3 gas pendants, and allow for ceiling plates » 1 or, 16 Evered’s (29 Drury Lane, London) No. 2795 gas brackets, and fixing with nipple and 3" polished mahogany rose 3 Ditto No. 2632 three-light pendant, and fixing £ s. d. BELLHANGER. Count the number of bells and the number of pulls. Describe the carriages. State weight of bells (average each), if with pen- dulums and indicators, the gauge of the copper wire, if in concealed zinc or copper tubes, with brass cranks, steel springs and brass tee plates, and it the lever pulls are fixed with iron boxes and mouth- pieces. As the estimator prices at so much a pull, the various parts are not measured in detail. Provide a sum for the pulls. dumber the bell boards. State thickness, if moulded or beaded, and for how many bells. If numbers are painted below bells BELLHANGER. 22 1 (instead of indicators) measure the writing in inches, and state if plain or ornamental writing, or number the figures, stating their height. In cases of electric or pneumatic bells it will be most con- venient to obtain an estimate from a manufacturer, and to pro- vide a sum in the estimate. If taken out, see section Electric Bells. State in an item that the carpenter and joiner are to attend upon, cut away for, and make good after bellhanger to so many bells with so many pulls (and to include the boards for bell runners, &c., and fixing the floor boards with brass cups and screws to remove). A similar item for bricklayer’s attendance, omitting the words of the foregoing paragraph which are in parenthesis. A similar item for mason’s attendance, if any is required. Or the whole of the cutting away and attendance may be put into one item. Bill Bells as described, with six lever pulls and two sunk plate pulls (a sum provided for the pulls) £ s. d. Provide for six lever pulls and two sunk plate pulls 3/., and allow for carriage, profit and fixing. Allow for attendance on bellhanger and for cutting away and making good in all trades. If the fixing of the pulls is not included in the provision, state the fixing as follows. Bill No. 6 2 Fixing only new pulls . Lever pulls Sunk plate pulls £ d. Electric Bells. — Count the number of pulls. Describe the wires, how insulated, how covered, the kind of roses, the backs, the springs, the contacts, the bells, the indicators, the battery. The greater part of the above particulars will appear in the preamble. See section Billing. 222 QUANTITY SURVEYING. The pulls and presses are best described at “P.C. . . . each at manufactory.” Bill. Ground floor. Principal entrance, one 4£" bronzed press Trade entrance, one 3£" ditto Study, one 3" china button Dining room, one 3" ditto Drawing room, one 3" ditto Morning room, one 3" ditto Drawing room, one 3" ditto Hall, one 3" ditto First floor. Bed room 4, one pear press „ 6, one 3" china button „ 8, one 3" ditto „ 10, one 3" ditto „ 11, one 3" ditto „ 4, one pear press „ 5, one ditto Landing, one 3" china button 8. d. P.C. 10 6 \ » 8 6 11 2 6 l M 2 6 2 6 11 2 6, 11 2 6 11 2 6 11 6 6 19 3 0 3 0 11 3 0 11 3 0/ 11 6 6 j 11 6 6) 11 3 ol To riDg and indicate in kitchen with 2£" bell. To ring and indicate on second floor landing with 1\ n bell. To ring and indicate in kitchen with 2£" bell. To ring and indicate in room 16, second floor, with 2£" bell. To ring and indicate on second floor landing with 2£" bell. No. 1 Switch connection inside front entrance to transfer current from kitchen bell to bell on second floor landing .. d. Allow for attendance on electrician, cutting away and making good in all trades, also for fixing floors and joinery over wires with brass cups and screws to remove, and for supplying and fixing all necessary wooden casings fixed with brass cups and screws, for wires which would otherwise be exposed. Speaking Tubes, at per foot run. — Assume that the mouth-pieces are placed about 4 feet 9 inches from floor. The pipes and fittings vary so much that it is better to obtain an estimate from a selected manufacturer, and provide a sum founded upon his estimate. Attendances may be included in the sum provided, or may be described in the bill, stating the number of feet run. If a measurement is preferred, measure the length of the pipe, describing its size. The brass connections, the mouth-pieces and whistles (for these latter a P.C. may be stated). Describe the mouth-piece cases and flexible tubes. GLAZIER. 223 ft. 100 in. 0 run Bill I" stout composition pipe, including bends, soldered joints, wall hooks and fixing .. flexible tube, braided with mohair and silk No. 4 |" brass elbows, with two soldered joints No. 4 §" brass unions with two soldered joints No. 4 f" walnut screwed mouth-pieces, each with whistle and indicator No. 4 brass holders for flexible tube .. „ 2 1" mahogany French polished mouth- piece cases, with ivory tablet for two pipes £ 8. d. Allow for attendance on speaking-tube maker, cutting away and making good in all trades, and for fixing floors and joinery over pipes, with brass cups and screws to remove. GLAZIER. The surveyor in measuring should observe where glass should be ground, as in borrowed lights, w.c. windows, &c., and he should call the attention of the architect to dark corridors or rooms where there are no windows, when the inadvertence can be obviated by glazing door panels or the introduction of windows, borrowed lights, or fanlights. All glass should be measured per foot superficial, the extreme dimensions being measured, whether of square, circular, or irregular shape ; any part of an inch is called an inch in measuring. Measure the whole of the glass in each opening in a single dimension where possible. If openings are square, and the joinery is common sashes and frames, the quantity of glass would be very nearly as follows : — The size of the external openings, minus 2 inches of the width and 6 inches of the height. In all cases state if glazed in indiarubber or washleather. The practice is now almost uniform of describing sheet glass as cut to shapes, instead of measuring the circular cutting and risk by the linear foot. 224 QUANTITY SURVEYING . The term “ not exceeding. . . .feet ” is better than “ under. . . . feet.” Sheet Glass. — No distinction need be made between sizes not exceeding 2 feet superficial. Keep separate the various sizes above 2 feet, 4 feet, 6 feet, &c. State the number of ounces per foot superficial, as 15 oz., 21 oz., 26 oz. Keep panes of irregular shape separate, and describe them as “ cut to shapes ” ; keep separate, glass over 42 inches long and describe length ; state if ground on one or both sides ; if “ matted ” ; if coloured, stating what colour. Plate Glass. — State thickness and quality, and the superficial quantity in a square, commencing with not exceeding 2 feet super- ficial, and keeping each size separate, as follows, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30 feet, &c. State if cut to shapes, or bent, or ground, and keep separate, or the bent glass may be billed with the ordinary glass and the bending separately stated. Observe that British polished plate is polished down to about £-inch out of f -inch, but it is of a mere average thickness. Exact thickness must be paid an extra price for, as it must be gauged, and must be billed separately and so described. Measure at per foot superficial. Embossing or enamelling, and state the prime cost per foot superficial. Observe that embossers charge the whole square, although part only may be embossed. Bending, state superficial content, kind of glass, and radius of curve. Silvering, and observe to take flannel and wood to back of it. Lead Lights, per foot superficial. — It will usually be sufficient to allow half an inch around the light to be glazed beyond the clear width between the mullions or tracery, but reckon all frac- tional parts of inches as inches ; describe the lead, if in quarries, if bordered, if geometrical, the description of glass, if the lights are secured with copper wire or copper bands. Keep {the parts in cusped or pointed heads, or in tracery, separate, measuring to the extreme points, and stating that it is measured square. Some of the lead light manufacturers charge lights under 12 inches wide as 12 inches wide ; but this fact may be disregarded, if it is described as measured net. State if lead lights have to be put in from the outside of build- ing. Sometimes required in old buildings where the stanchions are inside the windows, and their removal is inexpedient. GLAZIER. 225 Where the glazing is ornamental, and the quarries are painted or enamelled, it is better to obtain an estimate from a glass painter to be selected, and either include the total sum as a provision, or describe as P.C. 3s. per foot, or as the case may be. Number. Copper clips and brass screws to skylights. Lead clips and screws. Engraved corners, stating size and colour and the kind of glass. Iron casements; giving description, or provide so much each, and refer to trade list, and include packing, carriage and fixing, and state the number of mortises in stone or wood, and lead and running if in the former. Note. — In case of dispute as to the description of glass, look for bubbles in its substance ; if in sheet glass they are oval, if in plate glass spherical. Where glass is supposed to be crown, look to the edges of the squares, when by careful examination faint concentric waves may be seen. Bill. ft. in. 54 - supl. 34 - >» 181 - n 95 - »» 18 - n 33 - 11 5 — it 10 _ 11 180 - ii 70 _ 50 - * 70 _ i> 25 - •1 20 - run *■* 74 - supl. 10 - •> 90 — 15 oz. sheet, not exceeding 2 feet in a square, and glazing 21 oz. ditto, 2' 0" ditto 21 oz. ditto, 4' 0" ditto 21 oz. ditto, 6' 0" ditto 21 oz. ditto, ground one side, 4' 0" ditto .. 21 oz. ditto, 6' 0" ditto Hartley’s small pattern fluted rolled plate, not exceeding 3 feet in a square, and glazing Ditto 4' 0", and glazing in indiarubber . . British polished plate glass, not exceeding 2' 0" in a square, and glazing Ditto, 3' 0" ditto Ditto, 4' 0" ditto, and glazing in wash leather Bending British polished plate glass Enamelling ditto, P.C. 3s. 6d. per foot supl. Circular cutting and risk to British polished plate glass British polished plate, not exceeding 4" 0" in a square, and glazing with beads, elsewhere taken British polished plate glass of the best silvering quality, not exceeding 4' 0" in a square, and silvering and glazing Stout lead quarry lights, P.C. 5s. per foot at manufactory, and allow for profit, pack- ing, carriage, and fixing with strong copper bands to saddle-bars £ s. d. \ Q 226 QUANTITY SURVEYING . ft. in. 174 supl. No. 20 » 10 i) 4 »> 3 Stout lead quarry lights in ornamental geometrical patterns of four varieties, glazed with stout rolled cathedral plate in varied tints with two narrow borders of white and ruby respectively, and fixing as last Stout copper clips and brass screws . . Cast lead clips and ditto Burt and Potts’ (York Street, Westminster) section 10, quality 1, wrought-iron case- ments under 3 feet high, and fixing and bedding in white-lead to wooden frames Ditto under 4 feet, with two cross-bars . . Allow for leaving all glass clean and perfect at completion £ s. d. PAPER-HANGER. This trade may generally bo measured with the plastering. The dimensions would be written thus : — 108 0 10 0 R. F. and S. walls, and Paper at Is. and hanging. Measure the superficial area of the parts of the walls papered, and deduct as for plastering. The quantity may be obtained from the dimensions of that trade. The usual practice is to allow one piece in seven for waste, and as a piece of paper should equal 63 feet superficial, i.e. 12 yards long, 21 inches wide, the total superficial quantity in feet divided by 54 should give quantity required. But a piece of paper rarely exceeds 11 yards in length = 58 feet superficial, it is therefore fairer to use 50 feet as a divisor. Reckon any part of a piece as a whole piece. If any part is on ceilings keep it separate. French papers are 1 8 inches wide, and rarely exceed 9 yards in length = 40 feet 6 inches superficial ; a deduction of ^th gives a divisor of about 35 feet. The sizing and the general preparation of the walls may be charged as “ extra for ” at per piece, or may be included in the preamble of the bill. PAINTER. 227 State the P.G. per piece, if hung in blocks, if lined out. In the case of ornamental papering, Lincrusta-Walton, Ana- glypta, or Japanese paper, measure the net surface covered with each kind, as before described, and the borders at per dozen yards run. As these vary in width and length, surveyor must obtain particulars before he reduces them. In the case of these papers, a P.C. per superficial yard is the simplest method of dealing with them. Number . The pieoes of paper sized and varnished, describe the varnish, and state how many times varnished. In all cases include the hanging with the description. Canvas and Battens, at per yard superficial. State size of battens, their distance apart, and whether they are plugged. Bill. No. » )> » »» 165 35 34 20 20 Pieces of paper, P.C. Is. 6<2. per piece, and hanging Ditto 2s. 6 d. ditto Ditto 4s. 6d. ditto Pieces of marble paper, P.C. 4s. per piece, and hanging in blocks, and including marking lines as joints Ditto, extra for sizing and twice varnishing yds. ft. in. with the best paper varnish 75 supl. Lincrusta-Walton, P.C. 5s. per yard supl., measured net, and allow for cutting, waste and hanging 6 doz. run Border 3" wide, P.C. 3s. per dozen, and hanging 80 BUpl. Stout canvas nailed to and including 2£" x §" battens 18" apart plugged to wall, and stoutest lining paper, and hanging with butt joints £ d . PAINTER. In measuring painting on the building the object is to obtain in the readiest way the whole surface which has been painted. It is the custom to add edges to the height only, returns to the width only. This may be illustrated by the example of a 2-inch moulded both sides door 3 feet by 7 feet, with architraves 6 inches wide projecting 1 inch beyond the face of plastering, and jamb linings 11 inches wide double rebated — the door painted both sides. Q 2 228 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Height from Width across floor to top architraves Two returns of 4 ' 0" of architrave. 7 6 architraves 2" Two edges Two panels 2" of door. 4 4' 4" 7 10 2/ 4 4 7 10 Knot, prime, stop and paint 3 oils. Door and archi- traves 11" 7 0 17 0 Two rebates 1" 7 0 — 3 0 1 0 Ditto. Jamb linings 12" 17 0 A piece of moulded both sides framing 10 feet by 10 feet, where no edges are exposed may be measured as follows. Treating the result (although the product of three factors) as a superficial dimension, we have included an allowance for edges. 2 / 10 0 10 0 1 3 Knot, prime, stop and paint 4 oils, or 2 / 10 0 10 0 Knot, prime, stop and paint 4 oils, and add edges. If the painting on ironwork provided is not included in the amount of provision, observe that it is often painted two oils before it is supplied. In taking off the painting from the dimensions, the surveyor has another opportunity of checking the work, and if he is watch- ful will probably find errors or discrepancies. Painting is measured in various ways, either of which will produce similar results. In deciding which plan to adopt, it is well to bear in mind the manner in which it will affect the con- venience of possible variations. Some of the methods are as follows : — 1st. Abstracting the quantity directly from the bills in two columns, one in which no allowance is required for edges, the other in which it is required, and adding a proportion to one column (usually one-seventh) for edges. 2nd. Abstracting directly from the dimensions into two columns of the abstract to one of which one-seventh is added as before, the other column being for work upon which no allowance PAINTER. 229 is required, i.e. where no edges are exposed. With this method it is well to put against the original dimension, in the description column, the kind of painting which has been taken, thus : as — 0 = four oils, 0 and varnish, = four oils and varnish, &c. 3rd. (and best). Look through the dimensions from the be- ginning (after they are squared), and repeat the dimensions of the squaring column, multiplying by a figure, according to the kind of work, as 1 foot for plain where no edges, 1 foot 2 inches where there are edges, 1 foot 3 inches where square framed or moulded. Put opposite each dimension the number of the column of the original dimensions from which it has been taken, thus — 2 / 149 0 1 2 347 8 If this course be adopted the painting to the sashes, frames and squares had better be taken at the same time as the joinery is measured, as one sometimes finds a difficulty (the drawings having been sent home perhaps) in determining the number of squares in a sash. State if knotted, stopped, and how many oils (the priming coat counting for one oil), if in extra colours, if in party colours, whether on iron, wood, brick, or cement, and keep each kind separate. Measure at per yard superficial all work except that hereafter named. If painting on iron (say four oils) is specified to be “ two oils before, and two oils after fixing,” it should be kept separate. Per foot run. Shelf edge, skylight bar and rail, measuring each side. Rail and bar. Include in this description such things as balusters, and things of an approximate size. Skirting. Include in this description anything of similar size not exceeding 12 inches wide which is cut in both edges. Eaves gutter. Describe as “in and out.” Rain-water pipe, and state if heated and coated inside with tar. Iron railing, stating the height, whether ornamental or plain ; it is more convenient, when a price per foot run is provided for railing, to make the provision include the painting. Bar heated and dipped in oil. Roof timbers, giving average size. Number. Coal plates and chains. Air-bricks. Gratings and frames. State if one or both sides. Rain-water pipe heads, in and out. Bolt heads. Hinges. Latches, &c., blacked. Touching up vanes or finials. Squares per dozen (counting two for one to 230 QUANTITY SURVEYING. allow for the two sides), where over 2 feet superficial call them large squares, where sashes are in one square describe them as “ sheets ” (counting two for one), where over 8 feet superficial call them “ large,” where over 13 feet, “ extra large.” Window frames (counting two for one to allow for the two sides) over 24 feet superficial describe as “ large frames,” over 36 feet superficial as “ extra large frames.” Oiling and Rubbing, at per foot superficial . — State how many times oiled and on what wood. Staining, Sizing and Varnishing, at per yard superficial . — Describe the stain. State if oil stain. Describe the varnish and how many times varnished. French Polishing, per foot superficial. — Handrails per foot run, and if to be covered with holland or paper state it. Writing, per inch lineal. — Thus twelve letters lj inch high equal 18 inches of writing, or they may be numbered, stating the height. State if plain and if ornamental, what kind and the colour, and if shaded. Varnishing, per yard superficial. — State if “ on natural wood ” or on painted work. Graining and Varnishing, per yard superficial. — Measure as for plain painting, and describe as “ extra for.” State if combed, if grained and over grained, and describe the wood intended to be imitated, if varnished one or twice, and describe the varnish. Flatting. — Measure as for plain painting and describe as “ extra for.” If decoration is a separate contract, the taking off and refixing of ironmongery is best done by general contractor. Bill ydg. 101 15 ft. 0 394 0 ip. 0 0 No. 0 supl. run 2 supl. On Iron. Two oils before fixing . . Bar and rail 14" x 9" panels both sides Two oils before fixing, and two oils after fixing 536 0 run Rail 129 0 » Eaves gutter, in and out 429 0 No. 16 Rain-water pipe, and heat and coat on the inside with purified gas tar No. 4 heads to ditto, inside and out .. Air-bricks both sides . . PAINTER. ft. in. No. n 20 3 10 Handrail brackets Pairs, strap hinges cut in black Stoves blacked Clean , rub down , and paint two oils on old work - ~ supl. On woodwork.. * 324 run Bar and rail 91 - j> Hail cut in both edges 614 - 11 Skirting 7 No. 42 Frames 30 Ditto, large »» 4 Ditto, extra largo 11 9 Dozen squares V 6 Ditto, large » 2 Ditto, extra large - - supl. Knot, prime, stop and paint three oils on wood- work 318 _ run Rail 774 >» Skylight bar and rail 2150 - 11 Skirting No. 54 Frames » 5 Ditto, large i) 1 Ditto, extra large j» 6 Casements 10 Dozen squares >» 1* Ditto, large »* * Ditto, extra large - - supl. Knot, prime, stop and paint four oils on wood - work 489 - run Skylight bar and rail 123 - 5* Skirting No. 48 Frames »> 1 Ditto, large » 1 Ditto, extra large 6 Casements » 10 Dozen squares n Ditto, large i Ditto, extra large - - supl. Knot , prime , stop and paint four oils, the last parti-colours on woodwork 114 - run Skirting French polishing, including protection from damage 85 - supl. On mahogany 27 - run Skirting 1079 - supl. On wainscot .. 101 - run Ditto, handrail - - supl. Stain, size and twice varnish on woodwork .. 101 - run Skirting 110 Plain writing Allow for touching up at completion, and leaving perfect QUANTITY SURVEYING . 232 USE AND WASTE. Shoring where not provided for by a clause in the bill, should be measured and charged as “ use and waste.” Measure shoring at per foot cube. Number the sets of wedges, describe size and whether oak or fir. Measure the ironwork as described in section Founder and Smith. Needling is best included with the particular item of cutting away which requires it. Bill ft. in. 100 - cube No. 6 Use and waste of timber in ehoring, in- cluding all wedges, boop-iron and labour Pairs, 18" x 12" oak wedges £ d. Shoring rarely appears in quantities in the above form, it is more generally provided for by a clause. “ All cutting of openings to include any necessary needling or shoring.” See also section Billing, preliminary bill. In the absence of an express stipulation that the timber used in shoring shall bo new, old, if it serves its purpose, should be accepted. VENTILATION AND WARMING. This work, if for a large building, is generally a provision, but the surveyor should see the engineer to whom it is to be entrusted, and make inquiry as to the requisite constructive arrangements, so that he may provide for them in the quantities by measuring all but apparatus in the usual way. The attendance upon the engineer is most fairly met by the provision of such a sum as the surveyor may think will cover the work, the exact amount to be adjusted at completion as a day account. Bill £ s. d. Provide for ventilation to be done by £500. Allow for attendance upon, cutting away for, and making good after ventilating engineer £50. CREDITS. 233 CREDITS. Where an old building is to be pulled down to make room for a new one there are several courses open to the architect. Where none of the old materials are to be used in the new building it is better either to sell them as they stand to a dealer in old building materials (this is often arranged by tender), or, if too large for one man to deal with, and worth the expenditure for an auctioneer’s charges, they are sold at auction in lots ; in 4 either case the purchase involving pulling down and clearing away rubbish by the pur- chaser, as also any necessary shoring by him to adjoining build- ings. Observe that the purchaser will usually only pull down to ground level, unless an express stipulation is made to the contrary. A wise precaution is to insist upon the deposit, by the purchaser of an old building, of a sum of money to be forfeited if he should fail to finish his contract. The other way is to arrange that the old materials shall be the contractor’s property, and in such a case a bill of credits should be prepared. It is obvious that the measurement of old materials to produce a bill of credits should be conducted in a different manner to that of new material, as old buildings frequently hardly pay for pulling down. The most valuable material is usually lead. Where there is to be no clerk of works, the exact weight should be as nearly as possible arrived at by careful measurement. It is always best to assume for your bill that the lead weighs 1 lb. per foot superficial less than the original weight. Where it is intended to have a clerk of works it is better to measure the lead sufficiently carefully to obtain a near approximation for the purpose of the tender, and by a clause in the bill state that the lead will be weighed as it comes from the roofs, and that the contractor is to state in his tender how much per cwt. he will allow for it, after deducting the expense of weighing, the exact quantity being ad- justed at the settlement of the accounts. Some surveyors weight the whole at 4 lbs. per foot superficial, and state this in a clause of the bill. The allowance for waste on old lead is 4 lbs. per cwt. In the case where only parts of a building are to be removed, the items must be measured and enumerated. 234 QUANTITY SURVEYING. A few examples of the method of procedure are as follows : — brickwork may be measured at per rod superficial ; roofing may be described as so many squares of slating and boarding and roof timbers ; flooring as so many squares of flooring and joists. Quarter Partitions. — As so many squares. Other items in some such condensed form as the following : — “ One set of sashes and frames to opening 4 feet by 6 feet 6 inches, with linings and finishings, York sill, &c.” “ One four-panel square door 2 feet 9 inches by 6 feet 6 inches, with linings and finishings.” In all cases state the position of tho material in the old building. “ Remove and credit roof of present third floor, about 32 feet by 56 feet, comprising 5 roof trusses, 6 dormer windows, 7 skylights, 13 squares of slating and boarding and rafters, and about 45 cwts. of lead.” Where the whole of a small building is to be removed its posi- tion and general description will be sufficient without measuring. Bill. Pull down and credit the coal store in kitchen yard d. Where any of the old materials are to be re-used, and their use is dependent upon the decision of the architect, they should bo stacked in such a manner that they may be conveniently examined and the rejected parts carted away, and such parts as are left measured and valued by the surveyor and charged to the builder. Where old bricks are intended to be re-used and a quantity are stacked, a proportion of which are likely to be rejected, it is better to take down a cubic yard of them from the stack and settle upon a certain proportion per yard which may be used, and such propor- tion may be charged to the builder as before. See also the section on Billing, page 255. The foregoing pages will give a general idea of the principal methods of measurement, and prove some guide as to the way to deal with analogous cases, but in the case of practice there will arise many points which only a thorough knowledge of construction and mature experience will enable the surveyor to treat. Besides these, he will not unfrequently meet with arches without abut- CREDITS. 2 35 merit; girders, joists and beams inadequate to the support of the proposed weight ; roof-trusses which would inevitably thrust out the walls they were intended to rest upon ; walls apparently standing upon nothing ; suggestions of impossible jointing of stone- work ; impracticable staircases, &c. ; all of which anomalies as a building expert it will be his duty to rectify. The surveyor should also be able to judge of the possibility of working particular materials in the manner specified, and if neces- sary, suggest the substitution of others. Although, in the erection of a building, a division of responsi- bility is as much as possible to be avoided, yet it should be remembered that where there is a large quantity of work for which a builder would necessarily obtain a sub-contract, as iron- work or glass, it will sometimes produce a considerable saving to obtain separate tenders for it, and the bills of quantities may be arranged with that view. ABBREVIATIONS. As a general rule it is best to avoid abbreviations, except those which are universally understood and used ; frequently even those can only be interpreted by their context ; they are as follows. They may be used in dimensions and abstracts, but not in bills : — A. B. .. GENERAL. .. As before. B. S. .. Both sides. B. W. G. .. Birmingham wi Ct. gauge. Cement. Cir. .. . . Circular. Co. ,, Course. Ddt. ' .. .. Deduct. Dia. .. Diameter. E. T. .. .. Elsewhere taken. E. 0. .. .. Extra only. Incg. . . .. Including. Irreg. . . .. Irregular. Lab. .. Labour. Mo. .. . . Moulded. M. G. .. .. Make good. N. W. # , Narrow widths. 0. S. One side. P. M. .. Purpose made. P. C. . . Prime cost. Ko. . . Rough. Semi. . . Semicircular. S. E. .. Stopped ends. Segl. .. Segmental. S. L. . . Short lengths. S. Q. .. Small quantities. Ice. Once. 2ce. Twice. 3ce. . , Thrice. 4ce. . . Four times, &c. L •• Angle. © .. §" diameter. Wrot. Wrought. 236 QUANTITY SURVEYING. EXCAVATOR. B. A. P. .. Brass axle pulleys. Centg Centering. P. F. I. & R. Part filled in and Chfd Chamfered. rammed. D. C. F. .. Deal cased frames. D. H Double hung. BRICKLAYER. F. E. S. Feather - edged springer. B Brick, as 1 B, 2 B, &c. Fd Framed. B. & P. .. Bed and point. F. S Flat sweep. B. M. .. .. Birdsmouth (R.C.B.M. H. B. S. .. Herring-bone strut- or F. C. B. M.). ting. Co. Course. I. W Iron weights. C. &P... . . Cut and pin. N. R.M. E... Notched returned Chy. .. . . Chimney. mitred ends. D. P. C. .. Damp-proof course. O.S.&W. Sills Oak sunk and E. 0. C. .. Extra only in cement. weathered sills. F. C. .. .. Fair cutting. 0. S One side. Foots . . .. Footings. O. G Ogee. Gd. arch .. Gauged arch. Q. S Quick sweep. H. I. B. .. Hoop-iron bond. Q- P Quarter partition. Ptd. arch .. Pointed arch. R. M. E. .. Returned mitred ends. Relg. A. .. Relieving arch. Rebd Rebated. R. 0. W. & P. Rake out, wedge and Sqr Square. F. point flashings. S. H Single hung. R. C. .. .. Rough cutting. Wrot Wrought. R. C. B. M. .. Rough cut birdsmouth. W. B Wood brick. P. &C. .. Parget and core. X Tongd. .. Cross-tongued. Segl. A. .. Segmental arch. S.Q. .. .. Squint coins (R.C.S.Q. S. B. C. or F. C. S. Q.). PLASTERER. •• Skewback cutting. Ct Cement. MASON. Dist Distemper. K. Ct Keene’s cement. B. & J... Cir. F. .. Mo. F. .. •• Bed and joint. Circular face. Moulded face. L. & P L. P. &S. .. L. P. F. & S. Lath and plaster. Lath, plaster and set. Lath, plaster, float and set. Lime white. P. F. .. Plain face. L. W R. S. .. •• Rough sunk face. P. Mo. C. .. Plaster moulded cor- S. F. .. Sunk face. nice. Plain plaster cornice. Yk. .. •• York. P. P. C. Par. ct Parian cement. CARPENTER AND JOINER. Portd. ct. Portland cement. R Render. Archve. .. Architrave. R. & S Render and set. B. S. .. Both sides. R. F. &S. .. Render, float and set. B. F. .. . . Bead flush. Wh Whiten. B. B. .. •• Bead butt. Weathg. Weathering. ABB RE VIA TIONS. 237 FOUNDER AND SMITH. C.I. .. Galvd. .. .. Galvanised. H. N. W. . . Head nut, and washer. R. L J... . . Rolled iron joists. R. W. P. .. Rain-water pipe. W. I. .. PLUMBER. C. C. N. .. Close copper nailing. H. P High pressure. S. J Soldered joint. T. M Trumpet mouthed. PAINTER. F Flat. G Grain. K Knot. 2 O. or © .. Two oils. P Prime. S Stop. V Varnish. GLAZIER. B. P. P. .. British polished plate. 238 QUANTITY SURVEYING. CHAPTER IY. SQUARING THE DIMENSIONS, ABSTRACTING AND BILLING. After the dimensions are taken off, they should be squared ready for abstracting. They should be squared by one person, who should put his figures in the squaring column in black ink. They should be checked by another person, who should tick every dimension correctly squared with red ink, and where the calcu- lation is wrong, make the alteration in red ink. This is a better plan than for the first man to square in pencil, and the second to ink in the dimensions. The result of squaring in ink is greater carefulness. Do not neglect to check the corrections. Areas of circles and semicircles will be obtained from the published tables without calculation. ‘ Laxton’s Price Book * contains these. There are various short ways of squaring dimensions ; at the risk of appearing prolix, a few well-known instances may be mentioned : — 15' x 4" x 3" = 1' 3" cube. 15' x 6" x 2" = 1' 3" „ Dividing the 15 feet by 12 gives the same result in each case. Analogous cases will frequently be discovered by an observant person. The working may often be cleared of fractions by multiplying the “ times ” into one of the dimensions instead of into the total. The student as he becomes familiar with dimensions will discover many labour-saving expedients ; one is varying the order of his factors, thus : — 8/16 0 3 2 | = 6 ' 8 " 3" x 8 = 2 ft., 2£" x 2 ft.= 5, 16' 0" x 5" = 6' 8", a cumbrous expression of a rapid mental process. ABSTRACTING. 239 The person who is squaring should look for instances of dimensions omitted ; he will sometimes find work which is osten- sibly measured by the foot cube with only two dimensions, 5 0 thus, £ 0 > superficial dimensions with only one, thus, 5 0 ; he should call the attention of the “ taker off ” to such as these. Carry the result of every item into the squaring columns. The practice of neglecting to do so in the case of “ numbers ” is frequent, and is a fruitful source of error. ABSTRACTING. It is hardly necessary to say that the items of an abstract will be in the order of the bill. Consequently the form of bill, elsewhere given, may be consulted for that order. Small quantities of work and separate sections may sometimes be billed from the dimensions, and the labour of abstracting saved in such a case. Write on the margin of the dimension sheet “ Bill Direct.” The practice is, however, dangerous, unless a reference to the column appear on the abstract. In abstracting, an unchanging order of procedure is as im- portant as in “ taking off.” The usual method is to abstract one trade at a time, and this, taking into consideration the pressure which is commonly put upon the surveyor, is the most convenient course ; but there is an additional element of safety if the abstractor can commence abstracting at the beginning of the dimensions, and proceed with the dimensions seriatim , irrespective of distinction of trade. If there is any error in the “ taking off ” and he is observant, he is, by following this course, much more likely to discover it. If this cannot be done, not more than one person should be employed to abstract one trade, nor more than one person to check it. The abstractor should adopt one unvarying practice. First, write the dimension in the column of the abstract, then cross it out on the dimensions. Let each line show clearly its beginning and end, see Fig. 32. This will be a guide to each distinct process. When there are 240 QUANTITY SURVEYING. two or more processes to one item of dimensions, requiring two or more lines, put the lines in the squaring column last, see Fig. 33. N.B. — The dotted lines indicate red ink. At the bottom of every column, as soon as the abstract- ing of that column is complete, the abstractor should put a tick in black ink. When the trades are each abstracted by a different clerk, much time will be saved in this way, for instead of looking down every column of dimensions to see if all is abstracted, a glance at the bottom of the column will be all that will be necessary. ^ IG * 32 - When there are several items to one dimension, it will be a good practice to abstract them in the order in which the builder does them. The clerk who checks should first read the item on the dimensions ; secondly, find it on the abstract and tick it in red ; thirdly, cross out the dimensions in red. If he does not always proceed in one order he will find himself not (infrequently uncertain whether he has crossed out the item or not, as dimensions frequently recur. When the checker cannot find a dimension in its proper place in the abstract he should write it in red at the bottom of its proper column, and he should write opposite to it the page or column of dimensions, from which it is derived, thus, 125 feet 6 inches (14), so that it may be the easier \ Northern CraJ)l& Fig. 33. ABSTRACTING. 241 checked. When he has checked the whole sheet of abstract, he will probably find the item in another column without a tick, he can then cross it out. When every dimension of a column is checked he should put a tick in red at the bottom of the column. The tendency of the inexperienced abstractor is to use too little paper, and he will frequently find, when perhaps not more than half-way through the set of dimensions, that he has no room for any fresh items without using supplementary sheets. In the early part of his practice he should use plenty of paper. The trouble of abstracting may be much reduced by taking advantage of the folding of the paper which is in the middle of each sheet, so that two frequently recurring items, although separated by a number of other items, may, by a mere turning over of a half of the paper, be consecutively abstracted. It is the practice of some surveyors to put opposite to each dimension the number of the column from which it is taken, thus : — Rough Cutting. 44*9 ( 54 ) 87-3 ( 58 ) This greatly facilitates reference, and in the case of large works saves much time, for it sometimes happens that after an abstract has been ostensibly checked, some item is discovered without a tick against it, and time is lost in attempting to find the dimen- sions : by stating the column this is avoided. In abstracting from dimensions where one regular and known order of taking off is adopted, the abstracting of the column number is not so essential, but in measuring from the actual work the order followed depends so much upon accidental circumstances that the exact place of a dimension in the measuring book is (without this practice) very difficult to determine. Write references to books thus : J^(book)' When a dimension is corrected in the abstract, the number of the column should always be placed against it, so that the correction may be easily verified. The corrections should always be checked. When an item in the abstract is in the wrong place refer to it by some mark (as a star) in the right place. To shorten the bill, averaging on the abstract should as much R 242 QUANTITY SURVEYING. as possible be adopted. It should be observed that, where it is desired to produce an average size, one of the dimensions of each superficial item entering into the average should be similar to that of the others, for cubic dimensions two, as otherwise the result will be incorrect. When the conditions are as follows it will be right : — Sashes and Frames as described. ft. in. ft. in. 2 = 4 Ox 6 0 2 = 4 Ox 8 0 4 = 8 0 x 14 0 Average 2 0x36 The correct method, where the dimensions vary, is to find the superficial contents of each, and average them, thus : — ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 3/ 1 8x2 6 = 12 6 superficial. 2/ 2 0 x 3 0 = 12 0 5)24 6 4 10 average. See also section, “ Examples of Abstracting,” p. 249. Some examples of suitable items for averaging in various trades are as follows : — Bricklayer. — The lengths of ventilating or smoke flues when measured by the foot run. The thickness of the walls for eyelets and perforations. The length, depth and thickness of arches when numbered. Mason. — The size of perforations through stone of the same kind and thickness. Girth of mitres, stopped ends, &c., to mouldings and splays. Size of stone templates of the same thickness. Slate Mason. — Girth of notchings, size of sinkings, and perforations. Carpenter. — Size of cesspools. Joiner. — Size of small casements and frames or sashes and frames. Girth of notchings, lengths of balusters. Plumber. — Short lengths of pipe where similar labours. Plasterer. — Girth of mitres, stopped ends, &c., to mouldings and splays. , ABSTRACTING. 243 Founder and Smith. — Length of bolts of each diameter. Height of hoisting of iron columns, girders, &c. The order of the abstracts, and consequently of the bills, is as follows : — No. 1. Preliminary and provisions. „ 2. Excavator and drains. „ 3. Bricklayer and waller. „ 4. Mason. [„ 5. Slater, tiler and slate (or mar- ble) mason. „ 6. Carpenter. „ 7. Joiner and ironmonger. „ 8. Plumber and zincworker. No. 9. Plasterer. „ 10. Founder and smith. „ 11. Gasfitter. „ 12. Belllianger. „ 13. Glazier. „ 14. Paperhanger. „ 15. Painter. „ 16. Separate estimates. A few general rules for abstracting should be remembered. Write the name of the work and the trade at top of each sheet, and on the first sheet write “In ... . sheets ” ; a sheet of abstract has occasionally been mislaid with disastrous consequences. If there should be more than one abstract to a trade, number them consecutively, No. 1, No. 2, &c. Commence the abstract of each trade with the leading item of that trade. Then follow with cubic dimensions, superficial dimensions, lineal dimensions, numbers. Items of labour only should always precede those which involve labour and material. In each section commence with the item of the smallest value. In lineal dimensions — carpenter and joiner — this will be disre- garded, size will regulate the process, as 1 inch X 2 inches, 1 inch X inches, 1 inch X inches, &c . ; but the order of size may sometimes be departed from, as 1J X 2 rough fillet, lj X 3 ditto, lj X 3J ditto, &c., recommencing with a smaller size, lj X 2j, chamfered fillet, &c. (See also p. 246.) When an item has been measured lineally and there are extra labours upon it, it is better that they should immediately follow the lineal dimensions (see “ writing short,” p. 256.) In casting abstracts, deducting or averaging, use blue ink. For checking use red ink. The examples of abstracts will sufficiently explain themselves. (See examples-, p. 248.) r 2 244 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Where the description of an item is long it need not be com- pletely copied in the abstract, but the description may be partly copied into the abstract, and the dimensions referred to by the number of the column of the dimensions for the remainder. Thus, “ 1 Dresser, see col. 54.” The abstractor should never alter the phraseology of any items in the dimensions without consulting the “ taker off” ; if he does so he is very liable to error. Preliminary . — The first part of the abstract will be a collection of preliminary items, and it is a good plan to begin each of these with the word “allow,” so as to clearly distinguish them from provisional items, the former being at the risk of the contractor, the latter being adjusted at completion according to proportion of amount or quantity expended or used. (See also p. 258.) Items of allow, when long, may be referred to by column. Often they are items of notes made at the building, and it is convenient to write them into the bill direct from the book ; this is best done by the man who makes the original notes. Where the work consists partly of alterations the items of alteration should follow the general preliminary items. It is often the case that preliminary items do not appear in the dimensions at all, nor in the abstract, such items being written direct from a former bill of similar work. Provision . — The amounts provided are better placed together at the beginning of the series of bills. It is the practice of some surveyors to put provisional items at the end of the trade to which they belong. The former method saves trouble and is better, unless the work is tendered for by separate tradesmen, in which case the latter course must be adopted. Where the precise quantity of the work which is intended to be executed, and for which the sum is provided, is known, it is better to state the quantity as well as the amount. For instance, “ Provide for 20 feet of iron railing, 30Z.” Where the provision consists of material, it is better to place it in the same position in the bill as it would hold if it were not a provision, but write it in the manner following : — ft. in. | 100 — Cube. Fir framed in roofs. As provision. ABSTRACTING. 245 Such an item would be dealt with at the final settlement, the total quantity in the bill being deducted and the quantity used measured and added. Excavator . — Where there are but few items and few kinds of material the general rotation as to “ cubes,” “ superficial, ” and “ runs,” may be maintained ; where there are many it will save writing and be more convenient for pricing to adopt the order — cubic and superficial quantities of excavation, then cubic and superficial quantities of concrete, &c., then drains and cesspools. Bricklayer . — In abstracting brickwork always prefer to abstract into the one and a half brick column, where equally convenient, as this saves reducing. The methods are as described below : — 50 feet superficial of half brick thick may be abstracted as 25 feet of one brick, or 16 feet 8 inches of one and a half brick. 50 feet superficial of two bricks thick as 100 feet of one brick. 50 feet superficial of two and a quarter bricks thick as 25 feet of one and a half brick and 50 feet of one and a half brick. There is far less liability to error in the abstracting of brick- work if the deductions are placed in the position shown on the abstract (see pp. 4 and 5) than if arranged as follows : — One brick. One brick deduct. One and a half brick. One and a half brick deduct. In abstracting, observe the principle of reducing on the abstract, not on the dimensions, the latter is a frequent cause of error. Some abstractors, to avoid making a heading for a cube brickwork, deduct ^th from each item of it in the dimensions, thus reducing as they go on ; this is not a good practice. Abstract it as cube brickwork — deduct ^th from the total, and carry it to the reduced brickwork when preparing the abstract for billing. Be careful that unwary assistants do not divide cubic dimensions by 9 instead of 27, and vice versa. Where there are various kinds of facings and a good number of items of extra labours upon the facing it is advisable to let an abstract of them follow the general abstract, but otherwise they may come in with the general items of the bill. Small metal articles which involve bricklayers’ work in the setting are usually billed with the bricklayers’ work at the end of the numbers. 246 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Mason. — Keep each of the various kinds of stone, with its labours, separate. Commence with the stone of least value. Keep the items of “ stone and labour ” in a separate section. Slater , Tiler, Slate and Marble Mason. — Keep the work to each trade separate, following the usual rotation — superficial, runs, numbers — beginning with the main item of the trade, as squares of slating or tiling. Carpenter. — Abstract joists to flats with fir framed in roofs. Keep the different kinds of wood separate, commencing with the ordinary items cf cube fir. In a small work it will be sufficient to adopt the common practice of arrangement — cubes, superficial, runs, numbers, according to value. In the case of a large work it is sometimes more convenient, and a saving of writing, to divide the work into sections, as where there is a large number of lineal items of “ fir wrought and framed in white-lead ” of various sizes and with various labours upon them ; spires, filches, and dormers are often kept separate in the same manner with advantage. Any separate section should follow the numbers of the general carpentry. Where “ fixing only ” to ironwork has been taken it should come last in the abstract. In abstracting things measured by the foot run and of various sizes, 2 inches by 3 inches, 4 inches by 6 inches, &c., take them in the order of their scantlings, the smallest first, disregarding the fact that some of the smaller ones are of more value than the larger, because of the greater amount of labour upon them. Joiner and Ironmonger. — The usual order is as follows : — “ Floors,” “ skirtings,” “ skylights and sashes and frames,” “ doors,” architraves and mouldings” (if a considerable number of items, if not abstract with sundries), “thicknesses and framings,” “ sundries,” “ staircases,” “ work in mahogany,” “ wainscot,” &c., keeping each kind of wood separate ; “ iron- mongery and fixing,” or, whore a sum has been provided, “ fixing only ironmongery.” Plumber and Zincworker. — Abstract the lead first, under the heading of its own weight, as 4 lbs., 5 lbs., Ac., and afterwards reduce it to cwts. ; abstract together lead in gutters, flats, flash- ings ; abstract together stepped flashing and secret gutters ; then ABSTRACTING. 247 labours to the lead, copper pipes, lead pipes, soldered joints, and labours to pipes, short lengths of pipe, traps of various kinds, brass work, lavatories, w.c. apparatus, baths, urinals, cisterns. When internal and external plumbery is kept separate the same order is adopted for each. The zincworker may follow the plumber. Superficial, runs, numbers. Plasterer. — Commence with the common plastering, superficial, runs, numbers, and keep the various kinds separate, then work in fine plaster. Work in cement, keeping each kind, as Portland, Martin’s, Keen’s, separate. Tile paving (except quarries) and wall tiling. Plastering in narrow widths and small quantities should always be billed in feet. Sometimes the external and internal plastering are separately billed, but only in a large work. Founder and Smith. — Keep the cast and wrought iron separate. Keduce all to weight. The same constant of weight should be used for wrought iron and rolled iron. Gasfitter. — Commence with the pipes, the smallest first ; follow with fittings and their fixing according to their value, lengths of pipe, main cock, meter. If the fittings are a provision , fixing only gas fittings according to value. j Bellhanger. — Commence with the bells ; follow with the pulls and fixing according to their value. If the pulls are a provision, a section of fixing only , according to their value, will follow here. Glazier . — Commence with the glass of the smallest value and arrange it according to the superficial content of the squares, the smallest first ; follow with each kind arranged in a similar manner, abstracting any extra labour on any particular kind of glass following that glass, lead lights, copper or lead clips. When the abstracting is completed, cast up all the columns, deduct the deductions, and reduce each item that requires re- duction ; let every process be checked, and the work will then bo ready for billing. When columns are very long it will always be a saving of time to divide them into several casts. Let the calculations on the abstracts be exact, any adjustment as to measure or weight should be left until the time of billing. 248 QUANTITY SURVEYING. EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE ABSTRACTING. (See also form of Bill.) Brickwork and its Reduction. “ Bricklayer No. 1.” “ For description of material see Col. 40 dims.” Reduced Stock Brickwork in Mortar. Cube. Deduct. 1 B. Deduct. 100 0 Cube. 100 0 1 B. 100 0 100 0 100 0 10 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 300 0 10 0 300 0 10 0 30 0 — — 30 0 — — 30 0 30 0 270 0 l 270 0 Ddt. £th = 30 0 ^rd= 90 0 240 0 180 0 Iloop Iron. Billed as — Add 5 per cent, for laps. 1? x*" hoop-iron bond and laying in walls. 100 0 100 0 100 0 300 0 : 15 0 315 0 •27 85 lbs. 0 3 1 yds. ft. in. 105 - - run 1J” x T y' hoop-iron bond and laying in walls (weight, 3 qrs. 0 lbs.) li B. Deduct. 100 0 1 * B. 100 0 — 100 0 10 0 10 0 300 0 10 0 30 0 - — 30 0 270 0 180 0 240 0 690 0 2 rods, 146 feet. ABSTRACTING. 249 Perforations in brickwork. Perforations in wall for pipe and making good. 10 = 20 bks. 10 = 20 „ 10 = 15 „ Billed as — 30 = 55 bks. Average, If bks. No. 30 Perforations in wall average If bricks thick for pipe and making good. Arches. Extra labour and mate- rials cutting and waste to relieving arches. ft. In. B. B. 10 = 100 0 X 10 X 15 10 = 100 0 X 10 X 15 10 = 100 0 X 10 X 15 30 = 300 0 X 30 X 45 10 0 x 1 B x 1| B. averaged. Billed as— Ditto to segmental arches. ft. In. B. B. 10 = 100 0 X 10 X 15 10 = 100 0 X 10 X 15 10 = 100 0 X 10 X 15 30 = 300 0 X 30 X 45 10 0 x 1 B. x 1| B. averaged. No. 30 Extra labour and materials cutting and waste to rough relieving arches. 10 ft. 0 in. x 1 brick x 1£ brick averaged. „ 30 Ditto, segmental, 10 ft. 0 in. x 1 brick x 1 2 -brick, ditto. • Labour on Facings — Moulded cor- nice two courses high moulded 7" girth as sketch, col. 82. 100 0 Mitres. 100 0 — Stops. 100 0 10 — 10 10 300 0 10 10 — 10 30 30 250 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Billed as — ft. in. 300 - run Extra on facings for moulded cornice two courses high and 7 in. girth, as sketch. No. 30 mitres. „ 30 stops. Method of arrangement by which the repetition to every item of the words “ framed and wrought ” is avoided. Heading of section in bill — Fir framed and wrought all round where required. 2£ x 2£ bearer. 100 0 Do. plugged. 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 300 0 100 0 300 0 Lead. Milled lead and labour in flats, gutters, flashings, &c. 4 lb. 5 lb. 6 lb. 7 lb. 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 300 0 300 0 300 0 300 0 4 5 6 7 1200 lb. 1500 lb. 1800 lb. 2100 lb. 1500 V 1800 2100 6600 cwts. qrs. lbs. 58 3 20 ABSTRACTING. 251 Billed as — cwts. qrs. lbs. 58 3 21 Milled lead and labour in flats, gutters and flashings. Plastering. Twice Render whiten float ceilings and set and walls. soffits. 100 0 270 0 100 0 270 0 100 0 540 0 300 0 30 0 60 yds. 270 0 30 yds. whiten. And 2ce — whiten. Lath Ddt. plaster Lath float •plaster 10 0 and set float 10 0 ceilings. and set 10 0 soffits. — — ~ 100 0 Ddt. 30 0 100 0 — 100 0 Ddt. 100 0 10' 0 100 0 10 0 100 0 10) 0 300 0 10 0 10 0 30 0 — — 300 0 10 0 - 30 0 30 0 270 0 \ 30 0 270 0 30 yds. 30 yds. The words “ twice whiten n being written in the foregoing manner over all the items which are whitened, the totals, as soon as all are abstracted, should be re-abstracted in the proper place ready for billing. Mitres to moulding. ft. in. 100 = 50 0 100 = 100 0 100 = 66 8 300 = 216 8 Billed as — 8£ in. average. No. 300 Mitres to moulding average 9 in. girth. Founder and Smith. Exact Weight. C. I. weighted at 38 lbs. per foot supl. of 1 in. (37 ’50) W.I. „ 41 lbs. „ „ (40*32) 252 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Cast Iron . And odd 2| per cent, for featherings. In No. 10 girders and fixing 20 feet from ground level. In No. 20 hollow columns and fixing at ground level. Supl. Supl. i in. fin. 4 in. 1 in. 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 'A) 300 0 (B) 300 0 300 0 300 o \ Supl. Supl. Columns. 1" collected. 150 0 300 0 375 0 600 0 Girders collected. 1" iron supl. Pattern (A) 150 0 for girder 11 ft. 6 in. (B) 225 0 long and 9 in. wide 375 0 Altera- as sketch 38 tion to do. col. 18 14250 lbs. 2*% 356 / i 1 14606 lbs. cwts. qrs. lbs. 130 1 18 liin. 2 in. 1425 0 38 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 54150 lbs. 100 0 100 0 2J% 1354 300 0 300 Ha 55504 lbs. \ \ cwts. qrs. lbs. 495 2 8 Pattern for hollow column with moulded cap, base and necking, and four brackets, 8 ft. high in all. Alterations 1 to do. 4 Billed as — cwts. qrs. lbs. 130 1 21 In No. 10 panelled girders and hoisting and fixing 20 ft. from ground level. No. 1 pattern for panelled girder 11 ft 6 in. long and 9 in. wide, as sketch. No. I alteration to ditto. ABSTRACTING. cwts. qrs. lbs. 495 2 7 In No. 20 hollow columns and fixing at ground- floor level. No. 1 pattern for hollow column with moulded cap, base and necking, and four brackets, 8 ft. high in all. No. 4 alterations to ditto. Wrought Iron. Add 5 per cent, for rivets. In No. 6 riveted girders. Supl. tin. Supl . i in. Supl • 1 * n - 100 0 ioo' 0 000 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 300 0 300 0 300 0 112 6 150 0 187 6 Supl. i in. 100 0 100 0 100 0 300 0 262 6 Girders collected. Supl. l in. 112 6 150 0 187 6 262 6 712 6 41 29213 lb. 1461 = 5 30674 lb. cwts. qrs. lbs. 273 3 14 Billed as — cwts. qrs. lbs. 273 3 14 In No. 6 riveted girders and hoisting and fixing 20 feet above the ground level. 254 QUANTITY SURVEYING. In rolled iron joists. 4" X 3" = 12 lbs. per ft. 12 6 13 0 14 9 40 3 12 lb. 483 lb. 584 1479 2546 lb. 6i" X 3" = 16 lbs. per ft. 15 0 12 6 9 0 36 6 16 lb. 584 lb. \ 8" X 5" = 29 lbs. per ft. 17 6 18 0 15 6 51 0 29 lb. 1479 lb. \ cwts. qrs. lbs. 22 2 26 Billed as — cwts. qrs. lbs. 22 3 - In rolled iron joists cut to exact lengths and hoisting to various levels and fixing by brick- layer. Bolts. Under 12 in. long £ in. diameter screw bolts — long, with heads, nuts and washers, and fixing by carpenter. in. 10 = 100 9 = 90 10 = 80 29 = 270 9 in. average. Billed as — £ in. ditto. in. 10 = 100 10 = 100 10 = 100 30 = 300 10 in. average. Over 12 in. long. f in. diameter screw bolts — long, with heads, nuts and washers, and fixing by carpenter. in. 10 = 200 10 = 250 10 = 150 30 = 600 20 in. average. No. 29 £ in. diameter screw bolts, under 12 in. long, average 9 in. long, with heads, nuts and washers, and fixing by carpenter. „ 30 £ in. ditto, 10 in. long, and ditto. „ 30 | in. ditto over, 12 in. long, average 20 in. long, and ditto. BILLING . 2 55 Glass. 21 oz. sheet glass, and glazing in squares not exceeding . . . feet supl. 2 ft. 0 in. 4 ft. 0 in. 6 ft. 0 in. 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 300 0 300 0 300 0 Billed as — ft. in. 300 - supl. 21 oz. sheet glass in squares not exceeding 2 ft. 0 in., and glazing. 300 - „ 21 oz. ditto, 4 ft. 0 in., and ditto. 300 - „ 21 oz. ditto, 6 ft. 0 in., and ditto. Paper . Billed as — No. 6 Pieces of paper P. 1 Paper P.C. 2s. per piece, and hanging. 100 0 100 0 100 0 54)300 0 5 pieces 30 ft. ). 2s. per piece, and hanging. BILLING. The general rule as to order of billing is to begin each trade with the principal item of that trade, as — Bricklayer, rods of brick- work ; mason, cubic feet of stone ; slater, squares of slating ; carpenter, cubic feet of timber ; joiner, squares of flooring ; founder and smith, cwt. of iron ; plumber, cwt. of lead, &c., and generally speaking, adhere as closely as possible to the order, cubes, suprs., runs, numbers. Any total in the abstract having odd inches is billed as a foot when six inches or over, and where under six inches the inches are discarded, thus — 4 feet 6 inches is called 5 feet, 4 feet 5 inches is called 4 feet. In work priced per yard cube 13^ feet is called a 256 QUANTITY SURVEYING . yard, under 13J feet is rejected. Similarly, when work is priced at per square, parts of 5 feet are treated as 5 feet, or discarded, thus — 108 feet would he called 1 square 10 feet, 107 feet 1 square 5 feet, 72 feet, 70 feet, 73 feet, 75 feet. This practice saves con- tractors much trouble in pricing, and in works of fair size the differences neutralise each other ; but in small measured accounts it is better to adopt the exact quantities. In plastering or painting, where half a yard superficial, call the dimension a yard ; where under half a yard, disregard it. Materials charged per cwt. proceed on the same principle, call- ing the lbs. 0, 7, 14, or 21, when less than a quarter. Where there is any departure from the usual mode of measure- ment the fact should be stated in the preamble of the bill. In items where scantlings are stated, put the smaller one first, as 6 inches by 8 inches, and write the name of the article immedi- ately after the size, and before describing the labour, as, for instance, 6 inches by 8 inches fascia , moulded 6 inches girth. Repeat the figures of scantlings or thicknesses when billing as not 3" x 4" wrought and framed rail. 3" x 4" „ „ twice splayed. ,, x „ „ „ twice splayed. Numbers also should invariably be repeated even when similar. Work described as “ in small quantities ” should always be billed in feet. Where a number of items are in deal, and others in pitch pine, mahogany, &c., a heading will save the repetition of the words, deal, pitch pine, &c., thus : “ Doors in deal ,” “ Skirtings in deal,” “ Best Honduras mahogany,” &c., and generally, if there are many items of a sort, judicious headings will save writing. Gratings, air-bricks, &c., connected with the general construc- tion, and which involve the labour of a bricklayer, mason, or carpenter, should be billed at the end of the trade with which thev are connected. 4/ In some cases it is found convenient to give the detailed quantities of a particular item, so that a separate amount may be arrived at ; this is called “ writing short ” (see A below). Another case in which the same plan is adopted is that of the extra labours BILLING. 2 57 on work measured lineally (see B below). In cases like A inches may be stated. In writing the bills keep the whole of one item on the same page, and do not write parts of the same word on two lines. When it is desired that an article shall be supplied by a parti- cular person, insert his name and address, with the description of the said article. Carefully observe that the words cube , superficial , run , number , are written in where these divisions commence, as, to take an instance, the word run is sometimes omitted where the superficials terminate, and the lineal dimensions consequently appear to be superficial. A.— No. 1 Stepladder, as detail following, viz. ft. 50 run ft. 10 43 17 3 40 13 47 37 No, »» Cube, fir framed Superficial, planing „ 1^-inch rough batten land- ing, with open joints .. „ l|-inch deal rough lining , tt Id »> treads „ lj-inch deal rough treads, framed „ 2-inch deal rough framed strings Run, labour to rounded edge to 3 inches fir Housings of treads Ogee cut ends to bearers, 6 inches by 3 inches Ends of bearers, &c., cut and pinned into wall Amount of stepladder . . . . £ Carried to adjoining column. B. 3 inches by 9 inches window sill, tooled, sunk, weathered and throated. No. 20 fair ends. d. £ s. d. Observe that the wards “ and including " be used where re- quired, as in describing tiling and lathing, write “ on and including 11 x | sawn fir laths/’ or in description of doors when glass is beaded in, “ with and including mitred and screwed beads for glass. Observe also the distinction between “ as pattern (out of stock, if not more definitely described), and “ to detail ’ or “ to design. s 258 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Take care that, so far as possible, the same word has but ono meaning throughout the set of bills, especially the words “ provide ” and “ allow.” It is convenient to apply the word “ provide ” to those amounts or quantities which are provided, and which will be the subjects of future adjustment, and the word “ allow ” to all items the cost of which are at contractor’s risk, and not subject to interference. Parts of “allows” should consequently not be deducted. (See p. 244.) It is not expedient to contract any of the words in a bill ; write all at full length. Sometimes labour is saved by billing items without abstracting ; in such case write against them in dimensions “ to bill direct.” Either every trade may have a separate bill, or two or three trades may be put into one bill, or the bill may be continuous ; in either case each of the trades will be carried separately to summary, and each bill will have a heading similar to the following : — Estimate, For proposed house and offices at Sutton, Surrey, for John Smith, Esq. , Esq., Architect, 24 Montague Square, July 1878. London, W.C. It is often convenient when part of the work is new and part alteration to old, to make a separate bill of the alterations, heading it “works on the site ” ; the builder in the. latter case will have to take this bill only to the site. A separate bill may often be made with advantage of the general contractor’s work in connection with a sub-contract for ventilation, machinery, &c. Head each trade with number and trade, thus — “ No. 2. Excavator and drains.” The sketches should be drawn in the bill before any checking is done, so that they also may be checked. When the work is in a district where other than London methods of measurement are used, it will be advisable if they are not adopted to say “ all the modes ot measurement and allowances in this bill of quantities are in accordance with the London practice.” Another preliminary clause sometimes used is as follows : “ In all trades the London mode of measuring has been adopted, viz. all openings for doors, windows, &c., have been deducted from the BILLING . 259 gross totals, and all quantities of stone and other materials stated in the several bills are the net measurements. Whon fixed in the work, all allowances for waste, &c., must be considered in the prices.” Preliminary Bill. — ‘This should commence with clauses from tho conditions which may affect tho amount of tender, such as tho following :-~- “ The site is on the north side of the road leading from Kow to Richmond, and opposite to the Cumberland Gate of Kew Gardens” (description of position will often be unnecessary beyond the heading of the bill). “ The building to be completed fit for occupation by the . . . day of . . . under a penalty of £ . . . per week as liquidated damages, delay consequent upon strikes only excepted.” Some- times, “ in case of extra works, the time shall be extended one week for every £100 worth of additional work.” “ Payments will be made to the contractor at the rate of 75 per cent, upon the value of the work executed until completion, when an additional 20 per cent, will be paid, and the remaining 5 per cent, at the expiration of six months.” The old “Conditions of Contract” published by tho R.I.B.A. involve a different arrangement : “ When the value of the works executed, and not included in any former certificates, shall from time to time amount to the sum of £ . . . , or otherwise at tho architect’s reasonable discretion, the contractors are to be entitled to receive payment at the rate of 80 per cent, upon such value until the difference between the percentage and the value of tho works executed shall amount to 10 per cent, upon the amount of the contract, after which time the contractors are to be entitled to receive payment of the full value of all works executed and not included in any former payment, one moiety of the balance being paid on completion, and remainder in . . . months.” The payment and maintenance clauses are various, and have to be drawn to meet special cases. Architects’ instructions usually regulate these. “ No part of the work to be let as task-work.” “ A fully-priced copy of the estimate ( sometimes sealed ) is to be deposited with the architect within a week of signing contract, extras and omissions to be valued at the prices of the contract, and s 2 26 o QUANTITY SURVEYING. any item of extra work which does not exactly agree with the descriptions of the original estimate to he valued at a price analogous thereto .” Sometimes “ the quantities will form part of the contract.” The clause commonly appears without the part in italics ; when it does the builder will argue that the rates of the original estimate shall be only applied to such items of extra work as are exactly described in the bill of quantities. This condition, if uniformly adopted, will produce in course of time an improvement in the system of tendering. When a large quantity of extra work has been anticipated, builders have some- times priced their original estimate at an absurdly low rate, with the idea of making their profit by charging an exorbitant price for the extra work. “ The contractor will be required to keep an approved foreman constantly upon the works.” “ For the remaining conditions see the copy appended to the specification.” “ Allow for insurance from fire to the amount of (two-thirds, or as the case may be) tender, in such manner as may be directed, and make good after fire or any other accident.” “ Allow for supplying water for all the works, including fees, temporary plumbing, and storage of water.” “ Allow for giving notices to all authorities requiring notice, and for supplying any drawings required, and paying all fees. (The fee for District Surveyor is for a building . . . stories in height, and not exceeding . . . squares in area.)” The foregoing part in parenthesis applies only within the jurisdiction of the London County Council. Observe that where a new building is connected with old ones, District Surveyor’s fees must be included for them as well as for the new ones ; reference to the schedules of the Building Act will show how. Include also the fee for inspection under the new bye- laws of the London County Council. “ Allow for each trade to attend upon all other trades, and for all jobbing connected therewith.” This clause will not supersede the necessity of special items for attendance. “ Allow for all scaffolding, rods, &c., and stakes and labour in setting ®ut the works.” When the building is large, leave out the word scaffolding in previous clause and insert the following : — BILLING. 261 “ Allow for the necessary scaffolding for a building about . . . feet long, by . . . feet wide, and . . . feet from ground to ridge, with . . . chimney stacks rising to a height . . . feet from ground, and a turret rising to a height of . . . feet, and in- cluding an apartment . . . feet by . . . feet, and . . . feet high.” (The latter clause when there is a very large room or hall involv- ing internal scaffolding.) “ Allow for an office for clerk of works and the requisite firing, light and attendance, and for all sheds, &c., required for keeping materials under cover, and for carrying out the works. If any materials not usually protected are to be kept under cover they should be particularised, such as lime, facing bricks, &c. “ Allow for proper latrines for the workmen, for keeping same in a clean and decent condition, and for emptying as may bo required, and removing at completion.” “ Allow for enclosing the site with an approved post and rail fence, and for preventing the men from trespassing upon any other part of the ground beyond that enclosed.” The foregoing in case of a park or garden. “ Allow for covering the walling during inclement weather, and for providing all requisite temporary lights, doors, water- shoots, covering to stonework and terra-cotta, tile pieces to steps, and any other requisite protection to the whole of the works.” “ Allow for making good any injury to the building from any cause, and for making good pointing after injury from frost.” “ Allow for making good any injury to adjoining buildings consequent upon these alterations, and for any necessary shoring.” Allow for necessary watching and lighting.” “ Allow for keeping foundations free from water, and for any temporary drainage, baling, or pumping that may be required.” “ Allow for clearing away all dirt or rubbish and superfluous materials as they accumulate, for washing (or twice scrubbing) floors at completion, and for leaving the whole of the premises clean.” “ Allow for affording facilities to any other parties employed upon the buildings, so that their works may proceed during the progress of the contract, and allow them use of ordinary scaffolding and ladders.” “ Allow for casing and otherwise protecting any of the work 262 QUANTITY SURVEYING. done by other tradesmen, and be responsible for, and make good or pay for the making good of any work which may suffer for want of such casing or protection.” “ Allow for keeping the works in proper repair for . . . months (usually six) after completion, and for making good any defects or imperfections which may arise during that period, and for making good pointing to roofs or walls after injury from frost.” “Allow for erecting, maintaining and altering as may be required, and afterwards removing, a hoarding, with the necessary gates and fastenings, fans, planked footway, post and rail fence, &c., to the satisfaction of the local authorities, for a length of . . . feet, with two returns . . . feet in length.” The foregoing would apply in a public thoroughfare. Sometimes supply and fix to front wall for its whole height from ceiling of ground floor to top of parapet a close boarded fan 2 feet 6 inches wide. Sometimes the right of letting the hoarding to an advertise* ment contractor is reserved by the proprietor, and sometimes advertising is prohibited. “ Allow for carrying on the works while the present buildings are in use.” This applies in case of additions. In case of an erection on the site of an old building — “ Allow for emptying any old drains or cesspools that may bo met with in course of excavation, and for filling in same with hard, dry brick or stone rubbish, or lime core, well rammed.” “ Allow for leaving temporary openings in roofs, walls or floors as may be required or directed for the getting in of cisterns, boilers, machinery, &c., and make good afterwards in all trades.” “ The contractor to send in with his tender the names of two responsible sureties who are willing to be bound jointly and severally with him in the sum of £ . . . for the duo completion of the contract and the bond to be executed on the signing of the contract,” The foregoing is a general outline of the most frequent re- quirements, but in almost every building some special conditions will be required to meet the exigencies of the case. The general rule is to embody in the preliminary bill any condition which is likely to affect the value of the work. Xu the case of an estimate comprising works of alterations the BILLING. 263 items of alterations, i.e. such as are not mcasurod for quantity, should follow here, and they should he arranged in such order that the contractor would, in reading the items, go through the building, beginning with the topmost floor, for instance, and dispose of it without any necessity for his return to that part of the building. In all cases state the exact position of the work. Where there are a very large number of items of alteration some surveyors make a separate bill of them. “ Allow for pulling down,” &c. ; describe the pulling down. (“ See Bill No. 20.”) See also remarks on credits bill. If any part of the work is in darkness, as in the case of sub- basements, it should be stated. Sometimes the following, “ allow for laying on temporary gas pipes to now basement, and for paying for the necessary gas, candles, &c.” Alterations . — When the estimate is mainly for the alteration of an old building, it will greatly assist the estimator to place at the beginning of the preliminary bill an item similar to the following : — “ The work consists of raising the building by an additional story, of building a new kitchen and dining-room adjoining the north wall of the building, and a billiard-room, with conservatory over, adjoining the south wall, and of various small alterations and additions throughout the old building.” A small block plan, lettered A, B, C, &c. (and which may be referred to by these letters) is a useful appendage to a bill of quan- tities of alteration, and makes the items easier to understand. “ Insurance from fire, and the water company’s fees will be paid by the proprietor, but contractor to allow for any temporary plumbing and storage of water.” “ The whole of the inserted work, as mouldings, panellings, &c., to match old.” Special reference to scaffolding is also expedient, thus : — “ Allow for erecting a strong scaffold about 36 feet long and to a height of 50 feet from ground level as may be necessary, for the raising of additional story, and include cutting out and making good all putlog holes, and for removal of scaffold at completion.” “ Allow for any necessary shoring and strutting while under- pinning eastern wall and chimney breast about 22 feet run.” 264 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Provisions. — The points connected with provisions which re- quire attention are the packing , carriage , profit and fixing. Vaiious methods of treatment of the same item appear below. Always state carefully what the sum provided is to cover. To meet the question of profit it is sometimes stated that the amounts provided are to be paid net to any tradesman selected by the architect on his certificate. A clause such as this will define the position you take : “ Pro- vide the following sums to be used as directed, or deducted if not required. If contractor desires a profit he must add it to the amount named in each case.” The letters P.C. or the words prime cost, shall mean the price at the manufactory after deducting trade discount, but not discount for cash. Allow on all provisions for profit, packing, carriage and fixing. Sometimes, “ All the following provisions to include fixing, un- less specially described otherwise.” “ Provide the sum of £100 for ten chimneypieces, and allow also for packing, carriage, profit and fixing, including the necessary cramps.” “ Provide the sum of £100 for ten chimneypieces and fixing.” “ Provide the sum of £100 for ten chimneypieces (fixing else- where taken).” “ Provide for modelling of terra-cotta £ . . . ” “ Provide for extra works £ . . . ” Submit the provided amounts to the architect for his approval before the bills are lithographed. When the quantity of work for which a provision of money is made is not settled, it is not fair to add “ allow for fixing.” It may be necessary to measure a considerable amount of work in connection with provisional sums, and in such cases it is con- venient to make a separate bill of the provisions, commencing with the sums provided, and following with the collateral works in the usual order of a bill. Some surveyors use the following : “ In all cases where letters P.C. are made use of in this specification, they are intended to imply the published catalogue price, and the architect shall be empowered, if he thinks proper, to order the articles of any special manufacturer to the full value of the sum named ” ; others, “ All BILLING . 265 provisional items shall include 10 per cent, profit for the contractor calculated on the net amount after deducting trade discount.” The division of labour in the case of provisions requires careful stipulations. When a sum of money has been provided for con- structional ironwork like the following — “ Provide for constructional ironwork and fixing £2000,” and it is intended that the general contractor shall unload, &c., some such clause as follows will appear in the hill of quantities of the general contract : “ Unload, get into building, deposit, hoist, and assist in fixing .... tons of iron joists, girders and columns.” When a sum of money is provided for terra-cotta delivered at the building, “ provide for terra-cotta £....” “Allow for assisting the manufacturer of the terra-cotta in setting out, and for furnishing any necessary particulars to manu- facturer, and for unpacking, storing and protecting it, and making good any damage.” The fixing only will be elsewhere described. When a sum of money is provided for granite work, “Provide for granite work £ . . “ Allow for assisting the granite merchant in setting out and for furnishing any necessary particulars to merchant, and for un- packing, storing and protecting it, and making good any damage.” “ Allow for supplying water to the fibrous plaster manu- facturer ; for assisting to unload, store and protect the same to the extent of about 25 squares; for arranging as to time for the execution of the work, after the grounds are fixed ; for the erection and use of scaffolding required by the manufacturer ; for clearing away all rubbish when ordered by the clerk of works ; and for leaving the whole in a clean and orderly condition; (The ceiling joists and other preparations are included in the carpenter’s bill./’ The examples of preambles to trades which follow will, of course, be considerabty modified in special cases, and by the specification of the particular work. Piling , Coffer Bams , rftc. — “ The prices of piling and dams to in- clude spikes, nails, oak treenails, and all workmanship and labour in preparing and connecting timbers together by lapping, notching ? bevel, or birdsmouth cuttings, including boring for bolts.” “ The driving of piles to include use of pile engine, staging and hoops or rings.” 266 QUANTITY SURVEYING. “ Allow for Largos or floating stages, which will be necessary for a part of the work.” “ The fir shall be sound Dantzic fir, free from sap and all defects, not less than 144 square inches in section properly squared, and from straight trees ; all to be creosoted under pressure with not less than 8 lbs. of creosote to each cubic foot of timber ; all cut ends, scarfs and surfaces of tops of piles shall be tarred with Stockholm tar. All piles to be driven with a ram weighing not less than 20 cwt., and the driving continued until each pile will not go down more than half an inch with ten blows of the ram falling 9 feet.” “ Any pile split or otherwise damaged in driving shall not be drawn, but cut off at the level of the bed of stream, and another pile driven instead, as near as possible to that first mentioned, at contractor’s expense.” “ The net length only of the pile has been measured, contractor must allow for waste.” “ Allow for any necessary barging, any extra cost for working in the water, and for any extra cost of labour involved in tide- work.” “ The price for driving piles to include use of pile engine, staging and hoops or rings.” “ Allow for all spikes, staples and dogs.” “ Allow for all necessary pumping and baling.” “ Contractor must make his own arrangements and allowances as to tide work.” Brick Sewers. — “The work consists of the construction of a brick sewer running parallel with the existing northern main sewer, from a point about 600 feet north of the northern end of Victoria Road to the northern end of Lyndhurst Road.” “ All materials supplied in carrying out the works mentioned in this specification shall be the very best of their several kinds, and to the approval of the engineer. Any material that may be disapproved shall be kept upon the works until their completion.” “ The contractor shall pay to all persons engaged by him in carrying out the works, such wages as are generally accepted as current in the locality for each trade for competent workmen, and shall from time to time, whenever required so to do, produce to the Council sufficient evidence that such wages are paid by him, and also that none of the work is sublet.” BILLING. 267 “ The contractor shall not sublet or let as task work any part of the work without the consent of the engineer in writing previously acquired.” “ The work to be commenced within seven days from the receipt of a written notice from the clerk to the Council or the engineer, and to be completed and handed over to the Urban District Council within six months after the date of such notice, under penalty of 10Z. per day as liquidated damages.” “ Payments will be made to the contractor on the certificate of the engineer, at the rate of 80 per cent, on the value of work executed, and materials on the works. The first payment to be made when the engineer shall consider that 10 per cent, of the work contracted for has been done, and subsequent payments in similar proportions. Five per cent, three months after certificate of completion, and the remainder six months after completion.” “ Each section of the works shall be commenced at such times and only such lengths shall be opened as the engineer may direct, and the execution of work shall proceed at such speed as he may direct.” “The contractor will be required to keep a competent and approved foreman constantly on the works, and he shall not be changed except with the engineer’s approval.” “ The contractor shall find two good and sufficient approved sureties in the penal sum of one-third the amount of the accepted tender for the due and complete fulfilment of the contract entered into by the said contractor.” “ The contractor shall deposit with the engineer, within a week of signing the contract, a copy of the bill of quantities, upon which basis the tender has been prepared, fully priced and moneyed out, and the value of any deviation or deduction shall be calculated at the rates of the original estimate.” “ The contractor shall send in with his tender samples of tho Staffordshire blue bricks and seconds gault bricks, proposed to be used on the works.” “ No earth, rubbish, or materials shall bo deposited upon any pavements or crossings, under penalty of £5.” “ For the remaining conditions, see the full copy appended to the specification.” “ Allow for supplying water for all the works, including fees, any necessary temporary plumbing, and storage of water.” 268 QUANTITY SURVEYING. “ Allow for giving notices to any persons requiring notice, and pay all fees.” “ Allow for setting out the works and for supplying all rods, tapes, stakes, poles, labour and other matters in setting out the works, and also such as may be required by the engineer or his assistant to check the setting out.” “ The works will be carried out under the supervision of a clerk of works. Allow for supplying and fitting up an approved mov- able office (10 feet x 8 feet) for his accommodation, with all requisite fittings, stove, firing, lighting, attendance, &c., maintain- ing same and removing during the progress of the works to such positions as may be directed.” ‘ “ This office to be contractor’s property at completion of the works.” “ Allow for delivering, when called upon, at the engineer’s office, samples of the Staffordshire blue bricks, seconds gault bricks, stock bricks, cement, gravel, sand, pipes and granite cubes, intended to be used on the works, for the approval of the engineer ; all articles and materials used shall agree in every respect with the approved samples.” “ Contractor to use great care to damage as little as possible the watercourses, hedges and fences which he may have to break through for the construction of the works. Allow for making good at completion, and for leaving in as good order as before disturb- ance.” “Allow for making ample provision in place of the water- courses where broken through during the progress of the works, so that the flow of water is in no way obstructed.” “ Allow for preserving intact, properly slinging or holding in position, or raising or lowering where necessary all gas, water, or other pipes, plugs, boxes, &c., met with in course of the works, making good and leaving all perfect at completion.” “ Allow for protecting the whole of the works included in this contract, and for making good or paying compensation for any damage or accident to persons or property, and all claims for anything that may be stolen, removed, or destroyed, also allow for making good all sewers, drains, gas-pipes, water-pipes, or other property broken or damaged by contractors, servants, agents, or workmen, by or in consequence of their operations, or in conse- BILLING. 269 quence of trespass committed by them, and whether such damago or defects may be or might have been discovered during the progress of the works, or whether payment may have been wholly or partially made on the works approved as having been properly done. And in case of any action or suit at law, or other pro- ceedings being brought or taken against the Urban District Council, or any of their officers or servants in respect of any such damage or defects, or any loss, damage, or injury by reason thereof, or consequent therefrom, to fully indemnify the Urban District Council therefrom, and forthwith pay to them such sum as may be required.” “Allow for taking up or undoing any portion of the work executed (if the engineer should so order) for the purpose of ascertaining if such work has been done according to the terms of specification.” “ Allow for affording the engineer or his representative every facility, and such tools and labour as he may require to examine and test the materials and work.” “ The contractor will be required to enter into a proper contract and bond to carry out the work, to be prepared by the solicitors of the Urban District Council. Allow for the expense of its prepara- tion.” “ Allow for keeping the works in repair for six months after the date of certificate of completion, and for making good any defects or imperfections that may arise during that period.” , “Allow for supplying, fixing and maintaining, during the progress of the works, such substantial and proper fences as may be necessary for guarding and protecting them from injury, as well as the public from accidents, as also a sufficient number of lights to properly light the works and fencing, and provide a watchman whenever a trench is open during the night.” . “ Allow for supplying, wherever necessary, proper planked footways with substantial handrails, to the engineer’s satisfaction.” “ Allow for keeping trenches free from water from whatever source, and for doing all baling or pumping required.” “ Allow for any new sewers or house drains to be connected with the new sewers during the progress of the works, if the Council or their engineer shall require it, and all expenses con- sequent thereon ” 270 QUANTITY SURVEYING. “ Allow, in commencing to dig trenches, for carefully taking up, laying aside and preserving for reinstatement all turf, soil, granite, gravel and all other surface material.” “ Allow for removing from the works with all convenient speed all surplus ground, rubbish, materials, or other matters taken out of the trenches or elsewhere, and not required for use on the works.” “ Allow for filling in all irregularities in the trenches resulting from bad workmanship or otherwise, with concrete or gravel firmly rammed in as the engineer may direct, and, where the bottom is soft, for excavating to a further depth, and filling in with cement concrete as described, well rammed.” “ Allow in trenches for pipe sewers for taking out the ground under each socket so that no part of the socket shall touch the bottom of the trench, but each pipe shall have a firm and even bearing on the ground throughout its entire length. Should the soil be gravel, the hole for the socket shall be filled with soft puddled clay.” “ The sand to be clean and sharp, free from all loam and clay, and well washed before using.” “ The gravel to be clean and perfectly free from loam or clay.” “All hard core shall be composed of hard burnt clinkers, bricks, or other approved hard material ; no rags, tins, or other perishable materials shall be used.” “ The cement to be Portland of the best quality, from an approved manufacturer, to weigh not less than 114 lbs. per striked imperial bushel when poured lightly into the measure ; to be slow setting, uniform in quality, grey in colour ; when gauged of such fineness that at least 95 per cent, will pass through a sieve of 2500 meshes to the square inch, and when gauged pure in the proportion of 9 oz. of water to 40 oz. of cement, and on the following day placed in water and allowed to set for 7 days under water it shall withstand a tensile strain of at least 400 lbs. per square inch.” “ The cement to be delivered perfectly fresh on the work, in such quantities only as from time to time directed by the engineer.” “ The concrete to be composed of one part by measure of Port- land cement, five parts by measure of clean gravel or broken stone, not larger than 1 J inch cubes, and one part of clean sand, the whole thoroughly mixed together on boards before any water is applied.” BILLING . 271 “ The mortar to bo gauged in tho proportion of one part by measure of cement to two parts by measure of clean, sharp sand ; no mortar or cement that has once set shall be used.” “Proper boxes shall be supplied and used for measuring tho materials for mortar or concrete, and both shall be mixed on a proper timber staging.” “ The bricks used in the construction of the brick sewers shall be hard burnt, wire cut, gault arch bricks, square and even in thickness, of the quality called seconds, and the sides radiating.” “ The Staffordshire blue bricks shall be of the best quality.” “ The stock bricks shall be sound, hard, well burnt, and truly shaped ringing stocks, free from all defects.” “ The brickwork where possible shall be laid old English bond, all bed and cross joints are to be full of mortar, and no joint shall exceed a quarter of an inch in thickness, and all neatly struck flush with the work as it proceeds.” “The drain pipes shall be of the best glazed stoneware, socketed, perfectly cylindrical, straight and free from blisters, flaws, cracks and other defects. All pipes shall be of dimensions as follows : — Diameter. Thickness. Length in Work. Depth of Socket. Inches. Inches. Feet. Inches. 4 h 2 If 6 5 8 2 If 9 i 2' or 2' 6" 2* 12 1 2' or 2' 6" 2* 15 U 2' or 2' 6" 2f 18 U 2' or 2' 6' 2f “ The materials excavated shall be laid as compactly as practi- cable And neatly trimmed up, a space being left on each side of the trench of a width of not less than 2 feet as passage.” “ When passing through the fields and gardens the contractor and his men shall keep within twenty-five feet on either side of this trench.” “ The trenches for all sewers and drains shall be excavated in open cutting, the full width of trench.” 272 QUANTITY SURVEYING. “All joints in laying pipe-sewers, or drains, shall be made with one strand of tarred yarn and neat cement, the cement to thoroughly fill the space between the spigot and socket, and to be finished smooth on the outside. No part of the cement joint shall be made in water.” “ Great care shall be taken that no cement or other material is left inside the pipes, every pipe must be cleaned before the next one is laid. If on examining the work at completion any cement or other material is found in the pipe, or that irregularities of any kind exist, the pipes shall be taken up and relaid by the contractor in a proper manner at his own cost.” “ All sewers and drains shall, on completion, be perfectly water- tight.” “ On completion of each length of the work and after the same has been approved, the trenches shall be carefully filled in for a thickness of six inches above the brickwork of the sewer or the pipes with the finest material excavated, and the remaining portion in layers not exceeding six inches in thickness, extending the whole length to be filled in, and rammed with iron rammers ; for every man filling in, two men shall be employed to ram, and so on in pro- portion for any number filling in.” “The trench shall be watered if the engineer considers it necessary.” “ The surface of the trench in the fields when finished shall be left at a level of six inches above the adjoining land.” “ In filling in the trenches in the highway, no clay shall be placed nearer than fifteen inches from the surface, but that portion of the trench shall be filled in with material as follows : — 9 inches of hard core as before described, 3 inches of double screened ballast, and 3 inches of granite, similar to that forming the surface of the adjoining roadway.” “ The surface materials preserved for re-use shall be screened, and so much of the same as may be considered suitable by the engineer shall be used for repairing that part of the road which has been broken up ; but should there not be a sufficient quantity of screened material to make good the surface and reinstate it in as good a condition as before being disturbed, the contractor shall provide, and lay on at his own cost, the required quantity of fresh material, so as to assimilate it with the adjoining surface, whether the same be macadamised or otherwise.” BILLING. 273 “Provide for additional work, to be used as directed, or de- ducted if not required, £100.” “ For the new sewer, which is 3 feet 10 inches across the widest part, the trench has been measured 4 feet 6 inches wide, and for the 9-inch pipe drains, 3 feet wide ; anything beyond this must be allowed for by the contractor.’’ “ Sometimes the old line of the sewers is nearly followed by the new, and in measuring the digging no deduction has been made for the space occupied by the old sewers, nor has any deduction been made from the measured quantity of earth carted away.” “ The quantities stated of earth carted away represent solid cubic yards in position! Excavator and Drains. — Commence with a description of mate- rials, &c., something like the following : — “ The concrete to be composed of one part fresh ground stone lime, and six parts of clean ballast and sand, thrown from stages not less than six feet from the bottom of the trench,” or “ well rammed in 6-inch layers.” “ All excavation to trenches to include strutting and planking, and grubbing up old foundations, if required.” The foregoing when the strutting and planking has not been measured. “ Sand and gravel sufficient for the builders’ purposes may be obtained upon the site, but none to be carted away, and the contractor is to properly fill up any excavation made by him for that purpose,” or “ it is believed that sand and gravel, &c.,” or “ any sand or gravel found upon the site shall be allowed for at the market price of sand or gravel delivered, after deducting the cost of carting away a yard of earth measured before digging.” This is an item which will often save considerable expense, but the surveyor must be quite certain that the case is as he describes it. The drains will follow the items of excavation and concrete, with a' heading something like the following : — Drains in all trades , as provision. (“ As provision,” if their course is not determined.) “ The drains are to be glazed stoneware socketed pipes, of the best quality, half-socketed at junctions (or every ten feet in length, or both), laid to falls in trenches, upon a well-rammed bottom, jointed in Portland cement, and the joints puddled around with T 274 QUANTITY SURVEYING. clay. Including excavation, filling in, ramming, carting away (or otherwise removing) surplus earth, and any necessary strutting and planking, and cleaning out at completion.” “ Allow for care- fully testing the drainage at completion by a water or other test to the satisfaction of the architect.” Or, “ The drain pipes to be the best glazed stoneware socketed pipes, of approved London make, perfectly straight, truly cylindri- cal and perfectly smooth as to the interior glaze, to be tested for straightness by the insertion of a cylindrical plug of the full length of the pipe, and a quarter of an inch less in diameter than the pipe to be tested. This plug must pass quite freely through every pipe used.” “ The channels and bends in manholes to be executed with white glazed channel pipes of Winser’s, Broad’s, or other approved make.” “ The drains to be laid truly straight in line and gradient, so that a lighted candle held at one end of the pipe-line may be seen to be truly concentrical from the other end, the full bore of the pipe showing.” “ The contractor will be required, at his own expense, to test the drains in the presence of the architect, or his assistant, at such time as he may appoint, by filling them with water as often as neces- sary, and proper stoppers, screw plugs, hose, &c., must be provided.” “ If any drain is found to be leaky, or the test as to straightness is not satisfactory, it shall be taken out and relaid at the contractor’s expense.” “ The stoneware pipe drains, traps, &c., are to be jointed and filleted all round with neat Portland cement. The pipes are to be carefully and thoroughly cleaned out on the inside as the work of laying proceeds, and are to be laid on beds of Portland cement concrete 6 inches thick (7 to 1), and after being tested and approved by the architect are to be flaunched up with concrete on each side to half the diameter of the pipes, and again must be passed by him before being finally covered up, when the concrete shall finish 16 inches by 16 inches for 4-inch pipes, and 18 by 18 inches for 6-inch pipes.” “ The prices for drains are to include for all necessary planking and strutting to the trenches, for keeping the excavations clear of water, for removing old drain pipes where exposed by new trenches, and for the removal of any soil or contaminated earth met with.” BILLING. 275 Note : — “The body of the pipe to be laid upon the concrete, and the concrete to be cut out under each collar to allow of sufficient space to make the joint.” Waller . — “ The rubble for walling to be obtained from . . . quarry, to be free from flaws, sand or clay holes, and to be selected for hardness.*’ All the other materials to be as described in bricklayer’s bill. Sometimes “ allow for building a piece of walling as described, about 2 yards superficial and 18 inches thick, as a specimen to be approved before commencing the work, and pull it down and clear it away when directed.” Bricklayer . — “ The bricks to be sound, hard, square, well burnt and truly shaped, and free from all defects, and equal to samples deposited with and approved by the architect before signing of contract.” “No soft or place bricks, broken bricks, or bats will be allowed to be used, except where required for bond.” “ The lime to be freshly burnt Dorking or Merstham stone lime.” If selenitic lime — “ The lime to be selenitic, used and mixed exactly in accordance with the company’s printed instructions.” “ The sand to be clean and sharp, and washed if required.” “ The mortar to be composed of one part of lime to three parts of sand, mixed in a mortar mill, and in quantities sufficient only for the day’s consumption.” “ The cement to be the best Portland, weighing not less than 112 lbs. per bushel, and to bear a tensile strain of 600 lbs. on 1 J inch square after being set in water seven days (or give maker’s name), mixed in the proportions of one of cement to three of washed sand, and no cement that has once set is to be used.” See another description of cement in preamble to bill of Sewers. “ The bricks to be well wetted before being laid.” “The brickwork to be thoroughly flushed up with mortar, every joint to be filled (state if grouted), to be laid Old English (or Flemish) bond; no four courses to rise more than 1 inch higher than the bricks when laid dry.” “ The price of brickwork is to include for all rough cutting, and fitting and bonding of brickwork with stonework.” The foregoing where ashlar or stone dressings form a part of the work. “ The red brick facings are all in small quantities to strings. 276 QUANTITY SURVEYING. quoins, reveals, &c., and in parts may be considered as nearly equal to rubbed and gauged work ; the moulded courses are all in red bricks, the girth of same has been measured and included in the superficial quantity of facings. A considerable part of the moulded work is in short lengths, and all to include the extra labour in over- sailing.” “ The brickwork of projections is measured and included in general brickwork.” “ The price for facings to include the bonding of the different kinds of facings with each other.” The foregoing item “ the red brick facings,” &c., is only to be used when the moulded courses are measured as “ extra on facings.” “ The moulded bricks to be of the usual stock patterns, but of perfect and true shape.” If the moulded bricks for strings, &c., cannot be obtained from the manufacturer’s stock, insert the following : “ All the moulded courses to be cut and rubbed to detail.” Sometimes “ for the moulded strings, cornices, &c., the bricks may be moulded or cut at contractor’s option.” Terra-cotta . — Where the quantity is small it will be sufficient to put the items into the bricklayer's bill ; where a large quantity, make a separate bill of it ; a description may be easily produced from the following clauses : — Where the quantity is large it is the custom of some surveyors to arrange this work in two sections, one for “ fixing only,” which would be a part of the contract for the building ; the other for the “ manufacture and delivery,” which would be a separate contract ; but it is a better course to throw the whole responsibility upon the builder. It should be remarked that no work requires a more stringent and careful specification than terra-cotta, but only those parts of the subject are dealt with in the following clauses which imme- diately affect the value of the work. The preamble to each section should contain such conditions as follow : — if for fixing only . — “ The manufacturer to receive any necessary assistance from the contractor in setting out the terra-cotta, and to allow for the necessary workshops for the use of the modeller to an extent to be approved by the architect.” “ The manufacturer will deliver the terra-cotta on the site,” but the contractor to unpack it. BILLING. 277 “ The terra-cotta to be delivered on the site free from damage ■ any piece of it which may be damaged for want of protection dur- ing the progress of the building shall be removed by the contractor, and replaced by a perfect piece at the contractor’s expense.” “ The contractor shall make any objection that he may wish to make to any portion of the terra-cotta within ten days of its delivery at the building.” “ The terra-cotta shall be thoroughly bonded with and course with the brickwork ; to include all cutting, fitting and bonding of brickwork therewith ; and no joint shall exceed one-quarter of an inch in thickness. The jointing to be in accordance with the detail drawings to be supplied. None of the original surfaces to be filed, rubbed, or chipped, unless they are to be concealed, and these sur- faces are to be as little interfered with as may be.” The chambers of the terra-cotta to be filled in with fine concrete (state its com- position, and whether lime or cement concrete, or cement and sand, and its proportions). “ Each piece of terra-cotta to be thoroughly soaked with water before the filling in of the chambers, and the brickwork and terra-cotta in connection therewith to be thoroughly flushed in with mortar.” “ The terra-cotta to be set in fine mortar, neatly pointed as the work proceeds, cleaned down at completion, and left perfect.” (De- scribe any peculiarities as to pointing.) “ All the vertical and horizontal arrises to be left exactly true and regular.” If for Manufacture and Delivery of Terra-cotta only . — “ The whole of the terra-cotta to be thoroughly burned, of uniform colour, free from cracks or other defects, the arrises sharp and true, the en- riched work clean and sharp, and the whole equal in finish to the original models. All jointed in accordance with the detail draw- ings and chambered as required, but so as in no place to leave a less thickness than 2 inches. No piece of terra-cotta shall measure more than 15 inches either way. The mortises, joggles, grooves, perforations, &c., to be prepared on each piece before the burning, and each piece to be so prepared as to require no filing, rubbing, or chipping after the firing. The whole to be equal in colour, truth of line and finish to samples, which are to be deposited with the architect before signing of contract.” “ The terra-cotta is to be delivered on the site at the manufac- turer’s expense, and to be unpacked by the contractor, but the 278 QUANTITY SURVEYING. manufacturer shall bo responsible for any damage that may occur to it before the unpacking.” Although the terra-cotta may be a separate estimate, the general contractor should have a copy of the bills for reference. “ The manufacturer shall set out the work with the contractor’s assistance, and they shall together arrange as shall be necessary for the identification of the pieces of terra-cotta ; but the manufacturer shall be responsible for the allowance for shrinkage and for the ac- curacy of the size of each finished piece, and shall mark each piece as arranged with the contractor.” “ The models will be prepared for the manufacturer’s use, but he shall perform all packing and carriage of them from the build- ing to his works.” “ The whole of the terra-cotta shall be delivered between . . . day of . . . and . . . day of . . . and the rate of delivery shall be in a regular proportion to the quantity, and the time commencing on the first mentioned day.” “ If the manufacturer shall fail to deliver the terra-cotta at the stipulated rate, he shall pay or allow to the employers as and by way of liquidated or agreed damages, the sum of £ . . . per week for every week during which the building shall be delayed in con- sequence thereof.” “ Any part of the work which shall prove defective between the date of its delivery and the end of six months after the completion of the building, shall be removed and reinstated at the manufac- turer’s expense.” Payments. — (Repeat the clause as to payments to be found in the preliminary bill.) “ Any alteration in the works is not to vitiate the contract, but is to be valued in accordance with the original estimate, and for this purpose a priced copy of quantities is to be deposited with the architect.” Models for Terra-cotta. — When the contractor prepares his own models, a clause should follow the quantities of terra-cotta in the bill. Thus, after the plain and moulded terra-cotta, “ the foregoing quantity of terra-cotta will involve the preparation of (number) different models or moulds which are to be supplied by the con- tractor.” After the enriched terra-cotta, “ the foregoing quantity of terra-cotta will involve the preparation of (number) different models or moulds which are to he supplied by the contractor ”; or if a BILLING. 279 provision has been made for the models of enriched work, say, “ to bo supplied by Messrs. . . . , and for which a sum is provided.” Concrete Buildings . — Describe materials. “The prices to include all the necessary apparatus, centres, moulds, yds. bish. j 42 - - yy Brick-nogged partition 20 - - yy Brick paving in stables 50 - run York stone coping 13 in. wide .. 40 - yy York stone coping 18 in. wide .. No. 1 Flight of twelve York steps, and! sqrs. landing back area J 21 supl. Slating to main roof 30 - run Slate ridge 10 supl. Roof timbers and slating battens 10 yy Old floor and joists 10 yy 4-in. fir framed partition -* 1 No. 1 Door and frame and linings back) entrance / » 3 Sets of sashes and frames ini western wall of larder . . . . / The staircase from third to fourth! floor, consisting of twenty steps, 1 with handrail and balusters to j yds. one side. 100 _ - supl. Knock off plastering of old walls,) and basket and cart away rub- > bish ) Pull Down. £ 5. a. u 2 Credit. £ s. d. 292 QUANTITY SUR V EYING. Pull Down. Credit. I yds- ft. 1 in. 100 — - 100 - - cwts. 20 For this arrangement. Knock off lathing and plastering to partitions, and basket and cart away rubbish Knock down old ceiling, andl basket and cart away rubbish { Hot plate and hot closet in kitchen. Range in kitchen Old lead The w.c. pan and trap, first floor w.c., and all soil and supply pipes connected therewith. Total for pulling down j carried to preliminary bill,) page 3 ) £ s. £ Total of credits to be car- j ried to summary, and amount j to be stated in tender .. .. J In the preliminary bill a clause will appear : — “ Allow for pulling down, see Bill No. 20.” And in the summary a clause : — “ Deduct Credits, see Bill No. 20.” d. £ d. Special cases will arise requiring modifications of either of the foregoing methods. Probably the client obtains a larger sum for the credits if the amount appears in the tender. In billing works where there is more than one trade involved, as in a bill headed zineworker, in which there is joinery, write a preliminary clause to this effect, “ include also joiner’s work, herein described,” or carpenter’s or other tradesman’s work, as the case may be. Write, “continued” opposite every total carried forward, and “ carried to summary ” to the total at end of each trade. Put a tick at the bottom of each column of abstract when it is billed, in the same manner as suggested for the bottom of columns of dimensions. When the draft bill is finished read it carefully through, and take care to understand every item. Observe that the words “ cube,” “ superficial,” “ run,” “ No.,” “ continued,” “ carried to summary,” are in their proper places. It is a good plan to empha- sise these changes by leaving a blank line between cubes and BILLING. 293 superficial, &c. See that every trade is numbered and in the summary. If you are pressed for time, and equal attention cannot be given to every item, take particular notice of the larger or more valuable items, as it is in these that errors will be of the most importance. Always do this, however confident you may be of the carefulness of the checking. Practice will enable the surveyor to detect errors and discre- pancies readily. By the preservation of notes of various build- ings the surveyor will know whether the quantity of brickwork is nearly correct. A generalisation as to the proportion of beds and joints to a given quantity of stone may be applied according to the character of the building. He will, among other things, compare the quantity of slating with the boarding or battens which receive it and with the felt, the ceilings with the floors, &c. The surveyor should also be suspicious of any item which is presented in feet when by ordinary custom it is billed in yards, &c., of any extraordinary quantity of material billed in cubic yards, as the use of a divisor of 9 instead of 27 (in error) is not uncommon. It will save much time in altering and correcting the lithographed copies of the bills if the surveyor reads (or causes to be read) the transfers (i.e. the lithographer’s copy on paper prepared for transfer to the stones) as soon as they are ready, making corrections where the lithographer has made mistakes. It will be necessary to keep a list of them, and when the lithographed copies are received to see if the mistakes have been rectified. As all the copies are alike, this will be necessary only with respect to one of them. * Count the copies to see that they agree with the lithographer’s invoice. Pill in the charges to the summary, and count the number of bills in each set before they are despatched. If errors are discovered after the bills are sent out, an addenda bill must be prepared and sent to the builders, but avoid this necessity if possible. It is well to remember the function of a bill of quantities and that it is not a specification, it need never indicate position of work in a building except when the value of the item is affected thereby. The position of material, and the manner in which it has been measured, can be seen by referring to the dimensions, 294 QUANTITY SURVEYING. a copy of which should be suplied to the builder, but not until he applies for it. In some parts of the kingdom it is customary to combine the quantities and specification, making the bill of quantities serve for both. It is maintained by some that this can be done with less labour than the preparation of the two separate documents involves. The principle is to append to each item a statement of its position in the building. This method makes a much longer bill, gives the contractor more labour in pricing, and is not to be recommended. The London surveyor never adopts the practice. If tenders are advertised for and no quantities supplied, the selection of the builder may be deferred until after tenders are received, and there is no obligation to accept the lowest tender. But where quantities are supplied, a selection is usually made before their issue, from the persons offering to tender, and in such cases it is usual to adopt the lowest, the inference being that the eligibilty of all was considered before sending to them. The result of the tender will be best if care is taken to select men who do the same class of work. Any obscure directions in the following bill may in most cases be solved by reference to the items of bill which follow modes of measurement. BILLING. 2 95 yds. FORM OF A BILL. Heading. “ No. 1 . Preliminary and Provisions.’ Contract conditions which affect the cost Preliminary works Allows items of alteration sometimes sepa- rately billed as “ works on spot.” Provisions. Preamble. Provide for stoves £50 Ditto for chimneypieces and fixing £50 .. Ditto for 850 yards of tile paving and fixing cube 100 100 run No. d. Carried to summary No. 2. Excavator and Drains. Or a separate bill may be written of drains in all trades. Preamble. Excavation of various kinds Lime concrete, cubes and supls Cement ditto, cubes and supls Strutting and planking, supls. and runs . . Drains. Preamble. Drains, commencing with the smallest, and including the digging thus : — 4" drain and 2 feet excavation, averaged . . 4" ditto, 4 feet ditto Follow with 6” pipe, and its various depths of digging. Follow with the various sizes and depths in a similar way. Extra for bends of the various sizes, com- mencing with the smallest Extra for junctions, ditto Extra for taper pieces, ditto Follow with double junctions, &c., in the same manner. Ends of rain-water pipes and other pipes made good to drain, cesspools, grease traps, rain-water tanks, &c Connection with sewer and pay fees .. d. Carried to summary QUANTITY SURVEYING. No. 3. Waller and Bricklayer. ft. cube >» supl. runs Nos. supl. Preamble. Rubble walling Ditto of various thicknesses, 14" and under Rough cutting Extra for facing Extras on facing Extra on rubble for brick lining, or lining and cavity Follow with other extras in brick on the rubble — supls., runs, numbers. Reduced brickwork in mortar Ditto of various kinds in mortar Ditto, extra only in cement Half-brick partitions, brick-nogging, tile arches, &c Rough cutting, limewhiting Damp-proof course Pavings of cement, bricks, tiles, asphalt . . Wall-tiling (Or in Plasterer.) Labour rough oversail, one course . . Ditto rough chamfer on brick Follow with cuttings to quoins, groin point, chases, copings. 1 x -jV' hoop iron and laying in walls by bricklayer (weight 0 cwts. 3 qrs. 0 lbs.) Ends of timber cut and pinned Follow with ends of various things cut and pinned. Frames bedded and pointed, arches (all except gauged, see facings) and numbers generally ; labour and materials, setting stoves, ranges, soot doors, air bricks, and such small metal articles as include labour by bricklayer “ Allow for bricklayer to attend upon bell- hanger to No. . . . bells with . . . pulls ” . . £ Facings. Description of facing bricks and pointing . . “ Extra on common brickwork for facings of picked stocks finished with a neatly struck joint as the work proceeds ” Follow with the various kinds of facings according to value. Rake out cement joints, pointing, gauged arches, diapers, &c Labours on facings according to value Follow with items of extra on facings, labour or extra labour and materials. Follow with Nos. . . . extra on facings. Continued BILLING. 2 97 Waller and Bricklayer — continued . cwts. qrs. lbs. Hoisting and Fixing only Iron Joists and Girders (when the fixing is not included in smith’s bill, or when the ironwork is in a provisional sum). £ s. Carried to summary £ No. 4. Mason. Preamble. £ s . ft. in. Yorkshire Stone. supl. Rough stone of various thicknesses .. Self-faced stone of various thicknesses Tooled stone of various thicknesses, the thinnest first Rubbed stone of various thicknesses, the thinnest first Lineal items of labour Lineal items of labour and material Follow with numbers of labour only, labour and materials, small metal articles fixed by mason. Portland Stone. Stone, including hoisting and setting Ditto, in scantling lengths Stone, including hoisting and setting from 40 to 60 feet above street level Or, extra hoisting to stone from 40 to 60 feet above street level Follow with the various heights of hoisting Follow with the labour on the cube stone supls., runs, numbers. Portland Stone and all Labour. - - Supls., runs, numbers Follow with cramps, dowels, and small metal articles fixed by mason. Follow with the various kinds of stone, adopting the same arrangement as the foregoing. “Allow for attending upon bellhanger to No. . . . bells with No. . . . pulls” .. Bosting and Preparing for Career in Portland Stone. Supls., runs, numbers Often the carving is a provision. Carried to summary £ r i QUANTITY SURVEYING. No. 5. Slater and Slate Mason (or Tiler). Chief item of slating Follow with the supls. various kinds of slating Follow with runs and numbers. Clause for cleaning out gutters, &c Slate Mason. Supls., 'runs, numbers Small metal articles fixed by slate mason Carried to summary No. 6. Carpenter. Preamble. Fir in plates, lintels and wood bricks Ditto, fitted to iron Fir in ground joists Fir framed in floors Follow with the various descriptions of un- wrought fir according to value. Follow with the wrought fir, arranged in the same manner as above. Hoisting and fixing roof trusses Follow with centering, supls., runs, numbers. Cradling, bracketing Strutting to stone lintels, strutting and ribbing to traceried windows Follow with general supls., runs, numbers. Fixing only ironwork, numbers according to value, but these items will only occur when fixing is not included in smith’s bill, and in such case make a note in smith’s bill that fixing is in carpenter’s bill. Carried to summary No. 7. Joiner and Ironmonger. Preamble. “ Floors in Deal.” In order of value, commonest first. Follow with extras on floors, as grooves and nosings, &c. Follow with floors in pitch pine, floors in oak, &c., arranged in a similar manner. Each division as floors, skirtings, doors, &c., may bo followed by the similar categories in superior wood. Skirtings in Deal, including backings where required. In order of value, the least value first. Continued BILLING. Joiner and Ironmonger — continued. Fanlights , Skylights , Sashes and Frames in Deal. Fanlights, skylights, casements, according to thickness. Sashes and frames. Lineal quantities of extra labour on sashes and frames, and numbers. Number small casements and frames, or small sashes and frames. Doors in Deal. According to thickness, and in each thick- ness the doors of least value first. Extra labours on doors, runs and numbers. Thicknesses and Framings in Deal. Commencing with the least thickness. This division includes framings, as parti- tions, window backs, cupboard fronts and supl. items which do not come into the other sections. “ Fir framed and wrought all round where required ” (sometimes “ all framed in white lead”). Posts, frames, door frames, according to scantling, the smallest first, irrespective of the quantity of labour on them. Architraves and Mouldings in Deal. According to scantling, the smallest first. (In a small work the above may be included with the sundries.) Sundries in Deal. Runs and numbers, labours, labour and material, according to value. This section comprises items not referable to other categories. Attendances. 2 2 2 2 Joiner attend plumber to Baths Sinks W.c.’s .. Cisterns Joiner attend bellhanger, cutting away and making good after him to No. 13 bells with No. 13 pulls, and include the neces- sary boards for bell runners and for fixing the floor boards and joinery over same to remove with brass cups and screws Continued QUANTITY SURVEYING. Joiner and Ironmonger — continued Staircases in Deal. Items in the usual order supls., runs, numbers. Staircases in Pitch Pine (or other superior wood). Supls., runs, numbers Staircases in Honduras Mahogany (including French polishing and carefully protect- ing until completion of works), supls., runs, numbers. (Or the French polishing in painter’s bill.) Mahogany, wainscot, oak, teak, American walnut, or other superior woods follow in order of their value, keeping each wood distinct. Ironmongery of the best quality and strongest description, all to be fixed uith screws, the brasswork with brass scretcs. To Deal. Of the various articles begin with the smallest ; the following is the recognised order of arrangement. Iron butts, brass butts, iron back flaps, brass back flaps, iron hinges, brass hinges, iron bolts, brass bolts, iron latches, brass latches, iron locks, brass locks, sets of door furniture (where separately taken), window furniture, finger plates, general ironmongery, sets of lines and pulleys, general brasswork. Ironmongery and Fixing to Mahogany or other Hardwood. Same arrangement as for deal. Carried to summary When a bill of joinery is very long, some surveyors make a subordinate summary at the end of that bill, making totals of each of the various sections in the body of the bill, thus : — Summary. Work in deal, page 10. Ditto in pitch pine, page 30. Ditto in wainscot, page 66. Ironmongery, page 74. Carried to summary BILLING. 301 No. 8. Plumber and Zincworker. cwts. qrs. lbs. Externally, Preamble. Milled lead and labour in gutters, flats and flashings i Ditto in stepped flashings Follow with leadwork of various kinds, such as are reduced to weight. Follow with labours on the foregoing lead Supls., runs, numbers Numbers of labour and material Internally. Preamble. Milled lead and labour in covering to drain- ing boards Ditto in linings to sinks and safes Follow with labours, soldered angle, copper nailings, middling pipes, according to i size. Strong lead pipe in a similar manner. Iron pipe, copper pipe, and any extra labours on it in usual order of runs and numbers. Soldered joints in order of size, soldered ends Short lengths of pipe, traps, brasswork, lavatories, w.c. apparatus, baths, urinals, cisterns Clause as to Water Company and fees. Zincworker. Supls., runs, numbers Carried to summary No. 9. Plasterer. yds. ft. in. supl. )) Preamble. Internally. Distempering, colouring, pugging General plastering according to value, thus : — Render and set walls Render, float, and set ditto Lath, plaster, float, and set partitions Ditto, ceilings Work in fine Plaster. Supls., runs, numbers Continued £ s. d. s. d. 302 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Plasterer — continued. yds. ft. in. cwts. qrs. lbs. ft. in. No. 1 13 Work in Portland Cement. Supls., runs, numbers Work in Keene's Cement. Supls., runs, numbers The majority of surveyors bill encaustic floor tiling and wall tiling here iustead of in Bricklayer. Externally. In the same order as internal plastering .. Allow for cutting out blisters, &c Carried to summary No. 10. Founder and Smith. Preamble. Cast Iron. The various kinds of articles, priced at per cwt., such as columns and stancheons, weight and description, the pattern fol- lowing each item. Follow with runs (as eaves gutters, rain- water pipes, &c.) and numbers, in the latter case the patterns may often be included with description. Wrought Iron. Girders, rolled joists, flitch plates, chimney bars, framed gratings Follow with runs and numbers. Carried to summary No. 11. Gasfitter. Preamble. Pipe according to size, smallest first Fittings according to value, but often a provisional sum Lengths of pipe, main cock, syphon, meter, clause as to fees, &c Carried to summary No. 12. Bellhanger. Bells with fifteen pulls Continued BILLING . Belliianger — continued. No. 6 4 3 2 “ Fixing only .** Ceiling pulls Lever pulls Box pulls Sunk plate pulls, including letting into brickwork and making good The foregoing arrangement will involve a provision for the pulls, always the more satisfactory way. ft. in. Carried to summary £ supl. »» » No. 13. Glazier. Preamble. Sheet glass, according to size and weight . . Ditto, cut to shapes and ditto Follow with the various qualities of glass in a similar manner. Embossing or enamelling plate glass P.C., per foot Lead lights and glazing Copper clips and brass screws Clause for leaving glass clean and perfect at completion Carried to summary £ No. 14. Paperiianger. No. No. Preamble. Pieces of paper P.C., per piece, and add for hanging Follow with other paper according to value. Pieces of paper, extra for sizing and twice varnishing with best paper varnish Carried to summary £ yds. ft. No. 15. Painter. Preamble. Two oils on iron , supls., runs, numbers Follow with the various kinds of painting according to value and in the usual order to each. Extra for graining oak and twice varnishing with the best copal varnish , supls., runs, numbers. Allow for touching up, &c Carried to summary i 3°4 quantity surveying . The usual endorsement of a bill is similar to the following “ Estimate for House and Offices, “ Godaiming, Surrey, for John Smith, Esq. “ July, 1878.” “ William Thomson, Architect, “ 14, Bedford Row, W.O. “ Mason.” (or “ All Trades.”) (Autograph) “ John Green, “ Surveyor, “ 8, Westminster Chambers, “S.W. When two Surveyors are employed both should sign. 305 CHAPTER Y. RESTORATIONS. These relate generally to churches, and a statement of the common practice with respect to them will apply fairly well to all works of repair. The extent to which the general directions of the specification will he enforced depends so much upon the ideas of the architect that work executed from the same specification under one man’s super- vision may cost 500Z. and under another’s 1000Z. ; and although the surveyor should adopt his share of responsibility, he should avoid taking more than his share, and in measuring the work he should, while giving the quantity, throw the decision as to its extent in other respects upon the builder. The materials removed will be treated in the manner described in the remarks on credits. The new work will be measured in the usual way. The stonework will be described as in windows or doorways, or as the case may be, and as bonded with old work if such is the case. The cutting away to insert new windows or doorways, item by item, stating thickness of wall and size of new opening, and that it includes making good to new stonework, and in what trades, and state in what part of the building. A clause will usually be found, “ Cut out all decayed parts of general facing , make good with new , and point with mortar (or cement).' 1 In such a case use the words of the specification, and measure the whole area occupied by the facing. In the case of worked stone give the superficial area, where possible, of stonework to be repaired, and state the nature of the repair. Measure at per foot run, repairs to strings, quoins, copings. Number repairs to windows, doorways, pinnacles, finials, &c. x 306 QUANTITY SURVEYING. The repairs to stonework are almost always described in a general wav. and when this is the case the surveyor’s description should also be general, so as to throw the interpretation on the contractor. Nevertheless when particular stones are described to be replaced with new, they may be measured as for new work, but state that they are inserted. As it is usually uncertain how much will be spent in such a work, it will generally be required to keep the work in different sections, so that they may be separately stated in the tender, as “works to tower,” “works to south chapel,” &c., putting under each head the work in all trades relating to the particular section. Alternative estimates for oak and pitch pine or deal, &c., are frequently required. See remarks on alternative estimates. In cases where it is impossible to measure the work beforehand it is fairest to provide such a sum of money or quantity of material as may in the opinion of the surveyor be necessary, adjusting the quantity at the settlement of accounts. A few instances of the method of treatment of various items relating to the old work are as follows. The new work will be treated in the usual way. “Remove and credit. The roof of north aisle, comprising two trusses, about three squares of boarding and roof timbers, and about 18 cwt. of old lead, and make good work disturbed by its removal.” yds. ft. in. “ 1000 - - supl. Cut out all decayed parts of general facing, make good with new to match old, and point with cement.” sqrs. ft. in. “ 6 - - „ Take up and credit paving of nave and aisles, and remove earth for a depth of 6 inches to receive concrete, and deposit within a distance of two runs ” (or cart away). yds. ft. in. “ 1000 - - supl. Remove plaster, limewhite, &c., from the walls, and general stonework, repair the stonework with stone of the same kind inserted in cement, and point the joints with fine mortar, and clear away rubbish.” ft. in. “ 1000 - run. Examine, clean, and repair splayed plinths of nave and aisles and chancel, cutting out all decayed stones and inserting new where necessary to match old.” RESTORATIONS. 307 ft. in. “ 50 - run. Cut out remains of old stone string 6 inches high and insert new (elsewhere taken), and make good (chancel).” “ No. 8. Examine and repair pinnacles of tower, cutting out decayed stones and inserting new as required.” “ Examine and repair eastern window of chancel, cutting out decayed stones and inserting new, remove glazing and saddle bars, and make good.” “ Remove glazing and saddle bars of western window, north aisle, cut out the tracery of head, and prepare to receive new (elsewhere taken), remove wooden mullion and restore with new stone to match old, repair the remainder of stone- work, and make good all works disturbed.” Tho general conditions and preliminary items of the bill will be as for new work. There are few points specially to be observed in a bill of restora- tion, and the following should appear in the preliminary bill : — “ Any objects of interest which may be found during the pro- gress of the works to become the property of the committee.” “ Carefully case and protect from injury the mural tablets and monuments (enumerating and describing them), where necessary to remove them for the purposes of this work, place them in a safe position and refix them at completion, and make good around same, and contractor is to be responsible for and make good any damage that may occur to them during the progress of the works.” Or the foregoing clause may be made to include only thoso monuments which remain in position, and those removed treated something like the following : — “ Take down and deposit and protect the monument on north wall of north aisle, refix when the wall is rebuilt, and make good all work around same.” “ Carefully take up the footstones, brasses, slabs, &c., in floor of nave, deposit and protect and refix same in such positions as may be directed, as follows.” Enumerate them. “ Remove the gravestones or tombs which may interfere with the rebuilding of north aisle, deposit and protect and refix same, as follows.” Enumerate them, or give the number of large and small ones. “ Allow for the removal and reinterment where directed by the churchwardens of any bodies that may be met with in course of excavation.” x 2 3°8 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Provide a certain quantity of concrete for the filling in of any old graves. that may he met with. In measuring the plastering on the old walls take care to state “ that it is to include any necessary dubbing,” and if on old walls observe that a superficial quantity of raking out joints of old brick- work as key for plastering should be taken. In measuring new glazing in old stonework take a running- dimension of “ clean out or rework, rebate, or groove for lead lights, and fill in old mortises.” Let the general items of pulling down and cutting new openings, &c., follow the conditions and general preliminary items. Where any of the work is to match old, state it. General Alterations . — It may be instructive to present here a few types of items which are of frequent occurrence in a bill of alterations, and which may serve to show their general treatment. £ s. d. “ Allow for closing up the bottoms of No. 20 flues while raising the shafts for clearing away rubbish, and sweeping and coring the flues at completion ” “Allow for cutting opening for doorway 3'0" x TO" in 1^-brick wall, for inserting new lintel (elsewhere taken) and relieving arch, for making good brick- work in cement, and for making good plastering after fixing of finishings, flooring, and all other works disturbed on south side of drawing-room” .. In case of openings cut the item will appear as above, and the lintel and finishings will be measured and treated as is usual with new work. £ s. d. “ Allow for taking down doors of library and dining- room (three in all), taking off the ironmongery and making good after same, for nailing and glueing on pieces to heads where out of square, and for re- hanging in new linings, elsewhere taken ” In the cases of adapting old joinery it will generally be necessary to take off all the old ironmongery and substitute new. The new ironmongery will be taken in the usual way. rods ft. £ s. d. 5 - supl. Reduced brickwork in cement in small quantities inserted, and including extra labour and materials, cutting and bonding to old work RESTORATIONS. 309 In the case of openings filled in, measure the brickwork (the net opening) described as in last item. Observe that cases are frequent in which the actual amount of pulling down desired and indicated on the drawings cannot bo adhered to, as it would often cost more to support the work than to pull it all down and rebuild it, notably in cutting openings in old walls. When old chimney breasts are cut down (as in a party wall) the remains of the old flues will require filling up, and this work should either be measured or mentioned in a general clause. The following are a few ordinary items. ft. £ 8. d. 90 supl. “ Cut back face of old wall to form toothing, and insert new brickwork average f -brick thick in cement and bond same to old wall ” 20 „ “ Cut down projection of 1-brick chimney breast to old wall and prepare same for new work ” 100 run. Cut chase in old walls about 5" X 5" rough, render same in cement, and insert and bond new walls to old, including additional brickwork 100 supl. Old selected paving (taken from present basement) re- squared, re-tooled on upper face, laid in mortar, and jointed in cement 100 cube. “ Fir framed joists inserted in small quantities” 100 „ “ Fir framed in quarter partition ditto” yds. ft. 100 - supl. Hack face of old walls and prepare for now plastering 100 run. Make good junction of new and old plastering .. Variations before acceptance of Tender. After a tender has been delivered it is often found necessary to reduce it. There are various ways of doing this. To reduce the cubic content, the quality of the materials, the extent of the finishings. The surveyor will, as a general rule, be asked to furnish a list of proposed alterations with each item priced. The price per foot cube being calculated from the amount of tender and the cubic content at the commencement of the dimen- sions, the amount of saving effected may be easily arrived at. It should, however, be observed that the reduction of the height of the stories, or of the width of a building, will not produce a reduc- 3 IQ QUANTITY SURVEYING. tion so great as the number of cubic feet would seem to indicate. Whereas the omission of a part of the length of a building, or a part of it where roof, walls, floors, and finishings are all comprised, will correspond pretty accurately with the price per foot cube of the building as first projected. Parts of the work which are not susceptible of cubic calcula- tion, as covered ways, conservatories, boundary walls, &c., will bo omitted by reference to the dimensions or bills ; and it is in the case of variations that the advantage of their suggested separation in the dimensions and bill is apparent, as often the amount for a complete section of the bill may be omitted in one item. Such calculations are much simpler and more certain if the builder will produce his original estimate. As the result of these calculations will be reported to the client, and are but an approximate estimate, the amount of omissions had hotter be reduced by 10 per cent, and of additions increased by 10 per cent., as in the more careful preparation afterwards of the bill of additions and omissions it will inevitably happen that some differences will be made. The trouble and expense of a detailed calculation of items which may not be ultimately adopted will thus be saved. A list of the proposed variations should be supplied to the architect to submit to his client; but neither the items of alteration nor their estimated value should be communicated to the builder, as cases have been known (though, happily, rare) of the builder reducing in his copy of the quantities the prices of the items proposed to be omitted. When it has been decided what shall be omitted the original dimensions must be carefully looked through, and the items affected copied as a fresh set of dimensions ; where a series of dimensions as originally taken is to be omitted they may be referred to in the new dimensions by letters A, B, C, &c., putting the same letter at the beginning and end of each series in the original dimensions, thus A 20-0 10-Q 200 - L. P. F. and S. ceiling ?? 1 o o 1 196 - and twice ^vhiten. B. R. 3. add A B. R. 4. VARIATIONS. 3ii The reference in the new dimensions being as follows : — Omit A to A, col. 40, ceilings B. R. 3 and 4. Sometimes it may be necessary to omit a part only, as for instance one door out of five : in such case the note would be “ Omit ^th A to A col. 46, one door.” Sometimes it will be convenient to omit only a part of a series, when the items not omitted may be marked thus X , and the clause would run, “ Omit A to A col. 52,” “ Except items marked thus X.” Always describe in your new dimensions what the omission is, as otherwise you will be unable to distinguish without again referring to the original dimensions. Single dimensions may sometimes be transferred as follows, the equivalent of the squaring being written in the dimension column : — 2 / 12 6 102 1 4 1 10 102 1 102 1 In copying dimensions for the purpose of omitting them begin the series with the word omissions , and then copy them verbatim, additions and deductions, just as originally taken. Be careful when you measure the additions to head that series with the word additions . In abstracting your omissions and additions it will occasionally be found that there is an item of deduction with nothing of the kind from which it can be deducted. In such cases transfer all deductions of addition sheet to omission sheet as omissions. Transfer all deductions of omission sheet to addition sheet as additions. When the bill of variations is complete, if not before, the builder should produce his original estimate, and he and the surveyor together should affix the prices to each item, those to the omissions to be at the rate of the original estimate, those to the additions at analogous rates. It will sometimes make the dimensions of a set of variations much clearer if the dimensions of omission and addition are written on the same dimension page side by side, using one set of columns for omissions and the other for additions. 312 QUANTITY SURVEYING . CHAPTER VI. ERRORS, ETC., IN ESTIMATES— SCHEDULE OF PRICES— ADJUSTMENT OF ACCOUNTS. As a builder has sometimes been known to deliver a very low tender (perhaps several hundreds of pounds lower than the next above him), and has afterwards professed that he has made a mistake in his estimate to his own damage, it is perhaps not superfluous to consider the question of errors generally. In such a case as the foregoing the surveyor should request the builder to allow an examination of his original estimate, when he can generally form an opinion as to the genuineness of the plea. Where he has reason to suspect deceit, the whole of the builders originally tendering should have an opportunity of revising their tenders, or the work given to the contractor next above him in the list of tenders. Where the plea is a true one the case may generally be met by giving the builder a part of the difference, but after the contract is signed no claim for errors should be allowed. It must not be forgotten that the signing of a form of tender agreeing to sign a contract when called upon to do so, if the building owner accepts that offer, is a legal contract, and its com- pletion can be insisted on. Lewis v. Brass, L. R., 3, Q. B. D., 667 (1877). Where a priced estimate is deposited, the rates of which are to be applied to items of variations, the moneying out of the bill should bo carefully checked, as where a money item does not agree with its rate, as follows : — ft. in. 8 . £ 8 . 100 — cube Fir framed in roof. 3 10 0 The rate must be assumed in accord with the result , viz. 2 8. per cubic foot. ERRORS. 3i3 Mistakes in the casting of columns will also affect the prices in a similar manner ; for instance, the amount of the tender being 10,000Z. and the true result of the casts being 10,500Z., the rates would be subject to a deduction of 5 per cent., as all parties are bound by the amount of tender. Observe also whether a deduction has been made of a certain percentage from the amount in summary to produce the amount of tender; if so, the rates may also be subjected to a deduction of that percentage, but it is sometimes so small as to be not worth the trouble. In the adjustment of rates by a percentage the provisional amounts must be excluded from the calculation. The treatment of these rates will depend upon a variety of con- siderations. One of the most important is whether or not the quantities are a part of the contract. See also The Law as it Affects Quantity Surveyors. When the quantities are a part of the contract the builder will be entitled to payment by the building owner for the difference on any items imperfect in description or wanting in quantity, but ho will not be allowed to revise the rates nor to alter the total except for the foregoing reasons. The building owner will be entitled to deductions for excess in description or quantity, but he wdll not bo entitled to revise the rates nor to alter the total except for the before-mentioned reasons. It is necessary in all cases to remember that the fundamental principle of the present system of competitive tendering is finality. The building owner wants to know before the building is com- menced what his expenditure will be. The tenders are totals and they are to be dealt w r ith as such, and except for foregoing con- siderations are the builder’s own affair ; moreover, the decision as to whose tender shall be accepted is mainly based upon the relative totals. Blit it is none the less necessary that the whole of the extensions and castings should be checked before the contract is signed. The most suitable person to do this is the quantity surveyor. It may be objected that one of the advantages of sealing up the deposited set of quantities will thus be lost, because the surveyor will be in possession of information which he may give to the architect to the builder’s disadvantage. The surveyor need hardly be reminded that such work is confidential and should not 3i4 QUANTITY SURVEYING . be communicated; but the checking is an imperative necessity which will be more clearly shown by the following instances. The probabilities of error are so numerous that it will be im- possible to enumerate all the varieties that may arise; a few instances of those most frequently met with may, however, be considered. It should be remembered that the total of the tender must always be treated as final, and that the rates of the original estimate are (as is mostly stipulated and properly so) to be applied to all omissions or additions of a kind similar to the original item. 1. Items of feet inadvertently priced at the rate of a yard , and vice versa. — These should not be interfered with ; any adjustment opens the question of the judgment and motives of the builder. If a yard is priced at a rate which would only be reasonable for a foot, and the rate is increased, an argument would be afforded for the reduction of other rates, apparently too high, thus affecting the total and reopening the competitive question which is the key- note of the whole transaction. In cases of variation these absurd prices often prove much to the builder’s advantage, sometimes greatly to his disadvantage, but it is one of the imperfections of what is on the whole a con- venient s}’stem. It should be remembered that when there are no quantities the builder (even more frequently than when there are) makes considerable mistakes but is bound by his bargain. 2. Items which are priced at rates discordant with other rates , such as circular work at a less price than straight, brickwork in cement at the price of brickwork extra only in cement, &c. The same principles apply as in item 1. 3. Items neither priced nor extended . — When the item is of small amount it is obvious that as a percentage it will affect either the total or the rates to but a small extent. Such a case is usually met by pricing the item at a current rate. When the amount in question is a large one, it will be best to price it at a current rate and to reduce all the other rates by a percentage. The attachment of a rate is necessary because of the possible increase or reduction of the original quantity during the progress of the work. 4. Single items extended without f a rate attached. — In such a case ERRORS. 3i5 tho rate may be calculated from the extension, the latter being cne of the elements which produced the total. 5. A series of items bracketed together by the estimator and one sum attached. — This often occurs in the joiner’s bill when a series of items of labour are thus treated. The most reasonable course is then to price the whole series at consistent current rates, extend them, and add the extensions together ; if on comparison of this total with the total attached by the estimator it is higher, tho difference must be calculated as a percentage and each of the rates reduced so as to make the totals agree ; if it is lower, then all the rates must be increased by a similar process. When quantities are not a part of the contract the same necessity for examination exists. The builder will not be entitled to payment by the building owner for the difference on items imperfect in description or wanting in quantity, nor will he be allowed to revise the rates or alter the total. The building owner will not be entitled to deductions for excess in description or quantity, nor will ho be allowed to revise the rates or alter the total. The treatment of the items 1 to 5 will apply in a similar way (under these conditions) as when quantities are a part of the contract. In both cases the object is to make the bill of quantities complete and workable as a schedule for the adjustment of variations. SCHEDULES OF PRICES. When it is desired to commence a building, and there is not time for the preparation of an estimate in the usual way, it is a ffe9 59 95 99 Per bushel. Per foot supl. Per foot run. Per day. >» “ Drains .** Preamble. Describe fully. Give the various sizes and the depths of the digging Per foot run. “ Extra for deep tunnelling.” State average depth .... „ Bends. Single Junctions. Double Junctions. Siphons. “ Extra on 4-inch drains for ” Follow with the various sizes, as 6-inch, 9- inch, &c Each. SCHEDULES. 323 “ Bricklayer” Preamble. Describe the labour and materials generally, as preamble to a bill of quantities. The various kinds of brickwork “ Extra for hoisting above . . feet ” “ Add if in one brick walls fair both sides ” .. “ Add if circular on plan ” “ Add if in vaulting ” Follow with the various items, arranged as in a bricklayer’s bill. “ Hoisting and fixing iron columns, girders, and joists up to 20 feet above footway ” .. .v Follow with the various heights “ Bricklayer ” “ Labourer ” Various materials, as bricks per thousand, mortar per yard and hod, putty or fireclay per hod, cement mortar per yard and hod, &c. “ Mason.” Preamble. State clearly how the stone is to be measured. Place the best stone first ; assume in this case Portland stone. To commence with a description of the stone, state that “ the prices are to include moulds, trammels, &c., and those for labour to include arrises. The stone to be measured net as set, including hoisting and setting not exceeding 40 feet from level of footway ” .. .. .. .. “ Add, if exceeding 6 feet in length ”* ■ .. • .. “ Add on first item, if exceeding 8 feet in length ” “ Add on ditto, &c., if hoisted from 40 feet to 60 feet from level of footway ” Follow with various heights. Follow with labours arranged as in a bill of quantities. “ On the net amonnt paid for carving, to reimburse contractor for all scaffolding and cleaning up after same, an addition of ” “ Bath stone of description, as Portland stone ” “ Allow off price of labour on Portland stone ” Follow with the various stones with less labour in a like manner. “ Sound hard Yorkshire stone, as above ” “ Add to price of labour on Portland stone ” “ Mason ” “ Ditto, setter ” “ Ditto, labourer ” Follow with any material, as in previous trades. In this trade time and writing may be saved by tabulating, thus : — Per rod supl. » ># »» Per ton. n Per hour. Per foot cube. » 11 11 11 Per cent. Per foot cube. Per cent. Per foot cube. Per cent. Per hour. 11 11 y 2 324 QUANTITY SURVEYING. The following are a few examples. Diameter. 3£ in. 3 in. 2i in. 2 in. 1£ in. 1 in. and under. Drilling or jumping bolt or other holes through York, or Purbeck per foot run Proportion of the above rates if in Bath Ditto in Portland Ditto in granite, Add percentage on the above done in position. 9" x 9" 9" x 14" 9" x 18" 9" x 24" 3" tooled templates, each .. 4" ditto 6" ditto 44 Slater or Tiler .” Preamble. The various kinds, as in a bill of quantities. “ Slater or tiler ” .. Per hour. 44 Ditto, labourer ” „ Various slates or tiles Per thousand. Nails of various kinds Per lb. 44 Slate Mason.” Preamble. The tabulation of the items is in this trade specially useful. Slabs sawn to any size required. Grooving, labour to edges, holes, &c., may be similarly arranged. A table of copper screws of various lengths is useful in this table = SCHEDULES. 325 “ Carpenter .** Preamble. Arrange items as in bill of quantities. Labours (on the various hard woods) “extra on deal ” .. Per cent. “ Fixing to ordinary straps and bolts, to floors, roofs, &o.” Per cwt. “ Carpenter ” Per hour. “ Labourer ” „ “ Fir and other woods, no labour ” ,. Per foot cube. “ Nails ” Per cwt. “ Spikes ” „ A table of various woods in thicknesses will sometimes be necessary. Thickness in inches. Archangel, Christia- nia, or St. Peters- burg, sawn to . thicknesses per foot supl Elm, English Oak, English Ditto, American .. &c. iin. f in. 1 in. 1| in. 1^ in. 2 in. 2$ in. 3 in. 4 in. “ Joiner .” Preamble as to tho same trade in quantities, and the items arranged in similar order. But a modification of form will bo required to meet the various thicknesses, and save items, thus : — “ Deal per foot superficial, with no labour in day account ” Follow with the variations, as — “ Ditto fixed with nails or screws “ Ditto wrought one side ” &o. The same arrangement will be required for doors, sashes, frames, &c. Work in various more expensive woods, thus : — “ Add on prices of labour and materials in deal, for work in Honduras mahogauy ” Per cent. 326 QUANTITY SURVEYING. “ Joiner ” Per hour. “ Labourer ” „ “ On all ironmongery, to include profit, carriage and fixing to deal in all cases, an addition on the net price to contractor of” ... .. Percent. “ Ditto ditto for fixing to wainscot or other hard wood ” .. „ A table of fillets is useful in this trade. Fillets including fixing and fair ends. 2" wide and under, rough Ditto wrought Ditto beaded or chamfered on one angle Ditto ditto two angles Ditto ditto rounded one edge Ditto ditto rounded both edges . . 2” to 3” wide rough Ditto wrought &c. A table of screws is generally used. £ in. f in. 1 in. 1£ in. H in- 2 in. i in. f in. 1 in. li in. 1£ in. 2 in. 2* in. 2| in. 3 in. 3£ in. Iron screws per dozen Ditto and driving ditto Brass screws per dozen Ditto and driving ditto “ Founder and Smith.” Preamble as to the same trade in quantities, also “ The prices for columns, girders and joists, to include all hoisting and fixing in all trades except the addition mentioned in bricklayer’s schedule.” “ The fixing of ironwork of roofs and floors is included in carpenter’s schedule.” “ All prices throughout to include smith’s attendance and fixing, and with the above exceptions the prices are to include fixing in all trades.” “ Cast iron in girders, stancheons or columns, from 5 cwt. to a ton in each for the first casting, including pattern ” . . . . Per cwt. SCHEDULES. 327 “ Cast iron in girders, stanclieons or columns, from 5 cwt. to a ton in each for subsequent castings from same patterns ” “ Ditto ditto, above 1 ton first casting ” “ Ditto ditto, other castings” Follow with the various articles billed by weight, &c. “ Wrought iron.” The various kinds “Smith” “ Labourer ” Various materials. If there is much variety in eaves gutters or rain-water pipes, they may be tabulated with advantage. Cast-iron pipes and their adjuncts are also better arranged in a table. “ Bellhanger Preamble as to the same trade in quantities. “ Pulls to bells, fixing only.” Bells (describe) “ Bellhanger ” Materials. “ Gasfitter.” Preamble. “ Allowance off Russell’s list for patent welded tubing, with all requisite bends, tees, nozzles, joints, &c., after allowing for fixing same, including cutting away, making good, and general attendance, testing pipes, and leaving perfect at completion ” “ Ditto, in day work ” “ Note. — The above prices to be applied likewise to similar pipes for water or other purposes. The pipes to be of the very best quality, equal to Russell’s best, but no defective or inferior work will be passed on the plea that the ironwork is from Russell’s.” “ Gasfitter ” “ Labourer ” Materials. Pipes and their fittings are often tabulated. “ Plasterer Preamble as to the same trade in quantities. Items in the usual order of a bill. “Cast enrichment (including modelling if 60-feet run is used) ” “ Plaster screeds 6” by f ” “ Plasterer ” “ Labourer ” “Boy” Various materials, as lime, sand, hair, laths, nails, &c. “ Fixing only floor tiling of various sizes ” “ Ditto wall tiling Per cwt. M V Per cwt. or lb. Per hour. 11 Each. 11 Per hour. Per cent. W Per hour. »> Per foot run. Per hour. 11 Per yard supl. 328 QUANTITY SURVEYING. “ Plumber.” Preamble. Items in the usual order of a bill. “ Allowance on prime cost of brasswork, w.c. apparatus, &c., to include fixing but not joints ” Per cent. “ Plumber ” Per hour. “ Labourer ” „ “Solder” Per lb. Materials. Lead pipes and joints may be tabulated. “ Glazier.” Preamble as to the same trade in quantities. Items in the usual order of a bill. “ Extra for bedding in wash leather ” Per foot supl. “ Ditto ditto indiarubber ” . . „ “ Ditto ditto red-lead putty ” „ “ Glazier ” Per hour. “ Putty ” Per cwt. Materials. “ Painter .” Preamble as to the same trade in quantities. Items in the usual order of a bill. “ Painter ” Per hour. “ Labourer ” „ Materials, as linseed oil, boiled oil, turps, size, &c. “The above ruling prices are to be applied, with such variations as may be necessary, as the basis of valuation to all measured work as far as possible, but in cases to which no price is found applicable in the above schedule the work shall be priced at (rate) per cent, below the prices contained in 4 Laxton’s Builder’s Price Book ’ for the year . . . , or for work not therein mentioned at (rate) per cent, above cost price, to be valued and assessed by the surveyor subject to the decision of the architect.” “ Tender.” “ To Architect, (Address) “ Sir willing to contract for and hereby undertake to execute the various works required in erecting (describe building and its position) according to the plans and specification prepared and to be prepared by you for that purpose SCHEDULES. 329 to your entire satisfaction, and subject to the various stipulations and conditions hereinbefore written, at the several prices and rates hereinbefore specified. “As witness . . . hand this . . . day of . . . (Name) (Address) On the outside of the schedule, besides the usual endorsement, clauses of the following general tenor : — “ The schedules of the builders will be treated as confidential documents, and those which are not accepted will be returned under cover immediately.” “ The plans and drawings showing the character of the building may be inspected at the architect’s office.” “ Tenders to be delivered at the architect’s office before twelve o’clock at noon on (date).” Another method adopted occasionally for schedules of prices is to prepare the schedule as before explained, the prices being filled in by the surveyor at prices rather above the current rates, so that tenders may all be at a percentage below them, and a clause is inserted thus : — “ The contractor to fill up the form of tender at the end of schedule, and to state thereafter the names of sureties proposed.” “ No alteration to be made in the printed prices, the percentage to be general on the whole schedule.” At the end of schedule annex a tender, as follows : — “ To Architect, (Address) the undersigned, do hereby tender and undertake to execute, perform, and supply with the best materials and workmanship of their respective kinds, all and every such works, services, matters, and things as arc enumerated in the schedules hereto annexed, and in quantities which may be required at (rate) per cent, (above or below, or if the contractor agrees to all the rates as they stand erase the words per cent.) the prices affixed to each item in the sgid schedule according to the terms and conditions annexed, and . . . hereby agree that . . . will enter into and execute a proper contract for giving effect to this tender, and that (we or I), and also the proposed sureties hereinafter named, will execute such instruments as you may require, founded on this tender and the conditions and schedule hereunto annexed, which form part of this tender, and that the bond to be entered into by (us) the contractor and the said proposed sureties shall be in the sum of pounds, jointly and severally. “ As witness . . . hand this . . . day of . (Signature of contractor) (Address) 330 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Names and addresses of proposed sureties follow here. When this latter method is adopted it is obvious that analysis will not be required. The necessary particulars as to modes of measurement are chiefly connected with masonry. The following examples will afford some guidance as to the requirements in such cases : — Modes of Measurement prescribed for the new Houses of Parliament , Westminster. MASON’S WORK. Cube Stone. — If square, to he measured the net size when worked ; hut where the stone is not of a square form, to he measured to the size of a square stone of the least extent required. Where the stones are of scantling lengths of 6 feet or upwards, to he measured separately from the ordinary cube stone. Drafted Backs. — The hacks of the stones where drafted to he measured according to the surface actually shown. Plain and Sunk Beds. — One plain hed only to he taken for each stone, except to mullions of windows, for whicli two beds are to he taken to each stone. Ordinary arch stones to he considered as having one plain hed and one sunk bed. Plain and Sunk Joints. — Not more than one plain joint to he taken for each stone having one or more plain joints. All sunk joints to be taken as they occur. Chiselled or Rubbed Faces. — To be measured to the size actually shown on the external surface. Rough Sunk. — To he taken when a large quantity of stone has to he removed, as in stop mouldings to sills, window heads and other similar work. Sunk, Chiselled, oh Rubbed Faces. — To he measured on the surface actually worked, adding the depth of the sinking. Stopped Sinking. — To be measured in such situations as do not permit the work to he carried straight through the stone, as in sills of windows and other similar work. Preparatory Labour or Plain Face as Bed. — To be taken wherever it is necessary to produce a face for the purpose of SCHEDULES. 33i setting out underwork, as in tracery heads and other similar works. This is also intended to apply to mullions of windows, one side and one edge of which are to be taken plain as bed. Sunk, Chiselled, or Rubbed Face in Short Lengths to Hexa- gonal Canopies. — To be measured as they occur, including arrises. Mouldings.— T o be girthed, the surface actually shown, the top bed, if weathered, only to be measured as sunk face. Mouldings to Panellings.— To be girthed, including the backs of the panels. Circular Face to Soffit of Cusps.— T o be measured the whole thickness of the stone from back to front. Circular Face to Soffit of Cusps in Panelling.— To be measured from the external face of the stone to the face of the panelling. Sunk Faces to Tracery Heads of Panelling. — To be mea- sured net on the face, adding the depth of the sinking from the external face. Sunk Face in Margins for Eyes. — To be measured the extreme length and width. Circular Sunk to Rebated Soffit of Cusps. — T o be measured from the external surface, adding the depth of the rebate. Mouldings in Tracery. — The extreme lengths of the straight mouldings in the tracery of the window-heads to be measured through the mitres and junctions with other mouldings. Throat. — To be measured per foot run. Groove for Cement. — To be measured per foot run. Groove for Metal Sashes. — To be measured per foot run. Rebate not exceeding Three Inches Girt. — T o be measured per foot run. Mitres to Sinkings. — To be numbered according to width. Mitres and Returns to Sinkings. — To be numbered according to the width of the sinking and length of the return. Mitres to Mouldings. — To be numbered according to the girt of the moulding. Mitres to Long Intersections of Cusped and other Mould- ings. — To be numbered according to the girt of the moulding and length of run. Stopped Ends of Mouldings. — To be numbered according to girt of moulding. 332 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Stopped Ends of Mouldings on Splayed Sills and Sills of Panels. — To be numbered according to the girt of moulding and extreme length from top of sill to point of intersection. Bough Sinkings for Cusped Window Heads and Similar Sinkings. — To be numbered, taking the average area of the sinking and the full thickness of the stone. Holes Punched. — To be numbered according to their area and depth. Sinkings to form Shingles. — To be numbered as they occur, according to length, width and depth of sinking. Notchings to form Embrasures. — To be numbered according to their height, width and depth of sinking. Water Joints. — To be numbered according to their projection. Mitres to Soffits of Cusps in Tracery Heads of Windows. — To be numbered according to their length, and taken the full thickness of the stone. Mitres to Soffits of Cusps in Small Tracery Heads of Panelling. — To be numbered according to their length, measured from external face of stone to back of panelling. Points to Cusps in Tracery Heads of Windows. — To bo numbered according to their length, and measured the whole thickness between the sunk faces. Points to Cusps in Small Tracery Heads of Panelling. — To be numbered according to their depth from sunk face to back of panelling. Sunk and Moulded (Eilets, each with One Mitre and Two Long Intersections. — To be numbered according to extreme size. Small Sunk Eyes. — To be numbered. Cramps out of Saw Plate. — To be numbered according to length. Cast-iron Cramps. — To be numbered according to length and thickness. Plugs. — To be numbered according to length and size. Small Copper Joggles and Mortises. — To be numbered. Stone Joggles and Mortises. — To be numbered. Joggles to Vertical Joints with Pebbles in Cement. — To bo numbered according to size. Pavings and Landings. — To be measured per foot superficial. Perforations to Landings. — To be numbered according to size and the thickness of the stone. SCHEDULES. 333 BRICKLAYER’S WORK. The brickwork to be measured according to the number of bricks in the thickness of each wall, deducting all openings, except pargeted flues. Cutting. — To be allowed for skowbacks of arches and surface cutting, but no cutting to be allowed for the interior of arches, excepting circular groined arches. Pointing to Soffits of Arches and Lime Whiting. — T o be measured per foot superficial . Cement to Back of Parapets. — To be measured on tho surface per yard superficial . Rough Splay. — To be measured per foot run where it occurs. Groin Points. — To be measured per foot run . Pointing to Lead Flashings. — To be measured per foot run . Iron Hooping. — To be measured per yard run tho quantity actually used. CARPENTER’S WORK. All framed timbers to be measured cube ; the net quantity used in the work, fir or oak, in plates, corbels and lintels, to bo measured separately. Battening for Slating. — To be measured on the surface of tho roof per square . Boarding for Lead. — To be measured on the surface per foot superficial . Valley and Eaves, Boards, Gutters and Bearers, and Boarding to Sides of Gutters. — To be measured per foot super - ficial . Labour to Rounding Ridges and Labour to Rebates. — To be measured per foot run . Labour to Splayed or Bevelled Edge or Joist. — To bo measured per foot run . Tilting Fillets and Rolls for Lead. — T o be measured per foot run . Rebated Drips, Rounded Heads to Rolls, Short Rounded Rolls and Dovetailed Cesspools. — To be numbered. Timber prepared in Kyan’s Tank, including carriage to and from. — To be measured at per load . 334 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Fixing Bolts, Straps, and Cast-iron Heads. — To be numbered. Fixing Cast-iron Work. — To be included in the price of the same by weight. Wrought Iron provided for Bolts, Straps, &c. — To be charged according to the weight actually used. Centering to Brick Arches. — The quantity to be measured on the soffit of the arch at per square . Flewing Centering to Pointed Apertures. — To be measured per foot superficial. Centering to Stone Arches. — To be measured on the soffit of the arch at per square. SMITH AND FOUNDER’S WORK. Cast-iron Work. — To be provided, proved and fixod complete, at per cwt. including patterns. Wrought-iron Bolts, Straps and Ties. — T o be provided ready for fixing at per cwt. Linseed Oil Rubbed into Girders. — To be measured at per yard superficial . SLATER’S WORK. Slating. — To be measured on the surface at per square , allowing 1 foot for eaves, 1 foot for each valley and hip, and 6 inches for cutting to sides of dormers. PLUMBER’S WORK. Lead. — To be provided and laid by weight, which weight is to be ascertained by admeasurement when the work is completed, the weight per foot superficial being previously ascertained in the sheet. Soldered Angles. — To be measured per foot run. Dots, Lead Plugs, Lead Wedges and Socket Pipes to Cesspools. — To be numbered. Cast-iron Rain Pipes. — To be measured per foot run. Cast-iron Heads and Shoes. — To be numbered. Bearings and Collars. — To be numbered. Eaves Gutter. — To be measured per foot run. SCHEDULES. 335 PAINTER’S WORK. Painting to Cast-iron Work. — To be measured per yard superficial. Painting to Straps, Bolts, etc. — To be measured per foot run. Painting Bolts and Heads to Trusses. — To bo numbered. PREAMBLE OF A MASONRY SCHEDULE OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT. General Regulations and Specification for the Work. 1. The stone in masonry, steps, landings, sills, coping, flagging, hearths, channels and sinks, is to be placed with the grain or natural quarrv-beds horizontal : in arches the grain is to radiate to their centres ; in all curbs the grain is to be vertical. 2. In the admeasurement of stonework it is to be understood that those portions only will be paid for as moulded work that have members on them or irregular curves ; for instance, in a cornice, as per sketch, Fig. 34, that portion from a to h will be paid as circular work, and from h to c as moulded work. 3. Plain work, circular plain work, sunk work, circular sunk work, moulded work, and circular moulded work, are to bo paid for according to the following system : — The material being allowed for, at per foot cube, according to Item 1 or 2, and plain work, for faces so wrought, the other workmanship is to be paid for according to the items for sunk work, moulded work, &c., as the case may require. Beds and joints to be paid for as half plain work. The settting to be paid under Items 4 to 7 respectively, and the same quantity will bo allowed as given for the stone. 4. Mantels and jambs are to be paid for by the measurement taken on the face only. 5. In measuring window sills of other dimensions than those 33<> QUANTITY SURVEYING. named in the Schedule, the full cubic quantity of stone is to bo allowed ; then the work upon them as follows, viz. : — The top superficies is to be taken as plain work, from the back edge to the sinking ; from thence to the front edge is to be taken as sunk work ; the two ends, the front edge and projecting part of the under side are to be taken as plain work. 6. The prices for steps include plain smooth work to tread, bed and riser ; and any further work, such as back joint or rubbed work on face, riser and soffit, or plain work to soffit or back edge, will be paid for in addition. The net quantity only in winders will be allowed, ascertained by measurement of the extreme length by the mean width and thickness. 7. Stonework Sunk. — In stonework sunk, except in sawn stone alluded to in Art. 9, the net quantity of material obtained from the measurement from the extreme points, when wrought, as shown in the annexed sketch, Fig. 36, will be allowed according to Items 1 and 2 respectively, and the same quantity for setting under Itoms 4 to 7 respectively. Half plain work for beds and joints as in Art. 3, sunk work for the top, and plain work for the front edge. The dotted lines in diagram denote the quantity of stone allowed. The net quantity of beds on irregular ashlar stonework, whero backed by brick or rubble work, and the net depth of the joints only as shown in Fig. 35, will be allowed. 8. Circular Work. — In circular work, the material being measured, the extreme length, by extreme breadth and height (when wrought to the prescribed dimensions) being allowed for, as shown in the annexed sketches, Figs. 37, 38, 39 and 40, and the same quantity for setting ; the top surface in each case to be allowed for plain work, when so wrought, the inner and outer faces, Figs. 39 and 40, and the edge of Figs. 37 and 38, as circular work ; the bods as half plain work, and the radiated joints, Fig. 39, SCHEDULES. 337 as rough sunk work, under Item 17. The dotted lines in the diagrams denote the quantity of stone allowed. 9. Stonework Sawn. — In stonework, where the stones are sawn one out of the other, the mean dimension only will he allowed. For instance, copings cut the one out of the other, the dimensions for the height to be taken in the centre, instead of at the extreme height when wrought to the mould, as shown by the annexed diagram, Fig. 41. The same quantity will be allowed for setting. 10. Sunk Work. — By “ sunk work ” is to be understood the weathered part of a cornice or window sill, the weathered part of a coping, as Figs. 36 and 41, the three faces of a diminished pilaster, and the sinking in a stone sink. In the latter case, the superficies of the bottom, added to that of the sides, will comprise the quantity of sunk work. In the case of perforations in sink stones, they will be paid for under Items 242 and 243. Fig. 37. Fig. 36. Fig. 38. Fig. 39. k I Fig. 40. Fig. 41. z 33 § QUANTITY SURVEYING . 11. Circular Work. — By “circular” work is to be understood such as the concave and convex faces of curbs, as shown in Figs. 37 to 40, and the face of a parallel column. 12. Sunk Circular Work. — By “sunk circular” work is to be understood the face of a diminished column, or the hollowed work of a channel which increases or diminishes as it extends, and all work of this character. 13. Rubbed Work. — To the price of “rubbed work,” in Items 19 to 24, will be allowed plain work under Items 9 and 10 ; and to the price of “rubbed” work on such as the three faces of a diminished pilaster, the weatherings of cornices and copings, and such work, denominated “ sunk,” the price of sunk work will be allowed ; and likewise in rubbed cornices the price of moulded work will be allowed ; and in rubbed circular plain, circular sunk, or moulded circular work, will be allowed respectively plain circular, sunk circular and moulded circular work. 14. By the terms “plain” work, “sunk” work, or “moulded” work, is to be understood as follows, viz. on Portland, York, or Scotgate Ash stone a tooled stroke over all the respective faces, with a draughted margin around each stone of ashlar work. On Purbeck, a broached or picked face, as may be ordered, with a draughted margin ; on granite and Bramley Fall, a smooth tooled face ; and on Bath, Caen, or Painswick, a combed or dragged face. 15. The portions of the General Regulations and Specification which are attached to the Bricklayer’s Schedule, and are applicable, are to be considered as a part of this Schedule. ADJUSTMENT OF ACCOUNTS. The adjustment of the accounts relating to a building is usually entrusted to the surveyor who prepared the original quantities, who then acts on behalf of both builder and architect. The alternative is two surveyors, one employed by the Building owner the other by the Builder. The conditions which will facilitate the surveyor’s work in such a case are the following : — The bill of quantities deposited either with the architect or the quantity surveyor. The schedule of prices (when there is one) also deposited. When it has been made one of the conditions of the contract ACCOUNTS. 339 that no extra shall be allowed for unless a written order has been given by the architect, the builder should produce these orders, and where this condition is insisted upon by the architect only those works should be admitted for which orders are produced. When the builder, nevertheless, proposes to make a claim for such works the surveyor may measure them, but he should make a separate account of them, and should stipulate that the charges for their measurment shall be paid by the builder in the event of the claim being disallowed. The surveyor should at the same time inform both builder and architect that he does not by the measurement give any opinion as to the claim further than their quantity and price. The surveyor, when requested to arrange the accounts, should obtain from the clerk of works, or the architect where there is no clerk of works, and the builder’s foreman respectively, a list of works which they believe to be extra on the contract. Both foreman and clerk of works should be instructed to keep notes of extra works as the building proceeds. An appointment should then be made to meet on the works the architect, or his clerk of works, builder (or his surveyor), and the builder’s foreman. The lists before mentioned should then be regularly gone through, and such items as are admitted to be extras, and require to be measured, entered in the measuring book as notes for measuring. Before this meeting, or at some convenient opportunity during the measurement, look carefully through the bills and dimen- sions to see what omissions there are: see also what provisions require to be adjusted. Notice the way in which the original bill has been priced, if the builder has in his pricing disregarded all the general items of labour on stonework, your measurement will deal with the stone as including all labours. Facings to brick- work are also not infrequently priced in a similar manner. (See also section “Law of Quantity Surveying.”) A list of these should also be written in the measuring book. As each item is measured draw a vertical line through the note of it, and put a reference against it to the page of the measuring book whereon it has been measured. Thus : — “ Provide for gas fittings, 50Z. ; measured, p. AA ,” &c. 340 QUANTITY SURVEYING. When work requires to be kept in several sections it may be advisable to use a separate measuring book for each section. Leave several pages at the commencement of each of the measuring books for an index, and when the book is filled make an index. In a large measurement it will be found necessary to keep in a separate book a list of notes of work incomplete, and which it has been impossible to measure, so that the surveyor may return to them when they are ready to be measured. If the building be a large one and the measurements extend over a considerable period, the surveyor should make tracings of the working drawings and colour with a wash of colour the parts as they are measured. The uncoloured portion will then show him at a glance what remains to be done. This expedient is specially useful when he has to make periodical measurements and reports, as for certificates. After the space for index write a heading for the book, thus : — “ Measurement of Variations. “House and offices at Sutton, Surrey, for John Smith, Esq.; Mr. Neal, clerk of works ; Mr. Thompson, foreman, with Mr. J. Greene, surveyor. “ 24th June, 1878. Esq., Architect Do not measure an omission if it comes to within 5 per cent, of the original estimate, as it is worth little more than the measuring charges ; and it should be observed that the measurement of an extra is often pressed by either side, which the omission on the same part of the work much more than counterbalances. The surveyor, when measuring, should have the dimensions called out at each measurement by the man using the rods or tape and should look at the figures each time to see that it is called correctly ; or he may, if he prefers it, measure the work himself, and have a clerk with him to book the dimensions. Follow the mode of measurement adopted in the original quantities as far as possible, so as to readily apply the prices. The measurement having given you the additions, a reference to the dimensions will generally give you the omissions, neverthe- less it may sometimes be more convenient to remeasure an omission ; these may be referred to by letters as before recommended. See “ Variations before acceptance of Tender.” ACCOUNTS. 34i For omissions use the word “ omit,” not “ deduct.” Where no quantities have been supplied, certain items of omission may he obtained from the builder’s original estimate if he will produce it ; if he declines, the work must be measured from the drawings and specification. When a surveyor is employed by the builder to meet the archi- tect’s surveyor, both surveyors will book identical dimensions, will have the dimensions squared, and at convenient times after the measurement cause to be compared the respective books, and errors corrected ; if not done at this stage errors will be abstracted, and they will be much more troublesome to rectify. The measurement of an item such as an ornamental entrance gate, or a piece of ornamental framing, will sometimes in the book take the following form : No. 1 gate 9' 6” by 5' 0” containing as follows, the detail being measured to arrive at a price. This detail need not be abstracted nor billed, it may be priced in the book and 105 referred to thus : See detail — - . 44 The surveyor for the architect should then abstract the contents of the books and forward them to the builder’s surveyor to check, and this course would be taken whether there were one set of books or two ; not infrequently the surveyors arrange that one only of them shall book, and this saves the comparing. The measuring books would of course be available at any time by either surveyor. When there are omissions and additions on a particular section of the work, the abstractor should abstract the omissions and additions in the order as they occur in the book. He will thus much more readily detect any error that may exist than he will if he first abstracts the additions throughout the book and then recommences the book and abstracts the omissions. Head each of the abstracts with the usual heading, and also write on each, at the upper left-hand corner, “ omissions,” or “ additions,” as the case may be, and the distinguishing numbers of the measuring books, both in red ink. After the abstracts are checked, the measurement should be brought into bill, the work being either collected in the same manner as in a bill of quantities, or the particular work to each alteration kept separate, but the former way is preferable if there 342 QUANTITY SURVEYING. is no special reason for showing the total amount each item of extra work has involved. The latter way greatly increases the length of the account. If it is adopted the items may he usually billed direct without abstracting ; any necessary abstracting can be done on the margin of the draft bill in small figures, and can be checked by the clerk who checks the bill, and at the same time. Its advantages are that comparative prices are more likely to be kept in view and discrepant ones less likely to occur. If, however, the necessity should afterwards arise of show- ing the omission and addition involved by each alteration, the course first mentioned will subject the surveyor to the trouble of abstracting and billing the account afresh, and probably he will be unable to make any further charge. Whichever way be adopted, let the omissions come first and the additions after, both being separately carried to the summary. Head each page with the word “ omissions,” or “ additions ” in red ink. The order and phraseology of the original bills should be adopted wherever it applies, as this will facilitate the pricing. In the case of omission, no more of the description in the original bill need be adopted than may be necessary to identify an item, and much writing may often be avoided by writing a part of a description and referring to the page of the original bill for the remainder. In billing omissions the surveyor should keep the original bill before him, as the comparison of its items with those of the original bill will preserve him from the error of omitting too much. The apposition of the items of omission or addition of a parti- cular section of the work has the advantage of greater safety from error, which will be readily seen if the bill is thus arranged. When there is a deposited bill of quantities the prices obtained from it are best written in red ink, as it is usually convenient to distinguish them from the prices which have been affixed indepen- dently ; these latter should be written in pencil. After the rates are attached to the items, the bill should again be forwarded to the builder’s surveyor that he may check both the billing and rates of items. Difference of opinion as to rales may be arranged at a meeting of the two surveyors, and the settled prices filled in with black ink as they are agreed on. It is argued by some surveyors that the builder should attach ACCOUNTS. 343 the prices to the hill of variations and the architect’s surveyor check them ; their idea is that the builder may thus ask smaller rates, on some items, than the architect’s surveyor might attach, and an advantage be thus gained by the client. If the architect’s surveyor is incapable, or wishes to gain an advantage, this is the better course for him to adopt ; but if he knows his business, and is desirous only to do justice, the course first suggested is preferable. In cases of disputed prices the surveyor may be able to persuade the builder to produce his prime cost book, and if he is satisfied that there is no error in the statement he may, after adding a reasonable profit, adopt the price thus arrived at. When the rates have been agreed upon, the item should be carried into the money column, then checked and ticked in pencil, then checked again and the amounts written in ink. The second checker invariably finds errors, but this second checking is rarely done. There are a few common precautions which should be observed d. d. d. in pricing and checking, write J J — f not l j i — l / 2 — 8 /n these are s.d. s.d. s.d. frequently mistaken for 1 / A — 1 / 2 — s / 4 . See that every item is carried into the money column, both in items and casts. The clerk checking the casts should place a small piece of paper over the results, so that his calculations may be independent of the former man’s work. The tendency of increased experience is usually to incline the surveyor to more liberal treatment of the builder, it is well, how- ever, to remember that his liberality is at his employer’s expense. The day accounts of extra work should be delivered by the builder within a week of the work being executed, and if the work is to be concealed as in foundations or other work not easily accessible, it should be examined and measured before it is covered. Day accounts should only be allowed for works in which labour, and that not straightforward, is the principal item : as attendances upon other workmen, alterations of works already executed, pulling down, shoring, underpinning, &c. Work of the usual character, and which has entailed no special trouble, should not be charged day work but measured. If a clerk of works is employed, he should examine and sign 344 QUANTITY SURVEYING. each, day account before it is delivered to the architect or quantity surveyor. Where the work is extensive, it is the better practice for the quantity surveyor to take charge of the day accounts ; he should carefully examine them as they are delivered, and when he discovers errors, return the day account at once to the builder for explanation or alteration. When the materials and labour in a day account do not amount to more than the proper price for the piece of work measured as fixed, it may be accepted ; it would be mere waste of time to measure it ; but this is seldom the case ; it will often be found that the charge for time alone amounts to more than the legitimate charge for both labour and materials. The surveyor should be watchful of day accounts, and will find his trouble well repaid. The surveyor may also succeed in separating things which can be from those which cannot be measured. In day accounts for pulling down, see that credit is given for the bricks and other materials. Material comprised in day accounts is frequently charged by the builder as finished work instead of simple material, and the time is also charged for fixing. In the case of joinery in day account it should be kept separate, and described as “ from Bench,” and is worth a less price than similar work in the priced bills, as the latter includes fixing ; “ stone from Banker ” is a similar case. In measuring complex joinery, sections of the mouldings, frames, &c., may often be obtained, and will be found useful when valuing the items. In measuring work from Bench or Banker, observe to omit such parts of the labour as are of necessity done in the course of fixing : as plugging mitres, mortises, ends cut and pinned, &c. When work has been altered it will be best to measure the work as originally made or fixed, allowing the alteration as a day account. Foreman’s time is not infrequently the subject of dispute. When there is a stipulation in the schedule of prices that the general foreman’s time should be included in the price per hour for general workmen, or some other similar condition, the question is settled. Where no condition exists, and where work has been done requiring the foreman’s exclusive superintendence, as in the case of ACCOUNTS. 345 small jobbing, executed when all but the men occupied upon that work have been discharged, or in special works requiring an undue proportion of his time, a fair amount of time should be allowed. On examination of the preliminary bill the surveyor will dis- cover some items which are priced, possibly at a sum altogether disproportionate to the work involved. If these items are “ allows,” i.e. at contractor’s risk, they should not be deducted, for if they cost contractor many times as much as the sum he has in his esti- mate, he would be bound to do the work without extra charge, and by parity of reasoning, the items should not be interfered with if they should prove unexpectedly profitable ; moreover, the contractor might insist upon the readjustment of other clauses of the same character if any were interfered with. The adjustment of provisional sums is also a fruitful source of difference. The method of treatment will depend upon the way the provisions have been arranged in the original bill. In all cases the surveyor should insist upon the production of the original invoices, not copies, and if he is doubtful of these invoices the mer- chant’s monthly statements and receipts. Taking as an instance, a provision of 100/. for stoves under its various forms, its adjustment should be as follows : — The invoice is, say, 50/., the trade discount off stoves is 20 per cent., a fair profit to allow is 15 per cent. When no special clause exists as to the deduction of provisional sums net, and the provision appears in the priced bill as — A. Provide for stoves 100/. 100 0 0 , the setting will be charged as a day account unless the setting has been taken in the quantities. The 100/. will be deducted. 20 per cent, will be deducted from the amount of invoice, and 15 per cent, added ; the amount will be £46. When the item appears as below, contractor has fixed his profit at 5 per cent. : — B. Provide for stoves 100/. 105 0 deduct the 105/. and allow 50/., minus 20 per cent, plus 5 per cent. = £42. 34 ^ QUANTITY SURVEYING. Sometimes the item will appear as follows : — Provide for stoves 100Z. and add profit . . 0 Treat this in the same manner as B. When there is a condition for the deduction of provisional amounts net — If the amount appears as A deduct the 100 7. without any allow- ance for profit, and add the amount of invoice less the trade dis- count — result £40. The foregoing instances presuppose the expenditure of an amount for the purposes originally intended. There are, however, cases in which the whole amount is withdrawn from the contract and is spent directly by the architect or building owner, and in such case only the amount stated in the specification should be deducted from the contract sum, and the profit should not be interfered with. P.C. means the amount paid by contractor after deducting trade allowance but not ordinary discount for cash, but disputes may be saved if a clause to this effect is put into the preliminary bill. Within the metropolitan area many kinds of goods are delivered free of charge, but if carriage should be claimed, see the delivery note or some voucher for the payment, and allow it in addition to the foregoing allowances. In some instances an exorbitant discount has been added to produce the amount of invoice as the result of collusion between builder and manufacturer. Nothing will meet such cases as these but great knowledge of prices, and the precaution of dealing only with firms of proved honesty. A claim is sometimes made for profit on work omitted. As, if an original tender amounts to 10,0007., the omitted work 1000Z., and the extra works 5001,, the net profit which would have accrued upon 5007., the difference between extras and omissions, should properly be allowed; but observe to allow only net profit, 5 per cent, will generally be an ample allowance for such a claim, and also remember that in some cases it will be found that the omission of the particular part of the work has been an advantage to the builder rather than a loss. The surveyor may, however, if ho ACCOUNTS. 347 prefer it, insert the following clause in the preliminary bill, “no allowance will be made for the loss of profit on omitted work.” If the contractor should assert that the building is larger, it must be carefully measured, as the allegation (made often enough in good faith) is sometimes a mistaken one, and it must be observed that the difference of value should not be settled by cubing. Unless a special clause to meet such contingencies has been included in the schedule, claims may be made for water, tackle, hire of scaffolding and plant; tool sharpening, &c., and such claims must be allowed, but with careful consideration of the amounts. Payment for lodgings of workmen is usually allowed if the charge is really incurred by the builder. Surveyor should see vouchers, if any exist. If works are stopped by the fault of the architect, or the build- ing owner, for an unreasonable time, the contractor will have a just claim for hire of plant and wages of 'watchman. In the course of practice exorbitant claims will be met with, usually founded on day accounts. If the surveyor is certain of the injustice of these, two arguments are usually available : — Non-delivery of day accounts. The time prescribed for com- pletion has been exceeded. The repudiation of the day accounts or the claim for liquidated damages will, as a rule, modify the demand. The first of these pleas should, however, only be urged in cases of flagrant attempts at extortion. In cases of claims for liquidated damages, the period claimed for may be reduced by wet days, and by delays caused by architect, as failure to furnish details or to give instructions when applied for, or by time occupied by extra works. If the endeavours of the surveyor are after all insufficient to produce a settlement, the only alternative is a reference. As a preliminary, settle every point that can be settled and carefully define the points to be submitted by agreeing upon a list of them with the opposing surveyor ; and, if possible, pledge the builder to a promise that he will make no claim beyond those agreed upon before the submission. When the builder has a weak case, and is conscious that he has no useful witness, he may possibly propose to call no witnesses if 348 QUANTITY SURVEYING. the surveyor promise to call none. Such promise should, however, he carefully avoided. The day work should he brought into hill either in one total or several as suggested for the measured work, which latter it should follow in either case. If the surveyor who has measured the work can also abstract it, there will he far less liability to error. He should keep the original hill before him when hilling “ Omissions,” as he will sometimes find that the quantity of a particular item exceeds that in the original hill. In abstracting day accounts, the shortening of the hill as much as possible should he a leading motive ; sacks, bushels, hods, &c., of cement being abstracted under their various headings, may all he afterwards reduced to bushels and so hilled ; the various measures of lime, sand and mortar, may he similarly treated ; rough fir may he reduced to the foot cube before abstracting ; deal of various thicknesses to the foot superficial. Some builders’ clerks strongly object to this concentration ; doubtless it produces a smaller total. Collect the time for each trade : as excavators, bricklayers, &c., with their labourers following them. A. — Form of a Bill of Variations. Variations on Contract. House and offices at Sutton, Surrey, for John Smith, Esq. Esq., Architect, 24 Montagu Square, London, W.C. November 1878. Omissions. £ s. d. Begin with a preamble stating the leading items of the work. The items trade by trade in the order of the original bill. Carried to summary £ Additions. The items trade by trade in the order of the original bill. Carried to summary £ Note. — The trades will not be separately carried to summary, the omissions and additions respectively will form one total, and a heading to each trade is unnecessary, a small space between them is sufficient. ACCOUNTS. 349 Day Account. £ Begin with a synopsis something like the following : — “ Cutting away and shoring to front of house, inserting iron girders, filling up openings of flat, building new bay window, removing old floor, &c.” “ Bricklayer 150 hours ” “ Ditto labourer 200 „ ” “ Mason 180 „ ” “ Ditto labourer 220 „ ” Follow in the same manner with the time of the several trades. Materials in the order of the trades in a manner similar to following : — “ 50 loads of rubbish carted away ” “ 20 yards of sand ” “ 20 bushels of Portland cement ” “ 3 yards of stone lime ” “ 3 loads of mortar ” “ 3000 stocks ” “ 50 ft. supl. 3-in. tooled York paving ” “ 50 ft. cube fir,” &c Carried to summary £ s. d. If it should be necessary to show the amount of variation on any particular section of the work, the same order as the foregoing will be observed in each section, but the form will be similar to the following example : — B. — Water Supply. Omissions. The measured work item by item in the usual order of the trades. Carried to summary £ Additions. The measured work item by item in the usual order of the trades. Carried to summary £ Day Account. Time and materials in the order before described. Carried to summary .. 35o QUANTITY SURVEYING. Summary (for A). Amount of contract Additions Day account Deduct omissions Add surveyor’s charges, copies, and expenses Cash paid to builder on account . . £ s. d. 5300 0 0 1000 0 0 500 0 0 £6800 0 0 500 0 0 £6300 0 0 40 0 0 £6340 0 0 5100 0 0 Amount due to builder £1240 0 0 Summary (for B). New bay window Day account Billiard room Day account Water supply Day account Laundry Day account Omissions. £ s. d. Additions. £ s. d. 100 0 0 — 21 0 0 — 540 0 0 — .• 70 0 0 18 0 0 90 0 0 — 10 0 0 94 0 0 120 0 0 — ■ 20 0 0 £97 0 0 Deduct omissions 112 0 0 £859 0 0 Surveyor’s charges, copies and expenses 40 0 0 Total net additions £899 0 0 Amount of tender 5000 0 0 £5899 0 0 Cash paid to builder on account 5000 0 0 Amount due to builder .. .. £899 0 0 In preparing the final statement for the client, the surveyor will be guided by the amount of detail that may be required, taking the summary A as a basis. House and offices at Sutton, Surrey, for John Smith, Esq. November 1878. ACCOUNTS. 35i Statement of Account. £ s. d £ s. d. Amount of contract 5300 0 0 Additions (stating of what they consist) .. .. .. 1540 0 0 £6840 0 0 Omissions (stating of what they consist) 500 0 0 £6340 0 0—6340 0 0 Cash paid to builder 5100 0 0 Amount due to builder £1240 0 0 Amounts separately Certified for. Smith, for stoves 90 0 0 Minton, for tile paving 50 0 0 Brown, for gas fittings 100 0 0 — 240 0 0 Total cost £6580 0 0 When accounts are disputed it will be best to prepare an account in folios, showing items of claim on one side, and the surveyor’s valuation on the other, as below. Reference to items can most easily be made by numbering each one consecutively in red, thus : — July 1878. Work done at Woodcote, Berkshire. Builder's account. ft. in. 63 - supl. Reduced ) £ S. d. brickwork > 13 — - 237 5 0 in mortar 3 - - ft Ditto, extra j only in > cement 3 3 10 - 5 5 0 Surveyor's valuation. Jiemarks. Bricks of 1 £ S. inferior > quality ) 12 10 - 228 2 Cement in- j ferior and ( deficient in f quantity ) 2 15 - 4 2 A carefully prepared precis of the correspondence is very useful in a case of disputed account. 35 2 QUANTITY SURVEYING. CHAPTER VII. SPECIFICATIONS. As it is in many instances the practice to depute the writing of the specification to the surveyor, a few considerations relating to specifications may he of service. It is always an advantage to have the specification written by the man who takes off the quantities, he checks his own work thereby, and it is better completed before the quantities are litho- graphed, so that any errors therein may be corrected. An addenda to quantities is generally the result of mismanagement or hurry ? and unfavourably impresses both architect and builder. Do not use the same word in more than one sense, and preserve a similar order in descriptions of similar things. The specification of a general principle will sometimes shorten specific directions, as for instance, “ all timbers not exceeding 27 sectional inches shall have templates 9" x 9" x 3" except, &c.” The surveyor should remember, in writing his specifications, that it will save much future reference if he will embody every par- ticular upon which the drawings and quantities give no informa- tion, otherwise he will be troubled with frequent questions as to the way he has measured the work. Many of these points are suggested in the section “ Taking off.” Be careful to state the scantling of everything of which it is necessary for the builder to know the size. Conditions of contract are usually attached to the specification, but not always. Various forms are given in ‘ Emden’s Building Contracts,’ and < Hudson’s Building Contracts,’ with analyses and criticisms. The revised conditions recently issued by the Royal Institute of British Architects are a result of much discussion, and the general principles upon which they are founded can hardly be improved upon. The most convenient way of writing a specification from SPEC I FTC A TTONS. 353 dimensions is as follows Write the whole of the conditions, then the preliminary works and such preliminary clauses as cannot be properly referred to any particular trade, then a list of the pro- visions both of money, labour and material, and particularly observe to define the question of profit on provisions. The provi- sions are best kept together immediately after the general prelimi- nary items, not distributed through the trades. Then the preliminary of each trade. A part of this can be obtained from the bill of the trade, and will consist of a description of materials. Follow with any directions which apply generally, as “ all iron butts to be wrought,” “ all window and door frames to be grooved where required to receive linings and finishings,” “ all floors to have glued and mitred borders to hearths,” &c. It will be found that attention to this principle will save labour. After preparing the first part of the description of each trade, the dimensions may be referred to for the rest, beginning at the first column of dimensions and going regularly through them, marking through the dimensions with a vertical line in pencil as you deal with each. The abstracts and bills will also be of con- siderable service in the writing of a specification, as they will present at a glance the various works requiring description. Care must be taken to make the premables to the trades in the specifi- cation agree with those in the bill. Begin the description with either the top or bottom part of the building (the latter is preferable as being more convenient for the contractor), and maintain the principle throughout each trade, con- tinuing the description upwards or downwards, as the case may be. In the case of all buildings, except very small ones, it will be the best way to describe the joiner’s work floor by floor, the attempt to describe several floors together usually results in confusion. When a large quantity of work is distributed in different parts of a building, the surveyor will usually find it most convenient to commence the clause which refers to it with the description of the material, and follow with the places in which it occurs, he can then fill them in as he finds them in the dimensions, thus : — “ Glaze with 21 -ounce sheet glass,” “ the windows and fanlights of back front, the basement windows, the windows adjoining lighting court,” &c. The following list comprises a number of items which, although 2 A 354 QUANTITY SURVEYING . necessary to a specification, have not unfrequently been lost sight of : — Excavator . — If there are various thicknesses of concrete, not shown on drawings, state thickness and position, and state the width to respective walls. If a part of the earth is to he carted away, and part deposited, clearly define the proportion or quantity. State the various depths of excavation, if not clearly shown. Carefully describe the course of drains, or supply a plan of them as taken. Bricldayer . — If the footings are not clearly shown, describe them. If in the metropolitan area they may be described as in accordance with the Building Act, if they are so ; if not, they may be described with reference to the various thicknesses of the walls, as all 4j-inch walls to have two courses, 9-inch walls three courses, &c. Also in respect of plinths and sleepers, whether the footings of walls are widened because of them or not. Describe in detail which parts of the work are to be built in cement. Some architects colour with a special colour, on the plan, all work intended to be built in cement. State the depths of relieving arches for various spans, &c. Numbering each smoke and ventilating flue, or marking the latter V on the plan, sometimes makes the specification clearer. Mason . — The average sizes of various stones on bed where their size is concealed. The average sizes on beds and average heights of quoins to angles and jambs, or a tracing may be used on which to mark the beds. See section “ Taking off.” The principle upon which joggles, cramps, or dowels are to be used. Where the beds of stone are to be sunk, as sometimes in spires. The finish of the backs of stones where built into walls. The distance any stone is to be pinned into wall. The position and size of every template. The principle upon which the length of steps and the length and width of hearths shall be regulated. Carpenter . — Extent to which timbers lie on walls. The distance apart of wood bricks. If any partitions are trussed, describe the sizes of the various timbers and the bolts. A sketch of a trussed partition in single lines with the scantlings marked on it is some- SPECIFIC A TIONS. 355 times useful. State the length of all straps and holts. The dis- tance apart of bolts to flitches. Describe the ironwork with the timber it secures. Scantlings of all the timbers, and if of finished sizes. Joiner . — Describe to what work grounds have been taken. State the finished sizes of all doors, i.e. width and height ; and it is well, if the sizes of openings are figured in the drawings, to state whether they are the sizes of the doors or of the openings. Describe all the thicknesses, and whether finished sizes. A reasonable order for each story is floors, skirtings and dados, windows, doors, fittings, as cupboards, w.c. and bath fittings, &c. Founder and Smith . — Describe how the rain-water pipes have been arranged, frequently a subject of question, or suggest that they be indicated on the drawings by the architect. Describe the positions, lengths and weights per foot run of all the iron joists. These are conveniently arranged as a table. Plumber . — Describe fall and minimum width of gutter, height of turning up of lead, width of flashings and aprons and where they are intended to be, position of cisterns, and state what appa- ratus each cistern supplies, the lengths of the various socket pipes and the lead they are to be made of, the weight per yard lineal of lead pipes. Describing cisterns by letters A, B, 0, &c., will be of assistance : thus, “ from cistern A with j-inch brass connector, fly nut and union, J-inch lead pipe and J-inch bib cock, lay on the water to sink in scullery.” Gasjitter . — Describe position of gas meter. Describe positions of gas fittings, or cause them to be indicated on drawings. State size of the various pipes. Glazier . — Thickness of rough plate glass. Weight of all sheet glass. Distance apart of saddle bars to lead lights. The position of iron casements or of casements intended to open may be shown thus x on the drawings. And various other particulars which will present themselves to the mind of any observant person. The foregoing list, though of course incomplete, indicates the general principle which it is desirable to follow. It is well for the surveyor to keep in mind the fact that care in the description of the position of everything in tho dimensions will very much assist the person who writes the specification. 2 a 2 . 356 QUANTITY SURVEYING. When the surveyor has simply to correct the specification furnished by the architect, he should so amend and add to it that it shall require no extraneous explanation, except such as may be obtained from the drawings, and it should agree with the quantities. Avoid such clauses as these in the same specification : “ all walls not described to be plastered to be twice limewhited.” See “ Plasterer.” “ Render, float and set all walls not described to be lime whited” See “ Bricklayer.” These it will be seen do not assist each other. Numbering each clause in conjunction with an index is con- venient, especially when the specification is a long one. I 357 CHAPTER VIII. PRICES. There is no part of the surveyor’s work which requires so much ability and judgment as the assessment of prices ; not only should the surveyor know the value of materials, but also the amount of time which should be spent in the production of the work ; his ex- perience should also enable him to modify his conclusion by the quality of its finish, and he should constantly bear in mind the fact that the difference between the quantity of work that a man can do and that which he does is usually great. The foundation of all pricing must be the value of the labour and materials. The fluctuations of value of the latter from various causes are considerable, and the surveyor should watch and be familiar with all the changes of the market. One of the essentials for the surveyor is the possession of a complete collection of trade circulars and prospectuses; these should be secured in a book of sheets of foolscap large enough to take the majority, and properly paged and indexed, and the collec- tion should be carefully revised whenever changes of prices occur. Their usefulness will be increased if each one is marked with the date of its receipt and the trade discount. When a bill of quantities with the prices of the estimate attached has been deposited by the builder, the pricing of any extra work is much simplified, as where there is no price which will directly apply, proportionate prices can be pretty easily arrived at. If the surveyor adopts the invariable principle of making a con- dition that the priced bill of quantities shall be deposited by the contractor, he will soon be in possession of much information as to prices which will be of great value in treating prices for other work under similar conditions. The young surveyor will find it an advantage to know the cost and market price of the leading item of every trade, as a rod of brick- work, a cubic foot of each of the common stones, a cubic foot of fir, 35» QUANTITY SURVEYING. pitch pine, oak, teak, &c., a foot superficial of 1-inch deal, mahogany and wainscot. He should he acquainted with the rough approxi- mations to the truth which are current as to the relative values of straight and circular work, and of deal, wainscot and mahogany joinery. These will help him to analogous prices pretty readily, and readiness is essential. The element of profit will enter into every calculation, and the question as to what may be considered a fair profit is a somewhat difficult one to settle. It is quite certain that many contracts are carried out for prices which allow of no profit, others have resulted in considerable loss. The profit placed by builders upon provisional sums varies from 5 to 20 per cent., but it is very questionable whether the majority of builders realise, before sending in a tender, the percentage of profit that its acceptance will ensure ; they would be able to say whether the generality of the prices were good or otherwise, but would not be able to fix a definite percentage. Some builders take the precaution of pricing the items of their estimate at cost, adding a percentage to the total for profit, this practice is, however, uncommon. The profit obtained is usually least upon works which are offered in open competition. Very large contracts are, because of their size, confined to the competition of a comparatively small number of builders, and these substantial men, who, as a rule, will not employ their capital except at pretty good profits. Mr. Lucas, in the course of the discussion upon the paper read by Mr. Brassey before the Royal Institute of British Architects, February 4th, 1878, “ On the Rise of Wages in the Building Trades,” said, “ We do not profess to carry out works at less than 10 per cent, profit, and I do not believe any man can do so,” and it is certain that only in exceptional cases he does. Where it devolves upon the surveyor to fix a profit on parti- cular items in which incidental charges like establishment charges are included, 20 per cent, is a fair one. This is little enough when one considers the number of extraneous expenses which this per- centage must cover. In pricing an estimate, where all the inci- dental items have been allowed for in the preliminary bill, 15 per cent, is sufficient. It is obvious that the size of the proposed building is an im- PRICES. 359 portant consideration. In some small works, 50 per cent, would not be sufficient remuneration for a respectable man. An intelligent and experienced surveyor, from the cubic content of a building, and a general description of its materials and finishings, can tell with remarkable accuracy what will be its cost. If the surveyor will adopt the practice of commencing his dimen- sions with the cubic content of the building for which he is pre- paring quantities, he will be, in course of time, in possession of some valuable material for comparison of relative costs. These measurements to be of any value must always be done in • the same manner, and must comprise the whole content, including the walls. Disregard chimney-stacks, buttresses, and dormers, unless in un- usual number. The most usual practice is to multiply the outside length of the building by the breadth, and the result by the height from the bottom of the footings to half way up the roof. A different price per foot may sometimes be adopted for the various parts, but not often. It is more convenient to adopt one uniform rate. For boundary walls and such works, an approximate estimate should be made and added to the price arrived at by cubing. Various causes will operate to modify the price per foot, as very expensive finishings, a considerable proportion of basement, diffi- culty of getting materials to the site, an unusual quantity of boundary walls or drains. In such a case, the surveyor commences with his estimate on the general principle above described, and adds the extra cost of such things as those last mentioned. It should be observed that small buildings cost more in proportion than large ones, the finishings being of similar character. The valuation of proposed works of alteration is more difficult than that of new buildings ; an approximate estimate of the several items is generally the only safe course. Sometimes the addition of a new block of building to an existing one may be dealt with in the usual way of cubing, but a higher price than ordinary must be adopted for it, and the collateral work valued item by item. Alterations often consist of the addition of such parts of a house as are the most expensive, as bath-rooms, w.c., &c., which in the cubing of a complete house are balanced by the cheaper parts. Professor Kerr, in his ‘ English Gentleman’s House,’ estimates cost per square ; he says in substance as follows : — 360 QUANTITY SURVEYING. The method of calculation is to take the dimensions of every room and portion of the house internally, multiplying their relative length by the breadth, then squaring the floor, spaces of the pass- ages and stairs in the same manner and adding to the total ^ of the whole for walls and waste. To all the results obtained by estimating the cost of the house by the number of superficial squares, must be added an allowance for incidental expenses. These would be professional services, including law charges, special fittings (grates, mantels and the like), external fences and boundary walls and some internal decoration, and should not be estimated at less than 20 to 25 per cent. The method suggested for the application of these principles is illustrated by the following table : — Approximate Cost of Buildings. Professor Kerr. Total Outlay required. The Family Department. The Servants’ Department. ■ Total Outlay resulting. 1. 2 . 3. 4 . 5 . 6. 7. 1. 2 . 3. 4 . 5 . 6. 7. Price per cubic foot. Average height of rooms. Price per super- ficial square. Corresponding number of squares. CO 0 V CU . it as "go a . a Number of rooms to correspond. Average price per room. Price per cubic foot. Average height of rooms. Price per super- ficial square. Corresponding number of squares. Cost at the prices given. Number of rooms to correspond. Average price per room. £ cl. ft. in. £ £ £ d. ft. in. £ £ £ £ 1,250 8 12 0 40 22-30 892 13 68 6 11 3 28 12*90 361 13 28 1,253 2,500 9 12 9 48 37*50 1,800 20 90 6! 11 7 31! 22-20 700 19 37 2,500 5,000 10 13 9 57| 63-10 3,639 30 121 7 12 0 35 39-00 1,365 29 47 5,004 10,000 11 15 0 69 106-00 7,314 45 163 7! 12 6 39! 68-00 2,686 43 62 10,000 20,000 12 16 6 83 178-00 14,774 67 220 Si 13 0 44! 117-70 5,237 65 80 20,011 40,000 13! 18 0 100 298-00 29,800 100 298 9 13 6 50 204-00 10,200 97 105 40,000 80,000 15 19 0 120 501-0060,120 150 400 10 13 6 56 355-00 19,880 145 137 80,000 As to cubic value Professor Kerr says, a well-built residence is found to cost as follows ; — For the main building or family department, 8 d. to 15d. per cubic foot. For the attached offices or servants’ department, 6d. to 10 d. ditto* For stables and farm offices, id. to Qd. ditto. PRICES. 361 Mr. Wheeler, in his ‘Choice of a Dwelling,’ 1872, recommends calculation by the square, including the walls, and some of his opinions on value are as follows : — A first-class house in London, not exceeding 1800 feet superficial per floor, that is, 30 feet by 60 feet — £ Principal rooms 50 per square. Chambers and secondaries 35 w Domestic offices .. 25 A well-built London or suburban residence, not wholly detached and not exceeding 900 feet superficial each floor, or 22 feet 6 inches by 40 feet — £ Principal rooms * 40 per square. Chambers and secondaries 30 „ Domestic offices 20 A London or suburban residence, plainly but honestly built as an investment or for a very moderate scale of living, and not ex- ceeding 900 superficial feet each floor — £ Principal rooms 35 per square. Chambers 25 „ Domestic offices .. .„ 18 „ The bare price of a building per foot cube, unless one knows the character of the work, is of little value ; notes of the particulars of the nature of materials and finishings are a valuable adjunct to the oubic price. Builders are sometimes willing to make a contract upon a price per foot cube ; if the surveyor is concerned in such an arrangement he should define the method of cubing, settling the question whether dormers, chimney stacks or buttresses should be included in the measurement, and whether the height should be measured from the top or bottom of the concrete. The cubic price of some well-known buildings is given below ; the older ones must be received with caution, first, because we do not know how they were cubed, and second, that many of them are based upon prices of labour below those of this time. 362 QUANTITY SURVEYING. The British Museum 1 The Houses of Parliament The Royal Exchange Manchester Assize Courts Foreign Offices Waterlow’s Industrial Dwellings . . ., ... St. Thomas’s Hospital ... ... .. Buildings of the School Board for London, 1870-1880 Ditto, 1880 Hotel Victoria, Northumberland Avenue .. Holborn Viaduct Hotel Holborn Town Hall Railway Clearing House, Seymour Street, Euston Square Post Office, corner of Newgate Street Bow Street Police Station Per foot cube, s. d. A.D. 1 6 1843 2 G 1843 11 1841 9* 12J 1857 n average. 9 1 Not including S^-71 1 l boundary walls J | or playgrounds. 1 6 1 4 1 2 8 £ 11 Mr. Street’s design for St. Mary’s, Edinburgh, was estimated at 12 %d. per foot cube. Mr. Young’s design for Glasgow Municipal Buildings was estimated at Basement . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . „ 9d. per foot cube. Superstructure .. ., .. .. .. .. ., 12 „ „ Towers above general level of buildings .. 18 „ „ Mr. Corson’s design for Glasgow Municipal Buildings was estimated at 12d. per foot cube (throughout). Messrs. Leeming and Leeming’s design for the New Admiralty Buildings was estimated at Main building 12 d. per foot cube. Towers and work above parapets 18 „ „ A few general rates per foot cube are given below ; they can only be taken as approximations. 4 d. per foot cube. 5 10 ?> >> Labourers* cottages The cheapest dwelling houses Good country houses PRICES. 363 The best mansions Stables Very good stables Breweries Churches Lunatic asylums have been built for . . Warehouses of plain character Mai tings Baths of the best and recent London type — Building 5£ Machinery and apparatus . . . . 2 Workhouses Underground conveniences Per foot cube. s. d. 1 6 8 average. 0 5 6 have been done at 5 d. 6 not lately. 5 £-6 2 * n = n 5 3 0 some have cost 4s. There are some other methods of arriving at the probable cost of a building by comparison — The price per superficial square (100 feet) for each floor for dwelling-houses. Thus 8c?. per foot cube would be commonly equal to 40Z. per square, assuming the rooms to be 12 feet high, &c. The price per stall of stables (without lofts) varying from 2 51. to 100*. The 'price per bed for hospitals. — Some well-known instances are as follows : — St. Thomas’s Hospital One pavilion without administrative buildings Herbert Hospital, Shooter’s Hill, including administrative buildings The most expensive species of hospital is the fever hospital. . The three new hospitals of the Metropolitan Asylums Board, “ Brook,” “ Park ” and “ Fountain,” will probably cost . . Salford Sanatorium cost Heathcote Infectious Hospital cost Willesden Isolation Hospital cost Ruchill (Glasgow) Infectious cost Workhouses per immate. — (Tarbuck) : — West London, Holloway St. Pancras Infirmary, Highgate Charlton Union Hospital A reasonable average £ 650 250 320 400 375 385 380 400 48 68 50 55 3 s Three After a weeks 4 p.m.. c a at begin- Eight middle Until 8 p.m. After Until and Sundays, uingand three weeks. 8 p.m. 10 p.m 10 p.m. 4 p.m. Xmas Day and weeks Good at end. Friday. 50 47 44* Time Time Double Time Double and a and a time. and a time. quarter, half. half. i ( 8 p.m 11 p.m. 1p.m. 5 p.m. to to to to 7 a.m. 47 44* 42 11 p.m. 7 a.m. 5 p.m. Monday , " \ Time Double Time Double and a time. and a time. k 5 * [ half. half. f C ) 47 44* Time Time Double Time Double and a and a I time. and a time. quarter- half. half. Trades. Building Trades — Carpenters Joiners Bricklayers Bricklayers (cutting and setting gauged work) Plasterers Masons Masons (fixing) . . Masons (granite work) Painters and Glaziers Smiths, fitters, &c. Labourers and navvies Plumbers Rate of pay per d. 9* 9* 9* 10 * 9* 9* 10 * 101 8* 9 to 10 0* 11 Wheelwrights Lath- renders . I, Timbermen Scaffolders ... ... Paviors [} Slaters ■. Hot- water engineers Zinc workers I Gas titters I Bell-hangers Paper-hangers . . PlutnlH>rs* mates 1 Painters’ labourers y French polishers ■ Steam sawyers .. 9* list. I to ’ 7 9 9 9* 9* 9* 9* 9 0 * 6* 8 9* 366 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Ltst of Wages — continue d. Trades. Rate of l»ay per hour. Machinists employed in work- ing — Trying up machine Vertical spindle Band saw Tenoning machine Joiner’s saw bench Cross cut saw .. Universal moulding ma- chine Small four cutter ma- chine Rope feed bench machine Rack bench machine . . Panel planing machine Hand feed planing ma- chine Mortising machine Stablemen d. 10J 10 £ 10 £ 10* 10 * 10 £ 10£ 9* 8 8 ? Hours of Labour per Week. Rate of Pay for Overtime. £ 1 a 3 co Winter — 14 weeks after Week-days (except first Monday in Saturdays ). November. Saturdays. Three weeks at begin- ning and three weeks at end. Eight middle weeks. Until 8 p.m. 8 p.m. until 10 p.m. After Until 10 p.m. 4 p.m. After 4 p.m. and Sundays, Xmas Day and Good Friday. \ 50 47 Time and a quarter. Time Double and a time, half. Time Double and a time, half. Asphalte Paving — per day Spreaders 6/ to 6/6 Potmen and labourers .. 5s. Carmen. Employed by the Council — One horse Two horses Employed by contractors — One horse Two horses per week 27«. \ 30s. /" 25 8. 27 s. Gd. per [hour a fter 6 p. PRICES. 367 List of Wages— continued. Trade. Rate of pay per hour. Electrical Trade — d. Wiremen 8 to 9 Jointers 9 Labourers 61 Armature winders 8 Armature winder helpers or labourers Transformer winders Magnet winders .. Engineering Trade — Brass Finishers Coppersmiths.. Turners Fitters and Erectors Millwrights Smiths Pattern Makers Borers Slotters and Planers Drillers Barge Builders Watermen and lightermen Watermen and lightermen Watermen and lightermen Watermen and lightermen Hours of labour. 8£ to 9 8£ to 9 8£ to 9 8* to 9 8£ to 9 8£ to 9 9 8£ to 9 8£ to 9 per day 5 8. per hour 9 d. per day 6, 7 or 8 a.m. un- til 6, 7 or 8 p.m., 6s. per night 8 to mid- night, 4s. 8 p.m. to 6 a.m., 6s. Sunday, Up to 10 a.m., 4s. > 54 hours per week > 54 hours per week 54 hours per week 12 hours per day 4 hours 10 hours Rate of pay for Overtime. First two hours — Time and a quarter. Second two hours — Time and a half. After four hours until starting time next day — Double time. / First two hours — Time and a I quarter. ) After first two hours until 6 a.m . — | Time and a half. Sunday work — Double time. V Night shifts — Time and a half. lOJd. per hour. After 12 hours work , up to 9 p.m., Is. per hour. 3 68 QUANTITY SURVEYING. List of Wages — continued. Trade. Rate of pay per hour. Hours of labour. Rate of pay for Overtime. Watermen and lightermen Scotch derrick drivers Steam navvy and grab drivers Drivers of steam cranes and travellers After 12 noon, 6«. Whole day, 8s. Per hour 8 \d. 8 \d. 7 \d. \ * As arranged. (Not loss than time and a quarter Locomotive drivers .. Id. to 8d. \ when engines are working. Stationary and portable engine drivers Id. to 7 Id. The rates to be charged by the contractor are usually settled by a schedule of rates for labour delivered with the form of tender (see Form of Tender). When this has not been done, an addition of 15 per cent, to the above rates is a reasonable one. There are other arrangements for the surveyor to consider in dealing with time. 1. That men who are sent from the shop or yard, including those engaged in London and sent to the country, shall be allowed their expenses Qd. per day for any distance over six miles from the shop or job, exclusive of travelling expenses. Time occupied in travelling and lodging money. 2. That the payment of wages shall commence at noon, or as soon after that time as practicable, on Saturdays, and be paid on the job, but if otherwise arranged, walking time at the rate of three miles per hour shall be allowed, to get to the pay table by noon. The cost of work done in the country, if local labour be employed, will usually be from 5 to 15 per cent, less than the .same kind of work done in London. The value of labour can only be arrived at by close observation and long experience. Some results of this observation have been tabulated and published as ‘ Constants of Labour,’ by Mr. Peter Nicholson, whose data refer exclusively to carpentry and joinery ; and others relating to all trades, by Mr. Hurst in his * Handbook PRICES. 369 for Architectural Surveyors.’ The writer has tested many of these latter and found them to be in the main correct. There is no doubt that pricing in a really scientific manner must bo conducted upon that principle. These are all calculated on the assumption that a man works ten hours per day, the present general usage being as above stated. But this difference presents no difficulty, as it is only necessary to adopt the value of ten hours’ labour at the rate per hour and multiply it by the decimal given in the table. As an instance of the use of constants the calculation of the cost of labour upon a foot superficial of 2-inch four-panel moulded and square door would be as follows : — 10 hours joiner at 9|d. == 95d., multiplied by Constant *103 days of a carpenter = 9*785d. = 9 fd. In the absence of information founded on the cubic content of a building similar to the one proposed, an approximate estimate will be the only means of discovering the cost. In such a case avoid going much into detail. The process will be a rough imitation of taking out the quantities. The cubic content of the building will, however, be a useful check upon an amount arrived at in this manner. The general principle for taking out quantities is to dissect the work as much as possible, for an approximate estimate to concen- trate it into single items. When the building is a very large one, and of great height, it must be remembered that some parts of the work, although of the same material and finish, will be of greater value than others because of their position. The detail usually taken in the preparation of a bill of quantities, such as rebates, chamfers, beads, mitres, &c., must be included in the rates. It will be found convenient to prepare approximate estimates on paper specially ruled for the purpose, as in the following example. Begin with a heading as to a set of dimensions for quantities. Spaces must be left for inserting the prices later. 2/ 2G 0 10 0 520 0 58 yds. Dig 6" deep and cart, 8d. ; cement concrete 6" thick, 2s. 33 (l 37 ° QUANTITY SURVEYING. Take notes of all the preliminary items and price them in the ordinary way ; as many of them will he assessed by a percentage on the total, they may be filled in after the total is computed. Excavator . — The digging and concrete in trenches may be taken together. The digging, concrete, floated face, pavings and dry rubbish may be taken together ; include strutting and plank- ing in the price. Brains . — Take the running length of the pipe, keeping each size separate; with this length may be included all bends and junctions, for these about 20 per cent, should be added to the price ; include in the description digging and concrete and strutting and planking, if any. Gullies, grease-traps, connection with sewer must be separately taken. Inspection pits may often be averaged for size, the notes of one taken out and priced and the result multiplied by the number. Bricklayer . — The general brickwork must be taken out in the ordinary way, but the price may include rough cutting, rough arches, ends cut and pinned, stock facing ; better facings may also be included, if preferred ; about 1000 to each rod of brickwork is often adopted. Moulded strings and cornices must be measured per foot run. Windows or door openings may often be averaged for size, the work to one taken out in all trades, and then multiplied by the number, dealing with deduction of brickwork, plastering and facing at the same time. Fireplaces may also be averaged for size, the work to one taken out, everything connected with it in all trades, and multi- plied by the number. In dealing with the brickwork it will save time to abstract and reduce it in the usual way, reducing each item instead of the total is a tedious and cumbrous process. Damp-proof courses, lime-whiting and a few other items must be measured in the ordinary way. Mason . — Stone dressings must be taken out, but as stone and all labour brought into one total, and priced at per foot cube, to include everything, and reducing the price to be affixed for the value of a certain cubic proportion of the brickwork, of which it takes the place. A PPR OX IMA TE ESTIMATES. 37i Take hearths with the fire openings before mentioned, sills with the window openings, steps or thresholds with the door openings. Stone staircases must be taken in all trades in the usual way, including the balustrades and other adjuncts. Slater and roof coverings . — Measure the superficial area of the roof surface to include slating (making an allowance in the price for cutting), boarding or battens, felt and rafters, the cubic content of these last obtained from a table as directed in Carpenter. Ridges may be measured per foot run to include tile-ridge and wooden ridge. Hips and valleys. — Measure per foot run, including timber, tiling, fillets, cutting to slating load, valley or hip or soakers. Dormers or fleches must be taken out in detail. The following is an illustration of the measurement of a roof covering. 2/ 40 0 15 0 1200 0 12 sqrs. 4§" x 2J” rafters, 15s. lOtf. ; 1” rough boarding, 19s.; countess slating, 29s. 8c l . ; felt, 8s. 4c/. 72s. 10c/. 43 s. d. 14 The prices would be computed as follows. Referring to the table of timber (see Laxton), we find against 4J" x 2£" rafters, 6' 4" cube; adopting 2s. 6c?. as the price per foot cube, we have 15s. 10c?. per square. For 1-inch rough boarding say 19s., for countess slating say 27s. plus 10 per cent, for cutting, 29s. 8c?., for felt say 8s. 4c?., making a total of 3?. 12s. 10c?. Slate mason . — The superficial quantity of slab must be mea- sured, and its price may include all labours. Carpenter . — There are tables in the builders’ price books which show the cubic quantity of timber according to scantling in a square of either roofs, floors, or partitions; in these tables the absolute quantity is arbitrarily increased by the addition of one joist, rafter or quarter in 15 or 16 feet. For partitions the table is not to be trusted, as the posts are larger than the quarters and the quantity does not include either heads, sills, or braces ; an addition of a certain percentage may be made to cover these, and this is perhaps the most practical course , 2 b 2 372 QUANTITY SURVEYING. in the preparation of an approximate estimate, 10 per cent, is enough. Hoofs . — The principals and purlins must be measured in the usual way. (See also Slater.) Partitions . — If the whole surface is measured, the saving of quarters in the openings may be considered equivalent to tho extra for posts, braces, heads and sills. Collect the length of partitions of similar height. 150 0 10 0 1500 0 15 sqrs. 4£"x 2\" quarters, 15s. lOd. ; L.P.F. & S. partition, both sides, 29s. l^d.\ and paper P.C., Is. per piece, 4s., both sides : and hang, 3s £ s. d. 52s. 6d. 39 7 G The prices would be computed as follows. Referring to the table of timber (see Laxton), we find for 4J" x 2J" quarters 6' 4" cube; adopting 2 s. 6d. as the price, we have 15s. lOd. per square. For the plastering we have 200 feet = 22f yards at Is. 4 d = 1Z. 9s. 7 Jd. For the paper, using a 50 feet divisor, we find four pieces per square = 4s. Hanging paper, four pieces at 9d. = 3s. = 2Z. 12s. 5 J and how, and whether plumber is to do the excavator’s work. 5. Count all traps, and also all bends and shoes to down-spouts or soil pipes, spitters from cesspools to spouts, rain-water heads, taps, plugs, overflows, wastes with plug and washer, water-closet and bath-fitting (the pipes thereto and therefrom measured with the other piping), wash-basins, urinals, hot- water cisterns, and other special fittings, and in all such instances give a clear, un- mistakable description of what is required, or the price, exclusive of fixing. 6. Iron gutters and down-pipes to be measured in lineal yards ; no allowance for joints, but elbows, stopped ends, &c., to be counted and described. 7. The different descriptions of glass, with thickness or weight per foot, to be given in superficial feet, assorting each into different average sizes, and keep bent sheets separate. Curved or other 438 QUANTITY SURVEYING. special edges to be measured lineal, tbe glass being first measured the size such special shape has to be cut from. Special descriptions of work, such as lead lights, &c., to be described. 8. Pointing to flashings to be measured lineal and described. 9. Making good and leaving all perfect at conclusion of works, as an item. Ironfounder. 1. The most suitable method is to reduce each description of work to weight, keeping columns separate from beams, small cast- ings from large, and intricate ones, as railing, grids, &c., separate from plain ones ; the cost to include pattern making ; any fancy work to be specially mentioned, and the castings from each such pattern kept separate from others ; the metal to be taken at 40 lbs. per foot super. 1 inch thick. 2. State whether price to include fixing. ( Vide No. 45 in Car- penter.) 3. Special labour, as turning columns, coupling boxes, &c., to be given in detail. 4. State whether beams are to be tested, and if at contractor's expense and risk. 5. Bolts and other ’small fittings to be counted and described, with the labour necessary in preparing for and fixing them. 6. State whether lead or other material is to be found for run- ning lugs, &c., and indicate the number of them. 7. Long bolts, tie-rods, &c., to be measured lineal, with allow- ance for head and nut, and count the number of nuts, and screwing, and washers. 8. Swing sheets, gates, &c., and their fittings, hangings, and fastenings to be fully described and counted, both for materials and labour. 9. In measuring wrought-iron beams and frame-work, ascertain the weight of metal in plates and other shapes, adding the rivets and bolts, with the labour separate on any particular forgings or cuttings. 10. All wrought-iron, rolled or built girders to be fully described and given in lineal lengths, with section. 11. If painted before fixing, to be measured in full. NORTHERN PRACTICE. 439 Slater and Tiler. 1. State size and description of slates or tiles, nails and battens, and whether and how pointed underneath, and amount of lap. 2. The usage varying with respect to allowances at eaves for double course, and hips and valleys for waste, the Manchester Society of Architects purposes to measure slating net as finished, and to give the length of eaves for extra price of double course, and the length of each bevelled edge at hips and valleys, &c., for “ single bevel cutting and waste,” and also the bevel cutting where so done to land-gutters, &c. All openings of 100 feet to be deducted entirely, and any others, but allowing for labour as “ hollows,” below that amount down to 6 feet super., below which no deductions to be made. Any special cutting, as close hips, &c., to be separately mentioned and described. 3. In tile roofs, hips and valleys to be measured lineal, and fitting included. 4. Ridge tiling to be fully described and given in lineal yards, and state how to be bedded and pointed. 5. Pointing to overhanging eaves or gables, in lineal feet. 6. Sweeping and cleaning out gutters, leaving all clean and perfect. 7. Circular slating, fancy courses, slating to spires, or other special work to be kept separate, and fully described. Sundries. Floor or wall tiling, paper hanging, cooking and heating apparatus, bellhanging and gasfitting, are generally matters ot separate arrangement with the tradesmen. If requisite to include the 'two latter, bellhanging may be given at so many bells with 1 pull, and so many with 2, the furniture being described and counted ; gasfitting at so much per position, exclusive of meter, for piping, and brass bits, or else measured in detail as for water piping. In the foregoing paper there are a few items worthy of remark. Generally . — These clauses are framed to meet the arrangement of separate tenders for each trade. 44 o QUANTITY SURVEYING . Excavator , Clause 2. — Excavation measured 3 inches beyond outer edge of footings, instead of 6 inches, as in London practice. Briclcsetter , Clause 1 . — The reduction of the brickwork to super- ficial yards of 9 inches thick. Clause 2. — The deductions of openings. (The clear external aperture only.) The way the work is usually treated being to make an item in feet superficial of “ labour to openings,” but this only applies to apertures not exceeding 100 feet superficial each. Allowance of “ labour to openings ” to sills, strings, cornices, &c Measuring lineal dimensions of flues for extra labour forming and pointing. Clause 4. — The allowance of 3 inches for gable cutting is not recognised in London practice, but is measured as raking cut- ting to facing, which deals with 4J inches inwards from face of wall. The remainder of thickness of wall being measured as rough cutting. Clause 5. — Measuring over openings for pointing. Only the net quantity measured. London practice. Clause 9. — “ Hollows for extra labour over common work ” unknown in London practice. Clause 10. — Cavity walling measured in London, including the cavity, and no allowance made for “extra labour and extra materials for bond forming cavity walls.” Clause 17. — Numbering trimmer arches — measured by the foot superficial in London practice. Mason , Clause 5. — Unusual in London practice, the various heights of hoisting being stated, the means are left to contractor’s choice. Clause 6. — Allowance of 1 inch each way, unknown in London practice. Carpenter , Clauses 1 , 2 and 3. — Labour and nails never mea- sured for bills of quantities in London practice. Clauses 4 and 5. — Unknown in London practice. Clause 7. — These distinctions only observed in London practice when timbers are unusually small or unusually large. Clause 11. — Trimmings never counted in London practice. Clause 16. — Hip and valley boarding measured superficial in London. NORTHERN PRACTICE. 441 Clause 19. — Mitred margin usually included in description of floor, and the latter measured in feet, in London practice. Clause 23. — “ Hanging to be counted ” ; the hanging is included with the door in London practice though not mentioned. Clause 24. — Grounds are always separated in London practice. Clause 41. — “ Stairs (steps ?) in ordinary cases to be counted ; ” always measured per foot superficial in London practice. Plasterer and Painter , Clauses 5, 17. — All openings deducted and no item of “ labour to openings ” taken in London practice. Clause 19. — Only the actual surface painted if measured in London practice. Clause 20. — All counted in London practice. Plumber and Glazier , Clause 1. — Not so many distinctions observed in the labours on sheet lead in London practice. Clause 2. — Branch joints always taken in London practice. Slater , Clause 2. — The allowance for cutting to eaves is well defined, and labour to hollows is unknown in London practice. A few instances of items as they would appear in a bill to accord with the foregoing system are as follows : — Yards ft. 11,200 - supl. 278 »» 149 - >» No. 2 2 5» 25 . 11 2 1800 cube. 100 run 100 100 » Squares 2 supl. 31 yy Brickwork in mortar reduced to one brick length Labour only to openings or “ hollows ” reduced to one brick length Extra for forming $ " cavity in thickness of wall and filling with White’s Hygeian Rock Composition One story flues parget and core Two story ditto Making good tiling around ventilating trunks, 12" X 12" Ditto skylights, 4' 0" X 6' 0" Fir converted Sometimes labour and nails do not appear, and in such case a heading is made thus, and the number billed in order of scant- lings with description. Work in Roofs and Floors. 4|" X 3" plates 7" X 2^" floor joists 5£" X 3" ditto, &c Labour and nails to plates and ground joists Ditto to naked flooring with joists notched and framed to beams £ 8 . d 442 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Squares ft. £ s. dJ 33 8Upl. Ditto, with joists, plates, and beams part fitted and fixed to iron 19 50 Labour and all materials in 3" framed and braced partition, with 4£" x 3" heads and sills, 3" x 2£" quarters and braces, and 3" x 2" interties No. 5, extra to forming doorways. 36 it Labour and all materials in 3" x 2±" ceiling joists, 15" from centre to centre, and framed to roof timbers 80 it Labour and all materials to 3" x 2£" rafters, 15" from centre to centre, and labour and nails only to roofs, with purlins, plates, ridge and collars No. 3 Labour and nails in framing, hoisting and fixing truss 24' 0" x 8' 0" and the ridge 30 ft. from ground »> 2 Extra for trimming joists for trap-door a 5 Ditto, roof for chimney-stack » 2 Ditto, large skylight Yards » 2 Ditto, joists for stairs 11' 0" X 3' 0" on plan 190 - supl. Render float and skim l 180 -II Lath plaster, float and skim In the North builders prefer to have timbers stated in lineal dimensions with the particular labour stated. J 443 CHAPTER XII. EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIONS. A collection of excavation, brickwork, &c., see “ Examples of Taking off.” In the case of a collection for a provision, show its detail thus : — Stoves and Chimneypieces, Exclusive of Setting. For setting and fixing see Col. J O. Stove. Chy.-piece. Dining-room .. £10 £15 Drawing-room . . 10 20 Library, &c. 4 4 £24 £39 Provide for three stoves and three chimneypieces, exclusive of fixing, 63 1. A Collection of damp proof courses . IB. U B. 2B. Column 3 140 0 20 0 9 0 „ 4 18 3 54 0 29 6 6 0 „ 6 20 0 10 2 10 2 „ 7 9 9 18 6 8 6 188 0 111 8 1 O 188 0 9 111 8 1 2 54 2 1 6 i Damp proof course thick of best Seyssel asphalt. 444 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Collect timbers in the following manner : — Possibly several sizes of joists may occur on one floor, 9" X 3", 7" x 2J", &c. Commence with the 7" X 2J" thus : — Trimmer Ex. for T. H.B.S. R.Y.C. ft. in. ft. in. ft. iu. ft. in. ft. in. Bed-room 3.— 6/10 0 = 60 0 3/8 0 = 24 0 2/ 20=40 49 20 0 10 0 2 Bed-room 4.— 6/11 0 = 66 0 3/ 9 0 = 27 0 2/ 20=40 49 22 0 10 0 2 185 0 9 6 42 0 20 0 4 185 0 7 2 \ 9 6 7 3* 42 0 7 1 20 0 V 22 6 1 7 2 1 20 0 4 Fir frd. in floors. Joists. Add. Trimmers. Add. Ex. for trimmers. 2" x 1" herring-bone strutting spiked to 7" joists. Rough York corbels 9" x 9" X 3" and building in. Proceed to collect the other sizes in a similar manner. Where there are a number of quarter partitions, a collection in some such form as follows is a considerable saving of labour, and each dimension may nevertheless be easily identified. The letter placed against each dimension will be found an assistance, as H for head, S for sill, &c. Head, Sills, P osts. Interties and braces. Quarters. South of \ 4/11 0 = 44 OP 801 2/11 0 = 22 0 bath-room. | 2/ 8 0 = 16 0H&S 90B 2/40=80 North of \ 4/11 0 = 44 OP 901 3/11 0 = 33 0 bed-room 9. / 2/ 9 0 = 18 0 H & S 10 0 B 4 0 122 0 36 0 67 0 122 0 4 4 COLLECTIONS. 445 36 67 0 4 2 * 13 3 4 7 0 4 Fir framed in quarter partition. A Collection of Skirtings. See the plan, Illustration No. 42. In good work, make the distinction for skirting with grounds plugged or fixed with wall hooks. Skirtings. Skirting. Mitres. Irreg. M. F.E. H. Drawing-room. — 5 6 5 6 18 9 15 1 25 9 6 4 2 2 Dining-room. — 16 8 14 11 2/1 11 = 3 10 15 11 14 11 8 2 10 136 10 136 10 136 10 14/ 14 ’ 4/ 4 V 4 12/ 12 14 4 4 12 Deal moulded skirting in three pieces, the lower part of 1£" torus moulded 6" high tongued to floor ; the middle part of 1", the moulding girth, all tongued together ; 13" high in all, including groove in pitch-pine floor and the necessary grounds and backings, as sketch. Tongued and mitred angles. Irregular ditto. Fitted ends. Housings. Some surveyors measure the skirtings across the openings, deducting a length when measuring the joinery to such opening. They maintain that this is the more convenient course in view of possible omissions. In a large building, doors of uniform size and finish, but in 446 QUANTITY SURVEYING, walls of various thickness, may sometimes with advantage be collected as follows : — Linings. Room 1. 6 " 1 1 1 11 " 1 1 15" R.F.S. L.P.F.S. 2 2 2 12 2 2 6 3 8/3 0 7 0 168 0 8 / 1 / 8 8 / 1 / 8 2 3 10 2" four-panel mo. b.s. door. Pairs 3 W. I. butts. 6" mortise lock and brass furniture. 6 7 0 7 0 3 0 5 3/ 17 5 6 26 2 2/ 17 5 11 31 11 3/ 17 5 1 3 65 4 8/ 2/ 18 5 294 8 8/ 2/ 19 1 305 4 10/ 3 6 7 3 253 9 6/ 3 6 7 3 17 5 1|" double rebd. jamb linings tongd. at l£" do., cross tongd. 3" x 1" framed and 4/3" = splayd. grounds. 4/2" = 17 5 1 0 18 5 18 5 8 19 1 2" x 1£" moulded architrave and mitres. Ddt. R. F. and S. Walls, and Paper at 2s. Ddt. L. P. F and S. partns., and Paper at 2s. 152 3 COLLECTIONS. 447 A Collection of Plastering and Papering of Walls. Select the rooms which are of the same height. R- F. & S. L. P. F. & S. Angle. Do. Splay. Bed-room 3. — 2/14 0 = 28 0 2/12 0 = 24 0 2 Bed-room 4.— 2/14 0 = 28 0 12 0 12 0 92 0 12 0 92 0 10 0 12 0 10 0 4/9 6 9 6 920 0 B. F. & S. walls and Paper at 2s. per piece. 120 0 L. P. F. & S. partns. and Paper at 2s. per piece. 38 0 Keene’s cement angle and two 2" returns. 9 6 K. C. splay 3" wide and two 2" returns. Then proceed with those of differing heights in a similar manner. Sometimes in attics a limited range of heights will frequently recur, and may be collected as follows : — R. F. &S. Arris. L. P. F. & S. Arris. 3' 0" 4' 0" 7' 0" 3' 0" 4' 0" 7 0" Room 1. — 4 0 4 0 5 0 7 0 7 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 Room 2.-5 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 4 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 23 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 16 0 9 0 3 0 27 0' 8 0 4 0 32 0 9 0 7 0 63 0, R. F. & S. walls. 448 10 0 3 0 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 10 0 4 0 10 0 7 0 30 0 40 0 70 0, L. P. F. & S. partns. 23 0 16 0 39 0 39 0 K. C. arris and two 2" returns. 39 0 A Collection of Cornices. Mitres. Irreg. do. Bed-room 3. — 52 0 8 Bed-room 4. — 52 0 8 1 104 0 16 1 104 0 104 0 P. Mo. Cornice or P. P. C., 6 in. girth and Twice distemper. 16/ 16 Mitres 6 in. cornice. 1 / 1 Ditto, irregular. Then collect other similar heights in the same manner. A Collection of Flashings. It will generally be expedient to collect all the general flashings to a roof in one collection, omitting those to chimneys. S. F. Apron. Flash g. Eastern and western gable South of dormitory 10 0 S.E. angle of main! . „ roof / 46 2/20 0 = 40 0 3 0 21 0 5 8 9 44 6 1 0 44 6 4 6 10 0 5 lb. lead Flashings. 5 lb. lead 21 0 Steppd. flashing. COLLECTIONS. 449 10 0 1 0 — 10 0 31 0 44 6 31 0 44 6 5 lb. lead Apron. R. O. & P. flashing with Ct. and Lead wedging. R. O. & P. S. F. with Ct. and Lead wedging. 10 0 21 0 31 0 A Collection of Labour and Materials connected with Chimney-gutters , Flashings , &c. Flashg. Apron. S. F. Gutter. T. F. Roll. Stack over) B. R. 4 j [ 2 5 2 5 4 9 2 5 2 5 1 4 9 S. W. stack 2 5 2 5 6 0 2 5 2 5 1 6 0 S. E. stack 2 5 9 6 2 5 9 6 4 10 9 8 40 6 4 10 4 10 2 4 10 5 9 8 1 0 40 6 1 0 4 10 2/ 4 10 2 0 5 lb. lead 9 8 5 lb. lead Flashg. Apron. 40 6 5 lb. lead Steppd. flashg. 4 10 1 in. deal gutter boards and bearers 6 in. wide average. 2 Short lengths of 1£" deal roll. 4 10 Deal tilting fillet. Width = 6 in. Turns up = 6 in. 9 in. 21 4 10 Ends 4/9 in. = 3 0 Roll 2/6 in. = 1 0 8 10 2 G 45 ° Q UANTITY SUR VE YING. 8 10 1 9 15 6 6 lb. lead gutter. 2/2/ 4 Bossed end to rolls. 14 6 14 6 R. O. & P. flashings with Ct. and Lead wedging. 40 6 40 6 R. O. & P. S. F. and L. W. Flashings 4 10 Apron 9 8 14 6 A Collection of Rain-water Pipes. Rain-water Pipes. r.W.p. Heads & C. W. Covers. Shoes. Plinth bends. Swan necks 41 projn. Cutting bk., string, /fee., 6 in. high. Cutting string 3 in. high. North of dining-room N. E. of ditto East of ditto 24 0 1 1 30 0 1 1 30 0 1 1 30 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 2 114 0 114 0 4/ 4 4/ 4 2 / 2 2 / 2 5/ 5 9/ 9 114 0 4 4 2 2 5 9 4 in. C. I. R. W. P. with ears oast on and fixing with rose-headed nails to and including oak plugs in brick- work. Heads and Strong copper wire covers to R. W. P. heads. Shoes. Plinth bends, extra for. Swan necks in. projn., extra for. Labour cutting brick-moulded string 6 in. high for passage of R. W. P. & M. G. Ditto 3 in. high. Collect eaves gutters in a similar manner. COLLECTIONS. 45 1 A Collection of Bells. Bells. Lever pulls. Ceiling pulls. Sunk plate pulls. Bed-room 3 1 2 „ 4 1 2 Room 6 1 Dining-room 1 2 Drawing-room 1 2 Landing (call bell) 1 1 Front entrance 1 1 Servants’ ditto 1 1 8 6 4 2 8/ 8 Bells with six lever pulls, four ceiling pulls, and two plate pulls. (A sum elsewhere provided for the pulls.) Provide for six lever pulls, four ceiling pulls, and two sunk plate pulls and fixing £ 45 2 QUANTITY SURVEYING. CHAPTER XIII. EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. Excavation and Brickwork, Fig. 42 shows a plan and section of wall of a NORTH dwelling-house WEST EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 453 40 0 42 0 Beyond base l 2 0 2 0 of wall. f 2 0 2 0 46 0 44 0 46 0 44 0 — 2024 0 Excavation 12 in. deep to surface and wheeling and deposit- ing where directed on the site at an average distance of two runs, and including separating vegetable soil. (Main Block.) 21 4 9 10 0 11 6 2 0 2 6 2 0 14 9 35 4 35 4 14 9 • 521 2 Add. Offices. External Walls. Assumed to be carried up uniformly to first floor level. Measure eacb wall to its extremity. If this course is always adopted, the surveyor will never be in doubt as to how far he has measured. In the case of a rectangular building of 1^ brickwork and 50' X 30' external dimensions, the front and back wall would be taken from outside to outside, and the end walls in clear, thus : — 50 0 50 0 27 8 27 8 155 4 South of drawing-room .. .. 17 0 South of porch .. .. 9 6 9 South of library .. .. 17 0 Western wall .. .. 53 7 Northern wall .. .. 20 ii East of larder .. .. 2 6 North of butler .. .. 10 0 East of ditto .. .. 12 3 North of dining-room .. .. 10 8 Eastern wall .. .. 37 8 190 4 190 4 3 3 1 0 618 7 Excavation to surface trenches, wheeling and depositing as before, and Concrete. 454 QC/ANT/TY SURVEYING. Note— T hings intended to be separately abstracted should begin on a fresh line, as shown in the foregoing item. 2 0 Ddt. surface digging 1 0 1 0 190 4 3 3 1 0 618 7 Excavation to surface trenches P. F. I. and R., the re- mainder wheeled and deposited as before. 190 4 9 1 42 9 2* B. 190 4 14 6 2759 10 H B. 2 B. 2£ B. 3 B. 3 ) 7 ^ 2£ Bk. av. Footings. 12 0 1 3 1 3 14 6 From foots to first floor level. Internal Walls t Assumed to be carried down to the same level as external walls with 12 inches of concrete and two courses of footings. South of larder 7 6 South of scullery and butler 29 0 South of kitchen and dining-room . . . . 39 8 North of library 15 10 North of vestibule 9 6 East of scullery 13 3 West of butler. Colld 10 9 West of dining-room. Colld 18 8 East of western entrance 8 0 East of library 12 6 West of drawing-room 21 3 185 11 EXAMPLES OF TAX/JVG OFF. 455 185 11 2 6 1 0 464 10 185 11 2 6 1 0 464 10 185 11 6 93 0 185 11 14 9 2742 3 and Concrete. 464 10 Excavation P. F. I. and R., &c. a. b. Foots. To first floor level. The collection forming the basis of the foregoing dimensions has been made on the principle of measuring the horizontal lines first and afterwards the vertical ones, and does fairly well for a small work ; but in the case of a large building this would confuse the majority, and such a plan as the following is better : assume that the work is divided into two sections by the wall south of kitchen and dining-room, measure this wall first, and proceed as before ; measuring next the walls north of the latter and then those south of it. South of kitchen and dining-room . . . . 39 8 South of scullery and butler 29 0 South of larder 7 6 East of scullery 13 3 West of butler 10 9 West of dining-room 18 8 North of library 15 10 North of vestibule .. .. 9 6 East of western entrance 8 0 East of library 12 6 West of drawing-room 21 3 185 II The bay window is assumed to go no higher than the ground floor, and is best taken immediately after the deduction of opening leading into it. In a case where a bay goes up several stories, its foundations and brickwork would be collected with the general collection. For chimney breasts and stacks see “ Order of Taking off. 456 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Deduction of Openings 3' X 6* in clear in 1 bk. and 1^ bk. Walls respectively . A. Fig. 43. Fig. 44. 6 0 6 0 3 0 half reveal 3 4£ half the reveals. 6 U 6 3 3 4£ A. 3 4 6 1 20 3 Ddt. 1 bk., or in two dimensions as B. B. 3 0 6 0 18 0 Ddt. i bk. 3 9 6 3 23 5 Ddt. 1 bk. Deduction of a Window Opening in a Hollow Wall. The following is a deduction of a square-headed window opening 3' 0” X 7' 0" externally, with 4J" reveal in a hollow wall of two thicknesses of 9" and4J" respectively, with 2£" cavity (15j"in all). The solid work on each side of opening would be alternately 4^" and 9", average 7" to add to width, two courses below the oak sill and about three above the lintel, equal 21" ; i.e. five courses of brickwork 15"; height of soffit of lintel above external soffit 3"; be added to the height. Width. 3 0 Height. 7 7 0 7 1 9 4 2 8 9 4 2 8 9 Ddt. 16" hollow wall as described, and Add If B. solid. 36 6 EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 457 3 0 7 0 21 3 9 7 3 27 3 0 3 3 0 5 1 3 6 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 1 2 3 0 7 0 21 0 2 0 3 6 6 2 0 17 0 5 • 7 1 3 5 3 5 2 / 2 1 / 1 8 / 8 4 6 11 3 ' 1 0 1 / 1 Ddt. £ B. Ddt 1| B. Centering 4£" flat soffit. Extra on common brickwork for gauged arch in second malms set in putty. Ddt. facing as described. Skewback cutting to facing. Ddt. facing as described. Facing. 3 0 7 0 7 0 17 0 Eeveals. 9" x 4" York window sill, rubbed, sunk, weathered and throated. Fair ends, and M. G. facings to ends of window sill. Frame B. & P. Wright’s fixing blocks, 9" x 4£" X 3". Fir lintel. Extra labour, cutting and waste to relieving arch 5' 0" x 1J B. x 1 B. 4 6 0 6 0 2 0 12 0 5 lbs. lead, and building in as gutters over lintels. tO Oi 05 458 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Facings. See also remarks in section on “ Billing.” A Window with Brick Dressings (Fig. 45). The deduction of brickwork having been taken with general brickwork. Assumed depth of reveal 4J inches, General facings, picked stocks ; dressings, red bricks. 3 0 9 9 q 4 I Length of lli j Quoins. 4 6 6 0 2/12 6 0 2/ 4 1 0 4 6 3)27 Average 9 27 0 Deduct facings of picked stocks, as described. Average of face 9 Reveal 4| 13 £ 14 0 Facings of red bricks, as described, finished with a neatly struck joint. Jambs average. 8 Add and Ddt. picked stock facings at skewbacks. 3 1 intrados. 4 2 extrados. 2)7 3 3 mean. 3 8 Ddt. picked stock facings for arch. 3 8 J Rubbed and gauged arch in red bricks, set in cement, I raked out and pointed to match facings. 1 3 j Face and soffit. Skewback 1 0 „ 1 0 Extrados 4 2 6 2 EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 459 2 / 2 / 6 2 6 3 3 5 2 / 7 0 6 2 Circular and skewback cutting to facings. 12 6 Labour cut and rubbed moulding, 4-in. girth on facings. Jambs. 3 5 Ditto, circular. Arch. 2 Mitres. 14 0 Extra labour to bonding quoins. Jambs. or, instead of last item, write in bricklayer’s bill — “ All the red facings to include any extra labour for bonding with the general facings.” 3 6 6 3 6 6 4 0 11 1 9 |Bk. Oversail for sill average. 1 9 Ddt. facings of picked stocks. 3 8 Red facings top of sill. 460 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 4 0 10 3 4 Red facings, front of ditto (girth). 4 0 4 0 Extra labour on facings for two courses of moulded bricks, as sill, including setting out. 2/ 2 Returned and mitred ends. See also modes of measurement, “ Facings.” Facings of a Chimney Stack (Fig. 46). All the mouldings to be cut and rubbed. Girth of shaft 13 2 Ditto cap 16 8 2)29 10 Mean girth 14 11 The general brickwork of the shaft measured with ordinary brickwork. 14 11 1 6 22 5 |B (averaged). Oversail for cap. 12 J 2 5 5 1 ) Red facing as described. 2/ 3 9 = 7 6 6/ y 9 I 4/12 = 48 11 J 12 2 Top. 2/ 5 3 = 10 6 2/31=62 16 8 16 8 6 8 4 Facings a. b. Above cornice. 6/ 6 Extra labour on facings for forming pilasters triangular on plan 9 in. wide 5 in. projection and 6 in. high, including cutting to chimney shafts. 14 11 1 6 22 5 Facings a. b. Comice. 14 11 14 11 10 / 10 Extra labour on facings for moulding 18 in. girth in short lengths to chimney shafts, including setting out. Mitres to 18 in. moulding. EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 461 6/ 2/ 12 Irregular ditto. 6 /*/ 9 19 11 _ 24 7 j Bk. Projection for pilasters. 13 2 9 1 119 PLAN Fig. 46. 2/ 4 4 = 8 8 Necking 9 2/ 2 3 = 4 6 Shaft 7 6 . Two 1 5 Girth of shaft 13 2 mould gs. f 5 9 1 Facings a. b. 462 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 2/ 13 2 3 2/ 13 2 2 / 10 / 2 / 12 / 6/9 3 6 / 1 / 6 7 $ Bk. Projn. of mould gs. 26 4 Extra labour on facings for moulding one course high, including setting out in short lengths to chimney shafts. 20 Mitres. 24 Irregular ditto. 55 6 Extra labour on facings for forming pilasters 9 in. wide 5 in. projn. a. b. 6 Stopped ends to ditto on moulded face. 2/ 4 10 = 9 8 2/ 2 7 = 5 2 14 10 6 7 5 * Bk. 14 10 Projn. for base moulding. 3 9 3 9 1 10 * 1 10* 4 10 4 10 3 0 3 0 2) 26 11 13 6 V 13 6 1 4 6/*/ 9 9 6 / 2 /*/ 6 9 13 6 Lab. to moulding 16 in. girth. 4 Mitres. 16 11 Facings as described. 1 8 Ddt. facings. 2 3 Facings as described, 13 5* Base moulding. Base moulding. Stoppings of pilasters. Sides of ditto. 3 6 Below surface of roof 3 3 9 2/2 8 3 9 20 0 Add. Case. EXAMPLES OF TAXING OFF. 463 Mean 2 3 3 2/ 4 6 2 6 2 6 22 6 Add. Ditto. In the measurement of the carcass of the building, the shaft would be measured without its projections, leaving them to be taken with the facings as in the foregoing dimensions. Facings of a Chimney Shaft (Fig. 46). Alternative Method. 14 11 1 6 — 22 5 i B. Oversail for cap. 12 2 5 — 5 1 ; 1 Red facing as described. «/*/ 9 * 1 Top. 11 1 ( 16 8 6 — 8 4 Facings a. b. Above cornice. 6/ 6 Extra labour on facings for forming pilasters, triangular on plan 9" wide 5" projection and 6" high, including cutting to chimney shaft. 14 11 ' 14 11 Extra on common brickwork for facings and cut and rubbed moulding 18" girth in short lengths to chimney shaft, including setting out. 10/ 10 Mitres to 18" moulding. 6/ 2/ 12 Irregular ditto. W 9 10 11 24 7 } Bk. Projection for pilasters. Necking 9 Shaft 7 6 13 2 8 3 8 3 — 108 8 Facings a. b. 2/ 13 2 0 6 7 h Bk. Projn. of mouldings. 2/ 13 2 26 4 Extra on common brickwork for labour, moulded bricks and facing for 1 course moulded bricks in short lengths as string, including setting out to chimney shaft. 2/ 10/ 20 Mitres. C5 5 9 8 EXAMPLES OF TAXING OPE. 473 3 10 5 9 7 P. F. Back. 3 4 5 9 S. F. stopped. Front. 5 9 3 4 Narrow margin. Face of fillet. 2/ 1 1 = 2 2 2/ 7 = 12 3 4 3 4 Ddt. and Add narrow margin, sunk and stopped. 1/ 6 5 9 h in. length of ditto, with one external and one internal mitre to each. Return of fillet, 5 9 3 4 Narrow sunk margin. Under side of fillet. 3 4 Ddt. and 5 9 Add stopped. Narrow margin. Upper face of fillet. 3/ 3 9 in. length of narrow sunk margin with two £ in. returns, two mitres, and two stopped ends to each. 3/ 3 6 9 1 5 1 1 Labour to guttse 9 in. long, 1 in. high, £ in. projection. 10 4 6 9 1 5 Portland stone. Frieze in two stones. n — 9 7 1 5 1 1 Bed. 3 1 6 9 1 1 Joint. 7 4 £ joint 1 1 and P. F. (Back and front.) 3 3 Joggle and cement a. b. 474 4/12 1 1 5 1 6/11 6 6 3/ 2/ 1/ 6 3/ 2/ 1/ 6 5 9 1 8 7 5 7 5 9 1 8 9 7 3/ 1 8 7 2 11 4/ 10 3 4 5 9 7 3 4 5 9 10 4 10 3 4 3 4 6 / 5 9 7 6 2 10 9 5 9 15 11 QUANTITY SURVEYING. S. F. and Ddt. P. F. Between triglyphs. Narrow sunk margin. Return of triglyphs. 12 in. lengths of arris groove £ in. deep 1£ in. wide, stopped, and with one splayed stop to each. Channels of triplyphs. 12 in. lengths of stopped chamfer 1 in. wide, with one splayed stop to each. Outer edges of triglyphs. Portland stone. Bed mould in three stones. Bed. Joint. Joggle and Ct. a. b. P. F. Back. Mo. F. 7 13 13 7 40 Labour to stopped sinking 2 in. wide and § in. deep in short lengths. To form upper fillet of triglyphs. ^ in. lengths of ditto, with one external and one internal mitre to each. Returns of do. Labour to dentil course 4 in. high, the blocks 2 in. wide, 3£ in. high, and 1 in. apart. Portland stone. Cornice in two stones. EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 475 7 6 2 10 21 3 2 / 2 10 9 4 3 7 6 1 8 12 6 7 6 8 5 0 7 6 1 3 9 5 5 8 5 2 4 7 6 1 10 13 9 3/2 0 6 0 2 9 1 4 6 1 10 Bed. Joint. Sunk bed. P. F. S. F. P. F. and Ddt. £ bod. Mo. F. Joggle and Ct. a. b. Portland stone. Under side. Back. Weathering. Top. 1 4 1 4 2 8 Base of balustrade. 2 3 3 1 4 4 4 Bed and joint. •2 9 2 9 2£ in. plain margin. 2 9 6 15 P. F. 2 9 1 0 2 9 P. F. and Ddt. \ Bed. 3 3 Front. Back. Top. 05 476 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 2 9 2 9 Mo. 6 in. girth. 2 2 1 8 6 1 10 Portland stone. 2 8 1 8 4 5 Bed and joint. 2 2 6 11 P. F. 1 10 1 10 2£ in. margin. 2/ 6 — 1 0 2£ in. ditto, sunk. 1 10 — 1 10 Moulding 6 in. girth. 2/ 6 - 1 1 0 Ditto, stopped in short ' 2/ 2/ 4 Mitres to 6" mo. 2/ 5 1 0 — 10 P. F. and Ddt. § Bed. 3/ 9 — 2 3 Joggle and Ct. a. b. V 6 6 1 5 — 1 5 Portland stone. 4/ 6 6 — 1 0 Bed. 4/ 4/ 6 1 5 — 11 4 P. F. Base to pedestal. 2 2 8 Back. Front. U 4* 6 Returns. Front. Returns. Top. Balusters. Preparatory faces. 05 tC EXAMPLES OF TAXING OFF. 477 V 1 1 1 5 or 4/ 4/ 2/ Mo. F. circular continuous to balusters. Turning and labour to stone balusters, 6" x 6" and 17" high, instead of last. 3 " x 1" X l' 7 slate dowels, mortises, and cement. Or the balusters may be taken as follows : — 4/ 4 1 11 1 5 1 5 3 4 1 5 2/14 1 5 2 / 2 / 6 1 5 2 / 6 1 5 2/ 2/ 3 1 5 2/ 7 1 5 2/ 2 / ,1 5 2 8 1 1 5 2 8 1 1 1 1 5 4 9 3 9 2 10 1 5 1 5 1 8 5 8 1 2 2 11 5 Portland stone and labour to moulded balusters G" x 6" and 17" high. Portland stone. Die of pedestal. Bed 1 11 Joint 1 5 3 4 Bed and joint. (Top, bottom and sides.) P. F. Front and back. S. F. stopped. Sides. Plain face, and Ddt. £ Joint. S. F. Prepy. face for half balusters. Mo. F. circular stopped. To balusters. Stopped end to Mo. Portland stone. Capping. Bed. Joint. 478 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 2 8 4 2 8 8 11 9 2 8 2 8 2 8 1 1 2 11 2 1 1 9 5 2 1 1 9 1 9 5 2 1 4 1 6 3 8 9 8 2 1 1 5 2 11 2 / 5 8 2 1 4 8 2 1 2 1 2 / 5 10 2 / 2 / 4 2 / 7 12 P. F. P. F. and Ddt. £ bed. Mo. in. girth. S. F. Portland stone. Bed. Joint. P. F. and Ddt. \ bed. S. F. P. F. and Ddt. \ bed. P. F. Moulding 6 in. girth. Back. Soffit. Front. Top. Capping to pedestal. Front part of top. Remr. of top. Soffit. Back. Front. Returns. Do. 6 in. girth stopped in short lengths. Mitres. Joggle and Ct. a. b. EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 479 A Stone Arch. 10 5 1 11 10 16 8 11/ 9 1 11 15 10 11/ 9 1 11 15 10 10 5 1 11 20 0 8 3 1 7 13 1 Portland stone. Bed. Sunk bed. Circular joint. S. F. circular. 2/9 4 1 1 Extrados = 10 5 Intrados =83 Arch in eleven stones. Extrados. Soffit. 10 5 8 3 2)18 8 9 4 20 3 Moulded F. circular. Faces of arch. 480 QUANTITY SURVEYING. l ll 1 ll 10 3 1 1 11 1 11 3 8 1 11 10 1 7 1 4 4 5 4 1 11 9 5 9 4/ 4 V if 11 11 1 8 A Stone Column. Portland stone. Capital. Bed. Joint. P. F. and Ddt. i bed. Top. Mo. F. in short lengths to caps of columns. Mitres to 9 in. mo. S. F. stopped. -r.sft Fig. 54. 5 6 7 3 3 4 8 11 4 3 1 6 1 6 10 4 (Angles of under side of abacus.) Circular sunk joint. Prepy. faces. Mo. F. circular continuous to cap of column. Diar. {} l 2 11 1 5£ av. 23 3 Portland stone. Shaft in five stones (average size). EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 481 1 6 1 6 11 3 1 6 10 4 — 31 0 4 7 10 4 47 4 Bed. Joint. Circular S. F. In shaft of column. If with entasis call it circular S. F., to swelled and diminished shafts. 2 1 2 1 10 2 11 2 1 4/ 2 1 10 3 7 Portland stone. 6 1 Bed and joint. 6 11 P.F. 6 7 7 3 10 Circular sunk joint. Base. 2 1 10 2 11 The whole height. 2 1 1 7 3 8 5 10 11 5 4 V V 1 0 1 0 2 0 6/ * 2/ 12 av. diar. 1 10 Mo. F. circular, continuous to bases. To bases. S. F. stopped. Top of plinth. 3" x 1" X 1" slate dowels, mortises, and Ct. A Traceried Window (Fig. 55.) 6 8 1 4 1 0 13 4 Box Ground stone and Ddt. rubble. Sill iu two stones. 2 I 482 QUANTITY SURVEYING. |V |\ Fig 55. SECTION 6 8 1 4 EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 483 8 11 Bed. 2/ 1 4 1 6 4 0 Joint. 1 6 1 6 Double V*joggle pebbles and cement. Back 1 3 Front 7 6 8 1 10 12 3 2 / 8 11 1 3 P. F. Add. 4 5 6 2 3 P. F. and Ddt. i bed. 5 4 1 2 6 2 S. F. stopped and Rough sunk. At ends of front. Top. Front weathering. Note. — The length of the foregoing being measured from A to A gives sufficient to include from A to B> as also the sunk work to stool of mullion. 4 9 4 1 7 Sunk F. stopped. Splay inside. 2 7 1 4 2 8 1 Labour mitre to splay. 6/ 5 \ 2 G - • 19 1 7 1 3 1 10 1 3 1 7 1 11 1 9 8) 12 11 1 7J av. 2 I 2 484 QUANTITY SURVEYING . 2/18 1 4 6 0 26 8 B. G. stone and Ddt. rubble. 2 / 8 / 1 8 1 4 35 7 Beds. 2/2 0 6 0 24 0 £ joint. 2/17 6 0 19 0 P. F. 2/ 6 6 0 6 0 P. F. 2/ 6 10 0 10 0 S. F. 2/ 4 6 0 and Rough sunk F. 4 0 S. F. 5 1 0 6 0 2 6 B. G. stone scantling. 2/10 5 10 Bed. Jambs in eight stones. 1 4 8 2 0 Backs. Front 1 3 Back 4 1 7 Outer chamfers. Inner chamfers. Mullion. 1 1 2 10 2 10 6 0 17 0 P. F. V 4 6 0 8 0 S. F. 2/ 2/ 4 3" x 1" x 1" slate dowels, mortises, and Ot. Wtnoo EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 485 The stone out of which each piece of tracery is obtained is indicated by dotted lines on the illustration. 2 / 1 1 1 4 2 8 2 / 1 9 1 4 2 0 2/ 1 II 1 4 1 8 2 / 8 1 4 1 2 2 / 8 1 4 1 7 2 0 1 0 2 3 2 / 2 1 1 0 1 1 7 8 9 4 8 6 2 1 2 10 4 6 4 6 B. G. stone. 2 / */ 5 10 11 4 70 1 P. F. Lowest stone of arch. © © © © © © © Front and back. The foregoing dimension is that of a triangle, the apex of which is marked a and is assumed to be equal to the surface of the head. If the surveyor is doubtful of his judgment in this manner he may inscribe a triangle in the head and calculate the segments of the circle forming the remainder, as sketch. 14 8 Fig. 56 . 10)92 4 86 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 2 / 10 / 10 1 4 13 4 Sk. joints. Collected and averaged. Stones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 2/ 5 = 10 2 / 11 = 22 2/ 7 = 14 7)53 n 8 1 0 9 4 Sunk joints. To tracery. 1 0 5 5 Joint. Over mullion. 2/8 9 1 4 23 4 Circular joint. Back of arch. 14/ Slate dowels, mortises, and Ct. a. b. Width = 4 11 Depth of h/ a 7 9 4 26 1 2/8 2 6 8 2 3 6 2 6 8 9 V 1 5 7 S. F. and Ro. sunk F. Front of tracery. S. F. circular. Outer splay of arch. Ddt. S. F. stopped. The lower part of tracery where the thinner stone occurs. Labour triangular perforation 5" x 5" extreme through 12 in. stone. Over mullion. Head of light 4 2 Eye next arch 2 11 £ triangle at top 3 2 £ eye over mullion . . . . 8 10 11 EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 487 2/ 10 11 1 0 21 10 S. F. circular part stopped in tracery. 14/ 1 0 14 0 Mitre to splay. 12 in stone. 3 3 3 3 22 0 S. F. stopped. 17 0 6 12 / 3 9 Faces of cusped circle. Labour to triangular perfs, 3" x 3" extreme, through 6 in. stone. Eyes. 9 0 Mitre to splay. Eyes 6/ 9=46 Cusps 6/ 2 1 = 12 6 17 0 8 6 S. F. circular in tracery. 6 0 Mitre to splay. Points of cusps. Heads of lights 2/ 4 8=9 4 3 10 Eye over mullion 2/ 5 4 = 10 8 11 0 8 6 43 4 2/ 43 4 86 8 Circular splay, 4 in. wide in tracery, part stopped. Inside and outside. 2/ 14/ 6 14 0 Mitre to splay. *' Average of long and short. 2/6/2 0 24 0) Circular splay as last, but 2 in. wide. Eyes in foiled circle. 2/6/2 3 ( ' 'Ll uj Foils. 2/ 6/ 3/ 36 Mitre to 2 in. splay. Eyes. 2/2 0 4 0 Stopped rebate 5 in. girth, including stops. On sill. 488 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 2/2 0 4 0 2 / 1 / 2 2/2/61 24 4 2/4 2 8 4\ 1 5 1 5 2/3 0 6 0 6/2 1 12 6 6 / 8 4 0 6 3 6 3, 2/4/2 1 ' 16 8 2/ 4/ 2/ 16 1/ 1 6 / 6 2/ 2 1 6 1 25 4 V 2 / «/ tv 2 1 1 10 6 5 7 1 3 3 4 1 6 1 6 11 11 2 2 10 3 6 6 3 1 oJ Stopped groove 1 in. wide and £ in. deep, incg. stops. For condensation. | in. perforations 9 in. long, as eject. Groove for lead lights and Pointing both sides with mastic cement. Ditto, circular in tracery. s" X U galvanised iron saddle bur. Mortises for saddle bars and cement. King 18 in. diur. of saddle bar as before, with six points. Mortises and cement a. b. Stout lead quarry lights, secured with strong copper bands to saddle bars, and glazing with rolled cathedral glass in varied tints (to be approved), with border of plain white glass. Ditto, in cusped heads, and tracery measured square. If the stone in a traceried head is all of one thickness, the stone may be taken in one dimension, unless the tracery is un- usually open ; the quantity of stone resulting from this method EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 489 will be sufficiently near for all practical purposes. To take tho foregoing as an example, and assuming the thickness to bo 12 inches, the dimensions would be as follows : — J/ 5 10 1 0 11 4 33 1 B. G. stone in tracery. A Quarter Partition. 2 / 2 14" x 9" X 3" York templates, tooled where exposed. Partition south of B.R. 4. 2 / 2 Ends of timbers cut and pinned. ' 20 0 9 9 21 « 8 4 4 9 Fir framed in trussed partition. 21 6 Tie beam. 490 QUANTITY SURVEYING . 38 6 7 4 7 6 2/ 10 9 5 4 3 0 2/4 9 4 4 1 1 3 7 4 3 2 / 1 / Add. Add. Add. Add. Principals. Struts. Straining piece. f-in. W. I. bolt 17 in. long, with head, nut and washer, and fixing by carpenter. Heel bolts. 2 0 2 0 4 2/4 4 8 8 2 / 1 / 2 4 4 2" x W. I. strap, incg. perforations, and fixing by carpenter. Sets of W. I. gibs and keys. Posts 2/ 11 6 = 23 0 Intertie 20 0 13 6 Posts 3 6 50 0 4 4 5 7 Fir frd. a. b. 122 0 4 8 6 Add. 50 0 10/ 11 6 = 115 0 2/ 3 6 7 0 122 0 Quarters. EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 491 A Circular Bib to a Boof Truss. 14 3 1 2 16 8 2/ 12 3 1 9 42 11 2/9 3 1 7 29 4 2/7 4 7 8 7 2/9 6 2 1 39 7 «• 2/5 6 1 3 13 9 4-in. fir framed and wrought in circular rib. 4-in. ditto out of timber 21 in. deep. 4-in. ditto out of ditto 19 in. deep. 4-in. fir as first. 4-in. ditto out of 25 in. deep. 4-in. fir as first. Piece A. B. C. D. E. F. Describing the timber as wrought gives an excess on the plan- ing, but does not usually increase the builder’s price. The word wrought can however be omitted, and the net quantity of the planing measured, if that course be preferred. 49 2 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Fig. 59. U 12 6 1 9 9 1 9 9 32 0 32 0 3£ 32 0 Labour stopped groove 3£ in. girth in fir, incg. stops. (Edge of rib grooved into collar and principal rafter.; 2/ 32 0 64 0 Labour to rebate 2£ girth. 2/ 11 4 2/7 4 2/ 5 3 22 8 ^ 14 10 Between A and B = 3 10 „ B and 0 = 3 6 ,, C and E = 4 0 11 4 Grooved and rebated joint and dowelling with oak dowels. Between C and D. Between E and F. 2 4 2 10 2 7 2 6 3 1 3 9 6) 17 1 2 10 2/ 6/ 12 2/ 6/ 12 58 6 — 58 2/ 2/ 25 3 — 101 2/2/ 2/ 8 f-in. W. I. bolts, average 2 ft. 10 in. long with head, nut and washer, and fixing by carpenter. Labour heads of bolts let into fir and pelletted or covered. Labour circular sunk and sawn edge to 4-in. fir. Labour to stopd. chamfer 2 in. wide circular. Splayed stops. Doors . Doors of various heights or widths may often be averaged with advantage where one of the dimensions is the same in each case ; thus a number of doors 7 feet high and of various widths as follows : — EXAMPLES OF TAXING OFF. 493 7/2 9 7 0 134 9 7/ 17 4 6 60 8 Bedroom No. 2 2/ 2 6 = 5 0 Housemaid’s closet = 3 0 Bedroom No. 4 2/ 2 9 = 5 6 „ No. 5 2/ 2 10 = 5 8 7) 19 2 Av.2 9 2-in. four-panel sqr. doors. 7 0 7 0 2 9 4/11 5 17 2 2/1" 2 horns. 17 4 1 J in. double rebated jamb linings, tongued at angles. 17 2 4/3" = 1 0 18 2 7/ 2/ 18 2 254 4 3" x 1?" moulded architrave and 3" x 1" framed and splayed grounds plugged. Often the difference in length between grounds and architraves is so small that it is assumed to be the same, and they are taken together, as in the foregoing dimensions. 494 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Staircases. The space shown on a general drawing as occupied by a stair- case is from outside to outside of strings. As the measurement of wreathed lines will often be requisite in dealing with handrails, strings, &c., and may perhaps be puzzling to inexperienced persons, see the following example; — Measure the length on plan (say 3 feet) and find the rise (say 2 feet), set out 3 feet as the base of a triangle, and 2 feet as the perpendicular, and the hypothenuse will be the required length. S'. 0 Although the length of the treads minus the strings would be a trifle less than 3 feet, as each housing would be less than ^ of an inch, it is usual to take the whole length as follows : — Assuming the height from A to B to be 4 feet 6 inches. Each riser will be 6 inches. Treads { \ ® Risers { 2 0 Nosing G/l" 6 7 S EXAMPLES OF TAXING OFF. 495 3 0 7 8 23 0 l*-in. deal treads, with rounded nosings and 1-in. risers glued, blocked and bracketted, all tongued together on and including two strong fir carriages, and pre- pared for cut strings. Fliers. 9 0 lf-in. ditto, eross-tongued winders, measured net. Riser Nosim 10 0 7 V 3 0 Treads. 3 0 3 6 3 6 10 0 5 10 1 3 0 Add. Risers. Extra labour and materials curtail end to bottom step and veneered front to riser, the step 3 ft. 6 in. long. 4" x li" rounded nosing and tonguing to edge of floor. At top. Or the fliers may be measured by single steps, thus : — Tread 10 Riser 6 Nosing 1 17 5 / 3 0 1 5 3 0 7 21 1 Topmost riser. The way first described usually makes fewer dimensions. 6/ 6 Housings of steps. 3/ 3 Ditto winders. 4/ 4 Mitred and returned nosings to steps. 2/ 2 Ends of treads notched and fitted to newel. 3/ 3 Ditto winders. Square-headed Sashes and Frames in 14 -inch Wall . 496 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Begin with the size of the external opening “ 3' 0" x 6' 0".” 3 9 6 3 23 5 4/ 4 3 9 3 9 1 / 1 2 / 2 2 10 5 6 15 7 16 3 5 6 9 16 11 16 11 17 3 17 3 6 4 2 2 1 2 / 2 3 9 6 3 Deal-cased frames O.S. and weathd. sills, 1-in. inside and outside linings, 1 l pulley stiles, f-in. back linings, and 2-in. moulded sashes double hung with best No. . . . flax lines, best brass axle pulleys, and iron weights, and the frame grooved all round for finishings. Extra for moulded horns to 2-in. sashes. li" x i" galvd. W. I. tongue in white-lead, and Groove in oak, and Groove in York stone. Strong brass spring sash-fastening. Brass sunk sash lifts. B.P.P. 2 squares. Length of j 3 9 outer edge > 6 3 of frame. ) 6 3 16 3 1-in. rebated linings, tongued at angles. 16 3 8 2" x U 1 " moulded architrave and mitres. 16 11 16 3 1 0 3" x 1" framed and splayed grounds. 17 3 3 9 2* 2 * 4 2 li-in. rounded and rebated window board and bearers. Notched, returned and mitred ends. Height of frame 6 3 Width of one ground 3 6 6 Width of frame 3 9 and grounds. 6 4 3 EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 497 4 3 6 6 27 8 Ddt. R. F. and S. walls, and Paper at 2s. per piece. Fig. G3, The width of gutters must always be calculated, as they are frequently incorrectly drawn; when the distances apart of the drips are equal, long lengths may be taken together, and the width may be averaged, but not otherwise, for when the drips are at unequal distances the average will not be a true one, and consider- able error will result ; nevertheless, in a large number of gutters of similar character the probability is that errors will neutralise each other. First find out the increase of width for every inch of rise (see dotted lines on diagram), by drawing a section of the roof slope to a scale sufficiently large to be depended on. In this instance the 2 K 498 QUANTITY SURVEYING. rise is inch in 10 feet, and the increase of width for each inch of rise 3^ inches. Observe that lead is often turned up as much as 12" under the roof covering (measured from the sole of the gutter). A. 10 1 11 B. 10 1 1 9 9 3 17 8 C. 5 1 2 5 1-in. deal gutter-boards and framed bearers. 12 3 9 1 1 2)1 10 11 1 7 1 11 2)3 6 1 9 2 4 2 6 2)4 10 2 5 2 / 1 / Short lengths of l|-in. cross rebated drip. lJ-in. deal dovetailed cesspool 9" x 9" x 6", all in clear, A. 10 5 2 5 — 25 2 B. 10 6 3 3 34 2 ) holed and fitted. 10 0 At drip 3 At cesspool 2 10 5 6-lb. lead gutter. Sole of gutter 11 Turn up } ® 29 At drip | 10 0 3 3 10 6 5 0 Turn up 9 At drip 3 1 9 9 9 3 3 2 5 9 9 6 0 3 11 EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 409 C. 6 0 3 11 23 6 10 10 3 1 8 1 / 1 / V V 2 1 6-lb. lead gutter. Cesspool bottom. 6 1 3 0 8 3 1 Ditto sides. Extra labour and solder to cesspool. 24 in. length of socket pipe out of 7-lb. lead all bent, one end tafted and soldered to cesspool. Stout copper wire cover to cesspool. Perforation in H Bk. wall for socket pipe, and making good. Measuring from the last Illustration in the manner used when the Drips are at equal Distances. Wider end 2 G 25 0 Narrower end 9 Passings 2/1 2 3 3 25 2 1 n 25 2 1 8 41 10 1" gutter board and bearers. It will be seen, by comparison with the former dimensions, that the result is too great. Alternative for Cesspool. Cesspools are often of one rectangular piece of lead with the corners cnt out. 3 0 9 6 t; 30 39 2 6 3 3 6 lbs. lead. Cesspool. 2 K 2 500 QUANTITY SURVEYING. A Balustrade and Cornice in Portland Cement and Brick. 4 9 3 0 14 3 1§ Bk. in Ct. Frieze and cornice. 1 8 6 10 1 2 1 9 2 1 3 7 3 11 1 11 3 6 4 9 6 2 5 4 9 2 5 11 6 4 Bk. in Ct. Projection base of pedestal. 1? Bk. in Ct. Pedestal. 1 Bk. in Ct. Capping ^ Bk. in Ct. Projection for pedestal. ± Bk. in Ct. Projection for bed mould of cornice. 4-in. rougli York core, and bedding and jointing in Ct. Cornice EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 2 / 5 01 4 9 4 9 Roughly splayed edge to 4-in. York. 2/4 9 2/ 2/ 5 4 9 1 2 9 6 1 Ro. splay one course of bkwk. 1 8 ) 1 4 1 9 3 5 4 4 9 1 6 2 2 5 Capping and base of balustrade, &c. 5 7 3-in. Ro. York core, and bedding and jointing in Ct. Soffit of architrave. All in Narrow Widths. 2 4 P. F. in Portland Ct. on brick. Back of pedestal. Back of capping. 1 2 P. F. 7 2 P. F 3 P. F. Back of base. Returns of pedestal at top. 11 Weathering, including dubbing. 1 4 1 5 1 11 Add. 2 7 1 1 4 9 2/ 5 V 2 10 Add. 4 9 Moulding 6-in. girth. 10 Ditto, in short lengths. 4 Mitres to 6 in. moulding. Top of pedestal. Ditto. 4 9 Ddt. 2 2 2 7 Top of capping. Front. Returns. 1 5 1 5 1 4 502 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 4 2 l 5 5 11 4 9 4 9 2/ 5 10 4/ 4 5 0 3 2/4 9 9 6 2/ 4 8 V H 2/3 5 6 10 2 / 1 8 3 4 2/ 1 5 2 10 2/ 4 8 / 4 2 P. P. Front and returns of pedestal. Moulding 0 in. g. in S. L. a. b. Base of balustrade. Ditto, in short lengths. Mitres to 6-in. moulding. Returns. 4 9 5 6 P. F. a. b. Base. Arris part in short lengths. Soffit of capping. Capping. Base. Vertical to pedestal. Note. — W hen, as in the above case, a distinction is necessary, but the difference of value for short lengths is small, say “ part in short lengths.” 4 9 1 7 7 6 Weathering and dubbing a. b. Cornice. 1 10 4 EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF 5°3 7 4 9 4 9 4 9 2 G 11 11 4 9 4 9 4 9 1 2 5 7 2 / 2 1 / 1 2 7 2 7 10 / 10 4 9 1 9 8 4 4 9 4 9 4/ 4 2 / 2 Ddt. do. For base of pedestal. Arris. Moulding. Cornice measured from top of frieze to edge of weathering. Dentil course of blocks 2 in. wide, 3§ in. high, 1 in. apart, 2 in. projection. P. F. a. b. Frieze. Cast Doric triglyphs, 10 in. wide, 18 in. high, and 1 in. projection, and including modelling, fixing and m. g. Half do. and do. 1 0 1 0 7 2 7 Moulding 3 in. girth in short lengths. Fillet between lower part of triglyphs. Mitres. 6 1 3 1 9 P. F. a. b. Fascia and Soffit. Arris. Cast moulded balusters, 6 in. extreme diameter, and 17 in. high, including modelling and fixing and m. g. Half do., and fixing against pedestal and m. g. i An Archway in Keene s Cement (Fig. 66). 2/ 4 0 7 0 56 0 Ddt. R. F. and S. 5°4 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 2/ 6 3 9 6 4 9 9 5 Keene’s Ct. F. F. in N. W. (The width usually allowed is equal to thickness of wall.) 2 / 2 / 2/6 0 4 9 1 6 Do. Circular. Junction of circular and straight. 24 0 K. C. mo. 5 in. girth and Bough chamfer on bk. (The latter only when a chamfer is required.) Fig. 66. 2/ 7 1 14 2 2/ 2/ 4 2 / 2 / 4 Do. circular, and Rough chamfer on brick. Junction of circular and straight mo. in K. C. Moulded stops to 5 in. moulding. EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 505 A Cast-iron Column and its Base. Fig. 67 . 5°6 5 6 5 G 1 6 5 6 5 0 1 4 4 0 1 0 3 0 6 1 / quantity surveying . 45 5 Concrete as desd., and Excavn. and carting away. 40 4 Excavu. to trenches P. F. I. aud K. and remr. carted away. 4£ B. 6 B. 4 0 5£ bk. (avd.) in cement. 6 4 B. 1 Tooled York base 3' 0” x 3' 0" x 9", with sinking for base plate 24" x 24" x 1" deep. C. I. in one Column , and fixing at Ground Floor Level. And add 2£ per cent, for featherings. 2 0 2 0 2 6 1 2 2 /, a l±x 2 / 2 / li-in C. I. Base. 1-iu. do. Cap. 1-in. do. Flanges. 1-in. do. Brackets averaged. 1-in. do. Ditto. 11 7 2)18 9 diar. EXAMPLES OF TAKING OFF. 5°7 (Circum- 2 5 ference.) 2 5 2-in. C. I. (Circum- 2 5 ference.) 1£ 4 2-in. C. I. Moulding of cap. Moulding of necking. Diar. at bottom — 8 Do. at top .= 7 8 11 8 11 C. I. hollow column 5£ in. inti. diar. (averaged) 1 in. metal. 2) 15 U Last item abstracted as taken, weight per foot run to be obtained from published tables. See Laxton, Cast-iron Cylinders, Columns and Pipes. 2 Ddt. 1-in. C. I. 4 Ddt. li-in. C. I. (Circum- 2 8 ference.) 1 0 2 8 2-in. iron. Cap. Base. Extl. = 1 0 Inti. = 8 2 ) 1 8 av. diar. 10 Base. The extra thickness of iron in base is introduced for the sake of variety, the true principle in cast columns is metal of as nearly as possible the same thickness throughout. 4/ 4 1-iu. W. I. bolts 7 in. long, one end with lewis, the other with nut. Base. No washers required to bolts for ironwork. 5°8 QUANTITY SURVEYING. V V V V V 4 Mortises in York for lewis bolts, and lead and running. 4 Holes rimed out in l£-in. C. I. 4 i-in. W. I. bolts 4 in. long, with head and nut. Cap. 4 Holes rimed out in 1-in. iron. 1 Pattern to hollow diminished column, 7$ in. average diameter, with moulded cap, four brackets, and moulded base, 10 ft. 2 in. high in all. A Wrought-iron Box Girder 25 feet in length . 2 / 2 2 / 2 2 / 2 25 0 1 8 41 8 25 0 1 8 41 8 2/ 25 0 1 104 93 9 4/ 25 0 6 50 0 2/ 5/ 1 11 19 2 York templates tooled where exposed, 27" x 12" x 4". Stout pads 24" x 12" of boiler felt, 16 oz. to the sheet. Ends of large iron girders, cut and pinned. 1-in. W. I. in riveted box girder, with angle irons and stiffeners, and hoisting and fixing 15 ft. from ground level, including holes and rivets. Top flange. ?-in. ditto. Bottom ditto. f-in. ditto. Webs. 5 -im ditto. Angle irons. Add parallel T iron, weight 7 * 5 lbs. per foot run. Stiffeners. Add 5 per cent, for rivets. EXAMPLES OF TAXING OFF 5°9 Note. — I f it should be necessary to take out the rivets separately, proceed as follows, very rarely done : — Rivets f iii. diameter for the preceding plate girder (or girders), and driving, as follows. / / Rivet, including holes, through one thickness of |-in. and one of £-in. iron. Angle irons. Ditto, one thickness of £-in. and one of 1-in. Ditto. / Ditto, one thickness of 4-in. aud one of f-in. Ditto. / Ditto, two thicknesses of f" iron. Stiffeners. Painting. For dimensions see examples for measuring doors and linings, p. 493. 2/ 134 9 1 3 60 8 1 2 254 4 6 336 11 O and Grain and 2ce varnish. 70 9 127 2 Or if abstracted directly from dimensions of joiner they arc marked as shown ; see dimensions of doors, “ Illustration of Aveiag- ing,” p. 493. QUANTITY SURVEYING. 5io CHAPTER XIY. THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF ESTIMATING. It may be interesting to note the manner in which the practice of measuring has developed into the existing system, the which, if pursued to its legitimate conclusions, will be the perfection of analysis and synthesis. In a work of this character an exhaustive account of the process would be out of place, a few of the leading facts will be sufficient for our purpose. The student to whom the inquiry may chance to be interesting, will find in Rymer, Dugdale, Britton, the Archives of the Universities, and the Record Office, interesting facts relating to the history of estimating in medieval times. In the case of large works erected in ancient times, as churches, abbeys, colleges and cathedrals, there is little doubt the process adopted by the ruling body was to obtain from its own domain the stone, timber, &c., it produced, purchasing such other material as could not otherwise be obtained. The labour, so far as the masonry was concerned, was executed for the most part, during the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, by the fraternity called Freemasons, who, so far as can be known, were paid by time. The other artificers were usually paid by time, the rate per day being often regulated by Act of Parliament. Occasional instances are to be found, and they were probably frequent, wherein small contracts were made with an individual workman for particular items of work, such as single windows, doors, &c. The next advance was to the system of contracts by separate tradesmen for the work in each trade. This method still prevails to a large extent in the Northern counties. And in all parts of the country where a builder is ostensibly a general contractor, it is frequently the case that he is merely representative of an association of the several tradesmen who will do the work. SYSTEMS OF ESTIMATING. 5ii The division of responsibility is an evil, and the various trades are apt to spoil each other’s work. “ In the seventeenth century the existence of ‘ resident sur- veyors,’ as at Wollaton and Holkham, rendered the condition of master builder precarious, if even it were possible, as a monopolist ; but in the eighteenth century there was a change of practice on the part of the clients, who either preferred to have the work measured and valued (sometimes on a schedule of prices) or else employed an architect, who, as in the case of Jupp at the East India House in 1799, made his design and submitted an estimate upon which he obtained advances of money, making with his tradesmen his contracts, which with the receipts he produced at the termina- tion of the works to his client, and it was customary for the latter to make a present beyond the commission if the works were exe- cuted within the estimate. The Irish architects so late as 1803 practised in this manner. “ Sir W. Chambers was a contractor in the erection of Park’s Head at Eoehampton, 1767, and his contracts for Pepper Harrow, 1775-6, still exist. “ As the building trade was rapidly falling into few hands, capitalists and others embarked in it, especially about 1815, and then the system of competitive contracts, with all its stratagems, came into full force.” — ‘ Dictionary of the Architectural Society.’ The practice of erecting a building and having it afterwards measured and valued by a surveyor, either with or without a schedule of prices previously deposited, was prevalent about the beginning of this century. When it was decided that the work should be measured and valued, the prices for a few leading items only in each trade were arranged, such as brickwork per rod for the bricklayer, timber per foot cube for the carpenter, and the value of the*remaining items of the measurement were left to be settled by the measurers at completion, the tradesmen appointing one measurer and the architect or building owner the other. The great cost o^ work done under these circumstances has led to its gradual disuse. The client seldom knew beforehand what amount the work was likely to cost ; moreover the uncertainty as to modes of measure- ment, and want of definition in the preliminary arrangements, was a frequent source of litigation. The late Mr. Edward Blore, in the erection ofWorsley Hall, and a building for the Bridgewater Irust, 5 12 QUANTITY SURVEYING. 1839, employed a clerk of works who bought the materials and en- gaged and paid the workmen. A course of this kind is probably the most expensive one that it is possible to adopt. The desire of the building owner to know beforehand the amount that a work would cost, led naturally to the system of contracts by one master builder, who either prepared his own quantities or paid a surveyor for their preparation ; thus each builder was put to expense which was often considerable. The increase of competition, which ren- dered this trouble and expense so often futile, produced the arrangement by which the builders, upon being asked to tender, met and appointed a surveyor to prepare quantities, arranging that his charges should be paid by the successful competitor. This arrangement has been gradually superseded by the present system, , under which a quantity surveyor is appointed by the architect, or in the case of unusually large works, one surveyor by the architect and another by the builders, in which case it is popularly supposed that both surveyors take off the dimensions. The erection of a building under a schedule of prices is another way which has its advocates, but is gradually falling into disuse. There are sometimes circumstances which render any other course impossible ; the objection to it is that the work always costs more, however well the schedule of prices may have been drawn, and if ill drawn, very much more. This practice bears some resemblance to that of the modem French architect. The method adopted for the erection of the Grand Opera House, Paris, is a fair type of the general French system of estimating. The various tradesmen in that case tendered at certain percentages below the Serie Prix-de-la-Ville-de-Paris, the civic schedule of prices for builders’ work. When the work is completed it is measured by a surveyor (“ metreur ”) employed by the tradesmen, who prepares a careful drawing of the work as exe- cuted, and the tradesman’s account. These are both forwarded to the architect, who causes them to be examined by his surveyor (“ verificateur ”). The scarcity of general contractors is the main reason for the estimating by each tradesman, but no doubt the system of working under a schedule of prices has found favour in the eyes of architects because of the facilities it offers for the modi- fication of the design of a building during its erection ; but the effect upon the architect must be most pernicious. SYSTEMS OF ESTIMATING. 5i3 Mr. Francis Hooper, in an interesting paper read before the Architectural Association, “ Architectural Education and Practice in France,” says : — “ In public works the architect prepares the working-drawings and details, together with the devis-descriptif or specification, which comprises a general description of the work to be executed, as of the materials and workmanship to be employed, and these are transferred to a verificateut , or measuring surveyor, who is fre- quently one of the permanent staff of the department — requiring the work. “ In private enterprises, the architect not only prepares the plans and specifications, but also the bills of quantities, when such are required by the form of contract adopted. “ There are many methods of tendering, as in England, but two only are in general use, viz. (1) the marche-a-forfait, a lump sum, based on the plans and specifications without quantities ; and (2) the marche-au-rabais, a tender based on bills of quantities prepared by the architect or at his expense, priced according to a recognised serie desprix , or schedule, by the architect himself or the verificateur , and consisting of a uniform percentage either above or below the scheduled prices. In the former method viz. the marche-a-forfait , for the purpose of obviating any dispute in the pricing of variations, the architect provides in the “ Conditions of Contract ” that such prices shall accord with a published schedule cited by him, and upon which the contractor tenders his percentage either in excess or as a discount ; whilst in the latter, viz. marche-au-rabais , the tender is based upon bills of quantities and not on the drawings, so that there is no difficulty in arriving at a final settlement, the work being measured as it proceeds, and vouchers of weight, &c., trans- mitted to the architect of all items the measurement of which would.be impracticable on completion. “ These systems, which, as far as my knowledge goes, are rarely adopted in England except for the periodical contracts of certain public bodies, appear to merit some attention, as they afford the architect a basis for accurately estimating the cost of any altera- tions to his plans, and thus of constantly checking the expenditure, whilst the contractor is saved risk in respect of insufficient quan- tities, or clerical errors in the pricing of innumerable items, a care- ful examination of the plans and specification being sufficient to 5 1 4 QUANTITY SURVEYING. acquaint him with the general character of the work for which he tenders. “ In Paris and in all chief French provincial towns, schedules of prices are drawn up and revised every three or four years by the municipal architect as the basis of all the municipal contracts, and these schedules are available for private work, copies being sold for the use of municipal contractors and others. “ The final settlement of accounts is arrived at by the “ metreur ” or estimating clerk of the contractor who meets the “ verificateurS or measuring surveyor employed by, or conjointly with, the archi- tect. “ The method of tendering by separate trades is generally adopted in large undertakings, although involving considerably increased responsibility on the architect, and is advocated on the ground that a contractor with a staff of men belonging to a single trade is more likely to be proficient in his work than one who undertakes all trades alike. In France, too, with universal suffrage, there is more tendency to encourage the small tradesmen than is the case in England whether, however, the position of the individual crafts- man is in any degree bettered by such a course is with me an un- settled question.” The Glasgow system of obtaining tenders was described by Mr. Honeyman in his paper, “ Bills of Quantities, their proper relation to Contracts,” read before the Royal Institute of British Architects, May 19th, 1879. “In Glasgow the schedules have superseded the specification altogether, and it may almost be said that a specifica- tion is never referred to in the contract at all. The architect selects the measurer, who, with the aid of the drawings and specifications, or such substitute for that as he may get, prepares a detailed schedule of quantities. Copies of this are issued by the architect to selected tradesmen, who are invited to tender by a certain day. These schedules are returned to the architect with rates filled in at each quantity, the amount extended, and the total summed up at the end. A letter accompanies, or more generally is attached to, the schedule, in which the builder offers to execute the work in accord- ance with the drawings, and ‘ to the extent of the schedule,’ for the sum brought out by the addition of the extended prices, it being further provided that the whole of the work shall be measured after it is finished, and whether it turns out to be more or less than SYSTEMS OF ESTIMATING. 5*5 estimated, the cost shall be determined by the rates contained in the schedule ; or, where these do not exactly apply, by others strictly in proportion to them. Having considered the various offers, the architect writes on behalf of the proprietor accepting the one which is preferred, and that completes the transaction ; in nine cases out of ten there is no more formal contract. When the work is in progress, and when it is finished, the measurer measures it, and prepares a final measurement applying the schedule rates to the various items, and so bringing out the total sum to which the contractor is entitled. This document is examined by the architect, and if he is satisfied that it is compiled in accordance with the estimate, he signs it as a final certificate. Half of the cost of the original schedule and subsequent measurement is deducted from the contractor’s accounts, and the proprietor pays the full amount — that is ostensibly the half, but in reality the whole.” The practice in Edinburgh is thus stated : — “ The Edinburgh system resembles that of England in many respects, the principal differences being these : Contractors never have anything to do with the selection of the surveyor or measurer, as he is called, who is always employed by the architect ; the mea- surer is paid by the proprietor, and the schedule is referred to in the contract. It is lodged with the architect with the various items cashed and summed up, and the rates contained in it regulate the cost of additions or omissions which may be ordered in the course of the work.” Both of these arrangements compare so unfavourably with the London practice that comment would be superfluous. Some architects still entertain a strong prejudice against the supply of quantities by a surveyor, and uniformly endeavour to obtain tenders without them; there is very little doubt that as builders become more aware of their true interest this practice will disappear. It is surely unjust to impose upon a number of builders the trouble and expense of preparing estimates on the small chance of obtaining a contract. The builders whose office staff, and pecuniary position best qualify them to have quantities prepared in their own office, either refuse to tender on such conditions or employ a surveyor to prepare them, adding his charges to their estimate. The smaller men who are invited, prepare their own 2 L 2 QUANTITY SURVEYING . 5i6 estimates, and are more frequently than not rewarded by loss ; the builder who makes the greatest mistake in the way of omission being usually the successful competitor. The desire of the average client for a larger quantity of work for his money than he has a right to have, and a fallacious idea of saving expense, has led to this extensive trading upon the incapacity of the small builder. But though the architect proposes that no quantities shall be supplied, it is frequently disposed in another manner. If the work be advertised, quantities are in most cases prepared by a surveyor ostensibly acting for a builder who proposes to tender, and who, while preparing his quantities, takes the opportunity of offering them to the other builders who may call to inspect the drawings, and who are glad to avoid the trouble of preparing their own. Most frequently one of the men who tenders on his quantities is successful, and in the result the building owner pays much more than the charges of a practitioner employed in a regular way, and loses many of the advantages which a bill of quantities pre- pared under different circumstances would have afforded him. There is much need that the duties, obligations, and charges of the quantity surveyor should be authoritatively formulated, and this could be best done by the Institute of Surveyors. Although the progress towards this end had been slow, the steps which have been already taken are well calculated to effect this result. In 1871, the general conference of architects discussed the existing condition of quantity surveyors and quantities, and appointed a committee to report upon various questions relating thereto. They circulated the following list of questions : — Employment of Surveyors. “1. Is it desirable that the practice generally adopted in the case of large works (whereby a surveyor is appointed to represent the employer and another, the builders — such surveyors being jointly responsible to the builder for the accuracy of the quantities) should be in any way modified ? “ 2. It was suggested, as a convenient course for general adoption, that the quantities should be prepared by a surveyor nominated by the architect, and who would be responsible to the SYSTEMS OF ESTIMATING. 5i7 employer for his accuracy ; the builder being relieved from any responsibility in regard thereto. “ 3. The adoption of this course would go far towards discon- necting the surveyor from the builder, and making him the agent and adviser of the employer in the matter of quantities, &c. Would this be a system advantageous and desirable for general adoption ? “ 4. A suggestion that the bills of quantities should form part of the contract was well received : architects in leading practice mentioned that they had for many years adopted such a course, and found it to work well, and to be equitable to both employer and builder. Are there any valid objections to the introduction of such a system ; the dimensions on which the bills are founded being, in such a case, placed in the hands of both architect and builder ? “ 5. It appears to be not unusual for some architects, especially in the provinces, to furnish the bills of quantities for works to be carried out under their own superintendence. However conve- nient this practice may be in some instances, are not special pre- cautions necessary ? Should not the bills in such instances, invariably form part of the contract ? And from whom should the architect receive payment for such quantities ? “ 6. It was mentioned as being an ordinary and reasonable course that the responsibility for the accuracy of the quantities should be thrown upon the builder, by fixing a time, say one month from the acceptance of the tender, during which he might prove the quantities, but after which no objection would be allowed. Might not great injustice be committed under such a system? “ 7. It would be desirable to secure more general uniformity of practice with regard to the taking out of quantities. How can this be best attained ? ” The result of the answers to these questions, and the delibera- tions of the committee, was the following valuable report : — Employment of Surveyors : Report of Special Committee, 14th June, 1872. « The wide range of the subject, and the varied opinions which had been expressed at the conference, rendered it difficult for the committee to determine how best to proceed ; after having collected 5i« QUANTITY SURVEYING. a certain amount of information, they prepared a series of inquiries which were circulated in the profession throughout the country, and to which sixty replies were received : these replies evince a wide diversity of opinion, arising from local circumstances and individual varieties of practice, and have satisfied your committee that for the present it will not be practicable to lay down any fixed rule for the guidance of the architect in dealing with ‘ quantities.’ Each case must be governed by local or personal considerations, and the committee have therefore deemed it expedient to make their recommendations and expressions of opinion so general as to meet these varying conditions. “ The object to be attained by the employment of surveyors to take out the quantities of a building is to afford the builders who are to tender one uniform basis for competition ; and to define more exactly and accurately than can frequently be done by the general drawings and specification, the exact amount and nature of the work to be executed. As no employer should desire to obtain from his builder more work or greater value, and should not obtain less, than was included in the estimate, while on the other hand he should have the greatest facility to secure due allowance in the case of omission, it would appear reasonable that the bills of quantities, which should express in an exact form the intentions of the archi- tect as set out in his general drawings and specification, ought to form a part of the contract, and be dealt with as a recognised ex- position of the responsibilities of both employer and builder. “ The established practice in London in the case of large and public works, by which one surveyor is nominated by the architect to represent the employer, and another by the builders to act for them, giving the construction of the work and the elucidation of the architect’s ideas the advantage of the experience of two pro- fessional men, who consider each question from different points of view, has apparently for many years worked well ; though in many cases the advantage derived from the engagement of two can only be considered nominal. There is an understanding that the sur- veyors so employed are responsible to the builder for the sufficiency of the quantities supplied, and the general drawings and specifica- tion prepared by the architect being sufficient, the employer is guaranteed against any excess of cost, and the builder is held safe against loss from errors of quantity. On this system your com- SYSTEMS OF ESTIMATING. 5i9 mittee do not think it necessary to make further remark, although some objections have been made to it by leading members of the profession, who prefer to adopt the course next mentioned. “ Many eminent architects have adopted the course of nomi- nating a surveyor who shall prepare the quantities on his own responsibility, and as far as the builder is concerned such quan- tities become practically a part of the contract. Your committee thoroughly appreciate the great advantages which the architect (and no less the employer) may derive from the empk^ment of a surveyor acquainted with all the details of design peculiar to the architect and with his general manner of proceeding, and also how such an arrangement facilitates proceedings, when time is insuffi- cient for the preparation of drawings and specification in such full detail as would be necessary if a stranger were employed as a sur- veyor. They are therefore of opinion that this system may in such cases be advantageously adopted, provided always that the builder be relieved from any responsibility as regards the quantities, and that the bills be considered as representing the work to be done. The successful working of such a system must depend entirely on the ability and position of the surveyor employed, his relation to the architect, and the extent of the confidence which the builders tendering may repose in him. “ It appears to be an ordinary custom in the provinces for the architect to supply the quantities for the carrying out of his own designs ; where this is done, it should be with the knowledge and concurrence of the employer, and the quantities should form a part of the contract. The architect accepts the duty of providing the quantities, and should not attempt to evade his responsibility by throwing on the builder, as is sometimes done, the labour and risk of checking them, a course which your committee believe to be unsatisfactory, and in some cases likely to lead to great injustice. “ Your committee are of opinion that the practice of making the bills of quantities part of the contract has not been fully con- sidered. Recognised or not, the quantities should be invariably referred to as the interpretation of the general drawings and speci- fication, and in all cases where they are supplied to the builder by the architect, or by a surveyor in whose nomination the builder has had no part, and who is not responsible to the builder, they should form part of the contract. At the same time, when once it 5 20 QUANTITY SURVEYING. is admitted that these documents are to form part of the contract, the necessity for the employment of more than one surveyor in their preparation vanishes. “ The more general adoption of quantities, the extension to country work of the system of measurement usual in London, the gradual modification of local terms and usages, and, not least, the discussions consequent on such meetings as the conference, will all tend towards uniformity of practice ; and as builders become more familiar with the London system of measurement, and the public better acquainted with the nature and bearings of the questions, as to the employment of surveyors, and both recognise when such acquaintance increases, the special advantages to be derived from the adoption of one or the other system of employing them, archi- tects and surveyors will find it to the interests of their employers to adopt a uniform practice. “ H. CURREY, “ W. PAPW0RTH, “ C. Fowler, “ Arthur Cates, \ Acting Secs, to “ J. Jennings, “ T. M. Rickman, $ Committee.” “ J. T. Knowles, Various discussions have since occurred at the Royal Institute of Architects, at the Architectural Association, and at the Institute of Surveyors, at which last the discussion on the interesting paper read by Mr. Saunders, “ On Quantities and Quantity Practice,” is of great interest both to architects and surveyors. The paper by Mr. Rickman, on “ Building Risks and their incidences,” and by Mr. F. Turner, on “ The Law affecting Quantity Surveyors,” may also be consulted with advantage. The list of propositions read by Mr. Arthur Cates embodies, in the writer’s opinion, a very just view of the relations of the quantity surveyor so far as they are at present established. One of the questions which has much exercised the professional mind may be here briefly referred to. Shall the architect take out his own quantities? A few considerations relating thereto may tend to settle the wavering mind. The student should first decide whether he will be an expert architect or an expert surveyor, the average man cannot be both. The standard of attainment in all professions is steadily rising, and all are tending in the direction of division into special branches. SYSTEMS OF EST/MATMVG. 521 The varied knowledge and accomplishments in which the capable architect should excel, leaving out those parts of the work of the profession which are gravitating in the quantity surveyor’s direc- tion, are very extensive, and calculated to heavily tax the powers of the finest minds. Further, an expert quantity surveyor is the result of long training and diligent attention, such attention as the majority of architects cannot afford to devote to that branch of the work, and it is worth the consideration of the profession how much of the success of our leading architects is referable to the fact of their association with capable quantity surveyors in whose ability and rectitude they have trusted, and thus left themselves free to carry on the more essentially architectural parts of their work ; it is a coincidence worth notice that the rising importance of quantity surveyors has been accompanied by a notable improvement in the artistic quality of our buildings. Various considerations have been adduced as arguments in favour of the architect’s taking out his own quantities. One, that it is such good practice for young architects, and probably it is ; the object, however, of a bill of quantities is not to give young architects practice, but to save building owners and builders loss. “ That it will teach him construction.” The architect should learn construction thoroughly before he commences to take off quantities. “ That an architect knows what he requires in a building much better than any quantity surveyor employed by him can know.” To this it may be answered that the cleverest architects frequently repeat themselves, and that a quantity surveyor who is used to a certain architect’s methods of procedure can interpret his intentions with surprising accuracy. The architect who professes to take out his own quantities, in the majority of cases does not do so, he leaves it to a clerk, not always with happy results ; and the uncertainty as to these results in some cases leads him to introduce eccentric clauses into the bill which shall protect him from possible consequences. If the architect, however, prefers to prepare his own quantities, he at least owes it to all the parties concerned that they shall be workmanlike and just, and that they shall really be what they profess to be, i.e. a complete schedule of the materials and labour 5 22 QUANTITY SURVEYING. of every kind, and of every element of the contract which affects the price, and he will avoid such clauses as the following, which have been extracted from quantities prepared by architects. “ One month will he allowed the builder to examine the quan- tities, and after the expiration of that time no question will be allowed as to their accuracy.” “ The drawings and specifications are open to the inspection of the builder, who may check the accuracy of the quantities, but after the tender has been accepted no question in respect of the quantities will be allowed to be raised.” “ The quantities are condensed as much as possible, and allow- ance must be made in price for all minor matters and appurtenances, and no claim shall afterwards be made on account thereof, or for any mistake or variation therein, as the builder must include sufficient for the works to be finished complete, the quantities being net.” “ Laying on water from main to cistern, pipes, ball cock, &c., complete, and all fees.” “ The contractors are referred to the specification and drawings for more full explanation.” Part of the “more full explanation” was the fact that the whole of the joinery described in the bill as deal was described in the specification as pitch pine. “ Reduced brickwork of hard approved stocks, including all cutting, splays, arches, external and internal, and every item of labour.” “ Supply centering throughout ” (a building estimated at over 8000Z.). Such instances might be multiplied, but they are sufficient to illustrate a kind of practice which is not uncommon, and which is preferred by some on the ground that it helps them “ to dispense with unnecessary detail.” APPENDIX Since the revision of the earlier pages of this book, disputes in the building trade have been settled by the raising of the rates of wages of mechanics in various trades, the following list alters the list of wages on p. 365. Trades. Rate of pay per hour. Hours of Labour per Week. Rate of Pay for Overtime. o a 0 d Winter — 12 Weeks alter second Monday in November. Week-days (except Saturdays). Saturdays. % Three Weeks at begin- ning and three weeks at end. Six middle weeks. Until 8 p.m. 8 p.m. until 10 p.m. After 10 p.m. Until; 4 p.m. After 4 p.m. and Sundays, Xmas Day and Good Friday. Carpenters Joiners Bricklayers Plasterers Masons . . Masons (fixing) Masons (granite work) Smiths, fitters, &c Plumbers Paviors Gas fitters Trying up machine . . Vertical spindle Band saw Tenoning machine Joiner’s saw bench .. Cross cut saw Universal moulding ma- chine Small four-cutter machine Rope feed bench machine Mortising machine . . Wiremen d. 10 10 10 10 10 101 10* 9 to 10 11 9 to 10 11 11 11 11 11 1 10 11 11 10 7£ and 8 8£ to 9£ 56J 50£ 44 41i 48 44 INDEX Abbreviations, list of, 235 Ability and judgment required to asses 8 prices, 357 Abstracting, 239 — abbreviating descriptions in, 244 — cube brickwork, 245 — day works, 348 — definition, 6 — difficulties of beginners, 241 — examples in, 248 — form o f excavator’s and bricklayer’s abstract, 4 — instructions in, 241 — ironwork with bricklayer’s work, 245 — items in wrong place, 241 — necessity of adhering to exact description, 244 — one trade at a time, 239 — order of, 243 — rules for, 241, 243 — use of number of column in, 241 Abstracts, correcting dimensions in, 241 — preparation for billing, 247 — reducing to be done on, 245 — suggestions for checking, 240 — — for reducing, 247 Account, form of final statement of, 350 Accounts, adjustment of, 312, 338 — disputed, 351 Addenda bill, 293 Additions, transfer to omissions ab- stract, 311 Adjustment of accounts, 312, 338 Advantages of taking off by trades, 12 Air bricks and setting, measurement of, 79 Allowance beyond girth of cornice mould, 204 — for bedding plates, 58 — for waste on old lead, 383 — in length of tenons, 131 Alteration, examples of items of, 308 Alteration, items of, how abstracted, 244 — of patterns for castings, measure- ment of, 209 Alterations, example to preamble of bill of, 263 — measurement of, 344 Altering dimensions, precautions in, 10, 23 Alternative estimate, bill of, 287 restorations, 306 Anaglypta, measurement of, 227 Analogy of prices to be preserved, 382 “ And including,” 257 Angle in Portland cement, 207 — be ad in Portland cement 207 — plates to slate slabs, 125 Angles of battering facing, 86 — tongued and mitred, 155 mitred and screwed, 162 Anomalies which should be reconciled, 234 Apertures, centering to, 138 Apex stone, example of taking off, 468 — tiles, measurement of, 128 Appointment of Quantity Surveyor, 512 Approximate cost of buildings, 360 Apron linings, measurement of, 179 Aprons, measurement of, 189 Arch in stone, example of taking off, 479 Arches, example of abstracting, 219 — gauged, measurement of, 82 — rough segmental, measurement of, 72 — trimmer, measurement of. 72 Architect, responsibility of, 403 — shall he take out his own quantities, 520 Architraves, measurement of, 162 Archway in Keene’s cement, example of taking off, 503 Area gratings, measurement of, 79 — sectional, a basis for pricing, 380 Areas of circles, 238 5 2 6 QUANTITY SURVEYING. r Argument for tenders by separate trades, 423 Arrangements, special, between archi- tect and surveyor, 401 Arris in Portland cement, measurement of, 206 — in plaster, measurement of, 203 — joggle to stone, 101 Article, designation of, to follow size, 256 Artistic wrought-iron work, provision for, 209 “ As before,” 16 “ As last,” saves repetition, 16 “ As pattern,” 257 “ As provision,” how used, 42 Ashlar masonry, measurement of, 106 Asphalte paving, measurement of, 71 Association of architect and surveyor, 521 Attendances, 181 — how arranged, 42 A ttics, collection of plastering in, 33 Averaging, a saving of labour, 13 — depths of trenches, 50 — examples of, 248 — footings, 62 — items that permit of, 242 — lengths of bolts, 217 — methods of, 242 — mitres, &c., 100 — on waste, 13 — rules for, 13 Avoidance of repetition of dimensions, 15 Back flaps, measurement of, 183 Back joint, measurement of, 100 — linings, measurement of, 164 Backing to stonework, measurement of, 57 — to joinery, measurement of, 150 Backs and elbows to w< c. seats, measurement of, 173 Ball cocks, measurement of, 195 Balusters of iron, measurement of, 213 — of wood and iron, measurement of, 179 Balustrade and cornice, example of taking off, 500 — iron, measurement of, 213 — stone, example of taking off, 472 Bar heated and dipped in oil, 229 Bars, chimney and bearing, measure- ment of, 214 Bases, stone, measurement of, 104 Basketting, measurement of, 46 Bath, cradle to, 196 — fittings, measurement of, 174 — valves, measurement of, 195 Baths, cubic price of, 363 Battening for slating, measurement of, 138 — to walls, measurement of, 141 Battering face on brickwork, 83 angles of, 86 — walls, 62 Bead in plaster, measurement of, 203 Beam filling, measurement of, 76 Bearing bars, measurement of, 214 Beckett on Quantities, 386 Bed and point frames, measurement of, 46 Bedding eaves of tiling in cement, 128 — edge of flashings in white lead, 190 — plates, allowance for, 58 Beds and joints, measurement of, 95 proportion of, 90 Bellhanger, attendance on, 221 — example to preamble to bill, 285 Bell hanging, provision for, 220 Bell-boards, measurement of, 220 Bell-pulls, usual provision for, 220 Bells, collection of, 451 Bending glass, measurement of, 224 Bends to lead soil pipes, measurement of, 194 Bib cocks, measurement of, 105 Bill of alterations, separate, 258 — of quantities, form of, 295 function of, 293 — of variations, form of, 348 pricing of, 311, 343 — preliminary, written from specifica- tion, 15 Billing day works, 348 — definition and paper used, 7 — dimensions of scantlings, 256 — direct. 239 — example of Northern practice, 441 — order of, 255 — rules for, 255 — variations, 348 Bills, heading of, 258 — reading of, 292 Binding papers, order of, 11 Birdsmouth, measurement of, 73 Boarding to flats, measurement of, 138 roofs, measurement of, 137 Boiler felt, measurement of, 142 Bolts, averaging lengths of, 217 — espagnolette, measurement of, 185 — example of abstracting, 254 INDEX. 527 Bolts flush, measurement of, 185 — measurement of, 185, 218 Bonding new walls to old, measurement of, 75 Bossed ends to rolls, measurement of, 191 Bosting for carver, measurement of, 107 Boundary walls in cube estimate, 359 • keep dimensions separate, 10 Box girders, example of taking off, 508 Boxing shutters, measurement of, 164 Braeketting to cornices, measurement of, 145 Branch joints, measurement of, 194 Breweries, cubic price of, 363 Brick copings, measurement of, 85 — cores to columns, measurement of, 75 — cornices, measurement of, 83 — paving, measurement of, 70 — quoins, measurement of, 82 — sewers, measurement of, 63 preamble to bill, 266 — sills, measurement of, 86 Bricklayer, example of preamble to bill of, 275 — form of bill, 296 — general directions for measurement, 55 — suggestions for abstracting, 245 Bricklayer’s specification, 354 — tables, use of, 379 — work, measurement of, 333 Brick-nogping, measurement of, 69 Bricks, extra large, 57 — size of, affects stonework, 57 Bricksetters, Northern practice, 425 Brickwork, allowance for bedding plates, 58 — averaging of footings, 61 — circular measurement of, 62 — cube, 57 — cutting and bonding, 57 — deducted for stone, 58 — dedqctions for flues, 58 for openings, 59 — division into sections, 36 — examples of abstracting, 248 of taking off, 452 of valuation, 379 — expedient for keeping down cost, 379 — extra heights kept separate, 57 — general rules for measuring walls, 56 — hollow walls, measurement of, 62 Brickwork in backing to masonry, mea- surement of, 57, — in raising, on old work, 57 — in shellac for carving, 82 — in underpinning, 57 — measurement of, 56 — piers and projections, measurement of, 60 — points to observe in valuation of, 379 — price of, 378 — rules for abstracting, 245 — sometimes measured by foot cube, 57 — vaulting, measurement of, 62 — when to measure extra thicknesses, 56 British Museum, cubic price of, 362 — polished plate how specified, 286 thickness of, 224 Bubbles in glass, 225 Builders’ claims, 346 — estimate, errors in, 312 — profit, 358 — refusal to tender without quantities, 2, 515 — selection of, for tender, 294 Building, cost of various classes of, 360 — contracts, average solicitor not familiar with, 386 — cubic content as check on approxi- mate estimate, 361 — in blocks, dimensions kept separate, 9 — owner liable for surveyor’s charges, 397 “ Building risks and their incidences ” Rickman on, 520 Buildings in carcase, points to observe, 24 — of London School Board, cubic price of, 362 Burnell v. Ellis, 401 Burning in flashing, 190 Butts, measurement of, 183 Callipers, dividers used as, 194 Canvas and battens, measurement of, 227 Caps to columns, &c., in plaster, 206 Carpenter, example of preamble to bill of, 281 — form of bill, 298 — ironwork to, 234 — Northern practice, 431 — rules for abstracting, 246 — specification, 354 Carpentry, measurement, of, 333 528 QUANTITY SURVEYING . Carpentry and joinery, distinction be- tween, 130 — valuation of, 381 Carriage of materials, charge for, 346 “Carried to summary,” use of words, 292 Carting, estimate for, 378 Carving, measurement of, 107 Casement fastenings, measurement of, 186 — ironmongery, measurement of, 183 Casement and solid frames, measure- ment of, 162 — of iron, measurement of, 218 Cast and wrought iron kept separate, 209 — iron column and base, example of taking off, 505 example of abstracting, 252 — lead traps, measurement of, 194 Casting and checking accounts, pre- cautions, 343 Cates on Quantities, 403 Ceiling joists, measurement of, 136 — ribs, measurement of, 205 — setting out for panels of, 205 Cement filletting, measurement of, 74, 79 — floated face or screed, measurement of, 69 — paving, measurement of, 69 — skirting, measurement of, 207 Centering, measurement of, 138 — to gauged arches, kept separate, 139 Centres, re-use of, 140 Cesspools, example of taking off, 499 Cesspools, deal, measurement of, 146 — rain-water tanks, &c., measurement of, 79 Chamfer and splay, distinction between, 150 — in plaster, measurement of, 203 — on brick, measurement of, 73 — on fir, measurement of, 146 — on stone, measurement of, 100 Chamfered angle in Portland cement, 207 Channel pipes, measurement of, 55 Charge when tendering without quan- tities, 2 Charges of surveyor paid by building owner, 397 — on building, preliminary, 376 Chase, cut and parge, measurement of, / 5 — for pipe, measurement of, 75 Checking abstracts, suggestions for, 240 — taking off, desirable, 11 Chimney bars, measurement of, 214 Chimney pieces, collection of, 443 stone and slate, measurement of. 105 * — pots, measurement of, 79 — stack facings, alternative method of taking off, 463 example of taking off, 460 Church fittings, measurement of, 182 Churches, cubic price of, 363 — price per sitting, 364 — restoration of, 305 Circles, area of, 238 Circular and semicircular deductions, 59 — and skewback cutting to facings, 86 — brickwork, measurement of, 62 — circular face on stone, measurement of, 99 — joinery, measurement of, 149 — rib to roof truss, example of taking off, 491 trusses, measurement of, 143 — work, description of, 338 measurement of, 150 Cisterns and their supplies, treatment of, 192 — calculation of contents, 1 95 — complete list of, 192 — deal, measurement of, 174 — denoting by letters, 355 — slate, measurement of, 1 25 — wrought-irou, measurement of, 195 Claim, builder’s, 346 — exorbitant, in day accounts, 347 Clay puddle, measurement of, 46 — puddling, 51 Clean up groove for lead lights in terra-cotta, 87 Cleats of fir, measurement of, 148 Close cut and mitred hips to slating, 122 Closing up bottoms of flues, 308 Coal plates, measurement of, 212 Cock, gas main, 220 Cocks, brass, measurement of, 195 Coffer dams, measurement of, 85 prices of, 265 Collars of lead to pipes, measurement of, 194 Collection of bells, example of, 451 — of chimney-gutters, &c., 449 — of cornices, 448 — of dnors and linings, 446 — of flashings, &e., 449 Collection of items of provisions, ex- ample of, 443 — of papering and plastering, 447 — of quarter partitions, 444 INDEX . 529 Collection of rain-water pipes, 450 — of skirtings, 445 — of timbers, 444 — of trade circulars essential, 357 — of walls, 56 Collections, same may serve for several kinds of work, 13 Coloured inks, use of, 9, 240, 341 Column, cast-iron, example of taking off, 505 — stone, example of taking off, 480 — wood, measurement of, 177 Columns, cores to, measurement of, 75 — iron, examples of abstracting, 252 Common precautions in checking, 343 Compare plans of floors, 56 Comparison of measuring books, 341 Compass, points of, useful in descrip- tion, 9 Complex joinery, measurement of, 344 Concrete buildings, 279 example of preamble to bill of, 279 measurement of, 89 — example of taking off, 453 — valuation of, 378 Concrete casings to iron, measurement of, 52 — measurement of, 51 Condensation fillets, 157 Conditions of contract, 259 — of tender under schedule, 317 Cone, surface and cubic content of, 1 4 Connection of gas main with meter, 220 Constants of labour, example of use of, 369 remarks on, 368 Contract, quantities part of, 387 Contractor liable for surveyor’s charges, 397 Contracts by separate trades, 510 Coping, brick on edge, measurement of, '85 — stone, measurement of, 110 repair of, 305 Copper clips and brass screws, measure- meht of, 225 — cramps to stonework, measurement of, 103 — lids, measurement of, 176 — nailing, measurement of, 190, 194 Coppers, setting, measurement of, 78 Corbels, stone, measurement of, 104 Core rails, measurement of, 216 Cores to columns, measurement of, 75 Cornice in Portland cement, example of taking off, 500 Cornice, proportion on ceiling and wall, 102 Cornices, allowance beyond girth of mould, 204 — and string courses in brickwork, 83 — collection of plaster, 448 — in deal, measurement of, 182 — plaster, measurement of, 204 Correction of dimensions in abstract, 240 — of lithographic transfers, 293 — of specification, 356 — to be checked, 241 Cost, approximate, of buildings, 360 — of brickwork, expedients for keeping down, 379 — of work done in country, 368 Counterlathing, measurement of, 145 Country houses, cubic price of, 362 Court, special, for building cases, 386 Cover stones, measurement of, 110 Covers to cesspools, measurement of, 191 Coves, plaster, measurement of, 204 Cowls to lead pipes, measurement of, 194 Cradle to bath, measurement of, 196 Cradling of deal, measurement of, 145 Cramps, copper, measurement of, 103 — galvanised iron, measurement of, 103 Creasing, tile, measurement of, 85 Credits, 233 Credits bill, form of, 291 suggestions, 290 Cross garnet hinges, measurement of, 183 “ Cross grain,” 152 Crown glass, test for, 225 Cube brickwork, abstract of, 245 — of building to commence set of di- mensions, 16 — stone, measurement of, 91 Cubic content as basis for pricing stone, 380 — price of well-known buildings, 361 Cupolas, firring to, measurement of, 143 Curbs, stone, measurement of, 110 Customs, legal value of trade, 386 Cut and pin ends, measurement of, 78 — ends of rafters, measurement of, 218 Cut to shapes, glass, 223 Cutting and bonding brickwork, mea- surement of, 75 new walls to old, measure- ment of, 75 2 M 53 ° QUANTITY SURVEYING. Cutting and pinning edges, measure- ment of, 74 — birdsmouth, 73 — openings in old work, 308 — rough, on brickwork, 73 — squint quoin, 73 D-traps, measurement of, 104 Dado, measurement of, 158 Damages, claim for liquidated, 347 Damp-proof oourse, measurement of, 73 — courses, collection of, 443 Danger of mixing papers, 1 1 Day accounts, abstracting, 348 examination of, 344 rate of wages usually allowed in, 365 retail prices allowed in, 385 when to allow, 347 — works, billing, 348 Deal, example of valuation of, 382 “ Deduct ” and “ add,” how used, 20 Deduction of openings, example of taking off, 456 Deductions, distinction between “ voids ” and “ wants,” 7 Deficiencies in quantities, treatment of, 387 Deficient quantities, surveyor’s liability for, 403 Deposited estimates, checking of, 313 — priced bill of quantities, 2 Description of mouldings, 152 Detached buildings, dimensions kept separate, 10 Details of taking off should be pre- served, 9 — when surveyor should make, 43 Diapers of brick, measurement of, 83 Digging, extra depths, 47 — for drains, measurement of, 50 — measurement of, 47 — to trenches, measurement of, 47 Dimensions, alteration of, 10, 23 — copy supplied to builder, 294 — dictating of, 19 — form of heading to, 16 — how written to indicate two opera- tions of abstracting, 15 — “in clear,” 15 — indexing, 19 — keep clear and distinct, 8 — method of writing for various figures, 15 — notes on how written, 19 — numbering columns or pages, 1 1 — of scantlings, order of writing, 256 Dimensions of stone, order important, 90 — on plan should be preferred, 7 — of several blocks to be kept distinct, 9 — reference by letters to, 16, 311 — short ways of squaring, 238 — should be collected, 10 taken in one order, 7 — ticking bottoms of columns, 241 — to avoid repetition of, 15 — to commence with cube of building, 16 — voids and wants to be distinguished, 7 Disadvantages of taking off by trades, 12 Disclaimer of responsibility for quanti- ties, 387 Discount, exorbitant, 346 — trade, on drain pipes, 378 on gas pipes and fittings, 384 on glass, 384 on ironmongery, 383 on paper, 385 on plumber’s brass work, 383 on pottery, 378 on sanitary goods, 383 on stoves and ranges, 384 on terra-cotta, 379 Discussion on surveyor’s and survey practice, 520 Disputed accounts, 351 — prices, 343 Distempering, measurement of, 208 District surveyor’s fees, 42, 260 Domes, firring to, 143 Door frames, measurement of, 170 Door, example of taking off, 493 Doors, measurement of, 166, 168 — proportion of size to that of opening, 166 Dotting on, description of, 12 Double course of slates to verge, 122 Drain plan, 53 Drain pipes, dimensions of, 271 Draining boards, measurement of, 176 Drains, measurement of, 53 Drawings, alterations of, 9 — examination of, 8 — figure before taking off, 9 — in pencil, objections to taking off from, 21 — insurance of, 21 Dredging and removing, measurement of, 44 Dressers, measurement of, 87 INDEX. 53i Dressing lead over fillet, measurement of, 190 Drips in gutters at equal distances, 499 — measurement of, 146 Driving piles, 44 Dry rubbish, measurement of, 52 Dubbing, when measured, 201 Dwelling house, cubic price of, 362 Earth, increase of bulk, 46 Eaves boards, measurement of, 142 — fillet, measurement of, 146 — gutter, measurement of, 210 painting of, 229 — of tiling bedded in cement, 128 Edges of landings cut and pinned, 74 nosings to, 179 Edinburgh system of estimating, 515 Electric bells, form of bill for, 221 form of preamble to bill of, 285 Elements which modify cost of build- ing, 359 “ Elsewhere taken,” 19 Embossing glass, measurement of, 224 Employment of surveyors, list of questions, 516 report of committee, 517 Enamelling, measurement of, 224 Enclosure to water meter, 196 Endorsement of bill, 304 Ends cut and pinned, measurement of, 78 Engineer, attendance on, 232 Engraved corners of glass, measure- ment of, 225 Enrichments in plaster, measurement of, 204 Entablature and balustrade, example of taking off, 472 Errors, discovery of, by abstractor, .240 — sources of, 7, 17 Espagnolette bolts, measurement of, 185 Estimates, alternative, 287, 306 — errors’ in, 312 — preliminary, 359 — suggestions for separate, 286 Estimating, Edinburgh system of, 515 — Glasgow system of, 514 — medieval system of, 510 — present system of, 510 Examination of drawings, 8 Examples of collections, 443 Excavation, abstracting, suggestions for, 245 Excavation, allowance for slopes in, 47 — averaging depth, 50 — example of preamble to bill of, 273 of taking off, 452 — form of bill, 295 — if on site of old building, 49 — Northern practice, 424 — points to observe in valuation of, 377 — specification of, 354 Existing buildings, alterations to, 308 work to, 305 Exorbitant claims, 347 — discounts, 346 Expansion boards, measurement of, 52 External plumbing, measurement of, 188 — walls, example of taking off, 453 “ Extra for ” and “ extra only,” 20 Eyelets, measurement of, 80 Facing for carving, measurement of, 83 Facings, example of abstracting, 249 of taking off, 458 — expedients for keeping down cost of, 379 — measurement of, 81 — of brick, general instructions, 81 — points to observe in valuing, 379 — repairs to old, 305 — separation of, in abstract, 245 — to chimney stack, example of taking off, 460 rubble walls, 118 Faience, measurement of, 88 Fair both sides, walls, 62 — cut and rubbed birdsmouth and squint quoins, measure- ment of, 86 splay, measurement of, 86 Fares, when chargeable, 368 Fascias, measurement of, 144 Feather-edged springer, measurement of, 147 Fees, district surveyor’s, 260 Felt, measurement of, 142 — pads, measurement of, 218 Fences, measurement of, 140 Fibrous plaster, measurement of, 209 Figure drawings before taking off, 9 Fillets, sets of, to skylights, 157 Filletting in cement, measurement of, 74 2 M 2 532 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Filletting and counterlathing to parti- tions, measurement of, 145 Filling in and ramming, measurement of, 49 — in brickwork, 57 — in openings, 309 Final statement of account, form of, 351 Finger plates, measurement of, 187 Finished sizes of joinery, 150 Fir fitted to iron, measurement of, 134 Fir in lintels, measurement of, 133 plates, measurement of, 133 — wrought and framed all round, example of abstracting, 250 Fire bends to lead pipes, measurement of, 194 — places, deduction for, 59 Firrings to cupolas and domes, mea- surement of, 143 Fittings, measurement of, 182 Fixing only ironwork, abstract of, 246 Flannel and wood behind silvering, 224 Flashing boards, measurement of, 142 Flashings, collection of, 448 — labour and material connected with, 449 — measurement of, 189 Flats and gutters, measurement of, 188 Flatting, measurement of, 230 Fleclie, measurement of lead to, 188 Flint facings, measurement of 119 Flitch plates, measurement of, 214 Floor tiling, measurement of, 71 Floors, covering with sawdust, 282 — fir framed in, measurement of, 133 — measurement of, 153 — wood block, measurement of, 154 Flues at an angle, soot doors, 58 — deductions for, 58 — parge and core, measurement of, 77 Flush bolts, measurement of, 185 Flyers, measurement of, 178 Footings, averaging, 61 — London Building Act, 61 Foreman’s time, when chargeable, 344 J Forged ends, measurement of, 217 Form of a bill of credit, 291 quantities, 295 variation, 348 schedule of prices for day work, 287 summary, 288 tender, 289 on schedule of prices, 328 Form of tender, signature of, a legal contract, 312 Foundation plan, 48 Founder and smith, example of abstracting, 251 example of preamble to bill of, 284 suggestions for abstracting, 247 — — smith’s work, measurement of, 209 valuation of, 384 Framed iron work, definition, 215 Frames, bed and point, measurement of, 77 — door, measurement of, 170 — painting, measurement of, 230 Framings, description of, 151 — dwarf, 152 — measurement of, 151, 172 Freeholder’s permission to build, 24 French paper, size of, 226 — polishing, measurement of, 230 — system of estimating, 512 “From banker” and “from bench,” 344 Function of bill of quantities, 293 Gas brackets, measurement of, 219 — fitter, clause at end of bill, 285 example to preamble to bill of, 285 form of bill, 302 — fitting, points to observe in valuation of, 384 provision for, 219 specification of, 355 trade discount on, 384 — main cock, 220 connection of pipe with, 220 — meter, measurement of, 220 number of lights supplied by, 219 shelf for, 175 usually hired, 220 — pipes, measurement of, 219 Gates, measurement of, 169 Gauged arches, centering to, 139 measurement of, 81 General alterations, examples of items, 308 Girders, example of abstracting, 252 of taking off, 508 — fir in, measurement of, 133 — rivetted, measurement of, 214 Glasgow system of estimating, 514 INDEX. 533 Glass cut to shapes, 224 — example of abstracting, 255 — expedients for reducing cost of, 385 — plate, tariffs, 385 — to distinguish kinds of, 225J — trade discount on, 248 Glazier, clause at end of bill, 28G — example of preamble to bill of, 28G — form of bill, 303 — Northern practice, 437 — rules for abstracting, 247 — specification, 355 Glazing, measurement of, 223 — points to observe in valuation of, 384 Graining, measurement of, 230 Granite, example of preamble to bill, 280 — measurement of, 112 — separate contract for, 280 Grand Opera House, Paris, method of estimating for, 512 Granolithic stone, measurement of, 120 Gratings, cast-iron, measurement of, 212 Grease traps, measurement of, 53, 79 Groin point, extra for, 138 Groined roofs of stone, measurement of, 10G Groove in fir, measurement of, 14G slate, measurement of, 124 stone for flashings, &c., 101 Ground joists and sleepers of fir, measurement of, 133 Grounds, measurement of, 1 5G — skeleton, 156 Guard-bars, measurement of, 21 G Gully traps, measurement of, 53 Gutter boards and bearers, measure- ment of, 14G — example of taking off, 497 — lead, measurement of, 188 Gtfyther v. Gaze, 398 Half-sawing, measurement of, 92 Half-timbering, measurement of, 137 Handrails, iron, measurement of, 215 — measurement of, 179 Heading for measurement, example of, 216 — judicious use of, 256 — of dimensions, example of, 15 Heads of rain-water pipe, measurement of, 191 Headway of staircases to be observed, 178 Hearths of stone, 109 Herring-bone strutting, measurement of, 147 Hinges, measurement of, 183 Hinges, ornamental, strap, 184 Hip and ridge rolls, measurement of, 147 — hooks, measurement of, 130 — knobs, fir, measurement of, 148 — rafter, to measure, 15 — lolls, measurement of, 147 — tiles, measurement of, 130 Hips, lead to, measurement of, 189 — measurement of, 189 Hoisting and fixing roof trusses, 148 bath, 19G cistern, 1 95 — heavy ironwork, height to be stated, 209 — iron joists and girders, height to be stated, 209 Holes rimed out, measurement of, 217 Hollow walls, measurement of, 62 Honeyman on Glasgow system, 514 Hood and straps of lead, measurement of, 191 Hooper on French systems of estimat- ing, 513 Hoop iron, example of abstracting, 248 measurement of, 76 Hospitals, price per bed, 363 Hot water supply, measurement of, 1 98, 199 system, 198 Houses of Parliament, cubic price of, 3G2 modes of measurement pre- scribed for, 330 Hudson on quantities, 389 In Position, labour on iron, 209 Incised plastering, measurement of, 203 Indexing dimensions, 1 1 — measuring books, 340 Inks, use of coloured, 9, 241 Inspection pits, designate by numbers or letters, 31 example of taking off, 4G4 measurement of, 54 Insurance of drawings recommended, 21 Internal plumbing, measurement of, 192 — walls, examples of taking off, 454 Invoices, production of original, 345 Iron articles, billing of small, 25G 534 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Iron balustrades and newels, measure- ment of, 213 — casements, measurement of, 218 — cisterns, stock sizes cheaper, 384 — cramps to stonework, measurement of, 103 — dowels and mortises in stone, measurement of, 103 — hooping, measurement of, 76 — roof trusses, measurement of, 217 — wrought and cast kept separate, 209 Ironfounder, Northern practice, 438 Ironmonger, example of preamble to bill of, 282 Ironmongery, measurement of, 183 — provision for, 183 — to casements, measurement of, 163 — trade discount on, 383 — when decoration a separate contract, 230 — when to be measured, 152 Ironwork, fixing only, 246 — framed, definition, 215 — in straps and bolts, measurement of, 134 — painted before supply, 228 Ironwork, points to observe in valuation of, 384 — to carpentry, 134 — with bricklayer’s work, 245 items, all of value included in bills, 3 — measured lineally, abstracting, 243 — preliminary, prices disproportionate, 345 Jamb linings, measurement of, 171 Japanese paper, measurement of, 227 Joggles on stone, measurement of, 101 Joiner and ironmonger, suggestions for abstracting, 246 example of preamble to bill of, 281 — attend plumber, 173, 174, 196 — form of bill, 299 — Northern practice, 431 — specification, 355 Joinery, adapting old, 308 — circular, measurement of, 149 — collecting dimensions of, 149 — finished sizes of, 150 — measurement of, 149 — order in specification, 353 — points to observe in valuation of, 382 — scribing of, 150 — sketches of, 149 Joinery when lineal measurement better than superficial, 153 Jointed ends to stone, measurement of, 112 Joints and beds, measurement of, 95 — branch to lead pipes, measurement of, 194 — to long lengths of stone, 95 Joists, ceiling, measurement of, 136 — iron and steel, method of abstracting, 254 measurement of, 213 Keene’s cement, measurement of, 208 Kerr on prices of buildings, 359 Kind of glass, to distinguish, 225 King heads, measurement of, 212 Knobs, measurement of, 187 Labour and material, value of, as foundation of prices, 357 Labourers’ cottages, cubic price of, 362 Labour in medieval times, 510 — items to precede labour and mate- rials, 243 — saved by averaging, 13 — saving expedients, 238 Labours on ioiner’s work, measurement of, 152 Labours on stone, pricing, 380 “ Labour to,” use of words, 151 Ladders to traps, measurement of, 175 Landings, York stone, measurement of, 108 Laps to fir plates, 133 Large and small quantities of work, prices for, 375 — contracts confined to small number of competitors, 358 Lavatory apparatus, measurement of, 196 — tops, slate, measurement of, 125 Law as it aifects quantity surveyors, 383 Laxton’s bricklayer’s tables, usefulness of, 379 Lead clips, measurement of, 225 — example of abstracting, 250 — in sinks, cisterns and safes, measure- ment of, 194 j — lights, measurement of, 224 — old, allowance for waste, 233, 383 INDEX. 535 Lead, old, measurement of, 233 — pipes, measurement of, 194 testing weight of, 383 — plugs and mortises in stone, mea- surement of, 104 — plugs in slate, 125 — size of sheet, 188 — testing weight of, 383 — traps, measurement of, 194 — wedging, measurement of, 190 Leading item of trade first on abstract, 243 Leadwork, example of abstracting, 250 Lengths of socket pipes, measurement of, 191 Letters used as reference to chimney stacks, 25 — use of, saves writing, 16 Levelling ground, measurement of, 53 — old walls to receive new work, mea- surement of, 76 Liability of surveyor to building owner, 403 Liberality of surveyor at building owner’s expense, 343 Lighting defective, 223 Lights, number supplied by gas meter, 219 Limewhiting, measurement of, 69 Lincrusta-Walton, measurement of, 227 Linings, apron, measurement of, 179 — back, measurement of, 164 — jamb, measurement of, 171 — return, measurement of, 164 — window, measurement of, 161 Lintels, fir in, measurement of, 133 Liquidated damages, claim for, 347 List of questions circulated by general conference of architects, 517 Litigation, indefinite preliminaries a * frequent source of, 511 Lithography, correction of errors in, 293 Locks, measurements of, 186 Lodgings for workmen, payment for, 347 London County Council list of wages, 365 Loss by stoppage of works, claim for, 347 Lucas on profits, 358 Maintenance clauses, 259 Making good plastering, 206 Manchester Society of Architects, general statement of methods recom- mended, 423 Mansions, cubic price of best, 363 Manufacturer’s name in bill, 21 Marche-a-forfait, 513 au-rabais, 513 Margins on stone, measurement of, 101 Martin’s cement, measurement of, 208 Mason, example of preamble to bill of, 279 — form of bill, 297 — Northern practice, 429 — specification, 354 — suggestions for abstracting, 246 Masonry, beds and joiuts, measurement of, 95 — circular beds and joints, measure- ment of, 96 work on, measurement of, 98 — general directions for measurement 89 — half bed and half joint on, 96 — metal articles in, measurement of, 104 — moulded work on, measurement of, 99 — numbering stones of, 91 — order of dimensions important, 90 — plain face on, measurement of, 94 work on, measurement of, 97 — points to observe in valuation of, 379 — preparatory faces on, measurement of, 94 — processes of working, 114 — rough sunk work, measurement of, 96 Masonry, schedule, 335 — stopped work, measurement of, 93 — sunk work, measurement of, 96, 98 Materials, description of, written direct from specification, 15 — fluctuation of value of, 357 — surveyor a judge of, 235 Measure and value after erection, the system of, 511 a frequent cause of litigation, 511 expense of work done under system of, 511 Measurement, departure from usual order to be stated, 256 — for bill of credits, 233 — Manchester Society of Architects, 3 — modes of, prescribed for new Houses of Parliament, 330 536 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Measurement of old lead, 233 — of variations, arrangements prior to, 340 — of variations, mode of, 340 — one system desirable throughout the country, 3 — systems different in various parts of the country, 3 Measurer expert produces his result with few dimensions, 1 0 Measuring book, index of, 340 comparison of, 341 list of items to be measured to be written in, 339 references to, 240 — separate, 340 size of, 1 1 — scales, precautions, 8 Mechanics, hours of labour per week, 365 Medieval estimating, sources of informa- tion, 510 Memory not to be trusted, 16 Meter, gas, 220 Method of dictation of dimensions, 19 Methods of reducing an estimate, 310 — of taking off, 9 — recommended by the Manchester Society of Architects, to be used in taking quantities, 423 Miscellaneous charges in day accounts, 347 Mistakes, qualified surveyor makes few, 387 Mitre to splay on stone, measurement of, 100 Mitred border to hearths, measurement of, 154 Mitres to chamfer, measurement of, 102 — to mouldings, measurement of, 102 Modelling to enrichments, 204 Models for terra-cotta, 87, 278 Modern French practice of estimating, 513 — system of taking off, superior clear- ness of, 12 Modes of measurement, 42 prescribed for new Houses of Parliament, 330 Modillions in plaster, measurement of, 206 Moon v. Guardians of Witney Union, 397 Mortar fll letting, measurement of, 74 Mortises and iron dowels, measurement of, 103 Mortises and lead or sulphur, measure- ment of, 102 plugs, measurement of, 104 slate dowels, measurement of, 103 — in stone, measurement of, 102 for frames, measurement of, 103 Moulded courses of brick, measure- ment of, 85 — work on stone, measurement of, 99 Moulding cut and rubbed on brick, measurement of, 85 Mouldings, general directions as to tho descriptions, 152 — in cement, measurement of, 206 — in deal, measurement of, 147 — on solid, 152 — surveyor to make details of, 42 — undercut, measurement of, 99 Name of work to be written on each sheet of dimensions, 11 Narrow widths in Portland cement, 206 Needling, measurement of, 232 Newels, measurement of wood, 179 — iron, measurement of, 213 — and balusters, iron, measurement of, 216 New River Company’s tariff, 377 Northern practice, 423 Nosing to edges of landings, measure- ment of, 179 “ Not exceeding ” or “ under,” 224 Notching for joinery, measurement of, 150 — for key stones, extra on centres for, 140 Notes in dimensions, how written, 19 Number every column of dimensions, 11 — of column against each item of ab- stract, 241 Numbering rooms on drawings, 9 — small articles, 149 — stones, 91 Nuts, measurement of, 217 Oak sills, measurement of, 170 — wedging, measurement of, 190 Office for clerk of works, provision for, 268 Oiling and rubbing, measurement of, 230 Old building, when part only is re- moved, 234 INDEX , . 537 Old buildings sold by auction, 233 to dealer in old materials, 233 — foundations, grubbing up of, 50 — materials, credit for, 233 re-used, 234 to be contractor’s property, 233 — wall prepared to receive new work, measurement of, 76 “Omissions” in variations, 311 — transfer to addition sheet, 311 — when no quantities, 341 “ Omit ” and “ deduct,” 341 “ On Waste,” averaging should be shown, 13 example of, 8 Openings, circular and semicircular, deduction of, 59 — cut in old work, 305 — deduction of, general rules for, 58, 59 — deductions of plastering for, 201 — examples of taking otf, 456 — filled in, 309 — marks to show deductions, 1 1 Order, confusion in guise of, 23 — of taking dimensions of stones, im- portant, 90 off, 23 off, old method, 420 the dimensions of scantlings, 256 — to be maintained in deductions of openings and dimensions of finish- ings, 10 — take off dimensions always in the same, 7 Ornamental balustrade and newels, measurement of, 213 — hinges, measurement of, 184 Outer strings, measurement of, 178 Oversail or set back one course, measurement of, 75 — rough, measurement of, 75 Painter, clause at end of bill, 286 — example of preamble to bill of, 286 — Northern practice, 435 — form of bill, 230 Painting, example of taking off, 509 — expedients for keeping down cost of, 385 — measurement of, 227 — taking off, 509 a check on other work, 228 Panels, iron, measurement of, 212 I Pan tiling, measurement of, 130 Paper, abstractor to use plenty of, 241 — example of abstracting, 255 — scales to calculate number of rafters, &c., 130 — table of number of pieces to cover walls of room, 375 — trade discount on, 385 Paperh auger, example of preamble to bill of, 286 — form of bill, 227 Paperhanging, collection of, 447 — measurement of, 226 — method of abstracting, 255 Parget and core flues, measurement of, 77 Parian cement, measurement of, 208 Partitions, half-brick, measurement of, 62 — quarter, example of taking off, 489 Patent cement pavings, treated as a provisional sum, 69 — hinges, measurement of, 184 Paterae in plaster, measurement of, 206 Patterns for cast iron, measurement of, 209 Pavement lights, measurement of, 212 Paving, asphalte, measurement of, 71 — brick, measurement of, 70 — cement, measurement of, 69 — tar, measurement of, 70 — tile, measurement of, 71 — Yorkshire stone, measurement of, 108 Payments to contractor, 259 “ P. C.,” definition of letters, 346 Perforations for pipes, example of abstracting, 249 measurement of, 80 — in iron, measurement of, 217 — in slate, measurement of, 125 — in stone, measurement of, 1 02 Pier cap, stone, example of taking off, 466 Pilasters, wood, measurement of, 176 Pile driving, measurement of, 44 Piling, example of preamble for, 265 — measurement of, 44 Pipe casing, measurement of, 157 — to measure diameter of, 194 Pipes and cocks, general principles ot measurement, 194, 195 — copper, measurement of, 194 — gas, measurement of, 219 — laid in ground to be kept separate, 194 — lead, measurement of, 194 53 » QUANTITY SURVEYING. Pipes, soil, measurement of, 194 Pitch of rivetting, 214 Plain face on stone, measurement of, 9+ mullions, tracery, ,&c., measurement of, 94 Plan of foundations, when necessary, 48 — of drains, surveyor should make, 53 Planing on fir, measurement of, 131 Plans of floors to be compared, 56 Plaster cornice, short lengths of, 204 — cornices, measurement of, 204 — coves, measurement of, 2u4 — fibrous, measurement of, 209 — quirk, measurement of, 206 Plasterer, 200 — example of preamble to bill of, 283 — form of bill, 207 — Northern practice, 435 — suggestions for abstracting, 247 Plastering, circular, measurement of, 201 — collection of, 447 — examples of abstracting, 251 — examples of valuation of, 383 — expedients for keeping down cost of, 383 — external separate from internal, 200 — finished in gauged stuff, 201 — hacking off old, measurement of, 201 — incised, measurement of, 203 — in narrow widths, billing of, 247 — in small quantities, measurement of, 201 — measurement of, 200 — of extra thickness, measurement of, 201 — on old walls, measurement of, 201 — to ceilings, measurement of, 202 — to partitions, measurement of, 201 — to specially high stories, 201 — to walls, measurement of, 201 — valuation of, 383 Plate glass, measurement of, 224 — racks, measurement of, 175 Plates, laps to, allowance for, 133 — fir in, measurement of, 133 Plinth blocks, measurement of, 162 Plinths and strings of stone, measure- ment of, 92 — extra thickness of walls for, how treated, 56 Plugging, measurement of, 150 — where measured, 150 plumber, clause at end of bill of, 283 Plumber, example of preamble to bill of, 283 — form of bill, 301, 197 — Northern practice, 437 — suggestions for abstracting, 246 — specification of, 355 Plumber’s work, measurement of, 334 Plumbing, external and internal some- times kept separate, 188 — measurement of, 187 — valuation of, 383 Pointing, measurement of, 81 Points of compass, use of, 8 Poles and ends (“ long arms ”), measure- ment of, 159 Portland cement, measurement of, 206 Position of items to be clearly described, 8 Post holes, measurement of, 53 Pottery, trade discount on, 378 Preamble of a mason’s schedule of the War Department, 335 Precautions in casting and checking an account, 343 — in pricing, 343 — in writiug fractions, 343 — when dotting or timesing, 12 Precis of correspondence, 351 Prejudice against supply of quantities, 364 Preliminary bill, 259 mav be written from specification, 15 — charges on buildings, 376 — estimates, how made, 353 — items, suggestions for abstract, 244 Preparation of abstracts for billing, 247 — of quantities should not be imposed upon builders, 515 Preparation of walls for paper, 226 Preparatory faces on stone, measure- ment of, 94 Present system of estimating, 510 Price books not to be relied on, 376 Priced estimates, correction of errors in casting, &c., 312 method of adjusting errors in casts, &e., 313 — estimate, method of correcting errors, 314, 315 to be carefully checked, 343 Prices, 357 — analogy to be preserved, 382 — extending and checking, 343 — inconsistent, 314 — of preliminary items, dispropor- tionate, 345 INDEX. Prices, qualities requisite in the sur- veyor who assesses, 357 — schedule of, 312 — to be obtained from manufacturer, 239 Pricing and day accounts, 385 — bill of variations, 311 — method of dealing with inconsistent or absurd, 311 — surveyor should observe how quan- tities have been prepared before, 376 Priestley v. Stone, 389 Prime cost book, production of, by builder, 343 meaning of, 264 Priming coat counted as one oil, 229 Principles to observe in taking off, 19 Profit, 358 — least on work offered in open com- petition, 358 — on omitted work, claim for, 346 — on provisions, 377 — on work, remarks on, 358 Profits, Mr. Lucas on, 358 Progress drawings, 340 Proportion of cornice on ceiling and ! wall, 204 — of value of labour to materials and plant, 364 Propositions by Mr. Arthur Cates, 403, 520 “ Provide ” or “ allow, 258 “ Proving ironwork,” 284 Provision for bell pulls, usual, 221 — for ironmongery, 183 Provisions, 43 — abstracting, 244 — bill, example of, 295 — how dealt with, 43 # — in bill, 264 — position on the abstract of, 244 — profit on, 377 — when advisable, 43 — when to put in body of bill, 244 Prmdsional amounts how headed when adjusting schedule rates, 313 — sum for lead lights and glazing, 111 works of restoration, 306 — sums, treatment of, 345 Pugging, measurement of, 201 Pulling down in day accounts, 344 part not always reasonable, 309 1 Pumps, measurement of, 195 Purlins, scarfings to, allowance for, 134 ! Purpose-made hip and valley tiles, 127 Pyramids, area of surface of, 14 539 Quadrant 172 corners, measurement of, Quality of work and detail in quanti- ties, 3 Quantities, absurdity of builder check- ing, 387 — and quantity practices, Mr. Saun- ders’ paper on, 520 — and specification, combining, 294 — a part of the contract, 386 — architect who supplies, deputes the work, 521 — arguments for supply by architect of, 520 — deficient, the result of inexperience, — degree of elaboration of bill of, 3 — deposited priced bill of, an advan- tage, 357 — disadvantage of dispensing with, 2 — essential to good work, 1 — forming part of contract, justice of, 386 — general rules to be observed in the preparation of, 7 — methods recommended by Manches- ter Society of Architects, 423 — most frequently adopted as basis of settlement, 387 — operations in the preparation of a bill of, 6 — prejudice of architects against Iho supply of, 515 — preparation of, should not be im- posed on builder, 515 — prepared as a speculation by sur- veyors, 516 — quality of the bill of, 3 — refusal of builders to tender without, 2 — remarkable clauses in, 522 — responsibility of architect who sup- plies, 403 — shall the architect take out his own, 520 — should be just and complete, 521 — should be so clear that any surveyor may adjust variations, 3 — should form part of contract, 2, 386 — Sir Edmund Beckett on, 386 — surveyor’s liability for deficient, 403 — treatment of deficiency in, 387 — uniformity of practice in preparing bill of, 3 Quantity surveying, literature of, 22 surveyor, appointment of, 512 54 ° QUANTITY SURVEYING. Quantity surveyor expert, the fruit of long training, 521 or architect ? 520 qualifications of, 6 should know the law, 386 — surveyor’s duties authoritatively formulated, 516 Quarry, special estimates for stone from, 380 — worked stone, 380 Quarter partition, example of taking off, 489 fir framed in measurement of, 136 Queen heads, measurement of, 212 Queries, sheet of, 16 — settlement of, 24 Quick and flat sweep, 149 Quoins, fair cut and rubbed squint, measurement of, 88 — of brick, measurement of, 82 — of stone, repair of, measurement of, 305 example of taking off, 470 Radius of circular joinery, description of, 149 Rafters, cut ends to, 148 Rail, painting, measurement of, 229 Railway clearing house, cubic price of, 362 Rain-water pipes, collection of, 450 of lead, measurement of, 194 of cast iron, measurement of, 211 painting, measurement of, 229 — tanks, measurement of, 79 Raising on old work, brickwork in, 57 Raking out and pointing flashings, mea- surement of, 74 to soffits, 69 Rate of wages London County Council, 364 Reading the bills, 292 Rebate ami mouldings on stone, mea- surement of, 100 — in fir, measurement of, 146 — on stone, measurement of, 100 Rebated joints to slate slabs, measure- ment of, 124 Red ink, “ timesing ” should be in, 9 use of, in abstracting, 240 in adjusting accounts, 311 in squaring dimensions, 238 Reducing abstracts, definition, 7 suggestions for, 247 Reducing to be done on abstract in- stead of on dimensions, 215 Reference by lettor to chimney stacks, 25 — by letters to former dimensions, 16 — easier if same order be maintained, 10 — on abstract to remainder of descrip- tion, 244 — precaution as to witnesses, 347 — preliminaries to be settled, 347 — to dimensions facilitated by use of number of column, 241 — to dimensions of deductions of open- ings a check upon dimensions of finishing, 10 References to measuring books, how written, 241 Refusal of builders to tender without quantities, 2 Reid’s Young Surveyor’s Preceptor. 422 Rejoinders to arguments for supply of quantities by architect, 521 Relieving arches, measurement of, 72 Remarkable clauses in quantities, 522 Remarks on methods of measurement recommended by Manchester Society of Architects, 439 Repairs to old facings, 305 — to stonework, measurement of, 306 Repetition avoided by words “ as be- fore ” and “ as last,” 16 — of words “ deal,” “ mahogany,” &c., avoided, 256 Report of Special Committee on em- ployment of surveyors, 517 — to building owner on reduction of estimate, 310 Responsibility, division of, in erection of a building, 235 — for error to be taken by one, when several are engaged in taking off, 17 — for quantities disclaimed by archi- tect, 387 — of surveyor, 403 Restoration, clauses for preliminary bill of, 307 — example of items of, 309 Restorations, 305 — measurement of stone in, 305 — method of treatment, 306 Results of squaring to be carried into squaring column, 239 Return linings, measurement of, 164 Re-use of centres, 140 — of old materials, 233 Reveals of plastering, measurement of, 203 INDEX. 54i Revolving shutters, 166 Rib, circular to roof truss, example of taking off, 491 Ribs, circular, measurement of, 144 — of deal in thicknesses, measurement of, 144 — to roof trusses, measurement of, 143 Richardson and Waghorn v. Beales and others, 402 Ridge and hips of slate, measurement of, 122 — tiling, measurement of, 12S Ridges, lead to, measurement of, 189 Rise of wages in the building trade, Mr. Brassey on, 358 Risers, measurement of, 178 Rivets, measurement of, 219 — percentage to be added for, 214 Ri vetted girders, measurement of, 214 Ri vetting, pitch of, 214 Rolled iron joists, example of abstract- ing, 254 measurement of, 213 Rolls, hip and ridge, measurement of, 147 Roof timbers, painting, measurement of, 229 — truss, circular ribs to, example of taking off, 491 — trusses, circular ribs to, 143 fir framed in, 136 hoisting and fixing, 148 (iron), measurement of, 217 fir framed in, measurement of, 136 Roofs, fir framed in, 135 Rooms, designation by numbers, 9 Rough cast, measurement of, 203 Rough chamfer, measurement of, 73 — cutting on brickwork, measurement of, 72 — oversail, measurement of, 75 — relieving arches, measurement of, 72 — splay on brick, 73 — sunk face on stone, measurement of, 53 Rounded and other edges to slate slabs, measurement of, 124 Rounded corners to slate slabs, mea- surement of, 125 Royal Exchange, cubic price of, 362 Rubbed work, description of, 338 Rubble arches, measurement of, 118 — facings, measurement of, 118 - — foundations, measurement of, 118 — rag stone facing, measurement of, 119 — walling, measurement of, 117 Rubble walling with brick backing, measurement of, 1 1 8 — walls, arches, in extra for measure- ment of, 118 facings to, measurement of, 118 Rule with several scales on it not to be used, 8 Rustic groove, cement plain faces be- tween, measurement of, 207 in stone, measurement of, 101 Saddle bars, measurement of, 215 often supplied by stained glass manufacturer, 215 Sand found on site of building, 377 Sash centres, measurement of, 188 — fastenings, measurement of, 187 Sashes and frames, measurement of, 158 square headed, example of taking off, 495 Saving of labour by averaging, 13 Sawing, measurement of, 94 Scales, paper, for measuring timbers, 130 Scantlings, figures of, to be repeated in billing, 256 — of all timbers to be stated in specifi- cation, 355 Scarfings, extra labour to, measurement of, 148 — to purlins, allowance for, 134 Schedule of prices, 287, 315 adopted by public bodies, 316 example of, 321 form of, 317 method of preparing, 316 Scheduleof prices, modes of aualysis,316 report upon, 317 work done under, costs more, 512 Schedule, tendering under, 317 Schools, price per scholar, 364 Screeds, allowance for, 284 Scribing of joinery, 154 Scrivener and another v. Pask, 402 Seats for pedestal closets, measurement of, 173 Sectional area, a basis for pricing, 380 Segmental arches, measurement of, 72 Separate billing in connection with provisional sums, 264 — estimates in works of restoration, 306 suggestions, 286 — tenders, 235 — trades, argument for tenders by, 423 contracts by, 510 Serie Prix de la Villo dc Paris, 512 542 QUANTITY Serrated edges to lead, measurement of, 190 Sets of flashings to pipes, measurement of, 191 — of heads, nuts and washers, measure- ment of, 217 Setting air bricks and gratings, mea- surement of, 79 — copper, measurement of, 78 — out ceiling in panels, 205 — stores, measurement of, 77 Settlement of accounts, quantities adopted as basis of, 887 Shall the architect take out his own quantities ? 520 Sheet for queries, 16 — glass cut to shapes, 223 measurement of, 224 — lead, measurement of, 188 — of lead, size of, 188 Shelf edge, painting, measurement of, 229 — for gas meter, measurement of, 175 Shelves of stone, measurement of, 109 Shoes for rain-water pipes, 211 Shop sashes, measurement of, 79 Shoring, measurement of, 232 Shoring to adjoining buildings done by puller down, 233 Short lengths of pipe, 192 should be billed in feet, 20 Shutter boxings, measurement of, 164 Shutters, boxing, measurement of, 165 — lifting, measurement of, 165 — measurement of, 164 — revolving, measurement of, 166 — sliding, measurement of, 165 Signing form of tender a legal con- tract to complete, 312 Sill bar, measurement of, 188 Sills, brick, 86 — window, measurement of, 162 bedded hollow, measurement of, 78 Silvering glass, measurement of, 224- Sink stones, measurement of, 101- Sinkings for mats, 154 Sinks, deal, measurement of, 174 — stone, measurement of, 105 Size of sheet of lead, 188 Sizing and varnishing wall paper, measurement of, 226 — measurement of, 230 Skeleton grounds, 156 Sketches of joinery, 149 — should be checked, 258 — should be drawn at time of writing bill, 258 SURVEYING . Skewback and circular cutting to facings, measurement of, 86 Skirtings, cement, measurement of, 207 — collection of, 445 — measurement of, 155 — of slate, measurement of, 125 Skylight bar and rail painting, mea- surement of, 229 — curbs, measurement of, 158 Skylights, measurement of, 157 Slate louvres, measurement of, 125 — chimney pieces, measurement of, 126 — cisterns, measurement of, 125 — lavatory tops, measurement of, 125 — works, numbered, 125 — ridge and hips, measurement of, 122 — slabs, measurement of, 124 notchingsin, measurement of, 125 Slater, Northern practice, 439 — and slate mason, suggestions for abstracting, 246 Slating, allowance for cuttings, 121 for cutting to hips and valleys, 122 for eaves, 121 — battens, measurement of, 138 — close cut and mitred hip, measure- ment of, 122 — deductions from, 121 — double course to verge, measurement of, 122 — example of valuation, 381 — expedients for keeping down cost of, 381 — measurement of, 120 — new trades rules for measuring, 123 — points to observe in the valuation of, 381 — to steep roofs, 120 — trade terms, 381 — valuation of, 381 Sleeper walls, measurement of, 62 Slotted screws, measurement of, 188 Small articles of joinery should be numbered, 149 Smith and founder’s work, measure- ment of, 334 Snow boards, measurement of, 146 Soakers of lead, measurement of, 189 Socket pipe, measurement of, 191 Soffits, raking out and poiuting to, 69 Soil, if stiff* clay or rock, 46 — nature to be stated, 46 INDEX. 543 Soil pipes, measurement of, 194 bends to lead, measurement of, 194 Soldered angle, measurement of, 194 — dots, measurement of, 191 — joints, measurement of, 194 Solder to cesspools, measurement of, 191 Solid frames and casements, measure- ment of, 1G2 Soot doors, 58 Sound boarding, measurement of, 141 Spandril steps, 58 Speaking tube maker, attendance upon, 223 — tubes, measurement and provision for, 222 Special arrangements between archi- tect and surveyor, 401 Specification better completed before lithography of quantities, 352 — convenient way of writing, 352 — correct items in, from dimensions, 13 — list of terms to be observed in pre- paration of a, 353 — neutralising clauses, 356 — of work much distributed, 353 — often written by surveyor, 352 — read through after taking off, 16 — read through before commencing to take off, 8 — should commence with description of top or bottom of buildings, 353 — should embody every particular upon which drawings and quanti- ties give no information, 352 — surveyor sometimes to write, 352 — when supplied by architect, correc- tion of, 356 Spheres, solid content of, 14 — .surface of, 15 Splay and chamfer, difference between. 150 — fair cut and rubbed on brick, mea- surement of, 86 Spfay 6n brick, measurement of, 73, 86 Splayed or moulded stops on stone, measurement of, 102 Sporting items, 388 Spring hinges, measurement of, 184 Sprockets (fir), measurement of, 147 “Square framed,” defined, 151 — headed sashes and frames, example of taking off, 495 Squares, painting, measurement of, 229 Squaring columns, results of squaring carried into, 239 — dimensions, 238 labour of abstracting saved by collection in the taking off, 10 short methods of, 138 suggestions for, 1 38 varying order of factors, 138 Squint quoin, measurement of, 73 Stables, cubic price of, 363 — price per stall, 363 Staining, measurement of, 230 Staircases, example of taking off, 494 — headway of, 178 | Stepped flashings, measurement of, 188 — foundations, measurement of, 49 Steps of stone, measurement of, 1 1 1 — spandril, measurement of, 111 Stevenson v. Watson, 389, 406 Stipulation that surveyor shall be liable to building owner for inaccuracies, 260 Stone affected by size of bricks, 91 — against which plastering stops, 91 — arch, example of taking off, 479 — balustrade, example of taking off, 472 — column, example of taking off, 480 — cube, measurement of, 91 — in small quantities, 90 — moulding machine, saving by use of, 380 — not exceeding three inches thick, measurement of, 91 — pier cap, example of taking off, 466 — quarry-worked, 380 — quoins in brick wall, example of taking off, 470 — repairs to, 305 — slating, measurement of, 126 — special estimates from quarry for, 380 — string course, example of taking off, 469 — strings and plinths, measurement of, 92 — trade terms, 380 — waste in conversion of, 92 Stones, back of, measurement of, 93 — inserted, measurement of, 306 — state how many in one dimension, 92 — to be numbered, 91 Stonework, see “ Masonry ” Stop-cocks, measurement of, 195 Stoppage of work, claim i'or loss by, 347 544 QUANTITY Stopped ends to copper pipes, measure- ment of, ] 1)5 to moulding, measurement of, 55 Stoves aud ranges, trade discount on, 384 setting, measurement of, 77 — collection of, 443 Strap hinges, measurement of, 184 Straps ami bolts, measurement of, 134 Straps, iron, measurement of, 214 Stretchers and hangers, measurement of, 136 String courses of brick, measurement of, 83 of stone, example of taking off, 469 Strings of stone, repair of, measurement of, 305 Strutting and planking, measurement of, 50 — to joists, measurement of, 147 — to stone lintel, 140 to traceried windows, measure- ment of, 140 Stucco, measurement of, 202 Summary, form of, 288 Sundries, measurement of, Northern practice, 439 Sunk beds and joints, measurement of, 96 — edge to ribs, measurement of, 70 Sunk face on stone, rough, measurement of, 94 — work, description of, 337 — work on stone, War Department schedule, 336 Superior clearness of modern system of taking off in the event of variations, 12 Supervisor taking off painting as a check, 17 Supplies from cisterns, measurement of, 193 Supply of quantities by architect, 521 Surface digging, measurement of, 47 Surfaces and solidities, methods of writing, 14 Surveyor acting as an appraiser, 403 — before pricing to observe way quan- tities have been prepared, 376 — preparing quantities as a specula- tion, 2 — properly qualified, makes few mistakes, 387 — qualifications of an efficient, 6 — responsible for deficient quantities, 403 SURVEYING. Surveyor, responsibility of, 387 — should be a judge of materials, 235 Surveyors and survey practice, various discussions on, 520 — charges, building owner liable for, 397 contractor liable for, 397 — responsibility in cases of repair, 305 Swan neck projections, measurement of, 211 System of estimating, present, 510 Table for calculating number of rafters, 131 Tables and formulae, where to be found, Tacks of lead, measurement of, 189 Taking off, all referable to one of threo categories, 12 by several persons liable to error, 17 by trades, modification, 420 its advantages and dis- advantages, 12 order of procedure, 420 : — points to be observed in, 420 used when it is desired to write bills forthwith, 12 definition and paper used, 6 dimensions should be divided by headings, 19 examples of, 452 from pencil drawings, 21 marks to show progress, 11 old method, 420 oue unvarying order desirable, 7 openings, mark on drawings w hen dealt with, 10 order of, 23 oriels, bays, &c., 9 precautions when several persons engaged, 16 principles to observe, 23 read specification through after, 16 before commencing, 8 reproductions of the drawings, 17 should be checked, 7 examined, 11 suggestions for dictation, 19 superior clearness of modern system, 11 supervision, 17 various methods of, compared, 12 visit to the building, 23 Tanks, rain-water, measurement of, 70 INDEX. 545 Tar paving, measurement of, 70 Taylor v. Hall, 400 Tee-pieces to copper pipes, measure- ment of, 195 Templates, stone, measurement of, 104 Tender, conditions of, under schedule, 317 — form of, 289 — methods of reducing, 309 — reduction of amount of, 309 — under schedule, form of, 328 Tendering, selection of builders for, Tenders for an entire work preferable to tenders from each trade, 423 — on schedules of prices, forms of, 329 — without quantities, 294 Tenons, allowance in length of, 1 31 Terra-cotta, clean off reveal of jambs, 87 up and straighten groove in, 87 — example of preamble to bill of, 276 — measurement of, 86 — modelling for, 87 — separate contract for, 87 — vertical joints in, 87 Thickness of iron cisterns, 195 — of joiner’s work, change in, 19 Thresholds of stone, measurement of, 112 Throat, measurement of, 100 Tick at bottom of column of abstract, 292 of dimensions, 240 Tile creasing, measurement of, 85 — paving, measurement of, 71 Tiler, clause at end of bill of, 281 — deductions, 127 — measurement of, 127 — Northern practice, 439 — suggestions for abstracting, 246 Tiling, allowance for cuttings, 127 to hips and valleys, 127 eaves, 127 — measurement of vertical, 127 — ne\v trade rules for measuring, 129 — purpose-made hip or valley tiles to, 127 — to roofs, measurement of, 127 — to walls, measurement of, 70 — weight of hip hooks, 130 — work measured per foot run, 128 Tilting fillet, measurement of, 146 Timber, example of valuation, 372 — points to observe in valuation of, 371 — specified sizes of, 132 Timbers, collection of, 444 Timbers, finished sizes, 132 — paper scales for measuring, 131 — scarfings to, measurement of, 134 — smaller, of greater value than larger, 382 — specified sizes of, 132 — under two inches thick, measurement of, 134 — wrought, measurement of, 131 “ Timesing,” care necessary in, 12 — description of, 12 “ Tongue ” and “rebate,” 150 Touching up at completion, allowance for, 231 Traceried window, example of taking off, 481 — windows, strutting and ribbing to 140 Tracery of stone, measurement of, 106 Tracing to be made of any alteration in course of taking off, 9 Tracings, substitute for, 17 — to facilitate work, 16 Trade circulars, collection of. 357 — customs, legal value of, 386 Trade discounts, 379-384 Trading on incapacity of small builder, 516 Transfer of dimensions, method of, 31 1 Transfers, lithographic, to be checked, 293 Traps, cast lead, measurement of, 194 — I), measurement of,' 194 — grease, measurement of, 53 Treads, risers and flyers of staircases, measurement of, 178 — and risers of stone, measurement of, 109 Trenches very close together, 34 Triangles, how to measure, 13 Triangular shapes measured net, 108 Trimmer arches, measurement of, 73 Trimmers, centering to, 139 Trumpet-mouthed waste, measurement of, 194 Twice-splayed fillet as roll for zinc, measurement of, 200 Two oils before and two oils after fixing, 230 Underground conveniences, cubic price of, 363 Underpinning, brickwork in, measure- ment of, 57 Unions, brass screw, measurement of, 546 QUANTITY SURVEYING. Urinals, measurement of, 196 Use and waste, 232 — of letters in omitting dimensions, 311 to save writing, 16 — of word “ continued,” 292 — of words “ and including,” 257 “as before ” and “ as last,” 16 “as provision,” 42 “ carried to summary,” 292 “ deduct ” and “ add,” “ extra for” and “ extra only,” 10 ‘ : not exceeding” and “un- der,” 224 “ omit ” and “ deduct,” 341 “ prime cost ” (P. C.), 346 “ provide ” and “ allow,” 258 Valley boards, measurement of, 142 — fillet, measurement of, 146 — tiles, measurement of, 127 Valleys, measurement of, 189 Value of materials, fluctuation of, 357 — of small quantity, calculate from larger, 376 Valuation of brickwork, points to observe in the, 378 example of, 379 — of excavation, points to observe in the, 377 — of gas fittings, points to observe in the, 384 — of glazing, points to observe in the, 384 — of ironwork, points to observe in the, 384 — of joinery, points to observe in the, 382 — of plumbing, points to observe in the, 383 — of plastering, example of, 383 — of slating, example of, 381 points to observe in the, 381 — of timber, points to observe in the, 381 example of, 381 Valves and cocks, measurement of, 195 Vandyked edges, measurement of, 190 Variation, when not expedient to measure a, 340 Variations, arrangements prior to measurement of, 339 — before acceptance of tender, 309 — billing, 312 — mode of measurement of, 341 — order of original bill, to be followed on bill of, 312 Variations, pricing bill of, 312, 342 — writing saved in bill by reference to original bill, 242 Varnishing, measurement of, 230 Vaulting, measurement of, 62 Ventilating and warming, provision for, 232 — flues, numbering in specification, 354 Ventilation and warming, 232 Vertical tiling, measurement of, 127 Visiting site of proposed work, 23 Voids and waste, distinguish dimen- sions of, 7 Wages, London County Council rate of, 365 Waghorn v. Wimbledon Local Board of Health, 399 Walling pieces, measurement of, 45 Wall battening, measurement of, 141 — papers, French, size of pieces, 226 — string, measurement of, 178 — tiling, billing of, 72 measurement of, 70 of cuttings on, 70 Waller, example to preamble of bill of, 275 Walls built battering, measurement of, 62 — example of collection of, 48 — fair both sides, measurement of, 62 — general rules for measurement, 56 — hollow, measurement of, 62 — prepared for paper, measurement of, 226 — sometimes better measured one at a time, 24 “ Want,” example of, 8 War Department, schedule of, 335 Warehouses, cubic price of, 363 Warming and ventilating, provision for, 232 Washers and wastes, brass, measure- ment of, 195 — to bolts, measurement of, 217 Waste, allowance on deal for, 382 — percentage on stone for, 380 — pipes which require no traps, 195 — preventer, measurement of, 196 Water company’s tariffs, 377 — for works, 377 — meter, no waste preventer required, 192 — meters, enclosures to, 196 measurement of, 196 INDEX. 547 Water supply, 349 by meter, 377 inquiries before measuring, 192 order of taking off, 193 Water-closet apparatus, measurement of, 195 set in order by manufacturer, 196 — fittings, measurement of, 173 Weather boarding, measurement of, 142 Wedging to flashings, measurement of, 190 Weight of ironwork, what it comprises to be also stated, 209 Weights of pipes, 192 Wells and large cesspools, measurement of, 80 Welted edge, measurement of, 190 Wheeler on cost of dwelling houses, 361 Whitening, measurement of, 208 Winders, measurement of, 178 Window, a traceried, example of taking off, 481 — backs and elbows, measurement of, 163 — boards, measurement of, 161 — Iining3, measurement of, 161 — nosings, measurement of, 161 — opening, example of deduction, 456 — sills bedded hollow, measurement of, 78 of stone, measurement of, 112 — with brick dressings, example of taking off, 458 Wood block floors, measurement of, 154 — bricks, measurement of, 133 — columns, measurement of, 177 .Work done under schedule of prices, cost of, 512 — facilitated by tracings, 16 Work in large and small quantities, 375 in short lengths in Portland cement. 206 — in small quantities should bebill d in feet, 20 — in the country, cost of, 3G8 [ Workhouses, cubic price of, 363 — cost per inmate, 363 Works at building, how dealt with, 43 — incomplete, list to be made of, 340 — on the site, bill of, 258 ! Worsley Hall, arrangements adopted for erection of, 511 Writing closely a cause of error, 8 — fractions, precautions, 343 — measurement of, 230 — on bell boards, measurement of, 220 — saved by use of letters, 16 — short, examples of, 256 — specification, convenient way of, 352 items to observe, 353 j Wrought face on a plate, measurement of, 132 on fir, measurement of, 142 Wrought iron box girder, example of taking off, 508 examples of abstracting, 253 strength of, 284 — timbers, measurement of, 131 Yorkshire stone, edges of various kinds, measurement of, 110 landings, measurement of, 108 measurement of, 107 pavings, measurement of, 108 Young v. Blake, 389, 406 Zinc, measurement of, 199 Zincworker, example of preamble to bill of, 285 — suggestions for abstracting, 247 LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. 7 o /( 2_