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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
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 https://archive.org/details/andreapalladiosfOOpall 
 
ANDREA PALEADIOVS 
 
 ARCHITEC TURE: 
 
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 T H E 
 
 Author’s Preface. 
 
 Sffl^i T natural Inclination leading we to the 
 ^ | A/fl Study of Architecture, 1 began from 
 
 IllilM m y i' out h t0 a PPty rn y faf t0 that Sci¬ 
 ence ; and having always been of Opi¬ 
 nion, that the Antient Romans, had not only 
 greatly furpaffed thofe who are come after them 
 in fever al Arts, but aljo in Building, I took Vi¬ 
 truvius for my Mafier and Guide; he being the on¬ 
 ly antient Writer upon this Sub jell, whofe Works 
 have been tranfmittedto us. I afterwards fought 
 out for all fuch Ruins of antient Edifices, as have 
 refilled the wafie of Time, and the voi/d havock 
 of Barbarians; when finding them much more 
 worthy of Obfervation than I at fir(l imagined , 
 I began tomeafure their fever a l Members with 
 the utmofi Accuracy and Diligence. Perceiving 
 afterwards that even their mofi minute Parts 
 were performed with the jufiesl Reafon , and in 
 a mofi beautiful Proportion; the Defire I had 
 ofpurfuingmy Enquiries, was fo much increafed 
 thereby, that I travelled fever a l times to diffe¬ 
 rent parts of Italy, and out of it, purpofely to 
 find, by the Remains of antient Structures, 
 what the Whole mufi once have been, and to give 
 
 A the 
 
The Author s PREFACE. 
 
 the Defigns of them- When finding how much 
 the common Method of Building, differs from the 
 Observations I had made upon the abovementi- 
 oned Edifices, and what I had read in Vitru¬ 
 vius, Leo Alberti, and other excellent Writers 
 fence Vitruvius r time', as well as thofe I my fee If 
 have lately praCtifed, with no fmall Applaufe, 
 and to the Satisfaction of thofe who were pleafed 
 to employ me: I thought it an Undertaking 
 fuitable to the Nature of Man, who is not born 
 merely for his own fake, but likewife for that of 
 others, to publijh the Defigns of thofe Edifices, 
 in collecting of which I have employed fo many 
 Tears, and expofed my felf to fo many Dangers ; 
 and compendioufly to fet down whatever / 
 thought most worthy of Confederation', as alfo 
 thofe Rules I my fe If have always, andflill make 
 ufe of, in Building. My Defegn herein, was, to 
 the end that all thofe who Jhall read my Books, 
 may know how to make ufe offuch things as may 
 be juftly laid down in them', andfupply, as pro¬ 
 bably may be neceffary, whatever may have 
 been omitted. Thus, Men will learn by degrees 
 to lay afede the extravagant Abufes, the barba¬ 
 rous Inventions and Superfluous Expence, and 
 what is of greater Confequence, to prevent the 
 various and continual Ruin, to which many Fa- 
 bricks have been fubjeCl. And what prompted 
 me the more to this Undertaking, was, the great 
 Number of Pcrfons who at this time apply 
 themfelves to this Study; many of whom have 
 been honourably mentioned in the Works of 
 
 Georgio 
 
The Author’s PREFACE. 
 
 Georgio Vafari Aretino, that rare Painter 
 as well as Architect; whence we may juftlyhope, 
 that Building will foon be brought into fuch a 
 Method, as may be of general Advantage, and 
 alfo carried to that Per feel ion, which in all Arts 
 u chiefly fought after• We feem to have made 
 great Advances towards it, in this part of 
 Italy, fence not only in Venice, (where all the 
 polite Arts flourijh, and which City is the only 
 Example, as it were, now remaining, of the 
 Roman Grandeur and Magnificence,) feome 
 Buildings are stow erefled in a good Tafle, 
 from the time that James Sanfovino, a fa¬ 
 mous Carver and Architect, firfl introduced 
 the beautiful Manner, as is evident from the 
 Palace nella nuova Procuratia, (not to men¬ 
 tion fever al other of his excellent Performances ) 
 which is perhaps the richefl and mofl fumptuous 
 Edifice, that has been eroded fence the Anti- 
 ents', but alfo in fever al other Places of lefs 
 Note, and particularly in the City of Vicenza, 
 which though of no great Extent, is yet full of 
 Men of excellent Parts, and abounds fluffedent- 
 ly with Riches. It was here I firfl had occafi- 
 on of putting in Pradice, what I now publijh 
 to the World for general ufe. In this Place are 
 a great Number of beautiful Fabricks, as well 
 as Gentlemen, fludious of this Art, who for 
 their high Birth, and fuperiour Talents, may jufl- 
 ly be ranked among the mofl Illuftrious; fuch 
 as John George Triffino, the glory of our 
 Age; the Counts Mark Anthony , and Aclrian 
 
The Authors PREFACE. 
 
 'f 
 
 cle Thieni, Brothers, Sig- Antenore Pagelio, 
 to omit (everal others, who have acquired im¬ 
 mortal Fame, by the beautiful and magnificent 
 Edifices they have left behind them. 'There 
 are now living in the fame City, Fabio Monza, 
 a Gentleman of univerfal Knowledge ; Elio de 
 Belli, Son of Valerio, fo famous for painting 
 in O Brooch, and cutting of Chryftal; An¬ 
 thony Francis Oliviera, who befules his Skill 
 in fever a l Sciences, is an excellent Architect 
 and Poet; a Proof of which he has given in 
 his Poem entitled Alemana, written in Hero- 
 ick jTcrfe ; and in his Houfe at Bofchi di 
 Nanto , in the Territory of Vicenza; andlafi- 
 ly, to omit many more whofe Names might 
 juflly be cited in this Place, Valerio Barbara- 
 no, a curious Enquirer into the feveral Parts 
 of Architecture- 
 
 BUT to return to our SubjeB. It being my 
 Intention to publijh the Fruit of that Study and 
 Labour, in which I have been employed from 
 my Touth to this Time, in fearching out, and 
 meafuring with the utmofl Accuracy, all fuch 
 antient Structures as came to my Knowledge; 
 and being defirous upon this Occafion to write a 
 Summary Treadle of Architecture, in as 
 diflinB and methodical a Manner as pojflble ; 
 
 I thought it neceffary to begin with Private 
 Houles, it being reafonable to fuppofe that thefe - 
 
 firft 
 
 (*) Defigns wherein one Colour only is employed, and the Lights and Shades 
 difpofed on a Gold or Azure Ground, and is generally an imitation of Bafiv 
 
 Relievo, 
 
The Author’s PREFACE. 
 
 fir Agave rife to Publick Edifices- It is more¬ 
 over probable that Men lived at fir ft apart, and 
 in a Jolit ary Manner; when afterwards finding 
 that they wanted the Ajfifiance of their Fellow- 
 Creatures, in order to obtain thofe things which 
 might make them happy, (if there befuch a thing 
 as Happinefs in this IVorld) they naturally fought 
 after, and loved the Company of other Men ; 
 whence of fever al Houfes, Villages were made, 
 and in Procefs of Time of Villages, Cities; 
 and in thefe they built Squares and Publick 
 Edifices. And as of the fever al parts of Archi¬ 
 tecture, none is more ufeful, or more generally 
 praBifed than this, I pall therefore fir A treat 
 of Private Houfes, and afterwards of Pub¬ 
 lick Edifices. / pall like wife touch brief¬ 
 ly on Streets, Bridges, Squares, Prifons, 
 Bafilicat or Courts of Juftice, Xifii and Pa- 
 laeftraV or Places in which Men perform Bodi¬ 
 ly Exercifes; on Temples, Theatres and Am¬ 
 phitheatres, Arches, Baths, Aqueducts, 
 and in fine on the Method of fortifying Cities 
 and Sea-Ports. In all thefe I will endeavour 
 to avoid Prolixity, and will only give fuch In- 
 JlruBions, as to me pall appear mojl neceffary, 
 employing thofe Terms of Art as are now in life 
 among Architects. And as all I my felf can 
 boaft, is the great Diligence and Pains I have 
 bejlowed, and the AffeBion and flrong Pajfion 
 with which I have purfued both the Theory and 
 Practice of what I now make publick', if it 
 pleafe God that I pall not have laboured in vain , 
 
 a I 
 
The Author’s PREFACE. 
 
 I will thank him with all the Powers of my Soul, 
 acknowledging at the fame time my Obligations 
 to thofc,who by their beautiful Inventions and Ex¬ 
 periments, have left us the Precepts of this Art; 
 fince they have thereby opened a more eafy, as 
 well as expeditious Path to the making of new 
 Difcoveries; and that by their means, we have 
 attained to the knowledge of fever a l things , 
 which perhaps had otherwise been hid. 
 
 THIS firB Part will be divided into two 
 Books. In the firff I pall difcourfe on the feve- 
 ral Materials to be provided, and when got, how 
 and in what Manner they arc to be employed, 
 from the Foundation to the Roof; for all which 
 T [hall give general Rules, that will ferve both 
 for Publick and Private Buildings. In the 
 fee on d I pall treat of the Qualities of Buil¬ 
 dings, flit able to the different Ranks and Con¬ 
 ditions of Men, and firfl of' thofe of Cities; and 
 (hall afterwards Jpeak of fuels Situations as are 
 proper and convenient for thofe of Vi liar or 
 Country-Houfes, and the manner in which 
 they are to be difpofed. And as we have but ve¬ 
 ry few antient Originals of this kind to copy af¬ 
 ter, I pall infert the Plans and Uprights, of 
 fever al Noblemen's Houfes built by me in diffe¬ 
 rent Places’, together with the Beiigns of thofe 
 of the Antients, and of the principal Parts in 
 them , in the Manner Vitruvius has taught, 
 and in which they themfelves built them. 
 
 Chap. 
 
Chapter I. 
 
 Of the feveral Particulars to be obferved, 
 and the Preparations to be made, before 
 ive begin to build. 
 
 VERY Man before he begins to build, 
 ought carefully to examine the feveral 
 Parts of the Plan, and Uprights of the 
 whole Edifice. Vitruvius tells us, that 
 in every Building, three things are to be 
 confidered, viz. Convenience , Strength, and Beauty , 
 and that without them no Building can deferve our 
 Applaufe. 
 
 Firfi , That Edifice could not be called a perfect 
 one, which, tho’ never fo Commodious , fliould be de¬ 
 fective in Strength , or having both thefe Qualities, 
 fhould be wanting in Beauty. It will be Commodi¬ 
 ous , if every Part or Member Bands in its due Place; 
 a juft Regard being had to Dignity and Ufe; as for 
 Inftance, when the Galleries, Halls, Chambers, Cel¬ 
 lars, and Garrets, are artfully difpofed. 
 
 Secondly , A due Regard will be had to Strength , 
 when all the Walls fliall be carried up directly plum ; 
 thicker below than above, and their Foundations 
 ftrong and folid: Care mu ft alfo be taken, to place 
 the upper Columns direUly perpendicular over thofe 
 beneath ; and to make all the Openings, as Doors 
 and Windows, exactly over one another ; fo that the 
 
 B folid 
 
1 Pall adi o’j- 
 
 folid may be over the folid, and the void over the 
 void. 
 
 Thirdly , The Beauty will refult from the Harmo¬ 
 ny and Correfpondence between the Whole and its 
 Parts, and of the feveral Parts between themfelves ; 
 for then the Edifice will appear one entire and per¬ 
 fect Body, in which one Member anfwers to the o- 
 ther, and all of them together to the whole; fo that 
 it may feem abfolutely neceflary to the Being of the 
 fame. 
 
 After thefe feveral Particulars have been duly ex¬ 
 amined upon the Model or Draught; an exa<5t Com¬ 
 putation muft be made of the whole Expence, and a 
 timely Provifion made of the feveral Materials ne- 
 ceflary, in order that the Building may be carried on 
 briskly: For if Materials are got in time, the Buil¬ 
 der will be commended, and it will likewife be of the 
 utmoft advantage to the whole Edifice; and if the 
 Walls are worked up equally, they will fettle in the 
 fame proportion; and this will be a means of prevent¬ 
 ing thofe Crannies which are found in Buildings that 
 were built by Harts. 
 
 Next, after having made choice of the molt skil¬ 
 ful Artifts, in order that the work may be well car¬ 
 ried on under their Direction ; you muft then get a 
 fufficient Quantity of Timber , Stones , Sand, Lime , 
 and Metals ; on which it may be proper to make 
 fome Obfervations. 
 
 Firjl , For the framing of the Floors of Halls and 
 Chambers; fo many Joyfts muft be provided, that 
 the whole Frame being laid, the Space between the 
 Joyfts may be the breadth of one Joyft and an half; 
 then as to Stones, the Jaumbs of the Doors and Win¬ 
 dows muft not be bigger than one fifth, nor lefs than 
 one fixth of the Vacuity or Opening, If the Edifice is 
 to be embelliflied with Columns or Pilafters; the Bafes, 
 Capitals and Architraves may be ofStone,and the other 
 Parts of Brick. With refped to the Walls, you mult 
 take Care that as they rife, they may diminifh pro- 
 
 por- 
 
Architecture. 
 
 3 
 
 portionably in Thicknefs; which Obfervations will be 
 of great Service, as they will enable you to make a 
 juft Eftimate of the Quantity of Materials to be pro¬ 
 vided. But as I lhall treat more at large of thefe fe- 
 veral Particulars, under their refpeHive Heads, let it 
 fuffice that I have here given thefe general Hints, and 
 as it were a kind of Sketch of the whole Building. 
 
 But as the fame Regard is to be had to the Quality 
 and Goodnefs of the Materials, as to the Qiiantity; 
 the Experience of thofe who have built before us, will 
 be of great Ufe upon this Head. And notwithftand- 
 ing Vitruvius , Alberti , and other excellent Writers, 
 have laid down very ufeful Rules with refpeft to the 
 choice of Materials, I fhall neverthelefs take Notice of 
 fuch as are molt eflential, in order that nothing may 
 be found wanting in the enfuing Treatife, 
 
 Chap. II. 
 
 Of Timber. 
 
 Imber , as Vitruvius tellsus, in the ninth Chapter 
 
 of his fecond Book, ought to be felled in Autumn , 
 
 and during all the Winter ; for in thofe Seafons Trees 
 have a Strength and Vigour conveyed to them from 
 the Roots, which in Spring and Summer was diffufed 
 among the Leaves and Fruits; they mult be felled in 
 the Wane of the Moon, for then a certain Moifture, 
 very apt to engender Worms and rot Timber , is fpent 
 and dried up. Timber Ihould at firft be cut no fur¬ 
 ther than the Pith, when it mult be left till it be tho¬ 
 roughly dry, for then the Moifture which engen¬ 
 ders putrefaction will all fweat away. Being felled, 
 it mult be laid up in a Place where it may be flicke¬ 
 red from warm Suns, high Winds and Rain; particu¬ 
 larly thofe Trees which rife out of the Ground with¬ 
 out being planted; and to prevent its fplitting, you 
 muft daub it over with Cow-dung. It mult ne¬ 
 ver be drawn in the Morning, the Dew then falling. 
 
 but 
 
4 Palladio’ s 
 
 but in the Afternoon; nor mult it be worked, if very 
 wet or very dry; for in the former Cafe it will be 
 fubjedt to rot, and in the latter will make very clum- 
 fy Work; nor will it be dry enough, to be wrought 
 into Planks, Doors, and Windows, under three Years. 
 Perfons who build, would do well to advife with thole 
 who are skilled in Timber, by enquiring into the Na¬ 
 ture thereof, and what kind of it is fit for finch and 
 finch Ufies. Vitruvius in the above-cited Chapter 
 gives very ufiefiul Inltrucbions upon this Head, not 
 to mention feveral others who have written copioufly 
 on the lame Subject. 
 
 Chap. III. 
 
 Of Stones . 
 
 O F Stones , fioiiie are formed by Nature, others 
 by Art; the former are dug out of the Quar¬ 
 ry, and are ufied either in making Lime, or in railing 
 Walls; we fhall take Notice of the former hereafter. 
 Thofe Stones which are to be employed in building 
 Walls, are either very hard,asfkf^r^/(? and Live-St one; 
 or foft, as Free-Stone. The former mult be wrought 
 immediately after they are dug up, which may then 
 be done with lefs Trouble; for all Stones, the longer 
 they are expofed to the Air, the harder they grow. 
 But for thofe of a foft Kind, particularly if their Na¬ 
 ture and Qualities are not known; as when Stones 
 are raifed out of a Quarry that was never opened be¬ 
 fore; they Ihould be dug in Summer, and be flickered 
 from Winds, Rain, and Milts, whereby they will har¬ 
 den by degrees, and refill all inclemencies of the Wea¬ 
 ther. Another Reafon lor keeping them fo long, is, 
 that you may pick out finch as you find damaged, 
 in order to lay them in the Foundations, and em¬ 
 ploy thofe which are not fo, in thofe Parts of the 
 Building that are in View, for thefe will lalt a long 
 Time. 
 
 Artificial 
 
 i 
 
Architecture. 
 
 Artificial Stones, from their Shape, generally go 
 by the Name of Quadrelli, or Bricks, and are made 
 of a chalky, whitilh and foft Earth, which muft be 
 purged from Clay and Sand. The Earth muft be 
 opened in Autumn, and be tempered in the Winter, 
 
 , and the Spring following be made into Bricks. But 
 if Necefiity obliges you to mould them in Winter 
 or Summer, you muft cover them with dry Sand 
 during the former, and with Straw during the lat¬ 
 ter. Being made, they muft be fet to dry a con- 
 fiderable time, for which purpofe a fhady Place is 
 beft, for then the Outfide and Infide will be equal¬ 
 ly dried, and this will take up full two Years. They 
 are to be made larger or fmaller, according to the 
 Quality of the Building, and the Ufes to which they 
 are to be employed, and this was the Practice of the 
 Antients. Thole which are pretty thick, fhould 
 have Holes bored in them in feveral Places, for then 
 they will both burn and dry the better. 
 
 Chap. IV. 
 
 Of Sand. 
 
 T H E R E are three Sorts of Sand, An. Tit-Sand, 
 River-Sand, and Sea-Sand. Of thefe the belt 
 ot all is Tit-Sand, and is either of a Black, White, 
 Red, or Afh Colour, which laft is a kind of Earth 
 burnt by Fire, pent up in the Cavities of Mountains, 
 and is found in Tufcany. There is alfo found in 
 Terra di Lavoro, in the Territories of Baia and 
 Cuma, a kind of Sand, called by Vitruvius, Tozzo- 
 lana, which being thrown into Water, immediately 
 cements, and makes very good Mortar. Long Ex¬ 
 perience has taught us, that among the feveral kinds 
 of Tit- Sand, the White is the worft ; and of River- 
 Sand,the beft is that which is found in rapid Streams, 
 and under Water-falls, becaufe it is moft purged. 
 
 C Sea- 
 
6 Pall adi o’x 
 
 Sea-Sand is the worlt of all, but muft be of a black- 
 ilh Colour, and iliine like Glafs ; but that whole 
 Particles are biggeft, and lies nearelt the Shore, is 
 to be preferred. Tit-Sand being fatter than the reft, 
 makes for that reafon a more tenacious Cement, and 
 is therefore employed in Walls and long Vaults, but 
 then it is apt to crack. River-Sand does very well for 
 rough-calling of Walls; Sea-Sand, as it is foon wet and 
 foon dry, and melts away prefently becaufe of its Salt, 
 is therefore unlit to fultain any conliderable Weight. 
 That Sand is bell in its kind, which being bruifed 
 between the Fingers, makes a crackling Noife; or if 
 being laid upon any white Subltance, neither ftainsj 
 or makes it foul. On the contrary, that Sand is bad, 
 which mixed with Water, makes it dirty and muddy, 
 or that which has been a long time expofed to the Wea¬ 
 ther ; becaufe it will retain much Earth and rotten 
 Moillure, that is very apt to bring forth Shrubs and 
 other fpontaneous Plants, which are of great preju¬ 
 dice to a Building. 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 
 Of Lime, and the Method of working it. 
 
 S TONES, whereof Lime is made, are either 
 dug out of Hills, or taken out of Rivers. Thofe 
 Stones of the Hills are good, which are dry, free from 
 Moifture,and brittle; and that have no mixture of any 
 Subltance in them, which being waited away in the 
 Fire, lhall leffen the bulk of the Stone ; the bell Lime 
 is made of the hardelt, foundell and whitelt Stone , and 
 which, after being burnt, remains a third part lighter 
 than the Stones of which it was made. There are alfo 
 others of a fpungy nature, which make very good 
 Lime for rough-calling of Walls. Certain fcaly Stones 
 are alfo dug out of the Hills of Tadua, which make 
 a kind of Lime, that is of very great Service to fuch 
 
 Buildings 
 
Architecture. 7 
 
 Buildings as are expofed to the Weather, or in the 
 Water, for it immediately grows hard, and is very 
 ftrong and lalting. All Stones dug newly out of the 
 Quarry, are better to make Lime , than thofe which 
 are gathered up and down, and have lain a long time ex¬ 
 pofed to the Weather; from a fhady and moift Pit, ra¬ 
 ther than from a dry one, and the white better than the 
 brown. Thofe Tebbles which are found in Rivers and 
 rapid Streams, are excellent for Lime , and make very 
 white, neat and fmooth Work, for which Reafon it is 
 chiefly ufed in the rough-calling of Walls. All Stones , 
 whether of the Hills or of Rivers, burn quicker or 
 flower, in proportion to the Fire which is given them, 
 but they are generally burnt in threefcore Hours. 
 After they are burnt and turned to Lime , this latter 
 mull be wetted in order to flack it, obfcrving not to 
 pour the Water on all at once, but at feveral times, to 
 prevent its burning before it be well tempered. It mult 
 afterwards be laid in a moift and fliady Place, taking 
 care not to mix any thing with it, only covering it 
 lightly with Sand, and the more it is bruifed and 
 mixed with the Sand , the better it will cement, ex¬ 
 cept that which is made of a fcaly Stone like that of Ta- 
 dua , becaufe it mull be worked immediately after it is 
 Min’d, to prevent its burning and confuming away, for 
 then it loofes its cementing Quality, and is good for 
 nothing. 
 
 In making Mortar , the proportion of Sand to be 
 mixed with it is as follows; if it be Tit-Sand , you mull 
 take three Parts of it and one of Lime\ if of River or 
 Sea-Sand 3 two Parts of Sandy and one of Lime . 
 
 Chap. 
 
Of Metals. 
 
 npHE Metals employed in building are Iron, 
 
 JL Lead, and Copper. Of Iron are made Cramps, 
 Nails, Hinges, Bolts,, Gates, Bars, and fuch like Works. 
 Tis no where found pure, but when the Oar is dug 
 out of the Earth, it mull be purged with Fire, when 
 it becomes liquid, lb that it may be eafily cleared of 
 its foulnefs before it cools; after it is purged and 
 cool, it Ihines, is foft and yields to the Hammer. 
 But it cannot ealily be melted a fecond time, unlefs 
 it be thrown into a very hot Furnace made for that 
 purpofe ; and it mult be beat when red-hot, otherwile 
 it confumes and waltes away. One mark of the good- 
 nefs of Iron , is when being worked into Bars, its Veins 
 are found to run Itrait and unbroken, and that the 
 ends of the Bars are clean and without foulnefs; for 
 thefe Veins are a proof that the Iron is free from 
 Knots and Flaws; by its Ends we may know the 
 goodnefs of the Middle ; if its Sides, after it is 
 wrought into fquare Plates or any other Shape, are 
 found to be Itrait, we may pronounce it equally good 
 in all its parts, as it has equally endured the Ham¬ 
 mer. 
 
 Lead is made ufe of to cover magnificent Palaces, 
 Churches, Towers, and other publick Edifices, as 
 alfo for Pipes and Gutters to convey Water ; it is 
 alio employed to fallen all kinds of Iron-work in 
 Stone. There are three kinds of Lead, viz. White, 
 Black, and of a Colour between both, whence it is 
 called by fomc Afli-Colour. The Black, though fo 
 called, is not really of that Colour, but has only a few 
 black Spots in it, wherefore the Antients, to diltin- 
 guifh it from the other, gave it not improperly the 
 Name of Black. The White is more perfect, and of 
 
 greater 
 
Architecture. 9 
 
 greater Value than the Black; and the Afh-Colour is 
 next. Lead is either dug in great natural Lumps., 
 or in leller Pieces^ that Ihine with a blackifh call; or 
 it is found in very thin Leaves, that cleave to Stones , 
 Marbles , and Flints. Every kind of Lead is ealily 
 melted, becaufe the heat of the Fire makes it liquid be¬ 
 fore it is red-hot; but if it be thrown into an extreme 
 hot Furnace, it lofes its Subltance, for one part turns 
 to Litharge , and the other to Drofs. Of thefe three 
 forts of Lead , the Black is foft, and for that reafon 
 is ealily beat, and is heavy and weighty; the White 
 is harder and lighter ; the Afh-Colour is much harder 
 than the White, and is of a middle weight between 
 both. 
 
 Copper isfometimes employed to cover Publick Edi¬ 
 fices, and the Antients ufed to make a kind of Cramps 
 or Hooks with it, which being fixed in the*S 'tones, keeps 
 them tight together, fo that they never loofen; by 
 means of thefe Cramps, a Building, which mult ne- 
 cefiarily be made of a great Number of Stones , is fo 
 joined and fixed together, that it appears to be but 
 one entire Piece, which for that Reafon is much Itron- 
 ger and more durable. Thefe Cramps or Hooks are 
 now made of Iron , but the Antients chofe rather to 
 make them generally of Copper ; becaufe as that Me¬ 
 tal is not fubje£l to rult, it therefore lalts much 
 longer. They likewife employed this Metal in the 
 making Letters for Infcriptions that were placed 
 in the Freezes of Buildings; and Hiftory informs 
 us, that the famous Hundred Gates of Babylon were 
 made of it; as alfo the two Pillars of Hercules , 
 eight Cubits high, in the Illand of Cades. That 
 Copper is elteemed the bell of all, which when 
 drawn out of the Mine, and purged by Fire, is 
 of a Red Colour inclining to Yellow, and full of 
 little Holes or Pores ; for this is a mark that it is 
 thoroughly purged, and has not the leaft Drofs re¬ 
 maining. Copper may be heated like lron 3 and ren- 
 
 D dred 
 
io ‘ Palladio'/ 
 
 dred liquid, and by that Means may be cad ; but if 
 it be thrown into too hot a Furnace, it yields to the 
 ftrength of the Fire, and quite continues in it. This 
 Metal though hard, may yet be rendred fo foft and 
 pliable, as to be wrought into very thin Leaves. 
 The belt way to preferve it, is to lay it in Tarr; 
 and though it does not rult like Iron, it neverthe- 
 lefs gathers a Rult peculiar to it felf, which is called 
 Verdigreafe , efpecially if it touch any thing that is 
 lliarp and moiti. This Metal being mixed with Tin , 
 Tend, or Latten, which laft is another kind of Cop¬ 
 per, but coloured with Lapis Calaminaris , makes 
 a Metal called Brafs, which is often employed by 
 Architects in making of Bafes, Columns, Capitals, 
 Statues, and fuch like Ornaments. There are in the 
 Church of San Giovanni Latera?ino in Rome, four 
 Brafs Columns, one of which only has its Capital; 
 thefe were made by Order of Auguftus, of the Metal 
 that was found in the Prows of thofe Ships, he took 
 from Mark Anthony in Epirus. There are four an¬ 
 tic nt Gates made of this Metal dill remaining at 
 Rome, viz. that of the Rotunda , before called the 
 Pantheon ; that of St. Adrian, once the Temple of 
 Saturn ; that of S. Cofmo and St. Damian, formerly 
 the Temple of Caftor and Pollux, or perhaps that of 
 Romulus and Remus ; and that of St. Agnes without 
 the Gate Viminalis , now called St. Agnes, fu la Nu- 
 mentana. But the mod beautiful ol all thefe Gates 
 is that of Santa Maria Rotunda, wherein the A li¬ 
 nen ts imitated by Art, that Species of the Corinthian 
 Metal in which the Colour of Gold prevailed: For 
 we read, that when Corinth was burnt and dedroy- 
 ed, all the Gold, Silver and Copper that were in the 
 City, being melted down, and mixed together in fe* 
 veral Lumps, Chance tempered varioufly thole three 
 different Metals, and compofed thefe three forts of 
 Copper, which were afterwards called Corinthian. 
 That in which Silver prevailed, retained the white- 
 
 nels 
 
Architecture. II 
 
 nefs thereof; where Gold', it had a yellow caft ; and 
 the third was that in which all the three Metals 
 were pretty equally mixed; and Workmen have 
 lince attempted to imitate varioufly all thefe three 
 Metals. 
 
 Hitherto I have taken Notice of fuch Particulars va£ 
 are to be confidered, and the feveral Materials that 
 are to be provided, before we begin to build ; we muft 
 in the next place difcourfe upon the Foundations, fmce 
 thefe are firft laid before we begin the Building. 
 
 Chap. VII. 
 
 Of the Quality of the Ground in which 
 the Foundations are to be laid. 
 
 T HE Foundation, i. e. that Part which is under 
 Ground that fuftains the whole Edifice, is pro¬ 
 perly called the Bafis thereof Of all the Errors that 
 may be committed in building, thofe are the molt fa¬ 
 tal that are made in the Foundation, becaufe they at 
 once endanger the whole Fabrick, nor can be rectified 
 but with the utmoft Difficulty; for which Reafon the 
 Architect muft take great Care to pitch upon a good 
 Foundation, lince in fome Places they are naturally 
 ftrong and folid, and in others Art muft be employed 
 to make them fo. A natural Foundation is when the 
 Soil is rocky, or of a foft, fandy Stone or Gravel, which 
 is a kind of Earth inclining to the rocky; for thefe, 
 without digging, or any other affiftance from Art, are 
 of themfelves very ftrong Foundations, and capable 
 of fuftaining the greateft Edifice, either on I .and or 
 Water. But when Nature does not furnifh a Foun¬ 
 dation, Art muft be made ufe of; and here the Place 
 to build on, is either a folid Earth or Clay; a fan¬ 
 dy, foft and rnoifl Ground, or marfhy Land. If the 
 Earth be firm and folid, the Foundation may be made 
 
 of 
 
12 Palladios 
 
 of fuch a depths as to a judicious Architect may ap¬ 
 pear requifite, for the largenefs of the Building, and 
 the Itrength of the Soil; and if there are to be no 
 Cellars nor fubterraneous Offices, it will be fufficient 
 to dig a fixth Fart of the Height of the Building. 
 The folidity and firmnefs of the Earth may be 
 known, by digging of Wells, Citterns, and fuch 
 like ; and alfo by the Herbs that grow upon it, if 
 they are fuch as fpring up only in a hard and firm 
 Soil. Another Mark of the Itrength and firmnefs 
 of the Earth, is, when any great Weight being thrown 
 upon it, it neither ffiakes nor refounds; which may 
 eafily be obferved by the Help of a Drum, if when 
 being fet upon the Ground, and lightly touched, it 
 does not refound again, nor ffiake the Water in a 
 Vefiel fet near it. The Itrength and folidity of the 
 Ground, may likewife be known by the firmnefs of 
 the Earth, in the Places adjacent. But if it be a 
 fandy or gravelly Spot, Regard is to be had whe¬ 
 ther it be on Land, or in the Water; becaufe if it 
 be on Land, we need only obferve what has been al¬ 
 ready mentioned concerning firm Ground. If we 
 build in the Water, the Sand and Gravel will be al¬ 
 together ufelefs, becaufe the Water by Reafon of its 
 continual Current and Flood, is ever fhifting its Bed; 
 we mull: therefore dig till we find a firm and folid 
 Bottom; or if this cannot eafily be done, we mull 
 then dig a little in the Sand and the Gravel , after 
 which Piles made of Oak , muft be drove in, till their 
 Ends reach the good Ground, and on thefe we may 
 build. But if we are obliged to build upon moffie 
 and loofe Earth, we muft then dig till we find found 
 Ground, and that in Proportion to the thicknefs of 
 the Walls and the greatnefs of the Fabrick. This 
 found and firm Earth, fit to fuftain a Building, is 
 of various kinds; for, as Alberti well obferves, in 
 feme Places it is fo hard, that Iron can hardly force 
 Its way into it, and fometimes harder than Iron it felf; 
 
 in 
 
 i 
 
Architecture. 13 
 
 in fomePlaces it is blackiffi, in others whitifh (which 
 is looked upon as the weakefl) in fome it is like Chalk , 
 and in others foft and Tandy. Of thefe feveral kinds, 
 that is the bell which is cut with moll Labour 
 and Difficulty, or when wet, does not dillolve away 
 in Mud and Dirt. We mull never build upon an 
 old Foundation , before we know its Depth, and if 
 fufficient to fultain the Fabrick. But if the Earth 
 you build upon be very foft, as in moorifh Grounds, 
 in this Cafe you mull flrengthen it with Files, whofe 
 length mull be the eighth Part of the height of the 
 Walls, and their Diameter the twelfth Part of their 
 length. Thefe Piles mull be drove in fo clofe to one 
 another, as not to leave Space for others to be fet 
 between them; and care mull be taken to ramm 
 them in with Blows rather frequently repeated than 
 violent, for by this Means the Earth will better 
 confolidate. Piles mull be drove, not only under the 
 Out-Walls, but alfo under the Inner or Partition- 
 Walls. For if the Foundations of the Inner Wails, 
 are weaker than thofe of theOuter-Walls; when you 
 come to lay the Girders and the Joyfcs, you will find 
 by Experience, that the Inward Walls will fink, 
 while thofe on the Out-lide will Hand firm, be- 
 caufe they were raifed on Piles; then all the Walls 
 will crack, and ruin the whole Edifice ; not to men¬ 
 tion that thefe Crevalfes are very difagreeable to the 
 Eye. As therefore the Expence for Piles, will be of 
 lefs Confequence, than the endangering of the whole 
 Fabrick, you mufl not be fparing, but diflribute 
 them according to the Proportion of the Walls; taking 
 Care that thole within, be placed fomewhat thinner 
 than thofe on the outlide of the Building. 
 
 E 
 
 C H A P, 
 
Palladio'/ 
 
 Chap. VIII. 
 
 Of Foundations. 
 
 T HE Foundation mull be twice as thick as 
 the Wall to be raifed thereon; and here re¬ 
 gard mull be had to the quality or goodnefs of 
 the Ground, and the weight of the Edifice; ob- 
 ferving to make the Foundation wider in foft and 
 loofe Ground, and on which a very large Fabrick 
 is to Hand. The Tlan of the Trench mull be ex¬ 
 actly level, in order that the weight may prefs 
 equally in all Parts, and not lean more to one fide 
 than the other, which occafions the cleaving and di¬ 
 viding of the Wails. For this reafon the Antients 
 ufed to pave the Tlan with Fiver tine, but we 
 lay Planks or Beams, and on thefe we build. The 
 Foundations mull be made hoping, that is to lav, 
 they mull diminilh in Proportion as they rife, yet in 
 fuch a Manner, that there may be as much left on 
 one lide, as on the other; fo as the middle of the Wall 
 above, may be direflly perpendicular over the mid¬ 
 dle of that below, which mult be alfo obferved in the 
 diminilhing of Walls above Ground; for this will 
 make the Building much Itronger, than if the dimi¬ 
 nutions were made any other way. Sometimes, in 
 order to lefien the Expence, and particularly in 
 moorilh Grounds, where we are obliged to make ufe 
 of Piles, the Foundations mult be arched, and on this 
 the Building mull be raifed. In large Edifices, it is 
 very proper to make Vents, or Holes, through the 
 Body of the Walls, from the Foundations to the 
 Roof, which will let out the Winds and Vapours, 
 that are very prejudicial to the Building, lefien 
 the Charge, and will likewife be found extremely 
 
 con- 
 
Architecture. i<? 
 
 convenient, if winding Stairs are to be made from the 
 Bottom to the Top. 
 
 Chap. IX. 
 
 Of the various kinds of Walls. 
 
 T H E Foundations being laid, we are next to 
 treat of the IValls that are to be raifed above 
 Ground. There were fix Sorts of Walls among the 
 Antients: The firft called Reticolata or Net-Work', 
 the fecond oiQuadrels or Bricks ; the third of Cement , 
 compofed of Flints or Febbles ; the fourth of irregu¬ 
 lar and various Stones, and called Ruftick\ the fifth of 
 Free-Stone ; and the fixth or laft of Riempiuta or Cof¬ 
 fer-work. The Net or Checquer-work is not practiced 
 by the Moderns, but as Vitruvius relates that it was 
 very common in his Time, I thought proper to infert 
 a Defign thereof. It was their Cuftom to make the 
 Angles, or Corners of the Building of Bricks, and to 
 lay between every two Foot and a half, three Courfes 
 of Bricks , which ferved as a kind of band to the whole 
 Work. 
 
 i 
 
 i. Brick- 
 
1 6 P A t I, A D I O j 
 
 'i. Brick-Walls , that furround Cities,, or that are de- 
 figned for any great Edifice., ought to be faced on 
 both Sides with Brick , and the middle filled with Ce¬ 
 ment, rammed together with Brick-bats; and to every 
 three Foot in height, there muft be three Courfes of 
 Bricks , of a larger Size than the reft, to bind the whole 
 breadth of the Wall ; obferving to lay the firft Courfe, 
 fo that the lefler Side of the Brick may be outward > 
 the lecond length-way, that is, with its large ft Side on 
 the outfide, and the third as the firft. The Walls of 
 the R otunda at Rome, thofe of the Baths of Bioclefian , 
 and of the other antient Edifices there* are all after this 
 Manner. 
 
 3. Cement-Walls , muft be made in fuch a Manner, 
 that to every two Foot at leaft, there may be 
 three Courfes of Brick, and difpofed as above. ~ Of 
 this kind are the Walls of Turin in Tiedmont * 
 that are made of large River-Pebbles fplit in the 
 middle, and fet in the Wall with the fplit-fide 
 outwards, which makes very neat Work, and is 
 agreeable to the Eye. The Walls of the Amphi¬ 
 theatre of Verona are alfo of Cement , and have 
 three Courfes of Brick to every three Foot, as in 
 feveral other antient Buildings, which may be feen 
 in my Book of Antiquities. 
 
 4. The Walls made of irregular Stones, were 
 called Rujlick; and in the railing of thefe they 
 tiled a Leaden Rule, which being bent according 
 to the Place were the Stone was to be fet, fliew- 
 ed how it was to be fquared ; fo that when it was 
 once cut, they immediately fixed it in its Place. Of 
 this Kind are the Walls oRPrene/le, and the An- 
 tients ufed to pave their Streets after the fame Man¬ 
 ner, 
 
 f. Walls 
 
IT 
 
 p ;j£. 
 
 E . fira/fes rf Ericks tf1a.tr/7Lndt/1e n Vir/r'Wa J1. 
 
 F . The i/znmrdpart0^1/ Wall mode c/Cement, befriseeri thr fei'era/ Touifes, 
 a/id dir aiitvarr/ Bricks. 
 
 Gr.C ement ar RiverPebFles. 
 
 H *untpas rj Ericks t/iat dnd t/ie n 
 
 Aa/e^Vall. 
 
 \ 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 \ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 r. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i") 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
I 
 
 5 
 
 M. Planks It// //Ec/p£-71^/2// • 
 
 N J?m r c//~i~/Ei?rf cE //io\\ k JI . 
 
 O .Ec/ce Wall, Planks bo/no/ /r/Zir// a/i'ai/. 
 
 P . Walls ^/tvvk 7 /o'//Ji ’ Stone. 
 
 Q. C/'o/s Z/n/Ziru/ CZ/zr/Zr c^r. Stone. 
 Ik.( oners ii/Zo/Z/i r z/Z? $ tones c//?/Z k arlli . 
 
Architecture. 17 
 
 5*. Walls of Free-Stone may be feen at Rvme, in the 
 Place where formerly flood the Tiazza and Temple 
 of Auguftus, and here the lefler Stones were inclofed 
 with fome Courfes of larger ones. 
 
 6 . The Antients ufed to make Walls called Riempi- 
 nta or Coffer-Work, by taking Planks laid Edge-Way, 
 according to the Thicknefs of the Walls, filling the 
 Void with Cement and all kind of Stones mixed toge¬ 
 ther, and continued in this Manner from Courfe to 
 Courfe. Walls of this Kind are found at Sirmion, 
 upon the Lake di Car da. 
 
 7. The antient Walls of Naples may alfo be faid to be 
 of this Kind; for they have two Walls of Free-Stone, 
 four Foot thick, and fix Foot diflant from one another. 
 Thefe Walls are bound together with others that run 
 crofs them, or Croffing-Rows ; and the Coffers that 
 are between thefe Croffing-Rows and outward Walls 
 are fix Foot fquare, and are filled with Stones and 
 Earth. 
 
 In fine, thefe are the feveral Walls the Antients 
 made, Foot-fteps of which ftill remain to this Day, 
 by which we find, that all kinds of Walls mult have 
 fome Bonding Courfes, as fo many Sinews, to fallen to¬ 
 gether all the other Parts; and this mult be particu¬ 
 larly obferved in Brick-Walls, in order that if the 
 middle of the Wall fhould fink through Length of 
 Time, the reft may not be fubjedl to Ruin, as we 
 fee in many Walls, particularly on that Side that 
 looks towards the North.' 
 
 i 
 
 F 
 
 Chap.- 
 
o 
 
 Palladio/ 
 
 Chap. X. 
 
 The Method pra&ifed by the Antients, in 
 ereBing Stone Edifices. 
 
 S it frequently happens that an Edifice is to be 
 
 built entirely, or a good Part of it, of Mar¬ 
 
 ble , or other large Stones , it may be very proper to 
 relate in this Place, what the Antients obferved on this 
 Head; becaufe we find they were fo very nice and 
 exadt in joining the Stones together, that one can 
 icarce difeern the Joynts in a great many Places, 
 which I think of very great Confequence, as it con¬ 
 tributes not only to the Beauty, but to the Strength 
 and Solidity of the Fabrick. And as far as I could 
 underhand, they fir ft fquared and wrought thofe 
 Sides of the Stones , that were to be laid one above the 
 other, leaving the other fides rough, after which they 
 were employed in the Building; fo that the Angles 
 or Edges of the Stories being not fo Jharp, they could 
 better move them up and down till fuch Time as 
 they joyned well, and were not in the leaft Danger 
 of breaking, than if all the Sides had been fquared, 
 for then the Angles being too thin, are the more apt 
 to break. In this manner they ufed to make all 
 their Stone Edifices rough, and as it were Rujlick , 
 and when thefe were finilhed, they continued to work 
 and polifh thofe fides of the Stones that were expofed 
 to Sight. It is true indeed, that as the Rofes 
 between the Mo dilions, or other Ornaments of the 
 Cornice , could not be conveniently worked after the 
 Stones were fixed, they made them while they lay 
 on the Ground. This is manifeft by many antient 
 Edifices, wherein feveral Stones are found, that were 
 left umvrought and unpolifhed. The Arch near the 
 old Gallic in Verona , and all the other Arches and 
 
 antient 
 
Architecture, 19 
 
 ;antient Edifices in that Place,, were made after the 
 fame Manner; this we eafily difcover, by the Marks 
 of the Tools,, they Ihewing in what Manner the Stones 
 were wrought. The Columns of Trajan and Anto¬ 
 nin at Rome were thus wrought, otherwife it would 
 have been impoflible to have fixed the Stones , fo as to 
 make the Joynts meet fo clofe together crofs the 
 Heads, and other Parts of the Figures. The fame I 
 fay of thofe Triumphal Arches that are found there; 
 for when they had any very large Fabrick to eredt, 
 as the Amphitheatre of Verona , that of Tola , and 
 fuch like; to fave Time and Expence, they only 
 wrought the Impofts of the Arches , the Capitals 
 and Cornices , leaving the reft Ru/lick , having re¬ 
 gard only to the Beauty of the whole Edifice. But 
 in Temples, and other magnificent Fabricks that 
 require great Delicacy, they were not fparing of 
 their Labour in working them, but glazed and 
 polifhed even to the very Flutes of the Columns with 
 the utmoft Care and Exadtnefs. In my Judgment 
 therefore. Brick TValls lhould not be made Ru/lick , 
 much lefs the Mantle-trees of Chimneys , which re¬ 
 quire very neat and curious Workmanfhip; for befides 
 its being mifapplyed in that Place, it would follow 
 that a Work , which ought naturally to be one entire 
 Piece, would appear to be divided into feveral Parts. 
 But it may be made either Ru/lick , or in an elegant 
 Tafte, according to the Greatnefs and Quality of the 
 Fabrick; for what the Antients pradtifed with Judg¬ 
 ment, forced to it as it were by the greatnefs of their 
 Edifices, muft not be imitated by 11s in Buildings, in 
 which Neatnefs is particularly required. 
 
 C H A P 4 
 
20 
 
 Pall ad i ox 
 
 Chap. XI. 
 
 Of the Diminution of Walls, and their 
 
 fever a/ Parts. 
 
 W ALLS as they rife, mult diminifh propor¬ 
 tionally in thicknefs, and thofe which ap¬ 
 pear above Ground mult be half as thick as the Walls 
 in the Foundations ; thofe of the fecond Story half a 
 Brick thinner than the Walls of the firft, and in this 
 manner to the top of the Building, obferving however 
 not to make the upper Part too weak. The middle 
 of the Walls above, mult be diredtly perpendicular 
 over the middle of thofe beneath, which will give 
 the whole Wall a "Pyramidal Form. Moreover, 
 when you are obliged to make the Superficies of 
 the upper Wall diredtly over that beneath, it mult 
 be done inwardly ; for the Floors, the Beams, the 
 Vaults, and-other Supports of the Fabrick, will keep 
 the Walls from falling inward. The difcharged parts 
 or Sett off on the outfide, muft be covered with a Fafcia 
 and a Cornice , which furrounding the whole Buil¬ 
 ding, will be both an Ornament and a kind of binding 
 to it. As the Angles of a Building are common to two 
 Sides or Faces, to keep them upright and tight toge¬ 
 ther, Care muft be taken to make them very ftrong 
 and folid, and to hold them with long and hard Stones , 
 as it were with Arms. Wherefore the Windows and 
 other Openings, ought to be as far diftant from the 
 Angles as polfible; or at leaft fo much Space muft be 
 left, as is the breadth of the faid Opening. Having 
 thus treated of plain Walls , we fhall next confider 
 their Ornaments, among which none are more confide- 
 rable than Columns , when they are properly placed, 
 and in a juft Proportion to the whole Edifice. 
 
 Chap. 
 
Architecture. 
 
 21 
 
 Chap. XII. 
 
 Of the five Orders of' Architecture ufed hj 
 
 the Antients. 
 
 T H E Antients had five Kinds of Orders of Ar¬ 
 chitecture, viz. the Tufcan , Dorick, lonick, 
 Corinthian, and Compofite ; which muft be difpofed 
 in fuch a manner, that the moft ftrong and folid may 
 be always undermolt, for then it will be the better 
 able to lultain the whole Weight, and the Fabrick will 
 Itand on a firmer Bafts ; for which reafon the Dorick 
 mult always be fet under the lonick , the Ionick under 
 the Corinthian, and the Corinthian under the Compofite . 
 The Tufcan being a very plain and fimple Order, is 
 therefore very feldom ufed above Ground, except in 
 thofe Buildings where one Order only is employed, 
 fuch as rural Edifices; or very large Fabricks, as 
 Amphitheatres, &c. in which, as feveral Orders are 
 made ufe of, this may be fet under the lonick inflead 
 of the Dorick. And if the Architect is delirous of 
 leaving out one of thefe, as for Inftance to fet the 
 Corinthian immediately over the Dorick , this may 
 be done, provided the moft ftrong and Iblid Part be 
 loweft, for the Reafons abovementioned. I fhall fet 
 down the Meafures of each of thefe Orders feparate- 
 ly, not fo much according to the Method Vitruvius 
 has taught, as purfuant to the Obfervations 1 my felf 
 have made on antient Edifices; but firft I fhall men¬ 
 tion fuch Particulars as relate to all of them in gene- 
 i ah 
 
 G 
 
 C H A P, 
 
1% 
 
 PalladiG j 
 
 C H A P, XIII. 
 
 Of the Swelling and Diminution of Co¬ 
 lumns ; of the Inter calumniations and 
 Pilafters. 
 
 T H E Columns in each Order are to be made in 
 fucli a manner, that the Diameter of the up¬ 
 per part of the Column, may be finaller than at the 
 Bafe 3 and have a little Swelling in the middle. In 
 the Diminution of thefe we mull obferve, that the 
 longer the Columns are, the lefs they inuft diminilh, 
 and that, becatife the height has the eftebl of Dimi¬ 
 nution, by reafon of the Diftance. Wherefore if the 
 Column be fifteen Foot high, the Diameter at Bottom 
 fhall be divided into fix Parts and a half, and five 
 and a half fliall be the thicknels at Top ; if from 
 fifteen to twenty Foot, the Diameter at the Bottom 
 mu ft be divided into feven Parts, and fix and a half 
 fhall be the Diameter at Top; the fame mud be obfer- 
 ved in thofe that are from twenty to thirty Foot high, 
 where the Diameter at the Bottom muft: be divided 
 into eight Parts, feven of which fhall be the Dia¬ 
 meter at Top ; and thus thofe Columns that are of a 
 greater Altitude, will diminifh in the abovefaid man¬ 
 ner, as Vitruvius tells us in the fecond Chapter of 
 his third Book. But in what manner the Swelling 
 In the Middle is to be made, of this he has only 
 left us a bare Promifc; which is the Realbn why 
 Writers differ fo much from one another upon that 
 Head. The Method I ufe, in making the Profil of 
 the abovementioned Swelling is as follows. I divide 
 the Full of the Column into three equal Parts, and 
 leave the lower part exablly perpendicular, to the 
 extremity of which 1 apply a thin Rule, of the 
 fame length, or a little longer than the Column ; 
 
 and 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 23 
 
 and bending that part of the Rule 
 which comes forward* till fuch 
 Time as the End of it touches the 
 Point of Diminution* of the upper 
 Part of the Column under the Cola - 
 rino, I then mark as that Curve di¬ 
 rects; thus I have the Column fvvel- 
 ling a little in the Middle, and pro¬ 
 jecting forward with great Beauty 
 and Gracefulnefs. And although I 
 could not find a more concife and 
 expeditious Method than this* yet a 
 Circumftance that gave me a bet¬ 
 ter Opinion of it* was Sigmor Pietro 
 Cattaneo's being fo well pleafed 
 therewith* as to give it a Place in his 
 Treatife of Architedlure* a Work 
 that greatly illuftrates our Profeflion. 
 
 A B. The third Tart of the Co¬ 
 lumn* 'which is directly 
 perpendicular . 
 
 B C. The two thirds that diminifh . 
 
 C. The "Point of the Diminution 
 under the Collarino, 
 
 The Intercolumniations* orDiftan- 
 ces between the Columns * may be of 
 one Diameter and a half of the Co¬ 
 lumn , the Diameter being always ta- 
 ken at the loweft part of the Column ; 
 or of two Diameters* of two and a 
 quarter* of three* and even more; 
 but the Antients never exceeded 
 three Diameters* except in the TuJ- 
 can Order, where the Architraves 
 being of Timber, they made the In¬ 
 tercolumniations very large; but 
 then they never made them iefi> than 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
24 Palladio^ 
 
 a Diameter and a half, which Space or Diftance they 
 particularly obferved, when the Columns were very 
 high. But they chiefly approved thofe Intercolumni¬ 
 ations, that were of two Diameters and a quarter, 
 and looked upon them as rnoit beautiful and elegant. 
 We mult obferve very carefully, to keep a due Pro¬ 
 portion and Harmony between the Intercolumnia- 
 tions or Spaces, and the Columns ; becaufe if final! 
 Columns are made with large Intercolumniations, it 
 will very much leflen the gracefulnefs of the former; 
 for the too great Quantity of Air, in the void Spaces, 
 will diminifh their thicknefs confiderably: And on 
 the contrary, if we make large Columns and final! 
 Intercolumniations, the too little Vacuity will make 
 them look thick and heavy, and withput the leaft 
 Grace. Therefore if the Spaces be upwards of three 
 Diameters, the thicknefs of the Column mu if be a 
 leventh Part of its Altitude, as will be hereafter 
 obferved in the Tufcan Order. But if the Spaces 
 are three Diameters, the length of the Columns mult 
 be feven Diameters and a half, or eight, as in the 
 Dorick Order; if two and a quarter, the Column muff 
 be nine Diameters in length as in the lonick ; and if 
 no more than two, the Columns mult be nine Diameters 
 and a half in length as in the Corinthian ; and lalfly, if 
 of one Diameter and a half, the length of the Columns 
 muff be ten, as in the Compojite . I have been thus 
 careful in making my Obfervations upon thefe feve- 
 ral Orders, to the end that they may ferve for Exam¬ 
 ples for that variety of Intercolumniations mentioned 
 by Vitruvius in the above-cited Chapter. In the Front 
 of Buildings the Columns muff be an even Number, 
 that there may be an opening in the middle, which 
 fhould be larger than the other Intercolumniations, 
 for the better receiving the Doors and Entries; fo 
 much for fmgle Tillars or Collonades. But if Galle¬ 
 ries are to be made with Tilaflers , they muff be dif- 
 pofed in fuch a manner, that the thicknefs of the TC 
 
 lafters 
 
Architecture. i<; 
 
 lafters or Tires be not lefs than one third of the Void 
 from Tire to Tire , and to thofe in the Angles two thirds; 
 which will make the Angles of the Building more 
 ftrongand folid. And when theikTires are to fupport a 
 very great weight, as in confiderable Edifices, then they 
 mult have half the thicknefs of the Vacancy, as thofe 
 of the Theatre of Vicenza, and of the Amphitheatre of 
 Capua; or elfe two thirds, as thofe of the Theatre of 
 Marcellas in Rome, and that of Ogubius, now in the 
 Poflelfion of Signior Ludovico de Gabrielli , a Gentle¬ 
 man of that City. But the Antients fometimes made 
 them as thick as the whole Vacancy, as in that Part of 
 the Theatre of Verona which does not Hand on the 
 Hill. But in private Buildings they mult not be lefs 
 in thicknefs, than the third Part of the Opening, 
 nor more than two thirds, and lliould be fquare; but 
 to lave Expence, and make more room for People 
 to pafs, they need not be fo thick in Flank as in Front; 
 and to embellilh it, half Columns or Tilajlers may 
 be placed in the middle, to fupport the Cornices 
 over the Arches of the Gallery, whofe thicknefs muff 
 be proportionable to their height, according to each 
 Order, as will be lliewn in the following Chapters and 
 Deligns. For the underltandingofwhich,and to prevent 
 frequent Repetitions, the Reader is to know, that in the 
 dividing and meafuringthe above-mentioned Orders, I 
 have not made ufe of any fixt and determinate Meafure 
 peculiar to any Place,as a Cubit , a Foot, or a Span; the fe- 
 veralMeafures being as different as the Countries; but 
 imitating Vitruvius , who divides the Torick Order with 
 a Meafure taken from the Diameter of the Column , com¬ 
 mon to all, and by him called a Module, I lhall likewile 
 ufe the fame Meafure in all the Orders. This Module 
 is the Diameter of the Column at Bottom, and is divi¬ 
 ded into lixty Minutes, except in the Dorick, in which 
 the Module is half the Diameter of the Column, and is 
 divided into thirty Minutes, this being more commo¬ 
 dious in the Divilions of that Order. One may there- 
 
 H fore 
 
 / 
 
2 6 Palladio a s 
 
 fore divide the Module into more or lefs parts, accor¬ 
 ding to the Quality of the Building, and make life of 
 the Defigns of the Proportions and Trofls fuitable to 
 each Order. 
 
 Chap. XIV. 
 
 Of the Tufcan Order. 
 
 T HE Tufcan Order , according to Vitruvius ,and 
 what indeed it appears in effedt, is the moll 
 plain and limple of all the Orders of Architedlure; as 
 it retains more of the old Simplicity, and is devoid of 
 all thofe Ornaments, which give fo great a Grace and 
 Beauty to the others, it was firll invented in Tufca¬ 
 ny, a very conliderable Part of Italy , whence it 
 derives its Name. The Column , together with its 
 Bafe and Capital , mult be feven Modules in 
 length, and its Diminution a fourth Part of its big- 
 nefs. If a Work is to be made of this limple Order, 
 the Intercolumniations may be very wide, and that 
 becaufe the Architraves are made of Timber , which 
 will therefore be very commodious for Country Buil¬ 
 dings, by reafon of the eafy Paffage for Carts and 
 other Country Conveniences, not to mention that it 
 will be a much lefs Expence. 
 
 But if there are to be Gates, or Galleries with Ar¬ 
 ches , then they mull make ufe of the Meafures, 
 which I have marked in the Delign; wherein we fee 
 the Stones difpofed and joined together in fuch a 
 manner as appeared to me bell, when the whole 
 Edifice is to be of Stone. 1 have already obferved the 
 fame, in the Deligns of the four other Orders, and 
 have borrowed this Manner of difpoling and joyning 
 the Stones, from many antient Arches , as will be feen 
 m my Treatife of Arches , in the Deligns of which 
 I have employed the utmoll Care and Diligence. 
 
 A. The Architrave of Timber. 
 
 B. The JoyJls which fapply the Tlace of the (hittee. 
 
 The • 
 
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 B 
 
 B 
 
 
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 VI. 
 
 PF «/ r . 
 
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Architecture. 17 
 
 The Tedeflals , under the Columns of this Order, 
 muft be very plain and a Module in height. That 
 of the Baje of the Column muft be half its Diame- 
 ter. This height is to be divided into two equal Farts, 
 one of which muft go to the Tlinth , which is made 
 round; the other isfubdivided into four Farts, one of 
 which is for the Lijlellct or Fillet , which may fonie- 
 times be made a little lefs; the Liflella makes a 
 Part of the Baje, in this order only, in all the 
 others it is Part of the Column ; the other three 
 Parts are for the Torus. This Bafe muft project a 
 fixth Part of the Diameter of the Column. The 
 height of the Capital is half the Diameter of the lower 
 Part of the Column , and is divided into three equal 
 Parts; one is given to the Abacus , which from its 
 Shape is ufually called Dado or a Dye; the other to 
 the Ovolo, and the third is fubdivided into feven Parts: 
 Of one of thefe the Liflella under the Ovolo is made, 
 and the remaining fix are for the Collarino or Neck of 
 of the Column: The height of the Aftragal is double 
 that of the Liflella under the Ovolo; and its Center 
 is made on the Line, which falls perpendicular from 
 the forefaid Liflella; the Projedlure of the CinClure 
 falls plum upon the Liflella, which is as thick as the 
 Liflella . The Projecfure of this Capital anfwers to 
 the Shaft of the Column below. Its Architrave is 
 made of Timber, the height of which muft be equal 
 to its breadth, and its breadth muft not be greater 
 than the Shaft of theColumn at Top; the Joy/Is which 
 fupply the place of the Guttle or Drip, project a fourth 
 part of the length of the Column. Here follows the 
 Meafures of the Tufcan Order, according to Vitruvius . 
 
 A. Abacus . 
 
 B. Ovolo. 
 
 C. Collarino. 
 
 D. Aftragal, 
 
 E. The Shaft of the Co¬ 
 
 lumn at Top . 
 
 F. The Shaft of the Co¬ 
 
 lumn below . 
 
 G. Cinbture . 
 
 H. Torus. 
 
 I. Orlo. 
 
 K. Tedeflal. 
 
 The 
 
28 
 
 Pall ad iox 
 
 The Trofils by the fide of the Plan of the Bafe and 
 Capital\ are the Impojls of the Arches . 
 
 But if the Architraves are made of Stone, what I 
 before mentioned with refpedt to the Intercalumniati¬ 
 ons mu ft be obferved. There ftill exift fome antient 
 Edifices, which as they partly retain the fame Meafures, 
 maybe faid to have been of this Order; fuchasthe Are¬ 
 na of Kerona , the Arena and Theatre of Tola , and 
 many others that might be mentioned, from which I 
 have taken the Trofils of the B aje fiapital, Architrave > 
 Freeze , and Cornice, as may be feen in the laft Plate 
 of this Chapter; as alfo thofe of the Impojls of the 
 Arches. 
 
 1 fhall infert the feveral Defigns of all thefe Edi¬ 
 fices, in my Book of Antiquities . 
 
 A. Cima re It a. L. AflragaL 
 
 B. Corona . M. Shaft of the Column 
 
 C. Gut tie & Cima red a. under the Capital . 
 
 ♦ D. Cavetto . N. Shaft of the Column 
 
 E. Freeze . at Bottom. 
 
 F. Architrave . ; O. Liflella of the Co - 
 
 G. Cymatium, 
 
 H. Abacus , 'e 
 
 I. Cima re It a. 
 
 K. Collarino. 
 
 On the Right Hand of the Trofil of the Archi » 
 trave marked F. the Reader will find the Trofil of 
 another, performed with greater accuracy. 
 
 Chap. XV. 
 
 Of the Dorick Order. 
 
 T HE Dorick Order owes both its Name and Ori¬ 
 ginal to the Dorians , a Greek People inhabiting 
 
vm:. 
 
 &L.2.S. 
 
 jP.F. scu/p. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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Architecture. 29 
 
 they mu ft be feven Diameters and a half, or 
 eight in length. The Intercolumniations are fome- 
 thing lefs than three Diameters of the Column , which 
 Manner is called by Vitruvius , Diaftylos . But in cafe 
 they are joyned to Tires , their Altitude muft be 
 feventeen Modules and one third, including the Safe 
 and Capital ; and we muft remember, as was before 
 obferved in the thirteenth Chapter, that the Module 
 in this Order, is but half the Diameter of the Co¬ 
 lumn , divided into thirty Minutes ; and that in all 
 the other Orders, it is the whole Diameter divided 
 into fixty Minutes. 
 
 We do not find that the Antients made any Te- 
 deftal to this Order, in which they have not been 
 imitated by the Moderns. When therefore a Tedeftal 
 is to be joyned to them, the ‘Dado or Dye muft be 
 fquare, whence the Meafure of its Ornaments muft be 
 taken; for it muft firft be divided into three equal 
 Parts, two of which (hall be for the Bafe with its Plinth , 
 and the third for the Cymatium , to which the Tlinth 
 of the Bafe of the Column muft be joyned. Some of 
 thefe Tedeftals are found alfo in the Corinthian Or¬ 
 der, as in ithe Arch in Verona called the Arch de Le- 
 oni. I have inferted leveral kinds of Troftls , that 
 may be fitted to the Tedeftals of this Order, all of 
 them beautiful, and taken from the Antients, and 
 meafured with the utmoft Exadlnefs. This Order 
 has no Bafe peculiar to it, whence it is that thefe 
 Columns are found without Bafes in feveral Edifices; 
 as the Theatre MMarcellus in Rome, the Temple de la 
 Tieth near the fame Theatre; the Theatre of Vicen¬ 
 za y and in feveral other Places. But the At tick Bafe 
 is fometimes joyned to it, and is very Ornamental; the 
 Meafures thereof are as follows: Its height muft be 
 half the Diameter of the Column , and is divided into 
 three equal Parts; one goes to the Tlinth; the other 
 two are fubdivided into four equal Parts, one of which 
 is for the upper Torus , the remaining three are again 
 
 I fub- 
 
^0 ' Palladio x 
 
 fubdivided into two equal Parts; one of which is the 
 lower Torus , and the other the Cavetto with its Li¬ 
 ft e lias ; thefe have alio their peculiar Me a fu res, and 
 mult be divided into fix Parts ; the firlt is for the up¬ 
 per Lifteila, the fecond for the lower, and the four 
 remaining for the Cavetto. The whole Projedture is 
 the fixth Part of the Diameter of the Column : The 
 Cincture is half the upper Torus ; if it is divided from 
 the Bafe, its Projedlure mult be one third of that 
 of the Baje. But if the Bafe and part of the Column 
 make one entire Piece, the Cincture mult be made 
 fmall, as may be feen in the third Defign of this Order, 
 in which 1 have likewife drawn two different kinds of 
 Impofls of Arches. 
 
 A. Fuft of the Column. 
 
 B. Lifteila . 
 
 C. Upper Torus. 
 
 D. Cavetto with its Li 
 
 Jlella . 
 
 E. L^ower Torus. 
 
 The Capital mult be half the Diameter of the 
 Column , and is divided into three Parts; the firlt 
 is divided into five Parts, whereof three are for the 
 Abacus , and two for the Cymatium , which be¬ 
 ing fubdivided into three Parts, one goes to the 
 Lifteila , and the other two to the Cymatium. The 
 fecond principal Part is fubdivided into three e- 
 qual Parts; one is for the Annulets or Squares, which 
 three are equal; the other two are for the Ovolo , 
 whole Projedlure is two thirds of its height: The third 
 principal Part is for the Collarino. The whole Pro- 
 jedture, is the fifth Part of the Diameter of the Column . 
 The height of the Aftragal is equal to the three Liftel- 
 las, and projects to the lower Part of the Shaft of the 
 Column. The Cincture is half the height of the Ajlra- 
 gal , and its Projedlure is plum with the Center there¬ 
 of Upon the Capital is railed the Architrave , whofe 
 
 height 
 
 F. Tlinth. 
 
 G. Cymatium , *) of the 
 
 H. 'Dado or L>ye 3 £ Tede- 
 
 - 1. Baft , J Jlah 
 
 K. Impofts of Arches. 
 

 . ' 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Architecture. 3 i 
 
 height muft be half the Diameter ofthe Column, and is 
 divided into feven Parts; one is for the T enia or Fillet, 
 whofeProjedture is equal to its height; we afterwards 
 divide the whole into fix Parts; one of thefe is for 
 the Gut tee, which muft be fix in Number, and the 
 Fiftella under the Tenia , which is a third Part of 
 the fa id Gut tee. From the Tenia downwards, the re¬ 
 mainder is again divided into feven Parts; three 
 whereof are for the firft Fafcia , and four for the fe- 
 cond. The Freeze is a Module and a half in height; 
 the breadth of the T riglyph is one Module , and its Ca¬ 
 pital the lixth Part of a Module. The Triglyph is di¬ 
 vided into fix Parts; two of which are for the two 
 Channels in the Middle, one for the two half Chan¬ 
 nels at the Ends or Extremities, and the other three 
 for the Spaces between the faid Channels. The Me¬ 
 tope that is the Interval between the Triglyphs , ought 
 to be a perfedt Square. The Cornice muft be a Mo¬ 
 dule and one lixth in height, and is divided into five 
 Parts and a half; two of which are for the Cavetto 
 and Ovolo. The Cavetto is lefs than the Ovolo , juft as 
 much as is its Fijlella\ the remaining three and a 
 half are for the Corona and both the Cimas , the Reffa 
 and the Reverfa. The Projedlure of the Corona muft 
 be two thirds of a Module ; and in its Face that looks 
 downward, and has a Projedlure along the Triglyphs, 
 fix Guitce in length, and three in breadth with their 
 Lijlellas , and fome Rofes over the Metope. The 
 Guttce are round, and fhaped like Bells , and anfwer 
 to thofe under the Tenia. The Body of the Cy?natium, 
 muft be an eighth Part larger than the Corona ,. and is 
 divided into eight Parts; two whereof are for the 
 ‘Plinth, and the other fix for the Cymatium , whofe 
 Projedture is feven Parts and a half. So that the 
 height ofthe Architrave, the Freeze and Cornice, are 
 a fourth Part of the Altitude of the Column. Thefe 
 are the Meafures of the Cornice according to Vi¬ 
 truvius, froin which I have deviated, by altering 
 
 fome 
 
 v v>- 
 
32, Palladio’; 
 
 fome Members thereof and making the whole a little 
 
 larger. 
 
 A. Cima re[la. 
 
 E Cima reverfa . 
 
 C. Corona . 
 
 D. Ovolo. 
 
 E. Cavetto. 
 
 F. Capital of the Trig¬ 
 
 lyph. 
 
 G. Triglyph. 
 
 H. Metope. 
 
 I. Tenia or Fillet . 
 
 K. Gutta. 
 
 L. Firjl Fajcia. 
 
 M. Second Fajcia. 
 
 Farts of the Capital. 
 
 N s Cymatium . 
 
 O. Abacus. 
 
 P. Ovolo. 
 
 Q. Tift ell as, or little 
 
 Mouldings . 
 
 R. Collarino . 
 
 S. Aflragal. 
 
 T. Cin&ure. 
 
 U. Fuji of the Column. 
 
 X. Pte of the Capital ; 
 
 the Module di¬ 
 vided into Thirty 
 Tarts or Minutes . 
 
 Y. oj the Cornice. 
 
 Chap. XVI. 
 
 Of the Ionick Order, 
 
 rriHE Ionick Order had its origin from Ionia\ 
 | a Province in Afia ; and Hiftory informs us 
 that the celebrated Temple of Diana at Ephefus was 
 of this Order. The Column with its Capital and 
 BaJ'e, muft be nine Modules in height; a Module, 
 as was before obferved, is the Diameter of the Co¬ 
 lumn below. The Architrave, Freeze, and Cor¬ 
 nice, are a fifth part of the Altitude of the Column ; 
 in the Defign of fingle Columns, the Intercolumni- 
 ations are two Diameters and a Quarter, which are 
 the molt commodious and beautiful, and is called 
 Euftylos by Vitruvius. In the Delign of the Ar¬ 
 ches, the Tires are a third part of the Void, and 
 the Arches have two Diameters in height. 
 
XIL 
 
 Pa 32 
 

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 33. 
 
 p. p. j-cufy' 
 
Architecture. 53 
 
 If Tedeflats are to be given to the Ionick Columns , 
 as in the Deftgns of the Arches, their Altitude mult 
 be equal to half the breadth of the Opening of the Arch , 
 and is divided into feven Parts and a half; two where¬ 
 of are for the Bafe, one for the Cymatium , and the re¬ 
 maining four and a half for the Dado . The Bafe of 
 the Ionick Order, mult be half a Module in thicknefs, 
 and is divided into three Parts; one is given to the 
 Tlinth, whofe Projecture is the fourth, and an eighth 
 Part of the Module ; the other two are divided into 
 feven Parts, three of which are for the Torus ; the 
 other four are again fubdivided into two Parts; of 
 one is made the upper Cavetto , and of the other the 
 lower, which mu ft have the greateft Projedture; 
 The Afragals muft be the eighth of the Cavetto ; the 
 Cincture of the Column is the third Part of the Toms 
 of the Bafe ; but if the Bafe be joyned to the Column, 
 the Cincture muft be fmaller, as was before obferved in 
 the Dorick Order. The Projedlure of the Cinlture is 
 half of that abovementioned. Thefe are the feveral 
 Meafures of the Ionick Bafe , according to Vitruvius. 
 
 But as we find the Attick Bafe, placed under this 
 Order in a great many antient Edifices, which in¬ 
 deed I think better; 1 have therefore drawn the faid 
 Baje over the Bede flat, with a little Torus under the 
 Cintture ; but at the fame Time have not omitted the 
 Defign which Vitruvius has given us. The Defigns 
 marked L , are two different Trofils to make the Im- 
 pofls of the Arches , and on each of them the Meafures 
 are fet down in Numbers, denoting the Minutes of the 
 Module , as has been obferved in all my other Defigns . 
 Thefe Impofls are half as high again, as the thick* 
 nefs of the Bilafter that fupports the Arch. 
 
 A. Shaft o f the Column. 
 
 B. Aftragalwith its Cin¬ 
 
 cture, which are 
 Members of the 
 Column. 
 
 C. Upper Torus, 
 
 D. Cavetto . 
 
 E. Tower Torus. 
 
 F. Tlinth joyned to the 
 
 Cymatium of the 
 BedeJlaL 
 
 K 
 
 G. CV 
 
34 ^ P 
 
 G. Cymatium in 
 
 two diffe¬ 
 rent Forms. 
 
 H. Dado. 
 
 I. Bafe in two 
 
 different 
 Forms . 
 
 ALLADI o'l 
 
 of the K. Tlinth of the Bafe. 
 >Tede - L. Jmpofls of the Af- 
 Jial. ches. 
 
 To make the Capital, the Diameter at the Foot 
 of the Column is divided into eighteen Parts, and 
 nineteen of fuch parts make the length and breadth 
 of the Abacus; half of which is the height of the 
 Capital with its Volutes , whence its Altitude will 
 be nine parts and a half; one and a half of which 
 is given to the Abacus with its Cymatium , and 
 the remaining eight to the Volute , which is made 
 in this Manner. From the Extremity of the Cy¬ 
 matium inward, one of the nineteen Parts is ta¬ 
 ken, and from the Point made, a plum Line is let 
 fall, which divides the Volute in the Middle, and 
 is called Catheto. Where the Point falls upon this 
 Line, that feparates the four Parts and a half a- 
 bove, from the three and a half below, the Center 
 of the Eye of the Volute is made, whofe Diame¬ 
 ter is one of the eight Parts; and from the above- 
 mentioned Point, a Line is drawn, which cutting 
 the Catheto at right Angles, divides the Volute in¬ 
 to four Parts. In the next place a Square is made 
 in the Eye of the Volute , as big as the Semi-Dia¬ 
 meter of the faid Eye ; and Diagonal Lines being 
 drawn, on them the Points are marked, where the 
 fixed Foot of the Compafs is to Hand, to make 
 the Volute ; which Points or Centers, including that 
 of the Eye, are thirteen in Number; and in what 
 manner thefe are to be performed, will appear by 
 the Numbers marked in the Defign. The A/Iragal 
 of the Column , is in a direbt Line with the Eye of 
 the Volute. The thicknefs of the Volutes in the 
 .middle, muft be equal to the Projeblure of the 
 
 Q-volo f 
 

 
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 XVI. 
 
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 A 
 
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 vt 
 
 l: irh 
 
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 IB 
 
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Architecture. ^ 
 
 Ovoid, which mult come forward beyond the Aba¬ 
 cus, juft as much as is the Eye of the Volute. The 
 Channel of the Volute, is even with the Shaft of 
 the Column. The AJlragal of the Column goes un¬ 
 der the Volute, and is always expofed to fight, as 
 appears by the Tlan\ and indeed it is natural that 
 fo thin and weak a Member, as the Volute is fup- 
 pofed to be, Ihould give way to a ftronger one 
 filch as the Aflragal, from which it muft be equally 
 diftant. In the Angles of Colonnades, or Portico’s 
 of the Ionick Order, we generally make Capitals with 
 Volutes, not only in the Front, but alfo in that 
 part, which if the Capital were to be made as ufual, 
 would have been the Flank ; by which means they 
 have the Front on two Sides, and are called Angular 
 Capitals ; how thefe are made, will be fliewn in my 
 Book of Temples, which is the Fourth of this Work, 
 
 A. Abacus. 
 
 B. Channel or Hollow of E. Cincture. 
 
 the Volute. F. Shaft of the Column. 
 
 C. Ovolo. G. The Line called Ca- 
 
 D. Aflragal under the thetoi 
 
 Ovolo. 
 
 In the Plan of the Capital, the faid Members are 
 marked with the fame Letters. 
 
 S. Eye of the Volute on a large Scale. 
 
 Members of the Bafe according to Vitruvius. 
 K. Fuf of the Column. O. Aflragal. 
 
 L. CinSure. 
 
 M. Torus. 
 
 N. Firfl Cavetto. 
 
 P. Second Cavetto . 
 Tlinth. 
 
 R. Tro/eclure. 
 
 The Architrave, Freeze, and Cornice, muft be, 
 as was before obferved, a fifth part of the height 
 of the Column, and is divided into twelve parts; 
 four of which are for the Architrave, three for 
 
 the 
 
Palladio’/ 
 
 the Freeze, and five for the Cornice. The Archi¬ 
 trave is fubdivided into five parts; one of which is 
 for the Cymatium, and the reft are again divided 
 into twelve parts; three whereof are for the firft 
 Fafcia and its Aftra^al four for the fecond and its 
 Aftragal, and five for the third. The Cornice is di¬ 
 vided into feven parts and three fourths ; two are for 
 the Cavetto and Ovolo ; two for the Modilion, and 
 three and three fourths for the Corona and the Cyma - 
 tium ; the Proje&ure of the whole Cornice is equal 
 to its height. I have defigned the Front, Flank, and 
 Flan of the Capital ; as alfo the Architrave, Freeze s 
 and Cornice, with their proper Ornaments. 
 
 A. Cima re Cl a. G. Cavetto. 
 
 B. Cima r ever fa. He Freeze. 
 
 C. Corona . I. Cymatium of the Ar - 
 
 D. Cymatium of the Mo- chitrave. 
 
 dilions. K. Firjl Fafcia. 
 
 E. Modilions. L. Second Fafcia. 
 
 F. Ovolo. M. Third Fafcia . 
 
 Members of the Capital. 
 
 N. Abacus. Q. Aflragal of the Co¬ 
 ld. Hollow of the Vo- lumn. 
 
 lute . R, Fuji of the Column. , 
 
 P. Ovolo. 
 
 The Tlan marked S, wherein we fee the Rofes, re- 
 prefents the Soffit of the Cornice between each Modi¬ 
 lion . 
 
 Chap. XVII. 
 
 Of the Corinthian Order. 
 
 I N Corinth, a celebrated City of Teleponnefus , the 
 Corinthian Order was invented, which is more 
 beautiful and elegant than the foregoing. The Co¬ 
 lumns thereof are like thofe of the lonick, and are nine 
 
 Modules 
 
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Architecture. 37 
 
 Modules and a half in height, including their Bafe 
 and Capital. If they are to be fluted, they muft be 
 made with twenty four Flutes or Hollows, whofe depth 
 is equal to half their breadth. The Tlans or Spaces 
 between two Flutes , muft be one third of the breadth 
 of the faid Flutes. The Architrave , Freeze and Cor¬ 
 nice , are a fifth of the height of the Column. In the 
 Defign of a Colonnade or Angle Columns , the Inter- 
 columniations are two Diameters, as in the Portico of 
 Santa Maria 7 *Rotunda in Rome, which manner of 
 diftancing the Columns, Vitruvius calls Syftylos. And 
 in that of the Arches, the Tires are two fifths of 
 the Opening of the Arch, whofe Opening is in height, 
 two Squares and a half, including the thicknefs of 
 the faid Arch. 
 
 The height of the Tedejlal in this Order, muft be 
 one fourth of the Altitude of the Column , and is divi¬ 
 ded into eight Parts; one is for the Cymatium, two 
 for the Bafe , and the remaining five for the Dado. 
 The Bafe being divided into three Parts; two go to 
 the Tlinth, and one to the Mouldings. This Column 
 has the Attick Baje , ^but differs from that which is fet 
 under the Torick Order, in that its Proje6ture is one 
 fifth Part of the Diameter of the Column. Some other 
 little Variations may be made, as is feen in the De- 
 figns, wherein the Impojls of the Arches are alfo 
 profil’d, whofe height is half as much again as th$ 
 thicknefs of the Alett , or Tire that fupports the 
 Arch. 
 
 A. Shaft , } of the 
 
 B. Cincture and sCo - 
 
 Aftragal , yumn. 
 
 C. Upper Torus. G. 
 
 D. Cavetto with its Af H. 
 
 tragals. I. 
 
 E. Tower Torus. v 
 
 F. Tlinth of the Bafe K. 
 
 The Impojls of the Arches is 
 lumn. 
 
 joyned to the Cyma - 
 tium of the Tede * 
 Jlal. 
 
 Cornice of the( Tf 
 Bafe, • V aL 
 Tlinth of the Bafe. 
 
 by the fide of the Co- 
 
 L 
 
 The 
 
38 P A L L A D i O f 
 
 ' The Altitude of the Corinthian Capital , mull be 
 the Diameter of the Column below, and a lixth 
 part more, which is allowed to the Abacus ; the 
 remainder is divided into three equal parts; the 
 firft is for the firft Row o {'Leaves, the fecond for the 
 middle Row, and the third is again fubdivided into 
 two parts ; of that part which is neareft the Abacus 3 
 are made the Caulicoli or Stalks , with their heaves , 
 which leem to be fupported by them, and out of 
 which they grow ; for which reafon the Fuji or Stalk 
 whence they fpring fhould be thick, and diminilh by 
 fmall degrees in their foldings; thereby imitating 
 Plants, which are thicker at the Bottom than at the 
 Extremities of their Branches. The Campana or 
 Belly that is the Fuji of the Column under the Leaves y 
 mult be perpendicular to the Bottom of the Flutes 
 of the Columns. To give the Abacus a proper Pro- 
 jedture, a perfedt Square mult be made, the Side 
 of which is a Module and a half ; and Diagonal 
 Lines being drawn in it, the Point of their lnter- 
 fedtion will be in the Middle or Center ; here the 
 fixed Foot of the Compafs mult be placed, and a 
 Module marked towards each Angle of the Square ; 
 and where thefe Points meet. Lines are drawn that 
 cut the laid Diagonals at right Angles, and fo as to. 
 touch the Sides of the Square, and thefe hiall be the 
 bounds of the Projedture, whofe length gives the 
 breadth of the Horns of the Abacus. Its Curvature 
 or Diminution, is made by drawing a circular Line 
 from one Horn to the other, and in marking the 
 Point; by which an Equilateral Triangle is made, 
 whofe Bafe is the Diminution. Afterwards a right 
 Line is drawn from the Extremities of the above- 
 mentioned Horns, to the Extremity of the AJlragal 
 of the Column , which mult be made in fuch a man¬ 
 ner, as to be touched by the Tips, or Extremities 
 of the Leaves , or elie come a little more forward ; 
 and this will be their Projedture. The Roje mult 
 
 be 
 
JDCl. 
 
 Sa.jS 
 
Architecture. 
 
 be a fourth part as broad, as the Diameter of the 
 Column at the Foot. The Architrave, Freeze and 
 Cornice, as was before obferved, are a fifth part of 
 the height of the Column, and the whole is divided 
 into twelve parts as in the lonick, but differs from 
 it in this, viz, that the Cornice of the Corinthian is 
 divided into eight parts and a half; the firft is al¬ 
 lowed to the Cima Fever fa, the fecond to the T)en- 
 ticles , the third to the Ovolo, and the fourth and 
 fifth to the Modilion, and the remaining three and 
 a half to the Corona and the Cymatium. The Pro- 
 jedlure of the Cornice is equal to its height. The 
 Pannels of the Rofes between the Modilions muff be 
 fquare, and the Modilions half as broad as the Flan 
 of the faid Rofes. The Members of this Order, 
 are not marked by Letters as the foregoing, becaufe 
 by them, thefe may be eafily known. 
 
 Chap. XVIII. 
 
 Of the Compofite Order. 
 
 HE Compofite Order, which is alfo called Ro¬ 
 
 man, from its having been invented by the 
 
 antient Romans, is fo named, becaufe it partakes 
 of two of the foregoing Orders. The molt regu¬ 
 lar and beautiful is that which is compounded of the 
 lonick and Corinthian. It is made more (lender and 
 difengaged than the latter, and may refemble it in 
 all its Parts, the Capital excepted. The Columns 
 muff be ten Modules in length. In the Defigns of 
 Colonnades , the Jntercolumniation is one Diameter 
 and a half, which Vitruvius calls Fycnoflyle ; and in 
 thofe of the Arches , the Fires are half the Void 
 of the Arch, and the height of the Arches, under 
 the KeyJlone is two Squares and a half. 
 
 And as I before obferved, this Order muff be more 
 '{lender and difengaged than the Corinthian; its Fe- 
 
 deftal 
 
40 Palladio* / 
 
 deftal is one third of the height of the Column, 
 and mud be divided into eight parts and a half. 
 Of the firfi: the Cymatium of that Baje is made, 
 and five and a half remain for the ( Dado. The 
 j Safe of the Tedejlal is fubdivided into three parts; 
 two are for the Plinth, and one for the Torus's 
 with its Cymatium. 
 
 The Bafe of this Column may be At tick as in 
 the Corinthian, and alfo be compounded of the At¬ 
 tack and Ionick, as appears by the Pejign. 
 
 T\\eProfils of the Impojls of the Arches , are by the 
 fide of” the c Plan of the Tedejlal , and its height is 
 equal to the thicknefs of the Membretto. 
 
 The Compofite Capital has the fame Meafures as 
 the Corinthian, but differs from it in the Volute, 
 the Ovolo, and AJlragal cut into Beads, which Mem* 
 bers are borrowed from the Ionick, the way of ma¬ 
 king which is as follows. From the Abacus down¬ 
 ward, the Capital is divided into three parts, as in 
 the Corinthian; the firfi: is given to the firfi: Row 
 of Leaves, the fecond to the middle Row, and the 
 third to the Volute, which is made in the fame man¬ 
 ner, and with the fame Points, as that of the Io¬ 
 nick ; and takes up fo much of the Abacus, that it 
 fieems to go out of the Ovolo, near the Blower which 
 is put in the middle of the Curvature of the Aba¬ 
 cus ; and it is as thick in Front, as the breadth of 
 the Horns thereof, or a little more. The thicknels 
 of the Ovolo is three fifths of the Abacus; its lower 
 part begins parallel to the Eye of the Volute ; its 
 Proje&ure is three fourths of its height, and w r ith 
 its Proje6ture is perpendicular to the Curvature of 
 the Abacus, or a iittle more outwards. The Aftra- 
 gal is one third part of the height of the Ovolo, 
 and its Projedture a little more than half its thick¬ 
 nefs, and turns about the Capital under the Vo¬ 
 lute, and is always feen. The Gradetto or Lifteila 
 which is under the Aflragal, and forms the Plinth 
 

 nrr 
 
 
 
 
 
 Vo 
 
 
 
 
 
 JUU 
 
 
 
 

 .< . • • -• r -v 
 
 
 
 
Fa. 40 
 
 30M. 
 
 ZPJ?. 
 
Architecture. 41 
 
 of the Campana, or Bell of the Capital , is half the 
 Aftragal. The Body of the Campana , muft be per¬ 
 pendicular to the Bottom of the Flutes of the Column. 
 
 I faw one of this kind in Rome , from whence I 
 borrowed the abovementioned Meafures, becaufe I 
 thought it extremely beautiful, and performed with 
 great Judgment. We alio fee Capitals , made in a 
 different manner, that may be called Compoftte ; but 
 thefe will be taken Notice of hereafter, and the De - 
 Jigns of them inferted in my Books of Antiquities . 
 The Architrave , Freeze and Cornice are together a 
 fifth of the height of the Column ; and by obferving 
 what was before mentioned of the other Orders, and 
 the Numbers marked in the Defign , their Proporti¬ 
 ons and Divifions may eafily be known. 
 
 Chap. XIX. 
 
 Of Pecieftals. 
 
 H itherto I have taken Notice of whatever ap¬ 
 peared to me eflential, with refpeCt to plain 
 Wails and their Ornaments; and have touched par¬ 
 ticularly upon the feveral Tedejlals that may be gi¬ 
 ven each Order. But as the Antients did not obferve 
 to make them bigger or fmaller in the different Or¬ 
 ders, notwithftanding that this Member gives fo much 
 Beauty and Ornament to the whole, when it is made 
 with Judgment, and in a due Proportion to the other 
 Parts; in order that Architects may have a perfect 
 knowledge thereof, and ufe them upon occafion, they 
 are to underftand that the Antients made them fome- 
 times fquare, that is to fay their Height equal to 
 their Breadth, as in the Arch de Leoni in Werona, 
 and thefe I have given to the T)orick Order, becaufe 
 it requires folidity. They fometimes regulated their 
 Proportions by the Meafure of the Openings or Voids, 
 as in the Arch of Titus at Santa Maria Nova in 
 
 M Rome , 
 
42. Palladio’/ 
 
 Ro?ne, and that of Traj an over the Gate of Ancona, 
 where the height of the Tedeftal is half of the Void 
 of the Arch, which kind of Tedejlals I my felf have 
 employed in the lonich Order. They alfo fometimes 
 took the Meafures from the height of the Column, 
 as we fee in the City of Suza, fituated at the foot of 
 the Mountains that divide Italy from France , in an 
 Arch erected in Honour of Augujlus Ccejar ; in the 
 Arch of Tola a City oITahnatia, and in the Amphi¬ 
 theatre in Rome in the lonich and Corinthian Or¬ 
 ders,, in ail which Edifices the Tedejlal is one fourth 
 of the height of the Column, as I obferved in the 
 Corinthian Order. In Verona, in the beautiful Arch 
 called di Cajlel l r ecchio, the Tedejlal is one third of 
 the height of the Column, as I have made it in the 1 
 Compofite . All thefe various kinds of Tedejlals are 
 very beautiful, and bear the moft juft Proportion to 
 the other Parts. By the Word Toggio, which Vi¬ 
 truvius mentions in his lixth Book, where he fpeaks 
 of Theatres , we are to underhand the fame as Te¬ 
 dejlal, which he makes one third part of the Alti¬ 
 tude of the Columns made to adorn the Theatre. But 
 of thefe Tedejlals that exceed one third of the Co¬ 
 lumns, there is an Example in the Arch of Conjlan- 
 tine in Rome, the Tedejlals being of two parts and 
 a half the height of the Column . The Antients ufed 
 to make the Baje in almoft all their Tedejlals, 
 twice the thicknefs of the Cymatium, as will be fhewn 
 in my Book of Arches . 
 
 Chap. XX. 
 
 Of the Errors and Abufes in Archite&ure. 
 
 H Aving thus far laid down the feveral Orna¬ 
 ments of Architecture , i. e. of the five Or¬ 
 ders thereof; fhewn the manner of making them, 
 and given the Trojils of their feveral Members, a- 
 
 greeable 
 

 St- 
 
 Architecture. 
 
 greeable to the Practice of the Antients; I think 
 it not improper to take Notice in this Place of fe- 
 veral Ahufes, that were fir ft introduced by the Bar¬ 
 barians, and are ft ill praCtifed ; in order that the 
 ftudious in this Art may avoid them in their Works, 
 and be able to know them in thofe of others. I fay 
 therefore that Architecture , being as all other Arts 
 an Imitation of Nature, will not for that Reafon, 
 admit of any thing either oppofite or foreign to 
 that Order and Harmony, which Nature obferves 
 in all her Operations ; whence the antient Archi¬ 
 tects, who firft began to make their Buildings of 
 Stone , that till then had been of Timber , gave it 
 for a Rule, that Columns fhould be thicker at the 
 Bottom than at the Top ; wherein they borrowed an 
 Example from Trees, which are lefsat the Top, than 
 at the Trunk and near the Roots. In like manner, 
 as it is natural for thofe things on which any great 
 Weight is laid, to fink down, under the Columns they 
 put Bafes , which with their Tortts's and Cavetto' s, 
 feem to be the Swellings caufed by the Burthen they 
 fuftain: To the Cornices they likewife added Trjg- 
 liphs , Mcdilions, and Benteeles, to reprefent the 
 Ends of thofe JoyJls , that fupport the Cielings 
 and Roofs. If we examine ferioufly, we fhall find 
 that the fame was obferved in all the other Parts ; 
 for which Reafon one cannot but difapprove of that 
 Form of Building, which departing from thofe Rules 
 that Nature herlelf points out, and that fimplicity 
 which appears in all her Productions; form to them- 
 felves a new kind of Nature, by deviating from all 
 that is good, true and beautiful in Architecture . 
 Wherefore, we rnuft not, inftead of Tilajlers or Co¬ 
 lumns that are to fuftain any Burthen, place Car¬ 
 touches, which are certain Scrolls that appear very 
 difagreeable in the Eye of Judges; and fo far from 
 adminiftring any Satisfaction or Pleafure to fuch 
 as are not, gives them only a confided Idea of Ar¬ 
 chitecture, 
 
 i 
 
44 Palladio ’s 
 
 chiteffure , and ferves only to put the Builder to more 
 Expence. For the fame Re a foil, none of thefe Car- 
 touches ought to come out of the Cornice; for it be¬ 
 ing requifite that all the Parts thereof fhould be made 
 to fome end., and fhew as it were what it would be, 
 if the whole Edifice had been framed of Timber ; and 
 as it is likewile natural, that a great Weight fhould 
 be fuftained by fomething folid and ftrong enough to 
 fupport it; it is certain that thefe Cartouches would 
 be altogether fuperfluous, lince it is impoffible that 
 Joy ft s, or any Timber whatever, fhould perform the 
 Effect the Cartouches reprefent; and as they are fup- 
 pofed to be {lender and weak, I do not conceive how they 
 can with any fhew of Reafon, be put under any thing 
 grofs and weighty. But that which appears to me the 
 greateft Abufe of all, is the making of Front i[pieces 
 of Gates, Windows and Galleries, divided and open 
 in the Middle, fince thefe Front if pieces were firft 
 made to defend thefe parts of the Building from 
 Rain, &c. Neceflity having taught the antient Ar¬ 
 chitects to cover them, and to give them the form 
 of a Roof; for which Reafon I think nothing can be 
 more ridiculous, than to open that part, which was 
 invented for no other end, than to fhelter the Inha¬ 
 bitants of the Houfe, and thofe who go into it, from 
 Rain, Snow, Hail, and other Inclemencies of the 
 Weather. And though Variety and Novelty fhould 
 naturally pleafe all Men, yet they are not to be in¬ 
 troduced in oppofition to the Precepts of Art, and 
 the Didates of Reafon; and indeed we find that the 
 Antients in their feveral Inventions, never departed 
 from any general and neceflary Rules of Art, as I fhall 
 fhew in my Book of Antiquities. As for the Projec- 
 tures of the Cornice and other Ornaments, it is no 
 fmall Abufe to make them very great; becaufe when 
 they exceed a juft and reafonable Proportion, parti¬ 
 cularly if they are in a clofe Place, they make it ftill 
 clofer, and more difagreeable to the Eye, and frighten 
 
 thofe 
 
Architecture, 49 
 
 thofe who Hand under them, who think they are go¬ 
 ing every moment to fall upon their Heads. Nor 
 ought we to be lefs careful to make the Cornices in a 
 juft Proportion to the Columns \ becaufe if great Cor¬ 
 nices are placed over little Columns , or upon great 
 Columns , little Cornices , the whole muft needs have 
 a very unplealingAfpeft. Moreover, the feigning or 
 fuppoling of the Columns to be compofed of feveral 
 Pieces, and jointed together by certain Annulets and 
 Car lands round them, that feem to keep them tight 
 together, ought fo much the more to be avoided, 
 lince the more folid and entire the Columns appear to 
 the Eye, the better they perform that for which they 
 were ere&ed, which is to make the whole Edifice 
 ftronger and more fecure. I might take Notice of 
 feveral other Abufes of the fame Nature, as of fome 
 Members in the Cornice which are made difpropor- 
 tionate to the reft, but thefe things may be eafily 
 difcovered by what was before obferved, and what I 
 mentioned in this place. It remains next to confider 
 the difpofing of the particular and principal Parts of 
 a Building. 
 
 Chap. XXI. 
 
 Of Galleries, Entries, Halls, Rooms, and 
 the manner in which they are to be con¬ 
 trived. 
 
 G .Aller zArwere generally made in the fore or back- 
 front of a Building, and are likewife placed in 
 the middle of it if only one; or in the Wings if there 
 are to be two Galleries. Thefe Galleries are ufeful on 
 feveral Accounts; for walking, eating, &c. and are 
 made either large or fmall, as conveniency, and the 
 quality and greatnefs of the Edifice may require; but 
 they fliould never exceed twenty Foot in breadth, nor 
 be lefs than ten. Befides every Houfe that is built 
 
 N with 
 
4 6 Palladio’; 
 
 with Judgment, ought to have in the middle, and the 
 principal Parts thereof, certain Places, with which all 
 the other Parts of the Houfe have a Communication. 
 Thefe in the lower Part of the Houfe, are ufually called 
 Entries , and in the upper, Halls\ and are as fo many 
 publickPlaces. In tliefe Entries Perfonsattend, till fucli 
 time as the Mailer of the Houfe comes out, in order to 
 tranfa£l Bufinefs with him, or to pay their Compli¬ 
 ments to him, and are, after the Galleries , the firft 
 Places that prefent themfclves to thofe who enter in¬ 
 to the Houfe. Halls ferve for the celebration of 
 Weddings, Balls, Banquets, Plays and fuch like Diver- 
 lions, and for that Reafon mull be made much more 
 fpacious than any of the other Apartments; and be 
 fo contrived, that a great Company may be commo- 
 diouily entertained in them, and fee every thing that 
 pafles. In the length of Halls , I never exceed twice 
 their breadth; but the nearer they are to a fquare, 
 the more beautiful and commodious they will be. 
 
 The Rooms mult be equally, diftributed on each 
 fide of the Entry and the Hall\ obferving that thofe 
 on the Right Hand, correfpond, and be of the fame 
 bignefs with thofe on the Left, by which means there 
 will be a juft Harmony and Proportion in the feveral 
 parts of the Building, and the Walls will be equally 
 prelied by the Roof For if the Apartments are 
 made larger on one lide of the Building than on the 
 other; in the former cafe they will eafily refill the 
 Weight, becaufe of the thicknefs and folidity of the 
 Walls; but in the latter they will be too weak, which 
 will occafion great Inconveniencies, and at lafi ruin the 
 whole Fabrick. The moll beautiful Proportions in 
 thedefigning of Rooms are feven in Number; for ei¬ 
 ther they are made round, (which form is now very 
 feldom ufed;) or fquare; or their length is the Dia¬ 
 gonal of their Square ; or of one Square and a third ; 
 or a Square and a half; or a Square and two thirds; 
 or laftlv of two Squares, 
 
 C H A P, 
 
Architecture. 
 
 47 
 
 Chap. XXII. 
 
 Of Floors or Pavements, and Cielings. 
 
 I Aving thus feen the Form and Conftrubtion 
 of Galleries, Halls and Rooms, vve proceed to 
 their Floors and Cielings. Floors are made either of 
 Terazzo or Mortar, as at Venice,o£ Bricks, or of natural 
 Stones. Thofe of Mortar are exceeding good which 
 is made of Brick-Batts, fine Sand, Lime made of 
 River-Tebbles, or of Taduan Stone, the whole well 
 mixt together. Thefe Floors mult be made either 
 in the Spring or in the Summer, in order that they 
 may be very dry. Brick Pavements are very beauti¬ 
 ful and agreeable to the Eye,, as well becaufe of the 
 variety of Colours, which they borrow from the dif¬ 
 ferent kinds of Earth of which they are made, as from 
 the different Shapes which may be given them. The 
 Floors of Chambers are very feldom of natural Stone, 
 they making them very cold in Winter ; but they do 
 i very well in Galleries, and Apartments for publick 
 Reception. We are to obferve that thofe Chambers 
 upon the fame Story, mu ft have their Tavement 
 level, and in fuch a manner, that the Threfholds of 
 the Doors may not be higher than the reft of the 
 Plan of the Rooms; and if any little Room or Clo- 
 fet ihould not come up to that Height, the remainder 
 muft be fupplied with a Mezonin or falfe deling,, 
 There are likewife feveral ways of making diet¬ 
 ings, for many like to have them of handfome and 
 well-wrought Joy [Is ; in which cafe we muft take 
 Care that the diftance between the Joy [Is, be once 
 the thicknefs and a half of the laid JoyJls, for fuch 
 a diftribution will make the dieting very handfome, 
 and lb much of the Wall will be left between the 
 ends of the JoyJls, as is fufficient to fupport the 
 Weight over it; but if they are made at a greater 
 
 diftance 
 
48 Palladio’/ 
 
 diftance they will look ill; and if at a lefler, they 
 will divide as it were the upper Wall from the lower; 
 and in cafe the JoyJls Ihould rot, or happen to be 
 fet on fire, the upper Wall mull be ruined of courfe. 
 Others are for having Compartments of Stucco-work , 
 or of Timber ; thefe they fill with Pictures, fo that 
 they may be varioufly adorned, which is the reafon 
 why no fixed and determinate Rules can be given up¬ 
 on this Head, 
 
 Chap. XXIII. 
 
 Of the Height of Rooms. 
 
 R OOMS are made either with an arched or a 
 fiat deling ; if with the latter, the height from 
 the Floor to the Joyjls mull be equal to their 
 breadth, and the Rooms over them mult be a lixth 
 part lefs in height than thofe beneath. If the Rooms 
 are to be arched, ,as they generally are in the firft 
 Story, (this giving them a graceful Afpeft, and ma¬ 
 king them lefs fubjedt to Fire,) their height in fquare 
 Rooms , is a third part more than the breadth of the 
 Room. But in thofe whofe length exceeds their 
 breadth, a height mull be fought proportionable to 
 their length and breadth, which may eafily be found, 
 by joining the two Lines of the length and breadth, 
 and dividing the whole into two equal Parts, one of 
 which will be the exadl height of the Arch ; as for 
 Example ; let B C be 
 the Place to be arched ; e 
 add the breadth A C to 
 the length A B and we 
 have the Line E B ; 
 which being divided in¬ 
 to two equal parts in the 
 Point F, gives FB the height required. Or if the 
 Chamber to be arched be twelve Foot long and fix 
 
 wide; 
 
Architecture. 49 
 
 wide ; add the two Numbers together,, and the Surn 
 is Eighteen, which divided by two, gives Nine ; and 
 this is the height of the Arch required. 
 
 Another height proportionable to the length and 
 breadth of a Room is found in this manner. B C be¬ 
 ing the Room to be arched; join the length to the 
 breadth, and it gives the Line B F ; this muft after¬ 
 wards be divided into two equal parts at the Point E, 
 which making a Center, 
 defcribe thereon the Se¬ 
 mi-Circle BGF; then 
 continuing theLine AC, 
 till it touches the Cir¬ 
 cumference of the Point 
 G, A G fhall be the 
 height of the Arch B C. 
 
 The way to find it in 
 Numbers is as follows. 
 
 The length and breadth 
 of the Room being given, a Number muft be found, 
 that bears the fame proportion to the breadth, as the 
 length does to it, which is done by multiplying the 
 lefler Extreme by the greater, and the fquare Root 
 of the Product will be the height. As for Example, 
 Let the Place to be arched be nine Foot long and four 
 Foot broad ; the height of the Arch will be fix Foot; 
 and the fame proportion that Nine has to Six, Six 
 has to Four; that is the Sefquialtera Proportion. But 
 it is to be obferved, that we cannot always find this 
 height by Numbers. 
 
 Another height may be likewife taken, which 
 though lefs, will notwithftanding be proportionate 
 to the Room , and is as follows; having drawn the 
 Lines A B, AC , CD and BD, reprefenting the length 
 and breadth of the Room , and found the height there¬ 
 of according to the firft Method, which will be C E, 
 join it to AC; then draw the Line EDF, and pro¬ 
 longing^^, till it touches EDF in the Point E; 
 
 O the 
 
$0 
 
 Pall adio’x 
 
 the Line BF fhall b£ 
 the height of the Arch . 
 But to find it in Num¬ 
 bers the Method is thus. 
 Having by the length 
 and breadth of the 
 Chamber , found the 
 height thereof accord¬ 
 ing to the firft Method, 
 which in the foregoing 
 Example was Nine; firft 
 add together the length, 
 breadth, and height, as 
 in the Figure; then multiplying the Nine by Twelve, 
 and afterwards by Six; fet the Product made by 
 Twelve under Twelve, and the Product made by Six 
 under Six ; when this is done, multiply Six by Twelve, 
 and fet the Product thereof, which is Seventy Two, 
 under Nine ; laftly, having found a Number that mul¬ 
 tiplied by Nine, produces Seventy Two, which in this 
 Example would be Eight, 1 fay that eight Foot is the 
 height of the Arch. Thefe feveral heights have this 
 relation between themfelves, viz. that the firft ex¬ 
 ceeds the fecond, in the fame Ratio or Proportion 
 that the fecond exceeds the third. Each of thefe 
 heights may then be made ufe of, according to the 
 conveniency they give for contriving; that feveral 
 Rooms of different Dimenfions may be fomade, as to 
 have all their Arches of an equal height, and be at 
 the fame time in a juft Proportion. By this means 
 the Chamber will look handfome, and be very com¬ 
 modious for the Floor above, which will be upon a le¬ 
 vel. There are other Proportions for the height of 
 Arches , which do not come under any Rules, and 
 are therefore left to the Judgment of the Architect 
 to make ufe of them as Neceifity fhall require. 
 
 Chap 
 
Architecture. 5T 
 
 Chap. XXIV. 
 
 Of the federal kinds of Arches. 
 
 T HERE are fix forts of Arches , viz. Crofted , 
 Fafciated , Flat, (for fo thofe Arches which 
 are but the Segment of a Circle, and are lefs than a 
 Semi-Circle, are called) Circular , Grinded and Shell- 
 like , all which are in height one third of the breadth 
 of the Room . The four firfl: were ufed by the An- 
 tiehts, but the two lalt are of modern Invention. 
 Round Arches are made in fquare Chambers , and the 
 manner of raifing them is as follows. In the Angles 
 of the Room we leave certain Mutules , or Modilions, 
 that fupport the Semi-Circle of the Arch , which in 
 the middle is flat, but more circular the nearer it 
 comes to the Angles. We have an Example of one 
 of this kind in the Baths of Titus in Rome , part of 
 which when I faw it, was moulder’d away. I have here 
 given the ‘Defigns of all thefe different Methods of 
 arching, adapted to the various Figures of the Rooms . 
 
 Chap. 
 
Chap. XXV. 
 
 Of the Meafures, or Proportions, of Gates, 
 Doors, and Windows. 
 
 I T is impoffible to give any fixed and determinate 
 Rules, for the height and breadth of the Gates of 
 large Fabricks, nor for the Doors and Windows of 
 Rooms ; and that., becaufe that in making Gates , the 
 Architect is obliged to fuit them to the Greatnefs of 
 the Edifice; to the Quality of the Matter, and the Con- 
 veniency of whatever is to go in or out of the fame. 
 The Method I beft approve of is as follows; divide 
 the Space from the Ground to the Superficies of the 
 Joyfls into three parts and a half, as Vitruvius teaches 
 Book 4 . Chap. 6, two of which give to the height of 
 the Void or Opening, and one to the breadth, lefs 
 the twelfth of the height. The Antients ufed to 
 make their Gates narrower at Top than at Bottom, 
 as we fee in the Temple at Tivoli ; and Vitruvius 
 has given the fame Rule, probably becaufe it would 
 give a greater folidity. The Gates and principal 
 Doors mutt be placed in fuch a manner, that an eafy 
 accefs may be had to them from all parts of the 
 Houfe. The Doors of Rooms mutt not be more than 
 three Foot wide, and fix and a half high; nor lefs 
 than two Foot wide and five Foot high. In making 
 the Openings for Windows , we mutt obferve to make 
 them in fuch a Proportion, as not to let too much, nor 
 too little Light into the Room ; and likewife not to 
 make the Windows themfelves too clofe, nor too far 
 diftant one from the other. In this cafe therefore a 
 particular Regard is to be had to the Dimeniions of 
 the Chamber , fince it is natural, that a large Roo?n 
 fliould receive much more Light than a fmall one; 
 and if the Windows are made either lefs in Number, 
 
Architecture. 
 
 or fmaller than is requilite, the Apartments will be 
 dark ; as on the contrary, if they are too large, or too 
 many in Number, they will fcarce be habitable, be- 
 caufe of the great Quantity of Air they will let in, 
 which will make them either very hot or very cold, 
 in the different Seafons of the Year, unlefs they face 
 fuch a fide of the Heavens, as is foft and temperate. 
 For thefe Reafons the breadth of the Windows mult 
 not exceed a fourth part of that of the Room , nor be 
 lefs than a fifth part; they muff have in height 
 two Squares, and a lixth part of their breadth. And as 
 in a Houfe, although it be compofed of feveral Rooms , 
 (fome of which are large, fome fmall, and others be¬ 
 tween both,) we yet are obliged to make the feveral 
 Windows in the fame Story equal; in the meafure of 
 the fa id Windows, regulate myfelfby the Dimen- 
 fions of thofe Rooms , whofe length is two thirds more 
 than their breadth, that is, if the breadth be eighteen 
 Foot, the length muff be thirty, and I divide the 
 breadth into four parts and a half, one of which I al¬ 
 low to the Opening of the Window , and two to the 
 height, with a lixth part of the breadth, obferving 
 the fame Proportion in all thofe of other Rooms. The 
 Windows of the fecond Story, muff be a lixth part 
 lefs, than the length of the Opening of thofe of the 
 firft, and if there are more Stories, they muff dimi- 
 nifli in the fame Proportion. The Windows on the 
 Right Hand muff anfwer to .thofe on the Left, and 
 thofe above be exactly perpendicular over thofe be¬ 
 low ; and in like manner the Doors muff be dire&ly 
 over one another, in order that the void may be over 
 the void, and the folid over the folid ; and laftly, they 
 mult all be upon the fame level, by which means 
 one may fee at once from one end of the Houfe to 
 the other, which is very beautiful, and likewife cool 
 in Summer, not to mention feveral other Conveni- 
 encies. . It is ufual for Strength, and in order that 
 the Lintels or Architraves of the Doors and Win¬ 
 dows may not be prelfed by too great a Weight, 
 
 P to 
 
^4 Palladi o’x 
 
 to raife certain Arches, generally called Flat Arches, 
 that contribute very much to the duration of the Fa- 
 brick. The Windows, as has been already obferved, 
 mult be as far diftant from the Angles, or Corners of 
 the Building as poflible; for as that part was made to 
 fallen and bind together all the reft of the Fabrick, 
 it muft not for that Reafon be open and weak. The 
 Tilajlers, or Jambs of the Doors and Windows, are 
 not to be thicker than a fifth Part of the breadth of 
 the Opening, nor lefs than a fixth. It remains in the 
 next Place to fpeak of their Ornaments. 
 
 Chap. XXVI. 
 
 Of the Ornaments of Doors and Win¬ 
 dows. 
 
 ^TT^HE Manner how to beautify and adorn the 
 ^ Gates of Buildings may be eafily known, front 
 the Inftru&ions Vitruvius has given in the fixth Chap¬ 
 ter of his fourth Book; from the Explanations and 
 Defigns which the 1110ft Reverend Barbara has given 
 to illuftrate that Chapter; and from what I my felf 
 have already obferved and defigned upon all the five 
 Orders; but waving thefe Matters, I fhall only pre- 
 fent my Reader with fome Trofils of the Ornaments 
 of the Doors and Windows of Chambers, according as 
 they may be varied; and will Ihew how to Defign each 
 Member with Grace, and to give it its due Trojefiure. 
 The Ornaments of Doors and Windows are the Archi¬ 
 trave , the Freeze and Cornice\ The Architrave 
 turns about the Door , and muft be as thick as the 
 4 Jambs or Dilajiers, which as I faid before muft not 
 be lefs than a fixth Part of the breadth of the Opening, 
 nor more than a fifth; and the thicknefs of the Freeze 
 and Cornice are taken from the fame Opening. Of 
 the two following Inventions, the firft, i. e . the up- 
 permoft, has thefe. Meafures. The Architrave is di¬ 
 vided into four Parts, three of which are for- the 
 
 height 
 
Architecture. ^ 
 
 height of the Freeze, and five for that of the Cornice. 
 The Architrave is again divided into ten Parts; three 
 whereof go to the firft Fafcia, four to the fecond, 
 and the remaining three are Subdivided into five Parts; 
 of thefe two are for the Regolo or Orlo, and the re¬ 
 maining three for the Cima Reverfa, which is 
 alfo called Cimatium', its Tro/e&ure is equal to its 
 height. The Fillet projects lefs than half its Thick- 
 nefs. To defign the Cimatium is as follows; a right 
 Line mu ft be drawn from underneath the Fillet , to 
 the upper Part of the fecond Fafcia ; this Line mu ft 
 be divided into two equal Parts, each of which is made 
 the Baje of an Ifoceles Triangle, or that has two Sides 
 equal; then placing the fixed Foot of the Compajs, 
 in the Angle oppofite to the Bafe, draw the Curve 
 Lines, and they give the Cimatium abovementi- 
 oned. 
 
 The Freeze is three fourths of the Architrave, and 
 is formed by the Segment of a Circle lefs than a Semi- 
 Circle, and with its Convexity or Swelling is perpendi¬ 
 cular to the Cymatium of the Architrave . The five 
 Parts that are given to the Cornice , are diftributed to 
 its Members in manner following; one is allowed to 
 the Cavetto with its hi/lella, which is the fifth Part 
 of the Cavetto, whofe TrojeSlure is two thirds of its 
 height; and to defign it an Ifoceles Triangle is drawn, 
 whofe Angle C is the Center; fo that the Cavetto will 
 be the Baje of the Triangle. Another of the faid five 
 Parts is given to the Ovolo, whofe Trojeclure is two 
 thirds of its height, and is formed by drawing an 
 Ifoceles Triangle, the Point H being its Center. The 
 other three are fubdivided into feventeen Parts; eight 
 of which are for the Corona with its Tiflellas, of 
 which that above takes one of the faid eight Parts, 
 and that which is below and makes the Hollow of the 
 Corona, has but a fixth Part of the Ovolo. The other 
 nine are for the Cima Recla and its Fillet, which is 
 one third of the faid Cima. To form it with beauty 
 and juftnefs, the right Line A B is drawn, which is 
 
 divided 
 
e ;6 Pa l L a d i o’j- 
 
 divided into two equal Parts in the Point C ; one of 
 thefe two Parts is fubdivided into feven Parts, fix of 
 which being taken in the Point 2 ), we afterwards de- 
 fcribe the two Triangles A EC and CB F, then let¬ 
 ting the fixed Foot of the Compajs in the Points E and 
 F, we deferibe the Segments of Circles AC and C B } 
 and they form the fa id Cima Re Cl a. 
 
 The Architrave of the fecond Invention, is in like 
 Manner divided into four Parts, three of which are for 
 the height of the Freeze and five for that of the Cor¬ 
 nice. The Architrave is again divided into three 
 Parts, two of which being fubdivided into feven, 
 three thereof go to the firlt Fajcia and four to the 
 fecond: The third Part is fubdivided into nine Parts; 
 two are for the AJlragah and the other feven being a- 
 gain fubdivided into five; three are allowed to th zCyma* 
 tmm or Ogee , and two to the Fillet. The height of the 
 Cornice is divided into five Parts and three fourths, one 
 of which being fubdivided into fix; five of them are gi¬ 
 ven to the Bedmoulding over the Freeze , and the other 
 to the Lijlella. The Projedure of the Bedmoulding 
 is equal to its height, as is that of the Eijlella . One is 
 allowed to the Ovolo , whofe Projedure is three fourths 
 of its height. The Gradetto or Fillet over the Ovolo is 
 the fixth Part of the Ovolo , and projedfs juft as much. 
 The other three Parts are fubdivided into feventeen; 
 eight are for the Corona , whofe Procedure is one third 
 more than its height, the other nine being fubdivided 
 into four; three are given to the Cymatmm, , and one to 
 the Fillet: The three remaining are fubdivided into 
 five Parts and a half; of one whereof the Gradetto or 
 Fillet is made, and of the remaining four and a half 
 the Cymatmm over the Corona . The Projedure of 
 this Cornice is equal to its height. 
 
 Members of the Cornice of the firJl Invention . 
 
 I, Cavetto . N. Cymatium . 
 
 K. Ovolo. O, Fillet . 
 
 L. Corona 
 
 Members 
 
XXVI. 
 
 -Pa 36. 
 
\ 
 
 t.f- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 \ 
 
Architecture. 57 
 
 Members of the Architrave. 
 
 P. Ogee or Cima Rever- 
 fa. 
 
 a Fir ft Fafcia. 
 
 V. Second Fafcia. 
 
 R. Orlo or Fillet. 
 
 S. Convexity or Swelling 
 o f the Freeze. 
 
 T. Tart of the Freeze 
 that goes into the 
 Wall. 
 
 By the Members here fet down, thofe of the fe» 
 cond Invention may be eafily known. 
 
 In the two following Inventions, the Architrave 
 of the firft marked F, is in like manner divided into 
 lour Parts, whereof three and a fourth go to the height 
 of the Freeze, and five to that of the Cornice. The 
 Architrave is again divided into eight Parts, of which 
 five are for the Fafcia , and three for the Cymatium , 
 which is again fubdivided into eight Parts; three of 
 which go to the Ogee, three to the Cavetto , and 
 two to the Fillet. The height of the Cornice is 
 divided into fix Parts; two of which go to the Cyma 
 Recta and its Fillet, and one to the Ogee. This 
 Cima is again fubdivided into nine Parts, eight of 
 which are for the Corona and its Gradetti or Fijlellas . 
 The Ajlragal over the Freeze has but a third of one 
 of the laid fix Parts, and that which is left between 
 the Corona, and the Afragal, is given to the Cavetto . 
 
 In the other Invention, the Architrave marked H, is 
 divided into four Parts, three and a half of which are 
 for the height of the Freeze, and five for that of the 
 Cornice. The Architrave is divided into eight Parts, 
 five whereof go to the Fafcia, and three to the Cymau 
 tium. The Cymatium is divided into feven Parts; 
 one of which is for the Ajlragal, and the reft are 
 again fubdivided into eight Parts; of which three go 
 to the Cima Reverfa, three to the Cavetto, and 
 two to the Fillet. The height of the Cornice is 
 divided into fix parts and three fourths; three are 
 given to the Ogee, the Dentile, and the Ovolo . 
 The Ogee projects juft as much as its thicknefs; the 
 
 Q. Dent ile 
 
S8 
 
 Palladi Of 
 
 Pentile have two thirds of its height, and the 
 Ovolo three fourths; of the three fourths, the 
 Ogee between the Cymatium and the Corona is 
 made, and the other three parts are fubdivided 
 into feventeen; nine are for the Cymatium and the 
 Fillet , and eight for the Corona. The Trojetiure 
 of this Cornice , as thofe abovementioned, is equal to 
 its thicknefs. 
 
 Chap. XXVII. 
 
 Of Chimnies. 
 
 C 1 H E Antients ufed to heat their Apartments in 
 
 the following Manner. They built the Chim¬ 
 
 nies in the middle, with Columns or Confoles to 
 fupport the Architraves , over which the Piramidal 
 Funnel was fixed, and through this the Smoak was 
 conveyed. One of thefe kind of Chimnies was to be 
 feen at Baia, near Neros Tifcina or Fijh-Tond , and 
 another not very far from Civita Vecchia. But if 
 there were to be no Chimnies , they then made in the 
 thicknefs of the Wall certTmTubes or Pipes , through 
 which the heat of the Fires made under thofe Cham¬ 
 bers afcended, and ifliied out through certain Vents or 
 Mouths , at the Top of the faid Tubes or Funnels. The 
 Trenti , (a Vicentine Family) ufed to cool the Rooms of 
 their Villa at Co/loza during the Summer , much after 
 the fame Manner. For there are in the Hills on 
 which that Villa hands, feveral deep Caverns , called 
 by the Inhabitants of the Place Covali , that were for¬ 
 merly Quarries. Thefe I believe Vitruvius means in 
 his fecond Book, where treating of Stones , he fays 
 that in Marca Trevigiana a kind of Stone is dug that 
 may be Pawed like Timber . In thefe Caverns certain 
 very cool Winds are generated, which thefe Gentlemen 
 convey to their Houles through certain fubterraneous 
 Pallages, called by them Ventidotti or Wind-Pipes ; 
 and by means of Funnels like to thofe abovementioned. 
 
 they 
 
ARCHITECTURE; 5$ 
 
 they afterwards let thefe refrefhing Winds into every 
 Room of the Houfe; opening and fliutting thofePaf- 
 fages at Pleafure, to take more or lefs Air, according 
 to the Seafons. And although this fingular Convenien- 
 cy renders this Place very remarkable, yet that which 
 makes it Rill more fo, and worthy of being feen, is 
 another Place called il Careere de Venti , or the Prifon 
 of Winds , which is a Chamber under Ground, contri¬ 
 ved by the moll worthy Sig. Francefco Trento and by 
 him called E 0 L I A, (as it were the Palace of the 
 God ALolus) where many of thefe Ventidotti or Wind- 
 Pipes dilcharge themfelves; and to beautify it, and 
 make it worthy of the Name, he has fpared neither 
 Care or Expence. But to return to the Chimnies, 
 the Moderns make them in the thicknefs of the Walls, 
 and raife their Funnels above the Roof, in order that 
 they may carry off the Smoak quite away into the Air. 
 But Care mud: be taken not to make the Tubes either 
 too wide or too narrow, for in the former Cafe, the 
 Wind by having too much Room to play in, will by 
 that means drive the Smoak downward, and not buffer 
 it to afeend, or go out free and undilturbed; and if 
 they are made too narrow, the Smoak, for want of a 
 free Paflage, being feided, will revert or dy back again : 
 For which Reafon in the Chimnies of Rooms , the Fun¬ 
 nels mud: not be narrower than half a Foot, nor wider 
 than nine Inches, nor above two Foot and a half in 
 length. The Mouth of the Pyramid where it joins to 
 the Funnel mud: be made a little narrower, in order 
 that the Smoak driving downward, it may keep it 
 from going into the Room. Some make the Funnels 
 crooked, in order, by their finuolity or winding, and 
 the flrength of the Fire that forces it upward, to pre¬ 
 vent the Smoak from reverting or dying back into the 
 Room. The Funnels, or Openings at Top, through 
 which the Smoak is to be conveyed, ought to be wide, 
 and fet far from any combudible Subdance. The 
 Mantle-Tree over which the Pyramid of the Chhnney 
 isplaced,mudbe very neatly wrought, and not the lead 
 
 Rujlick; 
 
6o PULADI O’x 
 
 Ruflick ; this being proper only for very great Edifices, 
 for the Reafons already mentioned. 
 
 Chap. XXVIII. 
 
 Of Stair-Cafes, and the federal Methods of 
 building them , and of the Number and 
 Dimenfions of the Steps or Stairs. 
 
 I N placing of Stair-Cafes the utmoft Care ought 
 to be taken,, it being not a little difficult to find a 
 Place convenient for them, that will not at the fame 
 time prejudice the reft of the Building. We muft 
 therefore affign them a proper Situation, to the end 
 that they may not interfere with the other Parts of 
 the Houfe, nor receive the leaft Inconveniency from 
 them. Stair-Cafes muft have three Openings, the firft 
 whereof is the Door by which we go up to them, which 
 the lefs it is hid from thofe who enter into the Houfe, 
 the more graceful it will appear; and I very much 
 approve the placing of it in fuch a Manner, as before 
 our coming at it, may give us a fight of the beft Part 
 of the Houfe; for then the Building, though little in 
 itfelf, will appear very large; wherefore it muft be 
 obvious, and eafy to be found. The fecond Opening 
 is the Windows, neceffary to light the St air-Cafe ; 
 thefe muft be fituated in the middle and be made 
 high, whereby they will diffufe the Light equally. 
 The third Opening is the Landing-Vlace, through 
 which we enter into the, Apartments of the firft Story; 
 and muft lead into handfome, fpacious, and well fur- 
 niffied Parts of the Houfe. Stair-Cafes to be com¬ 
 plete, muft be light, large, and eafy to afcend; which 
 will invite as it were People to go up them .* To make 
 them lightfome, they muft receive a ftrong Light, 
 which, as was before obferved, muft be equally diffufed 
 upon all Parts of them. They will b e fpacious enough, 
 provided they be not made to narrow in Proportion to 
 
 the 
 
Architecture. 6 i 
 
 the largenefs and quality of the Fabrick ; but they muff 
 Tiever be narrower than four Foot, to the end that when 
 two Perfons meet upon them, there may be Room e- 
 nough for them to pafs. They will be convenient with 
 refpedl to the whole Building, if Arches large enough 
 to hold Goods, &c. are made under the Steps ; and 
 if they are made wide, and of an eafy Afcent, it 
 will be more convenient to thofe who go up and down; 
 for which Reafon their tread mult be double their 
 height. The Steps are not to be more than fix Inches 
 fteep; and if they fhould be made fomething lefs, 
 particularly if the Stair-Cajes are long, and have no 
 Fan ding-F laces , it will render them ftill more com¬ 
 modious, becaufe they will tire lefs, by not obliging 
 one to lift the Foot fo high; but then they muft not 
 be lefs than four Inches fteep. The breadth of the 
 Steps muft not exceed one Foot and a half, nor be lefs 
 than a Foot. The Aniients in the Steps of their 
 St air-Cafes , always made their Number odd, in or¬ 
 der that having begun to afcend with the Right Foot, 
 they might end with the fame, which they looked 
 upon as a good Omen, and a mark of more religious 
 Refpedt, when they entred into their Temples. 
 However, eleven or thirteen Steps at molt will be 
 fufficient to a flight; and if when we are got fo far, 
 we mull: ftill go higher, then a Fanding-Flace muft be 
 made, as well for the eafe of fuch Perfons who may be 
 either weary or tired; as in cafe any thing fhould hap¬ 
 pen to fall from above, thereby to ftop it, and prevent 
 its rolling any lower. Stair-Cafes are either made 
 Jlrait or winding. The former may be divided into 
 two Branches, or Taj]ages ; or elfe fquare which turn 
 in four Branches. To make thefe, the whole Space 
 muft be divided into four Parts; whereof two muft 
 be given to the Steps, and the other two to the Void 
 in the middle, whence the Stair-Cafe would receive 
 the Light, in cafe it were left open. They may be 
 made with the Wall inward, and then the Wall it felf 
 is inclofed in the two Parts which are given to the 
 
 R Steps , 
 
6 z PalladioV 
 
 Steps, but there is no neceffity of doing this. Thefe 
 two kinds of Stair-Cafes were invented by S . Lewis 
 Cornaro, a Nobleman of a fuperior Genius, as one 
 may judge by the Oefigns he drew of a very beautiful 
 Gallery, and of a magnificent Talace which he built at 
 !'Padua for himfelfto relide in. IVin ding-St airs, which 
 are alio called Cockle Stairs, are fometimes made Cir¬ 
 cular, and fometimes Eliptical: ; at other Times with 
 a Column, or Newel in the middle; or open, efpeci- 
 ally if there be little Room, becaufe they take up lefs 
 Space than the fir ait ; but they are not quite fo eafy to 
 afcend. Thofe which are open in the middle are found 
 to be handfome, not only from their receiving the 
 Light from above, but becaufe that whoever is at the 
 Top of the Stair-Caje, may fee, and be feen by all 
 thofe who go up and down them. 
 
 Thofe which wind round a Newel are made in the 
 following manner: The Biameter being divided into 
 three Parts, two are given to the Steps and one to the 
 Newel, as in the Befign marked A\ or the 2 diameter 
 fhall be divided into feven Parts, w hereof three mult 
 be given to the Newel in the middle, and the re¬ 
 maining four to the Steps, which has been exablly ob~ 
 ferved in the St air-Cafe of the Tillar of Trajan : And 
 if the St air-Cafes are made Circular as in the Befign 
 B, they will look extremely beautiful, and be of a 
 greater length than if they had been made Jlrait. 
 But in open Stair-Cafes, the 2 diameter is divided in¬ 
 to four Parts, two whereof arc for the Steps, and two 
 for the Space in the middle. 
 
 Bcfides the feveral kinds of Stair-Cajes commonly 
 made, the ingenious Mark Anthony Barkaro, a Vene- 
 tian Gentleman, hath invented another fort of Blinding 
 Stair-Cafe, which is wonderfully well fuited to nar¬ 
 row Places. This has no Newel in the middle, and as 
 the Stairs are Circular, they become by that means 
 very long. 
 
 It is divided in the fame manner as that before 
 mentioned. 
 
 Eliptical 
 
’ i ", • 
 
 
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 'iff :' : . 
 
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 ZXDl. 
 
 _P. F .rrtdp ■ 
 
Architecture. 65 
 
 Eliptical St air‘Cafes are divided in the fame Man¬ 
 lier as the Circular, and are very beautiful and grace¬ 
 ful becaufe all the Windows and ‘Doors are at the 
 head., and in the middle of the Elipjis, and thefe are 
 very commodious. I my felf have made one of this 
 fort, which is open in the middle, in the Monaltery 
 della Caritd, or of Charity , in Venice, with very 
 good Succefs. 
 
 A. Winding St air-Cafe, with a Newel in the Mid¬ 
 
 dle. 
 
 B. __ with a Newel and Circu - 
 
 cular Steps. 
 
 C. _ open in the Middle . 
 
 D. --- open in the Middle, and 
 
 with Circular Steps. 
 
 E. Eliptical Stair-Cafe, with a hi ewe l in the Mid¬ 
 
 dle. 
 
 F. -- without a Newel. 
 
 G. Strait St air-Cafe, with the Wall on the in fide. 
 
 H. - without a IVall. 
 
 Another beautiful kind of Winding Stair-Cafe , was 
 made by order ol the magnanimous Monarch, Francis 
 the Firfl, King of France , at Chambor, in a Palace 
 built in a Wood, which St air-Cafe is as follows. 
 There are four St air-Cafes , with lour Entrances to 
 them, viz. one to each, which go up the one over the 
 other in fuch a manner, that being made in the middle 
 of the Building, they may ferve for four Apartments; 
 fo that the Inhabitants of one Stair-Cafe, need not go 
 down thole of the other; and being open in the mid¬ 
 dle, they all fee one another go up and down Stairs, 
 without incommoding one another. As this Invention 
 is new and beautiful, I have inferted a Dejign thereof, 
 and marked the feveral Stair-Cafes with Letters in the 
 ‘Plan and Trofil, purpofely to fhew where each of 
 them begins, and how they go up. 
 
 There are alfo in the Torticd s ofTompejy at Rome , 
 in the Way that leads to the Jews Quarter, three 
 
 Winding 
 
64 Palladio’j 
 
 Winding Si air-Cafes of a very beautiful Invention; 
 for being placed in the middle of the Edifice, whence 
 it would have been impoflible for them to receive 
 any Light but from above,, they were fet upon Co¬ 
 lumns ; to the end that the Light might be diffufed 
 equally on all Parts. In imitation of which Bramante , 
 a molt excellent Architect in his Time, made one ill 
 the Behidera , but without Steps, and compofed it of 
 the four following Orders, viz. the ‘Dorick, Ionick , 
 Corinthian and Compojite. This kind of St air-Cafe 
 is made by dividing the whole Space into four Parts; 
 two whereof are for the void in the middle, and one 
 for each lide of the Steps and Columns. 
 
 Several other forts of Stair-Cafes are to be feen in 
 ailticnt Edifices , as Triangular , of which kind are 
 thofe by which we go up to the Cupola of Santa 
 Maria Rotunda, that are open in the middle and 
 receive the Light from above. Thofe of the Church 
 of Santo Apo/iolo in the fame City, near Monte Ca- 
 <vallo, are allb very magnificent; thefe Stair-Cafes 
 which were double, have been imitated by feveral 
 Architects; they led to a Temple fituated at the Top 
 of the Mountain, as I fhall fliew in my Book of Tem¬ 
 ples', and this is the laft Befigno'i this kind of Stair- 
 Cafes . 
 
 Chap. XXIX, 
 
 Of Roofs. 
 
 H Aving carried the Walls as high as they are to 
 go, made the Vaults , laid the foyfts of the 
 floors , brought up the Stair-Cafes, and in a Word 
 done all thofe Things of which we have already fpo- 
 ken; we are in the next place to raife the Roof, 
 which as it embraces every part of the Building, and 
 with its weight prefles the feveral Walls equally, is 
 by that means a kind of Band to the whole Work; 
 and ferves not only to fhelter fuch as dwell in the 
 
 Houfe, 
 
im:. 
 
 Pa .64- 
 
 -P. F. Jtu/f) , 
 
•j 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 V 
 
 A' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
xxxr. 
 
 J’a . o 4. 
 
Architecture. 
 
 Houfe, from Rain, Snow, the fcorching Rays of 
 the Sun, and the moift Vapours that rife in the 
 Night; but is alio of great advantage to the whole 
 Building, by carrying oft' the Rain from the Walls , 
 which though fuppofed to be but of little Prejudice 
 to the Building, will neverthelefs, in procefs of Time, 
 be found to be very detrimental to it. Vitruvius 
 tells us, that in the Infant Ages of the World, Men 
 made the Roofs of their Houles flat, when afterwards 
 finding that this did not Ihelter them from Rains, 
 neceflity obliged them to raife them in the middle, 
 and make them with a Slope. Thefe Roofs mull 
 be made more or lefs Ihelving, according to the 
 Climate. Wherefore in Germany, by reafon of 
 the great quantity of Snow that fails there, the 
 Roofs are made very acute or fliarp, and are 
 covered with Shingles , which are little thin Pieces 
 of Wood; or elfe with very thin Tiles, for otherwife 
 they would be cruftied by the weight of the Snow. 
 But thofe who live in mild and temperate Climates, 
 fliould raife their Roofs with Beauty and Elegance, 
 and to fuch a height, that the Rain may eafiy run 
 off. Therefore the breadth of the Place to be 
 roofted, mult be divided into nine Parts, two of 
 which lhall be the Pitch; for if it were made of 
 one fourth of the breadth, the Roof would be too 
 acute, fo that the Tiles would hardly cleave; and if 
 they were made but of a fifth Part, the Roof would 
 be too flat, by which Means it would be too 
 much prefled by the fuper-incumbent weight of 
 the Tiles, Shingles and Snows. Gutters are gene¬ 
 rally made round the Houfe, into which the Water 
 filling from the Tiles, is carried off by Spouts at a 
 great diftance from the Walls. The Gutters ought 
 to have a Foot and a half of Wall over them, 
 which will not only keep them in ftronger, but alfo 
 preferve the Timber in the Roof, from any Damage 
 that might other wfle be occafioned by the Rains. 
 
 S . There 
 
66 Palladi o 's, &c. 
 
 There are various Methods of framing the Timber 
 in the Roof ; but when the middle Walls fupport 
 the JoyJls , they are eaiily railed: I very much ap¬ 
 prove of this Method, becaufe the outward Walls 
 are thereby very little prefled, and alfo that in cafe 
 the end of any Joyfls fhould happen to rot, the 
 Roof would be in no manner of Danger upon that 
 Account. 
 

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