\W^\\\V\\\V\\\ * HOPKINS ANTIQUES MEIGE AND ROBlRT 1434 LINCOLN BLVD. EXbrook 3-8866 SANTA MONICA, CALIf -tec* SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 EXCAVATION OF A SITE AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, D. F. MEXICO BY ALFRED M. TOZZER Bi^'-' WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 LETTEB OF TRANSMITTAL Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C, January 13, 1920. Sir : I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled " Excavation of a Site at Santiago Ahuitzotla, D. F. Mexico," by Prof. A. M. Tozzer, and to recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a bulletin of this Bureau. Very respectfully, J. Walter Fewkes, Chief. Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 3 X V PREFACE The investigation described in the following paper was under- taken by the writer as Director of the International School of American Archaeology and -Ethnology, Mexico, in the winter of 1913-14. It was due to a suggestion from Senor Don Manuel Gamio, Director of Antiquities, that the site in question was selected, and it was due to his official permission and to his courtesy and aid that the work was carried on. To his brother, Senor Rodrigo Gamio, Mexican Fellow of the School, my thanks are due for long continued and faithful assistance in the excavation, and to Clarence L. Hay, Esq., Harvard Fellow, I owe many valuable suggestions in carrying on the work, and I also thank him for aiding me in the general super- vision of the excavations. Dr. Herbert J. Spinden has given me some suggestions regarding the nomenclature of the pottery classification. 5 CONTENTS Page. Introduction 13 Name and location of site 14 Type of site 14 Age of site 15 Orientation 15 Plan in general 15 Description of plans and sections 16 Order and method of excavation 17 Higher floors 17 Tunnels 19 Pits 19 General description , 21 < 'instruction 21 Walls 21 Floors 22 Drains 23 Roofs 23 Stairways 23 Fireplaces . 23 Decoration 24 Wells 24 Ash deposits 24 Pit XVI 25 Pit XV 25 Pits XXIV, XXV 25 Ash stratum 25 Sequence 1 25 Rehuilding 26 Detailed description 26 .Main Structure . 26 Terraces 26 Construction 27 Walls 27 Patio 27 Room I 28 Room II . 28 Rooms III, IV 28 Rooms V, VI 28 Floor A 29 Floor A' 29 Continuation of terraces 30 Room X 30 Floor G 30 Room XII 30 Floor on east 31 7 8 CONTENTS Detailed description- Continued. Page. Southern Extension 31 Room IX, Floors II. K, F 31 Rooms VII, VIII 32 Room XI, Floor E 32 Northern Extension 33 Floor M 33 Room XIII, Floors X, O 33 Higher level floors _ 33 Floor B 33 Floor B' 33 Floor C 34 Floor on east 34 Lowest floors 34 Floors in Tunnels n-p 35' Floor P 35 Floor R 3.1 Floor Q 36 Xiclies in Tunnels e, h 36 Sequence 37 Period I 38 Floors in Tunnels nr-p 38 Floors Q, R, P__. 38 Wells 38 Period II 38 Main Structure 38 Refuse ash pits XV, XVI, XXIV 38 Period III 38 Southern Extension - 38 Floor F 38 Period IV 38 Additions to Terraces on all four sides. ___ 38 Period V 39 Northern Extension— . .">'•> Floors M-0 39 Room XTII 39 Floors J, y 39 Period VI 3!* Floors B. C, B' and i hni on east — 39 Period VII 10 Wall over Floor M l'» Floor E j 40 Period VI II 40 Floor A over Patio 1" Period IX K» Floor A' 41 Artifacts 41 Skeletal remains II stone objects 42 Shell objects i- Ihiman figurines 4U Archaic type 42 Toltec type 42 Coyotlatelco type 42 Aztee type 43 CONTENTS 9 Artifacts — Continued. Page. Animal figurines 43 Adornos 43 Whistles and flageolets 44 Incense burners 45 Pottery disks, buttons, marbles 45 Rubbers and stamps 45 Spindle whorls 46 Ear plugs 46 Molds 46 Pottery 46 Type I, Archaic white 47 Type II, Incised 47 a, Volutes in bands 47 b, Red slip, all-over curved design 47 c, Deeply incised, birds and animals 47 d, Deeply incised, red paint in lines 47 e, Elaborate designs, background cut away 47 f, Yellow slip, elaborate designs 48 g, Thin orange type, incised and punctate 48 h, Incised lines following painted design 48 i, Culhuacan gray ■ 48 Type III, Cuneiform 48 Type IV, Textile marked 48 Type V, Grooved 49 Type VI, Stamped 49 Type VII, Molded 49 a, Elaborate figures 49 b, Line of figures near bottom 50 c, Multiple or assembled figures 50 d, Three handle type 50 e, Molded and punctate 50 Type VIII, Fillet applique 50 Type IX, Embossed 51 Type X, Carved.-. 51 Type XI, Stick polished 51 Type XII, Painted, Coyotlatelco type 51 a, Interior design 52 b, Exterior design 52 Type XIII. " Lost color "___. 53 Aztec types 53 Type XIV, Red polished Aztec 53 Type XV, Wide line Aztec, Culhuacan type 53 Type XVI, Fine line Aztec, Tezcoco type 54 Type XVII, Orange Aztec 54 Pottery shapes 54 Pottery feet 54 Bibliography 56 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES 1. Plan of upper levels of excavation with sections o-b, o-d, e-f. 2. Plan of lower levels with tunnels and sections g-h, i-j, h-l. 3. General view of site, looking north. 4. a, Looking west from Patio, showing- part of the entrance to Tunnel y. Floor P. and entrance to Tunnel / under Room I. 6, Floor A. Room I, and Pit XIX. with the entrance to Tunnel d. 5. a, Main structure, looking north, showing Eastern Terrace, Floor B, and Patio, b. Northern part of Main Structure, showing Floor A and Rooms V and VI. 6. a, Southwestern corner of excavation, showing Room IX with foundations of pillars, Floor H, and Room X. b. Northern Extension with Room XII, Floors M and B', and Room XIII. 7. a, Southern Extension with Rooms XI, IX, and X, and southern end of Room II. //. Northern Terrace, looking west, with Room VI, Floor B', and Room XIII. 8. a. Top of mound with Floor A uncovered. b. Floor A, break in floor, show- ing the upward slope at edges of floor, c, Room II, showing the two levels, d, Northern end of Room IX, showing the overhang of the wall. 9. a. Archaic body from tunnel under Room II. b. Archaic body from Pit XVI. c, Toltec body from Pit XXV, above wells, d. Archaic figurine, e, /, Archaic head. 10. a, Toltec head with holes in forehead, from tunnel under Room II. b, Toltec figurine from beneath Floor A. c, Toltec head and body from Floor B. (/, e, Toltec head of God Xipe from Pir XV. 11. a, Toltec figurine, Coyotlatelco type, from Pit XVI. ft, Toltec figurine, Coyotlatelco type, from wells, c, Toltec figurine. Coyotlatelco type, from excavation to west of road. 12. a, Aztec head from above floor of Room IX. b, Aztec head from above floor of Room II. e, Crude Aztec figurine from above Floor B. d. Crude Aztec figurine from above Floor A. e, Crude face from Pit XV. /, Gro- tesque head with perforations on nose. g, Animal figurine from above Floor B. h, Owl head from Pit XVI. 13. a, Ocelotl head from Pit XVI. b, Deer head from Pit XVI. c, Deer head attached to olla from near surface in southwest coiner of site. ' and the Northern Terrace. It is interesting as showing the construction under B' and seined as the entrance to Tunnel //. the tunnel being prolonged to the north of this excavation. Pit XXVI] was excavated at the very northeastern corner of Room VI where the wall and floor had disappeared. It served as the north- ern entrance to Tunnel /// and the southern end of Tunnel />. io/.zer] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 21 Pit XXIX was dug at the northwestern corner of Room XIII in order to find out if there were any floors beneath this room. A burial (p. 41) was found in this excavation. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Construction. — The materials used in the construction of the buildings are stone, adobe, tepetate, and earth. Walls. — The walls are, in the main, made of adobe and earth. Stone is used very sparingly. I can not explain the sporadic use of stone in some of the Avails. A wall will be built for the greater part of its length of adobe bricks, with a small portion of the same wall built of stone. This sudden change from adobe to stone is also noted at San Juan Teotihuacan. With one exception (p. 31), the walls do not have the sloping buttress-like projection at the base which is a very common feature at San Juan Teotihuacan and Tula, as well as in the buildings erected under the influence of the Toltecs at Chichen Itza. Stone walls. — With the exception only of the buttress-like walls to the west of Floor A, the stone construction is very crude. The stones are usually not worked in any way and are not laid in plaster or cement. In one case the wall set at an angle on Floor M in the north- western corner is composed of earth with two lines of worked stones running horizontally through it. A line of nicely worked stones is used as the facing of the terrace, and a line of square stones set at an angle is found at the base of the outer walls of the Main Structure (pi. 1,7,7'). The most important stone walls are those running out into Room I. The buttress-like effect of this wall in relation to the floor of the room is seen in plate 1, section e-f. These walls by means of an elbow-like turn form the northern and southern sides of the Patio. A stone wall was also at one time present on the eastern side of the Patio. A small portion of the outer wall of the Main Structure, that form- ing the southern side of Room III and a part of the northern wall of Rooms V and VI, is still in place. This is of stone, and it may well be that at one time this entire outer wall was built of stone. The only wall remaining in any way connected with Floors B and B' is that on the southern side of B', and it is built of stone. Adobe. — Adobe bricks are the most common material for building walls. They are used in almost all cases for the interior walls of the Main Structure. They are usually faced with a thin layer of plaster. The western wall of Room I and the walls of Room V (pi. 5, b) show the plaster still remaining on the walls. The highest walls of adobe now in place are only 0.83 m. in height. Above this the adobes are covered with earth. The erection of Floor A, covering, in all 22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bill. 7 1 probability, the greater part of the central portion of the site, necessi- tated tearing down the top of all the walls of Rooms I-VI. The walls widen out in some places at the sides of a doorway. (See the door from Eoom I to Room II, pi. 4, o.) This is a common feature at Teotihuacan. The sloping walls in the rooms, a feature very com- mon at Teotihuacan, is found here only at one place, Room IX on the northern side of the northern wall. An overhang in the wall, found also at Teotihuacan, is seen here in the northeastern corner of Room IX (pi. 8, d). Adobe is almost exclusively used in the con- struction of the pillars to support the roof. These adobe supports are very common at Teotihuacan. The size of the adobe bricks seems to vary from 0.3 to 0.7 m. long and about 0.1 m. thick. In a few cases adobes were found 0.88 m. long. Earthen walls. — The greater number of walls in the Southern Extension (Rooms VII-XI) and Northern Extension (Room XIII) seems to have been built simply of earth with a layer of plaster as a facing. Tepetate (from tetl, "stone," and petlatl, "mat"), a geological formation formed by the leaching out of the surface and a redeposit farther down, is used very often in the construction of the walls, and in a few cases as the foundation for floors. It is found in thick beds only a short distance from the site. It is still used for walls by the present inhabitants. When first uncovered it is comparatively soft and is cut into blocks by saws. On exposure to the air it hardens quickly and is very durable. No walls were found in place over 1.2 m. in height. It is evi- dent that the upper portions of the walls were destroyed in the rebuilding. Several explorers at San Juan Teotihuacan mention the fact that the walls remaining consist only of the lower portions. Floors. — These present much variety in their construction. The best floors are often of hard cement 0.1 to 0.2 m. in thickness. Floor A is an example of this kind. In other cases the floor is made of a very thin layer of plaster over adobe bricks. These floors are most perishable and seem to have been renewed from time to time. The floors of Rooms I and II are of this type. One of the lowest floors (P) is very uneven and made of a mixture of plaster and tepetate. This makes a very hard and very durable substance. The floors are built at many different levels. In many cases a floor suddenly ends with no signs of a wall bordering it ami another begins at a lower level. Floors run under floors at several different levels. The distance between floors is often less than 0.1 m. There are often sudden breaks in the floor which are difficult to explain. There is an even break around the floor of Room I (pi. 4, l>) which illustrates this point. tozzbr] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 23 In a few cases the edge of a floor is lined with a row of worked stones set almost flush with the floor. Along a part of the eastern side of Room I a row of stones (pi. 1, 3) seems to indicate possibly a doorway into the Patio. The southern edge of Floor Q in Tunnel / (pi. 2) and the floor in Tunnel p show a line of worked stones set flush with the floor. The edge of the depressed Floor H in Room IX is lined with worked stones. Squared stones are also found on the edge of Floor F (j)l. 1, 14). Drains. — With the exception of the perforated stone found over the cluster of four wells (p. 24), there are no signs of drains, a feature very common at Teotihuacan. Roofs. — As might be expected, there are no remains of the roof construction. This was undoubtedly of some perishable material. The columns at either end of Room I and those around the eastern and southern sides of Room IX were probably supports for the roof. 7 The projections of the wall on the eastern and western sides of Room I probably served as the support for roof -beams. In Room XI the remains of a mass of cement (pi. 1, 12) near the northern end may show the foundation for wooden beams to support the roof of this wide room. A similar feature was probably present at the southern end of the same room (pi. 1, 11), although it had fallen in, owing to the subsidence of the floor. In the center of Room X a large stone (pi. 1, 17) may have been the foundation for a wooden support. There are several wide rooms which show no remains of the methods used to support the roof. At Teotihuacan also there are many rooms too wide to have been bridged by a single beam, and yet no pillar or wall appears at the present time. Stairways. — There are no remains of stairways. Steps were prob- ably necessary leading from the Eastern Terrace to the Patio on the level with Room I, provided our reconstruction is correct. Fireplaces. — The only suggestion of a fireplace in the floor is in Room VI (pi. 1, 18; pi. 7, b). It is a depression lined with squared stones, and it was found filled with ashes. No remains of fire were found on the stones. Outside the eastern wall of Room XI several worked stones were found together. They seemed to have formed a part of a fireplace at this point. In the northern end of Room I, 0.5 m. above the floor, a mass of burned adobe was found, 0.4 m. thick 7 Compare the plan of rooms excavated at San Juan Teotihuacan by Charnay (" Ancient Cities of the New World," New York, 18S7, p. 145). He writes, "The center of the room is occupied by six pillars, on which rose stone, brick, or wood columns bearing the roof." It is evident from this description that the columns were not standing at the time of his explorations. Seler (op. cit., pp. 408-409) assumes that the piers were of wood when he writes, " In Tcotiuacan kennen wir nur die unteren Thelle der Wiinde, diese sind aber auch hier durchweg unten abgebtischt, and nuch die Unt.ers8.tze der Pfeiler, — die selbst vermuthlich aus versiinglichem Materiale, aus IIolz, bestanden ha- ben, — fallen regelmiissig nach den vier Seiten ab." 24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 74 and 0.8 m. square. Several shards of very crude pottery were lying near. In digging Pit XV, 0.9 m. below the floor of Room XI, a strip of burned adobe '2 m. long and about 0.5 m. wide was noted. Other burned adobe was found in several places in the wall of earth left between the road and the Western Terrace. Carbon and ash were found in close proximity. In almost every case these burned places were found not on the floor but either under the floor or above in the material filling the room. The first explanation is that they were places where potter}' had been fired. Decorattox. — There is no evidence of any attempt at decoration on the walls of the buildings. Remains of paint, so common at Teoti- huacan, are entirely lacking here. Practically no carved stones were found. Wells. — Under Floor A and beginning about 3.7 m. below this floor four wells were found (pi. 2, sees, i-j, k-l). 8 The bottom of the lowest (X) is 9.25 m. below Floor A. Z is almost the same depth. W and Y are far less deep and may not have been completed. The grouping of these four wells closely together seems to show that their purpose was the collection of rain water. The water table was not reached even in Well X. It was estimated that the average water level is about 1.5 m. lower than the bottom of the deepest well. The wells were filled with earth and ashes mixed with a large number of shards. A thick bed of ash was found above the mouths of the wells similar to that found in Pits XV and XVI. Here also was a prolific source of pottery. A flat stone (0.4 by 0.4 by 0.15 m.) was found 3.6 m. below Floor P' and almost over the mouth of Well X (pi. 2, 23, and sec. i-j, k-l). This stone had a hole in the middle 15 mm. in diameter. The natural explanation of this perforated stone is that it served as a drain for the rain water running into the wells. The difficulty is that the hole seems too small to have served as an outlet for water. The hole may have been used for the entrance of a rope used in drawing water in a bucket from the well. No similar stones were found above any of the other wells. It is difficult to determine the time in the history of the site when these wells were used. There is no doubt that they belong to the pre-Aztec epoch on account of the figurines and shards which they contained. I have placed them in the first period of the Toltec epoch (p. 38) and suggested that they were filled and the bed of ash formed above them when the Main Structure was built. Asu deposits. — In three distinct places in the site thick beds of ashes were found in which a large quantity of shards, and in some cnses whole pots, were discovered. "Hatn's, as noted in Seler (op, cit., p. U0), t'oinid a well a1 San .luan Teotihuacan measuring 0.9 m. in diameter and 10 in. iii depth, it was covered with a semispherica] arch of mason rj and contained ezcellenl drinking water. tozzbr] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 25 Pit XVI. — The floor in the western part of Room IX was badly cracked and depressed. This subsidence extended into Room VII. This floor was removed and an excavation (pi. 2, Pit XYI; also sec. g-h) made at this point. We soon found a thick bed of ashes. This place had evidently been used as a dumping ground for refuse from the fires of the inhabitants previous to the erection of the Southern Extension. The weight of the building was evidently too great for the sustaining power of the ashes, and a subsidence was the result. Six tunnels were run out from the main hole in order to ascertain the extension of the ash deposit and the possible presence of lower floors. Pit XV. — A depression in the floor of Room XI similar to that in Room IX was noted. A pillar of adobes (similar to 12 in the same room) had fallen, owing to the subsidence of the floor. An excava- tion (pi. 2, Pit XV; also sec. i-j) was made here and a bed of ashes found, as in the previous case. Two tunnels were run out. that to the north extending under a great part of Room XI. No floors or walls were found in any of these tunnels running from the two excavations. Pits XXIV, XXV. — A third bed of ashes was found over the mouths of the four wells, as already pointed out (pi. 2, sees, i-j, k-l). Ashes also filled the wells, so that the deposition of the ash layer and the filling in of the wells undoubtedly occurred at the same time. As previously mentioned, the ashes in these three deposits and in the wells were a most prolific source of shards and several unbroken ollas. There were probably three times as many shards found in these beds of ashes as in all the rest of the site put together. They all invariably belong to the Toltec culture. Ash stratum. — In addition to the thick beds of ashes just described, mention should be made here of the stratum of ashes found under the Main Structure, and shown in plate 2, sections i-j, k-l. This layer of ash averages 0.5 m. in thickness and is about 0.5 m. below the floor of the rooms in the Main Structure. On the southern side the stratum seems to end just inside the Terrace. On the west the ash layer is found extending to the other side of the modern road. On the north the same stratum runs under Floor B', and on the east it ends inside the Terrace. Under Floor A a second stratum of ash runs above the first and above the level of the rooms in the Main Structure. Sequence. — It is plain that the history of the site covered a con- siderable period of time extending from the Teotihuacan into the Aztec culture. There are many changes, additions, and alterations in the plans and it has already been pointed out how floor covers floor and wall covers Avail. The possible sequence in the erection of 26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Tbdll. 74 the various parts Avill be considered after a detailed description of the site as it now appears has been made (p. 37). Rebuilding. — It is well to consider the methods used in filling in the rooms to prepare them for others on higher levels. In most cases loose earth is employed. Sometimes, however, more pains seem to have been taken in filling in the rooms. Practically all of Room 1 was filled by adobe bricks up to within 0.5 m. of the present top of the hill. In a few cases ashes were noted between the adobes. Some- times an adobe seems to have been left out and its place filled with earth. Stones are often employed for filling in over the lower floors. Room II at the entrance from Room I and in the southern end was filled by alternate layers of earth and single lines of unworked stones. The question of the purpose of such a variety of floor levels and so evident a desire for renovation has never been satisfactorily an- swered. Reference is frequently made by the early Spanish writers to the desire of the natives to renew their temples and their utensils at the end of certain periods of time. This may explain in part, at least, the presence of floors separated from each other by only a few inches. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The natural order in the description of the site would be, perhaps, a chronological one, beginning with the lowest and earliest examples of construction and working up to the latest. A second possibility would be to work in the opposite direction, beginning with what appears to be the latest. Neither of these methods will be adopted. Leaving out of account for the present the probable sequence. I wish to begin with the most important unit, that bounded by the terrace and called the Main Structure as it appeared built over the lower- most rooms and before the topmost floor (A) was added. Main structure. — Terraces. — The most important building of the site rests upon a step or Terrace which is practically a perfect square, IT. 5 m. on each side. The northwestern corner of the Ter- race is covered by the road. The other three corners were uncovered. This step or Terrace is only 0.15 m. high and is faced by a single line of squared stones. The floor of the Terrace is of plaster and is, in most cases, well preserved. The average width on the southern, eastern, and northern sides is 0.5 m. Plate 5, <7, shows the Eastern Terrace and plate 7, A, the Northern Terrace. On the western side the width is 1.(5 m. There is a good floor in some places in front of the Terrace (pi. 1, U, U', V"). At the southeastern corner this floor runs under the higher Level Floor B. In two places (pi- 1, 9, 9') a mass of cement was found on this floor and level with the top of the Terrace. Near the center of the Kastern Terrace two crater-like masses of cement (pi. 1, 10, 10') were noted. These were undoubt- tozzer] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 27 edly at one time the foundation for beams, although it is difficult to understand what beams could have been used for at this place. Construction. — It is interesting to note the stratification of the low mound on which the Main Structure is erected. A consistent layer of ash, about 0.5 m. thick, the top of which is about on the level of the Terrace, runs through the whole mound. This can be seen in plate 2, sections i-j, k-l. Over this is a stratum of earth and directly beneath the floors, in almost every case, a single line of adobe bricks. Walls. — Only two pieces of the outer wall of the building are still in place. These are of stone and may show that the main wall was entirely of this material. A line of worked stones was set at an angle at the base of the wall. These appear in two places (pi. 1, 7, 7'; sees, a-b, c-d) . Patio. — The central part of the building is difficult to make out, owing, first, to the later additions of Floor A, and, secondly, to the excavation made here by a previous investigator. The northern wall of Rooms III and IV is finely plastered and is below the level of Floor A. At the base of this wall are remains of two narrow steps or floors (pi. 1, 5) 9 one slightly above the other. The same two narrow steps or floors and the plastered wall behind are noted to the south of Rooms V and VI. It seems probable that at a time before Floor A was built with its stone supporting walls a floor or floors ran across the space called the Patio connecting these steps or floors (pi. 1, 5, 5'). This floor would have been at the same general level as that of the other rooms of the structure and formed a kind of court or patio open, in all probability, on the eastern side. Plate 5, b, gives an idea of this shelf-like floor on the north and shows how it has been broken off by the erection of Floor A. Another feature which strengthens the supposition that there was once a floor at the general level of Rooms I, III, IV, V, and VI over the central portion of the structure is the stratification below Floor A. The stratum of ash running under all the rooms (pi. 2, sec. i-j) is con- tinuous over the central space and is now visible under Floor A. From the Patio the main entrance to the building would have been on the eastern side of Room I. Another piece of evidence in favor of the idea of a floor over the Patio at the level of Room I is furnished by a small piece of plaster flooring attached to a line of worked stones (pi. 1, 3) forming a part of the eastern side of Room I and set almost flush with the floor. This bit of floor indicates that the floor of the Patio was slightly higher than the floor of Room I (pi. 4, a). The line of stones runs under the stone wall which projects into 8 It is interesting to note that in the underground rooms excavated at Teot iliuaean :i similar feature to these step-like floors is found on the walls of a room 5 m. above the present floor. k 2S BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Mmi.i.ti Room I, indicating that this wall was a part of a later construction and probably the support of Floor A. Room I. — This is the main room of the structure. The western wall is well preserved and the plaster covering the adobe is still to be seen in many places (pi. 4, b). The floor is also well preserved. There is a curious break in the plaster of this floor, running around nearly the whole room. The floor near the walls is slightly higher than that in the middle of the room (pi. 1, sec. a-b). The uniform break in the floor may be due to the destruction of a low step connecting the higher floor near the walls with the floor in the middle. This is the only explanation I can suggest to account for the even break around the room. The projections in the western wall of Room I were probably in- tended to lessen the distance to be bridged by the roof-beams. At either end of the room the floor clearly indicates the former presence of a single pillar. Similar supports are very frequent in the plans of the rooms excavated at San Juan Teotihuacan. The width of the outside rooms made at the northern and southern end by the pillars is not equal, as may be seen on the plan. It is impossible to know to a certainty whether there was an entrance to Room I at the northern and southern ends. I have indicated in the plan no break in the out- side wall of the building at these places. Room II. — Opening from Room I on the west through a well-de- fined doorway is Room II. The original floor of this room is marked D (pi. 1 ) and is the same level as the floor around the sides of Room I. At the western side and at both ends of the room is another floor ((') . at a slightly higher level than Floor D (pi. 1. sec. e-f ; pi. 8, c). A narrow strip of the original floor (D) runs out to the northern wall of the room in the northeastern corner. It seems probable that the floor on the lower level once covered the entire room. The second floor, as will be pointed out later, was probably built to connect with Floors B and B' on the south and north, which are of the same level. Rooms III, I V (pi. 5, a). — Opening from the southern end of Room I is Room III, and from this in turn opens Room IV. The floor is entirely gone from Room III and only partially preserved in Room IV. The outer facing of the northern wall of these two rooms is still in place. Rooms V, VI (pi. 5. b). — Corresponding to III and IV on the south. Rooms V and VI open from Room I on the north. Koom V is the best preserved of any of the rooms in the building. Near the center of Koom VI there is a square formed of worked stones set flush with the floor (pi. 7. A). This was found filled to tin 1 depth of ()..") in. with ashes. This has previously been called a fireplace. No shards were found in connection with the stones. rozzHB] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 29 Floor A. — Of the area included in the Main Structure there remains to be described the highest floor (A) and its sustaining walls of stone. The relation of this floor to Eoom I is best seen in plate 1, section under Northern Terrace. 2. Floor Q, Q' in Tunnels /', g, under Rooms I, IT. 3. Floor R in Tunnel f. 4. Floor I'-P" in Tunnels e-k under Rooms 1, II. Patio, and Floor A. Four wells used during this period. Period II (pi. 1) — Main Structure surrounded on four sides by Terrace and Moor (U, U\ U") in front of Terrace. Wells probably rilled up. Refuse piles of ash made during this period. Period III — Southern Kxtension with Rooms VII-IX, XT. Later, Floor F. Period IV — Additions i<> floor of Terrace ( 1 ) along eastern side of Room X and re- mains of floor under P.. (2) mi wesl by Floor G, (3) along northern side by Room XII and remains of floor under B', (4) on east by II " of the same level as that of the Terrace. 38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 74 Period V- Northern Extension with Floors M-O, Room XIII, and poss'bly the same floor level extending on the west and south, as shown by -V and J, the latter to the south of Room X. Period VI — ■ Floors B and B'. Floor C on the west and remains of a floor on a similar level on the east. Period VII, the first Aztec remains — Wall set at angle over Floor M. Floor E in southeastern corner of Room XI. Period VIII— Floor A, the highest Moor, over Patio with stone supporting walls on the four sides. Period IX — Rooms I and IT tilled in and Floor A extended to the west to A'. Period I. — This has been subdivided according to the various levels of the floor. (1) The floors in Tunnels n-p are 0.7 m. below Floor P", but the floors do not in any way overlap each other. (2) Floor Q is 0.3 m. below P 3 and was probably broken by the building of the higher floor. (3) Floor R is 0.15 m. below P 3 and 0.15 m. higher than Q. (4) Floor P-P°, as indicated above, is the highest floor of those placed in this period. The four wells (W-Z) were probably dug at about the time that the floors under Booms I and II were made. Period II. — The Main Structure is a unit and is the most definite of all. owing to the Terrace on the four sides. There are two indi- cations that the Northern Terrace was at one time wider than is shown in the plan with a consequent result that Room II was nar- rower, possibly only the width of Floor D. Floor T, in the northern end of Tunnel A, is the same level as that of the Terrace and of the same character. Also in Pit XVIII, a floor (27) of the same level as that of the Northern Terrace is found under the western wall of Room II. The four wells may have been filled up during this epoch. The refuse piles were probably made at this time (Pits XV. XVI, XXIV). Period III. — The Southern Extension was subsequent to the erec- tion of the Main Structure if our supposition is correct that the refuse piles in Rooms IX and XI were made in the preceding epoch. There is no reason to suppose, however, that the Main Structure did not continue to be occupied after the Southern Extension was built. The two were probably joined by the Floor K and U". I have placed here in Period 1 1 1 Floor F. built along the western side of Room IX. It is undoubtedly later than Room 1 X. as the floor of the latter runs under F. Period IV. — The Terrace was eliminated by filling in in front of the stone facing and thus extending the floor of the Terrace over and beyond the facing stones. A solid mass of adobes was often found tozzer] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 39 in front of the Terrace and level with the floor. This is noted espe- cially over the northern side. The extension of the floor of the Terrace in the southwestern corner (Room X) destroyed a part of the Southern Extension and especially Floor H over which Room X was built. But there is little reason to suppose that Rooms IX and XI were abandoned at this time. The floor of the Southern Terrace, other than in Room X, reached in all probability the northern wall of Rooms IX and XL It could not have extended to the south of this wall, as the wall is still in place under Floor B. It is impossible to tell how far the widened Terrace floor extended on the western, northern, and eastern sides. On the north the Terrace was extended by building Room XII and the floor under B\ On the east the re- mains of a floor appear to show that the Terrace was extended on this side. Period V. — The Northern Extension is clearly later than Period IV, as Floor M is built over Room XII, the addition to the Terrace floor at the northwestern corner. Floor M runs up to the walls of Room XIII, as does also Floor N, showing that they were contempo- raneous. I have included in this period Floor J, to the south of Room X and slightly higher than the floor of this room. Floor J', a small piece of floor found above the floor of the Western Terrace, should also be included. Both J and J' are of the same level as M, N, and O. There should be mentioned in connection with these floors the remains of two small pieces of plaster found in excavating the northern end of Room XI. These are of the same level as Floor J. It is suggested that a floor of this level covered at one time the western and southern sides of the site. Period VI.— This is marked by a decided change in the plan of the site. The higher level floors which come in this epoch are built almost entirely over earlier constructions. The Southern Extension was probably filled in, as Floor B is built over the northern wall and also runs over the floor in front of the Southern Terrace. Floor B probably ran to the west over Room X. Floor B', on the north, was built over Room XII and probably over Floors M-O, which may at one time have extended under B'. There is difficulty in de- termining the relation of Floor C, which in this period connected B with B', with Floor D, the original floor of Room II of the Main Structure. It is probable that Floor C once entirely covered Room II. In excavating Room I a small piece of plaster floor was found near the southwestern corner, 0.27 m. above the main floor. This would be about the height of Floor C in Room II. This latter floor, the connection between B and B', may not only have covered the entire Room IT but may have once extended into Room I. T have tried to show elsewhere (p. 31) that the square formed by B, C, and B' was completed on the east by a floor the remains of which are 40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 74 found above the stratum of stone on that side. It is not improbable that at this time the space between Floor B and Rooms III and LV and the southern end of Room I was filled in over the floor of the Terrace. In the same way the Northern Terrace was covered by the filling between the high level Floor F/ and Rooms V and VI and the northern end of Room I. There is some evidence to show that the high level floor on the east ran to the eastern wall of the Patio, thus covering the Eastern Terrace. All this would greatly enlarge the area of the Main Structure by making these high floors on the four sides a part of the building which had already been increased in area by the additions made in Period IV. _ Period VI 1. — As has already been noted, it is impossible to differ- entiate with absolute certainty the floors and Avails made by the Toltecs from those erected by the Aztecs. The site was probably occupied continuously from one culture to the other. From a study of the distribution of the different types of pottery and figurines it seems probable that the site was occupied by people of the pre- Aztec or Toltec culture up to about the end of Period VI. The changes which are noted in the succeeding periods were made, in all prob- ability, by the Aztec people. Period VII is comparatively unim- portant and is not marked by any sweeping changes in the plan of the site. In this sequence which has been suggested, I have placed in this period the Avail set at an angle over Floor M in the northwest- ern corner of the excavation. This floor was covered with debris when the wall now found over it was built. This wall also extended over Floor B\ It is the only construction in the whole site which does not show a more or less careful orientation. The elevated Floor E at the southeastern corner of Room XI has also been placed in this period. There is no proof thai the walls over Floor M and Floor E were built at the same time, but they both evidently belong to the Aztec period and are insignificant changes compared with those which have been placed in Periods VI 1 1 and IX. Period VIII. — Floor A is important as it is marked by the most sweeping changes in the plan of the Main Structure. This period almost certainly belongs to Aztec times, as much Aztec pottery was found in connection with this Moor. Around the Patio a stone wall was built and the space between filled in to support Floor A. There are some grounds lor thinking that Rooms 1 and III-VI still con- tinued to be used after Floor A was built. The straight lines of Floor A on the western and northern sides make it appear as if these were at one time, at least, the Limits of the floor. The stone buttresses of the wall on the western side of A would not have been needed if the floor had extended to the west over Room I. Period IX. — This is the last epoch in this suggested sequence in the history of the site. Rooms I and II were filled in together, in all tozzer] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 41 probability, with all the other rooms of the Main Structure. Room I, as lias already been pointed out, was filled with adobes. Between and above the adobes over the whole extent of this room Aztec types of pottery and figurines were found. Floor A' on the western side is the remains of a floor which may have covered the greater part of the site and connected with Floor A in the center. Remains of a layer of tepetate in some places high up in the filling of Room II may indicate this highest floor level, as tepetate was often used in place of adobes immediately under the floors. There may have been still another floor over A, as two layers of adobes were found covering the greater part of the floor. Emphasis must again be laid on the fact that the divisions into periods is only suggestive. There is often opportunity for several interpretations of the floor levels. A knowledge of other sites of this character in the Valley of Mexico would be a great help in deciding- many unsettled points. No attempt has been made to hazard a guess as to the length of time for any of the periods. ARTIFACTS All the objects found in this excavation are in the Museo Nacional in Mexico City. Unfortunately it was necessary to leave Mexico before a complete study of the collection could be made. This part of the report has been written, therefore, from notes and drawings but without any of the collection at hand. In discussing the objects from this mound it may be assumed that the various artifacts belong to the Toltec culture unless special men- tion is made to the contrary. The objects of Aztec culture are com- paratively few in number and relatively unimportant. A few things which are clearly pre-Toltec or Archaic were encountered. These are sporadic and do not indicate that the site can be dated back to the time of the earliest occupation of the valley. Attention is called to the list of illustrations (pp. 11, 12), where there is given, as ac- curately as possible, the location of many of the objects. Skeletal remains. — The human remains were not numerous. In no case Avas a burial found in direct connection with objects. In Pit XV, 2.35 m. below the floor of Room XI, a skeleton was found. Owing to the subsidence of the ground at this place the bones were not in place. In Floor O, 1.10 m. outside the eastern wall of Room XIII, 1 m. from the surface, a second skeleton was found resting on the adobe floor. The head pointed toward the west and the body lay on its back with the legs flexed. At the crossing in Tunnels h and i charred human bones were found mixed with char- coal. A few scattered human bones came to light in excavating the wells. 42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 74 Remains of animal bones were not uncommon hi the ash deposits. They were very rare, however, in other parts of the site. It is to be regretted, for reasons stated before, that there was no opportunity for further examination of the skeletal material. Stone objects. — The stone objects were very few in number and comparatively unimportant. They include obsidian points and cores, rough flakes of obsidian, three quartz spear points, several handled rubbing stones and pestles of tufa, a few pieces of broken metate, two beads of serpentine, and a single stone with engraved lines upon it. Shell objects. — The only shell objects were a perforated pendant and some small pieces of mother-of-pearl. Human figurines — Archaic type. — This horizon is very poorly represented in this site. As already pointed out, there seems to be no ground for thinking that the history of the site goes back to the time of the Archaic period. The figurines and pottery belonging to this culture were found in close contact with a far larger number of objects clearly to be assigned to the Toltec period. The only unmistakedly Archaic body is shown in plate 9, a. It came from the Tunnel under Room II. Plate 9, b, may possibly belong to the same type. Plate 9, c, is an unusual form. It is painted yellow and came from the ash stratum above the wells. It is undoubtedly Toltec. A seated figure with the typical eyes of the Archaic period is shown in plate 9, d. Other heads from this culture are shown in plate 9, e, f. The latter appears to belong to the " transi- tional type." Toltec type. — A surprisingly small number of the typical Toltec heads was found. These occur, however, in large numbers in the immediate vicinity of the site. Of those found, the following were the most striking: A head with dee]) holes on either side of the fore- head for the attachment of some extraneous decoration (pi. 10, «), the typical Toltec scaled figure with the " spectacled eyes " (pi. 10, b), a head attached to a body (pi. 10, <°), and two examples of Xipe, the god of the flayed skin (pi. 10, d, e). Coyotlatelco type. — A variety of Toltec figurine most frequent here has, I think, seldom been described (pi. 11. a, b. <■). It is not found, as far as I know, at San Juan Teotihuacan, and 1 have seen only a tew of this type from the Atzcapotzalco area outside of the site here described. Tt consists of a complete body, much thinner than the usual Toltec figurine, and characterized especially by a sharp-pointed nose. The face is usually painted red. together with parts of the dress, and the simple headdress is sometimes yellow. The faces of these figures were probably not always made in molds. Portions of 25 of these figurines were found in Pit XVI and 7 in Pit XV. I have called this variety of figurine the Coyotlatelco subtype. There tozzbb] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 43 are many local differences in some of the Toltec figurines, in spite of the fact that many types are identical, whether found at San Juan Teotihuacan or in the Valley of Mexico. The usual types of arms and legs, many of them perforated for attachment to bodies, are well represented at this site. Aztec type. — Heads of this type are very few in number. Plate 12, a, shows a head with a typical Aztec headdress found well above the floor of Room IX and the head on plate 12, b, came from above the floor of Room II. Plate 12, c, d, shows a female form with curious indentations above the breasts. These are Aztec and were found with several others above Floor A. They are not uncommon in other parts of the valley. An extremely crude head is shown in plate 12, e. As it came from the ash deposit beneath Room XI it probably dates back to the Toltec period. Plate 12, /, is a grotesque with open mouth and bulbous nose. Animal figurines. — There is a comparatively small number of animal forms. Plate 12, ( i V Bl IX. 74 Fig. G. — Incised shard, Type Ili. f. Very light yellow or brown ware. The designs are similar to those of class e, but they are not as deeply incised, and the back- ground is yery seldom cut away (Boas Album, pi. 58, 2). g. Thin orange ware with incised and punctate designs. This type is very uncommon here. The Archaic punctate, a heavy-rimmed pottery with lines of holes made by the end of a stick or incisions made by a stick, so common on the hills to the north of the valley, is not represented at this site (Boas Album, pi. 37, 1-7). h. Incised lines fol- lowing very roughly the painted design (Boas Album, pi. 63, 14). The design is in red and is very badly drawn. The incised lines follow to some extent the outlines of the painted design. This type is uncommon here, but it is found at Teotihuacan. I am inclined to place this in the Toltec culture. There is sonic question, however, whether it does not belong to the Archaic horizon. 11 A few pieces found at Zacatenco would strengthen this latter view. There is also an Aztec type of red polished ware with black design showing incised lines folloAving the design (p. 53). i. Culhuacan gray. A dull gray ware with a design of lines in- cised over the upper part of the bowl (fig. 6, and Boas Album, pi. 32 ) . This is a very com- mon type at Culhuacan. Type III, C u n e i - j<> fin . — The marking covers the whole pot and is made with a flat or pointed stick in the -oft clay (Boas Album, pi. 59, 14). This type i< very uncommon here. It probably belongs to the Archaic culture. In some cases the marking seems to have been made by a comb. There is an allied type where the marking is found only on the bottom of the inside of flat dishes (Boas Album, pi. 38, 3). This is clearly Archaic. Type /I'. Textih marked. — This type (fig. 7) is found only in small shards. The shapes of the pieces could not be determined. The Fn 7. Textile-marked shard. Type [V i omparc iiaehiTlin, Types of ceramic art in the Vallej of Mexico, p. 63. tozzer] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 49 texture is very coarse. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish this from what has been called " the Cuneiform type." This class of pot- tery is well represented here, and it is also found at Ticoman and other sites which date back to the Archaic period. It is not uncom- mon in some Aztec sites. It is therefore impossible to limit its manu- facture to a single culture. Type F, Grooved. — This class might perhaps be called a variety of the incised type. The lines are deeper, wider, and the edges smoother than in the typical incised ware. In the latter the incised lines break through the slip. In the present type the grooves are made before the slip is applied. The depressions may have been made with the end of the finger. Sometimes a squash-like appear- ance is given to the olla on account of these depressions (pi. 15, d, and Boas Album, pi. 58, 4). There is another type of grooved pot- Fig. 8. — a, Stamped design, Type VI, from Pit XVI. b, Stamped design, Type VI. c, Stamped design, Type VI, from Pit XXV. tery coming from the Archaic culture and not represented at this site. In this the depressions run horizontally along the outside near the top of the piece (Boas Album pi. 37, 14—16). Type VI, /Stamped. — The pieces decorated by stamps are usually bowls. The stamps offer a large variety of very beautiful designs. A common form is that of a twisted rope (fig. 8, a). Other designs are frets (fig. 8, b) and rosettes (fig. 8, c, and Boas Album, pis. 60, 61, 1-13). Type VII, Molded. — This name has been given to that type of ce- ramics where the decoration is composed of pieces made in molds and attached to the outside of the jar. It is possible to distinguish several subtypes of this pottery. a. Large elaborate designs, two of which usually cover the greater part of the olla. 12 The most beautiful shard found in this excavation is of this type (pi. 16. a). The speech scroll occurs in front of a 12 Seler (op. eit, p. 501) describes this type of design as being "imprinted" (einges- tempelter) or stamped. It is quite clear that the decoration was molded separately and attached to the olla. 17564°— 21 4 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 74 human face with an elaborate headdress. Below is the head of a ser- pent. Another interesting shard of this type is shown in plate 16, b. It is the day sign " 1 Cipactli," or " 1 Couatl." b. The most common form of molded decoration is found on round flat-bottomed and straight-sided vessels supported on three short legs and usually of black ware. At intervals around the bottom edge is a row of grotesque human faces, each from the same mold (pi. 15, /, and Boas Album, pi. 59, 11) . The head may be replaced by a more simple design (pi. 1G, c) or by a circular pellet of clay (Boas Album, pi. 59, 13). c. Multiple or assembled : Another type of molded decoration shows the different parts of the design to have been made separately and assembled to form a complete design (pi. 16, d). The elaborate chimney braseros would belong to this type. These have been de- scribed under the heading of " Adornos " (p. 43) . d. Three handles : 13 One of the common types of Toltec pottery found both here and at San Juan Teotihuacan is shown in plate 15, g. This pottery is unpainted and coarse in texture. It is characterized by three handles projecting upward from the rim. A hole runs ver- tically through the handle, coming out on the outside of the vessel. On the outer side of each handle is a face. This is made separately in a mold and attached to the handle. Disks of clay are usually added at the sides and at the top of the head. The most common form of face is that of an old man, wrinkled and worn. Nineteen of these faces were found. Four were of the " spectacle " type with the spec- tacles on the forehead. Another common type (pi. 16, e) has the arms shown with one hand resting on the face. These faces have often been described as belonging to figurines. Dr. Spinden suggests that it is possible that these vessels were intended to be suspended by ropes running through the holes in the handles. e. Molded and punctate : In this class the decoration is composed of a molded figure attached to the piece in combination with a punc- tate or incised design (pi. 16, /). Type VIII, Fillet applique. — This type differs from the molded in the fact that the elements of the design seem to have been modeled by the hand or by a sharp stick and attached to the olla. The common 13 Seler (op. cit., pp. 4!M-400i describes this class exhaustively. Up gives a drawing of a portion of one of those howls reproduced from Gamio (Troc. Inter. Cong, of Americanists, London, 1912, p. 184). IIo omits, however, Gamio's hypothetical rostora- tlon, which he docs not consider very satisfactory. My photograph (pi. 15, fir), which shows a bowl with two handles, the third of which is missing, indicates that Gamio's restoration is correct with (he exception that he does not clearly indicate the usual break made in the outer surface of the howl by the hole running down through the center of the handle. Seler calls this class of pottery " howls with inner handles *' (innerc Schalengriffe) and considers that they served as covers of incense vessels. It is difficult to see how this is possible. The face shown on the handle on plate 15, g, is the type called by Seler the " ape face." tozzbk] EXCAVATION AT SANTIAGO AHUITZOTLA, MEXICO 51 elements in this type of design are ropes or' fillets of clay. There is much variety, however, in the designs of this class. Plate 17, a, shows a simple form, a rope effect along the rim of the piece. Another form is made by laying a ribbon of clay along the surface of the jar and pressing it down at intervals with the finger (pi. IT, b). This form may be combined with a molded design as in plate 17, c. A more pleasing form is made by spiral pieces of clay laid above a line of pellets. Plate 17, d, shows a design of this sort. This piece is very heavy and is covered with red paint applied after the olla was fired. Plate 17, e, shows the same border combined with a modeled bird form. Type IX, Embossed. — The characteristic feature of this type is the addition to the body of the piece of small pellets of clay covering at equal intervals the whole or a portion of the outside of the olla (pi. 17, /) . The bosses may be combined with incised lines (pi. 17, g) . A com- mon type of Archaic pottery might come also into this class. There is a heavy rim and at frequent intervals along the rim bosses or rib- bons of clay are attached (Boas Album, pis. 37, 9, 12, and pi. 55, 5, 6). Type X, Carved. — It has seemed best to place in a separate class that type of pottery in which the decoration seems to have been made in the wet clay of the piece itself by means of a sharp instrument. Plate 17, h, shows a shard of this type. The design is similar to that of plate 17, e, but the technique of the two is quite different. Type XI, Stick polished. — This is a type of black pottery usually in the form of small globular vases which have a rough texture. The simple design of straight lines is made by rubbing down parts of this rough finish. The polished or smooth portions of the sur- face form the design. Type XII, Painted, Coyotlatelco type. — There is a type of painted pottery that is found at this site more frequently than in any other hitherto excavated. It has, therefore, been called the " Coyotlatelco type," as the center of its manufacture may have been here. It is clearly Toltec, and most of the pieces here described came from Pits XV and XVI and from the deposits in the wells. There is an Archaic type that is superficially similar to this. The latter shows less polish, however, and the design in red on the outside is more roughly done. The Coyotlatelco type consists of a yellow slip with a rich red de- sign. It has a good polish. The yellow varies, sometimes becoming a cream. The shapes of the vessels also vary, the most common form being the bowl with or without solid legs. The designs are found either on the outside or on the inside. Rarely is the same piece decorated on both sides. The design is usually composed of several elements arranged in horizontal bands around the olla and separated by solid red lines sometimes 1 cm. wide. A solid band almost in- variably runs around the edge, usually on the inside. The elements 52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 74 of the design are mainly geometrical with a number of curvilinear figures. Life forms are seldom represented. There is a decided difference between the designs on the outside and those on the inside of the pieces. These will be considered under two classes. a. Interior designs: These are usually better drawn than those on the exterior, with a greater definiteness of outline and a greater use of the continuous band. The most common design is an undulating curve running continuously around the piece (pi. 18, «, b). This serpentine line may appear running vertically across a decorated band (pi. 18, c). A variation is seen in the S or Z shaped figures distributed along a zone (pi. 18, 6) or arranged in definite lines around the piece (pi. 18, d). Still another allied type is composed of interlocking C's (pi. 18, e). This passes into the scroll (pi. 18, /). A variation of the scroll is seen in plate 18, g-i. Another very com- mon design on the outside of the ollas is a stepped figure in solid red bordered by a single narrow stepped line (pi. 18, d-f, and Bo:is Album, pi. 57, 9). Other common designs are as follows: A triangle in solid red bordered by a single line with the apex of the triangle to the right or left of its base (pi. 18, k, and Boas Album, pi. 57, 6). a series of triangles or semicircles forming a band around the piece (pi. 18, b, ra), a checkerboard design as a decoration in the bottom of the bowl (pi. 18, g) , and a design difficult to describe (pi. 18, /) . b. Exterior designs: There is a greater variety in the colors used on the exterior of the pieces than those used on interior designs. The yellow slip may be overlaid by a creamy white, especially on the decorated border, and bands running down the sides at right angles to the border. The undecorated portion usually has the regu- lar yellow color. As already pointed out, there is a decided difference in the character of the designs on those pieces decorated on the inside and the pieces decorated on the outside. When the exterior has any decoration it usually covers the greater part of the surface. There are two fairly well defined types of exterior decoration. The first shows many similarities in arrangement to that on the interior. When the banded designs running around the piece are found they are usually combined with broad stripes of red alternating with finer lines running down the side (pi. 19, b) . The most common exterior designs of this type are as follows: The double line cross (pi. 19, a, b), the crescent (pi. 19, a), the single volute (pi. 19, -' COY0TLATELC0 A MOUND IN SANTIAGO AMUIT20TLA ATZCAPOTZALCO Of SCALE o jo 100 too joo +00 soo • Y } > > • 3 ' r i CAA- XK sec IN PLATE 2--PLAN L< BULLETIN 74 PLATE 2 ON ON LINE &-H I ON LINE l-J '&SEWBI CLAY STONCS nxnzragi sand aSHgjSPi EARTH maHBHwa aoobc IBUEu.r: ASH JBETNuWH LIME MHI LIMC ANJ> EARTH ■HMMHUgBOEK OWER LEVELS WITH TUNNELS AND SECTIONS G-H. I-J K-L. NOMUftPflUI IM 1'ino W*".Mi-.6t«( DC Ill H < UJ •> u o _l o z I H u < O tr 3 < UJ en D BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 5 - i - „ s . . - 1 \ , -k s V- a. Main structure, looking north, showing Eastern Terrace, Floor B, and Patio. 6. Northern part of Maui Structure, showing Floor A and Uooius V and VI. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLA1 E 6 o. Southwestern corner of excavation, showing Room IX with foundations of pillars, Floor II, and Room X. b. Northern Extension with Room XII, Floors M and B', and Room XIII. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 7 a. Southern Extension with Rooms XI, IX, and X, and southern end of Room II. i ". 6. Northern Terrace, looking west, with Room VI, Floor B', and Room XIII. C3 o be X O '$ ^i c .9 o o BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 9 ISffC O ! - ( IP C ff^ A. Archaic body from tunnel under Room II. B. Archaic body from Pit XVI. C. Toltec body from Pit XXV, above wells. D. Archaic figurine. E, E. Archaic head. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 10 A. Toltechead with holes in forehead, from tunnel under Room II. /;. Toll ec Qgurinefrom beneath Floor A. c Toltecbead and body from Flour Ji. D, E. Toltechead of God Xipefrom 1'ii XV. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 11 A I Toltec figurine, Coyotlatelco type, from Pit XVI. B. Toltec figurine, Coyotlatelco type, from wells. C. Toltec figurine, Coyotlatelco type, from excavation to west of road. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 12 B -* -l. Aztec head from above floor of Room IX. K. Aztec head from above floor of Room II. C. Crude Aztec figurine from above Floor B. J). Crude Aztec figurine from above Floor A. E. Crude face from i'it XV. F. Grotesque head 'with perforations on nose. O. Animal figurine from above floor B. //. < >wl head from Pit XVI. BUREAU OF AMERICAN! ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 13 B A. Ocelotl head from Pit XVI. B. Deer head from Pit XVI. (7. Deer head attached to olla from near surface in southwest corner of site. D. Animal figurine from Pit XV. E. Hollow figure of deer from upper levels. F. Portion of serpent head from above Floor M. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 14 INCENSE BURNER, SHOWING THE USE OF ADORNOS ON THE COVER. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 15 A, B. Incised Toltec pottery, Typo Ha. C. Incised Toltec pottery, Type He. D. Grooved Toltec pottery, Type V. E. Undecorated Aztec olla. F. Molded Toltec pottery, Type Yllb. G. Three- handled, molded Toltec pottery, Type VHd. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 16 A. Molded design. Type Vila, from Pit XXV. /;. (folded design, Type Vila, from tunnels under Room I. C. Molded design. Type viib. i>. Molded design, Type Vile, from I'ii XXV. E. Molded design, Type VITd, from Pit XV. F. Molded design, Type VTIe, from Pil XXV. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 17 A Lgm, #x A, B. Fillet design, Type VIII. C. Fillet design, combined with molded, Type VTIT, from under Floor A. D, E. Fillet design, Type VIII, from Pit XV. F. Fmbossed design, Type IX. O. Embossed design, combined with incised lines, Type IX, from wells. //, Carved design, Type X, from tunnels. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 11 A. Painted interior design, Coyotlateloo type, Type Xlla, from Pil XV. H, /•'. Painted interior design, Coyotlateloo type. Type .Vila, from Jtoum IX. C-E, O-M. Painted interior design, n, yui latelco type, Type x I la, from l 'it XVI. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 74 PLATE 19 Painted exterior designs, Coyotlatelco type, Typo Xllb, from t uniiel under Room V GETTY CENTER LIBRARY 3 3125 00704 2282