t 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 

 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/exemplarsoftudor00hunt_0 
 
Cjcemplars of Cut>or Architecture, 
 
 ADAPTED TO MODERN HABITATIONS: 
 
 WITH 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE DETAILS, 
 
 SELECTED FROM 
 
 Ancient OMftas ; 
 
 AND 
 
 (©bserbattonss on the jfurm'ture of the Cubor pertotL 
 
 By T. F. HUNT, Architect; 
 
 AUTHOR OF HALF A DOZEN HINTS ON PICTURESQUE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE ; 
 DESIGNS FOR PARSONAGE-HOUSES AND ALMS-HOUSES ; 
 
 ARCHITE T TU1IA CAMPESTRE, &C. &C. 
 
 GTofoms fyic, ful plcsant gf)al ge finDc, 
 
 22tttj) fannts frcsj), turning luttj) ebrg fotnbe, 
 
 Zljc cfjamfms anti pavlcrs of a sortc, 
 
 Mtitf) bag-tognbofos gooUIte, as mag be tjjoiigljte- 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN. 
 
 M.DCCC.XXX. 
 
LONDON : 
 
 J. MOVES, TOOK’S COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 
 
INDEX TO THE PLATES. 
 
 i. 
 
 ir. 
 
 hi. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 XVI. 
 XVII. 
 XVII I. 
 XIX. 
 XX. 
 XXI. 
 XXII. 
 XXIII. 
 XXIV. 
 XXV. 
 XXVI. 
 XXVII. 
 XXVIII. 
 XXIX. 
 XXX. 
 XXXI. 
 XXXII. 
 XXXIII. 
 XXXIV. 
 XXXV. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 PLAN.... To face page 26 
 
 VIEW , 28 
 
 PART OF THE CLOISTER, ON A LARGER SCALE 80 
 
 SPECIMENS OF ORNAMENTED CHIMNEY-SHAFTS 32 
 
 GATE-HOUSE 34 
 
 GRANGE 36 
 
 PLAN OF TIIE GRANGE 37 
 
 PLAN OF THE DOG-KENNEL 88 
 
 EXTERIOR OF DOG-KENNEL 40 
 
 EXAMPLES OF DOOR-HANDLES, &c 42 
 
 PLAN 46 
 
 VIEW 48 
 
 VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL TURRETS, DOOR, AND ORIEL WINDOW.... 50 
 INTERIOR OF AN ORIEL, SHOWING THE STYLE OF PAINTED GLASS 
 
 IN THE TUDOR TIMES 52 
 
 CHIMNEY-PIECE AT TIIE CHAPEL ROYAL, ST. JAMES’S PALACE, &c. 58 
 
 GATE-HOUSE 60 
 
 PLAN OF DOWRY HOUSE 66 
 
 EXTERIOR OF DOWRY HOUSE 68 
 
 GRANGE 72 
 
 PLAN OF GRANGE 76 
 
 SPECIMENS OF IRON WORK ib. 
 
 PLAN 77 
 
 VIEW 80 
 
 PORCH AND TOWER ON A LARGER SCALE 82 
 
 PART OF THE STAIRCASE 84 
 
 GATE-HOUSE OR PARK ENTRANCE 86 
 
 GRANGE 88 
 
 PLAN OF THE GRANGE 90 
 
 CHIMNEY SHAFTS FROM CHENIES ib. 
 
 HINGES 92 
 
 INTERIOR OF A HALL 121 
 
 CHAIRS, &c 146 
 
 CABINET AT CONISHED PRIORY 148 
 
 A CYPRESS CHEST 149 
 
 PARTS OF THORNBURY GATEWAY, AND SPANDRILS AT ST. JAMES’S 
 
 PALACE 178 
 
 TUDOR BADGES 179 
 
 VIEW OF THE DOG-KENNEL, SHOWING THE GRASS COURT, &c 192 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 115, line 9, for xi. shillings read two shillings a styck. 
 — 153, — 5, note, for Sir John read Sir James. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 “ I have considered the days of old .” — Psalm lxxvii. 5. 
 
 u To boke some new thing”* is now a task of no mean diffi- 
 culty, and one as much above my ambition as it is above my 
 powers to accomplish ; nor have I aimed at more here than em- 
 bodying characteristic examples of the beautiful, though long- 
 neglected Architecture of my own country with the observa- 
 tions of such intelligent writers as have treated of the subject, 
 and showing that English Architecture is still the most applicable 
 for English habitations. 
 
 I must repeat what has been frequently urged in my former 
 publications, namely, that the object in view is not to exhibit 
 specimens of hovels and cheap structures, but to combine in one 
 edifice as many Architectural features as can with propriety be 
 blended : thus affording hints of what may be separated and used 
 as occasion shall require. It may also be necessary to observe, 
 that when I have recommended this particular style of Architec- 
 ture as an economical style, I have only wished to be understood 
 that it is so as compared with the buildings of ancient Greece 
 
 # Gower’s “ Confessio Amantis” was written at the request of King Richard II. 
 who, in a conversation with the Poet, on board the royal barge on the river Thames, 
 desired him to “ boke some neio thing,” i. e. to write a new book. — J. P. Andrews’ 
 History of Great Britain. 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 or Rome, and not with the monotonous and unadorned dwel- 
 lings of our London streets, in which, unhappily, too few traces 
 of art are visible. Would that the legislature could control the 
 practices of modern builders, since Taste has lost her “ empire !” — 
 but that must always be a vain hope in a commercial and free 
 country like this, seeing, as a modern traveller has shown, that, 
 even in Turkey, where grievances are more summarily corrected, 
 such attempts are fruitless : “ The regulations to be observed 
 in building houses at Constantinople are accurately fixed, and 
 an officer called Mimar Aga, intendant of buildings (a district 
 surveyor), is appointed to enforce them. The height fixed by 
 the law is twelve pics (a pic is twenty-seven inches) for a mus- 
 sulman’s house, and ten for a rayah’s. The motives for this 
 limitation are, says d’Ohsson, to diminish the danger of fires, 
 and to facilitate the extinction of them ; to leave a free passage 
 for the circulation of air in the streets, and to give greater 
 effect to the height of the public buildings. These laws are 
 constantly eluded ; and the office of Mimar Aga is very lucrative, 
 from the sums which he daily receives to induce him to wink 
 at the violation of them.” We have here, also, laws to regulate 
 our metropolitan buildings, but their provisions embrace only 
 one object of the Turkish code — viz. security against fire. 
 Giving effect to the principal structures by diminishing the 
 altitude of those of less importance, seems never to have been 
 contemplated by us ; on the contrary, the restrictions imposed by 
 the statute against projections beyond a straight line, preclude 
 all possibility of producing a picturesque appearance in our 
 
 / 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vii 
 
 public ways. And it is to be doubted whether, under the present 
 division of London, the Act can be very efficacious, even as a 
 security against fire ; for, without impugning the integrity of 
 the English Mimar Agas, it may be observed, so unequal 
 are the allotments, that while some districts are too extensive 
 for the superintendence of one person, others are so small and 
 insignificant as not to afford sufficient remuneration to induce 
 diligence ; and thus are the objects of the law defeated. 
 
 The free remarks which are occasionally made throughout 
 the volume, upon practices at variance with those of our fore- 
 fathers, are intended to be general, and in no instance refer- 
 able to any individual; — I know no one, indeed, to whom they 
 are personally applicable. 
 
 The attempt at tracing a history of the furniture of the 
 Tudor period is, I fear, very feeble, and the illustrative examples 
 few and unimportant ; but the scantiness of materials, even for 
 so slight a sketch, will, with those who have entered upon the 
 same pursuit, and are consequently aware how little is now to 
 be obtained, account for my deficiency ; and the necessity 
 which exists for information on that branch of our domestic 
 economy, in some degree extenuate my temerity. 
 
 It may be observed that I have, throughout, used the term 
 “ ancient,” as applied to a period not more remote than three 
 centuries; — this I have done, though sensible that it was not 
 in strictness a perfectly correct phrase, but being led to the choice 
 as the best epithet which could be used for my purpose. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 viii 
 
 The original Plate of No. XV. has been cancelled : it was 
 prepared from a design of a more florid character of the same 
 period — namely, Henry VIII. ; but the chimney-piece, of which 
 the upper part of the Plate now given is a representation having 
 been recently discovered on making some alterations in the 
 Chapel Royal, at St. James’s Palace, I thankfully avail myself 
 of the kind permission of Colonel Stephenson, the Surveyor- 
 General of His Majesty’s Works, to present it to the public, being 
 of more value as a genuine example — though in itself very simple 
 — than any production of my own imagination, however elaborate, 
 could be. In the lower division of the Plate are delineations of 
 the spandrils on a larger scale, and a mantel of a chimney-piece 
 in the Exchequer, of the time of Elizabeth, not less characteristic 
 of its period than the specimen above. I am also indebted to 
 Colonel Stephenson for this exemplar. 
 
 The splendid chimney-shafts in Plate XXIX. are from Chenies. 
 
 Kensington Palace , 
 October 22 , 1829 . 
 
 T. F. HUNT 
 
exemplars 
 
 of 
 
 Cutior Architecture, (tc. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 “ Halles ful heygh, and houses ful noble, 
 
 Chambers with chymneys, and chapels gaye.” — Plowman’s Crede. 
 
 Domestic Architecture, like painting and sculpture, was greatly 
 improved under the first and second Edwards ; and that it attained a 
 high degree of splendour in the reign of Edward III., we have the 
 authority of Chaucer and other old writers. But time, and the deso- 
 lating wars between the Houses of York and Lancaster, and, again, the 
 puritanical wars,* have left us few traces of the habitations of that period, 
 except, perhaps, some remains of castles, with here and there the ruin 
 of a monastic structure. All the writers, however, who speak of the 
 subject, agree, that the houses of the great were more magnificent than 
 comfortable, !' and that the lower orders were miserably lodged. 
 
 * See Illustrations at the end of the volume. 
 
 f Mr. Whitaker, a very learned antiquary, in his History of Manchester, gives the following 
 description of an early baronial mansion : — 
 
 “ The lord’s mansion was constructed of wood on a foundation of stone, was one ground- 
 story, and composed a large, oblong, and squarish court. A considerable portion of it was 
 taken up by the apartments of such as were retained more immediately in the service of the 
 seignior ; and the rest, which was more particularly his own habitation, consisted of one great 
 and several little rooms. In the great one was his armoury ; the weapons of his fathers, the 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 Such, indeed, was the devastation committed by the Yorkists and 
 Lancastrians, that no fewer than sixty villages, within twelve miles 
 of Warwick,* some of them large and populous, with churches and 
 manor-houses, t were destroyed and abandoned, besides many strong and 
 superb castles ; and their noble owners, who might have rebuilt them, 
 either killed or ruined. The number of artificers, too, who fell, was so 
 great, that this class became exceedingly scarce, and the price of labour 
 very high. And from the restrictive acts:]; which had been passed 
 against apprenticing boys to trades, for the promotion of agriculture, § 
 this deficiency could only be supplied by the importation of foreigners. 
 
 The scheme of Henry the Seventh’s policy, says Hume, consisted in 
 depressing the barons, and exalting men of new families who were more 
 dependent on him ; and there scarcely passed a session || during his 
 reign without statutes against engaging retainers, and giving them badges 
 or liveries. “ But the increase of the arts,” says that historian, “ more 
 
 gifts of friends, and spoils of enemies, being disposed in order along the walls. And there he 
 sat with his children and guests about him, listening to the song and the harp of his bards or 
 daughters, and drinking from cups of shell.” 
 
 * John Rous. f Henry. 
 
 t A law was enacted during the reign of Henry IV., that no man could bind his son to an 
 apprenticeship unless he were possessed of twenty shillings a-year in land. 
 
 § The state of husbandry was so low in some districts of England in the 15th century, as 
 to cause ordinances compelling farmers to till and sow their own lands. There was one which 
 commanded that every man should sow at least “ fortye beanes .” — Black Acts. 
 
 || Douce, in his “ Illustrations of Shakspeare,” says, that “ the practice of furnishing ser- 
 vants with liveries may be traced in some of the statutes ordained in the reign of Richard II. ; 
 and that in the reign of Edward IV, badge and livery were synonymous, the latter word being 
 derived from the French term signifying the delivery of any particular thing. The badge was 
 then, as at present, the armorial bearings, the crest, or device of the master, executed in cloth 
 or metal, and sewed to the left sleeve of the habit.” 
 
 Queen Mary granted thirty-nine licenses of retainer during her reign ; Elizabeth, fifteen. 
 
3 
 
 than the severities of the law, put an end to this pernicious practice. 
 The nobility, instead of vying with each other in the number and bold- 
 ness of their retainers, acquired by degrees a more civilised species of 
 emulation, and endeavoured to excel in the splendour of their equipage, 
 houses, and tables. The common people, no longer maintained in 
 vicious idleness by their superiors, were obliged to learn some calling 
 or industry, and became useful both to themselves and to others. And 
 it must be acknowledged, in spite of those who declaim so violently 
 against refinement in the arts, or what they are pleased to call luxury, 
 that as much as an industrious tradesman is both a better man and a 
 better citizen than one of those idle retainers who formerly depended on 
 the great families, so much is the life of a modern nobleman more 
 laudable than that of an ancient baron.” 
 
 Henry was himself a great builder; * and with him, and not on the 
 dissolution of the monasteries, began that style of house-building which 
 it is the purpose of this volume to illustrate. 
 
 In his reign, among many other edifices, the palace of Richmond was 
 rebuilt after the fire; the “goodly hospital of the Savoy, near Charing 
 Cross,” finished, and Eltham much enlarged ; all of a similar external 
 character, and that character differing widely from the ecclesiastical and 
 the castellated, although some parts of the interiors retained features 
 which appertained to the convent and the castle. t The mansions of this 
 
 Gardiner, the prelate, had two hundred retainers. The Duke of Norfolk, in the latter reign, 
 was allowed one hundred ; and Archbishop Parker forty. — Strvpe. 
 
 The custom of giving badges to menial servants was continued even so late as James I.: — 
 “ Attending him he had some five men ; their cognizance, as I remember, was a peacock 
 without a tayle.” — G reen’s Quip for an Upstart Courtier. 
 
 * Walpole says, “ genius had no favour from him; he reigned as an attorney would have 
 reigned, and would have preferred a conveyancer to Praxiteles.” — Anecd. of Painting ,\o\.\i\.pA1 . 
 f See Illustrations. 
 
4 
 
 period were, however, still calculated in a slight degree for defence ; * 
 and continued to be so till the reign of Elizabeth. “ The quadrangular 
 form was the unvarying economy of these houses and they were 
 always surrounded by a moat. 
 
 But we must look to the reign of Henry VIII. for models reducible 
 to the wants of the present refined age ; and of those, perhaps there are 
 none more applicable than parts of Hampton Court and Hengrave Hall. 
 The former built by Cardinal Wolsey, and given to the King in 1526;f 
 and the latter by Sir Thomas Kitson, a clothier, begun in 1525, and 
 
 * A license to build and embattle was still necessary. “ Although,” says Mr. Gage, “ the 
 embattled manor-house had laid aside the defensive character of the castle, and was therefore 
 beneath the jealousy of the crown, a royal license was made as necessary for building the one 
 as the other : thus we find the following warrant for the privy seal granting a license to build 
 Hengrave : — 
 
 “ ‘ To the King oure Sovereigne Lorde. Pleas it your Highnes, of your mooste habundante 
 grace, to gunt. your most gracious Ires, patente, under yor. great seale of England, in due 
 forme to be made after the tenour ensuying : — 
 
 “ ‘ Rex ornnibs. ad quos, &c. Salutem, &c. &c.”’ — Vide Mr. Gage’s Hist, and Antiq. 
 of Hengrave. 
 
 t “ At this time the Cardinall gave to the King the lease of the mannour of Hampton 
 Courte, which he helde of the Lorde of St. John’s, and at which he had done greate cost in 
 building.” — Stow. 
 
 “ In 1540 the manor of Hampton Court was by act of parliament created an Honour. 
 Maddox observes, that it was an honour of a new species, since it had always been the 
 distinguishing and essential property of an honour, that it was an escheated barony. He 
 adds, that Hampton Court, Ampthill, and Grafton, were the only honours which have ever 
 thus been created.” — Lysons. 
 
 Henry VIII. added considerably to Hampton Court; among others, the hall. At its 
 completion, this palace consisted of five courts. 
 
 “ Let any wight, (if such a wight there be), 
 
 To whom thy lofty tow’rs unknown remain, 
 
5 
 
 finished in 1538, In these, however, there is, combined with great 
 beauties, a considerable portion of Florentine taste. 
 
 The introduction of this mixture is attributed to the encouragement 
 given by Henry VIII. to several Italian architects, who, being utterly 
 unacquainted with either our style or that of the ancients, used a 
 mongrel composition of their own, which being carried to excess in 
 Elizabeth’s reign, ended in the adoption of the Roman architecture of 
 the middle ages, under James I. 
 
 The mansions of the Tudor period usually consisted of an inner and 
 base court, between which stood the gate-house. The principal apart- 
 ments were, the great chamber, or room of assembly, the hall, the 
 chapel, the gallery for amusements, on an upper story, running the 
 whole length of the principal side of the quadrangle, and the summer 
 and winter parlours.* 
 
 Of quadrangular houses, Rose, the seat of the bishops of Carlisle, 
 Cowdry, Halnaker, and Catlage, are fair examples. f 
 
 Direct his steps, fair Hampton Court, to thee, 
 
 And view thy splendid halls ; then turn again 
 To visit each proud dome by science prais’d, 
 
 ‘ For kings the rest’ (he’d say), * but thou for gods wer’t raised.’” 
 
 J. P, Andrews, imitated from Grotius. 
 
 * See Illustrations. 
 
 t “ At Midhurst, in Sussex, there is the most beautiful and genuine model now remaining 
 of a magnificent mansion of the reign of Henry VIII., built by Sir Anthony Browne, who 
 held numerous offices under that monarch. 
 
 “ We enter a spacious and lofty quadrangle of stone, through a stately Gothic tower, with 
 four light angular turrets. The roof of the gateway is a fine piece of old fret-work. There is 
 a venerable old hall ; but the sides have been improperly painted, and are charged with other 
 ornaments too modern for its noble oak-raftered roof and a large high range of Gothic 
 windows. Opposite the screen is the arched portal of the buttery. Adjoining to the hall is a 
 
6 
 
 Rose has been the principal mansion of the bishops since the first 
 grant of this manor to the see.* It suffered many outrages and violences 
 from the Scots, from time to time ; nevertheless, being repaired, it con- 
 tinued a comfortable habitation till its total demolition by the puritans, 
 in the reign of King Charles I. Before that time it consisted of a 
 complete quadrangle, with a fountain in the middle, five towers, and 
 
 dining-room, original, the walls painted all over, as was anciently the mode soon after the 
 beginning of the reign of Edward VI., chiefly with histories, out of all perspective, of 
 Henry VIII. The roof in flat compartments. A gallery with window recesses, or oriels, 
 occupies one whole side of the quadrangular court. A gallery on the opposite, of equal 
 dimensions, has given way to modern convenience, and is converted into bed-chambers. In 
 the centre of the court is a magnificent old fountain, with much imagery in brass, and a 
 variety of devices for shooting water. On the top of the hall is an original louver, lantern, or 
 cupola, adorned with a profusion of vanes. The chapel, running at right angles with the hall, 
 terminates in the garden with three large Gothic windows. The same Sir Anthony Browne 
 built also Byfleet House, Surrey. He died May 6, 1548, and is buried under a sumptuous altar- 
 tomb at Battle Abbey, in Sussex.” — T. Warton’s Specimen of a History of Oxfordshire, 1783. 
 
 “ Holbein painted a chimney-piece with grotesque ornaments at Cowdry.” — Walpole’s 
 Anecdotes of Painting, vol. iii. p. 84. 
 
 “ Roberti, an architect, built the staircase at Cowdry, the Lord Montacute’s; Pelegrini 
 painted it.” — Ibid. p. 397. 
 
 This magnificent house was destroyed by fire in September 1793. 
 
 The honour of Halnaker is in the parish of Boxgrove, near Midhurst, Sussex. 
 
 Halnaker House was built round a court, with the entrance under an embattled gate-house, 
 flanked by small octangular towers on the south, — a square tower at the south-west angle, — 
 the chapel and other apartments on the east; the hall and principal rooms on the north. 
 The hall contains carving of the time of Henry VIII., and oak panelling, with the arms of 
 West, La Warre, Cantalupe, Gresly, &c. In a compartment near the centre are the arms of 
 England. Over the doors leading from the hall to the buttery and cellar, are half-length 
 
 Nicholson and Burn’s Cumberland. 
 
7 
 
 other lesser turrets, encompassed with a mantle wall, in which there 
 were little turrets in several parts. 
 
 On a survey of this place in the time of Oliver Cromwell, the 
 materials were valued (all charges disbursed) at 1000/.; but the sur- 
 veyors were of opinion, that to a gentleman who would purchase the 
 whole domain, and make it his habitation, they would be worth 1500/. 
 The houses of the clergy were, indeed, not less gorgeous than those 
 
 figures of men holding cups : over the head of one, on a label, is, les • bien • venus • ; and 
 over the other, come • in • and • cringe. 
 
 The manor of Catlage, in Cambridgeshire, was purchased, and the house built, by 
 Edward North, Esq. (who was afterwards first Lord North), a favourite servant of Henry VIII. 
 
 “ The entry is from a small lawn under a square brick tower, which has four turrets, then 
 up a flight of stone steps, cross a narrow paved terrace which leads to the porch, and this 
 latter into the anti-hall, small, and low pitched. Through this is the great hall, where there is 
 a skreen and gallery. This room is like that of a college, with the high table and oriel window 
 at the upper end. The side windows are very lofty from the ground, and opposite the old 
 fire-place. Hence a passage leads to the chapel, round which, in compartments, are the heads 
 of the Apostles. The family pew is entered from the rooms up stairs. From the chapel, one 
 is carried to the ball-room, hence the dining-room hung with tapestry, of which the subjects 
 are battles. Queen Elizabeth was magnificently entertained here by Roger, second Lord 
 North, in the twenty-first year of her reign ; and the tradition of the place says she was 
 concealed here during the unfortunate reign of her sister. On the top of the stairs is a small 
 anti-chamber, leading to the gallery of the chapel, in which there is a chair used by that great 
 queen. The next room is that wherein her majesty remained during her concealment, behind 
 which, in one corner, was a door into an octagon closet, in a tower, whence there was an 
 opening to the leads, where she used to take the air. The bed is of crimson velvet, with a 
 deep gold fringe, and a chair and footstool of the same. This noble mansion is raised on a 
 platform, and nearly surrounded with a deep and broad moat, filled with water. 
 
 “ One wing was pulled down some years ago. The whole building is of brick, except the 
 door and window dressings .” — Topographical Miscell., 1792. 
 
8 
 
 of the nobility, or even of royalty. Skelton, a coarse but forcible 
 writer of that time, in his Boke of Colin Cloute, thus describes their 
 splendid dwellings : 
 
 “ 33u(llJmg ropllg 
 
 mansions, curiously 
 SSh'tf) turrcttcs anti fold) tottrcs, 
 
 SUltlj Sails anti fold) Sourcs 
 §btrctcf)lng to Hie starrrs ; 
 
 2Uhi) glass Im'ntfotns anti Sams ; 
 
 Ranging about tSct'r toallts 
 (KlotScs of golSc anS piles. 
 
 Surras of ryffic arranc, 
 dFrrsSc as flourcs In JHaye.” 
 
 Down to the time when Harrison wrote (temp. Eliz.), the houses of the 
 English gentry seem to have been built entirely of timber ; but a great 
 change, not only in the materials, but in the arrangement of their plans, 
 took place at that period. “ The ancient manours and houses of our 
 gentlemen,” says he, “ are yet and for the most part of strong timber, in 
 framing whereof our carpenters haue been and are worthilie preferred 
 before those of like science among all other nations. Howbeit, such 
 as be latelie budded are commonlie of either bricke or hard stone, or 
 both ; their rooms large and comelie, and houses of office (domestic 
 offices) further distant from the lodgings. Those of the nobilitie are like- 
 wise wrought with bricke* and hard stone, as prouision may best be 
 
 * The decay of our native forests promoted very much the consumption of bricks. 
 
 “ The king (James I.), in the second yeare of his majesty’s reign, upon good advice for 
 preservation of timber, prevention of all farther excessive increase of buildings in London and 
 the suburbs, and for reducing all their buildings into a safe, comely, and uniform building, 
 proclamation was then made, straightly commanding, that from that time forward all their 
 
9 
 
 made ; but so magnificent and statelie, as the basest house of a baron 
 dooth often match in our daies with some honours of princes in old 
 times.” 
 
 Bagford and other writers date the introduction of bricks in the reign 
 of Henry VII.* Yet Ewelme palace, in Oxfordshire, erected by William 
 de la Pole, and Ilerstmonceaux castle, Sussex, both built of brick, are 
 attributed to the reign of Henry VI. Leland mentions the walls of 
 Wallingford, as early as Richard II., being of that material; and Stow 
 
 fore-fronts and all their new buildings should be made either of brick or stone; but neither 
 that, nor divers other proclamations wholly to that purpose, prevailed ; whereupon divers 
 were censured in the star-chamber. From this time began the new reformation of building; 
 and the first house of note was Colonell Cecil’s house in the Strand ; and after that, a house 
 near Drapers’ Hall, toward Broade-street ; and after that, a goldsmith’s house in Cheapside, 
 over against Sadlers’ Hall: and a leather-seller’s house in Paule’s Churchyard, near the north 
 gate, he was compelled thereunto after his house was set up, being all timber.” — Stow. 
 
 In 1607, another proclamation to the same effect, “ by reason that all great and well- 
 growne woods were spent and much wasted.” 
 
 “ In the Foedera is a commission to the Earl of Arundel, Inigo Jones, and several others, 
 to prevent building on new foundations within two miles of London and palace of West- 
 minster.” — Walpole’s Anecdotes of Painting. 
 
 * The Roman bricks differed widely from those now in use among us, to which, of course, 
 these observations apply. But for the origin of bricks, we may go back, with Mr. Whitaker, to 
 the antediluvians. “ And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them 
 thoroughly.” — Genesis, xi. 3. 
 
 “ Bricks,” says that writer, “ were very probably made by the inhabitants of the ante- 
 diluvian world, and were actually used in the first ages of their descendants. The art, 
 therefore, would be carried away by the several parties from Babel, upon the dispersion of the 
 whole, into all the countries which they successively planted : and it accordingly appears to 
 have been known to the earliest inhabitants of the east and west in general ; and probably 
 was, though it does not appear, to the colonists of Britain in particular. It was to their 
 brethren of Gaul : and our present appellation of brick is derived to us from our British 
 
 C 
 
10 
 
 goes still higher, and says, Ralph Stratford, Bishop of London, enclosed 
 the burial-ground in the Charter House for those that died of the plague 
 in 1348, with a wall of brick. Considerable doubt must attach to these 
 latter accounts ; for although we find many houses of brick of Henry the 
 Seventh’s time, that material was not brought into general use for the 
 superior mansions till the succeeding reign ; nor for the houses of the 
 “ commonaltie,” as Harrison says, till nearly the middle of the reign of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 We meet with tiles as early as Richard I., when the houses in London 
 were ordered in Fitzalwyn’s mayoralty to be covered with slate or brent 
 tile, instead of straw.* Their size was settled by law in the 7th of 
 Edward IV. In Thoresby’s old MS. of Corpus Christi plays, among 
 the trades are tylle-thakkers . Tylle-thakkers must mean the workmen, 
 or, as they were afterwards called, tylers. 
 
 This kind of roofing seems to have been well known when Chaucer 
 wrote. In his Dream, speaking of the singing-birds that awoke him, 
 he says they sate 
 
 “ ®tpon mg diambrc rofc fottfjout, 
 
 ©Ipon tbe tgks obcr al about.” 
 
 For paving floors, tiles were used at a very early date; they were 
 
 ancestors. The Romans seem to have had a brick-kiln at every stationary town. Their clay 
 is generally found to be well tempered and well kneaded, beautifully red, and completely 
 burnt ; and their bricks were about sixteen English inches and three quarters in length, and 
 eleven and a quarter in breadth. But the Romans of the first century never raised any 
 structures of these materials, because they wildly supposed a wall, that was merely the length 
 of their bricks in breadth, to be unequal to the support of a story.” — History of Manchester, 
 book i. chap. x. Mr. Whitaker’s numerous authorities are mentioned. 
 
 * The reader is referred to the History of Manchester, before quoted, for much curious 
 and learned information regarding ancient roof-covering. 
 
11 
 
 of various colours, and seem to have been laid with some atten- 
 tion : — 
 
 “ spnbdj fottf) pognttgl # (cf) point after otbcr.”t 
 
 The Refectory at Christ Church, Oxford, built in the reign of 
 Henry VIII., was paved with green and yellow tiles : the whole number 
 was 2G00, and each hundred cost 3s. Gd. The Hall at Hampton Court, 
 and a room at Wimbledon, called the Lower Spanish Room, were 
 “ floored with paynted tyle.” 
 
 Boarded floors were of coarse but substantial workmanship ; two 
 remarkable instances may be mentioned. The upper floors of Salmes- 
 bury Hall, built in 1532, were massy planks ; and, instead of crossing, lay 
 parallel to the joists, “ as if disdaining to be indebted to them for support.” 
 At Godman Hall, Cumberland, the boards or planks of the floor above 
 the principal story were grooved into each other, to prevent assaults from 
 above; — for the predatory parties on the Borders did not proceed by sap 
 and undermining ; but, by a compendious method, strove to unroof the 
 buildings, and let themselves down by ropes and ladders. 
 
 The roofs of the great halls are evidence of the perfection at which 
 carpentry had arrived ; but joiners' work was rude,;}; as is particularly 
 visible with respect to internal doors. In the early part of the period of 
 which we are speaking, these were seldom framed; (their hinges, — iron 
 garnets, — were sometimes of elaborate and ornamental forms); having 
 arras before them, they were little seen, and on that account probably 
 not much regarded. But in Elizabeth’s time, doors of all kinds were 
 panelled, and in many instances decorated with paintings. Aubrey de- 
 
 * Tiles in squares or dies, in checker-work. f One square after another. 
 
 X The fittings in chapels, screens in halls, and external doors, are exceptions. From the 
 names which occur, there is reason to suppose that Flemands were employed on such works. 
 
scribes the doors of the upper story at Lord Bacon's seat to have had 
 painted on the outsides of them, in dark umber, “ figures of the Gods of 
 the Gentiles. ” Devices and sentences were also frequently painted in 
 panels on the walls and ceilings* of rooms. In Tusser's “ Five Hundred 
 Pointes of Good Husbandrie,” there is a set of posies, or proverbial 
 rhymes, to be written in various rooms of the house ; such as, “ Hus- 
 bandlie posies for the hall, posies for the parlour, posies for the ghests’- 
 chamber, and posies for thine own chamber.” 
 
 Leckinfield manor-house, Northumberland, a seat of the Percys, had 
 a profusion of these posies or proverbs. In one of the lodgings there 
 was a dialogue, of thirty-two stanzas, between “ the Parte Sensatyve” 
 and “ the Parte Intellectyve and in another a poem of thirty-two 
 stanzas, — a “ Descant on Harmony.” There were also, “ Proverbis in the 
 roofi’e of the hyest chawmbre in the roof of Lord Percy’s closet ; and 
 the roof of “ my lord’s library.” The latter had twenty-three stanzas, of 
 which the following is a specimen : 
 
 “ To every tale geve thou no eredens. 
 
 Prove the cause, orf thou gyve sentens. 
 
 Agayn the right make no dyffens. 
 
 So hast thou a clene consciens.” 
 
 And “ in the syde of the garet of the gardynge” there were nine 
 stanzas, of eight lines each. Take the last stanza but one : 
 
 “ Punyshe moderately, and discreetly correct, 
 
 As well to mercy as to justice havynge a respect; 
 
 So shall ye have meryte for the punyshment, 
 
 And cause the offender to be sory and penitent. 
 
 * “ The roof o’ the chamber 
 
 With golden cherubims is fretted.” — Cymbeline. 
 f Before. 
 
13 
 
 “ If ye be movede with anger or hastynes, 
 
 Pause in your mynde, and your yre repress : 
 
 Defer vengeance unto your anger sswagede be ; 
 
 So shall ye mynyster justice and dewe equyte.”* 
 
 Wainscoting on walls or “ seeling," as it was called, did not come 
 much into fashion till Elizabeth’s time. Dr. Whitaker doubts its in- 
 troduction at all before her reign ; but we learn from an old record 
 (MS. Cotton. Vitellius), that in the house of Rich. Fermor, of Enstone, 
 Gent. (temp. Ilenry VIII.) “ the sydes of the perlor were celyd with 
 wenskett.” 
 
 Wood-panelling filled the “ panes,” formed by moulded intersecting 
 ribs, farther ornamented^ with bosses and pendants in the ceilings of 
 superior rooms : where these divisions, or the whole ceilings, were 
 plastered, they had no other decoration than being “ whyte lymed.” 
 
 The walls of rooms were painted before tapestry became fashion- 
 
 * Northumberland Household-Book. 
 
 f Richard Topclyffe, in a letter to the Earl of Shrewsbury, dated xxviiith February, 1578, 
 speaking of a ceiling in compartments, ornamented with bosses, and the various quarterings of 
 arms to which the Earl and Countess were entitled, says, “ This afternowne I called upon 
 Mr. Clarencieuxe, and had sight of that woorke he hathe sett owt for the roofe of yor. L.’s 
 chambr, besyds yor. L.’s gallerye ; w ch , as it shall exceede in rayrenes of devyce and beawty, so 
 it is thought no too of eny estayt in Englonde can be able, in honor, to reatche to performe 
 the lyke.” 
 
 Gilbert Talbot, in a letter to his father, the Earl of Shrewsbury, of the same date, writes : 
 “ I received your L.’s letter on Wednesday last by the fynysher; and, accordinge to your 
 pleasure, have taken order that he shall have good glasse to worke, and a roorne in Shrews- 
 bury House to lye in, and to worke it; and after that he hath fynyshed the glasse, he may 
 take in hand the mendinge of suche roomes in that your L.’s house, by rougcastynge them, 
 and seelynge them, as there shall be neede of, and then the season wylbe better for that 
 purpose than it is now.” — Lodge’s Illustrations. 
 
14 
 
 able.* Painting on walls may indeed be traced in England to high 
 antiquity. Henry III., a great encourager of the fine arts, kept several 
 painters in his service; among others, William, a monk at West- 
 minster, William the Florentine, and Walter de Colcester, so much 
 celebrated by Matthew Paris for his painting and sculpture. t One 
 chamber in the palace at Winchester was painted green, with stars of 
 gold, and the whole history of the Old and New Testament. A room at 
 Westminster, and another in the Tower of London, were embellished 
 with the history of the expedition of Richard I. into the Holy Land. 
 
 The coronation, wars, marriages, and funeral of Edward I. were 
 painted on the walls of the great hall in the episcopal palace at 
 Lichfield, A.D. 1312, by order of Bishop Langton.^: “ Near the 
 
 monastery of Westminster,” says Friar Simeon, “ stands the most 
 famous royal palace of England, in which is that celebrated chamber, on 
 whose walls all the warlike histories of the whole Bible are painted with 
 inexpressible skill, and explained by a regular series of texts, beautifully 
 written in French, to the no small admiration of the beholder, and 
 display of royal magnificence. 
 
 So great and general was the taste for painting in Edward the 
 
 * And, as appears by Shakespeare, afterwards occasionally as a substitute for tapestry. 
 
 Hostess Quickly . — “ By this heavenly ground I tread on, I must be fain to pawn both my 
 plate and the tapestry of my dining-chambers.” 
 
 Falstaff . — “ Glasses, glasses, is the only drinking : and for thy walls — a pretty slight 
 drollery ; or the story of the prodigal, or the German hunting in water-work , is worth a 
 thousand of these bed-hangings, and these fly-bitten tapestries.” — Second Part of King 
 Henry IV. Act II. Scene 1. 
 
 t Walpole. I Warton’s History of English Poetry. 
 
 § This palace was consumed by fire in 1299, but immediately rebuilt by Edward I. It 
 was again destroyed by fire in 1512, and never afterwards re-edified. — Stowe. The “ cele- 
 brated chamber” is known to us as the “ Painted Chamber.” 
 
15 
 
 Third’s* time, that even the walls of the bed-chambers of private gentle- 
 men were ornamented with historical pictures. Chaucer, in his famous 
 Dream, fancies himself in a chamber, 
 
 “ jful foci tfcpaintctf, 
 nl tfjc foalles fottf) colours fine 
 <®ere pmntctf to tfic texte nnh glosc, 
 
 &nli nl tfic lUomnuntc of tfic rose, 
 
 JUlB foyntro focrcn sfiut ccfionc, 
 
 tfirouctf) tfic glasse tfic sttnnc sfionc, 
 
 ®lpon my bcti fottfi fin'gljt fiemes.” 
 
 Waking, he is surprised at finding that all these gay objects had 
 vanished ; seeing nothing, 
 
 “ £babc on tfic foals oltr portraiture 
 <55f fiorsnten, fiafofics, anh fiountu's, 
 
 &n& fiart hire all fttl of foountn's 
 
 which may fairly be received as a description of his own bed-chamber. 
 
 This style of decoration was continued even lower than the time of 
 Elizabeth ; but its execution was generally inferior to that of former ages. 
 
 Glass was introduced very early. Holingshed says an Englishman 
 named Benedict Biscop, who had taken upon him the habit of a monk in 
 Italy, came here with the Archbishop of Rome, in the year G70, and 
 “ brought painters, glaziers, and other such curious craftsmen, into 
 
 * Edward the Third’s eagerness to finish St. Stephen’s Chapel induced him to issue a 
 precept to Hugh de St. Alban, master of the painters, commanding him to impress all the 
 painters in the counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex, and Sussex, to conduct them to 
 Westminster, and keep them as long as his service should require. Benedict Nightingale 
 and John Athelard were authorised to impress in the same manner, and for the same purpose, 
 the painters of Oxford, Lincoln, Warwick, Northampton, Leicester, Cambridge, Huntingdon, 
 Suffolk, and Norfolk. 
 
16 
 
 England for the first time.” It does not, however, appear that glass was 
 used in domestic structures until many centuries afterwards. 
 
 The poets speak of berril and crystal in windows : 
 
 “ al tije foynfcofocs ntrt reft fcncstrall 
 SfHrouglfi foerc fottf) beryll anti of clcrc crystall.” 
 
 Lydgate’s Troy. 
 
 These, it is presumed, could have been nothing more than green and 
 white glass ; but Harrison asserts, that there were windows filled with 
 berril at Sudley Castle within his remembrance. He was so close and 
 correct an observer, that one knows not how to doubt him ; while, on 
 the other hand, the application of a precious substance — even if it were 
 sufficiently transparent — to such purposes is barely reconcilable with 
 credibility, seeing that painted glass was general in churches and monas- 
 teries at an earlier period. 
 
 But all the writers who have touched upon the subject agree that 
 this material was exceedingly scarce down even to the reign of Eliza- 
 beth. Warton mentions a hall near Brazen-nose College, Oxford, named 
 “ Glazen-hall,” from having glass windows, — then so rare. And in 
 the Northumberland Household-Book, we find, that in 1567, on a survey 
 of Alnwick Castle, the surveyors report, “ y‘ were good the whole 
 leights of eviry windowe at the departure of his lordshippe, from lyinge 
 at any of his castels and houses, and douring the time of his lordshippe’s 
 absence, or others lying in them, were taken downe and lade upe in 
 safety ; as the decaye therof shall be verie costlie, and chargeable to be 
 repayred.” 
 
 The eccentric contrivances of horn, lattice of wicker, and rifts of 
 oak, in lieu of glass, are quaintly described by Harrison. 
 
 A tolerably correct knowledge of the materials in use, their prices, 
 
17 
 
 and the prices of artificers’ work and labour in the time of Henry VIII., 
 may be formed on the following extracts from a book of account taken 
 by Robert Watson, “ ruler of the building,” and other vouchers at 
 Ilengrave, published in Mr. Gage’s excellent History of that place. 
 
 Item, paide to Esope the sawer, and his fellow, for iiij. days iiijs. 
 
 Item, paide to John Linge, mason, and his son, for v. days, a piece. ... vs. 
 
 Item, paide to John Haddenham, for sarving of the mason for ij. days, 
 
 at iiijd. the day viijd. 
 
 Item, paide to Robert Gilbard for joysing of v. chambers xxs. xj d. 
 
 Item, paide to Robert Gilbard for a day vjd. 
 
 Item, paide to Davy the carvar, for a day worke vjd. 
 
 Item, paide to Dyriche the ioyner, and Bartholomew his svaunt, for 
 
 xvj. dayes, at viijd. the day a piece xxjs. iiijd. 
 
 Item, paide for Dyriche’s borde and his man, for iij. weeks vjs. 
 
 Item, paide to Rowland the ioyner for iij. days’ worke of the portall in 
 
 the parlar xxjd. 
 
 Item, paide to Thomas Randon for the iron worke of the portall iijs. j d. 
 
 Item, pd. more to him for xxjlb. of iron, for plor. window and great 
 
 chamber xxvijs. ixrZ. 
 
 Item, paide to John Gilbard and John Trivett, for earnest upon a 
 
 bargain of joigned worke viijd. 
 
 Item, paide to gret Richard, the mortar maker, for v. days xxd. 
 
 Item, paide to lyttel Richard for a day iiijd. 
 
 Item, pd. to William Hill of Ickworth for xx m . of brick, at iiijs. viijd. 
 
 the m., with carriadge iiij It. xiijs iiijd. 
 
 Item, paide for xxij. chaulder of lyme, at iij s. vd. the chaulder 
 
 Item, paide to William Rambellow, the xth day of May, for bothe his 
 
 tomberelles a daye xviijd. 
 
 Item, paide to the vycher of Cavenham for cxijlb. wayght of leyde .... vs. 
 
 Item, paide at Ely fayre* for xij. bords of waynscotte xiijs. 
 
 * Anciently, before many flourishing towns were established, and the necessaries or orna- 
 ments of life, from the convenience of communication and the increase of provincial civility, 
 
 D 
 
18 
 
 Item, paide to John Godfrey for a lode of tymber vjs. 
 
 Item, paide to Robert Wright the glasyar, for making of all the glasse 
 wyndows of the manour place, with the sodar, and for xiij. 
 
 skuttchens with armes iiij/i. 
 
 Item, paide to John Adams for vj. days thatching ijs. ijd. 
 
 Item, paide to the painter for iiij. days xviijd. 
 
 Item, paide to John Chapman for a night’s watch ij d. 
 
 Item, paide to my Lorde of Bury* for a clamp of bricke, vj** iiij m ij cc . . xxli. xs. 
 
 Item, paide to Thomas Rawdon for barres for ij. windows of brycke for 
 
 the tower ixs. i xd. 
 
 Item, paide to Hary Bondis and his men, for setting and burnyng a 
 
 clampe, as aperythe by another book xxxijs. viijd. 
 
 Item, pd. to W m Daye for making iij. payer of bryck molds xijd. 
 
 Item, paide for a lb. of glue iijd. 
 
 Item, paide to Roger Tom, freemason, xv. days work, at iiijd. per day . . vs. 
 
 could be procured in various places, goods and commodities of every kind were chiefly sold at 
 fairs; to which, as to one universal mart, the people resorted periodically, and supplied most 
 of their wants for the ensuing year. The display of merchandise, and the conflux of cus- 
 tomers, at these principal and almost only emporia of domestic commerce, was prodigious; 
 and they were therefore often held on open and extensive plains. One of the chief of them 
 seems to have been that of St. Giles’s Hill, or Down, near Winchester. It was instituted and 
 given as a kind of revenue to the Bishop of Winchester by William the Conqueror, who by his 
 charter permitted it to continue for three days. But in consequence of new royal grants, 
 Henry HI. prolonged its continuance to sixteen days. Its jurisdiction extended seven miles 
 round, and comprehended even Southampton, then a capital trading town : and all merchants 
 who sold wares within that circuit forfeited them to the bishop. Officers were placed at a 
 considerable distance, at bridges and other avenues of access to the fair, to exact toll of all 
 merchandise passing that way. In the mean time, all shops in the city of Winchester were 
 shut. In the fair was a court called the pavilion, at which the bishop’s justiciaries and other 
 officers assisted, with power to try causes of various sorts for seven miles round ; nor, among 
 other singular claims, could any lord of a manor hold a court baron within the said circuit, 
 
 Abbot of St. Edmond’s. 
 
19 
 
 THE MASON’S CONTRACT. 
 
 A bargain made betwixt Thomas Kytson, Knight, and Jhon East- 
 awe. — The said Jhon must macke a house at Hengrave of all manor of 
 masons’ worcke, bricklaying, and all other things concerning y e masondrie 
 and bricklaying, as well as the laborers concerning the same, according 
 to a frame which the said Jhon has seen at Comby. 
 
 Item, the said Thomas must dense y e mote as far as the foundacyon 
 of the wall, that is to say, ij. parts of the house. 
 
 Item, the said Thomas schall make a baye window in the hall, of y e 
 south side, of freestone ; and also shall macke y e freestone worke of 
 the gate coming in at the bridge. 
 
 Item, the said Jhon shall dyck and macke y e residewe of the foun- 
 dacyons of the said house within y e motte. 
 
 without licenses from the pavilion. During this time the bishop was empowered to take toll 
 of every load or parcel of goods passing through the gates of the city. On St. Giles’s eve, 
 the mayor, bailiffs, and citizens of the city of Winchester delivered the keys of the four city- 
 gates to the bishop’s officers, who, during the said sixteen days, appointed a mayor and bailiff 
 of their own to govern the city, and also a coroner to act in the said city. Tenants of the 
 bishop, who held lands by doing service at the pavilion, attended the same with horses and 
 armour, not only to do suit at the court there, but to be ready to assist the bishop’s officers 
 in the execution of writs and other services. Many extraordinary privileges were granted to 
 the bishop on this occasion, all tending to obstruct trade and to oppress the people. Numerous 
 foreign merchants frequented this fair: and it appears that the justiciaries of the pavilion, and 
 the treasurer of the bishop’s palace of Wolvesey, received annually for a fee, according to 
 ancient custom, four basins and ewers, of those foreign merchants who sold brazen vessels in 
 the fair. In the fair several streets were formed, assigned to the sale of different commodities ; 
 and called the Drapery, the Pottery, the Spicery, &c. Many monasteries in and about 
 Winchester had shops or houses in these streets, used only at the fair, which they held under 
 the bishop, and often let by lease for a term of years. — Condensed from a note in Warton’s 
 History of English Poetry. 
 
20 
 
 Item, y e saide Jhon and all his company y‘ he setts a worcke for y e 
 said house, shall be bordy’d at Thomas Shethe’s for xvjt/. a week. 
 
 Item, the saide Jhon shall at his costs and charges macke all manner 
 of morter belonging to the masondrie. 
 
 Item, y e saide Jhon must macke all the inder court w 1 fyne souvett 
 and roubed bryck, all the schanck of the chymnies, as in the vineyarde ; 
 and the saide Jhon must have for the saide worke and finishing thereof 
 iic/. ; to be payed xl. when he begins the foundacyon thereof, and 
 afterward always as xxl. worth of worke is wrought by estimacyon. 
 
 Then follow the plasterer’s and other “ bargaines.” 
 
 The average price of labour was Gd. a day.* A best joiner had 8 d., 
 and a labourer 4 d., with sixteen pence a week per head for board. 
 Carvers, masons, and sawyers, seem to have been of equal value. Of 
 materials, iron was decidedly the most expensive. 
 
 The custom of contracting for works, of which our artisans now so 
 grievously complain, was then a common, and perhaps wholesome, 
 practice; “ For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not down 
 first and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it ?”j' Discreet 
 men, who want not the taste for architectural embellishment, too often 
 restrict their buildings to the bare requisites of life, solely from having no 
 security against inconvenient, perhaps ruinous, expense, if they attempt 
 a higher style. If workmen be properly instructed, and attention paid 
 to the choice of materials ; or, in other words, if the architect be qualified, 
 and the “ ruler of the works” honest, there can be no reasonable ob- 
 jection raised against contracts formed on equitable and remunerating 
 
 * In 1732 the justices of Gloucestershire settled the wages of carpenters, masons, &c. at 
 Is. 2d. a day without drink, and at Is. a day with drink. — Gent. Mag. vol. ii. p. 771. 
 
 f St. Luke, xiv. 28. 
 
21 
 
 terms. “ Bargaines” have indeed become still more advisable since the 
 establishment of a class, the professors of which are called “ measuring- 
 surveyors,” and whose chief purpose is ingeniously to multiply the ways 
 of measuring and valuing builders’ works. This latter system, and the 
 incorporating of artificers, with their “ bye laws” and “ custom of trade,” 
 have operated more than any other cause to the repression of art. 
 
 Tardiness* and self-estimation, t whether justly or not, seem to have 
 been long alleged against our workmen. “ If euer,” says Harrison, 
 “ curious building did florish in England, it is in these our yeares, 
 wherein our workemen excell, and are in a maner comparable in skill 
 with old Vitruvius, Leo Baptista, and Serlo. Neuerthelesse, their esti- 
 mation more than their greedie and seruile couetuousnesse, ioined with 
 a lingering humour, causeth them often to be reiected, and strangers 
 
 * An instance to the contrary may be mentioned. 
 
 “ At Osterly House the opulence and gallantry of Sir Thomas Gresham rivalled the 
 wonders of romance. Queen Elizabeth had visited that superb mansion, and on quitting the 
 window to seek her bed, had remarked aloud ‘ how much more gracefully the court-yard 
 would appear if divided in two by a wall.’ The words were caught up by Sir Thomas, who 
 instantly, on quitting the royal presence, sent hastily to his masons and bricklayers, assisted 
 them with innumerable labourers, worked all the night, and completed the wall according to 
 the queen’s wishes before she had risen from her bed. The courtiers were chagrined at the 
 knight’s alertness; and one of them consoled himself with a conceit, ‘ that it was no way 
 strange, that one who could build a ’Change could change a building.’” — England’s 
 Gazetteer. 
 
 f In the Gent. Mag. for July 1736, appeared the following advertisement: 
 
 “ Run away, on or about the beginning of June last, from his master William Spencer, 
 Plaisterer, in Bolton Street, Dublin, Lawrence Keating, his apprentice, about 5 ft. 8 in. high, 
 pale-faced, a long nose, a large full eye, and very much opinionated in the way of his trade. 
 His master being well known to the trade in London, hopes no person whatever will employ 
 the said Keating, after this notice given.” 
 
22 
 
 preferred to greater bargaines, who are more reasonable in their takings, 
 and lesse wasters of time by a great deale than our owne.” 
 
 But it was not all virtue on the other side ; for a little before this, we 
 learn that some “ noble builders” were not over scrupulous as to the 
 sources \vhence they obtained the means of carrying on their works. 
 “ The demolition of St. Mary's church, and a fine chapel connected with 
 St. Paul’s,” says Andrews, “ with the materials of the episcopal palaces 
 belonging to Worcester, Lichfield, and Llandaff, formed the sacrilegious 
 mass called Somerset House.” And Bishop Latimer had frequent 
 occasion to urge them, from the pulpit, to pay their workmen : — “ For the 
 love of God,” said that prelate, “ let poor workmen be paid. They make 
 great moan that they can get no money ; the poor labourers, smiths 
 carpenters, and other crafts, cry for their wages. They be unpaid some 
 of them three or four months, some of them half-a-year.”* 
 
 The circumspection which was exercised in selecting artists and 
 artisans may be one cause of the ancient buildings being superior to 
 the modern : men were then nought who could “ grave, groupe, or carve, 
 were sotyll in their fantasye, good devysors, marveylous of castinge, who 
 could raise a wal with batyling and crests marciall, imageours in entayle, 
 and portreyours who could paynt the works with fresh liewes : — but now, 
 
 “ A cunning workman fine in cloister close may sit, 
 
 And carve and paint a thousand things, and use both art and wit ; 
 
 Yet, wanting world’s renowne, may ’scape unsought or seene : 
 
 It is but Fame that outruns all, and gets the goale, I weene.” 
 
 It was common to depute the superintendence of buildings to church- 
 men, from an idea of their superior prudence and probity. John, 
 Prior of St. Swithin’s, was commissioned, by brief from the king, to 
 
 Latimer’s Sermons. 
 
23 
 
 supervise large repairs done by the sheriff in the castle of Winchester 
 and royal manor of Woliner. The Bishop of St. David’s was master 
 of the works at King’s College. Alcock, Bishop of Ely, was comp- 
 troller of the royal buildings under Henry VII.* He, like Wyke- 
 ham, was a great builder, but not, therefore, an architect. Richard 
 Williams, Dean of Lichfield and chaplain to Henry VIII., bore the same 
 office; and Nicholas Townley, clerk, was master of the works at Cardinal 
 College. 
 
 A passage in Wickliff’s tract, entitled, “ Why Poor Priests have no 
 Benefices,” shows that William Wykeham had at least the reputation of 
 architectural knowledge : “ And yet they [lords] wolen not present a 
 clerk able of kunning of God’s law, but a kitchen clerk, or a penny clerk, 
 or [one] wise in building castles, or worldly doing, though he kunne not 
 reade well his Sauter.” “ Here,” says Warton, “ is a manifest piece of 
 satire on Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, Wickliff's contemporary, who 
 is supposed to have recommended himself to Edward III. by rebuilding 
 the castle of Windsor. t This was a recent and notorious instance. 
 But in this appointment the king probably paid a compliment to that 
 
 * Warton’s History of English Poetry. 
 
 f “ It is to be lamented,” says John Gwynn, who published a work in 1766, called London 
 and Westminster Improved, “ that this great man (Wykeham) did not pay more regard to the 
 science to which he owed the greatness of his fortune, by establishing a foundation for the 
 study of his own art, and others that depend upon it. Had he fortunately done this, there is 
 no saying what the consequence might have been : possibly by this time it would have been 
 the fashion for ingenious men to come from Rome hither to perfect themselves in the arts, and 
 have bartered Italian for English performances.” 
 
 It is a singular fact, that in this work John Gwynn pointed out almost all the designs for 
 the improvement of London which have been devised by the civil and military architects of the 
 present day. Since this discovery was made by the Literanj Gazette, the work has become 
 scarce and expensive. 
 
24 
 
 prelate’s singular talents for business, his activity, circumspection, and 
 management, rather than to any scientific and professed skill in architec- 
 ture which he might have possessed. It seems to me that he was only 
 supervisor or comptroller on this occasion.” Mr. Dallaway, without 
 mentioning his authority, says the name of Wykeham’s superintending 
 architect was William Wynford. Assuming this to be correct, Warton’s 
 is a fair inference. 
 
 Chaucer was appointed clerk of the king’s works at the palace of 
 Westminster, and the royal manors of Shene, Kennington, Byfleet, and 
 Clapton, the Mews at Charing, and St. George’s Chapel, Windsor. 
 It appears, indeed, that in those times the “ devysor of the works” 
 acted invariably under a supervising officer, who, leaving the artist’s 
 fancy and genius unshackled, controlled and restrained the expenditure 
 of money. We find, however, by the following letter from Lord 
 Shrewsbury, that as early as the reign of Edward the Sixth there were 
 turbulent and devastating surveyors : 
 
 “ After right hartie comendations. Where in yo r l res of the xvi th of 
 this instant, w ch I received the xxv th of the same, ye write that ye have 
 had advertisement from the King's Ma l ’ s Privie Counsaile, that they are 
 informed by me the King's Ma*' s palace at Yorke* is likely to be 
 defaced, as well thrughe taking down the lead there as otherwise ; 
 whereat ye do not a litil marvaile, that them to whome ye made a 
 warrante onely for taking downe the south isle of the church, the dorter 
 frater, and the twoo old garners (being, as ye were informed, of long time 
 not saufe, and ruynous, and the lead thereof daily pilfered away), wolde 
 take uppon them to meddell with any parte of the King’s Ma l i palace. 
 
 * The palace at York was the dissolved abbey of St. Mary, which Henry kept in his own 
 hands after the Reformation, and fitted up as a royal palace. 
 
25 
 
 I assure you there hath been such spoyle and defacings made in div’s 
 parts of his Highnes’ said palace, that it wolde greve any man to see it, 
 except his Highnes’ pleash r were that all shulde be pulled downe ; and 
 yet his Ma tie , in respecte of that w ch thereof might have been made, is 
 like to have but small comoditie, as farre as I can perceive. 
 
 “ And where I am informed that ordre was given unto you from my 
 Lords of the Counsaile for the stay thereof, before the xiii th of this 
 instant ; upon the xxiiii th of the same, the chief wyndow of the King’s 
 Ma ts owne chamber was defaced, w ch , as it is declared unto me, was 
 done by Humphrey Collwiche, one of yo r surveyors. Furthermore, 
 when, according to yo r request in yo r said l re , I comoned with yo r 
 surveyors, and demaunded of them why they had so done, Laykin 
 answered, that when he declared unto you that the taking down of the 
 south isle shulde be an ymparement to the King’s Ma ts palace, ye said unto 
 him, that as well the King’s palace as al the rest shulde be takin downe. 
 And nowe, as speciall frende, I have sent you worde what is done here, 
 w ch you may use as shall appertyne ; and thus I bydde you right 
 
 hartely farewell. From Yorke, of Aphrill, 1551.”* 
 
 In the household of the Earl of Northumberland, “ the clerk o’th 
 works, the clerk that haith the oversight ande payment of the book of 
 my lorde’s expenses and reparacions, the clerk of my lorde’s foren 
 expenses, and the clerk that writes under my said lorde’s clerks,” were 
 of the same class, bed-fellows, t and with the joiner, smith, and painter, 
 removable like apparel and furniture, with their master. 
 
 * Lodge’s Illustrations. 
 
 t It is somewhat remarkable, that of all the dependents of this great lord, the only 
 persons who slept in separate beds, and distinct from their fellows, were the joiner, the smith, 
 the painter, and the attorney ! 
 
 E 
 
SECTION II. 
 
 “ In the 16th century the noblemen’s mansions began to relax from fortified castles into social 
 halls ; and as self-defence was not so immediately the object of thought, convenience 
 took its place : happily, the manners of the baron visibly softened as his windows en- 
 larged ; the vigilant warder no longer attended his gate, and his dungeon became 
 untenanted and useless.” 
 
 The following plan, Plate I., is an attempt to combine modern con- 
 venience with the splendour of an ancient quadrangular form. The 
 windows, instead of looking into a court, as they were wont, for security, 
 and when the charms of landscape were not felt, or if felt, disregarded, 
 are turned outwards, and the chief apartments so arranged as to allow 
 each to have its proper aspect. The suite, which forms three sides of a 
 quadrangle, comprises a private room, library, great chamber or drawing- 
 room, music-room, parlour, hall or dining-chamber, (with a minstrel’s 
 gallery* over the recess for the “ cupboard, ”)f house-keeper’s room, &c. 
 all opening into a corridor, continued as an open cloister on the fourth or 
 east side, and thus completing the figure. The domestic offices are on 
 the north side in a lesser court : their extent would of course be regulated 
 by the scale of the proprietor’s establishment. Care must, however, be 
 
 * So late as the reign of Elizabeth, minstrels were retained in the houses of the great 
 families. It appears by the Northumberland household-book, that the earl kept three, viz. 
 “ a taberett, a luyte, and a rebecc.” Though unnecessary in our time, owing to the change of 
 manners, this gallery is not only ornamental,' but applicable to other useful purposes. 
 
 t See observations on furniture, Section V. 
 
Es 
 

 
 
 
 
27 
 
 taken to keep these appurtenances in harmony with the general mass, 
 of which they would form a considerable portion. 
 
 “ Much of the naked and solitary appearance of houses is owing to 
 the practice of totally concealing, nay sometimes of burying, all the 
 offices under ground, and that by way of giving consequence to the 
 mansion; but though exceptions may arise from particular situations and 
 circumstances, yet, in general, nothing contributes so much to give both 
 variety and consequence to the principal building, as the accompaniment, 
 and, as it were, the attendance of the inferior parts, in their different 
 gradations.”* 
 
 It was not till towards the middle of Elizabeth’s reign that staircases 
 formed prominent features in buildings ; before that time they were gene- 
 rally placed, as in this Plan, in small towers, the steps of solid oak, 
 winding round a large newel, the hand-rail wrought in the material of 
 the wall, and recessed. These staircases were called turnpikes: the 
 remains of one may be seen at Eastbury, Essex, an untouched model of 
 a Tudor house. 
 
 A gallery over the corridor communicates with the bed-chambers, &c. 
 
 * Price on the Picturesque. 
 
28 
 
 Plate II.— Wteto from tfje looking into tfje Court 
 
 — Excepting the oriels and cloister, the architecture is entirely free from 
 ornament : whatever picturesque effect it may possess is produced by 
 variety of outline. 
 
 The introduction of bricks, and the strong prejudice which existed 
 against English stone, probably tended, in some degree, to supersede 
 carved decorations in masonry on the exteriors of our great mansions. 
 Normandy was generally resorted to for stone, — the expense of 
 obtaining it was great, and the supply scanty, considering the prodigious 
 increase of buildings which took place on the settlement of the kingdom, 
 and continued through the four succeeding reigns. Harrison, seeing the 
 effect of this prejudice, endeavoured to establish a better reputation for 
 the English quarries. Complaining of the preference shown to those of 
 Caen, he says, “ Our elders haue from time to time, following our 
 naturall uice, in misliking of our owne commodities at home, and 
 desiring those of other countries abrode, most esteemed the Cane stone 
 that is brought out of Normandie; and manie, euen in these our daies, 
 following the same ueine, doo couet in their works almost to vse no 
 other. Howbeit, experience on the one side, and our skilful masons on 
 the other, doo affirme, that in the north and south parts of England, and 
 certeine other places, there are some quarries which for hardness and 
 beautie are equal to the outlandish greet. This maie also be con- 
 firmed by the King’s Chapel at Cambridge, the greatest part of the 
 square stone whereof was brought thither out of the north.” 
 
 Almost every county in England contains stone, which, if not 
 applicable to all the purposes of building, is of sufficient strength and 
 durability for the ornamental parts. Nor is the expense of working 
 mouldings and of carving in freestone at all alarming, where the 
 
Flats K 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29 
 
 pernicious system, alluded to in the First Section, is not in operation. 
 In the course of last year, the very elaborately carved monument of 
 Thomas West, Lord de la War re,* in Broadwater Church, Sussex, was 
 completely restored by ordinary country masons, who had never before 
 attempted any thing beyond plain mouldings. On the eastern side 
 of the county the author met with carpenters of the same order, carving 
 in oak with all the character and feeling of our old artisans. Indeed, 
 the enrichments of Tudor architecture require little more than decision 
 of outline, and could be wrought by almost every intelligent joiner 
 and mason, if clearly directed, and furnished with proper models. 
 Even the forms of heraldic animals — more difficult than any other 
 kind of ornament — are so strongly marked, and need so little expression, 
 as scarcely to come under the designation of sculpture. 
 
 * By his will, October 8, 1524, he ordered his body to be buried in a tomb of free-stone, 
 within the chancel of the parish-church of Broadwater, “ according to his honor.” And 
 bequeathed to that church his mantle of blue velvet of the Garter, and his gown of crimson 
 velvet belonging thereto, to make altar-cloths. He appointed ten marks to be paid yearly, for 
 thirty years, as a salary for a priest, daily to say mass in the church of Broadwater, and to pray 
 for the souls of himself, his two wives, father and mother, and all Christians. 
 
 Near him lies the body of his son, Thomas, Lord de la Warre, who exchanged with 
 King Henry VIII. large estates in Sussex for abbey lands in Hampshire, and was a Knight 
 Banneret, and Knight of the Garter. Died at Offington, September 25, 1554, and buried 
 October 12, with great pomp, having “ standards, banners of arms, and many mourners.” 
 He was reputed to be “ the best house-keeper in Sussex.” 
 
30 
 
 Plate III.— $at*t of tfje Cloister on a larger ^ralt; a Cieiu from 
 tfje Court into tin jnoiorr-'Cartinn 
 
 “ Let my due feet never fail 
 To walk the studious cloisters pale.” 
 
 II Penseroso. 
 
 This arcade, being in every respect a continuation of the corridor, 
 forms a deambulatory of considerable size. “ There are few old man- 
 sions,” says Sir John Cullum, “ without their walking places, and they 
 certainly had their use ; but this age of list, sand-bags, and carpets, 
 that dreads every breath of air as if it were a pestilence, shudders at 
 the idea of such a body of element being admitted into any part of 
 a dwelling.” And Lydgate, in his Troy Boke, evidently with the model 
 of a monastic cloister in his mind, describes the sides of every street 
 as being covered with “ fresh alures ” of marble, or cloisters crowned 
 with rich and lofty pinnacles, and fronted with tabernacular work, 
 vaulted like the dormitory of a monastery, and called deambulatories , 
 for the accommodation of the citizens in all weathers. Warton, speaking 
 of this poem, says, “ It is extremely curious; not for the capricious 
 incredulities and absurd inconsistences which it exhibits, but because 
 it conveys anecdotes of ancient architecture, and especially of that florid 
 and improved species which began to grow fashionable in Lydgate’s 
 age.” Hence, it appears that there is sufficient authority for the 
 introduction of this somewhat ecclesiastical feature into a domestic 
 structure. 
 
 From the cloister, a descent, by steps, leads to the garden ; * and the 
 For a description of the gardens at Kenilworth, see Illustrations. 
 
Turd nr,. Published., bj' Z oncjmarL X 
 
31 
 
 centre arch being directly opposite to the principal door, the scene would 
 change at once, on entering from a park to a flower-garden ; than which, 
 perhaps, there is no transition more cheerful. By filling the arches with 
 frames of glass in winter, a conservatory would be added to the luxury 
 of a promenade at all seasons, without diminishing the warmth of the 
 house, which, for all Sir John Cullum, or other deep-rooted antiquaries 
 may say to the contrary, is one of the greatest improvements in modern 
 residences. 
 
 The quadrangle is deficient of an appendage peculiarly characteristic 
 of the Tudor period — a fountain, which was held an indispensable 
 ornament of a court. 
 
 “ Unto tfje base cotmc sfjc bub me then lebe, 
 
 S®bcrc tons a fountain txcpuretj of plcsance, 
 
 & noble sprynge, a rgall contmnlc btbe, 
 
 JTlabe of fyne golbe cnamelleb lut'd) reett; 
 
 &nb on dje toppe four bragons blclue anb stoute 
 ®bys bulcct boater m four partes bub spoute.” 
 
 Yet surely a fountain of this kind would be an injudicious ornament 
 in such a situation. An area surrounded by four high walls must have 
 been sufficiently dank without a splashy fall of water ; while on open 
 grounds, fountains are beautiful and refreshing objects. 
 
32 
 
 Plate IV. — ^perimms of <0rnamnttetr Cfrtmnep-'^fjaftsk 
 
 “ Look to the tower’d chimnies, which should be 
 
 The wind-pipes of good hospitalitie.” 
 
 Bishop Hall. 
 
 Decided characteristics of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries : with 
 the royal race of Tudor they came into use, and with it they declined. 
 
 The object of these florid embellishments, and cause of the end- 
 less variety even in the same stack, has been a source of speculation 
 with antiquaries. Some have supposed them to have been intended 
 as memorials, whilst others have repeated the more than “ twice-told 
 tale ” of the apprentice and his master, and attributed their production 
 to competition amongst youths in the last year of their service. If any 
 value can be set upon the former theory, none will attach to the latter ; 
 since, however various the forms and devices, the “master-hand” is 
 evident in all.* 
 
 Chimneys, i. e. flues, f are not in this country of high antiquity, 
 though the term “ chymney ” was very common with the early English 
 poets, X but used generally to describe a hearth, (either recessed or 
 
 * “ The old clustring chimneys have, in addition to their other merits, that of not 
 assuming any other character.” — Uvedale Price. 
 
 f Mr. Fosbroke in his Encyclopedia of Anticjuities, quotes the following rather obscure 
 passage from Leland : “ Speaking of Bolton Castle, built temp. Richard II., he says, ‘ one 
 thynge I much notyd in the liaulle of Bolton ; how chymneys were conveyed by tunnels made 
 on the syds of the wauls betwyxt the lights in the hawel ; and by this means, and by no covers, 
 is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely convayed.’ ” 
 
 J Shakspeare gives chimney-shafts to ancient Rome. 
 
 “ O you hard hearts ! you cruel men of Rome, 
 
 Knew you not Pompey ? Many a time and oft 
 
Tlatelif 
 
 
 nHiblz.?hel h) Iona man C? laizrnostc/' low. 182 .' 
 

 
 
33 
 
 covered with a projecting canopy), on which the fire was made, whence 
 the smoke was discharged through an aperture in the back just above 
 the “ mantel -tree.” So late as Elizabeth’s time, when Harrison wrote, 
 chimneys, as we now understand the term, were thought novelties in 
 ordinary country-houses. “ There are old men yet dwelling in the 
 uillage where I remaine,” says he, “ who liaue noted three things to be 
 maruellouslie altered in England within their sound remembrance. One 
 is the multitude of chymneys latelie erected ; whereas in their young 
 daies there were not aboue two or three, if so manie, in most uplandish 
 townes of the realme (the religious houses and manour places of their 
 lords alwaies excepted, and peraduenture some great personages) ; but 
 ech one made his fire against a reredosse in the hall, where he dined and 
 dressed his meate.” 
 
 Again : speaking of the change of manners, increase of luxury, and 
 declination of manly courage, he adds; “ Now liaue we many chymneys, 
 and yet our tenderlings complaine of rhumes, catarhs, and poses. Then 
 had we none but reredosses, and our heads did never ake. For as the 
 smoke in those daies was supposed to be sufficient hardening for the 
 timber of the house ; so it was reputed a far better medicine to keep 
 
 Have you climb’d up to walls and battlements, 
 
 To towers and windows, yea, to cliimney-tops, 
 ***** 
 
 To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome.” 
 
 Julius Ccesar, Act I. Scene 1. 
 
 This looks something like an anachronism ; but it would be difficult to prove it one, 
 if it be true that flues have been discovered at Herculaneum. Shakspeare, like the earlier poets, 
 painted from English models. 
 
 In an account of the earthquake which occurred at Venice in 1347, it is stated that 
 several chimneys were thrown down. — Beckmann's History of Inventions. 
 
 F 
 
34 
 
 the goodman and his familie from the quacke or pose wherewith as 
 then verie few were oft acquainted.” 
 
 In these days we have too much reason to complain of Harrison’s 
 “ medicine ” for the quacke and pose; as our flues, from economy, or 
 other mistaken notions, are not made sufficiently spacious to allow a free 
 passage for the smoke. And, indeed, as will appear hereafter, in those 
 early days of flue-building, a “ smoky chimney” was an evil by no 
 means uncommon. 
 
 A court chimney is sometimes mentioned ; but what it was does not 
 seem to be very clearly understood. “ They use no rost but for them- 
 selves ; nor no fire, but a little court chimnie in their owne chamber.”* 
 Archdeacon Nares supposes it to be an angle chimney, or a stove. 
 
 The examples of chimney - shafts given in this Plate are from 
 Penshurst, Tonbridge, and a farm-house called “ Duckings,” at Withy- 
 ham, in Sussex, near Buckhurst, an ancient seat of the Sackvilles, now 
 the residence and property, by marriage, of the Earl de la Warre. 
 
 Plate V. — Cl — No longer required for the purposes 
 of defence or incarceration, the ponderous timber gate, with its “ jealous 
 wicket,” yields to one of lighter proportions, which may be placed at the 
 entrance to the domain, instead of being a barrier between the base and 
 inner courts. 
 
 Among other devices, niches with figures of benefactors were 
 sometimes placed over entrance-gates to cities and religious houses. 
 Hans Holbein’s gate at Whitehall, built about 1530, was ornamented with 
 busts, in circular moulded recesses, of baked clay, glazed in the manner 
 
 * Green’s Quip for an Upstart. 
 
35 
 
 of delft ware. The structure was of brick and stone, chequered with 
 flint. At East Basham, Norfolk, on each side of the entrance arch, are 
 fragments of statues in brick, which formerly stood on brackets beneath 
 canopies, and were intended to represent porters or guards.* Bloomfield 
 describes them as wild men or giants — janitors with clubs. 
 
 In a former workf the misapplication of buttresses and pinnacles is 
 noticed. It may not be out of place here to mention another very 
 prevalent error of the present time, namely, that of putting niches with 
 florid canopies in the fronts of private houses, where neither patron- 
 saints nor benefactors are to be perpetuated by statues. Instances of 
 the practice alluded to may be found of earlier periods ; but since the 
 reformation of our religion, such embellishments are inappropriate. In 
 churches and colleges niches may be required. J 
 
 The annexed Gate has the addition of a small portal for foot-pas- 
 sengers ; and contains chambers above the archway for the gate-keeper, 
 accessable by winding stairs within the tower. 
 
 * Fosbroke’s Encyc. Ant. f Designs for Parsonage-Houses, Alms-Houses, &c. 
 
 X John Rous, of Warwick, author of the Historia Regvm Anglic, speaking of the 
 custom of perpetuating the memories of famous men by statues, and of his motives for writing 
 that work, says, “ In our churches, tabernacles in stone work, or niches, are wrought for 
 containing images of this kind. For instance, in the new work of the College at Windsor, 
 (St. George’s Chapel), such tabernacles abound within and without the building. Wherefore, 
 being requested, about the latter end of the reign of King Edward IV., by the venerable Master 
 Edward Seymor, master of the works there, and at the desire of the said King, to compile a 
 history of those kings and princes who have founded churches and cities, that the images 
 placed in those niches might appear to greater advantage, and more effectually preserve the 
 names of the persons represented ; at the instance of this my brother-student at Oxford, and 
 especially at the desire of the said most noble monarch, as also to exhilarate the minds of his 
 royal successors, I have undertaken this work.” 
 
36 
 
 The small turret of the portal terminates as turrets in similar 
 situations commonly did, with an heraldic animal :■ — that which is here 
 adopted was the ancient crest of Nevil. 
 
 Warwick. — “ Now by my father’s badge, old Nevil’s crest, 
 
 The rampant bear chain’d to the ragged staff, 
 
 This day I’ll wear aloft my burgonet.” 
 
 Second Part of Henry VI. Act V. Scene 1 . 
 
 Plate vi.— die Grange, nr ^meejFarm of tfje &orti of tfte 
 iHanor, aitt! BfSltlfnrr Of f)l£i Bailiff* — The granges of monasteries had 
 often parks annexed to them ; and, as appears by a passage in Shaks- 
 peare, were sometimes moated : 
 
 “ I will presently to St. Luke’s; there at the moated grange resides this dejected Mariana.” 
 
 Measure for Measure. 
 
 Many of these houses show that the clergy did not limit architectural 
 embellishment to their monastic residences: the grange at Sutton 
 Bonnington, in Nottinghamshire, which belonged to the Abbot of Re- 
 pingdon, had, among other enrichments, a profusion of heraldic shields 
 displayed on its exterior. 
 
 The overseer was called the Prior of the Grange. One is recorded 
 for “ paying more money than his farm amounted to, for selling the 
 wool well, and making good granges.” By the regulations of his 
 convent, the Prior was ordered to see that chambers and gowns were 
 provided for the use of the monks, who went there by turns for 
 recreation; and not to erect buildings above a certain cost, except 
 sea-walls* and other things of that kind. 
 
 * The preservation of the land was always, and wisely, enforced with great rigour, whilst 
 the buildings were utterly disregarded. The penalty on those who allowed their boundaries 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Lcnidoib, JBubUsIi&L by Longman? k' C? JPat£ivwst&' Hoyv. 18ZS. 
 
37 
 
 Chaucer’s Clerke of Oxenford took advantage of the absence of his 
 host — the carpenter of Osney Abbey, who often went to the woods for 
 timber, and at those times lived at the monastic grange — to converse 
 with his beautiful wife : 
 
 ■“ £ troto that he hdoent 
 
 Jfor timber, there our abbot hath hint sent : 
 jfor he ts luont for timber for to go, 
 gJnti bludltn at the grange a bay or ttoo.” 
 
 The monastic BnntS, as connected with granges, also claim attention, 
 not less for their architectural beauty than for their magnitude. Amongst 
 others, those at Glastonbury, Abbotbury, and Ely, may be mentioned ; 
 the latter, two hundred and thirty feet in length, had two porches or 
 transepts — the cruciform plan was indeed generally adopted in these 
 structures. “ The parapet of the magnificent barn at Abbotsbury is 
 embellished with turrets, resting on the buttresses, and on the floor of an 
 external gallery or passage, which extended quite round the building. 
 But the barns belonging to Glastonbury Abbey were decorated on a 
 scale worthy of the almost unequalled opulence and splendour of that 
 religious establishment. Their gables present, besides elegant windows, 
 and the emblems of the four Evangelists, the whole-length statues of 
 abbots, and other ecclesiastics on their summits.”* 
 
 Plate vie — pan of tf)r 4lrang*« — Arranged as a gentleman's 
 residence, on a small scale of accommodation. 
 
 near the sea to be dilapidated, were dreadfully severe. “ Such as hauing wals and banks neare 
 the sea, and suffer them to decaie, after conuenient admonition, wherby the water entereth and 
 drowneth up the countrie, are, by a certain custom, apprehended, condemned, and staked in 
 the breach, where they remayne for ever parcell of the new wal — Harrison, 
 
 * Buckler’s Eltham. 
 
38 
 
 !3og>2\tnnfL — Bishop Percy observes, that a nobleman in the 
 dark ages, retired within his castle, had neither books, nor newspapers, 
 nor literary correspondence, nor visits, nor cards, to fill up his leisure : 
 his only amusements were field-sports, nor did the love for these decline 
 in the Tudor period. Some illustration of the structures required by a 
 gentleman for his amusements is therefore necessary ; and the Dog-kennel 
 is selected as being an almost invariable appendage to a manor-house, 
 and also, as it affords an opportunity for exhibiting, in a subsequent 
 Plate, the manner of constructing buildings of an inferior cast in those 
 times. Picturesque as the style may be to the eye of an artist, there is 
 reason to apprehend (whatever its application) that many of the present 
 race would declare “ ’tis only fit for a dog-kennel/’ 
 
 Plate VIII.— CfK plait. 
 
 “ Upon some little eminence erect 
 
 And pointing to the ruddy dawn ; its courts 
 
 Wide opening on either hand. 
 
 * * * * 
 
 In a large square the adjacent field enclose, 
 
 There plant in equal ranks the spreading elm, 
 
 Or fragrant lime: most happy thy design, 
 
 If at the bottom of thy spacious court 
 A large canal, fed by the crystal brook, 
 
 From its transparent bosom shall reflect 
 
 Downward thy structure and inverted grove.” — Somerville’s Chase. 
 
 Somerville having directed the situation of the kennel, Beckford, 
 the next great authority in such matters, may be quoted touching its 
 arrangement. 
 
REFERENCE 
 
 XonxLo n Fab Ji. rhed- by XonamaA* ZC C? Xcd£rrwste> % How, Id 23. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
39 
 
 “ I think two kennels absolutely necessary to the well-being of the 
 hounds : when there is but one, it is seldom sweet ; and when cleaned 
 out, the hounds, particularly in winter, suffer whilst it is cleaning out, 
 and as long as it remains wet afterwards. 
 
 “ The floor of each lodging-room should be bricked and sloped to 
 the centre, with a gutter left to carry oft’ the water, that when they 
 are washed they may soon dry. 
 
 “ The two great lodging-rooms should be exactly alike, and each 
 have a court belonging to it ; distinct kennels situated at the opposite 
 ends of the building, in the centre of which (i. e. the building) should be 
 the boiling-house and feeding-yard. 
 
 “ The floors of the inner courts, like those of the lodging-rooms, 
 should be bricked and sloped towards the centre ; and a channel of 
 water brought in by a leaden pipe running through the middle of them. 
 
 “ The benches must be open (formed of broad laths with narrow in- 
 terstices), and should have hinges, and hooks in the walls, that they may 
 fold up, for the greater convenience in washing the kennel ; they should 
 also be made as low as possible, that a hound when he is tired may 
 have no difficulty in jumping up, and at no time may be able to creep 
 under. Benches cannot be too low : if, owing to the smallness of the 
 hound, it should be difficult to render them low enough, a projecting 
 ledge will answer the same purpose ; and the benches may be boarded 
 at the bottom to prevent the hound from creeping under.” 
 
 Mr. Beckford recommends a large grass-court in front, with a mount 
 and open paling, that the hounds may have a view of the surrounding 
 scene, in which he says they greatly delight, and that it tends to keep 
 them quiet. The accompanying Design differs in some of the arrange- 
 ments from Mr. Beckford’s, but it was made under the direction of an 
 eminent northern sportsman. Instead of an open fence and raised ground 
 
40 
 
 for the clogs, the wall is sunk, forming an invisible boundary ; and over 
 the feeding-room is a sleeping-chamber for the huntsman, or man whose 
 duty it may be to attend the hounds at night,* with windows looking 
 into the lodging-rooms on either side. In other respects the Plan ex- 
 plains itself. 
 
 Plate IX. — 0jrtfTtOt‘ Of tl)f BojJ-f&nmeL — “ The greatest part of 
 our building in the cities and good townes of England,” says Harrison, 
 “ consisteth onelie of timber, for as yet few of the houses of the 
 communalitie, (except here and there in the west countrie townes), are 
 made of stone, although they may (in my opinion) in diuerse other 
 places be builded so good cheape of the one as the other. In old time 
 the houses of the Britons were slight! ie set, with a few posts and many 
 radels, the like whereof almost is to be seene in the fennie countries 
 and northerne parts vnto this claie, where, for lacke of wood, they are 
 inforced to continue this ancient manner of building. It is not in vaine, 
 therefore, in speaking of building, to make a distinction betweene the 
 plaine and wooddie soiles : for as in these, our houses are commonlie strong 
 and well timbered, so that in manie places there are not above foure, six, 
 or nine inches betweene stud and stud ; so in the open champaine 
 countries they are inforced for want of stuff to vse no studs at all, but 
 only franke posts, raisins, beames, pricke-posts, groundsels, summers. 
 
 * “ If your hounds be very quarrelsome, the feeder may sleep in a cot in the kennel 
 adjoining; and if they be well chastised at the first quarrel, his voice will be sufficient to 
 settle all their differences afterwards. In a kennel in Oxfordshire, the feeder pulls a bell, 
 which the hounds understand the meaning of ; it silences them immediately, and saves him 
 the trouble of getting out of his bed .” — Thoughts on Hunting. 
 
TlocteTX 
 

 
 
 / 
 
 
 
41 
 
 (or dormants), transoms, and such principals, with here and there a 
 girding, whereunto they fasten their splints or radels, and then cast it 
 all ouer with theike claie to keep out the wind, which otherwise would 
 annoie them. Certes this rude kind of building made the Spaniards, in 
 Queene Marie’s daies, to woonder ; but cheeflie when they saw what 
 large diet was used in manie of these so homelie cottages, in so much 
 that one of no small reputation amongst them saide after this maner : 
 ‘ The English, (quoth he), haue their houses made of sticks and durt, 
 but they fare commonlie so well as the king.’ Whereby it appeareth, 
 that he liked better of our good fare in such coarse cabins, than of their 
 own thin diet in their prince-like habitations and palaces. In like sort 
 as euerie countrie-house is thus apparelled on the outside, so is it 
 inwardlie diuided into sundrie roomes above and beneath ; and where 
 plentie of wood is, they couer them with tiles, otherwise with straw, 
 sedge, or reed, except some quarrie of slate be neere hand, from whence 
 they have for their monie so much as may suffice them. 
 
 “ The claie wherewith our houses are impanelled, is either white, red, 
 or blue ; and of these, the first dootli participat verie much with the 
 nature of our chalke, the second is called lome, but the third eftsoones 
 changeth colour so soone as it is wrought, notwithstanding that it looke 
 blue when it is throwne out of the pit. Of chalke, also, we have our 
 excellent asbestos, or white lime, made in most places, wherewith being- 
 quenched, we strike ouer our claie-workes and stone-wals, in cities, good 
 townes, rich farmers’ and gentlemen’s houses.”* 
 
 The exterior of the Dog-Kennel illustrates the manner of building in 
 “ woodie soiles.”t So perfect a picture drawn by our old historian of 
 
 * Harrison’s Description of England. 
 
 f And may be taken as a specimen of domestic architecture prior to the Tudor period, 
 continued for a while afterwards. Old Chamber was burned in the reign of Henry VI. 
 
 G 
 
42 
 
 these houses and those of the “ fennie countries,” the mode of plas- 
 tering, and materials used for that purpose, requires no comment ; but it 
 may be added, that dwellings of the former kind were often described as 
 “ goodlie frames of tymberf and “ chamber-houses .” Watson, in his 
 History of Halifax, says, “ Old Chamber was supposed to have been 
 the habitation of Pilkington, seneschal and rector of Sowerbyshire the 
 ground of his supposition is, that it was a chambered house, which 
 Thoresby observes, “ was a rare matter of old amongst the Sylvicolse, in 
 the forest of Hardwick,” where the “ chaumer-mon” signified an in- 
 habitant of a chambered house. The common manner of building such 
 houses was to make all the conveniences on the ground-floor. 
 
 The Dog-Kennel is the only Design in the Volume in which thatch is 
 introduced : the month of May is recommended as the proper season for 
 repairing such roofing. 
 
 “ Where houses be reeded, (as houses have need), 
 
 Now pare off the mosse, and go beat in the reed : 
 
 The juster ye drive it, the smoother and plaine. 
 
 More handsome ye make it, to shut off the raine.” 
 
 Tusser Redivivus, 1744. 
 
 For an additional Plate, showing the sunk fence and general 
 arrangement of the courts and buildings, see Illustrations at the end of 
 the Volume. 
 
 Plate X. — (Examples of ©ooiMjnntJlrs!, (£ortitd)fono for 
 fioltSS, — Attention even to such details is essential. The authorities 
 for the annexed Plate are, Henry the Fifth’s Chantry, Westminster 
 Abbey ; King’s-College Chapel, Cambridge; Henry the Seventh’s Chapel ; 
 and St. Michael's Church, Coventry. These articles were of the same 
 character both in ecclesiastical and domestic structures. 
 
Plate IK. 
 
 L ondon Published, by Li 
 

 
 
 
43 
 
 Ancient locks having been superseded by the more convenient and 
 secure mortise-locks of modem days, it is unnecessary to give examples, 
 or many curious and elaborately ornamented specimens could be found : 
 one in Henry the Seventh’s Chapel is remarkable for its beautiful 
 tracery; and another on the hall-door at Beddington, in Surrey, is 
 worthy of notice ; on the latter, as well as very highly wrought tracery, 
 are the arms and supporters of King Henry VIII. 
 
 The bed-chamber locks and bolts of our monarchs seem to have been 
 movables. In “ The Privy Purse Expenses of King Henry the Eighth,” 
 recently published, with introductory remarks, and illustrative notes by 
 Mr. Nicolas, (the number of whose antiquarian works is only equalled 
 by their interest and value,) we find, among other disbursements of 
 a similar kind, the following : 
 
 1532, July. Item, paide to the smythe that caryeth the lock aboute w h the king 
 
 in rewarde vijs. vj cl. 
 
 Sept. Item, paide to the smythe for bolts and rynges for the kinges 
 
 chambre-dores, all the time of the progresse xls. 
 
 Dec. Item, paide to the smythe that caryed the lock to Calys, and for 
 
 his charge all the way xlvjs. viijcZ. 
 
 It would also appear that bed-chamber doors had sometimes a 
 plurality of locks; and that one was called the “ privy lock.” A note 
 in Nichol's Progresses has this passage, “ The Lady Elizabeth hearing 
 the privy lock undo, ran out of her bed to her maidens.” 
 
 The device of making locks to open by adjusting letters impressed 
 upon them for that purpose, is not a recent invention. In Beaumont and 
 Fletcher’s Noble Gentleman, one is alluded to with the word Amen. 
 
 “ A cap-case for your linnen and your plate, 
 
 With a strange lock that opens with Amen.” 
 
44 
 
 Padlocks have indeed been subject to great eccentricity — the ancient 
 fetter-lock is a form not uncommon. 
 
 Mr. Fosbrook mentions wooden locks as still existing in the High- 
 lands, so artfully contrived by notches at unequal distances, that they 
 can only be opened by the wooden keys which belong to them, and 
 match the notches. 
 
 Holingshed gives the following most incredible account of a lock, 
 made, as he says, in 1579. “ This yeare, in the moneth of Maie, Marke 
 
 Scaliot, blacke smith, citizen of London, borne in the parish of 
 St. Clements Dane, without Temple Bar, and now dwelling in Cornehill, 
 neere vnto Leaden-hall, for triall of workemanship, made one hanging 
 locke of iron, steele, and hrasse, of eleven several peaces, a pipe keie filed 
 three square, with a pot vpon the shaft, and the bow with two esses, all 
 cleane wrought, which weied but one graine of gold, or wheat-corne — a 
 thing almost incredible, but that myselfe, (amongst manie others,) have 
 seene it, and therefore must affirme it to be true.”* 
 
 Chronicles, vol iv. page 406. 
 
SECTION III. 
 
 “ A man that builds a prettie house in sweete and holsome ayre, 
 
 With goodly rowms, and choise of place, and windows large and fay re. 
 
 Shall heer his neighbour streight disprayes the seate and eke the fraem ; 
 
 Yet hee that praets wants wealth and wit, and cannot mend the saem.” 
 
 Churchyard. 
 
 The principal subject of this Section is a Design applying Henry the 
 Eighth’s style of building to the exterior, without reference either to the 
 forms or arrangements of ancient plans.* 
 
 The general character of the details is taken from Hampton Court 
 and Hengrave Hall. 
 
 * Andrew Borde, in his Dietarie of Helthe, gives rules for planning and building a 
 house. He supposes a quadrangle, and directs the gate-house or tower to be exactly opposite 
 to the porch of the hall ; the privy chamber to be annexed to the chamber of state ; a parlour 
 joining to the buttery and pantry at the lower end of the hall ; the pastry-house and larder 
 annexed to the kitchen. Many of the chambers to have a view into the chapel. In the outer 
 quadrangle to be a stable, but only for horses of pleasure ; the stables, dairy, and slaughter- 
 house, to be a quarter of a mile from the house. The moat to have a spring falling into it, 
 and to be often scoured. An orchard of sundry fruits is convenient ; but he rather recom- 
 mends a garden filled with aromatic herbs. In the garden a pool or two for fish. A park 
 filled with deer and conies. “ A dove-house also is a necessary thing about a mansyon-place ; 
 and, among other thynges, a payre of buttes is a decent thynge about a mansyon. And other- 
 wise, for a great man necessary it is for to passe his tyme with bowles in an aly ; when al this 
 is finished, and the mansyon replenished with implements.” 
 
 Lord Bacon’s directions for building a house : — 
 
 “ I say you cannot have a perfect palace except you have two several sides ; a side for the 
 
46 
 
 Plate XL— Cfte pan includes an entrance-porch and vaulted 
 corridor, communicating with the drawing and dining-rooms at each 
 extremity ; and the breakfast-room, library, and parlour, which occupy 
 the intermediate space. The staircase is a peculiar feature in this 
 house : the steps wind round the inside of the central projection, over the 
 
 banket, as is spoken of in the book of Hester, and a side for the household ; the one for feasts 
 and triumphs, and the other for dwelling. I understand both these sides to be not only returns, 
 but parts of the front, and to be uniform without, though severally partitioned within, and to 
 be on both sides of a great and stately tower in the midst of the front, that, as it were, 
 
 joineth them together on either hand. I would have on the side of the banket, in front, 
 
 one onely goodly room above stairs, of some fourty foot high. On the other side, which is 
 the household side, I wish it divided first into a hall and a chapel, both of good state and 
 bigness, and those not to go all the length, but to have at the further end a winter and 
 summer-parler, both fair; and under these rooms, a fair and large cellar sunk underground; 
 and likewise some privy kitchens, with butteries and pantries, and the like. As for the 
 tower, I would have it two stories, of eighteen foot high a-piece, above the two wings, and 
 divided into rooms as shall be thought fit ; the stairs, likewise, let them be upon a fair 
 open newel, and finely railed with images of wood, cast into a brass colour. I understand the 
 heigth of the first stairs to be sixteen foot, which is the heigth of the lower room. 
 
 “ Beyond this front there is to be a fair court; but three sides of it to be of a far lower 
 
 building than the front. And in all the four corners of that court fair staircases, cast into 
 
 turrets on the outside, and not within the row of buildings themselves. But these towers are 
 not to be of the heigth of the front, but rather proportionable to the lower buildings. Let the 
 court not be paved, for it striketh up a great heat in summer, and much cold in winter ; but 
 only some side alleys, with a cross, and the quarter to graze being kept shorte. The row of 
 return on the banket side, let it be all stately galleries; let there be three or five cupolas in the 
 length of it, placed at equal distances, and fine-coloured windows of several works. On the 
 household-side, chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments, with some bed-chambers; 
 and let all three sides be a double house, with thorow-lights on the sides, that you may have 
 rooms from the sun both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it also that you may have rooms 
 
TlateXT. 
 
 TF.HimcArekt 
 

 
 
 
47 
 
 porch and porter’s room, to a picture-gallery ; thence to bed-chambers, 
 and other apartments on that floor. To have shown the domestic offices 
 would have reduced the scale too much : they are connected with the 
 great door by a passage under the corridor. 
 
 both for summer and winter, shady for summer and warm for winter. For inbowecl windows, 
 I hold them of good use; for they be pretty retiring-places for conference; and, besides, they 
 keep both the sun and wind off ; for that which would strike almost through the room, doth 
 scarce pass the window : but let them be but few, four in the court on the sides onely. 
 
 “ Beyond this court let there be an inward court of the same square and heigth, which is 
 to be environed with the garden on all sides; and in the inside cloistered upon all sides, upon 
 decent and beautiful arches, as high as the first story, and paved as the other court was. The 
 buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides, and the end for privy galleries. And thus 
 much for the model, save that you must have, before you come to the front, three courts, and 
 a green court plain, with a wall about it; a second court of the same, but more garnished 
 with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall ; and a third court to make a 
 square with the front; but not to be built, nor yet enclosed, with a naked wall, but enclosed 
 with terrasses. As for offices, let them stand at some distance.” 
 
 Warton informs us that Chaucer’s house was a quadrangular stone mansion at Woodstock, 
 in Oxfordshire ; and commanded a view of the ancient, magnificent, royal palace. Its last 
 remains, chiefly consisting of what was called Chaucer’s bed-chamber, with an old carved 
 oaken roof, evidently original, were demolished about fifteen years before the time of his 
 writing, or about the middle of the eighteenth century. 
 
 The plan, so frequently used in the days of Queen Elizabeth, of a long front, with 
 projecting wings and central porch, somewhat resembling in form the letter E, is said by 
 modern fanciful writers to have been adopted in compliment to her Majesty, as bearing 
 reference to her initial. 
 
48 
 
 Plate XII. — 2£teU) from t \)t ^,0rtf)-'®as>t single* — Carving is 
 again sparingly introduced ; and, as in the quadrangular design, confined 
 to the turrets, oriels, and gargoyles. The latter are mere semblances of 
 spouts, introduced as characteristic ornaments : the water, instead of 
 being so discharged, as was anciently the practice, is now conveyed by • 
 pipes and drains to some distance from the foundation. 
 
 Even these details, unimportant as they may appear, have been 
 thought worthy of poetical commemoration, Lydgate says, 
 
 “ ©btry house ycoberefc tuas buff) Icatr, 
 
 Stub many a gargoyle, anti many a httieous hcab, 
 
 2®Itff) spouts thorough-” 
 
 Nor were these the only parts of ancient buildings where architecture 
 was indebted for aid to the sister art, sculpture. Many were profusely 
 embellished with historical and mythological subjects. In one of the 
 courts of the palace of Nonsuch, all Ovid’s Metamorphoses were cut in 
 stone under the windows.* 
 
 It was customary to mark the entrances to sheriffs’ and magistrates’ 
 houses by ornamented pillars — sometimes painted and gilt, — called 
 “ sheriffs’ posts,” on which were pasted proclamations, and such other 
 public notices as were promulgated by those officers. 
 
 “ He set up his bills here.” — Cymbeline. 
 
 “ He says he’ll stand at your door like a sheriff’s post.” — Twelfth-Night. 
 
 “ How long should 1 be ere I put off 
 
 To the Lord Chancellor’s tombe, or the shrive’s posts.” 
 
 Every Man out of his Humour. 
 
 Hearne, Coll. 
 
Flat& Ml. 
 
 Iondoro FublishcX by XorLorruxru $£ C°- Faterrioster Jiow Jc'- •- 
 

 
 
 
 
49 
 
 “ The posts of his gate are a painting too,” i. e. he will soon be a sheriff. 
 
 Old Comedy, by Thomas Dekkar. 
 
 “ If ever I live to see thee sheriff of London, 
 
 I’ll gild thy posts .” — Woman never vex'd. 
 
 “ A pair of such brothers were fitter for posts without doors, indeed, to make a show at a 
 new magistrate’s gate.” — Widow. 
 
 “ My lord-maior’s posts must needs be trimmed, against he takes his oath.” 
 
 To the Painter's Owle's Aim. p. 52. (Nare's Gloss.) 
 
 On entrance to office, it was usual with such functionaries to cause 
 their posts to be new painted. 
 
 There are two posts of this description, beautifully enriched, yet 
 standing at the door of Hengrave Hall ; but the practice of publishing 
 official documents in this manner having been long discontinued, their 
 introduction in buildings now would be useless. 
 
 ii 
 
50 
 
 Plate xiii.— © teto of tfjc principal Cumts, 0oor, anti #rifL 
 
 8©mtiolu, on a larger scale. 
 
 The word oriel has been discussed by almost every writer on this 
 class of antiquities, without any one arriving at a satisfactory result. 
 Since the term is accepted, it would be folly to pursue an inquiry, 
 which if elucidated, could not be said to be of any real utility. 
 
 There cannot, perhaps, be conceived an architectural form more 
 cheerful to the interior, or more decorative to the exterior of a building, 
 than an oriel window, to say nothing of its splendour, when the glass is 
 ‘ ‘ ffloryssed ivith imagerye the magnificence of which it so admirably 
 displays. 
 
 Two of the most florid examples extant are at John of Gaunt’s 
 palace, Lincoln, and at Hengrave Hall, Suffolk : the former does not 
 belong to the period embraced by this work, but its beauty and purity 
 irresistably claim attention. The latter, though exceedingly picturesque 
 and fanciful, is less pleasing to an antiquary, from being strongly imbued 
 with the Italian manner of embellishment. 
 
 Sir John Cullum, a very sensible writer on English antiquities, 
 in his “ History of Hawsted,” speaking of the situations of windows, 
 says, they were in general spacious, but placed high above the floors ; 
 and that the reason for so elevating them was an opinion which 
 prevailed, that they ventilated the apartments better when open than 
 low ones ; and that when shut, the air they admitted was less felt. 
 “ This,” he adds, in a note, “ I am aware is a doctrine that has of late 
 been combated by some French philosophers, who inform us, that, 
 
 * Syr Libeaux Diascosnos. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
51 
 
 from experiments made in hospitals, they find that the unwholesome 
 vapours issuing from invalids do not mount to the top of the apartments, 
 but are suspended not much above the evaporating bodies.” 
 
 Kitchens which are only ventilated at the top, not having windows in 
 the walls — and even with them, if too high up — are never free from 
 dust. It has been ascertained, that from the great rarefaction of the air 
 in such apartments, vapours, and particles discharged from ste wing- 
 stoves, will not rise to the ceiling ; but, if not carried off by apertures a 
 few feet above the level of the stoves, hover about for a time, and 
 descend. 
 
 Nothing can be more inconvenient— and therefore out of place — than 
 pointed windows (ecclesiastical features) in ordinary sitting-rooms. In 
 the first place, there can be no shutters, consequently no security, above 
 the springing of the arch ; and in the next place, the curtain draperies 
 must of necessity be so deep as to obscure all the glass above that level, 
 and deprive the apartment of its due share of light, unless indeed the 
 windows be out of all proportion in size or number. Palpable as this 
 error surely is to the meanest observer, modern builders most unac- 
 countably persist in it; and that, too, after admonition.* 
 
 There has not, probably, been any other improvement in building so 
 decided as that which has taken place in the way of glazing windows. 
 In point of cheerfulness, warmth, and cleanliness, the modern manner is 
 infinitely better than the ancient ; although the eye of an antiquary finds 
 
 * The pertinacity with which this practice is adhered to, even by men who are re- 
 puted to know better, reminds one of a tale told of an obstinate priest, who, although 
 admonished of his mistake, would always read in the Latin service of the mass, Mumpsimus 
 for Sumpsimus ; and refused to alter it, having, as he observed, “ no liking to new fashions.” 
 
52 
 
 it difficult to acknowledge any mode to be so characteristic as the old- 
 fashioned quarry. 
 
 Sashes hanging by weights were introduced in the reign of 
 Charles II. 
 
 Plate XIV. — interior Of an showing the style of Painted 
 
 Glass in the Tudor times. 
 
 Stained Glass has been a favourite theme with English poets ; and 
 entered into most of their descriptions of palaces, houses, & c. 
 
 The author of the Squire of Low Degree paints the oriel of the 
 King of Hungary’s daughter as glazed with roiall glas, fulfylled 
 with ymagery.” Chaucer, in his Dream, fancies the windows of the 
 chamber where he lay 
 
 “ foci gglaseh, 
 
 Juill clcre, atrtr not an hole yerasefc, 
 
 ®hat to beholhc it foas gretc {on ; 
 jfor fohollg all the storg of ®rog 
 ®tas tit the glatsmge gforought thus, 
 
 Rector, anh fctng ^priamus.” 
 
 And Piers Plowman, speaking of a monastery he visited, belonging 
 to a fraternity of Carmelite friars,* says, there were 
 
 * One of the pretences under which mendicant friars obtained benefactions from super- 
 stitious people, was a promise to have their portraits, kneeling to Christ, painted and placed 
 in the windows of their churches. 
 
 “ And mightes tou amenden us with money of thyne owen, 
 
 Thou shouldest knely before Christ in compas of gold, 
 
 In the wyde windowe westward, wel neigh in the middell.” — Crede. 
 

 mvm 
 
 /cXC 
 
 ZondoroHuhlishdA bv Zonqrruxru &H C°. Paternoster How. 2829. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
53 
 
 “ SSJobc fognbofots gforougljt gforttien ful tfjt'da* * * § 
 
 Sbbtment fold) sDnpen sbdbs, to sbcfocn aboute, 
 
 SSIt'ri) mtrftes of nrncfrauntcs gtnebdcb betfocnc, 
 jftto than tfnentle anb tfoo, tfcuysc ynottmblircb ; 
 
 ®f)£tc ts non Straub that fjatf) Saif stutcS a rolle/’t 
 
 The marks of merchants here alluded to are thus described by 
 Warton : “ Mixed with the arms of their founders and benefactors, 
 stand also the marks of merchants and tradesmen, who had no arms, 
 but used marks on a shield, like arms. Instances of this sort are 
 very common. In many places, in Great St. Mary’s Church, Cam- 
 bridge, such shield of mark occurs. The same may be seen in the 
 windows of the great shop on the market hill.” In an ancient System 
 of Heraldry in the British Museum, we find the following illustration 
 under a shield of this sort: “ Theys be none armys, but a marke as 
 marchaunts vse, for every mane may take hyme a marke, but not armys 
 without an herawde or purcyvaunte.Ӥ 
 
 Lydgate also speaks of “ vignettes running in casements.” 
 
 As well as sacred and profane history, romance, and heraldry, 
 rural and domestic affairs sometimes formed the subjects of these 
 splendid adornments. An old house is mentioned as standing at 
 Chilwell, in Nottinghamshire, towards the latter end of the last cen- 
 tury, “ in which there remaineth as an ancient monument, in a great 
 window of glasse, the whole order of planting, prugning, stamping, 
 and pressing of vines.” 
 
 * With texts and names. 
 
 t Coats of arms of benefactors. 
 
 | Such a roll. 
 
 § MSS. Harl. 2259, 9. fol. 110. 
 
54 
 
 A poet of our own time enchantingly depicts the beauty of a painted 
 window : 
 
 “ A casement high and triple-arch’d there was, 
 
 All garlanded with carven imageries 
 
 Of fruits, and flowers, and bunches of knot-grass, 
 
 And diamonded with panes of quaint device, 
 
 Innumerable of stains and splendid dyes, 
 
 As are the tiger-moth’s deep damask’d wings; 
 
 And in the midst, ’mong thousand heraldries, 
 
 And twilight saints, and dim emblazonings, 
 
 A shielded scutcheon blush’d with blood of queens and kings. 
 
 “ Full on this casement shone the wintry moon, 
 
 And threw warm gules on Madeline’s fine breast, 
 
 As down she knelt for heaven’s grace and boon ; 
 
 Rose-bloom fell on her hands, together prest ; 
 
 And on her silver cross pale amethyst. 
 
 And on her hair a glory like a saint : 
 
 She seemed a splendid angel, newly drest, 
 
 Save wings, for heaven.” 
 
 The author is indebted to Mr. Willement for the following short 
 Essay on Stained Glass ; a kindness the more thankfully to be ac- 
 knowledged, from Mr. Willement being himself engaged in a history of 
 that delightful art by which it is produced : — 
 
 “ Stained Glass formed too prominent and beautiful a feature of 
 architectural decoration in the Tudor times, to excuse its being passed 
 over without observation ; it must, however, be kept in mind, that the 
 period under consideration forms but a very limited portion in the 
 general history of this fascinating art, and that during the course of 
 its decay. 
 
55 
 
 “ In the larger ecclesiastical structures, as in the domestic chapels 
 of the Tudor times, were introduced the usual representations of pro- 
 phets, apostles, and saints, placed on pedestals, with their distinguishing 
 emblems ; their names, or passages from Scripture, being inscribed on 
 labels, which were profusely thrown about, through the intricacies of 
 the subject. The proportion of white glass, both in the grounds and 
 draperies, being, however, much greater than in windows of an earlier 
 date. 
 
 “ In the great halls, and in some of those apartments devoted to 
 the more retired occupation of the family, heraldry held the chief, 
 and indeed almost the exclusive place. The window openings were filled 
 either by plain glass, cut into fanciful shapes, conjoined by lead in 
 various kinds of fret-work, or by the simple quarry, sometimes plain, 
 but more frequently bearing a badge, device, or cipher. It was not 
 unusual at this time, and indeed somewhat earlier, to repeat in diagonal 
 lines the motto of the family, written in the long black letter of the 
 time ; on these kinds of ground each bay contained a square panel, 
 or perhaps more frequently a circle, on which was placed the quartered 
 or impaled escutcheon, surrounded by a broad wreath of foliage, banded 
 at intervals, and adorned at the sides, top, and bottom, by roses, or 
 by ornaments in the Florentine style. We often find the interior of 
 the wreath occupied by profile portraits of the monarch, his consort, 
 or the proprietor of the mansion ; these are frequently to be found 
 repeated on the carved wainscoting. During the reigns of Mary and 
 of Elizabeth, the ornamental grounds were rarely used, the openings 
 were generally filled by plain, clear glass, cut in the simple lozenge 
 form, the decorative parts consisting of large ovals, containing nu- 
 merously quartered coats, in shields of the most extravagant outline, 
 with fruit or flowers intermingled ; both the drawing and colour being 
 
much more fanciful than correct. Large lozenges, on which sun-dials 
 were adapted to the particular aspect, were in very frequent use ; and 
 as clocks and watches were not very general, the practice must have 
 been of considerable utility. 
 
 “ As the architecture of Italy became the fashionable model for the 
 buildings of this country, stained glass was gradually neglected ; though 
 heraldry still lingered as a decoration to the windows of the great 
 halls ; but these evidently prove that this art did not receive en- 
 couragement sufficient to make it worthy the attention of clever prac- 
 titioners. Some few examples in illustration of the foregoing remarks 
 are added : — 
 
 “ ECCLESIASTICAL, OR IX PRIVATE ClIAPELS. 
 
 “ King’s College, Cambridge. The windows at the east end, and on 
 the south and north sides, contain passages, in parallel lines, from the 
 Old and New Testaments ; the architectural ornaments are Florentine. 
 Although from these windows it might be difficult to select any di- 
 vision that would satisfy the spectator as a picture, yet the judicious 
 contrast of the several colours, and the propriety in the arrangement 
 of the designs to suit the architectural divisions of the windows, pro- 
 duce a general effect altogether unequalled. In the smaller chapels 
 attached to King’s College Chapel, the glass is relieved generally by 
 pale yellow and brown, with some few heraldic embellishments in the 
 brighter tints ; the lower openings are filled by quarries bearing the 
 daisy, fleur-de-lis, or letters tied together by cords thrown fantastically 
 through the openings. 
 
 In Henry the Seventh’s Chapel, at Westminster, the upper points 
 of the windows are decorated with the rose, portcullis, feather, and 
 other badges of royalty ; in the lower divisions are quarries bearing 
 
57 
 
 the crowned initials of Henry and his queen. In each bay, the arms 
 or a badge beneath the royal crown, is placed on a panel of angular 
 form, edged by some strong tint of red, blue, or green. 
 
 In the east window of the chapel at Haddon Hall, the centre 
 opening is occupied by the crucifixion ; and at the sides are the figures of 
 the evangelists. These are on a ground formed by ornamented quar- 
 ries, and in the lower part of each division is an angel holding a shield, 
 with the names of the quarterings on a label. 
 
 “ For domestic examples of this period, we can refer to several speci- 
 mens engraven in Dugdale’s Warwickshire, particularly to the windows 
 of the great hall at Chesterton. In one of these, elaborately quartered 
 escutcheons are sustained by angels ; in another, the successive matches 
 of the family are displayed on banners, each held by the “ beaste,” 
 or, as we now call it, the supporter. 
 
 “ At Hever Castle, Kent, the only remaining glass is in circles of 
 rich foliage of white and yellow on a ground of black, within which 
 are shields of arms. At Lullingstone, the circular ornament is com- 
 posed of branches of the peach-tree, with the letter t, an indifferent 
 pun on the name of Pechie. 
 
 “ In the parlour at Haddon Hall, the windows are fancifully glazed 
 with clear glass, the two windows in the same room differing in pattern. 
 In the large one at the end of the apartment, there are four square 
 compartments of arms, surrounded by scrolls and foliage. 
 
 “ There is yet remaining in a curious house at Canterbury, assigned 
 by tradition to Sir Thomas More, a long gallery, lighted by a window 
 extending through the whole length of the apartment ; in each opening 
 were several diagonal inscriptions in black, edged with pale yellow. 
 This species of decoration was in use during the reign of Henry VI. as is 
 evident from the glass yet remaining in the hall at Ockwells, Berkshire ; 
 
 i 
 
58 
 
 and that it was not entirely abandoned in the reign of James, we have 
 proof in the windows of Abbot's Hospital, at Guildford ; intermediate 
 examples are far from being rare. 
 
 “ In the gallery of IJaddon Hall, which is in the style prevalent 
 during the reign of Elizabeth, we find that the only ornaments on the 
 windows are shields of many quarters, either with or without sup- 
 porters, mixed with festoons and garlands, and generally accompanied 
 by the date. The arms do not always appear to be those of the 
 family exclusively, but frequently those of the monarch, the leading 
 courtiers, or ennobled neighbours of the owner, are to be found in the 
 most prominent places.” 
 
 Plate XV. — £( CljUttnCP-PtHf* — Although fire-places were in use 
 long before the art of flue-building was known, their number was very 
 limited even in great houses so late as Elizabeth’s reign. A “ chamber 
 with a chimney” was then a distinguished apartment; and one of the 
 halls at Oxford was formerly called “ Chimney Hall,” from having 
 such an accommodation.* In 1574, Elizabeth intending to visit Arch- 
 bishop Parker’s palace at Croydon, Bowyer, a gentleman of the black 
 rod, was sent there to prepare for Her Majesty’s reception. He re- 
 ported that he did not know “ where to place Mr. Hatton ; and for my 
 Lady Carewe, here is no place with a chimney for her, but that [she ] 
 must ley abrode by Mrs. Aparry and the rest of the privey chambers. 
 For Mrs. Shelton, here is no rooms with chimneys; 1 shall stay one 
 chamber without for her.” [ 
 
 r l here are several records of chimney-pieces being set up for the 
 
 Warton. 
 
 t Ducarel’s History of Croydon. 
 
# See J?refixce pages VJX and 1/JlL. 
 
 ZoruiorL.Tuhlislied by lonqrruxru SC C°.TaZeniosw How, 18 W. 
 

 
 A 
 
 
 
 
59 
 
 purpose of commemoration. “ In an outer ward of Pembroke Castle,’ 
 says Leland, “ I saw the chambre whir King Henry VII. was born in, in 
 knowledge of which a chimmeney is new made, with the arms and badges of 
 Henry VII.”* In 13C8, a Paduanese nobleman paid a visit to Rome; his 
 name was Francesco da Carraro. Being lodged at the sign of the Moon, 
 an inn of note, he found that the fire was kindled, according to the 
 custom of that city, in a brazier, placed in the middle of the room ; 
 whereupon he sent for workmen, and caused two chimneys to be 
 constructed in the manner of those in use at Padua. Over these, which 
 were the first ever erected in Modern Rome, he placed his arms as a 
 memorial of the event. f 
 
 The chimney-piece of the great chamber was a feature of the proud 
 baron’s house, in which he seldom failed to display his heraldic insignia ; 
 and its capacious size, unlike those of the present day, afforded sufficient 
 space for that purpose. Two remarkable specimens of the fifteenth 
 century, profusely decorated in this manner, are yet left at Tattershall 
 Castle, Lincolnshire, J built by Ralph, Lord Cromwell, lord treasurer. 
 In one of them there are no fewer than eleven coats, referring to his 
 pedigree; and eight compartments filled with purses — his badge of 
 office. Nor were chimney-pieces less splendid in their architectural 
 embellishments. The deficiency of costly material was generally sup- 
 plied by elaborate masonry. 
 
 ‘ c ycorbcn 
 
 SSEtffi crocftctcs on corncrcs.” 
 
 “ dBnMong fnttf) ftnottcs grabcn clere.” 
 
 * Rev. T. D. Fosbroke. f Beckmann’s History of Inventions. 
 
 t Plates of these are given in “ Pugin’s Specimens of Gothic Architecture,” the best work 
 of the kind yet published. The literary part, with an excellent glossary, by Mr. E. J. Willson. 
 
60 
 
 Inferior apartments, in most instances, had only a mantel-tree across 
 the opening supporting the chimney-breast. These beams were massy, 
 and frequently ornamented with rude carving. In the Antiquarian 
 Repertory, one is represented with a large bowl carved upon it, bearing 
 the motto “ on one side, and on the other “ forilUfrftlle.” 
 
 In Elizabeth’s reign, the fashion of making chimney-pieces very 
 large, and in the style of contemporary monuments, wrought in English 
 marble or alabaster, with panels enclosing pictures, prevailed. In 
 Imogen's Chamber, the chimney-piece bore the representation of 
 
 “ Chaste Diana bathing.” — Cymbeline. 
 
 Plate XVI. — — ’This Design, after the manner 
 ofWolsey’s style, admits of a profuse display of heraldic badges, de- 
 corations which have, from the introduction of the science, been greatly 
 esteemed — especially by the Tudors; and from their peculiar advantage 
 of combining adornment with utility, are the most suitable embellish- 
 ments for this species of architecture ; but sadly out of place, when 
 applied either to Grecian or Roman edifices. Nothing so satisfactorily 
 establishes the dates of structures, as the cognizances of their builders ; 
 and few subjects present such ample scope for the exercise of taste in 
 their disposition. 
 
 Sculptured arms were first used as enrichments to ecclesiastical 
 architecture : the earliest existing instance of their application are the 
 shields of the founders in Westminster Abbey Church, placed there 
 soon after the introduction of hereditary coat-armour. 
 
 Badges, which could only be derived from superior dignity, were 
 
Plate XVI. 
 
 donPublishtui by Zoriqnwji SC C° Paternoster Flow, 18 2i 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
61 
 
 symbols more readily understood than heraldic bearings.* As emblems of 
 rank, they were frequently used by noblemen on their privy seals ; and 
 often bore no reference to their family arms ; but were assumed as being 
 brief, though direct, allusions to their names. Such were the cognizances of 
 
 Arundell . . . , 
 
 
 Ferrers 
 
 
 Bourchier . . . 
 
 
 Grey 
 
 
 Brooke 
 
 
 Heriz 
 
 
 Bottreaux . . . 
 
 
 Lucy 
 
 
 Comyn 
 
 
 Mowbray . . . 
 
 
 Corbet 
 
 
 Vere 
 
 
 Of the same nature was the rebus composed by the monks, — carved 
 on the bosses of groined cloisters, in commemoration of abbots, and 
 others who were benefactors.'!' 
 
 Raby Castle presents a very early instance of both the arms and cog- 
 nizance applied to domestic architecture. Three shields of the Nevilles 
 are upon the Gate-house ; and the Bulmer-tower of the same edifice was 
 distinguished by the badge of a bull and two large 93’s ; but the bull 
 has been removed from the tower, and placed over the farm entrance. 
 
 The Gate-house of Hilton Castle is adorned with the banner of 
 England, and thirteen shields of the alliances of the barons of Hilton, 
 placed over the arch, and three shields upon each flanking tower. 
 
 * “ Whilst you have fed upon my signories, 
 
 Disparked my parks, and felled my forest woods, 
 
 From mine own window torn my household coat, 
 
 Razed out my impress, leaving me no sign — 
 
 Save men’s opinions, and my living blood — 
 
 To shew the world I am a gentleman.” 
 
 King Richard II. Act III. Scene 1. 
 t “ Or Prior Bolton, with his bolt and ton .” — • Ben Jonson. 
 
62 
 
 Westminster Hall, the only part of the royal palace now standing, 
 is marked with Richard the Second’s badge of the hart couchant. 
 
 Herstmonceaux Castle, in Sussex, has a paneled compartment over 
 the gateway, sculptured with the alant or wolf-dog, holding a banner 
 of the arms of Fiennes, round the staff of which is entwined a scroll, 
 with the motto le roy le vevt. 
 
 South Winfield Manor-house, in Derbyshire, built by Ralph, Lord 
 Cromwell, treasurer to Henry VI., is enriched with purses' — his badge 
 of office. 
 
 On the Gate-house of Maxtoke Castle, in Warwickshire, built by 
 the Duke of Buckingham in the same reign, are the arms of Stafford 
 and Neville, with the antelopes derived from the family of Bohun, 
 the burning nave, and Stafford knot, his own peculiar badges. 
 
 Hertford Castle had the arms of King Edward IV., with the bull 
 of the house of Clare as a supporter on the dexter side, and the lion 
 of Mortimer on the sinister. 
 
 A Gate-house of Carisbrook Castle, Isle of Wight, built by Lord 
 Widville in the same reign, bears his arms, with the rose of York* 
 on each side. 
 
 * Dr. Warburton, on that passage in Shakspeare’s Henry VI. 
 
 “ From off this briar pluck a white rose with me,” 
 says, — “ This is given as the original of the two badges of the houses of York and Lancaster; 
 whether truly or not, is no great matter. But the proverbial expression of saying a thing is 
 done under the rose, I am persuaded came from thence. When the nation had ranged itself 
 into two great factions, under the white and red rose, and were perpetually plotting and 
 counterplotting against one another ; then when a matter of faction was communicated by 
 either party to his friend in the same quarrel, it was natural for him to add, that he said it 
 under the rose; meaning, that as it concerned the faction, it was religiously to be kept secret.” 
 A fanciful and pleasing theory; but the bishop was no herald, or he would have known 
 
63 
 
 The town-house of the Duke of Buckingham, in the reign of 
 Henry VIII., was known by the badge of the rose, which Shakspeare 
 has noticed. The surveyor who had been employed by Buckingham, 
 in giving evidence against his former master, says — 
 
 “ The Duke being at the Rose* within the parish 
 St. Lawrence Pountney, did of me demand 
 What was the speech amongst the Londoners.” 
 
 Henry VIII. Act I. Scene 2. 
 
 New Hall, in Essex, built by Henry VIII. and called Beaulieu, has 
 on its Gate-house the royal arms, with the badges of the rose and pome- 
 granate crowned. This mansion was afterwards granted to the Sydneys 
 by Elizabeth, and their badges of the porcupine, the dragon, &c. are 
 now over the chapel-door. 
 
 The arms of the four daughters of the second Lord Percy are 
 sculptured on the octagon towers which form the entrance into the inner 
 ward of Alnwick Castle ; which towers were built by their father, 
 about the year 1350.j' 
 
 Mr. Moule, the author of Bibliotheca Heraldica, kindly furnished 
 the following account of the Tudor badges: — 
 
 “ The badges of the house of Tudor were either assumed or derived 
 
 that the red rose was a badge of John of Ghent, and that it was borne by the Plantagenets 
 even before his time. He married the heiress of the house of Lancaster, whose badge was a 
 red rose. 
 
 Edmund of Langley, another son of Edward III., assumed the white rose, in contra- 
 distinction from that of his brother. 
 
 * The manor of the Rose was purchased by the Merchant Tailors’ company, and the present 
 school, built after the fire of London, stands on its site._ 
 t Collins’s Peerage. 
 
64 
 
 from descent, or alliance ; the red rose was the peculiar distinction of 
 the House of Lancaster, and was borne by Henry VII. as Earl of 
 Richmond. 
 
 “ The portcullis was the badge of the Beaufort branch of the 
 same family, assumed by the descendants of John of Ghent, born 
 in the Castle of Beaufort ; and, agreeably to heraldic simplicity, a part 
 of the castle, its most prominent feature, was depicted for the whole. 
 The fleur-de-lis was also a badge of the house of Lancaster, and was 
 introduced, together with the rose, in the border of Henry’s arms, as 
 Earl of Richmond. Descended from Cadwallader, the last of the 
 British kings, and deriving from him the name of Tudor, he assumed 
 the badge of the red dragon, Cadwallader’s ensign. 
 
 “ After the battle of Bosworth field, Henry took as a badge the 
 Hawthorn bush, crowned, in allusion to the circumstance of the 
 crown being found in a hedge, whence it was taken and placed on 
 his head. (See title-page .) 
 
 “ The red rose, or rose of Lancaster, he placed on the sun- 
 beams, as the white rose had been by the head of the House of 
 York. 
 
 “ This monarch assumed the Tudor rose, or the red rose charged 
 with the white, emblematic of his united claims to the throne, by 
 marriage with Elizabeth, the daughter and sole heir of Edward IV. 
 
 “ Upon the marriage of Prince Arthur with Katherine of Arragon, 
 he adopted, in compliment to her, the badges of her house. 
 
 “ The castle was an ancient badge of the house of Castile. The 
 pomegranate was also an ancient badge of the house of Grenada. 
 
 “ The sheaf of arrows was assumed by the house of Arragon on 
 the conquest of Grenada, which had been achieved by the superiority 
 of the Arragonese archers. 
 
65 
 
 “ The rose dimidiated with the pomegranate, was adopted as being 
 symbolical of the junction of England and Spain. 
 
 “The phoenix in flames was assumed by Edward VI. in allusion 
 to the particular nature of his birth ; and was granted by him to the 
 family of Seymour. 
 
 “ A white falcon crowned, and holding a sceptre, was assumed 
 by Queen Anne Boleyn as her peculiar badge, and continued by her 
 daughter Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 “ The harp, an ancient badge of Ireland, was used by Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 “ The rose, environed by the garter with its motto, was a badge of 
 several branches of the Tudor family. 
 
 “ All these badges were represented crowned, when borne by the 
 monarch, and were occasionally placed between the royal supporters.” 
 
 For several of these, and other badges borne by the Tudors, see 
 Illustrations. 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 Plate XVII. — CI)f SolBrjpfllfillSiC* ** — The Plan is arranged on a 
 scale of accommodation suitable to the rank of a manorial lord’s widow, 
 or a gentleman of lower degree ; such, perhaps, as were described by 
 statute in 1535, as that order of society “ whose wives wore velvet 
 bonnets. ”f 
 
 The principal rooms are placed to the south, as being the warmest, 
 and therefore the best aspect in this climate for apartments which are 
 occupied in winter, — a point more essentially necessary to be observed, 
 since it has become the practice to forsake valleys, and select rising 
 grounds to build on. When low, sheltered situations were sought, at- 
 tention to the disposition of rooms was not so important ; but even then 
 there were “ summer and winter-chambers. Nearly all the old houses 
 in England stand on champagne grounds, or between hills, which 
 Harrison thus accounts for: “ In this island winds are commonlie more 
 strong and fierce than anie other places of the maine. That grieuous 
 inconuenience inforceth our nobilitie, gentrie, and commonaltie, to build 
 houses in the uallies, leauing the high grounds unto their corne and 
 cattell, least the cold and stormie blasts of winter should breed them 
 greater annoiances : whereas in other regions each one desireth to sett 
 his house aloft on a hill, not only to be seen a farr oft’, but to cast forth 
 his beames of statelie and curious workmanship into euery quarter of the 
 countrie.” The modern superior method of laying out, and warm manner 
 
 * Mr. Baker has given a beautiful vignette view of the Dowry-House at Fawsley, in No. II. 
 of his valuable History of Northamptonshire; and many others of equal interest are to be 
 found appended to manor-houses, 
 f Barrington on the Statutes. 
 
 | See Lord Bacon’s directions for building a house, p. 45, note. 
 
$Zp[ 'AAL^j^saiLtzp?^ uvutfuo'j A \ qn^'ucrpxio y 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
67 
 
 of finishing rooms, enable us now to obviate all such inconveniences, 
 and to adopt more cheerful as well as more healthful sites. 
 
 These remarks are not to be understood as recommending bare, 
 or exposed situations ; the top of a hill would, for buildings of this style, 
 be worse than the bottom ; they cannot be better placed than in land- 
 scapes of rich foliage. 
 
 Touching the position of the House and Offices, Mr. Ilepton re- 
 commends the following rules to be observed : 
 
 To place the House with its principal front towards the south, or 
 south-east. 
 
 The Offices behind the house; but as they occupy much more 
 space, they, of course, spread wider than the front. 
 
 The Stables near the Offices. 
 
 The Kitchen-Garden near the Stables. 
 
 The Home-Farm buildings at rather a greater distance from the 
 house; but to be easily accessible, and connected with the other objects 
 by back roads. 
 
 To bring the Park to the very front of the house. 
 
 The Farm, or land-tillage, whether for use or experiment, behind the 
 house. 
 
 And to make the dressed Pleasure Grounds to the right and left 
 of the house, in plantations, to screen the unsightly appendages, and 
 form the natural division between the park and farm, with walks 
 communicating with the garden. 
 
 These rules are not, however, in all cases applicable. Much of the 
 splendid magnitude of ancient manor-houses would be diminished by 
 severing the offices from the main structure ; and as the subordinate 
 buildings may be sufficiently detached from the principal apartments, 
 and yet be externally connected, Mr. Price’s observations on the relative 
 
68 
 
 situations of the house and offices, (quoted in page 27 of this Work,) 
 may be considered to be more generally useful with reference to edifices 
 in the old English style of architecture. 
 
 It will not be out of place to notice here Mr. Knight’s view of the 
 difference between an ancient and a modern Garden. 
 
 “ In forming a comparison of the two styles of gardening,” says that 
 gentleman, “ it seems to me, that what constitutes the chief excellence of 
 the old garden, is richness of decoration and effect, and an agreement with 
 the same qualities in architecture : its defect is stiffness and formality. 
 
 “ The excellencies of the modern garden are verdure, undulation of 
 ground, diversity of plants, and a more varied and natural disposition of 
 them than had hitherto been practised. Its defect, when considered as 
 accompanying architecture, a uniformity of character too nearly ap- 
 proaching nature : when considered as improved scenery, a want of that 
 playful variety of outline by which beautiful scenes in nature are 
 eminently distinguished.”* 
 
 Plate XVIII. — (SjrftttCir Of — This Design having 
 
 but one gable in front, the continuity of ridge-line requires some em- 
 bellishment, to make it harmonise with the masonry. Roofs in the 
 pointed style of architecture are generally less susceptible of decoration 
 than other parts, as they admit neither of the highly wrought coverings 
 of ancient Greece, nor of the fluted tiles of modern Rome. It is, there- 
 fore,. only by breaking the outline that an ornamental variety can be pro- 
 duced; and as Mr. Payne Knight has entered fully into this subject, 
 and treated it very skilfully, he may be advantageously quoted. 
 
 * Essay on Decorations near the House. 
 
Tlaxe^l/JIL. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
69 
 
 “ The surface of slanting roofs,” says that accomplished writer, 
 “ must be nearly flat — decoration therefore is difficult ; and though it is 
 rough when compared with the surface of columns or hewn stone in 
 general, it has no effect of light and shadow. It has also a more 
 unfinished look than any other part, — a very material circumstance in 
 whatever is to be combined with the highly finished forms and ornaments 
 of architecture. It is to be considered by what means these defects may 
 be diminished. Few roofs of ancient buildings remain ; in them, 
 however, a peculiar attention seems to have been paid both to regularity 
 of construction, and light and shadow. The Tower of the Winds at 
 Athens is covered with slabs of marble, in each of which the horizontal 
 edge projects so much as to give a strong shade; while the vertical joints 
 are so elevated as to form high ribs, which break the uniform surface in a 
 very beautiful manner. The Lantern of Demosthenes is roofed in the 
 form of laurel leaves, which, in a different way, have the same effect. 
 The ancient mode of tiling, by semicircular tiles laid within each other, 
 gave a sort of fluted look to the roof ; and the old flat tiles of the Lower 
 Empire, which were joined with a high rib, something in the way of the 
 Temple of the Winds, had the same effect of light and shadow. Even 
 the ridge and hip-rolls of our roofs diminish in some degree the bareness 
 of their appearance. The richness occasioned by variation from uni- 
 formity of surface is also very striking in some of the old leaden roofs of 
 our churches, where the sheets are small and the rolls large. The 
 ancients seem to have had it in view to give both lightness and richness 
 to their roofs, by a sort of lacing to the edges of them ; the ridges, as 
 well as the eaves, were decorated with a sort of open work, of small 
 knobs and projections ; and the same kind of ornament yet remains, with 
 peculiarly elegant effect, in many of our old churches and houses.” 
 
 These ornamental lacings on ridges are called crest tiles, and are 
 
70 
 
 introduced in the annexed Plate to show their application. A very- 
 handsome example, as well as of hip “ knobs,” may be seen at 
 Beddington, in Surrey, an ancient seat of the Carews. 
 
 On the subject of details, it may be observed, that too little attention 
 is paid by modern artists to the ancient manner of construction ; and 
 many characteristic features, not only essential to the general effect, but 
 important to the security of the buildings themselves, are often over- 
 looked. Take, for example, the mullioned windows, and the doors in 
 brick, or unwrought stone walls ; and it will be seen, that the jambs in 
 old buildings are invariably bonded into the piers, and the bond-stones 
 left visible ; but, by the builders of the present day, this necessary pre- 
 caution is too frequently disregarded, and the moulded jambs left with a 
 spruce, plain-edged margin, as if they had no connexion with the work 
 by which they are surrounded. Another defect is the want of discharging 
 arches over apertures crowned with free-stone, to equalise the pressure 
 caused by superincumbent weights ; for, however the weaker parts may 
 be relieved by internal lintels, the external appearance of want of 
 strength is very objectionable, and destroys at once the identity of the 
 edifice with the ancient style of architecture. 
 
 The frets and other fanciful forms which are seen in the fronts of 
 buildings, formed of vitrified bricks, were made for the purpose of 
 employing, in a manner the least unsightly, such as were discoloured by 
 burning. In a clamp or kiln of bricks, a certain number must, from 
 their situation, be more strongly acted upon by the fire than the general 
 mass, and, consequently, become darkly tinged. With the tact so 
 peculiar to the old artisans, this, like other seeming disadvantages, was 
 turned to account ; and, what in other hands would have been blemishes, 
 were converted by them into embellishments. Instead of allowing the 
 workmen to use such bricks indiscriminately, and thereby disfigure the 
 
71 
 
 walls with spots, they were selected, as being more valuable than the 
 others, and wrought into devices, relieving the plainness of those piers or 
 surfaces which had neither apertures nor stone dressings. Many ex- 
 amples of this kind of ornament could be given, but perhaps those in the 
 boundary walls of the ancient manor-house at Bermondsey, referred to 
 by Mr. J. C. Buckler, in his interesting account of Eltham Palace, 
 recently published, are the most striking. They consisted of lozenges, 
 with crosses upon their upper points ; cross-keys and sword (the arms 
 of the see of Winchester) ; the sacred cross, curiously constructed ; the 
 cross of St. Andrew; intersected triangles, in allusion to the Holy 
 Trinity; the globe and cross; the merchant’s mark; the badge of the 
 borough of Southwark ; and the representation of the west front of a 
 church, comprising a centre, with a Norman arch under a gable, 
 between two towers, whose pointed roofs terminated in crosses. This 
 rude figure was seven feet eight inches long; and Mr. Buckler con- 
 jectures that it preserved an imperfect idea of the sacred edifice of 
 Norman architecture which once occupied that site. 
 
72 
 
 Plate XIX. — Cf)t <§rattlJG — This term is sometimes applied as 
 a general one to farm-houses; and, by Johnson and other writers, to 
 houses in lonely situations : 
 
 “ Did house him in a peakish grange, 
 
 Within a forest great.” — Warner, a poet of Elizabeth's time. 
 
 But, in its proper application, it describes the manor-farm , including 
 house, land, & c. 
 
 Gentlemen’s residences were, and are indeed now, designated granges. 
 Dr. Whitaker says, that “ whoever wishes to see in what manner the in- 
 ferior gentry were lodged three or four centuries ago, will inform and con- 
 gratulate himself at once by studying the grange of Whalley.” “ This,” 
 he adds, “ is a valuable specimen ; for though we know pretty well how 
 the knight, the peer, the monk, and the lord of the manor, were lodged 
 at that period, we should by no other means that I know of have been 
 able to form a guess at the accommodation of the next inferior rank.” 
 
 Before the great forests became exhausted, our country-towns were 
 more amply supplied with timber than with stone ; and the houses were 
 accordingly designed to employ in their construction as much as possible 
 of the former, and to spare the latter material. In order to produce an 
 equal effect throughout the exterior, the entire surface of the walling and 
 frame-work was cased with a durable plaster, called rough-cast, made of 
 lime, hair, and coarse sand, abounding with small stones: this composition 
 was sometimes studded with fragments of glass, “ which,” as an old 
 writer says, “ made a brilliant display when the sun shone, and even by 
 moonlight.” 
 
 Rough-cast was indeed the common covering of walls in Shakspeare’s 
 
TlateJLLJL. 
 
 rrtdon . Tublish 
 

 
 
 
 
73 
 
 time, as appears by Bottom’s device for representing a wall in the great 
 chamber to enact the play of Pyramus and Thisby. 
 
 “ Some man or other must present wall : and let him have some plaster, or some lome, or 
 some rough-cast about him, to signify wall.” — Midsummer Night’s Dream , Act III. Scene 1. 
 
 Barge-boards, pendants, pinnacles, and brackets, being the chief 
 decorations of houses in this style of architecture, should always be made 
 of strong oak, and left to acquire, by age, a gray hue ; and not of slight 
 deal painted, as is now the too frequent practice — dictated sometimes by 
 miserable economy, and at others arising from the ignorance of builders : 
 time, instead of improving, impairs such affectations. 
 
 The use of barge-boards is to conceal the barge-couples, and the 
 under side of the laths and tiles projecting beyond the face of the wall. 
 In many places where these purfled arrises to gables have been lately 
 introduced, they are made of sizes so monstrously disproportionate, and 
 of such open and heterogenous forms, as to defeat their purpose, and 
 expose what they were intended to mask. 
 
 Great attention should be given to the colour of plastered houses. 
 Mr. Uvedale Price, who seems to have deeply considered this subject, ob- 
 serves, in his Essays on the Picturesque, that “ one of the most charming- 
 effects of sunshine is its giving to objects not merely light, but that 
 mellow golden hue so beautiful in itself, and which when diffused, as in 
 a fine evening, over the whole landscape, creates that rich union and 
 harmony, so enchanting in nature and in Claude : in any scene, whether 
 real or painted, where such harmony prevails, the least discordancy in 
 colour would disturb the eye; but if we suppose a single object of a 
 glaring white to be introduced, the whole attention, in spite of all our 
 efforts to the contrary, will be drawn to that one point ; if many such 
 objects be scattered about, the eye will be distracted among them. 
 
 L 
 
74 
 
 Again (to consider it in another view), when the sun breaks out in 
 gleams there is something that delights and surprises, in seeing an 
 object, before only visible, lighted up in splendour, and then gradually 
 sinking into shade : but a whitened object is already lighted up ; it 
 remains so when every thing has retired into obscurity ; it still forces 
 itself into notice, still impudently stares you in the face. 
 
 “ An object of a sober tint, unexpectedly gilded by the sun, is like a 
 serious countenance suddenly lighted up by a smile ; a whitened object, 
 like the eternal grin of a fool.* 
 
 “ I wish, however, to be understood, that when I speak of white- 
 wash and whitened buildings, I mean that glaring white which is 
 produced by lime alone, or without a sufficient quantity of any lowering 
 ingredient ; for there cannot be a greater or more reasonable im- 
 provement than that of giving to a fiery brick building the tint of a stone 
 one. Such an improvement, however, should chiefly be confined to 
 fiery brick ; for when brick becomes weather-stained and mossy, it 
 harmonises with other colours, and has often a richness, mellowness, 
 and variety of tint, infinitely pleasing to a painter’s eye ; for the cool 
 colour of the greenish moss lowers the fiery quality, while the subdued 
 fire beneath gives a glow of a peculiar character, which the painter 
 would hardly like to change for any uniform colour, much less for the 
 unmixed whiteness of lime. 
 
 “ Besides the glare, there is another circumstance which often 
 
 * tl Even very white teeth, (where excess of whiteness is least to be feared), if seen too 
 much, often give a kind of silly look, that seems to belong to the part itself : nothing can be 
 more characteristic of that effect than Mr. Walpole’s well-known expression of ‘ the gentleman 
 with the foolish teeth.’ Those gentlemen who deal much in pure whitewash, might well be 
 distinguished by the same compliment being paid to their buildings.” 
 
75 
 
 renders whitewash extremely offensive to the eye, especially when it is 
 applied to any uneven surface ; and that is, a smeared dirty appearance. 
 This is the case where decayed or rough stone-work is dabbed with 
 lime, while the dirt is left between the crevices ; as, likewise, where the 
 coarse wood-work that separates the plastered walls of a cottage is 
 brushed over, as well as the smooth walls themselves : in these cases the 
 objects are inconsiderable, and the effect in proportion ; but when this 
 pitiful taste is employed upon some ancient and castle-like mansion, or 
 the mossy, weather-stained tower of an old church, it becomes a sort of 
 sacrilege. Such a building daubed over and plastered, is next to a 
 painted old woman — the most disgusting of all attempts at improvement: 
 on both, when left in their natural state, time often stamps a pleasing 
 and venerable impression ; but when thus sophisticated, they have 
 neither the freshness of youth, nor the mellow picturesque character of 
 age ; and, instead of becoming attractive, are only made horribly 
 conspicuous.” 
 
 The author has preferred borrowing thus largely from Mr. Price, to 
 repeating his own arguments : having frequently urged these points on 
 the notice of his employers, and too often unsuccessfully, he is desirous 
 of showing that he is supported by the opinions of a man of talent, 
 observation, and taste. 
 
76 
 
 Plate XX. — ipicllt Of ti)t (©rHHgt* — As the arrangement of plans 
 must depend upon local circumstances and the taste of occupiers, it has 
 not been thought necessary to give, in this Volume, any thing more than 
 the position of the principal rooms. One part established, the other parts 
 may, with little difficulty, be added. But the author does not recommend 
 gentlemen to try the experiment unassisted by professional advice. To 
 venture beyond the formation of a general idea to guide them in making 
 known what they require to be done, would probably expose their purses 
 to serious encroachments. 
 
 Plate XXI. — Of ton WiQVk * — The knocker, a, is 
 
 a representation of one on the south door of Hengrave, and probably the 
 handsomest specimen of its time extant. The handles, b and c, are 
 Designs. It may be mentioned, that these, and the iron furniture in 
 Plate VII., are only applicable to external doors. 
 
-Kitchen 
 
 I 
 
 ■ft 
 
 “l 
 

TLoieXKL 
 
 /. F.Eun.t:. 
 
 London, Published. by long man. HC C? Paternoster How, 1829. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Plate XXE 
 
 B inaiq room. 
 
 \Bitlers -pantry. 
 
 Breakfast room 
 
 Business room 
 
 
 Brcavina 
 
 rocnn 
 
 
 / 77 ///. 
 
 Xoridon .XublLXhetL by Lonamjcni X' C J Taternoster lion*. 
 
SECTION IV. 
 
 “ If a man have several dwellings, he may sort them so that what he wanteth in one he may 
 find in the other. Lucullus answered Pompey well, who, when he saw his stately galleries 
 and rooms large and lightsome in one of his houses, said, Surely, an excellent place for 
 summer, but how do you do in the winter ? Lucullus answered, Why, do you not think me as 
 wise as some fowl are, that ever change their abode towards the winter ?” — Lord Bacon. 
 
 Since it is become fashionable with the English gentry to reside at their 
 country-houses through the winter,* and in London during the “ dog- 
 days,” rooms which are occupied by daylight should be so disposed as 
 to secure to them every ray of sunshine. Upon this principle, Plate 
 No. XXII. (0t*i3Ulth Pan) is arranged. The drawing-room to the south, 
 for warmth and cheerfulness ; the library to the east, as recommended 
 
 * In the reign of Elizabeth, and several reigns later, it was the fashion to reside in London 
 during the winter. A letter from Fleetwoode, the recorder, to the Earl of Derby, dated 
 “ New-yere’s daye, 1589,” published in Lodge’s Illustrations, says, “ The gentlemen of NorfF. 
 and Suffolk were comaunded to depte. from London before Xtemmas, and repaire to their 
 countries, and there to keep hospitalitie among their neighbors.” 
 
 Brathwait, a writer of James the First’s time, “ detests that effeminacy of the most, that 
 burne out day and night in their beds, and by the fire-side, in trifles, gaming, or courting 
 their yellow mistresses all the winter in a city ; appearing but as cuckoos in the spring, one 
 time of the year to their countrey and their tenants, leaving the care of keeping good houses at 
 Christmas to the honest yeomen.” And Peacham, in his “ Compleat Gentleman,” complaining 
 of the gentry residing so much in London, declares that “ Hospitality, which was once a relique 
 of gentry, and a knowne cognizance of all ancient houses, hath lost her title through discon- 
 tinuance : and great houses which were at first founded to relieve the poore, and such needfull 
 passengers as travelled by them, are now of no use but only as waymarkes to direct them.” 
 
78 
 
 by Peacham,* “ to avoid mothes and mouldiness and the dining-room 
 to the north, as never requiring sun. A small flower-garden, enclosed by 
 a dwarf wall, occupies the space between the projecting wings, and pre- 
 vents a too near approach, on the outside, to the windows. From a con- 
 viction, founded on practice, of its importance, as affording the means of 
 exercise and effectual ventilation, a corridor extending the whole length 
 of the house (approximating very nearly to the amusement galleries of 
 old) is again introduced, communicating with the principal staircase by a 
 screen opening in three divisions. A passage parallel with the corridor 
 connects the offices, business-room, entrance, & c. The tower stairs at 
 the north-west angle, as well as the chief stairs, lead to chambers above. 
 
 * “ To avoid the inconvenience of mothes and mouldiness, let your study be placed, and 
 your windows open, if it may be, towards the east. For where it looketh south or west, the 
 air being ever subject to moisture, mothes are bred and darknesse encreased, whereby your 
 maps and pictures will quickly become pale, loosing their life and colours; or, rotting upon 
 their cloath or paper, decay past all help and recovery. 
 
 “ Lastly, have a care of keeping your books handsome and well bound, not casting away 
 over much in their gilding or stringing for ostentation sake, like the prayer-books of girls and 
 gallants, which are carried to church but for their outsides. Yet for your own use spare them 
 not for noting or enterlining (if they be printed) ; for it is not likely you mean to be a gainer 
 by them when you have done with them. 
 
 “ King Alphonsus, about to lay the foundation of a castle at Naples, called for Vitruvius 
 his book of architecture : the book was brought in very bad case, all dusty and without covers, 
 which the king observing, said, He that must cover tis all must not go uncovered himself: then 
 commanded the book to be fairly bound and brought unto him. So say I, suffer them not to 
 lye neglected, who must make you regarded; and go in torn clothes, who must apparel your 
 mind with the ornaments of knowledge, above the robes and riches of the most magnificent 
 princes.” — Peacham’s Compleat Gentleman. 
 
 The library of Wells Cathedral, built about the year 1420, contained twenty-five windows 
 on either side. Henry VI. intended to have had a library at Eton, 52 feet long and 24 feet 
 broad ; and another at King’s College, 102 feet long and 24 feet broad. 
 
79 
 
 Paradise was a name given to the library or study ; and in the de- 
 scriptions of ancient houses, “ great and little paradise” frequently occur. 
 At Wressil Castle, Yorkshire, an ancient seat of the Percys, there was 
 “ one thyng,” says Leland, “ I likid exceedingly yn one of the towers; 
 that was a study caullid Paradise, wher was a closett in the middle, of 
 eight squares lattised about ; and at the toppe of evry square was a 
 deske ledged to fit books on, and cofers within them, and these seemed 
 as yoined hard to the top of this closett ; and yet by pulling, one or al 
 wold cum downe briste higthe in rabattes, and serve for deskes to lay 
 bookes on.” Speaking of Leckinfield, another seat of the Percys, he 
 adds, “ I saw in a little studying-chaumber ther, caullid Paradise, the 
 genealogy of the Percys.” 
 
 Chaucer’s Clerke of Oxenford had twenty books clad in black and 
 red, 
 
 “ ©n sfielbt's al coutfiftr at fit's ficfifits fictrc ; 
 l^ts press gcobmfc tot'tfi a faltrmg refce.”* 
 
 * Falding was a kind of coarse cloth, or linsey-woolsey. 
 
80 
 
 Plate XXIII. — ^teto Of tf)£ ^rumjjal JfrtUtt — The exterior cha- 
 racter of this Design appertains to the reign of Elizabeth, when arches no 
 longer crowned the mullioned divisions of windows, and Roman mould- 
 ings and ornaments were not only blended with, but had nearly super- 
 seded, those of our ancient architecture. After this period we find 
 nothing like purity : the builders seem to have indulged their distem- 
 pered imaginations without restraint ; and if English buildings bearing 
 traces of the pointed style, at any time remote from our own period, 
 deserved to be stigmatised as “ Gothic ,” those erected during the reigns 
 of James the First and his immediate descendants have the strongest 
 claim to that distinction.* 
 
 With the date first mentioned the illustrations of this Volume termi- 
 nate ; for, anxious as an architect ought to be to preserve every structure 
 having the least pretension to antiquity, and jealously as innovation of 
 all kinds should be regarded, the taste of that man must be at least 
 questionable who would begin anew to perpetuate a style loaded with 
 absurdities and monstrosities. By innovation is meant that practice so 
 common with professors of the present day, when employed to make 
 additions to old mansions, of applying any manner of architecture which 
 happens to suit their own notions, however discordant it may be with 
 the original pile. 
 
 Notwithstanding the foregoing remarks, the writer is not insensible 
 to the beauties of Longleat, Hatfield, Holland House, and others of 
 the same period ; yet he will venture to assert, with reference to the 
 
 * Inigo Jones’s splendid buildings in the Roman style are not, of course, contemplated in 
 these observations. Such models may even now be studied with advantage; and are monu- 
 ments of an original and vigorous mind. 
 
inzr«p^j: 
 
 Ioiidnrv.Tuilishal bj Ionqnuuh K C ? Taiemcster Row. 1S2 • 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
81 
 
 style generally, that obelisks on parapets, and hideous malformations of 
 human figures, are inappropriate and grotesque. 
 
 Eastbury-house, Essex, is the prototype of many parts of this Design : 
 amongst them the tower surmounted by angular turrets; the cornice* 
 at the eaves, so contrived as to take off rain-water and lessen the 
 appearance of the high-pitched roof ; the chimneys ; and the pinnacled 
 gables. The last mentioned only show the application of these fanciful 
 terminations : the pinnacles themselves are derived from Boughton 
 Malherbe, t as being lighter and more graceful than those at Eastbury. 
 Windows in small gables, as here represented, are more commodious 
 than dormers within the rooms; and externally they break the continuous 
 line of roof. 
 
 The early English houses were remarkable for the loftiness of their 
 roofs, which often contained superior lodging-rooms and galleries. Sliak- 
 speare alludes to them in his Two Gentlemen of Verona: — 
 
 “ Her chamber is aloft, far from the ground ; 
 
 And built so shelving, that one cannot climb it 
 Without apparent hazard of his life.” J- Act III. Scene I. 
 
 General as these forms of roofs were in Shakspeare’s time, their in- 
 convenience had been long enough felt to render it proverbial. Sir John 
 Haryngton, speaking of the nuisances he had reformed in his house by 
 his own very clever invention of the water-closet, and the cure of a 
 a smoky chimney, says, “ As to the two other annoyances that the old 
 
 * The roof of Eastbury appears to have been at some time entirely stripped, and the 
 greater part of the cornice destroyed, but enough remains to show what it was originally. 
 The eaves now project. 
 
 f A plate of a curious gable, with pinnacles, at Boughton, will be found in the Parsonage- 
 Houses. 
 
 t Shakspeare’s architectural allusions are evidently to the buildings of his own country, 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 proverb joineth to one of these, saying, there are three things which make 
 a man weary of his house — a smoking chimney, a dropping eaves, & c. 
 I would no less willingly avoid them ; but when storms come, I must, as 
 my neighbours do, bear that with patience which I cannot reform with 
 choler.” It was at that time a common practice in brick buildings to 
 make cornices under eaves ; but a concealed gutter, like that at 
 Eastbury, must then have been a novelty. Projecting roofs have ceased 
 to be objectionable, since all the inconveniences attending them can be 
 obviated without disturbing their picturesque effect. 
 
 Plate xxiv. — spore!) anti Coton% on a larger ^rale» — When the 
 
 fashion of building houses on quadrangular plans was discontinued, a 
 porch of at least two stories, and sometimes the whole height of the 
 building, succeeded the gate-house. Low porches had been used as 
 entrances from inner courts, from an early date ; and of the time of 
 Henry VIII., one may be mentioned at Cowdry, attached to the door 
 leading from the court to the hall. 
 
 It can scarcely be necessary to say, that the term hall, in this 
 Volume, applies, invariably, to the banquet apartment: rooms which are 
 now known by the former designation constituted no part of a Tudor 
 house until the introduction of spacious staircases ; the approach to the 
 best chambers was generally under the minstrel’s gallery, at the buttery 
 end of the hall. 
 
 Porches of a single story, leading to halls of entrance, are, therefore, 
 of recent introduction ; and one of the few characteristic improvements 
 visible in the revival of English architecture. These useful appendages 
 are, however, sometimes so elevated, as to allow carriages to pass under 
 their arches: — in such cases, the ancient character is sacrificed to 
 convenience, — a justification not easily combated. 
 
t'lax& XZU.IZ 
 
 ZqwLotl ZZbV-shecL by ZcTwrnarv 1Z C? Zatemoste)' Row. 1629 . 
 
 I T.JhjntA) 'ch 
 

 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
83 
 
 Numerous pinnacles with vanes, as shown on the tower, prevailed 
 from the time of Edward III. till the extinction of the Tudors. Rich- 
 mond and Nonsuch abounded with small banners, blazoned with 
 armorial badges ; and a louvre over the hall at Cowdry might vie in 
 number of them with either of these palaces. 
 
 Chaucer, in his castle of |3l£“tl0flUnt Rtgat'iJ, mentions fanes on 
 towers as objects of great beauty. 
 
 “ ®he toforls hie full pleasant shal ge finhe, 
 
 SSItth phams freshe, turning fold) eberte Im'nhe.” 
 
 Again : 
 
 “ aloft the toforcs the gol&eu fanes goohe 
 IDgtrc faith the fogntre make ful stoectc armong ; 
 
 ®hcm for to heare ft to as great melohte.” 
 
 Warton, commenting on this passage, says, “ our author here paints 
 from the life. An excessive agglomeration of turrets, with their fans, is 
 one of the characteristic marks of the florid mode of architecture.” 
 
 This poet, as well as others, often speaks of musical vanes ; but 
 what they were, cannot readily be determined from any information we 
 possess concerning them, either poetical or technical. In his 2Bt*£fUn he 
 alludes to vanes being in the shapes of birds.* On the towers 
 
 “ & thousand fants, afe turning, 
 
 (JBntuntfc hah, anh hrflJhes singing 
 Dlbcrs, anh on ech fane a pat're 
 eKth'th optn mouth agatne the at're.” 
 
 * The information given by Vitruvius respecting the tower built at Athens by Andronicus 
 Cyrrhestes, is the most ancient we are acquainted with, concerning any mode of observing the 
 direction of the wind. 
 
 In Europe the custom of placing vanes on church-steeples is very old ; and as they were 
 made in the figure of a cock, have been thence denominated “ weather-cocks.” 
 
84 
 
 And Hawes, in his ipastefctpittf of piftl£»UtT, describes the castle of 
 Bortrine to have had little turrets, with weather-cocks, images of gold, 
 which, turning with the wind, played a tune. 
 
 That it was possible, by means of mechanism, to produce in such 
 manner modulated sounds, will not be doubted — but that forms no 
 part of the present inquiry. These descriptions, may, however, be 
 fairly taken as architectural portraits, beyond which the writer’s pursuit 
 does not extend. 
 
 The upper part of the tower, which becomes a staircase at the ter- 
 mination of the principal stairs, would be available as a prospect seat. 
 In old mansions such places were common.* One of the amusements 
 in feudal castles, where many persons of both sexes were assembled, was 
 to mount to the top of the highest tower : 
 
 “ Sbome to rfmmfcre, antr some to houre, 
 some to tlje fnje toure.” 
 
 Plate XXV. — Of $att Of ^taUTaSf* — It was in the 
 
 reign of Elizabeth that staircases first became splendid features in houses. 
 
 In the dark ages of ignorance and superstition, the clergy frequently styled themselves the 
 Cocks of the Almighty, whose duty it was, like the cock which roused St. Peter, to call the 
 people to repentance, or at all events to church : thence the cock was considered the emblem 
 of clerical vigilance. These weather-cocks are mentioned as early as the ninth century. 
 
 In France, in the twelfth century, noblemen alone were permitted to have vanes on their 
 houses ; and at one time this privilege was only accorded to those who first planted their 
 standards on the walls of a town when stormed. — Beckmann’s Hist, of Inventions. 
 
 * At Lord Montecute’s, in 1591, Queen Elizabeth “ saw, from a turret, sixteen bucks, all 
 having fay re la we, pulled downe with greyhounds, in a laund or lawn.” — Nichols’s Pro- 
 gresses, vol. ii. 
 
FLcLt& J( AM 
 
 Londoyo, Published. b\ L OJtquzajL £' C? PaZ&'i oj stei * Row, IS Zb. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
85 
 
 What they were antecedently, has been already described in the second 
 Section of this Work, and the annexed Plate will convey some idea of 
 their massy and substantial character at the period above mentioned. 
 The hand-rails and balustrades — unlike the ricketty contrivances of 
 modern days — were of gigantic proportions, and presented at once a bold, 
 picturesque, and secure appearance ; yet so variously and fancifully de- 
 corated, that their effect was always pleasing, and free from clumsiness. 
 
 Describing Verulam House, Aubrey says, “ In the middle was a 
 delicate staircase of wood, which was curiously carved ; and on the posts 
 of every interstice was some pretty figure, as a grave divine with his 
 book and spectacles, a mendicant friar, and not one twice.” 
 
 “ In two of the principal chambers at Wressil Castle,” says Doctor 
 Percy, “ are small beautiful staircases, with octagon screens, embattled 
 at the top, and covered with very bold sculpture, containing double flights 
 of stairs, winding round each other, after the design of Palladio.” 
 
 One other example may suffice. “ The east stayres (at Wimbledon) 
 leade from the marble parler to the great gallery and the dining-room, 
 and are richely adorned with waynscot of oake round the outsides 
 thereof, all well gilt with fillets and stars of golde. The steps of these 
 stayres are in number 33, and are six feet six inches long, adorned with 
 five foot-paces, all varnished black and white, and chequer-worke, the 
 highest of which foot-pace is a very large one, and benched with a 
 waynscot benche, all garnished with golde. Under the stayres, and 
 eight steps above the saide marble parler, is a little complete roome, 
 called the den of lions, floored with paynted deale chequer-worke. 
 This roome is paynted rounde with lyons and lepards, and is a good orna- 
 ment to the stayres and marble parler, severed therefrom with rayled 
 doors.”* 
 
 * Survey of Wimbledon, Archceoloyia, vol. xviii. p. 399. 
 
86 
 
 “ A good surveyour,” says Sir Balthazer Gerbier,* “ contrives free 
 access to the roomes, wherunto the well placing of the stares contri- 
 butes ; the composing of a fit and easy staires being a master-piece, fit 
 in respect of the place, convenient if the steps be deep [broad], and low 
 rise, for a straight ascending or descending, (without bending of the 
 sinewes), gives most ease to the body, which doth rest better on his 
 bones then on sinewes.” The rise of stairs ought not to be less than 
 four inches and a half, nor ever exceed six inches. 
 
 Plate XXVI.— (Sate-HflUSe, OV $ark (Entrance*— Designed 
 rather to produce an agreeable and picturesque effect, than to accord with 
 any fixed rules or customs of art : such indeed was the practice towards 
 the latter end of the sixteenth century, when it would appear that — like 
 the fashion of the present day — 'every man wished to display his taste 
 and learning in architecture. Harrison records the feats of these experi- 
 mentalists, as well as the penalties consequent on such indulgences. “ It 
 is a world to see, moreouer, how diuerse men being bent to building, and 
 having a delectable veine in spending of their gold by that trade, doo 
 dailie imagine new deuises of their owne to guide their workemen withall, 
 and those more curious and excellent alwaies than the former. In the 
 proceeding, also, of their works, how they set vp, how they pull downe, 
 how they inlarge, how they restreine, how they ad to, how they take 
 from, whereby their heads are neuer idle, their purses neuer shut, nor their 
 bookes of account neuer made perfect /” 
 
 This entrance is formed by a simple wooden gate, within an arched 
 aperture, strengthened by buttresses ; which, as they are obviously 
 
 Counsel to all Builders. 
 
T/tYYzmj 
 
 London, 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
87 
 
 useful, may be appropriately introduced. The porter’s lodge being a 
 detached rustic cottage, is applicable to any other situation or purpose — 
 such as a gamekeeper’s dwelling, or a “ garden-house;” but it should be 
 
 “ Over canopy’d with luscious woodbine, 
 
 With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine.” 
 
 Midsummer Night's Dream. 
 
 “ Wee had no parkes left,” continues Harrison, “ at the comming of 
 the Normans, who added this calamitie also to the seruitude of our 
 nation, making men of the best sort, furthermore, to become keepers of 
 their game ; whitest they lived in the meane time vpon the spoile of their 
 reuenues, and dailie ouerthrew townes, villages, and an infinit sort of 
 families, for the maintinence of their venerie. Neither was anie parke 
 supposed in these times to be statelie enough, that contained not at least 
 eight or ten hidelands, that is, so manie hundred acres or families, (or as 
 they liaue been alwaies called in some places of the realme, carrucats or 
 cartwares), of which, one was sufficient in old time to maintaine an 
 honest yeoman.” Speaking of the increase of parks with the buildings 
 in his time, he adds, with indignation, “ Certes, if it be not one curse of 
 the Lord, to haue our countrie conuerted in such sort from the furniture 
 of maninkind to the walks and shrowds of wild beastes, I know not what 
 is anie. How manie families also these great and small games, (for so 
 most keepers call them), haue eaten vp, and are likelie hereafter to 
 deuoure, some men may coniecture, but many more lament, sith there 
 is no hope of restraint to be looked for in this behalfe, because the 
 corruption is so generall. But if a man may presentlie giue a ghesse at 
 the vniuersalitie of this euill, by contemplation of the circumstance, he 
 shall saie at the last, that the twentith part of the realme is imploied 
 vpon deere and conies alreadie.” 
 
88 
 
 Notwithstanding the historian’s apprehensions, it may be a question 
 whether these beautiful enclosures, of which the English are so justly 
 proud, have increased within the last two centuries. Andrew Borde, 
 who wrote in the reign of Henry VIII., said there were then more parks 
 in England than in all Europe besides, over which he is reputed to have 
 travelled. And the old patent rolls are full of licenses for emparkations, 
 which do not now exist. The king’s warrant was as necessary to sur- 
 round a park with palings or walls, as it was to embattle the mansion. 
 
 Plate XXVII. — Cf)t — As Plate IX. is devoted to the 
 
 manner of timber houses at the commencement, so is this Plate to the 
 same class of buildings at the conclusion, of the Tudor period. 
 
 “ Of the curiousness of these piles,” says Harrison,* “ I speak not, 
 sith our workemen are growne generallie to such an excellencie of 
 deuise in the frames now made, that they farre passe the finest of the 
 old. And such is their husbandrie in dealing with their timber, that the 
 same stufie which in time past was reiected as crooked, vnprofitable, and 
 to no vse but the fire, dooth now come in the fronts and best part of the 
 worke. Whereby the common saieng is likewise in these daies verified 
 in our mansion-houses, which earst was said onelie of the timber for 
 ships, ‘ that no oke can grow so crooked but it falleth out to some vse.’” 
 Thus it appears that many forms, which at first sight may be thought 
 fantastical, were founded on good sense, and what is still more re- 
 commendatory in these times — economy. 
 
 There seems also to have been a better principle of construction in 
 
 * This author wrote from his own observation, and his authority is, on that account, 
 invaluable. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
89 
 
 those habitations than modern workmen either comprehend, or are 
 inclined to credit. Projecting one story before another was not the 
 effect of caprice or of force of habit from building in narrow ways, as 
 many writers have asserted. Whether restricting the width of streets so 
 much as was usual in our ancient towns, was the continuance of a 
 fashion which prevailed in Rome before the re-edification of the city after 
 the great conflagration, (when Nero was reproached with having indis- 
 creetly let in the sun, as the people said), and brought hither ; or 
 whether the custom arose from a necessity for confining houses within 
 the limits of fortifications, is not here to be determined. But the idea of 
 such a practice operating in the formation of dwellings standing alone, 
 cannot for one moment be entertained. The object, undoubtedly, was 
 to protect the sills and walls as much as possible from wet, by setting 
 the upper story so forward as to shelter the lower; and the roof, again, 
 sufficiently out to shield the upper. We find, indeed, several instances 
 of directions being given to project the eaves two feet from the wall for 
 that purpose ; and from the state of preservation in which many of those 
 buildings are yet to be seen, we should say the purpose had been 
 completely accomplished. 
 
 It is singular, that much as chestnut timber was used, both before and 
 during the period to which these observations refer, it should be so little 
 noticed by writers. Comprehensive as Harrison is on almost every other 
 subject, he does not even glance at this. Speaking of the scarcity of 
 oak, which then began to be felt, he says, “ In times past men were 
 contented to dwell in houses buylded of sallow, willow, plum-tree, 
 hardbeame, and elme, so that the vse of oke was in a maner dedicated 
 whollie vnto churches, religious houses, princes’ palaces, noblemen’s 
 lodgings, and nauigation ; but now all these are reiected, and nothing 
 but oke anie whit reguarded. ” 
 
 N 
 
90 
 
 Plate XXVIII. — plan Of tl)t <S>rait(Jt + — Pursuing the original 
 design of this Volume, namely, to adapt the ancient style of English 
 architecture to modern habitations, the disposition of the rooms, in every 
 Plan, is more in accordance with the modes of living now established, 
 than with the habits of earlier times. Yet, for the last three centuries, 
 the ordinary apartments seem to have been similar, though known by 
 different denominations. The dressing-room, an appendage to the chief 
 bed-chambers in all well-arranged modern mansions, is not a refine- 
 ment of the present age ; for we find the inventories and descriptions 
 of old houses constantly mentioning an “ inner chamber” to most 
 of the principal bed-chambers; and in the Northumberland House- 
 hold-Book, such an apartment is clearly referred to as “ the chambre 
 wher my lorde makes him redy.” In Verulam House there were two 
 bathing-rooms ; and at Windsor Castle, Hentzner tells us, that 
 Queen Elizabeth had two bathing-rooms “ ceiled and wainscotted 
 with glass.” 
 
 The Smoking-room, which followed the introduction of tobacco, and 
 the Powdering-room, a still later introduction, have for some time fallen 
 into disuse ; but a necessity for the former appears to be reviving, and is 
 indeed adopted in several newly erected country-houses, by which alone 
 it comes within the pale of this Work. 
 
 Plate xxix. —O rnamental Cfrimnep^aftsh-— No apology is 
 necessary for occupying another Plate with these highly decorative 
 objects — indeed, it becomes more than ever requisite to diffuse as much 
 as possible a knowledge of all their varieties, since spurious imitations are 
 appearing in the shops of artificial stone manufacturers, calculated, from 
 
Orrices 
 
 
 

 
 
 
Ta ter v i a? ter How. IB 29. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
91 
 
 utter dissimilitude to their reputed prototypes, to create a prejudice 
 against genuine models. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no greater mistake than fancying that smoky 
 chimneys were unknown till modern times, or that the disgusting contri- 
 vances on their tops are the notable inventions of our day. Careless 
 builders have always existed ; and from the first introduction of flues, 
 “ smoky chimneys” have been proverbial nuisances; although, from 
 obvious causes, such complaints were infinitely fewer than they now are. 
 The ingenious Sir John Haryngton, in his humorous tract, “ The 
 Metamorphosis of Ajax,” written towards the close of the sixteenth 
 century, mentions, and describes by a plate, the cowl, now so constantly, 
 and in nine cases out of ten uselessly, applied as a remedy. Coupling 
 this with another evil, he points out a whimsical, but certain antidote to 
 both, (page 96, Singer’s edition,) though with the latter we need not 
 meddle. — He says, “ Lastly, for smoking chimneys, many remedies 
 have been studied ; but one excellent and infallible way is found out 
 among some of the great architects of this age, namely, to make no fire 
 in them. But the best way I have found is out of Cardan* partly, 
 but, as I think, mended by practice of some of my neighbours of Bath, 
 who make things like half a cloak about the tops of the chimneys, 
 with a vane to turn round with the wind ; which, because they make of 
 wood, is dangerous for fire ; but being made of thin copper plates, or of 
 old kettles, will be as light and without danger.” Modern ingenuity 
 has gone farther, and supplied mitres and other pompously named 
 devices almost innumerable, whose greatest use is to promote the art 
 of Tinkering. 
 
 * Jerome Cardan was an Italian philosopher. He resided for some time at the English 
 Court in the reign of Edward VI., and was the author of this prince’s epitaph. 
 
92 
 
 Plate XXX. — $|tnjj££b — The diversity of forms into which door- 
 furniture has been resolved, is almost endless. Many of the ancient 
 hinges were not only wrought into scrolls and other florid devices, but 
 occasionally further enriched with inscriptions. On a hinge of the 
 church-door at Mountnessing, Essex, was the following, “ Jesvs • Na- 
 z aren vs • Rex * Noster,” &c. 
 
 In Solomon’s house the hinges were of gold, “ both for the doors of 
 the inner house and the most holy place.”* 
 
 Although the foregoing Plates and observations illustrate nearly every 
 feature of Tudor buildings applicable to modern purposes, there yet 
 remain to be noticed two apartments of the palace and ancient manor- 
 house in which the great lord’s wealth and magnificence were chiefly dis- 
 played : these were the Hall and the Chapel, both now fallen almost wholly 
 into disuse. f Much, indeed, of old state ceremony was laid aside so early 
 as Henry the Eighth’s reign, as appears from a new set of “ Ordenaunces 
 for the hinge’s household and chambres,” issued by Cardinal Wolsey 
 about the year 1526. In the chapter “ For keeping the Hall and 
 ordering of the Chapel,” it is set forth, that “ by the frequent intermission 
 and disuse of the solemnities of dining and supping in the great Hall of 
 
 * 1 Kings, vii. 50. 
 
 f The hall at Lambeth Palace is generally supposed to be the last erected in England. 
 This was in fact a rebuilding by Archbishop Juxon, who, as well as being the last hall-builder, 
 was the last prelate in England who kept a pack of hounds. 
 
RLate,lQkK.. 
 
 London., RubUshedL hi ' Zona man, %1 C? Ralernosto/ ■ Row 182$. 
 
 TF.lRuJit 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
93 
 
 the palace, the proper officers had almost forgot their duty, and the 
 manner of conducting that very long and intricate ceremonial. It is, 
 therefore, ordered, that when His Highness is not at Westminster, and 
 with regard to his palaces in the country, the formalities of the Hall, 
 which ought not entirely to fall into disuetude, shall be at least observed 
 when he is at Windsor, Beaulieu, Richmond, Hampton Court, Green- 
 wich, Eltham, and Woodstock. And at these places only the whole 
 choir of the Chapel shall attend.” When the king was on his progresses, 
 only six singing boys and six gentlemen of the choir were to be in the 
 royal retinue, who, “ daylie, in the absence of the residue of the 
 Chapel, shall have a masse of our Ladie before noon ; and on Sondaies 
 and holidaies, masse of the day besides our Lady-masse, and an an- 
 thempne in the afternoone.”* Once on the wane, the decline of these 
 ceremonies was rapid; — the Reformation extinguished the splendour of 
 the chapel ; and “ keeping Hall" was generally laid down, by reason of 
 its being expensive, in the reign of James I. It was, however, con- 
 tinued, in a few instances, after the civil wars, as appears by Lord 
 Fairfax’s household orders, for which see Illustrations, Section VI. 
 
 “ Of the general expediency of domestic chapels,” says Dr. Whitaker, 
 “ I am not convinced ; for it is more than probable, that in times of 
 greater seriousness than at present, a domestic chapel was rarely used for 
 family worship but at seasons when the parish church was open, and 
 
 * The officers and singing men of Cardinal Wolsey’s chapel were, a dean, who was always 
 a great clerk and divine, a sub-dean, a repeater of the quire, a gospeller, a pisteller, and 
 twelve singing priests: of scholars, he had first a master of the children; twelve singing 
 children; sixteen singing men; with a servant to attend upon the said children. In the 
 revestry (vestry), a yeoman and two grooms ; then there were divers retainers of cunning 
 singing men, that came thither at divers sundry principal feasts. — Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey. 
 
94 
 
 thus a neighbourhood lost the benefit of the good example arising from 
 the regular attendance of a considerable family, and the family them- 
 selves that of hearing the public offices of religion performed, in general 
 with much more solemnity than at home. Besides, the parish minister 
 was probably independent, and his instructions had a chance of being 
 respected, but little reverence ever attached to the character of a 
 domestic chaplain. Many considerable families are exemplary in bring- 
 ing their domestics to attend upon public worship ; and could they be 
 convinced that a library or dining-room would answer the end of 
 assembling together, and that themselves are adequate to the recital of 
 religious offices, there would be little reason to lament the demolition of 
 domestic chapels.” 
 
 We take from an ancient authority* a description of the Hall and 
 Chapel at Richmond Palace, temp. Henry VII. “ The pleasant Halle is 
 uppon the right hand of the curtilage, xij. or xvj. grees of highte, pavyd 
 with goodly tille ; whoes rof is of tyrnber, not beamyd, ne brasid, but 
 pper knotts, crafty corven, joyned and shutt toguyder w‘ mortes, and 
 pynned, hangyng pendaunt from the syde roff in to the grounde and 
 doure, after the most new invencon and crafte of the prospectif of 
 Gement ; cast owt w‘ wyndowes glasid right lightsume and goodly. In 
 the wallys and siddys of this Halle, betwene the wyndowes, be the 
 picturs of the noble kings of this realme, in their harmes and robes of 
 goold ; as Brute, Engist, King William Rufus, King Arthur, King 
 Henry, and many of that name ; King Kichard, King Edward, and of 
 thoes names, many noble waryours and kings of this riall realme, with 
 ther falchons and swords in tlier hands, visaged, and apperyng like bold 
 and valiant knights ; and so ther dedys and acts in the cronicles right 
 
 MS. in the College of Arms. See Antiq. Rep. vol. ii. 
 
95 
 
 evidently be shewen and declared. The walls of this pleasaunt Halle are 
 honged w* riche clothes of arras, ther werkys representing many noble 
 batalls and seages, as of Ilm (Jerusalem), Troy, Albe, and many other; 
 that this hole appartement was most glorias and joy full to consider and 
 beholde.” 
 
 “ On the left side of the curtilage, above w h otherlike gres is the 
 Chapell, well pavyed, glazid, and hangyd w h cloth of arras ; the body 
 and the quere w h cloth of golde ; and the autors sett w h many relikks, 
 jeuells, and full riche plate. In the right side of the Chappell is a 
 goodly and a pvey closett for the kyng, richely hanged w h silke and 
 traverse carpet, and cusshons for his noble gee. The aultier is also 
 hangid and platid with rich reliks of gold and pcious stone. The rofe is 
 celyd, and whiglit lymed, and checkeryd w h tymbre losengewise, paynted 
 w h color of asure ; havyng betwene every chek a red rose of gold or a 
 portculls. In the other sid of the chappell, other like closetts for the 
 queny’s gee, and the Pnces, my lady the kyng’s moder, w h other estats 
 and gentilwomen, & c.” 
 
 The hall of the manor-house was a large and lofty room, in the shape 
 of a parallelogram,* with an oriel at the upper end, on the raised pace or 
 dais, and other windows high up in the side walls, which, with the oriel, 
 were filled with painted glass. The lower or buttery end, where was also 
 the entrance, had a passage formed by a screen, sometimes most elabo- 
 
 * Halls are mentioned of anterior date, built with a middle and two side aisles, like 
 churches: the original hall at Westminster is said to have been of this form. These observa- 
 tions of former writers, and men whose antiquarian researches entitle their opinions to respect, 
 the author begs to say he notices incidentally, having no authority of his own to adduce. The 
 hall of the Savoy hospital was cruciform: its length each way was 226 feet, and its width 
 30 feet. 
 
96 
 
 lately carved and enriched, and having doors or arches, over which was 
 the minstrels’ gallery.* At lladdon Hall, one of the most curious and per- 
 fect now remaining in England, there opened from this passage “ four large 
 doors, with high-pointed arches : the first of these still retains its ancient 
 door of strong oak, with a little wicket in the middle, just big enough to 
 put a trencher in or out, and was clearly the butler’s station, for the room 
 within still retains a strong chest of oak, with divisions for bread. A 
 passage down steps leads from this room to a large apartment, which is 
 arched with stone, and supported by pillars similar to the crypt of a 
 church. This was the beer-cellar. The second door-way is an entrance 
 to a long, narrow passage, leading with a continued descent to the great 
 kitchen, having in the mid-way a half door or hatch, with a broad shelf 
 on the top of it, whereon to place dishes, to which, and no farther, the 
 ’ servants in waiting were to have access. f A third door-way opened to a 
 very small vaulted room, which Mr. King says was certainly the wine- 
 cellar ; for when wine was considered merely a cordial or dram, the 
 stock was not very large. The fourth great arch conducted, by a steep 
 staircase, to a variety of small apartments,” or lodging-rooms. 
 
 The fire was made against a reredoss in the middle of the floor, the 
 
 * During the time the yeomen of the guard were bringing the dinner to Queen Elizabeth’s 
 table, twelve trumpets and two kettle-drums made the hall ring for half an hour together. — 
 Hentzner’s Travels. 
 
 f The servants were to receive all the dishes at the hatch. A regulation of Sir 
 John Haryngton’s household was: “ That no man come to the kitchen without reasonable 
 cause, on paine of Id., and the cook likewise to forfeit Id.” When the dinner was ready, the 
 cook summoned the serving-men to carry it to the table by knocking with his knife on the 
 dresser. One of the duties of the Usher of the Hall was to “ warn to the dresser.” 
 
 “ When the dresser, the cook’s drum, thunders, come on,” 
 says Beaufort’s steward in Massinger’s Unnatural Combat. 
 
97 
 
 smoke escaping through an aperture, or louver, in the roof; or, later, in 
 a large arched fire-place in the opposite wall to that which contained the 
 oriel. The roof, the timbers of which were framed with pendents 
 richly carved and emblazoned with heraldic insignia, formed the most 
 striking feature of these chambers. “ The top beam of the hall,” was a 
 symbolical manner of drinking the health of the master of the house ; a 
 very common toast, particularly in Wales. * The king’s arms usually 
 occupied a conspicuous situation in this apartment. 
 
 It may be added, that both the Hall and the Chapel were fre- 
 quently overlooked from windows in galleries and upper rooms. Bishop 
 Parker, in a letter dated 1573, says, “ If it please her majestie, she may 
 come in through my gallerie, and see the disposition of the Hall at 
 dynner-time, at a window opening thereunto.” And in Andrew Borde’s 
 directions for building a house, “ many of the chambers are to have a 
 view into the Chapel.” 
 
 Spacious and magnificent as were the royal halls, they were some- 
 times found unequal to the banquets of those days ; and it was usual, on 
 extraordinary occasions, to erect temporary halls of surprising magnitude 
 and splendour. t Two examples of these buildings may be given, which 
 will also show the declination of taste in little more than fifty years. 
 The first erected in the Tilt-yard at Greenwich, when Henry VIII. 
 
 * Pennant’s History of Whiteford. 
 
 | The most ingenious erection of this kind, in modern times, was a large octagonal room in 
 Carlton House Gardens, for a fete in 1814, remarkable only for the roof, which was designed or 
 invented by, and executed under the direction of, the late William Nixon, a modest and retiring 
 man, of rare worth and talent. This room was, by his majesty’s command, removed to Woolwich, 
 and is now used as a repository for models. A model of itself enriches the surveyor general’s 
 room at the Office of Works. As a specimen of fine construction, it has probably no equal 
 but the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral. 
 
 O 
 
98 
 
 entertained the French ambassadors; and the other at Westminster, for 
 the reception also of French commissioners, by Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 “ The king caused a banket-house to be made on one syde of the 
 Tylt-yarde at Grenewyche : the roofe was purple clothe, full of roses and 
 pomegranates ; the windowes were all clere stories, with curious monells 
 strangely wrought ; the jawe pieces and crests were carved with vinettes 
 and trailes of savage worke, and richly gilted with gold and bise. At 
 the one syde was a haute place for heraulds and minstrelles : this house 
 was richely hanged. At the nether end were two broade arches upon 
 three antick pillars, all of gold, burnished, swaged, and graven full of 
 gargells and serpents, supporting the edifice ; the arches were vauted 
 with armorie all of bice and golde ; and above the arches were made 
 sundrie anticks and devices. When supper was done,” continues the 
 historian, “ the kyng, the quene, and the ambassadors, rose and went 
 out of the banquet-chambre by the aforesaid arches ; and when they 
 were betweene the uttermost door and the arches, the kyng caused them 
 to turn back and look on that side of the arches, and there they saw how 
 Tyrwyn was besieged, and the very manner of every man’s camp very 
 conynglie wrought, which worke more pleased them than the remem- 
 bering the thing in deede.”* 
 
 “ On the six and twentieth daie of March, in the morning (being 
 Easter daie)f a banketting-house was begun at Westminster, on the 
 south-west side of her majestie s palace of White hall, made in maner 
 and forme of a iong square, three hundred thirtie two feete in measure 
 
 * In 1520, at a Disguising for the entertainment of the French hostages, Henry caused 
 the roof of his Great Chamber at Greenwich to be “ covered with blue sattin, sett full of 
 presses of fine gold and flowers; and under written was ‘ Iammes’ (jamais); the meaning 
 whereof was, that the flower of youth could not be oppressed.” — Holingsiied. 
 
 t 1581. 
 
99 
 
 about ; thirty principals were made of great masts, being fortie foote in 
 length a peece, standing vpright ; betweene every one of these masts ten 
 foot asunder and more. The walles of this house were closed with 
 canuas, and painted all the outsides of the same most artificiallie with a 
 worke called rusticke, much like to stone. This house had two hundred 
 ninety and two lights of glasse. The sides within the same house were 
 made with ten heights of degrees for people to stand vpon ; and in the 
 top of this house was wrought most cunninglie vpon canuas, workes of 
 iuie and liollie, with pendents made of wicker rods, garnished with baie, 
 rue, and all maner of strange flowers, garnished with spangles of gold, as 
 also beautified with hanging toseans made of liollie and iuie, with all 
 maner of strange fruits, as pomegranates, orenges, pompions, cucumbers, 
 grapes, carrets, with such other like, spangled with gold, and most richlie 
 hanged.” * 
 
 It will be manifest, on comparing the decorations of these two struc- 
 tures, that the corrupt taste which at this period began to prevail in the ex- 
 terior embellishments, had also crept into those of the interior. Pompions, 
 cucumbers, and carrots, much as they were esteemed as luxuries for the 
 table, were, from their utter gracelessness of form, but sorry substitutes 
 in the latter, for the armorial and other elegant and curious devices 
 which enriched the former edifice. The chaste and vigorous feeling 
 which distinguished the works of the earlier architects was then, indeed, 
 nearly extinct, and English architecture becoming in all its ramifications 
 rapidly degenerate ; although many of its features lingered in the hete- 
 rogeneous compositions of succeeding artists for half a century longer, as 
 appears at Brambletye House, Sussex, (the scene of a recent popular 
 novel), in which may be perceived perhaps the last glimmer of the Tudor 
 style. 
 
 Holingshed. 
 
100 
 
 Carving and inlaying of woods had become pretty general at the 
 latter end of the 16th century.* At Hardwick, in Derbyshire (1570),'!' the 
 wood-work in several of the principal apartments is oak, inlaid with 
 ebony ornaments on the panels and stiles. The doors and shutters of 
 Mary Queen of Scots’ room, as it is called, are framed in panels of light 
 wood, inlaid with profiles of the Caesars and other enrichments — the 
 stiles of darker coloured oak. In the state room the walls are divided, 
 at about half the height, by a stringing, the upper part filled with land- 
 scapes, figures, and animals, relieved in plaster, and painted in their 
 proper colours on a white ground ; and the lower division hung with 
 tapestry. The chimney front is entirely occupied by a large armorial 
 compartment relieved in plaster and emblazoned. 
 
 It may be remarked, that wherever painting was introduced in simple 
 masses, i. e. not in devices, the heraldic colours were used : flimsy tints 
 and fantastical imitations of rare woods and marbles, seldom, if ever, 
 formed any part of the decorations of ancient buildings. Of whatever ma- 
 terials the works were composed, they were generally left with their 
 natural hues, or if heightened, it was with gold or decided colours.]: 
 
 * Instances of sculptured wood on the walls of domestic edifices are to be found of much 
 earlier date. At Wressil Castle “ the sides of the rooms are ornamented with a great profusion 
 of ancient sculpture, finely executed in wood, exhibiting the ancient bearings, crests, badges, 
 and devices of the Percy family, in a great variety of forms, set off with all the advantages of 
 painting, gilding, and imagery.” — Dr. Percy. 
 
 t Hardwick was built by Elizabeth, Countess of Shrewsbury, who was said to have been 
 “ a builder, a buyer, and seller of estates, a money lender, a farmer, and a merchant of lead, 
 coals, and timber.” 
 
 A curious prophecy is mentioned relating to this lady, viz., that whenever she discontinued 
 building, she would die. To avert the fulfilment of this prophecy, she constantly kept builders 
 employed; but she died during a suspension of her works, caused by a severe frost. 
 
 | Green, spotted with stars of gold, seems to have been in high estimation. 
 
101 
 
 Nothing can be more absurd than artificial representations of substances 
 so scarce and costly, that, however closely they may be imitated, are mani- 
 festly counterfeit, even to common observers. 
 
 Plates II., XII., and XXIII., are offered as specimens of the 
 variations in English architecture, applied to manor-houses, in the reigns 
 of Henry VII., Henry VIII., and Elizabeth; the commencement, 
 middle, and termination of the period which this Work is designed to 
 illustrate. 
 
 With all their external beauty and internal magnificence, Tudor 
 houses were deplorably deficient in many of the comforts with which 
 modern habitations abound ; yet in this respect a decided amendment is 
 visible in the buildings of the Elizabethan age upon those of Henry VIII. ; 
 and again particularly in the mansions of James I. and Charles I. Cor- 
 respondent, indeed, with the increase of convenience was the decrease of 
 taste ; and as the plans of houses progressively improved, their archi- 
 tectural character declined. Nor would the most ardent admirer of 
 the pure old English style venture to compare the dwellings of earlier 
 days,* in point of comfortable and cheerful economy, with those of the 
 eighteenth century, when the noble art of architecture was at a very 
 low ebb. 
 
 But let it not be imagined that this superiority in the disposition of 
 apartments was effected by the introduction of classical models, or that 
 our own peculiar style is not susceptible of equally advantageous arrange- 
 
 * “ It is observable” (at Leckinfield manor-house) “ that in upwards of fourscore apart- 
 ments there do not seem to have been more than three or four destined for the reception of the 
 noble owners and their guests: these were, probably, the drawing chamber, the new chamber, 
 the carved chamber, and the great chamber or dining-room ; all the rest were merely offices, 
 or cabins to sleep in.” — Dr. Percy. 
 
102 
 
 ment. On the contrary, “ the severe Greek,” designed for a widely 
 different climate, is, to use a new-fashioned phrase, much less “ manage- 
 able the indispensable apertures required by our atmosphere destroy 
 entirely its characteristic massiveness and solemnity ;* whilst in the 
 pointed manner, the spacious windows subdivided by mullions and tran- 
 soms give an airy lightness combined with an essential breadth of effect. 
 No better evidence of these facts could be adduced than the recent 
 adaptation of Windsor Castle to all the purposes of state and private 
 accommodation, under the munificent auspices of our most gracious 
 Sovereign: allowed, as it justly is on all hands, that the only palace in 
 this country worthy of its King is that which is wrought in the archi- 
 tecture of <$lti ©nglantu 
 
 * “ Architects of the second or third order return out of Italy with their heads full of 
 ancient temples, forgetting that these models of symmetry and grace were never intended 
 for the assembling of multitudes, and that when once their forms and proportions are vio- 
 lated, decorations are as preposterous as a birth-day suit upon the back of a clown.” — 
 Dr. Whitaker. 
 
SECTION V. 
 
 dTunuture, (tf. 
 
 “ My house 
 
 Is richly furnished with plate and gold ; 
 
 Basons and ewers : 
 
 My hangings all of Tyrian tapestry : 
 
 In ivory coffers I have stuffed my crowns; 
 
 In cypress chests my arras, counterpoints, 
 
 Costly apparel, tents, and canopies, 
 
 Fine linen, Turkey cushions boss’d with pearl, 
 
 Valence of Venice gold in needlework, 
 
 Pewter and brass, and all things that belong 
 
 To houses or housekeeping .” — Taming the Shrew , Act II. Scene 1. 
 
 Anterior to the Tudors, household furniture was in general of a rude, 
 substantial character, — the tables formed of boards on trestles, the seats 
 of massy oak benches* or stools, and the floors strewed with straw. t 
 
 * “ g*n balle for an bsgb kpg, an household lo bolben, 
 
 SgHtt'S) brob bodJCS abouten, gbcntbcb fad chnc.”— Plowman's Crede. 
 
 t “ <3®tban a djambre a fire ts, or an ball, 
 
 2Hd more nebe ts, ft sobatnln rrscotue, 
 
 ®ban to btspttten anb ask among us all 
 i£)ofo tfje canble tn tbe strafoe Is fall.” 
 
 CiiAUCEit’s Troilus and Cressida. 
 
 Fitz-Stephens, the historian and secretary of Thomas a Becket, mentions, among other 
 particulars, that his apartments were every day in winter covered with clean straw or hay, and 
 
104 
 
 The higher orders had, nevertheless, many costly and splendid articles ; 
 for we find, in the old testamentary records, bequests of embroidered 
 beds of satin and gold, velvet and gold, tapestry hangings for walls, 
 and magnificent plate ; but the greater part of these were of foreign 
 fabrication.* 
 
 The civil wars, and their consequent restrictive acts, were not more 
 fatal to architecture than to the progress of other useful arts ; and 
 England was, at their termination, still constrained for a while to be 
 indebted, as she had been through the reigns of Henry IV. and 
 Henry V., Edward IV. and Henry VI., to Venice, Genoa, and Florence, 
 not only for articles of luxury, but for almost the whole of her manu- 
 factured goods. Hence it appears, that during those periods the same 
 style of furniture pervaded the greater part, if not the whole, of Europe. 
 
 The invitation and encouragement held out to foreigners of all nations 
 by Henry VII. and Henry VIII., and the protection afforded them 
 against religious persecutions by Elizabeth, laid the foundation of that 
 glorious pre-eminence at which our manufactures afterwards arrived. 
 
 in summer with green rushes or boughs ; lest the gentlemen who paid court to him, and who 
 could not, by reason of their great number, find a place at table, should soil their fine clothes 
 by sitting on the floor. — H ume. 
 
 “ John Baldwin held the manor of Oterasfee in Aylesbury of the king in soccage, by the 
 service of finding litter for the king’s bed, viz. in summer, grass or herbe ; and in winter, straw, 
 thrice in the year if the king should come thrice in the year to Aylesbury.” — Madox, Bar. 
 Anglica, p. 247. 
 
 * In 1455 a petition was presented to parliament by a company of women in London, called 
 Silk-women, representing that the Lombards and other Italians imported such quantities of 
 silk thread, that they were in danger of being reduced to poverty. — Henry, vol. x. p. 188. 
 
 And in 1483 another petition was sent to parliament, praying for a prohibition against the 
 importation of cupboards, tongs, fire-forks, stock-locks, keys, hinges, and garnets, painted 
 glass, &c. — Ibid. p. 250. 
 
105 
 
 \ 
 
 “ To the wheels and gibbets of the Duke d’Alva,” says Andrews, 
 “ England is indebted for the improvement of her manufactures : scared 
 by his inhumanity, the Flemish artisans fled hither in shoals, and were 
 received by Elizabeth with humanity and hospitality.” 
 
 By these men, on their various tastes, was formed that style of house- 
 hold furniture which is at this time again so highly esteemed, and sought 
 to be revived. But the revivers appear to be more deficient in discernment 
 than even those who, from Walpole’s time, have been labouring to renew 
 the architecture of the same era under the name of “ Gothic .” Their 
 common fault is, in not distinguishing what was devoted to the service of 
 God from that which was devised for the accommodation of man. 
 Church and house architecture* were not so dissimilar in character as 
 church and house furniture. Making, therefore, dining-room seats dimi- 
 nutives of cathedral stalls, crenellating footstools, and machicolating 
 bedsteads, as is now the practice, are still more glaring incongruities 
 than mingling ecclesiastical with domestic features in the construction 
 of one edifice. 
 
 A rational principle of utility pervaded the works of the old artisans ; 
 and although some articles were carved in panels, with groups from 
 sacred history, enriched with representations of shrines, altars, See., the 
 pieces themselves bore no resemblance in shape to the forms ofbuildings. 
 Portable buttresses and pinnacles, which we now see applied to light 
 
 * “ The taste of all these stately mansions (houses of the 16th century) was that style 
 which intervened between Gothic and Grecian architecture; or which was, perhaps, the style 
 that had been invented for the houses of the nobility when they first ventured, on the settle- 
 ment of the kingdom after the termination of the quarrel between the Roses, to abandon their 
 fortified dungeons, and consult convenience and magnificence: for I am persuaded, that what 
 we call Gothic architecture was confined solely to religious buildings, and never entered into 
 the decorations of private houses.”— Walpole’s Anecdotes of Painting. 
 
 1 > 
 
106 
 
 chairs and other movables, were too absurd to enter their imaginations ; 
 and the obvious inconvenience of crockets and points at every angle, as 
 well as the risk of destruction to female habiliments, then costly and 
 gorgeous,* would at once have struck these sagacious workmen. 
 
 The balance in point of number and commodiousness is certainly in 
 favour of modern furniture ; but the splendour of our beds, hangings, 
 and plate, is much inferior to that of earlier periods. Carved and 
 inlaid bedsteads, with hangings of cloth of gold, paled with white 
 damask and black velvet, and embroidered with heraldic badges ; blue 
 velvet powdered with silver lions ; black satin, with gold roses and 
 escutcheons of arms ; tapestry of cloths of gold and silver for hanging- 
 on the walls ; gold plate enamelled with precious stones ; and cloths of 
 gold for covering tables, — must have exceeded in magnificence any idea 
 we can form of their effect : yet such was the furniture of the nobility 
 and others of those times. 
 
 On the other hand, the comfort of a carpet under the feet was 
 seldom felt, and the luxury of a fork wholly unknown, in Elizabeth’s 
 reign : rushes commonly supplied the place of the former, and the fingers 
 were the invariable substitutes for the latter. 
 
 The circumstances under which furniture, plate, utensils, jewels, and 
 apparel, devolved upon generation after generation, is in some degree 
 proof of such articles being confined to persons of the higher ranks ; 
 and that, even among those, they were not numerous. But there was 
 another and more powerful reason for the disposal of “movables” by 
 bequest. “ The influence of the clergy in point of property was pro- 
 digious. When their own interest or the superstition of mankind failed 
 of producing this effect,” (says the historian, treating of their various 
 
 See Illustrations, Section VI. 
 
107 
 
 modes of acquiring the goods of persons who died without disposing of 
 them), “ they had influence enough to call in the aid of the law. 
 Whoever died intestate, was presumed to have destined his movables 
 to pious uses. The church took possession of them. The children, 
 the wife, the creditors of the deceased, were often excluded from 
 any share in what was esteemed a sacred property. As men are apt 
 to trust to the continuance of life with foolish confidence, and 
 childishly shun every thing that bids them think of their mortality, 
 many die without settling their affairs. And the bold usurpation of the 
 ecclesiastics in this case, of which there are frequent vestiges in our 
 laws, though none in our historians, may be reckoned among the most 
 plentiful sources of the wealth of the church.' * 
 
 In a work of general observations, like this Volume, the gradual 
 increase of conveniencies and luxuries cannot be traced through all its 
 ramifications. We therefore pass at once to the time of Elizabeth, when 
 the inferior classes of Englishmen began to enjoy such comforts ; but 
 which were not then so general as to render their possession otherwise 
 than remarkable. Notices of the several articles, under distinct heads, 
 will, however, extend through the whole period during which the sceptre 
 of this realm was swayed by the Tudors. 
 
 “ The furniture of our houses,” says Harrison, “ exceedeth, and is 
 growne in a maner euen to passing delicacie : and herein I doo not 
 speake of the nobilitie and gentrie onlie, but likewise of the lowest sort 
 in most places of our south countrie, that have anie thing at all to take 
 to. Certes, in noblemen’s houses it is not rare to see abundance of 
 arras, rich hangings of tapestrie, siluer vessell, and so much other plate 
 as may furnish sundrie cupbords, to the sum oftimes of a thousand or 
 
 Robertson. 
 
108 
 
 two thousand pounds at the least : whereby the value of this, and their other 
 stuffe, dootli growe to be almost inestimable. Likewise, in the houses of 
 knights, gentlemen, merchantmen, and some other wealthie citizens, it is 
 not geson to behold generallie their prouision of tapestrie. Turkie 
 work, pewter, brass, fine linen, and thereto costlie cupboards of plate, 
 worth five or six hundred, or a thousand pounds, to be deemed by 
 estimation. But as herein all these sorts doo far exceed their elders 
 and predecessors, and in neatnesse and curiositie the merchant all 
 other ; so in time past the costlie furniture staied there, whereas now it is 
 descended yet lower, euen unto the inferior artificers and manie farmers, 
 who, by virtue of their old, and not of their new leases,* haue, for the 
 most part, learned to garnish their cupboards with plate, their ioined 
 beds with tapestrie and silk hangings, and their tables with carpets and 
 fine naperie,t wherby the wealth of our countrie, (God be praised 
 therefore, and giue vs grace to imploie it well), dooth infinitelie appeare. 
 Neither doo I speake this in reproch of anie man, God is my iudge, but 
 
 * Latimer’s well-known sermon in 1549, the first he preached before Edward VI., contains 
 a curious picture of a farmer’s means anterior to that time. “ My father was a yornan, and 
 had no landes of hys owne, onely he had a farme of iij. or iiij. pound by yeare at the 
 uttermost, and hereupon he tilled so muche as kept halfe a dossen men. He had walke for an 
 hundred sheepe, and my mother milked xxx. kyne. He was able, and did finde the king a 
 harnesse, with himselfe and his horse, while he came to the place that he should receiyve the 
 kinge’s wages. 1 can remember that 1 buckled his harnesse, when he went unto Blaekheath 
 fielde. He kept me to schole. He married my sisters wyth five pound or xx. nobles a 
 peece. He kept hospitality for his poore neighboures. And some almes he gave to the 
 poore, and all thys did he of the sayde farme. Where he that nowe hath it, payeth xvj. 
 pound by yeare or more, and is not able to do any thinge for hys prince, for hymselfe, or for 
 hys children, or geve a cup of drinke to the poore.” 
 
 f The goodman of the house sat at the upper end of the board, " with a fayre napkyn 
 layde before him on the table, lyke a master.” — Hist, of John Winclicomb. 
 
109 
 
 to shew that I doo reioice rather, to see how God hath blessed vs with 
 his good gifts; and whilst I behold how that in a time wherein all 
 things are growen to most excessiue prices, and what commonlie so euer 
 is to be had, is dailie plucked from the commonalitie by such as look 
 into eurie trade, we do yet finde the meanes to atchiue such furniture as 
 heretofore hath beene vnpossible.” 
 
 He proceeds, speaking (in the persons of some old men then dwelling 
 in his village) of the amendment of lodging: “ our fathers, (yea we 
 ourselues also), haue lien full oft vpon straw pallets, on rough mats 
 couered onlie with a sheet, vnder couerlets made of dogswain or 
 hopharlots, (I vse their owne terms), and a good round log under their 
 heads, insteed of a bolster or pillow. If it were so that our fathers, or 
 the goodman of the house, had, within seuen yeares after his marriage, 
 purchased a mattress or flockebed, and thereto a sacke of chaff to rest 
 his head vpon, he thought himselfe to be as well lodged as the lorde of 
 the towne, that, peradventure, laie seldome in a bed of downe or whole 
 fethers ; so well were they contented, and with such base kind of 
 furniture: which is also not verie much amended as yet in some parts 
 of Bedfordshire, and elsewhere further off from our southerne parts. 
 Pillowes (say they) were thought meet onelie for women in childbed. 
 As for seruants, if they had anie sheet aboue them, it was well, for 
 seldome had they anie vnder their bodies, to keepe them from the 
 pricking straws that ran oft through the canuas of the pallet, and rased 
 their hardened hides.” 
 
 The next remarkable thing, he adds, “ is the exchange of vessell, as 
 of treene platters into pewter, and wooden spoones into siluer or tin ; for 
 so common were all sorts of treene stuffe in old time, that a man should 
 hardly find four peeces of pewter, (of which one was, peraduenture, a 
 salt), in a good farmer's house. Whereas in my time, although per- 
 
110 
 
 aduenture foure pounds of old rent be improved to fortie, fiftie, or an 
 hundred pounds, yet will the farmer thinke his gaines verie small toward 
 the end of his terme, if he have not six or seuen years’ rent being by 
 him, therewith to purchase a new lease, beside a fair garnish of pewter 
 on his cupboard, with so much more of od vessell going about the house, 
 three or foure fether beds, so manie couerlids and carpets of tapistrie, a 
 siluer salt, a bowle for wine (if not an whole neast), and a dozzen of 
 spoones to furnish up a sute.” 
 
 After so perspicuous a general view by an eye-witness, distinguished 
 for the accuracy of his observation, and for his veracity, it remains to 
 consider the subjects under their several heads, beginning with that one 
 which appertains directly to architecture ; and without which, in those 
 days, the decorations of rooms were not complete. 
 
 Cflprdtrp or ShTctS, commonly described as “ Hangings,” enriched 
 the walls of superior apartments from very early times. The most 
 ancient tapestry now existing is preserved in the church of Bayeux in 
 Normandy, and exhibits an entire series of the circumstances attending 
 William the Conqueror’s descent on England. 
 
 The arras was loosely hung on projecting frames, by tenter-hooks, 
 against the walls — which were sometimes not even plastered — covering 
 the whole surface from the floor to the ceiling ; and was, like most other 
 furniture, removable from one residence of its owner to another. * A 
 servant of the house, appointed for the purpose, and called the Upholder, 
 superintended these matters. There are yet in the king's household 
 six yeomen of the guard, called “ yeomen hangers,” whose duty is to 
 
 * The number of carts employed in removing the furniture, &c. of the Earl of 
 Northumberland, were seventeen, besides “ my lord’s chariot,” and a waggon for the heavy part 
 of the chapel furniture . — Nor thumber land Household-Book, see Iilust. 
 
Ill 
 
 attend the king in all his progresses or removals with his hangings, 
 tents, &c. There are also two “ yeomen bed-goers,” who, on such 
 occasions, have the charge of His Majesty’s beds.* 
 
 Shakspeare makes constant allusion to arras, both to its splendour, 
 and as affording ready means of concealment : 
 
 “ Her bed-chamber was hanged 
 
 With tapestry of silk and silver; the story 
 Proud Cleopatra, when she met her Roman. 
 
 A piece of work 
 
 So bravely done, so rich, that it did strive 
 In workmanship and value.” — Cymbeline, Act II. Scene 4. 
 
 “ My lord, he’s going to his mother’s closet ; 
 
 Behind the arras I’ll convey myself.” — Hamlet, Act III. Scene 3. 
 
 “ Stand thou 
 
 Within the arras ; when I strike my foot 
 Upon the bosom of the ground, rush forth 
 And bind the boy which you find with me 
 Fast to the chair.” — King John, Act IV. Scene 1. 
 
 “ Being entertained for a perfumer, as I was smoaking a musty room,f comes me the 
 prince and Claudio, hand in hand, in sad conference: I whipt me behind the arras; and 
 there heard.” — Much Ado about Nothing, Act I. Scene 3. 
 
 * See Illustrations. 
 
 f When there were so few fires in houses, and their walls hung with cloths, it was found 
 necessary frequently to air them by fumigation, which was done by burning spices and other 
 aromatic substances. All the inventories contain “ perfuming-pans.” 
 
 There was anciently another mode of perfuming apartments, which, possibly, had not at 
 that time fallen entirely into disuse. 
 
 “ ®ll)an gou arc lagtr tn tuft so softe, 
 
 & cage of golfic sfjall Ijangc alofte 
 
112 
 
 Dr. Johnson thought Shakspeare had outstepped probability in 
 supposing Falstaff to sleep behind the hangings, on account of his bulk.* 
 But if we bear in mind that the arras sometimes extended from one 
 extremity of the room to the other, covering doors and other recesses — 
 which were not unfrequent, and of considerable size — we can see no 
 reason to doubt his accuracy. Sir James Melvill was introduced to a 
 private gallery to hear Queen Elizabeth play on the virginals ; “ after I 
 had hearkened awhile,” said he, “ I put aside the tapestry that hung 
 before the chamber door.”f And at an interview between Queen Mary 
 and Elizabeth, Philip of Spain was hidden behind the tapestry. J 
 
 The most costly materials were employed in the fabrication of the 
 best sorts of hangings. Henry the Eighth’s apartment at Calais, whither 
 he was accompanied from Bologne by Francis I., in 1520, was hung 
 with cloth of gold, adorned with precious stones and pearls. In the old 
 inventories, cloth of gold, and cloth of silver, and embroidery, frequently 
 occur, as well as cloth of silk and gold mixed, called baudkin.§ 
 
 ©Uytljc longc pcpcr fayre hrrnyngc, 
 
 &ntl rlobcs that hr Stuete smdlgtnge.” — Squire of Low Degree. 
 
 “ And burn sweet wood to make the lodging sweet.”- Taming the Shreiv, Induction , Scene 1. 
 Perfumed powder was also in use for clothes. In one of Queen Elizabeth’s wardrobe 
 accounts, is a charge “ for 61b. of sweet powder used for the queen’s robes, at 13s. Ad. a 
 pound.” King Henry the Eighth’s laundress was bound to provide as much “ sweet powder, 
 sweet herbes, and other sweet things, as shall be necessary to the sweet keeping” of his linen, 
 and all these, with soap and wood, out of her wages, which were 20Z. a year. 
 
 * Nares. f Melvill’s Memoirs. J Nichols’s Progresses, vol. i. p. 13. 
 
 § The walls of the gallery at York Place, the residence of Cardinal Wolsey, and seized by 
 the king, were “ hanged with cloth of gold, and tissue of divers makings, and cloth of silver 
 likewise on both the sides; and rich cloths of baudkin of divers colours.” — Cavendish’s 
 Lfc of Wolsey. 
 
113 
 
 “ For, round about, the wals yelothed were 
 With goodly arras of great variety, 
 
 Woven with gold and silk so close and nere, 
 
 That the rich metall lurked privily, 
 
 As f'aining to be hidd from envious eye; 
 
 Yet here and there, and every where, unawares 
 It shewed itselfe, and shone unwillingly ; 
 
 Like to’ a discolour’d snake, whose hidden snares 
 
 Through the green gras his long bright burnished back declares.” 
 
 Spencer's Faery Queene, Book III. Canto 28. 
 
 Of the historical and fabulous subjects represented on these hangings, 
 the siege of Troy, the story of Hercules, and the parable of the prodigal 
 son, seem to have been the favourites, as they are the most general. 
 “ Parke- work,”* [landscape,] and heraldry particularly, held high places 
 
 * In the great chamber at Hengrave were “ eight large peeces of fine arras hangings, 
 parke-work, w th great beasts and fowls, 160 yards.” — Mr. Gage's History. 
 
 The stories of the tapestry in the royal palaces of Henry VIII. are still preserved. 
 In the tapestry of the Tower of London, the original and most ancient seat of our monarchs, 
 there are recited, Godfrey of Bulloign, the three Kings of Cologn, the Emperor Constantine, 
 St. George, King Erkenwald, the History of Hercules, Fame and Honour, the Triumph of 
 Divinity, Esther and Ahasuerus, Jupiter and Juno, the eight Kings, the ten Kings of France, 
 the Birth of our Lord, Duke Joshua, the riche History of King David, the seven Deadly Sins, 
 the riche History of the Passion, the Stem of Jesse, [this was a favourite subject for painted 
 glass ; and also composed a branch of candlesticks, thence called a not unusual in 
 
 ancient churches :] Our Lady and Son, King Solomon, the Woman of Caronony, Meleager, 
 and the Dance of Maccahre. At Durham Place, the Citie of Ladies, the tapestrie of Thebes 
 and Troy, the City of Peace , the Prodigal Son, Esther, and other pieces of Scripture. At 
 Windsor Castle, the Siege of Jerusalem, Ahasuerus, Charlemagne, the Siege of Troy, and 
 Hawking and Hunting. At Nottingham Castle, Amys and Amelion. At the More, a palace 
 in Hertfordshire, King Arthur, Hercules, Astyages, and Cyrus. At Richmond, the arras of 
 Sir Bevis, and Virtue and Vice fighting. Many of these subjects are repeated at Westminster, 
 Greenwich, Oatlands, Beddington in Surrey, and other seats, some of which are now 
 
 Q 
 
114 
 
 in the estimation of “ devysors” of by-gone times. Richard, earl of 
 Arundel, so early as 1392, bequeathed to his wife Philippa the 
 hangings of his hall, which had been made in London, of blue 
 tapestry, with red roses, and the arms of his three sons. In 1503, 
 Katherine, Lady Hastings, disposed by will of “ counterfeit arras with 
 my lord’s armes, counterfeit arras with the imagery of women, alsoe 
 pieces I have of blew and better blew with my lord’s armes ; and also 
 pieces of hangings of verd that now hang in my chamber and the parlour.” 
 The latter were probably hangings of rich silk in one colour, or, in fact, 
 dowered damask. 
 
 Spencer mentions that description of tapestry : 
 
 “ Thence back again faire Alma led them right. 
 
 And some into a goodly parlour brought. 
 
 That was with royall arras richly dight, 
 
 In which was nothing pourtrahed nor wrought ; 
 
 Not wrought, nor pourtrahed, but easie to be thought.” 
 
 Faery Queene , Book II. Canto 33. 
 
 Nor were these splendid embellishments confined to the interiors; 
 on occasions of festivals, or processions of great ceremony, they were 
 displayed on the fronts of houses : 
 
 “ Then collours caste they o’er the walls, and deckt old houses gaye.” 
 
 unknown as such. Among the rest, we have also Hannibal, Holofernes, Romulus and 
 Remus, JEneas, and Susannah, jcgr (fltlg’S combat with the dragon in Northumberland, is 
 said to be represented in tapestry in Warwick Castle. These hangings appear to have 
 been in Warwick Castle before the year 1398. They were then such distinguished pieces of 
 furniture, that a special grant, conveying “ that suit of arras hangings in Warwick Castle 
 which contained the story of the famous Guy, earl of Warwick,” together with the Castle of 
 Warwick, and other possessions, to Thomas Holland, earl of Kent. And in the restoration of 
 forfeited property to this lord after his imprisonment, they are particularly specified in the 
 patent of King Henry IV., dated 1399 .—From Warton’s History of English Poetry . 
 
115 
 
 At the entrance of Lady Elizabeth, queen of Henry VII., into the 
 City of London, “ al the strets ther which she shuld passe by, were 
 clenly dressid, and besene with cloth of tapestrye and arras ; and some 
 streetes, as Chepe, hanged with riche clothes of golde, velvettes, and 
 silkes.”* 
 
 Some notion of the pricesf of hangings may be collected from a 
 letter of Gilbert Talbot’s to his father, the Earl of Shrewsbury, dated 
 1576, wherein he says, “ I have seen many fayre hangynges, and yo r 
 L. may have of all prycesse, eytlier xi.s. a styck, or vii. grotes, iii.y. iw. 
 vs. or vis. the styck, eaven as yo r L. will bestow ; but there is of vs. the 
 stycke that is very fayre : but unless yo r L. send upp a measure of what 
 depthe and bredthe you wolde have them, suerly they will not be to yo r 
 L.’s lykynge ; for rnoste of them are very shallow, and I have yet seene 
 
 * Leland. 
 
 “ I will not speake of the rich arras, the costlie tapestrie, the fine clothes, both of golde 
 and silver, the curious velvets, the beautiful sattins, nor pleasant silkes which did hang in 
 every street she passed. The wine that ran continually out of the conduits, and the gravelling 
 of the streets, needeth not to be remembered .” — Hall’s Chron. of England. 
 
 On the 24th of June, 1509, Henry VIII., in the first year of his reign, with his queen, 
 departed from the Tower, through London : the streets were hanged with tapestry and cloth of 
 arras, and a great part of the south side of Cheape with cloth of gold, and so was some part 
 of Cornehill. “ The streets were railed and barred on the one side, from ouer against Grace- 
 Church to Bredstreet in Cheapside, where euerie occupation stood in their liueries in order, 
 beginning with base and meane occupations, and so ascending to the worshipful crafts. 
 Highest, and lastlie, stood the maior with the aldermen. The goldsmiths’ stals vnto the end 
 of the Old Change, being replenished with virgins in white, with branches of white 
 Wax.” Ho LING SHED. 
 
 f The usual wages of an embroyderer was 8 d. a day ; but those employed at Hengrave 
 “ amending arras” received no more than 6d. a day. 
 
116 
 
 none that I thynke depe inoughe for a great chamber, but for 
 lodgynges.”* 
 
 There was another sort of hangings, which was also commonly 
 called tapestry ; but which was in reality nothing more than painted 
 cloth, used in bed-chambers and inferior apartments. It may, indeed, 
 be doubted whether, considerable as the supply was, — (and the im- 
 portations alone were considerable ; as, by Andrews, it appears, that so 
 early as 1513, three or four thousand pieces of cloth of gold, cloth of 
 silver, damask, velvet, & c. were usually brought in one ship), — a sufficient 
 quantity of the genuine material could at all times have been obtained. 
 
 Archdeacon Nares defines “painted cloth as a species of hangings for 
 rooms, very frequently mentioned in old authors, and generally supposed 
 and explained to mean tapestry ; but which was really cloth or canvass 
 painted in oil, with various devices and mottos. Tapestry being both 
 more costly and less durable, was much less used, except in splendid 
 apartments.” 
 
 “ Mayster Thomas More, in hys youth, devysed in hys father’s house 
 in London a goodly hangyng of fyne paynted clothe, with nyne 
 pageauntes, and verses over every of those pageauntes.” 
 
 The devices employed in this mode of decoration, and in “ water 
 work,” as we have before shewn, by Falstaff’s advice to his Hostess 
 Quickly, were similar to those which were used in the better sorts of 
 tapestry ; but the mottoes, being addressed to less elevated orders of 
 society, were in a more familiar style. Dr. Bulleyne, in a work entitled 
 “ A Dialogue both pleasant and pitifull, & c. 15G4," says, “ This is a 
 comelie parlour, — and faire cloths, with pleasant borders aboute the 
 
 * Lodge’s Illustrations. 
 
117 
 
 same, with many wise sayings painted upon them” The style and point 
 of these wise sayings are displayed in a publication of 1601 : — 
 
 “ Read what is written on the painted cloth : 
 
 Do no man wrong ; be good unto the poor ; 
 
 Beware the mouse, the maggot, and the moth ; 
 
 And ever have an eye unto the door.” 
 
 And Shakspeare, in his Rape of Lucrece, says, 
 
 “ Who fears a sentence, or an old man’s saw, 
 
 Shall by a painted cloth be kept in awe.” 
 
 For small rooms, there was yet another style of hangings in Eli- 
 zabeth’s time, of which some of the apartments at Hardwick, in Derby- 
 shire, present specimens ; this was embossed leather, with gold devices on 
 coloured grounds. A similar kind of material is still to be had in Holland. 
 
 The introduction into this country of the art of weaving tapestry, 
 Walpole assigns to the reign of Henry VIII. : but we have seen, that in 
 1392 Lord Arundel bequeathed the hangings of his hall, which had been 
 then recently made in London; and ten years before, Richard II. 
 granted a license to Cosmo Gentilis, the pope’s receiver of revenues in 
 England, to export cloths of various kinds and colours, without paying 
 duty. The first article in that grant consisted of six pieces of tapestry, 
 of a green ground, powdered with roses, which the king sent as a 
 present to the pope. It may, however, be fairly inferred, that the art 
 was lost amidst the contentions of the two houses, and re-introduced, by 
 William Sheldon, in the reign of Henry. 
 
 Another attempt to establish this art in England was made in the 
 reign of James I. by Sir Francis Crane, who built a house for the 
 purpose at Mortlake in Surrey, towards which the king gave 2000/., 
 and his son and successor, Charles I., contributed a like sum annually. 
 Francis Cleyn, a painter of considerable reputation, in the service of the 
 
118 
 
 King of Denmark, recommended by Sir Henry Wotton, was employed at 
 this manufactory; “ and gave designs, both in history and grotesque, 
 which carried those works to singular perfection.”* The splendid 
 hangings at St. James’s Palace, so ably described by the Sieur de la 
 Serre, in his account of the visit of Mary de Medicis, were from the 
 looms at Mortlake. Some few specimens are yet remaining ; but the 
 best were purchased, with others belonging to Hampton Court and 
 Whitehall, by Oliver Cromwell, at the sale of King Charles’s effects. 
 One set of hangings, relating to the story of Abraham, in eight parts, at 
 Hampton Court, was valued in the inventory at 8260/. ; and another in 
 ten parts, the history of Julius Csesar, was appraised at 5019/. f In 1759 
 Zuccarelli painted a set of designs for tapestry, which were executed by 
 Paul Saunders, yeoman arras weaver and arras tailor to the king.J They 
 were wrought for the Earl of Egremont, to decorate some part of the 
 house which he built in Piccadilly; and were about the last that were 
 made in this country. 
 
 JflOOrs! were generally covered with rushes, carpets being little used 
 for such purposes even at the close of Elizabeth’s reign, although 
 instances occur of tapestry cloths for the feet to rest upon as early as 
 Edward I. It does not, indeed, appear to have been the custom at any 
 time to leave floors bare, whether boarded or paved ; our poets, and 
 particularly Shakspeare, all speak of rushes and other vegetable sub- 
 stances being strewed in the principal apartments: 
 
 “ 011 fjcdirs nntf flofurcs, fragttant, fame, antr sfuctc, 
 
 (KJerc strnfocb t'n Ijallcs, anti Innft unfctr tfjtyv fete.” 
 
 Lyfe of Say n t Wy barge. 
 
 f Pyne’s History of the Royal Residences. 
 J Edwards’s Anec. Painting. 
 
 Walpole’s Anec. Painting. 
 
119 
 
 “ (Df oltfac anti mge* Homes 
 
 (Keren ystrelueii Dalle antr bottres.’T — Marriage of Cleopatras. 
 
 Glendower . — “ She bids you, 
 
 Upon the wanton rushes lay you down, 
 
 And rest your gentle head upon her lap.” 
 
 Henry IV., Part I. Act III. Scene 1., Archdeacon of Bangor’s House. 
 
 “ Their honours are upon coming, and the room not ready. 
 
 Rushes and seats instantly.” 
 
 The Widow’s Tears, Old Play, vol. vi. p. 1 G2. 
 
 “ Sweet lady, I do honour the meanest rush in this chamber for your love. 
 
 Every Man out of his Humour. 
 
 Dr. Bulleyne, in his Bulwark of Defence, printed 1562, observes, 
 that “ rushes that growe upon dry groundes be good to strewe in halles, 
 chambers, and galleries, to walk upon, defending apparel, as traynes of 
 gownes and kertles, from the dust;” and Dekker speaks of bulrushes 
 being applied to the same use. Laevinius Lemnius, a physician and 
 divine of Zealand, visited London in the 16th century, and wrote an 
 account in Latin of his travels, which was translated by Thomas Newton, 
 in 1576. He remarks, with great admiration, the cleanliness of the 
 English, and adds, “ their chambers and parlours, strawed over with 
 sweete herbes, refreshed mee ; their nosegayes finelye entermingled with 
 sondry sortes of fraguante floures in their bed-chambers and privie 
 roomes, with comfortable smell cheered mee up, and entierlye delighted 
 all my sences.” 
 
 Thej 'olanta-genista, or broom, having been ordinarily used for strewing 
 floors, became an emblem of humility ; and was borne as such by Fulke, 
 earl of Anjou, grandfather of Henry II. , king of England, in his 
 
 Red. 
 
 t Chambers. 
 
120 
 
 pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The name of the royal house of Plan- 
 tagenet is said to be derived from that circumstance.* 
 
 jfurmtttre Of tf)t consisted of but few articles ; such as 
 
 clumsy oak tables covered with carpets, benches or “ joined forms” of 
 the same material, and cupboards for plate, pewter, “ treene,” leather 
 jugs, glass, &c. ; with a reredoss or fire-iron in the centre of the floor, 
 against which faggots were piled and burned, the smoke passing 
 through an aperture in the roof ; the fender, formed by a raised rim of 
 stone or tile ; and a “ fier-forke,” and tongs. t 
 
 “ & mg&tfc tf)£ fjalle flore 
 & fere sterke nnh store, 
 
 <52Eas Hs?t, anti krenhe 6rg?t.”— Syr Li BEAUX DlASCONIOS. 
 
 At Easter the hall fire was discontinued. Easter day was called 
 “ Godde’s Sondaye : ye knowe well that it is the maner at this daye to 
 do the fyre out of the hall, and the black wynter brondes, and all 
 thynges that is foule with fume and smoke shall be done awaye ; and 
 there [where] the fyre was shall be gayly arayed with fayre floures, 
 and strewed with green rysshes all aboute.”]: 
 
 Specimens of the best sort of hall CafilfS and are shown in 
 
 * In 1513 “ the king kept a solemne Christmasse at Greenwich, with danses and 
 mummeries in most princelie maner. And on the Twelfe Daie, at night, came into the hall a 
 mount, called the rich mount. The mount was set full of rich flowers of silke, and 
 especiallie full of broome slips full of cods; the branches were greene sattin, and the flowers 
 flat gold of damaske, which signified Plantcigenet .” — Holingsiied. 
 
 f Where the hall had a chimney, there was, in addition to the dogs, “ a cradle for sea- 
 coal, and a sholve, made like a grate, to seft the sea-cole with.”— See History of H engrave. 
 
 1 The Festival, 1511. 
 

 
 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 
Plate 
 
 Sc C? Pcrf&'iwciter Row. 2329. 
 
121 
 
 the annexed Plate ; these, as well as the Jfin^rOlt represented in the 
 same Plate, are yet to be seen at Penshurst. 
 
 In an inventory of furniture belonging to Richard Fermor, Gentleman, 
 temp. Henry VIII., are mentioned “ three tables with formes and 
 tressylls, mortyced into the grounde.” 
 
 There was another kind of hall table, formed of narrow leaves or 
 boards hinged together, folding up into small compass, and resting on 
 trestles. Shakspeare makes Capulet, entering with his guests and 
 maskers, exclaim, 
 
 “ Give room ; 
 
 More lights ye knaves; and turn the tables up." 
 
 Romeo and Juliet, Act I. Scene 5. 
 
 The hall was set with three tables ; one stood on the high pace, 
 parallel with the end at which sat the lord and his principal guests ; the 
 two others along the sides, at right angles with the upper one, for 
 inferior visitors and retainers. Tables so placed were said to stand 
 banquet-wise. The lord’s seat was distinguished by a canopy, or “ cloth 
 of estate,”* with a “ dorser d’arras” — a cloth of tapestry or embroidery, 
 hanging against the wall, under the canopy, and designated the “ high 
 dese.” The step formed a line of demarcation for his guests, beyond 
 which none were to approach, except by special invitation. 
 
 But the lord did not always dine in the hall: the great chamber, 
 sometimes mentioned as the “ great dining-chamber,” was the apartment 
 
 * A doth of estate belonging to Charles I., and 'purchased for Oliver Cromwell at the sale 
 of that unfortunate monarch’s property, “ was of purple velvet, embroidered with gold, con- 
 taining the arms of England within a garter, enriched with two cameos or agates, twelve 
 chrysolites, twelve balasses or garnets, one sapphire seated in chases of gold, one long pearl 
 pendant, and many large and small pearls.” — Pyne’s History of the Royal Residences. 
 
 R 
 
122 
 
 in which his meals were served, except on festivals. In this chamber 
 there was one long table, and the end at which the lord sat was called 
 “ the lord's board end.” The rank of his visitors was here also denoted 
 by the situations they occupied at his board ; as will be found more 
 particularly noticed under the head of JlbaltcHIan In Harrison’s time, 
 besides the guests at the principal tables, there were usually forty or 
 sixty persons fed in the hall; “ to the great releif of such poore sutors, 
 and strangers also, who be oft partakers tlierof, and otherwise like to 
 dine hardlie.” The “ reversion” of the lord’s table was bestowed upon 
 the poor, who, in great numbers, were waiting at the gates. 
 
 CtipbOtirtlSJ answered in some respects to the “ side-boards” of the 
 present day. They were sometimes mere planched tops, resting on 
 trestles, or fixed with legs against the wall ; at others framed on stages, 
 rising one above another, and movable ; these were called “ joined 
 cupboards,” occasionally carved, and, like tables, covered with carpets. 
 
 At the marriage of Prince Arthur, son of Henry VII., in the hall was 
 a triangular cupboard, five stages high, set with plate, valued at 1200/., 
 entirely ornamental; and in the “ utter chamber,” where the princess 
 dined, was another cupboard, “ set with gold plate, garnished with stone 
 and pearl, valued at 20,000/.”* 
 
 When Cardinal Wolsey entertained the French Ambassadors at 
 Hampton Court, “ there was a cupboard made for the time, in length of 
 the breadth of the nether end of the great chamber, six desks high, full 
 of gilt plate, very sumptuous, and of the newest fashions ; and the 
 nethermost desk garnished all with plate of clean gold.” “ This 
 cupboard was barred in round about, that no man might come nigh it ; 
 
 Stow. 
 
123 
 
 for there was none of the same plate occupied during this feast, there 
 was sufficient besides.”* The king also entertained these ambassadors 
 at Greenwich in a splendid temporary banqueting-house, in which there 
 was a cupboard seven stages high and thirteen feet long, “ set with 
 standing cuppes, bolles, flaggons, and great pottes, all of fine golde, 
 some garnished with one stone, and some with other stones and pearles 
 and another cupboard nine stages high,t “ set full of high pottes, 
 flaggons, and bolles, all massy plate of silver gilte.” At this feast there 
 were three smaller boards, called “ ewry-boards ,” on which were placed 
 basins and ewers for the use of the king, queen, and others. They are 
 more particularly described under the article piatC 
 
 Cupboards of plate are frequently mentioned by the dramatic writers 
 as Cmut'Cuphoarhs : 
 
 “ Here shall stand my court-cupboard, with its furniture of plate.t 
 
 In Romeo and Juliet, the servants coming into Capulet’s hall to 
 prepare for the guests, the first servant, directing his fellows, says, 
 
 “ Remove the court-cupboard — look to the plate. — Act I. Scene .5. 
 
 The use of cupboards is thus described by Harrison : “ Drinke is 
 vsuallie filled in pots, gobblets, iugs, bols of silver in noblemen’s houses, 
 also in fine Venice glasses, of all formes; and for want of these, 
 
 * Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey. 
 
 t At another banquet of this monarch, “ the cupboard in the hall was of twelve stages, all 
 of plate of gold, and no gilt plate.” The banquet consisted of two hundred and sixty 
 dishes. — Holing shed. 
 
 t A “ cupboard of plate,” for such a small service was called, “ consisted of a cup of gold, 
 covered, six great standing pots of silver, twenty-four silver bowls with covers, a basin and 
 ewer, and a chasoir of silver.” — F osbroke’s Enc. 
 
124 
 
 elswhere in pots of earth, of sundrie colours and moulds, (wherof manie 
 are garnished with siluer), or at the leastwise in pewter; all which, 
 notwithstanding, are seldome set on the table, but each one, as ne- 
 cessity vrgeth, calleth for a cup of such drinke as him listeth to have : 
 so that when he hath tasted of it, he delivereth the cup againe to some 
 one of the standers by, who, making it cleane by pouring out the drinke 
 that remaineth, restoreth it to the cupbord from whence he fetched the 
 same. By this deuise, much idle tippling is furthermore cut off; for if 
 the pots should continuallie stand at the elbow, or neere the trencher, 
 diuerse would always be dealing with them.” 
 
 Archdeacon Nares supposes 3Ltbtt*P Clipboard and court-cupboard to 
 be the same ; but the authority he adduces is not in this instance very 
 clear. The livery cupboard was probably the board on which the liveries 
 were parcelled out, preparatory to being sent to the chambers. Liveries 
 consisted of collations, wine, manchets, “ ipocras,” and wafers, candles, 
 &c., supplied to the bed-chambers after supper.* 
 
 |)Iatf, anti Otbet* J?{TbUf£> for tf)f Cable* — Amongst the numerous 
 costly and magnificent articles for the table, wrought in silver, gold, and 
 other precious materials, were, chargers, dishes, plates, porringers, 
 saucers, vases or cups, pots or tankards, flaggons, pitchers, pottels, ewers, 
 creuses, bowls, goblets, basins, washing-basins and ewers, horns, cups for 
 caudle, cruets, spice-plates, spiceres, saltcellars, pepper-boxes, spoons, 
 and candlesticks. 
 
 * “ The lyverays” for the Earl and Countess of Northumberland, in whose household there 
 was a rigid system of economy, were, “ For my lord and my lady — Two manchets, a loof of 
 houshold breid, a gallon of bere, a quarte of wyne, a pound of white lights, conteyning 
 xij. candles and vi. sysez, viz. iij. to my lordis footsheit, and iij. to my lady’s chambre.” 
 
125 
 
 CfrargfnS, large dishes, sometimes described as “ flat pieces.” 
 
 J&UlttTSi, small deep dishes, for sauces, &c. ; and also used as stands 
 for vases, and other vessels filled with wines, to prevent the liquor being 
 spilt upon the table. In the reign of Elizabeth, dishes and platters — 
 which before her time were quite flat — begun to assume this form, and 
 were found, says Harrison, “ more conuenient for sawce, broth, and 
 keeping the meat warm.” 
 
 Cttpd of gold, of gold and sapphire, of berril garnished with gold, 
 gold enamelled with images, and others enamelled with arms of silver 
 gilt, silver parcel gilt, silver enamelled, gold set with rubies and other 
 jewels, frequently occur. Nor were they less various in their fashions 
 and workmanship : we find cups “ standing on lions,” “ with the horns 
 of Sir Hugh,” in the form of a rose, embossed with morris dancers, dogs, 
 swans, &c.* 
 
 It was the custom with the higher orders of society, at least as early 
 
 * In the Hengrave Inventory, among numerous other curious and splendid vessels, are, 
 
 “ vj. goblets, three with a cover all gylte, grayffen, hanged all with bells, and three 
 enamelled, white and black ; poyse cxij. ounces. 
 
 “ A standing cup, w h a cover, of the Almayne fashion, called ypocras cup; poyse xviij. 
 ounces. 
 
 “ Onejugge of an old fashion, called Sir Humphrey Stile; poyse xxij. oz. 
 
 “ A great bowle, with a cover chased all over, callyd Brave Harrie; poyse cxliij. ounces. 
 
 “ iij. gobelettes, with a cover chased, and a vanakelle’sf head; poyse jc. and iij. ounces 
 and a halfe. 
 
 “ ij. standing cuppes, chased, one with a cover, having Judith in the toppe, with Oliferne’s 
 head; another with ij. setts of bells on the top; poyse xlvij. ounces and a halfe. 
 
 f “ Vernicle, a cloth or napkin, on which the face of Christ is depicted, derived from the 
 well-known incident related of St. Veronica.” — Mr. Gage’s History. 
 
126 
 
 as Henry VIII., to present cups of gold and silver at christenings. 
 Archbishop Cranmer, who was godfather to Queen Elizabeth, “ gave to 
 the princess a standing cup of gold;” and her godmothers gave other 
 pieces not less valuable. “ The Dutches of Norffolke gaue hir a 
 standing cup of gold, fretted with pearle ; the Marchionesse of Dorset 
 gaue hir three gilt bolles, pounced,* with a couer ; and the Marchionesse 
 of Excester gaue three standing bolles, grauen, all gilte, with a couer. ”f 
 
 iBollds! of silver were used as drinking-glasses are now, before the 
 introduction of glass for such purposes; they were of small sizes, in 
 “ nests,” fitting one within another. Of the larger-sized bowl, the most 
 distinguished are the mazer and the wassail. is a term applied to 
 
 large goblets of every kind of material ; but the best authors agree that 
 its derivation is from maeser, which in Dutch means maple; and, 
 therefore, that a maeser-bowl is one formed of maple wood. 
 
 @KRas@atl is said to have had its origin at the meeting of Vortigern 
 and Rowena, the daughter of Ilengist. Geoffrey of Monmouth states 
 
 “ v. goboletes, with a cover of maydens’ heads, parcel gylte; poyse iiij. xx xij. oz. and a 
 halfe. 
 
 “ ij. beer pots, w‘ close covers, chased, one with an antich woman, the other with a rose; 
 poyse xxix. ounces and a quart 
 
 “ ij. standing cuppes, with two covers, one w th the sun, and the other with Saynte 
 Chrystopher; poyse iij. xx and xvj. ounces. 
 
 “ ij. great jouges, with ij. covers, graven with naked boys; poyse xxxviij. ounces and a 
 halfe. 
 
 “ ij. ale potes, with a cover, one having a boy on the top with a two-handed sword, and 
 the other with a man on the top with a long speare, and shield ; poyse xxxvj. ounces.” 
 
 * Indented or pricked with a sharp instrument, a method of ornamenting plate used by 
 the Morescoes or Moors in Spain, in pattern or shapes of flowers . — Tcstamenta Vetusta. 
 
 f Holingshed, vol. iii. page 787. 
 
127 
 
 that the lady knelt before the king, and, presenting him with a cup of 
 wine, said, “ wces-heil ,” which in Saxon means “ health be to you.” 
 Vortigern, as he was instructed, replied, “ drinc-heil ,” i. e. drink the 
 health. Rowena drank, upon which Vortigern took the cup and pledged 
 her. Hence the term and custom. 
 
 “ The old wassel-bowl, so much the delight of our hardy ancestors, 
 who, on the vigil of the new year, never failed to assemble round the 
 glowing hearth with their c'nearful neighbours ; and in the spicy wassel- 
 bowl drowned every former animosity — an example worthy modern 
 imitation. Wassel was the word, wassel every guest returned as he took 
 the circling goblet from his friend, whilst song and civil mirth brought in 
 the infant year.”* 
 
 The wassel-bowl, which, in the great monasteries, was placed on the 
 abbot’s table, at the upper end of the refectory or eating-hall, to be 
 circulated among the community at his discretion, received the ho- 
 nourable appellation of “ poculum charitatis .” This, in our universities, 
 is called the grace-cup. f 
 
 The pCCRtcUlfetU’tl, an ancient species of wassel-bowl, was in use in 
 Elizabeth’s time. It held two quarts, and had generally a row of seven 
 pegs, dividing the height into eight equal parts, each containing half a pint. 
 Sometimes, however, the spaces were much larger, the pegs being fewer. 
 The first person was to drink to the first peg, the second to the next 
 peg, and so on ; they were to stop precisely at the pin, and if any drank 
 short, they were compelled to drink again, or, exceeding the limit, until 
 they reached the following mark. This mode of drinking, which was 
 intended to check intemperance, defeated the object of its introduction. 
 
 Ellis’s Brand. 
 
 t Milner, Brand, &c* 
 
128 
 
 Priests, were therefore soon enjoined to discontinue the practice of 
 “ drinking to pegs.” 
 
 In Ellis’s edition of Brand’s Popular Antiquities is the following note, 
 describing the various drinking-vessels used in familiar life, from a work 
 published in 1635; but all the articles were known half a century 
 before. “ Heywood, in his ‘ Philocothonista, or Drunkard opened, 
 dissected, and anatomized,’ says, ‘ of drinking-cups, divers and sundry 
 sorts we have ; some of elme, some of box, some of maple, some of holly. 
 See. Mazers, broad-mouthed dishes, naggins, whiskins, piggins, criuzes, 
 ale-bowles, wassell-bowles, court-dishes, tankards, kannes, from a pottle 
 to a pint, from a pint to a gill. Other bottles we have of leather; but 
 they are most used among the shepheards and harvest people of the 
 countrey: small jacks wee have in many ale-houses of the citie and 
 suburbs, tipt with silver, besides the great black-jacks and bombards at 
 the court, which, when the Frenchmen first saw, they reported, at their 
 return into their countrey, that the Englishmen used to drinke out 
 of their bootes. We have, besides, cups made of homes of beastes, of 
 cocker-nuts, of goords, of eggs of estriches ; others made of the shells of 
 divers fishes brought from the Indies and other places, and shining like 
 mother of pearle. Come to plate, every taverne can afford you flat 
 bowles, French bowles, prounet-cups, beare-bowles, beakers ; and pri- 
 vate householders in the citie, when they make a feast to entertaine their 
 friends, can furnish their cupbords with flaggons, tankards, beere-cups, 
 wine-bowles, some white, some percell guilt, some guilt all over, some 
 with covers, others without, of sundry shapes and qualities.’ He also 
 tells us : £ There is now professed an eighth liberal art or science, called 
 Ars Bibendi, i. e. the art of drinking. The students or professors thereof 
 call a greene garland, or painted hoope hang’d out, a colledge ; a signe 
 
129 
 
 where there is lodging, man’s meate, and horse meate, an inne of courte , 
 an hall, or an hostle ; where nothing is sold but ale and tobacco, a 
 grammar schoole ; a red or blew lattice, that they term a free schoole for 
 all commers. The bookes which they studdy, and whose leaves they so 
 of tenturne over, are, for the most part, three of the old translation and 
 three of the new. Those of the old translation: 1. the tankard; 
 
 2. the blackjacke; 3. the quart-pot, rib’d or thorondell. Those of 
 the new be these: 1. the jugge; 2. the beaker; 3. the double or 
 single can, or black pot.” 
 
 (Sit! £»£>££* superseded the small drinking-bowls: they were of Venetian 
 manufacture, and probably first brought here in the 16th century. 
 Earlier they do not appear to have been used in England ; nor to have 
 come into much fashion till the time of Elizabeth, as we find no mention 
 of them either in the accounts of the royal banquets, or in those of 
 Cardinal Wolsey. In the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII. these 
 articles occur twice; but are spoken of in a manner that throws little 
 light on the subject, beyond showing that glass vessels weie then in 
 occasional, though not in general use. The first, in 1529. “ Item, 
 
 paied to the gardyner of Beawlie, in reward for bringing glasses w‘ 
 waters to the king’s grace, vj*. ;” and in 1531, “ Itin, paied to a s’vnt of 
 my lorde Lisle, in reward for bringing of a glasse w l orange water, vij«v. vj d. 
 
 The Northumberland Household-Book does not contain a single 
 entry of drinking-glass. But when Harrison wrote, (1557), vessels of 
 this material were to be found in the dwellings of persons of all 
 ranks, either of the superior kind imported from Venice, or a more 
 “ homelie” sort manufactured here. “ It is a world,” says he, “ to 
 see in these our daies, wherein gold and siluer most aboundeth, how 
 that our gen tilitie, as lothing those mettals, (^because of the plentie), do 
 now general lie choose rather the Venice glasses, both for our wine and 
 
 s 
 
ISO 
 
 beere, than anie of those mettals or stone, wherein before we haue been 
 accustomed to drinke ; but such is the nature of man generallie, that it 
 most coueteth things difficult to be atteined ; and such is the estimacion 
 of this stuffe, that manie become rich onlie with their new trade vnto 
 Murana, (a towne neere to Venice, situat on the Adriatike Sea), from 
 whence the uerie best are daillie to be had, as such as for beautie doo 
 well neere match the christall or the ancient Murrhina vasa, wherof now 
 no man hath knowledge.* And as this is seene in the gentilitie, so in 
 the wealthie communalitie the like desire of glasse is not neglected, 
 wherby the gaine gotten, their purchase is yet much more encreased to 
 the benefit of the merchant. The poorest, also, will have glasse if they 
 may ; but, sith the Venecian is somewhat too deere for them, they content 
 themselves with such as are made at home of feme and burned stone ; 
 but, in fine, all go one waie, that is, to shards, at the last, so that our 
 great expense in glasses, (beside that they breed much strife toward such 
 as haue the charge of them), are worst of all bestowed, in my opinion, 
 because their peeces do turne vnto no profit.” The Venetian glasses had en- 
 graved on them figures, festoons, and other ornaments, cut with a diamond. 
 
 It was formerly believed that Venice glass, from its purity, would 
 break if poison were put into it. “ As glasse by nature holdeth no 
 poyson, so a faithful counsellour holdeth no treason. ”f 
 
 Twenty-four drinking-glasses from Jeromy, and two drinking-glasses 
 from Jeromy Bassano, were new-y ears’ gifts to Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 * Scaliger and Cardan agree in supposing what the Romans called vasa murrhina — first 
 seen at Rome in Poinpey’s triumph — to be the porcelain of our times. Others are of opinion 
 that those vessels were made of precious stones, of a whitish colour, curiously veined and 
 variegated, found in some parts of Parthia. 
 
 Ferrex and Porrex, Domrae Show, Act If. 
 
131 
 
 33tlS'UIS» nntl (£U)tTSh — Before the cleanly custom of using a fork was 
 practised, the hands were frequently washed during dinner ; a basin 
 and ewer were handed for that purpose by an attendant. At the feast 
 given by Henry VIII. to the French Ambassadors, there were three ewry- 
 boards, one for the king, another for the queen, and the third for the 
 princes. “ The first horde had nine great ewers and basins, all gilte 
 and playne, the seconde horde had three great gilte basins chased, and 
 three paire of covered basyns chased, all gilte, with cups of assaie ; they 
 were so great, that every lord grudged to bear them : the third ewry had 
 nine basyns, and two were so massye, that they troubled sore the 
 bearers.” 
 
 Gremio, enumerating the furniture of his house, says he has 
 
 “ Basins and ewers to lave her dainty hands .” — Taming the Shrew. 
 
 And Petruchio, in the same play, farther illustrates the usage. 
 Preparing to sit down to the bridal supper, he says, 
 
 “ Come, Kate, and wash, and welcome heartily.” 
 
 In “ The Mirrour of Madnes”* a rich man’s house is described ; and 
 among other articles of plate, which “ are adorned after the richest, 
 costlieste, and most glory ous maner,” is “ the greate basen and ewer , both 
 of silver and golde ; filled at convenient tymes with sweete and pleasaunt 
 waters, wherewith my delicate hands may be washed, my heade 
 recreated, and my nose refreshed.” 
 
 — At the conclusion of Queen Anne Bulleyn’s coro- 
 nation dinner, she took wafers and ipocras; “ the table was then taken 
 
 * 1576. 
 
 t After a banquet given in 1519, by King Henry, “ a voidee of spices” was served in sixty 
 spice-plates of silver and gilt, “ as great as men with ease might beare.” — H olingsiied. 
 
182 
 
 vp, and the Earle of Rutland brought vp the surnap, and laid it at the 
 boord’s end, which immediatelie was drawne, and caste by Master Rode, 
 marshall of the hall : and the queene washed, and after the archbishop, 
 and when the surnap was drawne off, she arose and stoode in the 
 middest of the palace hall : to whome the Earle of Sussex, in a goodlie 
 spice-plate, brought a void of spice and comfets.”* 
 
 Spurred and pepper-boxes were made very large, and placed on the 
 high table. “ Their shape was that of a tower, castellated and triple 
 turretted, into which all kinds of spices were placed, of which our 
 ancestors were inordinately fond. They were of the finest wrought 
 silver, parcel gilt, and were sometimes called ‘ standing pieces.’ ”f 
 
 ec’illECdlnrS) were also pieces on which the taste and fancy of 
 goldsmiths were severely exercised. (These artists, it may be observed, 
 were, at the period of which we treat, held in high estimation, and 
 ranked with architects, sculptors, and other professors of the fine arts.) 
 The great salt-cellar was indeed the most prominent feature of the table ; 
 and, placed in the centre, marked the degrees of the lord’s or squire’s 
 guests ; a distinction extending even to the viands, which it divided into 
 upper and lower messes: the dishes “ below the salt” were of inferior 
 quality , \ and the wine sometimes circulated only through the upper 
 division. It was a characteristic of an upstart, that “ he never drank 
 below the salt,” i. e. with any person sitting below the salt. || The 
 
 * Holingshed. f Testamenta Vetusta. 
 
 % “ It is thought good that no Pluvers be bought at noo season bot oonely in Chrys- 
 tynmas and principall feestes; and my lorde to be servyde therewith, and his boordeud, and 
 non other ; and to be boght for jd. a pece, or jd. ob. at moste .” — Northumberland Household 
 Book. 
 
 || In “ Lord Fairfax’s orders for the servants of his household,” the usher of the hall is 
 
133 
 
 “ best-fashioned and apparelled” servants were appointed to attend 
 “ above the salt, the rest below.” 
 
 The beginning of every dish was reserved for the greatest personage 
 sitting at the table, to whom it was drawn up by the waiters, and from 
 whom it descended to the lower end, so that every one might taste thereof. 
 In those early times the number of dishes at the tables of the nobility 
 was so great, “ that for a man to dine with one of them, and taste of 
 euerie dish that standeth before him, is rather to yeild vnto a conspiracie, 
 with a great deale of meat for the speedie suppression of naturall health, 
 than the vse of a necessarie meane to satisfie himselfe with a competent 
 repast, to susteine his bodie withall.” 
 
 J?p001t£h — In eating, spoons seem to have been almost the only aid 
 to the fingers at a very late period of our history. Knives, ancient as 
 they are, were not manufactured in England till 1563;* and, therefore, 
 
 directed to attend the meat going into the hall ; and “ if any unworthy fellow do unmannerly 
 sett himself down before his betters, he must take him up and place him lower.” 
 
 * Spoons and knives seem coeval with Edward the Confessor; but /or&s were little known 
 before the Restoration. — J. P. Andrews’s Cont. of Henry. 
 
 Knives were first made in England in 1563, by Thomas Matthews, on Fleet Bridge, 
 London. — Holt’s Characters of the Kings and Queens of England. 
 
 This account is generally received ; but against it we may place Chaucer’s description of 
 the accoutrements of a miller in the time of Edward III. 
 
 “ gl SphcfclU tfoutcl bare be in ht's hose, 
 lilonhe foas his fate, anfc camnsch funs his nose.” 
 
 The Reve's Tale. 
 
 “ A thwytel or whittle, a word not quite gone out of use, was a knife, such as was carried 
 about the person so late as the time of Charles I., by those whose quality did not entitle them 
 to the distinction of a sword.” — Hunter’s Hallarnshire. 
 
 We must also mention two notes by Mr. Nicolas, in “ The Privy Purse Expenses of 
 Henry the Eighth.” “ In the 3d Edward IV. knives were forbidden from being imported. 
 
134 
 
 only obtainable in any considerable number, before that time, by the 
 
 spoons were ordinarily made, down to Elizabeth’s reign, when pewter 
 became common, and was much improved. We find in that queen’s Pro- 
 gresses “ a dozen of horn spoons in one bunch,” mentioned as the 
 “ instruments meetest to eat furmety porage but the tables of the 
 great were liberally supplied with spoons of gold and silver, in many 
 instances expensively wrought. )' 
 
 Like cups, spoons were customary christening presents ; they were, 
 
 Rot. Pari. vol. v. page 507.” “ Among the expenses of Ochin and Martyr, in 1547, is a 
 
 payment of 2s. 8 d. for two ‘ payer of Tunbridge knives.”’ 
 
 We can only conclude, that all these knives were for the girdle; and that Thomas 
 Matthews was the first man in England who made the common table-knife. 
 
 * Such was the scarcity of knives, that one was thought worthy of the acceptance of a 
 queen, as a new-year’s gift. A cutler presented “ a meate knyfe, with a fan haft of bone, 
 with a conceyt in it,” to Queen Elizabeth. This, by the by, would be no criterion, unsupported 
 by other evidence ; for so willing was this princess to allow tributes, that her majesty 
 condescended, on one of these occasions, to receive from “ Smyth her dustman two boltes of 
 cambrick.” 
 
 Paul Hentzner, describing the ceremony of setting out Queen Elizabeth’s dining-table, 
 says, “ At last came an unmarried lady, and along with her a married one, bearing a tasting- 
 knife. The lady taster gave to each of the yeomen of the guard, (who brought in the dishes), 
 a mouthful to eat of the particular dish he had brought, for fear of any poison.” 
 f The Hengrave Inventory contains 
 
 “ A dosyn of spones with lyons ; poyse xix. ounces, 
 
 “ ij. dosyn of spones with flat knobbes; poyse xlix. ounces, 
 
 And “ xij. apostle spones; poyse xxviij. and a halfe, all gylte.” 
 
 The observations in this Volume apply almost exclusively to the introduction of the various 
 articles into England ; or we might go back to the time of King Solomon, in whose house 
 there were spoons and snuffers of gold. — 1 Kings, vii. 50. 
 
 upper classes of society.* Horn and wood were the materials of which 
 
 A dosyn of spones with fyshes ; poyse xxvj. ounces, 
 
135 
 
 on these occasions, made after a particular fashion, and called “ apostle 
 spoons,” from having figures of saints carved or engraved on the handles. 
 Rich sponsors gave a complete set, which consisted of thirteen, Christ 
 and the twelve apostles ; those of lower rank, a shorter set, the four 
 evangelists ; and persons of still less wealth, two or one, their favourite 
 saints, or bearing reference to the child’s name. In 1576, Amy Brent, 
 of Charing, in Kent, gentlewoman, widow of William Brent, Esquire, 
 bequeathed to Lord Bergavenny thirteen silver spoons, with the figures 
 of J’hu and his twelve apostles.”* 
 
 It does not appear that JffiritS were known even at the end of 
 Elizabeth’s reign. So late as 1608, Tom Coryat describes them as a 
 novelty. In his work, published in 1611, called “ Crudities hastily 
 gobbled up, in five Months’ Travels in France, Savoy, Italy, &c.,” he 
 mentions a custom throughout the cities of Italy, which he had never 
 observed in any other country, namely that of using a “ forcke when 
 they eat their meate.” He adds, that “ I thought good myself to 
 imitate the Italian fashion, by this forcked cutting of meate since I came 
 home. A learned friend of mine once, in a merry mood, doubted not to 
 call me at table Furcifer, only for using a forcke at feeding.” To 
 Coryat, therefore, may be ascribed the introduction of this decent 
 custom into England. 
 
 In Ben Jonson’s comedy of “ The Devil is an Ass,” (1616), Meercraft 
 speaks of his “ project of the forks,” and Sledge inquires — 
 
 “ Forks ? what be they ? 
 
 Meercraft answers — “ The laudable use of forks, 
 
 Brought into custom here, as they are in Italy, 
 
 To th’ sparing o’ napkins.” 
 
 Testamenta Vetusta. 
 
136 
 
 On the other hand, it should be mentioned, that in a wardrobe 
 inventory of Edward I. “ a fork of crystal” occurs. And in the Sidney 
 papers an account is given of a visit of Queen Elizabeth to the Lord 
 Keeper. After describing a variety of presents from my lord, the writer 
 adds, “ and to grace his lordship the more, she of herself took from him 
 a salte, a spoone, and a forcke of fair agatte.” No opinion is offered as 
 to the purpose to which these forks were destined — their materials are 
 certainly curious. In Lady Kytson’s inventory of plate, are “ ij. forkes 
 of sylver but to what use they were applied, does not appear. 
 
 Canblestirks. — The magnificence of these articles was rather dis- 
 played in chapels than in domestic apartments, the banquets then 
 being generally by daylight. We find them, however, of very costly de- 
 scriptions. In Henry the Eighth’s temporary banqueting-room at Green- 
 wich, “ the candlestykes were of antyke worke, which bare litle torchetts 
 of white waxe : these candlestykes were polished lyke ambre.” They are 
 also mentioned as being of gold, silver, and silver gilt, the forms various 
 and fanciful, as warriors in armour, hairy savages, shafts of reeds, horns, 
 &c. At Wolsey’s celebrated feast were two great candlesticks of silver gilt, 
 most curiously wrought, the workmanship whereof, with the silver, cost 
 three hundred marks, and lights of wax, as big as torches, burning upon 
 the same. To give more light, plates were hung on the walls, of silver 
 gilt, with lights burning in them. And on this occasion every chamber 
 was furnished with a silver candlestick or two, with both white and 
 yellow lights,* of three sizes of wax, and a staff torch. f 
 
 There were also in use, as in our times, suspended branches, of 
 metal and of crystal; the prevailing manner of lighting rooms, seems, 
 
 * Candles of various colours were then fashionable, 
 f Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey. 
 
137 
 
 however, to have been by plates against the walls, which we now call 
 sconces and girandoles. 
 
 But the most striking and curious feature in the illumination of 
 halls in early times, and during the Tudor period, was the living 
 candlestick. On great festivals, in addition to the customary lights of 
 the hall, torch-bearers stood by the tables. Froisart describes the Earl 
 of Foiz to have had always at supper twelve burning torches, borne 
 by as many “ varlettes,” standing before his table all the time he sat 
 there.* The gentlemen pensioners were the torch-bearers to Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 ipctutflh — The splendid services of gold and silver, it should be ob- 
 served, were only used on occasions of ceremony and on festivals. The 
 ordinary services consisted of pewter dishes and wooden trenchers, until 
 the time of Elizabeth, when, “ by reason of sharpe laws provided in that 
 behalfe,”t pewter was compounded of purer metals than before ; and the 
 pewterers having “ growne vnto exquisite cunning,” brought this ware 
 into general use at home, and caused it to become an important article 
 of exportation. The wooden trencher was not, however, wholly laid 
 aside, for we find, at nearly the conclusion of this reign, in the household 
 orders of Sir John Haryngton, “ high shrieve” of the county of Somerset, 
 
 * “ Candles were borne by domestics, and not placed on the table, at a very early period 
 in France. Gregory of Tours mentions a piece of savage merriment practised by a feudal lord 
 at supper, on one of his valets de chandelle, in consequence of this custom. It is probable 
 that our proverbial scoff, You are not Jit to hold a candle to him, took its rise from this 
 fashion.” — Warton’s History of English Poetry. 
 
 t 19th Henry VII., an act was passed, entitled “ Pewterers walking.” A prohibitory 
 act, to prevent itinerant tinkers from interfering with stationary brasiers and pewter- 
 ers. — Barrington, 
 
 T 
 
138 
 
 that “ no man must waite at table without a trencher in his hand, except 
 vppon some good cause, on paine of one penny.” 
 
 “ In time past,” says Harrison, “ our pewterers imploied the vse of 
 pewter onlie upon dishes, pots, and a few other trifles, for seruice here at 
 home, whereas now they can in maner imitate, by infusion, anie forme or 
 fashion of cup, dish, salt, bowle, or goblet, which is made by goldsmiths’ 
 craft, though they be neuer so curious, exquisite, and artificiallie forged. 
 In some places beyond the sea, a garnish of good flat English pewter 
 is esteemed almost so pretious as the like number of vessels that are 
 made of fine siluer, and in maner no less desired amongst the great 
 estates, whose workmen are nothing so skilfull in that trade as ours, 
 neither their mettall so good, nor plentie so great, as we have here 
 in England.” 
 
 Th is “ furniture of household” was called “ vessel!;” and sold by the 
 garnish, which contained twelve platters, twelve dishes, and twelve 
 saucers, either of silver fashion, or with broad or narrow brims. There 
 were also garnishes of counterfeit vessel, which Dr. Percy, in his Preface 
 to the Northumberland Household-Book, supposes to have been metal 
 gilt, or washed over. The counterfeit vessel was sold at thirty-five 
 shillings the garnish. Pewter vessel at six pence, and sometimes eight 
 pence a pound. 
 
 At that early period it was customary to let goods on hire. The 
 Earl of Northumberland engaged in this manner a hundred dozen of 
 rough pewter vessels for the use of his house, at four pence per dozen for 
 the year ; and in one of the Hengrave Inventories there is an item of the 
 “ hire of ix. garnish of pewter at Christmas.” 
 
 CfjUta dishes may be added to those of silver and pewter. “ Venice 
 banqueting-dishes” are frequently mentioned ; and described as being 
 
139 
 
 of fine painted earth, brought hither from Venice, but of oriental 
 manufacture. In the reign of Elizabeth several Spanish caracks were 
 taken, partly laden with “ China ware of porcelaine.”* The Portuguese 
 first brought this ware into Europe; Philip II having seized Por- 
 tugal, and her colonies begun the commerce with the East Indies. 
 Earthen dishes were not uncommon in Shakspeare’s time : the clown in 
 Measure for Measure, speaks of “ a fruit-dish, a dish of some three 
 pence ; your honours have seen such dishes ; they are not china dishes, 
 but very good dishes. ”f 
 
 €ablo€l£)tf}£h — C arpets, which at earlier periods were almost the 
 only coverings for dining-tables and cupboards, continued in occasional 
 use as late as Shakspeare’s time. Grumio, the servant of Petruchio, 
 preparing for the return of his master, inquires “ where’s the cook ? Is 
 supper ready, the rushes strewed, the jacks fair within, the carpets laid ?” 
 But throughout the period to which these observations apply, fine 
 linen, or as it was called, was possessed by the higher orders. 
 
 Mention of diaper and damask for table-cloths frequently occurs. The 
 “ fine damask table-cloths” at Wolsey’s feasts were “ sweetly per- 
 fumed,” as they were also at the royal banquets. In 1520, Thomas, 
 Duke of Norfolk, bequeathed his naperie to Agnes his wife; and at 
 the death of Sir Thomas Kytson, in 1540, his napery was valued at 
 “ xxli. vim. xc/.” Du Cange mentions a curious feudal privilege — that of 
 the lord being entitled to the table-cloth of the house where he dined as 
 a guest. At the commencement of the seventeenth century this kind of 
 linen was to be had, of very expensive fabrication. Mrs. Otter, in Ben 
 Johnson’s Silent Woman, first played in 1609, complains of a table-cloth 
 being stained, which cost her eighteen pounds. It was particularly 
 
 * Douce’s 111. of Shakspeare. 
 
 f Act II. Scene 1 . 
 
140 
 
 recommended by a father to his son, as a means of success in life, to 
 have his table covered with a clean cloth. A large prayer-book, one or 
 two of the chronicles, a “ sholven borde,”* a “ payr of tables,”! and a 
 hawk’s perch, with, occasionally, pieces of armour, will complete the list 
 of furniture usually found in halls. 
 
 <2M tlx (great (panther* 
 
 This apartment being devoted more immediately to “ the lord and his 
 peers,” the furniture was of a higher order than that of the hall. The tables 
 and cupboards were sometimes on trestles and folding, at others framed 
 on massy turned legs, and always spread with carpets, or embroidered 
 cloths,! on which, as well as on the “ cloth of estate,” — another 
 appendage to this chamber in the royal mansions, and those of great 
 officers — the family arms were displayed. Curtains were hung both 
 at the doors and windows ; and the window-seats covered with carpets, 
 cushions, or pillows. The movable seats consisted of a few high- 
 backed chairs — frequently not more than two — long forms, and joined 
 stools, with cushions of gorgeous materials and workmanship ; to these 
 may be added footstools. The manner of lighting was similar to that of 
 the hall; and the fire-dogs or “ andyrons,” of silver, brass, copper, or 
 steel, which, with a fire-fork, shovel, and tongs, and folding screens 
 having tapestry cloths thrown over them, form a tolerably correct list of 
 
 * Or shuffle-board — a table for playing “ shovel-board, or shove-groat” — a senseless, 
 vulgar game, played in those times, and not yet entirely out of practice in pot-houses, 
 although it was prohibited by statute as early as the 33d of Henry VIII. 
 f For playing games of trick-trac, cribbage, dice, &c. — Hist. Hengrave. 
 j The cloths to cast over the tables at Hardwick, were embroidered and embossed with 
 gold, on velvets and damasks. — Walpole. 
 
141 
 
 the movables usually attached to this room. Such splendid and luxurious 
 articles were, however, — as the name of the apartment implies, — confined 
 to the houses of persons in the highest ranks, and of some wealthy 
 merchants, who, in these respects, yielded not to the noblest baron. 
 Nor were they, even with the court, in general use; for we find Sir 
 John Haryngton, so late as the reign of Elizabeth, complaining of an 
 “ error rather than awsterytie and inquiring if it would not “ as well 
 become the state of the chamber, to have easye quilted and lyned forms 
 and stools for the lords and ladyes to sit on, as great plank forms, that 
 two yeomen can scant remove out of their places, and waynscot stooles 
 so hard, that since great breeches were layd asyde, men can skant 
 indewr to sitt on."’* 
 
 A more illustrative example could not be given than an abstract of 
 furniture of the great chamber at Hengrave, the seat of Sir Thomas 
 Kytson : it contained, among other pieces of a minor sort, a long 
 Caijlft of English work, with Sir Thomas’s arms in the centre ;t a 
 long Cable, and a square table, both having three several coverings, viz., 
 an English carpet, a Turkey carpet, and an embroidered cloth, bearing 
 the arms of Kytson and Cornwallis ; two CupbQ<U*b£> with like cover- 
 ings ; twenty-four high-joined J?t00lsi, covered with carpet- work, and 
 fringed with crewell, and coverings of yellow buckram ; six high-joined 
 stools, covered with plain crimson velvet, fringed with crimson silk and 
 
 * Nugse Antiquse. 
 
 f This must have been a tapestry-cloth, or needle-work — carpet weaving being at that time 
 unknown in this country— and it was the fashion for ladies to work carpets, cushions, &c. 
 with a needle. George, Lord Darcy, 1548, bequeathed to his daughter, Agnes Fairfax, his 
 “ best-wrought silk carpet, bordered with crimson velvet, which she made.” And in 1557, 
 Sir William Drury, of Hawsted, Knight, gave, in like manner, to his wife Elizabeth, “ one 
 carpitt for a cupbord, of those which were of her owne making.” 
 
142 
 
 silver ; one low stool covered with velvet, and so fringed ; and two 
 long footstools under the long table ; two great Cf)HtnS covered with 
 crimson, figured satin fringed with crimson silk and silver ; two 
 scrolled chairs, one of them covered with “ black cloth of silver,” and 
 fringed with black silk and silver ; the other covered with “ hare- 
 coloured cloth of silver,” fringed with black silk and silver; four long 
 Ctt£tyU)n0 of crimson figured satin, fringed with silk and silver, with four 
 tassels of silk and silver to each cushion ; and two long cushions of plain 
 black velvet, embroidered with roses, and gold and pearle all over, with 
 tassels of gold and silk ; two dhtrtclUTSi of green “ carsye” for the two 
 little windows, and four large curtains of the same for the great 
 windows, and “ southege” curtains for the great and little windows; a 
 great folding of seven folds, with a cloth upon it of green 
 
 “ kersey,” and a lesser skreen of four folds, with a like cloth; four 
 2$raitrf)C£> of copper for lights ; two pair of “ £Utfo)>OrntfSi,” with heads 
 and fore parts of copper, one pair being less than the other; a great 
 “ ri’fStOUl'n? ’ to stand at the cupboard ; two fire-shovels, two pair of 
 tongs, and one fire-fork. At the door a (j£ut‘tcUn of “ green carsye, lined 
 with southage, with a curtyn-rod of iron, which is to hang afore the dore, 
 with a great liooke to putt it up when it is not drawn; one little joined 
 boarde, with a fast frame to sett glasses on ; a thing made like stayres 
 to sett plate on ; one great lanterne, with glasse, sett in joyners’ worke, 
 paynted ; and one little fine wicker skrene, sett in a frame of walnut- 
 tree.” The walls were hung with tapestry, of which the various kinds 
 have been already described. 
 
 m tin (gallery 
 
 This apartment was appropriated to the reception of visitors, to 
 
143 
 
 amusements, and conversation. The walls were chiefly indebted for 
 their embellishment to a multitude of royal and family portraits, 
 
 (“ In peaked hoods and mantles tarnished, 
 
 Sour visages enough to scare ye, 
 
 High dames of honour, once, that graced 
 
 The drawing-room of fierce Queen Mary.” — Gray’s Long Story.) 
 
 painted on boards, in carved frames of walnut or cherry-tree ; maps, and 
 tables “ of the owner’s arms, and genealogical tree.” Where a long train 
 of ancestors could be boasted, the latter was emblazoned on a large roll 
 of vellum, and suspended to a standing frame or hearse, and placed in a 
 conspicuous situation. The seats consisted of a few cumbrous elbow- 
 chairs,* stools of sufficient length to accommodate several persons, described 
 as “ conversation stools,” sometimes having ornamental ends and backs, 
 and resembling the couches or sofas of the present day ; smaller stools, 
 large and small cushions, and window-pillows ; framed tables, covered 
 with Turkey carpets and cloths of embroidery, and smaller tables of 
 cypress and other curious woods ; carved cabinets, coffers, cypress and 
 ivory chests, desks, chess-boards,t tables for backgammon and other 
 games ; curtains at the windows and doors ; a small carpet of tapestry 
 or green cloth before the fire ; andyrons on a raised hearth, with a fire- 
 fork, tongs, and fire-pan; which, with skreens of needle-work, (as we 
 
 * I have brought you, reverend Sir, the largest elbow-chair in the house ; ’tis that the 
 steward sits in when he holds a court. — Addison’s Drummer. 
 
 f At the feast given by Cardinal Wolsey to the Frenchmen, at Hampton Court, Cavendish 
 says, speaking of the second course, “ Among all, one I noted : there was a chess-board, 
 subtilely made of spiced plate, with men to the same ; and for the good proportion, because 
 that Frenchmen be very expert in that play, my lord gave the same to a gentleman of France, 
 commanding that a case should be made for the same in all haste, to preserve it from 
 perishing, in the conveyance thereof into his country.” 
 
144 
 
 have mentioned in the great chamber'), arras on such parts of the walls as 
 were not otherwise occupied, and a few pieces of armour, comprised the 
 furniture. 
 
 parlours: ant* “ prtbp-Bcoms:.” 
 
 The object of these observations being to show the advanced state of 
 furniture at the period to which they apply, and to produce, from coeval 
 authorities, proofs that the gentry were not quite so far behind the 
 present race in their notions of conveniency and comfort as writers 
 generally set forth, we shall transcribe a few descriptions of the chattels 
 of English gentlemen’s parlours in the reign of Henry VIII., from 
 inventories of that date ; and abstract, under their several heads, some of 
 the various articles ordinarily possessed by that class of society, in these 
 and other apartments. 
 
 In the parlOUl* of Richard Fermor, Gentleman : — 
 
 “ A fayre table ; two tressils ; three joyned formes ; a lyttell plaine 
 cubbarde ; two turnyde chairs, three lyttell gilt chairs for women, and four 
 foote-stooles ; six cushions of tapstre, with armes in the myddes ; an old 
 carpet upon the borde, of Turkye saye strypide, two lyttel carpets for 
 cubberdes, one of Turkye makynge, the other of tapestrie ; in the 
 chymney two andirons,” (sometimes called cob-irons,) “ with a fier-forcke ; 
 hangyng about the said perlor on the seeling, two tables” (pictures on 
 board), “ of Lucrece and Mary Magdalen, and a payr of tables” for 
 backgammon. 
 
 In the parlour of Sir Adrian Foskewe, Knight: — 
 
 “ A hanging of greine say and red panede ; a table with two 
 tressils, and a greene verder carpet upon it ; three greene verder 
 cushions; a joyned cubberd, with a carpet upon it; a piece of verder 
 carpet in one windowe, and a piece of counterfeit carpet in the other ; 
 
145 
 
 one Flemish chair; four joyned stools, and a joyned forme; a wyker 
 skyrne ; two large andyrons, a fyer forke, a fyer pan, and a payre of 
 tonges ; two joyned footstooles ; a round cipress table, and a piece of 
 counterfeit carpet on it; and a paynted table of the Epiphany.” 
 
 In the summer and winter parlours of Sir Thomas Kytson, Knight : — 
 
 Summer parlour* — “ One long Turkeye carpett, much of it red and 
 yellow, one square bord carpett of Turkeye worke, and one coobard 
 carpet, of Turk6 worke; three long cushions of needle-work in crewell ; 
 two chayers covered with like work, and fringed with crewell ; two 
 little stoles covered with the like work, and fringed with crewell ; twelve 
 hye joined stooles covered with like work ; six hye joined stooles 
 covered with carpet- work, fringed with crewell ; two curtyns for the 
 windowe, of greene and white striped moccadoe ; one greene carpett 
 cloth for the folding side-bord ; one long table, with a frame ; one side- 
 borde, with a fast frame to it, with foulden leaves, and one joyned 
 coobard ; three joyned stooles, and three little footstooles ; and one 
 payer of andyorns, & c.” 
 
 2Hmtn* parlour*— “ One long carpett cloth of English worke ; one 
 square bord carpett of Turkey worke, and one coobard carpet of 
 Turkey worke ; one longe carpet of grene clothe ; one side-borde cloth, 
 one square bord-clothe, and two coobard-cloths, all of greene clothe ; six 
 round carpett-cushions ; one great chayer covered with redd flannel, 
 embroydered with lace ; one little chayer, and one little stoole, and one 
 hye joined stoole, covered in like sorte ; five high joined stooles, covered 
 with carpett, whereof iiij. be wrought with drops, the other with 
 butterflies ; four curtyns for the windows, of grene carsye, very long ; 
 one long table, with a frame fast to it, and one long footestool to it; one 
 square borde, with a frame, and one joyned coobard ; three joined 
 stooles and two footstooles ; one payer of tables, and one chessborde 
 
 u 
 
146 
 
 with men to it ; one perfuming panne of brasse ; one little joined borde 
 with feete to terne in, for oisters ; one payer of andyrons, &c. ; one 
 skrene : and a payer of vergynalls with irons.” 
 
 Cables, usually described as “ bordes,” were not in any great 
 variety : the sorts, which were but few, and little distinguished by 
 workmanship, have been already mentioned. But the splendour of 
 their coverings amply compensated for the rudeness and simplicity of 
 the works so concealed : the most elaborate embroidery, wrought on 
 the finest grounds, velvets and satins fringed with gold and silver, 
 Turkey carpets, and the choicest tapestry, were devoted to these 
 purposes. 
 
 Cfcatrsk — In most apartments we find “ two great chayers;” these 
 were arm-chairs with stuffed backs and sides, entirely covered, and 
 similar to the lounging chairs of the present day. Others, described 
 as “ Flemish chairs ,” “ scrolled chairs ,” and “ turned chairs ,” wrought 
 in ebony, walnut, cherry-tree, &c., with high backs, either stuffed in 
 one long upright panel or filled with wicker-work, the seats also 
 stuffed and covered with costly kinds of materials, as various as their 
 shapes. To these may be added low arm-chairs, tastefully turned 
 and carved in ebony, enriched with ivory knobs and inlayings, chiefly 
 of Italian or Flemish manufacture, with cushions or pillows on the 
 seats. And, as we have seen in Mr. Fermor’s parlour, “ some little 
 gilt chairs for women.” Long seats, with backs and arms, resembling- 
 in form the more ancient settle, and holding several persons, were also 
 much in use. Fig. 1, in the annexed Plate, represents part of a highly 
 ornamented seat of this kind, now at Cotele, in Cornwall ; fig. 2, an 
 arm-chair and pillow (temp. Henry VIII.); and fig. 3, a settle (temp. 
 
Flats ttF // 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
147 
 
 Elizabeth), which was not at that date altogether laid aside.* But 
 the ordinary, and by far the most numerous kind of seats were ^tOOlS, 
 the varieties of which have been already mentioned in the descriptions 
 of the several apartments. It may be remarked, that a peculiar round- 
 ness in all the parts characterised the workmanship of the household 
 seats, &c. to which we have been directing the attention of our 
 readers. 
 
 With (*fusf)U>n£» and Window ipt'IIoiusS we shall perhaps include 
 nearly every article of this class of furniture then in use. The cushions 
 were stuffed — not unlike the woolsack of the lord chancellor — in 
 round, square, and oblong shapes, covered with carpet-work, velvet, 
 or embroidery ; the family arms here again frequently supplying the 
 device.'!' Of the ease and luxury of such seats we may be assured, 
 from what the Earl of Monmouth tells us of Queen Elizabeth’s death. 
 He says, “ She had cushions laid for her in her privy-chamber, and 
 there she heard service. From that day she grew worse and worse: 
 she remained upon her cushions four days and nights at least : all about 
 her could not persuade her to go to bed.” Hentzner notices a room 
 at Hampton Court, where Queen Elizabeth gave audiences to foreign 
 ambassadors, which had cushions ornamented with gold and silver. 
 
 The reader will recognise in the ottomans of our own time the 
 cushions of the sixteenth century, which were indeed then acknow- 
 
 * The Roman fashion of crossed legs for chairs and stools was a common shape; and 
 the sofa or couch of the present day was then also in use. 
 
 t In the chapel at Hengrave there was a round cushion with the picture of our Lady 
 
 wrought with gold ; and in the chapel closet a cushion of “ crimson cloth of gold.” 
 
 History of Hengrave. 
 
148 
 
 ledgecl as being an eastern fashion : Gremio speaks of “ Turkey 
 cushions boss’d with pearl.” 
 
 Windows not being recessed, as they now are, seats were formed, 
 on that part of the wall which intervened between the floor and the 
 under side of the openings, covered with pillows or thin flat cushions, 
 in cases of velvet, satin, & c., filled with feathers or down. 
 
 Both cushions and window pillows, which, till Elizabeth’s time, were 
 found only in the houses of the great, began then, like other articles of 
 conveniency and refinement, to be enjoyed by classes of lower station. 
 Stow, speaking of the time of James I., says, “ Cushions and window 
 pillows of velvet and damask, in former times were only used in the 
 houses of chief princes and peers of the land ; though at this day those 
 ornaments of estate, and other princely furniture, be very plenteous in 
 most citizens’ houses.” 
 
 CabtnetS of massy proportions, carved in oak, ebony, walnut, and 
 other woods, inlaid, some of which answered the double purpose of 
 depositories and cupboards for plate, from having drawers and recesses, 
 or ambries, enclosed by doors, and broad shelves between the tiers of 
 turned columns, were conspicuous objects in these apartments. To 
 describe their decorative workmanship would be a task so elaborate, 
 and extend to so great a length, that the writer would have but little 
 chance of satisfying himself, much less the reader, in an attempt to 
 do it adequate justice. The Plate annexed represents one of these 
 curious movables at Conishead Priory, Lancashire. 
 
 CbfStSn — Coffers and chests were the general repositories for 
 articles of every kind ; writings, apparel, food, and even fuel, were 
 
ricLte A A A'/// 
 
 Ushed L) Lonuituxiu JL' C? APat&'iioster Jfow 18 Zi 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fhxte AAA'/ i- 
 
 & Cppicll Gicp't in the 
 
 joojse/sion of the, Hon ^ e jVT s Zeiqli 
 
149 
 
 kept within them. Many of these chests, which were raised on feet 
 to protect them from damp and vermin, were beautifully ornamented 
 with carving and other sumptuous enrichments. “ In ivory coffers,” 
 says Gremio, “ I have stuffed my crowns ; in cypress chests my arras, 
 counterpoints,” Sec. Cypress wood was selected for its rare properties 
 of neither rotting nor becoming worm-eaten. The ivory coffers were 
 small, and either carved or engraved in devices, with silver or gilt locks 
 and ornaments, and were used for keeping jewels and other valuables.'* 
 In 1523, Sir William Compton, knight, bequeathed to King Henry VIII. 
 “ a little chest of ivory, wherof one lock is gilt, with a chess-board 
 under the same, and a pair of tables upon it, and all such jewels and 
 treasure as are inclosed therein.”')' Small coffers of silver are also 
 mentioned. Large trunks, in which clothes, hangings, Sec. were packed 
 for removal, were called “ Cruising ♦” they were substantially 
 
 made, and bound in every direction with iron straps, wrought into 
 fanciful and multifarious forms, and secured by locks of artful and 
 curious contrivance. The same sort of metal-work was, indeed, applied 
 to coffers of lesser dimensions. Two “ standard chests”^ were delivered 
 to the laundress of King Henry VIII. ; “ the one to keep the cleane 
 stuff, and the other to keep the stuff that had been occupied.” 
 
 * “ Paid William Grene, the king’s coffer maker, for making of a coffer covered with 
 fustyan of Naples, and being full of drawe boxes lyned with red and grene sarcynet, to put 
 in stones of diverse sorts, vj li. xviijs. j d. And to Cornelys the lock smythe, for making all 
 the ironworke, that is to saye, the lock, gymowes, handels, rynges to every drawe boxe, the 
 price xxxvjs. i vd.” — From a Record {temp. Hen. VIII.) quoted in the “ Privy Purse Expenses." 
 t Testamenta Vetusta. 
 
 f The inventories generally describe these chests as “ standards.” Henry VIII. paid for 
 half a year’s rent of a house in London, for the standing of the great standards with the 
 rich coats of the guards, 17s. 4 d. — “ Privy Purse Expenses .” 
 
150 
 
 <£Hu*ttnS were either of needle-work, or painted. Mr. Nicolas, in 
 his introductory remarks to the “ Privy Purse Expenses of King Henry 
 VIII.," notices an entry of a skreen as a new year’s gift from Luke 
 Hornebound, a painter, to that monarch. The beautiful Indian skreens, 
 now so highly and so justly prized, had not then found their way to 
 this country. 
 
 JHtTttSl'Si seldom appeared in any apartments except the bed- 
 chambers ; and under that head they are again noticed in this work. 
 As looking-glasses were in those days carried about the persons of 
 both sexes, there was but little necessity for them on the walls. In 
 Shakspeare’s time they were worn hanging from the girdle ; they were 
 also in the fans of the ladies, and sometimes in the hats of the men. 
 Yet Ilentzner speaks of having seen, “ at the house of Leonard Smith, 
 a tailor, a most perfect looking-glass, ornamented with gold, pearls, 
 silver, and velvet, so richly as to be estimated at 500 ecus du soldi."* 
 And we may add, that at Hardwick, the principal rooms had looking- 
 glasses with rich cut borders, and cut-glass frames. 
 
 Harrison says, “ The Romans made excellent looking-glasses of our 
 English tin, howbeit our workemen were not then so exquisite in that 
 feat as the Brundusiens : wherefore the wrought metall was carried 
 ouer vnto them by waie of merchandize, and verie highlie were those 
 glasses esteemed of, till siluer came generallie in place, which in the 
 end brought the tin into such contempt, that in a manner euerie dish- 
 washer refused to looke in other than siluer glasses for the attiring of 
 hir head.” 
 
 * Crowns of the sun were French gold coins, so called from the mint mark. They were 
 current in this country for four shillings and sixpence. — Mu. Nicolas. 
 
151 
 
 pictures!/ in considerable numbers, adorned the houses of the opu- 
 lent, and those of value had curtains drawn before them. Shakspeare, 
 in many instances, notices the practice, and its usefulness. Sir Toby 
 Belch, in Twelfth Night, inquires — 
 
 “ Wherefore are these things hid ? wherefore have these gifts a curtain before them ? 
 are they like to take dust, like Mistress Mali’s picture ?” — Act I. Scene 3. 
 
 And in Troilus and Cressida, Pandarus says to Cressida — 
 
 “ Come draw this curtain, and let’s see your picture .” — Act III. Scene 2. 
 
 Other passages from the great bard might be adduced ; but Mr. Douce 
 quotes one from Deloney’s “ Pleasant History of Jacke of Newberry f 
 which is conclusive as to the custom. “ In a faire large parlour, 
 which was wainscotted round about, Jacke of Newberry had fifteene 
 faire pictures hanging, which were covered with curtains of greene 
 silke, frienged with gold, which he would often shew to his friends 
 and servants.” The most valuable pictures are still so preserved in 
 the galleries of our own time. 
 
 JPlUSiral $n$truw£ntsh — In the inventories of private apartments 
 a pair of virginals is generally mentioned ; and these seem to have been 
 almost the only instruments on which the ladies of former days practised/ 
 Indeed, as minstrels were either kept on the establishments of the 
 
 * Henry VIII. ’s painters had liveries, the cost of which was xxijs. vjd. each, including 
 two shillings, the allowance for the badges which were affixed to them. Hans Holbein, who 
 was one of the king’s painters, had a salary of 30 1. a-year, as appears by an “ Item, Paide 
 by the kyngis highnes commaundement, certefied by my lorde pryviseales lettres to Hans 
 Holbenne, paynter, in the advauncement of his hole yeres wagis before hande, aftre the 
 rate of xxxli. by yere.” — Privy Purse Expenses. 
 
 f Needle-work seems to have been the great occupation of the ladies. Queen Elizabeth 
 was eminent both for her skill and industry as a needlewoman. “ The various kinds of 
 
152 
 
 great, or hired when music was wanted, and the amusements generally 
 were more boisterous and less refined than those of the present day, there 
 could have been but little occasion for variety in this class of movables.* 
 
 needle-work practised by our indefatigable grandmothers,” says Mr. Douce, “ if enumerated, 
 would astonish even the most industrious of our modern ladies. Many curious books of 
 patterns for lace and all sorts of needle-work were formerly published ; some of which,” 
 adds that gentleman, “ are worth pointing out to the curious collector.” Among others, 
 he mentions of English works, Vincentio’s, under the title of “ New and singular Patternes 
 and Workes of Linnen, serving for patternes to make all sorts of Lace , Edginges, and Cut 
 Workes. Newly invented for the profite and contentment of ladies, gentilwomen, and others 
 that are desireous of this art. 1591.” Another with this title: “ Here folowetli certaine 
 Patternes of Cut-workes : new invented and never published before. Also sundry sortes of 
 spots, as flowers, birdes, and fishes, fyc. ; and will fitly serve to be wrought some with gould, 
 some with sillie, and some with crewell in coulters: or otherwise at your pleasure .” No date. 
 And “ The Needle's Excellency , a new booke, wherein are divers admirable ivorkes wrought 
 with the needle. Newly invented, and cut in copper, for the pleasure and profit of the 
 industrious.” 
 
 * At Hengrave Hall, “ in y e chamber where y e musicyons playe,” were' 
 
 i. “ horded chest with locke and key, w h vj. vialls. 
 i. borded chest with six violenns. 
 i. case of recorders, in nomber vij. 
 iiij. cornutes, one being a mute cornute. 
 i. great base lewte, and a meane lewte, both w th out cases, 
 i. treble lewte, and a meane, with cases. 
 
 i. bandore, and a sitherne with a dooble case. 
 
 ii. sackboots, w th ther cases. 
 
 iii. hoeboys, w th a curtail and a lysarden. 
 ii. flewtes w th out cases. 
 
 i. payer of virginalls. 
 
 i. wind instrument like a virginal!. 
 
 i. great payer of dooble virginalls. 
 
 i. payer of great orgaynes.” — Mu. Gage’s History. 
 
153 
 
 The charges for rewards to minstrels are very numerous in the disburse- 
 ments of Henry VIII. ’s household, as well as in those of the nobility 
 of his and later times. Queen Elizabeth was, however, said to have 
 attained great proficiency on the virginals. She boasted to her courtiers, 
 three days after the admonitory sermon which Bishop Rudd preached 
 before her majesty, in Lent 1596, and in which he made strong allusions 
 to her age and growing infirmities, — that her “ voyce for singing, and 
 her power for fingering instruments, were not any whit decaied.”* Sir 
 John Melville says, Elizabeth played on the virginals every day before 
 him, for the purpose of ascertaining which excelled the other in music, she 
 or Mary Queen of Scots. Hentzner speaks of a musical instrument 
 belonging to the queen in a cabinet called Paradise, at Hampton Court, 
 “ made all of glass except the strings.” 
 
 Dogs* or gntll'ninS, Cntpm?, Braprrsb &c. — Long after the general 
 introduction of chimneys, wood was the ordinary fuel for all sorts of apart- 
 ments. Coals formed no part of the “ Liveries,” but wood was commonly 
 included in them. A “ cradle for sea-coal” is, however, frequently 
 mentioned as belonging to the chief rooms in superior houses ; though the 
 usual way of warming, or rather airing, bed-chambers, was with braziers 
 
 * The bishop gave an arithmetical description of the grand climacterical year, and a prayer 
 with reference to the queen, in which he introduced the following passages from Ecclesiastes, 
 chap. xii. : — “ When the grinders cease because they are few, and they wax dark that look 
 out of the windows ; and all the daughters of music shall be brought low.” “ The sermon 
 being concluded,” says Sir John Haryngton, “ she opened the window of her closet, but 
 was so far from giving him thanks, that she said he should have kept his arithmetick for 
 himselfe ; ‘ but 1 see the greatest clerks are not the wisest men and so went away for the 
 time discontented.” — Nugce Antiques. 
 
 x 
 
154 
 
 or chafing-dishes.* The reredoss has been so frequently noticed in this 
 Work, that a repetition here would be unnecessary and tedious. Touch- 
 ing andirons and creepers, we shall transcribe an account from the 
 Gentleman’s Magazine for February 1789, by an intelligent writer of 
 that time : it forms part (and the only clear and satisfactory part) of a 
 long discussion which then took place on these subjects. 
 
 “ Andirons are a larger and higher sort of irons, made to support the 
 wood, and have usually long necks, rising up before, to keep the wood 
 from falling oft’ into the floor. And creepers are smaller, and lower irons, 
 with short necks, or none at all, which are placed between the andirons, 
 to keep the ends of the wood and the brands from the hearth, that the 
 fire may burn more freely. But the superior dignity of the andirons 
 demands an enlargement upon their history ; and being myself master of 
 several different pairs, I think myself qualified to undertake the office of 
 their historiographer. 
 
 “ Now, there being in a large house a variety of rooms, of various 
 sizes, and for various purposes, the sizes and forms of the andirons 
 must reasonably be supposed to be various. In the kitchen, where 
 large fires are made, and large pieces of wood laid on, the andirons in 
 consequence are proportionably large and strong, but usually plain, or 
 with very little ornament. In the great hall, that ancient seat of 
 
 * In an inventory of effects belonging to Henry VIII., in the Tower, taken after his death, 
 is the following entry : 
 
 “ Item, twoo rounde paunes of iron, made six square gratewise, being upon wheales, to 
 make fire in.” (Vessels for conveying fire from one room to another.) The same article occurs 
 in the “ Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII.” where we find the price of two in 1531 was 
 4 1. 13s. 4 d. — Retrospective Review, Second Series, vol. i. p. 133. 
 
155 
 
 hospitality, where the tenants and neighbours were entertained, and at 
 Christmas cheerfully regaled with good plum porridge, mince pies, and 
 stout October, the andirons were commonly larger and stronger, to 
 sustain the roaring Christmas fire, more ornamented, and, like knights 
 with their squires, attended by a pair of younger brothers, far superior 
 to, and, therefore, not to be degraded by the humble style of creepers ; 
 indeed they were often seen to carry their heads at least half as high as 
 their proud elders. A pair of such I have in my hall ; they are of 
 cast iron, at least two feet and a half high, with round faces, and much 
 ornamented at the bottom.” 
 
 The grate in Plate XV. is a representation of one at Haddon, and can 
 be adapted either for wood or coal. 
 
 The present ruling fashion of grates is certainly not very tasteful, 
 however well it maybe calculated to diffuse heat and save fuel; and, 
 even in these points, its merits are in no slight degree questionable. 
 But whatever necessity may exist for high, contracted stoves, surrounded 
 by metal frames — loaded as they are with unseemly ornaments — there 
 can be none for making Jfcnbcrs to stand so much above the floor as is 
 now the custom ; except, indeed, it be to realise the ironmongers' motto, 
 of “ no profit, no honour;” for to no other end than the manufacturer’s 
 gain can their expensiveness be assigned. Anciently, a low ridge of 
 stone was considered to be sufficient security against the burning embers 
 and ashes falling on the floor ; and surely a metal border of the same 
 proportions would be as efficacious in that respect. A high fender, if it be 
 close, obstructs the current of air which is indispensable to the proper 
 draught of the chimney, and if it be perforated, is no longer a defence 
 against the live cinders which the fire sometimes throws out. If the 
 superfluous metal were employed in widening, instead of heightening 
 fenders, it would be applied to a more sightly, as well as more useful 
 
156 
 
 purpose. At their first introduction, fenders were placed straight across 
 the openings, and without any bowing. 
 
 33dls> were sometimes hung, connected with the hall, to “ warn to 
 dinner;”* but the present convenient mode of bells hanging from every 
 separate apartment had not then been introduced : nor were they 
 required when so many domestics constantly attended within hearing. 
 Bells seem, indeed, to have been adopted as a succedaneum for the 
 numerous servants who were in readiness to appear to the call 
 of “ Who waits V 
 
 (0f tf)t BetbCframbmh 
 
 The furniture of these apartments, in great houses, was of the same 
 gorgeous character as that in the chief rooms ; and the paraphernalia of 
 an ancient dressing-table yielded only in the splendour and costliness of 
 plate to the cupboard of the great chamber, or the altar of the chapel. 
 Like the hall, the state bed-chamber had a high pace, on which were 
 placed the “ standing-bed” and the “ truckle-bed:” on the former lay 
 the lord, and on the latter his attendant. Shakspeare, as well as 
 other poets, illustrates this practice. In his comedy of “ Merry Wives 
 of Windsor,” the host of the Garter, replying to Simple’s inquiry for Sir 
 John Falstaff, says, “ There’s his chamber, his house, his castle, his 
 standing-bed and truckle-bed; ’tis painted about with the story of the 
 Prodigal, fresh and new.” The truckle-bed, on castors, was in the day- 
 time rolled under the standing-bed, and drawn out at night : 
 
 “ In the best bed the squire must lie, 
 
 And John in truckle - bed hard by.” 
 
 * Such a bell was hung at the north end of the hall at Richmond, in a turret, which 
 corresponded in altitude and decorations with the louver. 
 
157 
 
 And it is mentioned by writers, that anciently a minstrel lay on the 
 low bed to amuse his lord while he was awake, and to lull him to sleep ; 
 or at other times that a person whose business it was to read such people 
 to rest was employed in this office.* 
 
 Pegge’s Curialia contains some curious information, as regarded the 
 court, relating to these beds, under the head of “ The Order of Allnight.” 
 — The posts, head-boards, and canopies — or spervers — of 
 bedsteads, were curiously wrought and carved, in oak, walnut, box, and 
 other woods, and variously painted and gilt. Ginger colour, hatched 
 with gold, was a favourite style ; but purple and crimson were also used 
 in their decorations. Ancient documents describe these bedsteads as 
 “ beddes of tymbre.” They were further enriched with devices and 
 mottos, conspicuously placed on the panels and other parts. In the 
 Gentleman’s Magazine for November 1811, there is an account of a very 
 curious bedstead, at Hinckley, in Leicestershire, which is embellished 
 with no fewer than twenty-nine emblematical devices, every one ac- 
 companied by an appropriate motto. And in Nicholson and Burn’s 
 History of Cumberland, one is described as existing in the year 1777, at 
 Nunnery, t called the Nun’s bed, with this inscription, 
 
 “ Mark the end, and 
 
 Yovv shal never doow amis.” 
 
 Henry VIII. had a “ bedstede” at Hampton Court, “ the postes and 
 
 * Within the writer’s memory a surveyor lived, who had more wealth than intellect, and 
 employed a female dependant in this manner. The miserable and unfeeling tyrant would, for 
 hours together, make the poor creature read while he snored ; and if perchance he woke and 
 found that the woman had, from exhaustion, temporarily discontinued her vocation, would whine 
 
 out, “ Ah ! now, Mrs. , why don’t you go on ? When you leave off reading, I wake.” 
 
 f Nunnery was a small house of Benedictine nuns. 
 
158 
 
 head” of which were “ curiouslie wrought, paynted, and gilt, having as 
 well four bullyeons of timbre gilt, as four vanes of iron, paynted with the 
 king's armes and in an inventory of effects belonging to that monarch, 
 in the Tower, are mentioned “ foure cappes, with vanes of silver and 
 gilte, engraven with the king's armes and rooses, for the postes of a 
 beddstede.” Bedposts frequently terminated with a plume of feathers. 
 
 Ct‘U£i£itng'Btfr£> were beds which packed into chests, for travelling ; 
 and, considering the frequent removals, these must have been the most 
 convenient kind. John of Ghent seems to have always slept in such 
 beds, as, by his will, it appears that he demised to his “ most dear wife 
 Katherine” all the beds made for his body, “ called in England trussmg- 
 beds .” And the “ best chambers” of both Master Fermor and Sir 
 Adrian Foskewe had “ trussing beds.” 
 
 The numerous sorts of will, perhaps, be better shown 
 
 by extracts from testamentary documents — for most of which we 
 shall be indebted to that interesting and valuable publication, the 
 Testamenta Vetusta — than by any other plan we can suggest. Many of 
 the bequests are anterior to the T udor period ; but as the articles were 
 carefully transmitted through several generations, and, in various 
 instances, so entailed as to prevent alienation, we may fairly suppose 
 them to have been in existence at a much later date.f These accounts, 
 it is hoped, will supply hints to the opulent : the adoption of such a style 
 of splendid furniture would necessarily employ a vast number of persons 
 
 * For a full description of this bed, see Illustrations. 
 
 f In a former part of this section we have mentioned a very powerful inducement for these 
 bequests — we may. here notice what Sir John Cullum says on the subject. “ A man could not 
 dispose of his lands till 32d Henry VIII., which is the reason that we find testators before that 
 time so busily employed in disposing of their personal effects, and totally silent about entailing 
 or selling their manors, &c.” 
 
159 
 
 of both sexes in respectable occupations ; and produce more real benefit 
 to society, in these times of increasing wealth and population, than all 
 the revolutions of fashion can ever effect ; whilst the flimsy and tasteless 
 materials and handicraft which now prevail, continue to be tolerated. 
 
 IlfUtlJ Cbfoat'h III. — “ To our future heir (King Richard II.), son of 
 Edward, Prince of Wales, (the Black Prince), an entire bed, 
 marked with the arms of France and England, now in our palace 
 at Westminster.” 
 
 Chtoarh, prince of ©Mrs*— “ To Sir Roger de Clarendon a silk 
 bed ; to Robert de Walsham, our confessor, a large bed, of 
 camora, with our arms embroidered at each corner, also em- 
 broidered with the arms of Hereford.” 
 
 3oan, PnnceSS of SMlnleS, (wife of the above, and known as the Fair 
 Maid of Kent.) — “ To my dear son, the king (Richard II.), my 
 new bed of red velvet, embroidered with ostrich feathers of silver, 
 and heads of leopards of gold, with boughs issuing out of their 
 mouths ; to my dear son, Thomas, Earl of Kent, my bed of red 
 camak, paied with red, and rays of gold.” 
 
 CIBabCtf) he Burgf), Lady of Clare. — “ To my daughter Bardolf 
 my bed of green velvet.” 
 
 ChluariJ, ?U) rh Despensrn — “ To Elizabeth, my wife, my great 
 bed of blue camaka, with griffins.” 
 
 Cfcincnh, Carl Of iFlarcIb — To his son, and his heirs for ever, a 
 large bed of blue satin, embroidered with white lions and gold 
 roses, with escutcheons of the arms of Mortimer and Ulster. 
 
 BalpI), Xorh Basket. — “ Whoever shall first bear my surname 
 and arms, according to my will, shall have the use of my great 
 bed for life ; but it shall not be alienated from him who shall bear 
 my name and arms.” 
 
160 
 
 Rtcbat'fc), Carl Of SlrtUttlfL — “ To my most dear wife Philippa, a 
 blue bed, marked with my arms, and the arms of my late wife ; 
 to my son Richard a standing-bed, called clove, also a bed of silk, 
 embroidered with the arms of Arundel and Warren; to my dear 
 son Thomas my blue bed of silk, embroidered with griffins; to 
 my daughter Charlton my bed of red silk, which is generally at 
 Reigate ; to my daughter Margaret my blue bed, usually at 
 London.” 
 
 JHr Bhftn Cobbattt, Hitt* — “ To John Lewknor and Katherine 
 Lewknor, a red bed, embroidered with lions ; and a bed of 
 Norwich stuff, embroidered with butterflies.” 
 
 €1)0 mas, Carl Of €2Jarl0trlt>— “ To Richard, my son and heir, my 
 blessing, and a bed of silk, embroidered with bears and my arms.” 
 
 Sloanf, ilatip 3Scnjabnnt]k — “ To Sir James, son and heir of the 
 Earl of Ormond, a bed of gold swans, with tapetter of green 
 tapestry, with branches of flowers of divers colours ; to John of 
 Ormond, his brother, a bed of cloth of gold, with lebardes ; and 
 to Thomas Ormond, his brother, a bed of velvet, white and black 
 paled; unto Elizabeth, his sister, a bed of blue baudekyn; to 
 Bartholomew Brokesby, my bed of silk, black and red, em- 
 broidered with woodbine flowers of silver; and to Walter Kebell 
 my best black bed of silk.” 
 
 Robert, ilort) ?I)Ungrrfortb — “ To Robert Ilungerford a bed of 
 white velvet, embroidered, upon condition that at his death he 
 leave it to his next heir male.” 
 
 SUmc, IBttCbes# Of Rurltmgbam,— “ To my son of Buckingham a 
 bed of the Salutation of our Lady, with the hangings of the 
 chamber of antelopes; to my son of Wiltshire, a sperver, called a 
 bed, of red velvet, partly gold.” 
 
161 
 
 Cftomas, JBufef Of ^01‘foUu — “ To our sonne and lieire apparent 
 that shall be living at our decease, our greate hangede bedde, 
 palyed with cloth of golde, whyte damask, and black velvet, and 
 powdered with these two letters, C* 9h (the initials of Thomas 
 and Agnes, his wife.)” 
 
 The chief chamber at Ilengrave had “ a sperver,* (a canopy or tester,) 
 of black velvet, embroidered with cloth of gold, double valanced, and 
 fringed with black silk, and a call of gold over them the curtains were 
 “ yellow taffita sarsnet, fringed w th black silk and gold and in the 
 chapel chamber was “ a tester of tawney velvet, double valanced, with 
 Sir Thomas Kytson’s and my ladye's armes ; y e valance sett w th bucks 
 and unicorns, and fringed w th silke and golde.” 
 
 “ (Df botonc of pure tiobFs tobtte, 
 
 I tool gtbe f)tm a fetber bcti, 
 
 ^ntr mnnp a ptlloto ; ant! eberp here 
 
 (Df dot!) of Hapnes, to slcpe on softc.” - Chaucer's Dream. 
 
 BchS (llth JSfhtnniJ* — Feather beds, bolsters, (sometimes described as 
 traversins), and pillows filled with feathers and down, with mattresses 
 and every other comfort of this kind, seem to have been as well known 
 to, and enjoyed by the superior orders of society three centuries ago, as 
 they are now. Directions are, however, mentioned as having been given 
 in the reign of Henry VIII. “ to examine every night the straw of the 
 king’s bed, that no daggers might be concealed but the authority is 
 eopiivocal, and the practice an unnecessary one, as straw had been 
 discontinued for such purposes, except .by the lower classes, and the 
 king’s beds, as appears by his disbursements and inventories, were made 
 
 * This term was frequently used as a synecdoche for the whole bed. 
 
 Y 
 
1 62 
 
 of the most luxurious materials. Hair for stuffing mattresses, &c. was a 
 later introduction. 
 
 The best 33I<Utkftd were of fustian,* and the best of “ cloth 
 
 of Raynes,” (the finest kind of linen, named from the place of ma- 
 nufacture). In the Squire of Low Degree, we find a promise to a young- 
 lady, that 
 
 “ Your blanhettcs sfjal be of fustnnnc, 
 
 Your sbetes slml be of doffis of Marine, 
 
 Your benb sbetc sbal be of pery pngbfi 
 SSIntb byamonbs set, antr utbijs brpgbt.” 
 
 Blankets of woollen cloth, and “ stamyns,” (blankets of wool), are 
 also spoken of ; but the greatest varieties and elegancies of the bedding 
 were displayed in the CTcffin'ICtSb CT0Uttt£rpt)tntS> or COUnttrpaittg, and 
 sometimes written “ panes,” of which the sorts were almost innumerable, 
 and so costly, that Stow speaks of one being worth a thousand marks. 
 Silks “ quilted with wool,” satins, damasks, velvets, cloths of tapestry, 
 cloths of gold, and furs, were all employed in the fabrication of these 
 coverings, and they were also perfumed. In the chief chamber at 
 Hengrave was a “ longe twilt of crimson and taffy tye sarsenet of the one 
 side, and tawney sarsenet of the other, twilted very finely on both sides, 
 and perfumed;” and another in the chapel chamber, of “ tawney taffata 
 
 * In an inventory of the goods and chattels of Thomas Keble, Esq., sergeant-at-law, 
 appraised by Valentine Mason, general appraiser, temp. Henry VIII., the following articles of 
 bedding are included : — 
 
 s. d. 
 
 A pair of new fustians 13 4 
 
 A pair of old fustians 8 0 
 
 A remnant of black stamyn, 2y yards, at 2s 5 0 
 
 White millen fustian for blankets 
 
 4 0 
 
163 
 
 sarsenett, embroydered all over w th twiste of yellow silke, w th the 
 escutcheons of Sir Thomas Kytson’s and my ladye’s arms.” 
 
 Hentzner reports, that at Hampton Court many of the counterpanes 
 and coverlids of the beds were lined with ermine ; and Lady Bergavenny 
 bequeathed to Sir James Ormond a “ pane of monyvere,” or mynevere, 
 explained to be small pieces of furs. “ Spanish happers,” (rugs of 
 Spanish wool), also occur in the inventories. 
 
 Archdeacon Nares defines counterpoint, now changed to counterpane, 
 to be “ a covering for a bed, formed in regular divisions. The change 
 of the last syllable into pane, probably arose from the idea of panes, 
 or square openings, applied also to dress.” That these coverlets were 
 frequently so paned, and had for their formation the reversion,* (to use 
 an old term), of the sumptuous dresses which then distinguished the 
 gentleman from the churl, is confirmed by a passage in Cymbeline, where 
 Imogen says 
 
 “ Poor I am stale, a garment out of fashion ; 
 
 And, for I am richer than to hang on the walls, 
 
 I must be ript.” 
 
 Which passage Mr. Steevens thus illustrates : “ clothes were not 
 formerly, as at present, made of slight materials, were not kept in 
 
 * Coverlets are also described as being “ palyed” with black velvet and white satin, furs, 
 and other equally expensive materials. May it not be inferred that the homely adage of “ cutting 
 the garment,” &c., was observed; and that when the stuff was new, and of sufficient length, it 
 was put together in stripes ; but that when old vestments were so appropriated, the pieces 
 being small, the idea of placing them in counterpoints or counterpanes suggested itself ? 
 Whatever its origin, this, like other fashions, descended even to the cottager, in whose humble 
 habitation counterpoints or panes are yet to be seen in the patch-work quilts, nothing behind 
 their more splendid prototypes in the variety of forms, (we say nothing of the taste), into 
 which they are wrought, inferior as they necessarily must be in the quality. 
 
164 
 
 drawers, or given away as soon as the lapse of time or fashion had 
 impaired their value. On the contrary, they were hung up on wooden 
 pegs, in a room appropriated to the sole purpose of receiving them ; and 
 though such cast-off“ things as were composed of rich substances were 
 occasionally ripped for domestic uses, (viz. mantles for infants, vests 
 for children, and counterpanes for beds), articles of inferior quality were 
 suffered to hang by the walls till age and moths had destroyed what 
 pride would not permit to be worn by servants or poor relations.” The 
 commentator adds, that when he was a boy, he saw, at an ancient 
 manor-house in Suffolk, one of these repositories, “ which — thanks to a 
 succession of old maids — had been preserved with superstitious reverence 
 for almost a century and a half.” 
 
 Besides such rooms, there were ©SlcU'tlt'QljCSi, formed like small four- 
 post bedsteads, with curtains to draw, within which wearing apparel was 
 kept from dust. Dr. Whitaker, in his History of Craven, calls these 
 “ livery-cupboards;” but his reason for so designating them does not 
 appear, nor is there the slightest ground for the conclusion, that they 
 were what ancient writers meant by that term. Massy oak frames, 
 enclosed by doors, were also used for holding clothes ; but Crushing* 
 Chests — the invariable furniture of bed-rooms — were the usual de- 
 positories. 
 
 As appendages to the standing-beds, 2$31tCOUn? — -sometimes written 
 “ bancoves” — should be noticed: they were short benches by the 
 
 bedside, having embroidered cloths, called costers, hanging upon them, 
 in the same manner as cloths were thrown over tables, and, occasionally, 
 a dorser. But the best sleeping-rooms, and to these of course such 
 furniture was restricted, abounded in seats of almost every kind : we find 
 great chairs of black velvet, embroidered all over with gold ; scrolled 
 chairs, embroidered with cuts of gold upon black velvet; chairs of 
 
165 
 
 tawny velvet, embroidered with bucks and unicorns ; cushions of black 
 velvet, embroidered with gold ; high stools, & c. &c. 
 
 Narrow (STnrjpftSl of tapestry or woollen cloths were used at the 
 bedside earlier, probably, than their partial application to the floors of 
 rooms of ceremony or state. 
 
 ©UjpbOcirtlS! set with plate added to the magnificence of these 
 apartments, and the apparel and furniture of the J3rH>3UtJJ*Ccll)ICS> or 
 “ boardes,” were singularly splendid : the carpet which covered Lady 
 Kytson’s was of black velvet, laced and fringed with silver and gold, and 
 lined with taffeta. On these “ boardes” stood, or were hung on the walls 
 immediately over them, 3LQOklUCJ>#lH0Stf£S or mirrors, which were few 
 in number, and generally made of polished steel, in frames covered with 
 velvet, enriched with metals and imitative jewels. Like pictures, they 
 were carefully preserved by draperies. In Henry the Eighth’s bed-room at 
 Hampton Court, there was a steel glass covered with yellow velvet; at 
 Westminster he had “ a faire great steel looking-glass, set in crimson 
 velvet, richly embroidered with damaske pirles, with knots of blew, and a 
 curtain of the same blew tafata, embroidered with Venice gold, and 
 cordiauntz of the same metal and amongst his privy purse expenses 
 is an item, “ paied to a Frenchman for certyn loking-glasses and darte 
 heads, iiij/i. xiij.s. iiijr/.” The chief bed-chamber at Hengrave had a 
 “ great looking-glass,” the only room in the house where such a piece of 
 furniture is mentioned ; and at Skipton Castle there was but one 
 looking-glass, and that not, as would be expected, in my lady’s bed- 
 chamber, but in my lord’s. 
 
 We have before noticed the paucity of Jftrt'Si in bed-chambers, and, 
 indeed, in all the apartments of ancient houses. A striking illustration 
 of this fact is exhibited in the will of Richard Byrchett, a man of some 
 substance, who, in 1516, bequeathed to his wife “ ye chambre she lyes 
 in, and lyberte at the fyer in ye house.” 
 
166 
 
 The not having been treated of in the Architectural Sections of 
 
 this Work, we shall merely observe, that lUtcftfltSS were spacious, and 
 had usually two very large arched fire-places, with ponderous irons for 
 spits ; and that the dressers, tables, chopping-blocks, &c. were of the 
 same massive character. The top of the kitchen-table at Haddon Hall 
 was hollowed out into basins for kneading pastry.* 
 
 On a review of the foregoing slight sketch, it will be evident, that 
 what we have gained in comfort and conveniency, as relates to furniture, 
 is at least counterpoised by our loss in splendour and durability. The 
 governing principle of ancient artisans, or rather devisors, seems to 
 have been a desire to resist the ravages of time, more than to encourage 
 the caprices of fashion. It must, however, be allowed, that the clean- 
 liness of washable bed-hangings carries with it a charm beyond the 
 magnificence of the most gorgeous materials. In this respect, calico is 
 preferable to gold brocade, and so far only is the change advantageous ; 
 for, as regards expense, there is no amendment. The overwhelming 
 draperies of modern times are at least equal in cost — though intrinsically 
 almost valueless — to the sumptuous cloths of earlier days. And such 
 must be the effect so long as upholders are allowed, by designing their 
 works, to shape their own profits ; for the sole end of all trading is “ to 
 get money.” That a decided revolution in these matters is approaching, 
 cannot be doubted, since the higher orders of society are directing their 
 attention to the interiors as well as the exteriors of their dwellings : the 
 “ newest pattern,” it is hoped, will not always be deemed the best, nor 
 novelty always thought to be improvement ; and the public may yet 
 learn that Economy is inseparable from Good Taste. 
 
 * For the utensils then in use, see the Earl of Northumberland’s order of removal, 
 Illustrations, Section VI. 
 
SECTION VI. 
 
 SWustrattonsL 
 
 “ The study of antiquity, so pleasant in theory, and so useful in application, needs no farther 
 recommendation than what itself carries.” 
 
 “ Such as speak of the study of musty records and researches into antiquity with contempt, are 
 men of no curiosity, who are willing to take all things upon trust ; and palliate their 
 ignorance by affecting to despise that of which they have no knowledge.” 
 
 Not to encumber the text too much with notes, and from a desire to 
 show that his inferences are drawn from facts, and not from imagination, 
 the author has thought it advisable to devote the last Section to 
 Illustrations. 
 
 The following extracts will be found to contain much curious and 
 interesting matter relating to the foregoing various subjects, on which 
 they throw considerable light. 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page 1. — Puritanical wars. The following account taken from the 
 Northumberland Household-Book, lately reprinted by W. Pickering, 
 conveys some idea of the destructiveness of the Puritans. 
 
 “ Wressil Castle continued in all its splendour till the fatal civil wars broke out 
 in 1641: it was then garrisoned with soldiers for the parliament; and notwith- 
 standing the Earl of Northumberland had espoused their cause, the damage he 
 sustained there by his own party, before Michaelmas 1646, was judged to amount 
 to a thousand pounds, in the destruction of his buildings, leads, outhouses, &c. by 
 the garrison : their havoc of his woods, inclosures, & c. without including the losses 
 he had sustained in the non-payments of his rents, in consequence of the con- 
 tributions levied on his tenants. 
 
 “ On the decline of the king’s party, it should seem that the northern counties 
 enjoyed some respite; but in 1648, attempts being made, or expected, from the 
 royalists, fresh troops were sent into the north; and in May that year, Major- 
 General Lambert ordered a small detachment of sixty men to garrison Wressil 
 Castle, of which Major Charles Fenwick had all along continued governor for the 
 parliament, with the entire approbation of the Earl of Northumberland. 
 
 “ About the beginning of June 1648, Pomfret Castle was seized for the king, and 
 underwent a siege of ten months : to prevent any more surprises of this kind, a 
 resolution was taken for demolishing all the castles in that part of England ; and 
 while the Earl of Northumberland was exerting all his influence above, to save this 
 noble seat of his ancestors, a committee at York sent a sudden and unexpected order 
 to dismantle it ; which was executed with such precipitation and fury, that before 
 the earl could receive notice of the design, the mischief was done. 
 
 “ The following letters, selected from a series on this subject, will show the spirit 
 of the times, and how little respect was shown to this great nobleman by the low 
 people, who had wrested the power into their own hands, 
 
 “ I. A Leller to Mr, Prickett at York. 
 
 “ ‘ Sir, — I am very sorrye to see the spoyle that is alreadye made of his lordship’s 
 castle, with this forenoones work; there is fifteen men throwing downe the 
 out-battlement ; I thinke by to-morrow noone they will have gone rownd about the 
 castle. The stones are for the most parte all mashed to pieces, and if their be not 
 
169 
 
 some speedy course taken for to preserve the timber, lead, glasse, and wainscott, 
 by taking them dovvne att his lordship’s cost, they will be all spoyled and brooken 
 to peeces. I pray see if you can get an order from the committee to stay the 
 proceedings till we can take course to preserve those things for his lordship’s use : 
 the workemen doe not looke to save any of the materiels, but take the readyest 
 course to throw downe the wall ; which they will doe inward, upon the floores and 
 sealing, as well as outward, upon the ground. I dare say his lordship had better 
 have given 150/i. then these fifteen men should have done this dayes worke. 
 Good sir, let me intreat your paines to come over as shortly as possiblye you can. 
 In mean time my best care shall not be awanting : I have sent you a copy of the 
 workmen’s warrant. This, in great hast, from 
 
 “ ‘ Your assured true friend, 
 
 “ ‘ To serve yow, 
 
 “ ‘ WM. PLAXTON. 
 
 “ ‘ His lordship had better take down the castle att his owne charge, then suffer 
 the spoyle that will be done by the countryemen.’ 
 
 “ Direction. 
 
 “ ‘ For his very friend Mr. Marmaduke 
 Prickett, these with speede. 
 
 Leave this letter at Mr. James Black- 
 beards, next the Minster Gates ; and 
 I desire it may be delivered as soon as 
 possible may be.’ 
 
 “II. A Letter to Mr. Potter, at Northumberland House. 
 
 “ ‘ Sir, — Yours I received, and since I writt my last, on the same daye the 
 commissioners sett on workmen to pull downe and deface that stately structure. 
 They fell upon the Constable’s Tower, and hath with much violence pursued the 
 work on Thursday and Ffryday. Their agents wold showe noe care in preserveino-e 
 any of the materialls, but pitched of the stones from the battlements to the ground, 
 and the chymneys that stood upon the lead, downe to the leades, which made 
 breaches through the roofe where they fell. All the battelements to the roofe, on the 
 ffront of the castle, (excepting the high tower over the gate,) are bett downe. What 
 materialls could bee sav’d, Mr. Plaxton did sett on some tenants to take awaye, and 
 laye in the barne. Believe it, sir, his lordship hath sustained very deepe losses in his 
 house. I conceive 200CF. will not repaire the ruynes there ; but I hope their work is 
 at an end ; for this day the Major and Mr. Plaxton are sett forward to attend 
 
 z 
 
170 , 
 
 Major-General Lambert, with the Lord Generali’s order to him ; and, in the 
 mean tyme, the soldiers are to hold them of, from doinge further violence to the 
 castle, which I wish had bin done by order two dayes sooner. 
 
 “ ‘ Your true ffriende and servant, 
 
 ' “ Wr. 30 10 bris , 48°.’ “ ‘ ROB. THOMSONE. 
 
 “ Direction. 
 
 “ ‘ To my much honored friende, 
 
 Hugh Potter, Esquire, these I pray 
 present with care and speede, att 
 Northumberland House, London.’ 
 
 “ From this 30th of December, 1648, no farther outrages were committed till the 
 year 1650. And then, notwithstanding all the endeavours of the Earl of Northum- 
 berland to preserve it, an order was issued out for the further demolishing of Wressil 
 Castle. The only indulgence he obtained was, that the execution of the order should 
 be intrusted to his own stewards, and that part of the principal building should be 
 spared, to serve for a manor-house. 
 
 “ III. The Order for demolishing Wressil Castle. 
 
 “ ‘ In pursuance of the orders of councell [of] state, to us directed, for the making 
 Wresle Castle unteneable, as alsoe of a further order of the committee of militia 
 of the county of Yorke to that purposse; these are, theerefore, to require you to 
 proceede in making the sayd castle unteneable with all speede. Which we 
 conceave will be by throwing downe to the ground all that side wherein the hall 
 stands, to the towre adjoyning, leaving only the south side remayning, wherein we 
 require you alsoe, that windowes be broken forth, of eight foote breadth and 
 height, and eight foote distance round about all that side which remaynes, and 
 that it be downe by the 17th of May next; that the country may be secured from 
 any danger that may happen thereby. Given under our hands, at Wresle, this 
 17 th of A prill, 1650. 
 
 “ ‘ PHIL. SALTMARSH, 
 
 “ ‘ CHA. FEINWICKE, 
 
 “ ‘ ED. KIR. LEWE, 
 
 “ ‘ THO. ALTHORPE. 
 
 “ ‘ You are also to throwe downe the battlements round about.’ 
 
 “ Direction. 
 
 •• Ffor Mr. William Plaxton, or other the 
 Lord Northumberland’s officers at Wresle.’ 
 
171 
 
 “ In consequence of this order, three sides of the square, which formerly 
 composed Wressil Castle, were entirely demolished. However, the whole south 
 front, which was the most considerable, and contained some of the principal 
 state rooms, still remains, and is very magnificent. It is flanked by two large square 
 towers ; and these again are mounted by circular turrets, of a smaller size ; on the 
 top of one of the turrets is still preserved the iron pan of the beacon, anciently used 
 to alarm the country. 
 
 “ The whole building, which is of the finest masonry, still contains the great 
 chamber or dining-room, the drawing-chamber, and the chapel, besides many of the 
 inferior apartments. In all these the finishing and ornaments seem to be left nearly 
 in the same state that they were at the time of this Household Book. The ceilings 
 still appear richly carved, and the sides of the rooms are ornamented with a great 
 profusion of ancient sculpture, finely executed in wood, exhibiting the ancient 
 bearings, crests, badges, and devices of the Percy family, in a great variety of forms, 
 set off with all the advantages of painting, gilding, and imagery. In the two 
 principal chambers are small beautiful staircases, of very singular contrivance, with 
 octagon screens, embattled at the top, and covered with very bold sculpture, 
 containing double flights of stairs, winding round each other, after the design of 
 Palladio. 
 
 “ The chapel appears to have been fitted up in a ruder style, and at a more early 
 period, than the other apartments. In this the sculptured badges, &c. are still 
 tolerably entire, and some of the painted glass unbroken. The ceiling is inscribed 
 with the following motto, Esperance en Dieu ma comforle. The chapel is now used 
 instead of the parish church, which was situate about a bow-shot from the castle. 
 Of this, one ruined end wall only remains, in which at present hang two bells. The 
 pulpit now stands as on a pedestal, upon the great stone altar of the chapel, and the 
 communion is administered at a table in the middle of the room.” 
 
 Page 3. — The Convent and the Castle. 
 
 It may not be known to every reader, that “ the officers in abbeys were either 
 supreme, as the abbot, or obedential, as all others under him. The abbot had 
 lodgings by himself, with all officers thereunto belonging ; the rest took presidency 
 according to the statutes of their convents. 
 
 Immediately next under the abbot was the prior; though, by the way, in some 
 convents, which had no abbots, the prior was principal, as the president in some 
 Oxford foundations; and, being installed priors, some voted as barons in parliament,* 
 
 * The dissolution of the monastic institutions deprived twenty-six abbots and two priors of their votes as 
 members of the upper house of parliament. — Andrews. 
 
172 
 
 as the priors of Canterbury and Coventry ; but where the abbot was supreme, the 
 person termed prior was his subordinate, and, in his absence, in mitred abbeys, by 
 courtesy, was saluted as the lord prior : there was also a sub-prior, who assisted the 
 prior when he was resident, and acted in his stead when he was absent. 
 
 The great officers under these were generally six in number, as in the monastery 
 of Croyland ; and this order prevailed in most of the larger foundations : they are 
 thus enumerated : 
 
 1. JHagtStcr ©peris, or master of the fabric, W'ho, probably, looked after the 
 buildings, and took care to keep them in good repair. 
 
 2. (JBlccmosmtnrtttS, or the almoner, who had the oversight of the alms of the 
 house, which were every day distributed at the gate to the poor, and who divided the 
 alms upon the founder’s day, and at other obits and anniversaries, and, in some 
 places, provided for the maintenance and education of the choristers. 
 
 3. ^Itanttarius, who had care of the pietances, which were allowances, upon 
 particular occasions, over and above the common provisions. 
 
 4. gbacrtsta, or ^ ie sex t° n > who took care of the vessels, books, and vestments 
 belonging to the church ; looked after and accounted for the oblations at the great 
 altar, and other altars and images in the church, and such legacies as were given 
 either to the fabric, or utensils ; he likewise provided bread and wine for the 
 sacrament, and took care of burying the dead. 
 
 5. (JTnmcrariuS, or the chamberlain, who had the chief care of the dormitory, 
 and provided beds and bedding for the monks, razors and towels for shaving them, 
 and part of, if not all, their clothing. 
 
 6. Crilcrarius, or the cellarer, who was to procure provisions for the monks 
 and all strangers resorting to the convent ; viz., all sorts of flesh, fish, fowl, wine, 
 bread, corn, malt for their ale and beer, oatmeal, salt, &c.; as likewise wood for 
 firing, and all utensils for the kitchen. Fuller says that these officers affected 
 secular gallantry, and wore swords like lay gentlemen. 
 
 Besides these were also, 
 
 ©fjcsaurarius, or the burser, who received all the common rents and revenues 
 of the monastery, and paid all the common expenses. 
 
 ^Prcccnlor, or the chanter, who had the chief care of the choir service, and not 
 only presided over the singing men, organist, and choristers, but provided books for 
 them, paid them their salaries, and repaired the organ : he had also the custody of 
 the seal, and kept the liber diurnalis, or chapter-book, and provided parchment and 
 ink for the writers, and colours for the limners of books for the library. 
 
 f^OSttlartUS, or hospitilarius, whose business it was to see strangers well enter- 
 tained, and to provide firing, napkins, towels, and such like necessaries for them. 
 
 InfirmartUS, who had the care of the infirmary, and of the sick monks who 
 
173 
 
 were carried thither, and was to provide them physic and all necessaries whilst 
 living, and to wash and prepare their bodies for burial when dead. 
 
 HUfrCttonariuS, who looked after the hall, providing table-cloths, napkins, 
 towels, dishes, plates, spoons, and all other necessaries for it, and even servants to 
 attend there : he had likewise the keeping of the cups, salts, ewers, and all the silver 
 utensils whatsoever belonging to the house, except the church plate. 
 
 There were also Coquinarius, Gardinarius, and Portarius. 
 
 The offices belonging to the abbey were generally these : 
 
 The pjall, or refectionary; and adjoining thereto, locutorium, or parlour, where 
 leave was given for the monks to discourse, who were enjoined silence elsewhere. 
 
 ©rtoh'ttm, or the oriel, was the next room, the use whereof was for monks who 
 were rather distempered than diseased, to dine therein. 
 
 Bormttorium, the dormitory, where they all slept together. 
 
 Uabatoriunt, generally called the landry, where the clothes of the monks were 
 washed, and where also, at a conduit, they washed their hands. 
 
 Scriptorium, a room where the chartularius, was busied in writing, especially in 
 the transcribing of these books: 1. Ordinals, containing the rubric of their missal, 
 and directory of their priests in service; 2. Consuetudinals, presenting the ancient 
 customs of their convents; 3. Troparies ; 4. Collectaries, wherein the ecclesiastical 
 collects were fairly written. This was the ordinary business of the chartularius and 
 his assistant monks ; but they also employed themselves in transcribing the fathers 
 and classics, and in recording historical events. 
 
 Adjoining to the scriptorium was the Library; which, in most abbeys, was 
 furnished with a variety of choice manuscripts. 
 
 The H\ltcf)cn, with Ulnther and gantry adjoining. 
 
 The abbey-church consisted of, 1 . Cloisters, consecrated ground, as appears by the 
 sepultures therein. 2. J^afatS CccIcsttT, or the body of the church. 3. Crafoatorium, the 
 ascent out of the former into the choir. 4. ^rcshntcrtum, or the choir; on the right 
 side whereof was the stall of the abbot, with his moiety of monks; and on the left, 
 that of the prior with his ; and these, alternately, chanted the responsals in the 
 service. 5. TTeSttaritim, or the vestry, where their copes, surplices, and other 
 habiliments were deposited. 6. Uatllta, a vault, being an arched room over part of 
 the church, which, in some abbeys, as St. Alban’s, was used to enlarge the dormitory, 
 where the monks had twelve beds for their repose. 
 
 Concamcratto, being an arched room betwixt the east end of the church and 
 the high altar, so that in procession they might surround the same, founding 
 
 their practice on David’s expression, “ and so will I encompass thy altar, 
 
 O Lord.” 
 
 To the church belonged also Cerarium, a repository for wax candles ; Campanile, 
 
174 
 
 the steeple; ^olgantiriutlt, the church-yard. The remaining rooms of an abbey 
 stood at a distance from the main structure, and were as follow : 
 
 ©Icemosmxaria, the almonry, vulgarly the ambry, a building near or within the 
 abbey, wherein poor and impotent persons were relieved, and maintained by the 
 charity of the house. 
 
 Sbanctuartum, or the sanctuary, wherein debtors, taking refuge from their 
 creditors, malefactors from the judge, lived all in security. 
 
 At a distance stood the ^tables, which were under the care and management of 
 the Stallarius, or master of the horse, and the Provendarius, who, as his name 
 imports, laid in provender for the horses: these were of four kinds; namely, 1. 
 Manni, geldings for the saddle of the larger size ; 2. Runcini, runts, small nags ; 
 3. Summarii, sumpter-horses ; 4. Averii, cart or plough-horses. 
 
 Besides the buildings above mentioned, there was a prison for incorrigible monks. 
 The ordinary punishment for small offences was carrying the lantern ; but con- 
 tumacious monks were by the abbot committed to prison. 
 
 Other buildings there were, such as UacUStCttum, the cow-house, ^orCclttUttt, the 
 swine-sty, &c. 
 
 (Stances were farms at a distance, sometimes of several miles, kept stocked by 
 the abbey, and so called “ a grano gerendo.” # 
 
 Page 5. — The following list of apartments and offices, copied from Mr. 
 Gage’s History of Hengrave, will give some idea of the arrangement 
 of houses in the sixteenth century. 
 
 “ The inventories speak of the following apartments and offices in this order. 
 
 “ ‘ The chief e, or queen’s chamber ; y e inner chamber to y e cheife chamber ; y e upper 
 garrett to y e same; y e chamber next to y * great chamber; Mr. Payne’s chamber; y e 
 chapell chamber; y e closett to y e chapelt; y e chamber of y e gate; y e inner chamber 
 to y e same ; Sir Thomas Cornwalleis his chamber ; y e inner chamber to y e sayd 
 chamber; y e little chamber next this before; y e chamber over y e winter parler; y e 
 inner chamber to y e aforesayd chamber ; y e gallery by thes chamber ; y e paynted 
 chamber; y e inner chamber to y e same ; y e longe gallerye over y e dyning chamber; 
 my Ladye of Bathon her chamber; y e inner chamber to y e aforesaide chamber; y e 
 prospect chamber; y e chamber under y e prospect chamber; my Ladye Kytson her 
 chamber; y e inner chamber to y e aforesaid ; y e nurserye ; y e mayd’s chamber; y e little 
 closett next to my La. Kytson ’s chamber; y e bathing chamber; y c entrye by my 
 
 * Sir John Hawkins’s Hist, of Music. 
 
175 
 
 lady’s chamber; y e closett within y e dyning chamber; y e dyning chamber; y e 
 gallerye by this saide chamber; Mr. Long’s chamber in y * lower gallerye, y e outward 
 chamber to it ; y e middle chamber ; y e chamber which was Mr. Darcie’s ; y e school- 
 master’s closet; y e closet next that; y e chappell ; Mr. Mannock’s chamber; y e 
 chamber next to y e gate; y e steward’s chamber; y e inner chamber to y e sayd 
 chamber ; Mr. Singleton’s chamber ; y e clarke of y e kitchen his chamber ; y e 
 chamber next y e aforesaid chamber ; y e armorie, y e chamber next y e armorie ; y e 
 closet by y e wood house; y e chamber over y e skoringe; y e day rye mayd’s chamber ; 
 y e yeomen’s gallerye, next y e chiefe chamber; Sir Harry his chamber; y e chamber 
 next y e aforesaid ; y e chamber wher Thomas Warren did lye; y e gardener’s chamber; 
 y e chamber over y e brewhouse; y e brewer’s chamber; y e porter’s lodge; y e bayle’s 
 chamber; Hoare his chamber; y e chamber over y e lead house; y e beste stable 
 chamber; y e next stable chamber; y e thatcher’s chamber; y e chamber under y e 
 aforesayd chamber; y e gallerye at y e tower; Mr. Darcey’s closet; Mr. Darcey’s 
 bed-chamber ; y e inner chamber ; y e closett within y e saide chamber, y e next chamber 
 to y e said chamber; y e chamber where the musicyons play ; Wilbee’s chamber; y e 
 keper’s chamber at y e lodge ; y e great chamber ; y e sommer parler ; y e hall ; y e 
 entrance to y e seller ; y e gallerye by y e kytchen ; y e hind’s hall; y e winter parler; y e 
 chambers in y e wardrope ; y e war dr ope; y e lynnen chamber; y e laundrye house; 
 y e nether still house; y e upper still house ; y e kitchen ; y e pastrye ; y e drye larder; y e 
 wett larder; y e fysheyard; y e scooring house ; y e candell house; y e slaughter house ; 
 y e fyshe house ; y e pantrye ; y e seller under y e pantrye ; y e outward e seller to 
 y e wyne seller; y e wyne seller; y e dayre ; y e cheese chamber; y e outward dayre ; 
 y e candell chamber; y e brewhouse; y e backhouse; Rabye, his storehouse; y e 
 graneries ; y e woole chamber; y e sadler’s shopp; Miles Hunt his storehouse; my 
 Ladye’s storehouse in y e entry by y e hall; y e hopp house; y e hopp yard; y e malt 
 house ; and y e Grange, which comprises a great and little hall ; the bayley’s chamber, 
 and different apartments for persons employed in husbandry; the wood yard.” 
 
 Page 24. — “ Cltt'fc Of tfte lU'ngS SSlOtltsV’ 
 
 This is an ancient and very respectable office, and the above appellation is 
 still continued to the supervisors of the works in royal palaces; but with lesser 
 powers of authority. The Clerk of the Works was, formerly, the superior and 
 controlling officer of all matters connected with the king’s buildings. In the 
 household establishments of the nobility, such an officer was also retained : the 
 
176 
 
 nature of his duties, as well as the efficient restraint which was placed upon his 
 expenditure, will be seen by 
 
 “ Th’ Okdoue for him that shall be apointed Yeirely to be Clerke 
 of my Lorde’s Werkes at Wresill.* 
 
 “ Furste. The clerke of my lorde’s werkes at Wresill shal have laisour every 
 Friday to rekenne with the werkemenne, and to entier in his correcking-booke all the 
 werke donne at Wresill in the saide weke. 
 
 “ Item. The saide clerke of my lorde’s werkes at Wresill shall every 
 Satterday, at afternoon, from on o’th clocke to ij. o’th clocke, bring my lord his 
 correcking booke of the reparacions at Wresill, which makes mencion of the parcells 
 of all werkes fynishid in the said wekes, to be paied for my lord too correcke the 
 said parcells, that the werkemen may be paied. 
 
 “ Item. The said clerke of my lorde’s werkes at Wresill, shall every Sonday 
 ingroice up clere the booke of my lord’s werkes, for all manier of werkes donne the 
 weike befoire, after it be correckid the Satterday befoir by my lorde.” 
 
 After the account-book was corrected, it w 7 as to be fairly engrossed ; but before 
 that was done, the Clerk of the Works was to take his book to my lord, to “ know 
 his lordship’s pleasure, who his lordship woll have sett by him at the correcking of 
 his said reparacions.” He was also to “ knowe my lord’s pleasure, who his 
 lordship woll apointe to be by at the payment of the money of the werkes of the 
 saide weke, to se that the poure foulkes whome shal be paied, be truely paied.” And 
 further, the Clerk of the Works was to bring to account all the “ stuff” bought, what 
 quantity was used, and what “ stuff” was saved of the old works. 
 
 Page 30. — Gardens. The following extract from Laneliam’s Letter, 
 presents an entertaining description of the gardens of Kenilworth 
 Castle, and exhibits a curious portrait of the picturesque of those 
 days. 
 
 “ Unto this his honour’s exquisite appointment of a beautiful garden, an acre or 
 more of quantity, that lieth on the north there: wherein hard along the castle-wall 
 is reared a pleasant terrace, of a ten foot high, and a twelve broad : even under foot, 
 and fresh of fine grass ; as is also the side thereof towards the garden, in which, by 
 sundry equal distances, with obelisks, spheres, and white bears, all of stone, upon their 
 curious bases, by goodly shew were set : to those two, fine arbours, redolent by sweet 
 
 Northumberland Household Book. 
 
177 
 
 trees and flowers, at each end one ; the garden plot under that, with fair allies, green 
 by grass, even voided from the borders aboth sides, and some (for change) with 
 sand, not light, or too soft or soily by dust, but smooth and firm, pleasant to walk 
 on, as a sea shore when the water is availd : then, much gracified by due proportion 
 of four even quarters: in the midst of each, upon a base, a two foot square, and 
 high, seemly bordered of itself, a square pilaster, rising pyramidally, of a fifteen 
 foot high : simmetrically pierced through from a foot beneath, until a two foot of 
 the top : whereupon, for a capital, an orb of ten inches thick : every of these, (with 
 his base), from the ground to the top, of one whole piece ; hewn out of hard 
 porphery, and with great art and heed, (thinks me), thither conveyed, and there 
 erected. Where, further also, by great cast and cost, the sweetness of savour on all 
 sides, made so respirant from the redolent plants and fragrant herbs and flowers, in 
 form, in colour, and quantity, so deliciously variant; and fruit trees bedecked with 
 apples, pears, and ripe cherries. 
 
 “ And unto these, in the midst, against the terrace, a square cage, sumptuous and 
 beautiful, joined hard to the north wall, (that a that side gards the garden, as the garden 
 the castle), of a rare form and excellency, was raised, in height a twenty foot, thirty 
 long, and fourteen broad. From the ground, strong and close, reared breast high, 
 whereat a soil of a fair moulding was couched all about : from that upward, four 
 great windows a-front, and two at each end, every one five foot wide, as many more 
 even above them, divided on all parts by a transome and architrave, so likewise 
 ranging about the cage. Each window arched in the top, and parted from other, in 
 even distance, by flat fair bolted columns, all in form and beauty like, that supported a 
 comely cornish, couched all along upon the bole square ; which, with wire net, finely 
 knit, of mashes six square, an inch wide, (as it were for a flat roof), and, likewise the 
 space of every window with great cunning and comeliness, even and tight was all 
 over strained. Under the cornish again, every part beautified with great diamonds, 
 emeralds, rubies, and sapphires; pointed, tabled, rok and round; garnished with 
 their gold, by skilful head and hand, and by toil and pencil so lively expressed, as it 
 mought be marvel and pleasure to consider how near excellency of art could approach 
 unto perfection of nature. 
 
 “ Holes were there also, and caverns, in orderly distance and fashion, voided 
 into the wall, as well for heat, for coolness, for roost a nights, and refuge in weather, 
 as also fur breeding when time is. More, fair, even, and fresh holly-trees, for 
 pearching and proining, set within, toward each end one. 
 
 “ Hereto, their diversity of meats, their fine several vessels for their water, and 
 sundry grains; and a man, skilful and diligent, to look to them, and tend them. 
 
 “ But (shall 1 tell you) the silver sounded lute, without the sweet touch of hand ; 
 the glorious golden cup, without the fresh fragrant wine ; or the rich ring with 
 
 A A 
 
178 
 
 gem, without the fair-featured finger ; is nothing, indeed, in his proper grace and 
 use : even so his honour accounted of this mansion, till he had placed their tenants 
 according. Had it, therefore, replenished with lively birds, English, French, Spanish, 
 Canarian, and (I am deceived if I saw not some) African. Whereby, whether it 
 became more delightsome in change of tunes and harmony to the ear, or else in 
 difference of colours, kinds, and properties to the eye, I’ll tell you if I can, when 
 I have better bethought me. 
 
 “ In the centre (as it were) of this goodly garden, was there placed a very fair 
 fountain, cast into an eight square, reared a four foot high, from the midst whereof 
 a column up set in shape of two Athlants joined together a back half, one looking 
 east, tother west, with their hands upholding a fair formed bowl, of a three foot 
 over ; from whence sundry fine pipes did lively distil continual streams into the 
 receipt of the fountain, maintained still two foot deep by the same fresh falling 
 water ; wherein, pleasantly playing to and fro and round about, carp, tench, bream, 
 and, for variety, perch and eel, fish fair liking all and large. In the top the ragged 
 staff, which, with the bowl, the pillar, and the eight sides beneath, were all hewn 
 out of rich hard white marble. A one side, Neptune, with his tridental fuskin 
 triumphing in his throne, trailed into the deep by his marine horses. On another, 
 Thetis in her chariot drawn by her dolphins : then Triton by his fishes. Here 
 Proteus herding his sea-bulls : there Doris and her daughters solacing a sea and 
 sands. The waves scourging with froth and foam, intermingled in place, with whales, 
 whirlpools, sturgeons, tunnies, conchs, and wealks, all engraven by exquisite device 
 and skill; so that I may think this not much inferior unto Phoebus gates, which, 
 Ovid says, and peradventure a pattern to this, that Vulcan himself did cut; whereof 
 such was the excellency of art, that the work in value surmounted the stuff, and yet 
 were the gates all of clean massy silver.” 
 
 Page 60. -Gate-House. 
 
 Gateways, as well as having badges, were in some instances ornamented with 
 inscriptions on ribands. The entrance to Thornbury Castle is a remarkable example 
 of the kind. The upper part, showing the manner of displaying the badges and 
 ribands, is represented in the annexed Plate. 
 
 Inscription. — Z hte (Gate toag brgun In the gerc of our Sort) (Gotle 1521, the gere of the 
 regne of Htng ?f)cnrg the VHI. f)g me, lEtifo. 33uc of lluldungham, 
 1£rllc of p?arfort>e, jctafforDe, anti Northampton. 
 
 Motto. — 53orengabant. 
 
Flate ,YrT V 
 
 
 £ 
 
 ./nwcruuzroj- p r) % ocmuPiw j Aq -p^i/s-qqnj- 'uerpuo'j 
 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 Flate JOEXVT. 
 
179 
 
 The Plate also represents two carved spandrils from the Gate-house of St. James’s 
 Palace. 
 
 Page 63. — Tudor Badges. 
 
 The subjoined Plate (page 180) represents ten of the badges mentioned by Mr. 
 Moule; and two others which were borne by the Tudors, viz., the Maiden’s Head,* 
 belonging to the Lady Katherine Parr, for which we are indebted to Willement’s 
 “ Regal Heraldry,” and a Falcon, carved on the roof of the Hall at Hampton Court. 
 
 Page 73. — The Colour of Plastered Houses. 
 
 In many parts of the country, and even in London, the timbers of these houses 
 were painted of dark colours. In the accounts of Thomas Fryer, steward of the 
 household of Thomas Kytson, Esq., is the following entry: — “ September 1574. 
 For plastering and whitening the fore front of my Mr. his house in Coleman St. and 
 the courte, with blacking the timber work, xlijs. vj d.” (History of Hengrave.) This, 
 though not a commendable practice, is still continued in provincial towns. 
 
 Page 76. — Gentlemen are recommended not to attempt to build from 
 
 book-instruction alone. 
 
 An amusing illustration of some of the inconveniences arising out of building 
 experiments, unassisted by professional advice, is recorded in a short biographical 
 sketch of the eccentric author of “ Sandford and Merton,” by Mr. Edgeworth. f 
 
 “ When Mr. Day determined to dip his unsullied hands in mortar, he bought at 
 a stall ‘ Ware’s Architecture;’ this he read with persevering assiduity for three or 
 four weeks, before he began his operations. He had not, however, followed this 
 occupation a week, before he became tired of it. Masons calling for supplies of 
 various sorts, which had not been suggested in the great body of architecture, that 
 he had procured with so much care, annoyed the young builder exceedingly. Sills, 
 lintels, door and window cases, were wanting before they had been thought of and 
 
 * “ This badge,” Mr. Willement tells us, “ does not appear to have been an entire new fancy, but to have 
 been composed from the rose-badge of King Henry VIII. and from one previously used by this Queen’s family. 
 The house of Parr had, before this time, assumed, as one of their devices, a maiden’s head, couped below the 
 bust, vested in ermine and gold, her hair of the last, and her temples encircled with a wreath of red and white 
 roses ; and this badge they had derived from the family of Ros, of Kendal.” 
 
 •f “ Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Esq., begun by himself, and concluded by his daughter, Maria 
 Edgeworth.’’ — Vol. i. p. 342, 2d edition, 1821. 
 
180 
 
 the carpenter, to whose presence he had looked forward but at a distant period, was 
 now summoned, and hastily set to work, to keep the masons a going. Mr. Day was 
 deep in a treatise, written by some French agriculturist, to prove that any soil may 
 be rendered fertile by sufficient ploughing, when the masons desired to know where 
 he would have the window of the new room on the first floor. I was present at the 
 question, and offered to assist my friend — no- — he sat immovable in his chair, and 
 gravely demanded of the mason, whether the wall might not be built first, and a 
 place for the window cut afterwards. The mason stared at Mr. Day with an 
 expression of the most unfeigned surprise. ‘ Why, Sir, to be sure, it is very 
 possible; but, I believe, Sir, it is more common to put in the window cases while the 
 house is building, and not afterwards.’ 
 
 “ Mr. Day, however, with great coolness, ordered the wall to be built without 
 any opening for windows, which was done accordingly ; and the addition which was 
 made to the house was actually finished, leaving the room, which was intended for a 
 dressing-room for Mrs. Day, without any window whatsoever. When it was 
 sufficiently dry, the room was papered, and for some time candles were lighted in it 
 w r henever it was used.” 
 
 Page 93. — Lord Fairfax’s Household Orders. 
 
 (Sh'btr for the House Remembrance for Servants. 
 
 “ That all the servants be redy upon the terras at such tymes as the strangers do 
 come, to attend thir alightinge. 
 
 Prai/ers. — “ That one of the chapel bells be rung before the prayers one quarter 
 of an hour; at which summons the butler must prepare for coveringe, but not cover. 
 
 Porter. — “ When prayers shall beginne, (or a very little before), the gates on all 
 sides must be shutt and locked, and the porter must come into prayers with all the 
 keyes ; and after service is done, the gate must be opened until the usher warne to 
 the dresser. 
 
 Butler. — “ The buttler, with the yeoman of the chamber, or some other yeoman, 
 must go to cover. The prayers done, formes and cussins, where the ladyes and the 
 rest did sit, must be removed. 
 
 Servants and Supper. — “ After supper, (I mean of the servants), they must 
 presently repaire into the dyning chamber, and there remove stooles, see what other 
 things be necessary, and attend further directions until liveryes be served, which 
 they must be ready for upon the warninge; and in the meane tyme let the buttler 
 (with one to helpe him) make them ready. And let not these servants depart until 
 
181 
 
 the best sort of strangers have taken their lodgings ; and the porter must locke the 
 doores, and keep the keys. 
 
 Morning. — “ Let the servants attend by seaven of the clock in the morning in 
 the hall. 
 
 Breakfasts. — “ The clerk of the kitchen must appoynt the cooks, what must be 
 for breakfasts for the ladyes in their chambers, and likewise for the gentlemen in the 
 hall or parlour, which must be served by eight of the clock in the morninge, and not 
 after. 
 
 “ Dinner must be ready by eleven of the clock, prayers after tenne, and the 
 orders observed as is before said. 
 
 The Hall. — “ The great chamber being served, the steward and chaplaine must 
 sit down in the hall, and call unto them the gentlemen, if there be any unplaced 
 above, and then the servants of the strangers, as their masters be in degree.” 
 
 The Usher’s Words of IDirCCttoriS. 
 
 “ First, when they go to cover, hee must go before them through the hall, crying 
 * By your leaves, gentlemen, stand by.’ 
 
 “ The coveringe done, hee must say, ‘ Gentlemen and yeomen for plate.” 
 
 “ Then he must warn to the dresser, ‘ Gentlemen and yeomen to dresser.’ 
 
 “ And he must attend the meat going through the hall, crying, ‘ By your leaves, 
 
 my masters.’ Likewise, he must warn for the second course, and attend it as 
 
 aforesaid. 
 
 “ If bread or beere be wanting on the hall table, he must call aloud at the barre, 
 ‘ Bread or beere for the hall.’ 
 
 “ If any unworthy fellow do unmannerly sett himself down before his betters, he 
 must take him up and place him lower.” 
 
 For the CTfmmbcr. 
 
 “ Let the best-fashioned and apparelled servants attend above the salte, the 
 rest below. 
 
 “ If one servant have occasion to speak to another about service att the table, let 
 him whisper, for noyse is uncivil. 
 
 “ If any servant have occasion to go forth of the chamber for any thing, let him 
 make haste, and see that no more than twoe be absent. And for the prevention of 
 errands, let all sauces be ready at the door ; for even one messe of mustard will take 
 a man’s attendance from the table; but lest anything happen unexpected, let the 
 boy stand within the chamber door for errants. And see that your water and voyder 
 be ready soe soon as meat is served, and sett on the table without. Have a good 
 
182 
 
 eye to the board for empty dishes, and placing of others ; and let not the board be 
 unfurnished. 
 
 The <£up=23oartf. 
 
 “ Let no man fill beere or wine but the cupboard keeper, who must make choice 
 of his glasses or cups for the company, and not serve them hand over heade. He 
 must also know which be for beere and which for wine; for it were a foul thing to 
 mix them together. 
 
 “ Once again let me admonish silence, for it is the greatest part of civility. 
 
 “ Let him which doth order the table, be the last man in it [the room], to see 
 that nothing be left behind that should be taken away. 
 
 “ Many things I cannot remember, which I refer to your good care, otherwise I 
 should seem to write a booke hereof.”* 
 
 Page 97. — Temporary Halls. 
 
 Henry VIII., in the twelfth year of his reign, erected “ a lodging beside the 
 towne of Guisnes, the most noble and roiall lodging that ever before was seene. For 
 it was a palace the which w r as quadrant; euerie quadrant of the same palace was 
 three hundred and twenty-eight foot long, of assise, which was in compasse thirteen 
 hundred and twelve foot about. This palace was set on stages by great cunning and 
 sumptuous worke. 
 
 “ The foregate of the same palace or place, with great and mightie masonrie by 
 sight was arched, with tower on euerie side of the same port, rered by great crafte, 
 and embattled was the gate and tower, and in the fenesters and windowes were 
 images resembling men of warre, readie to cast great stones. Also, the same gate 
 or tower was set with compassed images of ancient princes, Hercules, Alexander, 
 and other, by intrailed worke richlie linnned with goold and albine colours : and well 
 and warilie was made over the gate loups, and inforced with battlements ; and in 
 the same gate a lodge for the porter, which there appeared, and other sumptuouslie 
 apparelled like vnto king’s officers. By the same gate all people passed into a large 
 court, faire and beautiful, for in this court appeared much of the outward beautie of 
 the place, for from the first water table, to the raising or reisin peeces, were baie 
 windowes on euerie side mixed with cleare stories curiouslie glased ; the posts or 
 moinels of euerie window was gilt. 
 
 “ Thus the outward part of the palace lumined the eies of the beholders, by 
 reason of the sumptuous worke. Also the tower of the gate (as seemed) was builded 
 
 * Notes to Northumberland Household Book. 
 
183 
 
 by great masonrie, and by great engine of man’s wit; for the sundrie countenances of 
 every image that there appeared, some shooting, some casting, some readie to strike, 
 and firing of gunnes, which shewed verie honorablie. Also all the said quadrants, 
 baies, and edifices were roially intrailed, as farre as vnto the same court apper- 
 teined. And direct against the gate was deuised a halpas ; and at the entrie of 
 the staire were images of sore and terrible countenances, all armed in curious worke 
 of argentine. The baie of the same halpas pendant by craft of timber, and vnder 
 it antike images of gold, inuironed with verdor of olifs cast in compasse, mounstring 
 their countenances toward the entring of the palace. The staire of the said halpas 
 was cast of passage by the wents of brode steps ; so that from the first foot, or 
 lowest step, anie person might without paine go vnto the highest place of the same 
 halpas. 
 
 “ On euerie hand was their chamber doores and enterings into the chambers of 
 the same palace, which were long and large, and well proportioned, to receive light 
 and air at pleasure : the roofs of them, from place to place, and chamber to chamber, 
 were seiled, and covered with cloth of silke, of the most faire and quicke inuention 
 that before time was seene. For the grounde was white ingrailed, embowed, and 
 batoned with rich clothes of silkes, knit and fret with cuts and braids, and sundrie new 
 casts, that the same clothes of silke shewed like bullions of fine burned gold ; and 
 the roses in losenges, that in the same roofe were in kindlie course, furnished so 
 to man’s sight, that no liuing creature might but ioy in the beholding thereof. For 
 from the iaw peece of the said sieling (which peece was gilt with fine gold) were 
 workes in pane paled, all the walls to the crest incountering the cleare stories, the 
 same crest which was of large deepnesse ; the worke was antike knots, with bosses, 
 cast and wrought with more cunning than I can write, all which workes and ouerages 
 were gilt ; and to set it the more to the glorie, the flourishing bise was comparable to 
 the rich ammell. 
 
 “ Also at the foot of the same palace was another crest, all of fine set gold, 
 whereon hanged rich and maruelous clothes of arras, wrought of gold and silke, 
 compassed of manie ancient stories, with which clothes of arras euerie wall and 
 chamber were hanged, and all the windowes so richly couered, that it passed all 
 other sights before seene. In euerie chamber and euerie place conuenient were 
 clothes of estate, great and large, of cloth of gold, of tissue, and rich embroderie, 
 with chaires couered with like cloth, with pommels of fine gold, and great cushions 
 of rich worke, of the Turkie making: nothing lacked of honourable furnishment. 
 Also to the same palace was reared a chappell with two closets, the quire of the said 
 chapped sieled with cloth of gold, and thereon fret ingrailed bent clothes of silke ; 
 all was then silke and gold. The altars of this chappell were hanged with rich 
 reuesture of cloth of gold and tissue, embroidered with perles. Oner the high altar 
 
184 
 
 was hanged a rich canopie of maruellous greatnesse ; the altar was apparelled with 
 hue paire of candlesticks of gold, and on the altar an halpas, and thereon stood a 
 crucifix all of fine gold, and on the same halpas stood twelve images, of the bignes of 
 foure yeares of age, all gold. 
 
 “ All the copes and vestments were so rich as might be prepared or bought in the 
 citie of Florens, for they were all but of one peece, so wouen for the purpose, cloth 
 of tissue and powdered with red roses, purpled with fine gold. The orfris set with 
 pearles and precious stones. And all the walles and deskes of this chappell were 
 hanged with right cloth of gold, and three rich great crosses were there readie to be 
 borne at festiual times, and basens and censers, gospellers, paxes, crewets, holie water 
 vessels, and other ornaments, all of gold. Also in the first closet was a trauerse for 
 the king’s person, of cloth of gold, and in it his place and chaire, with cushions of 
 cloth of gold : before the trauerse was an altar of presence, which altar was adorned 
 with cloth of broderie, and rich pearles and precious stones, set in goldsmith’s worke 
 of fine gold. On the alter was a desk or halpas, whereon stood a patible of the 
 crucifix of fine gold, with an image of the Trinitie, an image of the Virgin Marie, 
 and twelve other images, all fine gold and precious stones, two paire of candlesticks 
 of fine gold, with basens, crewets, paxes, and other ornaments. 
 
 “ The said closet was hanged with tapets embrodered with rich worke fret with 
 pearles and stones ; the roofe of the same closet was sieled with worke of inmouled, gilt 
 with fine gold, and senoper, and bise. The second closet was for the queene’s person, 
 in which was a trauerse of rich cloth of gold, the altar so richlie apparelled, that 
 there lacked neither pearles nor stones of riches. On the altar were twelve great 
 images of gold, the closet hanged with cloth of gold, all other iewals missal; I 
 suppose neuer such like were seene ; and the roofe of the same closet was seiled with 
 like worke that the king’s closet was, as is before rehearsed. Also to this palace 
 was all houses of offices, that to such an honourable court should apperteine ; that 
 is, to wit, the lord chamberlein, lord steward, lord treasurer of the household, for the 
 comptroller, the office of greene cloth, wardrobes, iewell house, and office of house- 
 hold service, as eurie, pantrie, cellar, butterie, spicerie, pitcher house, larder, and 
 poultrie, and all other offices, so large and faire, that the officers might and did 
 maruell, as in the craft of viands, by ouens, harthes, reredorses, chimnies, ranges, and 
 such instruments as there were ordeined.”* 
 
 Page 106.— jfrmale ^abtltnimtsb 
 
 Holingshed, who is almost endless in his accounts of feasts and fine dresses, 
 speaking of a banquet given by Ilenry VIII., in 1510, says, there “ entered six 
 
 Holingshed. 
 
185 
 
 ladies, wherof two were apparelled in crimsin sattin and purple, embrodered with 
 gold, and by viniets ran floure delices of gold, with marvellous rich and strange 
 tiers on their heads. Then two ladies in crimsin and purple, made like long slops, 
 embrodered and fret with gold, after antike fashion : and ouer that garment was a 
 short garment, of cloth of gold, scant to the knee, fashioned like a tabard all ouer, 
 with double rolles, all of flat gold of damaske, fret with frised gold ; and on their 
 heads skarfs and wrappers of damaske gold, with flat pipes, that strange it was to 
 behold. The other two ladies were in kirtels of crimsin and purple sattin, em- 
 brodered with a viniet of pomgranats of gold, all the garments cut compasse wise, 
 having but demie sleeves, naked down from the elbowes, and ouer their garments 
 were botches of pleasants, rolled with crimsin velvet, and set with letters of gold, like 
 characts, their heads rolled in pleasants and tipets like the Aegyptians, embrodered 
 with gold. Their faces, necks, armes, and hands, couered in line pleasants blacke : 
 some call it Lumbardines, which is maruellous thin ; so that the same ladies seemed 
 to be Nigers or blacke Mores. Of these foresaid six ladies, the ladie Marie, sister 
 vnto the king, was one.” 
 
 At a pageant in the same year, he says there “ were six ladies, all apparelled in 
 white and greene, set and embrodered full of p^. and !&., of gold, knit togither with 
 laces of gold of damaske, and all their garments were replenished with glittering 
 spangels, gilt ouer; on their heads were bonets, all opened at the foure quarters, 
 ouerfrised with flat gold of damaske, the orrellets were of rolles, wreathed on lampas 
 doucke; the fassis of their head set full of new deuised fashions.” 
 
 In 1515 he describes a maske where “ there were foure ladies in gowns, after the 
 fashion of Sauoie, of blew veluet, lined with cloth of gold, the veluet all cut, and 
 mantels like tipets, knit togither, all of silver; and on their heads bonets of burned 
 <gold.” And another maske, in 1519, where thirty-six persons danced, “ in one sute 
 of fine greene sattin, all couered ouer with cloth of gold, vnder tied togither with 
 laces of gold, with long haire of white gold.” 
 
 After a comedie, in 1520, “ there entered into the chamber eight ladies in blacke 
 veluet, bordered about with gold, with hoopes from the wast downeward, and sleeues 
 ruffed and plited at the elbow, and plaine in the middest, full of cuts, plucked out at 
 euerie cut with fine camerike, and tired like the Aegyptians verie richlie.” 
 
 Pages no and 1 1 1 .— f^ameit^aitgerd and f^eomnvBi'ftsorrsh 
 
 Other yeomen guarded the king’s robes at his removals, and were therefore 
 called MobeASoers. 
 
 The charge of the king’s tent and its furniture was, more anciently, (temp. 
 Edward IV.), in a separate department, consisting of a “ master, yeomen, and 
 
 B B 
 
186 
 
 grooms of the tents.” The office of master of the tents was a post of high honour, 
 and w r as continued till a later period : in the coronation procession of James I., this 
 officer walked as a master of one of what were called the “ standing offices.”* 
 
 The last time the yeomen-hangers and yeomen-bedgoers were called upon to 
 perform this kind of duty, was in the year 1743, when King George II. went to 
 Hanover, to take the command of the army. They put up the king’s bed every night 
 on the road ; but the tent was not actually pitched, although they w r ere prepared to 
 erect and hang it properly, and place the bed.-f- Broughton the pugilist was one of 
 the yeomen-hangers employed on that occasion. 
 
 Connected with the yeomen of the guard, and with furniture, may be mentioned 
 the reading-desk and trussing-chests, which stood in the guard chamber at St. James’s 
 Palace. The former had a large Bible, and a Prayer-book of equal dimensions, 
 secured to it by chains, and the day was begun by the senior yeoman on duty reading- 
 prayers and the lessons ordained for the church service. The latter contained 
 the beds on which the yeomen on guard slept. A huge cribbage-board was, 
 perhaps, a still more conspicuous object, and one which, from its extraordinary 
 proportions, and constant occupation, was more likely to attract the attention of, and 
 be remembered by visiters, when St. James’s was a “ show” palace. 
 
 * The “ standing offices" were, 1. the master of the ordnance ; 2. the master of the wardrobe; 
 3. the master of the armory ; 4. the master of the revels ; 5. the master of the tents. 
 f Pegge’s Curialia. 
 
187 
 
 Page 132. — ^es»£»f£»* 
 
 The subjoined extracts from the Northumberland Household Book, show that 
 the viands were not indiscriminately shared when it was the custom for high and 
 low to mingle at their meals. 
 
 “ Item, It is devised that from henceforthe no ©apOHMS to be boughte but 
 oonlie for my lord’s owne mees ; ande that the same capons schal be boughte for ijd. 
 a-pece, leyne and fedd in the pultrye ; ande the maister chambrelyn and the stewarde 
 be servidde with capounnes if there be straungeres sitting with theme.” 
 
 “ Item, It is thoughte goode that (2T)dunS be boughte for my lord’s owne meas 
 onely, ande maister chamberleyne ande the stewarde’s meas, so that they be at an ob 
 a-pece.” 
 
 “ Item, It is thoughte good p^tnriCS be boughte from Cristynmas to Shroftide, so 
 they be good, and at ij d. a-pece ; ande my lorde maister chamberleyne and the 
 steward’s meas to be syrved with theme, and noon outher.” 
 
 “ Item, It is thoughte goode to by ^fogt'ottS for my lord’s meas, maister 
 chambreleyne, and the stewarde’s meas, so they be boughte after iij. for a penny. 
 
 Page 137. — “ Orders for household servantes, first devised by Sihlllt 
 in the year 1566; and renewed by John Haryngton his 
 sonne, in 1592 : the saide S)ol)lt the sonne being High Shrieve of the 
 county of Somerset. 
 
 Imprimis, That no servant be absent from praier, at morning or evening, without 
 lawfull excuse, to be ailed ged within one day after, vpon paine to forfeit for every 
 time 2d. 
 
 ii. Item, That none swear any othe, vppon paine for every othe 1 d. 
 
 iii. Item, That no man leave any door open that he findeth shut, vppon paine for 
 every tyme Id. 
 
 iv. Item, That none of the men be in bed, from our Lady-day to Michaelmas, 
 after 6 o’clock in the morning, nor out of bed after 10 o’clock at night; nor from 
 Michaelmas till our Lady-day, in bed after 7 in the morning, nor out after 9 at 
 night, without reasonable cause, on paine of 2d. 
 
 v. That no man’s bed bee vnmade, nor tire or candle box vncleane, after 8 o’clock 
 in the morning, on paine of Id. 
 
 vi. Item, directs that no nuisance shall be committed ‘ in either of the courts, 
 vppon paine of every time it shall be proved, Id.’ 
 
188 
 
 vii. Item, That no man teach any of the children any vnhonest spech or othe, on 
 paine of Ad. 
 
 viii. Item, That no man waite at the table without a trencher in his hand, except 
 vppon some good cause, on paine of lr/. 
 
 ix. Item, That no man appointed to waite at my table bee absent that meale 
 without reasonable cause, on paine of \d. 
 
 x. Item, That if any man breake of glasse, hee shall aunswer the price thereof 
 out of his wages ; and if it be not known who breake it, the buttler shall pay for it, 
 on paine of 12c?. 
 
 xi. Item, The table must be covered halfe an houre before 11 at dinner, and 6 or 
 before at supper, on paine of 6d. 
 
 xii. Item, That meate be ready at 11 or before at dinner, and at 6 or before at 
 supper, on paine of 6d. 
 
 xiii. Item, That none be absent without leave or good cause the whole day, or 
 any part of it, on paine of Ad. 
 
 xiv. Item, That no man strike his fellow, on paine of losse of service ; nor revile 
 or threaten, or provoke another to strike, on paine of 12 d. 
 
 xv. Item, That no man come to the kitchen without reasonable cause, on paine 
 of 1 d., and the cook likewise to forfeit 1 d. 
 
 xvi. Item, That none toy with the maids, on paine of 4c/. 
 
 xvii. Item, That no man weare foule shirt on Sunday, nor broken hose or shooes, 
 or dublett without buttons, on paine of Id. 
 
 xviii. Item, That when any strainger goeth hence, the chamber must be drest vp 
 againe within 4 howrs after, on paine of Id. 
 
 xix. Item, That the hall bee made cleane every day by eight in the winter, and 
 seaven in the sommer, on paine of him that should do it, to forfeit lrf. 
 
 xx. That the cowrt-gate bee shutt each meale, and not opened during dinner and 
 supper, without iust cause, on paine the porter to forfeit for every time Id. 
 
 xxi. Item, That all stayrs in the house, and other rooms that neede shall require, 
 be made cleane on Friday after dinner, on paine of forfeyture of every on whome it 
 shall belong vnto 3d. 
 
 All which sommes shal be duly paide each 
 quarter-day out of their wages, and be- 
 stowed on the poore, or other godly vse.”* 
 
 Page 151. — £tb tries* 
 
 We have mentioned, at page 151, that the king’s painters in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. had liveries and badges. The royal architects had also liveries; and the 
 
 Nuga; Antique. 
 
189 
 
 custom was continued as late as the reign of Charles I. The subjoined warrant, 
 under the sign-manual of King James I., directed to the Master of the Great 
 Wardrobe, for supplying such allowances to Inigo Jones, is copied from a MS. in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 “ Wee will and comand yo immediatlie upon the sight hereof, to deliver, or cause 
 to be delivered, unto o welbeloved servant Inigo Jones, whom wee have appointed to 
 be Surveyor of o Works, in the roome and place of Simon Basill, decasd, these pcell 
 hereafter following for his lyverie : — That is to saie, ffive yards of broad clothe for a 
 gowne, at twentie-six shillings eight pence the yard, one furr of budge for the same 
 gowne, price four pounds, four yards half of baies to line the same gowne, at five 
 shillings the yard, for furring the same gowne ten shillings, and for making the same 
 gowne ten shillings ; and farther, o pleasure and commandement is, that yearly, from 
 henceforth, at the feast of All Saints, yo deliver, or cause to be delivered, unto the 
 said Inigo Jones, the like pcells for his livery, w th the furring and the making of 
 the same, as aforesaid, during his naturall lief. And these Ires, signed w th o r own 
 hand, shall be yo sufficient warrant, dormant, and discharge, in that behalf given 
 under o signet, at the palace of Westminster, the sixteenth day of March, in the 
 thirteenth year of o reigne, of England, France, and Ireland, and of Scotland the 
 nine and fortith. 
 
 “ To o right trustie and wellbeloved James Lord Hay, 
 
 M r of our Great Warderobe now being, and to the M r 
 of the same that hereafter for the time shall be.” 
 
 A subsequent warrant directs the payment of three years’ arrears : — 
 
 “ After my hearty comendacons : — Wheras there is due unto Inigo Jones, 
 Esquire, Survey 1- of his Ma ts Workes, the some of thirty-eight pounds seaven 
 shillings and sixe pence, for three yeares arreares of his lyvy out of the wardrobe, as 
 appeareth by three severall debenters : These are therefore to will and require yo to 
 make payment unto the said Inigo Jones, or his assignees, of the said some of thirty- 
 eight pounds seaven shillings and sixe pence, according to his said debenters. And 
 for soe doing this shal be yo warrant. 
 
 [5 ignature iv anting . ] 
 
 Other warrants authorise the issuing of liveries to Maximillian Poutrain, alias 
 Colt, Master Sculptor of the Works ; to John Green, Coffer-maker, &c. &c. 
 
190 
 
 Page 158. — ISftl of King Henry VIII., from an Inventory of 
 
 Hampton Court. 
 
 Item, a 23clJStftlC, the posts and head curiouslie wrought, painted and gilt, having 
 as well four bullyeons of timbre gilt, as four vanes of yron painted with the king’s 
 armes; having celler, tester, double vallaunces and bases of cloth of gold tissue, and 
 cloth of silver paned together, embroidered upon the seams with a work of purple 
 velvet ; having the king’s arms, crowned with the crown imperial, within a garland 
 upon the celar and testar; and also with roses and flours de luce, likewise crowned 
 within the garland upon the said cloth of silver. The said celar took in length 
 2 % yards, in bredth 2f yds. lined with yellow bucker. The double valance, every 
 one of them, took in depth J yd. with deep fringe of gold, silver, and silke. The 
 tester, fringed upon both sides with a narrow fringe of Venice gold and silver, took 
 in depth ]| yds. 3 nails, in height 3 yds., lined as aforesaid, together with three 
 curtains, took 23 pieces of taphata, pained purple and white, garnished upon the 
 same on both sides with passamyne, late of Venice gold, and fringed upon the edge, 
 and at the lower part with a narrow fringe of like gold and silver ; every curtain took 
 in depth 2 \ yards. 
 
 Also a Counterpoint of the same taphata, embroidered with the king’s arms, 
 within a garland holden by his majesty’s supporters, and four badges within 
 garlands, likewise embroidered with cloth of gold, lozenged all over with cordauntz 
 of Venice golde and silver, lined with purple sarcnet, took 3J yards square. One 
 33cbbe, of fustian, filled with downe, being 4 yards breadth of the same fustian, and 
 3 yards in length. One bolster, of one breadth wide, of fustian, filled with down, 
 and in length 3 yds. goode. Two ijjJtUofoS, being one breadth wide, of fustian, filled 
 with down, either of them in length 1J yards. Four dHufltS of linen cloth, filled 
 with wool, wherof three took in length 3 yards good each, and in breadth 3 yards, 
 and the fourth 2f yards in length, and 2f yards in breadth. 
 
 Hentzner speaks of a bed at Hampton Court, and probably the foregoing is a 
 description of that bed, “ the teaster of which was worked by Anne Bullen, and 
 presented to her husband Henry VIII.” 
 
 He mentions also “ a chamber [at Windsor Castle] in which are the royal beds of 
 Henry VII. and his queen, of Edward VI., of Henry VIII., and of Anne Bullen, all 
 of them eleven feet square, and covered with quilts shining with gold and silver.” 
 
 Page 1 65. — 2loolung-'<0Ia£iScsh 
 
 In Hentzner’s account of Hampton Court, he says, there is “ in the hall a very 
 clear looking-glass, ornamented with columns, and little images of alabaster.” 
 
191 
 
 Page 166. — A notion of the various utensils in use in the early part of 
 the 16th century may be formed by perusing the following order for 
 the “ Carriages at every Remevall of my Lord, where my Lord 
 shall brek upe his house from place to place.” 
 
 “ Fur st. Yt is ordygnede that the wardrobe stuff shall have at every remevall 
 iij. carriages allowed, besides my lorde’s chariot; and that they shall remanynge no 
 moir stuff, (concernyng the wardrobe, in the place wher my lorde shall remove fro), 
 left to cary at the day of my lorde’s departour, but only the stuff that doith hange, 
 and beddes : as to say the stuf in the chambre wher my lord and my laidy lyeth ; 
 the stuf in the chambre wher my lord dyneth ; the stuf in the greate chambre; and the 
 stuf in the chambre wher my lord makes him redy : and the beddes, with the stuf 
 belonging them, in the chambers wher my lord’s children lieth : iij. cartes, viz. one 
 carte for the stuf of the dynynge chambre and greate chambre, and the oather carte 
 for the stuf in my laidy’s chambre, and in the chambre wher my lord makes him 
 redy ; with the gentilwomen stuf, and the stuf that remanes in my lorde’s chambre, 
 conseyrnynge my lorde’s self; and the iij de cart for such stuf remanynge in the 
 wardrobe, which might not be remevide, nor sent before, unto my lorde’s departour.” 
 There was one cart appointed for the removal of the chapel furniture ; and one for 
 the apparel and furniture of the children and their servants. 
 
 It was “ ordyned that the stuff of the offices followynge be joynd at every 
 remevall to one carriage, bicaus the sellar hath but cupbord clothes, and barrell- 
 feries ; the pauntry towelles, purpaynes, coverpayns, chipping-knyffs ; the buttry 
 Cannes, cupes, and cruses ; and the ewry chaffers, basings, and ewers, table-clothis, 
 ewry-clothis, napkins, carver, and sewer, towells, viz. the sellar, the pantry, the 
 butrey, and ewry, and all the parsons’ stuff, with ther bedding, which be officers 
 belonging to the said offices.” 
 
 There were two carriages for “ the stuf of the kechinge, squillery, lardre, and 
 pastrey ; viz. one for the keching stuff, as spittes, pottes, pannes, traffets, raks ; and 
 pastrey stuf, as pryntes and outher stuf ; and the other carriage for the squyllery- 
 stuf, as vessell and dresser-clothes, with the ij. beddes for the four cookes to ly in ; 
 and all the parsons their apparel and outher stuf.” 
 
 One carriage for <e the stuf belonginge to the bakhous, with the bed for the 
 bakers, the bedde for the brewers, the bedde for the groom-ushers o’ th hall,” and 
 for their apparel and other stuff. 
 
 For the attorney and the auditors of the household ; the gentlemen of the 
 household, viz. the carvers, sewers, cupbearers, and gentlemen -waiters, with their 
 five beds, which were thus appointed — one for the attorney, one for the two auditors, 
 
192 
 
 one for the two carvers, and one for two gentlemen-waiters, with all their apparel, 
 one carriage. 
 
 For the gentlemen- ushers of my lord’s chamber, yeomen-ushers of the chamber, 
 yeomen-ushers of the hall, with their beds and other stuff, (two to a bed), one 
 carriage. 
 
 For the dean, subdean, priests, gentlemen, and children of the chapel, with the 
 yeomen and groom of the vestry, two carriages ; one conveyed xj. beds for twenty-two 
 persons, viz. six priests, ten gentlemen, six children, and the yeoman and groom. 
 
 For the clerk of the “ foren expenses,” the clerk of the works, and the clerk that 
 hath the oversight and payment of my lord’s expenses and reparations, and the clerk 
 employed under those clerks, with their beds, and a “ large standard chest for their 
 books,” one carriage. 
 
 For the head clerk of the kitchen, the clerk of the “ brevements,” and the clerk 
 avener; and their beds and great standard chest for their books, one carriage.* 
 
 Page 38. — Sog'lUmu'L 
 
 The adjoining Plate explains the general arrangement of the grass-court and sunk 
 fence in front of the kennel, more clearly than the mere Plan, Plate VIII. This 
 kind of boundary allows a perfect view of the surrounding country, and presents no 
 appearance of restraint : Mr. Beckford observes, that nothing tends so much to keep 
 the dogs quiet; and Somerville directs that the court may be as open as possible, to 
 receive 
 
 “ The sun’s all-cheering beams, when mild he shines, 
 
 And gilds the mountain tops. For much the pack 
 (Roused from their dark alcoves) delight to stretch 
 And bask in his invigorating ray. 
 
 Warm’d by the streaming light and merry lark, 
 
 Forth rush the jolly clan ; with tuneful throats 
 They carol loud, and in grand chorus join’d, 
 
 Salute the new-born day. For not a'one 
 The vegetable world, but men and brutes 
 Own his reviving influence, and joy 
 At his approach.” Chase. 
 
 * Northumberland Household Book. 
 
londnn Published ly larupnsm. K C° Paternoster How, IS id. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
193 
 
 Page 71.— Botory-'HouSf . 
 
 In the description of the devices wrought in vitrified bricks in the boundary-wall 
 of the ancient manor-house at Bermondsey, we have inadvertently, like the intelligent 
 author of the work from which it was taken, erred in blazoning the arms of the 
 bishopric of Winchester. The arms of that see are two keys endorsed the bows 
 interlaced in bend, a sword interposed between them in bend sinister.* 
 
 * Gwillim’s Display. 
 
 c c 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbotsbury, 37. 
 
 Abbot’s Hospital, Guilford, 58. 
 
 Alcock, Bishop, 23. 
 
 Alnwick Castle, 63. 
 
 And-irons, 142, 154. 
 
 Apostle Spoons, 135. 
 
 Arras, 110 — 118. 
 
 Bacon, Lord, seat of, 12. 
 
 Bacon’s, Lord, directions for building a house, 
 45, 46, 47. 
 
 Badges, 60, 61, 63. 
 
 of the Tudors, 63, 64, 65, 179. 
 
 Bagford, 9. 
 
 Bancours, 164. 
 
 Barge-boards, 73. 
 
 Barns, 37. 
 
 Basham, 35. 
 
 Basins and ewers, 131. 
 
 Bathing-rooms, 90. 
 
 Baudkin, 112. 
 
 Beaulieu, 63. 
 
 Beckford’s directions for building a dog- 
 kennel, 39. 
 
 Bed, standing, 156. 
 
 truckle, 156. 
 
 Beds, 161, 190. 
 
 — ■ — - trussing, 158. 
 
 of timber, 157. 
 
 Bedsteads, 157. 
 
 Bed-hangings, 158, 159, 160. 
 
 Bedding, 161. 
 
 Bed of King Henry VIII., 190. 
 
 Beddington, Surrey, 43. 
 
 Bells, 156. 
 
 Bermondsey, ancient Manor-house at, 71. 
 Berril, 16. 
 
 Biscop, Benedict, 15. 
 
 Blankets, 162. 
 
 ; Bolsters, 161, 190. 
 
 Bolton Castle, 32. 
 
 Borde’s, Andrew, plan for building a house, 45 
 Boughton Malherbe, 81. 
 
 Bowls, 126. 
 
 Brambletye House, Sussex, 99. 
 
 Branches for lights, 142. 
 
 B rath wait, quotation from, 77. 
 
 Brazennose College, 16. 
 
 Braziers, 153. 
 
 Bricks, 8, 9, 28. 
 
 Bricks vitrified, 70, 71. 
 
 Broadwater Church, Sussex, 29. 
 
 Broughton, the pugilist, 186. 
 
 Browne, Sir Anthony, 5, 6. 
 
 Buekhurst, 34. 
 
 Buildings in London, proclamations to regu- 
 late the, 8, 9. 
 
 Bulleyne, Dr., 119. 
 
 Byfleet House, 6. 
 
 royal manor of, 24. 
 
 Cabinets, 148. 
 
 Candlesticks, 136. 
 
 Canopies with statues, 35. 
 
195 
 
 Cardan, Jerome, 91. 
 
 Cardinal College, 23. 
 
 Carisbrook Castle, 62. 
 
 Carlton House, temporary room in the garden 
 of, 97. 
 
 Carpets, 141, 165. 
 
 Carriages at the removals of the Earl of 
 Northumberland, 191. 
 
 Carving and inlaying of woods, 100. 
 
 Catlage, 5. 
 
 Chafing-dishes, 154. 
 
 Chairs, 142, 146, 164. 
 
 Chamber houses, 42. 
 
 where my lord makes him ready, 90. 
 
 Chapel, 92. 
 
 at Richmond, 95. 
 
 Chargers, 125. 
 
 Charles I., 6. 
 
 Chaucer, quotations from, 1, 10, 15, 37, 52, 
 79, 83, 103, 133, 161. 
 
 house of, 47. 
 
 Chess-board of spiced plate, 143. 
 
 Chests, 148. 
 
 trussing, 149. 
 
 standard, 149. 
 
 Chimneys, 32, 33, 34, 58, 59, 90. 
 
 Chimney, court, 34. 
 
 Hall, 58. 
 
 China, 138, 139. 
 
 ChristChurch, Oxford, 11. 
 
 Clapton, royal manor of, 24. 
 
 Clergy, houses of, 7, 8. 
 
 Clerk of the king’s works, 24, 175. 
 
 Clerk of the works, 25. 
 
 Cleyn, Francis, a painter, 117. 
 
 Cloisters, 30. 
 
 Cloth of Raynes, 1 62. 
 
 Cob-irons, 144. 
 
 Coffers, 148. 
 
 Colin Cloute, boke of, 8. 
 
 Collwiche, Humphrey, 25 
 Conishead Priory, cabinet at, 148. 
 
 Contracts, 19. 
 
 Convent, 3. 
 
 Convents, offices in, 173. 
 
 officers of, 172. 
 
 Costers, 164. 
 
 Counterfeit vessel, 138. 
 
 Counterpoints or panes, 162, 190. 
 
 Coverlets, 162. 
 
 Cowdry, 5, 6, 82. 
 
 Cradle for sea-coal, 153. 
 
 Crane, Sir Francis, 117. 
 
 Creepers, 153. 
 
 Cribbage-board at St. James’s Palace, 186. 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 7. 
 
 Croydon, Archbishop’s palace at, 58. 
 
 Crystal, 16. 
 
 Cullum, Sir John, 30, 31, 50, 158. 
 
 Cups, 125. 
 
 Cupboard, 122, 123, 141, 165, 182. 
 
 — livery, 124. 
 
 Cupboards, court, 123. 
 
 Curtains, 142. 
 
 Cushions, 142, 147. 
 
 Day, Mr., anecdote of his building, 179. 
 D’Alva, Duke, 105. 
 
 Deambulatories, 30. 
 
 Dekker, 119. 
 
 De la Wane, Lord, 29. 
 
 Devices painted on the panels of walls and 
 ceilings, 12. 
 
 Dogs, 153. 
 
196 
 
 Dog-kennel, 38, 39, 40, 192. 
 
 Doors, 11. 
 
 Dorser, 121. 
 
 Dowry-house, 66, 68, 193. 
 
 Dressing-tables, 165. 
 
 Eastbury, Essex, 27 r 81. 
 
 Edward I., 14. 
 
 III., domestic architecture in the 
 
 reign of, 1, 14, 15, 23. 
 
 -— IV., 10. 
 
 VI., 6. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 10, 112, 136, 147, 153. 
 
 El tharn, 3. 
 
 Ely, 37. 
 
 Ewelme, 9. 
 
 Ewry-board, 123. 
 
 Fairs, 18. 
 
 Fairfax, Lord, household orders of, 180. 
 Fenders, 155. 
 
 Fermor, R., Gent., 13. 
 
 Fires, 165. 
 
 Fitzalwyn, 10. 
 
 Flemish chairs, 146. 
 
 Floors, paved, 10, 11. 
 
 , boarded, 11. 
 
 strewed with straw, 103. 
 
 covered with rushes, 118. 
 
 Forks, 135. 
 
 Fountains, 31. 
 
 Friars, Carmelite, 52. 
 
 Furniture, anterior to the Tudors, 103. 
 
 of the hall, 120. 
 
 of the great chamber, 140. 
 
 of the gallery, 142. 
 
 of parlours and privy-rooms, 144. 
 
 Furniture of the bed-chambers, 156. 
 Fustians, 162. 
 
 Gables, 81. 
 
 Gallery, furniture of the, 142. 
 
 Gardens, Mr. Knight’s observations on, 68. 
 
 at Kenilworth, 176. 
 
 Gardiner, Bishop, 3. 
 
 Gargoyles, 48. 
 
 Gate, Holbein’s, at Whitehall, 34. 
 Gate-house, 5, 34, 60, 86, 178. 
 
 Gentilis, Cosmo, 117. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 126. 
 
 Gerbier, Sir Balthazzar, 86. 
 
 Ghent, John of, palace at Lincoln, 50. 
 Glass, 15, 16. 
 
 , painted, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58. 
 
 Glasses, 14, 129. 
 
 Glastonbury, 37. 
 
 Glazen Hall, 16. 
 
 Grange, prior of, 36. 
 
 , 36, 37, 72, 76, 88, 90. 
 
 Great chamber, furniture of, 140, 
 Greenwich, 97, 98. 
 
 Gresham, Sir Thomas, 21.. 
 
 Godman Hall, 11. 
 
 Gwynn, 23. 
 
 i Habiliments, female, 106, 184. 
 i Haddon Hall, 96, 166. 
 
 Hall, Bishop, quotation from, 32. 
 
 Hall, 92. 
 
 at Richmond, 94. 
 
 furniture of the, 120. 
 
 Halls, temporary, 97, 98, 99, 182. 
 Halnaker, 5, 6. 
 
 Hampton Court, 4, 5, 11, 190. 
 
197 
 
 Handles, 42. 
 
 Hangings, prices of, 115.* 
 
 of painted cloth, 116. 
 
 of embossed leather, 117. 
 
 Hardwick, Derbyshire, 100, 150. 
 
 Harrison, quotations from, 8, 10, 16, 33, 34, 
 37, 40, 86, 87, 88, 107, 138, 150. 
 Haryngton, Sir John, 81, 91, 96, 137. 
 
 - — — household orders of, 187. 
 
 Hatfield, 80. 
 
 Hengist, 126. 
 
 Hengrave, 4, 17, 45, 49, 76. 
 
 list of apartments at, 174. 
 
 Henry III., 14. 
 
 VI., 9. 
 
 VII., 2, 3, 9, 10, 23, 104. 
 
 VIII., 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 104. 
 
 Hentzner, Paul, 90, 147, 150, 153. 
 
 Heraldry, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 179. 
 Herstmonceaux, 9, 62. 
 
 Hertford Castle, 62. 
 
 Hever Castle, Kent, 57. 
 
 High Dese, 121. 
 
 Hilton Castle, 61. 
 
 Hinges, 92. 
 
 Holbein, 6, 34, 151. 
 
 Holingshed, 15, 44. 
 
 Holland House, 80. 
 
 Horn, &c. used in windows as substitutes for 
 glass, 16. 
 
 Hern ebounde, Luke, painter to HenryVIII. 150. 
 Houses of York and Lancaster, 1. 
 
 James I , 5, 8. 
 
 Johnson, Dr., 112. 
 
 Jones, Inigo, 9, 80, 189. 
 
 Jonson, Ben, 135, 139. 
 
 Iron-work, 76. 
 
 Juxon, Archbishop, 92. 
 
 Kennington, royal manor of, 24. 
 
 Kitchens, 166. 
 
 ventilation of, 51. 
 
 Knives, 133. 
 
 Kytson, Sir Thomas, parlours in the house 
 of, 145. 
 
 Lsevinius Lemnius, 119. 
 
 Lambeth Palace, 92. 
 
 Langton, Bishop, 14. 
 
 Lantern of Demosthenes, 69. 
 
 Latimer, Bishop, 22, 108. 
 
 Laundress of Henry VIII., 149. 
 
 Leckinfield, 12, 79, 101. 
 
 Leland, 9, 59, 79. 
 
 License to build, 4. 
 
 to imparke, 88. 
 
 Library, 77, 78, 79. 
 
 Liveries, 2, 3, 124. 
 
 to the royal painters, 151. 
 
 architects, 188. 
 
 Livery cupboard, 124. 
 
 Locks, 43, 44. 
 
 Looking-glasses, 150, 165, 190. 
 
 Longleat, 80. 
 
 Lydgate, quotations from, 30, 48, 53. 
 
 Mary, Queen, 2, 112. 
 
 Mary Queen of Scots, 153. 
 
 Masons, 19. 
 
 Erratum. — Page 115, for xi. shillings, react two shillings “ a styck.” 
 
198 
 
 Master of the tents, 186. 
 
 Maxtoke Castle, 62. 
 
 Mazer bowl, 126. 
 
 Melville, Sir James, 112, 153.* 
 
 Merchants’ marks, 53. 
 
 Messes, 132, 187. 
 
 Metamorphosis of Ajax, Sir John Haryngton’s 
 humorous tract of, 91. 
 
 Midhurst, 5. 
 
 Minstrels, 26, 153. 
 
 Mirrors, 150, 165, 190. 
 
 Monmouth, Earl of, 147. 
 
 Monyvere or Mynevere, 163. 
 
 More, Sir Thomas, stained glass at his house 
 at Canterbury, 57. 
 
 Murrhina vasa, 130. 
 
 Musical instruments, 151, 152. 
 
 Napery, 139. 
 
 Needlework, patterns of, 152. 
 
 New Hall, 63. 
 
 Niches, 34, 35. 
 
 Nonsuch, palace of, 48. 
 
 Norfolk, Duke of, retainers of, 3. 
 
 Ock wells, stained glass at, 57. 
 
 Offices, 166. 
 
 Old Chamber, 41. 
 
 Order of Allnight, the, 157. 
 
 Oriels, 50, 52. 
 
 Osney Abbey, 37. 
 
 Osterly House, 21. 
 
 Ottomans, 147. 
 
 Painted cloth, 1 16. 
 
 Painters, precepts to impress, 15. 
 
 Painting, 5, 13, 14. 
 
 colours used in ancient struc- 
 tures, 100. 
 
 Palladio, 85. 
 
 Paradise, a name given to libraries and 
 studies, 79. 
 
 Paris, Matthew, 14. 
 
 Parks, 87. 
 
 Parker, Archbishop, retainers of, 3. 
 
 Parlours, 144, 145. 
 
 Peacham’s Compleat Gentleman, quotations 
 from, 77, 78. 
 
 Peg Tankard, 127. 
 
 Pembroke Castle, 59. 
 
 Penshurst, 34. 
 
 Percy, Bishop, 38. 
 
 Perfuming apartments, 111. 
 
 ' Pewter, 137. 
 
 Philip of Spain, 1 12. 
 
 Pictures, 151. 
 
 Piers Plowman, 52, 103. 
 
 Pillows, 161, 190. 
 
 Pinnacles, 83. 
 
 j Plans, form of, adopted in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, 47. 
 
 1 ancient arrangement of, 45. 
 
 Planta genista, 1 19. 
 
 Plastered houses, 72, 73, 179. 
 
 Plate, 124. 
 
 Porch, 82. 
 
 Posies, or proverbial rhymes, 12. 
 
 ■ Powdering-room, 90. 
 
 ; Prices of artificers’ work, 17, 18, 19,20. 
 Puritanical wars, 168. 
 
 Erratum.— P age 153, for Sir John, read Sir James. 
 
199 
 
 Quadrangular houses, 5. 
 
 Quilts, 162, 163, 188. 
 
 Raby Castle, 61. 
 
 Richard I., 10, 14. 
 
 II., 9. 
 
 Richmond Palace, 3, 94, 95. 
 
 Roofs, 11, 68, 69, 81. 
 
 Rose, seat of the Bishops of Carlisle, 5. 
 
 the town-house of the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, 63. 
 
 Rough-cast, plaster so called, 72, 73. 
 
 Rous, John, of Warwick, 35. 
 
 Rowena, daughter of Hengist, 126. 
 
 Rudd, Bishop, 153. 
 
 Sashes, introduction of, 52. 
 
 Salmsbury Hall, 11. 
 
 Salt-cellar, 122, 132. 
 
 Saucers, 125. 
 
 Savoy Hospital, 3. 
 
 Hall at the, 95. 
 
 Sculpture in wood on the walls of domestic 
 edifices, 100. 
 
 Seats, 120. 
 
 Seeling, 13. 
 
 Sentences painted on walls and ceilings, 12., 
 Shakspeare, quotations from, 14; 33, 36, 48, 
 60, 61, 62, 63, 73, 81, 87, 103, 111, 117, 
 119, 121, 123, 131, 151, 156, 163. 
 
 Sheene, royal manor of, 24. 
 
 Sheets, 162. 
 
 Sheldon, William, 117. 
 
 Sheriffs’ posts, 48. 
 
 Shrewsbury, Earl of, 13. 
 
 Countess of, building anecdote of 
 
 'this lady, 100. 
 
 St, James’s Palace, hangings at, 118. 
 
 St. James’s Palace, furniture, &c. in the 
 Guard-chamber at, 186. 
 
 spandrils in gate-house 
 
 at, 179. 
 
 St. Stephen’s Chapel, 15. 
 
 Skelton, quotations from, 8. 
 
 Skepton Castle, 165. 
 
 Skreens, 142, 150. 
 
 Smoking-room, 90. 
 
 Smoky chimneys, 91. 
 
 Somerville, quotations from, 38, 192. 
 
 South Winfield Manor House, 62. 
 
 Spanish Happers, 163. 
 
 Spencer, quotations from, 113, 114. 
 
 Sperver, 161. 
 
 Spiceres, 132. 
 
 Spice- plate, 131. 
 
 Spoons, 133, 134. 
 
 Squire of Low Degree, poem of, 52. 
 Staircases, 27, 84, 85. 
 
 Stamens, 162. 
 
 Standing offices, 186. 
 
 Stools, 103, 141. 
 
 Stone, 28. 
 
 Stow, 9. ■ 
 
 Stratford, Bishop, 10. 
 
 Straw, roofs covered with, 10. 
 
 Sudley Castle, 16. 
 
 Surveyors, 21, 24, 25. 
 
 Tables, 103, 120, 146. 
 
 Table-cloths, 139. 
 
 Talbot, Gilbert, 13, 115. 
 
 Tapestry, 108, 110 — 118. 
 
 manufactory at Mortlake, 1 1 7. 
 
 in the royal palaces of Henry VIII. 
 
 113, 114. 
 
 Tattershall Castle, chimney-pieces at, 59. 
 
Thornbury Castle, gateway at, 178. 
 
 Tiles, 10, 11. 
 
 Tiles, crest, 69. 
 
 Timber, 89. 
 
 buildings of, 8, 40, 41, 42, 88. 
 
 Torch-bearers at the table, 137. 
 
 Trencher, wooden, 137. 
 
 Utensils, &c. in use in the 16th century, 196. 
 
 Vanes, 83, 84. 
 
 Venice glasses, 123, 129, 130. 
 
 Venice banqueting-dishes, 138. 
 
 Verulam House, 85, 90. 
 
 Vessel, 138. 
 
 counterfeit, 138. 
 
 Vortigern, 126, 127. 
 
 Wages, 17, 20, 115. 
 
 of embroiderers, 115. 
 
 Wainscoting, 13, 85. 
 
 Wallingford, walls of 9. 
 
 Walpole, 3, 105, 117. 
 
 Walter de Colcester, 14. 
 
 Warburton, Dr., his theory of the red and 
 white roses, 62. 
 
 Wardrobes, 164. 
 
 Warton, 16, 23, 30, 137. 
 
 Wassail bowl, 126. 
 
 Westminster, Palace of, 24. 
 
 Hall, 62. 
 
 Whitaker, Dr., 13, 102. 
 
 Mr., 1. 
 
 Whitewashing, Mr. Price’s observations 
 on, 73. 
 
 Wickliffe, 23. 
 
 William the Florentine, 14. 
 
 William, a monk at Westminster, 14. 
 Wimbledon, 11, 85. 
 
 Winds, Tower of the, 69 
 Windows, 50, 51 . 
 
 Window pillows, 147. 
 
 Windsor Castle, 23, 90, 102. 
 
 Winfield, South, Manor-house, 62. 
 Wolsey, 4, 92, 93. 
 
 Wood-panelling, 13. 
 
 Woodstock, royal palace of, 47. 
 
 Wotton, Sir Henry, 118. 
 
 Wressil Castle, 79, 85, 100, 168. 
 Wykeham, William, of, 23, 24. 
 
 Wynford, Wykeham’s architect, 24 
 
 Yeoman bed-goers, 111, 185. 
 
 | hangers, 110, 185. 
 
 — robe-goers, 185. 
 
 j York, palace at, 24. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 • LONDON: 
 
 J. MOYKS, TOOK’S COURT, CHANCERY LANE. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
°\C- 1-lP'j'y® 
 
 
GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 
 
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