8b 
 
 SF 
 21 
 S5 
 
 1883 
 
FRANKLIN INSTITUTE LIBRARY 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Class ..(p..y.....Q.... Book.. Accession... 
 
 REFERENCE 
 
 those books intended for circulation. 
 
 Aeticle VI. — The Secretary shall have authority to loan to members 
 and to holders of second class stock, any work belonging to the second 
 class, subject to the following regulations. 
 
 Section L — No individual shall be permitted to have more than two 
 hooks out at one time, without a written permission, signed by at least 
 two members of the Library Committee, nor shall a book be kept out 
 more than two weeks; but if no one has applied for it, the former bor- 
 rower may renew the loan. Should any person have applied for it the 
 latter shall have the preference. 
 
 Section 2. — A fine often cents per week shall be exacted for the 
 detention of a book beyond the limited time; and if a book be not re- 
 turned within three months it shall be deemed lost, and the borrower 
 shall, in addition to his fines, forfeit its value. 
 
 Section 3. — Should any book be returned injured, the borrower shall 
 pay for the injury, or replace the book, as the Library Committee may 
 direct ; and if one or more books, belonging to a set or sets, be lost, the 
 borrower shall replace them or make full restitution. 
 
 Article VII. — Any person removing from the hall, without permis- 
 sion from the proper authorities, any book, newspaper or other property 
 in charge of the Library Committee, shall be reported to the Committee, 
 who may inflict any fine not exceeding twenty -five dollars. 
 
 Article VIII. — No member or holder of second class stock, whose 
 annual contribution for the current year shall be unpaid or who is in 
 arrears for fines, shall be entitled to the privileges of the Library or 
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 Article IX. — If any member or holder of second class stock, shall 
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DICTIONABY OF USEFUL ANIMALS 
 
 AND 
 
 THEIR PRODUCTS. 
 
I 
 
DICTIONARY OF USEFUL ANIMALS 
 
 AND 
 
 THEIE PKODITCTS. 
 
 A MANUAL OF KEADY REFERENCE 
 
 FOR ALL THOSE WHICH ARE COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT, AND 
 OTHERS WHICH MAN HAS UTILISED, 
 
 INCLUDING ALSO A 
 
 ffiloggarg of Exaiz anb Corneal Storms connected tljeretottfj- 
 
 I 
 
 BY P. L. SIMMONDS, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OP THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM,' 
 "THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OP THE SEA," &C. 
 
 | 
 
 | LONDON: 
 E. & F. N. "SPON, 16, CHARING CROS! 
 NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET. 
 
LONDON- 
 PRINTED BY WERTHEIMER, LEA AND CO., 
 CIRCUS PLACE, LONDON WALL. 
 
TO 
 
 SIR FRANCIS R. SANDFORD, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE 
 SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT 
 OF THE COMMITTEE OF COUNCIL ON EDUCATION, 
 
 WHO WILL APPRECIATE ITS USEFULNESS, 
 
 THIS LITTLE WORK IS DEDICATED 
 
 BY HIS FRIEND, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofusefOOsimm 
 
PEEEACE. 
 
 Animals and the Products obtained from them, in which man is 
 more or less interested, are nearly as numerous as the substances 
 furnished by the Vegetable Kingdom, and yet there is no popular 
 book to which ready reference can be made for the scientific name, 
 or a brief description of any animal and its useful products. 
 
 Naturalists, too, have so frequently changed the classification, that 
 it is somewhat difficult to keep pace with the nomenclature and 
 synonyms. 
 
 Having for a long period had much to do with arranging, labelling, 
 and cataloguing the extensive Collection of Animal Products belong* 
 ing to the Department of Science and Art, it was suggested to me 
 by the Director that a Glossary of Useful Animals and Animal Products 
 was much wanted. 
 
 Acting upon this hint I have prepared a small work which may in 
 some measure meet this want. 
 
 Although it has involved a good deal of patient research, I can 
 scarcely expect that such a work can ever be thoroughly complete 
 and perfect. 
 
 Both young and old require educating in this matter, for not only 
 teachers in Science Classes and in our public and private schools, but 
 merchants, brokers, and the public at large, are lamentably ignorant 
 
viii 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 of the generic and specific names of many animals, and of the economic 
 purposes to which some of their products are applied. 
 
 The animals have been described under the popular or common names 
 by which they are known in different countries. 
 
 Books of ready reference for the school and office library are con- 
 stantly in request, and I believe one which takes in the wide range 
 of the useful products derived from the Animal Kingdom, will be 
 generally acceptable and appreciated. 
 
 As the popular names of animals and animal products met with in 
 many foreign works, in public journals, tariffs and trade circulars, are 
 not easily determined except by reference to dictionaries of the lan- 
 guages, I have included as many of these as possible. 
 
 P. L. SIMMONDS. 
 
 85, Finborough Road, 
 
 South Kensington. 
 
A DICTIONAKY 
 
 OP 
 
 USEFUL ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 
 ♦ 
 
 Aal, the German name for the eel. 
 Aalet (German), Squalus cephalus, Lin- 
 naeus. 
 
 Aalraupe (German), Lotus vulgaris, 
 Cuv. 
 
 Abadejo (Spanish), the cod ; in French, 
 merluche. 
 
 Abalones, a Spanish name on the west 
 coast of North America for the pearl 
 shells of trade ; also a name given 
 by the Chinese to the dried flesh 
 of the Haliotis, eaten as food. See 
 Awabi. 
 
 Abarca (Spanish), a piece of coarse 
 
 leather tied on the soles of the feet of 
 
 Spanish peasants. 
 Abat-chauvee (French), refuseof wool. 
 Abattes (French), giblets. 
 Abattoir, the French name for a 
 
 licensed slaughter-house or yard. 
 Abayats, woollen cloaks made in parts 
 
 of Egypt. 
 Abb, an inferior kind of sheep's wool. 
 Abbas, a coarse woollen cloth made in 
 
 Turkey and used by the lower classes 
 
 for winter wear. 
 Abdomen, the posterior and large cavity 
 
 of the body in mammals. 
 Aberdevine ( Carduelus spinus). a lively 
 
 and persevering soDgster which visits 
 
 England in the autumn and winter ; 
 
 it is also called the siskin. 
 Able, Ablette, the French name for 
 
 several species of Gyprinus. as Leuciscus 
 
 jeses, L. vindegalensis, Val., L. idus, Lin., 
 
 L. alburnus, Cuv. and Val.; also for 
 
 Gadus vir>ns. 
 Aborton (Spanish), the skin of a slink 
 
 lamb. 
 
 Acecinar (Spanish), to salt meat and 
 dry it. 
 
 Acion (Spanish), a stirrup leather. 
 Actinia, a name for the sea anemones or 
 polyps. 
 
 Ada (Thorictes draccena. Bibron), a rep- 
 tile, the flesh and eggs of which are 
 eaten by the natives of Guiana. 
 
 Adarca, a kind of fluvial sponge, also 
 known in commerce as marine moss. 
 
 Adda (Arabic), a small lizard (Scincus 
 officinalis), celebrated by Arabian 
 physicians as a remedy in elephan- 
 tiasis, leprosy, and other cutaneous 
 diseases. 
 
 Adeps, animal fat or oil. which differs in 
 various animals, and hence bears spe- 
 cial names ; that of the horse is called 
 grease ; of cattle and sheep, tallow, fat 
 and suet ; of the hog lard ; of marine 
 mammals blubber and train oil. 
 
 Adipocere, a fatty substance formed by 
 the decomposition of dead animal 
 bodies, especially after a few years in 
 cemeteries and common vaults. As 
 found in coffins it is believed to be pro- 
 duced by the action of running water. 
 
 Adjutant, a name for some species of 
 gigantic stork (Leptoptilos [Ciconia] 
 argala, L. javanica and L. marabou), 
 whose under tail-coverts furnish the 
 marabou feathers of commerce. See 
 Herons. 
 
 Adobado (Spanish), pickled or preserved 
 meat. 
 
 Aducar (Spanish), a coarse kind of silk. 
 ^EQUiTOON,a name among the Joliffs for 
 
 Adenota kob, Gray, of South Africa. 
 AE$CHE(Germa,n),ihe Thymaliusvexillifer. 
 
 B 
 
AFF 
 
 [ 2 ] 
 
 ALP 
 
 Affinage (French), a mode of salting 
 or preserving soft cheese. 
 
 Agate, a variety of fancy pigeon. 
 
 Agistment, pasturing cattle for a stipu- 
 lated price. 
 
 Agneau (French), a lamb. 
 
 Agouara (Procyon eancrivorus), an 
 American animal, the flesh of which is 
 white, tender, and savoury. 
 
 Agouti (Dasyprocta),& genus of South 
 American animals ; the flesh of some is 
 said to be delicate and digestible. 
 
 Aigrette, a tuft of feathers ; also a kind 
 of heron. See Egret. 
 
 Aigulet (French), a name for the 
 picked dogfish, Spinax acantheus, Cuv.; 
 Squalus Blainvilli, Riss. The rough 
 skin made into shagreen is much cm- 
 ployed by sheath makers. 
 
 Ailanthus Silk-worm, the Bombyx 
 [Attacus] Cynthia, a silk-produciug 
 worm which feeds on the leaves of the 
 Ailanthus glandulosa. This moth has 
 lately been introduced and acclimatised 
 in Europe and America from China. 
 
 Air-Bladder, the floating organ of 
 many fishes. See Fish-maw and Isin- 
 glass. 
 
 Aitch-Bone, a piece of beef ; that part of 
 an ox cut between the rump and the 
 buttock. 
 
 Ait el (G-erman), the Squalus cephalus. 
 Lin., which is also known by the name 
 of Dobel. 
 
 Aizen, a beverage made from cow's 
 milk in Tartary. 
 
 Akar Bahar (literally root of the 
 rock), a Malay name for a species of 
 Gorgonia, which the natives fashion 
 into bracelets and other ornaments 
 remarkable for their fine polish. 
 
 Aladroque (Spanish), a fresh anchovy. 
 
 Alamode. a kind of black silk fabric of 
 former days, now quite gone out of 
 fashion ; also a name for a dish made 
 with stewed shin of beef. 
 
 Alaska Sable, a name given to the fur 
 of the Skunk, which see. 
 
 Albatross (Dio media), the wing bones of 
 this bird are used in the Pacific Islands 
 for tobacco pipes, and the entrails as 
 buoys for nets. The eggs, which average 
 about a pound in weight, are esteemed 
 by the sealers, and the young birds 
 when first taken from the nest are 
 said to be delicious. 
 
 Albicore, a name in America for the 
 common tunny, Thynnus pacificus, T. 
 albaGore, etc.; also for a large ocean 
 fish, Auxis Sloanei, which is esteemed 
 by sailors, as it furnishes them with 
 ( fresh food when at sea. See Tunny. 
 
 Albinism, a white or different variety 
 to the ordinary coloured animal. 
 
 Albumen, an impure glossy viscid liquid 
 which forms the white of the egg. 
 This dried animal substance is now 
 obtained from blood as well as from 
 eggs. It is largely used in photography 
 and in calico printing. 
 
 Album-graecum, the excrement of dogs 
 fed in kennels on animal food, em- 
 ployed as a depilatory by tanners and 
 others. See Puer. 
 
 Alevin (French), (properly the Indian 
 name aloof), the young fry of fish Clupea 
 serrata ; every kind of small fish in- 
 tended to populate a pond. 
 
 Alewife. See (taspereaux. 
 
 Alpombrero (Spanish), a carpet maker. 
 
 Altguste, Aragoste, Italian names for 
 Palinurus vulgaris. 
 
 Aliment, any nutritious animal sub- 
 stance taken as food. 
 
 Aljopar (Spanish), pearls of an irregular 
 shape. 
 
 Alligator (Spanish and Tort. lagart&, a. 
 lizard), a large ugly reptile of which 
 there are several species. The princi- 
 pal of these are Alligator cynocephalus, 
 A. palpebrosus, A. lucius, A. latirostris, 
 Daud. ; the broad-snouted cayman, A. 
 sclerops, Schneid. ; the rough-eyed cay- 
 man,^!, punctulatus, Spix. ; the bottle- 
 jawed cayman, and the long shielded 
 cayman of Paraguay {A. longisculatus, 
 Gray). The species, however, best 
 known is A. mississipensis, Daud., which 
 is pretty generally distributed over the 
 Continent of America. It is now ex- 
 tensively slaughtered for its hide, which 
 is made into leather, and there is a 
 musky pod found about its head. The 
 eggs of this reptile are also eaten. 
 
 Alloxane, one of the products of oxida- 
 tion of uric acid, and which furnishes 
 the dye murexide. 
 
 Almacaero (Spanish), a member of the 
 company of fishermen of the river 
 Seville. 
 
 Almadrabero (Spanish), the tunny 
 fishery. 
 
 Almojaba (Spanish), smoked tunny fish. 
 Almonds, a variety of fancy tumbler 
 pigeon. 
 
 Almotazaf (Spanish), one who weighs 
 wool. 
 
 Aloja (Spanish), mead or metheglin. 
 
 Alose (French), the shad fish. 
 
 Alouette (French), a lark. 
 
 Alpaca (Lama pacos, Lin.), a South 
 American domesticated animal (Au- 
 chenia paco, Desm.), principally valued 
 for its long soft silky hair, which is 
 
ALP 
 
 [ 3 ] 
 
 ANT 
 
 woven into fabrics of great beauty, 
 and as a beast of burden. It is only 
 in Bolivia and the Sierras of Southern 
 Peru that the alpaca is found in num- 
 bers. 
 
 Alpaca Wool, this is properly speaking, 
 hair. The exports from Islay and 
 Arica, in Peru, are considerable. The 
 British imports range from 3,500,000 to 
 4.000.000 lbs. annually. 
 
 Alpine Wolf (Canis alpinus). 
 
 Altibajo (Spanish), a kind of flowered 
 velvet. 
 
 Aluoite (Alucita granella ; Gelechia crea- 
 
 tella), the corn weevil. 
 Amber-pish (Seriola Lalandii, Cuv. and 
 
 Val.),an edible fish of the Atlantic and 
 
 Japan. 
 
 Ambergris, a valuable excretory sub- 
 stance obtained in small quantities 
 from the sperm whale, used in per- 
 fumery, and which is very costly. 
 
 Amble, in horsemanship, a peculiar kind 
 of pace, in which both the horse's legs 
 of the same side move at once. 
 
 Ambreine, the essence of ambergris. 
 
 Ammonia, a pungent volatile alkali, 
 sometimes prepared from bones and 
 horns ; spirits of hartshorn. 
 
 Ammonite, a fossil shell of the Nautilus 
 family. 
 
 Amodieur (French), one who lets out 
 milch cows. 
 
 Amokura, a native name in the north of 
 New Zealand for the red-tailed tropic 
 bird {Phaeton rubricauda, Bodd). They 
 set a high value on the long red-tail 
 feathers, which are exchanged with the 
 Southern tribes for greenstone or jade. 
 
 Amphibians, forms of animals suited 
 for existence on land and on water. 
 Among the smaller animals of this 
 class which have been used for food are 
 Rana catesbiana, R. clamitans, R. escu- 
 lenta and the axolotl (Siredon mexicanus, 
 Shaw). 
 
 Anayan, a native Indian name for a 
 cowherd or shepherd. 
 
 Anbar, the Arabic and Malay name for 
 ambergris. 
 
 Anchovy {Engraulis encrasicolus), a small 
 silvery fish, chiefly caught in the Me- 
 diterranean and on the Atlantic coasts 
 of France. It is prepared for use by 
 keeping in brine, after the head and 
 intestines have been removed, and is 
 the basis of the well-known condiment 
 essence of anchovies, or anchovy sauce. 
 
 Anchovy Paste, a mashed preparation 
 of anchovies used for spreading on 
 bread. Anchovy sauce is a seasoning 
 for fish. 
 
 Andouille (French), chitterlings. 
 Andouillette (French), forced meat 
 balls. 
 
 Ange (French), the angel skate. 
 
 Angel Fish (Squatina angelus), a species 
 of shark. Formerly the flesh of this fish 
 was held in high estimation, but it is 
 now disregarded, being rank and coarse. 
 The skin being rough is used to polish 
 wood and ivory, as well as for other 
 uses in the arts, and dyed green, for 
 shagreen. 
 
 Angelot, a sort of Normandy cheese. 
 
 Angler, the sea-devil (Lophius ameri- 
 canus, De Kay), not edible. 
 
 Anglers, persons who follow the busi- 
 ness of taking fish with a rod and line. 
 
 Angora Cat, an esteemed variety of 
 the domestic cat, with long silky 
 hair. 
 
 Angora Goat (Capra angorensis, Has- 
 selquist). The fleece of this animal is 
 milk white, and is known as mohair. 
 
 Angora Rabbit^ variety of this rodent 
 which has long silky hair, the skins are 
 hence much sought after for making 
 shawls and other stuffs. 
 
 Angora Wool, the long hairy fleece, of a 
 silky texture, of the Angora goat (Capra 
 angorensis), which is better known in 
 commerce as Mohair, which see. 
 
 Animal Charcoal, calcined bones re- 
 duced to grain or powder, much used 
 for filtering liquids. 
 
 Animal Manures, fertilisers obtained 
 from parts of animals, as bones, skins, 
 hair, blood from fish, etc. 
 
 An imal O r ls. Although not so num erou s 
 as the vegetable oils, those of animal 
 origin are of consideiable importance, 
 and comprise train and fish oil, tallow 
 oil, lard oil, horse grease, and neat's- 
 foot oil. The solid animal fats are 
 chiefly tallow, beef and mutton suet, 
 and lard. 
 
 Animal Preserver, one who stuffs and 
 sets up birds and animals. 
 
 Anta (Tapirus americanus, Om.), the 
 largest of the South American pachy- 
 derms ; also called the gran bestia. 
 
 Ant-Eaters (Myrmecophaga). All the 
 Edentata are considered good eating in 
 Brazil, but the flesh of the armadillo is 
 preferred. The great Ant-eater (M. 
 jubata, Lin.) is the largest and finest 
 of the species. The hide is much valued, 
 and the hair is used for brushes. 
 
 Ant-Eggs, the young brood of the ant, 
 which are given to fowls and game birds. 
 
 Antelopean Buffalo (Anoa depressi- 
 cornis, H. Smith), an animal, native of 
 Celebes. 
 
 B 2 
 
ANT 
 
 [ 4 ] 
 
 ASS 
 
 Antelopes, a large tribe of animals, in- 
 habiting chiefly Africa, which are 
 chased for their flesh, skin and horns. 
 
 Anthrax Fever, a blood disorder, a 
 kind of splenic apoplexy in cattle and 
 sheep. 
 
 Anthropology, the study of the human 
 race. 
 
 Antlers, properly the first branches of 
 a stag's horn, but popularly and gene- 
 rally applied to any of the branches, 
 and erroneously called in commerce 
 Deer Horns, which see. They are 
 solid processes from the frontal bone of 
 the deer, which possess the chemical 
 and physical properties of true bone. 
 
 Antwerps, a variety of fancy pigeon. 
 
 Anzoletto, an Italian name for some 
 species of Triglia. 
 
 Aoudad, a species of wild horned sheep, 
 inhabiting the mountains of Morocco. 
 
 Aparejos, a kind of saddle used in 
 Spanish America. 
 
 Ape. The flesh of the white-bellied 
 climbing ape (Ateles belzebuth) found in 
 Guiana is much liked by the Indians 
 for food. The jumping ape (Callytrix 
 [Chrysotix] sciureus),bemg easily tamed, 
 is a pet of the Brazilian ladies. The 
 natives of Madagascar are said to train 
 the Lichanotus ape to chase smaller 
 animals. 
 
 Apiculture, the science and practice of 
 bee-keeping. 
 
 Apron, a river fish (Perca asper, Lin., 
 Aspro vulgaris, Cuv. and Val.). It is 
 also known in France as the sorcier. 
 
 Aquarium, a building with tanks for 
 keeping freshwater fish, sea fish and 
 other marine animals alive in. Aquaria 
 are now established on a large scale 
 in many seaport towns at home and 
 abroad. 
 
 Arara (Am ararauna) a Brazilian name 
 for the blue and gold macaw and the 
 blue macaw (im macao). Their long 
 and splendid tail feathers are much 
 used in the manufacture of head- 
 dresses. 
 
 Archangel, a variety of pigeon, both 
 rich and unique in its colouring. 
 
 Archat (French), a fiddle-stick; a 
 turner's bow. 
 
 Arctic Fox ( Canis lagopus. Lin.), a small 
 species of fox, sought for from the 
 beaury and fineness of its fur, and the 
 flesh of which is sometimes eaten. 
 
 Ardasas (Spanish), a coarse kind of 
 Persian silk, ardasinas being a finer 
 sort. 
 
 Ardassine, a kind of silk fabric. 
 ARGALI (Ovis amnion; 0. argala, Gray), 
 
 a wild sheep, inhabiting the loftiest 
 mountain chains of Asia and North 
 America. 
 
 Argol, a name in Tartary for the dried 
 dung of cattle used for fuel. 
 
 Argus Pheasant (Argus giganteus, 
 Temm.), an Asiatic bird noted for its 
 long and beautiful wing and tail 
 feathers, which being adorned with a 
 series of ocellated spots along their 
 whole length, are much in request for 
 ornament. 
 
 Armadillo (Dasypus), a genus of mam- 
 mals covered with a complete suit of 
 armour. The tatu or great armadillo 
 (D. gigas) and D. novemcinctus, Lin., or 
 D. setosus, are common in South America. 
 They are hunted for their flesh, which 
 is roasted in the armour plate or shell, 
 and regarded as a great luxury by the 
 natives and some Europeans. The shell 
 is used by the Mexicans andTexans for 
 various purposes. 
 
 Armilina, Armino (Spanish), ermine 
 fur. 
 
 Armozeen, a stout black silk fabric, used 
 for mourning hat bands and scarves. 
 
 Army-worm, the larva of Leucaria uni- 
 puncta, Haw., one of the most destruc- 
 tive insects to North American agri- 
 culture. 
 
 Arnee Buffalo (Bos Ami), an Indian 
 variety of the common buffalo, which 
 has immense horns, measuring some- 
 times five or six feet in length. 
 
 Aroussan, a name for the North Ameri- 
 can squirrel, Sciurus ffu(lsomus,Pa.]l'dS. 
 
 Arras, tapestry hangings woven with 
 figures. 
 
 Arriero (Spanish), a muleteer. 
 Arrtndy Silkworm (Attacus ricinus),zm 
 
 Indian moth which feeds on the leaves 
 
 of the castor-oil plant, and has been 
 
 acclimatised in Europe. 
 Artuna (Spanish), a ewe whose lamb 
 
 has died. 
 
 Ascidians, a genus of molluscous ani- 
 mals, many of which are esteemed as 
 articles of food in Brazil, China, and 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 Aspic, a kind of meat jelly for garnishing 
 joints. 
 
 Ass (Equus asinus), a well-known domes- 
 tic animal and beast of burden, which 
 is much regarded in Oriental countries. 
 Those of Arabia and Persia are the 
 finest in the world. The flesh of the 
 ass, as w r ell as that of the horse and 
 mule, is now eaten in France. Asses' 
 skin used to be tanned in Great Britain, 
 but the animals are comparatively 
 scarce with us. In China asses' skin is 
 
ASS [ 5 ] BAG 
 
 used for the soles of shoes, and also 
 for making a gelatine of great re- 
 pute medicinally throughout the em- 
 pire. 
 
 Asses' Milk, is sold for children and in- 
 valids, being considered nourishing, as 
 containing more casein and milk sugar. 
 
 Ass ip A, a name in the Dutch West Indies 
 for Silurus caleithys. 
 
 Ass-load. The pack load for an ass in 
 South America is 170 lbs. 
 
 Ast a (Spanish), horns of animals. 
 
 Astesb, the Italian name for Homarus 
 vulgaris, Edw. 
 
 Astrach AN HERRING (A losapontica and 
 A. caspica). The Russian name for this 
 so-called herring is beschenka. It was 
 formerly never eaten, but only used for 
 oil ; now more than 170 millions are 
 salted annually. 
 
 Atherine, a kind of sand smelt (Atherina 
 p/tsbyter). 
 
 Atoll, the Polynesian name for the per- 
 fect form of coral islands. 
 
 Attire, the antlers of a buck. 
 
 Aubusson, a handsome kind of carpet 
 made in France. 
 
 Auk (Alca), a genus of aquatic birds, of 
 which there are several species. (The 
 great auk, Aim impennis, is extinct). 
 Thousands of these birds are killed 
 for their breast feathers, which 
 are warm and elastic, and incredible 
 numbers of their eggs are also collected. 
 Their flesh is eaten for food in the 
 Arctic regions. 
 
 Aurora Shell, a trade name for the 
 Haliotis tuberculoma. See Ormer. 
 
 Australian Meat, tinned fresh beef 
 and mutton, cooked, as well as frozen 
 carcases, are shipped largely to Europe 
 from several of the Australian colonies. 
 
 Aut ruche (French for ostrich). This 
 name is applied generally in South 
 America to the common Rhea ameri- 
 cana, whose eggs and feathers are 
 utilised. See Vulture Feathers. 
 
 AVADAVAT, A VERB AV AT (JEgentlia 
 avandava, Russ.), a pretty cage bird, 
 sold largely in the Indian bazaars ; 
 one of the smallest of the foreign 
 finches. 
 
 Avestruz (Spanish), the ostrich. 
 
 AVOCET (Recurviroslra avocetta, Lin.), 
 a European bird, sometimes called the 
 blue footed sword-bill, and reckoned 
 among the snipes. 
 
 Avucasta (Spanish), the widgeon. 
 
 Awabi (Haliotis species), a Japanese 
 name for the animal of the ear shell, 
 which is either dried whole or cut in 
 slices and exported in great quantities 
 
 to China. The shells of all the species 
 are used for ornamental work. 
 
 Axacayat, the local name for a cake 
 made of the eggs of species of water 
 insects (Coriza femorata and C. mer- 
 cenaria); they are collected and sold in 
 Mexico as a kind of caviare, and for 
 mixing with bread. 
 
 Axminster, an imitation Turkey car- 
 pet, woven in one piece with a thick 
 and soft pile. 
 
 AxOLOTL (Siren pisciformis ; Siredon 
 mexicanus, Shaw), a Batrachian amphi- 
 bious reptile ; thousands are commonly 
 sold in the markets of Mexico ; dressed 
 in the manner of stewed eels they are 
 esteemed a great luxury. 
 
 Axonge, the French name for lard or 
 melted pigs' fat ; in France the word 
 lard is applied to fat pork. 
 
 Ayesh, camel's milk mixed with flour 
 into a paste and boiled, which is in 
 common use among the Arabs. 
 
 Azaria (Spanish), a kind of coral, 
 
 Azuring, a method of preparing orna- 
 mental feathers by the plumassier. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baardmanatjie ( Umbrina capensis), a 
 delicious South African fish. 
 
 Babiche, the sinews of animals prepared 
 by the Eskimos of the North West 
 coast of America for threads, lines, 
 nets, snow-shoes, etc. 
 
 Babirussa (Babirmsa, alfurus. Less.), 
 a species of wild hog found in Malacca 
 and the Eastern Islands, the flesh of 
 which is very good. Its upper canines 
 are of great length and curved back- 
 wards in a semicircle. 
 
 Baboon, a kind of monkey of which 
 there are several species, chiefly 
 African. Cynocephalus babouin. Desm., 
 is the yellow baboon of West Africa. 
 
 Babuche (French), a lap-dog. 
 
 Bacalao, Bacalau, names for klip-fish, 
 cod salted and dried and cured in a flat 
 form. 
 
 Back, the part of a tanned hide which 
 yields the thickest and stoutest leather, 
 and is hence chiefly employed for sole 
 leather. 
 
 Bacon. This term is applied to the sides 
 of the pig which have been prepared 
 by the removal of some of the lean 
 
BAG [ 6 ] BAN 
 
 flesh and ribs, then cured or preserved 
 by salting and drying, and generally 
 by the process of smoking in addition. 
 Bacon is cut into long middles and 
 short middles ; these are either free of 
 bone or with the rib in and the shank 
 out, and are called the " shank bone- 
 less," and " long boneless." The kinds 
 of bacon chiefly used in England are 
 the American cured, the highly salted 
 Irish, the Cumberland and Yorkshire, 
 and a kind of Irish called " breakfast 
 bacon." The quantity of foreign bacon 
 we import is enormous, in 1879 we re- 
 ceived nearly 4,000,000 cwts. 
 
 Bacon Drier, one who cures salted pork 
 by smoking. 
 
 Bade jo (Perca ccerulescens), a Brazilian 
 edible fish. 
 
 Badeschwamme (German), Bath 
 sponges. 
 
 Badger (Meles taxus, Schreb.). The flesh 
 of the common and Indian badger is 
 reckoned a delicacy in parts of Europe 
 and China. That of Meles vulgaris is 
 often cured and smoked. The skin 
 when dressed with the hair on is im- 
 pervious to rain and consequently 
 makes excellent covers for rough 
 travelling trunks, etc. Brushes made 
 of the wiry hair or bristles are much 
 in request by artists. The soft, fine 
 fur of the American badger (Taxidea 
 americana) is in demand for muffs and 
 rugs, and one or two thousand skins 
 are annually imported into England. 
 
 BADGERITT, BAJJERKETT (Manis penta- 
 clyta, Lin.). a species of Pangolin found 
 in India, the scaly armour of which is 
 used for medicine in the East. 
 
 Badiaga, a small kind of sponge found 
 in the seas of the North of Europe. 
 
 BAGGER (Bagrus capensis), a South 
 African fish with flesh resembling that 
 of the eel. 
 
 Bagon, a name in the Philippines for 
 balachong. 
 
 Bagri, a delicious fish of the American 
 seas and rivers. 
 
 Bahamas Sponger much coarser kind 
 of sponge than that obtained in the 
 Mediterranean. It is classified into 
 ten sorts, viz. :— 1. Sheep's wool or 
 honeycomb, better known as bath 
 sponge. 2. Reef or fine toilet. 3. Boat. 
 4. Velvet. 5. Yellow. 6. Hard head. 
 7. Long Island. 8. Grass. 9. Common 
 or glove. 10. Refuse. See Sponge. 
 
 Bailloque, Bayoque, a common des- 
 cription of ostrich feather of a 
 brownish hue tinged with white. 
 
 Bait-mill, an American machine used by 
 
 fishermen to cut up fish intended for 
 bait. 
 
 Baize, a coarse woollen fabric. 
 
 Bajone (French \ a pig's cheek. 
 
 Balachong or Balachan, the Malay 
 name for pounded or bruised fish and 
 shrimps fermented and dried in the 
 sun. This is used as a condiment, and 
 forms a very material article -of native 
 trade in the Eastern Archipelago, 
 between the coasts and interior. 
 
 Balanus (B. psittacus). On the western 
 coast of South America this cirripede 
 forms a very common and highly 
 esteemed food for the natives, the flesh 
 equalling in richness and delicacy that 
 of the crab. 
 
 Balaou (Spanish), a kind of sprat. 
 
 Balate, a native name for trepang in 
 the Philippines. 
 
 Baldface, a name for the widgeon in 
 America. 
 
 Baldpate, Baldhead, a variety of 
 pigeon, a robust bird of handsome 
 appearance, a good breeder and suffi- 
 ciently prolific to be kept for table pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Baleen, the horny plates or blades in 
 the mouth of the whalebone whale, 
 forming the palate of the true whales, 
 ending in a fringe of bristles. It is 
 popularly known as Whalebone, 
 which see. 
 
 Baleinier (French), a whaler. 
 
 Balik, see Balyk. 
 
 Balin (Hinclostani), a bear. Balin-soor 
 is the Indian badger, a species of Meles. 
 
 Ballmaker, one who makes leather 
 balls, of which there are many kinds, 
 such as cricket, croquet, tennis, chil- 
 dren's and foot-balls : there are also 
 ivory billiard and bagatelle balls. 
 
 Balmoral, a crape cloth used for ladies' 
 mourning ; also a kind of boot. 
 
 Balolo or Palolo (Palolo -t?md?>, Gray ) , 
 a sea worm eaten by the natives of the 
 Pacific Islands much as whitebait is in 
 England. 
 
 Balyk, a name in Russia for mullet and 
 other fish slightly salted and dried, but 
 chiefly applied to the backs of sturgeons 
 thus prepared, in which a large com- 
 merce is carried on. 
 
 Balzan (French), a black or bay horse 
 with white feet. 
 
 Balzarine, a thin mixed woollen fabric 
 for ladies' dresses. 
 
 Bancalero (Spanish), a carpet manu- 
 facturer. 
 
 Bandicoot (Perameles), an Australian 
 marsupial, of which there are several 
 species, clothed with rich and beautiful 
 
BAN 
 
 [ 7 ] 
 
 BAS 
 
 fur. The flesh of P. lagotes is sweet 
 and resembles rabbit ; that of the little 
 short legged (P. obesula) is white and 
 delicious, especially when cooked in 
 the native style. roasted upon the coals 
 after the hair is removed. The flesh of 
 the great bandicoot. (P. nasuta, Geoff., 
 Desrn.), is eaten by the coolies in 
 . Ceylon. 
 
 Ban-dog, an old name for a bloodhound. 
 
 Bandujo (Spanish), a large sausage. 
 
 Bannock-fluke, a name in Scotland for 
 the turbot. 
 
 Bantam (Gallus bankivus), a small breed 
 of domestic fowl originally from India. 
 
 Banteng (Bos sundaicus), the wild ox 
 of Java and Borneo. 
 
 Bar (French), a fish, the Labrax lupus. 
 also called Loubine. 
 
 Barathea, a kind of black, thin woollen 
 dress fabric for ladies' mourning. 
 
 Barb, a name for horses imported from 
 Barbary and other parts of Northern 
 Africa. [barbatus. 
 
 Barbarien (French), the fish Mullus 
 
 Barbeau (French), a common river fish 
 (Barbus vulgaris, Lin.), which some- 
 times attains 3 feet in length, the 
 flesh is coarse and unsavory, but 
 about 24,000 lbs. are sold annually in 
 Paris. In England it is caught from 
 June 16 to March 14, but must not be 
 taken under 13 inches in length. 
 
 Barbel (Orcinus sinuatus. Heckel), a 
 valuable food fish of the common 
 people of India, on account of its wide 
 line of distribution and great fecun- 
 dity. 
 
 Barber, a perruquier, one who shaves 
 
 and cuts hair. 
 Barbet, a *-mall variety of the poodle ; 
 
 also a French sporting dog used in 
 
 shooting. 
 Barboteatj (French), the ray fish. 
 Barbote, an eel pout. 
 Barbs, an elegant and esteemed variety 
 
 of fancy pigeon which takes its name 
 
 from Barbary. The best, though not 
 
 the only colour for barbs is an entire 
 
 black. 
 
 Bardot, a small mule. [fabric. 
 Barege, a thin mixed woollen dress 
 Bargit (Hindu), the ortolan. 
 Barillo (Spauish), an inferior kind of 
 silk. 
 
 Barker, a cant term for a low butcher's 
 salesman, who invites customers to 
 "buy, buy, buy." 
 
 Barley-bird, a name for the siskin. 
 
 Barnacles. These are considered in 
 South America a dainty similar to the 
 oyster. Pentalismis anatifera is also 
 
 deemed a food dainty by negroes. See 
 Balanus. 
 
 Barnia, a little edible fish known as the 
 Bombay duck. 
 
 Barracan, a smooth woollen or mixed 
 camlet made in Scotland ; it used to be 
 formerly woven of camel's hair. 
 
 Barracouta (Thyrsites atun, Cuv. ; 
 Sphyraena barracuda), the sea-pike, a 
 broad fleshy fish of the tropics and 
 Australia. Its flesh, which is firm and 
 palatable, is eaten both fresh, salted 
 and smoked by many. It is much 
 esteemed as a table fish on the Pacific 
 coasts of America. 
 
 Barratine (French),thin silkor Persian, 
 chiefly used for lining. 
 
 Barrigudo, a South American monkey 
 (Lagothrix Humboldti, Geoff.). 
 
 Barrow, a gelded hog. 
 
 BARSCH.the German name for the perch, 
 Perca fluviatilis, Lin. 
 
 Bartavelle, a name in France for the 
 red-legged partridge of Mont Cenis. 
 
 Basane (French), sheepskin leather. 
 
 Basil Grease, an oil obtained by squeez- 
 ing the fat out of raw sheepskins. 
 
 Basils, tanned sheepskins, of which there 
 are many kinds, home and foreign, and 
 w T ith special trade names, as crust, col- 
 lar, facing, strained, etc. The former 
 are sold by the dozen, the latter by 
 weight. 
 
 Basking Shark (Selachus maximus, 
 Cuv.), one of the largest sea fish, which 
 is chased for the oil yielded by its liver. 
 A large fish will furnish as much as 
 eight barrels of oil. 
 
 Bass, a common name for many fishes. 
 In America it is applied to the follow- 
 ing : — the red fish or spotted bass 
 (Sciaenops ocellalus), the sea bass ( Centro- 
 pristis atrarius). Among the freshwater 
 fish are the small-mouthed and large- 
 mouthed black bass (Micropterus sal- 
 rnoides or pa llidus and M.floridanus). in 
 high repute for excellence as food. The 
 rock bass is Amblopletes rupestris ; the 
 white bass, Roccus chrysops ; the short 
 striped bass, Morone intermpta ; the 
 strawberry or grass bass, Hyperistiu <; 
 hexacanthus and Pomonys storesius, P. 
 negromaculatus, Les. The bass of the 
 western coast is Atractoseion nobilis, and 
 the little bass or cognard Genyonemus 
 lineatis; the striped bass or rock fish 
 Labrax lineatus, Cuv., which is excellent 
 food, the flesh being very firm, white, 
 and well flavoured. The black bass is 
 Perca (Grystes) nigricans, found in Lake 
 Huron and other waters ; that of the 
 south and west Grystes salmoides. The 
 
BAS 
 
 [ 8 ] 
 
 BE A 
 
 British species is Labrax lupus, some- 
 times called the sea perch. The bass is 
 exceedingly abundant in the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 BASSETTES,a French breed of terriers or 
 sporting dogs, short-haired or long- 
 haired, and small or large in size. 
 
 Bastoormah. See Pasturma. 
 
 Bat. The flesh of one species, the kalong 
 bat, of Java {Pteropis edulis), is eaten 
 by the inhabitants of the places where 
 it occurs, as is also that of the flying 
 lemur (Galeopithecus volans). The hair 
 of bats is used in felting, and for plait- 
 ing ropes in Central America, and 
 tassels in New Caledonia. 
 
 Bat-fowling, a process of catching 
 birds at night with a net and light. 
 
 Bat Guano, Bats' Dung, the excre- 
 ments of various species of cheiroptera, 
 found in great quantities in caves 
 which bats frequent in the Eastern 
 Archipelago, some of the West India 
 islands, the Southern States of America, 
 the Cape Colony, and elsewhere. It has 
 been proved to be a useful fertiliser 
 for land. In the caves of some of the 
 Bahamas Islands there are many hun- 
 dreds of thousands of tons of this de- 
 posit, as well as in many caves from 
 Virginia to Texas. The value of that 
 in the caves of the Southern States has 
 been roughly estimated to be worth 
 four millions sterling. Bats' dung 
 affords the only supply of saltpetre in 
 Java and the other Eastern islands. 
 
 Bath Chaps, the sides or cheeks of a 
 pig's head, salted and smoked. 
 
 Bath Gloves. These are sometimes made 
 of horsehair. 
 
 Bath Sponge. See Bahamas Sponge. 
 
 Batier (French), a maker of pack- 
 saddles. 
 
 B att elm att, a variety of Swiss cheese 
 made for the Italian market. 
 
 Baubis (French), a harrier. 
 
 Baud (French), a staghound. 
 
 Baudet (French), an ass. 
 
 BaudrOIE (Lophius piscatorius). 
 
 Baudruche (French), goldbeater's skin 
 or gut. 
 
 Baum, a name for the wood-marten ( Mus- 
 tela abietum). The skins of this animal, 
 dyed, resemble the best sable, and form 
 a large article of commerce. 
 
 Bawak, the Malay name for the iguana. 
 
 Bawal, the Malay name for the white 
 pomfret (Stromateus sp.), one of the 
 most delicate fishes in the world to the 
 European palate, being less rich than 
 the turbot, and higher flavoured than 
 the sole. 
 
 Bawsin, sheepskin leather. 
 
 Bay, a horse of a chestnut or reddish 
 
 nut-brown colour. This is one of the 
 
 best colours for horses. 
 Bayette (French), a kind of baize. 
 Bayocks, Byoks, inferior ostrich 
 
 feathers. 
 
 Bazadais, a race which may be termed 
 the Durham cattle of the South of 
 France. 
 
 Beadlemer (Stemmatopis cristatus), a 
 year-old hooded seal. 
 
 Beagle, a small, well-proportioned 
 hound, used for hare hunting, of which 
 there are several varieties. They are 
 usually not above ten or twelve inches 
 in height. 
 
 Beak, the bill or horny mouth-case of a 
 bird. Some of these are occasionally 
 utilised, as those of the toucan and 
 horn-bill, for curious snuff boxes, etc. 
 
 Beam-feather, a long feather of a bird's 
 wing. 
 
 Bean- GOOSE (Anser segetum, Lin.), a 
 species of wild fowl, distinguished from 
 the grey-lag goose by its comparatively 
 small and short bill. 
 
 Bear (Ursus), a well-known animal, of 
 which there are several species. It is 
 hunted chiefly for its skin, which is used 
 for sleigh robes and wrappers, saddle 
 housings, and rugs. From 8,000 to 
 10,000 are received annually in England, 
 but in the early part of the century 
 n'early three times that number were 
 imported. The flesh of nearly all the 
 bears is edible, but some is not very 
 palatable. The long claws of the grisly 
 bear are strung as necklaces, and highly 
 prized as trophies of prowess among 
 the Indian braves, who pride them- 
 selves excessively upon the number 
 of bears they have succeeded in de- 
 stroying. 
 
 Bearded Seal ( Phoca barbata), a species 
 of seal distinguished from others by 
 having thicker and stronger mous- 
 taches. 
 
 Bears' Grease, the melted fat of the 
 bear, which formerly had a high repu- 
 tation as an unguent for the hair, but 
 is now obsolete, no tamed bears being 
 kept to be slaughtered periodically for 
 their grease. 
 
 Beast, a general term forall quadrupeds, 
 but more especially applied to neat 
 cattle. 
 
 Beatilles (French), giblets. 
 
 Beaver (Castor fiber), & rodent animal 
 chiefly inhabiting the North Temperate 
 regions. and sought for its fur. About 
 150,000 beaver skins are annually im- 
 
BEC 
 
 [ 9 ] 
 
 BEL 
 
 ported into England by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company. Also the name for a 
 stout woollen cloth with only the face 
 prepared, made in Yorkshire. 
 
 Becasseau, the French name for a 
 young woodcock, the dunlin, and other 
 species of Tringa. 
 
 Becassine, a common name in France 
 for the snipe (Gallinago media, Leach); 
 the double becassine is G. major, and 
 the sonrd or demi-becassine G. galli- 
 nula. The becasse is the common wood- 
 cock (Scolopax rusticola, Lin.). 
 
 Beccafico (Sylvia hortensis), a small bird 
 about the size of a linnet, much 
 esteemed in the countries bordering 
 on the Mediterranean for the delicacy 
 of its flesh, particularly in autumn. 
 The Cypriots preserve them for winter 
 use partially boiled in Commanderia 
 wine. 
 
 Beccard (French), a female salmon. 
 
 Becerillo, Becerno (Spanish), a tan- 
 ned calf-skin. 
 
 Becerro (Spanish), a yearling calf. 
 
 Becheche, an Arab name for dried 
 meat. 
 
 Beche-de-Mer, Bicho-de-Mar, species 
 of Holothuria much fished for in the 
 Eastern seas, being an esteemed article 
 of food among the Chinese. It is also 
 called Trepang, which see. 
 
 Bechet (French), the dromedary. 
 
 Becune (French), the sea-pike. See 
 Barracouta. 
 
 Bed Feathers, prepared feathers which 
 are cleaned and dressed for filling beds 
 and pillows. Those chiefly used in 
 England are white and grey Dantzic, 
 white Waterford, white, grey, and 
 common goose feathers and poultry 
 feathers. To fill a small sized or three 
 foot bed and pillows, etc., from 27 to 
 36 lbs. are requisite, according to the 
 kind of feathers used ; of poultry 
 feathers the most are required. 
 
 Bedford Cords, drab coloured ribbed 
 woollen cloths of great strength and 
 durability. 
 
 Bedman, a native name in the Saharan 
 region for a kind of hairy sheep, of 
 which large flocks are kept. 
 
 BEECH Marten (Mustela [Ma?*tes~\ foina), 
 a fur-bearing animal of Europe and 
 Asia, hunted for its skin. 
 
 Bee-eater (Merops apiaster). a beautiful 
 bird which is shot in large numbers in 
 the islands of the Grecian Archipelago 
 for food. 
 
 Beef, the most nutritious kind of meat, 
 the flesh of the ox. It is also the fullest 
 of red blood juices, when eaten fresh. 
 
 Cow beef is not so much appreciated 
 as that of the ox. 
 
 Beef, Salted. In commerce salt beef 
 is classified into three grades, common, 
 mess and family beef. The imports 
 of salted beef into the United Kingdom 
 reach about 300,000 cwt. annually. See 
 Mess Beef. 
 
 Beef-steak, a cutlet or slice taken from 
 the ox ; the most esteemed and tender 
 is generally considered that from the 
 rump. 
 
 Beef Tea, a concentrated beef soup for 
 invalids, of which there are several 
 well-known brands. 
 
 Bee-hive, a straw or wooden protection 
 for housing and preserving the domesti- 
 cated honey bee. 
 
 Bees (Apis mellifera and A. ligustica), 
 insects which are useful for the honey 
 and wax they produce. Large numbers 
 of the domesticated honey bees are 
 bred in hives, but in their wild or natu- 
 ral state they construct their nests in 
 hollow trees. The humble bee (Bombus 
 terrestris). builds in holes in the ground 
 and gathers honey. 
 
 Beesting, the first milk taken from 
 cows after calving. 
 
 Bees-wax, a yellow wax obtained by 
 submitting honeycomb to pressure, 
 then fusing the same under boiling 
 water. Melted down and bleached by 
 exposing it to sunlight it forms a large 
 article of commerce, and is applied to 
 many useful purposes. We employ in 
 England about 800 or 900 tons annually, 
 of which two-thirds are imported. 
 
 Beetle-wings. The elytra or wing- 
 coverts of some brilliant beetles are 
 used for ornamenting muslin, etc.. in 
 India. In the last few years the trade 
 in these has very much increased. 
 
 Beeves, the plural of beef. A name 
 often given to oxen or black cattle in 
 the United States. 
 
 Begti (Lates nobilis), a common fish in 
 the Calcutta market. It is also called 
 cockup. 
 
 Beledi, a name for the ox in Egypt. 
 
 Belette, the name given by the French 
 to Mustela vulgaris, Gem., and to species 
 of badger (Meles [Arctonyx] leucolaem,vs 
 and M. leptorhynchus, A. Milne-Edw ), 
 the skins of which are used for furs in 
 China. 
 
 Belier (French), a ram. 
 
 Bell-bird (Anthornis melanura, 
 Sparrm.), a bird of New Zealand ; its 
 ordinary song is not unlike that of the 
 p trson bird, but is more mellifluous. 
 
 Bellelay, a kind of Swiss cheese. 
 
BEL 
 
 [ 10 ] 
 
 BIR 
 
 B billows-maker, one who makes instru- 
 ments for increasing the heat and 
 activity of a fire. 
 
 Bellunese, a kind of Italian cheese. 
 
 Bell-wether, a sheep which, having a 
 bell on its neck, leads the flock. 
 
 Belt, a strap of leather, of which there 
 are many kinds, such as driving belts 
 for machinery, sword belts, shoulder 
 belts, waist belts. 
 
 Beluga, the scientific name for the 
 marine animal known as the white 
 whale (Beluga catodon. Gray; Delphin- 
 apterus leucas. Pall. ; Phocaena leucas), 
 which is chased for the oil it yields, and 
 its skin ; this w r hen tanned makes the 
 leather known as porpoise leather. 
 Beluga is also the name given in Russia 
 to the Hausen or large sturgeon (Aci- 
 penser huso). 
 
 Bend, a side of leather, half of a butt or 
 rounded crop. 
 
 Bergall, a Dutch name for the cunner 
 fish. 
 
 BERGANDER.a name for the shelldrake 
 
 (Anas todorna). 
 Bekger (French), a shepherd. 
 B erg erie ( French), a sheep farm or fold, 
 
 a flock. 
 
 Bergue. Huile de, a French name for 
 degras. or thick oil used by curriers. 
 
 Be klin Wool, worsted yarn and fancy 
 wool dyed of different colours for 
 ladies' embroidery or tapestry work, 
 often termed crewel. There is im- 
 ported into England from Germany 
 about 842,000 lbs. weight annually. 
 
 BetiMUDA Whiting. See Kjngfish. 
 
 Berrichonf, a race of French sheep. 
 
 Berried Hen, a name given to the fe- 
 male lobster when in spawn. 
 
 Bersche, a name in Russia for the 
 Lucioperca volgensis. 
 
 Berschinka. a name in Russia for the 
 Astrachan herring. A/osapontica. 
 
 Bersemlicha, a ^ewing silk used in 
 Greece for embroidering. 
 
 Berthe (French), a small fur cape. 
 
 Berveski, a name for the fur of the 
 Siberian mouse. 
 
 Beshuboy, a name in Brazil for the 
 Manatus. 
 
 Besra. £eeBHAUSE. 
 
 Besugo (Spanish), the sea bream. 
 
 Besugueti (Spanish), the red sea bream. 
 
 BezOAR (Persian, pa-zahr, from pao, to 
 purify, and zakr, poison), a calculus or 
 concretion found in the stomachs of 
 the antelope, cow, goat and some other 
 animals, which was formerly supposed 
 to be useful medicinally and especially 
 as an antidote to poisons. It is still 
 
 held in esteem by the Eastern nations. 
 Cow bezoar fetches in China £6 to £7 
 10s. the oz. 
 
 Bezoar Goat, a name for the Caucasus 
 or Persian goat, from the fact that a 
 bezoar is found in its intestines. 
 
 Bhause, a name in India for the 
 goshawk, which is still trained there 
 for flying at game, so is the besra 
 (Accipiter vulgaris), which is in 
 high esteem amongst the native 
 falconers. 
 
 Bia, a Siamese name for the small white 
 cowry shell (Cyprea moneta). 
 
 Biasse (French), raw silk. 
 
 Bib, a name for the whiting trout (Gadus 
 luscus, Lin.). 
 
 BrcHE (French), a hind or doe; the 
 female deer. 
 
 Bichon (French), a pug dog. 
 
 Bidarka, a kyack or skin canoe made of 
 seal skin or sea-lion leather. 
 
 Bighorn, a name for the Rocky moun- 
 tain sheep of North America (Ovis 
 montana). 
 
 Buu, a name in Languedoc and Pro- 
 vence for Cynthia microcosmus. See 
 Bitoig. 
 
 Bildaes, a name in Spain for a superior 
 
 kind of codfish from Iceland. 
 Bile, an animal fluid secreted in the 
 
 liver, of nauseous taste. 
 Bill, the beak of a bird. 
 Btllets, a name in the Orkneys and 
 
 Hebrides for the coal fish when about 
 
 a year old. 
 Bill FISH (Scomber •ox saurus.) 
 Biltong, a name for sun-dried meat in 
 
 South Africa. 
 Bin a (Hindu), the musk deer. 
 Bind, a fish measure ; ten strikes of eels, 
 
 each a quarter of a hundred. 
 BlNNY (Barbus lepidotus), a large fish 
 
 of the Nile, the special fishing for 
 
 which is carried on in many parts of 
 
 the river. 
 
 Binturong (Arctictis Mnturong, Raffles), 
 an animal of the size of a badger, 
 native of Malacca. 
 
 Biology, the science of living beings, 
 comprehending the two divisions of 
 Zoology and Botany. 
 
 Biquet (French), a kid. 
 
 Bird-catcher, one whose business is to 
 net or trap birds alive. 
 
 Bird Oils. A considerable quantity 
 of oil is obtained from many marine 
 birds, and appears in commerce under 
 the names of mutton bird oil (Pro- 
 cellaria obscura), penguin oil, fulmar 
 oil, Mother Carey's chicken, pelican oil, 
 etc. The fat of other birds is also in 
 
BIR 
 
 [ 11 ] 
 
 BLA 
 
 request, as goose-grease, ostrich and 
 emu fat, peacocks' fat in India, and 
 that of the oil-bird or guacharo (Stea- 
 tosis caripensis, Hunt). 
 Birds. A considerable trade is carried 
 on in most large towns in the sale of 
 living cage birds, such as parrots, cana- 
 ries, etc., and fancy pigeons. Rare birds 
 are also brought in by travellers and 
 dealers for zoological gardens. In New 
 York there are several large collectors 
 and dealers in birds ; there are five, at 
 least, whose birds are worth £2,000, and 
 twenty others valued at £1,000. The 
 capital represented in bird dealing there 
 is set down at more than half a million 
 sterling. 
 
 Bird Skins. A large quantity of these 
 are imported from various quarters, 
 several serving for furs or articles of 
 clothing, such as the grebe, goose, tur- 
 key, swan, gull, loon, puffin, penguin 
 and pelican, etc. In many countries 
 they are made into articles of clothing, 
 as vulture skins in Egypt. Bird skins 
 are sometimes tanned, and purses, bags, 
 and even shoes are made of them. 
 
 Bikds'-nests. Edible. The salangan, a 
 species of swallow (Collocalia esculenta) , 
 builds both in marine and inland caves, 
 mainly with its saliva, nests of a glu- 
 tinous character, which are highly es- 
 teemed as a food delicacy in China, and 
 realise fabulous prices. Over eight 
 millions of these nests are said to be 
 sold there annually. They are classed 
 in three qualities. 
 
 Birds of Paradise, a family of mag- 
 nificent birds, natives of New Guinea 
 and the adjacent islands, which are 
 much sought for, the body forming the 
 most recheixM ornaments of female 
 decoration. There are many species, 
 Paradisea super ba, P. apoda, H. regia, 
 etc. 
 
 Birsing, Birschling, names in Bavaria 
 
 for Perca fluviatilis, Lin. 
 Bisatto, an Italian name for the common 
 
 eel. 
 
 Biscacha. See YlSCACHA. 
 
 Bishoping, a cant term for malpractices 
 
 employed to conceal the age of an old 
 
 horse. 
 
 Bison (Bos americanus), the so-called 
 American buffalo, of which there are 
 countless millions roaming wild in 
 North America. It is hunted for its 
 flesh and for its furry robe. In 1874 
 over 5,000 tons of the bones of this ani- 
 mal were shipped from Kansas, besides 
 5.000,000 lbs. of hides, and nearly 
 2,000,000 lbs. of meat. 
 
 Bisquain (French), sheepskin fur. 
 Bisque, a puree of fish ; a French soup 
 
 made with small river cray-fish. 
 Bisslings, Byslins, the first milk drawn 
 
 from a newly-calved cow. 
 Bitch, a female dog. 
 
 Bitoig (pronounced bitotche), an ascidian 
 (Cynthia microcosmus), much esteemed 
 for food in the Mediterranean, and 
 believed to be highly beneficial in pul- 
 monary complaints. 
 
 Bitor (Spanish), the rail, Mallus Crex. 
 
 Bitterfisch, a name in Hanover for 
 Phoxinus lavis, Ag. 
 
 Bittern (Botaurus stellaris, Lin.). This 
 European bird was formerly held in 
 great estimation as an article of food 
 for the table of the wealthy. The flesh 
 is said to resemble that of the leveret 
 in colour and taste, with some of the 
 flavour of wild fowl. 
 
 Bivalve, a descriptive term applied to 
 shells, which consist of two halves or 
 valves. 
 
 Bivoltine, a silk-worm that hatches 
 twice in the year. 
 
 Black Bass (Migropterus nigricans). 
 
 Black-beetle, a name often errone- 
 ously given to the cockroach (Blaita 
 orientalis). See COCKROACH. 
 
 Blackbird (Turdus merula, Lin.), one of 
 the most admired of the British native 
 songsters ; it is sometimes called the 
 ouzel. In Europe they are shot f®r 
 food. From 350,000 to 400,000 are an- 
 nually shipped from Corsica. In the 
 month of December they become very 
 fat, and the flavour and perfume given 
 to the flesh by feeding on the berries of 
 the myrtle . and arbutus cause them to 
 be much esteemed in Paris, where 
 "pate de foie de merle" is considered a 
 great delicacy. 
 
 Blackcap (Sylvia [Curruca] atricapilla, 
 Lin.), one of the finest of our native 
 song birds. 
 
 Black Cattle, a collective name for the 
 ox tribe, or large kind of domestic live 
 stock. 
 
 Blackcock (Tetrao tetrix), a game bird, a 
 kind of grouse. Blackcock shooting 
 commences in this country on the 21st 
 August. 
 
 Black-fin (Argyrosomus nigripennis), a 
 fish of Lake Michigan, North America. 
 
 Black fish, a name for the Tautog, as 
 well as for Delphinus globiceps, Cuv., 
 which is chased in troops off the Faroe 
 Islands for its oil. Also for Gadopsis 
 marmoratis, Richard, an Australian fish 
 considered good food. 
 
 Blackfish Oil, a name given to the oil 
 
BLA 
 
 [ 12 ] 
 
 BLO 
 
 obtained from the blubber of several 
 species of whale, as Globiocephalus 
 svineval, G. intermedias and G. macro- 
 rhyncus, Balaena australis, Physeter mi- 
 crops and P. turseo. In its recent state 
 this oil has a dark colour and un- 
 pleasant odour. 
 
 Black Belmet, a commercial name for 
 the shell of the Cassis madagascarensis, 
 which is used for cutting cameos on. 
 
 Blacking, a polishing paste for leather, 
 made of bone black, etc. 
 
 Slack Jack, a fishmonger's name for 
 the coal fish, and for a kind of hake ; a 
 drinking tankard of leather. 
 
 Black Leg, a disease in sheep and 
 calves. 
 
 Black Puddings, a kind of sausage 
 made of the boiled blood of sheep and 
 pigs, with groats, suet, etc., added, and 
 packed in the intestines of pigs. Of 
 these about 5,000 tons are made annu- 
 ally in England. 
 
 Black Rock Cod. See Rock Cod. 
 
 Black Ta.il (Perca cernua, Lin.), a kind 
 of small perch, sometimes called ruffs 
 or popes. This fish forms a good table 
 treat broiled in buttered paper. 
 
 Bladder Dealer, one who cleanses and 
 sells the intestines of animals. 
 
 Bladders, the urinary vessels of animals, 
 which are in demand for many pur- 
 poses. The term bladder is however 
 indiscriminately applied also to the guts 
 of animals. Bullocks' bladders are the 
 largest, pigs' bladders are the next 
 largest, and run in more uniform 
 sizes than those of calves and other 
 animals. 
 
 Blade, a commercial term for the large 
 plates of the carapace of the sea tor- 
 toise, and for the whalebone fins or 
 plates of baleen. 
 
 Blaireau (French), the badger (Meles 
 taxus, Schreb.; Ursus meles, Lin.). 
 
 Blanchette (French), the fry or young 
 of fish ; a term corresponding to white- 
 bait. 
 
 Blandon (Spanish), a large wax taper. 
 
 Blanket-fish, a name given by the 
 Hudson's Bay traders to the grayling. 
 
 Blankets, soft, loosely woven woollen 
 bed coverings or wrappers made of 
 different qualities. French blankets 
 are made of the finest wool, and are 
 lighter than English ones ; Austrian 
 blankets are striped, grey, brown, blue, 
 or other colours. 
 
 Blaubock (JEJgocerus leucophaeus, H. 
 Smith; Cephalopus pygmaeus, Lin.), 
 an antelope of South Africa. 
 
 Blau-felchen, a German name for the 
 
 fish Coregonus Watermanni, Bl. ; it is 
 also called renke. 
 
 Blaugrundel, a name in Mecklenburg 
 for Gobius niger. 
 
 Blaunase, a name in Bavaria for Chon- 
 drostomanasus, Lin., also for Abramis 
 vimba, Lin. 
 
 Blay, another name for the bleak or 
 silvery carp, sometimes called the fresh 
 water sprat. See Bleak. 
 
 Blaze, a white spot or star on the face 
 of a horse or cow. 
 
 Bleak {Cyprinus alburnus; Alburnus 
 lucidus), a small freshwater fish, the 
 silvery matter of the scales of which is 
 used in the preparation of artificial 
 pearls, and is called " essence d'Orient." 
 The fish is caught in the French rivers, 
 and not more than one pound of scales 
 can be obtained from 4,000 fish. The 
 scales are kept in a solution of am- 
 monia. 
 
 Blecke, Blikke, names in parts of Ger- 
 many for Blicca Bjorkna, Lin., and for 
 Alburnus lucidus, H. 
 
 Blenheim, a spaniel dog. 
 
 Blenny (AnarrhicJius lupus), a large 
 fish of the Polar seas, also called the 
 sea wolf. The flesh is eaten, and the 
 skin is worked into leather. 
 
 Blesbok (Gazella albifrons ; Alcelaphus 
 albifrons, Burch), a South African an- 
 telope, a large quantity of the skins of 
 which are annually imported for tan- 
 ning. 
 
 Blistering Fly. See Cantharides. 
 
 Bloater Paste, a preparation of smoked 
 herrings mashed. 
 
 Bloaters, herrings slightly salted and 
 smoked. During the Yarmouth season, 
 which commences about July, 60,000 to 
 100,000 pads of bloaters are sold at Bil- 
 lingsgate weekly, realising from £30,000 
 to £50,000. 
 
 Blochan, a name in the Isle of Man for 
 the young of the coal fish. 
 
 Blonde, a kind of silk net fabric used by 
 ladies. 
 
 Blondinette, a variety of fancy 
 pigeon. 
 
 Blood, the red fluid which circulates in 
 the heart and blood-vessels of animals ; 
 it is largely used in domestic economy 
 and the industrial arts. 
 
 Blood-drier, one who prepares blood 
 for albumen, which is used by dyers, 
 printers, sugar refiners, and others. 
 
 Bloodhound (Canis sanguinarius), a 
 breed of dog, noted for its keenness of 
 scent and unwearied perseverance in 
 tracking or following up a trail. The 
 French short haired St. Hubert is one. 
 
BLO 
 
 [ 13 ] 
 
 BON 
 
 Blood Mixture, an English patent 
 medicine. 
 
 Blood Pudding. See Black Pudding. 
 
 Bloods, a name for white " primes," or 
 the finest quality of ostrich feathers, 
 which often fetch £1 each feather. 
 
 Blousse (French), short wool comb- 
 ings. 
 
 Blow Milk, Blue Milk, other names 
 for skim milk. In large dairies it is 
 chiefly used for feeding hogs. 
 
 Blowser, a person employed on shore in 
 the pilchard fishery. 
 
 Blubber, the thick fat casing or cellular 
 membrane, which adheres to the skin 
 of marine mammals, and yields most of 
 the train oil of commerce. It is chiefly 
 fibrous, and varies in thickness from a 
 few inches to several feet. 
 
 Blucher, a strong leather half-boot 
 worn by men and boys. 
 
 Bluebacks, the north American herring 
 (Clupea elongata) ; also a variety of 
 cowry shell (Cyprcea moneta). 
 
 Blue Bird (Sialis sp.). The song of 
 this bird being sweet and pleasing, it is 
 greatly admired in the United States. 
 It closely resembles our robin. 
 
 Blue Creepers (Caereba), a common 
 name for some pretty little South 
 American birds. C. cyanea and C. 
 caemba are killed in vast numbers to 
 decorate ladies' hats. The native name 
 for these birds is Yawaraciris. 
 
 Blue Fish (Temnodon saltator), a 
 North American fish, which is pickled, 
 and in some districts called the snapper. 
 The name is also applied to the cunner, 
 to Coryphaene, the dolphin, and to 
 Pomatomus saltatrix, Gill. 
 
 Blue Points, a species of American 
 oyster. 
 
 Blue Rock (Columba livia), the original 
 of the domestic pigeon, kept in large 
 flocks for the food supply of the table 
 and for pigeon-shooting. 
 
 Blue Shark, the Carcharius glaucus. 
 
 Boa, a lady's fur protector for the throat ; 
 also a species of serpent. 
 
 Bo alee (Silurus boalis). The jawbone of 
 this fish is used in India for carding 
 cotton. 
 
 Boar, the male of swine ; when castrated 
 it is termed a hog. 
 
 Boar-fish (Capros aper), a fish resem- 
 bling the dory, the flesh of which, how- 
 ever, is but in little esteem. 
 
 Bobtneuse (French), a female who winds 
 silk. 
 
 Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Lin.), 
 another name for the rice bird, a good 
 singing bird. 
 
 Bob-white, a name for the American 
 colin or quail (Ortyx virginianus, 
 Lin.). 
 
 Bocking, a coarse woollen fabric ; also a 
 name given to a red or smoked herring, 
 
 Bodenrenke (German), a name for the 
 C or eg onus f era, Jus. 
 
 Bof (Spanish), a ragout or fricassee. 
 
 Bois, the French name for the antlers or 
 horns of deer. 
 
 Bokhorns, a name in the Cape Colony 
 for salted and smoke-dried mullet. 
 
 Bolas, stones or balls of clay in rawhide 
 pockets ; parts of a lasso. Loaded lines 
 with one or more of these weights at- 
 tached are thrown at cattle by horse- 
 men in South America to entangle their 
 legs and bring them to the ground. 
 
 Bollan, a name in the Isle of Man forthe 
 wrasse fish (Labrus maculatus). 
 
 Bologna Sausage, a polony made of 
 bacon and veal with some fat. 
 
 Bolster, a linen case filled with feathers, 
 used with pillows on a bed for sleeping 
 on. 
 
 Bombay Ducks, a name in India for the 
 dried bummeloh, a small transparent 
 fish like a smelt. 
 
 Bombay Shells, a name in India for the 
 Cassis rufa, imported into Bombay 
 from Zanzibar, and shipped to Europe 
 for cutting cameos. 
 
 Bombazette, a woollen fabric, made 
 plain or twilled. 
 
 Bombazine, a ladies' dress material, the 
 warp of silk, and the weft of worsted. 
 
 Bondon, a cylindrical, soft, cream cheese 
 made at Rouen, in France. They are 
 rather smaller than the Neuf chatel, and 
 sell at 2d. to 2|d. each. About 35,000 
 of this and the malakoff are sold daily 
 in France from the 1st of April to Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Bone-ash, calcined bones reduced to 
 powder for making cupels, sugar-re- 
 fining, &c. Some is imported from 
 South America. 
 
 Bone-black, fine sifted animal charcoal, 
 used for making shoe blacking, printers' 
 ink, &c. 
 
 Bone Boiler, one who collects and cleans 
 
 bones for trade, first removing the fat 
 
 by boiling. 
 Bone Charcoal, calcined bones used for 
 
 filters. See Bone Ash. 
 Bone Crusher, a manufacturer who 
 
 grinds or pulverizes bones for manure. 
 Bone Dealer, a collector and wholesale 
 
 vendor of the bones of animals. 
 Bone-dust, ground or crushed bones, 
 
 which, for manure, should contain not 
 
 less than 45 per cent, of tribasic phos- 
 
BON 
 
 [ 14 ] 
 
 BOX) 
 
 phate of lime, yielding at least 4 per 
 cent, of ammonia. 
 
 Bone-fat. This is of two kinds ; white, 
 extracted from raw butchers' bones, 
 and brown, that obtained from cooked 
 or kitchen bones. 
 
 Bone-flats, the bones, sawn when edge- 
 wise, which are used for making button 
 moulds, combs, penknife-handles, &c. 
 
 Bones, the solid framework supports for 
 the flesh; the skeletons of animals. 
 After death these are collected in large 
 quantities for manufacturing and other 
 purposes. The value of the home and 
 foreign bones dealt in in the United 
 Kingdom exceeds one million sterling 
 annually. Half-inch bones and bone 
 ash are used for manure. 
 
 Bone-size, the gelatine that remains in 
 boiling down bones. 
 
 Bonito (Thynnus pelamys ; Pelamys 
 sarda; Gasteroceus spinachia), a spe- 
 cies of striped tunny, very common in 
 the northern and eastern seas, the flesh 
 of which is sometimes sun-dried as an 
 article of food. It is dry and coarse, 
 but wholesome. 
 
 Bonte-bok (Alcelaphus pygargus, Pal- 
 las), a South African antelope. 
 
 Bonxie (Stercorarius cataractes, Lin.), 
 the skua gull. 
 
 Booby (Sula fiber), a sea bird ; also a 
 name for the gannet or soland goose. 
 See Gannet. 
 
 Boodie, an animal of Western Australia, 
 the skins of which are tauned 
 
 Book, a technical term for a small bundle 
 of Chinese skeins of silk of from 5 to 
 10 lbs. 
 
 Boomer, a name for the forester or large 
 kangaroo (Macropus major). 
 
 Boornous, a woollen cloak with hood 
 worn by the Arabs. 
 
 Boos, Bous, commercial names for the 
 tail-feathers of the ostrich. 
 
 Boot and Shoe Makers. These are 
 always a large trading class in every 
 country to supply protections for walk- 
 ing. In the United Kingdom there are 
 at least a quarter of a million. They 
 are divided into several branches, as 
 factors, mercers, and makers. The pro- 
 prietors of large factories are usually 
 styled "manufacturers," while the re- 
 tail shops are " makers and dealers." 
 
 Boot-closer, a workman who sews 
 together the upper leathers. 
 
 Boots and Shoes. Coverings for the 
 feet, which are usually made of leather, 
 as more durable. The manufacture 
 occupies large numbers in all civilised 
 countries, and the value of those made 
 
 in the United Kingdom, allowing but 
 two pairs annually for each individual, 
 would exceed £16,000,000. Of foreign 
 made boots and shoes we import an- 
 nually about 100,000 dozen pairs. 
 
 Bordeliere, a name given in France to 
 the white bream (Abramis blicca), be- 
 cause it frequents by preference the 
 borders of streams. 
 
 Borlinas, a Spanish name for cloths and 
 cassimeres. 
 
 Boro-poloo, a Chinese silk worm (Bom- 
 byx textor, Hutton), which produces a 
 fine white silk in Bengal, but does not 
 thrive there. 
 
 Borrica, Burra (Spanish), a she-ass. 
 
 Borrigo (Spanish), a lamb under a year 
 old. 
 
 Borro (Spanish), a wether sheep under 
 
 two years old. 
 Borsten (German), bristles. 
 Bos, the generic name for quadrupeds 
 
 whose horns are in the form of a 
 
 crescent. 
 Bosch-bok. See Bush-bok. 
 Bosh, a popular name for adulterated 
 
 butter. 
 
 Botany Wool, a commercial name for 
 the wool from New South Wales. 
 
 Botany Yarns, a name given to those 
 made of New South Wales wool, from 
 the old name Botany Bay. 
 
 Botargo, Boutarge, the egg-spawn, or 
 roe of the Labrax and Mugil cephalus, 
 pickled and sun-dried, principally pre- 
 pared in the Mediterranean and Black 
 Sea ; the best comes from Tunis. 
 
 Bottlenose (Delphinus globiceps, 
 Cuv. ). 
 
 Boucaner, to dry and smoke salted meat 
 or fish on a hurdle. 
 
 Bouchoteur (French), a collector of 
 mussels from bouchots or stakes, to 
 which they cling. 
 
 Bo u din (French), a black pudding or 
 blood sausage. 
 
 Bouffle, a French dog, used in shoot- 
 ing. 
 
 Bouges, a native name in West Africa 
 
 for cowry shells. 
 Bouilli (French), boiled beef. 
 Bouillon, a condensed meat soup sold 
 
 in tablets in France ; restaurants where* 
 
 soup is sold are also named bouillons. 
 Bouquetins, a French name for the wild 
 
 goats, Capra ibex, C. pyrenaica and 
 
 C. hispanica. 
 Bouquin (French), an old he -goat. 
 Bourdounais, a French, black, tailless 
 
 dog. 
 
 Bourre de Soie, Bourette, French 
 names for floss or waste silk. 
 
BOU [ 15 ] BUI 
 
 Bouviere (Cyprinus amarus, Bl.), a 
 fish, also calied peleuse by the French. 
 
 Bouvillon (French), a bullock. 
 
 Bouvreuil, the French name for the 
 common bullfinch (Pyrrhula europea, 
 Vieill. ; P. vulgaris, Lin.). 
 
 Bovine, belonging to the ox tribe. 
 
 Bow- fin, a species of Amia in Lake Cham- 
 plain, called dogfish in Lake Erie. 
 
 Bowstrings. These are made of sheep's 
 gut or twisted hide ; they are extensive 
 articles of commerce in China. 
 
 Box-coat, a thick overcoat with several 
 capes, worn by coachmen. 
 
 Boyauderie (French), a factory where 
 the entrails of animals are cleaned and 
 prepared for various uses. 
 
 Boyaza (Spanish), a large or full grown 
 ox, boyezue being a young ox. 
 
 Brace and Belt Maker, one who cuts 
 out and makes these articles of leather. 
 
 Brack, Braque, a pointer dog used by 
 sportsmen, of various colours. 
 
 Braconnier (French), a poacher. 
 
 Brahma, Brahmapootra, a large Asiatic 
 kind of fowl, which surpasses all others 
 in size and strength of constitution, 
 and is somewhat similar to the Cochin. 
 As a table bird, it will not compare 
 with the Dorking. 
 
 Brahmin Bull (Bos indicus, Lin.), the 
 Zebu or Indian ox, which is used as a 
 beast of burden in India, and held in 
 veneration by the Hindus, who consider 
 it sinful to slaughter it. 
 
 Brahminy Goose (Casarca rutila). 
 
 Brain, the soft, whitish mass enclosed in 
 the cavity of the skull. Calves' brains 
 are esteemed a food delicacy, and the 
 brains of some other animals are eaten. 
 The North American Indians use brains 
 for preserving skins. 
 
 Brain Coral (Meandrina cerebrifor- 
 mis, Quoy and Gainard), an ornamental 
 mass of white coral. Another pretty 
 form is* Lobophyllia angulosa. 
 
 Braized, a term applied to beef, ham 
 and tongues garnished with aspic jelly. 
 
 Brame (French), the bream fish. 
 
 Brancher, a name among bird dealers 
 for a young bird. 
 
 Brand, a distinguishing letter or mark 
 stamped on domestic cattle with a hot 
 iron. Sheep are usually ear-marked by 
 punching or cutting a piece out, and 
 sometimes their fleecy coat is marked 
 with red ochre. 
 
 Brandlings, the young salmon in their 
 first year, when they are also called 
 fork-tails. The name is likewise given 
 to worms found in dunghills, used by 
 anglers for bait. 
 
 Braque (French), a pointer or setter 
 dog. 
 
 Brawn, the flesh of the head and other 
 parts of a pig, boned, collared, boiled, 
 and pressed into shapes. 
 
 Braxy Mutton, the flesh of sheep which 
 have died a natural death, and which 
 are often used as food in Scotland. 
 Braxy is said by some to be a disease of 
 the brain known as the staggers in 
 horses, and by others considered an in- 
 flammation of the lungs. 
 
 Bream (Abramis Brama, Lin.), a fresh- 
 water fish, belonging to the carp 
 family, which is angled for from June 
 16 to March 14, but must not be taken 
 under 10 inches long. The sea bream 
 is Pagrus vulgaris, or Centrodontus 
 pimelepturus, Bosch. (Lacep.), a fish of 
 the Atlantic. The Charleston bream is 
 Sargus Holbrockii, Beam. The name 
 is, however, applied in the Southern 
 States of America to various species of 
 fresh-water fish, belonging to the genera 
 Calliurus, Lepornis,Enneacanthus and 
 Chaenobrythus, The Australian or 
 black bream is Chrysophrys australis. 
 The red bream is a colonial name for 
 the young of the schnapper The flesh 
 of Sargus lineatus is eatable. 
 
 Breda, a variety of domestic poultry. 
 
 Breeches Maker. This term is chiefly 
 applied to those who make leather 
 breeches for sportsmen. 
 
 BREiTLiNG,a German name for the sprat, 
 Clupea sprattus, Nilss. 
 
 Brent, a provincial measure for milk, 
 about 48 quarts. 
 
 Brent Goose (Anas bernicla or tor- 
 quatus), a small species of wild goose, 
 a winter visitant, which is a good bird 
 for the table, the flesh being excellent, 
 and free from fishy flavour. 
 
 Bresse, a French breed of domestic fowls. 
 
 Bretons, a breed of small, hardy horses 
 from the Landes of Brittany. 
 
 Bridle Butts, leather suited for cutting 
 bridle strips out of. 
 
 Bridle Cutter, a workman who shapes 
 leather into strips for guiding-reins for 
 horses. 
 
 Brie, one of the best and cheapest of 
 the French soft cheeses. It resembles 
 a large pancake, with a rough exterior, 
 that does not look altogether clean, but 
 this is scraped off before eating. It is 
 made to the extent in value of £400,000 
 annually, half being consumed in 
 France, and the rest sent to England, 
 Italy, Germany, &c. 
 
 Brill (Rhombus vulgaris; Pleuronectis 
 rhombus), a flat sea fish, belonging to 
 
BEI 
 
 [ 16 ] 
 
 BUC 
 
 the turbot family, but inferior to that 
 fish both in size and quality, and distin- 
 guished from it by the perfect smooth- 
 ness of its skin, which is covered with 
 scales of a moderate size. 
 Brillantine, a dress fabric made from 
 feathers. 
 
 Brills, the hairs on the eyelids of a 
 horse. 
 
 Brin, the French term for a single silk 
 
 thread from the cocoon. 
 Brindled, of a streaked or varied colour. 
 Briquet, a French hound. 
 Brisket, a part of the breast of an 
 
 animal. 
 
 Brisling, a name in Denmark for the 
 sprat (Clupea sprattus, Miss.). 
 
 Bristle Merchant, a wholesale dealer 
 in pigs' bristles. 
 
 Bristles, the strong hairs on the back 
 of the hog, largely used for brush mak- 
 ing. Those from the wild swine of 
 Russia are considered the best. Our 
 imports of bristles from abroad exceed 
 two and a half million lbs. yearly. 
 
 Britt {Clupea minima), a small species 
 of American herring. 
 
 Broadcloths, woollen cloth pieces for 
 men's garments, exceeding 29 inches 
 wide. 
 
 Broad Stuffs, a name for silk in the 
 piece. We import these to the value of 
 seven and three-quarters millions ster- 
 ling annually. 
 
 Brocade, a rich silk stuff, adorned with 
 raised flowers, foliage, or other orna- 
 ments. Originally it meant silks in 
 which gold or silver threads were inter- 
 woven. 
 
 Brocatelle (French), linsey-woolsey. 
 
 Brochet (Esox lucius, Lin.), a French 
 name for the pike. In Russia it is called 
 stchouka, and it is there much used 
 dried and salted. In the Danube this 
 fish attains a great weight. 
 
 Brocheton (French), a young pike. 
 
 Brock, a provincial name for the 
 badger. 
 
 Brocket, a species of South American 
 deer, with unbranched horns, of which 
 there are two species, the red brocket 
 (Cariacus rufus, F. Cuv.), of Brazil, 
 and the wood brocket (C. nemori- 
 vagus). 
 
 Brogue, a strong shoe worn by the 
 
 Irish peasantry. 
 Brokes and Noils, the refuse and worst 
 
 parts of a fleece, as assorted by the wool 
 
 stapler. 
 
 Bronzewing (Phaps chaleoptera. Lath.), 
 an Australian pigeon, the friendly in- 
 dicator of water in the wilderness, as it 
 
 invariably makes for ponds or pools. 
 Being a plump bird, it is much eaten in 
 Australia. 
 
 Brood Mare, one kept for breeding pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Brook Trout (Salmo fontinalis), a mi- 
 gratory fish of the eastern slopes of 
 North America ; that of the western 
 slopes is S. iridea. 
 
 Brosme (Gadus brosmus vulgaris,CuY.), 
 a fish which is prepared in Norway, 
 like the ling, into rotscheir andtittling. 
 See Cusk. 
 
 Brosquil (Spanish), a sheepfold. 
 
 Brossier (French), a brush maker. 
 
 Brow Antler, the first shoot on a stag's 
 head. 
 
 Bruang, a name for the Malayan and 
 Bornean sun bears (Ursus malayanus, 
 Raffles, Helarctos malayanus, Horsf., 
 and H. euryspilus). 
 
 Bruh (Macacus nemestrinus), the pig- 
 tailed Asiatic monkey, which, when 
 young, is trained in Sumatra to climb 
 cocoanut palms, and bring down the 
 fruit. 
 
 Brumbies, a colonial term for horses 
 that have run wild in Australia. These 
 have become so great a nuisance that 
 they are obliged to bo chased and shot 
 on many stations in large numbers, 
 their hides alone being saved. 
 
 Brunswick, a variety of fancy pigeon. 
 
 Brush, a sportman's name for the tail of 
 a fox. 
 
 Brushes, cleansing or daubing tools, for 
 the most part of hair, but some are of 
 vegetable fibre. 
 
 Brussels Carpeting, a fine and expen- 
 sive kind of woollen carpet, made with 
 a warp and woof of linen thread. It is 
 three-quarters of a yard wide. 
 
 Brutia Silk. Broussa is the seat of the 
 silk trade in Asia Minor. Two qualities 
 of raw silk used to be produced here, 
 the long reel and the short reel, both 
 coarse, and chiefly suited for ribbons, 
 but now the Italian system of reeling 
 has been adopted, and the value is 
 higher. 
 
 Bucarde (French), a name for the 
 cockle. 
 
 Buck, a name applied to the male of 
 many animals, as deer, goats, hares, 
 and rabbits, and in America to rams. 
 Also a name given to the scad or horse 
 mackerel. 
 
 Buckhorn, a term given to salted whit- 
 ing dried for food. 
 
 Buckhound, a dog kept for chasing stags. 
 The pack of Royal buckhounds in Eng- 
 land numbers forty or fifty couples. 
 
BUC 
 
 [ 17 ] 
 
 BUN 
 
 Buckling, a name in Germany for the 
 herring (Clupea harengus, Lin.). 
 
 Buckskin, a name given to tawed leather, 
 made of deer, goat, sheep, and some- 
 times of calf-skin. It is the closest 
 grained and stoutest leather used in 
 the manufacture of gloves for military 
 and hunting purposes. 
 
 Budge, an old name for lamb's floss, 
 dressed as fur, employed to trim the 
 gowns of certain City liveries. 
 
 Budgerigar, a name for the shell or 
 zebra grass parrakeet of Australia 
 (Melopsittacus undulatus, Shaw), of 
 which some 50,000 pairs are occasionally 
 sold in London in a year. 
 
 Buey (Spanish), an ox or bullock. 
 
 Buff Leather, a strong, rough, oiled 
 leather for glazing and polishing ; also 
 used for sword belts and manufactur- 
 ing purposes. 
 
 Buffalo (Bubalus), a species of ox, 
 chiefly confined to India and the 
 Eastern islands, but there are some few 
 in parts of Southern Europe. The buf- 
 falo furnishes savoury meat and milk. 
 It is used as a beast of draught in 
 Siam, Cochin China, &c. See Bison. 
 
 Buffalo Bones. These form an article 
 of import into China, and are utilised 
 like other bones. 
 
 Buffalo Fish (Bubalichthys bubalus). 
 
 Buffalo Horns. See Horns. 
 
 Buffalo Robes, a name for the shaggy 
 skins of the male bison (Bos ameri- 
 canus) when dressed in the Indian 
 fashion with the hair on. 
 
 Bughy, another name in India for the 
 Saturnia Paphia moth. 
 
 Bulbul (Pycnonotus sp.). The spright- 
 liness of these birds renders them 
 favourites with the natives of India, 
 and several of the species are greatly 
 admired as songsters. 
 
 Bulchin, a young male calf. 
 
 Bulk Pork, a name in North America for 
 pork intended for immediate use or for 
 smoking. 
 
 Bull, the male of the ox tribe. 
 
 Bullack, a trade name for the mother- 
 of-pearl shells from the Panama 
 coast. 
 
 Bulldog (Canis molossus), a variety of 
 dog, with a short, broad muzzle, high 
 forehead, and projecting lower jaw. A 
 watchful, faithful companion and pro- 
 tector of his master. 
 
 Bullfinch (Pyrrhula europcea, Vieill.), 
 a well-known British bird, often kept in 
 confinement for the beauty of its plum- 
 age and as an excellent songster, and 
 then termed a piping bullfinch. It is 
 
 principally prized for its powers of imi- 
 tation and memory. Most of them are 
 trained in Germany, and great numbers 
 are imported here from that country. 
 The flesh of this bird is eatable. 
 Bullfrog (Rana pipiens); also a popu- 
 lar name for the matlametlo of the 
 Africans (Tomoptera adspersa), which 
 is edible, and, according to Dr. Living- 
 stone, is said to resemble in flavour 
 chicken. 
 
 Bullhead (Cottus). There are several 
 species of fish inhabiting different seas 
 which pass under this name. The flesh 
 of C. aspidophorus, of the Baltic and 
 northern seas, is said to be good. The 
 natives of Greenland prize C. hexacor- 
 nis, C. groerdandicus, Cuv., highly as 
 an article of food, preferring it to 
 codfish or salmon. 
 
 Bullocks, castrated bulls ; also a trade 
 name for the pearl oyster shells from 
 Panama. 
 
 Bullocks' Bungs, the large and shapely 
 bladders of oxen. 
 
 Bullock's Weasands, ox gut. See 
 Weasands. 
 
 Bull's EYE(Priacanthus macr acanthus f 
 Cuv. and Val.), a fairly good edible fish 
 of Australia. It is frequently mistaken 
 for the nannygai. 
 
 Bull's Mouth, a commercial name for 
 the Cassis rufa, a sea shell used for 
 cutting cameos on. The layers are a 
 pale salmon colour on an orange 
 ground. 
 
 Bull Terrier, a cross-bred dog. 
 
 Bull Trout, the Salmo esiox. 
 
 Bultow, a mode of fishing for cod prac- 
 tised in North America by stringing a 
 number of baited hooks on one line. 
 
 Bumbaries, Bummarees, wholesale fish 
 buyers at Billingsgate, who retail or 
 vend to the fishmongers. They have to 
 pay for their standing or stall. 
 
 Bummaloh, a name in Bengal for the 
 fish known as Bombay ducks (Saurus 
 nehereus, Hamilton). See Bombay 
 Duck. 
 
 Bungar, a name for the menhaden fish. 
 
 Bunting, a thin, open, worsted fabric, 
 chiefly used for making flags. A tech- 
 nical name in the fish trade for brown 
 shrimps. 'I he common name of several 
 species of birds belonging to the genera 
 Emberiza, Euspiza, Fringillaria and 
 Melophus. The common buntings 
 (Emberiza miliaria), are often taken in 
 nets, and brought to market, where 
 they are sold for larks. The snow bunt- 
 ing (Plectrophanes nivalis), when fat, 
 is excellent eating. 
 
 C 
 
BUR [ 18 ] CAA 
 
 Burbot, a name for the losh or lawyer 
 {Lota maculata,Gadus lota)m America, 
 and L. vulgaris in England. Its flesh 
 is highly esteemed, and the large liver 
 is regarded as a great delicacy. From 
 the small air-bladder isinglass is made. 
 The dried skin is used in many parts of 
 Russia and Siberia instead of window 
 glass, being as translucent as oiled 
 paper. It is also utilised by some of the 
 Tartar tribes as a material for their 
 summer dresses. 
 
 Burchet, the Javanese name for the 
 snipe. 
 
 Burg Atr, a French name for Turbo olearis 
 and T. marmoralus, which are obtained 
 on the coasts of Sumatra, and used for 
 manufacturing purposes, owing to the 
 burgaudine or nacreous substance. 
 
 Burhel {Ovis Nahura), the wild sheep 
 of India. 
 
 Burling, the process of examining 
 woollen cloths to repair defects. 
 
 Burnous, an Arab wrapper. 
 
 Burt ah, a name for the salted and spiced 
 flesh of the Suleah fish (Polynemus 
 sele), a piquant relish, well known at 
 the breakfast tables of Indians in 
 Bengal. 
 
 Bush-bok {Tragelaphus sylvaticus, 
 Sparm.), a small South American ante- 
 lope. 
 
 Bush-cat, a name for the serval {Fells 
 serval). 
 
 Bustard. The common name for several 
 birds belonging to the genera Eupodo- 
 tiSy Houbara and Tetrax. The great 
 bustard {Otis tarda, Lin.), is the largest 
 of European land birds, but is now very 
 scarce. The little bustard {O. tetrax), 
 is taken in nets in France, like the 
 partridge. It weighs about twenty-five 
 ounces. The flesh has the appearance 
 
 • of a young pheasant. See Florican. 
 Of the South African bustards there 
 are six species. The largest is the kori 
 bustard {Eupodotis cristata. Scop.), the 
 adult male of which often weighs from 
 thirty to thirty-five pounds. It is ex- 
 cellent eating. 
 
 Butarookh, Buttarghi, the cured and 
 dried roe of fishes in Eastern countries. 
 
 Butcher, one who slaughters and pre- 
 pares domestic animals for consump- 
 tion. 
 
 Butcher's Meat, the flesh of animals 
 properly cut and dressed to be sold for 
 human food. 
 
 Butifarra (Spanish), a kind of sausage. 
 
 Butt, Struffbutt, German names for 
 the flounder {Platessa flesus, Lin.) 
 
 Butter, a solid fat, made from the milk 
 
 of the cow, and largely consumed as 
 food. It enters into commerce fresh or 
 salted. Butter consists of about eighty- 
 seven per cent, of the fat of milk, ten of 
 water, one of caseine, one of common 
 salt, and one third per cent, of sugar of 
 milk. One pound of butter should be 
 obtained from twelve quarts of milk. 
 The British make of butter is about 
 100,000 tons, and the foreign imports are 
 nearly as much. Irish butter is sold in 
 firkins of about eighty lbs. ; Normandy 
 butter in casks of about twenty-five 
 and sixty lbs. each. 
 
 Butter-fish {Pronotus triacanthus), 
 the name of an American fish. An Aus- 
 tralian fish, Gheelodactylus macrop- 
 terus, Castel., also passes under this 
 name. The New Zealand butter-fish 
 is Coredodax pullis ; the European 
 butter-fish Gunillus vulgaris. 
 
 Butterine, an artificial or imitation 
 butter prepared from fat or melted 
 tallow. 
 
 Buttermilk, the residue of cream after 
 the butter has been churned. It forms 
 about two-thirds of the whole weight 
 of the cream. 
 
 Buttock, the rump of an animal. 
 
 Button-lac, one of the forms in which 
 lac resin enters into commerce. 
 
 Buttons. Large quantities of these pro- 
 jecting knobs are made from the hoofs 
 of oxen, of bone, ivory, and mother of 
 pearl. 
 
 Butts, a name in the leather trade for a 
 full hide or rounded crop. There are 
 English and foreign butts, and some 
 bear specific names, such as shoe butts, 
 kip butts, &c. 
 
 Butyrometer, an instrument f or testing 
 butter. 
 
 Byoks, a trade name for white ostrich 
 feathers which have black spots on 
 them. 
 
 Byssus (Latin, fine flax), animal fibre, by 
 which many molluscs attach themselves 
 to the rocks. The silky filaments pro- 
 duced by the foot of some of the Pinnas 
 is utilised in the Mediterranean by 
 being spun into fabrics, gloves, &c. It 
 is there called " lana pinna," or marine 
 wool. The byssus of the Avicula mar- 
 garitifera is used for textiles, glue, &c. 
 
 C. 
 
 Caama {Canis Chama, Smith), a small 
 
CAB 
 
 [ 19 ] 
 
 CAM 
 
 species of South African silver-backed 
 
 fox, the fur of which is largely used by 
 
 the natives for making their karosses 
 
 or skin cloaks. 
 Caballa (Spanish), the horse mackerel ; 
 
 also a stallion or entire horse. 
 Caballada (Spanish), a stud of horses. 
 Cabaluste (Spanish), a kind of saddle. 
 Cabana (Spanish), a drove of mules and 
 
 asses driven with a flock of sheep. 
 Cabial (Spanish), caviare. 
 Cabillaud. a French term for salted 
 
 cod-fish {Gadus morrhua). 
 Cabrero (Spanish), a goatherd. 
 Cabri (French), a young kid. 
 Cabrit, a name given by the Canadian 
 
 hunters to the pronghorn of the Rocky 
 
 Mountains (Antilocapra americana, 
 
 Ord.). 
 
 Cabritillo (Spanish), a kid. 
 Cabron (French), the skin of a young 
 deer. 
 
 Cabujada (Spanish), a hunting saddle. 
 
 Cacgiocavallo, an Italian cheese, in 
 shape something like a beet root. It 
 weighs about three lbs., and is made 
 principally in Rome, Naples and Sicily. 
 
 Cachalot, the sperm whale (Physeter 
 macrocephalus). 
 
 Cachemere, a commercial name given to 
 the fine under wool of goats' hair. 
 
 Cache -nez (French), a woollen com- 
 forter or wrapper for the neck. 
 
 Cacks, a technical name in the United 
 States for infants' shoes, or those worn 
 by children under five years. 
 
 Cade, a cag or cask containing 500 her- 
 rings. 
 
 Cade Lamb, a house lamb, brought up 
 by hand. 
 
 Cadger, a name in some parts for an 
 
 itinerant fishmonger. 
 Cadis (French), a kind of serge. 
 Cadoce (Spanish), the gudgeon (Gobio 
 
 fluviatilis). 
 Cafpum (Megalops atlanticus), a West 
 
 Indian edible fish, weighing from twelve 
 
 to fifteen lbs. 
 Cagier (French), a bird-seller. 
 Cagmag, superannuated geese and 
 
 ganders. 
 
 Cahouane (Chelonia caouana), a sea 
 tortoise, which yields a poor description 
 of shell. The scales are thin, and neither 
 clear nor beautifully coloured. 
 
 Caida, a Spanish name for the com- 
 monest kind of wool in a fleece. 
 
 Caille (French), the quail ; also curdled 
 milk. 
 
 Caille-lait, Caillette (French), ren- 
 net. 
 
 Caiman, Cayman, a name in South 
 
 America for the alligator. The jacare 
 or common caiman of Brazil (Alligator 
 cynocephalus) is two or three yards 
 long. See Alligator. 
 
 Calabar Skins. Under this name the 
 skins of the common squirrel (Sciurus 
 vulgaris), and the Siberian grey 
 squirrel (S. cinereus), are used" for 
 small furs. 
 
 Calamaretto, the Italian name for 
 Loligo parva, Rondelet, eaten as food 
 in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Calamary, a name for the Sepia loligo, 
 Lin, ; Loligo vulgaris, Lin. See 
 CALMARand Squids. 
 
 Calcide (Spanish), a kind of pilchard. 
 
 Calf, the young of the cow, whose flesh 
 is termed veal ; also of the deer. In this 
 country calves are killed for food at an 
 earlier age than on the continent. In 
 Europe they are generally six to nine 
 months old when they are killed, whilst 
 in England they are usually killed 
 before half that age. 
 
 Calf Kid, soft leather, made of the skins 
 of young calves, of which ladies' ball 
 room shoes and boots are made. 
 
 Calf's Feet. These are boiled to make 
 a nutritious jelly. 
 
 Calf's Head. When boiled, this is a 
 delicate and esteemed article of food. 
 
 Callipash and Callipee, the upper and 
 under parts of the edible turtle. 
 
 Callipeva (Mugel liza), a West Indian 
 mullet. The roe is an edible luxury, 
 and the large scales are used for mak- 
 ing ornaments. 
 
 Calmar (Loligo vulgaris, Lin.). This 
 species of squid is eaten in Cuba and 
 other parts of the West Indies, and 
 considered a great delicacy. It is the 
 favourite food of the cod, and one half 
 of the fish taken on the banks of 
 Newfoundland are caught with it as a 
 bait. 
 
 Calmuck, a woollen, textile fabric. 
 
 Camarones, a name for large prawns in 
 Brazil, which are there sold dried. 
 
 Camel (Camelus), an animal, of which 
 there are two species, the Arabian (C. 
 dromedarius), which has a single hump , 
 and the Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus), 
 which has two of these excrescences. 
 These sure-footed and hardy animals 
 are extremely useful as beasts of burden 
 in parts of Africa and Asia. Their flesh, 
 and the milk of the female, are also 
 useful for food, and the long and soft 
 hair is woven into a sort of cloth, which 
 is impervious to wet. The skins are 
 dried into a very compact hide, which 
 is made into " kuppas " and oil vessels. 
 
 C 2 
 
CAM 
 
 [ 20 ] 
 
 CAP 
 
 Camel-load, a burden of from 400 to 
 600 lbs., for young camels, according to 
 length of journey. The largest and 
 strongest will carry 800 to 1,000 lbs. 
 from thirty to thirty-five miles a day. 
 
 Camelopard. See Giraffe. 
 
 Camel's Dung, forms an important ar- 
 ticle of fuel in arid countries. 
 
 Camel's Hair, is shipped chiefly to Eng- 
 land for the manufacture of shawls, 
 carpets, &c. There is a considerable 
 export from Tient-in, in China. It is 
 longer than some sheep's wool, and of 
 different colours — red, white, and grey. 
 
 Camel's Hatr Pencils, artists' small 
 brushes, used for water colours, made 
 of badger's, camel's, and other kinds of 
 hair. 
 
 Camembert, a soft, French cheese, made 
 in moulds of about four inches. 
 
 Cameo Cutter, an engraver of cameos 
 for ornament. 
 
 Cameos, small bas reliefs cut on shell, 
 ivory, &c. 
 
 Cameo Shells. See Bull's Mouth and 
 Helmet Shell. 
 
 Camlet, a light, mixed fabric, made of 
 long wool and cotton, or linen yarn. It 
 was formerly made of goat's hair. There 
 are English, Dutch, and imitation cam- 
 lets. 
 
 Campine, a Belgian race of fowls. 
 
 Canada Goose (Anser canadensis). 
 This wild fowl makes its appearance in 
 large flocks in parts of North America. 
 When fat, it will weigh about nine 
 pounds. In favourable seasons as many 
 as 6.000 or 7,000 will be killed, and bar- 
 relled up for winter provision. 
 
 Canardeau (French), a duckling. 
 
 Canary (Fringilla canaria, Lin. ; Car- 
 duelus canaria). This favourite cage 
 bird is now bred in quantities in large 
 establishments in Germany, whence the 
 greater part of Europe is supplied with 
 these captive song birds. The trade in 
 this bird is large in most of the prin- 
 cipal towns. A name in Jamaica for 
 several species of Dendrocca. 
 
 Cancerine, a fertiliser, sold in America, 
 consisting of king crabs or " horse feet," 
 as they are termed, ground as finely as 
 possible, and put up into bags, sold at 
 about £5 a ton. In New Jersey one or 
 two mills sell about 250 tons each per 
 annum. 
 
 Candles. These, though formerly chiefly 
 made of tallow or wax, are now almost 
 generally replaced by those made from 
 vegetable substances. 
 
 Cane, a name in Suffolk for the weasel ; 
 also called the mouse-hunt. 
 
 Canepin (French), a thin leather, made 
 from the flesh side of sheep and lamb 
 skins. 
 
 Canorejo (Spanish), a crayfish. 
 
 Caniche (French), a poodle. 
 
 Canines, the tushes or tusks, a name 
 applied to the eye or dog teeth of mam- 
 mals, specially developed in Carnivora 
 or flesh-eating animals. 
 
 Canned Goods, a commercial name in 
 America for fish, mollusca, Crustacea, 
 and meat preserved in tins. 
 
 Cannibal, a savage, who eats human 
 flesh. 
 
 Cantaloon, a species of woollen stuff. 
 
 Cantharides, a name for various dried 
 insects which ha^e vesicating or blister- 
 ing properties. The genera Cantharis, 
 Mylabris, Lytta, and Meloe furnish 
 many. They are sometimes popularly 
 termed Spanish flies. More than 158 
 species and varieties of blistering 
 beetles occur in the United States, and 
 the bordering provinces of Mexico and 
 British America. 
 
 Cantharidin, the concentrated, poi- 
 sonous principle of cantharides crystal- 
 lised. 
 
 Canvas-backed Duck (Fuligula valis- 
 neria, Stephens, Nyroca valisneria, 
 Wils., Aythya valisneria, March), a 
 bird which frequents the United States 
 in the autumn, and becomes fat, it is 
 then regarded as a great food delicacy. 
 
 Cap, a man's or boy's covering for the 
 head, often made of cloth or fur. 
 
 Capador, Castrador (Spanish), one who 
 castrates animals. 
 
 Caparozzolo, a name in Italy for species 
 of Venus, a mollusc which is eaten as 
 food. 
 
 Cape-killer (Orcacapensis), a species of 
 grampus. 
 
 Capelin (Mallotus mllosus),a small fish 
 of the North American seas, they are 
 principally used as a bait for cod fish, 
 but a few are exported to Europe dried. 
 
 Cape Lobster (Palinurus Lalandii), a 
 crustacean, which is abundant in Table 
 Bay, and forms an important part of 
 the food of the lower classes. The 
 young ones have a very good flavour. 
 
 Capercalzie (Tetrao urogallus), the 
 wood grouse, a game bird, common in 
 the northern countries of Europe. 
 
 Capitaz (Spanish), a chief cattle drover 
 in South America. 
 
 Capitone (Coriphcena sicula), a kind of 
 large eel, of which there is a great con- 
 sumption in Italy, this fish f < -raring the 
 national dish of both rich and poor. 
 Also a name for floss silk dyed red. 
 
CAP 
 
 [ 21 ] 
 
 CAR 
 
 Capon, a castrated cock, fattened for the 
 table, Caponet being a young capon. 
 
 Cappadine, a kind of floss silk, taken 
 from the cocoon after the thread has 
 been wound off. 
 
 Cap-peak and Cockade Makers work- 
 man who makes these leather attach- 
 ments for caps and hats. 
 
 Cappers, a Dutch name for the Jacobine 
 pigeons. 
 
 Caprification, a process of fertilising 
 the blossoms of fig trees by hymenop- 
 terous insects (Blastophaga gros- 
 sorum, Cynips Psenes, Lin.) 
 
 Caps, a commercial name for sheets of 
 floss silk, used for covering the ends of 
 the "books" or bundles of China silk. 
 
 Capuchin, the hooded seal (Cystophora 
 cristata). 
 
 Capullo (Spanish), cocoon of a silkworm. 
 
 Capybara. See Carpincho. 
 
 Caquage (from the Dutch, caker), cask- 
 ing or barrelling herrings. 
 
 Caquier (French), one who packs her- 
 rings. 
 
 Caracal (Felis caracal, Schreb.), the 
 handsomest of the lynxes, a native of 
 Southern Asia and Africa. 
 
 Caramanee Sheep {Ovis steopygos), a 
 race of sheep with fat tails. 
 
 Caramel (Spanish), a kind of pilchard. 
 
 Carapace, a shield or covering ; the term 
 applied to the dorsal shell of Crustacea, 
 and to the upper buckler or convex 
 plate of Chelonian reptiles. 
 
 Caravan Journey, the distance a camel 
 will travel in a day, about thirty miles. 
 
 Caray, Carey (Spanish), tortoiseshell. 
 
 Carbatine (French), the skin of a beast 
 newly flayed. 
 
 Carcajou (Cariacus), American deer, of 
 which there are three species. C. vir- 
 ginianus; the mule deer (0. macrotis), 
 and the black-tailed deer (C. colum- 
 bianus). They are valuable for their 
 flesh and hide, the latter being made 
 into hunting shirts, mocassins, and 
 other articles of wearing apparel. Also 
 a trapper's name for the glutton or 
 wolverene (Gulo luscus). 
 
 Carcase, the dead body of an animal. 
 
 Carcase Butcher, a dealer in country 
 killed meat. One who slaughters cattle, 
 and does not retail, but only sells on a 
 large scale to dealers in meat. 
 
 Cardanne (French), silk threads from 
 the floss on the outer part of the cocoon. 
 
 Cardinals (Paroaria cucullata, Lath., 
 Coccothraustes cucullatus, Russ.), the 
 red crested cardinal ; a handsome cage 
 bird. The red cardinal grosbeak is 
 Cardinalis virginianus, Briss., a bird 
 
 of great beauty, and esteemed as a song 
 bird. 
 
 Carding, the process of combing wool by 
 metallic teeth set in leather bands. 
 
 Card Leather, a name in Austria for 
 artificial leather, made of leather 
 shreds. 
 
 Caret Tortoise (Chelonia imbricata), 
 the hawk's bill turtle, which yields the 
 best tortoiseshell. 
 
 Cargoose, the crested diver. 
 
 Cariama (Chunga burmeisteri, Hartl.), 
 a South American bird, which furnishes 
 excellent food in La Plata, and also de- 
 stroys insects and mollusca. 
 
 Caribito (Spanish), a river fish of the 
 bream species. 
 
 Caribou {Rangifer tarandus, Lin.), a 
 name for varieties of the reindeer. The 
 barren ground caribou is the sub-species 
 groenlandicus, and the woodland cari- 
 bou the sub-species Caribou. 
 
 Carmeline or Carmenia Wool, a com- 
 mon kind of vicuna wool. 
 
 Carmine, a bright scarlet water colour, 
 obtained from cochineal. 
 
 Carnagi (Spanish), salt beef. 
 
 Carnassiers (French), carnivora or 
 flesh-eaters. 
 
 Carnerada (Spanish), a flock of sheep. 
 
 Carnicero (Spanish), a butcher. 
 
 Carnivora, the tribe of flesh-eating 
 animals. 
 
 Carnucci, glue pieces and hide cuttings 
 shipped from Italy. 
 
 Caron (French), a slice of bacon. 
 
 Carp (Cyprinuscarpio), a common fresh- 
 water fish, which is sought for by anglers 
 rather for sport than for the flavour 
 of the flesh ; it must not be taken under 
 18 inches. This fish lives to a great 
 age. There are many ^pecies, and in the 
 rivers of Europe they attain a heavy 
 weight. Carp are very abundant in 
 parts of India, and enter largely into 
 the diet of the indigenous population. 
 
 Carp-bream (Abramus brama), a fresh- 
 water fish, the flesh of which is coarse 
 and insipid. 
 
 Carpet Bag, a portable sack or hand 
 travelling-bag. Originally these were 
 made of carpet, but now the term is 
 applied to leather and other hand bags. 
 
 Carp eting, Carp ets. Ornamental floor 
 or stair coverings, of woollen or mixed 
 fabrics, of different kinds, which vary 
 in pattern, style and texture in differ- 
 ent countries. 
 
 Carpet Manufacturer, one who has 
 a factory and employs persons to weave 
 carpets. 
 
 Carpet Planner, a skilled workman 
 
CAR 
 
 C 22 ] 
 
 CAT 
 
 who arranges, cuts and puts down car- 
 pets to fit rooms'. 
 
 Carpet Warehouseman, a wholesale 
 dealer in carpets, who keeps a stock of 
 rolls of carpeting- for selection. 
 
 Carpincho (Hydrochairus Capybara, 
 Erxl.), the capybaraof South America, 
 the largest gnawing animal in the 
 world. Its meat is very indifferent ; 
 more than 33.000 of the skins of this 
 animal were shipped from Buenos Ayres 
 in 1874. 
 
 Carragolo, a name given in Italy to 
 species of Ceritkium and Trochus ; 
 mollusca, which are eaten as food. 
 
 Carrancha (Polyborus brasiliensis), 
 the name for the caracara, one of the 
 carrion-eating birds in La Plata. 
 
 Carreau (French), an old pike, also 
 known as loup. 
 
 Carrelet (French), a flounder. 
 
 Carreleur (French), a cobbler, one 
 who soles shoes. 
 
 Carriage Rug, a woollen or fur cover- 
 ing for the legs when travelling. 
 
 Carriers, a very serviceable race of 
 courier pigeons, which from remote 
 antiquity have been employed in the 
 office of bringing letters under the 
 wing. They are trained by successive 
 distance journeys. 
 
 Carrion, putrefying flesh, unfit for food. 
 
 Carry-away, a kind of sloop attached 
 to the menhaden fishing boats in the 
 United States, which are employed to 
 take the fish ashore. They hold 16 or 
 17 tons, or about 70,000 fish. 
 
 Cartabac (Tetragonopterus latus}, a 
 river fish of Guiana, which is excellent 
 when dried and smoked. 
 
 Cart-horse, a draught-horse fit for 
 hauling heavy loads, of which there 
 are various breeds, as the Clydesdale, 
 Cleveland, Suffolk, Punch, and others. 
 
 Cart-load, the quantity of goods which 
 one horse can draw ; this will be about 
 two tons on paved streets or good 
 roads. 
 
 Cartridge, or Cartouche Box, a 
 leather pouch slung over the shoulder 
 of a soldier for holding cartridges. 
 
 Cased Skins, furs of animals which are 
 inverted and not cut open on the belly. 
 Those prepared cased in North Ame- 
 rica are wolf, mink, musk rat, otter, fox, 
 fisher, opossum, and skunk. 
 
 Casein, an albuminoid, which forms 
 three-fourths of the nitrogenous matter 
 in cheese. 
 
 Cashmere, the material properly so 
 named is made of the shawl-goat wool, 
 much in the same way as merino ; but 
 
 most of the fabrics so called are made 
 of sheep's wool. 
 
 Cashmere Shawls, a superior kind of 
 shawl made in Persia and other parts 
 of the East of goats' and camels' hair. 
 
 Cashmerette, a woollen cloth made in 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Cask Eggs, a name in commerce for the 
 contents of broken eggs, kept for manu- 
 facturing uses by leather-dressers and 
 others. 
 
 Casseron, a French name for Loligo 
 parva, Rondelet, much used as food in 
 the Mediterranean, 
 
 Cassimeres, a woollen fabric made in 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Cassowaries (Casuarius), a family of 
 birds of little commercial importance, 
 with long pendant feathers like hair. 
 The eggs are of a green tint. 
 
 Cast, a Norfolk term for two crabs, six 
 score cast are called a hundred. In 
 falconry the term " cast " is used for a 
 couple of hawks or peregrine falcons. 
 
 Castilogne (French), a fine blanket. 
 
 Castor (German, Kastor; Sanscrit, Kus- 
 tura, musk), a name for the beaver 
 (Castor canadensis, Kuhl). 
 
 Castoreum, the preputial pods of the 
 beaver, once much used as an anti- 
 spasmodic, and still somewhat in 
 request. 
 
 Castration, the operation of gelding- 
 male, and speying female animals, to 
 induce them to fatten or become docile. 
 For cattle this should be done between 
 2 and 8 months, for horses between 4 
 and 12 months, and for sheep before 
 they are 21 days old. 
 
 Cat (Felis catus), a tribe of animals 
 which both in their wild and domesti- 
 cated state are commercially useful. The 
 skins are converted into furs. A wild 
 cat is a dainty dish among the negroes 
 of the West Indies, and cats are eaten 
 in China. As a domestic animal the 
 cat (F. domestica), is largely kept 
 in different households. The varieties 
 in the domesticated state are very 
 numerous, and are found in every 
 country of the earth. The fur of a 
 native cat (Dasyurus viverrinus) is 
 made into rugs. 
 
 Catbird (Mimus carolinensis, Lin. ; 
 Galeoscoptes, Gray). This American 
 songster rivals even the other species, 
 the mockingbird (M.polyglottus, Lin.). 
 
 Cat Fishes, a name for several fishes, as 
 the Siluroids (Amiurus nigricans and 
 Pimelodus catus) ; Amiurus catics, 
 Lin., an unsightly North American 
 I fish, is, however, highly esteemed as 
 
CAT 
 
 [ 23 ] 
 
 CHA. 
 
 an article of food in some districts. 
 The Cnidoglanis ?negastoma of Aus- 
 tralia, though an excellent fish, is 
 very seldom eaten. Although the cat 
 fishes are rather despised by many, 
 they are by no means contemptible 
 fish as food, and some are really 
 superior meat. 
 
 Catgut, the name for a substance made 
 from the peritoneal coverings of the 
 intestines of the sheep, used for strings 
 of musical instruments, whipcord, 
 hatter's cord, clock-maker's cord, for 
 bowstrings, anglers' lines, snoods, &c. 
 
 Catlings, another name for catgut, the 
 dried and twisted intestines or viscera 
 of sheep. 
 
 Cat's Tongues, a trade name for very 
 
 small soles. 
 Cattle, a collective name for the large 
 
 domestic quadrupeds, either kept for 
 
 labour, for their milk, or as food when 
 
 slaughtered. 
 Cattle Dealer, one who buys and sells 
 
 the live stock raised by graziers and 
 
 farmers. 
 
 Cattle Market, a place set aside and 
 legalised for the sale of live stock. 
 Many towns have fixed days for holding 
 the cattle market. 
 
 Cattle Pen, a grazing farm for raising 
 and breeding cattle in the Colonies. 
 
 Cattle Run, an extent of land in Aus- 
 tralia kept for grazing cattle on. 
 
 Cattle Show, a competitive exhibition 
 of live stock, usually held under the 
 auspices and patronage of some Agri- 
 cultural Societ} r , at which prizes are 
 awarded. 
 
 Caul, the omentum or adipose mem- 
 brane attached to the stomach. The 
 caul of an infant has a fanciful value 
 among superstitious seamen, who con- 
 sider it a charm against shipwreck. 
 
 Cauris (French). See Cowry. 
 
 Caustelo, the Italian name for the grey 
 mullet (Mugil eapito, Cuv.). 
 
 Cavale (French), a mare. 
 
 Cavalla (Lybinon cavalla, Ac.), a West 
 Indian fish, something like the mack- 
 erel. 
 
 Cavallo (Spanish), a horse. 
 
 Cavalry, mounted troops, 
 
 Caveaching, a mode of pickling fish. 
 
 Caviare, a preparation of the eggs or 
 spawn of the sturgeon, in which a 
 large trade is carried on in Russia. 
 
 Cavy, a genus of South American 
 rodents, to which the guinea pig (Cavia 
 cobaya) belongs. The flesh of the 
 spotted cavy (Coclogemys paca) is much 
 esteemed as an article of food. That 
 
 of the paca (C. subniger) is also very 
 savour, and forms a staple article of 
 food. 
 
 Cawquaw, another name for the Cana- 
 dian porcupine. 
 
 Caxingeules, a name in Brazil for 
 squirrels. 
 
 Cayeu, a name in some parts of France 
 for the mussel. 
 
 Cayman, Caiman, a name in South 
 America for different species of alli- 
 gator. 
 
 Cayote, a small species of North Ame- 
 rican wolf. See Coyote. 
 
 Cecial (Spanish), cod or other fish dried 
 in the air. 
 
 Cecina (Spanish), hung beef. 
 
 Cecolini (Italian), small eels. 
 
 Cedar-Bird (Ampelis carolinensis), an 
 American bird, which when berries are 
 abundant, as in the autumn and the 
 beginning of summer, becomes very 
 fat, and is then in considerable esteem 
 for the table. 
 
 Cedazo, Cedazuelo (Spanish), a hair 
 sieve or strainer. 
 
 Cegajo (Spanish), a he-goat two years 
 old. 
 
 Celerin, an old French name for the 
 pilchard when young. 
 
 Cephalopods, several of these polyps, 
 as Octopus vulgaris and species of 
 Sepia are edible. 
 
 Cerepaced Goose (Cereopsis Nora 
 Hollandice), a large Australian palmi- 
 pede bird, the flesh of which is excel- 
 lent. 
 
 Cerf (French), a stag or hart. 
 
 Cero (Cybium caballa), a North Ame- 
 rican fish ; the striped cero is C. 
 regale. 
 
 Ceroon, a mode of spelling seroon, a 
 package of merchandise enclosed in 
 raw or green hide. 
 
 Cerviche. a name for marrow preserved 
 for food in skins in Wallachia and 
 Moldavia. See Chervice. 
 
 Cetaceans, an order of marine mam- 
 mals, which includes the whales and 
 seals. 
 
 Chabin, a kind of buck sheep of the 
 Chilian Alps, a cross between the ibex 
 of the Pyrenees and the domestic 
 goat, which are of considerable com- 
 mercial importance on account of 
 their skins and fleeces, known by the 
 name of "pellones." 
 
 Chabot (French), a river fish, the Cottus 
 gobio, Lin. 
 
 Chabrillon (French), goat's milk 
 cheese. 
 
 I Chacal, the French name for the jackal 
 
CHA 
 
 [ 24 ] 
 
 CHE 
 
 (Canis aureus, Lin.), which is hunted 
 for its skin for fur. 
 Chad, a name for the young of the sea 
 bream. 
 
 Chaffinch (Fringilla ccelebs). In 
 
 France this lively little songster is a 
 
 favourite cage bird. 
 Chagreen. See Shagreen. 
 Chair (French), flesh. 
 Chaja (Chauna chavaria), a bird of 
 
 Brazil, which is frequently brought up 
 
 in a domesticated condition amongst 
 
 the fowls and geese. 
 Chakkili, in the Tamil and Malabar 
 
 languages a worker in leather. It is 
 
 usually corrupted by the English into 
 
 " chucklar." 
 Challis, a lady's dress fabric of silk and 
 
 worsted, made like Norwich crape. 
 Chalona, a name for sun-dried mutton 
 
 in Chili. 
 
 Chamar, one of the largest and lowest 
 of the castes in India, who do the plain 
 tanning of skins and hides, while 
 another caste, the chikwars, finish 
 them by dyeing or tawing. 
 
 Chambard, a hand-woven worsted fabric 
 made in Saxony. 
 
 Chameleon (Chamaeleo vulgaris, Daud ; 
 C. africanus), the dried body of the 
 common chameleon forms part of the 
 native materia medica in Morocco, and 
 in this state is sold in the bazaars. 
 
 Chamois (Rupicapra tragus, Pallas), 
 an animal which lives on the Euro- 
 pean Alps, on the loftiest summits 
 of mountains, and is a favourite object 
 of chase. Its antlers are from 6 to 8 
 inches long, the flesh, hide and horns 
 are valuable, and the skin is wrought 
 into a soft, pliable leather. This is imi- 
 tated by the flesh side of the sheep- 
 skin, oil-dressed and beaten. 
 
 Champinois, a race of French sheep, the 
 flesh of which is much esteemed. 
 
 Chandelle (French), a tallow candle, 
 
 Chanfaina (Spanish), a ragout of liver 
 and lights. 
 
 Chanke (Cyprinus cultratus), the razor 
 carp, the young of which dried are 
 much consumed in the countries about 
 the Black Sea. 
 
 Chanks, a name for the heavy porcel- 
 laneous shells of Turbinella pyrum and 
 T. rapa, which are sawn into bangles 
 or bracelets, much worn by Indian 
 women. 
 
 Chapeau (French), a hat. 
 
 Chapelier (French), a hat maker. 
 
 Chapon (French), a capon ; chaponneau 
 being a young capon. 
 
 Chappe, a kind of twist or yarn made in 
 
 France from waste silk, and the cocoons, 
 pierced by the moth, and used in the 
 manufacture of shawls and other fab- 
 rics. 
 
 Chaps or Chawls, the cheeks or faces of 
 
 pigs, cured and smoked. 
 Charbon (French), a disease in cattle. 
 Charbonnee (French), short ribs of 
 
 beef. 
 
 Charcoal, Animal, calcined bones, 
 ground and pulverised. 
 
 Charcuterie (French), the pork 
 butcher's trade ; cooked flesh, especially 
 pork, such as hams, tongues, sausages, 
 &c. There are about 1,000 charcutiers 
 in Paris. 
 
 Charger, a soldier's horse, trained for 
 
 military purposes. 
 Chargosh, a name for Lupus kurgosa of 
 
 India. 
 
 Charollais, a handsome French race of 
 cattle, equalled only by the Norman 
 breed, and one of the best types for 
 meat. 
 
 Charqueador, a butcher in South 
 America, who cuts the flesh from the 
 carcase of an ox in long strips, to be 
 salted and sun dried. 
 
 Charqui, a Soutli American name for 
 jerked or sun-dried meat ; a bullock will 
 yield on an average about 100 lbs. of 
 charqui. 
 
 Charr (Salmo salvelinus), a small fish 
 of the salmon family, the flesh of which 
 is held in high estimation. It is also 
 sold in the form of potted charr. The 
 charr of the Swiss lakes is Salmo 
 umbli, Lin., that of the fresh waters of 
 North America, S. fontinalis, Mitch. 
 
 Chartreuse, in French cookery, meat or 
 poultry of various kinds brought to 
 table disguised with vegetables. 
 
 Chassum, Chussum, the refuse of Indian 
 silk, the loose outer covering of the 
 cocoon. 
 
 Chateaubriand, the French name for a 
 double beefsteak. 
 
 Chatterer (Ampelis garrulus, Lin.),the 
 black-throated waxwing, which is found 
 generally in Northern Europe, but 
 migrates south in extremely cold 
 weather ; its flesh is palatable. 
 
 Chauries, Chowries, a fly-flapper of 
 yak's tail. 
 
 Chausonnier (French), a sock maker. 
 Chauve-souris (French), a bat. 
 Chawl. See Chaps and Bath Chaps. 
 Chayaks, a light woollen fabric made in 
 Turkey. 
 
 Cheddar, an English cheese, weighing 
 10 to 12 lbs., made of sweet unskimmed 
 milk, which represents the average 
 
CHE 
 
 C 25 ] 
 
 CHO 
 
 composition of a whole milk cheese 
 made from rich milk. It takes its 
 name from a village in Somersetshire 
 famous for its pastures. 
 
 Cheeper, a sportsman's name for a 
 young grouse. 
 
 Cheese, a well known food preparation 
 made from different kinds of milk, of 
 which there are three chief kinds, 
 whole-milk cheese, skim milk cheese, 
 and cream cheese. The special names 
 of different cheeses derived from the 
 localities where they are made are in- 
 numerable. Besides our large home 
 production, about 120,000 tons, we 
 import from abroad nearly 100,000 tons, 
 valued at £5,000,000. 
 
 Cheese-mite, the Acarus domesticus, an 
 insect which breeds in cheese. 
 
 Cheetah (Cynailurus jubatus ; Fells 
 jubata), the hunting leopard of India. 
 
 Cheetul, the spotted deer of India (A. 
 maculatus), which is often domesti- 
 cated. 
 
 Cheiroptera, an order of mammals, 
 represented by the bats. 
 
 Chelonia, an order of reptiles repre- 
 sented by the turtles and tortoises. 
 They are all esteemed as food in Brazil 
 and many other countries. 
 
 Chemaya, the Aspius clupeoides, Pallas. 
 
 Chenille, a kind of shaggy woollen or 
 silk braid used for fringe and flowers. 
 
 Chervice, a superior kind of tallow, the 
 clear fat of the carcase and marrow 
 boiled, much used in Constantinople for 
 culinary purposes. 
 
 Cheshire, a kind of English cheese. 
 
 Chessel, a mould or vat with holes, in 
 which cheese is made. 
 
 Chevaine, Chevenne (Cyprinus dobu- 
 lus, Lin. ; Leuciscus dobula, Cuv. and 
 Val.), an edible fish, which is also 
 known in France as " le meunier." 
 
 Chevalier (Totanus glottis; T. stag- 
 natilis, Bichot), a bird, called by some 
 the greenshank ; its flesh is very deli- 
 cate and well-flavoured. The "cheva- 
 lier becasseau de cul blanc," of the 
 French is T. ochropus. 
 
 Cheven, a name for the chub. 
 
 Chevillard, a name in Paris for a car- 
 case butcher ; one who buys and slaugh- 
 ters cattle to sell piecemeal to retail 
 butchers. The name is derived from 
 cheville, the iron hook or peg on which 
 the carcases are hung. 
 
 Cheviot Wool, a small, fine-haired wool 
 of medium length, suitable for woollen 
 and worsted purposes, for which it is 
 largely employed. 
 
 Chevre (French), a she-goat. 
 
 Chevrets, small cheeses made of goats' 
 milk. 
 
 Chevrette (French), a doe; also a 
 French name for shrimps (Palcemon 
 serratus, P. squilla and Crangon vul- 
 garis). 
 
 Chevreuil (French), a deer or roebuck. 
 
 Chevrotain (Tragulus), a pigmy kind 
 of Eastern deer, whose flesh is good, but 
 the animal is more ornamental than 
 useful. There are three species, T. 
 mimerina. T. javanicus, Pallas, and T. 
 Stanleyus, dray. The water chevro- 
 tain of West Africa is Hyomyschus 
 aquaticus, Ogilby . 
 
 Chibato (Spanish), a kid between six and 
 twelve months old. 
 
 Chickaree, a name for the Hudson's 
 Bay squirrel (Sciurus Hudsonius, Pal- 
 las), the flesh of which is edible and 
 the skin used as fur, 
 
 Chicken, a young fowl, also a name for a 
 small variety of Manila mother of pearl 
 shell, worth but half the price of the 
 bold and medium kinds. 
 
 Chicken Broth, soup made of fowl, 
 which is sold in tins ready for use. 
 
 Chicken Gloves, gloves made in Lime- 
 rick from the skins of very young 
 calves, each pair packed in a walnut - 
 shell. 
 
 Chickling, a young fowl. 
 
 Chienne (French), a bitch dog. 
 
 Chignon, human hair artificially ar- 
 ranged for ladies' wear. 
 
 Chignon Maker, one who prepares 
 human hair for ladies' wear. 
 
 Chikarah, the Indian gazelle (Gazella 
 Bennettii). 
 
 Chikwars, a Mahommedan caste in India 
 who monopolise the finishing process of 
 tawing or dyeing leather. 
 
 Chinchilla {Chinchilla lanigera), a 
 South American rodent, the grey skin 
 of which forms an extensive article of 
 commerce for fur. 
 
 Chine, the backbone or spine of a beast, 
 but the name is usually restricted to a 
 joint of pork. 
 
 Chiquette (French), skins dyed with 
 the hair on. 
 
 Chitlings, Chitterlings, the smaller 
 fleshy intestines of some animals, as 
 pigs, washed and cleansed for food and 
 stuffed with some meat and fat. They 
 are generally eaten grilled, but are 
 sometimes smoked and cooked in soup. 
 
 Choco (Spanish), the small cuttle fish. 
 
 Chogset, an Indian name for the cunner 
 fish. 
 
 Cholletaise, a French breed of cattle 
 which occupies a high rank for the 
 
CHO 
 
 [ 26 ] 
 
 CLA 
 
 quality of their meat, which is very 
 savoury and nourishing. 
 
 Cholo, a Peruvian sheep's wool of a mid- 
 dling quality, but inferior to the inez- 
 tizo of the Argentine Republic. 
 
 Chondrin, a gelatinous substance af- 
 forded by some cartilaginous tissues, 
 and by the bones of young animals. 
 
 Chop, a slice of meat from the loin or 
 chump, usually applied to pork and 
 mutton. 
 
 Chopa (Spanish), a kind of sea bream 
 (Sparus melanurus). 
 
 Choquettes, silk cocoons in which the 
 worm has died before completing its 
 work ; the worm adhering to the cocoon 
 prevents its rattling when shaken. 
 Choquettes furnish a silk thread less 
 brilliant and strong. 
 
 Chorizo (Spanish), a pork sausage. 
 
 Chorlito (Spanish), the curlew or red- 
 shank. 
 
 Chorok, a name for the Siberian marten 
 (Mustela siberica, Pallas), furnishing 
 the Kolinski fur. 
 
 Chough, a name for the red-legged Cor- 
 nish crow (Fregilus graculus, Lin., 
 Pyrrhocorax graculus). which is some- 
 thing like the jackdaw, and is often 
 tamed. 
 
 Chowder, an American fish soup, also a 
 food dish made with fish, fried pork, 
 and spices, and sometimes of clams. 
 
 Chow iche e, a Russian name for the 
 king salmon (Onchorhynchus orienta- 
 lis, Pallas), one of the largest and finest 
 of the Alaska salmon, often met with 
 weighing 80 pounds. 
 
 Chowl, an Indian silk dress piece. 
 
 Chowry, a fly-flapper made in India of 
 the yak's tail. 
 
 Christiania Herring, a name in the 
 North of Europe for a two-year old 
 herring ; it does not become a spring 
 herring. 
 
 Chrysalis, the pupa of the lepidopter- 
 ous insects ; the third or resting age, 
 that between the worm and the moth. 
 The silkworm chrysalis is enclosed in 
 the cocpon ; it is eaten as food by the 
 Chinese. 
 
 Chub (Leuciscus cephalus), a common 
 river fish not much esteemed as food ; 
 it must not be taken under 7 inches 
 long, and the season is from June 16 to 
 March 14. 
 
 Chub Mackerel, the Scomber coleas. 
 
 Chucha (Spanish), a name for the opos- 
 sum in Peru. 
 
 Chuck, a fish measure. See Toss. 
 
 Chuckler, properly Chakktli, a name 
 in India for a worker on leather. 
 
 Chulita (Spanish), a chop ; broiled or 
 fried meat. 
 
 Chulla (Spanish), a slice of bacon. 
 
 Chump, a bony part of the loin in meat. 
 
 Chunam, a species of shell lime, much 
 used in the East with the betel nut as 
 a masticatory. 
 
 Chur (Phasianus Wallichi, Hardwicke) , 
 the hill pheasant of India. 
 
 Churning, the process of separating 
 butter from milk. 
 
 Churra, the Spanish name for a kind of 
 sheepskin leather, and for a female calf 
 one year old. [wool. 
 
 Churro (Spanish), sheep with coarse 
 
 Chussum, an Indian name for waste silk. 
 See Chassum. 
 
 Chyle, the nutrient fluid or result of the 
 final action of the digestive juices. 
 
 Chyme, the acid fluid resulting from the 
 action of the gastric juices in the 
 stomach. [Schypa. 
 
 Chyp, the Russian name for Acipenser 
 
 Ciego (Spanish), a large black pudding. 
 
 Cierge (French), a wax candle or taper. 
 
 Cimbel (Spanish), a decoy pigeon, 
 
 Cimier (French), a haunch or buttock 
 of meat. 
 
 Cire (French), beeswax. 
 
 Cerier (French), a wax chandler. 
 
 Citullus (Spermophilus sp.), a small 
 European rodent, whose flesh is well 
 flavoured and the skin much valued. 
 
 Civet, a highly pungent odoriferous 
 secretion obtained from several species 
 of Viverra, viz., V. civetta, Schreb., V. 
 rasse, and V. zibetha, natives of Asia 
 and Africa, which is occasionally used 
 by perfumers. A French name appro- 
 priated to a ragout or dish of stewed 
 hare or rabbit. 
 
 Clabber, a name in America for milk 
 that has turned sour. 
 
 Claire (French), a fattening bed or pond 
 for oysters. 
 
 Clams, a general name for many molluscs 
 in North America. Some are used 
 largely for human food, others as bait 
 by fishermen. The sand or soft long 
 ciam is Mya arenaria, the round qua- 
 haug, or hard-shell clam, Venus mercen- 
 aria. Each bushel of clams in the 
 shell yields about 10 lbs. of meats. 
 The sea clam is Mactra gigantea, 
 the hen clam, Mactra solidissima, and 
 the razor clam, Solen ensis. The giant 
 clam (Tridacna gigas) can be eaten, 
 but is tough. The large valves of this 
 shell are used for fountains, benitiers, 
 and other purposes. [sheep. 
 
 Clavellee (French), the scab or rot in 
 
 Clavicle, the collar bone; one of the 
 
CLI 
 
 C 27 ] 
 
 coc 
 
 bones of the shoulder girdle in verte- 
 brata. 
 
 Clicker, a shaper or cutter of leather 
 for the uppers and soles of boots and 
 shoes. 
 
 Clicks, an Indian name for the skins of 
 the ermine, which form a medium of 
 currency in North America. 
 
 Clip, the quantity of wool obtained from 
 a sheep or flock in shearing. 
 
 Clipfish, Klipfish, a name for salted 
 and dried codfish. 
 
 Cloak ings, woollen cloths made in 
 Yorkshire, of which there are many 
 kinds, such as plain, fancy, mixed, &c. 
 
 Clobberers, workmen who patch up 
 old boots and shoes to sell, which have 
 not much wear left in them. 
 
 Closh-hook, a whaler's implement for 
 lifting in blubber from the carcase of 
 the whale. 
 
 Clothes Brush, a brush made of stiff 
 strong bristles or hair for brushing 
 cloth garments. 
 
 Clothes Moth (Tinea sarsitella, Fabri- 
 cius), a small insect very destructive to 
 wool or fur. 
 
 Cloth Fair, a public market held at 
 stated periods in some Continental 
 towns for the sale of woollen fabrics. 
 
 Cloth Halls, places in the manufactur- 
 ing districts where clothiers, woollen 
 factors and others interested in the 
 cloth trade assemble on fixed days to 
 transact business. 
 
 Clothier, a maker of or dealer in cloth. 
 
 Clothing Wools, short fine merino or 
 electoral wools, specially adapted for 
 making broadcloth. 
 
 Cloths, woven woollen fabrics of which 
 garments are made. There are several 
 kinds, as broad and narrow cloths, habit, 
 medium, Mahommedan, pilot, Russian, 
 union, &c. 
 
 Clothworkers' Company. One of the 
 guilds or livery companies of the City 
 of London, the last in precedence ; its 
 charter dates from the time of Edward 
 IY. 
 
 Clotted or Clouted Cream, a prepara- 
 tion rendered more complete by the ap- 
 plication of a gentle heat to the milk in 
 Devonshire. 
 
 Clove, a weight for wool of 7 pounds. 
 
 CLOVissE.a French name for some edible 
 molluscs, Cytherea Chione, Tapes Vir- 
 ginia and Venus decussata. They are 
 obtained in large quantities in the 
 marshes of the Mediterranean, and form 
 a considerable article of commerce, but 
 the flesh is hard and disagreeable, See 
 Palourde. 
 
 Cloyere (French), a basket of 26 dozen 
 oysters. 
 
 Clumber, a kind of Spanish dog. 
 
 Clutch, a brood of chickens. 
 
 Clydesdale, a large and heavy kind of 
 draught horse. 
 
 Coach-dog, the Dalmatian, a variety of 
 dog with numerous black spots, which 
 is kept chiefly as an appendage to the 
 carriage, being fond of the stable. 
 
 Coach Hides, leather suited to the re- 
 quirements of the carriage builder. 
 
 Coal Fish (Gaclus carbonarius- or pol- 
 lachius), the pollach, a fish which 
 derives its popular name from the 
 dusty pigment which tinges the skin, 
 and soils the fingers when handled. 
 Although a coarse fish it furnishes sub- 
 stantial food to the poor. 
 
 Coat, a man's outer garment, usually of 
 cloth. The hair or fur of a beast. 
 
 Coati, Cuaty (Nasua narica, Lin., 
 and N. rufa, Desm.), South American 
 animals, sometimes called the long- 
 nosed bear ; also a name given to the 
 red-faced spider- monkey (Ateles panis- 
 cus, Lin.). 
 
 Cob, a serviceable riding horse. 
 
 Cobb let Shells, undefined shells, of 
 which there are large imports at some 
 of the ports of China. 
 
 Cobourg, a kind of Paramatta cloth. 
 
 Cobra. Collera (Spanish), a number of 
 breeding mares (not less than five) used 
 for treading out corn in Spain. 
 
 Cocalons, a name for silk cocoons larger 
 than ordinary, but less compact in tex- 
 ture ; not being tightly pressed they 
 require particular care in reeling. 
 
 Cochin-China, an esteemed breed of 
 large Eastern fowls. 
 
 Cochineal, the commercial name for 
 the dried tiny carcases of the female 
 Coccus cacti, an insect which yields a 
 brilliant scarlet dye. 
 
 Cochineal Extract, a diluted' solution 
 of cochineal. 
 
 Cochon (French), a pig ; cochon de lait, 
 a sucking-pig. 
 
 Cock, the male of birds, but most 
 generally applied distinctively to the 
 male of domesticated fowls. 
 
 Cockatoos (Cacatuinm), handsome 
 plumaged birds of the Eastern Archi- 
 pelago and Australia, the head being 
 adorned with a crest which the bird is 
 capable of elevating and depressing at 
 pleasure. Many cockatoos are kept as 
 domestic pets, and some of them will 
 learn to speak very distinctly. 
 
 Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris), a 
 great ravager of meadows and grass- 
 
coc 
 
 [ 28 ] 
 
 COL 
 
 lands. Sometimes they become so 
 numerous that they are collected by 
 bushels, and after killing in hot water 
 are used as manure. 
 
 Cocker, a long-haired spaniel, with pen- 
 dant ears and an elevated tail. 
 
 Cockerel, a young cock. 
 
 Cockles (Cardium edule), a small mol- 
 lusc which is much esteemed as food in 
 many parts. In the West of England 
 they are pickled; the shells are col- 
 lected and crushed for covering path- 
 ways in gardens and parks. In the 
 North Sea cockles are so abundant 
 that the animal is used as food for 
 swine, and the shells are burned for 
 lime. 
 
 Cock-of-the-Rock, a brilliant red- 
 plumaged bird of British Guiana 
 (Pipra rupicola, Gmel. ; Rupicola 
 crocea, Vieill). 
 
 Cock-paddle, a name in Scotland for the 
 lump fish. 
 
 Cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) ; there 
 is quite a demand for Russian cock- 
 roaches, as a new remedy for dropsy, 
 and they fetch a high price from the 
 fact that poison cannot be employed 
 for killing the insect. 
 
 Cocks, a class of Irish butter, known in 
 the trade, in which a large proportion 
 of water is introduced in the manu- 
 facture. 
 
 Cockscombs, the fleshy crest of the cock 
 prepared as a food delicacy. 
 
 Cockup (Lates nobilis or calcarifer), 
 an edible fish of the Indian seas, which 
 sometimes weighs as much as 12 
 lbs. ; it is also called Begti. 
 
 Cocoon (French cocon, from the Latin 
 concha, a shell). The case or fibrous 
 web investing the body of many in- 
 sects during the pupa or chrysalis 
 stage of their metamorphosis. The 
 oval nest formed by the silk-moth for 
 its chrysalis and from which the silk 
 of commerce is reeled off. There is a 
 large trade carried on in these cocoons. 
 Also a name for the bastard wildebeest 
 (Catoblepas gorgon). 
 
 Codfish( 6?acZws morrhua^liin.; Morrhua 
 vulgaris), a much prized fish, which is 
 extensively caught in many localities, 
 and in which a large trade is carried 
 on, either in its fresh state, sun-dried, 
 or pickled. 
 
 CoDLTNGr, a small codfish ; these are not 
 allowed to be taken under 12 inches in 
 length. 
 
 Cod-liver Oil, a purified medicinal oil, 
 extracted from the liver of the cod and 
 several other species of Gadus. It is 
 
 bleached by weak lye and animal char- 
 coal. 
 
 Cod Oil, the crude brown commercial 
 oil obtained by pressing, or else leaving 
 the livers to putrefy. It is chiefly used in 
 tanneries and the soap factories, Five 
 tons of fish will yield about one hogs- 
 head of oil. In Newfoundland alone, 
 about 1£ million gallons of cod oil are 
 made. 
 
 Cod-roes, the milt or spawn of the cod- 
 fish, which is sometimes salted, smoked 
 and dried for food. Large quantities 
 are preserved in salt and shipped under 
 the name of "rogue," to be used as 
 ground-bait by the sardine fishermen 
 on the French coast. 
 
 Cod's Head, at the seat of the great 
 fisheries these are frequently saved, 
 with the bones and other offal, to be 
 used for manure. 
 
 Cod's Sound, the air-bladder, which, 
 consisting almost entirely of pure gela- 
 tine, sells well for food. Cod's tongues 
 and sounds salted form a considerable 
 article of commerce. The annual 
 quantity taken by the French, alone, 
 exceeds one million pounds. 
 
 Cofp, the offal of pilchards. 
 
 Coffee Bug CLecanium coffea, Walters), 
 the brown or scaly bug, an insect very 
 destructive to coffee trees. 
 
 Cognard, a name in America for the 
 little bass {Genynonemus lineatus). 
 
 Coiffeur (French), a hair-dresser. 
 
 Coladura (Spanish), the dregs or lees of 
 clarified beeswax. 
 
 Colas, an East Indian name for the 
 shells of the tiger cowry (Cyprcea 
 tigris). 
 
 Colback (French), a fur cap. 
 
 Colcedra (Spanish), a feather-bed. 
 
 Coletero (Spanish), one who makes 
 breeches and doublets of buff leather. 
 
 Colibri, the French name for the hum- 
 ming bird (Trochilus granatinus, 
 Lath.). 
 
 Colin, a name for several birds belonging 
 to the genera Ortyx, Eupsychortyx 
 and Callipepla. They pass under the 
 name of quails and partridges in 
 America, and are often taken with 
 the net and sent alive to the markets, 
 being an esteemed game bird from the 
 delicacy of their flesh. 
 
 Colin (French), the coal fish ; a species 
 of Gadus (Pollachius carbonarius), 
 caught on the French coasts, which is 
 inferior to the whiting in its fresh 
 state, but is good when salted. 
 
 Collared Pork, or Collared Head, a 
 food preparation made from the gela- 
 
COL 
 
 [ 29 J 
 
 COO 
 
 tinous parts of the pig, as the ears, feet, 
 and face. 
 
 Collared Turtle (Columba risorius, 
 
 Lin.), a pigeon kept as a cage bird. 
 Collar-maker, one who makes leather 
 
 collars for draught horses. 
 Colle, Colleforte (French), animal 
 
 glue ; " Colle de poisson " being fish glue 
 
 or isinglass. 
 Collet (French), a lady's fur boa. 
 Colley. See Colly. 
 Collop, a term applied to four or five 
 
 sheep; also a cutlet or small slice of 
 
 meat. 
 
 Colly, a dog much prized by drovers in 
 Scotland. A sheep that has black face 
 and legs. 
 
 Colocolo (Felis feros), a tiger cat of 
 
 Central America. 
 Colombine, a French term for pigeon's 
 
 or fowl's dung used for manure. In 
 
 China it is largely used medicinally for 
 
 man and beast. 
 Coloniamite, an explosive prepared 
 
 from glycerine. 
 Colorado Beetle (Doryphora decem- 
 
 lineata),a,n insect which commits great 
 
 ravages on potatoes in North America. 
 Colt, a male horse under three years 
 
 old which has not changed its milk 
 
 teeth. 
 
 Comadreja (Spanish), the weasel. 
 
 Comb, the wax cell of bees in which they 
 deposit their honey. 
 
 Combing Wools, wools of considerable 
 length, contra-distinguished from short 
 or clothing wools. Wools of this class 
 are used for worsted purposes; the 
 length of the staples and the brightness 
 and fineness of the hair rendering them 
 more or less applicable for each of the 
 great variety of goods now made in the 
 woollen manufacturing districts. 
 
 Comb-maker, an artisan who shapes, 
 moulds, and cuts combs from horn, 
 tortoiseshell, bone, or ivory. 
 
 Compressed Beep, cooked beef sold in 
 2 and 4 lb. tins. Tongues are also sold 
 compressed in 4 lb. tins. 
 
 Conchology, a treatise on shells. 
 
 Conch Pearls, a name for the pink 
 pearls formed by Strombus pugilis, 
 principally obtained from the shells of 
 the Bahama Islands. 
 
 Conchs, a name for a genus of shells, 
 the Strombs. At the Bahama Islands 
 they distinguish four principal kinds — 
 the king conch, the queen conch ( Strom- 
 bus gigas ), the common pink conch or 
 fountain shell (S.pugilis), and the lamp 
 conch. 
 
 Condensed Milk, milk prepared for 
 
 keeping by evaporation and the addi- 
 tion of cane sugar till it acquires a thick 
 or pasty consistence. It is sold in her- 
 metically sealed tins, and is principally 
 made in Switzerland and NorthAmerica. 
 The quantity exported from Switzer- 
 land in 1880 was about 9,230 tons. 
 
 Conditioning, a term applied to the 
 process of assaying or testing raw silk 
 to ascertain how much moisture it con- 
 tains. There are silk conditioning 
 houses in London, Manchester, Lyons 
 and other places. 
 
 Condongo, Spanish raw silk of an in- 
 ferior quality. 
 
 Condor {SarcorhampJius gryphus, Lin.). 
 The quill feathers of this bird are the 
 strongest and largest yet known. The 
 great quantity of rapacious birds on the 
 prairies of Brazil is one of the elements 
 that contribute to the public health. 
 Did they not exist, the putrefaction of 
 enormous quantities of carcases of 
 horses and horned cattle which die dur- 
 ing the winter for want of food would 
 be intolerable. See Vulture. 
 
 Cone jo (Spanish), a rabbit ; also a 
 name in South America for the Cavia 
 leucopyga, Brandt. 
 
 Conejuna (Spanish), rabbit down. 
 
 Cones (Conus), an extensive genus of 
 very handsomely marked sea shells, 
 much prized by collectors. 
 
 Coney, an old name for the rabbit, nearly 
 obsolete. 
 
 Coney Wool, the hair of the rabbit, in 
 which a large home and foreign trade 
 is carried on. The value of the annual 
 shipments of rabbit and hare wool from 
 the United Kingdom exceeds £50,000. 
 
 Conger Eel (Murcena conger, Lin.; 
 Conger vulgaris), a large and coarse sea 
 fish, which is, however, eaten on the 
 coasts of the West of England, and 
 when dried, shipped to Spain and Por- 
 tugal. The Chilian conger is Conger 
 ehilensis, Philippi. 
 
 Consomme (French), a meat soup. 
 
 Contraste (Spanish), a public office 
 where raw silk is assayed and weighed. 
 See Conditioning. 
 
 Cook, a domestic who superintends or 
 prepares food in the kitchen or on board 
 ship. 
 
 Cook's Shop, a place where cooked viands 
 are sold. 
 
 Cool, a kind of tub or cask cut in two in 
 which butter is sent to market ; it holds 
 about 30 lbs. 
 
 Coon, an abbreviation for raccoon. 
 
 Coot, the common name for birds of the 
 genus Fulica. 
 
COP 
 
 [ 30 ] COU 
 
 Copaz (Spanish), a large fleece of wool. 
 
 Coper, a slang name for one who doctors 
 up bad horses. 
 
 Coprolites, the fossilized excreta of ex- 
 tinct animals, which are collected in 
 some districts, as Bedford, Cambridge, 
 and Suffolk, in large quantities, and 
 from the phosphate of lime they con- 
 tain, converted into manure. About 
 50,000 tons a year are used in England. 
 Coprolites are sold either whole or 
 ground. 
 
 Coque, a name on the coasts of France 
 
 for Venus verrucosa ; it is also called 
 
 " praire double." 
 Coquetier (French), a higgler or dealer 
 
 in dairy produce— butter, eggs and 
 
 poultry. 
 
 Coquette (Chcelodon capistratus, Lin.), 
 
 a West Indian edible fish. 
 Coquillage (French), shells. 
 Corahs, Indian printed silk handkerchief 
 
 pieces. 
 
 Coral, the skeleton or calcareous frame- 
 work of certain polypi, which is sought 
 for and extensively sold for orna- 
 ments and other purposes. The red, 
 pink and white varieties, Gorallium 
 rubra and Oculina virginea are most 
 esteemed. Other kinds are sometimes 
 used for ornamental purposes. The 
 horny axis of the black flexible coral 
 (Plesaura crassa) is used for canes and 
 whips in the Bermudas, and the axis of 
 fan coral (Bhidigorgia) for skimmers 
 in the same islands. Coral is used for 
 building purposes in the Pacific Islands, 
 the Mauritius, Seychelles and other 
 places, and coral rock of recent forma- 
 tion is employed in Florida in the 
 manufacture of ornamental vases and 
 carvings. 
 
 Corambrero (Spanish), a dealer in hides 
 and skins. 
 
 Coramour, a name in the West Indies 
 for the king fish when young. 
 
 Cordon Bleu {Estrelda phoenicotis), a 
 cage bird (Ampelis coutinga, Lin.). 
 
 Cordovan, a leather made from goat- 
 skin in Spain, first at Cordova, and from 
 horse-hide in the United Kingdom. 
 
 Cordwainer, an old name for a tanner, 
 a shoemaker or other worker in leather, 
 from the Italian cordovaniere. 
 
 Cores, the hollow parts of ivory tusks ; 
 the bony centre of horns. 
 
 Corgo (Spanish), the roe or fallow deer. 
 
 Cormorants (Graculus carbo). Phala- 
 crocorax carbo is employed in Europe 
 for fishing, and Carbo (Phalacrocorax) 
 sinensis for a similar purpose in China. 
 The tough skin of the cormorant is 
 
 used by the Greenlanders for garments, 
 and its flesh, though rank and disagree- 
 able, they eat for food. 
 
 Corn Crake (Crex pratensis, Bechst.), 
 another name for the landrail, a native 
 of Europe, improperly called "the king 
 of the quails." 
 
 Corne (French), horn. 
 
 Corned Beep, beef that has been kept in 
 brine or pickle for a short time, and not 
 salted. It is often sold in various sized 
 tins. 
 
 Cornet, Encornet, French names for 
 the calmar (Loligo sagitta), edible. 
 
 Cornichon (French), the tips of horns. 
 
 Cornish Sardines, small pilchards pre- 
 served in oil and tinned after the man- 
 ner of sardines in France. 
 
 Corn Moth (Tinea granella), the de- 
 structive larva of this insect destroys 
 stored grain. [dentifrices. 
 
 Cornu ustum, burned horn used for 
 
 Corn Weevil (Calandra granaria), an 
 insect extremely injurious to corn in 
 granaries. 
 
 Corobinas, a South American fish (Serra 
 salmo marginatus). found on the west 
 coast, weighing from 20 to 80 lbs. ; 
 somewhat resembling the salmon, but 
 its flavour is not quite so delicate. 
 
 Coroucou (Trogon pavoninus, Tern.), a 
 bird with splendid green plumage and 
 long tail feathers. 
 
 Corral, the Spanish name for an enclo- 
 sure in which cattle are penned or con- 
 fined ; in Africa the name has been cor- 
 rupted to kraal. 
 
 Corroyeur (French), a currier. 
 
 Corsac, the heath fox. 
 
 Coscojo (Spanish), kermes grain. 
 
 Cotentin, an old race of French cattle. 
 
 Cotinga, a genus of handsome South 
 American birds. 
 
 Cotswold, a long, coarse-woolled breed 
 of English sheep, once common in the 
 Midland counties, named after the cots 
 or sheds in which they were housed. 
 The Cotswolds resemble the Leicesters. 
 
 Cotton-tail (Lepus sylvaticus), a 
 species of American rabbit. In South 
 America there is one species (Lepus 
 brasiliensis) the flesh of which is very 
 good. 
 
 Cotton-worm (Aletea argillacea, Hubn.; 
 Noctua xylina, Say), a caterpillar 
 which commits great ravages on the 
 cotton plant. It is the most injurious 
 of the insect depredators. 
 
 Couagga. See Quagga. 
 
 Couguar. See Puma. 
 
 Coulommier, a French cream cheese 
 
 Coulterneb, a name for the puffin. 
 
COU [ 31 ] CRA 
 
 Court Plaster, silk covered with a solu- 
 tion of isinglass for attaching to small 
 flesh wounds. 
 
 Court Plume, a few ostrich feathers 
 worn on the head by ladies at State re- 
 ceptions. 
 
 Coutelier, a kind of sea mussel. 
 
 Coveaching, a mode of marinading or 
 preserving fish with pepper, fried 
 onions, oil and vinegar. 
 
 Covey, a flock of partridges. 
 
 Cow, the female of the bovine tribe of 
 animals which has borne a calf; pre- 
 vious to that it is styled a heifer. 
 
 CowBECK,a mixture of hair and wool for 
 making men's hats. 
 
 Cow-bezoar. See Bezoar. 
 
 Cow-bones, these, like other animal 
 bones, have a commercial value. 
 
 Cowda Shells, undefined shells shipped 
 from Zanzibar and Mozambique. 
 
 Cow-dung, the excrements of the ox 
 tribe ; when dried it is often used for 
 fuel in different countries. It is also 
 valuable as a manure, and is employed 
 in the process of calico printing. 
 
 Cow-glue. In the Eastern countries the 
 sinews and other parts of the animal 
 are boiled down for glue. 
 
 Cow-hair, the hair removed from the 
 hides of oxen, which is used for making 
 felt, stuffing upholstery, mortar and 
 other purposes. 
 
 Cow-heel, the foot of a cow or calf 
 boiled down for jelly. 
 
 Cow-hide, the tanned and prepared skin 
 of the cow ; in the raw or green state 
 it is used for packing bales of produce, 
 and for making into ropes and traces. 
 
 Cowkeeper, a dairyman ; one who keeps 
 milch cows. 
 
 Cowries, shells of the genus Cyprcea, 
 which are much sought after by shell 
 collectors, and some of the smaller 
 kinds, as Cyprtea moneta, form an ex- 
 tensive medium of small currency in 
 India and Africa. The Chinese consider 
 the cowry a charm against the plague. 
 
 Cows' Milk, the most extensive supply 
 of milk for domestic and dairy purposes 
 is that from the cow. It contains about 
 4£ per cent, of caseine or curd, 3 per 
 cent, of butter, 4| of sugar of milk and 
 87 per cent, of water. See Milk. 
 
 Cows' Sinews. See Cow-glue. 
 
 Coyote (Canis latrans, Say), a name 
 for the prairie wolf of North America, 
 which is hunted for its skin, employed 
 for rugs and robes. 
 
 Coypu (Myopotamus coy pus, Mol.), a 
 South American rodent, resembling the 
 beaver in many respects. A large 
 
 number of the skins of this animal are 
 annually imported under the name of 
 Neutria skins, the fur being used for 
 hat-making. 
 
 Crab-catcher, a name in Jamaica for 
 some species of Ardea. 
 
 Crab-pot, a wicker basket with a hole in 
 the top, baited with garbage, lowered 
 to the sea bottom by a stone and rope, 
 and with a cork buoy attached. 
 
 Crabs, the common large edible crab 
 (Cancer pagurus) is an esteemed crus- 
 tacean, of which large numbers are sold 
 in England ; the small edible crab 
 (Carcinus maenas, Lin.), is principally 
 consumed by the poorer classes. Many 
 other species are eaten in different 
 parts of the world. See Land Crab. 
 
 Crab's Eyes, a name given to concretions 
 of carbonate and phosphate of lime 
 found in the crayfish when about to 
 cast its shell. They were formerly in 
 repute as an absorbent and antacid 
 remedy. 
 
 Cracklings, the cellular or membranous 
 tissue of tallow and lard after the fat 
 has been melted out by the tallow 
 chandler, or lard renderer. It is 
 usually sold as greaves for dogs' food. 
 
 Cracknel (from the French craquelin), 
 the skin of roasted pork. 
 
 Craig-Herring, a name in Scotland for 
 the shad. 
 
 Crake (Ortygometra crex), the landrail, 
 much sought after for the delicacy of 
 its flesh. 
 
 Cramp-fish (Torpedo vulgaris ; Torpeao 
 occidentalis), the electric powers of 
 this fish by no means affect its flesh, 
 for it is frequently eaten in the South 
 of Europe ; an oil obtained from it is 
 used by fishermen for the cure of 
 rheumatism. See Gymnotus. 
 
 Cran, a fish measure ; as many herrings 
 as will fill a barrel, about 37£ gallons 
 or 960 fish. 
 
 Crane (Grus cinereus), a migratory bird, 
 native of Europe and Asia, which 
 becomes tame when caught ; the flesh 
 of the young bird is palatable. 
 
 Crang, the carcase of a whale. 
 
 Cranium, the skull or bony casein which 
 the brain of vertebrates is enclosed. 
 These are sought after by many private 
 collectors, and for museums for com- 
 parison and the study of natural 
 history. The Museum of the College 
 of Surgeons, London, now possesses 
 one of the finest collections. 
 
 Craonnaise, the best type of French 
 white pigs, their pork and hams are 
 excellent. 
 
CRA 
 
 [ 32 ] 
 
 CRO 
 
 Crape, a thin open gauzy fabric made 
 of silk, woven without crossing, and 
 stiffened. 
 
 Crap-leather. See Crop. 
 
 Craquelot (French), a red herring; 
 Craqueloture, a vendor of the same. 
 
 Cravache (French), a hand-whip. 
 
 Cravalla, Cavalla, a West Indian fish 
 (Caranx Bartholomew), which is gene- 
 rally good eating, but sometimes poi- 
 sonous. 
 
 Cravat, a necktie of silk. 
 
 Craw, the crop of birds. 
 
 Crayfish, Crawfish (Astacus fluvia- 
 tilis), an esteemed crustacean, the flesh 
 of which is reckoned cooling and nutri- 
 tious. Crayfish are found in almost 
 every river and brook in England and 
 throughout nearly the whole of 
 Europe, but especially in North Ger- 
 many. They take th ■ ee or four years 
 to reach the length of about ten centi- 
 metres, when they can be brought to 
 market as soup crawfish. In France 
 there are two species, A. longicomis 
 and A.pallipes. The Australian cray- 
 fish are Palinurus Hugellii and P. 
 Lalandii. 
 
 Cream, the minute globules of oil which 
 rise on the surface of milk when the 
 liquid is cooled and kept at rest for a 
 time. 
 
 Cream-Cheeses, cheeses which are only 
 gently pressed and eaten new, hence 
 they are easily digested. Neufchatel 
 and some other kinds of cream 
 cheeses are very rich in milk fat. In 
 France these are sold in a wicker 
 basket, shaped in the form of a heart. 
 
 Creash, a name for refuse woollen mill- 
 waste, saturated with oil or grease, 
 which is used for manure. 
 
 Cremerie (French), a milk shop. 
 
 Cremier-fromager (French), a trades- 
 man who sells butter and cheese ; there 
 are about 1,600 cremier-fromagers in 
 Paris. 
 
 Cremometre (French), a glass tube for 
 
 testing milk. 
 Crevalle, a name for some fishes 
 
 (Caranx hippos and Paratractus 
 
 pisquetus). 
 Creve-coeur, a magnificent jet black 
 
 breed of French fowls, which fatten 
 
 rapidly. 
 
 Crevettes (French), Gammarus flu- 
 viatilis), prawns ; also a name for the 
 grey shrimps. See Chevrette. 
 
 Crewel, two-threaded coloured worsted 
 yarns or wools used by ladies for 
 embroidery and tapestry work, usually 
 known as Berlin wool. 
 
 Cricket (Acheta campestris), this field 
 insect pounded and given in wine is 
 considered in China a remedy for 
 hydrophobia. 
 
 Crimping Fish, cutting into salmon, cod, 
 skate, turbot, &c, a process of slicing 
 the flesh to cause it to bleed and hence 
 become firmer. 
 
 Crin (French), horse-hair ; also a name 
 in Catalonia for species of Squatinus, 
 the rough skin of which is an article of 
 commerce. 
 
 Cristallina, a nutritious aud palatable 
 Swiss cheese. 
 
 Croaker (Micropogon undulatus), a 
 North American edible fish. 
 
 Crocodile (Crocodilus vulgaris), a well- 
 known formidable and ferocious reptile, 
 principally inhabiting the African con- 
 tinent. The crocodiles resemble the 
 Grangetic gavial (Gavialis gangeticus, 
 Grme.), in most of their characters. The 
 skins have some commercial value, and 
 the scales are used medicinally in 
 China. The eggs are eaten in Africa 
 and Asia, and the flesh, which has a 
 musky smell, also forms food for the 
 negroes. The common crocodiles of 
 Southern Asia and North Australia (C. 
 palustris, Less., and C. porosus, Sen.), 
 are found in most parts of India. Their 
 flesh is much esteemed as food in Cochin 
 China by the Annamites. The Western 
 African crocodiles are C. frontalus, 
 Murray, and the long-nosed C. cata- 
 phractus, Cuv. ; C. acutus is a South 
 American species, and C. rhombifer, 
 Cuv., is the Mexican crocodile. 
 
 Crocotte (French), a wolf dog. 
 
 Crooner, a common name in Ireland and 
 Scotland for the gurnet. 
 
 Crop, a dilatation of the oesophagus 
 serving as a food receptacle, found in 
 insects and Crustacea, but more espe- 
 cially in birds ; a full hide weighing 
 from 26 to 36 lbs. ; crop leather is 
 made from thin cowhides, and is used 
 chiefly for light walking shoes. 
 
 Cropper, the pouter, a fancy pigeon 
 with a large crop or bag under the 
 beak, which it can distend at will. 
 
 Cross-Fox, a variety of Arctic fox (V. 
 fulvus, var., decussatus), which is 
 readily distinguished by a black cross 
 on the neck and shoulders, from which 
 it derives its name. Its fur, like that 
 of all foxes, is valuable. 
 
 Crotalin, a chemical substance obtained 
 from the rattlesnake and copperhead 
 snake. 
 
 Crottin (French), the dry dung of 
 animals. 
 
CEO 
 
 [ 33 ] 
 
 CUT 
 
 Croupier. See Crupper. 
 
 Croay Blackbird (Quiscalus versicolor), 
 a name in the United States for the 
 purple grackle, which is readily tamed 
 in captivity, and like the European 
 starling may be taught to repeat a few 
 words. 
 
 Crown-full, one of the four official 
 brands on barrels of salted herrings, 
 most in esteem because of their larger 
 appearance. 
 
 Crowquills. the quill feathers of the 
 crow, used in lithography and tracing 
 where fine writing is required. 
 
 Crupper, a leather strap from the sad- 
 dle, passing under the horse's tail. 
 
 Cuata. Coaita, the largest of the pre- 
 hensile monkeys of Brazil, Ateles mar- 
 ginatus and A. paniseus. 
 
 Cub, a name for the young of some 
 wild animals, as of the bear, fox, &c. 
 
 Cuckoo (Cuculus eanorus, Lin.), this is 
 the British cuckoo, but another species, 
 the great spotted cuckoo (Coccystes 
 glandarius), arrives in flocks in Greece 
 from the North about August, and is 
 shot for food. 
 
 Cuddock, the name in Scotland for a 
 young heifer, or yearling calf. 
 
 Cuddy, a name in the Orkneys and 
 Hebrides for the young of the coal fish. 
 
 Cuerna (Spanish), a deer's horn ; any- 
 thing made of horn. 
 
 Cuero (Spanish), leather or skin. 
 
 Cuir (French), leather, hides, skins. 
 
 Cuissot (French), the haunch of a stag 
 or deer ; a leg of pork or veal. 
 
 Culler, a sworn officer who examines 
 and reports on the quality of fish in 
 the North American colonies. 
 
 Culls, selections made of prime animals, 
 fish, etc. 
 
 Cullycock, the name given to an edible 
 
 mollusc (Tapes pullastra, Lin.). 
 Culpeu (Canis magellenica), a species of 
 
 Chilian fox which destroys sheep. 
 Cultch, Cutch, the young spat or spawn 
 
 of oysters deposited on tiles, shells, etc. 
 Culver, a provincial name for a pigeon 
 
 or dove. 
 
 Cumberland Disease, a form of splenic 
 apoplexy in sheep. 
 
 Cumblies, a kind of Indian woollen rug. 
 
 Cummelmums, hard horny pieces of dried 
 bonito fish, used by the Hindoos to rasp 
 over their rice. 
 
 Cunner (Ctenolabrus ceruleus, De Kay), 
 a name for the sea perch, a North 
 American fish, the flesh is sweet and 
 palatable when skinned ; also for the 
 Tautog (Labrus [Tautogolabrus] ad- 
 spersus), sometimes called the chogset. 
 
 Cur, a dog produced from the shepherd's 
 dog and the terrier. 
 
 Curassow (Crax), a genus of gallinaceous 
 birds, nearly as large as the turkey, in- 
 habiting South America. Their flesh is 
 white, delicate and nutritious, and not 
 exceeded by that of any fowl. See 
 Hocco. 
 
 Curd, the caseine of milk, a solidified 
 substance separated from it by acids. 
 It is the basis of cheese and' highly 
 nutritious. 
 
 Curds and Whey, a kind of coagulated 
 milk sweetened, which is relished as a 
 food dainty. 
 
 Curema (Mugil cur ema), the large, long 
 mullet of Jamaica, the most highly 
 coloured of all the mullets ; the back is 
 a golden green and it has scales on the 
 second dorsal fin. 
 
 Curled Hair, horse hair prepared for 
 the upholsterer to be used for stuffing 
 articles of furniture. 
 
 Curlews (Numenius), grallatorial birds 
 of the snipe tribe. The common curlew 
 is N. Arquata. The American species 
 are the long-billed (N. longirostris), the 
 Hudsonian (N. hudsonicus) and the 
 Eskimo (N. borealis). The curlew is 
 often palmed off on the ignorant as a 
 woodcock. 
 
 Curlew Sandpiper, the Tringa sub- 
 arquata. 
 
 Curlina, an esteemed unidentified fish 
 of the Eastern seas. 
 
 Curly Waste, a trade name for the silk 
 knubs and husks of the cocoons im- 
 ported from China and Japan. 
 
 Currier, a preparer and dresser of skins 
 for leather after they have been tanned. 
 
 Curruca (Latin), a whitethroat. 
 
 Curry, to beat or dress leather after tan- 
 ning ; to rub or groom a horse with a 
 metal comb. 
 
 Cursores, the family of running birds. 
 
 Cushat, the ring-dove or wood pigeon 
 (Columba palumbus, Lin.). 
 
 Cusk, the small-headed cod (Brosmus vul- 
 garis, Lin.). In commerce they are 
 divided into white brosmes, weighing 
 about 13 ounces, and common brosmes. 
 In America this species is B. america- 
 nus. It is also called the torsk. The 
 skin has been tanned for leather. 
 
 Cuth, Cuthins, names for the young of 
 the coal fish. 
 
 Cutlet, a fleshy slice of meat, usually a 
 section of the leg. 
 
 Cut Points, the ends of ivory tusks, sold 
 for shaping into billiard and bagatelle 
 balls. 
 
 Cut Squares, leather trimmed into that 
 D 
 
CUT 
 
 [ 34 ] DEA 
 
 form, to be sold to leather workers and 
 dealers. 
 
 Cut Throat (Amadina faseiata), a 
 bird dealer's name for a small bird with 
 red throat. 
 
 Cuttlefish, the common name for spe- 
 cies of Sepia. The calcareous back- 
 plate of S. officinalis, Lin., lias various 
 uses, being given to cage birds and 
 made into pounce and tooth powder, 
 &c. The ink bag is collected to yield 
 the sepia colour of painters. In Europe 
 the common sepia is chiefly sought for 
 its sepia bag and calcareous bone, but 
 in the Mediterranean, the Eastern Seas 
 and the Pacific, these cephalopods and 
 octopods, either fresh or dried, are 
 largely used for food. In the islands 
 about Chusan more than six million 
 lbs. are annually collected. When 
 fresh and well cooked their flesh is said 
 to be excellent, and in consistence and 
 flavour not unlike that of a lobster's 
 claw. Loligo vulgaris is much used for 
 bait by fishermen. 
 
 Cygnet, a young swan. The cygnet used 
 to be a dainty dish, though now held in 
 little esteem. They were formerly 
 fattened in London and Norwich for 
 the Corporation banquets. 
 
 Cyprus Bird, a name for the blackcap 
 warbler (Sylvia atricapilla, Lin.), from 
 its being common in that island. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dab (Pleuronectes [Platessa] limanda), 
 a flat fish of a very broad oval 
 shape, of which there are several 
 species ; their flesh is esteemed before 
 that of the plaice and flounder, and 
 the fish is well-known in the London 
 market. 
 
 Dabchick the little grebe (Podiceps 
 
 fluviatilis). 
 Dace (Cyprinus leuciscus; Leuciscus 
 
 vulgaris), a small freshwater fish, 
 
 found in still, deep rivers and lakes ; 
 
 the flesh is full of bones and has a 
 
 clayey taste. 
 Dachshound, a German breed of dog 
 
 closely allied to the turn-spit, and 
 
 originally bred for badger hunting ; 
 
 it has short legs and a long body. 
 Dag, a brocket or buck fawn of the 
 
 second year. 
 
 Dageraad (Pagrus laniarus), a South 
 African fish, highly prized for food. 
 
 Dairy, a building or room where milk is 
 kept, and butter and cheese prepared 
 and preserved. 
 
 Dairy Produce, collective names for 
 milk, butter, and cheese, and some- 
 times including eggs. 
 
 Dairy Skins. See Deacon Skins. 
 
 Dalag, an undefined esteemed fish of the 
 Eastern seas. 
 
 Dalghite, an animal of Western Aus- 
 tralia, the skins of which are tanned. 
 
 Dall, the Hindu name for the rough 
 coating of lac removed from the tree, 
 commercially known as stick-lac. See 
 Stick-Lac. 
 
 Dalmatian, a small spotted Danish dog. 
 See Coach Dog. 
 
 Daman, or Dassar (Hyrax capensis, 
 Schreb.), an animal about the size 
 of a rabbit ; the flesh is eaten, and a 
 strong smelling secretion of the animal, 
 hyraceum, has been used medicinally as 
 an anti-spasmodic. 
 
 Damasina, a light silk stuff. 
 
 Dandy Dinmont, a terrier, smaller in 
 size than the Skye. 
 
 Dant, a heavy weight with a handle, of 
 32 to 48 pounds, used in packing or 
 pressing down salt beef and pork in 
 the casks. 
 
 Danta, a Spanish name for the tapir. 
 
 Dard, Dare, Dart. French names for 
 the dace. 
 
 Darme (German), gut strings. 
 
 Dassie, Dessie (Bombyx fortunatus, 
 Hutton), a Bengalese race of silk- 
 worms, producing five broods each year 
 and yielding a golden yellow silk. 
 
 Datilo, a name in Italy for the PJwlas 
 dactylus, eaten as food. 
 
 Dauphin, a kind of French cheese which 
 is rendered green by mixing in it 
 parsley and tarragon chopped fine. 
 
 Dauw (Equus Burchellii, Gray), a 
 name for a species of zebra and the 
 quagga, the domestication of which 
 has been attempted in France. 
 
 Dayal or Dial Bird (Copsychus sau- 
 laris, Lin.), a beautiful song-bird of 
 India; also kept for its fighting pro- 
 perties. 
 
 Dchoubou, a hybrid; a cross between 
 the yak and the Indian cow, domesti- 
 cated in the Himalayas. 
 
 Deacon Skins, a name in North America 
 for the skins of very young calves under 
 two weeks old, which are also called 
 dairy skins. 
 
 Dead Wool, the wool obtained from the 
 ] skins of dead sheep, which is charac- 
 
DEC 
 
 [ 35 ] 
 
 DIA 
 
 terized by harshness, weakness, and 
 incapacity to take good dyes. 
 
 Deciduous, parts which are shed or fell 
 off during the life of the animaL 
 
 Decoy, a kind of winding canal or ditch 
 leading to a snare or net-trap, into 
 which wild fowl are driven. 
 
 Decoy Duck, a tame water fowl trained 
 to lead others into the fowler's snare 
 of network. 
 
 Deer, a family of animals which have 
 deciduous antlers, and of which there 
 are many species. 
 
 Deer Horns, the deciduous horns (or as 
 they should be termed " antlers ") of the 
 deer tribe ; in their structure and mode 
 of development and growth the}^ are 
 really bone, ami are consequently appli- 
 cable to many of the purposes for which 
 that material is employed. Deer antlers 
 are imported in considerable quanti- 
 ties from different parts in the East, 
 afforded by various species of Cervidce, 
 found in those regions. The fallow 
 deer also annually yields a considerable 
 supply, whilst the reindeer and moose 
 afford a large contribution to the 
 supply from Canada and other northern 
 parts of the globe. These antlers are 
 used in the manufacture of handles for 
 instruments, trinkets, and buttons, and 
 articles of furniture in Germany. A 
 large quantity of young deer horns are 
 imported into some of the Chinese 
 ports, as they hold a high place in the 
 materia medica. 
 
 Deer Sinews. These form articles of 
 commerce in Siam, China, and some 
 other parts of the East, being used for 
 food and for medicine. From Siam, 
 200 to 300 cwt. are annually exported. 
 
 Deer Skins, a woollen fabric for men's 
 wear with a cotton warp. 
 
 Degaramai, a name in Japan for the 
 pierced cocoons of the silk moth. 
 
 Degras (French), sod oil ; oil used in 
 currying leather. 
 
 Delaine (originally mousselines de 
 laine), a thin figured fabric of wool or 
 of mixed material. 
 
 Delim, an Arab name for the male 
 ostrich. 
 
 Dendeng, a name in the Eastern coun- 
 tries for the dried sinews and muscles 
 of various animals used for food. 
 
 Denier, a small weight used for silk 
 in Italy and France, one-sixth less than 
 the English grain, 20 deniers = 16^ 
 grains. The size or substance of a 
 silk thread is usually estimated by 
 deniers. The standard of silk measure 
 is about 400 yards, that length of a 
 
 single filament from China cocoons will 
 weigh 2 deniers, and from French or 
 Italian 2£. A 10-denier silk will thus 
 be the combined thread of four or five 
 cocoons. 
 
 Denticete, the scientific name for the 
 beluga, narwhal, porpoise, black fish, 
 killer, grampus and sperm whale. 
 
 Dentine, the modification of tooth sub- 
 stance forming true ivory, which in 
 transverse sections or fractures, shows 
 lines of different colours or striae pro- 
 ceeding in the are of a circle, and 
 forming by their decussations minute 
 curvilinear lozenge-shaped spaces. 
 
 Dentist, ' one who has a practical 
 knowledge of the teeth and their 
 diseases. 
 
 Deri, the hair from the skin of a dead 
 goat. 
 
 Derm, the true skin of animals. 
 Dermal, belonging to the skin. 
 Desiccated Meat. See Charqui. 
 Desiccated Milk. See Condensed 
 Milk. 
 
 Desman (Mygale moschata), another 
 name for the musk rat of Muscovy; the 
 tails have a strong musky odour and 
 are sold. 
 
 Devil, a name in Tasmania for Dasy- 
 urus ursinus, Harr., which has a soft 
 thick fur. 
 
 Devil Fish, a fisherman's name for the 
 poulpe( Octopus piscatorum, Verril); it 
 is also given to a species of ray, and to 
 Stauroleuthis syrtensis. In Jamaica 
 the name is applied to Cephaloptera 
 Banksiana and C. manatis. 
 
 Devons, an all-wool fabric for men's 
 wear. There are also black and mixed 
 union Devons having a cotton warp. 
 
 Dewlap, the membranous fleshy sub- 
 stance which hangs from the throats of 
 neat cattle ; a kind of fur tippet, a 
 feature which is considered a great 
 beauty and recommendation in a fancy 
 rabbit. 
 
 Dhole, the wild dog of India. 
 
 Diagonals, union or mixed fancy wor- 
 sted fabrics for women's wear, made 
 with a sort of lozenge pattern woven 
 in it, or stripes crossing each other at 
 very acute angles. 
 
 Diamond Beetle (Entimus nobilis or 
 imperialis), a handsome South Ameri- 
 can beetle, the elytra of which are 
 sometimes made into headdresses for 
 ladies. 
 
 Diana Monkey (Cercopithccus diana, 
 Lin.), an African monkey, the skin of 
 which is sometimes used for making 
 ladies' muffs. 
 
 D 2 
 
DIA 
 
 [ 36 ] 
 
 DOR 
 
 Diaphane, a silk fabric with coloured 
 
 and transparent figures. 
 Dice, small marked squares of bone or 
 
 ivory for playing. 
 Dick, a German name for Acipenser 
 
 Schypa, Guld ; it is also called blaue 
 
 dick and stachel dick. 
 Dicker, a measure for counting ; a dicker 
 
 of hides is ten, a dicker of gloves ten 
 
 dozen, &c. 
 Diebel. See Dobel. 
 Digby Chicks, a name in Nova Scotia 
 
 for a delicious small kind of smoked 
 
 herring, cured in the port of Digby. 
 Digit, a finger or toe. 
 Dingo (Canis Dingo, Blumenb.), the wild 
 
 dog of Australia; they are hunted 
 
 down and poisoned by the settlers. 
 
 The natives kill them and eat their flesh, 
 
 which is by no means of ill flavour. 
 Dinmont, a Scotch name for a shearling 
 
 ram or tup, one-and-a-half to two years 
 
 old. 
 
 Dippel's Oil, a fetid oil, a secondary 
 product obtained in the destructive 
 distillation of bones. 
 
 Dipping, the process of washing sheep 
 to cleanse the wool before shearing ; it 
 is either done in a river or by a pump 
 and tank. 
 
 Dips, small candles made by dipping a 
 wick of cotton repeatedly in melted 
 tallow. They have been greatly re- 
 placed by composite candles. 
 
 Dishley, an English long-woolled breed 
 of sheep ; the new Leicester. 
 
 Distemper, a name given to a disease in 
 cattle and dogs. 
 
 Divers (Colymbus), a genus of aquatic 
 bird common in all the Arctic regions. 
 Their skins (the feathers on which are 
 very thick) are dressed and made into 
 caps, hoods, &c, and are much esteemed 
 as a covering for the head and breast 
 in the severe climates where they are 
 found. 
 
 Djezma, soft leather boots worn by Arab 
 horsemen. 
 
 Djirimi, an inferior kind of balyk or sun- 
 dried fish, prepared in Russia. 
 
 Dobel, Diebel. German names for 
 Squalus cephalus, Lin., and Leuciscus 
 dobula, Gunth. 
 
 Doe, the female of the fallow deer, and 
 also applied to a female rabbit. 
 
 Doeskin, a woollen fabric for trousering; 
 deerskin prepared for gloves. 
 
 Dog-fish (Scyllium). There are two 
 prominent species, the large and small 
 spotted (S. catulus and 8. canicula). 
 The spinous or picked dog-fish (Spinax 
 acanthas, Cuv.) is found everywhere in 
 
 the European seas and on the coasts 
 of North America. In some places it 
 is dried in great quantities, and in the 
 winter pigs are fed on it and thrive 
 well. The livers furnish a valuable 
 oil. They are said to afford the best 
 food of any of the sharks, and are 
 commonly brought to the markets of 
 seaside towns. Turners, cabinetmakers 
 and carpenters use the rough skin for 
 smoothing their work, and polishing 
 various substances, especially wood. 
 The two-horned dog-fish is Centroscyl- 
 lium Fabricii and another is Centro- 
 scymnus ccelolepsis. 
 
 Dog Food. See Greaves. 
 
 Dogling, a species of cachalot or sperm 
 whale, the oil from which contains 
 doeglic acid but no glycerine. 
 
 Dogs (Canis), a valuable and well-known 
 race of domestic animals, of which there 
 are many varieties,which may be classed 
 into farm dogs, hunting dogs and shoot- 
 ing dogs. They are used in many coun- 
 tries as beasts of draught. The skin and 
 fat of the dog have commercial uses. 
 
 Dogskin Gloves. Although so named, 
 these are really made from Cape sheep- 
 skin. 
 
 Dog's Meat. Many animal substances are 
 sold to feed dogs with, such as greaves, 
 paunches, cooked horseflesh, &c. 
 
 Dollar Fish (Poronotus triacanthus}. 
 
 Dolphin (Del%)hinus), a cetaceous animal 
 bearing a great resemblance to the por- 
 poise. Large shoals of Delphinus ros- 
 tratus and D. macrocephaltts y some of 
 which are more than 6 feet long, live in 
 the bays and coves of the coast of Brazil. 
 The flesh of the dolphin used to be eaten 
 as food. The Inia boliviensis is cap- 
 tured in the South American rivers by 
 the Indians for the oil. The name 
 dolphin is also given to a fish, the dorade 
 (Coryphcena hippurus). 
 
 Domett, a loose woven flannel with 
 cotton warp. 
 
 Dominial Wool, a name in Germany for 
 wool brought to market by large landed 
 proprietors. 
 
 Donkey, a common name for the ass. 
 
 Dorade (Coryphcena hippurus ; Sparus 
 aurala),a very excellent sea fish, some- 
 times called the dolphin. 
 
 Doree. See Dory. 
 
 Dorking, a fine race of domestic poultry. 
 
 Dormeur (Philipnus dormitator, Cuv. 
 and Val.), an esteemed river fish of 
 Guadaloupe. The dormeur of St. Do- 
 mingo is Lobotes somnolitus. 
 
 Dormille (Cobitis barbatula, Lin.), a 
 river fish. 
 
DOR 
 
 [ 37 ] DUN 
 
 Dormouse (Myoxus glis, Desm.), the 
 flesh of this little animal was esteemed 
 a great delicacy by the Romans 
 and is even now eaten in Italy* See 
 Loire. 
 
 Dorngrundel, a German name for Co- 
 bites taenia, Lin. 
 
 Dornhai (Spinax acanthias, Lin.). 
 
 Dornrochen (Raja clavata, Lin. ; R. 
 rubris, Bl.). 
 
 Dorse (German, dorsch) (Morrhua cal- 
 larius), a British sea fish allied to the 
 cod. 
 
 Dorsets, one of the oldest and best 
 breeds of upland horned sheep in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Dory (Zeus faber), an esteemed sea fish, 
 of which there are many species, but the 
 best known is the common John Dory, 
 taken abundantly on the southern 
 coasts of Britain. The name is said to 
 be derived from the French jaune (yel- 
 low) doree, referring to the golden yel- 
 low of the fish when fresh. Although 
 an ugly fish, it is thought a delicacy by 
 epicures. 
 
 Dotterel (Eudromias morineUus),~Lm., 
 a species of plover, a summer visitor to 
 England, well known in the London 
 market, its flesh being delicate and 
 much esteemed. 
 
 Douppion (French), a double cocoon. See 
 Dupion. 
 
 Dourado (Chetodon aureus), a Brazilian 
 
 fish. See Dorade. 
 Dove, a synonym for pigeon. 
 Dove-cot, a pigeon-house. 
 Dovehouse Pigeon (Columba affinis, 
 
 Blyth), a variety of domesticated pigeon 
 
 kept in large flocks for the supply of the 
 
 table. 
 
 Dovekey, a name for the black guillemot 
 ( Uria grylle). 
 
 Down, the short, fleecy breast plumage 
 of various birds which is collected and 
 used for upholstery purposes. The 
 most esteemed is that from the eider 
 duck. Swans'-down and goose-down are 
 sold on the skin. 
 
 Down Pillows and Counterpanes, 
 articles of bedding stuffed with down, 
 the softunder-plumage of birds. 
 
 Drachenpisch (German), Trachinus 
 draco, Lin. 
 
 Dragon, Dragoon, a large barb, a 
 variety of fancy pigeon; an inter- 
 mediate race between the Antwerp 
 carrier and the tumbler. 
 
 Drake, the male of the duck. 
 
 Drench, a strong dose of medioine given 
 to cattle. 
 
 Dripping, the fat collected in cooking 
 
 from roasting meat, or that skimmed 
 off the pots in boiling. 
 Drone, the male of the honey bee, which 
 
 collects no honey. 
 Drover, a herdsman, one who drives 
 
 cattle or sheep to or from market. 
 Drover's Dog, a colley, a kind of shep- 
 herd's dog. 
 Druggets, Druggeting, a coarse, thin 
 woollen fabric used for carpeting, pack- 
 ing, etc. 
 
 Drum (Pogonias chromis), an American 
 edible sea fish. The fresh-water drum 
 is Haploidonotus grunniens. A pack- 
 age in which cod-fish is sent to Brazil, 
 containing one Portuguese quintal, 
 Dualine, an explosive substance pre- 
 pared from glycerine. 
 Dubb, a name for the Syrian bear 
 
 ( Ursus Isabellinus, Hors.). 
 Dubbers, large bags or bottles made of 
 green hide, used for conveying glue or 
 other fluids in India. They are also 
 made by boiling cuttings of skin and 
 afterwards shaped on an earthen mould. 
 Dubbing, a greasy substance used for 
 
 softening hard leather. 
 Ducape (French), a stout rich silk fabric. 
 Duckbill, a name for the Platypus 
 (Ornithorhynchus 2)aradoxus,) a curi- 
 ous Australian animal. 
 Duckling, a young duck. 
 Ducks, an extensive genus of water 
 birds, many of which form articles of 
 food, especially the tame or domes- 
 ticated duck and the wild duck (Anas 
 boscas). There are many varieties of 
 the tame duck ; the Aylesbury and the 
 Rouen breeds are much valued. 
 Duckwing, a variety of fowl. 
 Duffels, a kind of frieze or coarse 
 woollen cloth, having a thick nap ; a 
 stout .milled flannel. 
 Duffer, a name for the dovehouse 
 pigeon. 
 
 Dugong (Halicore dugong), the name is 
 a corruption of the Malay duyong ; a 
 marine cetaceous animal inhabiting the 
 Eastern seas, and chiefly met with 
 about Ceylon and the Australian coasts. 
 Its flesh, skin, and bones are com- 
 mercially useful, and the oil obtained 
 from its fat has a medicinal reputation, 
 being considered equal to cod liver oil. 
 Duiker. Duyker-bok (Cephalophus 
 grimmia; C. mergens, Blain.), an 
 African antelope. 
 Dumba Wool, wool obtained from the 
 large-tailed sheep, common in Pesha- 
 wur, Cabul, &c. 
 Dunbar-wedder, a common Scotch 
 term for a salt herring. 
 
DUN 
 
 [ 38 ] 
 
 EEL 
 
 Dunbird, another name for the pochard, 
 
 a species of duck. 
 Dun-fish, broken cod, split and salted, 
 
 which are kept piled in a dark store for 
 
 many months, and intended for home 
 
 use and not for shipment. 
 Dung, the excrement of animals, most of 
 
 which have some commercial uses. 
 Dunk, a fish measure. 
 Dunlin, a name in the north of England 
 
 for Tringa alpi?ia, Lin., a common 
 
 shore bird. 
 Dunlop-Cheese, a sweet, rich white 
 
 cheese, made in Scotland. 
 Dun-pied, a variety of pigeon. 
 Dunter-goose, a name for the eider 
 
 duck. 
 
 Dupion, Douppion, a double cocoon 
 formed by two silkworms. In these 
 the threads are so interlaced that fre- 
 quent breakings occur in reeling, and 
 sometimes they cannot be wound at 
 all. 
 
 Dupper. See Dubber. 
 
 Dutch Cheese, small round-moulded 
 cheeses made in Holland of skimmed 
 milk ; they are in the shape of a ball, 
 and weigh about 4 lbs. If intended for 
 European use they are coloured exte- 
 riorly with a little linseed oil, to 
 which a small quantity of annatto has 
 been added ; if for foreign commerce, 
 they are coloured with Berlin red and 
 turnsole steeped in water. See Edam. 
 
 Dutch Fowls, a white-crested breed of 
 fowl. 
 
 Duvet (French), down or fine feathers. 
 
 Duyker-bok. See Duiker. 
 
 Duyong (Malay), this has been converted 
 by naturalists into Dugong. 
 
 Bymmond, Diamond, a Scotch name for 
 a two-year old wether. 
 
 Dynamite, an explosive powder, pre- 
 pared! from nifcro-glycerine. 
 
 Dzigguetai (Equus onager, Pall.), the 
 wild ass of Asia ; its flesh is excellent, 
 and it is an object of the chase in the 
 lands where it is found. 
 
 Dzo, a name given in India to a cross 
 between the yak and the zebra or 
 ordinary cow. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle (Aquila), the monarch of the 
 feathered tribes ; the only objects of 
 commerce are the brown and chocolate 
 
 coloured wing and tail feathers of the 
 golden eagle (A. chrys<etos, Lin.), which 
 are worn in caps and bonnets of most 
 of the Scotch clans, and by Zulu 
 chieftains. The sea-eagle (HaMce- 
 tus albieilla, Lin.) is the European 
 species. 
 
 Ear-Mark, a notch, slit or brand on the 
 ears of sheep or other domestic animals 
 for identification. 
 
 Earshell, the commercial name of 
 various species of Haliotids m demand 
 for their beauty, as well as for .inlay- 
 ing purposes in manufactures. In 
 China the shell of H. funebris, pounded 
 and washed, is used in ophthalmia and 
 other cases. 
 
 Easter Eggs, in French, "ceufs de 
 Paques," eggs dyed with fuchsine. 
 
 Ecrevisse (French), crayfish (Astacus 
 sp.) ; from Finland 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 
 are annually exported. Those with 
 " pattes rouges " 04. longicomis), are 
 brought into Paris from the Rhine, 
 Moselle, Meuse and Picaitiy, and a small 
 quantity from the Seine. Those with 
 "pattes blanches" (A. albipesor pal- 
 lipes) from the Seine and Oise and 
 Eure-et-Loire. 
 
 Ecureuil (French), the squirrel. 
 
 Edam, a kind of Dutch cheese, weighing 
 3 to 4 lbs. 
 
 Edredon (French), a quilt or bed cover 
 filled with eider down. 
 
 Eels (Anguilla vulgaris}, an esteemed 
 freshwater fish ; the best come from 
 Ireland, but there are large imports 
 from Holland. The consumption of 
 eels in Great Britain amounts to 4,000 
 or 5,000 tons a year. The flesh of the 
 eel forms the exclusive fish food of 
 large populations in Europe, and salted, 
 smoked, or pickled is an important 
 article of trade ; the skin and fat are 
 used for technical purposes. Eels 
 attain a large size in India, but as 
 they are only eaten by the lower classes 
 there is but little demand for them. 
 In Italy eels are eaten for breakfast, 
 dinner and supper ; they grow to a 
 great size, and are reputed to be of an 
 excellent flavour. In New Zealand the 
 eels are nearly 6 feet long, and as thick 
 as a man's thigh, weighing between 20 
 and 25 lbs. They are dried and cooked 
 as wanted. 
 
 Eelery, a kind of pond in Italy for the 
 fattening and growth of eels on a large 
 scale; one of the largest is at Com- 
 machio. 
 
 Eel-grig, a trap for eels. 
 
 Eel Pout, a North American fisb 
 
EEL 
 
 C 39 ] 
 
 ELL 
 
 (Zoarces anguillaris, Pick.), sometimes 
 called the mutton fish ; also a name 
 for the losh in Lake Erie. 
 Eel Skins. These when dried are used 
 occasionally for whip - thongs, the 
 attachments of hand flails and other 
 purposes. 
 
 Effilocheur (French), an unraveller of 
 woollen rags for shoddy. 
 
 Egg Albumen, the dried white of eggs, 
 which is largely used in photography, 
 calico printing, and for other purposes. 
 
 Egg-bird, the great sooty tern (Sterna 
 fuliginosa, Gmel.). 
 
 Egg Merchant, an importer and whole- 
 sale dealer in eggs. 
 
 Egg Powder, condensed egg, which can 
 be kept and used for domestic pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Eggs, a term chiefly applied to the ova 
 of the feathered tribes, although there 
 are many other oviparous animals, 
 such as fish, reptiles, and insects. 
 There is a large commerce carried on 
 in the eggs of poultry, our foreign 
 imports being nearly 800 millions an- 
 nually. The crate of eggs from Ireland 
 contains from 6,000 to 8,000, the box 
 2,500. Two hundred eggs are estimated 
 to be packed in one cubic foot. The 
 eggs of many sea fowl are collected and 
 sold for food. So highly are the eggs 
 of the sooty tern (Sterna fuliginosa, 
 Gmel.), esteemed, that gathering them 
 is quite a considerable trade. Fish 
 spawn or eggs is also eaten. The eggs 
 of the silkworm are transported in 
 large numbers from different places to 
 secure healthy races of silk moths. 
 
 Egret, a small tuft of feathers. Those of 
 Ardea alba. Lin., the A. egretta, Gm., 
 and of the little egret, A. garzetta, Lin., 
 are in request for ornamental wear. 
 The small feathers sell at Is. each, or 
 8s. 6d. the ounce, larger ones fetch 
 double that price. The common heron 
 (A. eiJierea, Lin.), furnishes the black 
 feathers. 
 
 Eidam. See Edam. 
 
 Eider Down, the soft under feathers of 
 the eider duck, of which about 6,000 lbs. 
 weight are collected annually in Ice- 
 land. It is also obtained in Greenland 
 and the Faroe Islands, and imported 
 through Denmark. With the excep- 
 tion of rabbits' fur, it is the worst 
 known conductor of heat. 
 
 Eider Duck (Somateria mollissima, 
 Lin.), a valuable species of wild duck 
 of the Arctic regions, whose nest is 
 systematically robbed of the half-pound 
 of soft feathers with which it is peri- 
 
 odically lined ; this down, from its 
 superior warmth, lightness, and elasti- 
 city, is preferred to every other article 
 for beds and coverlets. 
 
 Eier (German), eggs. 
 
 Eingeweide (German), the entrails of 
 an animal ; garbage. 
 
 Elan. See Elk. 
 
 Eland (Oreas canna, H. Smith ; Bosela- 
 phus oreas), the largest species of 
 antelope found in South Africa ; its 
 flesh is of the most palatable and 
 nutritious character. 
 
 Electoral Wool, the finest quality of 
 clothing wool, bred from the Silesian 
 sheep in Silesia, Hungary, and Poland, 
 which countries produce all the super- 
 fine wools used in Europe. These wools 
 are designated in Germany as "noble " 
 wools, because their production is 
 deemed a fit employment for noble- 
 men. 
 
 Elephant (Elephas), the largest of 
 living quadrupeds, of which there are 
 two species, the Asiatic and the African. 
 These animals, when domesticated, are 
 useful as beasts of burden, and in their 
 savage state are hunted for their tusks, 
 flesh, bones, and skin, which are all 
 commercially valuable. 
 
 Elephant Seal (Phoca proboscidea), 
 the largest animal of this order, 20 to 
 25 feet long, found in the South Seas 
 and some of the islands of the Arctic 
 regions. 
 
 Elephants' Grinders, the molars of 
 the elephant, which have been ground 
 down into knife handles and other 
 objects, but are brittle. 
 
 Elephants' Teeth, the commercial 
 name under which ivory tusks are im- 
 ported. 
 
 Elfenbein (German), ivory. The name 
 is nearly the same in the Swedish, 
 Danish and Dutch languages. 
 
 Elk (Cervus alces, Lin.). This large 
 species of deer, common to the 
 northern parts of both hemispheres, 
 is called the moose. The American 
 elk is Alces machlis, Ogilby ; its flesh 
 is highly esteemed as an article of food, 
 and is said to equal beef in flavour; 
 the skin, which is soft and thick, 
 furnishes a most excellent pliable 
 leather. The horns, shed every year, 
 are often 2 feet long and 60 lbs. in 
 weight. Russian elk and deer skin 
 wash-leather is of a very good quality, 
 
 Elleck, a name for the red gurnard 
 (Trigla eueulus). 
 
 Ellerling,Elritze, German names for 
 Phoxinus Icevis, Ag. 
 
ELY 
 
 [ 40 ] 
 
 EXT 
 
 Elvers, Eel-fare, the young fry of 
 eels. 
 
 Elytra (Greek, a sheath), the horny 
 anterior part of wings found in beetles 
 (Coleoptera), and which serve as 
 sheaths or cases for the posterior part. 
 Some of these are used for ornamental 
 purposes by ladies. 
 
 Emmenthal, a large round Swiss cheese, 
 weighing from 100 to 200 lbs. 
 
 Emu (Dromceus Novae Hollandice, 
 Vieill), a large Australian bird allied to 
 the cassowary. The flesh of the young 
 bird is said to be a delicious article 
 of food. The short feathers when dyed 
 and the green eggs now form articles 
 of commerce. The oil, of which the 
 bird yields about 2 gallons, is used in 
 rheumatism. 
 
 Enamelled Leather, polished var- 
 nished leather used for boots and shoes 
 and other purposes. It is sometimes 
 called patent leather. 
 
 Encornet (French), the cuttle fish 
 (Sepia sp. and Loligo sagetta), which 
 are much eaten as food in the Medi- 
 terranean and the East. 
 
 Engel-hai, a German name for Squatina 
 angelus, Cuv. See Meerengel. 
 
 Engoulevent, the French name for the 
 common night-jar (Caprimulgus euro- 
 p<zus, Lin.). 
 
 Ente (German), a duck. 
 
 Entozoon, a worm or animal living 
 embedded in some part of another. 
 
 Epaulard, a French name for the beluga 
 or white whale. 
 
 Epervier (French), the common spar- 
 row-hawk (Accipiter nisus, Lin.) of 
 Europe. 
 
 Ephraim, a hunter's name for the 
 grizzly bear ( Ursus ferox, Lewis and 
 Clarke). 
 
 Epidemic, a murrain or disease among 
 cattle, which may attack a great many 
 at certain seasons. 
 
 Epinoche (Gasterosteus aculeatus, 
 Lin.), a French name for the stickle- 
 back, a small fish too fat to be edible 
 generally. There are several species. 
 
 Epizootic, a murrain or pestilential 
 disease, an eruptive fever among 
 cattle; a term having the same sig- 
 nificance with the lower animals as 
 epidemic with man, being highly con- 
 tagious. 
 
 Equarisseur (French), a knacker's 
 yard, or common slaughter-house, 
 where carcases of dead animals are 
 taken to be flayed, &c. 
 
 Eral, the Tamil name for prawns. 
 
 Erbsenwirste, a kind of dried sausage 
 
 made of peas, salted meat, and fat 
 bacon. 
 
 Eria Silk-worm, a name for the Bom- 
 byx cynthia in India ; also known as 
 the Attacus Canningii of the Lower 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Ermine (Mustela [Putorius] erminea, 
 Lin.), the white fur forming the winter 
 clothing of the weasel or stoat in 
 northern Russia is in great request, 
 being worn by ladies, royal person- 
 ages, and judges on their robes ; when 
 trimmed with Astrakhan fur it is 
 known as " miniver." 
 
 Escargot (French), a snail. See Snails. 
 
 Escutcheon, a French term applied to 
 the centre whence the hair diverges on 
 the buttocks of a cow, and from its form 
 M. Guenon deduces the milk-yielding 
 properties of the animal. 
 
 Espadon, the French name for the sword- 
 fish, Xiphius gladius. 
 
 Essence d'Orient, a solution obtained 
 from the scales of the bleak, by which 
 hollow glass beads coated with it are 
 made to sparkle almost like the genuine 
 Oriental pearls. This substance is also 
 said to be prepared from the scales of 
 Sphyraena vulgaris, together with the 
 minute silvery particles of its air 
 bladder. 
 
 Essex Pigs, an esteemed race of small 
 
 black English pigs. 
 Estamines, an all-wool fabric, made for 
 
 men's and women's wear. 
 Estancia, a cattle farm or grazing 
 
 ground in South America, which is 
 
 usually of very large extent. 
 Estridge, the fine soft down of the 
 
 ostrich, formerly used in hat making. 
 Etaac, another name for the blaubock 
 
 antelope. 
 Etalon (French), a stallion. 
 Etavillon (French), skins prepared for 
 
 glove making. 
 Ethnology (from the Greek Ethnos, a 
 
 nation), the science or study of the 
 
 human races. 
 Etourneau (French), a name for the 
 
 common starling (Sturnus vulgaris. 
 
 Lin.). 
 Ewe, a female sheep. 
 Extract of Meat, a concentrated soup 
 
 or essence of beef, of which there are 
 
 several kinds in commerce, made in 
 
 Australia, South America and Europe, 
 
 as Tooth's, Liebig Company's, Bagot's^ 
 
 &c. 
 
 Extract Wool, wool obtained from 
 mixed cotton and woollen rags by a 
 chemical process, which consumes the 
 cotton and leaves the wool intact. 
 
EXU 
 
 [ 41 ] 
 
 FEL 
 
 Exuvije, the cast skin or shells of 
 animals. 
 
 Eye Stones, a name for the opercula of 
 some molluscs, which are polished and 
 set by jewellers. See Opercula. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fadge, Fodge, a trade term for the 
 rough leather covering a bundle of 
 patent or other dressed leather. 
 
 Faille (French), a kind of thick corded 
 plain silk. 
 
 Fairy, a fancy variety of the swallow 
 pigeon. 
 
 Falcon (Falco peregrinus), a species of 
 formidable bird of prey, which is kept 
 and trained in many countries for chas- 
 ing and capturing other birds. 
 
 Falconer, one who breeds and trains 
 hawks for pursuing game. Nine species 
 of falcons, hawks and owls have been 
 employed in the chase by Europeans. 
 F. islandus, Gm., is the most bold and 
 daring in proportion to its size of all 
 birds of prey. Falconry used to be 
 much practised in England ; it is still 
 followed in North Africa. 
 
 Fall, a short silk veil worn by ladies. 
 
 Fallow Deer (Cervus dama, Lin.), the 
 domestic deer which is kept in parks, 
 the flesh of which, termed venison, is 
 noted for its richness and delicacy. The 
 skins are unrivalled for durability and 
 softness, and the antlers, like those of 
 the stag, are used for knife handles 
 and other purposes. 
 
 Fan, an article for ladies' use, often made 
 of or trimmed with ivory, tortoiseshell, 
 silk or feathers. 
 
 Fantail, a variety of pigeon, mostly of a 
 pure snowy white. The French term 
 them peacock pigeons. 
 
 Fantailed Duck (Anas galericulata, 
 Gmel.). 
 
 Fantaisies (French), waste silk obtained 
 from defective cocoons in reeling and 
 spinning. 
 
 Farcy, a disease among horses, a species 
 of subcutaneous glanders. 
 
 Farmaids, Firmaids, a name given to 
 salted and smoked pilchards, a corrup- 
 tion from the Italian " f umadoes." 
 
 Farmyard Manure, the droppings of 
 cattle and stable bedding, &c, which is 
 considered one of the best fertilisers. 
 
 Farra, a kind of salmon in Spain, 
 
 Farrier, a workman who shoes horses. 
 
 Farrow, a litter of pigs. 
 
 Farrow Cow, a cow not in calf. 
 
 Fats, the tallow or grease from animals, 
 the best kinds being obtained from do- 
 mesticated ones. The fat of warm- 
 blooded animals is generally solid, while 
 that of cold-blooded animals and fish is 
 liquid. The principal solid fats are 
 butter, lard, suet and horse grease, and 
 the fluid animal fats cod-liver and other 
 fish oils, neat's-foot, sperm and train oils. 
 
 Fauna, a collective term for the animal 
 life of a country or district. 
 
 Fawn, a young deer of the first year. 
 
 Fearnought, a thick shaggy woollen 
 cloth, much used by seafaring men. 
 
 Feather Dresser, an operative who 
 steams, cleans and purifies bed feathers ; 
 a female who clips and twists ostrich 
 and other feathers, scraping the quills, 
 sewing pieces together, curling and 
 mounting, &c. 
 
 Feather Duster, a light dusting-brush 
 made of feathers. 
 
 Feather Fans, fans made of or trimmed 
 with feathers. 
 
 Feather Flowers, an imitation of 
 flowers in feathers for ladies' wear. 
 These are chiefly made in Brazil and 
 Madeira. 
 
 Feather Purifier, one who beats, 
 dries and steams feathers for bedding. 
 
 Feathers, the exterior covering or 
 plumage of birds and domestic poultry, 
 in which there is a large trade carried on 
 — some for upholstery purposes, others 
 for ornamental wear or other purposes. 
 The imports into the United Kingdom 
 of those for ornament exceed in value 
 one million and a quarter sterling. 
 Those for beds 26,000 cwt., value about 
 £5 per cwt., besides the home produc- 
 tion estimated at 700 tons. The 
 feathers of gulls, guillemots, puffins, 
 and other sea-fowl are utilised. Ice- 
 land exports about 40,000 lbs. of these. 
 See Eider Down. 
 
 Feet, a trade name for the twenty-four 
 marginal pieces of shell round the 
 edges of the carapace of the hawk's bill 
 turtle, which are chiefly in demand in 
 China. They are also called "noses." 
 
 Felidj, long woven strips of sheep's or 
 goat's wool or camel's hair, which are 
 sewn together to form Arab tents. 
 
 Fell, an old name for the skin or hide of 
 an animal. 
 
 Fellmonger, properly one who sepa- 
 rates the wool from the skin of sheep, 
 but applied very generally to a dealer 
 
 , in hides and skin dresser. 
 
FEL 
 
 C 42 ] 
 
 FIS 
 
 Felt. This branch of woollen manufac- 
 ture is confined to the heavier and 
 harder sorts, applied to mechanical 
 purposes and for carpets, &c. England 
 is the chief seat of its manufacture. 
 
 Felt Caps and Hats, woollen coverings 
 for the head worn by men. 
 
 Femina, a trade classification of ostrich 
 feathers. 
 
 Fence Season, the period when fish 
 may not be caught in inland waters, 
 which varies for different fish. In 
 England for salmon from September 
 11 to March 31 ; for most other river 
 fish from March 15 to June 15 ; smelts 
 from March 25 to July 25 ; lamperns 
 from April 1 to August 23. 
 
 Fenks, the refuse of the blubber of the 
 whale, after trying out the oil, which 
 can be used as manure. 
 
 Fenneg (Canis cerdo, Lin.), a pretty 
 little fox-like animal of Egypt. 
 
 Fent Dealer, a piece-broker ; one who 
 sells small remnants of cloth. 
 
 Ferret (Mustela furo, Lin.), a ferocious 
 little animal of the weasel kind, often 
 kept in a domesticated state for catch- 
 ing rabbits and rats. 
 
 Fertilizers. See Animal Manures. 
 
 Fetlock, the tuft of hair which grows 
 behind the pastern joint of most horses. 
 
 Feutrier (French), a felt-maker. 
 
 Feviak, a Russian name for Crystophora 
 cristata. 
 
 Fez, a Turkish cap of wool, dyed red. 
 
 Fiddle Strings, cords of catgut for 
 stretching across the bridge of a violin. 
 
 Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris, Lin.), a 
 British bird which is often shot for eat- 
 ing, the flesh being good and preferable 
 to that of the blackbird. 
 
 Field Lark. See Larks. [manure. 
 
 Fiente (French), fowls' dung used as 
 
 Fil, a French term for the combined 
 threads as they come from the winding- 
 reel. 
 
 Filala, an Arab name for a fine sheepskin 
 
 dyed red with henna, and used for 
 
 making indoor shoes without soles, 
 
 which are generally embroidered with 
 
 gold or silver thread. 
 Filateur (French), a silk throwster. 
 Filature (French), a silk-spinning 
 
 establishment. 
 File Fish {Batistes capriscus), an 
 
 American fish. 
 Fillet, a fleshy piece of meat from the 
 
 thigh, often boned and rolled, as of 
 
 veal or lamb. 
 Filly, a young mare under three years 
 
 old which has not changed its milk 
 
 teeth. 
 
 Filoselle (French), silk threads made 
 from the bourre or floss on the outer 
 part of the cocoon. 
 
 Filz (German), felt or hair cloth. 
 
 Filzwolle (German), long or combing 
 wool. 
 
 Fin, a wing or membranous appendage 
 to fishes ; those of sharks are eaten as 
 food in China ; fin is also a trade name 
 for a blade of whalebone. 
 
 Finches (Fringillidce), a large family 
 of small birds ; many are remarkable 
 for their powers of song ; others highly 
 prized for the delicacy of their flesh. 
 
 Findon Haddocks, Finnen Haddies, 
 a corrupted term for Findhorn, fish 
 slightly cured and smoked ; originally 
 prepared in Scotland, but now cured 
 in London and other towns, as a break- 
 fast relish. 
 
 Fingering Yarn, a name in Scotland 
 for worsted spun on a small wheel for 
 stockings. 
 
 Finner-Whale, the fin-backed whale 
 (Balcenoptera hoops), which furnishes 
 the shortest and coarsest plates of 
 baleen. [grilse state. 
 
 Finnock, a name for the trout in the 
 Finte (Alausa fmta, Cuv.), a sea fish 
 which enters the rivers at certain sea- 
 sons, [lbs. or more. 
 Firkin, a cask for butter, containing 66 
 Fisch-eier (German), fish roe or spawn. 
 Fischer (German), a fisherman ; Fisch- 
 Weib, a fishwoman. [green. 
 Fisch-haut (German), fish skin, sha- 
 Fisch-otter (German), Lutra vulgaris, 
 Erxl. [oil. 
 Fisch-thrau (German), fish oil ; train 
 Fish Bait, there is a large employment 
 of small fish and polypi for bait for the 
 larger fish. Capelin, launce, squid, 
 &c, are extensively employed. 206,649 
 barrels of fish and clams were used for 
 bait in the Quebec district in 1877 for 
 the fisheries on the shores of the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, and 5,000 barrels of 
 squid. See Rogue. 
 Fisher (Mustela pennanti), an Ame- 
 rican fur-bearing animal, sometimes 
 called pekan and wood-shock. The 
 tail forms a large portion of the value 
 of the skin in Russia, being worn as a 
 circlet round the head, and is much 
 esteemed by the Jews. From 7,000 to 
 9,000 are annually sold in Europe. 
 Fishes, cold red-blooded swimming verte- 
 brated animals of the rivers, lakes and 
 seas, breathing by gills through the 
 water, which are divided into osseous 
 and cartilaginous. They are for the 
 most part eatable, their spawn, oil. 
 
FIS [ 43 ] FLA 
 
 skin, air-bladder and scales are all 
 made use of. A large commerce 
 is carried on in fresb, preserved, 
 dried and salted fish. Our imports 
 of fish cured or salted amounts 
 to nearly 1,000,000 cwt. annually. 
 The term fish is popularly applied to 
 all marine animals, although many of 
 these are mammals. 
 
 Fish Factor, a fish salesman or dealer, 
 of which there are a large number 
 connected with Billingsgate market. 
 
 Fish Flakes, erections made in the 
 North American colonies for drying fish 
 on. 
 
 Fish Flare, a name for silk-worm gut. 
 Fish Glue, the swimming bladder of 
 
 the cod, carefully washed, laid out and 
 
 dried. 
 
 Fish Guano, a manure made in Nor- 
 way, North America and other north- 
 ern countries with the refuse of the 
 fisheries. 
 
 Fish Hawk (Pandion halicetus, Lin.), 
 a name for the osprey, the feathers of 
 which are used for ornamental pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Fish Measures ; the barrel of anchovies 
 ranges from 16 to 30 lbs. ; of pilchards 
 41^ gallons ; the cran or barrel of her- 
 rings, 37£ gallons, and contains about 
 700 fresh or 500 smoked fish ; the barrel 
 of fish in Maryland contains 220 lbs. ; of 
 cod fish, 50 fish ; a mace or meace of 
 herrings is 500 fish ; a basket of bloaters 
 contains about 150 ; a long hundred of 
 herrings is 132 ; a cade, 500 ; a cade of 
 sprats, 1,000 ; a stone of fish is 14 lbs. ; 
 dried sprats are sold in bundles of 30 
 fish. For shell fish the ordinary mea- 
 sures are, native oysters, kegs of 16 
 lbs., containing about 5 score, or bar- 
 rels of 1,000 ; periwinkles and mussels 
 by the basket ; cockles and whelks by 
 the bushel; shrimps by the gallon; a 
 pad is 60 mackerel, also a basket of 
 soles; a hogshead of pilchards well 
 cured and pressed will hold from 
 2,500 to 3,000 fish. See Barrel, Last, 
 and Swill. 
 
 Fishmongers' Company. One of the 
 oldest City guilds, being the fourth in 
 order of the great livery companies of 
 London. 
 
 Fish-Maws, the dried air-vessels or 
 sounds of different kinds of fish, used 
 as food in China. A large quantity are 
 exported from the Western Coast of 
 India. 
 
 Fish Oils, the principal oils obtained 
 from the fisheries (although some are 
 from mammals) are whale or train oil, 
 
 seal oil, dugong oil, cod oil, porpoise 
 oil, herring oil, menhaden oil, pilchard 
 oil, sardine oil, &c. In India oil is 
 obtained from Squalus carcharius, 
 Clupeus magur, and Platanista gan~ 
 getica. 
 
 Fish-pot, a wicker basket for sinking 
 to the bottom of the sea to catch 
 lobsters and crabs. 
 
 Fish Roe. See Caviare and Rogue. 
 
 Fish Scales. Some of these are used 
 for making fish glue, artificial flowers, 
 and fancy ornaments for ladies' wear. 
 Those of the Calipeva (Mugel liza), 
 the hog-fish, the parrot-fish, the drum, 
 the bass, the sheep's-head (Archosargus 
 probatocephalus), the tarpum, and 
 some perches, are thus utilised ; arti- 
 ficial pearls are coated in the interior 
 with a solution of the scales of the 
 bleak and dace. 
 
 Fish Skin Leather, the skin of some 
 silurids is curried for glove making; 
 sole skins and others are tanned ; shoes 
 are made of the skin of the torsk, and 
 clothing of the tanned skin of the 
 salmon in Eastern Asia. The skin of 
 the beluga (Acipenser huso) is em- 
 ployed by the Russians for harness 
 leather. 
 
 Fish Skins. Of late years many at- 
 tempts have been made to. utilise the 
 skins of some of the finny inhabitants 
 of the deep, as those of marine mam- 
 mals have long been used. The skins 
 of skates, rays, and sharks are used for 
 polishing substances ; many are now 
 tanned, others converted into shagreen ; 
 some serve in the North for windows 
 instead of glass. Eel skins are used 
 for braces and other purposes. 
 
 Fish Sounds, the swimming-bladder of 
 some fish, as of the cod, are eaten, and 
 others dried for isinglass. 
 
 Fitch, Fitchet, names for the polecat 
 of Europe and Asia (Mustela putorius, 
 Lin., Putorius vulgaris). It is also 
 called the foumart, apparently a cor- 
 ruption of foul marten. The skin is 
 much used for fur. 
 
 Fitches. Brushes or hair-pencils used 
 by artists in oil and water-colour 
 painting. 
 
 Flambard (French), an inferior kind 
 of melted tallow. 
 
 Flamingo (Phcenicopterus, Lin.), an 
 aquatic bird (of which there are three 
 species) remarkable for size, beauty, 
 and some say also for the delicacy 
 of their flesh. The large fleshy tongue 
 of the flamingo was much esteemed by 
 the Romans. 
 
FLA 
 
 C 44 ] 
 
 FLY 
 
 Flannels. Soft woollen fabrics pro- 
 duced in variety — plain, fancy, and 
 coloured ; the best are made in France, 
 England, and Saxony. Upwards of 60 
 million yards are made in this country 
 annually, and 16 million yards of flan- 
 nels, blanketings, &c, exported. 
 Flannel Shirt, a woven worsted inner 
 
 vest or garment. 
 Flat-fish, a general name for the sole, 
 
 flounder, and other fish of that form. 
 Flauchter, a term in Scotland for a 
 
 skinner, and for one who cards wool. 
 Fleche, a French race of fowls. 
 Fleece, the quantity of wool shorn from 
 one sheep, which varies according to 
 the breed and climate. The average 
 clip of British sheep may be taken at 5 
 lbs. The Lincolns and Cotswolds may 
 be placed at 8 lbs., the Leicesters at 7 
 lbs., the Downs at 4 lbs., the Cheviots 
 at 3 lbs., the Black faces at 2£ lbs., and 
 the Welsh at 2 lbs. In the German 
 Empire the average is about 3£ lbs. In 
 Austria and Hungary 3 lbs. In Asia 
 the yield is not more than 2 lbs. each. 
 In Australia it is from 2£ to 3£ lbs. 
 Fleecy, a kind of woollen yarn. 
 Flenching, a seaman's term for the 
 operation of cutting the blubber from 
 the carcase of the whale. 
 Flesh, the muscular tissue of quadrupeds, 
 which in the food aspect is usually 
 termed butchers' meat, although that 
 from different animals bears distinctive 
 names. Fish and fowl are not spoken 
 of as flesh. [butcher. 
 Flesher, the name in Scotland for a 
 Fleshings, the inner part or flesh side of 
 a skin. Sheep and other skins are now 
 split very cleverly by machinery. 
 Fleshes are employed for books, where 
 strength rather than superior finish is 
 desirable. They are also made into 
 chamois leather and buckskin gloves. 
 Fletan (French), the Hippoglossus 
 
 maximus and pingius. 
 Flet Milk, milk from which the cream 
 
 has been skimmed. 
 Fleurets, waste silk made from the floss 
 
 or the outer part of the cocoon. 
 Flies, Artificial, imitation flies made 
 of feathers, &c, for the use of the 
 angler. Shrimps, insects, &c, are also 
 very closely imitated. 
 Flock, an indefinite number of sheep 
 
 kept under one shepherd. 
 Flocking, Flocks, picked wool, refuse 
 quills and other substances prepared for 
 filling mattresses. 
 Flockmaster, a sheep owner. 
 Flock Paper, wall paper-hangings on 
 
 which pulverised dyed wool has been 
 sprinkled and attached. 
 Flook, Fluke, a name in Scotland for 
 the plaice, flounder and other kinds of 
 flat fish. 
 
 Floret Silk, Floretta, names for 
 floss silk obtained from waste and 
 spoiled cocoons. It is carded and spun 
 into coarse thread. 
 Floretta, a Spanish name for the finest 
 
 quality of wool in a fleece. 
 Florican. Floriken (Sypheotides 
 bengalensis, Gm.), an Asiatic species 
 o£ bustard, much sought for by the 
 Indian sportsmen as a delicacy for the 
 table; it is sometimes captured by 
 falcons. 
 Floss Silk. See Floret. 
 Flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), a well- 
 known flat fish, somewhat similar to 
 the plaice, but smaller, the flesh of 
 which is held in considerable esteem. 
 In North America the common flounder 
 is Chaenopsetta ocellans ; the Southern 
 flounder C. oUonga. The smooth floun- 
 der is Pleuronectes glaber, and the sand 
 Rounder Lophopsetta maculata; another 
 is Pseudopleuronectes americanus. The 
 fish passing under the name of flounder 
 in Australia is Pseudorhombus Bus- 
 sellii. See Fluke. 
 Flugfuchs (German), the flying fox or 
 
 bat (Pteropis Edwardsi). 
 Flughunde (German), the fruit-eating 
 
 bats (Pteropina). 
 Fluke, a common name for several species 
 of flat fish. There are white flukes or 
 flounders (Pleuronectes flesus), plaice 
 flukes (P. platessa), sandstone flukes 
 and gar flukes or dabs (Platessa 
 limanda). The plaice flukes are the 
 principal sorts. 
 Fluke (Diostoma), a parasite which in- 
 fests the liver of sheep. It derives its 
 name from its resemblance to the floun- 
 der called fluke all over Scotland and 
 many parts of England. There are two 
 forms of the liver fluke, the larger D. 
 hepaticus, and the smaller D. lanceo- 
 latum. 
 
 Flussadler (German), the osprey or 
 
 fish hawk (Pandion halit&tus, Lin.). 
 Flussbarsch (German), Cuv. ; Perca 
 
 fluviatilis, Lin. 
 Fluss-krebs (German), the river cray- 
 fish (Astacus fluviatilis). 
 Flussneunauge, the German name for 
 the river lamprey (Pteromyzon fluvia- 
 tilis, Lin.). 
 Flying-fish (Exocetus exiliens), a fish 
 inhabiting tropical seas, and which is 
 esteemed for food in some quarters, espe- 
 
FLY 
 
 [ 45 ] 
 
 FBI 
 
 daily Barbados (E. Roberta). There 
 would appear to be two species, the 
 Oceanic and the Mediterranean (E. voli- 
 tans). 
 
 Flying-fox (Pteropus Edivardsi). The 
 flesh of this animal is eaten by the 
 Malays, but Dr. Oxley says " no real fox 
 smells, to my mind, half so rank as they 
 do. Methinks a rat would be palatable 
 food compared with them." 
 
 Foal, a young horse. 
 
 Foies G-ras. See Pate de Foies Gras. 
 
 Fold, a temporary enclosure or pen for 
 keeping sheep or cattle. 
 
 Folpo, the Italian name for Sepia 
 octopodia, Lin. ; Eledon moschatus, 
 Lamk. 
 
 Fondeur (French), a tallow melter. 
 Fontina, a kind of Italian cheese. 
 Foot and Mouth Disease, a disease in 
 cattle. 
 
 Foot Muff, a fur protection for keeping 
 the feet warm when riding. 
 
 Foot Rot, a disease in sheep, leading to 
 the decomposition or rotting of the sole 
 and horny part of the hoof. 
 
 Foots, the deposit in fish oil and other 
 fatty substances. 
 
 Forelle, a German name for the trout 
 (Salmo fario, Lin.). The sea forelle is 
 S. Trutta, Lin., the meere forelle Trutta 
 lacustris, Ag. 
 
 Forester, a name given to the largest 
 of the kangaroo family, which some- 
 times attains 200 lbs. in weight. 
 
 Fork-tail, another name for the brand- 
 ling, a salmon four years old. 
 
 Formaggini, a kind of small Italian 
 cheese. 
 
 Formic Acid, an acid originally obtained 
 I from red ants. [binding. 
 
 Forril, a kind of parchment for book- 
 
 Fouet (French), a whip-lash. 
 
 Foulards, washing silk printed on the 
 cloth either in pieces or in hand- 
 kerchiefs. In France these are woven 
 to the annual value of £2,000,000. 
 
 Foule Cloths, all-wool fabrics made 
 for women's wear. 
 
 Foulemart, a name for the polecat. 
 
 Fourmilier (French), the anteater 
 (Myrmecophaga sp.). 
 
 Fourriere (French), fur. 
 
 Fowler, one who pursues or snares wild 
 fowl for food. 
 
 Fowls, a generic term applied to the 
 larger kinds of birds, both wild and 
 domestic, which are reared or pursued 
 for the purposes of food. It is most 
 commonly applied to the cock and hen 
 (Gallus domesticus),oi which there are 
 numerous breeds. 
 
 Fox (Canis vulpes, Lin.), a well-known 
 animal very widely diffused, of which 
 there are several species. In England 
 they are bred to afford sport to the 
 huntsman, and their brushes or tails are 
 considered a trophy. In wilder coun- 
 tries they are hunted for their skins, 
 which are extensively used by the fur- 
 riers. The red fox (C.fulvus, Desm.) 
 is that chiefly brought to market, but 
 the gkins of the black, blue and silver 
 fox ( C. fulvus, var. argentata) are those 
 most prized. 
 
 Foxhound, a breed of dogs, the most 
 important of the hound group, kept for 
 chasing the fox. There are about 135 
 packs of foxhounds kept up in England, 
 10 in Scotland and 18 in Ireland. The 
 expense of maintaining a pack of hounds 
 is very considerable, amounting to 
 several thousand pounds annually. 
 
 Fox Paws or Pads. A large trade is 
 carried on in these from Russia to 
 China, many hundred thousands being 
 sent yearly. 
 
 Fox Tails, the brushes of foxes, which 
 are mounted and used for various pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Fox-Terrier, a breed of dog, of which 
 there are two varieties, the smooth- 
 coated and the wire-haired. 
 
 Francolins (Francolinus), birds much 
 resembling partridges, of which there 
 are several species, whose flesh is greatly 
 esteemed. F. vulgaris, Steph., is the 
 common f rancolin of Europe ; F. clama- 
 tor is the pheasant of the Cape colonists ; 
 F. afer and F. Levaillantii are called 
 partridges. Their flesh is rather hard 
 unless carefully cooked. 
 
 Free-Martin, the barren twin-calf, 
 whose mate is a bull-calf, the heifer is 
 incapable of breeding. 
 
 Free Warren, a privilege of preserving 
 and killing game. [fish. 
 
 Fretin (French), the young or fry of 
 
 Frett-katze (German), Cryptoprocta 
 ferox. 
 
 Fribs, a name for small cut locks of wool 
 which are sorted out of the fleece. 
 
 Fricandeau (French), a slice of veal 
 larded and stewed. 
 
 Fricassee (French), a savoury dish of 
 meat cut into small pieces and fried. 
 
 Frieze, a kind of baize, which is coarser, 
 stouter and longer-haired than cloth. 
 Irish frieze consists of a heavier yarn, 
 and is more strongly milled. 
 
 Frigate Bird (Tachypetes aquilus). 
 The flesh of this bird is strong-tasted, 
 but the pectoral muscles of this and 
 the tropic birds, which are never fat, 
 
FBI 
 
 [ 46 ] 
 
 FUT 
 
 are very good, if cooked separate from 
 the bones. 
 
 Frills, a name in Cornwall for a species 
 of edible scallop (Pecten), which are 
 also called " Queens." 
 
 Frisonnets, a species of silk waste, 
 useful for working up. 
 
 Frisons (French), the outer covering 
 of silk cocoons. 
 
 Frizz ets, hair pads used by ladies in 
 dressing their hair to distend it and 
 make it appear more voluminous. 
 
 Frock, a name in Scotland for a pair of 
 draught oxen. 
 
 Frock Coat, a gentleman's surtout or 
 walking coat ; in France, however, a 
 frac means a dress coat. 
 
 Frog {Rana esculenta), the hind legs of 
 this species of frog are esteemed a 
 food delicacy in parts of Europe ; the 
 flesh of i2. paradoxa is also eaten in 
 Surinam. A plaster made of the spawn 
 of frogs is often prescribed in medicine. 
 The Chinese make a soup of them. A 
 powerful arrow poison is obtained by 
 the Indians of Columbia from Thy- 
 lobates Mcolor ; it is said to be as dan- 
 gerous as curare. See Amphibians. 
 
 Frost Fish, a name for the American 
 smelt (Osmerus mordax, Mitch.) ; also 
 for Lepidopus caudatus, a fish of 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Fruitiere (French), an association of 
 farmers who send their milk to a cen- 
 tral dairy to be made into butter and 
 cheese. 
 
 Fruitiers (French), dealers in butter, 
 cheese and eggs. 
 
 Fry, the young of fish. 
 
 Fuchs (German), the fox (Canis vulpes). 
 
 Fuille, a French name for a carp more 
 than a year old. 
 
 Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis, Stephen). 
 This bird breeds abundantly on the 
 island of St. Kilda, and is of great 
 importance to the inhabitants, who not 
 only eat the flesh and the eggs, but 
 also collect the oil vomited by the birds 
 when seized, and boil down the young 
 birds for the sake of the fat yielded by 
 them, which is burnt in lamps and 
 considered to have some medicinal 
 properties. This bird is used exten- 
 sively as bait by the North American 
 fishermen, being caught with the hook 
 m large numbers. 
 
 Fumadoes, a name given in Italy to 
 smoked or fumaded pilchards, cor- 
 rupted in England to farmaids. 
 
 Funeral Plume, an elaborate mounted 
 collection of sprays of ostrich feathers, 
 white or dyed black, used to attach to 
 
 the top of hearses and the heads of the 
 horses, and also borne by mutes at 
 grand funerals. 
 
 Fur, the soft short hair on the skins of 
 some animals which is worn for cloth- 
 ing or for ornamental purposes. 
 
 Fur Cap, a covering for the head made 
 of fur. 
 
 Fur Clippings, Fur Cuttings. These 
 are used for making small articles, such 
 as purses, tobacco pouches, gloves, &c, 
 and. the worst part of the waste for 
 manure. 
 
 Fur Coat, a man's outer wrapper, worn 
 for warmth in winter. 
 
 Fur Jackets and Mantles. Ladies' 
 garments for winter wear, made of seal- 
 skin and other furs. 
 
 Fur Moth (Tinea pellionella), an insect 
 that lays its eggs in articles of cloth- 
 ing, which the caterpillars inhabit. 
 
 Furrier, a merchant or dealer who im- 
 ports or trades in skins of animals. 
 There are some who specially dress 
 and prepare furs and skins. 
 
 Fur Seal. The fur seals and sea lions 
 are closely allied, forming the family 
 Otariadce ; they are well distinguished 
 from the hair seals (Phocidce) by 
 their external ears and long flippers 
 destitute of hair. The flesh of the 
 hair seal is stated to be more juicy 
 and sweet for food than that of the 
 fur seal. Beneath the long external 
 hair the animal's body is clothed with 
 soft wool, which manufactured into 
 articles of wear is such a large source 
 of revenue to the furriers. About 
 50,000 to 100,000 skins enter into com- 
 merce yearly ; the greater part come 
 from the islands of St. Paul and St. 
 George, in Alaska, and from the Falk- 
 land Isles. The Northern fur seal is 
 Callorhinus ursinus, the Antarctic 
 fur seal Arctocephalus aucklandicus, 
 &c. 
 
 Fur Trade, an important branch of the 
 commerce in animal products, consist- 
 ing of the import and sale of the skins, 
 raw or prepared, of the numerous fur- 
 bearing animals. London and Leipzig 
 are the two great marts where furs are 
 chiefly sold. In London, in 1879, the 
 sales were to the value of £300,000. and 
 in Leipzig to the value of more than 
 £75,000. In 1881 furs to the value of 
 over one million sterling were im- 
 ported into the United Kingdom. 
 
 Fuss-thran (German), thick fish oil ; 
 train oil. 
 
 Futfall, a Scottish name for a slink 
 lamb-skin dressed. 
 
GAD 
 
 [ 47 ] 
 
 GAP 
 
 g. 
 
 Gadfly (Oestrus bovis), an insect that 
 attacks cattle; it lays its eggs by its 
 ovipositor in the skin, and the larvse eat 
 completely through it. 
 
 Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus ; 
 Liu.), a waterfowl abundant in Hol- 
 land and the marshes of the north 
 and east of Europe ; its flesh is excel- 
 lent. 
 
 Gainier (French), a maker of sheaths 
 or scabbards of leather. 
 
 Gaiters, coverings for the shoe and 
 lower part of the leg, which are usually 
 made of leather or cloth as most dur- 
 able. 
 
 Galago, a genus of small quadrumanous 
 animals inhabiting different parts of 
 Africa. They are a favourite article of 
 food in Senegal. 
 
 Galantine, a dish of chicken or boned 
 white meat, boiled and served cold. 
 
 Gale (French), the mange. 
 
 Galea, a Tartar name for the barbot 
 ( Gadus jubatus). 
 
 Gall, the bitter fluid secreted by the 
 liver in animals. Ox-gall is used by 
 artists in mixing colours, in fixing the 
 lines of crayon and pencil drawings, 
 and in removing grease. It is also em- 
 ployed for scouring cloth and carpets, 
 and in medicine. The gall of the carp 
 is used in Turkey as a green paint, and 
 for staining paper. The gall of the 
 bear, which is used medicinally, sells in 
 China at 10s. the oz. 
 
 Gall Insects, species of Cynips, he- 
 mipterous and other insects, which 
 form excrescences for their nidus. 
 
 Galloon (French galon), a kind of thick, 
 narrow braid, or ferret of velvet, satin, 
 wool, or terry for binding or trimming, 
 of which there are narrow and wide 
 kinds. 
 
 Galls, concretions and excrescences 
 formed by insects upon the leaves and 
 leaf -stalks, &c, of different trees which 
 contain a good deal of tannin; they 
 are used for black dyes for fabrics, in 
 tanning, and for making ink, gallic 
 and pyrogallic acid employed in pho- 
 tography. Oak-galls are formed by 
 Cynips quercusfolli, and although 
 these form the principal quantities 
 supplied to commerce, there are a 
 variety of other galls imported, such 
 as Chinese and Japanese galls, Tamarix 
 galls, &c. 
 
 Gall-Stones, the biliary calculi of the 
 
 ox, and concretions formed in the gall- 
 bladder of some other animals, which 
 are occasionally used by artists as a 
 bright and yellow durable colour. 
 Galuchat, a French term for what is 
 usually called shagreen, prepared from 
 the tuberculous skins of the ray 
 (Trygon sephen), used for various 
 purposes, sometimes dyed green and 
 other colours. It takes the above name 
 from a Paris workman who employed 
 it first. 
 
 Gamba, or Sangue, the opossum, a 
 Brazilian marsupial, which is highly 
 esteemed as game by some and refused 
 by others. 
 
 Gambroons, an all-wool fabric made for 
 men's wear. 
 
 Game, a general name for wild animals. 
 Those which are regarded as game by 
 British laws are hares, pheasants, part- 
 ridges, grouse, heath-game, moor-game, 
 black-game, and bustards, but some 
 other birds and rabbits are also pro- 
 tected and have a close time. 
 
 Game Dealer, a tradesman licensed to 
 sell game. 
 
 Game Fowls, a fighting bird of poultry. 
 
 Gamekeeper, a person in charge of a 
 game preserve. 
 
 Gamla Sill, the large herring of Nor- 
 way (Clupea bohusica, Nilss.). The 
 name "gamla" means old. 
 
 Gammon, a piece of bacon ; the buttock 
 of a hog salted and cured. 
 
 Gander, the male of the goose. 
 
 Gandoura, a woollen dressing-gown 
 worn by Arab women. 
 
 Ganga, a Spanish name for a species of 
 sand grouse (Pterocles). 
 
 Gannet (Sula bassana, Lin., a large 
 sea bird which is much sought after 
 in the Hebrides and North of Scot- 
 land. On the island of St. Kilda, tens 
 of thousands of these birds are taken 
 annually, as well as innumerable 
 quantities of their eggs. On the Bass 
 Rock in the Firth of Forth from 1,500 
 to 1,600 young birds are annually sold 
 at from 9d. to Is. each. The old birds 
 are taken for their feathers. 
 
 Gans (German), a goose. 
 
 Gapemouth, a name in Scotland for the 
 bass or sea perch (Perca labrax). 
 
 Gaper (Mya truncata, Lin.), an edible 
 mollusc, which is also much used as a 
 bait for fish. 
 
 Gapes, a disease in poultry caused by 
 the presence of a parasitic worm 
 (Sclerostoma syngamus) which, caus- 
 ing the trachea to inflame, often pro- 
 duces suffocation. 
 
GAR 
 
 [ 48 ] 
 
 GEZ 
 
 Garangan, the name of a species of 
 ichneumon (Herpestes javanicus). 
 
 Garbage, the entrails of animals or 
 other waste animal substances. 
 
 Gardera, a name in Italy for a species 
 of Spondylus eaten as food. 
 
 Gardon, the French name for the roach 
 (Leueiscus rutilus, Lin.). 
 
 Garenne (French), awarren or enclosure 
 for rabbits. 
 
 Gar-fish (Belone sp.). These fish, 
 although occasionally seen in the shops 
 of the London fishmongers, are but 
 little esteemed as food. They are, 
 however, eaten in the seaports, and are 
 often called " green bones." The Euro- 
 pean species (B. vulgaris), is the 
 mackerel guide of the fishermen. The 
 silver gar-fish is B. longirostris. The 
 gar-fishes of Australia are species of 
 Semirhamphus, and considered good 
 food. That of New Zealand is Scom- 
 berox Forsterii. 
 
 Gar-fluke, a name at Southport for the 
 dab. 
 
 Garganey Teal (Querquedula circia, 
 Lin.), an European water-fowl, the 
 flesh of which is among the best of that 
 of the wild duck family. 
 
 Garnalen, Garnat, Garnele, Gra- 
 nat, German names for the shrimp. 
 
 Garoupa (Percia atis), a Brazilian fish. 
 
 Garrick, a name for the gar-pike (Esox 
 belone). 
 
 Garron (French), a small horse. 
 Garronaise, a fine race of French 
 cattle. 
 
 Garusola, a name in Italy for Murex 
 brandaris and M. trunculus, which are 
 sold in the markets for food and eaten 
 by the poor. [sprattus). 
 
 Garvie, a name for the sprat (Clupea 
 
 Gaspereau (Clupea vernalis and O. 
 aestivalis; Pomolobus pseudo-haren- 
 gus), another name on the North Ame- 
 rican coast for the alewife, a fish 
 which is largely used fresh or salted. 
 
 Gattine, the Italian name for a mild 
 phase of the disease of the silkworm, 
 known as pebrine, arising, it is believed, 
 from feeding on unhealthy mulberry 
 leaves. 
 
 Gatjcho, the name given to mounted 
 herdsmen in South America. 
 
 Gaulding, a name in Jamaica for some 
 of the herons. 
 
 Gauntlet, a long leather glove cover- 
 ing the wrist, worn by soldiers and by 
 ladies. 
 
 Gauze, a thin, mixed silk, transparent 
 
 fabric for ladies' dress. 
 Gauze Ribbon, a ribbon made of gauze. 
 
 Gayal (Bos frontalis, Lambert; B. 
 gayeus, Colebrooke). 
 
 Gazelle (Gazella dorcas, Lin.), a pretty 
 Eastern antelope, which is often domes- 
 ticated. 
 
 Geelbeck (Otolithus <squidens),a large 
 South African fish, the flesh of which is 
 salted and dried for export. The name 
 is a Dutch one, implying vellow mouth. 
 
 Geissbebe (German), a goatherd. 
 
 Gelatine, a glutinous substance pro- 
 cured from the skin, tendinous parts 
 and bones of adult animals. There are 
 a variety of kinds in commerce, as 
 amber, opaque, brilliant, &c. Lozenges 
 and other food preparations are made 
 of it. 
 
 Gelding, a castrated male horse. 
 
 Gelinotte (Bonasa betulina), the 
 grouse of Northern Europe. 
 
 Gelt, a gelded boar. 
 
 Gelt-gimmer, a barren ewe. 
 
 Gemsbok (Oryx gazella). The flesh of 
 this African antelope ranks next to 
 that of the eland, and at certain sea- 
 sons of the year they carry a great 
 quantity of fat. 
 
 Genappe, a worsted yarn or double- 
 thread of wool, glazed and singed by 
 gas, used for fringes, braids, &c. ; it is 
 often combined with silk. 
 
 Genda-sing, a name in the East for a 
 rhinoceros horn. 
 
 Genet, a furrier's name for the skin of 
 what is sometimes called the Spanish 
 cat (Viverra genetta); this skin is 
 much imitated with grey rabbit skin 
 dyed : the fur of Genetta vulgaris is of 
 a grey colour spotted with dark patches ; 
 when domesticated it catches mice as 
 well as a cat : also a name for a small 
 horse. 
 
 Genisse (French), a heifer. 
 
 Gentil, a name for the Falco peregrinus 
 a trained hawk. See Falcon. 
 
 Gentles. Maggots or worms used by 
 anglers for baiting their hooks. 
 
 Gentoo Penguin (Pygosceles taniatus, 
 Peale), a species of sea-fowl which 
 breeds on the Falkland Islands. See 
 Penguin. [smoked fish. 
 
 Geraucherte Fische (German), 
 
 German Sausage. Seasoned meat, 
 slightly cooked, stuffed into a gut or 
 bladder, and sometimes called a polony. 
 
 Germon (French), a name for the white 
 tunny. [deer (Rusi Aristotalis). 
 
 Geron, an Indian name for the Samber 
 
 Gessenay, a Swiss cream cheese of fine 
 and aromatic flavour, very hard and 
 keeping well for years. [fish. 
 
 Gezalzene Fische (German), salted 
 
GHE [ 49 ] GLY 
 
 Ghee, clarified fluid butter, prepared 
 chiefly from buffalo milk, boiled with 
 the leaves of Moringa pterygosperma 
 and a little salt added. It is used very 
 largely by the natives of India. 
 
 GHIRBEH. See GlRBEH. 
 
 Ghond, a name for the swamp deer of 
 
 India (Rucervus duvaucelli). 
 Ghoont, a small Indian pony used in the 
 
 mountain ranges. 
 Gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys, Ogilby), 
 
 an Asiatic monkey, native of Siam. 
 Gibele, a species of carp, Cyprinus gobio, 
 
 Bloch. 
 
 Gibelotte (French), a kind of stew or 
 fricassee in which various meats and 
 poultry may be served. 
 
 Gibier (French), a general name for 
 game ; it is divided into " gibier a poil," 
 hairy game, and "gibier a plumes," 
 feathered game. 
 
 Giblets, the edible offal of poultry, com- 
 prising the neck, head, gizzard, legs, 
 and other inferior parts. In French 
 they are termed "abates." 
 
 Giboia (Boa conehria),a large Brazilian 
 serpent, whose skin is used for boots 
 and shoes and other purposes. 
 
 Gilbacker (Silurus Parkii), a large fish 
 of South America. A kind of isinglass 
 or fish glue is made from the sound in 
 Guiana. 
 
 Gills, the apertures for breathing at 
 each side of the head of a fish. 
 
 Gilpin, a name for the small coal-fish. 
 
 Gimmer, a provincial name for a young 
 ewe ; thus, a gimmer lamb is one un- 
 weaned, and a shearling gimmer one 
 that has been shorn. 
 
 Gimp, a silk thread or twist used for 
 trimmings and fringes. 
 
 Giraffe (Camelopardis giraffa, Gm.), a 
 curious shaped African animal, which 
 is kept in Zoological gardens. In its 
 wild state it is hunted for its flesh, of 
 which the Arabs are very fond, and for 
 the stout skin, of which bucklers and 
 sandals are made. The leg bones have 
 been imported into Europe for the use 
 of cutlers to make handles of knives, &c. 
 
 Girbeh, a skin bag for holding water, 
 made of raw antelope hide, carried on 
 camels in North Africa. See Guelba. 
 
 Gizzard, the third or digestive stomach 
 of birds. In graminivorous birds the 
 lining membrane is very thick and 
 muscular, and horny enough to tritu- 
 rate the food. The gizzard forms part 
 of what are commonly termed 
 "giblets." Gizzards are employed by 
 the Chinese as we do pepsine, and they 
 were included in the English Pharma- 
 
 copoeia in 1721. Those of the South 
 American rhea have recently been 
 brought into use for this purpose. 
 
 Gizzard Fish, a name for the white fish 
 (Coregonus albus), belonging to tho 
 salmon family. 
 
 Glaire, the white of eggs, used by book- 
 binders, confectioners, and others. 
 
 Glanders, a disease in horses, in which 
 corrupt matter runs from the nose. It 
 has usually a chronic course, can be 
 communicated by means of its con- 
 tagion to several other species of 
 animals and to human beings, and 
 must be considered incurable if fully 
 developed. 
 
 Glanzwolle (German), carded wool. 
 
 Glattbutt, a German name for Rhom- 
 bus vulgaris, Yarrell. 
 
 Glatt-dick, Glatt-stor, German 
 names for Acipenser glaber, Heck. 
 
 Glattrochen, a species of ray (Raja 
 batis, Lin.). 
 
 Globulin, a constituent of blood. 
 
 Glove Cleaner, one who cleanses or 
 renovates kid gloves by acids, &c. 
 
 Glove Leather. Two kinds of skins 
 are chiefly employed for conversion 
 into the better kinds of kid leather ; 
 the more expensive are the skins of 
 young kids fed solely with milk, the 
 other being lamb-skin. Each of these 
 skins yields on an average two pairs of 
 gloves. The description of leather sold 
 for gloves in this country are white, 
 Cape-tanned, East Indian-tanned, and 
 Monte Video lamb-tanned. 
 
 Gloves, coverings for the hands, which 
 are chiefly made of animal substances, 
 skin or fur, leather, woollen, or silk. 
 Of leather gloves we import about 1£ 
 million dozen pairs yearly. 
 
 Glue, a hard and brittle gelatinous sub- 
 stance, largely made from refuse animal 
 pieces, and which is much in de- 
 mand as an adhesive cement. There 
 are various kinds — town glue, Scotch 
 glue, foreign glue, &c. 
 
 Glue Manufacturer, one who boils 
 down, cuts and prepares cakes of glue 
 for sale. [glue in. 
 
 Glue-Pan, a large open boiler for making 
 
 Glue Pieces, the parings of hides and 
 skins from the slaughter-houses and 
 tanneries, used for boiling down for 
 glue. The parings of ox and other 
 thick hides make the strongest, and 
 afford about 45 per cent, of glue. 
 
 Glutton. See Wolverine. 
 
 Glycerine, a chemical residual product 
 obtained from soap and candle factories 
 and extensively from lard in America : 
 E 
 
GNA 
 
 [ 50 ] 
 
 GOL 
 
 about 600,000 lbs. are made annually in 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Gnandou or Nandou {Rhea ameri- 
 cana, Vieill.). See Rhea and Vulture 
 Feathers. 
 
 Gnapee, another name for balachong, 
 a condiment in general use by the 
 Burmese and other PJastern people. 
 
 Gnu (Catoblepas Gnu, Gm.), a species of 
 wild antelope of South Africa, found in 
 troops, which is chased for its skin. 
 Large quantities of these skins come 
 into commerce, as they are found to 
 make excellent band-; for machinery ; 
 25,000 to 30,000 skins are annually im- 
 ported into England. The flesh of the 
 gnu is eatable. 
 
 Goat (Copra), a genus of animals which 
 in the domesticated state (C. hircus, 
 Lin.) are found in almost every part of 
 the globe, but thrive best in mountain- 
 ous regions ; Spain, Morocco, British 
 India, Greece, the United States and 
 the States of South America have the 
 largest number. The flesh, skin, hair 
 and milk are all valuable, and they are 
 sometimes used as beasts of burden. 
 The horns of the wild goat (C. ibex) 
 are turned backwards, often 3 feet long, 
 and rough with rings. The name of 
 goat is given to the hake by the fisher- 
 men of Nova Scotia, from the long 
 tentacles which hang from its chin. 
 
 Goatherd, a keeper or attendant on 
 goats. In the Alps goats will browse 
 up to 7000 feet high, and boys are kept 
 to look after them. 
 
 Goat's Flesh. This is a harder, tougher, 
 and stronger food than mutton ; it is 
 very commonly eaten in Switzerland 
 and other mountainous regions of the 
 world. The flesh of the kid is, however, 
 generally esteemed, and has a flavour 
 not very unlike that of venison. 
 
 Goats' Hair. See Mohair. 
 
 Goatskins, the dried or tanned skin of the 
 goat, much used for glove-making and 
 other purposes. The imports of goat- 
 skins are large, reaching nine millions 
 a year. They are also sewn together 
 and used for holding wine in some 
 countries. 
 
 Goatsucker (Steatornis caripensis, 
 Hunt), See Oil Bird. 
 
 Gobbler, a name in North America for 
 the wild male turkey (Meleagris 
 gallopavo, Lin.). 
 
 Godwit (Limosa cegocephala, Lin.). 
 The black-tailed godwit is sometimes 
 caught and fattened with the reeves 
 for the table, but though considerably 
 larger it is not held in such high esti- 
 
 mation. The bar-tailed godwit (L. lap- 
 ponica, Lin.) is another European 
 species. 
 
 Goggle, a name among the Irish and 
 , Welsh for the whelk. 
 
 Goggle-eye (Amblopcites rupestris, or 
 ceneus), a name in the Western States 
 of America for the rock bass, one of the 
 most esteemed of fresh-water fishes, and 
 characteristic of the great lake region 
 and the Mississippi basin. The fish 
 known under this name in South Caro- 
 lina is Pomoxys, or Hyperistius hexi- 
 canthis. 
 
 Gold and Silver Fish (Carassiu6 
 auralus, Nilss.). Gold fish, gold tench 
 and the Gyprinus orfues are bred 
 for ponds, small reservoirs of water and 
 aquaria, to which they are a very great 
 ornament. The gold fish is black when 
 young, and only assumes its golden 
 colour during the second year. 
 
 Goldbeaters' Skin, the thin peritoneal 
 membrane stripped from the outer sur- 
 face of the intestine of the ox, &c, and 
 largely used in the manufacture of gold 
 leaf. 
 
 Goldbutt, a German name for the sole. 
 
 Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus, 
 Lin.). See Eagle. 
 
 Golden Perch (Dulis auratus), a very 
 rich and delicate Australian river fish, 
 which attains the weight of 7 lbs. or 
 more. It is also known by the name of 
 yellow belly. 
 
 Golden Plover (Charadrius pluvialis, 
 Lin.), a winter visitor to our sea shores. 
 Its flesh is good eating. That of the 
 Virginian variety (C.fulvus) is equally 
 esteemed. 
 
 Goldfinch (Carduelis elegans, Ste- 
 phens), a British song bird with bril- 
 liant plumage, which is easily tamed. 
 Its melodious notes, added to a dis- 
 position to become attached to those 
 who feed it, are such strong recom- 
 mendations that the goldfinch will 
 probably long continue to be one of the 
 most general cage favourites. They are 
 sometimes used as call birds or decoy 
 birds by the bird-catcher with his 
 ground nets. 
 
 Goldforelle, a name in parts of Ger- 
 many for the char. 
 
 Goldwolf (German),the common Indian 
 jackal (Canis aureus, Lin.); also a name 
 given by Hamilton Smith to a species 
 of Chrysocyon. 
 
 Golet, a Russian name for the trout 
 (Salmo alpinus), which are caught in 
 large numbers at Nova Zeinbla and 
 salted. 
 
GOL 
 
 [ 51 ] 
 
 GRA 
 
 Goliath Beetle (Goliath as giganteus), 
 one of the largest of the beetles, which 
 is much sought for entomological col- 
 lections. 
 
 Goney, a name for the large white alba- 
 tross (Diomedea exularis) ; the young 
 birds are edible and the eggs good. The 
 skin of the feet is made into tobacco 
 pouches and the wing bones into pipe 
 steins. 
 
 Gooral (Nemorhmdus goral), the Hima- 
 layan chamois. 
 
 Goosander (Mergus merganser, Lin.), a 
 migratory water fowl, which breeds in 
 the North of Scotland ; also a name for 
 the common sheldrake (Tadoma vul- 
 panser, Flem.). 
 
 Goose, a genus of web-footed birds, most 
 of which are commonly useful for their 
 feather quills and flesh. The domestic j 
 goose is bred in large numbers for the j 
 table in most countries, and the fat 
 livers of some form the celebrated con- 
 tinental food dish " pate de foie gras.'' 
 Geese are kept in vast numbers in the 
 fens of Lincolnshire ; a single person has 
 frequently a thousand old geese, each 
 of which will rear seven ; so that at 
 the end of the season he will become 
 master of eight thousand. Geese live 
 to a great age. 
 
 Goose-grease, the fat or dripping saved 
 when roasting a goose, which has some 
 domestic uses. It contains about 3 per 
 cent, of stearine and margarine and 68 
 of oleine. 
 
 Gooseherd, Gozzard, a person who 
 drives a flock of geese to water twice a 
 day and brings them back at night. 
 
 Gopher (Thomomys umbrinus), an 
 animal of the aspect of a small rat with 
 a short stumpy tail. 
 
 Goph Eft Tortoise {Testudopolyphemus, 
 Holbrook ; T. Carolina, Leconte). The 
 flesh of this reptile of Florida is said to 
 be excellent, and the eggs are also 
 valued for the table. In some places it 
 is called the terrapin. The salt water 
 terrapin is Emys concentrica. 
 
 Goret (French), a young pig. 
 
 Gorettes, a name in the West Indies for 
 a species of red grunt (Haemulon sp.). 
 
 Gorgonzola, a rich Italian cheese, re- 
 sembling Stilton and Roquefort, of a 
 clear yellow and marbled. In shape it 
 is cylindrical, 30 centimetres diameter 
 by 20 high, and weighs 25 to 30 lbs. It 
 derives its name from the district where 
 it is made. 
 
 Goshawk (Astur palembarius, Lin.). 
 This bird was formerly in esteem 
 among falconers, and is said to be still 
 
 used by the Emperor of China in his 
 hunting excursions ; it is trained in 
 the East Indies, where it is called the 
 bhause. 
 
 Gosling, a young goose. 
 
 Gouda, a richer and more delicate Dutch 
 cheese than Edam, made in the form of a 
 flattened sphere, and about 20 lbs. 
 weight. 
 
 Go u das, a name in India for elephants 
 with large tusks. 
 
 Goujon, a small river fish (Gobio fluvia- 
 tilis, Cuv. ; Cyprinus gobio, Lin.), much 
 esteemed m Paris. See Gudgeon. 
 
 Goura, a name for the large common 
 crowned pigeon of New Guinea (Goura 
 coronata, Lin. ; Lophyrus coronatus). 
 
 Go u ram I (Osphrofneiius olfax. Comers), 
 an esteemed fish, native of the rivers of 
 China and the Eastern Islands.and natu- 
 ralised in the Mauritius and other quar- 
 ters ; the flesh is excellent eating. 
 
 Gourdie, Gowdie, names given to the 
 sculpin. 
 
 Gour-horns. The large horns of 
 Gavcms gaurus ; Bos cavifrons. The 
 gour is the gyal of Orissa. 
 
 Gozzard. See Gooseherd. 
 
 Grackle (Gracula religiosa, Lin.); this 
 is also called the myna, and is a 
 favourite bird. Its powers of imitation 
 of the human voice are truly remark- 
 able. 
 
 Graillons (French), greaves orscraps of 
 
 cooked flesh. 
 Grainage, the art of collecting the eggs 
 
 of the silkworm moth. 
 Grain er, a brush used by house painters 
 
 made of bristles or sable hair. 
 Graining, a stage in the process of curry- 
 ing leather when the skin is steeped in 
 
 an alkaline solution. 
 Grain Leather, dressed and tanned 
 
 skins, blacked on the outer or grain 
 
 side. 
 
 Grain-moth (Tinea granella), an insect 
 
 destructive to stored corn. 
 Grallatores, wading birds. 
 Gramashes, in Scotland a name given 
 
 to stockings worn instead of boots, or 
 
 as gaiters. 
 
 Grampus (Phocaena orca), a cetacean 
 
 shot or trapped for the oil it yields. 
 Grana, a kind of Italian cheese. 
 Granatkrebs (German), the common 
 
 prawn (Palcemon squilla, Lin.). 
 Granilla, the dust from cochineal with 
 
 the imperfect insects and fragments 
 
 separated by the sieve. 
 Gras a, a name in South America for 
 
 melted beef suet, employed for domestic 
 
 purposes. 
 
 E 2 
 
GRA [ 52 ] GRT 
 
 Gras-double, a French name for tripe < 
 or chitterlings. 
 
 Graseria, an establishment in South 
 America where mares are boiled down 1 
 for their grease, and cattle to make ex- 
 tract of meat, &c. 
 
 G ra-s e y, a name in Sweden for the sey or 
 pollack fish. 
 
 GtiASSEiON (French), an inferior kind of 
 white butter made from whe »\ 
 
 Grasserie, a disease of the silkworm 
 allied to jaundice. 
 
 Grasshopper Paste, locusts prepared as 
 bait for the sardine fisheries in the 
 place of pea cod roe or rogue. 
 
 Gravellers, a name in Devonshire for 
 young salmon fry. 
 
 Graves. See Greaves. 
 
 Gravy Soup, a soup made from the juice 
 of cooked meat, and which is sold pre- 
 served ready for u^e. 
 
 Grave, an old English name for the 
 badger. 
 
 Gray-lag, a name for the common wild 
 
 goose (Anser ferus, Lin.). 
 Grayling (Thy mallus vulgaris), a small 
 edible freshwater fish of Europe, which 
 enjoys celebrity as a daintv food, but 
 is not allowed to be caught under 4 
 ounces weight. One species of Ameri- 
 can grayling is T. Pallasii, Cav. ; the 
 Michigan grayling is T. tricolor; the 
 mountain grayling T. montanus. The 
 Laplanders use the intestines of the 
 gravling as a substitute for rennet. 
 Grazier, a stock-breeder, one who raises 
 
 and fattens cattle. 
 Grease, animal fat boiled out from 
 
 flesh, tallow, &c. 
 Greaves, the fibrous refuse, or marc, 
 being the compressed membranes or 
 crackling left in tallow-melting, and 
 rendering out lard and mutton fat, 
 which is sold in cakes or blocks for 
 dogs' food and for feeding pheasants. 
 Grebe (Podiceps cristatus, Latham), the 
 downy plumage of the breast of this 
 waterfowl is much sought for by 
 furriers, as trimmings for dresses and 
 for muffs, &c, being very durable ; the 
 exquisite smoothness of the feathers 
 prevents its soiling with wear. The 
 choicest skins are obtained from the 
 lakes of Geneva, Italy, and Holland. 
 The feathers are of the richest white, 
 having the appearance of polished 
 silver ; the plumage on the outer edge 
 of the skin is of rich dark brown. The 
 flesh of this bird is said to be tender. 
 Grectan Cords, a mixed worsted fabric. 
 See Cords. 
 
 Green Bones, raw bones that have 
 not been boiled ; a name for the gar- 
 fish. 
 
 Green Chank, a name for the shell of 
 Turbinella sp. when taken with the 
 animal. See Chanks. 
 Greenfinch (Ligurinus chloris, Lin.), 
 a charming little British bird, some- 
 times kept in cages, but its note is not 
 much admired. 
 Greenshank (Totanus canescns, Gml.), 
 a bird which is a summer visitor to the 
 British Isles, very shy and difficult to 
 shoot. See Chevalier. 
 Green Snail, a commercial name for 
 the shell of the Turbo olearius. much 
 used in manufactures for its nacreous 
 inner layer. 
 Green Turtle (Chelonia miclas), the 
 edible sea tortoise, much esteemed as an 
 esculent delicacy, and of these reptiles, 
 15.000 or 20,000 are imported annually 
 into England. The flesh is sometimes 
 imported dried. The green turtle of 
 the Pacific is Chelonia virgata. 
 Grege (French). Raw silk formed of 
 
 four cocoon filaments. 
 Gremilie (Perea cernua, Lin. ; Acerina 
 vulgaris, Cuv.), the French name for a 
 freshwater fish. It is also known as 
 the " Perche goujonniere." 
 Grenadier (Macrurus fabricii). 
 Grenadine, a thin mixed dress fabric 
 
 for ladies, of wool and silk. 
 Grey Duck (Anas superciliosa, Gml.), 
 a water-fowl which ranges over the 
 whole of Australia. It is deservedly 
 in high estimation for the table, and is 
 in its prime during the autumn and 
 commencement of winter. 
 Greyhound (Canis grains. C. lepora- 
 rius), an elegant breed of dogs, the 
 most slim of all, as well as the fleetest, 
 kept for coursing the hare. They are 
 divided into short-haired, as English, 
 Arabian, and Balearic greyhounds, and 
 Australian kangaroo hounds ; and long- 
 haired, as Scotch, Russian, Polish, Kurd, 
 Circassian, Syrian, and other breeds 
 from the East. The greyhound is 
 remarkable for its swiftness, strength, 
 and sagacity. 
 Grey Plover (Squatarola helvetica, 
 Lin.). 
 
 Griffon (French), a terrier or sporting 
 dog, with either a soft or a rough coat, 
 i Grilse, a young salmon, on its first 
 i return from the sea. 
 Grimpel, a name in parts of Germany 
 
 for Phoxinus Icevis, Ag. 
 Grinders, the masticating teeth ; those 
 
GET 
 
 [ 53 ] 
 
 GUA 
 
 of elephants are cut into knife handles, 
 ornamental slabs, and other purposes. 
 Grindlings, a local name at Lynn for 
 sprats. 
 
 Grison (Galictis vittata, Schreb.), a 
 weasel-like animal of South America. 
 
 Grivea, a name for the lark in Italy, 
 and the thrush (Tardus musicus, 
 Lin.). 
 
 Grivet (Cercopithecus engythethia), 
 an Abyssinian monkey, which is often 
 seen on barrel organs performing 
 antics. 
 
 Grizzly Bear ( Ursus ferox, Lewis and 
 Clarke). From the flesh of this, and all 
 the species, the natives of the Northern 
 regions derive food. The claws of 
 this, and the barren-ground bear, are 
 much prized for necklaces by the 
 Indians. 
 
 Grograms, a name for gros de Naples ; 
 
 also a mixed fabric of silk and mohair. 
 Grongo, an Italian name for the conger 
 
 eel. 
 
 Groom, a man who has the care of horses ; 
 a pad groom is one who follows an 
 equestrian. 
 
 Gros-betail, a French name for the 
 larger kind of live stock of the farm — 
 cattle, horses and asses; Petit-betail 
 comprising sheep, goats, and pigs. 
 
 Gros de Naples, a silk fabric of organ- 
 zine. 
 
 Gros-grain, a kind of silk fabric. 
 
 Ground Dove, Ground Thrush (Cin- 
 closoma punctatum), an Australian 
 bird whose flesh is exceedingly deli- 
 cate ; large numbers are sold in the 
 markets. 
 
 Groundling, a name for the loach 
 (Memachilus barbatulis, Lin.) ; also 
 the German name for Gobio vulgaris, 
 or fluviatilis. 
 
 Ground Squirrel (Sciurus fossor), a 
 North American rodent, which is 
 hunted down vigorously in California, 
 where it abounds. While not first- 
 class eating, their carcases and skins 
 find a ready sale. 
 
 Grouper, a name for some West Indian 
 and American fish belonging to the 
 perch family. The best known is 
 Serranus chrysostomos, Cuvier. Epine- 
 phelus morio is one of the groupers. 
 The spotted grouper is E. guttatus. 
 The name is also variously written 
 grooper and groper. 
 
 Grouse (Tetrao), a generic name for 
 several species of birds feathered down 
 to the feet, the flesh of which is held in 
 high estimation. The black grouse is 
 the Tetrao tetrix, Lin.; the red or 
 
 moor-cock Lagopus scoticus, Lath. 
 In North America they have the spruce 
 grouse (T. canadensis); the dusky 
 grouse (T.obscuris) ; the sharp-tailed 
 grouse (Pediocctes phasianellus) ; the 
 prairie grouse (Cupidonia cupida) ; 
 and the ruffed grouse (Bonasia um- 
 bellata). This last surpasses, for the 
 delicacy of its flesh as an article of food, 
 every other American game bird. In 
 various localities it is erroneously 
 called partridge and pheasant. Grouse 
 shooting in Scotland commences on 
 August 12 and ends on December 10. 
 
 Growler, a slang name for a four- 
 wheeled cab. 
 
 Grue, a French name for the crowned 
 heron (Ardea pavonia,, Gmel.). 
 
 Grugru Worm, the palm-tree weevil, 
 RhynchopJiorus (Calandra) palma- 
 ■Hum ; which is esteemed a food deli- 
 cacy by some of the natives of the 
 tropics. 
 
 Grundel, Grundling, German names 
 
 for Cobitis barbatula, Lin. 
 Grunt (Haemulon arcuatium, &c), a 
 
 common name for several kinds of fish 
 
 sold in the West Indian and American 
 
 markets. 
 
 Gruyere, a cooked cheese, in the cylin- 
 der form, of large diameter, generally 
 attributed to Switzerland, but largely 
 made in France. The annual value of 
 this cheese made in the three depart- 
 ments of Jura, Doubs and Ain is about 
 £600,000. 
 
 Grysbok (Neotragus melanotis, Rupp), 
 an African antelope. 
 
 Guacharo. See Oil Bird. 
 
 Guacho, a mounted herdsman, or cattle 
 hunter, in South America. 
 
 Guan, a common name for several birds 
 of the genera Pen elope, Pipile, Aburria, 
 and Ortalida. Penelope cristata is a 
 South American bird, which furnishes 
 an excellent dish for the table, and 
 might advantageously be added to our 
 domestic stock of poultry, as its flesh is 
 delicate. 
 
 Guana. See Iguana. 
 
 Guanaco (Lama huanachos, Mol. ; 
 Auehenia guanaco). A species of the 
 Llama family, wild in South America. 
 It is the largest of these animals, and 
 ranges over a greater extent of 
 country ; they are sometimes met with 
 in flocks of 500. The wool is dark or 
 light brown. The flesh is the best of 
 the class and highly esteemed. 
 
 Guanine, a pearly solution of the mucus 
 which lubricates the scales of the bleak 
 (Leuciscus alburnus), used for coating 
 
GUA 
 
 [ 54 ] GWI 
 
 the glass bulbs for artificial pearls. It 
 is also known as essence d'Orient. 
 
 Guano, a much esteemed fertiliser for 
 land, consisting chiefly of the drop- 
 pings of sea birds and marine mam- 
 mals. The largest imports come from 
 the islands and coasts of Western 
 South America. Great Britain used to 
 import on the average 150,000 to 
 200,000 tons, but the supply has largely 
 diminished. [Bloch. 
 
 Guappe, a German name for Gadus lota, 
 
 Guara (Eudocimus ruber, Lin. The 
 ibis, with beautiful scarlet plumage, 
 lives all along the coast of Brazil. 
 Also a name for Canis jubatus, Desm., 
 the red wolf of Brazil. 
 
 Gudgeon (Cyprinus gobio, Lin.; Gobio 
 fluviatilis, Cuv.). A small freshwater 
 fish, which affords good sport for 
 anglers. The flesh is delicate and easy 
 of digestion. The goujon is much 
 esteemed by the French, and about 
 40,000 lbs. of this fish are sold annually 
 in the Paris markets, besides what is 
 consumed by those who fish for them- 
 selves. 
 
 Guelba, an Arab name for a leathern 
 bottle used for carrying water, oil or 
 grain on a journey. It is made from 
 a goat or kid skin not split, and tarred 
 on the inside; it is extremely light 
 and very strong, and capable of with- 
 standing the parching winds of the 
 desert. 
 
 Guepier (French). See Bee-Eater. 
 Guernsey, a sailor's or boatman's 
 
 worsted knitted shirt. 
 Guevei (Cephalopus MaxweXiii, Gray), 
 
 a small antelope of West Africa ; the 
 
 Cape guevei, or blaubok,is C.pygmams, 
 
 Lin. 
 
 Guillemot (Uria grille, Lin.). The 
 eggs of the black guillemot are ob- 
 tained in large quantities from Flam- 
 borough Head and outwards to the 
 Bay of Filey, and find a ready sale at 
 Bridlington and other places in the 
 neighbourhood. This bird is also 
 called dovekey ; other species, as the 
 common ( U. troile, Lin.), furnish edible 
 eggs. 
 
 Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris. 
 Lin.), a bird sometimes bred in our 
 poultry yards, the flesh of which is es- 
 teemed by many, the flavour being 
 considered to resemble that of the 
 pheasant. It formed a conspicuous 
 part in the feasts of the Roman epi- 
 cures. 
 
 Guinea Pig (Cavia caprera, Lin.), a 
 small tailless South American quadru- 
 
 ped, which is often kept as a pet. Its 
 flesh is said to be good, and used to be 
 served up at table as a rarity in former 
 times. 
 
 Guinea Worm (Filaria), a pest of hot 
 climates, especially the African coast, 
 where it insinuates itself under the 
 skin of the natives. [Italy. 
 
 Guingato, a species of cheese made in 
 
 Guitguits (Ceerebina), the American 
 representatives of the sun-birds. Their 
 plumage is exceedingly beautiful, but 
 wants the metallic brilliancy of the 
 humming-birds and sun-birds. 
 
 Gulls (Larus argentatus, <fcc). Their 
 eggs are good eating, and the young 
 birds are killed and salted by the fisher- 
 men of Labrador and Newfoundland ; 
 but the old ones are very tough and 
 too fishy in taste for food. In some 
 parts they are killed in great numbers 
 for their feathers for beds. The skin 
 of these birds is sometimes used as a 
 fur clothing. At the Island of St. Kilda 
 seagulls are largely eaten, and they 
 make the bird when caught disgorge 
 the oil it has in its throat or stomach. 
 See Hagdon. 
 
 Gum Lac. See Lac. 
 
 Gum Waste, a refuse arising in the reel- 
 ing of raw silk by the throwster. 
 
 Gurnards, Gurnets ( Triglte). Several 
 species of this fish are taken round the 
 British coast. The commonest is the 
 sappharine gurnard (T. hirundo), the 
 flesh of which is considered to be verv 
 good. Two species, the grey ( T.peronii) 
 and the red (T. capensis), are South 
 African fishes, and have a firm and 
 palatable flesh. The flying gurnet (T. 
 polyornmata, Rich.) of Australia is said 
 to be very good for eating. 
 
 Gurnet (Neosebastes scorpanoides), an 
 Australian ediblefish ; the small gurnet 
 is Lepidotrigla vanessa, Rich. The 
 red gurnet is Upeneichthys porosus, 
 Cuv. and Val. Under the name of gur- 
 nets a good many small fish of the 
 shark tribe are sold in different ports of 
 England. 
 
 Gurry-ground, a name in North 
 America for places where the offal of 
 fish can be conveniently deposited by 
 fishing vessels without injury to any 
 description of fishery. 
 
 Gut-strings, cords made of twisted gut 
 for various purposes. 
 
 Gutties, dry cakes of cow-dung used for 
 fuel in India. 
 
 Gwinniad, Gwiniad, a fish found in 
 North Wales, the flesh of which is 
 white and tastes like a txmt. 
 
GYM 
 
 [ 55 ] 
 
 HAM 
 
 Gymnotus, a South American fish, 
 several species of which, as the white 
 carapo and rostrated gymnoti, are 
 considered edible food. 
 
 H. 
 
 Haartuch, a German name for mohair. 
 Haberdine, a salted and dried cod fish. 
 Habit Gloves, Habit Mitts, riding 
 
 gloves worn by ladies. 
 Hack, Hackney, a general term for a 
 road horse,but often applied contemptu- 
 ously to an inferior or worn-out horse. 
 Hackles, long cock's feathers from the 
 
 neck, used in artificial fly-making. 
 Haddock (Gadus [Morrhua] atgle- 
 finus), an esteemed and delicate sea 
 fish, which besides being largely con- 
 sumed in a fresh state, is frequentty 
 smoked and dried in England. The 
 American naturalists have named it 
 Melanogrammus azglefinus. The Nor- 
 way haddock is Sebastes norvegicus. 
 In British Columbia the haddock is 
 called mackerel. See Hemdurgan. 
 H^ematin. See Hematin. 
 Haft, the solid handle of a knife, the 
 scales of bone, horn, ivory or shell in 
 which the blade is fixed. 
 Hagdon (Puffinus major, Lin.; P.anglo- 
 rum), a species of gull caught by the 
 American fishermen, and used as bait 
 for cod. P. fuligonus. Strickland, is 
 also employed for the same purpose. 
 Haggis, a baked food preparation in 
 Scotland, made with liver and other 
 entrails of sheep, thickened with oat- 
 meal. 
 
 Hai (German), the shark, 
 
 Haik, an Arab garment in silk or woollen, 
 
 which falls over the shoulders. 
 Hair, the characteristic covering or 
 
 integument of the mammiferous class 
 
 of animals, which enters largely into 
 
 commerce for various purposes ; it has 
 
 not the curly serrations and characters 
 
 of sheep's wool. 
 Hatr Clippings, the waste in cropping 
 
 human hair by the barber, which is sold 
 
 for manure. 
 Hair Cloth, a mixed woven textile fabric 
 
 made of horsehair and flax for seatings 
 
 of furniture. 
 Hairdresser, a perruquier or barber. 
 Hair Gloves, friction coverings for the 
 
 hands, made of horsehair, to rub the 
 
 skin in the bath. 
 Hair, Human. See Human Hair. 
 Hair Pencils, artists' painting brushes 
 
 made of the fine hairs of the camel, 
 marten, badger, polecat, &c. 
 
 Hair Seal, the large family Phocidae, 
 distinguished from the fur-bearing 
 seals Otariadce. The principal ones are 
 P. vitulina and P. Richardsii. The 
 skins serve for coats, caps, linings for 
 shoes, &c, and when tanned are made 
 into leather. See Seals. 
 
 Hair Seating. See Hair Cloth. 
 
 Hair Sieve, a strainer or sifter with a 
 woven hair bottom. 
 
 Hake (Merlucius vulgaris), a common 
 edible fish which sometimes attains a 
 large size. The fish which passes under 
 the name of hake on the coasts of 
 America is the Phycis chuss, Wall. ; P. 
 americanus, Storer, and P. tenuis. 
 This is sometimes called ling by the 
 fishermen, but differs in many points 
 from the ling of Europe. The squirrel 
 hake is Phycis tenuis, Mitch., and there 
 is another American species, the long- 
 finned hake, P. chesterii, Goode and 
 Bear. A fish called the blue hake is 
 Haloporphorus viola. Goode and Bear. 
 
 Halcyon, a name for the common king- 
 fisher, Alcedo ispida. 
 
 Half-ware, a name for young oysters 
 not yet fit for eating. 
 
 Halibut (Hippoglossus americanus). a 
 large fish, the flesh of which is rather 
 coarse and dry. It is extensively caught 
 and preserved on the Atlantic coasts ; 
 the fins and flaps are considered deli- 
 cacies. On the Western coast this 
 name is applied to Uropsitta call- 
 forniana. 
 
 Ham, the thigh of a hog, bear, &c, salted 
 dried and smoked, so as to preserve it 
 in a state possessing a pungent and 
 agreeable flavour. Hams are made 
 either short cut or long cut. Long cut 
 hams keep much better, as they do not 
 crack at the points. Besides the pork 
 hams cured at home there is a very 
 large import of hams from North 
 America. Our foreign supplies from 
 all quarters in 1881 were 751,431 cwt., 
 valued at nearly £1.842,384. Mutton 
 hams are sometimes salted and dried. 
 
 Hambleton Hookers, a name in Lanca- 
 shire for a large species of mussel. 
 
 Hamburghs, an esteemed race of fowls, 
 which are good layers. There are 
 gold and silver spangled and pencilled 
 varieties. 
 
 Ham Factor, a wholesale dealer in cured 
 provisions. 
 
 Hamster (Cricetus vulgaris, Desm. ; C. 
 frumentarius. Pall.). This small Euro- 
 pean rodent is killed in large num- 
 
HAN 
 
 [ 56 ] 
 
 HAU 
 
 bers, and the skins sewn together make 
 good furs. 
 
 Hand, a measure of 4 inches, used for 
 ascertaining the height of horses. 
 
 Hand-ball, a small leather stuffed ball 
 for children's amusement. See Ball- 
 maker. 
 
 Hangeberger (Sargus Hottentothus), a 
 South African fish much used for pick- 
 ling. 
 
 Hangenan, a large and inferior kind of 
 
 trepang or beche-de-mer. 
 Hank, a skein of silk or worsted; a 
 
 worsted yarn measure containing 560 
 
 yards, or seven leas. 
 Hapatolis Apicalis, a small Australian 
 
 rodent, the flesh of which is white and 
 
 of excellent flavour. 
 Hapuka (Oligorus gigas), the Maori 
 
 name for a very large species of cod 
 
 found in the New Zealand rivers. 
 Haras (French), a stud of horses kept 
 
 for breeding. 
 Harder (Mugel capensis), a kind of 
 
 mullet caught about the Cape Colony, 
 
 which is salted and sent up country. It 
 
 is easily bred and fattened in ponds. 
 Hard Fish, a Scotch name for dried cod 
 
 or ling. 
 
 Hard Roe, the roe of the female fish. 
 
 Hare (Lepus timidus), a wild rodent 
 animal of which there are several 
 species. The flesh of the common hare 
 is much prized for its peculiar flavour. 
 Its fur used to be of great importance 
 in the manufacture of hats ; in some 
 parts of the Continent it is woven into 
 cloth. In America there are a great 
 many varieties of hare ; amongst others 
 the polar hare, var. Arcticus; the prairie 
 llare (Lepus campestris) ; the northern 
 hare, var. Virginianus : the red hare, 
 var. Washington! ; and the gray hare, 
 L. sylvaticus, and some other varieties 
 — the marsh hare, the water hare, &c. 
 Although hunted in all countries, being 
 prolific in the extreme, their species 
 does not apparently diminish in num- 
 ber. Hare hunting begins in the 
 United Kingdom on October 29, and 
 extends to February 26. 
 
 Hare Kangaroo (Lagorchestes Lepo- 
 roides, G-onld), the fleetest of the whole 
 tribe of Australian marsupials. Its 
 flesh is delicious. 
 
 Harengade, a name at Marseilles for 
 small shad. 
 
 Hare Skins. These are sold in chemists' 
 shops as chest protectors. The quantity 
 of hare and rabbit skins sold as furs in 
 England and on the Continent is enor- 
 mous. 
 
 Hare Soup, a soup prepared with the 
 flesh of the hare, which is now sold in 
 tins. 
 
 Harle, the great harle is the goosander 
 (Mergus merganser, Lin.), the red- 
 breasted, M. serrator, Lin. 
 
 Harness, the leather supports and fas- 
 tenings for a draught horse. 
 
 Harness Cask, a sailor's name for the 
 cask or tub in which salt meats are 
 kept for serving out. 
 
 Harness Maker, a saddler, one who 
 makes trappings for horses. 
 
 Harpoon, a barbed lance attached to a 
 long rope for killing a whale. 
 
 Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandi- 
 cus). This seal is remarkable for the 
 changes of colour it undergoes in 
 the course of its advance to maturity. 
 The unborn cub has white fur, and the 
 young blue fur. 
 
 Harp-shell (Uarpa), a beautiful genus 
 of shells with protuberant ribs, which 
 suggest the strings of a harp ; there 
 are several species, all handsome and 
 some rare. 
 
 Harp Strings. These are made of the 
 finest cat-gut, some of the lower notes 
 being of silk, lapped with fine silver 
 wire. 
 
 Harren, a name in Norway for Thymal- 
 lus vulgaris. 
 
 Harrier, a beagle or dwarf kind of 
 hound for coursing hares. There are 
 65 packs of harriers in England and 32 
 in Ireland. Also the name for several 
 kinds of hawk (Circus sp.). 
 
 Harslet, what is termed the pluck of a 
 pig, viz., the heart, liver and lights. 
 
 Hart, a stag or male deer which has com- 
 pleted his fifth year. 
 
 Hartebeeste, an African antelope, the 
 Acelaphas caama, Cu\..Bubalis caama. 
 
 Hartshorn Shavings, the rasped filings 
 of deer's antlers, from which ammonia 
 used to be distilled. 
 
 Hasel, Hasling, German names for 
 Squalus leuciscus, Lin. 
 
 Hat Brush, a soft brush of hair for 
 smoothing the nap of a hat. 
 
 Hats, coverings for the head worn by the 
 male sex, which are usually made of 
 silk, plush or felt. 
 
 Hatter, one who makes hats. 
 
 Hatter's Furrier, a tradesman who 
 sells the wool and furs used for putting 
 into hat bodies. 
 
 Haunch, the hinder quarter of a small 
 animal, as of a sheep or deer, which in- 
 cludes the leg and so much of the loin, 
 as not to take in the ribs or lap of the 
 fore-quarter. 
 
HAU 
 
 [ 57 ] 
 
 HER 
 
 Hausenblasse (German), isinglass; this 
 
 name is much the same in the Danish 
 
 and Swedish languages. 
 Haut (German), a skin or hide. 
 Hautle, the name among the Indians of 
 
 Mexico for a species of insect's egg eaten 
 
 as food. 
 
 Haversack, a soldier's bag or knapsack. 
 
 Havkaleu. See Nakarla. 
 
 Hawks, a general name for several birds 
 of prey allied to the falcons. 
 
 Hawksbill Turtle (Chelonea imbri- 
 cata; Caretta squamata), the marine 
 tortoise, which yields the horny plates 
 furnishing the finest kind of tortoise- 
 shell. Its flesh is of very indifferent 
 quality if not absolutely unwholesome. 
 
 Head, a collective trade name for the 
 thirteen plates of shell on the carapace 
 of the hawksbill tortoise. The state of 
 a deer's antlers, by which his age is 
 known ; at the present day the oldest 
 stags in Scotland, crown or royal 
 stags, seldom present more than ten or 
 twelve " points." 
 
 Header, a person who removes the head 
 aad guts of codfish. 
 
 Head-matter. See Spermaceti. 
 
 Headstall, the part of a horse's bridle 
 which goes over the head. 
 
 Hearthrug, a bordered or ornamental 
 piece of carpet placed before a fireplace 
 in a dwelling-room. 
 
 Hecht,Heckt (German), the pike (Esox 
 lucius, Lin.). 
 
 Hedgehog (Erinaceus europceus, Lin.). 
 This animal is not unfrequently kept 
 in bakehouses and kitchens for the 
 purpose of destroying cockroaches. 
 Its flesh is eaten by gipsies and others. 
 The skin has a medicinal reputation in 
 China ; it is powdered and made into 
 pills for cutaneous diseases and decocted 
 for pulmonary complaints. Besides 
 the common European hedgehog there 
 are species in India and Africa. 
 
 Heifer, a female calf from the comple- 
 tion of its first year until it has borne 
 a calf. 
 
 Heilegbutt, a German name for Hippo- 
 
 glossus vulgaris, Lin. 
 Heinge Fish, unsalted dried cod, which 
 
 is eaten raw in Iceland. 
 Heirie, a name in Morocco for the 
 
 burden camel. 
 Helleflyndre. a name in Norway for 
 
 Hippoglossus vulgaris, Lin. 
 Hellume, a kind of cheese made in 
 
 Cyprus, which is much esteemed and 
 
 frequently exported to Syria. 
 Helmet Shell (Cassis), a family of j 
 
 shells, of which several are employed I 
 
 by the carver to cut cameos from, espe- 
 cially the black helmet, the horned 
 helmet and the bull's mouth. The fol- 
 lowing are some species used,C. cornuta, 
 C. rufa, C. tuberosa, C. flammea and C. 
 decussata. 
 
 Hematin, a constituent of blood, 24 to 
 36 per cent., which, originally red, 
 passes to black in drying. 
 Hematosin, the dried red colouring 
 matter of blood, used to make Prussian 
 blue. 
 
 Hemdurgan, a name for the Norway 
 haddock (S.'bastes norcegicus ; S. ma- 
 rinus, Lin.). 
 Hemion (Equus hemionus), a name for 
 the Djiggdai, an Asiatic animal allied 
 to the ass. 
 
 Hemippe (Equus hemippus), a wild 
 animal of the deserts of Syria, where 
 it is met with in troops. 
 Hen, the female of the bird tribe, but 
 more specifically applied to the female 
 of the gallinaceous kind. 
 Hencoop, a cage or latticed place for 
 
 confining fowls in. 
 Henrietta Cloths, an all-wool fabric 
 made for women's wear with a silk- 
 warp. 
 
 Herd, a troop of cattle ; also applied to 
 
 the man who takes care of them. 
 Herdbook, a published authentic re- 
 gister of the pedigree of cattle. 
 Herisson (French), the hedgehog (Eri- 
 naceus europaeus, Lin.). 
 Herling, Hirling, names for the grilse 
 
 of the sea trout. 
 Herons (Ardeida), a large family of wad- 
 ing birds remarkable for the elegant 
 crests and prolonged feathers which 
 ornament nearly all of the species, and 
 which are used for ladies' headdresses. 
 The common heron (A. cinerea, Liu.), 
 was formerly in considerable estima- 
 tion as an article of food, and is still 
 eaten in some parts. As evidence of the 
 extent of the trade in their feathers, at 
 one public sale in London, in January, 
 1876, the egret or heron feathers sold, 
 allowing twenty to each bird, showed 
 that 9,700 birds must have been killed. 
 The feathers of the little egret heron 
 (Ardea garzetta, Lin.) are much es- 
 teemed by ladies for decoration. They 
 were formerly used on the helmets of 
 warriors, and also to embellish the tur- 
 bans of Turks and Persians. The great 
 white egret is Ardea alba, Lin. 
 Herpetology, the study of reptiles. 
 Herring Brand. See Brand, 
 j Herrings (Clupea harangus). Of this 
 I well-known fish, which furnishes an 
 
HER 
 
 HOC 
 
 important article of food, there are 
 several varieties, or, perhaps, distinct 
 species. The fishery is carried on ex- 
 tensively on the British coasts, espe- 
 cially in Scotland, where 15,000 boats 
 and 62,000 fishermen are annually em- 
 ployed. In some years one million 
 barrels have been cured. In Holland, 
 France, North America and Norway 
 there is also an extensive catch. In 
 Northern Europe the herring of the 
 second year is j called " Christiania her- 
 ring," in the third year " middle her- 
 ring," in the fourth " merchant's her- 
 ring," and in the fifth " spring herring." 
 There is no essential difference between 
 these varieties, except the size and the 
 greater or less development of the 
 sexual organs. There are also some 
 other classifications, as boundary her- 
 ring, grass herring, winter herring and 
 fall herring. Herrings are measured 
 in various ways, and the following are 
 the measures used at different places. 
 Men count herrings by picking up two 
 fish in each hand : — 4 herrings = 1 warp ; 
 33 warps = 1 swill (a basket containing 
 one " hundred," or 132 fish) ; 10 hundred 
 = 1 thousand, or 1,3.0 ; 10 thousand = 1 
 last, or 13,200 ; 1 cran contains 37£ im- 
 perial gallons, or 800 to 1,000 herrings ; 
 1 cran of miniature herrings contains 
 about 1,000 fish ; 1 cran of fall herrings 
 about 800 fish ; a barrel contains 700 to 
 1,000 herrings, according to condition ; 
 a maize, or mease contains 500 herrings ; 
 a cran of fresh herrings yields a barrel 
 of cured fish ; a cran of garvies (sprats) 
 contains 4,000 fish.— (Buckland's Report 
 on Sea Fisheries.) 
 
 Herzmuschel (German), the common 
 cockle (Cardium edule). 
 
 Hessian Fly (Cecldomyia destructor). 
 
 Heul Wolf (German), a name for the 
 North American prairie wolf (Canis 
 latrans, Say). 
 
 He url in, Hirlin, names for a small 
 kind of perch found in the Lake of 
 Gerardrner, in the Vosges, which is 
 held in high estimation. 
 
 Heuzam, a wide belt or scarf of silk or 
 wool worn by the Arabs. 
 
 Hewer. See Huer. 
 
 HiCCATEE, Hicotee (Clemmys decus- 
 sata, Bell), a species of freshwater 
 tortoise or terrapin common to Cen- 
 tral America, the flesh of which is 
 considered edible ; the large liver and 
 feet are gelatinous when dressed, the 
 fiesh is, however, dry and fibrous. 
 
 Hide Rope, a rope made of layers or 
 strands of green hide twisted. These 
 
 ropes are very strong and durable for 
 tiller ropes, pulleys, traces, &c. 
 Hides, a term applied to the skins of the 
 horse, ox, and other large and full- 
 grown animals, whether green, dried or 
 salted. The commerce in hides and 
 skins in most countries is enormous. 
 Buffalo hides, ox and cow hides, horse 
 hides, hippopotamus and others form 
 articles of trade. The imports of raw 
 hides into the United Kingdom were, in 
 1880, 1,241.788 cwt., valued at £3,879,582 : 
 about half are imported dry and the 
 remainder wet or salted. The trade in 
 hides and skins employs large numbers 
 of persons as brokers, factors, mer- 
 chants and salesmen before they pass 
 into the hands of different manufac- 
 turers. 
 
 Highland Wool, a long staple and coarse 
 quality wool, the general use of which 
 is confined to the lowest class of woollen 
 goods and for rugs, carpets, &c. 
 
 Hilsah (Clupea palasah), a fish of the 
 Ganges, very oily and bony, but which 
 is esteemed when marinaded or pre- 
 served with tamarinds. 
 
 Hind, the female of the stag or red deer 
 when over three years old. 
 
 Hinny, the hybrid offspring of the horse 
 and female ass. 
 
 Hippocolla, glue made in India from 
 the skin of the ass. 
 
 Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphi- 
 bius), a well-known African mammal, 
 chased for its flesh, which is eaten, its 
 tusks or teeth and its stout skin ; the 
 latter, from its great thickness and 
 strength, when dried is said to be bullet 
 proof. The flesh is delicate and succu- 
 lent, and the laver of fat near the skin 
 makes excellent bacon. 
 
 Hirling, a small sea trout with flesh like 
 a salmon. 
 
 Hirsell, to sort or class sheep. 
 
 Hitcher, a brush used by house-painters 
 for graining, made of bristles. 
 
 Hive Bee. See Bees. 
 
 Hjerte Musling, a name in Norway 
 for the common cockle (Cardium 
 edule). 
 
 Hoastorsk, the name for a small shark 
 (Squalus spinax niger) which nibbles 
 off the bait from the sea lines set for 
 the torsk and ling. 
 
 Hocco (Crax alector, Lin.), the crested 
 curassow of Guiana, which has been 
 domesticated in France. Its flesh is 
 white, tender, and savoury ; indeed, 
 the young when well-fed are said to be 
 equal to the young turkey and pea- 
 hen. 
 
HOG 
 
 [ 59. 1 
 
 HOR 
 
 Hog-deer (Cervus axis, Erxl.), an Asiatic 
 spotted deer. 
 
 Hog Fever, a synonym for swine plague, 
 
 Hog-pish, a name for the porpoise ; also 
 for a species of Helops, a rich and deli- 
 cate sea nsh of Jamaica, 
 
 Hogg, a young sheep yet unshorn, and 
 under a year old. 
 
 Hogget, a weaned sheep, as a ewe hogget, 
 a ram hogget ; the male, if castrated, 
 is called a wether hogget. 
 
 Hogs (-Sits scrofa), the swine tribe, 
 which are still found wild in the 
 forests of Central Europe and Asia. 
 These animals are of immense im- 
 portance in domestic economy and 
 commerce; every part of the animal 
 (& domestica) being applied to some 
 useful purpose. The United States 
 and Russia have the largest number 
 of swine ; after these come France, 
 Germany, Spain, and Austria. The 
 term hog is generally applied to the 
 castrated boar. 
 
 Hog Skin. This when properly tanned 
 is considered best suited for the seats 
 of saddles; it is also employed by 
 vafious artificers. 
 
 Hog's Lard, the purified fat of pigs. See 
 Lard. 
 
 Ho koh ( OnchorJiynchus proteus, 
 Gunther), the Russian name for a 
 species of salmon met with in the 
 rivers of Alaska. 
 
 Holtbut. See Halibut. 
 
 Holothuria. a genus of Echinodermata, 
 familiarly known as sea cucumbers 
 and Trepang, which see. 
 
 Holster, a leather pouch on a horse- 
 man's saddle for holding pistols. 
 
 Homelyn Ray (Raja maculata), a fish 
 generally sold as skate in the London 
 market. The sharp-nosed ray oxy- 
 rhynchus) is the favourite species with 
 the French. 
 
 Hjming Pigeon, a carrier pigeon, of 
 which the principal varieties are the 
 Liege, the Antwerp, and the English 
 dragon. 
 
 Honey, the saccharine substance formed 
 by bees from the nectar of flowers. 
 Besides the home production there is a 
 very large import of foreign honey 
 into England. 
 
 Honey Ant (Mynnecocystus mexiea- 
 nus), an insect which yields honey in 
 New Mexico. This is made into a 
 pleasant drink by the natives. 
 
 Honey-bee, the common or English 
 black bee is Apis melliflca ; the Italian 
 or Ligurian bee is A. ligustica. 
 Whether they are mere varieties, or 
 
 distinct species, is not exactly decided. 
 See Bees. 
 
 Honeycomb, the cells of wax made by 
 bees to deposit their honey in, This 
 is now artificially prepared by bee- 
 keepers to save the insects the labour. 
 
 Honey Guide (Indicator major and 
 minor), birds which in South Africa 
 indicate the hives of wild bees. 
 
 Honey Wine, a kind of mead or sweet 
 drink of honey, otherwise known as 
 metheglin 
 
 Hongre (French), a gelding or castrated 
 horse. 
 
 Honley, a woollen fabric made chiefly 
 of shoddy. 
 
 Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristatas, 
 Erxl.), the bladder-nosed seal; a 
 species so named from the males 
 having a globular sac, susceptible of 
 inflation, on the summit of the head. 
 
 Hoofs, the horny covering of the feet of 
 many valuable quadrupeds, which ar© 
 either cloven, as in cattle, or entire as 
 in the horse. They are used for 
 making horn buttons, Prussian blue, 
 and other purposes ; also a name for 
 the inferior or side plates of tortoise- 
 shell. 
 
 Hoopoe ( Upupa epops, Lin.). These birds 
 
 are largely shot in Greece for food. 
 Hoose, Husk, a parasitic lung disease 
 
 attacking lambs and calves. 
 Hoove, a disease in cattle arising from 
 
 disten ion of the stomach with gas. 
 Hoowcalder, a name in Greenland and 
 
 Iceland for the great shark, caught for 
 
 the oil obtained from its liver ; 300 to 
 
 400 are taken every season. 
 Horn Buttons, buttons moulded or 
 
 pressed out of horn. 
 Horn Comb, a comb made of pressed 
 
 and flattened horn. 
 Horn Coral (Gorgonia sasoppo). This 
 
 is found in most seas, and is used for 
 
 ornament in works of art. 
 Horned Cattle, a name usually given 
 
 to the ox tribe, although some are 
 
 polled or without horns. 
 Hornel, a name in Scotland for the sand- 
 
 launce (Ammodytes tobianus and A* 
 
 lancea). 
 Horner, a worker on horn. 
 Horners' Company, one of the minor 
 
 guilds of the City of London, originally 
 
 composed of workers in horn. 
 Horn Fish, Horn Pike, names for the 
 
 gar-fish (Belone vulgaris). 
 Hornhecht, a German name for Be- 
 lone rostrata, Fab.; B. vulgaris; also 
 
 called Geepon. 
 Horns (Anglo-Saxon), the hard pointed 
 
HOR 
 
 [ 60 ] 
 
 HUA 
 
 protuberances growing on the heads 
 of some animals. The antlers of 
 the deer are not properly horns. 
 True horns are found only on animals 
 of the ox tribe, including the ante- 
 lopes, sheep and goats, whose horns, 
 when they have any, consist of a horny 
 sheath, covering a conical process of 
 the frontal bone, termed the "core." 
 There is a large trade carried on in 
 many countries in different kinds of 
 horns, which are utilised for various 
 purposes. Those most in request are 
 ox, buffalo and deer horns ; but what 
 are termed rhinoceros horns have also 
 a commercial value. The horns of the 
 smaller animals, though often made into 
 articles of an ornamental kind, are not 
 otherwise manufactured in the proper 
 sense of the term. 
 
 Horn Tips, the protuberant ends of 
 horns cut off in the process of manu- 
 facture ; they are worked up for um- 
 brella and knife handles and other 
 purposes. Those of the buffalo are soft- 
 ened and moulded by heat and pressed 
 into use for some articles. 
 
 Horreh, a name in Morocco for a small 
 species of antelope with a white belly, 
 the skin of which is much prized as a 
 praying-rug, and a bezoar stone is 
 obtained from the animal. 
 
 Horse (Anglo-Saxon), a well-known 
 useful quadruped (Equus caballus), 
 of great service to man, of which 
 there are many breeds. There are 
 the race-horse, the carriage-horse, the 
 roadster or hackney, the cart-horse, 
 the hunter, Shetland and Exmoor 
 ponies, &c. The countries possessing 
 the largest number of horses are 
 Russia, the United States, the Argen- 
 tine Confederation, France, Germany, 
 Austria and Canada. 
 
 Horse Blanket, a woollen rug to cover 
 a horse. 
 
 Horsebreaker, one who trains young 
 horses for the saddle or harness. 
 
 Horse Cloth. See Horse Blanket. 
 
 Horse Coper, one who fraudulently 
 alters or misrepresents a horse in sell- 
 ing. 
 
 Horse Dealer, a person who buys and 
 sells horses and who is obliged in 
 England to have a license. 
 
 Horse Doctor, a veterinary surgeon. 
 
 Horseflesh. This has of late years be- 
 come an extensive article of commerce 
 in Paris and some other Continental 
 towns for human food. 
 
 Horse Grease. This is chiefly imported 
 from South America, where the mares 
 
 (which are never used for the saddle) 
 are boiled down for their fat. But 
 some is obtained from the knackers' 
 yards or horse-slaughterers'. 
 
 Horse-hair, the long hair of the mane 
 and tail of the horse, which is useful 
 for weaving into cloth, and the short, 
 when curled, for upholstery purposes. 
 Besides the quantity obtained at home 
 we import about 26,000 cwt. a year. 
 
 Horse-hides, the skin of the horse 
 tanned, which makes the best cordova 
 leather, and is used for many purposes. 
 We receive about 150,000 horse-hides 
 annually from abroad, the v r come either 
 dried, salted, or tanned. In Russia, the 
 country of horses, about 1,000,000 are 
 tanned annually. 
 
 Horse Mackerel, a name in America 
 for the tunny fish (Orcynus s'cunrli- 
 dorsalis and O. thynnus) ; by some it 
 is given to Notacanthus nasus. 
 
 Hose, woollen stockings, coverings for 
 the legs and feet. 
 
 Hosier, a tradesman who sells stockings, 
 gloves, braces and inner garments for 
 the person. 
 
 Hosi-ka, a fish manure used in Japan 
 made of dried or refuse sardines after 
 the oil has been pressed from them. 
 
 Hottentot Fish (Sargus capensis). a 
 superior table fish in the Cape Colony ; 
 also exported when salted and dried. 
 
 Houdan, a celebrated French breed of 
 fowl, hardy, handsome and prolific, 
 which may be styled the Dorking of 
 France. 
 
 Houlican (Thalnchthys [Osmrrus] 
 Richardsonii). See Oolachan. 
 
 Hounds, hunting dog«. The^e are noticed 
 under their respective names. The 
 chief French breeds of hounds are Gas- 
 cony and Saintonge, Vendee, Poitou, 
 Normmdy, Brittany, Artois and Au- 
 vergne dogs. 
 
 House-Lamb, a home fed-lamb or one 
 reared by hand under shelter. 
 
 Housemaid's Gloves, coarse, rough 
 leather gloves worn as a protection by 
 domestic servants when doing dirty 
 work. 
 
 Houting, a French name for Coregonus 
 oxyrhynchus, Yah, a sea-fish which fre- 
 quents rivers at certain seasons. 
 
 Houvet, a name for the crab in France. 
 
 Hovring, a name in Norway for Cancer 
 pagurus, Lin. 
 
 Hoy-shun, a name in China for beche- 
 de-mer or trepang. In Java it is 
 called swala, from the Malay name in 
 Celebes. 
 
 Huanaco. See Guanaco. 
 
HUC 
 
 [ 61 ] 
 
 ILT 
 
 Huchin, Hucho (Salmo hucho), the 
 salmon of the Danube. 
 
 Hudson's Bay Company, an old corpo- 
 rate trading company, whose chief busi- 
 ness is in collecting furs, skins, oil, 
 feathers and other animal products in 
 North America. 
 
 Huer (from the French hue), a man 
 stationed on the cliffs, who raises the 
 hue or cry when pilchards are seen, 
 and thus directs the boats with the 
 seines or nets. 
 
 Huemul (Cerrus chilensis), a large 
 species of deer which abounds in the 
 Cordilleras near the coast of Chili. 
 
 Huhner (German), fowls or poultry. 
 
 Huhnerhund, a German name for the 
 spaniel. 
 
 Hulked, a trade term for disembowel- 
 led rabbits. 
 
 Human Hair, the only recognised mar- 
 ketable article produced on the bodies 
 of our race. In Paris about 150,000 lbs. 
 is annually used up. 
 
 Humble Bees (Bombas terrestris), these 
 build in holes in the earth and gather 
 honey. 
 
 Humbles, a name for the entrails of the 
 deer when used as food. 
 
 Hummer, a German name for the lobster 
 (Homarus vulgaris). 
 
 Humming Birds (Trochilus), the most 
 diminutive and most brilliantly 
 coloured family of the whole feathered 
 race, mostly found in America. They 
 are much sought after in commerce for 
 decorative purposes ; at one public sale 
 in London, in January, 1876, 15,574 
 humming birds were sold, 740 of which 
 were the ruby humming bird (Trochilus 
 colubris); the topaz (1\ pella), and sap- 
 phire and emerald (T. bicolor and T. 
 magnijicus) are also in demand. 
 
 Humpbacked Whale, a name given to 
 Megaptera longimana and M. ameri- 
 cana, which furnish some of the whale- 
 bone of commerce. This whale is caught 
 for its oil off Barbados, and the flesh is 
 eaten by all classes in preference to 
 beef, which is there tough. 
 
 Hundshai, Hundchen, German names 
 for Scyllium [Squalus] canicula, Lin. 
 
 Hung- Beef, dried beef spiced. 
 
 Hunter, one who chases wild animals ; 
 a strong, heavy horse fitted for follow- 
 ing hounds, and which takes fences well. 
 
 Hunting Leopard (Cynailurus juba- 
 tus). This useful and docile species is 
 trained to hunt the antelope, which he 
 approaches cautiously and then springs 
 on the game and strangle^ it. It is also 
 known as the Cheetah. 
 
 Huppe (French), see Hoopoe. 
 
 Hure (French), the head of a wild boar ; 
 
 the jowl of salmon. 
 Hurse Skin, a name for the ray skins 
 
 which are used for making shagreen and 
 
 galuchat. 
 
 Hybrid, the offspring of parents belong- 
 ing to two different species ; they are 
 generally sterile. 
 
 Hydromel, a beverage made of fer- 
 mented honey and water, five parts of 
 water to one of honey. 
 
 Hyena. Of this animal there are three 
 species, the spotted (Hycena crocuta, 
 Erxl.), and the brown (if. brunnea, 
 Thun.), both African, and the striped 
 (H. striata, Zimin.), of India. The skins 
 are sometimes tanned ; the animals 
 are also sought for caging in zoological 
 collections. 
 
 Hyraceum, the indurated urine and ex- 
 crement of the rock rabbit or badger of 
 South Africa (Hyrax capensis). It is 
 said to be useful in medicine as an 
 anti-spasmodic. 
 
 Hyse, a name for the Gadus cegleftnus, 
 Lin., in Norway. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibex, an animal of the goat kind, of 
 which there are several species, in- 
 habiting the mountainous ranges of 
 Europe and Asia. See Bouquetin. 
 
 Ibis, a genus of wading birds, some of 
 which, as religiosa and I. rubra, are 
 sought for their plumage, which is used 
 for ornamental purposes, the metahic 
 lustre and changing colours being much 
 admired. Their flesh is considered 
 good food. 
 
 Ichneumon (Herpestes), a genus of ani- 
 mals of which there are many species. 
 They hunt and eat serpents. See Mon- 
 goose. 
 
 Ichthyocolla, fish isinglass. 
 
 Iguana, a large ugly tree lizard, common 
 in the tropical parts of America and 
 the West Indies ; its flesh is regarded as 
 a great delicacy fricaseed, and its skin 
 is often tanned. There are two species, 
 Iguana tuberculata of the West Indies, 
 and I.delicatissima of tropical America. 
 The flesh of the black iguana (Cyclura 
 acanthura) is also edible. 
 
 I kan, a general Malay name for fish. 
 
 Iltis (German), the common polecat 
 (Mustela putorius, Lin.). 
 
IMP 
 
 [ 62 ] 
 
 JAC 
 
 Impoopo, a Kaffir name for the eland. 
 
 Incisors, the four front teeth in each 
 jaw of the mammalia, named from their 
 use in cutting the food. 
 
 Incubator, a heated apparatus for 
 hatching eggs artificially. 
 
 Indian Yellow. See Purree. 
 
 Indiscrete, a French apparatus with a 
 lamp for testing the quality of eggs. 
 
 Infusorial Earths. These have 
 various economic uses. They are used 
 as polishing powders, and employed in 
 various manufactures, in making win- 
 dow and plate glass, mortar, moulds 
 for metal casting, for filters, in making 
 dynamite, and as an absorbent for oils 
 and liquids. 
 
 Inghalla, another name for the rhee- 
 bok ( Eleotragus capreolus, Gray). See 
 
 Ingrain, a term applied to yarn dyed 
 with permanent dyes, hence the name 
 is given to carpets made with yarn 
 dyed of fast colours before manufac- 
 ture. 
 
 Inma, an animal inhabiting the North- 
 western portion of the American con- 
 tinent, and which nearly answers to 
 the description of the Siberian sheep. 
 
 Insecticides, certain powders and other 
 agents for destroying noxious insects ; 
 the chief one is what is termed Persian 
 powder, made from the flowers of 
 different species of Pyrethrum. 
 
 Insect Products, the principal of these 
 are honey and wax, silk, blistering 
 flies, nut galls, lac, cochineal, kermes, 
 Chinese insect wax, and manna. 
 
 Insect Wax, a white wax imported 
 from China, produced by punctures of 
 Coccus sinensis, or C. pelah, secretions 
 of the male insect. 
 
 Irbis (Leopardus irbis). 
 
 Ireres (Anas viduata), a Brazilian 
 duck, which might be domesticated. 
 
 Iriko (Japanese), a kind of edible mol- 
 lusc. 
 
 Irish Stew, a food dish of stewed mut- 
 ton and potatoes. 
 
 Isinglass, a pure fish glue obtained 
 chiefly from the swimming bladder of 
 the sturgeons (Acipenser sp.) in Russia, 
 but yielded by various other fishes. 
 East Indian isinglass is obtained from 
 some species of Polynemus, as P. sele, 
 P. rita, and P.plebeius ; Brazilian from 
 Silurus felis and S. Parkerii. Isinglass 
 appears in commerce in the form of 
 book, pipe, honeycomb, block, cake, 
 tongue, hand-cut, fine machine-cut, &c. 
 From 6,000 to 7,000 cwt. are annually 
 imported into England. 
 
 Isinglass Manufacturer, one who 
 prepares and refines isinglass for do- 
 mestic use. 
 
 Italian Cloths, a union worsted fabric 
 made for men's wear. 
 
 Ivory. The principal supply of ivory is 
 yielded by the tusks or lateral incisor 
 teeth of elephants. It is the dentine of 
 these which constitutes ivory, and it 
 differs from bone not so much in its 
 chemical constituents as in its minute 
 structure, to which its peculiar cha- 
 racters are due. Although by far the 
 greater part of all the ivory consumed 
 in the arts consists of the tusks of the 
 elephant, the teeth of several other 
 animals afford a somewhat similar 
 material equally useful in its way, and 
 for some purposes even better adapted ; 
 such are the teeth of the hippopotamus, 
 of the sperm whale, the walrus, and 
 the spirally twisted tusk of the nar- 
 whal. We import 12,000 to 14,000 cwt. 
 of ivory yearly under the name of 
 elephants' teeth. At the trade sales 
 the first quality tusks are those ranging 
 from 70 lbs. and upwards ; second 
 quality, 50 lbs. and upwards; third 
 quality, 35 lbs., fourth quality, 20 lbs. 
 
 Ivory Black, a powder obtained by 
 calcining ivory refuse, and which forms 
 the basis of the finer black pigments. 
 
 Ivory Turner, a carver and worker in 
 ivory. 
 
 Ivoryware, a collective trade name for 
 
 articles made of ivory. 
 Iyu. See Yu. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacare, a name for the spectacled cai- 
 rn -in or alligator (Alligator sclerops, 
 Schneid.), in Brazil. An oil obtained 
 from the adipose tissue is used for 
 burning, and for embrocations in rheu- 
 matism. See Alligator. 
 
 Jack, an entire male ass ; a coarse river 
 fish, a young pike under 5 lbs. weight, 
 the angling for which commences 
 legally on June 16. See Pike. 
 
 Jackal, Silver (Vulpes caama). The 
 skins are made into karosses in Natal. 
 
 Jackass, an American rabbit; also a 
 name for the donkey. 
 
 Jackass Penguin (Eudyptes demersa), 
 a species which breeds on the Falkland 
 Islands ; the birds are sought for their 
 oil and eggs. See Penguin. 
 
JAC 
 
 [ 63 ] 
 
 Jackdaw (Corvus monedula, Lin.), a 
 bird of *n eat intelligence, easily taught 
 
 Jack Rabbit, a name in America for 
 the Lepus calloiis, the fle>h of which 
 is edible ; it is also called the mule 
 rabbit. 
 
 Jack Salmon, a name in the South 
 Western States of America for a 
 species of perch (Stizostethium cana- 
 dense). 
 
 Jack Snipe (Gallinago gallinula, Lin.), a 
 much smaller bird than the common 
 snipe; it is also called the judcock. 
 The flesh of this bird is very sweet and 
 good. 
 
 Jacobin, (Columba cucullata). a small 
 variety of fancy pigeon with a cowl 
 of feathers, known by several other 
 names, as Capuchin, ruffled Jack and 
 ruff. The low Dutch call them " cap- 
 pers." The Jacobin is the flrst in rank 
 of the toy pigeons. 
 
 Jaga, a kind of woollen fabric made and 
 largely worn in Guatemala, and also 
 exported to the other States of Central 
 America. 
 
 Jagdhunde (German), a hunting-dog 
 or hound. 
 
 Jaguar {Fells onca, Lin.). This animal, 
 termed the American panther, is 
 hunted for its skin, which is beauti- 
 fully marked with chocolate brown 
 spot^, and streaks and stripes of black. 
 It is used for ornamental purposes, as 
 hearthrugs, &c. 
 
 Jambon (French), a ham or gammon of 
 bacon. 
 
 Jars (French), a gander. 
 Jaurt, a kind of sour milk used in 
 Turkey. 
 
 Java Sparrow (Paddaoryzivora, Lin.), 
 a favourite cage bird, of which many 
 are reared on the Continent. About 
 3,000 are sold yearly in New York. 
 They are also known as paddy birds. 
 
 Javali, a native name in South America 
 for the peccary (Dycotyles torquatus, 
 Cuv.). 
 
 Jay (Garrulus glandarius, Lin.). The 
 common jaj' of the British Islands, has 
 fine glossy purplish-grey plumage, and 
 though not so clever at talking as 
 either the magpie, jackdaw or starling, 
 yet it is often kept as a pet, as it will 
 learn to say a great many words very 
 distinctly. 
 
 Jeleznitza, a name in Russia for the 
 Alosa caspica. 
 
 Jemmel, or Djemel, a name for the 
 burden or pack camel (Camelus bac- 
 trianus, Lin.), in North Africa, the 
 fast camel being called heirie. 
 
 Jerboa Rat (Hapalotis Mitchelli, 
 Licht.). The flesh of these animas, 
 which is white and of excellent flavour, 
 is eaten by the aborigines iu Australia. 
 
 Jerga, a textile fabric made in Central 
 America of native wool. 
 
 Jerked, or Jerqued Beef, beef dried 
 in the sun. See Charqui. 
 
 Jersey, fine combed wool; the local 
 name for worsted in Lancashire ; a 
 coloured wooiien overshirt or garment 
 worn by men, and of late years bv 
 ladies. 
 
 Jevraschka, a name for the Siberian 
 marmot (Arctomys concolor). 
 
 Jew-fisr {Scuena antarctica, Castel* 
 nau),afish of Australia, the king-fish 
 of the Melbourne market, which at- 
 tains a great size, even to five feet in 
 length. It is believed to be identical 
 with the well-known and highly appre- 
 ciated "maigre" of the Mediterra- 
 nean. In the West Indies a large 
 species of Coracinus passes under this 
 name and is much esteemed as food. 
 The North American jew-fish is Pro- 
 microps guasa. 
 
 John Crow {Cathartes aura, Lin.), a 
 name in Jamaica for the turkey buz- 
 zard or vulture, which is a useful sca- 
 venger, feeding on carrion. 
 
 John Dory. See Dory. 
 
 Jonkers, a name in Jamaica for fresh- 
 water crayfish. 
 
 Jowl, Jole, the cheek or head of a pig 
 salted. 
 
 Jowster, a name in the West of Eng- 
 land for a fish hawker, a kind of mid- 
 dleman between the producer and 
 consumer. 
 
 Jucurutu, a species of vulture which 
 kills serpents iu Brazil. 
 
 Judcock. See Jack Snipe. 
 
 Jugged Hare, a food dish made by 
 stewing the joints of the hare with 
 wine and other seasonings. 
 
 Ju-ka, the Chinese name for fish glue or 
 isinglass. 
 
 Jument (French), a mare. 
 
 Jumpers, a popular name for the cheese 
 maggot, formed from the eggs de- 
 posited by the chesse fly (Prophelus 
 casei); also for those of a fly which 
 attacks bacon and hams. 
 
 June Fish (Labrus sp.), a kind of wrasse. 
 
 Jungle Fowl (Galius ferrugineus, 
 Gmelin), a wild bird of Bengal ; the 
 Madras species is G. sonneratii. Gal- 
 lus bankiva, of Asia, is the original 
 stock of all our domestic poultry. 
 
 Junk, a sailor's name for tough salted 
 mess beef j also for the dense mass of 
 
JUN 
 
 [ 64 ] 
 
 KEE 
 
 cellular tissue between the case and 
 nostril of the sperm whale which con- 
 tains oil. 
 
 Junket, a kind of sweetened curds and 
 whey. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kabassou, a name in Guiana for the 
 tatou (Dasypus sp.). 
 
 Kabeljauw (Scicena hololepidota, 
 Cuv.), one of the principal fishes of the 
 Cape Colony, which is salted and dried 
 like cod and exported to the Mauritius 
 and other places. In Norway the 
 name is applied to the torsk {Gadus 
 morrhua, Lin.). 
 
 Kahawai (Arripis solar), a New Zea- 
 land fish, sometimes called the native 
 salmon It is excellent eating, and 
 weighs from 2 to 7 lbs. 
 
 Kainst, the Hottentot name for the 
 klipspringer antelope (Oreotragus sal- 
 tratrix, Gray) of South Africa. 
 
 Kakur (Cervulus muntjac), the red faced 
 or barking deer of India. See Munt- 
 jac. 
 
 Ka lan, a native name for the sea otter 
 
 {Enhydra, marina). 
 Kalicha, Kalin, names for pile carpets 
 
 in India. 
 
 Kalmuck, a kind of thick frieze or shaggy 
 cloth. 
 
 Kalong, a general name for the fruit- 
 eating bats, especially Pteropus edulis, 
 Brisson. They aro found in great 
 numbers in the Islands of Timor, Java, 
 and other parts of the Eastern Atchi- 
 pelago. The flesh is said to be delicate 
 in flavour, tender in substance and 
 white in co our. 
 
 Kambala, a Russian name for species of 
 Pleuronectes. 
 
 Kambhli, a black sackcloth blanket 
 worn in India. 
 
 Kambing, a Malay name for a sheep or 
 goat. 
 
 Kammosel (Dutch), the cockle. 
 
 Kammwolle (German), carded wool. 
 
 Kangaroo (Macropus), a marsupial 
 order of quadrupeds peculiar to Aus- 
 tralia, of which there are many species. 
 They are hunted down extensively 
 owing to their depredations, and their 
 skins make excellent soft leather. The 
 flesh of some is much esteemed, the 
 tail being the greatest delicacy for 
 making soup. 
 
 Kangaroo Hare (Lagochestes leporoi- 
 des, Gould), an Australian animal. 
 
 Kangaroo Rat (Bettongia rufescpns, 
 Gray), the rufous jerboa, a small Aus- 
 tralian marsupial, the flesh of which 
 is very palatable. 
 
 Kapi, the Siamese name for Balachong, 
 which see. 
 
 Kara, an Indian name for fresh butter, 
 which is seldom used, but is melted 
 into ghee. 
 
 Karabash, a variety of coarse-woolled 
 sheep in the Adrianople district of 
 Turkey/ 
 
 Karansche (German), the Prussian carp 
 (Carassius vulgaris, Nils.). 
 
 Karasuma, a name in Japan for caviare 
 or the eggs of the sawara (Cybium 
 niphonium) and other fishes ; salted 
 and dried they will keep long. Those 
 of the herring are called kazu. 
 
 Kaross, a fur cloak made of various 
 small furs joined tog-ther in South 
 Africa. The skins principally used are 
 those of the wild cat. jackai, antelope 
 and weasel. 
 
 Karuska. a Russian name for a species 
 of smelt of Sitka (Hypomesus olidus, 
 Gunther). [Kaas. 
 
 Kase (German), cheese ; in Dutch it is 
 
 Katali (Tamil), an East Indian fish, 
 the air bladder of which furnishes 
 isinglass. 
 
 Katsuwo (Thynnus pelamys), a Japan- 
 ese name for the bonito ; the flesh when 
 steamed and dried keeps well. 
 
 Katun ker (Stromateus capensis,) a good 
 table fish of the Cape Colony. 
 
 Katzenhai (German), Scyllium catulus, 
 Lin. See Sharks. 
 
 Kaulbarsch (German), a name for the 
 ruffe or pope (Acerina cernua, Lin.). 
 
 Kaulkoph (German), Coitus gobio, Lin. 
 
 Kauris, money cowry shells (Cyprea 
 moneta). 
 
 Kautickie, a Russian name for the 
 Northern fur-seal ( Otaria ursinus). 
 
 Kavurmek, a name for dried or jerked 
 meat, cut in small pieces, mixed with 
 ghee, used in Asia and Africa. 
 
 Kazu, a Japanese name for herring 
 spawn. See Karasuma. 
 
 Kebasch (Ovis tragelaphus, Gray\ an 
 African species of sheep, remarkable 
 for the long hair of its mane and neck. 
 
 Keeling, a provincial name on some 
 coasts for the codfish. 
 
 Keeskeesan, a superior kind of trepang 
 (Holothuria) sent to the China mar- 
 kets. 
 
 Keeslip, Keslop, Scotch names for 
 rennet. 
 
KEL 
 
 [ 65 ] 
 
 KIN 
 
 Kelila, an Arab name for cheese. 
 
 Kelpfish (Chironemus marmoratus, 
 Gunth.), an Australian edible fish. 
 
 Kelt, a female salmon which has 
 spawned, and is unfit for food until it 
 has gone to the sea and recovered. 
 
 Kemo Shells, an Eastern name for the 
 large porcellaneous shells of Tridacna 
 gig as, which are used for benitiers, &c. 
 
 Kempy, a term applied to wool in which 
 there is distributed, more or less 
 throughout the fleece, a coarse white 
 dead hair, differing in every respect 
 from the character of the wool. Owing 
 to its harshness and inferiority this 
 kempy w r ool does not take dyes readily, 
 and therefore disfigures all goods in 
 which it is used. 
 
 Kennel, a building for a pack of 
 hounds ; a dog's house. 
 
 Keratode, the horny material of which 
 sponge fibres are in greater part com- 
 posed. 
 
 Kermanie Wool, a beautiful white 
 soft wool obtained at Kerman, a tract 
 of country in the south of Persia, 
 from a variety of Ovis aries ; the wool 
 is used for making shawls. 
 
 Kermes (Arab, quermez, scarlet), a red 
 dye material furnished by the nidus of 
 an insect, Lecanium ilicis, Lin. ; Cher- 
 mesvermilio^NQble ; also by Porphyro- 
 phora polonica. Good kermes should 
 consist of plump well-filled grains of 
 a deep red colour and agreeable smell, 
 with a rough and pungent taste. 
 
 Kersey, a coarse all-wool fabric, usually 
 ribbed, made for men's wear. 
 
 Kerseymere, a thin superfine woven 
 cloth made of the finest wools, cor- 
 rupted into cassimere. 
 
 Ketches, a nazne for goats in parts of 
 Turkey. 
 
 Keverjek, a kind of improved sheep 
 met with in Turkey. 
 
 Kharra, the Indian mackerel, a species 
 of Thynnus. 
 
 Kholah, a name for the common Indian 
 jackal (Canis aureus, Lin.). 
 
 Kiang, the wild ass of Thibet (Equus 
 hejnionus, Pall.). 
 
 KiBiso,a name in Japanfor silk obtained 
 from the knubs or curlies, the inferior 
 outside layers of the cocoon, which are 
 taken off before the true reeling com- 
 mences. 
 
 Kid (Capra hircus, Lin.), the young of 
 the goat tribe, whose flesh is excellent 
 eating and their skins are in large 
 demand for glove-making. 
 
 Kidang (Cervulus muntjac, Zim.), a 
 deer, native of India and the East, 
 
 which live and multiply in parks and 
 paddocks like our fallow and red deer. 
 See Muntjac. 
 
 Kidderminster, an ingrain carpeting, 
 which takes its name from the place 
 where it was originally made. 
 
 Kidneys, an internal organ of the 
 lumbar regions of animals, which are 
 in estimation for food. Ox and sheep 
 kidneys are often sold separately by 
 butchers. 
 
 Kildeer {JEgialitis voeiferus, Lin.), an 
 Americau plover. The ringed plover 
 of the British Islands is 2E. hiaticula. 
 
 Killer-Whale (Orca gladiator). 
 
 Killifish (Fundulusfasciatus), a North 
 American fish, only taken as bait for 
 other fishes. 
 
 Killy, a name for species of Richard- 
 sonia, R. lateralis, and R. baltealus ; 
 the flesh of which is insipid and bony, 
 and of a dullish white colour. 
 
 Kin-fire, a name for small sharks, the 
 flesh of which is eaten in Japan. 
 
 King Conch (Cassis madagascerensis), 
 a shell of the Bahamas, also called the 
 helmet shell, much used for cutting 
 cameos from. 
 
 King Crab (Limulus moluccanus). 
 This crustacean is in some localities 
 so plentiful as to be used to manure 
 land. 
 
 Kinge, a name in Iceland for the belly 
 of the whale, which contains no blub- 
 ber ; it finds a good sale for food to the 
 natives. , 
 
 King-Fish, a name for Lampris gut- 
 tatus, a magnificent fish distributed 
 over nearly the whole globe; it is 
 sometimes called the opah. The We>t 
 Indian king-fish is Elacati nigra. At 
 Turk's Islaud Thynnus coretta, &c, is 
 called king-fish. The Southern king- 
 fish or Bermuda whiting is Men- 
 ticirrus alburnus [Lin.], Gill ; other 
 species are M. nebulosus and M. 
 undulatus. The Australian king- 
 fish is Seriola lalandii. This fish 
 is better when corned than fresh, 
 and is sometimes coveached, or pre- 
 served in oil and vinegar. The Medi- 
 terranean king-fish is Scicena aquita, 
 which the Romans of the middle ages 
 considered to be the most delicious of 
 all food. The remarkable edible quali- 
 ties of the Australian species (S. 
 antarctica, Cast.) seem to be equal to 
 those of the Mediterranean sort. 
 
 Kingfisher (Alcedo), a numerous genus 
 of birds, widely diffused in warm 
 climates ; one specie^ occurring in 
 Europe (A. ispida). The feathers and 
 F 
 
KIN 
 
 [ 66 ] 
 
 KOO 
 
 skin of the kingfisher are in much 
 demand in the East, both for orna- 
 ment and as amulets and charms 
 against every ill. 
 
 King Klip (Xiphiurus capensis), one 
 of the best of all the Cape fishes. 
 
 King of the Herrings (Chimcera 
 plumbea). 
 
 King Salmon (Onchorhynchus orien- 
 talis, Gunth.),the largest arid finest of 
 the Alaska salmon, reaching a weight 
 of 60 to 90 lbs. It is dried for winter 
 use by the natives. 
 
 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvus 
 [Pall.]), a British Guiana animal. 
 
 Kinkbobs, Kincobs, names in the 
 East for gold embroidered brocade or 
 satin. 
 
 Kipper, a name in Scotland for the 
 salmon before parting with its milt, 
 when the beak is fully developed. 
 
 Kippered Fish. Salmon, herring, or 
 mackerel, slightly salted, peppered, 
 and smoked. The fish are split open, 
 gutted, put into tanks of brine for a 
 short time, and then hung up for a 
 night in the smoking-room. 
 
 Kips, a name for small hides under 25 
 lbs. weight. East India kips are those 
 of two year-old animals ; any hide in 
 fact weighing less than 16 lbs. As a 
 rule kips usually come to market dry- 
 salted or brined. 
 
 Kirn-milk, a Scotch name for butter- 
 milk. 
 
 Kit, a little keg for containing sprats 
 
 and other small fish. 
 Kitchen Stuff, the waste fat and 
 
 grease or dripping saved by cooks, 
 
 which is used for soap-making. See 
 
 Slush. 
 
 Kite, a name for a tumbler pigeon, 
 which is self-coloured or whole 
 coloured. Species of Milvus, M. niger 
 and M. goHnda, which act as scaven- 
 gers in Calcutta. 
 
 Kitten, a young cat. 
 
 Kitt Fox (Vulpes velox; Canis velox, 
 Say), the smallest of the American 
 foxes. About 5,000 of their skins are 
 annually imported into England by 
 the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 Kittiwake (Rissa tridaetyla [Lin.]). 
 The feathers of this gull are some- 
 times used for upholstery purposes. 
 
 Kleesche, a German name for the Pla- 
 tessa limanda, Arted. 
 
 Klip-das, another name for the Cape 
 hyrax. 
 
 Klipfish, codfish dried or cured flat by 
 the wind in Norway. Also a South 
 African name for Blennius versicolor, 
 
 of which there are several varieties^ 
 all very delicious, the flesh being fat 
 and firm when cooked freshly caught. 
 
 Klipspringer, a name in the Cape 
 Colony for Oreotragus saltatrix. 
 
 Knacker's Yard, a slang name for a 
 place where the carcases of horses are 
 taken to be boiled down for their flesh, 
 fat and bones ; and where other dead 
 carcases are converted into commercial 
 products. 
 
 Knag, the shoot of a deer's antlers. 
 
 Knapsack, a leather bag for carrying on 
 the back. 
 
 Knobber, a young male deer in its first 
 year. 
 
 Knorhauen, the Dutch name for gur- 
 nets. 
 
 Knot (Tringa canutus, Lin.), a Euro- 
 pean bird which visits the British 
 shores in large numbers in autumn, 
 and the flesh is considered a great deli- 
 cacy. 
 
 Knubs or Husks, a commercial name for 
 pierced cocoons and other waste kinds 
 of silk, not reelable, but which can be 
 carded and spun. 
 
 Koala (Phascolarctos drier eus [De 
 Blainv.]),the native bear of Australia ; 
 a species of wombat. 
 
 Koark, See Koork. 
 
 Kob, a name for theiEquitoon (Adenota 
 kob, Gray), an African antelope. 
 
 Kodee, a name in Scinde for shell lime 
 from calcined and pulverised cowry 
 shells, which is sprinkled over sores. 
 
 KoDFiSH,a name in Norway for Sebastes 
 norvegicus, Cuv. 
 
 Koltnski, a furrier's name for Tartar 
 sable (Mustela siberica). it is largely 
 used for cloaks and muffs, and dyed to 
 imitate Russian sable. 20,000 were 
 sold at Leipsic in 1879. 
 
 Kolong Bat (Pteropus vulgaris). See 
 Bat. 
 
 Kolsheh, a Russian name for a kind of 
 salmon trout of Northern Alaska (Sal- 
 mo alpinus). 
 
 Kongeflyndre, a name in Norway 
 for Platessa vulgaris ; Pleuronectespla- 
 tessa, Lin. 
 
 Koodoo, (Strepsiceros kudu. Gray ; S. 
 capensis, Harris), the striped antelope 
 of Southern and Western Africa ; a 
 magnificent animal, noted for its beauty 
 and height, and its bold and wide- 
 spreading horns, which have three 
 elongated spiral turns ; they are more 
 than two feet in length. Its flesh is 
 excellent, and the thin tough hide is 
 much used for whip lashes, thongs and 
 similar purposes. 
 
KOO 
 
 [ 67 ] 
 
 LAC 
 
 Koork, Koark, the under-wool of the 
 white goat of C ishmere. 
 
 Kohg, the resinous deposit left in the 
 steam vats in preparing cod liver oil in 
 Norway, which is sold for manure. 
 
 Koroon, the Tamil name for Bar~bus 
 chola,2Lii Indian fish widely distributed. 
 As food it is bitter; in some localities 
 in Burma, oil is obtained from it dur- 
 ing the season. 
 
 Koruski, a Russian name for the gray- 
 ling, Thymalis Pallasii. Cuv. 
 
 KoRWA,anEast Indian fish, the air blad- 
 der of which furnishes isinglass. 
 
 Kosher Meat, animal flesh killed and 
 prepared for food in the Jewish 
 fashion. 
 
 Kostura, a kind of Indian blackbird, 
 kept in cages covered with linen, as 
 they are said to sing better in darkness. 
 
 Kotch, in Turkey, a ram. 
 
 Koulan, a name for the wild ass in 
 Persia. 
 
 Koumiss, a fermented and intoxicating 
 beverage used in Tartary, made from 
 mare's or camel's milk. 
 
 Kouwers (Dutch), money cowries. 
 
 Kovorin, the name for a ewe in parts of 
 Turkey, 
 
 Khaal, an inclosure for cattle in Africa. 
 
 Krabben (German), a name for shrimps 
 and prawns (Crangon vulgaris, P.; Pa- 
 Icemon squilla, Lin.), and river cray- 
 fish. 
 
 K rammetsvogel (German), fieldfares 
 (Turdus pilaris, Lin.), which are 
 largely killed as game in Prussia. 
 
 Kromula, a species of carp in Russia. 
 
 Kr<*pffelchen (German) (Coregonus 
 hiemalis, Jur. ; C. acronius, Hick and 
 Kn.). 
 
 Kryddsill, a name for spiced herrings 
 in Sweden. 
 
 Kudu. See Koodoo. 
 
 Kukupa, Kuku, Kereru, Maori names 
 for a beautiful species of New Zealand 
 wood pigeon (Carpophaga nova-zea- 
 landice, Gml.), which are most delicious 
 eating, and much valued on account of 
 both the quantity and quality of their 
 flesh. They are speared and snared in 
 great numbers by the natives. 
 
 Kulit, the Malay name for leather or 
 skins. 
 
 Kulitan (literally shell turtle), a Malay 
 name for the tortoise (Chelonia 
 caretta). 
 
 Kulku, a Russian name for the sprat. 
 
 Kulp (Squalus spinax niger), the small- 
 est of the shark tribe. 
 
 Kumukumu, the native name of an 
 Australian gurnard fish (Trigla kumu). 
 
 Kurbatches, an Egyptian name for 
 whips made from hippopotamus hide. 
 
 Kurbau, the Malayan name for the 
 buffalo (Bubalus buffelus, Blum.). 
 
 Kuhsowur (Labro calbasu), an East 
 Indian edible fish. 
 
 Kusgun, a sheepskin coat worn by the 
 Turcomans. 
 
 Kustre, a name in Southern India for 
 the secretion of the Asiatic civet 
 ( Viverra zibetha). 
 
 Kyak. See Bidarka. 
 
 Kyang. See Kiang. 
 
 Kyloes (from the Gaelic Kael, High- 
 lands), a West Highland breed of small 
 black cattle, which were formerly 
 known as North Argyleshire cattle. 
 They combine great hardiness with 
 splendid quality of meat. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labah, the Malay name for the wild 
 honey bee. The honey of the Eastern 
 Archipelago is a thin syrup, very in- 
 ferior in flavour to that of temperate 
 climates. 
 
 Lab erdan. a name in Norway for. salted 
 codfish. This mode of curing is only 
 carried on in Finmark by the Russians 
 in very warm weather, when the other 
 modes of preparation are not possible. 
 
 Lac (Sanskrit and Persian), a resinous 
 incrustation formed on the bark of the 
 twigs and branches of various trees in 
 Asia by the Coccus lacca. We import 
 about 150 tons a year of this substance 
 from Bengal, Assam, and Siam, as a 
 resin for making varnishes and a dye- 
 stuff. The various forms in which it 
 enters into commerce are button lac, 
 seed lac, shellac, and stick lac. The 
 great bulk of the export trade in lac is 
 confined to Calcutta, which is the 
 entrepot for all the shellac (except 
 that which is locally used up) manu- 
 factured from the raw material sup- 
 plied from the forests of Bengal, as 
 well as from those of Assam, Oudh, 
 the Central Provinces, and Burma. 
 See Laksha. 
 
 Lace, a thin ornamental trimming, the 
 best of which is made from silk ; there 
 are several esteemed kinds, as Maltese, 
 Spanish, &c. 
 
 Lace Pigeon, a rare variety, entirely 
 white, approaching in size and shape to 
 the runt. 
 
LA.C 
 
 [ 68 ] LAN 
 
 Lachs (German), the Trutta salar, Lin. 
 
 Lac-lake and Lac Dye, colouring sub- 
 stances obtained by alkaline solutions 
 from stick lac ; the former is considered 
 the best. Lac dye is mostly used to 
 dye silk:, and also in dyeing leather. 
 The exports of lac dye from British 
 India range from 10,000 to 20,000 cwt. 
 annually. 
 
 Lactarin, a kind of casein; a dried 
 
 preparation from buttermilk, used by 
 
 caiico printers. 
 Lactic Acid, Lactin, Lactose. See 
 
 Sugar of Milk. 
 Lactometer, a glass graduated measure- 
 
 ing tube for determining the quality 
 
 of milk by the proportion of cream 
 
 which floats on the surface. 
 Ladrerie (French), a kind of leprosy 
 
 or disease in pigs and cattle, arising 
 
 from species of Tania. 
 Lady's Saddle, a side-saddle with a 
 
 pommel for female equestrians. 
 Lafayette-fish (Liostomus obliquis 
 
 [Mitch.], De Kay), a North American 
 
 fish of the Atlantic coasts ; also called 
 
 spot. 
 
 Lagarto (Spanish), a name for the 
 American alligator, the skins of which 
 are made into boots and other articles 
 in Guatemala. See Alligator and 
 Caiman. 
 
 Laich (German), fish spawn. 
 
 Lair, an enclosure or pen for cattle in 
 a market, or for cows in a lay-stall or 
 dairy. 
 
 Lake, a name in Norway for Lota vul- 
 garis. Cuv. 
 
 Lake Herring, a name given to Argy- 
 rosomus harengus, A. clupeiformis 
 and Coregonus albula, freshwater fish 
 in America. 
 
 Lake Pike (Esox lucius, Lin.). This 
 American fish is also known as the 
 pickerel and the maskelonge. 
 
 Lake Trout (Salmo conflnis ; Salveli- 
 nus namaycush, Goode), a fish of 
 the North American lakes, the Trutta 
 lacustris of Europe. 
 
 Laksha, the Sanskrit name for the resin 
 lac, from " lakh " — a hundred thousand, 
 in allusion to the multitude of insects. 
 
 Lama. See Llama. 
 
 Lamantin, the French name for the 
 Manatus americanus, which is sought 
 for its flesh and skin. In Brazil it is 
 known as the "peixeboi." SeeDuGONG. 
 
 Lamb, the young of the sheep ; the flesh 
 when sold for food bears the same 
 name. 
 
 Lambas, a silk scarf or shawl made in 
 Madagascar from the social cocoons of 
 
 Bombyx radama and B. diego, whicto 
 are sometimes a yard long and sus- 
 pended from trees. Some of these 
 lambas richly dyed are valued at £15 to 
 £20. 
 
 Lamb Skins. These, either with the 
 wool on, or prepared for gloves, are 
 commercially useful. About a million 
 skins are imported annually into 
 Great Britain, chiefly for glove-mak- 
 ing. With the fleece on they are 
 much used for clothing abroad, es- 
 pecially in Hungary, Spain, and 
 Russia. At Leipsic in 1879 2,500.000 
 ordinary lambs, 250,000 Tartary lamb- 
 skins and 50,000 Persian lambskins 
 were sold as furs. 
 
 Lamb's Wool, the fleece of the lamb. 
 
 Lamprey (Petromyzon fluviatilis, Lin.), 
 a river fish resembling an eel. The 
 potted lampreys and lam-perns- of Wor- 
 cester are held in high estimation. 
 They may be taken from August 24 to 
 March 31. A considerable trade is now 
 carried on in Russia in pickled lam- 
 preys. In Germany they are also taken 
 in large quantities, and when fried are 
 packed in barrels with vinegar and 
 spices for export. The American 
 species is P. americanus ; the sea lam- 
 prey, Po marinus, Lin. 
 
 Lana Pinna (Italian), a kind of marine 
 silk obtained from the byssus of some 
 species of Pinna in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Lancerons, Lanc/ons. French names 
 for young pike. 
 
 Landak, the Malay name for the porcu- 
 pine (Hystrix cristata [Lin.], and H« 
 javanica, F. Cuv.). 
 
 Land Crab (Gecarcinus ruricola). a 
 small crustacean found in the West 
 Indies which with Cardisoma carni- 
 fer. Latr., is esteemed a food delicacy ; 
 so is Birgus labro of Amboyna. 
 
 Land-bail (Crex pratensis, Bechst), 
 This bird, which inhabits the British 
 Islands, bears the name of " Re di 
 quaglie," king of the quails, in Italy ; 
 mother of the quails in Greece ; and 
 " Wachtelkcenigin " in Germany. Its 
 flesh is very delicate. 
 
 Land Tortoise. See Tortoise. 
 
 Lange. a name in Norway for Lota vul- 
 garis, Nilss. ; L. molva, Lin. 
 
 Langosta (Spanish), a name for the 
 lobster ; also for the locust. 
 
 Langouste (French), a name for the 
 cray fish (Astacus fluviatilis). of 
 which large quantities are sent from 
 Corsica to Marseilles, being more 
 esteemed in the South of France than 
 the lobster, which is rare there. 
 
LAN 
 
 [ 69 ] 
 
 LEA 
 
 Langoustins (French), prawns. 
 
 Lant, stale urine, which, as a very im- 
 portant source of ammonia, is fre- 
 quently employed in washing wool and 
 removing the grease from flannel and 
 other woollen fabrics ; also a name for 
 Ammodytes americanus. 
 
 Lap Dogs, ladies' pet dogs, which are 
 divided into long-haired, such as small 
 spaniels, King Charles, Blenheim, 
 Gredin, Chinese and Japanese dogs, 
 small poodles, Havana and Maltese 
 breeds, and lion dogs; and short- 
 haired dogs, such as pugs and toy 
 terriers. 
 
 Lapereau (French), a young rabbit. 
 
 Lapwing (Vanellus eristatus, Meyer), 
 a common British bird belonging to 
 the snipe and plover tribe. In the 
 month of October they are in good 
 condition for the table, and their eggs 
 are considered a delicacy ; indeed, they 
 are usually sold as plovers' eggs. It is 
 often called the "peewit," from its 
 cry. 
 
 Lard, the melted purified fat of the pig, 
 an important article of commerce. It 
 contains a large proportion of oleine, 
 which is separated from the stearine 
 by pressure. The best lard is obtained 
 from the fat surrounding the kidneys. 
 In France the term lard is applied to 
 fat pork. The melting of lard pre- 
 serves it, without using salt or any 
 other antiseptic, because the cellular 
 membranes being the parts that putre- 
 fy, any process which will destroy or 
 burst them whilst they are yet sweet, 
 so that the lard may be collected sepa- 
 rately, is all that is necessary for its 
 curing or preservation. It is put up in 
 buik, in barrels, kegs, and small or 
 large bladders. The best lard is made 
 from the leaf and trimmings, the 
 second quality from the head and 
 other parts of the hog yielding fat. 
 In 1880 we received no less than 46.375 
 tons of lard from the United States, of 
 the value of £1,852,000. 
 
 Lard-oil, the oleine pressed from lard, 
 after the stearine is extracted. It is 
 used for lubricating machinery and 
 for lamps. In 1880, 104,485 cwt., 
 value £273,000, were received in 
 England from the United States. 
 
 Lariat, a halter; a rope with a noose, 
 made with hair or rough hide for 
 throwing to catch birds, &c. 
 
 Larks (Alauda arvensis, Lin.). These 
 small wild birds, feeding on insects and 
 grain, are both rich and delicate food 
 when properly cooked. In the winter 
 
 they assemble in vast flocks and are 
 taken by nets on the ground. About 
 4,000 dozen larks are sold in the 
 London markets. In Italy, where they 
 are much eaten, they are sometimes 
 preserved and will thus keep for 
 several years. The male sky-lark is 
 esteemed as a cage bird. See Meadow 
 Lark. The common sky-lark of the 
 plains of India and Bengal is Alauda 
 gulgula [Franklin]. 
 
 Larron, a small French skim milk 
 cheese weighing about six or seven 
 ounces, and slightly salted. 
 
 Larva, the grub or caterpillar, forming 
 the first stage in the metamorphosis of 
 insects. 
 
 Laspring, a name for the parr or young 
 salmon. 
 
 Lasso, a strong plaited raw hide rope 
 about 40 feet long, with a noose and 
 iron ring, attached to the horseman's 
 saddle; used in South America by 
 the gauchos or horsemen for catching 
 cattle and horses. 
 
 Last, a variable fish measure. A last of 
 cod-fish is 12 barrels ; of herrings 100 
 long hundred of 132, or 13,200 fish ; of 
 pilchards 10,000. The last of wool is 
 12 sacks of 364 lbs. each. 
 
 Lasting (abbreviation of everlasting), a 
 thin, fine, closely- woven worsted fabric 
 of hard twisted yarn, used chiefly for 
 women's boots. 
 
 Latchet, a large species of gurnard, 
 generally sold as offal, being not con- 
 sidered as prime fish. 
 
 Lavaret (Coregonus lavaretus, Lin.; 
 C. mansna, Block), a kind of white 
 trout or salmon; a freshwater fish 
 largely consumed in Finland. 
 
 Laverock, a name for the skylark. 
 
 Lax Fish, a preparation of Norwegian 
 fish put up in tins. 
 
 Laying, a term for smearing the fleece 
 of sheep. 
 
 Lay-stall, a shed for cattle; a place 
 
 where milch cows are kept. 
 Lazorred, a name in Norway for Salmo 
 
 trutta, Lin. 
 Lea, Ley, a woollen measure of 80 
 
 yards of yarn. 
 Leaf Lard, the crude flaky animal fat 
 
 of the hog. 
 Leash, a sportsman's term for three 
 
 head of game, as partridges, pheasants, 
 
 hares, &c. 
 
 Leather (Anglo-Saxon ledher, and so in 
 the German, Danish and Swedish), the 
 skins of animals prepared by different 
 processes for keeping. The varieties 
 are numerous, such as alumed leather, 
 
LEA 
 
 [ 70 ] 
 
 LIG 
 
 chamoised leather, tanned, curried, 
 tawed, glazed or enamelled, dyed, and 
 embossed or stamped leather. ' Exclu- 
 sive of hides there are imported into 
 Great Britain leather manufactures of 
 the value of about £2,250,000, and 
 leather manufactures are exported to 
 the amount of £3,000,000. 
 
 Leather Apron, a protection for cloth- 
 ing, used by many workmen, and for 
 ornament by Freemasons. 
 
 Leather, Bottle. See Cuelba.. 
 
 Leather Breeches, strong riding trou- 
 sers used by huntsmen and others. 
 
 Leather Bucket, a strong, portable 
 water-pail of leather, used by firemen 
 and others. 
 
 Leather-Co ATS, a name in Jamaica for 
 some species of Chorinemus, which are 
 not much esteemed for food. 
 
 Leather-dresser, a currier, one who 
 taws leather. 
 
 Lea.thersell.ers' Company, one of the 
 minor livery companies of the City of 
 London. 
 
 Leather Trade, the subdivision of per- 
 sons employed in this trade is consider- 
 able. Besides the factors and mer- 
 chants, there are leather cutters and 
 sellers, dressers and manufacturers, 
 dyers, embossers, enamellersand japan- 
 ners, gilders, stripers, &c. Making 
 leather bags and cases, portmanteaus, 
 leggings and gaiters, gloves, &c, gives 
 employment to many others. 
 
 Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea, 
 Rondelet), a gigantic turtle. The 
 surface of the shell is covered with a 
 leathery skin instead of the usual 
 horny plates. The flesh and fat are un- 
 healthy, but the eggs are sought after. 
 
 Leban, a fermented drink made from 
 milk in Arabia. 
 
 Lecama, a Kaffir name for the hartebeest 
 (Alcelaphus caama [Cuv.]). 
 
 Leeches (Anglo-Saxon for surgeons), 
 red-blooded worms of aquatic habits 
 (Hirudo). Many millions of the Euro- 
 pean medicinal leech (H. medicinalis) 
 are collected and sold annually both in 
 France and England. The African 
 leech is H. trochina, the American 
 Macrobdella decora. Leeches are used 
 as barometers. 
 
 Leggings, leather coverings or protec- 
 tions for the trousers from dirt, reach- 
 ing to the knee. 
 
 Leiche, the sea-dog or shark (Scymnus). 
 The rough skin is used for polishing 
 wood. 
 
 Lemmings (Myodes lemmus [Lin.], M. 
 torquatus and M. obensis). The flesh 
 
 of these small animals is edible and 
 
 their fur is made into robes. 
 Lemon Sole, a fishmonger's name for 
 
 the lemon dab (Pleuronectes Icevis). 
 Lemur, a genus of quadrumana peculiar 
 
 to the island of Madagascar, where 
 
 many of the species are eaten by the 
 
 natives. 
 
 Leopard (Felis pardus. Lin,), a feline 
 animal met with in the tropical regions 
 of the Old "World. The skin is very 
 valuable for rugs and saddle cloths, 
 and the flesh is said to be excellent, 
 resembling veal. 
 
 Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis, Desm.), 
 a beautiful species of the numerous 
 Indian cats. 
 
 Leopard Seal (Phoca richardsii 
 [Cray], Gill), a seal of the North 
 Pacific. 
 
 Lepidoptera, the name of the order to 
 which the silkworm belongs. 
 
 Leporide, a cross between the male 
 hare and the female rabbit. 
 
 Lerot (Myoxus quercinus, Cray), the 
 garden dormouse of Europe. See 
 Dormouse. 
 
 Lerp, an amylaceous saccharine sub- 
 stance formed in Australia on the 
 leaves of the Eucalypti by an insect 
 allied to the Aphides. It is eaten by 
 the natives, and, from the large quan- 
 tities obtainable in Victoria, it might 
 form a substitute for sugar or malt in 
 distillation. 
 
 Leucin, a product of the decomposition 
 of gelatine by sulphuric acid. 
 
 Leveret, a young hare under one year 
 old. 
 
 Levrier (French), a hound or huntiDg 
 dog. 
 
 Levron (French), a small greyhound. 
 Lewz ernes, an old name for the skin 
 
 of the lynx. 
 Ley, a detergent composed of soap, 
 
 urine, &c, for cleansing wool from the 
 
 suint or natural grease. 
 Liebraston (Spanish), a leveret or 
 
 young hare. 
 Lien (French), a name for a yellow 
 
 species of whiting. 
 Lien-yu, the Chinese name for Hypoph- 
 
 thalmichthys, Blecker. 
 Lift, a trade name for the heel to a shoe 
 
 or boot. 
 
 Lights, a common name for the lungs 
 of an animal. 
 
 Ligurian Bee (Apis ligustica), a species 
 of honey bee, indigenous to the South 
 of Europe, and which has been now 
 introduced into most bee-keeping 
 countries. 
 
LIJ 
 
 [ 71 ] 
 
 LOB 
 
 Lija (Spanish), the skin of the dog-fish. 
 
 Lillets, a name in Yorkshire for the 
 mature coal fish. 
 
 Limande (French), a dab. 
 
 Limburger, a variety of Dutch cheese. 
 
 Limousine, one of the best types of 
 French cattle for meat ; they are of a 
 tan or straw colour. When fattened 
 they have reached a weight of one ton, 
 yielding in favourable circumstances 
 66 per cent, of meat and 10 of tallow. 
 
 Limpets (Patella vulgata), this mollusc 
 is eaten in some localities by the 
 poorer classes, and largely used as 
 bait by the fisherm m. In the Nortli 
 of Ireland they are used for human 
 food, especially in seasons of scarcity ; 
 many tons weight are collected an- 
 nually near the town of Larne alone. 
 
 Lincoln Sheep, a British breed repre- 
 senting the standard type of the 
 coarse deep-grown long wools, suited 
 for combiug purposes. This wool 
 possesses great length, with a bright 
 silky appearance of staple, which ren- 
 ders it particularly applicable for 
 " lustre" goods, in imitation of alpaca 
 and mohair fabrics. 
 
 Ling (Gadus molva ; Lota molva, Cuv.), 
 a valuable food fish, of which large 
 numbers are cured, besides those eaten 
 fresh. It is sometimes called the con- 
 ger in Norway. The hake, when cured , 
 is also called ling. 
 
 Linings, fabrics for men's wear made 
 of union, with alpaca, mohair or 
 English wool. 
 
 Linnet (Linota cannabina [Lin.]), a 
 well-known beautiful European song 
 bird. 
 
 Linsey, a mixed fabric of wool and 
 flax, made plain or striped. It is much 
 used by females, in parish unions and 
 charitable institutions, being durable 
 and close. It is sometimes termed 
 wincey. 
 
 Lion (Felis leo, Lin.), the most noble 
 and formidable of carnivorous animals, 
 principally inhabiting Africa and the 
 hotter regions of Asia ; there are said 
 to be two distinct species. It is prin- 
 cipally hunted for its skin for rugs, 
 but the flesh of the animal is eaten 
 by some of the natives of Africa. 
 
 Lionceaux (French), the cubs of a 
 lioness. 
 
 Lion-Dog, a small long-haired poodle or 
 lap dog, a cross between the Maltese 
 and the hairless Turkish dog. 
 
 Lipp (Labrus), the wrasse, a fish of which 
 there are several species, much esteemed 
 in the Black Sea. 
 
 Lissum, a Russian name for Phoca grcen- 
 landica. 
 
 List, cloth cuttings, the selvedge strip 
 
 or outer edges of the cloth. 
 List Shoes, a kiud of easy slipper made 
 
 from waste strips of cloth plaited 
 
 together. 
 
 Litter, a number of young, as of pup- 
 pies, pigs, &c. 
 
 Livarot, a French skim cheese made in 
 Calvados ; twice the weight of a Cam- 
 embert. About a million of these are 
 sold annually in the Paris markets be- 
 sides the local consumption. 
 
 Liver and Lights, parts of the offal of 
 slaughtered animals which are used 
 for food by the poorer classes. The 
 lungs are a part of the pluck or fry. 
 
 LiVEti-FLUKE (Fasciola hepatica ; Dios- 
 toma hepaticum). See Fluke. 
 
 Liver Hot. See Rot. 
 
 Livery Stable, a place where horses 
 are taken in at livery and bait, or to 
 be jobbed out. 
 
 Live Stock, a general collective term 
 for domestic animals kept on a home- 
 stead or farm for use or sale. 
 
 Lizard, a common name given to a 
 graceful and beautifully marked va- 
 riety of canary, golden spangled or 
 silver spangled. 
 
 Lizards. Several of the Lacertilia are 
 edible, as the Iguana delicatissima, 
 Laur., and the Amblyrhynchus cris- 
 tatus. The flesh and eggs of the Nile 
 lizard (Varanus niloticus) are also 
 eaten. 
 
 Llama (Lama peruano, Tied.), a South 
 American animal, which, domesticated, 
 has been much used there as a beast 
 of burden, as many as 2,000,000 being 
 so employed. Its flesh and milk are 
 very nourishing, and its hairy wool 
 and skin employed for clothing and 
 other useful purposes. 
 
 Loach (Nemachilus barbatulus [Lin.]), 
 a common freshwater fish of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Load, the burden a beast can carry or 
 draw. A horse will draw one or two 
 tons ; the pack load of a pony is 125 lbs. ; 
 of an ass 170 lbs. ; of a camel 600 to' 
 1000 lbs.; of a llama 60 to 150 lbs.; of a 
 mule 270 lbs.; of an elephant 1000 lbs. 
 
 Lob, or Lugworm (Arenicola clavata). 
 Found in the sand on the shore of the 
 sea, they are sought as good bait for 
 fishing. 
 
 Lobo (Spanish), a wolf. 
 
 Lobster Essence, Lobster Paste, 
 preparations of lobster sold by Italian 
 warehousemen and others. 
 
LOB [ 72 ] LUA 
 
 Lobsters (Anglo-Saxon loppestre), a 
 well-known crustacean (Homarus 
 gammarus ; Astacus marinus, Fab.), 
 the catch and sale of which give a large 
 impetus to commerce at home and 
 abroad. The Norway lobster (Nephrops 
 norvegicus) is of another species, and of 
 these there are shipped from ports of 
 Norway and Sweden about one million 
 and a half annually. From the North 
 American coasts the fleshy parts of 
 lobsters are sent home preserved in 
 tins. The species there is Homarus 
 americanus, Say. The spiny or thorny 
 lobster is Palinurus homarus; it was 
 in great esteem among the ancients. 
 The river lobster of Australia is 
 Astacopsis spinifer. This beautifully 
 coloured lobster averages a foot in 
 length, and" is esteemed a great deli- 
 cacy. See Cape Lobster. 
 
 Loche (Cobitis ttenia, Lin.), a river fish ; 
 also a name for the freshwater cod of 
 British Columbia (Gadus bartatula), 
 and for the Eleotrus guavina, Cuv. 
 and Val., an esteemed river fish of 
 Guadaloupe. 
 
 Lock-boy, an attendant on a sheep 
 shearer, who picks up the scattered 
 locks of wool and is otherwise use- 
 ful. 
 
 Locusts (Locusta migratoria), a species 
 of orthopterous insect, which commits 
 fearful ravages from time to time in 
 Africa and parts of Europe. The in- 
 habitants where they particularly 
 abound, use them baked or salted, as a 
 common article of food, and they have 
 been employed as bait for the sardine 
 fisheries. The American Rocky Moun- 
 tain locust is Calopterus spretus. 
 Locusts contain an oil which has been 
 named caloptine, and a large per- 
 centage of pure formic acid. 
 
 Lodde, a name in Norway for the 
 capelin (Mallotus arcticus or villosus). 
 See Capelin. 
 
 Loggerhead Turtle, a name for a 
 sea tortoise (Thalassochelys caouna, 
 Lin.) ; the flesh is tasteless, and con- 
 sidered unhealthy. An oil is obtained 
 from it, used in the preparation of 
 leather and perfumery. Its eggs are 
 used for food. The epidermal scales are 
 thin, and want the beauty which causes 
 those of the hawksbill turtle to be so 
 highly prized. 
 
 Loire, a name for the dormouse (My- 
 oxus glis, Lin.), which was once in 
 great request as a dainty for the table, 
 numbers being cooped up and arti- 
 ficially fattened. 
 
 Lomo (Spanish), the loin or chine of 
 meat. 
 
 Londrina (Spanish), a sort of woollen 
 cloth. 
 
 Lonk, a hardy mountain sheep of Britain 
 with a fine silky fleece. 
 
 Loon (Lomvia brunnichii [Sabine] ; L. 
 troile, &c). The skins of these guille- 
 mots are sometimes used as a fur for 
 clothing, made into robes; also a 
 name for the little grebe or dabchick. 
 
 Loonghie, a mixed fabric of silk and 
 cotton about 4 yards long by 2 wide, 
 used as a waist cloth in India. 
 
 Lop-ears, a breed of rabbit much 
 esteemed by fanciers, in which the 
 ears become greatly elongated and 
 droop in various degrees ; hence they 
 are named half lop, oar lop, horn lop, 
 and flat lop. 
 
 Loriot Jaune. See Oriole. 
 
 Losh (Lota maculata), a fish which 
 sometimes attains 60 lbs. The flesh is 
 extremely hard and dry, and in Ame- 
 rica they are chiefly valued for their 
 roe and liver. The liver, weighing a 
 pound or two, is an extremely rich and 
 delicate morsel wheu broiled. 
 
 Losh Hides, hides not dressed in any 
 way, but simply oiled. 
 
 Louar, the Clupea Neohowii, a fish 
 which is boiled in India to obtain the 
 oil from it. 
 
 Loubine, a name in Chili for Perca 
 fernandeziana, Ac. ; also for the Bar, 
 which see. 
 
 Louis d'Or, a name for the tanager, a 
 pretty little West Indian bird, which 
 is sometimes called the Demerara 
 canary, and is often seen as a cage 
 bird. There are three species in 
 Trinidad, Euphonia violacea, E. chlo- 
 rotica, Lin., and E. aureata, Vieil. 
 
 Loup (Labrax lupus [Lacep.]), a fish, 
 which is also called bar ; a French 
 name for an old pike. The guaras of 
 Brazil pass under the name of loup. 
 
 Lou-jong, a name in China for the 
 young sprouted antlers of the deer, 
 which have a fanciful price for some 
 supposed medicinal qualities when dis- 
 solved. 
 
 Loutre (properly Mustela loutra, Lin.), 
 but a name given by French furriers to 
 the skins of the land and sea otter and 
 fur seal. 
 
 Love-bird (Agapornis pullaria [Lin.]), 
 a beautiful diminutive West African 
 bird ; they are often kept as cage birds 
 in pairs. 
 
 Lowe (German), the lion. 
 
 Luan, a name in Chili for the guanaco 
 
LUC 
 
 [ 73 ] 
 
 MAC 
 
 (Auchenia guanaco ; Lama huana- 
 chos, Mol.). 
 Luchs (German), the common lynx (Felis 
 lynx). 
 
 Lug, Lugworm (Arenicola clavata or 
 piscatorum), an annelid found in the 
 muddy sand of the coasts, and much 
 used by fishermen for bait. 
 
 Lui, an Indian country blanket-stuff 
 which is piece-dyed. 
 
 Lump Fish, Lumpsucker (Cyclopterus 
 lumpus; Lumpus anglorum, Wil- 
 loughby), a forbidding-looking fish. 
 The Greenlanders eat its flesh either 
 cooked or dried, and it is said to be 
 sold in Edinburgh for the table. It is 
 the cockpaddle of the Scotch. 
 
 Lunge, a name for the lake trout in 
 Canada. 
 
 Lung Fever. See Pleuropneumonia. 
 
 Lurcher, a cross between the sheep dog 
 and a greyhound ; a dog that lies in 
 wait for his game, and is much used by 
 poachers. 
 
 Lusettes, a name applied to the silk- 
 worms which die from being unable to 
 moult. 
 
 Lustering, a process of fur-dressing to 
 give increased value to the fur. 
 
 Lustres, a figured mixed worsted' fabric 
 made for women's wear. 
 
 Lutestring, a glittering or shining 
 kind of silk fabric. 
 
 Lutfisk, salted cod steeped in a solution 
 of potash till decomposition takes 
 place ; a favourite Christmas dish in 
 Sweden. 
 
 Luth (Dermatochelys coriacea ), a gigan- 
 tic sea tortoise, which is caught for the 
 quantity of oil it yields. The shell of 
 one seven feet in length is preserved in 
 the Sydney Museum. 
 
 Luvlak, a Russian name for Phoca 
 nauticus, Pallas. 
 
 Luwak, a Javanese name for the musang 
 (Paradoxurus musang a, Raffles). 
 
 Lycaon (French), the black wolf or fox 
 of Buffon, a North American species. 
 
 Lynx (Felis lynx, Lin.). With some slight 
 variations of size and colour the lynx 
 appears to be found in all the colder 
 regions of Europe, Asia and America. It 
 is clothed with a very thick soft fur. The 
 skin of Lynx rufus and that of the bay 
 lynx (Lynx canadensis) form a consider- 
 able article in the fur trade ; the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company alone import from 
 15.000 to 16,000 in some years. It is 
 ^ed for rugs and trimmings, and when 
 dyed, for muffs, boas, &c. The flesh is 
 eaten, and somewhat resembles the 
 rabbit in flavour. 
 
 Lyr (Gadus pollachius), a name for the 
 pollack in Norway. 
 
 Lyre-bird (Menura superba, Dav.). an 
 Australian bird ; the long tail feathers 
 of the male bird bear a close resem- 
 blance to the lyre of the ancients. It is 
 shy and difficult to procure. The flesh 
 is not eatable, being dark, dry and 
 tough. 
 
 Lysoune, the Russian name f or Phoca 
 
 grwnlandica, Mull. 
 Lythe (Gadus pollachius), a name in 
 
 Scotland for the whiting pollack, also 
 
 for the Gadus carbonarius. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma ara or Maoa Shells, a name in 
 Tahiti for the shells of Turbo margari- 
 taceus, which are shipped in large 
 quantities to Hamburg, Berlin and 
 Vienna, and used for making small 
 fancy nacreous articles. 
 
 Macaccas, a name in Jamaica for the 
 larva or caterpillar of a species of 
 beetle, which when cleansed and fried 
 are considered a great delicacy by 
 many. 
 
 Macaronis, a French name for a species 
 
 of tufted penguin. 
 Macauban, a bird which kills serpents 
 
 in Brazil. 
 
 Macaws (Ara), a magnificent race of 
 birds of the parrot tribe, many of 
 which are common in cages and avia- 
 ries. The blue and gold macaw (Ara 
 ararauna, Lin.), of South America is 
 the largest and most beautiful parrot, 
 and is tameable,but has a loud screech- 
 ing voice. The red macaw is Ara milv- 
 taria. 
 
 Maceta (Spanish), a haunch of mutton. 
 
 Machada (Spanish), a flock of he-goats. 
 
 Macho (Spanish), a he-goat or mule. 
 
 Machoiran (Silurus felis), a Brazilian 
 fish, which yields the isinglass exported 
 from that country and French and 
 British Guiana. The yellow machoiran 
 is S. mystus. 
 
 Machoire (French), the jaw. 
 
 Machurga, a cross between the llama 
 and alpaca in Peru. 
 
 Mackerel (Dutch), a well-known food 
 fish (Scomber scomber) of the European 
 and American seas. Mackerel are 
 mostly taken in drift nets, and from 
 10,000 to 12,000 tons are sold in London 
 
MAC 
 
 [ 74 ] MAN 
 
 yearly, besides large numbers on the 
 coast and in inland towns. The macke- 
 rel fishery is pursued extensively on 
 the British, French, American and Nor- 
 wegian coasts. In North America 
 pickled mackerel are classed into four 
 grades. In British Columbia the had- 
 dock is called a mackerel. 
 
 Mackerel Guide, a name given to the 
 garfish (Belone vulgaris). 
 
 Mackerel Shark (Isunopis Be Kayii). 
 The oil obtained from this fish is in 
 great demand by curriers. 
 
 Mackinaw Trout (Christivomer na- 
 maycush [Penn], Gil. and Jor.), an 
 American fish. 
 
 Macou (Japanese), a kind of salmon. 
 
 Madavai, a name for mullet in parts of 
 India. 
 
 Madrague, a fixed enclosure of nets for 
 taking the tunny fish in the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 Madrepores (Madrepora palmata), 
 large coral stems, resembling tree 
 boaghs, to which the polyps are at- 
 tached like flowers. 
 
 Magana (Spanish), honeycomb. 
 
 Magma, sewerage water containing fat 
 or grease. 
 
 Magnaneure (French), a silkworm 
 
 breeding establishment. 
 Magot (Macacus innuus), the Barbary 
 
 ape. 
 
 Magpies, a variety of fancy pigeon. 
 Mahaseer (Barbus tor), a freshwater 
 
 fish found generally throughout India, 
 
 but of the largest size and in greatest 
 
 abundance in mountain streams or 
 
 those which are rocky. 
 Mahout, the mounted native rider who 
 
 guides an elephant in India. 
 Maid a name for the female skate-fish. 
 Matpisch (German), a name for the 
 
 Alosa vulgaris, Cuv., and A. finta, 
 
 Cuv. 
 
 Maigre (Sciaena aquila), a large and 
 powerful fish, common in the Mediter- 
 ranean. Numerous species of this 
 family inhabit the seas of the warmer 
 regions, and many of them furnish 
 excellent food. 
 
 Majarrana (Spanish), fresh pork. 
 
 Makis (French), a name for the lemur. 
 
 Makrelk. a hame m parts of Germany 
 for Chondrostoma nasus, Lin. 
 
 Malabar Oil-Sakdine (Glupea longi- 
 ceps). Large quantities of oil are 
 made from this fish on the coast of 
 Malabar. 
 
 Malakoff, a small round cream cheese 
 made in Gournay, France ; they sell at 
 from 2d. to 3d. each. 
 
 Malandar (Spanish), a wild hog. 
 
 Mai-brouck Monkey (Cercopithecus 
 cynosurus, Scop.), a West African 
 monkey. 
 
 Malcocinado (Spanish), tripe. 
 
 Mallard (Anas boschas, Lin.), the com- 
 mon wild duck, of which thousands 
 are taken in decoys at home and 
 abroad. The flesh is held in general 
 estimation. 
 
 Malle, a name in Norway for Silurus 
 glanis, Lin. 
 
 Mambrang, the Malay name for the 
 otter. 
 
 Mamelles (French), the teats of female 
 animals ; in the mare, the cow, the 
 sheep, and the goat, there are but two ; 
 the sow, the bitch, and the doe rabbit, 
 which produce many young ones, have, 
 however, several. 
 
 Mammalia, a class of vertebrata posses- 
 sing mammary or milk glands, by 
 means of which they suckle their 
 young. 
 
 Mammoth Ivory, the tusks obtained 
 from the carcases of the frozen Elephas 
 primigenius in Northern America and 
 Asia. 
 
 Mammychub, Mummichog, names for 
 the killifish (Fundulus fasciatus). 
 
 Manakins (Piprinae), a group of numer- 
 ous beautiful small active birds of 
 tropical America, which are sold as 
 cage birds. 
 
 Manatee, a marine mammal (Triche- 
 chus manatus, Lin., Manatus lati- 
 rostris, and other species), found on 
 the American coasts. See Dugong. 
 
 Manchons (French), cuffs made of fur. 
 
 Manchots, a French name for pen- 
 guins. 
 
 Mandarin Duck (Aix [Dendronessa] 
 galericulata, Lin.), a Chinese water- 
 fowl highly prized there, which has 
 been introduced into Europe. 
 
 Mange, a disease of the skin in dogs. 
 
 Mange-pain, a French name for Blatta 
 orientalis. See Cockroaches. 
 
 Mango Fish (Polynemus longifilis. 
 Cuv. ; P. paradiseus, Lin.), a delicate 
 Indian fish, sometimes called Tupsee. 
 The swimming bladder furnishes isin- 
 glass. This fish is met with in Cochin 
 China. 
 
 Manicou, a name in Dominica for the 
 opossum of the Antilles. 
 
 Manjaugan (Cervus hippelaphus, Cuv.), 
 the rusa doer of Java. 
 
 Manna, a sweet exudation produced by 
 the punctures of an insect (Coccus 
 maniparus), used as food and in 
 medicine as a mild purgative. 
 
MAN [ 75 ] MAE, 
 
 Mans, a French breed of fowls. 
 
 Manso (Spanish), one who has charge of 
 
 a flock of goats or sheep, or a herd of 
 
 cattle. 
 
 Manteca (Spanish), lard or butter. 
 
 Manteiga Tartakuga. a rich oil ob- 
 tained in large quantities, about the 
 Orinoco and Amazon, from eggs of the 
 turtle deposited in the sand. These 
 are collected and boiled and the oil 
 preserved in pots. It is limpid, inodor- 
 ous, and scarcely yellow. It is u-ed 
 for burning in lamps and for cooking 
 food. 
 
 Mantequeria. an establishment in Peru 
 where lard is rendered down, to be 
 exclusively employed in cooking. 
 
 Mantle Cashmeres, a union worsted 
 fabric made for women's wear. 
 
 Manucode, the French name for Para- 
 disea regia. 
 
 Manyplies, the third cavity of the 
 stomach of ruminant animals. 
 
 Maoa Shells. Species of turbo largely 
 exported from Tahiti. See Maara. 
 
 Mapach, a name for the racoon (Pro- 
 cyon lotor, Storr.). 
 
 Marabou Feathers, the under tail 
 coverts of some species of adjutant 
 and stork, or crane (Leptoptilus mara- 
 bou and L. argala). These feathers, 
 being light, are much worn by ladies 
 for head-dresses. L. crumeniferus, 
 Cuv., a carrion-eater, is the West 
 African marabou stork, and yields 
 the best feathers ; there is also a Java 
 adjutant. 
 
 Maracaja, a name for the ocelot of 
 
 Brazil {Fells partialis, Lin.). 
 Marak, the Malay name for the peacock 
 
 (Pavo spicifer, Horsf.), a native of 
 
 Burmah. 
 
 Marane (German), the large marane of 
 Europe is Cor eg onus mar ana, Bl. ; the 
 little marane, C. albula, Lin. ; the 
 medium marane, C. generosus, Peter. 
 
 Marare, a native name in New Zealand 
 for the butter fish (Coredodax pullis). 
 
 Maray (Clupea sagax), an esteemed 
 fish of Australia. The excellent bloaters 
 of Picton, New Zealand, are made of 
 this fish. 
 
 Marcaire (French), a cheese maker. 
 Marcassin (French), a young wild boar. 
 Mare, a female horse. The milk of the 
 
 mare is richer in sugar than that of 
 
 the c<>w. It is made into milk-beer, 
 
 or koumiss. 
 Maree. a general name given in France 
 
 to all edible sea fish whether fresh or 
 
 cured. 
 
 Marfin (Portuguese), ivory. 
 
 Margeoline, an artificial butter pro- 
 duct. 
 
 Marinade, to prepare fish with vine- 
 gar and spices. 
 
 Marmots (Arcto7nys), a genus of rodent 
 animals, of which there are several 
 specks in America (A. caligatus, A. fla- 
 viventir and A. monax). A large num- 
 ber are caught annually in Germany. A 
 great many skins are imported from 
 North America ; some pass under the 
 name of Weenusk. The Indians con- 
 sider their flesh as delicious food when 
 fat ; of a number of their skins sewn 
 together they makngood blankets and 
 fur robes. The Lapland marmot is 
 Hypudceus lemnus. 
 
 Marmozets, Marmosets. The common 
 name for a group of small South 
 American monkeys with soft silky 
 fur, species of Hapale and Midas, 
 which, from their gentleness and 
 beauty, are very attractive as pets, and 
 are imported in considerable numbers 
 by dealers. The species most generally 
 introduced is Hapale jacchus, Lin. ; 
 Jacchus vulgaris, Geoff. 
 
 Maroilles, a French skim milk cheese 
 weighing about 1 lb. 
 
 Marotta, a species of vivarium for 
 transporting eels and other fish alive 
 from the Valley of Commachio to 
 other parts of Italy by river or sea. 
 
 Maroudi, the name for a species of 
 penelope. 
 
 Marquette (French), a cake of bees- 
 wax. 
 
 Marranos (Spanish), pigs. 
 
 Marrot, a name for tne razorbill (Alca 
 tor da, Lin.). 
 
 Marrow, a light fatty substance lodged 
 in the hollow bones of animals, which 
 is considered a food delicacy ; grilled 
 marrowbones being frequently served 
 up at table. 
 
 Marsh Hen (Rallus elegans). See 
 Rails. 
 
 Marsion, an Italian name for some 
 species of Gobius. 
 
 Marsouin, the French name for the 
 common porpoise (Delpfiinus pho- 
 cozna, Phocoena communis). 
 
 Marten (Mustela), a kind of weasel, of 
 which there are several species. Their 
 fur is long with a good lustre, and 
 has always been an important article 
 of commerce. Being fine it is used for 
 trimmings, and is also dyed to imi- 
 tate sables and other expen>ive furs. 
 The Hudson's Bay Company receive on 
 the average 150,0u0 skins a year. Mar- 
 ten tails also form an article of com- 
 
MAR 
 
 [ 76 ] MEE 
 
 merce. The common marten is Mus- 
 tela martes, Lin. ; the pine marten, 
 Martes sylvatica, Nilss. ; the beech 
 marten, Martes foina. 
 
 Martin (Acridotheres tristis, Lin.), a 
 useful insectivorous bird of India, a 
 'kind of starling, the common mynah. 
 
 Marti n-pech eur (French), the king- 
 fisher. 
 
 Martinsvogel (German), the common 
 kingfisher (Alcedo ispida, Lin.). 
 
 Maskalonge, Masquallonge (Esox 
 nobilior), the so-called pickerel, but 
 properly a pike ; an American fresh- 
 water fish. It sometimes attains a 
 weight of more than 50 lbs. See 
 Muskalonge and PrCKEREL. 
 
 Mastiff (Canis molossus) , a powerful 
 watch-dog, noted for its strength, 
 courage and sagacity ; the largest and 
 most powerful of the indigenous 
 English dogs. 
 
 Mataderos, special slaughterhouses in 
 South America. 
 
 Mat am ata (Chelys matarnata, Brug. ; 
 Testudo firnbriata), a curious tortoise 
 of South America, which is much 
 esteemed for food, the flesh being 
 excellent. 
 
 Maties, one of the official classifica- 
 tions for the best class of cured her- 
 rings, where the roes and milts of the 
 fish are not largely developed. 
 
 Mauchamp, a superior French breed of 
 merino sheep with very silky wool. 
 
 Mauds, woollen travelling rugs or 
 shawls ; a shepherd's plaid. 
 
 Maulthier (German), the mule. 
 
 Mavis, a name in Scotland for the song 
 thrush (Turdus musicus, Lin.). 
 
 Maw, the stomach of an animal ; that of 
 the sucking calf called mawskin is 
 used as rennet. See Fish maw and 
 Rennet. 
 
 Mawatta, a name in Japan for floss silk, 
 or what is known to the merchants of 
 Europe as " caps." It is obtained from 
 thin or distorted, double and pierced 
 eocoons. It is used by the Japanese 
 as wadding for dresses, counterpanes, 
 &c. 
 
 Maw-skin. See Rennet. 
 Maybash, a superior kind of Japanese 
 silk. 
 
 May-fly (Ephemera vulgata and E. 
 albipennis). These insects, which 
 abound occasionally in swarms, form 
 food for fish, and are converted into 
 manure. 
 
 Mead, a drink made of honey and 
 water. 
 
 Meadow Starling (Sturnella ludovi- 
 
 ciana, Lin.), an American bird, which 
 is constantly brought to market in 
 the United State", the flesh being 
 considered equal in delicacy to that 
 of the American quail. Its plumage 
 is very beautiful, being principally 
 variegated with yellow and black, 
 and its note is surpassed by that of 
 none of the American warblers in 
 sweetness and tenderness of expression. 
 
 Mealworm, the larva of a blackish- 
 brown coloured beetle found in flour 
 and meal. They are much used in 
 Germany by bird fanciers, and are re- 
 commended as food for the nightingale 
 and other insectivorous cage birds. 
 
 Mease, or Mace, a fish measure, 500 
 herrings. 
 
 Measly Pork, a disease in pork, con- 
 sisting of cystocerci as large as 
 hemp seed, which produces fatal 
 results in those who eat it. 
 
 Meat, a generic name for the flesh of all 
 quadrupeds employed for human food ; 
 it is sold either in the fresh, preserved 
 or cured state. In 1880 we imported 
 into Great Britain of salted or fresh 
 meat 149,010 cwt., of the value of 
 £429,073, and of preserved par-boiled 
 or potted meat 655,800 cwt., value 
 £1 905,717. 
 
 Meat Biscuit, a round cake prepared 
 with extract of meat, sold in tins ; 
 also a food made for dogs. 
 
 Meat Extract, a nearly solid brown 
 mass, rich in the permanently soluble 
 constituents of muscular flesh, ob- 
 tained by boiling and filtering flesh. 
 
 Mechin, an inferior kind of prepared 
 sheepskin in Turkey. 
 
 Medicine Oil, a name in Norway for 
 cod liver oil, as distinguished from The 
 common cod oil used by leather 
 dressers. 
 
 Meerasche (Mugil cephalus, Lin.). 
 
 Meerbrassen (Dentex vulgaris). 
 
 Meerengel (Squatina angelus, Cuv.), 
 from the fat and the liver train oil is 
 obtained, and the flesh, steamed and pul- 
 verised is, with the refuse of the cod, 
 made into fish guano. 
 
 Meernadel, the German name for 
 Syngnathus acus, Lin., also called the 
 trompete. The small meernadel is S. 
 typhle, Lin. 
 
 Meersau (Galeus canis, Bonap.). 
 
 Meerschlange (Syngnathus ophidion, 
 Lin.). 
 
 Meehschwein (German), the porpoise 
 
 ( Phocoena communis). 
 Meet, a fixed rendezvous or assembling 
 
 place for hunters. 
 
MEG 
 
 [ 77 ] 
 
 MIL 
 
 Megissier (French), a leather dresser. 
 
 Mehari, the saddle dromedary (Came- 
 lus dromedarius, Lin.). 
 
 Melania (Spanish), a kind of silk fabric. 
 
 Melipones, stingless bees. 
 
 Melma (Coregonus leucichthys), an 
 edible fish of Russia. 
 
 Meloe (Mylabris cichorii), an Indian 
 blistering fly* 
 
 Melt, the spleen of an animal, the soft 
 roe of a fish. 
 
 Melter, a tallow chandler. 
 
 Melton, a kind of broadcloth, all wool, 
 with a soft and pliable finish, wholly 
 without gloss, much used for men's 
 coatings and trouserings. It is 
 also made as a union with a cotton 
 warp. 
 
 Menhaden, a North American sea fish 
 (Alosa menhaden; Brevoortia tyran- 
 nies [Latr.], Goode), which is chiefly 
 taken for its oil; the refuse, after 
 pressing, is used as manure. Some are 
 pickled and the small ones prepared 
 in oil like sardines. 
 
 Merchant-tailor, a tradesman who 
 sells cloth for garments. 
 
 Merino, a choice breed of sheep, origi- 
 nally from Spain, now largely spread 
 over Australia and America. An all- 
 wool fabric made for women's wear. 
 
 Merlan, the French name for the 
 whiting (Gadus merlangus, Lin.). See 
 Merlus. 
 
 Merle (French), the thrush or black- 
 bird. 
 
 Merlin, a name for the song thrush 
 (Turdus musicus, Lin.), also for the 
 smallest of the British falcons (Falco 
 cesalon, Tunstall). 
 
 Merlus, Mermjche, an ocean fish, the 
 whiting (Gadus merlangus), which 
 attains a length of two to three feet. 
 Its flesh is white and good. In the 
 Mediterranean this fish passes under 
 the name of merlan. 
 
 Merluza (Spanish), cod or hake. 
 
 Mero (Perca guttata), a Brazilian fish. 
 
 Mesange Bleue, the French name for 
 the little British bluetit (Percus cceru- 
 lus. Lin.). 
 
 Mesenito, a silk yarn made in Japan 
 from " mawatta," waste or floss silk. 
 
 Mess Beep This is usually put up in 
 pieces of 8 lbs., and sold m tierces of 
 304 lbs. 
 
 Mess Pork, is cut from the sides of the 
 thickest and fattest hogs in strips 6 to 7 
 inches wide, running from back to 
 belly ; it is usually put up in pieces of 
 about 4 lbs., and sold in barrels of 
 200 lbs. to 208 lbs. 
 
 Mestizo, a name for the common sheep 
 of South America. 
 
 Metheglin, a sweet drink made of 
 honey and water fermented by yeast. 
 
 Mews, a range of buildings for stabling 
 horses, with ranges of stalls or horse- 
 boxes. In the times when falconry was 
 practised mews meant a coop for 
 hawks. 
 
 Mezankooree ( Anther cea Mezankooria> 
 Moore), a silk moth, native of Assam ; 
 the silk is yellowish-white and consti- 
 tutes the dress of the higher ranks 
 there, being wrought into dholies. 
 
 Mhor (Selache maximus), the great 
 basking shark, which is harpooned for 
 the oil obtained from the liver. 
 
 Miel (French), honey. The Italian, 
 Spanish, and Portuguese name is much 
 the same. 
 
 Mierla, Mirlo (Spanish), the blackbird, 
 
 Miesmuscheln (German), the common 
 mussel (Mytilus edulis). 
 
 Mi lauder (Galeus canis, Bonap.). 
 
 Milch-Cow, a cow which has recently 
 calved and is kept for milking. 
 
 Milchprober, a milk tester. 
 
 Military Plume, an ornament of fea- 
 thers worn by officers in the army. 
 
 Milk (Anglo-Saxon meo-loe), the natural 
 food of the young of the mammalia. 
 Cows' milk is that most generally met 
 with in commerce. A little asses' milk 
 is sold. In Sweden, Norway and Den- 
 mark sheep's milk is used ; in Switzer- 
 land, much goats' milk ; in Tartar y, 
 mares' milk ; camels' milk among the 
 Arabs, and reindeers' milk in Lapland. 
 Various estimates have been made of 
 the production of milk in the United 
 Kingdom. Professor Sheldon recently 
 stated that, supposing each of the 
 3,700,000 milch-cows to yield 440 gallons 
 per annum, we have an aggregate pro- 
 duction of 1,628 million gallons. One- 
 eighth of this may be used in rearing 
 and fattening calves, leaving 1,424 £ 
 million gallons available for human 
 consumption in the forms of milk, 
 cheese and butter, including what is 
 used in cooking and what is wasted. 
 Mr. J. C. Morton, another good autho- 
 rity, estimates the yield at 1000 million 
 gallons ; a sixth or 167 million gallons 
 a day, or in all 365 million gallons is 
 drunk by the inhabitants, and, allow- 
 ing for that taken by the calves, 
 there remains 468 million gallons to be 
 converted into butter and cheese, say 
 about 2,800,000 cwt. of cheese, and 
 530.000 cwt. of butter. 
 
 Milk Sugar, a preparation made chiefly 
 
MIL 
 
 [ 78 ] 
 
 MON 
 
 in Switzerland by the simple evapora- 
 tion of the whey after cheese-making. 
 The manufacture, which is carried on 
 in the higher mountains, reaches about 
 2,000 cwt. a year in one village alone, 
 that of Marbach, in the canton of Lu- 
 cerne. The imports into the United 
 States alone in 1880 exceeded £5,000 in 
 value. 
 
 Milk-walk, the round of customers 
 served by a milkman. 
 
 Miller's Thumb (Cottus goUo), the 
 bullhead, a small European river fish. 
 
 Mina, Mynah, names for the hill 
 grackles (Gracula religiosa, Lin., and 
 G. intermedia, Hay), which are largely 
 domesticated in India. See Grackle. 
 
 Mincemeat, literally meat finely chop- 
 ped up, but usually applied to a 
 preparation of meat with sweets, in- 
 tended for making mince pies. 
 
 Mince Pie, a small pastry filled with 
 mincemeat. 
 
 Minever, a name for the fur worn 
 by royal personages and nobilitv. 
 which is the white skin of the ermine 
 with small pieces of black Astrakhan 
 lamb skin inserted. 
 
 Mink, Minx (Putorius vison; Vison 
 lutreola, Gray), a species of weasel 
 much sought for its fur for cloaks and 
 muffs ; it stands pre-eminent for orna- 
 ment, wear and durability. From 
 100,(i00 to 150,000 skins are imported 
 annually from America. 
 
 Minnow (Leuciscus phoxinus, Lin.), a 
 small British freshwater fish, which 
 makes an excellent fry, and is much 
 used as a bait for pike and large trout. 
 The fishing is allowed in England from 
 June 16 to March 14. 
 
 Misfits, a trade name for boots and 
 shoes and other articles made to order, 
 and which have not given satisfac- 
 tion. 
 
 Missgurn, a German name for Cobitis 
 fossilis, Lin. 
 
 Mixed Cords, a union fabric for men's 
 wear. See Cords. 
 
 Moccasins, shoe packs or r<mgh deer- 
 skin coverings f < >r the feet, u-ed by the 
 Indians in North America. 
 
 Mocking -Bird (Mimas polyglottus, 
 Lin.), the American song-thrush, which 
 sings with a great variety of notes, 
 and perhaps more than any other 
 bird. It is kept as a cage-bird in the 
 United States, and about 10,000 are 
 sold every summer. Good singing 
 birds of this species often bring a high 
 price ; their imitative powers are amaz- 
 ing. The mountain mockiog-bird of 
 
 North America is Oreoscoptes mon- 
 tanus. Baird. 
 
 Mock-Turtle, a soun made with calves' 
 head and condiments, which when cold 
 forms a jelly and is sold in some shops 
 in this solidified state. 
 
 Moelle de Bceuf (French), beef mar- 
 row, sold as an unguent f<>r the hair. 
 
 Mohair (French moire), the long silky 
 soft hair of the Angora goat (Capra 
 angorensis). Of goat's hair, princi- 
 pally mohair, about thirteen and a-half 
 million pounds are annually imported 
 into the United Kingdom, of the value 
 of £1,234,000. 
 
 Mohair Brilliantines, a union wor- 
 sted fabric made for women's wear. 
 
 Mohair Glaces, a union worsted fabric 
 for both men's and women's wear ; 
 there are also mohair melanges, and 
 figured mohairs for women. 
 
 Mohair Yarn, goat's wool spun in 
 Yorkshire. &c, much used for lace 
 dress goods and shawls. 
 
 Mohino (Spanish), the produce of the 
 horse and the ass. 
 
 Moire (French), a watered silk. 
 
 Mojama (Spanish), salted tunny fish. 
 
 Moki (Latris ciliaris), one of the most 
 abundant fishes off the New Zealand 
 coast. It is admirably adapted for 
 preserving, and when properly cured 
 and smoked will keep for a much longer 
 time than most other fish prepared 
 in that manner, 
 
 Molars, the teeth of mammals which 
 are not preceded by milk-teeth ; the 
 function of which is to grind the 
 food. 
 
 Mole (Talpa europea, Lin.), a small bur- 
 rowing animal ; its fur is occasionally 
 utilised and made into robes, garments 
 and various articles. The common 
 mole has a soft black velvet-like coat, 
 but there are varieties met with in 
 which the fur is entirely white, yel- 
 lowish, a*h-coloured or marbled with 
 white and black spots. The American 
 species are Scalops and CondyJura. 
 
 Molleton (French), a kind of soft 
 woollen fabric like swansdown. 
 
 Mollusca, the sub-kingdom of animals 
 represented by those with shells, cuttle- 
 fishes and allied forms. 
 
 Molo, the Italian name for Gadus mer- 
 langus. 
 
 Molton. See Melton. 
 
 Monaul, a name for the Impeyan phea- 
 sant (Lophophorus impeyansis, Lath.), 
 an Eastern bird much prized for the 
 rich beauty of its plumage and its size. 
 Another species (L. refulgens. Tem.), 
 
MON [ 79 ] 
 
 MOR 
 
 has, as its name implies, splendid plu- 
 mage of green and yellow. 
 
 Mondjourorue, another name for the 
 musk-rat of India (Sorex nurinus). 
 
 Mondongo (Spanish), tripe. 
 
 Mongolian Pheasant (Phasianus 
 Reevii). The long tail feathers of this 
 bird, measuring 6 feet, are much used 
 by play actors in China to ornament 
 their headdresses. 
 
 Mongoz, the Lemur mongoz. 
 
 Mongrel, an animal of a mixed breed, 
 the result of the union or crossing of 
 varieties more or less differing from 
 each other. See Hybrid. 
 
 Mongus, Mungoose (Herpestes griseus, 
 Geoff.). The grey ichneumon of India 
 has been imported into Jamaica, 
 Barbados, Cuba, Porto Rico and other 
 West Indian islands to destroy the rats, 
 which do such damage to the sugar 
 canes. In one parish alone of Barba- 
 dos, £140 has been paid as a bounty on 
 the rats' heads brought in. In Jamaica 
 the destruction by rats was estimated at 
 £100,000 a year. A grey ichneumon 
 has been known to kill twelve full- 
 grown rats, which were let loose in a 
 room sixteen feet square, in less than a 
 minute and a-half. It also destroys 
 small reptiles. A large trade is car- 
 ried on in Jamaica in breeding and sup- 
 plying the mungoose. Other species of 
 ichneumon also destroy rats and snakes. 
 
 Monitor (Regenia albogularis). The 
 flesh of this reptile, which is white, is 
 sometimes eaten in the Cape Colony, 
 but it is dry and insipid. 
 
 Monkey {Simla). These animals are 
 caught to be kept in zoological gardens. 
 The skins of some also enter into com- 
 merce from Africa, as those of the 
 black and grey monkeys, the Diana 
 monkey (Cercopithecus diana), the 
 Colobus guereza and several species 
 of Mycetes for muffs and trimmings. 
 Monkeys are frequently eaten as human 
 food in many parts of the Eastern 
 Archipelago. Africa and South Ame- 
 rica. The black King Colobus monkey 
 (Colobus poly comus, SchrebJ is plenti- 
 ful in the forests in the interior about 
 the Gold Coast, and the skins (the hair 
 of which is long, black, soft and silky) 
 of the best kinds are an article of 
 trade. The exports from the Gold Coast 
 in 1875 were 16,253 skins. The skins of 
 the negro monkey (Semnopithecus 
 maurus, Schreb.), of Java and Suma- 
 tra, also enter into commerce. The 
 skin is jet black, covered with long 
 silky hairs. 
 
 Monkey Jacket, a thick pea-jacket, a 
 kind of cloth spencer for men. 
 
 Monkfish (Lophius piscatorius), also 
 a name for the angel shark (Squatina 
 Dumerili, Les.). Its flesh was formerly 
 held in esteem, but is now con- 
 sidered coarse and seldom eaten. The 
 rough skin is utilised for some pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Moon-fish, a name for Selene argentea, 
 Lac, Parephippus quadratus and for 
 the banded porgy (Chcetodipterus faber 
 [Brouss], J. and G.), American fishes. 
 
 MOONGA or MOOGA SILKWORM (An- 
 
 thercea assama, Heifer). The cocoons 
 are soft and of a light fawn colour. 
 They furnish an excellent raw silk, of 
 which there is a large consumption in 
 British India. This silk forms one of 
 the principal exports of Assam, and 
 leaves the country generally in the 
 shape of thread. 
 Moor cock, the red grouse of the 
 British Islands (Lagopus scoticus, 
 Lath.). 
 
 Moorgrundel, a name in Switzerland 
 for Cobitis fossilis, Lin. 
 
 Mook-hen (Gallinula chloropus, Lin.), 
 an aquatic bird, which, if killed in the 
 autumn, is very good eating. It is 
 also called the water hen. 
 
 Moortjk (Casuarius bennetti), a species 
 of cassowary, native of New Britain 
 in the South Pacific. 
 
 Moose Deer (Alces palmatus, or A. 
 machlis, Ogil.). See Elk. 
 
 M. O. P., a trade abbreviation for mother- 
 of-pearl shells. 
 
 Mops, a German name for a small kind 
 of bull dog (Canis molossus fricato). 
 
 Moqtjette (French), a tapestry Brus- 
 sels, or Wilton carpet. 
 
 Morcon (Spanish), a black-pudding. 
 
 Moheen, a thin, all-worsted fabric, an 
 imitation in common materials for 
 furniture-hangiugs,and women's wear. 
 
 Morfil (French), elephants' tusks. 
 
 Mohgay, a name for the little dog-fish 
 (Scyllium caniculum). 
 
 Morkin (French, mort), an old term for 
 the skins of animals found dead. 
 
 Mokmora, the Italian name for Gadus 
 barbatus, Lin. 
 
 Morocco Leather, a sumach-tanned 
 leather, dyed and usually grained. 
 The best is made in North Africa of 
 goat skin, but it is well imitated in 
 Europe with split sheepskins. 
 
 Morse. See Walrus. 
 
 Mort (Gadus virens), the name in Nor- 
 way for the sey when under a year 
 old, and in Westmoreland for * the 
 
MOR [ 80 ] MUM 
 
 sea trout ; also for a salmon of the 
 third year. 
 
 M or tad Ella, an Italian name for 
 Bologna sausages, made of pork, sea- 
 soned witn wine, garlic, &c. They 
 are also sold in tins. 
 
 Mort lings (from the French mort 
 laine), wool obtained from dead sheep. 
 
 Morve (French), the glanders. 
 
 Morwong, a fisherman's name in Aus- 
 tralia for species of Chilodactylus ; 
 one kind is also known as the carp. 
 
 Moskos, a name under which civet is 
 sold in some Eastern countries as a 
 perfume; the men employ it on the 
 turbau, and the women on their veils. 
 
 Mos lings, thin shreds of leather made 
 by the currier in shaving skins. 
 
 Moss-bunker, a name for the men- 
 haden ; it is also called porgy. 
 
 Mostovyo, a name in Russia lor tanned 
 bullock hides used for light shoe 
 leather ; they are thinner than those 
 used for sole leather, which are ox 
 hides, and are smeared with tar 
 mixed with train oil. 
 
 Mother-of-Pearl. a commercial name 
 for many iridescent shells, employed 
 for carving and inlaying, &c, but 
 chiefly applied to the shell of the 
 Meleagrina 7nargaritifera, and of the 
 pearl oyster. 
 
 Mottles, a variety of pigeon, of which 
 there are several kinds, agate, black, 
 red and yellow. 
 
 Moucherolle, the king of the fly- 
 catchers (Muscicapa regia), a hand- 
 some red-crested bird. 
 
 Mouette (French), a seamew or gull. 
 
 Moufflon (Ovis musimon), the only 
 wild sheep found within the limits of 
 Europe. 
 
 Moufle, the loose covering of the nose 
 of the moose deer, which is considered 
 by epicures a great food delicacy. 
 
 Moules, the French name for mussels. 
 
 Moulinage (French), silk throwing. 
 
 Mountain Meal, a kind of infusorial 
 earth (Foramenifera), which, mixed 
 with flour is used as food in Lapland 
 and China. Some of these infusorial 
 earths are also employed as polishing 
 powders and in a few manufactures. 
 
 Mousquetaires, long leather gloves 
 without buttons worn by ladies. 
 
 Mousselines db Laine, literally mus- 
 lins of wool, but in England they are 
 formed of a cotton warp and worsted 
 weft. 
 
 Moyra, a name in Lapland for the cape- 
 lin (Mallotus arcticus), used for bait 
 for other fish. See Capelin. 
 
 Muchnahs, a name in India for ele- 
 phants which have only rudimentary 
 tusks. 
 
 Mucilage, a French name for egg yolk, 
 used by leather dressers. 
 
 Mud-fish (Eleotris gyrinus), an 
 esteemed West Indian river fish. 
 
 Mud-skate (Rhyncobatus djeddensis, 
 Cast.), an Eastern fish, the flesh of 
 which is considered nourishing 
 whether eaten salted or fresh ; the oil 
 from its liver is much esteemed. 
 
 Muff, a lady's protection for the hands 
 in cold weather, a case usually made of 
 fur, feathers, &c. 
 
 Muffeteb, a small fur cuff worn on the 
 wrist. 
 
 Muffler, a woollen wrapper for the 
 throat. 
 
 Mugger, a square-snouted species of 
 
 crocodile in India. 
 Muk, a Siamese name for dried cuttle 
 
 fish, used for food. 
 Mula (Spanish), a kind of thick solid 
 
 shoes. 
 
 Mule, a hybrid or cross between the ass 
 and the mare, forming a serviceable, 
 sure-footed beast of burden. They are 
 much used in Spain, South America 
 and the United States. Also a name 
 for a hybrid canary. 
 
 Mule Deer (Cariacus macrotus). The 
 skin of this deer is used for trimmings 
 and for coats and robes. 
 
 Mulita, a name in South America for a 
 species of tatou (Dasypus hybridus), 
 the flesh of which is esteemed. 
 
 Mulle (Mugil), a name for the mullet 
 in the South of France ; in Paris it is 
 called mulet and in Vendee meuil. 
 
 Mullet, a sea fish of which there are 
 several species ; those most esteemed 
 are the red mullet (Mullus surmul- 
 letus or M. barbatus). and the grey 
 mullet (Mugil capito. Guv.), which are 
 excellent eating. Mugil cephalus is 
 a Mediterranean species. In their 
 fresh state the Indian species are es- 
 teemed as food by both Europeans and 
 natives; they are also extensive!}' 
 salted and sun dried. The roes of M. 
 ocur are also collected and dried in the 
 sun, either with or without the use of 
 salt. The common American mullets 
 are Mugil albula, Lin., and Morone 
 americana [Gmel.], Gill. The king 
 and queen mullets of Jamaica are 
 species of Upaneus, a sub-genus of 
 Mullus. 
 
 Mulltgatawney, a kind of curry soup 
 
 made of fowl, which is sold in tins. 
 Mummichogs, a name given to some fishes 
 
MUN [ 81 ] 
 
 MUS 
 
 of North America (Hydrargyra maja^ 
 lis, &c). 
 
 Mungo, shreds of old woollen cloth 
 torn up into rags, that the wool, mixed 
 with new wool, may be worked up 
 again. 
 
 Mungoose. See Mongus. 
 Munsterkaese, a soft cheese made at 
 
 Muuster, in the canton of Haut-Rhin. 
 
 The size of the cheese is 20 oentimetres 
 
 diameter by 8 high, 
 Muntjak (Cervulus aureus; Cervulus 
 
 muntjac, Zimm.), the red-iaced or 
 
 barking deer of the Himalayas, the 
 
 flesh of which affords an excellent 
 
 venison, often found on the tables of 
 
 Europeans in India. 
 Murchal, a bunch of peacocks' feathers, 
 
 considered an insignia of royalty in the 
 
 Bast. 
 
 Murena (Spanish), a kind of eel. 
 
 Murex, a family of molluscs^ of which 
 many species are greatly esteemed by 
 conchologists. 
 
 Murexide, a beautiful purple red colour 
 obtained from the uric acid of Peru- 
 vian guano. It has now been super- 
 seded by the coal-tar colours. 
 
 Murray-Cod, a name given indiscrimi- 
 nately to two species of Oligorus, 0. 
 Macquariensis and 0. Mitchelli ; Grys- 
 tes macquariensis,Cuv. and Val., named 
 after the principal river of Australia, 
 where they are chiefly found. They 
 are both excellent fishes for the table 
 and have been known to reach a weight 
 of 12U lbs. 
 
 Murray Perch, a name for several 
 species of fiVhes of that great Australian 
 river, especially Murray ea Guntherii, 
 Cast. The Murray golden perch is 
 Dules auratus, Cast., much esteemed 
 for the table; the silver perch, 
 Therapon Richardsonii, Cast., and the 
 black perch, T. n,iger, Cast.; other 
 Australi in black perches are species of 
 Melanichthys, also valued as articles 
 of food. 
 
 Murre, a name for the thick-billed or 
 Brunnich's guillemot, the eggs of 
 which are obtained in large quantities 
 about San Francisco and other locali- 
 ties. The eggs are 3^ inches long, and 
 esteemed a great delicacy. 
 
 Murrel (Ophiocspjialus sp.), an Indian 
 freshwater fish. 
 
 Musang (Paradoxurus musanga, Raf- 
 fles). This animal destroys rats and 
 mice, but is also destructive to coffee 
 plantations ; it can, however, be tamed 
 to human uses, 
 
 Muscardine, a disease affecting the silk- 
 
 worm, a fungoid growth or mould 
 (Botrytis bassiana, Montague) which 
 forms in the interior of the worm. 
 
 Muschel (German), the mussel. 
 
 Muscles, the fleshy fibrous contractile 
 ligaments of animals. 
 
 Muscovy Duck (Anas [Cairina] mos- 
 chata), an American bird which has 
 been domesticated in our farmyards, 
 but the flesh is not so good as that of 
 the common duck. 
 
 Musical Instrument Strings. Most 
 of the cords used for stringed instru- 
 ments are made of twisted gut, the 
 prepared intestines of sheep. 
 
 Musk, a substance used as a perfume and 
 as a stimulating and antispasmodic 
 medicine ; it is the dried secretion of 
 the preputial follicles of the musk deer 
 (Moschus moschiferus, Lm. ; M. tow- 
 quinensis or thibetansis, Per.). Good 
 musk is of a dark purplish colour, dry 
 and light, and generally in smooth unc- 
 tuous grains. Its taste is bitter and its 
 smell strong and aromatic. We import 
 about 10,000 ounces a year. 
 
 Muskalonge (Esox riobilior, Thomp- 
 son), a fish of the great American lakes 
 and Southern British Provinces east 
 of the Rocky mountains. It is variously 
 written mascalonge, muskellunge, mus- 
 quallonge, etc. 
 
 Musk Dee k (Moschus moschiferus, Lin.). 
 The flesh of this animal is not eatable ; 
 the skin is manufactured into fur and 
 leather. See Musk. 
 
 Musk Ox (Ovibos moschatus), a North 
 American quadruped. When the ani- 
 mal is fat the flesh is said to be good ; 
 its hair is long, woolly, thick and dense, 
 reaching nearly to the ground, and has 
 been spun into yarn ; it has rather the 
 appearance of a long-haired goat than 
 of a true ox, 
 
 Musk-rat, another name for the mus- 
 quash. The desmans (Mygale mos- 
 chata) are also called musk-rats. The 
 skin of the Australian musk-rat 
 (Hydromys chrysogaster) yieldsj when 
 prepared, a very fine though small 
 fur. 
 
 Musquash (Fiber zibetJiicus, Cuv.), a 
 fur-bearing animal which has ah ex- 
 tensive range. Prom 400,000 to 600,000 
 of their skins are received by the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company annually. The 
 tails form a considerable article of im- 
 port into India, being regarded by 
 some as an aphrodisiac. 
 
 Musquaw, a name for the black bear 
 ( Ursus americanws, Pallas). 
 
 Mussels (Anglo-Saxon), a mollusc 
 G 
 
MUS 
 
 [ 82 ] 
 
 NEB 
 
 (Mytilus edulis), which is much in 
 repute in many localities as an article 
 of food, and also largely used for 
 fish bait. The bag of mussels weighs 
 about 1| cwt. At Lynn, in Norfolk, 
 several thousand tons are collected 
 yearly. There is a regulation that 
 they ought not to be taken under two 
 inches in length. The ton of mussels 
 is valued at £1 ; there are 16 bags or 
 32 bushels to the ton. In China a 
 considerable trade is carried on in 
 dried mussels for food. The shells 
 are polished for ornament and also used 
 for holding gold and silver paint. 
 Many of the river mussels (Unios) 
 yield pearls. 
 
 Mustang, a rather under-sized but hardy 
 and serviceable Mexican horse. 
 
 Muta (Spanish), a pack of hounds. 
 
 Mutton, the flesh of the adult sheep 
 used for human food. The value of 
 the meat of about 14 million sheep an- 
 nually slaughtered in the United King- 
 dom is estimated at over £25,000,000. 
 
 Mutton Bird (Neilris brevicaudis, Bon.; 
 Puffinus brevicaudis, Gould; P. austra- 
 lis, Eyton). This bird is found in large 
 numbers on the islands in Bass's Straits. 
 More i han 100,000 are slaughtered an- 
 nually for the oil they yield and the 
 feathers, and the carcases are dried and 
 smoked for food in the winter. 
 
 Mutton Chop, a cut from the ribs or 
 loin of a sheep. 
 
 Mutton Cutlet, a slice from the leg of 
 a sheep. 
 
 Mutton-pish, a name for the mollusc 
 Haliotis ruzvosa, in great demand by 
 the Chinese; Haliotis iris is also much 
 prized by the natives of New Zealand, 
 although tough eating. 
 
 Mutton Hams, legs of sheep salted and 
 cured for keeping. See Presale. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nacreous Shells, shells with a bril- 
 liant or pearly lustre, such as the ear- 
 shells, mother-of-pearl shells. Turbos. 
 
 Nag, a saddle-horse for the road, smaller 
 but better bred than a coach-horse. 
 
 Nagelrochen, a German name for Raja 
 clavata, Lin. 
 
 Nail Brush, a toilet brush of hair set in 
 bone, for cleaning the nails when wash- 
 ing. 
 
 Nakarla, a name in Iceland for Seym- 
 nus microcephalics; it is also called 
 harkaten. 
 
 Nakhla, a kind of Indian tortoiseshell. 
 
 Nalime, a Russian name for the losh. 
 
 Namako, a name in Japan for species of 
 Holothuria, which are eaten raw, and 
 when steam pd and dried are largely 
 shipped to China. 
 
 Namdah, Nammad, a kind of Indian 
 felt, often ornamented with coloured 
 wools felted into them in regular ara- 
 besque designs. 
 
 Nancy, a term by which lobsters are sold 
 in Billingsgate. A " best Nancy " is 40 
 lobsters of a large size, a " worst 
 Nancy " 40 of a smaller size. 
 
 Nandou, a name for the so-called ostrich 
 of South America (Rhea americana. 
 Tieill.). 
 
 Nang, in Siam a name for skin ; thus, 
 nang-kabeng is ray-skin; nang-mou, 
 snake -skin; nang -ret, rhinoceros- 
 hide ; nang-xang, elephant-hide. 
 
 Nannygai, a native name for Beryx 
 affinis, Gunther, an Australian edible 
 fish which ranks high in estimation. 
 When slightly corned and smoked it is 
 considered a great delicacy. 
 
 Napu, a deer of Java (Tragulus javani- 
 cus, Pall.). 
 
 Narwhal, the sea unicorn (Monodon 
 monoceros). It is sought for by the 
 Esquimaux and Greenlanders for its 
 flesh, oil, and for its long ivory horn or 
 spiral tusk, one of its incisor teeth, 
 which is, however, little used in manu- 
 factures, but was formerly considered 
 an antidote to poisons. 
 
 Nase, Nosling, German names for Chon- 
 drostoma nasus, Agass. 
 
 Natatores, the order of swimming 
 birds. 
 
 Natives, a name for oysters raised 
 in English beds or parks. 
 
 Natural History Specimens, repre- 
 sentations of animal forms, living or 
 dead, imported, the first for amateurs 
 and zoological gardens, the latter for 
 museums and private collections. 
 
 Navaga (Gadus navaga), a salt-water 
 fish of Russia of an excellent flavour. 
 
 Naylima, a Russian name for the enor- 
 mous white-fish of Alaska (Luciotrutta 
 leucichthys, Gunther), the finest of 
 its tribe both in respect of size and 
 flavour. 
 
 Neatsfoot Oil, an oil obtained by 
 boiling the feet of cattle. It is much 
 used for softening leather. 
 
 Nebelparder (German), Neofllis ma- 
 croceles. 
 
KEG [ 83 ] 
 
 NYL 
 
 Negretti, an improved breed of Ger- : 
 man merino sheep ; also called elec- 
 toral. 
 
 Nelma, a Russian name for a river 
 
 fish, the Salmo albula, Lin.; the 
 
 Coregonus leucichthys, Pallas. 
 Nennook, a native name for the polar '. 
 
 or white bear (Thalassarctos mariti- 
 
 mus, Gray). 
 Nerpa, a Russian name for PJioca an- 
 
 nellata and P. vitulina ; Pagomys 
 
 larga, Pall. 
 Neufchatel Cheeses. These are 
 
 exported from France folded in paper. 
 
 They are made from cream, thickened 
 
 by heat and pressed in a small mould. 
 
 After souring they become mellow 
 
 and eatable. 
 Neunauge, a German name for the 
 
 lamprey. The small lamprey is Petro- 
 
 myzon planeri, Bl. 
 Neutria, Nutria (Myopotamus coypus, 
 
 MoL), a furrier's name for a South 
 
 American rodent. See Coypu. 
 Newfoundland Dog, a fine breed 
 
 of dog, which takes to the water 
 
 freely. 
 
 Nez, Nase (Chondrostoma nasus, 
 Agass.), a freshwater fish. 
 
 Ngapee, an Indian fish-paste or condi- 
 ment. See Balachong. 
 
 Nga-yans (Ophiocephalus stria tus), a 
 name in Burmah for this fish ; but the 
 prefix Nga would seem to be a general 
 term for fish. 
 
 Nightingale (Daulias luscinia, Lin.), 
 the best known and most highly es- 
 teemed of our native songsters. Great 
 numbers of these birds are kept in 
 confinement, and a good male nightin- 
 gale fetches a high price. 
 
 Night Soil, human ordure taken from 
 privies for manure. In Paris and 
 other Continental cities the collection 
 and distribution of this is an impor- 
 tant business. 
 
 Nigre, the thin part of soap which falls 
 to the bottom of the pan. 
 
 Nun Insect (Coccus adipofera), an in- 
 sect of Yucatan, the female of which 
 is collected for its oil or fat. 
 
 Nikiti, a species of wild honey bee of 
 India. 
 
 Nile Lizard (Varanus niloticus), a 
 very large species of African lizard, 
 the flesh and eggs of which are 
 eaten. 
 
 Nilgaie (Bocelaphus pictus [Pall.]), the 
 largest of the Indian antelopes. See 
 Nylghau. 
 
 Nishin, the Japanese name for the her- 
 ring. 
 
 Nistry Silkworm (Bombyx crasi), an 
 
 Indian silk-producing moth. 
 Nito (Spanish), a black horse. 
 Nivernaise, a French breed of cattle. 
 Nobleza (Spanish), fine damask silk. 
 Nockman. See Nuoc-man. 
 Noddy (Anous [Sterna] stolida), a tern 
 or sea-fowl whose eggs are sought for 
 food. 
 
 Noils, the short fibres and knots of 
 wool, left in the process of combing, 
 which are classed into common and 
 medium noils ; they are unfit for 
 worsted spinning, and only suited for 
 coarse yarn and manufactures. 
 No n NAT, a French name for small sar- 
 dines. 
 
 Norway Haddock, a name for Sebasies 
 
 marinus. 
 Nosling. See Nase. 
 Noumetzi, another name for the Cape 
 
 guevei (Gephalopus pygmavbs, Lin.). 
 Nourrisseur (French), a cowkeeper 
 
 who keeps milch cows. 
 Novilla (Spanish), a heifer or cow be- 
 tween three and six years of age; 
 novillo being an ox. 
 Nummud, a felt carpet, much used in 
 Persia. 
 
 Nun, a kind of fancy pigeon, whose head 
 is nearly covered with a veil of 
 feathers. It is the prettiest and 
 most striking of the toy pigeons. A 
 bird-dealer's name for some species of 
 finch (Munia). 
 Nun's Cloth, an all-wool fabric, made 
 
 for women's wear. 
 Nuoc-man, Nockman, a condiment 
 made in Cochin China of shrimps and 
 small fish decomposed in salt water. 
 It is kept buried in the earth for seve- 
 ral years. About 8,000,000 jars, valued 
 at £80.000, are consumed annually. 
 Nuri (Malay), a name for the parrot 
 family, which has been converted by 
 us into loory. 
 Nurse, aspecies of shark of the tropical 
 Atlantic, Ginglymostoma cirratum 
 [Gmel.], M..& H. 
 Nursehound, a name for the Scyllium 
 catulus, the rough skin of which is 
 used for polishing wood. 
 Nutgalls. See Galls. 
 Nutmeg Bird, the Munia undulata of 
 
 India, also called the spice bird. 
 Nutria. See Neutria and Coypu. 
 Nyau (Ovis amnion), a gigantic wild 
 : sheep of Thibet. 
 
 i Nylghau (Bocelaphus pictus, Pall.), the 
 bull stag, an Indian species of antelope, 
 hunted for its flesh, which is much 
 esteemed. 
 
 G 2 
 
OCE 
 
 C 84 ] 
 
 ORG 
 
 0. 
 
 Ocelot {Fells partialis, Lin.)* The skin of 
 this South American animal is beauti- 
 fully variegated, of a bright reddish 
 colour, with stripes of a deeper tinge, 
 edged with black variously disposed 
 over the upper parts of the body, and 
 hence is in great request by furriers, 
 being used for rugs. 
 
 Octopus, the order of cephalopods. Octo- 
 pus punctatus, Goalb., one of the 
 largest of its tribe, is sold for food 
 in the markets of San Francisco. See 
 Cuttle-fish and Sepia. 
 
 Offal, a general name for the waste 
 parts or refuse of anything. Thus we 
 have the waste of animals, of birds, of 
 fish, and of animal products. The offal 
 of animals consists of the skin, feet, 
 tail, horns, head, and tongue ; of the 
 lungs, liver, spleen, omentum, pancreas, 
 and heart, which consiitute the pluck 
 or the fry, and the intestines and other 
 internal organs. The offal or trim- 
 mings of leather consists of shoulders, 
 cheeks and faces, necks, bellies, and 
 middles of the hide. The offal of fish 
 consists of the heads, entrails, and 
 bones, in curing; but the term is 
 applied by fish dealers to distinguish 
 prime fish, as soles, turbots, brill, and 
 cod, from the second class or more 
 plentiful and lower-priced kind of 
 fish, which are termed offal, such as 
 haddock, plaice, and whiting. The 
 offal of birds are some of the interior 
 organs, aud the neck and head, legs, 
 &C separated in cleaning and trussing, 
 which are sold as giblets. 
 
 Oie (French), a goose. 
 
 Oil-bird (Steatornis caripensis), a name 
 for the guacharo, a South American 
 and West Indian bird, collected and 
 boiled down for its fat, which is said to 
 resemble olive oil. It is half liquid, 
 transparent, and inodorous, and so pure 
 that it will keep a year without turning 
 rancid. 
 
 Oisons (French), goslings. 
 
 Okoune, a Russian name for Percafluvia- 
 tilis, Lin. ; also for Sebastes norvegi- 
 cus, an excellent fish, much esteemed 
 at St* Petersburg for its beautiful 
 colour. 
 
 Old Wives, a name in North America 
 
 for the menhaden fish. 
 Oleic Acid, the pure liquid fatty acid 
 
 found in tallow. 
 
 Oleo-margarine, a fatty substance pre- 
 pared from tallow, &c., as a cheap sub- 
 stitute for butter. It is sometimes sold 
 under the name of butterine. 
 
 Olivers, a kind of small fish. 
 
 Ombre, Ombre Chevalier, French 
 names for Salmo umbla, Lin, The 
 Auvergne ombre is Thymallus vexilli- 
 fer, Agass. ; T. versicolor. 
 
 Ombrelle (French), a sunshade or 
 parasol. 
 
 Omelette, a food dish made with eggs- 
 fried. 
 
 Onager (Equus onager r Pall.), the wild 
 ass of the deserts of South-Western 
 Asia. 
 
 Ondatre, the French name for the 
 musquash (Fiber zibethicus, Lin,). 
 
 Onglons (French), the horny nails or 
 hoofs. 
 
 Oolum. See Sable Fish. 
 
 Opah, a name for the king-fish (Lam- 
 pris guttatus), 
 
 Opercula. Many species of gasteropods- 
 develop an operculum, or lid, on a par- 
 ticular lobe of the foot,, by means of 
 which the aperture of the shell is- 
 closed when the animal is retracted 
 within its abode. Some of the calca- 
 reous solid opercula are now polished 
 and set as ornaments or jewels in 
 necklets and pins. 
 
 Opossum, Of tue Australian opossums 
 there are several species and varieties ; 
 the common opossum (Phalangista, 
 vulpina) has the widest range and is 
 the staff of life to the natives, The 
 American opossum (Didelphys vir~ 
 giniana) is one of the largest and most, 
 robust of the genus. The flesh of the 
 opossums is eaten and their skin em- 
 ployed by the hunters. Those of the 
 Australian opossum (P.fuliginosa) are 
 made into fur and used for gloves and 
 for chest protectors. Many eat the 
 flesh of the opossums in Brazil, but the 
 axillary glands must first be extracted. 
 
 Opoyka, a name for calf -skin leather in 
 Russia. 
 
 Orca, a name in Russia for the white 
 whale (Beluga catodon, Gray.). 
 
 Organ Pipe Coral. See Pipe Coral. 
 
 Organz i n E, » twice-thrown silk, forming 
 a h-rd and compact thread. It is 
 formed of two, tbre^, or more singles 
 and twisted in a contrary direction to 
 that in which the singles, of which it 
 is composed, are twisted ; or it may be 
 thus more clearly denned : The threads 
 of from 3 to 8 cocoons are united, being 
 first strongly twisted and next thrown, 
 after which two of such threads are 
 
OEI [ 85 ] OUR 
 
 twisted together. Organzine. or thrown 
 silk, is used as chain for ribbons, plush 
 and satin. 
 
 Oriole (Oriolus galbula, Lin.). The 
 golden oriole is a bird largely sought 
 for food in t*ie South of Europe. 
 
 Orleans, a worsted union fabric for 
 women's wear. 
 
 Ormer (Hallotls tuberculata), a name 
 in the Channel Islands for a mollusc, 
 the shell of which is used for inlaying 
 work by the Birmingham manufac- 
 turers. The flesh is edible. See Ear 
 Shells. 
 
 Ormond Whelk, a name for Fusus 
 antlquus, which is sold for food. 
 
 Orphie, the French name for the gar- 
 pike (Esox belone). 
 
 Ortolan (Emberiza hortulana, Lin.), 
 a bird inhabiting the shores of the 
 Mediterranean and the South of 
 Europe. They are caught in great 
 numbers at the commencement of 
 autumn and fattened for the table 
 by being kept in a dark room. 
 
 Osetre (Acipenser guldenstadtii), a 
 species of sturgeon which furnishes 
 above one-fourth of the Russian isin- 
 glass of commerce. 
 
 Oso, the Spanish name for a bear. 
 
 Osprey (Pandion haVuBtus [Lin.]). See 
 Fish-hawk. 
 
 Ossein, the constituent of bones, to 
 which their strength and elasticity is 
 due. 
 
 Osteocolla, bone glue. 
 
 Ostrega, Ostriche, Italian names for 
 the oyster. 
 
 Ostreiculture, the art of propagating 
 and fattening oysters artificially. This 
 has been very successfully practised of 
 late years on the shores of France. 
 
 Ostrich (Struthlo eamelus, Lin.), a well- 
 knowa African bird, the feathers of 
 which are exceedingly valuable. It 
 has lately been domesticated in the 
 Cape Colony, and now forms a profitable 
 speculation. The eggs, which weigh 
 about 3 lbs., are edible, and the shells 
 are converted into water-flasks, cups, 
 and dishes. 
 
 Ostrich Feathers. We pay about 
 £400,000 sterling annually for ostrich 
 feathers. Those of the male bird are 
 most prized, being better shaped, 
 larger, whiter and finer than those 
 of the female bird. Each bird killed 
 yields in value feathers worth about 
 £26, without reckoning the flesh and 
 the fat, which can also be utilised. 
 The value of a black or grey ostrich 
 feather, as compared with a white one 
 
 of the same size and texture, may be 
 taken at a rough estimate to be one- 
 fourth or one-fifth. The average length 
 of a really good feather is about two 
 feet, and eight to nine inches wide. 
 Otter Hound, a dog trained to hunt 
 otters. 
 
 Otter, Land (Lutra). The handsome fur 
 of the land otter meets with a ready 
 sale in commercial circles. The com- 
 mon otter (Lutra vulgaris, Erxl.) is 
 still frequently caught in Europe. The 
 American otter (L. canadensis) differs 
 from theEuropean in its greater size and 
 the colour of its fur, which is fine and 
 thick. The Hudson's Bay Company im- 
 port 13,000 or 14,000 skins annually, 
 which are dyed, the long hairs re- 
 moved, and they are used for muffs, 
 trimmings, etc. The Chinese otter (L., 
 chinensis) is trained to catch fish. 
 
 Otter, Sea (Enhydra marina, Schreb.; 
 E.lutris). This marine animal is onlv 
 found in the North Pacific. The flesh of 
 the young one is said to be delicate food. 
 The skin is one of the choicest of the 
 furs of commerce, and is exceedingly 
 fine and heavy, but varies in beauty 
 according to the age of the animal. 
 That of the mature male is of a jet, 
 velvetv black, with a silky gloss. Thev 
 are worn by the wealthy classes of 
 Russia and China, and are in Europe 
 made into muffs, gloves, collars, cuffs 
 and trimmings. 
 
 Oudji. a parasite which attacks the silk- 
 worm in Japan, said to arise from eggs 
 deposited on the mulberry leaf, on 
 which the silkworm feeds ; it becomes 
 adult in the chrysalis, which it feeds on , 
 
 Ouies (French), the gills of a fish. 
 
 Oulachan (Thaleichthys paciflcus or 
 Eichardsonii), a small very fat fish, 
 which is taken in large quantities at 
 certain seasons, on the West coast 
 of North America. Eaten fresh they 
 are delicious, and are also excellent iii 
 the smoked or salted form. They are 
 caught principally for the oil obtained 
 from them by heating, which is used 
 for food and for burning. This oii 
 might become of great economic value, 
 for when pure and refined it is con 
 sidered to be as useful as cod-liver 
 oil. 
 
 Ounce (Fells uneia), the snow leopard 
 of Central Asia; also a name for the 
 jaguar (Felis onca, Lin.) of America, 
 The flesh is not bad eating and the fur 
 is valuable. See Jaguar. 
 
 Our a n G-0 ut an (Simla eatyrus, Lin.), 
 the Eastern ape, which is frequently 
 
OUT 
 
 [ 86 ] 
 
 PAL 
 
 sought to be captured alive for keeping 
 in zoological gardens. 
 Outarde, the French name for the bus- 
 tard. 
 
 Ou-yu, the Chinese name for Ophicepha- 
 lus niger. 
 
 Oviparous, producing eggs, a term spe- 
 cially applied to those vertebrata in 
 which the ova are expelled from the 
 parent body before, or soon after, im- 
 pregnation. 
 
 Owl, a variety of fancy pigeon. 
 
 Ox, another name for a bullock, or cas- 
 trated bull. Oxen in many countries 
 are still used for draught. 
 
 Ox-Cheek, the side of an ox's head sold 
 for food. 
 
 Ox-Gall, the bile secreted in the liver of 
 the ox, which is employed for scouring 
 or cleansing woollen fabrics, and when 
 prepared is used by artists as a colour. 
 
 Ox-Hide, the dried skin of a bullock. 
 
 Ox-Horn Cockle, a name for Isocardia 
 cor., Lin. ; they are sometimes called 
 " Torbay noses." 
 
 Ox-Reims, narrow strips of dried hide 
 used for traces, ropes, etc., for draught- 
 oxen in South Africa. 
 
 Ox-Tail Soup, a well known rich soup 
 made with the tail of the ox, and which 
 is now sold in tins of about 2 lbs. for 
 ship's use, &c. 
 
 Oxymel, a mixture of honey and vine- 
 gar. 
 
 Oyster, an edible mollusc, highly es- 
 teemed in all countries where it is 
 obtainable. There are very many spe- 
 cies and varieties, as Ostrea edulis in 
 Europe; in Ind'a 0. cristigalla is a 
 dainty for epicures ; in America there 
 are four species, 0. virginiana, Gmel.,0. 
 lurida,Gpr., 0. borealis and O. canaden- 
 sis. Oysters are, perhaps, more largely 
 consumed in America than in Europe ; 
 there the most favourite preparation 
 is oyster soup. The American take of 
 oysters on the shores of the Atlantic, 
 in 1880, was 3,318,300 bushels. The 
 value of those sold was nearly £1,000,000 
 sterling. Each bushel is there esti- 
 mated to yield 7 lbs. of meats. They 
 enter into commerce in bulk, packed 
 in barrels ; out of the shell, pickled, 
 by adding vinegar and spice ; and 
 canned, slightly cooked. The bag 
 of oysters weighs about 2 cwt. The 
 shells are used for making shell lime, 
 and when pulverised for covering foot- 
 paths. 
 
 Oyster Crabs (Pinnotheres ostreum). 
 These are sold in America pickled as a 
 delicacy. 
 
 Oyster Patty, a baked pastry cake con- 
 taining oysters. 
 
 Oyster - Pungies, canoe and square- 
 sterned boats employed for carrying 
 oysters on the Chesapeake. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paard (Dutch), a horse. 
 
 Pack-Load. See Load. 
 
 Pack of Hounds, the number of dogs 
 kept in a kennel for hunting or coursing, 
 usually about 50 couple. In England 
 there are about 120 packs of hounds ; of 
 harriers, 20,000 ; and of other sporting 
 dogs, 115,000. See Staghound. 
 
 Pack-Saddle, a rough saddle fitted for 
 strapping a load or burden on a beast. 
 
 Paco. See Alpaca. 
 
 Pacou (Myletes pacu), a river fish of 
 British Guiana, which is dried and 
 smoked for food. 
 
 Pacu (Tetraodon lineatus), a Brazilian 
 edible fish. 
 
 Pad. a basket or hamper of soles ; a vari- 
 able fish measure, for mackerel 50 to 60 
 in number. 
 
 Paddings, a coarse cloth made of wool- 
 len rags for stuffing the collars, &c, of 
 coats. 
 
 Paddy Bird (Leptoptilus argala [Lin.]), 
 a small crane frequenting the rice- 
 fields of India, the cream-coloured 
 feathers of which are used as orna- 
 ments by ladies. The Formosan 
 paddy bird is a species of heron 
 (Ardea prasinosceles). Also a name 
 for the Java sparrow (Padda oryzi- 
 vora). 
 
 Pademelon (Halmaturus thetidis, F. 
 Cuv. and Geoff.), a species of Australian 
 wallaby. 
 
 Padua, a breed of fowls, of which there 
 are gold, silver and chamois varieties. 
 
 Paduasoy, a strong old silk fabric, but 
 by some believed to have been saye 
 made in Padua. 
 
 Pagan ello, an Italian name for some 
 species of Gobius. 
 
 Paint Brush, a painter's tool made of 
 bristles for laying on coats of paint. 
 
 Palatine (French), a fur tippet. 
 
 Pale, a name in Norway for the sey fish 
 or pollack, when from one to three 
 years old. [groom. 
 
 Palifrenier (French), an ostler or 
 
 Palm, a kind of leather protection for the 
 hand, with a thimble attached, used 
 m sail-making and repairing canvas. 
 
PAL 
 
 [ 87 ] 
 
 PAR 
 
 Palmiste, a squirrel, smaller than that 
 of Russia, known as petitgris. 
 
 Palm-worm, the caterpillar of the Cur- 
 culio or Calandra palmarium ; eaten 
 as food, and sometimes called the 
 G-rugru-worm, which see. 
 
 Palolo. See Balolo. 
 
 Palometta, a West Indian fish, Poma- 
 canthus arcuatus [Lin.], Cuv. 
 
 Palourde, the French name for Tapes 
 [Venus] decussata and T. pullustra ; 
 they are also called "clovisse." The 
 pearly shells are very useful for manu- 
 facturing purposes. 
 
 Paltous, a name in Northern Europe 
 for the Hippoglossus maximus. 
 
 Pampas Cat (Felis pajeros), a South 
 American animal. 
 
 Panan, a name at Pondicherry for Oto- 
 lithus versicolor, which is esteemed as 
 food. 
 
 Pancake Leather, an artificial leather 
 made by grinding waste scraps, com- 
 pressing curriers' cuttings, and rolling 
 it into sheets with the addition of some 
 gummy adhesive. 
 
 Pancou (Gobius martinicus, Cuv., Val.) 
 a river fish of Guadaloupe. 
 
 Pancreas, the sweetbread of a calf. 
 
 Pancreatine, a ferment used medici- 
 nally. The pancreatic juice is a clear, 
 colourless liquid, odourless, and having 
 an alkaline reaction ; it serves to dilute 
 the chyme, and has a digestive action 
 upon the fats. 
 
 Pandore, a kind of British oyster prin- 
 cipally obtained at the villages of Pres- 
 tonpans and Cockenze. 
 
 Pangolins, the scaly ant-eaters (Manis 
 javanica, M. longicaudata, Geoff. St. 
 H., and M. crassicaudata, Geoff. St. H.). 
 The horny scales or armour plates of 
 these animals are in repute in the East 
 as a specific for cutaneous diseases, and 
 fetch a high price — £10 to £15 the cwt. 
 in China. M. tricuspis is the West 
 African pangolin. 
 
 Panmug, an earthenware crock used for 
 packing butter in. 
 
 Pansars (French), large female pike 
 with spawn. 
 
 Panse (French), the common name for 
 the paunch or rumen of an animal. 
 
 Panther (Felis pardus, Lin.), a wild 
 African animal believed to be only 
 a variety of the leopard, but it dif- 
 fers in its superior size and deeper 
 colour. The skin has a commercial 
 value. 
 
 Pants, gentlemen's underclothing, made 
 
 of merino, lamb's wool, or spun silk. 
 Paon (French), the peafowl. 
 
 Paradise Birds. See Birds op Para- 
 dise. 
 
 Paradise Duck, a Colonial name for 
 Casarca variegata, Gml. 
 
 Paradise Fish (Polynemus sp.), an 
 edible Indian fish, which also furnishes 
 some isinglass. 
 
 Parak (Cervus axis, Erxl.), a name for 
 the axis or hog-deer of India. 
 
 Paramatta, a mixed fabric of worsted 
 and cotton made for women's wear. 
 
 Parapluie (French), an umbrella. 
 
 Parasol, a lady's sunshade, usually 
 covered with silk. 
 
 Parchment, a white leather, for writing 
 on, chiefly made from sheepskin. That 
 used for drums, tambourines, &c, is 
 generally made from calf or goat skin. 
 
 Parchment Cuttings, the waste trim- 
 mings in shaping sheets of parchment, 
 used for making size. 
 
 Pard, an abbreviation for the leopard 
 or panther (Felis pardus, Lin.). 
 
 Pardelluchs (German), a name for the 
 Spanish lynx (Lynx pardina. Tern.). 
 
 Pariahs, a race of miserable half- 
 starved domesticated dogs run wild, 
 which occur in packs in many parts of 
 Eastern Europe and of Asia. 
 
 Parmesvn, an Italian skim-milk cheese, 
 made chiefly in Lombardy ; saffron is 
 added to it to give colour and fra- 
 grance. It is of large size. The large 
 magazines sell publicly twice a year 
 200,000 to 250,000 of these cheeses, vary- 
 ing in weight from 50 to 180 lbs. and 
 ranging in age from one to five years. 
 The latter will fetch from 330 to 340 
 francs the 100 kilos. 
 
 Parr, a young salmon under two years 
 old, that has no scales ; also a name in 
 the Orkneys and Hebrides for the 
 young of the coal-fish. 
 
 Parrakeet, Ground (Pezoporues for- 
 mosus [Lath.]), an Australian bird, the 
 flesh of which Mr. Gould describes as 
 excellent and much more delicate in 
 flavour than that of the snipe, equal- 
 ling if not surpassing that of the quail. 
 
 Parroquet-;, Parrakeets (Palceorni- 
 thidce), a small kind of parrot with a 
 long tail, of which there are many 
 genera and species. They are mostly 
 inhabitants of the Eastern countries 
 and Australia, whence come several of 
 those well known as cage-birds, such as 
 the king parroquet (P. aprosmictus 
 scapulatus, Kuhl.), the roselle or rose 
 parroquet (P. exeinius). 
 
 Parrot Fish, a name in Jamaica for 
 several species of Mormyra ; also a 
 name applied to Scarus ccerulus, and 
 
PAR 
 
 [ 88 ] 
 
 PEA 
 
 to Labrichthys Bleekeri, Cast., an Aus- 
 tralian fish. The convexity of the jaw 
 with the upper and lower teeth, packed 
 like walls, combined with their bril- 
 liant colours, have led to their being 
 called parrot fishes in almost every 
 sea. 
 
 Parrots (Psittacus). The birds of this 
 group are amongst the best known of 
 toe family, as to it belong the grey or 
 ash-coloured parrot (P. erythracus, 
 Lin.) and the green species (P. amazoni- 
 cus), so commonly brought to Europe 
 as pets. Many of them are exceedingly 
 beautiful bird«, and their conversational 
 powers are also great. This power of 
 pronouncing words distinctly has ren- 
 dered them especial favourites in all 
 ages* Parrots are generally reckoned 
 very delicate meat, and eat not unlike 
 pigeons. They are frequently served 
 up at table in Jamaica, and are also 
 eaten in Australia and South America. 
 
 Parson Bird (Prosthemadera Nova 
 ZealandicB, Gml.). This is also called 
 the poe or tui bird ; its flesh is said to 
 be delicious. It is a favourite cage 
 bird in New Zealand, owing to its ex- 
 cellent powers of mimicry* 
 
 Partan, a fine Scotch crab. 
 
 Partridge (Perdrix cinerea, Lin.), a 
 game bird, native of Central Europe, 
 affording excellent sport for shooting 
 in the season, which commences on Sep- 
 tember 1 and ends February 1. In 
 the autumn and winter these birds 
 keep together in small flocks called 
 "coveys." About 150,000 to 200,000 
 are annually sold in London. The red- 
 legged partridge (P. rubra) has been 
 introduced from the Continent. The 
 Greek partridge (P. grceca, Briss. ; 
 Caccabis saxatilis, Meyer,) is largely 
 chased in the South of Europe. The 
 plumed partridge of America is the 
 Oreortyx pictus ; the scaled partridge, 
 Caltipepla squamata. Others there, 
 also called partridges, are Lophortyx 
 californica, L. gambele and Cyrto- 
 nyx massena. The black partridge 
 of India is Francolinus vulgaris, 
 Stephens ; the painted partridge, F. 
 pictus, Jard. and Selby ; the grey 
 partridge, Ortygomis ponticeriana, 
 Gmelin. 
 
 Pashum. See Pushm. 
 
 Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migra- 
 torius, Lin.), this American bird can 
 be kept in an aviary, but is insuscep- 
 tible of domestication. It is largely 
 used for food in North America. 
 
 Passeres, the family of perching birds. 
 
 Pasturma, Pastoormah, meat salted 
 and sun-dried, seasoned with garlic 
 and spices. It is largely prepared in 
 Wallachia and Moldavia. In Siam 
 elephants' flesh is so dried and stored 
 up for food. 
 
 Pat, a name in India for the ordinary 
 silkworm (B. mori), but also applied to 
 Bombyx textor and B. crcesi, silk-pro-^ 
 ducing moths, indigenous to Assam. 
 
 PaTe de Foie G-ras, a rich pie made of 
 fatted goose's liver, for which Stras- 
 burg is famous* 
 
 Patent Leather, a glazed or var- 
 nished leather for shoes and boots* 
 principally made of sealskin. 
 
 Patiki (Rhombosolea monopus), a New 
 Zealand fish. 
 
 Patu, a fine woollen India stuff made of 
 camel's hair. 
 
 Paunch, the maw or first and largest 
 cavity of the stomach of ruminant 
 animals, usually sold for dogs' food. 
 
 Peacock (Pavo cristatus, Lin.), a native 
 bird of India, but domesticated, kept 
 entirely for the sake of the elegance 
 of the appearance of the male bird, 
 with its magnificent gorgeous train. 
 The ocellated tail-feathers are esteemed 
 at home and abroad for ornament* 
 The poop of the boats of high Siamese 
 noblemen is adorned with them. Our 
 ancestors considered these birds very 
 delicate eating* 
 
 Pea-hen. the female of the peacock* 
 This bird is occasionally eaten, and 
 has a flavour intermediate between 
 that of the common fowl and the 
 pheasant* 
 
 Pea-jacket, a pilot coat, or man's thick 
 rough garment for heavy weather, 
 
 Peal, a name for the sea trout. 
 
 Pearl, a name for the brill (Pleuronectes 
 rhombus). 
 
 Pearl Buttons, buttons of different 
 sizes and kinds, drilled out of the 
 mother-of-pearl shell. 
 
 Pearl Mussel. In many of the river 
 mussels, species of Almodon, Ano- 
 donta Unios, and others, good pearls 
 are occasionally found. 
 
 Pearl Oyster. The true pearl oyster 
 is a species of Avicula, but in the 
 mother-of-pearl shell (Meleagrina 
 margaritifera) many fine pearls are 
 often found. See Mother of Pearl. 
 
 Pfarls (Anglo-Saxon paerl). The name 
 is nearly the same in all the European 
 languages. Choice nacreous gems col- 
 lected from mol'usca, and worn as 
 ornaments by ladies. They are of dif- 
 ferent colours, according to the tint of 
 
PEA [ 89 ] 
 
 the shell of the animal by which 
 they are formed, as white, black and 
 pink. The best pearls are of a clear, 
 bright whiteness, free from spot or 
 stain, with the surface naturally 
 smooth and glossy. Those of a round 
 form are preferred, but the large 
 pear-shaped ones are also esteemed for 
 earrings* 
 
 Pearl-womb, a name for the mantle or 
 flesh of the mother-of-pearl oyster 
 (Meleagrina margaritifera). They are 
 dried and strung together, and when 
 cooked with cassia buds are eaten with 
 rice in the East. 
 
 Pea -roe, the spawn of cod, &c. See 
 Caviare and Rogue. 
 
 Peba, a name for a species of armadillo 
 (Dasypus peba). See Armadillo. 
 
 Pebrine (from the patois, pebre), a 
 disease of the silkworm. 
 
 Peccary (Dicotyles torquatus, Cuv.; D. 
 tajacu [Lin.]). Besides the collared there 
 is another species, the white-lipped 
 (D. labiatus. Cuv.). The flesh of these 
 South American animals is good, but 
 much inferior to that of the wild hogs 
 of Europe and Asia* Both have on the 
 back a fetid open gland, which must 
 be cut out as soon as the animal is 
 killed, for if allowed to remain the 
 flesh would be uneatable. These ani- 
 mals live in herds of sometimes as 
 many as sixty individuals* The natives 
 use the white tusks for necklaces and 
 other ornaments* 
 
 Peddapera, a wild kind of honey-bee in 
 India. 
 
 Peele, another name for the rehbock of 
 South Africa (Peleacapreolus (Licht.]). 
 
 PEESHOO,an Indian name for the Cana- 
 dian lynx (Fells canadensis, Geoff.) 
 
 Peet, a red-fleshed trout of British 
 Columbia. 
 
 Peet-si (Equus Burchelli [Gray]), ano- 
 ther name for the dauw or zebra* 
 
 Peet-yaz, an Indian name for the salmon- 
 trout. 
 
 Peewit, a name for the lapwing. 
 PEhuenche, a race of sheep in Araucaria, 
 
 Chili, which are much larger than the 
 
 ordinary sheep, and have a heavier 
 
 fleece of coarse wool. 
 Peixe-boi (literally, fish-ox), a name in 
 
 Brazil for the manatee or sea-cow of 
 
 the Amazon. 
 Peje-rey, a name for the king-fish in 
 
 Peru, which is much esteemtd for the 
 
 exquisite flavour of its flesh. 
 Pekan, a name for the fisher (Mustela 
 
 pennanti) ; its skin is used for fur 
 
 linings, and its tail for trimmings. 
 
 Pe-la, an insect wax obtained in China, 
 produced by the Coccus pe-la. 
 
 Pelicans (Pelecanus fuscus and P* 
 onocrotalus, Lin.). The.-e birds 
 are slaughtered in large numbers 
 in Cochin-China, chiefly for their 
 feathers. Those in request are the 
 greyish feathers from each wing 
 and the large black first-quill feathers 
 at the extremity of the wings, which 
 are used for making fans for the 
 Talpoins or Siamese priests, and 
 exported to China* The skin is some- 
 times used as a clothing fur. The 
 Indian pelican is P. mitratus, Licht. 
 The down is also saved, some of the 
 flesh is dried for food, and a good deal 
 of oil is collected for burning. In 
 Mexico the flesh of the pelican is eaten, 
 and is said to taste like Wild boar* The 
 skin is there made into carpets, vests, 
 and pantaloons. 
 
 Pelle (from the Latin pella, a hide), the 
 Portuguese and Italian name for furs*i 
 
 Pelleterie (French) the fur trade. 
 
 Pellise (French) a fur cloak. 
 
 Pellones, sheep and goat skins dressed 
 for saddle-cloths in South America. 
 
 Pelts, Pellets, Peltries (German, 
 pelz ; Latin, pelles), names for the skins 
 or hides of animals before they are un- 
 haired and tanned, or converted into 
 leather. 
 
 Pelu or Peluche, an old French word, 
 signifying a skin with the hair on, 
 which is termed in English "pelt." 
 
 PELUDO.a name in South America for 
 the armadillo, which is considered by 
 the natives a dainty dish, cooked in its 
 case or shell* 
 
 Pemmican, dried pounded meat, mixed 
 with fat and raisins, for use in the cold 
 Northern regions. 
 
 Penguin (Diomedea chilensis), a sea- 
 fowl frequenting the Antarctic regions. 
 The king penguin of the Falklands 
 is Apienodytes pennanti. Gray. The 
 largest of the penguins is Spheniscus 
 magellanicus ; they are slaughtered 
 for the oil obtained from them, and 
 for their belly skin, which is an 
 impenetrable mass of feathers, and 
 used for furs. The penguin on the 
 Falkland Islands is chiefly sought after 
 for its oil and eggs, deriving its name 
 from its pinguidity or fatness. The 
 birds are found in millions. Schooners 
 with twelve or fifteen men proceed in 
 the season to their haunts or rookeries 
 and slaughter them by the thousand,' 
 chiefly for their oil, returning in a 
 month or six weeks with from 25,000 
 
PEN 
 
 [ 90 ] 
 
 PHY 
 
 to 30,000 gallons of oil, boiled from the 
 birds. The fat of eleven birds skinned 
 gives about a gallon of oil ; its chief 
 value is for dressing leather. The 
 eggs vary in size from that of a large 
 fowl's egg to a goose's egg. 
 
 Penny Dog, a fisherman's name for a 
 species of shark. 
 
 Peoree. See Purree. 
 
 Pepsine, a medicinal product prepared 
 from the stomachs of calves, sheep or 
 pigs, sold in the form of essence, p >wder 
 or wine. The stomach of the ostrich 
 is celebrated for its incredible powers 
 of digestion. The Indians of the Ar- 
 gentine Republic, when they kill a rhea, 
 always collect and preserve the pepsin 
 of th^ stomach. 
 
 Perch ( Perca fluviatilis, Lin.), one of the 
 best and handsomest of the British 
 freshwater fishes. It must not be 
 caught of a size under 8 inches ; the 
 fishing season is from June 16 to 
 March 14. The Australian perch (Lates 
 colonorum) is a smill but delicious 
 fish. Lates hecateia is much sold there 
 smoked and dried. The white perch 
 of the United States is Morone ameri- 
 cana [Gruel.], Gill., the common yel- 
 low perch, Perca amaricana, Schrank, 
 or P. flavescens ; the pike-perch, Stezo- 
 stidium americanus, also called Lucio- 
 perca americana. See Sander. 
 
 Percheron, a breed of French horses, 
 one of the best and lightest trotters 
 among draught horses ; but the name is 
 very generally applied to any gray 
 horse. This breed principally supplies 
 the Paris omnibus horses. 
 
 Periwinkles (Litorina litorea ; Turbo 
 littoreus, Fer.), a well-known small 
 mollusc, taken in large numbers on 
 some of the rocky seashores, and of 
 which many tons are consumed an- 
 nually in London. They are retailed 
 boiled. 
 
 Perlenmutter (German), mother-of- 
 pearl ; in the Spanish and Portuguese 
 it is madreperla. 
 
 Perruches (French), small, long-tailed 
 parroquets. 
 
 Persian, a thin, flimsy silk used for lin- 
 ing dresses. 
 
 Persian Cords. See Cords. 
 
 Pesey, a name for the Arctic fox (Canis 
 lagopus, Lin.). 
 
 Peshmena, a name in the East for the 
 underdo wn or tine wool of the coats of 
 many animals, as the brown and Isa- 
 bella bears, some goats, the ibex, camel, 
 &c. 
 
 Pestchanka, a name in Lapland for 
 
 Ammodytes lancea, used as a bait for 
 other fish. 
 
 Peste Bovine, the French name for the 
 cattle plague. 
 
 Pete use. a French name for a fresh- 
 water fish (Cyprinus amanis, Bl.). It 
 is also called bouviero. 
 
 Petit -oris, a variety of the common 
 squirrel of Central Europe, probably 
 the calabar or gray squirrel, whose fur 
 is utilised ; three millions are sold an- 
 nually in Leipsic. 
 
 Petit-lait (French), skim milk. 
 
 Petitoes, the feet of a young sucking- 
 Pig. 
 
 Petrel (Pufflnus brevicaudis, Brandt). 
 At certain seasons the natives of New 
 Zealand collect large numbers of these 
 sooty petrels and preserve them in cala- 
 bashes, potted in their own fat, either 
 for future use or as gifts to neighbour- 
 ing tribes. They are known as mutton 
 birds. 
 
 Pet uncle (Pectunculus pilosus), an 
 edible mollusc. 
 
 Pez-palo, a name in South America for 
 hard or dried fish. 
 
 Ppledermaus (German), a bat. 
 
 Phalagin (Manis tetradactyla), the pan- 
 golin of South Africa. 
 
 Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus, Lin.), 
 one of the largest of our domesticated 
 game birds, which is reared largely in 
 preserves for the pleasure of battues or 
 shooting them in the season, which 
 commences on October 1. The flesh is 
 excellent. The eggs are used in China 
 as a cosmetic for the hair. The feathers 
 of the Argus (Argus giganteus, Temm.), 
 the gold (Thaumalea picta [Lin.]), 
 and the silver pheasant (Euplocamus 
 nycthemerus [Lin.]), are sold commer- 
 cially for ornament and for artificial 
 fly-making. 
 
 Phocenin, a peculiar fat arising from 
 decomposition in whale blubber, which 
 is the cause of the disgusting odour 
 always accompanying train oil. 
 
 Phosphorus, a chemical product ex- 
 tracted from bone-ash, and largely used 
 in making lucifer matches ; it is highly 
 poisonous ; red or amorphous phospho- 
 rus is less inflammable and not poi- 
 sonous. 
 
 Photomok, another name for the water- 
 buck of South Africa (Kobus ellipsi- 
 prymnus, H. Smith). 
 
 Phylloxera Vastratix, the vine louse, 
 an insect which lives on the roots of 
 vines and commits great damage. 
 
 Physician^ medical man who is usually 
 consulted by patients and prescribes, 
 
PIC [ 91 ] PIN 
 
 but, unlike the surgeon, does not ope- 
 rate. 
 
 Picker, a band of limed buffalo hide 
 used in driving the shuttles of power 
 looms. The waste cuttings in making 
 these, called heads, bends and round- 
 ings, are utilised for glue. 
 
 Pickerel, a name for several American 
 fishes of the pike family, as the Long 
 Island pickerel (Esox fasciatus, De 
 Kay), the common pond pickerel of 
 the East or green pike (E. reticulatus, 
 Lesuer), and the Great Northern or lake 
 pickerel (E. esior), also called the chan- 
 nel pickerel ; the humpbacked pickerel 
 (Esox cypho) ; the banded or brook 
 pickerel is E. amcricanus, Gmel. ; the 
 little pickerel, E. salmoneus. 
 
 Picklocks, a classification of wool. 
 
 Picote, a name in Italy for textile fabrics 
 made of goat's hair and silk. 
 
 Piddock (Pholas dactylus), a mollusc 
 which is sometimes eaten. 
 
 Pidoche, an Italian name for mussels. 
 
 Piece-Broker, one who sells shreds and 
 remnants of woollen cloth. 
 
 Pieces and Locks, waste or coarse wool 
 sorted by the wool stapler. 
 
 Pterced Cocoons, the cocoons intended 
 for re-production, which having been 
 pierced by the forthcoming moth, are 
 useless for reeling ; they are therefore 
 carded and made into spun silk. 
 
 Pig. See Hogs. 
 
 Pigeon (Columba), a family of birds, of 
 which there are many species and 
 varieties. The great crowned pigeon 
 (Goura coronata [Lin.]) of the Indian 
 Archipelago has tender flesh. The 
 house pigeon is bred in large numbers 
 and is extensively sold for food. Pigeons' 
 dung is also used as manure. The wild 
 passenger pigeons of North America 
 (Ectopistes migratorius [Lin.]) at times 
 come in such large flights as to darken 
 the air and are killed by thousands, hogs 
 even being fed upon them. In Jamaica 
 the flesh of the ring-tail pigeon and of 
 the mountain pigeon is much esteemed. 
 There are many fanc} r pigeons bred, 
 such as carriers, tumblers, pouters, 
 runts, fan-tails, peacock-tails, capucins, 
 and among the French, Bagadais, 
 Montauban, Bizel, Boulantes, Mon- 
 dain, &c. In New York many dealers 
 have collections of pigeons worth from 
 £1,000 to £2,000. 
 
 Pigeon Loft, a house or room set apart 
 for breeding pigeons. 
 
 Ptg-Fish, a name for several species of 
 Haemulon. See Grunts. 
 
 Pigs (Sus scro/a). Swine in England are 
 
 broadly divided into the black or Berk- 
 shire breed and the white or York- 
 shire. The products of pigs exported 
 from the United States in 1878 
 amounted in value to £17,535,000. of 
 which more than £10,000,000 came to 
 the United Kingdom. See Pork and 
 Swine. In China and some other 
 countries pigs are used for draught 
 purposes. See Hogs, 
 
 Pig's Grease. See Lard. 
 
 Pig Skins, the tanned leather of the hog, 
 used for riding saddles, &c. In Scot- 
 land the swine are skinned ; the tanned 
 skins constitute a porous, light, tough, 
 durabl e leather. On the Continent the 
 hide is dressed with the hair on and 
 used to cover portmanteaus and knap- 
 sacks. 
 
 Pikchouy, a name in Lapland for Gadus 
 oeglefinus. 
 
 Pike (Esox lucius), a voracious fresh- 
 water-fish, which often attains a large 
 size. It must not be caught under 
 15 inches long and only between 
 June 16 and March 14. The name 
 is applied in California to other fish, as 
 Ptychocheilus grandis ; Pogonichthys 
 intzquilobus, &c. 
 
 Pilchard (Clupea pilchardus), a fish 
 extensively taken on the coasts of the 
 West of England ; the average catch 
 used to be about 21,000 hogsheads, but 
 has been falling off of late years. A 
 '/merchantable pilchard" must be 8 
 inches long, well coated, washed, cured, 
 and pressed. A hogshead contains from 
 2,900 to 4,000 summer pilchards and 
 2,300 to 2,900 winter pilchards. It 
 measures 54 gallons and should weigh , 
 when filled with pressed pilchards, 476 
 lbs. gross. Pilchard oil has varied in 
 price from £40 to £25 per tun. Bristol 
 is the principal market. When salted, 
 pilchards are chiefly shipped to the 
 countries of the South of Europe. 
 Small pilchards are now preserved in 
 oil and called Cornish sardines. 
 
 Pillow, a cushion filled with feathers 
 for resting the head on. 
 
 Pilot Cloth, a rough blue woollen 
 fabric chiefly used for sailor's clothing ; 
 there are also union pilots with a cot- 
 ton warp. 
 
 Piltock, a name in Shetland for the 
 sillock fish (Gadus carbonarius) in its 
 second year. 
 
 Pine-Apple Cheese, a Dutch cheese, 
 moulded in shape to imitate the pine- 
 apple. 
 
 Pine-Marten (Martes sylvatica, Nilss.), 
 a small fur-bearing animal of the 
 
PIN 
 
 C 92 ] 
 
 POD 
 
 North of Europe and Asia. See Mar- 
 ten. 
 
 Pink, a name for the salmon in its first 
 year. 
 
 Pink Eye, an enzootic influenza among 
 horses. 
 
 Pintade (Numida meleagris [Lin.]), 
 the French name for the common 
 guinea-fowl. 
 
 Pintail (Daftla acuta, Lin.), a wild fowl 
 of Europe and America ; an excellent 
 game bird. The flesh is better than 
 that of the common wild duck. 
 
 Pipe Coral (TuMpora [Anthophyllum] 
 musiea), a species of red hollow coral 
 found in masses of tubes two inches in 
 length, bound together, and which 
 resemble the pipes of an organ. It is 
 used for crushing for dentifrice or 
 tooth powder. 
 
 Piper, a name for a species of gurnard 
 (Trigla lyra\ 
 
 Pira, an Indian word for fish, as pira- 
 cuta in Essequibo, pira-poca the gar- 
 fish, and pira-rucu the red fish of South 
 America. 
 
 Pirarucu (Vastris Cuverii ; Sudis 
 gigas), a large fish of the Amazon 
 river, whose flesh is highly esteemed 
 an Brazil and is dried like the tunny. 
 It serves as food for the greater part of 
 the inhabitants of the provinces of 
 Para and Amazonas. 
 
 Piroga, an oily hot fish-cake sold in 
 shops in Russia. 
 
 Pischu, a German name for the Canadian 
 lynx (Felis canadensis, Geoff.). 
 
 Pisciculture, the art of artificially 
 rearing and preserving fish. 
 
 Plaice (Pleuronectes pZa^essa), a flat 
 fish, which, when of moderate size is 
 good eiting, but inferior to turbot. 
 It may be taken all the year round, but 
 must not be under 8 inches in length. 
 
 Plaid, a loose tartan woollen wrapper 
 worn in Scotland. 
 
 Plainbacks, a trade name for bomba- 
 zettes. 
 
 Plas-lit, an undefined freshwater fish 
 largely exported from Siam, dried. 
 
 Plasterers' Hair, cow-hair and other 
 waste hair used with mortar to cause it 
 to cohere. 
 
 Plastron, the lower plate of the buck- 
 ler or case of shielded reptiles. 
 
 Plat-song, sea fish dried and salted, 
 used for food in Siam. 
 
 Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatisus, 
 Blumenb.), a curio >is amphibious Aus- 
 tralian animal. The fine fur at the 
 bottom of the coarse interlaced hair 
 upon the skin is said to have been 
 
 used in hat-making, but it is not plen- 
 tiful. 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia, lung fever, a 
 dreaded contagious disease among 
 cattle. 
 
 Plie (French), a plaice 
 
 Plotze (German), the Leucisdus rutilus, 
 Lin. 
 
 Plovers, a family of wading birds fre* 
 quenting marshy places, Whose flesh is 
 very good, and their eggs are regarded 
 as a great delicacy. The flesh of the 
 common curlew or great plover 
 (Numenius arquatia, Lin.) is palat- 
 able; the golden plover (Charadius 
 pluvialis, Lin.) is an excellent bird for 
 the table. In the United States the 
 following are the edible birds passing 
 under the name of plover : the black- 
 billed (Squatarola helvetica) ; the 
 golden (Charadrius fulvus, var. vir- 
 ginicus) ; the killdeer (^gialitisvocif- 
 erus, Lin.) ; Wilson's (vEgialitis Wil- 
 sonius) ; the ring neck {A. semipal- 
 matus) ; the piping (A. melodus) ; the 
 ruddy (Calidris arenaria) ; and the 
 upland plover (Actiturus bartramius). 
 See Golden Plover. 
 
 Plovers' Eggs. These eggs are speckled 
 brown, but those of the lapwing are 
 mostly substituted by dealers. See 
 Lapwing. 
 
 Pluck, the heart, liver and lights of 
 an animal. See Offal. To strip the 
 feathers from poultry. 
 
 Plug, an American horse. 
 
 Pluma.gery, the art of dressing and 
 preparing ornamental feathers. 
 
 Plumassier (French), a feather dres- 
 ser. 
 
 Plumes (Latin pluma), bunches of 
 feathers prepared for personal decora- 
 tion, to be worn in the hats of men 
 and the hair of ladies ; also for attach- 
 ing to hearses and horses in funeral 
 processions. 
 
 Plgmp-hkad, a name in the Windward 
 Islands for Centropristis rubens, Ac. 
 
 Plush, a shaggy velvet nap, a mixed 
 textile fabric of silk and cotton, or 
 wool, used for trimmings, hats, &c. 
 
 Plymouth Rocks, a race of fowls. 
 
 Poake, the waste in a tanyard arising 
 from the preparation of skins. 
 
 Pochard (Fuligula ferina, Lin.), a 
 species of red-headed wild duck ; also 
 called the dun bird. 
 
 Pocket Book, a portable receptacle or 
 memorandum book, usually covered 
 with leather. 
 
 Pod, the compact portion of the silk 
 cocoon which is used for reeling from. 
 
POH t 93 ] POR 
 
 Pohagan, a name in America for putrid 
 fish chopped up as a bait and thrown 
 into the sea to entice mackerel, &c. 
 
 Poignardo (French), the name for a 
 medium-sized pike fish. 
 
 Poil (French), the hair of an animal. 
 
 Poil de Messine, a French name for 
 silk-gut used for fishing lines. 
 
 Pointers, a breed of valuable sporting 
 dogs which are iron and white, or lemon 
 and white, in colour. 
 
 Polar Bear ( Ursus maritimus, Lin. ; 
 Thalassarctos maritimus, Gray), the 
 white or grizzly bear of the Arctic 
 regions, the shaggy skin of which is 
 used for rugs and wrappers. This 
 animal sometimes weighs 1,500 lbs. 
 
 Polar Hare (Lepus timidus, var. 
 arcticus), the flesh of this animal is 
 good, and the skin esteemed as a fur. 
 
 Polatouche (French), the flying squir- 
 rel of America (Sciuropterus ameri- 
 canus, Desm. ;.S. volucella, Pallas). 
 
 Polecat, the European is Putorius 
 fetida, also called fitch. The American 
 polecat is Mephites americana, 
 Sabine ; better known under its popu- 
 lar name of skunk. See Fitch. 
 
 Pollach (Gadus pollachius, or Pol- 
 lachius carbonarius). In North 
 America this fish is caught so plen- 
 tifully that it is salted and sold by the 
 hundredweight. An oil is obtained 
 from it in Shetland used for illumina- 
 tion. See Coal Fish. 
 
 Pollan, a kind of herring of the fresh 
 lakes of Lough Neagh, Scotland. 
 
 Polls, a mixed breed of Scotch cattle, 
 including the polled Angus of Aber- 
 deen and the polled Galloway. 
 
 Polony, a large dried sausage. 
 
 Polyborus, species of Caracara or vul- 
 ture. The ttesh of P. novae zelandice 
 is said by the sealers of the Falkland 
 Islands to be, when cooked, quite white, 
 and very good eating. 
 
 Polyyoltins, a term applied indiscrimi- 
 nately to all races of silkworms which 
 produce more than one brood in a year. 
 
 Pomace, a name in North America for 
 chopped np fish used for bait. 
 
 Pomeranian Dog (Canis pomeranus), 
 a species of dog, with pointed ears, and 
 striped nose, long-haired on body and 
 tail, which curls outward. 
 
 Pomprets. esteemed Indian fishes, Stro- 
 mateus niger and S. argenteus, Bloch. 
 The white pomfret is of richer flavour 
 than the sole, and less luscious than the 
 turbot. 
 
 Pompano (Tr achy notus car olinus [Lin.], 
 Gill), a North American edible fish ; 
 
 the short or round pompano is T. 
 
 ovatus. The banner pompano is T* 
 
 glaucus, Cuv. and Val., the African 
 
 pompano, T. goreensis, Cuv. and Val. 
 Poncho, a sleeveless woollen cape, much 
 
 worn by the gauchos or horsemen of 
 
 South America. 
 Pongee, an Indian silk piece, often made 
 
 into handkerchiefs. 
 Pony, a small breed of horse. 
 Poodle, a lapdog, of continental origin, 
 
 with thick, generally white, curly hair 
 
 Its hair has sometimes been spun into 
 
 yarn. 
 
 Pope (Acerina vulgaris; A. cernua* 
 Lin.), a freshwater fish, the open season 
 for fishing which is June 16 to March ] 4. 
 It is also called the ruffe. 
 
 Poplin, a rich dress-stuff, made of 
 silk and worsted, chiefly manufactured 
 in Dublin. It is made watered, figured,, 
 or brocaded. 
 
 Porcherie (French), a place for breed- 
 ing pigs. 
 
 Porcine Deer (Cervus axis, Erxl.), the 
 Indian hog deer. 
 
 Porcupine {Rystrix cristata). The flesh 
 of this animal is often eaten in Europe 
 and Africa, as the Canadian species (JH* 
 pilosus) is in America. The quills or 
 spines are in much request commer- 
 cially, and are put to various uses. 
 
 Porcupine Anteater (Echidna acu- 
 leata ; Tachyglossus hysirix, Cuv.), 
 an Australian animal. 
 
 Porcupine, Tree (Synetheres prehen- 
 silis [Lin.]). The flesh of these South 
 American animals is said to be delicate 
 and tender, although the body gives off 
 an unpleasant odour. 
 
 Porgie (Stenotomus argyrops, Pagrus 
 argyrops, Cuv.), a very common North 
 American fish, also called scuppaug, 
 considered of excellent flavour. It is 
 extensively u?ed as a bait for mackerel 
 and cod. This name porgy is, however, 
 commonly applied to a good many 
 American fish, as the menhaden, etc. 
 
 Pork, the flesh of the hog when fresh or 
 salted ; if cured and smoked it is 
 known as bacon. Our imports of salted 
 pork from abroad average 350,000 cwt. 
 per annum, besides 18,000 to 20,000 cwt. 
 of fresh pork. Pickled pork is classed 
 into "mess," "prime," and "cargo" ; 
 the barrels of the first consist al- 
 together of sides, the "prime" of 
 the shoulders without feet, and the 
 "cargo "of 30 lbs. of head, and 4 lbs. 
 of shoulders and other joints in each 
 barrel. 
 
 Porker, a young fattened pig. 
 
POR 
 
 [ 94 ] 
 
 PRE 
 
 Pork-pie, a pasty made of pork baked, 
 much used at the bars of public houses, 
 etc., and for pic-nics. 
 
 Porpoise. There are many species 
 passing under this name, as Phoccena 
 communis or vulgaris, P. meles, P. 
 americana, Delphinus erebennus (?), 
 Lagenorhynchus leucopleuris, etc.). 
 These marine animals are sought for 
 their oil, which much resembles whale 
 oil. When freshly extracted, it has a 
 fishy smell, but by exposure to sun 
 and air becomes nearly inodorous. 
 
 Porpoise Leather, a commercial 
 leather, made from the tanned skin of 
 the white whale (Delphinapterus leu- 
 cas, Pall.; Beluga catodon. Gray), 
 caught in North America and Russia. 
 
 Portmanteau, a leather trunk for 
 holding goods when travelling. 
 
 Possum. See Opossum. 
 
 Potato Beetle. See Colorado 
 Beetle. 
 
 Potoroo,, a name for the kangaroo rat 
 (Bettongia rufescens, Gray). 
 
 Potted Meats, cooked flesh preserved 
 for food in tins or jars. 
 
 Poudrette, an animal manure made in 
 Prance and other places, consisting of 
 two-thirds dried night-soil, and one- 
 third decomposed vegetable matter 
 sifted. 
 
 Poularde (French), a pullet, a young 
 fat hen, which has been prevented from 
 breeding by cutting across the egg-tube 
 with a sharp knife. 
 Poulb (French), a fowl. 
 • Poulet (French), a chicken. 
 ' Pouliche (French), a filly or young 
 mare colt. 
 
 Pouliniere (French), a breeding mare. 
 
 Poulpe (Octopus vulgaris), a Mediter- 
 ranean octopus, which is a regular 
 article of food in the South of Europe. 
 See Octopus and Sepia. 
 
 Poult, Pout, a young chicken. 
 
 Poulterer, a dealer in poultry, eggs, 
 game, and sometimes rabbits, &c. 
 
 Poulters' Company, one of the minor 
 guilds of the City of London, originally 
 composed of poulterers. 
 
 Poultry, a collective name for domestic 
 fowls, or those raised in the poultry 
 yard. We import into England foreign 
 poultry and game yearly to the value 
 of £400,000. 
 
 Poupart, a name in France for the crab. 
 
 Pourceau (French), swine. The word 
 is used with very little variation in 
 the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese 
 languages. 
 
 Poussin (French), a chicken. 
 
 Pout, a term for the young of some- 
 animals, as a young partridge or 
 chicken, a whiting pout, and a caller 
 pout, or small herring. It is also ap- 
 plied to the Morrhua lusca, likewise 
 called bib. 
 Pouter. See Powter. 
 Powan, a fish of the Irish and Scotch 
 lakes, belonging to the Coregonus- 
 species. 
 
 Powise (Crax alector). This fine bird 
 is one of the curassows, of which 
 there are several species. Attempts 
 have been made to domesticate it 
 like the turkey, peacock, and Guinea 
 fowl. 
 
 Powter, a variety of pigeon, the rival of 
 the tumbler in the eyes of many fan- 
 ciers. The peculiar characteristic of 
 powters is the size of their crop, which 
 they are fond of distending into a ball 
 by inflating it with air. They are of 
 various colours, the most usual being 
 blue, buff, and white. 
 Praire, Praire Double (Venus verru- 
 cosa}, French names for what is known 
 as a clam in America. As an aliment, 
 it is white, fat, and well flavoured, and 
 is considered excellent eating. Another 
 species (Venus crovissee) is called Clo~ 
 visse, and is reared in reservoirs at . 
 Marseilles. Venus strigosa is sold in 
 Sydney under the erroneous name of 
 cockle. 
 
 Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus),. 
 a North American rodent, allied to the 
 marmots of the European Alps, the 
 skins of which are utilised. 
 Prairie Hare (Lepus campestris). This 
 American animal is hunted for its flesh 
 and skin. 
 
 Prairie Hen (Cupidonia cupido), a 
 name for the pinnated grouse of 
 America ; their flesh being peculiarly 
 delicate, they have been shot on ari 
 extensive scale, tons of them having 
 been sold in New York, and now they 
 are only common on the Western 
 prairies. 
 Prairie Wolf. See Coyote. 
 Prawns (Pal&mon serratus), a large 
 kind of shrimp, taken on many parts 
 of the British coast ; but not being so 
 abundant, they are sold dearer than 
 shrimps. The Australian prawns are 
 Penceus esculentus. 
 Pre a, the name for a species of Carta in 
 Brazil. 
 
 Presale, a salted leg of marsh mutton. 
 Preserved Meat, fresh meat in tins. 
 Preserved Milk. See Condensed 
 Milk. 
 
PEE [ 95 ] PUR 
 
 Presidents, a mixed woollen fabric for 
 
 men's wear with a cotton warp. 
 Press Cloths, woollen felted cloths. 
 Presure (French), rennet. 
 Pricket, a male deer of the second year 
 
 just beginning to show his horns. 
 Priests, a variety of fancy pigeon, of 
 
 which there are four recognised kinds, 
 
 black, red, yellow and blue. 
 Princetta, a kind of coating made for 
 
 Turkey ; a mixed fabric of worsted and 
 
 cotton. 
 
 Prong-horn Antelope, the Antelo- 
 capra americana [Ord.]. 
 
 Propylamine, a chemical product 'pre- 
 pared from fish-brine. 
 
 Propolis, a gum-resinous substance 
 prepared by bees, and applied by them 
 to a variety of useful purposes, such as 
 closing up crevices in their hives, and 
 strengthening the margins of the cells 
 of the comb. 
 
 Provatura, a kind of Italian cheese. 
 
 Proyer, a name for the common bun- 
 ting (Emberiza miliaria, Lin.). 
 
 Prunella, a thin pure woollen or mixed 
 stuff, occasionally used for the uppers 
 of shoes for females. 
 
 Prussian Blue, a fugitive colour, ob- 
 tained by mixing a solution of sulphate 
 of iron with yellow prussiate of potash. 
 
 Prussiates, chemical products prepai ed 
 from hoofs, horns, and leather waste, 
 dried blood, hair and wool, with blue 
 cyanide of potassium. 
 
 Ptarmigan (Lagopus vulgaris or 
 mutis), a name for the white grouse, 
 which is most abundant in the northern 
 countries, and a considerable number 
 are brought to England from Norway. 
 In North America there are several 
 other species of ptarmigan, as the snow 
 ptarmigan (L. albus), the rock ptarmi- 
 gan (L. rupestris), and the white-tailed 
 ptarmigan (L. leucurus). 
 
 Pudu {Gervus pudu), a very small 
 species of d^er found in Chili and Brazil. 
 
 Puer, a kind of tanners' bate or depila- 
 tory, consisting of animal or bird ex- 
 crements. This name is usually given 
 to dogs' dung, used in some of the 
 processes for preparing leather. 
 
 Puffin (Fratercula arctica, etc.). The 
 skin of these birds has been sometimes 
 used as a fur or warm clothing. Young 
 puffins, though excessively rank from 
 feeding on fish, are eaten fresh, 
 salted and dried for winter use, and 
 pickled and preserved with spices, and 
 by some people much admired. They 
 are occasionally potted in the North. 
 See Hagdon. 
 
 Pug, a short-haired lap dog ; a toy dog. 
 
 Pukigura, a native Indian name for the 
 hives of the wild honey bee. 
 
 Pulla, a name in Sind for the Clupea 
 palasah, a small fish. 
 
 Pulled Otter, a furrier's term for 
 the otter skin, from which the long 
 hairs have been shaved or plucked, 
 leaving only the soft underdown or 
 wool. 
 
 Pulled Wool, wool not shorn, but ob- 
 tained from dead sheep, and those 
 killed for their meat. The largest 
 quantity of this wool is received from 
 the River Plate States— about 74,000 
 bales. The bales are estimated at 
 250 lbs. each, fellmonger's wool, shrink- 
 ing 30 per cent. The quantity of pulled 
 wool produced in the world may be 
 stated at 22£ million pounds. 
 
 Pullet, a young hen fattened for the 
 table. See Poularde. A name in 
 Devonshire for Tapes [Venus'] pullas- 
 tra, a mollusc which is eaten as food. 
 
 Puma (Felis concolor, Lin.), a South 
 American animal, with a skin of a uni- 
 form dull reddish brown, or silvery- 
 fawn colour. The skins are used for 
 carriage wraps and rugs. In Mexico 
 they make riding- trousers of them. 
 Being soft, the Indians employ the 
 skins for clothing, and from it boots 
 and shoes are also made. The flesh of 
 the animal is good eating. 
 
 Puneer, the Afghan name for cheese. 
 
 Punjum, the floss and outer covering of 
 the unpierced cocoons, drawn out and 
 reeled on a hand-reel in India. 
 
 Pup, the trade name for a young fur seal. 
 A pup in its first year is called a black 
 pup ; a yearling is known as a grey or 
 silver pup ; one two years old as a mid- 
 dling pup ; a three-year old as a large 
 pup. Pups are rough skins of the 
 second class, wigs of the third, and 
 black pups of the fourth grade. Also a 
 name for a young dog. 
 
 Pupa, the second and usually quiescent 
 state in the metamorphosis of insects, 
 sometimes called nymph or chrysalis. 
 
 Puppy, a young dog. 
 
 Purgeur (French), a cleansing clasp, 
 lined with cloth, through which the 
 skeins of raw silk are passed to remove 
 loose silk and foreign particles. 
 
 Purle, a name for the fringe of feathers 
 on the breast of the turbit pigeon. 
 
 Purls, dry horse and cow dung collected 
 for fuel in parts of Scotland. 
 
 Puron, a French name for whey. 
 
 Purr, a name in some parts of England 
 for an edible mollusc ( Tapes decussata ) 
 
PUR [ 96 ] QUO 
 
 In Hampshire it is known as u butter 
 fish." 
 
 Purree, a yellow pigment, obtained 
 from China and India, of doubtful ori- 
 gin, said to be obtained from the urine 
 of the buffalo after it has fed on de- 
 cayed mango leaves ; by others at- 
 tributed to a bezoar of the camel or 
 elephant. 
 
 Purse-crab (Birgus labro), a species of 
 land crab which, when properly dressed, 
 is regarded as an excellent dish. 
 
 Pushm, Pashum, a name applied to the 
 underdown or wool of the yak, camel, 
 and goat. The latter is of three 
 colours, white, drab, and lavender. 
 
 P. Y. C, a trade abbreviation for prime 
 yellow candle tallow. 
 
 Pyke (Sphryraena novae hollandue. 
 Grimth.), one of the best and most 
 wholesome of the Melbourne fishes. 
 
 Python, a name for the boa constrictor 
 of Africa, the flesh of which is eaten 
 by the natives. See Serpents and 
 Snakes. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quagga (Equus quagga, Lin.), a species 
 of African zebra, but smaller, which can 
 be employed as a beast of draught, but 
 domestication deprives it of its spirit. 
 The flesh, though coarse, is eaten by 
 the natives and hunters of South 
 Africa. Of the skin the Dutch make 
 grain bags. 
 
 Quahog, a name in North America for 
 the round hard shell clams (Venus 
 mercenaria, Lin., Mercenaria violacea 
 and M. Kennicottii). They are also 
 called " little necks." See Clams. 
 
 Quail, a name applied to several Euro- 
 pean and American birds. The best 
 known is the Andalusian or common 
 quail (Turnix tachydromus ; Coturnix 
 communis [Bon.]). A great many of 
 these are on sale in our poulterers' shops 
 in the summer months. In Egypt, in the 
 season, they are so numerous that the 
 natives sun-dry them or salt them for 
 future use. At the time of their mi- 
 gration, the islands and shores of the 
 Mediterranean absolutely swarm with 
 them. The American quails are Ortyx 
 virginianus, Lin., and 0. californicus, 
 which are as much the objects of pur- 
 
 suit with the American sportsmen as 
 the common partridge in Europe. 
 
 Quappe (German), a name for Lota vul- 
 garis, which is also called Rutte. 
 
 Quarry, a head of game hunted or killed. 
 
 Queen Conch, a commercial name for 
 the shell of the Slrombus gigas, from 
 the Bahamas, of which large quantities 
 are shipped to Liverpool, to be ground 
 up for making porcelain, or sold for 
 ornament, and for cutting pink cameos 
 on. 
 
 Queen Mullet (Upeneus martinicus), 
 a delicious American and West Indian 
 fish. 
 
 Queens, a Cornish name for scallops 
 (Pec ten). 
 
 Queso (Spanish), cheese. 
 
 Quetzal (Trogon pavoninus, Cuv.), 
 the gorgeous long-tailed trogan. This 
 American bird has magnificent plu- 
 mage, of an emerald tint, with golden 
 reflections. It was worshipped as 
 sacred by the Indian kings, and the 
 feathers were only allowed to be worn 
 by Mexicans of the highest rank. 
 
 Quey, a young heifer under two years 
 old. 
 
 Quill Floats and Baits, appliances for 
 angling made of quills. 
 
 Quill Pen Maker, one who prepares 
 pens from quills for writing. Quills 
 are now put to many other uses— for 
 toothpicks, for the handles of hair 
 pencils and paint brushes, for tubes to 
 make fuses for cannon, and are also 
 split and made into brushes. 
 
 Quills, the strong barrel or support of 
 the feather of many birds, used for 
 cutting into pens for writing. Goose 
 and swan quills are the finest, but 
 those of turkeys, ducks, and crows are 
 also used. The trade in quills has been 
 largely interfered with by the use of 
 steel pens. The quill feathers of the 
 condor are the strongest and largest 
 yet known. The quills of the Ameri- 
 can hedgehog are used by the American 
 Indians in embroidering ; those of the 
 European hedgehog on the skin as a 
 muzzle for weaning calves ; those of 
 the porcupine for pen holders, floats 
 for fishing, eyelet punches, and for 
 ornamenting boxes, etc., in Ceylon 
 work. 
 
 Quinnat Salmon, the large and valuable 
 salmon of the Western coast of America, 
 Salmo quinnat. 
 Quoddy Herring (Alosa mattowaca > 
 Dekay), smoked shad, prepared in 
 America, named after the locality 
 I where they are cured. 
 
RAB 
 
 [ 97 ] 
 
 EAT 
 
 R. 
 
 Raballes, a fish found on the Pacific 
 coast of South America, also known as 
 Corobinas, which see. 
 
 Rabbit (Lepus cuniculus, Lin.). An 
 enormous trade is carried on in breed- 
 ing tame rabbits, and trapping and sell- 
 ing wild ones for food at certain seasons 
 of the year. We import 1,500,000 a 
 week from Ostend in the season. In 
 Belgium they are extensively bred. 
 The number sold in France is estimated 
 at 70 or 80 millions annually. In the 
 Australian Colonies they breed so 
 rapidly that they have become a per- 
 fect pest to the colonists. There are 
 several varieties of rabbit — the com- 
 mon Russian, the silver-grey, and the 
 Angora. 
 
 Rabbit Fish, a name for Tetrodon l<z- 
 vigatus [Lin.], Grill, an American fish. 
 
 Rabbit Skins. These have a consider- 
 able commercial value. A portion are 
 used for the hair for hat making, and 
 some millions, when dyed different 
 shades, for children's furs and imita- 
 tions of seal, beaver, etc. About 60 
 million rabbit skins are sold annually 
 in France, and about 30 millions in Eng- 
 land, 4 millions in Belg:um, and 5 mil- 
 lions in Leipzig. The skin of the wild 
 rabbit is more valuable than that of the 
 tame, but there are some bred, as the 
 silver-grey, a breed peculiar to Lincoln- 
 shire, and the blue variety, which fetch 
 fancy prices, owing to the skin being in 
 demand in China from its close resem- 
 blance to the fur of the sea otter, which 
 is reserved exclusively for the emperor's 
 use. Hare skins and rabbit skins are 
 very much mixed up in commerce. 
 
 Rabbit Warren, an open common or 
 heath, where wild rabbits breed in 
 abundance. 
 
 Rabies, a madness in dogs commonly 
 called hydrophobia. 
 
 Raccoon (Procyon lotor [Lin.], Storr). 
 From 300,000 to 500,000 of these skins 
 are annually received from America. 
 They are used chiefly in Germany and 
 Russia for sledge wrappers, as a lining 
 to the long travelling coats and other 
 equipments of those northern countries. 
 The hair used to be employed in mak- 
 ing felt hats. The leather made from 
 the skin is used for gloves and the 
 upper leather of shoes. 
 
 Raccoon Oysters, a variety of Ameri- 
 can oysters from Appalichicola Bay, 
 Florida. 
 
 Race, a special or distinct breed of 
 animals. 
 
 Race Horse, a thoroughbred horse, 
 
 trained to compete in races for speed. 
 
 In Great Britain there are some 2,000 
 
 race horses. 
 Racoonda, an old French name for the 
 
 fur of the coypu or neutria. 
 Rage (French), hydrophobia. 
 Ragot (French), a wild boar of twoyear3 
 
 old. 
 
 Rag Wool, torn up fragments of old 
 cloth garments intended to be worked 
 up with other wool. See Mungo and 
 Shoddy. 
 
 Rails, a genus of aquatic birds spread 
 over the Old and New World, the flesh 
 of which is palatable. The common 
 rail of this country is Rallus aquaticus, 
 Lin. In America there are several 
 species : the clapper (R. longirostris), 
 the marsh hen (R. elegans), the Vir- 
 ginia rail (R. virginianus), the Caro- 
 lina rail (Porzana Carolina), and the 
 yellow rail (P. noveboracensis). 
 
 Ram, an ungelded male sheep. Rams are 
 kept with a flock of ewes for breeding. 
 Their horns are often used for making 
 ornamental snuff mulls in Scotland. 
 
 Rambouillet, a superior breed of 
 French merino sheep, originally from 
 Spain, taking their name from the 
 government establishment where they 
 have been raised for a century past. 
 
 RampurChaddar, a square embroidered 
 and fringed shawl, made in the East of 
 pushm or goat's wool. 
 
 Ranch (Spanish), a large cattle station. 
 
 Range, a name in the leather trade for 
 the inner portion of the shoulder of a 
 hide. 
 
 Rapfen (German), a fish, the Aspius va- 
 pax, Ag. 
 
 Raptores, the family of predaceoua 
 birds. 
 
 Rasher, a thin slice of cooked ham or 
 bacon. 
 
 Rasores, the order of gallinaceous birds, 
 which have been called scrapers, from 
 their habit of scratching on the ground 
 in search of food. 
 
 Rat (Mus decumanus). Rats are more 
 destructive than useful, but yet they 
 are eaten for food in some quarters, 
 and their skins utilised. The rat which 
 feeds on the sugar cane in the West 
 Indies is roasted and eaten by the 
 negroes, and in China they make an 
 esteemed soup of them, and commonly 
 
EAT 
 
 [ 98 ] 
 
 REN 
 
 eat them. Rat leather is used for the 
 thumbs of kid gloves. 
 
 Ratel (Mellivora capensis [Schreb],and 
 M. indica [Shaw]), species of honey- 
 badger, a kind of large weasel found in 
 Africa and India. Their thick fur is 
 whitish— grey above, and deep black 
 beneath. The skins of Viverra capen- 
 sis and other polecats are held in es- 
 teem in China. 
 
 Ratine (French), a kind of woollen 
 stuff. 
 
 Raton Laveur (French), the raccoon 
 (Procyon lotor, Storr). 
 
 Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus or 
 confluentus). The flesh of this snake 
 is eaten by the natives of India and 
 America. See Serpents and Snakes. 
 
 Rauchwaaren (German), a name for 
 furs. 
 
 Raughan, liquid ghee or fluid butter 
 made from sheep's milk in Persia. 
 
 Raven (Corvus corax, Lin.), a bird with 
 shining bluish-black plumage, native 
 to all Europe. 
 
 Ravigote. Under this name salmon 
 and sturgeon are put up cooked in cans 
 by a San Francisco Company. 
 
 Ray (Raiae), an order of fishes, many 
 species of which are sold under the 
 name of skate. The rough fish skin of 
 several is used for various economic 
 purposes. See Fish Skins, Galuchat, 
 Homelyn Ray, and Skate. 
 
 Razor Bill (Alca torda, Lin.), a name 
 for the common auk. Incredible num- 
 bers of the eggs of this bird are col- 
 lected on the coasts of Labrador and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Razor Fish, Razor Shell (Solen sili- 
 qua), a mollusc, of which there are two 
 or three species, said to be good eating; 
 the ancients esteemed it a great food 
 delicacy. It is also used for fish bait. 
 In America Solen ensis is called the 
 razor clam. 
 
 Rebenque, a name in Cuba for salted 
 and dried beef imported from Central 
 America as food for the negroes. See 
 Charqui. 
 
 Reblochon, an esteemed cheese made in 
 Savoy. 
 
 Red Deer or Stag (Cervus elaphus, 
 Lin.), the noblest of our indigenous 
 animals. 
 
 Red Drum (Sci&nops ocellatus [Lin.], 
 
 Gill), an American fish. 
 Red Eyes (Leuciscus erythropthalmus), 
 
 a very pretty fish, but scarcely edible. 
 Red Fish, a name for the sevruiga or 
 
 stellated sturgeon, also for Scuenops 
 
 ocellatus. A delicious condiment pre- 
 
 pared in the Straits Settlements 
 with Engraulis commersonianus, 
 salted, with vinegar, spices and pow- 
 dered red rice. It is kept four or five 
 months before use, and then shipped 
 to China and India. 
 Red Grouse (Lagopus scoticus [Lat.])! 
 the common grouse of the North. See 
 Grouse. 
 
 Redhead, the name given to a species 
 of wild duck (Fuligula ferina, var. 
 americana), the flesh of which is 
 edible. 
 
 Red Nose, a name in some localities for 
 the cockle. 
 
 Redpole, a name for several species of 
 linnets (Linota rufescens [Vieill.], and 
 L. linaria [Lin.]). 
 
 Reds, a fishmonger's abbreviation for 
 highly-dried herrings. 
 
 Redwater, a disease in animals pro- 
 duced by inflammation of the kidneys. 
 
 Reed Bird, Rice Bird (Dolichonyx 
 oryzivorus [Lin.]), a small North 
 American bird, which is good eating. 
 
 Reeve, the female of the ruff {Machetes 
 pugnax [Lin.]), an edible bird. 
 
 Regal or Royal Fish. By law in Eng- 
 land the sturgeon and the whale 
 (although not a fish) are royal prero- 
 gatives, and a stranded whale becomes 
 the property of the Crown. 
 
 Rehbok, a South African antelope. See 
 Rheebok. 
 
 Reiher (German), the heron. Both the 
 common heron ( Ardea cinerea, Lin.), 
 and the silver heron (A. garzetta, Lin.), 
 are destroyers of fish. 
 
 Reims. See Ox-Reims. 
 
 Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus [Lin.]). 
 In all cold Northern regions the rein- 
 deer Is tamed and becomes the most 
 necessary domestic animal, trained as 
 burden-bearers, also used for riding and 
 drawing sleds. The flesh and milk are 
 palatable. The horns are used for 
 tools, the dried sinews for thread and 
 ropes, the skin for clothing, leather and 
 covering of the huts. It furnishes man 
 with food, clothing, shelter and mate- 
 rial for the most important household 
 utensils. Over 60,000 lbs. of reindeer 
 flesh was exported from Finland in 
 1876. 
 
 Reins, leather straps attached to the bit 
 to guide a draught horse. 
 
 Renaissance, the French name for ex- 
 tract wool, or wool recovered from old 
 fabrics. 
 
 Renke, Rhemanke (German), the Core- 
 gonus Wartmanni, Bl.); the boden- 
 renke is C. /era, Jur. 
 
REN 
 
 [ 99 ] ROA 
 
 Renne, the French name for the rein- 
 deer. 
 
 Rennet, a preparation made from the 
 membrane of the fourth stomach of 
 the sucking-calf and of the sheep and 
 goat, by first cleansing the stomach 
 and the curd contained therein, and 
 then leaving some brine in contact 
 with its lining membrane for a few 
 days. 
 
 Rep, a transversely ribbed cloth. 
 
 Repppasch. See Spindelfisch. 
 
 Reptile Oils. Among those turned to 
 use are alligator oil manufactured in 
 Florida, and also used by the South 
 American Indians, mixed with chica 
 pigment, for painting their bodies. 
 Turtle oil, obtained from some marine 
 tortoises and from their eggs in South 
 America, is used for food, in dressing 
 leather, and in making soap ; also 
 rattlesnake and other snake oils. 
 
 Requin (French), a shark. 
 
 Restaurateur (French), an eating- 
 house keeper, of which i here are many 
 in large towns ; Paris alone has 5.300. 
 
 Retordeur (French), a twister of silk 
 or wool. 
 
 Retriever, a good water-dog, a cross 
 between the Newfoundland and the 
 pointer or setter. Other varieties are 
 a cross between the water-spaniel and 
 the terrier. There are two kinds, the 
 flat or smooth and the curly coated. 
 They are either of a black or brown 
 colour. 
 
 Reumda, an Arab name for the female 
 ostrich. 
 
 Rhea, the South American ostrich (Rhea 
 americana, Vieill., and other species). 
 The flesh of the young birds is good, 
 although high-flavoured, but that of 
 the old birds is hard and disagreeable. 
 The native name for the bird is nan- 
 dou. There is a large commerce in the 
 feathers. See Vulture Plumes. 
 
 Rheebok (Eleotragus capreolus, Gray ; 
 Pelea capreolus [Licht.]), a tall and 
 stately African antelope, with long legs, 
 straight neck and horns, with an exte- 
 rior twist at the root. The flesh makes 
 very fine venison, and the legs and 
 shoulders are much esteemed as a 
 relish when dried into " biltong." 
 
 Rhemanke. See Renke. 
 
 Rhinoceros, a pachyderm, of which 
 there are two well-known principal 
 species, the Asiatic (Rhinoceros uni- 
 cornus, Lin.), and the African (R. bi- 
 cornis, Lin.). The hide is so thick as 
 to be bullet proof ; it is made into 
 shields, targets, whips, &o. The horns, 
 
 which are matted hair, are brought 
 chiefly from South Africa, and are the 
 produce of the two-horned species indi- 
 genous there ; some are also brought 
 from the East belonging to the single- 
 horned species. They are moulded into 
 sticks and umbrella handles, and 
 carved into fancy articles. The skin 
 and fat are made into jelly in China. 
 Rhoode-Bok (Cephalophus natalensis), 
 
 a South African antelope. 
 Ribbon, Ribands, narrow lengths or 
 fillets of silk used for trimming bon- 
 nets, dresses, &c, by ladies. 
 Ribs, joints of beef from the sides of 
 
 the ox, with the bone left in. 
 Rice- Bird, Rice-Bunting (Bolichonyx 
 oryzivora [Lin.]), a bird which is con- 
 sidered good eating in America and the 
 West Indies. 
 Rice Shells (Oliva oryza), small white 
 shells largely used in the Bahamas for 
 making shell ornaments. 
 Riet-Bock (Eleotragus arundinacea. 
 
 Gray), an African antelope, 
 Right Whale, the Bal&na mysticetut 
 and B. australis, which furnish the 
 whalebone of commerce. 
 Rinderpest, the German name for the 
 
 cattle plague. 
 Ring-Dove (Columba palumbus, Lin.), 
 the largest of the British species of 
 pigeons, which it has not been possible 
 to domesticate ; it is sometimes kept 
 in aviaries. They are shot in the wild 
 state for the table. 
 Ring-tailed Pigeon (Columba cari- 
 boea, Lin. ; Pahagioenas caribcea, 
 Solater), an esteemed bird of Jamaica 
 considered a food delicacy. 
 Ris de Veau (French), a calf's sweet- 
 bread. 
 
 Rissole, a fritter of mmced meat. 
 Rissolettes, a sort of baked mince- 
 meat. 
 
 River Chub (Labrax 7nuronatus), 
 one of the largest of the river fishes 
 of Jamaica ; a surpassingly delicious 
 fish. 
 
 River Jack (Clotho nasicornis), an 
 American snake, the flesh of which is 
 sometimes eaten as food. 
 
 River Pearl Shell (Alasmodonta 
 margaritifera). Those found in Euro- 
 pean rivers often contain very valuable 
 pearls. 
 
 Roach (Leuciscus rutilus [Lin.]), a 
 freshwater fish which in many parts 
 of Europe is considered excellent for 
 the table, its flesh being white and 
 firm, though coarse. In England if 
 must not be taken under 7 inches in 
 H 2 
 
ROA [ 100 ] ROT 
 
 length ; the season for fishing is June 
 
 16 to March 14. 
 Roadster, a serviceable kind of horse. 
 Roans, unsplit sheep-skins tanned for 
 
 leather, like morocco, but wanting the 
 
 grain. 
 
 Robalo, the common name of several 
 
 species of Centropomus, fishes common 
 
 about Panama. 
 Robin Huss, a name in Sussex for the 
 
 small spotted dogfish (Scy Ilium cani- 
 
 culum). 
 
 Roc, a name in Norway for Salmo alpi- 
 nus, Lin. 
 
 Roche (German), the ray. 
 
 Rock Bass (Amplopteles rupestris), an 
 American fish of good flavour. 
 
 Rock Cod (Pseudophycis barbatus, 
 Gunth.), an Australian fish esteemed 
 for food, very common in the Mel- 
 bourne market. The rock cod of New 
 Zealand is Percis coleas. The black 
 rock cod of Australia (Serranus Da- 
 melii, Gunth.), is, without exception, 
 the best of the Australian fishes. It at- 
 tains a great size, fishes weighing 35 to 
 40 lbs. being not uncommon, Gadus 
 rupestris is also known as the rock 
 
 cod. 
 
 Rock Dove, a variety of pigeon. See 
 Blue Rock. 
 
 Rock Fish, the name for several species 
 of 'Sebastomus and Sebastichthys, 
 American fishes ; also for Clinus pecti- 
 nifer in the Windward Isles. 
 
 Rock -hopper (Eudyptes chrysocome, 
 Forst.), a species of penguin which 
 breeds on the Falkland Islands. 
 
 Rock Line {Genypterus australis, 
 Gunth.), a fish very common in the 
 Melbourne market, the flesh of which 
 is considered very delicate. 
 
 Rock Trout, a name for Chirus con- 
 stellatus [Girard], Gill, a fish of the 
 coast of California. 
 
 Rock Venison, a name given in some 
 parts to goats' flesh. 
 
 Rocky Mountain Goat (Aplocerus 
 montanus), a goat antelope of North 
 America. It has long hair ; the flesh is 
 rank and not esteemed as food. 
 
 Rodeio (Spanish), a place in South Ame- 
 rica where calves are collected to be 
 marked or branded, 
 
 Rodents (Rodeyitia), an order of gnaw- 
 ing animals represented by the rats, 
 rabbits, beavers, &c. 
 
 Roe {Caj)reolus caprcea ; Cervus capre- 
 olus, Lin.), a species of British deer; 
 the horns, the skin and flesh are use- 
 ful ; the male or roebuck has small ant- 
 lers The collected mass of spawn or 
 
 eggs of some fishes, as the cod, herring 
 and mullet. 
 Rogue, the roe, eggs or spawn of the cod 
 fish, shipped to Europe salted as bait 
 for the French fisheries. From Nor- 
 way 53,700 barrels, worth £81,700, were 
 shipped in 1877. It is classed into two 
 grades by an official inspector. Also a 
 French name for a place for salting or 
 pickling flesh. The name rogue is ap- 
 plied in India to a mischievous wild 
 elephant. 
 
 Roker, a fishmonger's name for all fish 
 of the ray family, except skates ; they 
 are a favourite food of the working 
 classes. 
 
 Rollot, a French cheese of cylindrical 
 form weighing about a pound. 
 
 Roman (Ghrysophrys cristiceps), one of 
 the most delicious of Cape fishes ; other 
 species, as the poeskop (<7. gibbiceps) 
 and the roode steensbrasem (C. lati- 
 ceps\ are also choice colonial fish. 
 
 Rombo, the Italian name for Pleuro- 
 nectes maximus, Chier. 
 
 RoNCO,an Italian name for Conger vul- 
 garis ; it is also called Grongo. 
 
 Rondolette, an Italian name for an in- 
 ferior description of organzine silk. 
 
 Rongeurs (French), gnawing animals. 
 
 Rook (Corvus frugilegus, Lin.), a well- 
 known British bird, whose flesh fur- 
 nishes good and wholesome food. A 
 pie made of young rooks is a dish 
 which but few despise, and has a ful- 
 ness and lusciousness of flavour which 
 excels any dish of graminivorous birds. 
 
 Rookery, a haunt of rooks, a collection 
 of birds where they breed and roost ; a 
 resort or resting-place for seals. 
 
 Room, the name given to a fishing sta- 
 tion or place for drying fish on the* 
 coasts of North America. 
 
 Roquefort, a well-known continental 
 chee-e, made from sheep's milk, and 
 into which mouldy bread enters. 
 
 Rorqual (Btelenoptera boops), the 
 largest of the finner whale tribe, which 
 is known to measure sometimes as 
 much as 100 feet in length. It has a 
 rough or furrowed skin. 
 
 Rose-fish (Sebastes viviparus), a, species 
 of haddock, an American edible fish. 
 
 RosElet, a name given to the ermine 
 which has not lost his winter fur. 
 
 Rosella, the rose parroquet. See Par- 
 roquets. 
 
 Ross (German), the horse ; Rosshaar is 
 horsehair ; Rosschwanze, horse tail. 
 
 Rossignol (French), the nightingale. 
 
 Rot, a fatal parasitic disease in sheep, 
 arising from the liver fluke. 
 
EOT 
 
 [ 101 ] 
 
 SAB 
 
 Hotel, Rothfisch, Rothforelle, local 
 names in Germany for the char (Salmo 
 salvelinus, Lin.). 
 
 Rothauge (German), Scardinius ery- 
 throphthalmus, Lin. 
 
 Rotingle, the French name for Leu- 
 ciscus erythrophthalmus, Cuv. and Val. 
 
 Rotscheer, a name for the spring-cod 
 caught in Norway, which, when dried, 
 are divided into three classes according 
 to weight. 
 
 Rotzbarch, a German name for the fish 
 known in England as the ruffe (Acerina 
 cernua, Lin.). It is also varied to rotz- 
 barching, rotzkater and rotzwolf. 
 
 Rouen Duck, a rich brown-coloured 
 tame duck, which is a splendid table 
 bird. 
 
 Rouen Oil, a fish oil made on the coast 
 of Normandy from the livers of some 
 species of ray. 
 
 Rouget, a name in Paris for a fish, rouget 
 grondeur (Trigla hirundo); the rou- 
 get of the Mediterranean is Mullus 
 barbatus. 
 
 Roughun, a name in Persia for ghee. 
 
 Roup, a disease in fowls. 
 
 Roussette (French), the dog-fish (Scyl- 
 lum [Squalus] canicula and catulus). 
 
 Rovings, porous threads of wool of uni- 
 form size throughout their length, 
 from which fine threads are afterwards 
 formed by drawing and twisting. 
 
 Row-Ball, a species of Polynemus, an 
 edible Indian fish. 
 
 Royal Deer. See Stag. 
 
 Royan, a name for the sardine. 
 
 Rubiole, a kind of Italian cheese. 
 
 Ruche (French), a bee-hive. 
 
 Rudd (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus), a 
 freshwater fish, the flesh of which is 
 held in great esteem. It must not be 
 taken under six inches in length. The 
 open season for fishing is June 16 to 
 March 14. 
 
 Ruff (Philomachus pugnax ; Machetes 
 pugnax, Lin.), the fighting snipe, a 
 bird which is imported in large num- 
 bers from Holland and elsewhere, also 
 caught on our shores, and fattened for 
 the market, the flesh being very palat- 
 able. 
 
 Ruffe (Acerina [Perca] cernua, Lin.; A. 
 vulgaris), a British fish, formerly 
 held in esteem, also called the pope. 
 They are good eating when broiled in 
 buttered paper. 
 
 Ruffed Grouse (Bonasia umbellus), 
 an American bird which furnishes an 
 exceedingly delicate food, and is called 
 the pheasant in the United States. 
 
 Rugs, ornamental bordered squares of 
 
 carpeting placed before a fire-grate ; 
 
 coarse woollen wrappers or blanket 
 
 cloths. See Horse-rug. 
 Rumfen, Rumpchen, German local 
 
 names for Phoxinus laevis, Ag. 
 Ruminantia, Ruminants, animals 
 
 which chew the cud, or bring from the 
 
 stomach the food which they have 
 
 hastily swallowed, submitting it to a 
 
 second mastication. 
 Rump Steak, a slice of beef cut from the 
 
 thigh, which is usually the most tender 
 
 meat. 
 
 Run, a pastoral area on which to graze 
 cattle or sheep. 
 
 Runt, an old cow past breeding ; a small 
 aboriginal breed of Welsh black cattle, 
 with wide-spreading horns ; a variety 
 of pigeon ; the largest and heaviest 
 race of the domestic pigeons ; there are 
 Leghorn, Spanish and Roman runts ; 
 their prevailing colours are shades of 
 brown, light slate color and white. 
 
 Rusa Deer (Cervus hippelaphus, Cuv.), 
 a deer, native of Java. 
 
 Russell Cords. See Cords. 
 
 Russia Leather, leather prepared in 
 Russia, possessing a peculiar odour, 
 arising from the empyreumatic birch-oi 1 
 used. The colour is either red, white 
 or black, the former being the most 
 valuable. The best is made of heifer 
 hides. See Youft. 
 
 Russian Sable. See Sable. 
 
 Rustical Wool, a name in Germany for 
 wool brought to market by peasant 
 landowners. 
 
 Rutting, the season of copulation for 
 animals. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabia, a common name for different 
 kinds of thrush in Brazil. 
 
 Sable Fish, a name in Madras for the 
 hilsa or shad (Clupea palasah), also 
 called oolum. They are excellent as 
 food until they have deposited their 
 ova, when they become thin and un- 
 wholesome. Their flavour has been 
 compared to a combination of that of 
 salmon and herring ; but they are 
 rather heavy of digestion. 
 
 Sable Gills, the portions of fur lying 
 under the jaw of the sable, which are 
 used for joining ; sable paws are also 
 pieced together for fur linings. 
 
 Sable, Russian. This animal (Muutela 
 
SAC 
 
 [ 102 ] 
 
 SAM 
 
 zibellina) furnishes the Russian sable 
 of North Europe and Asia, so much in 
 request for cloaks, muffs, boas, linings, 
 &c; the Tartar sable is yielded by M. 
 siberica ; the French sable of Europe 
 is the dyed fur of M. saxonius; the 
 Hudson's Bay sable is from M. ameri- 
 cana, of which there are the silver, 
 orange and common or brown varie- 
 ties. 
 
 Sacatillos, the dried carcases of the 
 cochineal insect, which having perished 
 on the cactus, and yielding but little 
 dye are valueless. 
 
 Sacawinki, a name in British Guiana 
 for the squirrel monkeys, species of 
 Jacchus. 
 
 Sage Cock, a game bird {Gentrocercus 
 
 urophasianus). 
 Sage Rabbit, a variety of Lepus sylva- 
 
 ticus. 
 
 Sagri (Persian), a name given to the 
 skin of Spinax niger, Cuv., from its 
 resemblance to the dressed leather 
 made from the skin of the ass and 
 known as shagreen. It is called Sagher 
 ia Turkish. 
 
 Saguhi (Chrysothrix usta, Is. Geoff.), 
 a Brazilian naked-eared monkey, not 
 larger than a squirrel. There are other 
 species of these squirrel monkeys in 
 Guiana and Central America. 
 
 Sahtians, Saffian, prepared goat skins 
 or Morocco leather. 
 
 Saibling, Salbling, names in Austria 
 for the char (Salmo salvelinus, Lin.). 
 It is also called the Ritter. 
 
 Saiga (C olus tartar icit s ; Antelope colus, 
 H. Smith), an Asiatic antelope with a 
 tumid nose. 
 
 Saijda, a name in Lapland for the fish 
 Gadus virens. 
 
 Sail-fish (Histiophorus amerieanus), 
 an edible fish caught on the eastern 
 coast of America ; the name is also ap- 
 plied to the basking shark. 
 
 Sailor's Choice (Lagodon rhomboides 
 [Lin.], Hoi.), a North American edible 
 fish of the Atlantic. 
 
 Saindoux (French), hog's lard. 
 
 Saint Bernard, a magnificent breed of 
 dog, chiefly confined to the Alps, where 
 it is employed to discover and rescue 
 travellers lost in the snow. 
 
 Saker (Falco cherrug), a falcon used for 
 hunting in India. 
 
 Saki (Pitheeia), a genus of American 
 monkeys. 
 
 Saladertsto, a person who kills cattle 
 and prepares meat in South America. 
 
 iSaladeros, the Spanish name for large 
 slaughtering establishments in South 
 
 America, in some of which as many as 
 60,000 head of cattle are annually killed 
 for salting or sun-drying. 
 Sala-koulka, a Russian name for the 
 pilchard. 
 
 Salami, a large Hungarian pork sausage, 
 of which there is an extensive con- 
 sumption in the Austrian empire and 
 in Italy by the poorer classes. 
 
 Salampenta (Teuis teguexin, Lin.), 
 the Brazilian name for a large species 
 of lizard, which, like the iguana, affords 
 very delicious food. 
 
 Salangane (Salangana fuciphega, 
 Bonap.), a species of swift, whose 
 glutinous nests are esculent. See 
 Birds' Nests. 
 
 Salicoque, a French name for prawns. 
 
 Salmon (Salmo salor, Lin.), a well- 
 known and esteemed fish, the average 
 annual sale of which, in London alone, 
 reaches in value £250,000. The Scotch 
 and Irish salmon fisheries furnish the 
 largest proportion. In Norway the an- 
 nual sales reach £100,000; in New Bruns- 
 wick £160.000; in British Columbia 
 £400,000. A large quantity of fresh 
 salmon preserved in tins of 1 lb., 
 2 lbs., and 2£ lbs., is received from 
 America. Salmon fishing commences 
 in this country on February 1 and 
 terminates on September 14. The fish 
 which passes under the name of salmon 
 in Australia is Arrhipis truttaceus, 
 Cuv. and Val. ; A. salar, Gunth. See 
 Quinnat Salmon. 
 
 Salmon Fry, the Salmo samulus. 
 
 Salmon Peel, a young salmon. 
 
 Salmon Trout (Salmo trutta, Lin.), a 
 fine freshwater fish. The salmon trout 
 of Canada is S. amethystus. The 
 spotted sea trout of America (Cynos- 
 cion maculatus [Mitch.], Gill) is there 
 called the salmon trout. 
 
 Salt Fish, a term most commonly 
 applied to salted cod and ling. 
 
 Salt Junk, cured beef for ship's use. 
 See Junk. 
 
 Sambok, a hide whip much used in South 
 Africa ; occasionally it is made of hip- 
 popotamus hide. 
 
 Sambur (Busa aristotelis), a fine Indian 
 deer, sometimes called the Ceylon elk, 
 which has been introduced into Aus- 
 tralia, its antlers attain an immense 
 size. 
 
 Samlet, a small British freshwater fish ; 
 also called brandling and fingerin in 
 Yorkshire. They are frequent in all 
 the rivers in which salmon and trout 
 are found, and are excellent either 
 fried, potted, or pickled. 
 
SAM [ 103 ] SAT 
 
 Sam-li, a Chinese name for the shad 
 
 (Alosa nevesii, Rich.). 
 Samson Fish (Seriola hippos), a large 
 
 and handsome fish of the Australian 
 
 seas. 
 
 Sanbarsch, Sandart, Sandau, Ger- 
 man names for Lucioperca sandra, 
 Cuv. See Sander. 
 
 Sancord (Sebastes maculatus), a deli- 
 cious South African fish. 
 
 Sandal, a protection for the foot in 
 walking, made of raw hide, worn with 
 the hairy side outwards. They are 
 much worn by the peasantry of many 
 southern countries of Europe, where a 
 hot sun makes it a more agreeable 
 covering for the foot than the close 
 boot or shoe. 
 
 Sandbutter, the name in Schleswig- 
 Holstein for Cobitis tani'a, Lin. 
 
 Sand-eel (Ammodytes tobianus. See 
 Sand Lance. 
 
 Sander (Lucioperca sandra, Cuv.), a 
 freshwater fish of Europe, which at- 
 tains a length of nearly three or four 
 feet; its flesh is considered excellent. 
 It is largely caught in Russia. 
 
 Sanderling, a sort of moor fowl (Ca- 
 lidus arenaria, Lin.). 
 
 Sandplyndre, a name in Norway for 
 Platessa vulgaris; Pleuronectes pla- 
 tessa, Lin. 
 
 Sand-hog (Arctonyx collaris, Hodgson), 
 the Indian badger of Assam. 
 
 Sand-lance (Ainmodytes), a kind of eel 
 which buries itself in the sand, of 
 which there are two species, A. tobia- 
 nus, measuring about a foot, and A. 
 lancea, only half that length. Although 
 delicate eating, they are chiefly used 
 by fishermen for bait. 
 
 Sand Mullet (Mugil waigiensis, Quoy 
 and Grain), an Australian fish much 
 esteemed as food in Victoria. 
 
 Sandpiper, a name applied to different 
 species of Tringa, but chiefly restricted 
 to the common British bird, Totanus 
 hypoleucus, Lin. See Curlew, Sand- 
 piper. 
 
 Sandruije, a name in Norway for My a 
 arenaria, Lin. 
 
 Sandwiches, thin layers of meat be- 
 tween slices of bread and butter. 
 
 Sanglier (French), a wild boar. 
 
 Sangsue (French), a leech. 
 
 Sankhli, a kind of sea shell, species of 
 Turbinella, exported from India. 
 
 Sapling, a greyhound in his first year, 
 i.e., born after J anuary 1 ; he is a sap- 
 ling after about six months old until 
 the end of the following coursing 
 season; after this he is a puppy for 
 
 another season, and then an ki all- 
 aged" dog. 
 
 Sarcelle, a name for a species of wild 
 duck; the common or spring sarcelle 
 being Anas querquedula ; the small or 
 winter one, A. crecca. 
 
 Sarcenet, a thin kind of silk used for 
 linings, ribands, &c. 
 
 Sarde, a name for Pagellus calamus. 
 
 Sardella, a name for the sardine in 
 Italy. 
 
 Sardine (Clupea sardina), a small deli- 
 cate fish, the catch and cure of which 
 employs thousands of persons on the 
 French and Spanish coasts. On the 
 former about 4,500 boats are employed, 
 and the average annual value of the 
 catch of fish is from £500,000 to £750,000 . 
 A good many are eaten fresh, but the 
 bulk are steeped in boiling oil and put 
 up for export in pound and half-pound 
 tins, termed half tins and quarter 
 tins. There are many well-known 
 brands, such as Peneau's, Chancerelle's, 
 Benoit's, Edelin's, and Peneauros'. 
 They are also salted and pressed in 
 barrels. In California Clupea sagax 
 are put up in oil under the name of 
 Californian and Russian sardines. 
 
 Sardine Oil, an oil obtained on the 
 Continent from the sardine fisheries, 
 also extensively in the Eastern seas 
 from Clupea neohowii and C. lernuru. ■ 
 
 Sardon, a name for the anchovy fish in 
 Italy. 
 
 Sargus (Sargus lineatis), a bream found 
 
 in the American and Mediterranean 
 
 seas ; the flesh is eatable. 
 Sarlabot, a hornless race of cattle 
 
 raised in France, created by M. 
 
 Dutrone. 
 
 Sarplar, a large bale of wool, contain- 
 ing about 80 tods or a ton weight. 
 
 Sarus (Grus antigone, Lin.), the largest 
 species of the crane tribe, native of 
 Northern India. 
 
 Sasin (Antilope bezoartica), an Indian 
 antelope. 
 
 Sassa, another name for Lepus kurgosa. 
 
 Sassaby (Damalis lunatus), a South 
 African antelope. 
 
 Sassarol, a name for the rock-pigeon 
 (Columba livia, Lin.). 
 
 Sataras, a ribbed superfine all-woollen 
 cloth, highly dressed, lustred and hot- 
 pressed, made for men's wear ; it is 
 also made with a cotton warp. 
 
 Sathapuria, a species of wild honey bee 
 of India. 
 
 Satin, a glazed silk dress fabric, which 
 is lustred by pressing over heated cylin- 
 ders. 
 
SAT [ 104 ] SCH 
 
 Satines (French), cocoons with coarse 
 ends. 
 
 Satinet, a cheap silk material, the bril- 
 liancy of which is produced in the 
 process of manufacture without dress 
 or any other artificial means ; also a 
 mixed fabric of cotton warp and the 
 weft and filling of wool. 
 
 Satron, a small fish, used as bait in 
 France. 
 
 Saucisse (French), sausage. 
 
 Saucisson (French), chitterlings; a thick 
 dried sausage. 
 
 S auger (Stizostedium griseum), a name 
 for the grey pike-perch, a freshwater 
 fish of America. There are one or two 
 other species. 
 
 Saurage (French), to dry fish in smoke. 
 
 Sausage Meat, meat minced for stuffing 
 or to be made into sausages. 
 
 Sausage Roll, a pastry covering sau- 
 sage meat. 
 
 Sausages, a food preparation, a roll of 
 minced meat, of which there are two 
 kinds, those made from fresh pork or 
 beef and those from preserved meat ; 
 both are placed in pieces of intestine, 
 gut skin or bladder. 
 
 Sausage Skins, the gut of animals 
 cleaned and prepared for holding sau- 
 sage meat. 
 
 Saveloy, a kind of dried sausage. 
 
 Sawfish (Pristis antiquorum and P. pec- 
 tinatus). In British Guiana and India 
 an oil is obtained from the liver, which 
 is used for burning and for anointing 
 the body. The rostrum of P. cuspida- 
 tus is sometimes over 4 feet long. The 
 flesh is equally esteemed in India by 
 the natives with that of the sharks. 
 The skins are useful for sword scab- 
 bards or for smoothing down wood. 
 
 Saxony, a fine sort of flannel taking its 
 name from the country where it is pro- 
 duced, but also well imitated in Lanca- 
 shire. 
 
 Saye, a kind of serge or worsted fabric, 
 which, when dyed black, is used for 
 linings abroad, and in England forcleri- 
 cal and academical vestments ; when 
 dyed green it is used for workmen's 
 aprons. 
 
 Sayette (French), a mixed fabric of 
 
 silk and cotton. 
 Sazane, a name in Russia for a fish, the 
 
 Gyprinus carpio. 
 Scab (ScaMs ovilis), a disease which 
 
 attacks sheep, arising from a very 
 
 minute acarus, which burrows in the 
 
 skin. 
 
 Scabbard-fish (Trichiurus Upturns, 
 Lin.), a fish of the temperate and 
 
 tropical Atlantic, also known as the 
 hair-tail. 
 
 Scabeccio, the Italian name for tunny 
 fish when preserved in oil. either in tin 
 cans or barrels. 
 
 Scad (Trachurus saurus, Rafinesque), 
 a European and North American fish, 
 the horse mackerel. The mackerel 
 scad is Decapterus macarellus [Cuv. 
 and Val.], Gill., an Atlantic fish. The 
 name is applied to some other species of 
 Carangus, also in Devonshire to a 
 young salmon in the parr state. 
 
 Scald-fish, aflat fish (Pleuronectes sp.). 
 
 Scale Fish, a name in the fish trade of 
 North America for the hake, haddock, 
 pollack & torsk when dry cured, which 
 are only worth half as much as cod. 
 
 Scales of Fish. See Fish Scales. 
 
 Scallops (Pecten eoncentricus), a mol- 
 lusc which is much eaten in America 
 and to a small extent in Europe. The 
 palmer's shell (Pecten jacobcsus) was 
 worn as a decoration of honour by pil- 
 grims; the small species of Pecten 
 shells are used for making pincushions, 
 purses and other ornaments. 
 
 Scansores, the family of climbing birds. 
 
 Scarf, a long woollen shawl, not square. 
 
 Scaup (Fuligula marila, Lin.), a Euro- 
 pean wild duck ; F. affinis is an Ameri- 
 can species. 
 
 Scavenger Bird, a common name in 
 India for the gigantic stork (Leptopti- 
 lus argala, Lin.), known as the Indian 
 adjutant. 
 
 Schaffett (German), sheep's tallow. 
 Schaffleisch (German), mutton. 
 Schaiden, a name in Austria for the 
 
 Silurus glanis. 
 Schapekase, an esteemed kind of cheese 
 
 made in Holland of ewes' milk. 
 Schapkase (German), sheep's milk 
 
 cheese. 
 
 Schappes, waste silk thread for reeling 
 and combing ; spun silk made from it. 
 
 Scheiden-muschel (German), the razor- 
 fish (Solus siliqua, Lin.). 
 
 Scheldskrolen (German), tortoise- 
 shell. 
 
 Schell-fisch, the German name for 
 
 Gadus (eglifinus, Lin. 
 Scherg, Schirkel, names in Germany 
 
 for Acipenser stellatus, Pall. 
 Schias, a name at Granville for Mactra 
 
 glauca, an edible mollusc. 
 Schila, an Italian name for Crangon 
 
 vulgaris, Latr. 
 Schill, a name in Austria for the sander- 
 
 fish (Lucioperca sandra, Cuv.). 
 Schlammbeisser, Schlammpeitzger, 
 
 German names for Cohitis fossilis, Lin. 
 
SCH 
 
 [ 105 ] 
 
 SEA 
 
 Schlbihe, the German name for the 
 common tench (Tinea vulgaris, Cuv.). 
 
 Schmalz (German), fat or grease. 
 
 Schmerle, Schmirletl (German), 
 names for Cobitis barbatula, Lin. 
 
 Schnapel, Snepel, German names for 
 Coregonus oxyrhynchus, Lin. 
 
 Schnapper (Pagrus unicolor). This is 
 the most valuable of the Australian 
 fishes, as it affords an abundant and re- 
 gular supply of very nutritious and 
 wholesome food. In its younger stages 
 it is known as red bream when one 
 year old, and squire at two. See 
 Snapper. 
 
 Schnazeiger, a Swiss cheese, of a strong 
 smell, and clear green colour, made in 
 the form of a truncated cone. 
 
 Schnock, a German name for the pike 
 (Esox lucius, Lin.). 
 
 Schol, the Dutch name for the plaice. 
 
 School, Schull, a shoal or large assem- 
 blage of fish ; a herd of sea lions, etc. 
 
 Schratz (German), a freshwater fish, 
 (Acerina schraetser, Lin.). 
 
 Schussel-muschel (German), the lim- 
 pet (Patella vulgata, Lin.) ; it is also 
 called napf-muschel. 
 
 Schwamme (German), sponges. 
 
 Schweinshai (Galeus canis, Bonap.). 
 
 Schweinsspeck (German), lard. 
 
 Schyp, a name in Russia for Acipenser 
 schypa, Guld. 
 
 Sciscos, a Canadian fish (Salmo siscowet) 
 caught in the province of Ontario. 
 
 Scotch Bonnets, woollen caps. 
 
 Scoter (CEdemia americana), a wild 
 duck, which is edible. There are two 
 or three other species. 
 
 Scrap-cake. See Greaves. 
 
 Scratch-wig, for the head ; a thin, rough 
 wig. 
 
 Scribbling, a preliminary process to 
 carding for wool. 
 
 Scrivelloes, small elephants' tusks, 
 under 18 lbs. in weight. 
 
 Scroll, a roll of parchment. 
 
 Scrows, the ears and other redundancies 
 from hides, curriers' cuttings, and small 
 clippings from skins, used for making 
 glue and size. 
 
 Scrubbing Brush, a hard hair brush 
 for servants' use. 
 
 Sculpin, a name for the bullhead (Cottus 
 virginianus), which is occasionally 
 eaten as food ; also for C. octodecim 
 spinosus, Mitch., and C. grcenlandicus, 
 Cuv. and Val., a favourite food of the 
 Greenlanders, and for Hemitripterus 
 americanus. 
 
 Scup, Scuppaug (Stenotomus argyrops 
 [Lin.], Gill), a North American edible 
 
 fish, the catch of which is valued at 
 about £100,000. It is also called porgy. 
 
 Scut, the tail of a short-tailed animal, as 
 of the hare. 
 
 Scuttlemouths, a common name for a 
 large description of oyster. 
 
 Sea Bass (Centropristis atrarius [Lin.], 
 Barn.), an edible North American fish 
 of the Atlantic coast. See Bass. 
 
 Sea Bear. See Sea Lion. 
 
 Sea Boots, long leather boots reaching to 
 the knee, made waterproof for the use 
 of seamen and fishermen. 
 
 Sea Breams (Sparidce). The common 
 sea bream is Pagellus centrodontus, the 
 black sea bream, Cantharus lineatus, 
 Ray's sea bream, Brama Rail. 
 
 Sea Cock (Triglacuculus and T. hirax), 
 species of gurnard, which, being rare, 
 are much esteemed by Russian epicures. 
 
 Sea-Corn, a name given to the eggs of 
 Buccinum undatum. 
 
 Sea Crawfish (Palinurus vulgaris). 
 This crustacean not unfrequently 
 weighs ten or twelve pounds. It is 
 known also as the spiny lobster, and is 
 generally taken on the south coasts of 
 France and England, when in season, as 
 an article of food. 
 
 Sea Eel (Conger oceanica), an edible 
 fish of North America. 
 
 Sea Eggs, Sea Urchins. The ovaries 
 of some of the species, as Echinus 
 edulis or esculentus, are collected for 
 food. See Sea Urchin. 
 
 Sea Elephant (Macrorhinus angus- 
 tirostris). It is almost impossible to 
 separate the flesh from the lard or fat 
 of this animal. The tongue is salted 
 with care, and esteemed as food. 
 
 Sea Gulls (Larus sp.). The eggs and 
 feathers of these birds are valuable, but 
 the flesh is not edible, as they are car- 
 rion eaters. 
 
 Sea Hen, another name for the skua 
 gulls, species of Stercorarius ; the com- 
 mon skua is S. eatarrhactes, Lin. 
 
 Sea Hog, a name for the dugong and for 
 the porpoise. 
 
 Sea Horse Teeth, a trade name for the 
 tusks of the walrus. See Walrus. 
 
 Sea Leopard (Sterrorhynchus lep- 
 tonyx). 
 
 Seal, Fur. The Northern fur seal is 
 callerhinus ursinus [Schreber], Gray. 
 See Fur Seal. 
 
 Sea Lion (Otaria jubata). Of this 
 marine mammal there are said to be 
 several species ; three in the North 
 Pacific, 0. ursinus, 0. Gillespii and O. 
 stellerii, and three in the South Atlan- 
 tic, 0. jubata, 0, falklandica, and 0 , 
 
SEA 
 
 06 ] SEE 
 
 anlarctica. Their hide and oil are used 
 for the same purpose as those of the 
 walrus. The leather made from the 
 skin is employed by the Eskimos to 
 cover their bidarkas or boats, and for 
 garments and beds, the intestines for 
 waterproof dresses. 
 
 Seal Oil. Of this there are two princi- 
 pal kinds, the pale or cold drawn, 
 which drains naturally from the blub- 
 ber in two or three months into wooden 
 pans, and the dark oil obtained by 
 boiling. A better kind is now obtained 
 by steaming. About 5,000 tuns of seal 
 oil are exported annually from New- 
 foundland. 
 
 Seals (Anglo-Saxon, seol). There are a 
 great number of species of hair seal, as 
 Phoca vitulina, Lin. and P. Eichardsii, 
 Gray ; the harp seal (P. grcenlandica 
 and P. oceanica); the hooded or bladder- 
 nose (Cystophora cristata); the square- 
 flipper or bearded seal (Erignathus 
 barbatus) ; the banded seal (Histrio- 
 phoca equestris) ; the grey seal (Pusa 
 gryphus); and the ringed seal (Pago- 
 mys fcetidus). The pursuit of these 
 animals is carried on in the Arctic 
 and Antarctic regions, as well as in 
 other quarters, but is most exten- 
 sively prosecuted around the shores of 
 Newfoundland, and on the Labrador 
 coast. About 400,000 seals are annually 
 captured there. The flesh of the seal 
 forms the chief food of the tribes in- 
 habiting the Arctic regions. 
 
 Seal Skins. These form a very im- 
 portant article of commerce, and are 
 largely used tanned for leather. Our 
 average annual imports exceed 750,000. 
 There are many common technical 
 terms for them, such as blue backs, 
 white coats, hair seals, wigs, pups and 
 black pups. They are also classed into 
 young harp and old harp, young hood 
 and old hood, and bedlamers, which 
 are hooded s'eals of a year old. 
 
 Sea Mullet (Mugil grandis, Castelnau), 
 a large Australian fish, attaining when 
 full grown a length of 2 feet and a 
 weight of 8 lbs. It is unsurpassed in 
 richness and delicacy of flavour by 
 any fish in the world, the salmon not 
 excepted, 
 
 Sea Otter. See Otter, Sea. 
 
 Sea Pie, a common name for the oyster 
 catcher (Hcematopus ostralegus, Lin.); 
 its flesh is rank and ill tasted. 
 
 Seapike (Centropomus undecimalis),a 
 fish which is largely consumed in South 
 America. 
 
 Sea Purse, a common name for the 
 
 coriaceous or leathery capsules con- 
 taining the ova of the Elas mobranchii, 
 dog-fish and rays. 
 
 Sea-ohr (German), the ear-shell (Halio- 
 tis tuberculata, Lin.). 
 
 Sea-raven (Hemitripterus america- 
 nus), a North American fish. 
 
 Sea-robin, a name for one or two species 
 of Prionotus. 
 
 Sea Shad. See Shad. 
 
 Sea Shells. There is a large trade car- 
 ried on in marine shells, many of which 
 enter extensively into commerce, such 
 as mother-of-pearl, cameo shells, cow- 
 ries and ear shells. 
 
 Sea Slug. See Trepang. 
 
 Sea Trout (Salmo immaculatus), an 
 American fish of the Eastern coast. 
 The sea trout of Germany is Trutta 
 trutta. 
 
 Sea Unicorn, a name for the narwhal. 
 
 Sea Urchin (Echinus esculentus), a 
 species of animal found in the Southern 
 Seas, sometimes termed sea egg, armed 
 with tubercles or spines. It constitutes 
 no small part of the food of the poor in 
 many countries, and some species are 
 reckoned excellent, the flesh being very 
 delicate and nutritious. In Barbados 
 and many other tropical islands the sea 
 egg fishery is quite an important fea- 
 ture. In Barbados a law has been 
 passed regulating the fishery, and es- 
 tablishing a close time. The strong 
 spines of some echidna are used as 
 slate pencils. According to Pliny, an 
 ointment made of the calcined sea 
 urchins will make an excellent hair dye. 
 
 Secondaries, the quill feathers which 
 rise from the forearm or second bone 
 of the wing of a bird, contradistin- 
 guished to primaries. 
 
 Secretage (French), a sorting and pre- 
 paration of fur. 
 
 Secretary (Serpentarius reptilivorus, 
 Daud.), a useful bird of South Africa, 
 which is much valued for its property 
 of destroying serpents, rats, and other 
 vermin. 
 
 See-aal, the German name for the 
 conger fish (Conger vulgaris, Lin.). 
 
 Seed (in French, graine), a name for 
 silkworms' eggs in bulk. 
 
 Seed-Lac, the resinous concretion known 
 as sticklac, taken from the twigs, 
 coarsely powdered, and triturated with 
 water in a mortar. The greater part 
 of the colouring principle is thus dis- 
 solved, and the granular portion which 
 remains is dried in the sun and consti- 
 tutes seed-lac. 
 
 Seed Oysters, oysters which have at- 
 
SEE 
 
 [ 107 ] 
 
 SHA 
 
 tained the age of one or two years, 
 and are about the size of a crown piece. 
 
 Seehundschen, the German name for 
 Scyllum [SquaTus] canicula, Lin. 
 
 Seepocke (German), the barnacle (Bal- 
 anus balanoides). 
 
 Seer (Cybium commersonii, Lacep. and 
 C. guttatum, Schn.), esteemed Indian 
 fishes, which are much in repute at the 
 tables of Europeans. The flesh is sold 
 in cuts like salmon in Europe, and is in 
 some respects, perhaps, superior to 
 salmon, more especially as regards 
 digestibility. 
 
 Seerose, a German name for species of 
 Polypus, Lagartia and Actinia. 
 
 Seezunge, the German name for the 
 sole. 
 
 Seiche (French), the Sepia officinalis, 
 much esteemed as a food delicacy in 
 the Mediterranean. See Squid. 
 
 Seide (German), silk. [rabbit. 
 
 Seidenhasse (German), the Angora 
 
 Seidlfisch, a name in Austria for Phox- 
 inus Icevis, Ag. 
 
 Seife (German), soap. 
 
 Semling (German), the fish Barbus 
 petenyi. 
 
 Sendal, a thin kind of silk. 
 
 Sensamin, bags of leather used in North 
 Africa for holding water, fitted with a 
 mouth-piece screwed in. 
 
 Sephen, a name for the ray (Trygon 
 sephen, Cloq. ; Rai sephen) ; the rough 
 skin is made into galuchat. 
 
 Sepia, a brown artists' colour obtained 
 from the dried ink-bag of the cuttle- 
 fish (Sepia officinalis). 
 
 Sepia Bags, the dried vesicles of the 
 cuttle-fish, containing the crude sepia 
 colour. 
 
 Septmoncel, a choice kind of old mar- 
 bled or blue cheese made in a village 
 of Jura of that name, which sells in 
 Paris at about 3£ francs the kilo 
 (2£lbs.). 
 
 Serge, a kind of coarse quilted woollen 
 cloth, made for women's wear. 
 
 Sergeant Baker (Aulopus purpuris- 
 satus, Rich. ; A. milesii, Cuv. and 
 Val.), a popular name for the red 
 gurnard, a beautiful and good fish of 
 Australia. 
 
 Sergeant-Major, the name of a West 
 Indian fish (Glyphidoclon saxatilis 
 [Lin.], Cuv.). 
 
 Sericaria, a generic name proposed by 
 Latreille, and to which the silkworm is 
 referred by modern writers. 
 
 Serigraphe, an apparatus invented by 
 M. Serrell for reeling silk by elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 Serin, a name for some species of finch ; 
 the canary is Serinus canarius, Lin. 
 
 Seron, a bale of raw produce sewed up 
 in a dry hide. 
 
 Serpents. Several of these reptiles are 
 turned to some economic use. The 
 flesh of the python is eaten by the 
 natives of Africa ; that of the warted 
 serpent of the East (Achrochor- 
 dus javanicus) is eatable, and so is 
 that of the rattlesnake. The skins of 
 many are now tanned and made into 
 slippers, purses, book covers, &c. See 
 Snakes. 
 
 Serum, the liquid portion of blood, form- 
 ing about 12£ per cent. 
 
 Serval (Felis serval, Schreb.), an 
 African animal known as the bush 
 cat ; it is the tiger-cat of the furriers, 
 and its skin is in request, being of a 
 golden grey with dark spots and 
 stripes. 
 
 Sesina, sun-dried and smoked beef, pre- 
 pared in Chili. 
 
 Setter (Canis index), a useful sporting 
 dog, trained to crouch at the game 
 he finds. The English variety is white 
 and black flecked ; the old heavy type 
 black and tan. 
 
 Seventy-four (Dentrex rupestris), the 
 popular name in the Cape Colony for 
 one of the finest of the colonial fishes. 
 
 Sevriouga (Acipenser stellatus), one of 
 the species of sturgeon common to 
 Russia. 
 
 Sewin, a fish peculiar to the rivers of 
 South Wales ; they weigh from 1£ to 
 4 lbs. each. 
 
 Sewings, sewing silk, compound threads, 
 wound, doubled, and thrown. 
 
 Sey, a name in Norway for the coal-fish 
 or green cod (Gadus virens) ; when it is 
 under one year old, the fish is called 
 mort, and when above that age it 
 passes under the name of " pale " and 
 is much esteemed. The fish com- 
 mercially are grouped into three classes 
 according to weight : large seys of 
 about 29 ounces, medium seys of about 
 17 ounces, and little seys of 10 ounces. 
 
 Sfax, a variety of African sheep's wool. 
 
 Sfogio, the Italian name for the common 
 sole. 
 
 Shad (Alosa sapidissima [Wilson], 
 Storer), an American fish caught in 
 large numbers on the eastern coast ; 
 the flesh is of delicate flavour and is 
 esteemed next to the salmon. It is 
 often split and pickled. The mud or 
 winter shad of America is Dory soma 
 cepedianum [Lac], -Gill ; the common 
 English shad is Alosa vulgaris; the 
 
SHA 
 
 [ 108 ] 
 
 SHE 
 
 sea shad is Pomoldbus mediocris 
 [Mitch.], Grill. In Jamaica the name is 
 applied to species of Gerres, also known 
 as silver fish. 
 
 Shadines, a name for the menhaden 
 fish (Brevoortia tyrannus) when pre- 
 served in oil in America. 
 
 Shaft, the hollow central stem of a 
 feather, forming what is termed the 
 quill, contradistinguished to the 
 plumes or general feather clothing of 
 birds. 
 
 Shag, woollen cloth with a coarse nap ; 
 
 a sea-bird of the pelican tribe. 
 Shagreen, a kind of grained leather 
 
 made from fish skin ; chiefly that of 
 
 sharks and rays. See Galuchat. 
 Shaker, a variety of pigeon. 
 Shalloon, a light worsted stuff made in 
 
 Yorkshire for export to Turkey, for 
 
 men's wear. 
 Shama (Kittacincla macroura), the 
 
 Indian nightingale. Many thousands 
 
 of these are kept in darkened cages in 
 
 Calcutta. 
 
 Shambles, a butcher's slaughter-house ; 
 a flesh market. 
 
 Shammy or Shamoy Leather^ corrup- 
 tion of chamois, a soft and pliable 
 leather which has been dressed with 
 fish oil and beaten. See Chamois. 
 
 Shank Bone, the round and flat leg- 
 bones of the ox, which are imported in 
 great quantities from South America, 
 Russia and India, and largely used by 
 cutlers in Sheffield ; the best for knife 
 handles and other purposes, and the 
 inferior for bone buttons. 
 
 Shantung Lark, a name for Acrido- 
 theres cristatellus, a species of starling. 
 They are great mimics and have a 
 good natural song. Well-educated 
 birds fetch a high price in China. 
 
 Sharks, a popular name for many vora- 
 cious fishes, including Seymnus borea- 
 lis, Squalus carcharius, S. acanthias, 
 S. spinax niger, Carcharius glaucus, 
 C.melanopterus, G. gangeticus, and C. 
 limbatus, Selacha maximus, Mustelus 
 communis, Meliobatiespastinaca, Orta- 
 gorisculus mota, the small spotted dog- 
 fish, Scyllum canicula, Lin., Squatina 
 angelus, Sphryna zygana, Rhyncoba- 
 tis pectinatis andi?. Icevis, Galiocerda, 
 Baynerii and tigrina, &c. The fishery 
 for some of these is extensively prose- 
 cuted in the Northern seas and the 
 Persian Gulf. They are mostly sought 
 for the oil obtained from their liver, 
 and the carcase for fish guano, but 
 their flesh is often fed to cattle, and in 
 eome places used as human food. Sharks 
 
 are rather the reverse of useful fishes, 
 but still are not quite valueless. The 
 fins always find ready purchasers for 
 the Chinese market ; the liver yields a 
 large quantity of excellent oil, equal in 
 quality for medicinal purposes to the 
 best cod liver oil ; the skin of some of 
 the species is much in request for sha- 
 green and for sleeve buttons, and the 
 flesh, though seldom eaten, has been 
 found by analysis to contain much 
 more nutriment than that of any other 
 fish, indeed, to come nearer to beef and 
 mutton in that respect. The vertebrae 
 of the shark are always in demand for 
 canes. The serrated teeth are manu- 
 factured into weapons of various kinds 
 by savage tribes, ranging from spears 
 to swords and daggers. 
 Shark's Fins {Rhyncobatis pectinatis), 
 a large trade is carried on in these in 
 the East. They are greatly esteemed 
 as food in China, being used for making 
 soup; there are two kinds, the white 
 or second dorsal fins, which are the 
 best, and the black pectoral, ventral 
 and anal fins. From Bombay 6,000 to 
 9.000 cwt. are annually exported ; in 
 1880, £60,000 worth were shipped to 
 China. 
 
 Sharpling, a name for the stickle- 
 back a small sea fish (Gasterosteus 
 sp.), much used for manuring land in 
 the Fens. 
 
 Shat-chew, jerked meat, strips of the 
 flesh of the yak dried in the sun in 
 Thibet. 
 
 Shawls, woollen square wrappers, worn 
 over the shoulders by ladies, of which 
 there are many fancy kinds, as Cash- 
 meres, Paisley, &c. 
 
 Shear, to clip the fleece of a sheep. 
 
 Shear-hog, a fat wether. 
 
 Shearling, a prefix applied to a ewe or 
 ram that has been shorn. 
 
 Shears, large scissors employed by 
 tailors; cutting instruments used for 
 clipping the wool from sheep. 
 
 Shearwater (Pufflnus anglorum, 
 Boie.), a species of British petrel, 
 which breeds in the Isle of Man, 
 the Scilly Islands and parts of Scot- 
 land. The young are fat and sought 
 after by the inhabitants, who salt them 
 for food. It is sometimes known as 
 the Manks petrel or scrabe. There are 
 several other species. 
 
 Sheat-fish (Silurus glanis), a European 
 and North American fish, which occa- 
 sionally attains a large size (700 lbs.). 
 The flesh is much eaten in the coun- 
 tries where it abounds, but accounts 
 
SHE [ 109 ] SHO 
 
 differ as to its flavour and qualities. It 
 is sometimes called the horned pout 
 and cat-fish. 
 
 Sheath-Bill (Chionis alba, Forst.). 
 Opinions differ about the flesh of this 
 Antarctic bird. Forster sa>s it had 
 an abominable odour, having probably 
 fed on carrion. Less< n, Quoy and 
 Gaimard, and others, found the flesh 
 particularly good and equal to duck. 
 
 Shebbel (Alosa sp.), the name in 
 Morocco for a species of shad, which 
 is regarded as the salmon of Barbary. 
 It forms a staple article of trade, and 
 when salted and dried is carried far 
 into the interior. 
 
 Sheep (Anglo-Saxon, sceap; Dutch, 
 schaap), a domesticated animal (Ovies 
 aries), which has been carried by man 
 into almost all countries where settle- 
 ments have been made. Those which 
 have the largest numbers of these 
 useful animals are Australia, the River 
 Plate States, Russia, Germany, France, 
 Spain, Great Britain, and the United 
 States. The various improved breeds 
 are very numerous, but they may be 
 broadly divided into long-woolled and 
 short-wool sheep. The merinos are 
 now extensively raised for their fine 
 clothing wool. Sheep are valued for 
 their flesh, wool, and skin. In some 
 countries the milk of the ewe is made 
 into cheese. 
 
 Sheep-pelts, sheepskins in the fresh 
 state or salted, intended for leather. 
 
 Sheep-run, Sheep-walk, a portion of 
 country set aside for grazing. In Aus- 
 tralia the necessary allotment is con- 
 sidered to be an acre to each sheep. 
 
 Sheepshead (Archosargus probato- 
 cephalus [Walb.], Gill), a North Ame- 
 rican edible fish of the Atlantic coast. 
 The scales are used for making flowers 
 and ornaments, as are those of the 
 mullet, drum, &c. The black-fish or 
 sheepshead of the Western coast is 
 Pimelometopon pulcher. 
 
 Sheepskins. There is a very extensive 
 use made of sheep and lamb skins for 
 different purposes by boot and shoe 
 makers, bookbinders, saddlers, glovers, 
 and others. About 17,000,000 are ob- 
 tained annually in Great Britain from 
 home-slaughtered animals, and about 
 12,000.000 or 13,000,000 more are im- 
 ported from abroad. 
 
 Sheep-splits, the skin of a sheep 
 divided into two sections by a cutting 
 machine ; they are termed respectively 
 skivers and fleshes, the former being 
 the grain side of the skin. 
 
 Sheep-tick (Acarus reduvius). a trouble- 
 some insect that attacks sheep ; — this, 
 with the sheep-louse (Hippobosea 
 ovena), and the fly, are great torments 
 to sheep, and prevent them from feed- 
 ing properly. 
 
 Sheer (Persian), milk. 
 
 Sheldrake. See Shieldrake. 
 
 Shellac, a form in which lac resin is 
 exported in small flat pieces or plates, 
 the colouring matter having been ex- 
 tracted. The shipments from Calcutta 
 have more than doubled in the last 
 ten years, having reached 79,376 
 cwt. in 1876. Shellac is obtained by 
 melting seed lac and straining whilst 
 hot, it is then dropped upon smooth 
 planks and so run into thin plates. 
 
 Shell-comb, a comb made of tortoise- 
 shell. 
 
 Shell-cutter, an operative who works 
 on mother-of-pearl. 
 
 Shellfish, a commercial name for the 
 edible crustaceans and certain mol- 
 luscs, in which a large trade is carried 
 on. 
 
 Shell Lime, lime made from calcined 
 shells, which is of the purest kind. 
 See Chunam. 
 
 Shells. See Sea Shells. 
 
 Shepherd, one who has the care of a 
 flock of sheep. In Australia and the 
 South American Republics, where the 
 flocks are immense, this is an im- 
 portant duty. 
 
 Shetlands, a small hardy race of 
 shaggy ponies, native of the Northern 
 Islands of Scotland. 
 
 Shieldrake (Tadorna vulpanser, 
 Flem.), a brightly plumaged European 
 and Asiatic duck, which is a great fa- 
 vourite with those persons who possess 
 collections of water-fowl, the pure and 
 clearly contrasted colours of its fea- 
 thers rendering it conspicuous from 
 afar. It can be domesticated, and is a 
 handsome ornament in poultry yards, 
 but the flesh is rank and bad. There 
 are several other species, called Shel- 
 drakes. 
 
 Shiner (Stilbe americana), a North 
 
 American freshwater fish. 
 Ship worm, a name for the Teredo 
 
 navalis, a destructive mollusc, which 
 
 penetrates and destroys timber. 
 Shoal Cod (Gadus arenosus), a variety 
 
 of cod. 
 
 Shoat, Shoot, a young pig under twelve 
 months old. 
 
 Shoddy, worsted yarn obtained from 
 old soft materials, as flannels and hose, 
 which, when mixed with a little new 
 
SHO [ 110 ] SIL 
 
 wool is made into inferior cloth, 
 
 druggets, padding, and other articles. 
 
 See Mungo. 
 Shoe-Brush, a hair brush used for 
 
 cleaning and blacking boots and shoes, 
 
 usually sold in sets of three. 
 Shoe-lift, an aid for getting a shoe on, 
 
 made of horn, ivory, &c. 
 Shoe-Pack, a mocassin or sandal worn 
 
 by the North American Indians, made 
 
 of tanned leather, the black side worn 
 
 inwards. 
 
 Shofle, a cant name for a hansom cab. 
 
 Sieortheads, a whaler's term for young 
 sucking whales not one year old, whose 
 blubber yields but little oil. 
 
 Short-Horns, an esteemed breed of 
 British cattle, formerly called Durhams. 
 
 Shotten or Spent Fish, a term applied 
 to herrings which have spawned, and 
 being in a lean and poor state are un- 
 palatable. They form the third grade 
 or classification of salted herrings. 
 
 Shouba. a sheep-skin coat worn in Russia 
 with the wool side in. 
 
 Shoulder, the fore leg of a quadruped, 
 as a shoulder of veal, mutton, etc. 
 
 Shoveller (Spatula clypeata, Lin.). 
 The flesh of this duck is highly esteemed 
 for the table in Russia, Holland and 
 Asia, and is considered to excel that of 
 the mallard or common wild duck in 
 flavour. 
 
 Showt'l (Raplodontia leporina), a 
 North American animal, the fur of 
 which is used by the Indians. 
 
 Shrimps (Crangon vulgaris). Of this 
 small crustacean two varieties enter 
 into British commerce when boiled — 
 the red or pink and the brown. The 
 former is not a shrimp, but a young 
 prawn (Palamon serratus); this and P. 
 squilla are, however, readily sold as 
 shrimps. Shrimps may be caught all the 
 year round, but those only must betaken 
 Which will not pass through a sieve § of 
 an inch between the wires. As .many 
 as 1,000 gallons of shrimps are some- 
 times sent to London in a single day. 
 Shrimps are often sold potted in tins. 
 The American shrimp is Penceus reti- 
 ferus [Lin.], Edwards. The bushel is 
 estimated to weigh 25 lbs. The shrimp 
 is caught in large quantities on the 
 coasts of the Southern Atlantic 
 States, and on the east coast of 
 Norway. One species (Pandanus bo- 
 realis), is three times the size of the 
 British shrimp. Dried shrimps are ar- 
 ticles of consumption and export at 
 Maranham, Brazil, and in India and 
 China there is a large commerce in 
 
 dried shrimps (Pen&us ajftnis and 
 other species). From Chefoo 7,000 to 
 8,000 cwt. of dried shrimps are sent to 
 other parts of China, and from New- 
 chwang 2,000 to 3,000 cwt. annually. 
 Shrimp meats are dried, pulverised, 
 and put through fanning mills by the 
 Chinese in California. The chaff is ex- 
 ported by them to China as a fertiliser 
 for tea-plants. They are also sold 
 there in three forms, plain, peeled 
 and strung on matting. In America 
 shrimps are sold pickled and spiced. 
 From Manila large quantities are also 
 shipped. Shrimps pounded with salt 
 and spices are eaten in India. See 
 Chevrette. 
 
 Shube, a wrapping cloak of fur used in 
 sledge driving in North America. 
 
 Sicilians, a union worsted fabric made 
 for women's wear. 
 
 Side-Saddle, a lady's riding saddle, 
 which has a pommel, and but one 
 stirrup. 
 
 Side-Springs, elastic sides for boots or 
 shoes. 
 
 Sifleur, a name for the ground squirrel 
 or tawny marmot (Arctomys Richard- 
 sonii). 
 
 Sigonia, a cloth fabric used by sailors on 
 the Continent. 
 
 Sik, a name in Norway for Coregonus 
 laveratus, Lin. Other species are the 
 storsik (C. oxyrhynchus),and the lake 
 sik (C. albula). 
 
 Silakka, a name in Finland for a small 
 herring (Clupea har-erigus), found in 
 prodigious quantities on the coast of 
 Finland. It is also called the stroem- 
 ming. 
 
 Sild, a Danish and Swedish name for the 
 herring, of which there are several 
 recognised varieties. 
 
 Silk (Anglo-Saxon seolc), the fibre of the 
 sitkworm. As silk is not produced in 
 this country to any extent, we import 
 our supplies from abroad, receiving 
 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 lbs. annually, 
 chiefly from China, British India and 
 Europe. 
 
 Silk-Broker, a dealer in raw silk. 
 Silk-Gut, an animal fibre, chiefly u?ed 
 
 for fishing lines, prepared by steeping 
 
 the silkworm caterpillar in vinegar 
 
 for about three weeks. 
 Silk-Hat, a light covering for the head 
 
 worn by men, made of silk plush, 
 
 stretched on a shaped frame. It weighs 
 
 on the average eight ounces. 
 Silk-Hose, socks or stockings made of 
 
 silk. 
 
 Silk Manufactures. The British silk 
 
SIL [ 111 ] SKI 
 
 manufacture is not large, and we de- 
 pend chiefly on foreign countries for 
 our supplies. In 1878 the value of the 
 imports were broad stuffs £7,730,332, 
 silk or satin ribbons £2,247,907, other 
 kinds of ribbons £15,080, other sorts 
 of silk manufactures £2,744,893— total 
 £12,748,212. 
 Silk Measure or Weight. See 
 Denier. 
 
 Silk^Mercer, a retailer or dealer in 
 silk fabrics. 
 
 Silkworm, the ordinary mulberry feed- 
 ing worm bred and reared for silk 
 spinning is the Bombyx mori, but there 
 are several other species utilised, such 
 as the oak-feeding worms, Bombyx 
 yamamai, of Japan, and B. Pernyii of 
 China, the ailanthus worm (B. arrin- 
 dia), and the castor oil worm (B. cyn- 
 thia). Samia cecropia, S.polyphemus, 
 and other native American moths pro- 
 duce silk. 
 
 Silkworms' Eggs. A large trade has 
 been for some years carried on, since 
 the silkworm disease in Europe, in im- 
 porting healthy seed or " grain," as it is 
 termed, from Japan. The eggs are im- 
 ported attached to cards. 
 
 Sillock, a name in the Orkneys and 
 Hebrides for the saith, the fry or youog 
 of the grey fish or coal fish ( Gadus car- 
 bonarius), caught principally for their 
 oil. 
 
 Silver-pish (Dentex argyrozona), an 
 edible fish common in the Cape Colony, 
 and which forms an article of export. 
 This name is also given in Jamaica to 
 several species of Gerres and to Argy- 
 riosus vomer, Lac, and Vomer stepen, 
 fishes of the Atlantic. 
 
 Silver-hake (Merlucius bilinearis), a 
 North American fish. 
 
 Silver Perch {Therapon Richard- 
 sonii), an Australian river fish, the 
 perfection of fishes, extremely rich 
 and delicate in flavour. A full-grown 
 fish attains the weight of 5 or 6 lbs. 
 It is also called a bream. 
 
 Silverside, a piece of corned beef so 
 called. 
 
 Silver-sides (Chirostoma notatum), 
 an American edible fish of the Atlan 
 tic. 
 
 Simbi, a name in parts of Central Africa 
 for the money cowry {Cyprcea moneta). 
 It is worn in China as an amulet 
 against the plague. See Cowry. 
 
 Sinews, tendons of animals which, 
 when dried, are employed in some 
 countries for sewing skin clothing. 
 Buffalo, deer and other sinews are 
 
 also used as food in Siam and China. 
 See Dendeng. 
 
 Singally, an Indian kind of fish- maw 
 or isinglass, received at Bombay from 
 Arabia, and exported into Hong Kong. 
 
 Singles, the reeled filaments of silK 
 without twist, which give to fabrics a 
 softness and brilliancy unattainable 
 with silk which has undergone any 
 twisting process. 
 
 Singlet, a man's woollen under vest. 
 
 Sirloin, half of the loin of an ox cut 
 from a prime part of beef ; a baron of 
 beef consists of two sirloins un- 
 divided. 
 
 Sirsingle. See Surcingle. 
 
 SiscowET(£aZrao siscowet), an American 
 freshwater fish. 
 
 Siskin, the name for several species of 
 Chrysomitris. The common British 
 siskin is C. spinus, Lin. Also for the 
 aberdavine, a song bird. 
 
 Sithe, Saith, names in the Orkneys for 
 the young of the coal fish. See Sillock . 
 
 Size, a weak kind of liquid glue marie 
 from parchment Clippings and other 
 shreds of leather, old gloves, rabbit 
 skins, &c. It is much used by book- 
 binders, in distemper colours, white- 
 wash, &c. 
 
 Skate (Raia batis), an edible flatfish, 
 which often attains a large size in 
 India. The^r fins are exported along 
 with those of the sharks to China, 
 where they are used for soups, while 
 from their livers an oil is extracted. 
 
 Skegger, a little salmon. 
 
 Skeletons, the bony framework of 
 animals. The artificially articulated 
 skeletons of the human race, of ani- 
 mals, birds, fishes, reptiles, &c, are to 
 be found in most large public museums. 
 Those of some rare animals, such as 
 the gorilla, when perfect, fetch very 
 high prices. 
 
 Skie. a snow skate used in Greenland, 
 made of wood covered with untanned 
 sealskin. 
 
 Skilly, a kind of small bluish fish, 
 termed a freshwater herring, caught 
 in Windermere and Ulleswater. 
 
 Skim-milk, milk from which the cream 
 has been removed. 
 
 Skink (Scincus officinalis), a reptile to 
 which the ancients attributed extraor- 
 dinary medicinal virtues, and which 
 was formerly salted and dried, and sold 
 in apothecaries' shops. It is still used in 
 China, and in Arabia it is believed to 
 cure elephantiasis and cutaneous di- 
 seases. 
 
 Skinner, a name in Scotland for a 
 
SKI 
 
 [ 112 ] 
 
 SME 
 
 butcher who strips the pelts from 
 carcases. 
 
 Skinners' Company, the sixth in order 
 of the twelve great livery companies of 
 London. 
 
 Skins, a commercial name for the soft 
 pelts of the smaller animals, sheep, 
 lambs, goats, kids, dogs, deer, seals, &c. 
 Those of the marine mammals are 
 stronger than those of land animals. 
 The description and statistics of 
 separate skins are given under the 
 head of each animal. The stout tough 
 skins of the larger animals are termed 
 hides, and furs are usually classed as 
 peltries. 
 
 Skin Wool, wool taken from the pelts 
 of sheep which have been slaughtered 
 for food, and not sheared from the 
 living animal. 
 
 Skipjack (Temnodon saltator, Cuv. and 
 Val.), one of the most common fish in 
 the Australian markets, and also at 
 Cape Town and in North America ; on 
 the Atlantic coasts it is also known as 
 the blue fish (Esox saurus). 
 
 Skipper, {Scomber esox scutellatus), a 
 North American edible fish ; also a name 
 for the saury pike, with a long snipe- 
 like bill. 
 
 Skirting, a process of sorting the 
 sheared fleece, by taking off the in- 
 ferior wool of the neck, the belly, the 
 lower thighs and any portion stained 
 or otherwise injured. 
 
 Skiver, the grain side of a sheepskin 
 carefully split in two while in the pelt 
 by a machine ; then tanned with 
 sumach and dyed, used for various 
 inferior purposes, and as imitation 
 morocco. 
 
 Skjael, a name in Norway for Cyprina 
 islandica, Lin., and Modiola vulgaris, 
 Flem., used as fish-bait. 
 
 Skout, a name for the guillemots. 
 
 Skrei, a name for the codfish in Nor- 
 way. 
 
 Skua G-ull. See Sea Hen. 
 
 Skull, the hard bony case which encloses 
 the brain and forms the head of 
 animals, Very many of these are ap- 
 preciated by anatomists and kept in 
 museums for study and comparative 
 measurement. 
 
 SkulLtFish, a whaler's name for an 
 animal over two years old. 
 
 Skunk (Mephites mephitica, Shaw). 
 This American animal furnishes what 
 is known as Alaska sable. The flesh 
 has been eaten. The white-backed 
 Chilian skunk (Conepatus mapurito, 
 Gmel.),and the striped skunk (Spilogale 
 
 putorius) also yields furs in America, 
 which form large articles of com- 
 merce; the hair is used for fine 
 brushes. 
 
 Skutch, a technical name for the fibrous 
 matter left in the pans in making 
 glue. 
 
 Skye Terrier, the largest species of 
 toy dog, with a weasel-shaped body, 
 and long, straight hair falling nearly 
 to the ground. [Larks. 
 
 Skylark (Alauda arvensis, Lin.). See 
 
 Slaughter-house, an abattoir or 
 licensed place for killing cattle. 
 
 Sledge Dog, an Arctic dog, trained in 
 Lapland and Greenland to draw 
 sledges. 
 
 Sleeper Shark (Somniosus brevi- 
 pinna). This fish is taken for its oil, 
 and the jaws are used for head- 
 dresses by the Indians. 
 
 Sleuthhound, a name for the blood- 
 hound. 
 
 Slider, a freshwater variety of turtle 
 
 or red fender terrapin, used for food in 
 
 America. , 
 Slink Lamb (Ovis steatopyga), unborn 
 
 or prematurely born lambs, the skins 
 
 of which furnish a fur greatly esteemed 
 
 by the Chinese and others. 
 Sltpcoat, a rich kind of new-made soft 
 
 Yorkshire cheese. 
 Slippers, loose shoes made of leather 
 
 and sometimes of cloth or list, worn 
 
 for ease indoors. 
 Slips, a trade name for soles which are 
 
 from 8 to 10 inches long. They are 
 
 not allowed to be caught under 7 inches 
 
 in length. 
 Slonghis, an Arabian greyhound. 
 Slothound, a bloodhound, 
 Slough, the core or bony support of the 
 
 horns of cattle, which is boiled down 
 
 for making glue. 
 Slubbing, a long sliver or lap of wool, 
 
 drawn out slightly for the weft of 
 
 cloth. 
 
 Slug, a small abortive horn or stump 
 on the head of polled cattle, A kind 
 of shell-less snail (Limax, &c), which 
 when dried is eaten by the Indians. 
 
 Slush, the grease and fat saved when 
 boiling meat by a ship's cook in the 
 galley, which he preserves and sells 
 when he arrives in port. 
 
 Slut, a she-dog. 
 
 Smelt (Saxon). The British smelt is Os- 
 merus eperlanus, a delicate and sa vou ry 
 river fish, semi-transparent and silvery, 
 common in the Thames and Medway. 
 The fishing is from July 26 to March 24 ; 
 they must not be taken under 5 inches 
 
SMO 
 
 [ 113 ] SNU 
 
 long. A fish, however, often sold in the 
 markets as the true smelt is the Athe- 
 rine or sand smelt, which seems to be 
 peculiarly marine. The chief American 1 
 species is 0. viridescens or O.mordax ; 
 the Pacific smelt is 0. elongatus ; that 
 of San Francisco, Atlierinopsis califor- 
 niensis. The smelt of the North Pacific, 
 an excellent table fish, is Hypomenus 
 olidus* Gunther. It does not occur in 
 sufficient numbers to render it an 
 article of commerce, except near large 
 settlements. The smelt of Australia is 
 Meletta ttova kollandia. Cuv. and Val. 
 
 Smolt, a salmon of sixteen or seventeen 
 months old, coated with silver scales, 
 which is ready to take to the sea. 
 
 Smurslin, a name in the northern is- 
 lands for Mya truncata, a mollusc 
 which is eaten as food. 
 
 Snag, a tine or annual addition made to 
 a stag's antler. 
 
 Snails (Saxon snagel), gasteropodous 
 molluscs. There is a commerce in 
 France and some other countries for 
 Helix pomatia, which are considered 
 an edible delicacy. In Africa, species 
 of land snails, Achatina and Bulimus, 
 are also eaten, and in India Ampularia 
 globosa and Paludina melanostoma. 
 The shell of Turbo marmoratus passes 
 in commerce under the name of green 
 •snail, and is used for its nacreous lustre 
 in manufacturing purposes. 
 
 Snakes (Saxon snaca, a snake), a genus 
 of ophidian reptiles differing in their 
 structure and character from serpents, 
 but in this work they are both con- 
 sidered for their economic uses. Enor- 
 mous serpent skins from Cochin China 
 are now tanned and furnish a new 
 kind of leather, useful for slippers, 
 binding, or for covering furniture. 
 The Chinese use these skins for guitars 
 and ornamenting the handles of their 
 swords and knives. Thousands of these 
 could be obtained in Cochin China. 
 Serpents are commonly eaten in Marti- 
 nique, West Africa and Cochin China. 
 The flesh of the boa constrictor is much 
 esteemed by the Siamese, and snakes 
 are eaten in parts of America. 
 
 Snake Skin is now a commercial article ; 
 large numbers of these are imported 
 into France and England for making 
 boots and shoes and fancy articles. 
 Those of Boa anaconda and B. con- 
 chera especially are used. 
 
 Snappers (Lutjanus), excellent North 
 American edible fishes. The grey snap- 
 per is L. caxis ; the red snapper of the 
 Mexican G-ulf is L. ay a; L. blaclcfordii, 
 
 Goode & Bean. In the East and West 
 Indies several species of Mesoprion and 
 Cerropristis pass under the name of 
 snapper; they attain a large size, and 
 are much esteemed as an article of 
 food. The red-bellied snapper of the 
 West Indies is Epinephelus morio 
 [Cuv.], Gill ; the star snapper, also 
 called the John Paw, E. Bmmmond- 
 Hayi, Goode ; the yellow-eyed snap- 
 per, Mesoprion chrysurus, Ac. The 
 mangrove snapper is BhombopUUs 
 aurorubens [Cuv. and Val.], Gill. The 
 Australian snapper (Pagrus unicolor, 
 Cuv. and Val.), is one of the largest and 
 handsomest fishes of those markets, 
 and a good article of food. 
 
 Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpen- 
 tina, Trionyx ferox). The flesh of this 
 reptile is»said to be superior to that of 
 any of the Chelonia. 
 
 Snet, the fat of a deer. 
 
 Snetok, a name in Russia for the smelt 
 (Osmerus eperlanus). 
 
 Sniggle, to Ash for eels. 
 
 Snipes. The flesh of all the snipes is palat- 
 able, including the Gallinago species, 
 the great plover (Numenius arcuatus ), 
 the pool snipe (Tetanus stagnatilus), 
 the strand snipe (Tringa cinerea), the 
 woodcock (Scolopax rusticula),a,T\(\ the 
 blue footed sword-bill (Becurvirostra 
 avocetta, Lin.). The American snipe is 
 Gallinago Wilsoni, and there is a red- 
 breasted snipe (Macrorhamphus gri- 
 seus). Snipe is also a name given to the 
 trumpet-fish (Gentriscus scolopax). 
 
 Snoek (German), Esox vulgaris, Lin. 
 
 Snook (Thyrsites atun), a voracious 
 South African fish, caught in large 
 quantities, the flesh of which is highly 
 prized; the colonists salt and dry it 
 for home consumption and as an article 
 of export trade. The snook of the West 
 Indies is Centropomus undecimaiis. 
 It is an excellent fish. 
 
 Snow Goose (Chen hyperborelis, Pall.). 
 This bird is much prized for the deli- 
 cacy of its flesh and the quality of its 
 feathers. 
 
 Snow Partridge, a bird of which two 
 species visit this country, Tetraogallus 
 caucasicus, Pall., and T. caspius, Gmel. 
 One species is also found in the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Snow Shoes, a support for the feet 
 when travelling over snow. In Canada 
 they are made of strings of hide fixed 
 in a racket-shaped frame. 
 
 Snuffer, a name in America for the 
 harbour poipoise (Phoccena ameri- 
 1 cana), which is caught for its oil, 
 I 
 
SOA 
 
 [ 114 ] 
 
 SPE 
 
 Soap-boiler, a manufacturer who pre- 
 pares soap from tallow and other fats. 
 
 Soap, Soft, a dark, nearly liquid deter- 
 gent substance made of fish-oil, tallow, 
 and a ley of oaustic potash. 
 
 Sob bat, easv slippers worn by the Arabs. 
 
 Sod Oil, the recovered oil from dressing 
 leather in the tanneries. 
 
 Soften kr. a brush made of badger's 
 hair, used by house grainers and by 
 artists in oil painting. They are some- 
 times made of camel's hair for water, 
 size, and map straining. 
 
 Sole (Solia vulgaris), a well-known flat 
 fish, much in request for the table, 
 which, when of fair size, is about 
 12 inches long ; it must not be taken 
 under 7 inches. They are caught all 
 the year round. About 12,000 tons 
 weight of soles are said to be sold 
 annually in London. The sole of the 
 New York market is Achirus mollis, 
 Cuv., a very delicate fish for the table, 
 ab >ut 6 inches long. See Slips. This 
 name is applied on the west coast of 
 America to several other species of 
 fish, as to Parophrys vetulus, Psettich- 
 thys melanostictus, &c. The Australian 
 sole is Synaptura nigra. 
 
 Sole Leather, thick tanned ox hides 
 or shoe butts, fitted for the soles of 
 boots and shoes. 
 
 SOLiPEDES.au order which includes the 
 horse, &c, animals which have an entire 
 hoof. 
 
 Solognet. a race of French sheep. 
 Som. the Russian name for Silurus 
 glanis. 
 
 Sox deli, a name for the musk-rat of 
 India {Sorex murinus), 
 
 Song-Thrush. See Thrush. 
 
 Soq-SOOK (Platanista gangeticus), the 
 Gangr-stic dolphin. 
 
 Sorgier, the Frenoh name for a river- 
 fish, Aspro vulgaris. See Apron. 
 
 Sore, a male deer in his fourth year. 
 
 Sorel, a buok or male deer in his third 
 year ; a horse of a reddish oolour. 
 
 Soudah, a name in Russia for the sandre 
 (Lucioperca sandre). 
 
 Sound, the air-bladder of a fish. 
 
 Soup, a pottage : a decootion of flesh for 
 food. Many of these preparations are 
 sold in tins for transport, such as turtle 
 soup, mulligatawny, and ox-tail. Soup 
 squares are also sold, and extraots of 
 meat for making soup. 
 
 Sourdon (French), a name for the 
 cockle (Cardium edule). 
 
 Souris (French), a mouse. 
 
 Souse, to steep fish in vinegar and bake 
 them, as soused mackerel. 
 
 Souslik, the marmot of the Volga 
 (Arctomys [Spermophilus] guttatus), 
 which does not furnish so fine at id 
 close a covering as the fur of the North 
 American squirrels. 
 
 South Down, a short-stapled* small - 
 haired wool, the longer qualities being 
 used for the finer description of 
 combing purposes, and the shorter for 
 the manufacture of flannel and other 
 light woollen goods. 
 
 Sow, a female pig. 
 
 Sozille, a variety of fishmaw or isin- 
 glass received at Bombay from Arabia 
 and shipped to Hong Kong. 
 
 Spadones, a trade classification of os- 
 trich feathers from the female bird, 
 which includes white and light feminas 
 and drab. 
 
 Spalin, a Swiss cheese, weighing about 
 40 lbs. 
 
 Spalt, a German name for the Gray- 
 ling, which see. 
 
 Span, a j r oke or pair of draught oxen. 
 
 Spaniel (Canis avicularis), a strong, 
 vigorous, long-haired sporting dog, 
 with flap ears, having very great 
 powers of scent, of which there are 
 several varieties, as Scotch and Ice- 
 landic, field, springer, cocker, Blenheim. 
 King Charles, clumber, and water- 
 spaniels. 
 
 Spanish Fly (Lytta vesicatoria), one of 
 the best known of the blistering 
 beetles. See Cantharides. 
 
 Spanish Fowls, an esteemed black- 
 feathered bird of poultry. 
 
 Spanish Leather, a name for Cordovan 
 or goat-skin leather. 
 
 Spanish Mackerel (CyMum macu- 
 latum [Mitch.], Cuv.), a North 
 American edible fish caught on the 
 eastern coasts. 
 
 Spare-Rib, a joint of pork from the 
 hog's side, with the fat and some of 
 the flesh taken off the rib. 
 
 Sparling, a name for the smelt. 
 
 Sparo, an Italian name for some species 
 of Sargus. 
 
 Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter nisus, Lin.) f 
 a common British bird. 
 
 Spat, the young or spawn of oysters. 
 
 Spawn, the eggs of fish and Crustacea. 
 
 Spawner, a female salmon. 
 
 Spayad. a male deer in its third year. 
 
 Spear Fish (Tetrapturusalbidus, Prey), 
 another name for the spike fish. 
 
 Speck, a Dutch name in the Cape Colony 
 for the smoked fat of the hippopo- 
 tamus. 
 
 Speigel, a name in Germany for the 
 looking-glass oarp. 
 
SPE 
 
 [ 115 ] 
 
 SPR 
 
 Speldrings, a name in Scotland for 
 
 small dried haddocks. 
 Spent Fish. See Shotten Fish. 
 Sperling, another name for the smelt, 
 
 and in the United States for the young 
 
 herring. 
 
 Spermaceti (Latin, sperm of the whale), 
 a neutral, fatty bod} r , found in peculiar 
 cavities in the head of the sperm whale. 
 The solid portion of sperm oil is ob- 
 tained by nitration and pressure. It 
 is used for making candles, with about 
 five to ten per cent, of blenched wax, 
 or a little paraffin added, to check the 
 tendency to crystallise. 
 
 Sperm Oil, an oil obtained from the ca- 
 chalot (Physeter macrocephalus). The 
 oil is met with in several parts of the 
 body, but the enormous head is the 
 principal receptacle, and it is generally 
 termed " head matter." The quantity 
 annually obtained has declined one- 
 third in the last thirty years. "We now 
 import about 5,000 tuns of sperm oil, 
 which is used in lamps, for lubricating, 
 as an emollient in medicine,for lipsalves, 
 and in the manufacture of spermaceti. 
 The jaw-bone of this whale is used for 
 harness rings, martingales, &c, and 
 the teeth in the manufacture of balls, 
 buttons, and trinkets. 
 
 Sp etches, common coarse glue pieces, 
 sometimes called " scrows." 
 
 Speyed Heifer, a castrated cow, one 
 incapable of breeding. 
 
 Spice Bird, See Nutmeg Bird. 
 
 Spiders. Some of these are commer- 
 cially valuable. The large Tarantula 
 of California are captured and sold 
 with their nests for half a dollar each. 
 The large Mygale are also sought for 
 by collectors. Ineffectual attempts 
 have been made to utilise spiders' webs. 
 The Aranea maculata of Brazil spins 
 a web ten or twelve feet in diameter, 
 as stroDg as the silkworm's fibre, and 
 of a beautiful golden yellow. Stock- 
 ings and gloves have been made from 
 the thread of the spider, but ouly as a 
 curiosity. Spiders' web is used as a 
 mechanical styptic and for the cross 
 lines of optical instruments. Vesica- 
 
 t tory preparations are derived from 
 
 " American spiders, such as Tegenaria 
 medicinalis, dec. 
 
 Spierling, a name in Hanover for the 
 smelt. 
 
 Spike Fish, another name for the 
 spear - fish ( Tetrapterus albidus, 
 Poey) ; a North American edible 
 fish. 
 
 Spindelfisch, a German name for 
 
 Aspro streber, Sieb. ; it is also called 
 rippfisch. 
 
 Spinneret, a tube or organ projecting 
 
 from the lower lip, by which the 
 
 thread secretion of silkworms, spiders, 
 
 etc., is produced. 
 Spiracles, the breathing holes of the 
 
 silkworm ; one row of nine down each 
 
 side of ihe body. 
 Spitch Cock, Spatch Cock, to split an 
 
 eel lengthwise and broil it ; also a fowl 
 
 grilled. 
 Spittek,, a young deer. 
 Spitzhund, a name in Germany for the 
 
 Pomeranian dog (Canis pomeranun). 
 Spitz nase, a name for Acipenser stel- 
 
 latus, Pall. 
 Splash Fish, a Scotch name for the 
 
 plaice. 
 
 Splits, parts of a divided skin, separated 
 into two pieces. Some are tanned and 
 some salted. See Skiver. 
 
 Splitter, one who opens, cleans and 
 guts fish. 
 
 Sponge (Anglo-Saxon, spinge, from the 
 Latin, spongia). The sponges of com- 
 merce consist of the horny skeletons 
 of certain species of a large group of 
 creatures belonging to the lowest di- 
 vision of the animal kingdom. The 
 various kinds differ very much in their 
 degrees of closeness, fineness and soft- 
 ness, as well as in their capacity for 
 absorbing water, and their value in 
 commerce is regulated accordingly. 
 The principal sponge fisheries are the 
 Mediterranean, Bahamas, and the Flo- 
 rida coast. We import annually about 
 one million lbs. of sponge into the 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Spoonbill (Plaialea leucorodia, Lin.), 
 a common European bird. In the Ease, 
 the mandibles of this bird, when 
 scraped and polished, are used as 
 spoons. The roseate spoonbill is P. 
 ajaja, Lin., a native of South America. 
 
 Spoor, a colonial term in South Africa 
 for the track or trail left by wild 
 animals or strayed cattle. 
 
 Spot (Liostomis obliquus [Mitch.], De 
 Kay), a North American edible fish of 
 the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Spotted Bass, an American fish (Sciae- 
 nops ocellatus). 
 
 Spotted Deer (Axis maculata), an In- 
 dian deer. 
 
 Spotted Sea Trout (Cynoscionregalis 
 [Bl.], Gill), a fish of the Atlantic coasts 
 of America. 
 
 Spragg, a young cod or salmon. 
 
 Sprat (Clupea sprattus), a small fish, 
 which is caught in large quantities as 
 I 2 
 
SPR 
 
 [ 116 ] 
 
 STA 
 
 the cold weather approaches. They 
 are sold to the poor as food, and are 
 often so plentiful as to be used to 
 manure land. They are sometimes 
 purchased by thousands of bushels at 
 a time in Essex and Suffolk.. 
 
 Sprungling, Springer, Sprogling, 
 names in Germauy for the grayling 
 ( Thy mallus vulgaris, Nilss.). 
 
 Spring-Bok (Gazella euchore), an ante- 
 lope, found in flocks of many thousands 
 in Africa and other districts. The 
 flesh is in universal esteem, being fine 
 flavoured when fat, and of a delicate 
 taste. 
 
 Spr i nger. a larger, stronger, and steadier 
 dog than a cocker. In Germany it is 
 applied to a spaniel or setter. A name 
 given to a salmon. Also the name 
 tor Mugil multilineatus, a good table 
 fish of South Africa, which is com- 
 monly smoked or salted for export. 
 
 Spring-Haas (Helamys capensis), the 
 African jerboa, a species of leaping 
 rodent, sought for in its burrows by the 
 nativos, who set some value on its flesh. 
 
 Spring Her king, a name in Norway 
 for Clupea majilis. 
 
 Sprod, a small migratory fish, believed 
 to be the grilse of the sea trout, or a 
 salmon of the second year. 
 
 Spruce Grouse (Tetrao canadensis). 
 
 Squa Gull. See Sea Hen. 
 
 Squab, a name for a young unfledged fat 
 pigeon while confined to the nest. 
 
 Squatter, a run-holder or grazier in 
 Australia, who holds a large tract of 
 land on lease at a low rent to raise 
 cattle or sheep on. 
 
 Squeaker, a name given to a young 
 pigeon when it leaves the nest and first 
 begins to flutter about the dove-cot or 
 pigeou loft. 
 
 Squelette (French), a skeleton. 
 
 Squete^gue (Cynoscion regalis [Bl.], 
 Gill.), also known as the weak fish, 
 an American food fish. The spotted 
 squeteague is C. carolinensis [Cuv, and 
 Val.], Gill. ; it is also called the gray 
 trout or yellow -finned trout. The 
 dried sound is used in the manufac- 
 ture of isinglass. 
 
 Squid, a name in America for calama- 
 ries or species of Octopus and Sepia, 
 which, with their eggs, are used as 
 food and for fish bait, either fresh 
 or salted. The common Loligo and 
 Sepia media are the favourite food of 
 the cod. Octopus vulgaris, under the 
 name of " Tako," is dried, and exported 
 from Japan. Eledomie octopodia, 
 smaller, Sepia (Ika), and Loligo sagi- 
 
 tata are all eaten as food in China 
 and Japan. Sepioteuthis australis is 
 much appreciated by the Chinese, and 
 is consequently highly priced. One 
 species of squid in America is named 
 Ommastreplies illecebrosa, and from 
 this an oil has been obtained. See Cut- 
 tle Fish aud Sepia. 
 
 Squire, a name in Australia for the 
 schnapper (Pagrus unicolor) when two 
 years' old ; at a greater age it is known 
 as the native. 
 
 Squirrel (Diplectrum fasciculari), the 
 name of an edible North American fish 
 of the Atlantic. Also for Holocentrum 
 rufum [Lin.], Goode, a West Indian 
 fish. 
 
 Squirrel Hake (Phycis tenius). 
 
 Squirrels, a geuus of rodents, which are 
 commercially valuable for their skins 
 and their flesh, which tastes like that 
 of the rabbit, but more juicy. In 
 America the following furnish food in 
 a fresh condition— the fox squirrel 
 (£. cinereus), the gray squirrel (S. 
 carolinus), the Calif ornia gray squirrel 
 (S.fossor), very palatable when broiled, 
 the tuft-eared squirrel (S. aberti), the 
 red squirrel (S. hudsonius), and the 
 flying squirrel (Sciuropterus volucella). 
 The hairs are used for fine hair pencils 
 forartists. In Russia as manyas twenty 
 million squirrels are said to be killed 
 annually, and about three million skins 
 are imported into England for their 
 fur ; they are sometimes called Calabar 
 skins. 
 
 Stachel-dick. See Dick. 
 
 Stachel Rochen (Raja clavata, Lin.), 
 the German name for the thornback. 
 
 Stag (Cervus elaphus), the male red 
 deer, a stately animal found in the 
 forests of Europe, Northern Asia, and 
 North America. It is called a stag 
 when in its fifth year ; it slieds its 
 antlers every year ; its flesh and skin 
 are useful to man. Also the name for 
 a bull castrated when fully grown. 
 
 Staggard, a male red deer in its fourth 
 year. 
 
 Staggers, a form of brain disease in 
 sheep. See Sturdy. 
 
 Staghorn. See Deer-horns. 
 
 Staghound, a breed of dogs, the largest 
 of modern English hounds, used for 
 hunting deer. There are ten or twelve 
 packs of staghounds in England, con- 
 taining 246 couple, and three in Ire- 
 land, numbering about eighty in ail. 
 See Buckhound. 
 
 Stalking, a sportsman's term for follow- 
 ing or hunting down deer. 
 
STA 
 
 [ 117 ] 
 
 STO 
 
 Stalling, a name in Germany for the 
 grayling. 
 
 Stallion, an entire horse, one kept for 
 covering mares. In France, however, 
 the male horses are usually worked 
 ungelded. 
 
 Stampede, a rush or flight of a number 
 of wild horses or cattle in the wilder- 
 ness k 
 
 Starfinch, a name for the redstart, a 
 beautiful bird. 
 
 Starfish, species of Asteria. Astera- 
 canthion rubens are often thrown in 
 such quantities on sea beaches in 
 America and Europe as to be col- 
 lected and used to manure land. They 
 are commonly called "five fingers." 
 The fringed starfish is Asteria stellio- 
 nara; the purple many-rayed is So- 
 lastes endeca, Also a name for the 
 American butter - fish (Poronothus 
 triacanthus [Peck]. Gill). 
 
 Starling (Sturnus vulgaris, Lin.), one 
 of the most charming of our caged 
 birds. Its sagacity and cleverness are 
 remarkable. It may be taught to 
 whistle in perfect time, tune, and taste 
 any air, however difficult or intricate. 
 
 Steak, a fleshy slice of beef for cooking, 
 known either as beef steak or rump 
 steak, according to the part from which 
 it is cut. 
 
 Stearine, the solid part of animal fat 
 
 when separated from the oleine. 
 Steenkobbe, a name in Norway for 
 
 Callocephalus vitulinus, Lin. 
 Steenvisch (Gheilodactylus fasciatus), 
 
 a good table fish of South Africa. 
 Steer, a young bullock or draught ox ; 
 
 a castrated bull of from two to four 
 
 years old. 
 
 Steinbeisser, Steinpeitzger, German 
 
 names for Cobitis taenia, Lin. 
 Steinbock (Tragulus rupestris ; Neo- 
 
 tragus tragulus, Afz.), a species of 
 
 African antelope. 
 Steinbutt, a German name for the tur- 
 
 bot (Rhombus maximus, Lin.). 
 Steppenhund, the German name for 
 
 the Cape hunting-dog (Lycaon pictus, 
 
 Temm.). 
 
 Sterlet, Sterliad (Accipenser ruthe- 
 nus), the finest kind of sturgeon in 
 Russia, whose flesh is almost as highly 
 prized as that of the salmon. The 
 swimmiDg bladder yields the best isin- 
 glass, and the roe is sold as caviare. 
 
 Stern-hausen, the German name for 
 Acipenser stellatus, Pall, a species of 
 sturgeon. 
 
 Stew, a store-pond for fish ; meat hashed 
 or boiled. 
 
 Stick-garn (German), .yarn for em- 
 broidery. 
 
 Stick-lac, the crude resin lac as obtained 
 with the insect incrustations on the 
 branches of trees. It is not much ex- 
 ported in this form. The shipments of 
 stick-lac from India being from 250 to 
 500 cwt. annually. 
 
 Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus 
 and other species). A small inedible 
 fish, often used to manure land, being 
 caught in great numbers in the fens of 
 Lincolnshire and Cambridge. In France 
 it is called " epinoche." 
 
 Stilt (Himantopus melanopterus), a 
 species of sandpiper. The American 
 species has been named Micropalama 
 himautopus. 
 
 Stilton, an English whole-milk cheese 
 of superior qualitv, which is usually 
 stored for over two years to ripen. 
 
 Sting-ray (Trygon pastinacea, T. longa, 
 etc.). The flesh of these fish is very 
 bad, but the rough skin is utilised. 
 The name is frequently converted into 
 stingaree. 
 
 Stint, a common name for species of 
 Tringa; also the German name for 
 the smelt, Osmerus eperlanus, Lin. 
 
 Stirk, Sturk, a young ox or heifer. 
 
 Stoat, another name for the ferret and 
 weasel. See Ermine. 
 
 Stober-hund, the German name for the 
 beagle. 
 
 Stock Dove (Columba cenas, Lin.), 
 a very elegant and pleasing British 
 aviary bird. 
 
 Stock Fish, a name for sun-dried cod- 
 fish split, which have been kept too long 
 to be made klip fish. They are divided 
 in Norway into 1, grand lob, weighing 
 about 4£ lbs. ; 2, Bremen round fish, 
 weighing about 1,200 grammes ; 3, 
 Dutch round fish, of half that weight ; 
 4, heavy and mixed, for the Italian 
 markec; and 5, unclassed fish. 
 
 Stockman, a bullock driver; one who 
 looks after cattle. 
 
 Stone, a legal weight of 14 lbs., but for 
 fish or butchers' meat 8 lbs., and for 
 cheese 16 lbs. 
 
 Stonb Chat (Saxicole cenantJie. Lin.), 
 a bird of passage, found in Germany 
 from March till September; flesh 
 rather savoury. It is also known as the 
 wheatear. See Warblers. 
 
 Stone Marten (Mustela saxorum), 
 an animal of Europe, whose com- 
 mon fur is dyed to imitate the better 
 kinds. 
 
 Stor (Accipenser sturio, Lin.). 
 
 Store, a prefix applied to sheep, cattle, 
 
STO 
 
 [ H8 ] 
 
 SUI 
 
 and pigs put up to be fattened for sale 
 
 or slaughter. 
 Stork (Ciconia), a bird of which there 
 
 are many species, some being esteemed 
 
 and protected in Europe. 
 Stove Brush, a servant's polishing 
 
 brush for shining and blackleading a 
 
 stove or grate, usually sold in sets of 
 
 three. 
 
 Stracchino, a much esteemed Italian 
 
 soft cream cheese. 
 Straits Oil, a trade name in America 
 
 for menhaden fish oil when purified. 
 Stranger (Odax Richardsonii, Gunth.), 
 
 an Australian fish, moderately esteemed 
 
 for food. 
 
 Strap, a strip of leather used for fasten- 
 ing objects together, or as a belt for 
 
 driving machinery. 
 Strasse, the waste or refuse of silk when 
 
 working it up into skeins. 
 Streber, Strober, names in Austria 
 
 and Germany for Aspro streber (Sieb.). 
 Strike, a fi>h measure, implying 25 eels. 
 Striped Bass (Rocgus lineatus [Schn.], 
 
 Gill.), an American fish. 
 Strippings, the last milk drawn from 
 
 the udder of the cow. 
 Stroemming, a name in Finland for 
 
 a small herring (Clupea harengus); 
 
 also called the silakka. 
 Stroh, a name in the Hanse Towns for 
 
 125 herrings, or the twentieth part of 
 
 a last. 
 
 Stromer, a name in Bavaria for Telestes 
 agassizii, V. ; also called rissling and 
 reissling. 
 
 Storkobbe, a name in Norway for the 
 bearded seal (Phoca barbata, Fabr.). 
 
 Stud, a collection of breeding horses 
 and mares. 
 
 Stud Book, an official register, giving 
 the pedigree of horses. 
 
 Stumpfmuschel, the German name for 
 the wedge shell, Donax trunculus, an 
 edible mollusc. 
 
 Stunt, a name given to a young whale 
 under two years. 
 
 Sturdy, a disease in sheep, also known 
 as " staggers." In France it is called 
 " Tournes," and in Germany " Dreher." 
 It arises from the presence in some 
 part of the brain of the sheep of a 
 hydatid. One of the most prominent 
 phenomena of the disease is a rotatory 
 movement accomplished by the animal, 
 which interferes with its feeding, and 
 ultimately causes death by exhaustion 
 and emaciation. 
 
 Sturgeon ( Latin, sturio). There are few 
 fishes which are of greater importance 
 than the sturgeons (Acipenser sp.). 
 
 In Russia a large portion of the popu- 
 lation is supported by the sturgeon 
 fisheries. Its flesh combines a certain 
 firmness with excellent flavour, and is 
 even preferred to veal by many per- 
 sons. They are salted, dried in the 
 sun, or smoked, and shipped to a great 
 distance. The eggs or roe, packed in 
 kegs, come into the trade as caviare, 
 and the inner skin of the air-bladder 
 is made into isinglass. There are many 
 species of sturgeon, among the prin- 
 cipal of which are A. sturio, A. huso, 
 
 A. Guldenstadtii, A. ruthenus, and A. 
 stellatus. When caught on our shores 
 the sturgeon is a royal fish or crown 
 perquisite like the whale. The stur- 
 geon of the Columbia river is A. trans- 
 montanus, that of the North American 
 lakes, A. rubicundus : the shovel nose 
 sturgeon is Scaphirhynchops platy- 
 rhynchus. 
 
 Sturk. See Stirk. 
 
 Suala, the Malay name for trepang. 
 
 Sucker {Catostomus teres, Mitchell), a 
 fish of rather large size abundant in 
 the great rivers of the North Pacific. 
 The body is so full of bones that it is 
 unfit for food ; but the head, when 
 boiled with the roe, makes a very 
 palatable soup. 
 
 Sucklers, calves sold with their 
 mothers ; young sucking pigs. 
 
 Sucury, a name in Brazil for several 
 species of large snake {Boa anaconda, 
 
 B. aquatica, etc.), the skins of which 
 are used for making boots, shoes, and 
 other purposes. 
 
 Sudak, a fish of the perch kind. 
 
 Suet, properly the raw, solid fat sepa- 
 rated from the omentum and kidneys 
 of oxen, sheep and deer. It consists of 
 a mixture of animal fats, about three- 
 fourths being stearine. The term is, 
 however, very generally applied to 
 other hard fat from the carcase of 
 animals. 
 
 Sugar Borer (Proceras sp.), an insect 
 which destroys the sugar cane. 
 
 Sugar Loons, a name in Ireland for 
 species of Mya, a mollusc eaten for food 
 and used as bait for fish. 
 
 Sugar Weevil {Calandra sacchari), a 
 troublesome insect pest in raw sugar. 
 
 Suif (French), tallow. 
 
 Suint (French), a name for the potassic 
 sudorate of sheep's wool. This peculiar 
 compound forms no less than a third 
 in the weight of raw merino wool, 
 from which it may be readily dis- 
 solved out by simple immersion in cold 
 water. 
 
SUI [ 119 ] SWT 
 
 Suisse, a double cream cheese made in 
 France. 
 
 Sukkuh, a Russian name for the 
 pike of North America (Esox estor, 
 Lesuer). 
 
 Sulea (Polynemus sele), an Indian fish, 
 which furnishes some of the eastern 
 isinglass. 
 
 Sumach Roans, a kind of common 
 sheepskin leather, tanned with sumach, 
 used for bookbinding, shoes, slippers, 
 &c. 
 
 Sumach Skivers, split sheepskins tan- 
 ned by soaking with sumach, and 
 afterwards dyed different colours. 
 
 Summer-duck (Aix sponsa, Lin.), an 
 elegant North American duck. 
 
 Sumpluchs (German), a name for the 
 Egyptian cat (Felis chaus, Guld). 
 
 Sumpter, a pack-horse or mule ; one 
 employed to carry baggage. 
 
 Sunbirds (Promeroptiue). These birds 
 take the place of the humming-birds 
 in the Eastern hemisphere, and rival 
 even those living gems in the . bril- 
 liancy of their colours. 
 
 Sun-bittern (Europyga helias, Pall.), a 
 beautiful South American bird. 
 
 Sun Fish (Eupomotis aureus [Walb.], 
 Grill and Jordan), a freshwater fish of 
 Eastern North America. The black- 
 banded species is Mesogonistius chce- 
 todon [Baird]. Gill. Also a name for 
 Orthagoriscus mola, Mola rotunda, 
 and other species which are sea fish. 
 Their flesh is little esteemed, being 
 greasy, but they yield a considerable 
 quantity of oil, which is used by fisher- 
 men as a cure for rheumatism. A 
 name for the basking shark ( Cetorhinus 
 maximus). 
 
 Surcingle, a girth or band over a 
 pack-horse's load. 
 
 Surf-duck (CEdemia perspicillata), an 
 edible water fowl. 
 
 Surgeon, a medical man who attends 
 and prescribes for patients. 
 
 Surmullet (Mullus barbatus), the 
 bearded mullet. See Mullet. 
 
 Surrow, the forest goat of India, a 
 species of mountain antelope (Nemor- 
 haedus bubalina). 
 
 Surtout (French), an overcoat. 
 
 Surume (Loligo sagittata), a name in 
 Japan for a species of cuttle fish, 
 largely used as an article of food, 
 and exported dried in considerable 
 quantities to China. 
 
 Susel or Zizil, the Hungarian mar- 
 mot (Mus citellus, Lin. ; Arctomys 
 citellus, vel undulatus), which is 
 chased for its fur. Cloaks are made 
 
 of the skins, and the spotted kinds 
 make very beautiful linings. 
 
 Suslik, a name in Brazil for Calogin is 
 fulves and C. subniger, their flesh is 
 much esteemed. 
 
 Swallow 7 , a kind of pigeon. 
 
 Swan {Cygnus olor), a migratory bird 
 found in Europe, Asia and North 
 America, which has been tamed and 
 used as an ornament to ponds. The 
 flesh is unpalatable, although young 
 cygnets were often served at table in 
 olden times. The quills are used for 
 writing. See Cygnet. 
 
 Swan's Down, the skin on the belly of 
 the wild swan (Cygnusferus), which is 
 often used for furs and for trimming 
 ladies' garments. As many as 2,000 to 
 3,000 skins are imported yearly into 
 the United Kingdom. 
 
 Swan-upping, an annual official excur- 
 sion on the Thames to nick or mark 
 the cygnets which are public pro- 
 perty, either of the Corporation or 
 Livery Companies. 
 
 Sward, a provincial name for the rind 
 or skin of bacon. 
 
 Swedish Gloves. The gloves which 
 pass under this name, when real, are 
 made from the skin of the young rein- 
 deer, whose mother has died before 
 giving birth, which is rare. It takes 
 three of these skins to make two pairs 
 of gloves, and each skin costs in Swe- 
 den 3s. or 4s. They are imitated, 
 however, with oiled and unglazed 
 leather. 
 
 Sweep (Scorpis cequipinnis), an edible 
 Australian fish. The air-bladder being 
 large might produce isinglass. 
 
 Sweetbread, a delicate food which 
 should consist of the thyroid and 
 sublingual glands of the ox, but 
 the pancreas goes under the same 
 name. The sweetbread of the calf is 
 most esteemed, but that of the lamb 
 is not unfrequently substituted for 
 it. 
 
 Sweethearts, a name for the tame 
 varieties of rabbits. 
 
 Swift, a silk-winding machine. 
 
 Swill, a fish basket which will hold 
 about 2 cwt. and contain five long 
 hundred (660) of herrings ; 20 of these 
 baskets make a last of fish. 
 
 Swimming Bladders, inflated bladders, 
 appended as supports in the water for 
 these who cannot swim. The air- 
 bladders of fishes. See Isinglass and 
 Fish Maws. 
 
 Swine, a collective name for the pig 
 tribe. See Hogs. 
 
SWI 
 
 [ 120 ] TAP 
 
 Swineherd, a guardian or keeper of 
 hogs. 
 
 Sword Bill (Recurvirostra avocetta, 
 Lin.), one of the snipe family, native 
 of Holland and the waters of Germany, 
 the flesh of which is eatable. It is also 
 known as the avocet. 
 
 Sword-fish {Xiphias gladus). The flesh 
 of this fish is very palatable when 
 young, and esteemed in the Mediter- 
 ranean ; it is pickled and exported 
 from America. 
 
 Sword-fish Horn, a name under which 
 the spirally-twisted ivory horn or 
 tusk of the narwhal or sea unicorn 
 ( Monodon monoceros) is imported into 
 Denmark. It is usually six or seven 
 feet long, but in some instances it has 
 been known to be ten feet. It is used 
 for canes. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabaret. See Tabby. 
 
 Tabby, a thin kind of watered glossy 
 
 silk or sarcenet; also known as 
 
 taffety. 
 Tabby Cat, a brindled cat. 
 Tabtnet, an old name for poplin. 
 Taffety, Taffeta. See Tabby. 
 Tapfoo, dried cakes of night-soil and 
 
 clay, extensively used for manure in 
 
 China. 
 
 Tailor (Temnodon saltator). As an 
 article of food this fish is not in much 
 request in Australia, although when 
 fresh there are few more delicate and 
 well-tasted fish. This name is also 
 given in America to the horse mackerel. 
 
 Tailor Herring (Pomolobus medio- 
 cris), a North American sea fish, allied 
 to the alewife or gaspereau. 
 
 Tails. There is a special commerce in 
 the tails of many animals. The brush 
 or tail of the fox is a sportsman's 
 trophy and often mounted as an orna- 
 ment; Ox tails and kangaroos' tails 
 are esteemed for making soup. The 
 tails of the squirrel and ermine (sable 
 tips) are esteemed for fur trimmings 
 and for making fine artists' pencils. 
 The tail of the musk-rat is sought for 
 by perfumers. The tail of the yak is 
 used as a fly flapper in India, and that 
 of the elephant in Africa as a standard. 
 The tail of the horse furnishes the 
 longest and best horse-hair. 
 
 Tajacu (Dicotyles tajacu), a name for 
 
 the peccary in Brazil. 
 Tako, a name in Japan for Octopus 
 
 vulgaris, which when dried is eaten as 
 
 food. 
 
 Talbot, a sort of hunting-dog between 
 a hound and a beagle. 
 
 Talg (German), tallow. 
 
 Tallow (Anglo-Saxon, tealh), the melted 
 suet or fat of animals, chiefly oxen 
 and sheep. We obtain about 120,000 
 tons a year at home, and import about 
 half as much more from abroad. 
 
 Tallow Chandler, one who makes or 
 sells candles of tallow. 
 
 Tallow Greaves. See Greaves. 
 
 Tallow Melter, a purifier of suet and 
 grease, or animal fats. 
 
 Tallow Oil, the oleine separated from 
 tallow bv pressure. It is thick and 
 mushy and admirably suited to the 
 manufacture of the finer kinds of 
 soap. 
 
 Tamarin, the native name for some 
 species of South American monkey 
 (Midas sp.). 
 
 Tamarind Fish (Stomateus argenteus), 
 the white pomfret of India cut in slices 
 and preserved with tamarinds, an 
 esteemed breakfast relish, 
 
 Tammies, fabrics originally made all 
 of worsted, or "estame" in French, 
 whence the name, but now made of 
 wool with cotton warp. They are 
 highly glazed and dyed in bright 
 colours. 
 
 Tammy Warp, hard twisted worsted. 
 
 Tanagars (Tanagra), a group of 
 American birds, conspicuous for their 
 brilliant colours, and most of them 
 have a pleasing song. The skins enter 
 into commerce; as many as 200.000 
 being annually imported. The Brazilian 
 turquoise tanager is Calliste brazilien- 
 sis. The red tanager (Pyrangra 
 rubra)is kept in Europe as a pet bird. 
 
 Tanche (French), the common tench 
 (Tinea vulgaris), a freshwater fish. 
 
 Tang Fish, a name in the Shetland 
 Islands for the common seal. 
 
 Tangwittling, a name on the Baltic for 
 Merlangus (Gadus) pollachius, Lin.; 
 Pollachius typus, Bonap. 
 
 Tanneries, enclosed yards with steep- 
 ing-pits and workshops set apart for 
 the tanning and preparing of hides 
 and skins for leather, 
 
 Tantili, a kind of carpet made at 
 Murcia in Spain. 
 
 Tao, a species of third-quality silk made 
 in Cochin China from pierced cocoons. 
 
 Tap ADA, Tapet, names in Provence and 
 
TAP 
 
 TEL 
 
 parts of Italy for Helix aperta, used 
 as food. 
 
 Taparre, a name in Prussia for Alosa 
 
 flnta. Cuv. 
 Tapestry, a kind of velvet or two-ply 
 
 ingrain carpet ; figured cloth of 
 
 worsted or silk for hangings for walls 
 
 or beds. 
 
 Tapir (Tapirus terrestris ; Tapirus 
 americanus). The flesh of this South 
 American animal is said to be excellent, 
 and by some compared to veal ; its 
 hide, when tanned, makes excellent 
 boot soles, and is manufactured by 
 the Indians into strong useful shields ; 
 its durability and resistance are pro- 
 verbial. 
 
 Tara, a name for the cod fish in Japan. 
 
 Tarane (Leuciscus Heckelii), a fish of 
 which over 60 millions are caught 
 annually in the Koulan, Russia. Under 
 the name of tarane are ordinarily 
 designated there the common kinds of 
 cyprinoids, which are little appreciated 
 as food even by the lower classes, but 
 are given to pigs, dogs and fowls. 
 A kind of botargo is, however, made 
 with the roe, which is eaten by the 
 poor. 
 
 Tarentaise, a French mountain race of 
 cattle. 
 
 Tarpan, a wild horse of Tartary. 
 Tarpum (Megalops thrissoides [Schn.], 
 
 Gunth.). an American edible sea fish. 
 Tarrock, a name for the young of the 
 
 kittewake gull. 
 Tartan, a well-known Highland striped 
 
 or variegated cloth, of which each clan 
 
 has a special pattern ; the material is 
 
 usually a mixed fabric. 
 Tartar Sable. See Kolinski. 
 Taitaruga (Spanish and Portuguese), 
 
 the tortoise. 
 Tasajo. Tasejo. See Charqui. 
 Taschenkrebs (German), the large 
 
 crab is Cancer pagurus, Lin.; Platy- 
 
 carcinus pagurus ; the small or strand 
 
 crab, Carcinus me&nas, Lin. 
 Tatou, a name for the armadilloes of 
 
 South America (Dasypus sexcinctus, 
 
 geba, and hybridus, the flesh of which 
 
 is excellent eating. 
 Taupe (French), the mole. 
 Taurillon (French), a young bull. 
 Tautog- (Tautoga onitis [Lin.], Gun- 
 
 ther), an edible American fish of the 
 
 Atlantic coasts, also called the black 
 
 fish. 
 
 Tawed Leather, skins not tanned but 
 dressed with alum and common salt 
 and softened with oil ; some are left 
 white, others are dyed. 
 
 Taysaam, a Chinese raw silk, reeled 
 from the cocoons of a large species of 
 silkworm ; the ta-tsam of the natives, 
 literally the "gros cocon" of the 
 French, is significantly descriptive of 
 this kind. 
 
 Teal, a name for many species of wild 
 duck (Querquedula). The flesh of 
 these birds is dry and difficult of diges- 
 tion, but notwithstanding is in great 
 request. The common European teal 
 is Q. crecca, Lin. ; the Garganey teal, Q. 
 circia, Lin.; the Baikal teal, Q.formosa, 
 Georgi ; the falcated teal, Q. falcata, 
 Georgi. The flesh of the American 
 species is said to be excellent, viz., the 
 green-winged (Q. carolinensis), the 
 blue-winged (Q. discors), and the red- 
 breasted (Q. cyanoptera). 
 
 Team, a set of draught oxen or horses 
 working together. 
 
 Teat, a nipple. See Mamelles. 
 
 Teeth. The age of most animals may 
 be judged by their teeth. Human teeth 
 are collected, and sold to dentists. The 
 teeth of bears, dogs, wolves, foxes, wild 
 hogs, peccaries, and other large mam- 
 mals are used as implements, arrow tips, 
 and ornaments by Indians. The teeth 
 of the hippopotamus are employed for 
 handles for surgical instruments, and 
 formerly for false teeth. Those of the 
 sperm whale are made into balls, but- 
 tons, and trinkets ; the incisors of the 
 beaver are used by the Indians for 
 chisels, knives, and ornaments. The 
 teeth of the alligator for jewellery, 
 whistles, cane handles, and buttons ; 
 ten establishments in Eastern Florida 
 are engaged in the manufacture * of 
 alligators' teeth into fancy articles ; 
 sharks' teeth are used as trinkets, and 
 for arming weapons. 
 
 Teeth, Elephants', an erroneous com- 
 mercial name under which elephants' 
 tusks are imported. 
 
 Teg, a young ewe ; a female deer in her 
 second year. 
 
 Teg Fleece, the first fleece of mature 
 growth clipped from a ewe sheep not 
 previously shorn ; that of a young male 
 is called a hogget fleece. 
 
 Teguexin (Teius nigropunctus ; Te- 
 guexin monitor, Gray), species of 
 lizard, the flesh of which is considered 
 excellent in Brazil. The common te- 
 guexin is T. teguexin, Lin., the red T. 
 rufescens, Gunther. 
 
 Tekhela, a kind of silk shawl worn by 
 Arab females. 
 
 Telini Fly (Mylabris cichorii), an 
 Indian blistering beetle ; the Chinese 
 
TEL [ 122 ] THR 
 
 make an eye powder from it. See Can- 
 
 THARIDES. 
 
 Tell-tale (Gambetta melanoleuca, Bo- 
 nap.), a name for the stone snipe. The 
 Totanus flavipes or melanoleucus of 
 some authors, which abounds in the 
 temperate regions of North America 
 as well as Mexico. In the fall, when 
 they are fat, their flesh is highly es- 
 teemed, and many of them are brought 
 to the markets. 
 
 Temag, soft leather boots worn by Arab 
 horsemen. 
 
 Tench (Tinea vulgaris, Cuv.), an edible 
 fish, which is found in most parts of 
 Europe in rivers, lakes, ponds and 
 clayey marshes. It must not be taken 
 in England under eight inches long, 
 and the fishing is allowed from June 16 
 to March 14. 
 
 Tendons, the sinews or ligatures at- 
 taching muscles to bone. 
 
 Tendrac, Tanrec (Centeles encauda- 
 tus), an insectivorous mammal, resem- 
 bling the hedgehog, the flesh of which 
 is eaten as a food delicacy in Madagas- 
 car, although it has a strong, musky 
 flavour. 
 
 Teneh (Telugu), honey. 
 
 Tepel, a common name for Raja batis, 
 Lin., and Trigon pastinacea, Lin. 
 
 Teraglin (Otolithus teraglin, M'Leay). 
 a large and valuable Australian fish ; 
 the air bladder is of great size, and ex- 
 cellent quality for isinglass. 
 
 Terefah, meat that has not been killed 
 according to the Jewish rites. 
 
 Termites, a species of white ant, which 
 is eaten as food by the natives in some 
 districts of Africa, and also given to 
 poultry. 
 
 Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra, Temra.), 
 the eggs of the black tern or wide- 
 awake are excellent eating. 
 
 Terrapin, a name for several species of 
 small tortoise (Clemmys and other 
 genera) found at the mouths of rivers 
 and in salt marshes in North America, 
 the flesh of which is considered a very 
 delicious article of food. The diamond- 
 backed terrapin is Malacoclemmys 
 palustris, Gmel. ; they weigh about 
 3£ lbs. each ; the red-bellied terrapin, 
 Pseudemys rugosa ; the Florida river 
 terrapin, Pseudemys concinna. 
 
 Terrier, a small wiry kind of dog, 
 usually black and tan ; but there are 
 also bull terriers, short haired and 
 long haired, fox terriers, and Skye 
 terriers. 
 
 Terry Velvet, a kind of ribbed velvet 
 or silk plush. 
 
 Tetard, the French name for the com- 
 mon dace ( Leuciscus vulgaris) ; also a 
 name for Eleotus gyrinus. 
 
 Tetes de Mort (French), a name for 
 dried cheese in balls, which are so 
 hard that they have to be broken with 
 the hammer before they can be used. 
 
 Tevyak, the Russian name for the blad- 
 der-nose seal (Cystophora cristata, 
 Nils.). 
 
 Thar, Tahir, Tehr (Capra jemlaica, 
 Hodgs. ; Hemitragus jemlaicus), a fine 
 species of wild goat peculiar to the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Theave, Thrave, names in the Mid- 
 lands for a ewe lamb of the first year, 
 or from the weaning to the shearing 
 time ; after shearing it would be a 
 shearling ewe or gitnmer. The age of 
 sheep is reckoned from their first 
 shearing. 
 
 Thibet, a kind of woollen fabric. 
 
 Thibet Goat (Capra hircus, Lin.) ; the 
 delicate downy wool found about the 
 roots of the hair of this animal is 
 employed for the costly and beautiful 
 Cashmere shawls. 
 
 Thick-nee, a name for the stone curlew 
 (CEdienemus scolopax, Gmel.). 
 
 Thiller, the shaft horse of a team. 
 
 Thlen, Thlos, names given in the 
 Prussian ports to spent herrings. 
 
 Thon Grundel, a name in Westphalia 
 for the fish Cobitis t&nia, Lin. 
 
 Thorn-back (Baia clavata), a well 
 known fish, rarely equal to the skate 
 in point of size, but usually sold as 
 skate in the market. It is in the best 
 condition for food about November. 
 The rough skin is used for polishing, 
 like sand paper. 
 
 Thoroughbred, a horse of good pedi- 
 gree. 
 
 Thran (German), train or fish oil. 
 
 Thresher Shark (Alopias vulpes 
 [Lin.], Bon.), a fish of the Atlantic and 
 Mediterranean ; also known as the 
 swingle-tail. This fish is caught for 
 the oil obtained from its liver, which 
 will yield about six gallons of oil. 
 
 Throstle, a thrush. 
 
 Thrown Silk, singles of silk, twisted 
 in a contrary direction to that in 
 which they had previously been wound, 
 and thus rendered fit for weaving. 
 
 Thrush (Turdus musicus, Lin.). Some 
 species of thrush are remarkable for 
 their power and variety of song, and 
 others for their powers of imitation. 
 The song or wood-thrush of America is 
 T. mustelinus, Gm. In Greece the 
 song-thrush is largely shot for food at 
 
THR [ 123 ] TOR 
 
 the close of the year. The fieldfare, 
 the redwing, and the missal-thrnsh are 
 also shot. The feathers of the large 
 Pitta gigas of Sumatra are of a magni- 
 ficent colour. 
 Thrustings, the white whey left after 
 the curd has been salted in cheese- 
 making. 
 
 Thun, the tunny (Thynnus vulgaris, 
 Lin.). 
 
 Tiffany, a thin silk gauze. 
 
 Tiger (Felis tigris, Lin.), a carnivorous 
 animal confined to the Asiatic conti- 
 nent and the islands of the Eastern 
 Archipelago. The Easterns are very 
 proud of their tiger-skin rugs. Chinese 
 mandarins cover the seat of justice 
 with a tiger skin. The magnificent 
 skins of the Mongolian tiger differ 
 from those of the Bengal tiger in 
 having thick woolly fur. Tiger skins 
 are sometimes obtained more than 11 
 feet long. The flesh of the tiger is 
 eaten in Burmah. The Brazilian ounce 
 (Leopardus onca, Lin.) is usually 
 called a tiger. 
 
 Tiger Cat (Felis serval, Schreb.), an 
 African wild animal, the fur of which 
 is in request. See Serval. 
 
 Tiger-fink (German), a name for the 
 amadervade, or dwarf finch of India 
 (Estrelda amadaviva). 
 
 Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo tigrinus, 
 Mull, and Henle), a fish of the Atlantic 
 and Indian Oceans. 
 
 Tignard. a cheese made in Savoy of a 
 mixture of goats', cows' and sheep's 
 milk. It is also known as Persilld. 
 
 Timbre, Timmer, a trade term ; usually 
 40 or 50 skins packed between two 
 boards ; of some skins the timbre is 
 ten dozen. 
 
 Tine, the fork of a deer's antler. 
 
 Tinten-fisch, a German name for the 
 common cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis, 
 Lin.) ; it is also called the black-fisch. 
 
 Tippieh (German), carpeting. 
 
 Tittling, a name in Norway for codfish 
 dried round in autumn, of which there 
 are four grades or classes ; the first or 
 heaviest weighing about 800 grammes; 
 the second or Dutch tittlings, half this 
 .weight ; the Bremen about 170 
 grammes ; and the fourth or ordinary 
 includes all others not comprised in 
 these classes. 
 
 Tobacco Worm (Macrosila [Sphinx], 
 Carolina, Lin.), the caterpillar of the 
 hawk moth or horn-blower of Mary- 
 land, which eats holes in the leaves of 
 the tobacco plant. 
 
 Tock, Tuck, names in Austria for a 
 
 species of sturgeon (Acipenser scliypa, 
 Guld.). 
 
 Tod. a weight for wool, of two stone or 
 28 lbs. 
 
 Togg. a small crab under three inches, 
 chiefly used for fish bait. 
 
 Toison (French), a fleece of wool. 
 
 Tomcod (Microgadus proximus. Guard.), 
 a savoury sea fish of the Western coast 
 of America, by some named Morrhua 
 pruinosa. The tomcod of the Eastern 
 States of the Atlantic coast is Micro- 
 gadus tomcodus, Wall., Gadus poly- 
 morplius, Mitch. ; also called the frost 
 fish from Newfoundland to Cape Hat- 
 teras ; that of Alaska, Gadus gracilis 
 of some authors, is a much superior 
 fish. 
 
 Tommes (French), small skim-milk 
 cheeses. 
 
 Ton, the Italian name for the tunny 
 fish. 
 
 Tondeur (French), a shearer. 
 
 Tongen, the Dutch name for soles. 
 
 Tongue, a dealer s name for a small sole 
 under nine inches long. 
 
 Tongues. There is a considerable trade 
 carried on in the tongues of animals. 
 Ox tongues are especially esteemed 
 pickled or corned ; pigs' and sheeps' 
 tongues are also sold ; reindeers' 
 tongues are imported dried and smoked, 
 and not a few horses' tongues come in 
 from Russia. In Italian warehouses 
 rolled and savoury tongues, collared 
 and spiced tongues are sold. Under 
 the name of Paysanclu ox tongues 
 many are now imported from South 
 America. From 3,000 to 4,000 buffalo 
 (bison) and deer tongues are imported 
 annually by the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany. Cods' tongues and sounds salted 
 are also esteemed a food delicacy. 
 
 Toontu, a wild kind of honey-bee found 
 in India. 
 
 Toothpicks, these are largely made of 
 quills. 
 
 Tops, the long fibres of wool separated 
 by the combing machine ready for the 
 worsted yarn spinner. 
 
 Top-shkll (Pomaulax undosum), a 
 Calif ornian shell used in manufactures 
 for its pearly layer ; also a common 
 name for species of Turbo, which are 
 used for makiug shell flowers. 
 
 Torfisk, a name in Norway for dried 
 cod. 
 
 Torsk, Tusk (Brosmius vulgaris, 
 Storer), the finest of the cod family as 
 an article of food, common in the 
 Northern seas ; it is sometimes called 
 the ling in Europe. See Cusk. 
 
TOR [ 124 ] TRE 
 
 Tortoises, a large class of land, river 
 and marine shielded reptiles, which are 
 each described under their separate 
 special names. One or two sea tor- 
 toises yield the tortoiseshell of 
 commerce. The green turtle is an 
 esteemed culinary delicacy, and several 
 of the smaller land and river tortoises 
 are eaten as food. The eggs of many 
 are edible. The aquatic long-necked 
 tortoise of Australia (Cheloclina longi- 
 collis) affords food to the natives in its 
 flesh and eggs. Emys trijuga and 
 Emyda punctata are kept in wells as 
 scavengers. The large Asiatic tortoise, 
 Testudo indica, often attains a length 
 of three feet ; its flesh is very delicate 
 and the natives eat it both salted and 
 when fresh. A very thin oil is like- 
 wise obtained from its fat. This tor- 
 toise is very abundant in the Galipagos 
 Islands. The shells of the land tor- 
 toises are used by the Indians for pots, 
 scoops and rattles. See Turtle. 
 
 Tortoiseshell, the substance under this 
 name used in the arts consists of the 
 epidermic scales of several species of 
 sea turtles belonging to the genus 
 Chelonia. The hawk's-bill turtle ( Che- 
 Ionia [Eret7nochelys~\ iinbricata) fur- 
 nishes the best, and Eretmochelys squa- 
 mata and Chelonia caretta the next. 
 Tortoiseshell is much used in the 
 manufacture of combs, handles, jewel- 
 lery, inlaying and buttons. There are 
 imitations of tortoiseshell made of 
 horn, shark's bone and celluloid. 
 
 Toss, a fish measure at Billingsgate for 
 sprats, about half a bushel, weighing 
 from 40 to 50 lbs. ; it is sometimes 
 called a chuck. 
 
 Touareg, a coarse long-woolled breed of 
 North African sheep, which is very 
 prolific. 
 
 Toucans, South American birds with 
 large bills. The large toucan of Para 
 (Ramphastos maximus) has a splen- 
 did red breast. 
 
 Touoinho, a name in Brazil for the fat 
 of pork, much used there in cookery. 
 
 Toupee, Toupet (French), an artificial 
 curl or tuft of hair. 
 
 Tourlouron (French), a name for the 
 land crab. 
 
 Tourturelle (French) (Columba tur- 
 tur, Lin.). Large flocks of these birds 
 arrive in Greece at certain seasons and 
 are shot for food. See Turtle Dove. 
 
 Tower-shells (Trochus sp.), shells 
 which are polished and used for orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Town Tallow, the butchers' fat or suet 
 
 collected, contradistinguished from the 
 imported melted tallow received from 
 abroad. 
 
 Toy Terrier, a short-haired lap-dog. 
 
 Traces, tanned leather bands for draw- 
 ing a vehicle; sometimes they are made 
 of green hide in unsettled country 
 districts. 
 
 Tragopans (Ceriornis satyra and 
 temmincki), game birds of Asia, a 
 species of pheasant which are sought 
 for by sportsmen; they make a near 
 approach to the ordinary turkey and 
 fowl. 
 
 Train Oil. oil obtained from the blub- 
 ber of the whale and other marine 
 mammals. Under the general term 
 train oil are included, however, in 
 commerce, cod, shark, herring, and 
 most oils obtained from fish. Of train 
 oil, blubber and spermaceti we import 
 about 20,000 tuns in the year. 
 
 Traiteur (French), an eating-house- 
 keeper, one who sends out meals of 
 cooked food. 
 
 Tram, silk which has been wound, 
 cleaned, doubled and thrown, consist- 
 ing of two or more threads twisted 
 together, used for the shoot or weft of 
 velvets and the best kind of silk goods. 
 
 Trangrum, the residue or deposit after 
 making herring oil in Sweden and 
 Norway, which is used as manure 
 when mixed with earth and seaweed. 
 It is considered by the farmers of those 
 cold countries to be the most powerful 
 of fertilisers. 
 
 Trapong Fry, a species of anchovy 
 caught in Jamaica. 
 
 Trapper, a hunter who carries on the 
 chase of animals for their skins in 
 North America. 
 
 Trasi, a name in Java and the East for 
 the food substance or condiment gene- 
 rally known as Balachong, which 
 see. 
 
 Trawler, a fishing boat which carries 
 large nets for catching fish. 
 
 Trehala, a saccharine amylaceous pro- 
 duct, the nests of beetles, formed by 
 an insect (Larinus subrugosus or La- 
 rina nidificans), used for food in Tur- 
 key and parts of Asia as a substitute 
 for tapioca. 
 
 Trek Oxen, a term applied by the 
 colonists in South Africa to cattle fit 
 for draught. 
 
 Trenching, cutting up leather for the 
 uppers of boots and shoes. 
 
 Trepang, the Malay name for some 
 species of Holothuria, called by the 
 Portuguese beche-de-mer, or sea-slug, 
 
TRE 
 
 [ 125 ] 
 
 TRU 
 
 which are esculent. They are found 
 in most of the shallow seas of the 
 Malay and Philippine archipelagoes, 
 the upper part of the Gulf of Siam, and 
 the Northern Coast of Australia. 
 Gutted, dried in the sun and smoked it 
 is considered cured and fit for its only 
 market, that of China, to which many 
 hundred tons are yearly sent for the 
 consumption of the curious epicures 
 of that country. See Beche-de Mer. 
 
 Treska. a name in Norway and Lapland 
 for the cod fish (Gadus morrhua and 
 G. eallarius). 
 
 Trevally ; the white trevally, an Aus- 
 tralian fish, is Caranx georgia?iusi; it 
 is not much esteemed as a food fish. 
 The black trevally (Teuthes subulosa) 
 is a very good eating fish. 
 
 Trichinosis, a disease in pork, arising 
 from Trichinis spiralis, a small worm 
 found occasionally in the flesh. 
 
 Tridacna, the scientific name for a 
 genus of large clam shells" of the 
 Eastern and Pacific seas, the animal of 
 which is said to be good eating. The 
 shells of some species, as of T. gigas, 
 are of great size, 2 feet across. They 
 are often used for benitiers in Catholic 
 churches, and as vases and fountain 
 shells. 
 
 Trigger Fish (Balistes sp.), the rough 
 skin of this fish is used for polishing 
 wood. 
 
 Trip, a flock of sheep or goats. 
 Tripe, the cleansed paunch or first por- 
 tion of the ruminant stomach of the 
 ox, which is much sold for food in large 
 towns. 
 
 Tripe Dresser, one who cleanses and 
 
 prepares tripe for human food, it being 
 
 considered easily digestible. 
 Tripier (French), a tripe seller; of 
 
 these there are more than 320 in 
 
 Paris. 
 
 Triple -tail, another name for the 
 flasher (Lobotes surinamensis, Cuv.), 
 an Atlantic and East Indian fish. 
 
 Trocaz, a name in Brazil for the wood 
 pigeon, which is large, fat, and hand- 
 some. 
 
 Trochka, a kind of balyk made in 
 Russia from the coats of the stomach 
 of the sturgeon, and used for food. 
 
 Trogons, brilliant plumaged birds of 
 South America with long spreading 
 tails, sought for to ornament ladies' 
 hats, &c. The species vary in colour- 
 ing as in size, but the backs are all of 
 a lustrous green or blue and the bellies 
 of red, pink or yellow. The colour of 
 the male of T. splendens is above a bril- 
 
 liant metallic green, varying to azure 
 according to the reflected angle of 
 light ; beneath it is a deep scarlet. T. 
 pavoninus was a sacred bird which 
 the Indian kings worshipped. It has 
 magnificent plumage of an emerald 
 tint with golden reflections. 
 
 Tropfenfink (German), a name for the 
 diamond sparrow of Australia (Ama- 
 dire lathami). 
 
 Tropic Bird (Phaeton <etliereus), a beau- 
 tiful bird of the pelican family. The 
 roseate breast feathers are used for 
 plumes, and the two long slender 
 feathers of the tail are employed by 
 the natives of the greater part of the 
 South Sea Islands as ornaments for 
 their headdresses of ceremony. 
 
 Trotter Oil, an oil obtained when boil- 
 ing sheep's feet, or " trotters ; " it is 
 inferior in quality to neats' foot oil. 
 
 Trough Shell, a name for Mactra 
 solida, Lin., and M. stultorum, edibl'e 
 molluscs. The shells are used for mak- 
 ing roads and footpaths, and are also 
 burnt into lime. 
 
 Troupial, a name for the American 
 rice bird (Dolichonyx oryzivora 
 Lin.). 
 
 Trouserings, broadcloth of different 
 
 . patterns used for men's pantaloons. 
 
 Trout (Salmo fario), one of the most 
 esteemed river fish of the angler, which 
 frequents many of the rivers and Jakes 
 of Europe. In England the fishing is 
 open from June 16 to March 14, but it 
 must not be taken under 16 inches in 
 length. In North America there are a 
 great many species of trout besides the 
 brook trout already describtd. There 
 are the Utah trout (S. virginialis), 
 the oquassa (S. oquassa), the lake trout 
 (S. conflnis), the mackinaw (S. namay- 
 cush), the Missouri (S. Lewisi). The 
 rock trout of the West coast is Chirus 
 constellatus. The British salmon trout 
 is Salmo trutta, and the fishing begins 
 legally in April. The red trout of Aus- 
 tria is S. salvelinus. The lake trout of 
 Europe is Trutta lacustris. See Brook 
 Trout and Sea Trout. 
 
 Trubu, Trobo, an undefined fish, the 
 salted and dried roes of which form a 
 very considerable article of trade in 
 the western parts of the Malayan Archi- 
 pelago. 
 
 Truff, a name for the bull trout. 
 
 Truie (French), a sow. 
 
 Trumpeter (Psophia crepitans, Lin.). 
 The common trumpeter is a bird allied 
 to the crane, native of Central America, 
 which is easy to tame, and tne flesh is 
 
TRU 
 
 [ 126 ] TUR 
 
 eatable. It has beautiful plumage, 
 especially on the breast, where the 
 black feathers are richly glossed with 
 gold and purple upon their edges. 
 There are one or two other species, as 
 P. viridis and P. leucoptera, Spix., &c. ' 
 The trumpeter is also a variety of 
 pigeon, larger than the dove-house 
 pigeon, and approaching to the rant 
 in size. Their most usual colour is 
 pure white. Also the name of an 
 esteemed Tasmanian edible fish (Latris 
 hecatei, Rich.). The bastard trum- 
 peter of Victoria is L. Forsteri, Cast. ; 
 its flesh is delicate. The fish passing ! 
 under the name of the trumpeter in 
 New Zealand (Latris hectori) is the 
 best flavoured of the fishes of those 
 seas ; it is called kohikohi by the 
 natives. 
 
 Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator, 
 Rich.), a large and beautiful waterfowl, 
 met with in Western America from 
 the Mississippi valley to the Pacific. 
 
 Trumpet-fish (Centriscus scolopax), a 
 singular-looking Mediterranean fish, 
 also called the snipe, the flesh of which 
 is considered good eating. 
 
 Trumpet-shell, many shells are used 
 as sounding horns, such as Strombus 
 gigas, Triton nodiferus, Turbinella 
 pyrum, Buccinum sp., Ranellagigan- 
 tea, &c. 
 
 Trunk-fish, a general name for species 
 of Ostracion, some of which are con- 
 sidered excellent for the table. 
 
 Tryst, Trist, the name for a fair where 
 cattle, horses and sheep are sold in 
 Scotland. [cethrops. 
 
 Tsao-yu, the Chinese name for Leuciscus 
 
 Tsat-lee, a superior kind of Chinese 
 silk from the northern part of the 
 Empire. The name is the Canton patois 
 for Tsih-lie (7 li), or 7 threads, the 
 mode in which this silk was origi- 
 nally reeled ; but it is not so now, 
 for there are about five qualities of 
 Tsat-lee. 
 
 Tsebe, another name for the springbok 
 of Africa (Antidorcas euchore ; Gazella 
 euchore, Forst.). 
 
 Tsetse (Glossina morsitans), a trouble- 
 some insect which is a terrible scourge 
 to cattle and horses in parts of South 
 Africa, causing death from its bite in a 
 short time. Only milch cows and 
 their sucking calves, asses and goats 
 are free from its attacks, 
 
 Tshereda, a term in Russia for a herd 
 of cattle ranging in number from 100 
 to 800. [idillus, Bl. 
 
 Tsin-yu, the Chinese name for Leuciscus 
 
 Tubipore. See Pipe Coral. 
 Tuch (German), woollens. 
 Tuchwolle (German), clothing wool. 
 Tui. See Parson Bird. 
 Tulle, a kind of plain silk net or 
 blonde. 
 
 Tumblers (Columba gyratrix), a 
 variety of pigeon so named from 
 their habit of frequently turning 
 themselves in the air. They are 
 much appreciated by fanciers, espe- 
 cially a perfect tricoloured almond 
 tumbler. 
 
 Tunge, a name in Norway for Solea 
 vulgaris, Cuv. 
 
 Tunny (Thynnus vulgaris), a fish 
 averaging about 4 feet long, but 
 sometimes attaining 10 to 14 feet. It 
 is extensively caught on the Mediter- 
 ranean coasts, the flesh being highly 
 esteemed and eaten fresh, salted, or 
 preserved in oil. The American tunny 
 or king-fish is Thynnus caretta, Ac. 
 
 Tup, a name in Scotland for a .young 
 male sheep ; after weaning he is called 
 a tup hog, and if castrated a wether 
 hog. 
 
 Tupfelkatze (German), a name for the 
 Indian cat (Felis viverrina, Benn.). 
 
 Tupsee. See Mango Pish. 
 
 Turban-shell (Trochiscus norrissii),a. 
 shell used in manufactures for its 
 nacre. 
 
 Turbit, a small toy pigeon, distin- 
 guished by the colours of the shoul- 
 ders, thus there are black-shouldered 
 turbits, yellow shouldered and blue- 
 shouldered. 
 
 Turbot (Pleuronectes maximus), one 
 of the finest flat fishes brought to 
 market, its flesh being delicate, sweet 
 and fine; the best are caught by the 
 Dutch off their coasts. Some 600 or 
 700 tons of this fish are annually sold 
 in London alone. In Scotland this 
 name is given to the halibut. The fish 
 called turbot in Newfoundland is 
 Beinhardtius hippo glossoides. The 
 American turbot is Platessa oblonga, 
 Dekay, which is fully equal to the 
 English turbot. 
 
 Turbureen, a variety of fancy pigeon. 
 
 Turfani Wool, a fine camel's wool of 
 Chinese Thibet, used for shawls. 
 
 Turkey (Meleagris gallo-pavo, Lin.). 
 This bird, originally from North 
 America, is now found in most farm- 
 yards, and is extensively raised for the 
 market in several counties of England, 
 its flesh being excellent eating. More 
 than 130,000 are annually sold in 
 London. 
 
TUR [ 127 ] UMB 
 
 Turkey Buzzard, or Vulture 
 (Cathartes aura, Lin.), a moat useful 
 scavenger for the removal of every 
 form of putrescent animal matter. 
 See Vultures. 
 
 Turkey Carpets, esteomed floor- 
 coverings made in hand-looms, entirely 
 of wool, with a pile surface. A large 
 trade is carried on in these, and in 
 Indian and Persian carpets. 
 
 Turkey Poult, a young turkey. 
 
 Turk's Cap, a name among shell dealers 
 for the Turbo sarmaticus, which is 
 sold when the outer layer has been 
 removed by acid. 
 
 Turnip Fly (Haltica nemoruns), a 
 leaf-eating beetle, which inflicts great 
 injury on turnip crops. 
 
 Turnspit, a queer-looking long-bodied 
 dog with short legs, formerly used to 
 turn by a wheel the spit on which meat 
 is roasted. 
 
 Turnstone, a bird, the common species 
 of which (Stripsilas interpres, Lin.), 
 is met with all over Europe. 
 
 Turtle, a name applied to different tor- 
 toises. The fringed snouted turtle is 
 Chelys fimbriata ; the alligator turtle, 
 Macrochelys laxartina; the snapping 
 turtle, Chelydra serpentina; the soft 
 shell or leather-back turtle, Aspido- 
 nectes ferox; the logger-head turtle, 
 Thalassochelys caouna. The flesh or 
 all these is wholesome. The leathery 
 turtle is Sphargis coriacea. See Green 
 Turtle and Tortoises. 
 
 Turtle Butter, a solid fat obtained 
 from the eggs of the turtle, which con- 
 stitutes an important article of com- 
 merce in the province of Amazonas. 
 
 Turtle Dove (Columba turtur, Lin.), 
 the smallest of our native pigeons, 
 which is frequently found in a wild 
 state during the summer months. It 
 is often kept as a cage bird. See Tour- 
 
 TURELLE. 
 
 Turtle Merchant, a dealer in live 
 edible turtle. 
 
 Turtle Shell, a trade name for the in- 
 ferior kind of tortoiseshell obtained 
 from the loggerhead and other tor- 
 toises. See Tortoiseshell and Green 
 Turtle. 
 
 Turtle Soup, an esteemed and expen- 
 sive soup ; the flesh of the green turtle, 
 of which it is made, is now imported 
 dried, and also preserved in tins. 
 
 Tusha, a dark lavender goat's wool of 
 Cashmere. 
 
 Tushes, a name for the canine teeth of 
 
 animals. 
 Tusker, an old elephant. 
 
 Tussah, Tusser, Tussore (From Tu- 
 8uru, Hindostani for shuttle), the silk 
 obtained from the wild silkworm of 
 Hindostan ( Anther ea paphia, Lin.). 
 It is of a grayish drab colour, and is 
 now extensively utilised and bleached. 
 
 Tussoc, an undetermined fish of Cam- 
 bodia, which yields an oil remarkable 
 for the proportion of stearine it con- 
 tains. 
 
 Tussore, a popular mode of spelling 
 
 tusser silk in England. 
 Tuza (Saccaphorus mexicanus), a South 
 
 American mole, the flesh of which is 
 
 edible. 
 
 Twate Shad (Alausa vulgaris), a fish 
 which enters some of the British rivers 
 about May and June from the sea, and 
 affords good sport to anglers. 
 
 Tweeds, cloths woven of short or me- 
 dium wool, but very lightly felted; 
 a light woollen plaid stuff, milled 
 Scotch trousering. 
 
 Twills, an all-wool fabric made for 
 women's wear. 
 
 Twist, a name for sewing silk in hanks 
 or balls, and also for woollen and wors- 
 ted yarn. 
 
 IT. 
 
 Uckelei, the German name for the Al- 
 burnus lucidus. H. ; also called the 
 laube. 
 
 Udder, the bag with the dugs of the 
 female ruminant, as the cow, ewe, etc. 
 
 Uer, a name in Norway for Sebastes 
 norvegicus, Cuv. 
 
 Ukali, Yookalie, Russian names for 
 any dried fish. 
 
 Ulikon (Thalichthys pacificus, Gerard), 
 a native mode of spelling the Ooli- 
 chan, which see. They are the fattest 
 of all known fish, and afford a very 
 superior oil when tried out : dried, 
 they serve as torches. When a light is 
 needed the tail is touched to the fire, 
 and they will burn with a bright light 
 for some time. 
 
 Umber, a name for the grayling (Thy- 
 mallus vulgaris). 
 
 Umbles, the entrails of the deer when 
 used as food. 
 
 Umbrella, a rain protector, the cover- 
 ing material of which is usually silk, 
 but sometimes of alpaca. 
 
 Umbrella Cloths, a union worsted 
 fabric. 
 
UMI [ 128 ] 
 
 VER 
 
 Umiak, an Esquimaux skin canoe. 
 Unce, the German name for the jaguar 
 
 (Felis onca, Lin.). 
 Unge, a name in Norway for the harp 
 
 seal (Phoca groenlandica, Mull.). 
 Union Cloths, fabrics containing a 
 
 mixture of woollen and cotton yarn. 
 
 made both black and coloured. 
 Union Coatings. See Coatings. 
 Union Lastings, a mixed worsted fabric 
 
 for men's wear. 
 Union Serges, a mixed worsted fabric 
 
 made for women's wear. 
 Union Twills, a mixed worsted fabric 
 
 made for women's wear. 
 Univalves, molluscs consisting of a 
 
 single piece or valve. 
 Unschett (German), tallow. 
 Uploper, a small variety of powter 
 
 pigeon brought from Holland. 
 Uppers, Upper Leather, the vamps 
 
 and quarters of boots and shoes. 
 Uric Acid, a chemical product obtained 
 
 from the dung of serpents, from 
 
 which a dye is made. 
 Urserin, a kind of Swiss cheese made 
 
 for the Italian market. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vaccine Lymph, matter taken from the 
 cow to inoculate persons as a preven- 
 tive or safeguard against the ravages 
 of small-pox. 
 
 Vache (French), a cow ; Vache laitiere 
 is a milch cow. 
 
 Vacherin, a soft cheese of large size, 
 weighing about 10 lbs., made in Savoy. 
 
 Vair, a squirrel from the Southern 
 provinces of Russia, whose skin is em- 
 ployed as fur ; it has a white belly and 
 a blue or rather a dove-coloured back. 
 
 Vairon, a species of Cyprinus not used 
 for food. 
 
 Valise, a small leather hand-bag for 
 travelling use. 
 
 Valk (Dutch), a hawk or falcon. 
 
 Vallecypre, a Bologna crape. 
 
 Valve, one part of a bivalve or multi- 
 valve shell. 
 
 Vamp, the upper leather of a shoe above 
 the sole. 
 
 Vandoise, the French name for a river 
 fish (Leuciscus vulgaris, Flem.). 
 
 Vanes, the sides of the shaft of a fea- 
 ther, subdivided into barbs and bar- 
 bules. 
 
 Vaqueiro (Spanish), a cowherd. 
 
 Vara (Spanish), a herd of forty or fifty 
 swine. 
 
 Varaco, an Italian name for a species of 
 mullet (Mugil saliens, Risso). 
 
 Varken (Dutch), a pig. 
 
 Varkensvleesch (Dutch), pork. 
 
 Varo, a name in Tahiti for large species 
 of prawn (Squilla). 
 
 Vataga, the name for a fishing estab- 
 lishment in Russia. 
 
 Veal, the flesh of the calf. 
 
 Veal Skins, a name in Ireland and the 
 United States for the skins of calves 
 more than two weeks old ; when younger 
 they are called deacons or dairy skins. 
 
 Veau Marin (French), the seal. 
 
 Vecht (Dutch), a fleece. 
 
 Vee (Dutch), cattle. 
 
 Veil, a thin transparent gauze or silk 
 fabric, worn by ladies to shade the 
 face. 
 
 Veilleuses (French), wax night lights. 
 
 Vellichay (Chela clupeoides), tasteless 
 small fishes, which are largely pur- 
 chased at Trichinopoly by the poorer 
 classes to eat with their rice. 
 
 Vellin (Dutch), skins. 
 
 Vellocino (Spanish), a sheepskin. 
 
 Vells, a provincial name for the maws 
 or stomachs of young calves used as 
 rennet. 
 
 Vellum, a fine kind of parchment made 
 from the skins of young calves. . Being 
 elastic, stronger and more smooth and 
 compact than parchment, it is used for 
 engrossing manuscript addresses, trac- 
 ing designs and for church missals, &c. 
 
 Velvet, a soft silk fabric having a loose 
 pile of threads on the surface. 
 
 Velvet Duck, a variety of CEdemia 
 fusca, a sea-bird, of which the flesh is 
 eaten. 
 
 Velvet-weaver, a maker of velvets. 
 
 Venado (Spanish), deer or venison. 
 
 Vendace, Vendiss, the Coregonus Wil- 
 louglibii, a fish of Lochrnaben, in Dum- 
 friesshire, [men's wear. 
 
 Venetians, all-wool fabrics made for 
 
 Venetian Shells, a name given to 
 various species of Phasianella, small 
 shells, which have a pearly lustre wh-n 
 decorticated, and are used for necklaces, 
 bracelets and other ornaments for 
 females. 
 
 Venison, the flesh of the fallow deer, 
 much esteemed for food. [game. 
 
 Venison Dealer, one licensed to sell 
 
 Venus's Ear, a name for the sea ear- 
 shells (Haliotis sp.). 
 
 Ver a-soie (French), a silk-worm. 
 
 Vermicelli, a trade name for shreds of 
 hare-skin sold to glue makers. 
 
YER [ 129 ] VUL 
 
 Vermillon, a name in Greece for the 
 
 kermes insect. 
 Vermin, a collective name for all kinds 
 
 of predatory animals, as foxes, moles, 
 
 rats and mice. 
 Veron, the French name for a river fish 
 
 (Leuciscus phoxinus. Cuv. and Val. ; 
 
 Pkoxinus levis, Agassiz). 
 Verrat (French), a boar pig. 
 Vertebrata, a sub-kingdom of animals, 
 
 distinguished by the possession of a 
 
 backbone. 
 
 Vervet (Cercopithecus pygerythus), a 
 small monkey of Senegal, often to be 
 seen on a barrel organ, tamed and 
 trained to perform antics. 
 
 Verzelata, an Italian name for a 
 species of mullet (Mugil saliens, Risso). 
 
 "Vesicatory Beetles. See Cantha- 
 rides. 
 
 Vesiga, a name in Russia for a gela- 
 tinous substance, the dried dorsal cord 
 or spinal nerve of various kinds of 
 sturgeon. When boiled it is cut into 
 small pieces, and forms an impor- 
 tant ingredient in excellent little fish 
 pies. 
 
 Vestas, small wax matches or tapers, 
 usually sold in boxes with a friction 
 surface on which to rub them. Mar- 
 seilles is the great centre of the wax 
 match industry, while Austria stands 
 next. 
 
 Vet (Dutch), fat or grease. 
 
 Veterinarian, often abbreviated to 
 vet., a veterinary surgeon. 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon, one skilled in 
 the diseases of horses, sheep, dogs, and 
 cattle, etc. Those who have studied at 
 the Royal Veterinary College, London, 
 have a qualified license to practise. 
 
 Viands, victuals, meats cooked for 
 human food. 
 
 Vicessy Duck, a West Indian water 
 fowl, very excellent eating. 
 
 Victoria Twills, all-wool fabrics made 
 for men's wear. 
 
 Victorine, a lady's neck-tie or small 
 tippet of fur. 
 
 Vicuna (Lama vicugna, Mol. ; Auchenia 
 vicugna), the smallest but most grace- 
 ful of the tribe of South American 
 animals, to which it belongs. It is 
 wild, but its flesh and wool are valuable, 
 
 Vidange (French), a deposit of night 
 soil or manure. 
 
 Vidangeur (French), a nightman, one 
 who empties privies. 
 
 Vielle (Labrus sp.), a fish, of which 
 there are two varieties, green and 
 red. 
 
 Villorin, a coarse kind of Spanish cloth. 
 
 Vills, a name for rennet skins ; small 
 ones of very young calves retain the 
 coagulating properties well. 
 
 Virginia Rail. See Rails. 
 
 Viscacha (Lagostomus trichodacfylus ; 
 Calomys bizcacha), a small South 
 American rodent, the flesh of which 
 is eaten, and the skins used for fur. 
 
 Viscera, the intestines or bowels of an 
 animal. The viscera of the ox is used 
 in the manufacture of goldbeater's skin, 
 that of the sheep for making " catgut," 
 the viscera of the hog as envelopes for 
 minced meat, sausages, etc. ; parchment 
 made from the viscera of bears is used 
 in Kamschatka for masks and window 
 panes, that from seals by the Eskimo 
 for clothing, for bags and blankets. 
 
 Visch (Dutch), fish. 
 
 Vischkooper (Dutch), a fishmonger. 
 
 Vischlijm (Dutch), isinglass. 
 
 Vison. See Mink. 
 
 Vive (French), a name for the dragon 
 
 fish, the flesh of which is white, firm, 
 
 and delicate. 
 Vixen, a sportsman's term for a she-fox. 
 Vleesch (Dutch), flesh or meat. 
 Vobla, Voblys (Leuciscus rutilis, Lin.). 
 
 This fish, the roach, is sold, salted and 
 
 dried, in Russia. 
 Vog, a fish measure in Norway of 44 lbs. 
 Vogel (German and Dutch), a bird. 
 Vogelkooper (Dutch), a poulterer. 
 Yolpina, the Italian name for a species 
 
 of mullet (Mug el cephalus, Cuv.). 
 Vorstechhund (German), a pointer or 
 
 setter. 
 Vos (Dutch), a fox. 
 
 Vrelin, a name in Brittany for the 
 winkle. 
 
 Vulture Plumes, a trade name for the 
 feathers of the Rhea amerieana, 
 Vieill., and other species of Rhea, erro- 
 neously named American ostriches. 
 The quantity of feathers shipped from 
 the port of Montevideo in 1875 was 
 92,400 lbs. ; in 1877 it was only 44,000 
 lbs., valued at £20,000. They are 
 nearly all sent to Havre, where the 
 annual receipts average 75,000 lbs., 
 representing a value of £48,000. The 
 domestication of the bird is now being 
 attempted, as has been successfully 
 practised with the ostrich in South 
 Africa. The quantity of these feathers 
 shipped from the Argentine Republic 
 in 1874 was 60 tons, valued at £26,538. 
 
 Vultures, these birds are highly useful 
 to man as scavengers. In Mexico the 
 turkey vulture, Cathartes aura, Lin., 
 and C. umbri are the most useful. At 
 Vera Cruz, where they are common in 
 
WAG [ 130 ] WAT 
 
 the streets, there is a penalty of £10 
 for killing one. The caracara (Poly- 
 borus Braziliensis, 6m.) is also a 
 common species. In the West Indies 
 the John Crow vulture performs the 
 same useful office of destroying car- 
 rion. The bird known as king of the 
 vultures is Sarcoramphus papa, 
 Dinner; Gypagus papa, Lin. The 
 African vulture (Niophron perenop- 
 tecus, Lin.) was held sacred by the 
 ancient Egyptians. The white headed 
 vulture (Vultur vulvus) is more 
 generally diffused than any other. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wachtelhunde (German), a spaniel 
 or setter. 
 
 Wadmal, a home-spun woollen cloth 
 made in Iceland. 
 
 Wagnhund, a name in Norway for Orca 
 grampus, Desm. 
 
 Wall, a German fish measure containing 
 80 to 100 herrings. 
 
 Wallabies, marsupial animals belong- 
 ing to the genera Halmaturus and 
 Petrogale, of which there are several 
 species in Australia, Halmaturus 
 Parryii ; H. ualabalus ; H. ruficollis ; 
 H. Parma ; H. thetidis ; and the rock 
 wallaby, Pterogale penicillata. They 
 are hunted down chiefly for their 
 skins. 
 
 Wallaroo (OspJiranter robustus), a 
 
 large black kangaroo of Australia, 
 
 chased mainly for its skin. 
 Wall-eyed Pike, an American name 
 
 for a species of perch (StizostetJiium 
 
 canadense. 
 Wallfisch (German and Dutch), the 
 
 whale. 
 
 Walrus (Trichechus rosmarus; Eos- 
 marus obesus), a marine mammal of 
 the northern polar regions, sometimes 
 called sea-cow and morse. The eco- 
 nomic products for which this animal 
 is sought are its flesh and skin, its 
 oil, and two canine teeth, which are 
 whiter and harder than elephant 
 ivory ; the tusks are used for cane and 
 sword handles, trinkets, jewelry, but- 
 tons, paper-knives, counters, crochet- 
 needles, &c. As many as 60,000 wal- 
 ruses have been killed in a year. The 
 oil is a well-known article of com- 
 merce. 
 
 Walschot (Dutch), spermaceti. 
 
 Wal-traan (Dutch), train oil. 
 
 Wampum, a kind of bead made for 
 the trade with the Indians in North 
 America ; also sections of shells strung 
 and used as a medium of currency by 
 the North American Indians them- 
 selves. The shells principally used 
 are Dentalium sp. and Venus mer- 
 cenaria. 
 
 Wanderoo (Silenus veter ; Macacus 
 
 silenus), an Asiatic monkey. 
 Wapiti (Cervus canadensis, Schreb.), 
 
 a magnificent North American deer, 
 
 the only true stag of the New World ; 
 
 its horns sometimes weigh over 32 lbs. 
 
 the pair. 
 
 Warblers. The flesh of the stone chat 
 (Saxicola cenanthe) is rather savoury, 
 and that of the bristly braided mouse 
 {Calomophilus biarmicus) is palatable. 
 
 Warbles, a defect in market hides 
 arising from the grub of the gad-fly 
 (CEstrus bovis),which having burrowed 
 into the skin, when matured makes its 
 exit, leaving a small hole, which injures 
 the hide. 
 
 Warchou (Neptoninus brama), a New 
 
 Zealand fish. 
 Ware, a trade name for oysters when 
 
 they are fit for the market. 
 Warp Yarn, the more firmly twisted 
 
 threads which run the length of a 
 
 textile fabric, and are crossed by the 
 
 weft or woof. It is sometimes called 
 
 water twist. 
 Warragal, the aboriginal name for the 
 
 Australian wild dog (Ganis dingo, 
 
 Blum.). See Dingo. 
 Warrener, a keeper who has the 
 
 charge of a rabbit warren. 
 Waschbar (German), the raccoon (Pro- 
 
 cyon lutor). See Raccoon. 
 Wash, ten strikes of oysters, or about 
 
 20 bushels ; also a fish measure for 
 
 whelks, about three-quarters of a 
 
 bushel. 
 
 Wash-leather, a soft tawed or oiled 
 leather made from the skins or hides 
 of various animals, such as deer, 
 sheep, calves, and oxen (for the white 
 leather used for military belts), 
 breeches, gloves, &c. It is much used 
 also for cleaning and polishing, from 
 its softness. It is sometimes called 
 shammy leather. See Chamois. 
 
 Wasser-Wolf, a name in Hanover for 
 the pike (Esox lucius, Lin.). 
 
 Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis, 
 Swinhoe), a singular Chinese deer, 
 without horns. The Chinese have an 
 extraordinary dislike for their flesh, 
 
WAT [ 131 ] WHA 
 
 so that they are only killed for the 
 European markets; the venison is 
 coarse and without taste. 
 
 Water Hare (Lepus aquaticus). 
 
 Water-hen, a name for the common 
 Moor- hen (GaZUnula ckloropus, Lin.), 
 which see. 
 
 Waterproof Tweeds, a superfine all- 
 wool cloth made for men's wear. They 
 are, however, also made of unions, or 
 with a cotton warp. 
 
 Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus, Lin.). 
 See Rails. 
 
 Wattles, the red fleshy side bands on 
 a cock's head. 
 
 Waukhin, a native name for the Tom- 
 cod, which see. 
 
 Wawpoos, a name for the North Ame- 
 rican hare. 
 
 Wax (Anglo-Saxon, waex). See Bees' 
 Wax. 
 
 Wax Chandler, one who makes or sells 
 wax candles and bleaches wax. 
 
 Wax-dice, a species of sturgeon (Aci- 
 penser Guldenstadtii, Brandt). 
 
 Waxed Fleshes, a trade name for cer- 
 tain leathers, prepared of the inner 
 side of split skins. 
 
 Wax Flowers. Artificial flowers and 
 fruit are often modelled in wax and 
 coloured to imitate natural ones. 
 
 Wax Matches. See Vestas. 
 
 Wax Tapers, small tapers or rolls used 
 for lighting ; the small wax matches 
 are usually called vestas. 
 
 Weakfish, another name for species of 
 Corbina (Cynomion stolzmanni, &c). 
 
 Weasands, a trade name for the oeso- 
 phagus, or gut skins of bullocks, which 
 when cleansed and dried are used for 
 bladders and goldbeater's skin. 
 
 Weasel (Mustela, Lin., Putorius, Cuv.), 
 a tribe of small fur-bearing animals. 
 The stoat or ermine (M. erminea) fur- 
 nishes the best ermine of commerce. 
 The long-tailed weasel (M. longicauda) 
 is taken both in its summer and winter 
 dress. The common weasel (Mustela 
 vulgaris, Gm.) is the smallest of the 
 species. 
 
 Weaver, one who works at a loom. 
 
 Welder. See Wether. 
 
 Wedge-shell (Donax trunculus), an 
 edible mollusc. 
 
 Weenusk (Arctomys empetra), a fur- 
 rier's name for some species of marmot. 
 
 Weft, the less firmly twisted cross 
 yarns or threads which form the 
 transverse substance, or the woof of 
 the web of a fabric ; those which run 
 lengthwise being termed the warp. 
 
 Weissrochen, the German name for the 
 
 sharp-nosed ray (Raja oxyrhynchas, 
 Lin. ; R. lintea, Fr.). 
 
 Wellhorn, the German name for the 
 whelk (Buccinum undatum). 
 
 Wels, a German name for the Silurus 
 glanis, which is highly esteemed. 
 
 Welsh Flannel^ superior fine flannel 
 made from the fleeces of the local 
 breed of sheep in North Wales. 
 
 Welsh Mutton, choice and delicate 
 joints of meat from the small moun- 
 tain sheep of Wales. 
 
 Welsh Rabbit, or Rarebit, toasted 
 cheese on bread, with some seasoning. 
 
 Welsh Runts, a middle-horned abori- 
 ginal breed of cattle, which are hardy 
 and frequently resorted to for grazing 
 purposes. 
 
 Welt-bellies, curried leather for the 
 inner linings of boots and shoes, reach- 
 ing to the edge of the sole. 
 
 Welt Shoulders, curried leather fit 
 for the welts of boots and shoes. 
 
 Westphalia Hams, these are principally 
 cured at and exported from Hamburg. 
 The smoking is done in extensive 
 chambers in the upper stories of high 
 buildings, the smoke being carried up 
 from fires in the cellars through tubes, 
 and is both dry and cool when it comes 
 in contact with the meat. 
 
 Wether, a castrated ram. 
 
 Wetterfisch, a name in Germany for 
 the loach (Cobitis fossilis, Lin.). 
 
 Wey, Weigh, a weight for wool, 6£ tods, 
 or 182 lbs. ; two weys make a sack of 
 wool, and 12 score, or 240 lbs., a pack of 
 wool; 32 cloves of cheese, each 7 lbs. ; 
 2 to 3 cwt. of butter. 
 
 Whaap, a name in Scotland for the 
 common curlew (Numenius arquata, 
 Lin.). 
 
 Whale (Anglo-Saxon, hevael), the 
 largest of the sea mammals, of which 
 there are several species, much pur- 
 sued for the train oil obtained from 
 their blubber, and the whalebone 
 yielded by some. The flesh is eaten by 
 many people, and the skin has been 
 tanned. 
 
 Whalebone, the baleen from the mouth 
 of some species of whale. The sup- 
 ply has greatly decreased owing to 
 the whale fisheries being less prose- 
 cuted, and the price has greatly ad- 
 vanced of late years, although many 
 useful substitutes have been found for 
 this material. Whalebone is chiefly 
 obtained from the Balcena mysticetus 
 and B. australis. 
 
 Whalebone-cutter, one who works 
 up whale-fins or baleen for whips, 
 K 2 
 
WHA [ 132 ] WID 
 
 umbrella ribs, stay bones and other 
 articles. 
 
 Whale-fin, a plate or blade of baleen 
 which sometimes reaches the length of 
 12 to 15 feet. There are about 300 of 
 these in the mouth of the whale. 
 
 Whale Oil, oil obtained by boiling 
 down the blubber of the whale. See 
 Train Oil. 
 
 Whale-shot, a name among whalers for 
 head matter or spermaceti. See Sper- 
 maceti. 
 
 Wheatear (Saxicola oenanthe, Lin.), a 
 British bird caught in large quantities 
 on the Southern coasts about the end of 
 July for the table, its flesh being very 
 delicate. 
 
 Whelk (Anglo-Saxon, weole), a mol- 
 lusc (Buccinum undatum) much in 
 esteem among the lower classes. The 
 fishery of these on a sandy bank in 
 Whitstable Bay yields £12,000 sterling 
 annually. 
 
 Whelp, the young of a bitch or lioness. 
 
 Whey, the residuum of milk after the 
 manufacture of cheese; it is usually 
 fed to calves and pigs. 
 
 Whey-butter. In some few instances, 
 the fat remaining in the whey, after 
 making whole milk cheese, is collected 
 and made into whey-butter. 
 
 Whimbrel (Numenius phteopus, Lin.), 
 a species of curlew, native of Europe. 
 There is a smaller bird, N. minutus, 
 Gould, met with in Australia. The 
 whimbrel is often passed off to the 
 unwary as a woodcock. 
 
 Whip, a person employed in looking after 
 a pack of hounds. [whip. 
 
 Whip-thong, the leather lash for a 
 
 Whistler, a name in North America 
 for the hoary marmot (Arctomys 
 pruinosus, Pennant). It has a silver- 
 grey fur. The Indians consider its 
 flesh as delicious food. 
 
 Whistling Dick (Collurincla SelMi}, a 
 common cage-bird of Van Diemen's 
 Land, remarkable for its power and 
 facility of imitation as a whistler. 
 
 Whistling Swan (Cygnus america- 
 nus), the wild swan. 
 
 Whitebait, a small delicate fish caught 
 in the Thames which has been named 
 by some Clupea alba, but is generally 
 believed to be only the young fry of 
 the common herring. Under the name 
 of whitebait, Engraulis commerso- 
 nianus is much used in India, and E. 
 antarctica in Victoria. 
 
 White-coats, the skins of young seals, 
 which weigh 5 or 6 lbs. each. 
 
 Whitefish (C. clupeiformis [Mitch.], 
 Milner), a fine freshwater table fish of 
 the Great Lakes of America. There is 
 a second species, C. Otsego. The Euro- 
 pean species are C. Wartmanni, C. 
 fera and C. mar&na. The name 
 whitefish is also sometimes given to 
 the menhaden, which was often used to 
 manure land, though now better uti- 
 lised. 
 
 White-skins, skins that have been 
 tawed or prepared with the salts of 
 alumina, and are largely used for the 
 lining of boots and shoes. 
 
 White Whale (Delphinapterus catodon 
 [Lin.], Gill.), a cetacean of the Arctic 
 and sub-Arctic seas, which ascends 
 large rivers. See Beluga. 
 
 Whiting (Merlangus vulgaris)? a small 
 delicate sea fish, seldom exceeding a 
 pound and-a-half in weight, which 
 abounds on all the British coasts, and 
 may be taken all the year, but not 
 under 7 inches. The fish which passes 
 under the name of whiting in India is 
 Selago schama, Forsk., and Scicena 
 pama, the flesh of which furnishes a 
 light and nourishing diet. The whiting" 
 of North America is Menticirrus 
 nebulosus [Mitch.], Gill; also known 
 as the king-fish. There are four Aus- 
 tralian fishes which pass under this 
 name, the common sand whiting 
 (Sillago maculata); the trumpeter 
 whiting bassensis), S. punctata^ 
 Cuv. and Val., and S. ciliata. The 
 first of these is far the most import- 
 ant as an article of food. 
 
 Whiting Pollack, a namefor the Gadus 
 pollachius, Lin., common on the rocky 
 coasts of Britain. 
 
 Whiting Pout (Morrhua hisca, Yar- 
 rell), a small sea fish. 
 
 Whittling, a name in Scotland for the 
 grilse of the sea trout {Salmo trutta or 
 albus). They are also called hirling. 
 
 Whoop er, a name given to the wild 
 swan. 
 
 Whydah Finch (Vidua paradise® an<3 
 V. prineipales, Lin.), singing birds 
 brought to Europe from the West 
 Coast of Africa ; the name has been 
 corrupted to widow-finch. 
 
 Wideawake, a name for the black tern 
 (Hydrochelidon nigra, Tenm.) ; the 
 eggs are sought for in many localities. 
 
 Widgeon (Mareca penelope, Lin.), a 
 wild fowl captured or shot in the 
 autumn and winter for the table. The 
 baldpate is an American species, M. 
 americana f 
 
WID [ 133 ] WOO 
 
 Widow-bird. See Whydah Finch. 
 
 Wig, a peruke or covering for a bald 
 head made of hair ; a technical name 
 for the rough skin of an old male seal, 
 and for the hump of the bison. 
 
 Wigeon. See Widgeon. 
 
 Wild (German and Dutch), game or 
 venison. 
 
 Wild Cat (Fells catus), the European 
 wild cat is caught for its skin. 
 
 Wild Duck (Anas boschas, Lin.). The 
 mallard is the original of all the other 
 domestic varieties of duck. It is plen- 
 tiful in Britain in all seasons, and is 
 shot or caught in decoys for the table, 
 its flesh being very palatable. 
 
 Wilde-beest, a name for the gnu. See 
 Gnu. 
 
 Wild Fowl, a collective name for wild 
 ducks and other birds shot or trapped 
 during winter. 
 
 Willet (Totanus semipalmatMs), a 
 kind of snipe of America, the flesh of 
 which is eaten. It is the Symphernia 
 semipalmata of Harlt. 
 
 Willock, a name for a species of guil- 
 lemot (Alca tor da, Lin.). 
 
 Willow Grouse (Lagopus albus), this 
 bird chiefly inhabits Northern Europe. 
 
 Wincey, another name for linsey wool- 
 sey. 
 
 Windhund (German), the greyhound, 
 
 Windtoy (Cautharus blochii), a deli- 
 cious table fish of the Cape Colony. 
 
 Winkle, a name for Pyrula canalicu- 
 lata in the United States. See also 
 Periwinkles. 
 
 Winnonish, an undefined Canadian fish, 
 caught in the province of Quebec. 
 
 Wire Worm (Agriotis spectator), a 
 destructive insect. 
 
 Witches, an inferior kind of fish, often 
 sold for common soles. 
 
 Wittling, a name for Merlanger vul- 
 garis. 
 
 Wolf, a well-known wild animal. The 
 varieties of the American wolf (Canis 
 occidentalis) have finer fur than the 
 European species; the prairie wolf 
 (C. lutrans) supplies one of the furs 
 of the Hudson's Bay Company. These 
 skins are not split open, but inverted 
 or " cased." We import 8,000 to 10,000 
 wolf skins annually. The flesh of the 
 common wolf is said to be palatable 
 when cooked. 
 
 Wolf-dog, a classification made of some 
 varieties of dogs, such as the Siberian, 
 Esquimaux, &c. 
 
 Wolf-fish, an American fish, of which 
 there are two species (Anarrhicas 
 minor and A. lupus). 
 
 Wolverine (Gulo luscus, Lin.), a North 
 American animal nearly as large as a 
 badger. Its fur is of a deep brown 
 colour, passing in the depth of winter 
 almost to black. The imports through 
 the Hudson's Bay Company average 
 from 1,000 to 1,500 skins yearly. It is 
 much used for muffs, sleigh robes and 
 linings. It is also known as the glut- 
 ton. 
 
 Wombat (Phascolomys wombat, Per. et 
 Les. ; P. platyrhinus), an Australian 
 animal sometimes called the native 
 pig, and its flesh, though red and coarse, 
 resembles pork. Its fur is very coarse, 
 and its skin tough. The skin with the 
 hair on makes, however, excellent 
 mats for parlour doors. There are 
 two or three species of wombat. 
 
 Wonga-loonga (Leucosarcia picata, 
 Latham), a large Australian pigeon, of 
 attractive plumage and a great delicacy 
 for the table, its large size and the 
 whiteness of its flesh rendering it in 
 this respect second to no other mem- 
 ber of its family — the one at all ap- 
 proximating to it being the Geophaps 
 scripta. 
 
 Woodchuck (Arctomyx monax, Lin.). 
 The flesh of this Quebec marmot is 
 considered good when fat ; the Indians 
 make robes of the skin. 
 
 Woodcock (Scolopax rusticula, Lin.), 
 a migratory bird of the snipe tribe, the 
 flesh of which is esteemed a great 
 food delicacy, and they generally 
 attract a good deal of the sportsman's 
 attention. The American woodcock is 
 Philohela minor. 
 
 Wood-duck ( Aix sponsa), a wild fowl, 
 the flesh of which is edible. 
 
 Wood-shock, a name in Canada for the 
 fisher or pekan (Mustela pennanti) ; 
 the fur is used for linings, and the tails 
 for trimmings. 
 
 Wool (Anglo-Saxon, wol), the fleecy 
 covering of sheep, which is the most 
 important of the animal fibres. The 
 quantity of foreign sheep's wool we 
 received in 1878, including mohair 
 and alpaca, amounted to over 390 
 million lbs., and of this about 23^ 
 million lbs. were re-exported. The 
 home production of wool in the 
 United Kingdom is about 160,000,000 
 lbs. Wools are divided by the trade 
 into long or combing wools, applicable 
 for stuffs and worsted goods, and 
 short or clothing wools for broadcloth 
 manufacture. The former are, how- 
 ever, again subdivided into wools of 
 from 4 to 7 inches in length, used for 
 
WOO [ 134 ] YAT 
 
 hosiery and some other purposes, and 
 those above that length employed 
 principally for coarse worsted goods. 
 
 Wool Broker, a commission agent, 
 one who receives bales of wool on con- 
 signment to sell privately or at public 
 auction. There are also wool im- 
 porters and wool warehouse-keepers. 
 
 Wool Extractors, manufacturers who 
 by a chemical process recover and 
 utilise the wool from mixed fabrics. 
 
 Woolfel, a skin not stripped of the 
 wool. 
 
 Woollen Draper, a dealer in cloth 
 and woollen goods generally. 
 
 Woollen Rags, torn-up fabrics which 
 are used for making shoddy, and the 
 worst kind for manure. We import 
 about 29,000 tons of woollen rags 
 yearly, besides those collected at home. 
 
 Woollen Yarn, yarn intended for 
 weaving; of this we import annually 
 about 12,000,000 lbs., but export more 
 than double that quantity. See Yarn. 
 
 Woolmen's Company, one of the minor 
 livery companies of the City of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Woolpack, a bale of wool weighing 12 
 score or 240 lbs. The average weight 
 of the bales of wool from different 
 quarters is — Australian, 2 to 3 cwt. ; 
 East Indian and German, 3 to 4 cwt. ; 
 Russian, 3£ to 4 cwt.; Spanish and 
 Portuguese, 1 to 2 cwt. ; South Ame- 
 rican, 4^ to 8 cwt. ; goat's wool, 1£ to 2 
 cwt. ; Peruvian, 56 to 84 lbs. 
 
 Wool Scourer, one who washes wool 
 or scours cloth with fuller's earth to 
 remove the greasy matters. 
 
 Wool Stapler, a fellmonger, one who 
 sorts and divides the wool into various 
 classes suited for different purposes. 
 Thus, clothing wool is sorted into 
 finest pick-locks, prime and pick, choice, 
 super, head wool, downrights, seconds 
 from the throat and breast ; abb or an 
 inferior sort, long livery or coarse 
 belly wool, livery grey, and short 
 coarse from the breast. The deep 
 combing sorts of wool may be thus 
 classed — long coarse, saycast, lusty, 
 long neate, long drawing, fine draw- 
 ing, country long drawing, and country 
 fine drawing. 
 
 Wool-weight. Wool is sent into com- 
 merce in closely-pressed packs or bales. 
 The divisional weights of wool are 
 the clove, 7 lbs. ; the stone, 14 lbs. ; the 
 tod, 28 lbs.; the wey, 182 lbs.; the 
 sack, 364 lbs. ; and the last, 4,368 lbs. 
 
 Worsted, spun wool that has been 
 combed and is twisted hard, which is 
 
 chiefly used for knitting and weaving. 
 Worsted fabrics are cloths of long- 
 stapled wool, combed straightly and 
 smoothly, as distinct from woollens, 
 which are woven from short staple 
 wool, crossed and roughed in spin- 
 ning. 
 
 Wrasse (Labrus tinea ), the old wife, a 
 fish with soft flesh, not much esteemed 
 for food. The spotted wrasse is L. 
 maculata. See Lipp. 
 
 Wrongel (Dutch), curdled milk. 
 
 Wustenluchs (German), a species of 
 lynx {Fells caracal, Schreb.). See 
 Caracal. 
 
 Wydah Finch. See Whydah Finch. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yacare. See Jacare. 
 
 Yaguarundi (Felis yaguandi). The 
 skin of this animal is used by furriers. 
 
 Yak, the grunting ox (Poephagus grun~ 
 niens, Lin.) is used as a beast of bur- 
 den. Its flesh, when young, serves for 
 food fresh, and that of the older ani- 
 mals is dried in strips under the name 
 of shat-chew in Thibet. Its rich milk 
 and curd is eaten, either fresh or dried, 
 and powdered into a kind of meal. It 
 forms an important article of com- 
 merce and will keep fresh in skins a 
 long time. The skin is used for coats 
 and caps and the hair twisted into ropes 
 and worked up for tents. Lace and 
 other fabrics are made from the wool 
 of this animal in the natural colour. 
 The bushy tail is employed as a fly- 
 flapper in India, and among some of 
 the Eastern nations it is a standard or 
 emblem of authority. 
 
 Yama-Mai, a species of wild Japanese 
 silkworm, which feeds on the leaves of 
 the oak and produces a light green- 
 coloured silk. The name means worm 
 of the mountains. 
 
 Yaoust, a fermented drink made from 
 milk in Turkey. 
 
 Yarn, a name for twisted or spun silk or 
 wool ; owing to the perfection of our 
 spinning we export large quantities of 
 yarn. In 1878 we shipped about 
 31.000,000 lbs. of woollen and worsted 
 yarn, and of thrown silk, twist and 
 yarn to the value of £563,758. 
 
 Yatasca, dried meat, pounded and sea- 
 soned with cayenne, which is used by 
 travellers in the Andes. 
 
YAW [ 135 ] 
 
 ZIJ 
 
 Yawlings, a fisherman's term for a 
 
 larger 1 kind of fish caught with the 
 
 whitebait in the Thames. 
 Y.C., an abbreviation in commercial 
 
 journals and transactions for yellow 
 
 candle or Russian tallow, the fat of 
 
 oxen. The best is called P.Y.C., prime 
 
 yellow candle. 
 Yearling, a term applied to an animal 
 
 under a year old, as a yearling colt, 
 
 filly, sheep, &c. 
 Yearnings, a Scotch name for the maws 
 
 of young calves used as rennet. 
 Yelk, Yolk, the yellow portion of an 
 
 egg. 
 
 Yellow Candle. SeeY.C. 
 
 Yellow-hammer, or Bunting (Em- 
 beriza citrinella, Lin.), a British bird, 
 which, when fat, is excellent for the 
 table. 
 
 Yellow Mackerel, a name for Caran- 
 gus chrysos [Mitch.], Gill., an Atlantic 
 fish. See Crevalle. 
 
 Yellow-shanks (Totanus [Gambetta] 
 flavipes), a North American bird 
 sought for by the sportsman. 
 
 Yellow-tail, an Australian edible fish 
 ( Trachurus declivis). It is almost iden- 
 tical with the horse mackerel of 
 Europe (T. trachurus), and is in great 
 demand for bait. Seriola grandis, Cast., 
 which passes under the name of yellow- 
 tail in Melbourne, is moderately es- 
 teemed as an article of food. Also 
 another name for the silver-fish 
 Bardiella punctata [Lin.], Gill., a 
 North American fish. 
 
 Yelt, a sow with its first litter. 
 
 Yergas, eoarse woollen wrappers made 
 for horse clothing. 
 
 Yoag, a name in the Shetland Isles for 
 the large horse mussel (Mytilus modio- 
 lus), which is sometimes eaten, but 
 principally employed as bait by the 
 fishermen. 
 
 Yolk, an oily secretion or grease in 
 sheep's wool intended to nourish the 
 growth and give pliability to the 
 fibre. 
 
 Yong-yu, the Chinese name for Hyphoph- 
 thalmichthys nobilis, Blecker. 
 
 Youft, the best kind of Russia leather 
 of this name is of a red colour and a 
 pleasant odour, but it is also made 
 black and white. The name is derived 
 from the Russian jufte, signifying a 
 pair, the hides being sewn together in 
 pairs in tanning. See Russia Leather. 
 
 Yu, Iyu, the Malay name for the shark 
 and for fish in general. 
 
 Yungan, a name given by the Australian 
 aborigines to the Halicore dugong, an 
 
 herbivorous marine mammal. See 
 Dugong. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zaccatella, a name in Mexico for the 
 black female cochineal insect, which 
 has died after depositing its eggs. 
 
 Zamarugola, an Italian name for Strom- 
 bus pes-pelicani, Lin. 
 
 Zander, Zannt, German names for the 
 sander (Leucioperca sandra, Cuv.). 
 See Sander. 
 
 Zanella, a mixed twilled fabric used 
 for covering umbrellas. 
 
 Zapa (Spanish), shagreen, or the skin of 
 the dogfish. 
 
 Zarthe (German), Abramis vimba, Lin. 
 
 Zebad, the name in Abyssinia for the 
 African civet cat (Viverra civetta? 
 Schreb.). 
 
 Zebra (Equus zebra, Lin.), an animal of 
 South Africa, difficult to tame, but 
 often seen in zoological gardens. Its 
 hide, marked with black and white 
 transverse stripes, is sometimes used 
 for floor mats. 
 
 Zebu {Bos indicus, Lin.), a sacred ani- 
 mal with the Hindoos, a small humped 
 ox, valued for food, as a draught 
 animal, and also used for riding. 
 
 Zeebars (German), the sea perch (La- 
 brus lupus, Cuv.). 
 
 Zee-engel (Squatina angelus), also 
 known as the schoonbaai. 
 
 Zee-koe, a name among the Dutch Boers 
 in South Africa for the hippopotamus. 
 
 Zeem (Dutch), tawed or chamois 
 leather. 
 
 Zeep ( Dutch), soap. 
 
 Zeepaling (German), Conger vulgaris, 
 Cuv. 
 
 Zeevogel (Dutch), a water fowl. 
 Zeewolp (German), Annarhicas lupus f 
 Lin. 
 
 Z em bel, an Arab name for a saddle. 
 Zephyr Yarn, another name for Berlin 
 wool. 
 
 Zibeline (French), sable fur, also the 
 
 same in Italian and Portuguese. 
 Zibet, an Asiatic animal (Viverra zi- 
 
 betha). See Civet. 
 Ziege (German), a she-goat, Ziegenbock 
 
 being a he-goat. 
 Ziegenkase (German), cheese made of 
 
 goats' milk. 
 Ziegenlab (German), rennet. 
 Zieger (German), a kind of whey. 
 Zigworm (Dutch), a silkworm. 
 Zijde (Dutch), silk. 
 
ZIN 
 
 C 136 ] 
 
 ZWE 
 
 Zingel, Zink, Zint, German names for 
 Aspro streber, Sieb. 
 
 Zizi (Emberiza cirlus, Lin.), a name for 
 the cirl bunting. 
 
 Zofia, a Moorish rug or floor covering. 
 
 Zoogdieren (Butch), mammalia. 
 
 Zoog-varken (Butch ), a sucking pig. 
 
 Zoology, the study and general classifi- 
 cation of animals. 
 
 Zoophytes, an order of vermes. The 
 deep crimson Mediterranean anemone 
 (Actinia jordiaca) is esteemed a great 
 delicacy by the Italians. Some others 
 
 are edible, as Actinia crassicornis, An- 
 
 thea cereus, &c. 
 Zoril, a name for the North American 
 
 skunk (Mephites mephitica, Shaw). 
 
 See Skunk. 
 Zorro (Spanish), the fox. 
 Zotskappen (literally fool's cap), a 
 
 Dutch name for the heart cockle (Iso- 
 
 cardia cor, Lin.). 
 Zuivel (Dutch), dairy produce, as milk, 
 
 butter, cheese and eggs. 
 Zwergkatze (German), Felis undata. 
 
 WERTHEIMER, LEA & CO., PRINTERS, CIRCUS PLACE, LONDON WALL.