DESCRIPTIVE BOOK AND Key Plates OF Selous' Two Grand Pictures OF JERUSALEM, Ancient and Modern. CONTAINING A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF NEARLY TWO HUNDRED POINTS OF INTEREST IN THE PICTURES, A RESUME OF THE RECENT EXPLORATIONS IN THE CITY. AND OUTLINES OF ITS TOPOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. By REV. ISRAEL P. WARREN, D. D. PUBLISHED BY ELLIOT, B LAKES LEE & NOYES; 127 Tremont Street, BOSTON. V MEMBERS OF THE ^mmtan Palestine i^plorati0tt &0iht|j. Prof. Roswell D. Hitchcock, D. D., President. Hon. William E. Dodge, William A. Booth, Esq., Rev. Howard Crosby, D. D., Secretary. Vice-Presidents. John Taylor Johnston, Esq., Howard Potter, Esq., James Stokes, Jr. Treasurer. Rev. Leonard Bacon, D. D., New Haven, Conn. Rev. O. M. Barten, Norfolk, Va. Rev. E. R. Beadle, D. D., Philadelphia, Pa. Rev. R. R. Booth, D. D., New York. Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D., Boston, Mass. Rev. W. I. Budington, D. D., Brooklyn, N. Y. Hon. Norton P. Chipman, M. C, Washington, D. C. Frederick E. Church, Esq., New York. Rev. Lyman Coleman, D. D., Easton, Pa. Prof. James D. Dana, LL. D., New Haven, Conn. Rev. George E. Day, D. D., New Haven, Conn. Hon. Smith Ely, M. C, New York. William Faxon, Esq., Hartford, Conn. Rev. W. L. Gage, Hartford, Conn. Hon. James A. Garfield, M. C, Washington, 1). ('. Prof. 1). C. Oilman, New Haven, Conn. Rev. K. P. Goodwin, D. D., Chicago, 111. Pro£ II. B. Ilackett, D. D., Rochester, N. Y. Prof. Joseph Henry, LL. D., Washington, D. C. Joseph I low land, Esq., Matteawan, N. Y. I). Willis James, Esq., New York. J. Augustus Johnson, Esq., New York. Prof. A. C. Kendrick, D. D., Rochester, N. Y. Rev. Daniel March, D. D., Philadelphia, Pa. Frederick Marquand, Esq., New York. Prof. S. F. B. Morse, New York. Rev. Richard Newton, D. D., Philadelphia, Pa. Prof. E. A. Park, D. D., Andover. .Mass. Rev. W. W. Patton, D. D., Chicago, 111. Pres. Noah Porter, D. D., New Haven, Conn. W. C. Prime, Esq., New York. Rev. C. S. Robinson, D. L)., New York. Joseph Seligman, Esq., New York. W. R. Singleton, Esq., Washington, D. C. Prof. H B. Smith, D. D., New York. Rev. John Cotton Smith, 1). I)., New York. Prof. James Strong, D. D., Madison, X. J. Mr. Justice Noah II. Swayne, Washington, D. C. Prof. W. Ii. Thomson, M I)., New York. Prof. W. S. Tyler, LL. D., Amherst, Mass. Hon. Hooper Van Vorst, New York. A. (). Van Lennep, Esq., New York. W. R. Vermilye, Esq., New York. Rev. J. II. Vincent, I>. D., New York. Rev. Wm. Hayes Ward, New York. Rev. E. A. Washburn, I'. D., New York. James Weir, Esq., Harrisburg, Pa. Rev. Samuel Wolcott, D. D., Cleveland, O. Rev. Pres. T. D. Woolsey, D. D., New Haven. Conn. Rev. W. M. Thomson, D. D., Beirut. Rev. C. V. A. Van Dyck, D. D., Rev. D. Stuart Dodge, Rev. George E. Post, M. D., J. Baldwin Hay, Esq., U.S. Consul Genl. " R. Beardsley, Esq., U. S. Consul, Jerusalem. Advisory Comni'ttet. JERUSALEM, Ancient and Modern. DESCRIPTIVE BOOK AND Key Plates OF Selous' Two Grand Pictures OF JERUSALEM, Ancient and Modern. CONTAINING A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF NEARLY TWO HUNDRED POINTS OF INTEREST IN THE PICTURES, A RESUME OF THE RECENT EXPLORATIONS IN THE CITY, AND OUTLINES OF ITS TOPOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES. By REV. ISRAEL P. WARREN, D. D. PUBLISHED BY ELLIOT, BLAKESLEE & NOYES, 127 Tremont Street, BOSTON. NOTE. Thanks are due to the Rev. A. P. Stanley, D. D., F. R. S., Regius Professor of Ecclesi- astical History in the University of Oxford, and the Rev. Horatius Bonar, D. D., of Edinburgh, for communications which were of great assistance to the Artist. The following are the authorities consulted in the preparation of the following pages. The Holy Bible. The Works of Flavius Josephus. Whiston's Translation. 2 Vols. Biblical Researches in Palestine. By Edward Robinson, D. D. 3 Vols., 2nd Ed. The City t>f the Great King. By J. T. Barclay, M. D. Cyclopaedia of Bible Literature. By John Kitto, D. D. 3 Vols. 3rd Ed. Dictionary of the Bible. . By William Smith, LL. D. 3 Vols. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, do. 1 Vol. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, do. 3 Vols. Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem. By Capt. C. W. Wilson. Recovery of Jerusalem. By Capts.' Wilson and Warren. Sinai and Palestine. By A. P. Stanley, D. D., F. R. S. Commentary on the Greek Testament. By Henry Alford, B. D. 4 Vols. The Holy City. By Rev. G. Williams, B. D. Bibliotheca Sacra. Vol. III. The Land and the Book. By Rev. W. M. Thomson, D. D. History of the Jews. By M. A. Beck. The City of Herod and Saladin. By Besant and Palmer. The Siege of Jerusalem by Titus. By Thomas Lewin, Esq. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. By Edward Gibbon, Esq. 2 Vols. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1873, By Elliot, Blakeslee & Noyes, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. CONTENTS. s ^Kc List of Authorities, ..... Description of the Pictures, .... I. Situation of Jerusalem, .... II. History of Jerusalem, .... Scriptural allusions illustrated, Key Plate to Ancient Jerusalem, Table of References to Ancient Jerusalem, . III. Description of Localities in Ancient Jerusalem, IV. The closing scenes in the Life of our Lord, • . V. Siege and Destruction of the City under Titus, VI. Modern History of Jerusalem, . Key Plate to Modern Jerusalem, Table of References to Modern Jerusalem, . VII. Description of Localitits in Modern Jerusalem, VIII. Recent Explorations in Modern Jerusalem, . Page. 4 6 7 9 13 14 15 16 29 33 4i 48 49 5° 56 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. View of the Tyropceon Valley and Robinson's Arch, . . Frontispiece. Cartouche of Rehoboam, ......... 10 Zizyphus Spina Christi, or Christ's Thorn, . . . . . .16 Pool of Siloam, .......... 18 Plan of the Sanctuary Area, . . . . . . . .18 Discoveries in the Tyropceon Valley, . . . . . . . 21 Facade of the Tombs of the Kings, ........ 28 Medal of Vespasian, ......... 40 Plan of Jerusalem in the twelth Century, . . . . . -47 The Mosk of Omar, ......... 51 Jews' Wailing Place, .......... 53 Excavation at south-east corner of the Temple Wall with Phoenician Characters on the Stones. ......... 56 5 VI DESCRIPTION OF Selous' two Grand Pictures of Jerusalem. Selous' pictures of Jerusalem are two very large and fine oil paintings. The canvas of each is 8 feet high and 12 feet long, and when the two pictures are pro- perly set up for exhibition, side by side, they with their frames and drapery occu- py a space about 16 feet in hight by 32 feet in length. The ^reat size of these pictures and the extreme care with which they are paint- ed, has enabled the artist in each case to plainly represent the entire city of Jeru- salem with much of the surrounding country, and to produce two very grand and noble views of the Holy City at two widely different periods of its history. They contain together upwards of 250 special points of interest and more than 200 highly finished figures, and havecreated a most extraordinary interest wherever they have been seen. In England they were visited by upwards of 500,000 persons. I. Jerusalem in her Grandeur. This picture represents the city as it appeared at the time of its greatest magnificence, which was after it had been rebuilt by Herod the Great, and during the lifetime of our Saviour. In the general arrangement of the city, in the appearance, size and location of its walls, gates and principal buildings, the artist has closely followed the descriptions given in the Bible ; and in Josephus and other historians ; or as placed by tradition, or ascertained by recent ex- plorations and surveys. Indeed, as will be found by a careful examination of the works quoted and referred to in the accompanying " Descriptive Book" there is good authority for nearly every thing represented upon the canvas. And the artist has used his imagination only so far as was necessary to clothe the plain state- ments of historians with pictorial life. So that in viewing this fine picture one may feel assured that in its general appearance he is gaining a correct impression of the grandeur and glory of Jerusalem at the time when Dean Stanley describes it as "a City of Palaces." and which he says was then probably equaled by no city of the West, except Rome, in its external mag- nificence. In this noble picture the spectator is sup- posed to be standing upon Mt. Olivet, looking down upon the city from a considerable eleva- tion and distance. The rising suit illumines the scene with a flood of light. In the foreground is the Valley of Jehosophat, through which flows the Brook Kidron, while just beyond from the slope of Mt. Moriah rise the massive walls of the Tempi. e. lis porches and courts are plain- ly visible; its beautiful gates and its altar from which ascends the smoke of the morning sacri- fice ; and its sanctuary glittering in marble and gold. It is a scene of surpassing magnificence and beauty, and while strictly following the de- scriptions of the best authorities, is, because of its brilliant coloring, like a new revelation of the magnificence of the Temple where Christ taught, even to those whose studies have made them most familiar with its plan and arrange- ment. At the right frowns the dark Castle of Antonia — shadowed by a passing cloud — while at the left are seen the strong towers and palaces of Ophcl. Beyond is Mt. Zion, thg place of Royal residences, conspicuous amongst which rises the marble palace of Herod the Great, with the great towers Hippicus, Phasaelus and Mariamne. Away to the north on the plain is the "very great" Amphitheater, while the Race courses, the Theater, and the other public buildings of Bezetha are seen nearer at hand. In the immediate foreground, the artist has represented the triumphal entry of our Lord into the Holy City, riding upon "a colt the foal of an ass." Near him are John, Peter and the other disciples ; while all about, the multitudes are thronging, waving palm branches, and shouting : " Hosanna, blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord." II. Jerusalem in her Decay. This picture represents the city from the same direction as the other, but the point of view is nearer and much less elevated. The general features of the landscape remain the same. The Kidron Valley, Mt. Moriah, Mt. Zion, and the distant Mizpeh are still seen ; but all else now changed. The glowing Temple resplendent in snowy marble and gold, has given place to the Mosk of Omar, and the dreary inclosure of the Ilaram. The old stones at the southeast cor- ner of the wall still mark the course of the foun- dations laid by Solomon, upon which in part rest tbe modern walls which inclose all that re- mains of the sacred city. Ophel has entirely dis- appeared, covered beneath the debris of centu- ries. Zion is no longer a city of Palaces, but the low stone houses mark the dwelling places of the Jews, while the Armenian Convent is conspicuous in the distance. The square Tow- er and two beautiful domes of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher are plainly seen in the midst of the city, and the bazars and houses of the Moslem quarter a little further to the north and east. Every building, whether house, tow- er, dome, minaret, church, convent or mosk, to be seen from our stand-point on Olivet, is reproduced on the canvas with more than pho- tographic accuracy. The chawing is perfect, while the local coloring of all things is exactly rendered. Even the moslem tombs and the nu- merous foot-paths on the slope of Mt. Moriah, the mosses on the walls, the very stones of the walls themselves, are correctly represented, so that in looking at this splendid painting "one sees Jerusalem as it is in every stone and every line," and although it is minutely accurate in all its details, yet its broad masses of light and shade arc so finely distributed that " the effect is broad, grand, harmonious and artistic in the highest degree." J ERUSALEM ANCIENT AND MODERN. I. SITUATION. Jerusalem, called by the Arabs El-Kuds, " the Holy," is situated near the summit of the broad mountain ridge which divides the Mediterranean Sea from the deep valley of the Jordan, at a distance of 32 miles from the former, and 18 from the latter. The elevation of its highest part, Zion, is 2550 feet above the level of the sea. The latitude of the city is 3 1° 47' north, its longitude 35 ° 18' East from Greenwich. 1 Its position and configuration were determined chiefly by the valleys which surround it except on the north, and whose depth and precipitous sides constitute natural defenses against assault. On the east is the valley of the Kidron, called also in its southern part the valley of Jehoshaphat. On the west and south, is the valley of Hinnom, which unites with the former about half a mile below the city, and thence passes in a south-east direction to the Dead Sea. Between these two is a third valley, the Tyro- poeon or valley of the Cheesemakers, dividing the city into two somewhat unequal portions of which the western is the larger, and opening into the valley of Hinnom, just above its junction with Jehoshaphat. All these val- leys commence in gentle depressions in the level land north of the city, but, descending rapidly, they soon become deep and narrow ravines until, at their confluence, their bed is no less than 570 feet lower than Zion, while the Dead Sea is about 3270 feet still lower, being 1290 feet below the waters of the Mediterranean, and the lowest point on the surface of the globe. 2 The site thus strongly defined consists mainly of two eminences, separ- ated by the Tyropoeon, of which the eastern is Mount Moriah, and the western, which is about 125 feet higher than the other, is Mount Zion. North of these the ground is more nearly level, rising toward the north-west 1 Ordnance Survey. 2 Kitto's Bib. Cycl. vol. Ill, p. 799. 8 JERUSALEM. and north-east in gentle slopes, where are the quarters called respectively Akra and Bezetha. On the east of the city, separated from it by the Kidron and vate of Jehoshaphat, is the Mount of Olives, which rises in two or three rounded summits about 220 feet higher than Zion, the southernmost of which is called the Mount of Offense, from the idolatries practiced there by Solo- mon under the influence of his heathen wives. 1 The northern extremity of the mountain bends around toward the west, constituting the eminence named Scopus, distant about a mile from the city. On the south is the Hill of Evil Council, so called from the tradition that here was the country residence of the high-priest Caiaphas, where Judas made his vile bargain for the betrayal of his Master. 2 On the west and north, the surface is comparatively level, rising gently toward the hills which bound the horizon at a distance of from 2 to 5 miles. Prominent among the latter is the conical summit called Neby Samwil, probably the ancient Miz- peh, the reputed burial place of the prophet Samuel. 3 The subjoined sketch will give a general view of the site of the city and the localities now mentioned. I. Robinson's Arch. 2. Jews' Wailiug-place. 'Kings 11: 7. s Matt. 26: 12— 16. 'No. 98. HISTORY. n. HISTORY. The earliest allusion to the Sacred City is generally supposed to be found in the record of the interview between Abraham and Melchizedek, who was priest and king of Salem, 1 and whom the Rabbins believed to have been the patriarch Shem. 2 This name Salem, or Peace, is still incorporated in the name of the city, the word Jerush-shalem signifying, according to Ge- senius, the " Foundation of Peace." A few years later Abraham visited the place again, having been sent to Mount Moriah to offer his son Isaac in sacrifice. 3 No further mention is made of the city till the conquest of Ca- naan under Joshua, when its king, Adoni-zedek, joined in a league with four neighboring kings to punish the Gibeonites for having made peace with the invaders, but was defeated and put to death, the sun and the moon, at the command of Joshua, delaying their course to render the victory more com- plete. 4 After the death of Joshua, Jerusalem was besieged by the Hebrews and burnt, 5 — a statement, however, which probably refers only to what is called the Lower City, and not to the stronghold of Zion, for it is afterward said that " they did not drive out the Jebusites that inhabited Jerusalem, but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Benjamin to this day." 6 Four hundred years after the conquest, David came to the throne of Is- rael, at Hebron, and in the seventh year of his reign, undertook the cap- ture of Jerusalem. The citizens relying upon their supposed impregnable position, derided his attempt, tauntingly shouting that the blind and the lame would be alone sufficient to defend it. 7 David, however, called for volunteers to storm the walls, promising to make him who should first scale the defenses his general-in-chief. This offer was accepted by Joab, who succeeded in the assault, and was thereafter " over the host." Having thus gotten possession of the fortress, David repaired and strengthened its walls, and built for himself there a palace, and from that time the place was denominated the " City of David." He also erected a new tent or tabernacle for the sacred ark, which he brought with great rejoicing from Kirjath Jearim, where it had remained the last twenty years, thus making Mount Zion the religious as well as political capital of the nation. 8 It was from 1 Gen. 14 : 1S-20. 2 Kitto Bib. Cycl. Vol. III. p. 125. Barclay p. 47. s Gen. 22 : 2. * Josh. 16. 6 Judgesi:S. e Judges 1 : 21. 7 2 Sam. 5:6. 8 2 Sam. 6: 17-19. 10 JERUSALEM. this fact that in the earlier Psalms, written by David before the erection of the temple, the word " Zion " became so identified with the worship of Jeho- vah, and even in our Christian phraseology has come to be invested with the most sacred associations, as synonymous with the church of God, and an emblem of heaven, the Mount Zion above. 1 Under Solomon his son, Jerusalem was further enlarged and fortified, and raised to a hight of splendor and opulence surpassing, probably, at that time all the cities of the world. His crowning work was the building of the temple on Mount Moriah. Hitherto this had been an uninhabited ledge of rock, its summit used as a threshing floor, belonging to Araunah or Oman, the Jebusite king. Here the destroying angel, who had been commissioned to smite the land with pestilence for David's sin in numbering the people, stayed his course, and the now penitent king, at the command of his prophet, purchased the threshing floor of Araunah, with the oxen and threshing in- struments, and built thereon an altar, upon which he offered the oxen as a sac- rifice to the Lord. 2 The spot made thus doubly memorable as the scene of Abraham's faith and of God's sparing mercy, was chosen as the site of the temple. In this great work Solomon was aided by the vast preparations which his father had made for it, and by the workmen and materials furnished him by the king of Tyre. The sacred edifice thus constructed was alike the glory of the nation and the wonder of the world, and its dedication was signalized by God's visible acceptance of it, in a pillar of cloud and fire, as the sanctuary of his presence, the earthly dwelling-place of the Most High. 3 The history of the city and temple thenceforward was substantially iden- tical with that of the Jewish nation. When their idolatrous wickedness called for chastisement, God suffered these to be insulted and plundered. Under Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, not only did ten of the tribes revolt and set up the rival kingdom of Israel, but Jerusalem itself was taken and plun- dered by the great Shishak, king of Egypt (B. C. 972), of which a record remains in the temple of Karnak to this day. The victorious monarch is sculptured with his prisoners before him, one of whom having his arms bound and a halter round his neck, bears a car- touche or oval, with the name in hieroglyphics " Joudh- melk" — i, c. Judah-Melek, "king of Judah." The Cartouche of Rehoboam. 1 llcb. 12: 22; Kcv. 14: 1. * 2 Sam. 24: 15-25; 9 i Kings S: io, n. HISTORY. 11 designation " land " which is added, denotes that reference is made to the country and not the person of that monarch. The city was again taken and sacked under Jehoram by the Philistines and Arabs (B. C. 887) ; a third time under Amaziah by Joash, king of Israel (B. C. 826), who demolished the walls for 400 cubits " from the gate of Ephraim to the corner gate ; " a fourth time under Manasseh, by the Assyrians, who sent him a prisoner to Babylon (B. C. 677); and again a fifth and sixth time by Nebuchadnezzar, who finally burned the city and temple, demolished the walls, and carried away all but a few of the poorest of the people as captives (B. C. 588). The decree of Cyrus, authorizing the return of the Jews and the rebuild- ing of the temple, was issued B. C. 536. The remnant of the nation that accepted the offer numbered 42,360 persons. 1 Many obstacles, however, impeded their undertaking, and it was 20 years before the new temple was completed and dedicated 2 (B. C. 5 1 5), and 70 years more before the rebuilding of the walls was finished, under Nehemiah 3 (B. C. 445.) From that time till the Christian era the history of Jerusalem was marked by vicissitudes not inferior to those of the former period. During the greater portion of the time the government was in the hands of the high priests, among whom was the renowned family of the Asamonaeans, so called from one of thtir ancestors named Asamonaeus, but perhaps more commonly known as the Maccabees, from Judas Maccabaeus, one of the most distinguished of their number. This epithet is said to have been derived from Makkab, a hammer, because of his valor in smiting the enemies of his people. 4 At that time the impious Antiochus Epiphanes was king of Syria, one of the four monarchies into which the empire of Alexander of Macedon had been divided at his death. This cruel tyrant, whose career : had been minutely depicted almost four centuries before by the prophet Daniel, 5 had obtained possession of Judaea among the conquests of his father Antiochus the Great, and selling the high priesthood to a creature of his own, he undertook to abolish the Jewish religion, and even to exterminate the nation. He car- ried off vast numbers of the people as slaves, robbed the temple of all its treasures and sacred utensils, abolished the daily sacrifices, and forbade, under the penalty of death, the observance of the Sabbath and circumcision. Not content with this he proceeded to formally desecrate the sanctuary itself, by offering a swine on the altar, dedicating the building to Jupiter, and setting up within it idols, with their obscene worship. These outrages kindled the patriotic indignation of the brave Maccabaean family, and after a long series of conflicts the tyrant was defeated and expelled from Palestine 1 Neh.7:66. 2 Ezra6:i7. »Neh. 12:27. * Smith's Die. of Bib. Vol. II., p. 164. s Dan. 12. 12 JERUSALEM. by Judas, about B. C. 164. After this the independence of the nation was maintained for a hundred years, when it was conquered by the Romans under Pompey, and made part of the Roman province of Syria. In the year B. C. 40, Herod I. surnamed the Great, was appointed king of Judaea by the Roman Senate. He was the son of Antipater an Idu- mean by an Arabian princess. He endeavored to gain the favor of the Jews by marrying Mariamne the granddaughter of Hyrcanus II., one of the Maccabees ; but they refused to acknowledge him as king, and adhered to Antigonus the direct representative of the Asamonaean line. With the aid of the Romans Herod then sought to attain the throne by force, but he did not gain possession of Jerusalem till at the end of a bloody siege, in B. C. 37. 1 He was a monarch of magnificent tastes, and though a cruel tyrant and oppressor, did more than any other after the time of Solomon to restore and adorn the city. He erected for himself a sumptuous palace on Mount Zion, and numerous public buildings in the lower city and its suburbs. He also rebuilt the temple, enlarging its dimensions, and lavishing upon it the most costly ornaments, so that it surpassed even the temple of Solomon in its pristine glory. His excesses at length brought upon him an incurable and most offensive disease, of which he died a few months after the birth of our Lord, whom he had vainly sought to destroy by murdering the infant children of Bethlehem, in the year B. C. 4. 2 Herod was succeeded by his son Archelaus, who after a brief reign was deposed and banished to Gaul, and Judaea again became a Roman province, under the administration of a procurator or " governor," the sixth in succession of whom was Pontiiu Pilate, under whom our Lord was crucified in A. D. 29. The first of the two paintings before us represents the city as it was left by Herod, or rather as it was designed by him, for his plans were not fully carried out till some years afterward, under the administration of his success- ors. It is intended especially to show it as it appeared in the time of our Lord, when it was invested with its highest sanctity and glory by the pres- ence of one greater than David or Solomon, the Messiah whom it expected, but whom it failed to recognize and put to death as a malefactor. 1 Jos. Ant. 14, 16, 4. '* Matt. 2 : 16. SCRIPTURE ALLUSIONS. 13 SCRIPTURE ALLUSIONS. To Zion, as the residence of Jehovah. " Sing praises to the Lord which dwelleth in Zion " Ps. 9 : 11 ; 76: 2; Isa. 8: 18; Joel 3 : 21. To the Temple proper, as his abode. " The Lord is in his holy temple." Ps. 11 : 4 ; Mic. 1:2; Heb. 2 : 20. To the Temple as surrounded by worshipers in the court of Israel. " Thou art holy, O thou that inhabitest the praises of Israel." Ps. 22 : 3. " So shall the congregation of the people compass thee about." Ps. 7 : 7. To the chambers around the temple, in which the priests and others devoted to God's ser- vice abode. " Blessed are they that dwell in thy house : they will be still praising thee." Ps. 84 : 4. " One thing have I desired of the Lord, — that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my life." Ps. 27 : 4. To the Veil which parted off the Holy of Ho- lies. " Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul both sure and steadfast, and which en- tereth into that within the veil." Heb. 6 : 19; 9 : 11, 12. To the Offerings on the great Altar. " That ye present your bodies a living sac- rifice." Rom. 12: 1. "I am now ready to be offered." 2 Tim. 4:6. "I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God." Rev. 6 : 9. To the Gates and Doors of the temple. " Lift up your heads, O ye gates, and be ye lifted up ye everlasting doors." Ps. 24 : 7. " Enter into his gates with thanksgiving." Ps. 100 : 4. " I had rather be a doorkeeper in the house of my God." Ps. 84 : 10. To the Ascent by steps to the Sanctuary. " Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord ?" Ps. 24 : 3. To the Courts of the Temple. "My soul fainteth for the courts of the Lord." Ps. 92 : 13. "Bring an offering and come into his courts." Ps. 96 : 8. To the Soreg or partition wall between the court of the Gentiles and the inner courts. " He is our peace who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us." Eph. 2 : 14. To the Cisterns under the temple area which supplied water for the sacred rites. "With joy shall ye draw water out of the wells of salvation." Isa. 12: 3. "Jesus stood and cried saying ; If any man thirst, let him come unto me and drink. He that believ- eth on me as the scripture hath said, " Out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water." John 7 : 37, 38. To the Aqueduct, and Subterranean channels leading to Siloam. " There is a river the streams whereof shall make glad the city of God, the holy pla'ce of the tabernacles of the Most High." Ps. 46 : 4. " Waters issued out from under the threshold of the house eastward," etc. Ezek. 47 : 1-12. " He showed me a pure river of the water of life, clear as crystal, pro- ceeding out of the throne of God and the Lamb." Rev. 22 : 1. To the Marble Pillars supporting the roof of the temple cloisters, some of them gifts of distant kings and inscribed with their names. " Him that overcometh will I make a pil- lar in the temple of my God ; and he shall go no more out : and I will write upon him the name of my God and the name of the city of my God, which is New Jerusalem and I will write upon him my new name." Rev. 3 : 12. To the Foundation Walls of the temple. " I have laid the foundation and another buildeth thereon. — If any man build on this foundation gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble, every man's work shall be made manifest. " 1 Cor. 3 : 10-15. " Ye are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone, in whom all the building fitly framed together groweth into a holy temple in the Lord ; in whom ye also are builded together for an habitation of God through the Spirit." Eph. 2 : 19-22. To the Sanctity and Inviolability of the temple. " Know ye not that ye are the temple of God and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you ? If any man defile the temple of God him shall God destroy ; for the temple of God is holy, which temple ye are." 1 Cor. 3 : 16-17. " And there shall in no wise en- ter into it any thing that defileth, neither what- soever worketh abomination or maketh a lie" Rev. 21 : 27. REFERENCES. To REFERENCES TO KEY-PLATE, NO. I. A. The Mount of Olives. i. Jesus riding upon the Ass. 2. Scribes and Doctors of the Law. 3. Roman Horsemen. 4. Zizyphus Spina Christi. 5. Palm-tree. 6. Cedars. 7. Olive-tree. B. The Valley of Kidron or Jehosha- PHAT. 8. Garden of Gethsemane. 9. Ruined Tombs. 10. The Peristerion. II- Fountain of the Virgin. C. The Valley of Hinnom. 12. Pool of Siloam. 13. Bridsre and To*ver of Defense. 14. Aceldama or the Potter's Field. D. Mount Mori ah and the Temple. 15. The Gate Shushan. 16. Bridge of the Red Heifer. 17. The "Tower that lieth out." 18. The Triple Gate. 19. The Double Gate. 20. The Porches or Cloisters. 21. The Court of the Gentiles. 22. Entrance to the Great Cistern. 23. The Soreg. 24. The Chel. 25. Walls and Apartments. 26. Court of the Women. 27. The Beautiful Gate. 28. The Gate Nicanor. 29. The Court of Israel. 30. The Thrigeos. 31. The Great Altar of Sacrifice. 32. The Sanctuary. 33. The Pastophoria. 34. The Gate Shallecheth. 35. The Tyropceon Bridge. E. Ophel. 36. The Horse Gate. 37. The Royal Stables. 38. Gate of the Sun or East Gate. 39. The Tower of Ophel. 40. The Water Gate 41. House of the King's Chamberlain. 42. House of Asuppim. 43. Dwellings of the Nethinim. 44. The " Gate between two Walls." F. Mount Zion. 45. The Armory. 46. Great Mound or Causeway. 47. Palace of the Maccabees. 48. The Xystus. 49. The Gate Miphkad. 50. The House of the Mighty. 51. The Gate of the Fountain. 52. The Tower of Siloam. 53. The Great Aqueduct of Solomon. 54. Gate of the Essenes. 55. Theater and Baths. 56. House of Annas. 57. The Upper Market. 58. Palace of Caiaphas. 59. The Tomb of David. 60. The Palace of Herod. 61. Tower of Hippicus. 62. Tower of Phasselus. 63. Tower of Mariamne. 64. The Gate Gennath. G. Akra and the Lower City. 65. The Valley Gate. 66. Monument of John Hyrcanus. 67. Pool of Hezekiah. 68. Golgotha or Calvary. 69. The Holy Sepulcher. 70. The Gate of Judgment. 71. The Common Prison. 72. The Corner Gate. 73. The Old Gate. 74. House of Records. 75. Hospital of Hyrcanus. 76. Sepulchral Monuments. 77. The Council House. 78. The Timber Market. 79. The Market Place. 80. The Mint. 81. The Via Dolorosa. 82. The College or School of the Prophets. 83. Theater and Race Course of Herod. 84. Herod's Granary. 85. The Gate of Benjamin. 86. The Baris. 87. The Castle of Antonia. 88. Strato's Tower. 89. The Fish Gate. 90. Pool of Bethesda. 91. Tower of Hananeel. 92. Tower of Meah. 93. The Sheep Gate. 94. The Sheep Market. H. Bezetha and the Suburbs. 95. Herod's Hippodrome. 96. The Fuller's Monument. 97. Scopus. 98. Tombs of the Kings. 99. Mizpeh. 100. Herod's Amphitheater. 101. Camp of the Assyrians. 102. The Tower Psephinus. 103. The Hill Gareb. 104. The Plain of Rephaim. 105. The Hill of Evil Council. 16 JERUSALEM. m. JERUSALEM IN HER GRANDEUR. Description of Localities, with References to Key Plate, No. I A. The Mount of Olives. The foreground of the picture represents the western slope of the Mount, a short distance below the summit, where the road from Beth- any over the southern brow passes obliquely along the declivity toward the city. The pro- cession here depicted is that of our Savisur, making his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, amid the hosannas of the multitude. 1 1. Jesus riding upon the Ass. Near him are John, and the other apostles ; a little before him Judas, with downcast face medita- ting his treachery ; on the right a restored paraly- tic worshiping, and a woman imploring relief for a sick child. Further down the path are persons strewing their garments and branches of trees in the way. 2. Scribes and Doctors of the Law devising means for his arrest. The costumes show the long white robe, symbolical of purity, which they " loved to wear " 2 the tunic with its fringe or " border," etc. 3. Roman horsemen, serving as a police to keep order. 4. Zizyphus Spina Christi. A plant common in Judaea, bearing the name of Christ's thorn, supposed to be that which furnished the materials for the thorny crown of our Lord. It is very fit for the purpose, the branches being soft, round and pliant, and armed with small sharp points. 3 5. Palm-tree. 6. Cedars. The Rabbins say that there were two great cedar trees on Olivet, under which were tents for the sale of all matters con- nected with the rites of purification. 4 7. Olive tree. Anciently the mountain and suburbs were profusely covered with these beautiful evergreen trees, which resemble ap- ple trees in their general shape and appear- ance ; their number is now small. 1 Matt. 21 : i-io, Mark u: i-io, etc. *Marki2: 38. » Kitto Bib. Cycl. * Kitto Anc. Jcr. p. 1S6. Spina Christi. B. The Valley of Kidron or Jehoshaphat. This valley begins about 1 1-2 miles north of the city, and for some distance is broad and shallow, containing plantations of olive and fruit trees. Opposite the city it becomes nar- rower, and its bed rapidly declines, until it forms a deep ravine, from which the hills rise directly on either side. At the south-east cor- ner of the temple area its depth is about 140 feet below the surface at the foot of the wall, but formerly it was much greater, the valley having been partially filled and its bed removed more than 100 feet eastward by the accumula- tion of rubbish on the opposite slope. 1 Fur- ther down, the valley is more open, having on its eastern side the small village of Siloam, and affording space for gardens, until it joins the valley of Hinnom at, the ancient well of En Rogel, or Nehemiah. Though called often the " Brook Kidron," no water flows there except during the heavy rains of winter. The name of Jehoshaphat probably originated in a literal in- terpretation of Joel 3: 2, 12, which was assumed to relate to this valley, and hence gave rise to the belief common alike to Jews, Mohamme- dans, and Catholics that the last judgment will be held here. 2 1 See D. * Rob. Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 269. JEKUSALEM Itf HER GRANDEUR. 17 8. The Garden of Gethsemane, i. e. of "the oil-press," the scene of our Lord's agony on the night before his crucifixion. The present garden is a plat of ground nearly square, surrounded by an ordinary stone-wall and con- taining eight very ancient olive trees. Like most of the sacred localities fixed by tradition, the genuineness of the site has been questioned, although there can scarcely be any doubt that its true locality was somewhere in the near vi- cinity. 9. 9. Ruined Tombs. The steep sides of the Kidron are full of rock-cut tombs, many of them of much architectural beauty, having sculptured facades, columns, etc. Several of them are very ancient and are believed to date back to the time of Christ or before. 10. The Peristerion, mentioned by Jose- phus 1 as marking the place on the hillside of Titus's wall of circumvallation about the city. The word means a " dove cote," whence, doubt- less, the idea that doves may have been kept there. It is more probable, however, that it was here used to denote a tomb bearing that name on account of the resemblance of its niches to the holes of a pigeon house. 2 11. Fountain of the Virgin, so called from the tradition that here the mother of Jesus washed her infant's clothes. 3 It is not mention- ed in the Scriptures nor by Josephus, unless, as suggested by Dr. Robinson 4 it be the " King's Pool" of Neh. 2: 14. It is an excavation, 25 feet in depth in the rock on the western side of the valley, to which a descent is made by two flights of steps, the basin within is 15 feet long by 5 or 6 feet wide. A subterranean chan- nel 1750 feet in length is cut from the inner ex- tremitv through the rocky ridge of Ophel to the Pool of Siloam (No. 12.) through which its wa- ters flow to the latter. This fountain is believ- ed to have been one of the springs without the city which were closed up by king Hezekiah at the time of Sennecharib's invasion to prevent their supplying the enemy with water. 5 The chan- nel to Siloam seems to have been made for the purpose of bringing its waters within the walls of the city which probably once inclosed that pool. A second rock cut passage and shaft has also been recently discovered, by which ac- cess was had to it from the summit of Ophel which was almost certainly within the ancient walls. Over the shaft there still hung the iron ring, to which the rope of the bucket used for drawing the water was attached." 1 "War, v. 12, 2. 2 Smith's Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Antiq. p. 561. 3 Quaresimus, Vol. II. p. 290. 6 Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 337. b 2 Chron. 32: 3, 4. 6 Rob. Bib. Res. Vol . I. p. 340. 7 Recovery of Jer. p. 186. C. The Valley of Hinnom; The natural boundary of the city on the west and south. Its general features are similar to those of the Kidron ; beginning in a broad slop- ing basin at the west, but growing narrower and deeper as it descends, it sweeps around the south-western angle of Zion, and thence running east unites with the Kidron, as already describ- ed. (See B) . In its lower portion it expands into a fertile and beautiful intervale devoted to gardens, call- ed in Josephus, the "King's Gardens." 1 It is probable that this was the " valley of Shaveh " or the " King's Dale " where Abraham had his interview with Melchizedek, 2 and where Absa- lom built the pillar called by his name, 3 the lat- ter of which as designated by tradition still stands in Kidron, some rods above.* This val- ley was polluted and its name made odious by the erection within it of altars to Baal and Moloch, the cruel heathen gods, to whom chil- dren were burned alive as sacrifices. 5 The lo- cality was called " Tophet " G a word according to Gesenius signifying the "place of burning," but by the Rabbins derived from toph, a drum, which instrument was used to drown the cries of the children. 7 In detestation of these bar- barities, the place was given up to be a recep- tacle of the filth and garbage of the city, which, it is said, were consumed by fires kep burning day and night, whence originated the imagery employed in Mark 9 : 44, etc., of the " worm that dieth not," and the " fire that is not quench- ed," and the use of the name itself. " Ge (the valley of) Hinnom " to designate hell, gehenna. Here the dead bodies of those slain in the siege by Titus were cast, there having been no fewer than 115,880 carried thither out of a single gate, 8 thus fulfilling the prediction of Jer. 19: 11, " They shall bury them in Tophet, till there be no place to bury," and rightly fixing upon it the name of the "Valley of Slaughter." 3 12. The Pool of Siloam, called also Sent 1 '' from its waters having been transmitted or sent from the fountain of the Virgin (see No. 11.) It consists of a reservoir 53 feet long by 18 wide, containing a copious supply of water, the overflow of which serves to irrigate the val- ley below. A curious fact pertaining to both these pools is that the flow of water in them is intermittent, the intervals between the rise and ebb being irregular according to the season of the year, but ordinarily only of a few hours du- 1 Ant. ix. 10. 4. - Gen. 14:17. s 2Sam.iS:iS. 4 See No. 5 Modern Jerusalem. "Jer. 32:35. «Isa. 30: 33. fKitto's Bib. Cycl. Vol. III. p. 102S. 8 Jos. War v. 13.7. "Jer. 7: 32; 19: 6. 10 John 9 : 7. 18 JERUSALEM. ration. Some think that this gave rise to the tradition related of the Pool of Bethesda, that healing virtues were imparted to its waters at certain seasons by the visit of an angel, and hence that one of these may have been the true Bethesda. 1 Pool of Siloam. 13. Bridge and Tower of Defense. 14. Aceldama, or the Potter's Field, bought with Judas's money as a burial place for strangers. 2 It was used for that purpose till the beginning of this century. Its soil was long be- lieved to have the power of consuming dead bodies in the space of twenty-four hours, and ship-loads were carried away in A. D. 1218 to cover the famous cemetery of Campo Santo, in Pisa. 3 D. Mount Moriah and the Tem- ple. The original summit of Mount Moriah afford- ed insufficient space for the temple which Solo- mon proposed to build. He therefore enlarged it by constructing massive walls on the eastern, southern and western sides, varying in hight according to the nature of the ground, and fill- ing up the inclosed space nearly to a level with the top of the Mount. The lower portions of these immense walls still remain in situ, as left by the hands of the builders, supporting the modern walls which surround what is called the Haram or Sanctuary. Portions of these ancient foundations are visible at the south-eastern cor- ner and on the western side, at the "Jews' 'Alfred's Com. 5th cd. Vol. I. p. 917. s Matt. 37: 7-10. ' Rob. Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 255. Wailing Place," but for the most part they are buried under the rubbish which has accumula- ted above them in the long lapse of 3000 years, to a depth in some places of even eighty feet. 1 The stones of which they were constructed are of immense size, some of them measuring 30 feet long, by 6 in breadth and hight, with beveled edges, and joints so closely fitting that not even a knife-blade can be inserted between them. They were hewn and adjusted to each other in the quarry, so that in the process of build- ing the wall the sound of chisel or hammer was not heard. 2 Some of them still retain the quarry marks, in the ancient Phoenician char- acters, placed there doubtless by the workmen of Hiram, king of Tyre, 3 to mark the positions they were to occupy in the wall. 4 The entire space now included in the Haram is 1525 feet in length, by 1038 in breadth at the northern end, and 916 at the southern, making an area of about 36 acres. There is some un- certainty as to the exact position of the temple within this inclosure. It is very probable that in the time of Christ, the northern portion of it was covered by the tower of Antonia and its outworks. Tradition, confirmed by the excava- tions recently made, renders it ako probable that the southern portion was the site of Solo- mon's own palace, and of the magnificent stair- case or " ascent " by which entrance to it and to the temple was had from Mt. Zion across the Tyropoeon valley. 5 If a space 600 feet in width be allowed for the tower and 300 for the palace, we have remaining in the middle an area of about 600 by 900 feet for the original temple of Solomon, and the great eastern cloister which, even in the time of Christ, still went by the name of Solomon's porch. But the palace having been burned at the time of the captivity 3 Antonia. 900 x 600. Temple. 900 x 600. Staircase, j 300 x 300. Solomon's Palace. 600 x 300. iRccov. of Jer. p. 26. * 1 Kings 6:7. 3 1 King) 5 : 18. * See the engraving p. s6,\vhere the mark^ are drawn on the stones at the base of the wall s i Kings 10: 5; 2 Chron. 9: 4; Neh. 12: 37. 8 2 Kings 25 : 9. JERUSALEM IN HER GRANDEUR. 19 the temple area was extended by Herod over the space formerly occupied by it, and the square corner at the south-western angle where the staircase had been, was filled out by walls corresponding to those of the southern and western sides, constituting a complete square of about 900 feet on a side. The annexed plan ( Page 18) will show the arrangement as described. 1 Under the south-eastern corner of this area is a series of vaults extending. 320 feet along the southern wall, and reaching within northward to different distances according to the elevation of the rocky floor beneath. The roof consists of semicircular arches resting upon 15 rows of square pillars of large beveled stones similar to those in the outer walls. The uses of these vaults are unknown. They are now commonly called " Solomon's Stables," from the belief that here were the 4000, or according to an- other account, the 40,000, stalls for horses which he is said to have had, 2 an opinion not wholly without weight, since the nearest gate in the adjacent city wall was the " Horse Gate,' (No. 36) "through which the horses came into the king's house." 3 15. The Gate Shushan, said in the Tal- mud to have sculptured upon it a representation of the palace in Shushan, which the Jews who returned from Babylon were required to place there, to signify their submission to the Persian authority. 4 16. The Bridge of the Red Heifer, extending from the gate Shushan across the valley of Kidron. This bridge is not mentioned by modern travelers, but is described in the Mishna, as specially intended for use in con- nection with the sacrifice of the red heifer, as prescribed in Num. 19 : 1-10. The victim was taken across this bridge to the Mount of Olives, to be burned " without the camp." By the same way, it is said, the scape-goat was led forth to the wilderness. 5 The bridge, say the Rabbins, was " a foot causeway — double arched, — one arch upon two arches, so that the foot of one arch stood upon two arches that were there un- derneath it." 6 17. "The Tower that lieth out." Neh. 3: 26. 18. The Triple Gate, in the southern wall, now closed. It formerly opened into a passage along the western side of Solomon's Stables, by which it has been suggested that the 1 For an account of the discoveries which have led to this result and the annexed plan of the Sanctuary- area, see Recovery of Jerusalem pp, 236-254. 2 2 Chron. 9:25; 1 Kings 4: 26. 3 2 Kings 11: 16. 4 Bar- clay p. 262. s Lev 16: 21. ° Shekelim iv. 2; Bar- clay p. 102. bullocks and other animals designed for sacri- fice were brought into the temple. 1 19. The Double Gate, called in the Tal- mud the " Gate of Huldah." This, too, is now closed, but within there is an arched passage northward 258 feet, opening by a flight of steps into the area above. 2 20. 20. The Porches, or Cloisters. Around the temple platform, the walls, built upon the lofty foundations beneath, arose to a hight of about 50 feet, upon the inner faces of which were built a series of porches, consisting of colonnades of white marble pillars supporting a roof of cedar. On all sides but the southern, these colonnades were double, having two rows of pillars, each 37 1-2 feet high, wrought of a sin- gle stone, and highly ornamented. The width of these porches was 45 feet. As already stated, that on the east was called "Solomon's porch." It was a favorite place of resort by the doc- tors in communicating their instructions to their pupils, and Jesus himself often walked here with his disciples. 3 Here the first Christians met for prayer, daily, 4 and here were the tables of the money-changers, and the seats of them that sold doves, whom our Lord on two different occasions so indignantly drove from the temple. 5 The southern porch (upon the long triple roof of which the spectator is supposed to be looking in the picture) greatly surpassed the others in magnificence. It consisted of 162 Corinthian columns arranged in four rows constituting a nave and two aisles, the former 45 feet wide, and each of the latter 30 feet. The hight of the aisles was 50 feet, and of the nave 100 feet The whole was elaborately wrought and pol- ished, the cedar roofs adorned with carvings, and the pillars hung with trophies taken in the wars of Herod. This was called the Royal Porch — Stoa Basilica, perhaps from occu- pying the site of the Royal Palace of Solomon. 6 The apex of this roof (a) is believed to have been the " pinnacle of the temple " mentioned in the narrative of Christ's temptation, 7 stand- ing nearly 250 feet above the ground below, or over 350 above the deep bed of the Kidron. 21. 21. The Court of the Gentiles, comprising the space under the cloisters, and the open area adjacent. All persons of what- ever nation might enter here, and it was the common place of resort not only for religious purposes, but for the hearing of news, the dis- cussion of public affairs, the transaction of bus- iness, etc. 1 Barclay p. 508. 2 Barclay p. 4S9. 3 John 10: 23. *Acts 3: 11; 5: 12-14. " John 2: 13-17; Matt. 21 : 12, 13. ■ c Recov. of Jer. p. 252. 7 Matt- 4=5- 20 JERUSALEM. 22. Entrance to the Great Cistern. The rock underneath the temple was excavated into a great number of cisterns, in which the water brought by Solomon's aqueduct from the pools south of Bethlehem was stored. One of these, known as the Great Sea, would contain two millions of gallons, and it is estimated that the whole together had a capacity of five times that amount. The cisterns were apparently so connected by subterranean channels, that when one was full the surplus waters flowed to the next, and so on till the final overflow was car- ried off into the Tyropceon or the Kidron. 1 23. The Soreg, called by the apostle Paul " the middle wall of partition," 2 consisting of a stone balustrade 41-2 feet high, surmount- ed at intervals by pillars bearing inscriptions in Greek and Latin forbidding all foreigners pass- ing that boundary on pain of death. 3 24. The Chel, a platform 15 feet wide, to which was an ascent by a flight of 14 steps. On the eastern side this was lower, there being but five steps in the ascent. 25. "Walls and Apartments, surround- ing the inner court. These apartments alter- nated with massive gates, each of which was adorned with two columns of marble, 6 feet in diameter ; the folding doors of the gates were each 45 feet high by 22 1-2 wide, and were plated with gold and. silver. There were four of these gates on the northern and southern sides, each, and one on the cast. Those on the south were known respectively, beginning on the west, as the " Gate of Kindlings," through which wood was brought in, the " Gate of the Firstlings," through which the first born of ani- mals were introduced for sacrifice, the " Water Gate," leading down to the entrance of the great cistern, and the " Women's Gate," opening into the court of the women. The corresponding gates on the north side were the "Gate of Song," the "Gate Nitzouts," the "Gate of Corban," or offerings, and the " Women's Gate." The apartments between were devoted to va- rious uses connected with the daily service, such as bathing, storing of wood, salt, culinary uten- sils, musical instruments, &c One of them called " Gazith," was for a considerable time the session room of the Sanhedrim, or great council. 26. The Court of the Women, assigned as the place of worship for women, and other persons who came to engage in private devo- tion. In the corners of this court were apart- ments for the cure of lepers, for the use of the Nazaritcs or persons under a vow, 4 and for the 1 Rccov. of Jcr. p. 14. 2 Eph. 2:14. s Jos. War, v. 5. 2; vi.2.4. * Acts 21 : 23-26. storage of wood and oil. In this court also, on each side of the Beautiful Gate, were seven trumpet shaped boxes for the reception of alms, called the " treasury," where the poor widow cast in her two mites and the rich cast in much. 1 27. The Beautiful Gate, so called from the magnificence of its ornaments, and especial- ly from its two massive gates of Corinthian brass, each 75 feet high and 30 wide, and so heavy that it required 20 men to move them upon their hinges. 2 It was at this gate that the lame man was healed by Peter and John. 3 28. The Gate Nicanor. The semicircu- lar steps leading to this gate were a favorite place of prayer, and here it was that the Phari- see in the parable stood and thanked God for his own rightousness. 4 Here, also, it is supposed the Levites stood when they chanted the " Psalms of Degrees," (Ps. 120-134) at the Feast of Tabernacles. 29. 29. The Court of Israel, where the male Jews assembled for worship at the daily morning and evening sacrifice, on the Sabbaths, etc. It was surrounded by porticos, like the outer court. 30. The Thrigeos, a low barrier sep- arating the court of Israel from the court of the priests. 5 31. The Great Altar of Sacrifice, 48 feet square and 15 feet high, with a sloping as- cent on the southern side. On the north were rings and stakes in the pavement to which the victims were tied, and near the south-west an- gle a channel through the rock by which the blood flowed down toward Siloam. 6 32. The Sanctuary, or Temple proper. This was an edifice of white marble 150 feet in hight and length, and 90 in breadth, with wings, or as Josephus styles them, " shoulders," 7 projecting 30 feet on each side, making the en- tire width the same as the length and hight. 8 Upon its sides, also, were suites of chambers in three stories reaching to about half the hight of the main building, which, with the similar rooms in the wings, were apartments for the use of the priests during their courses of service in the sanctuary, and may have suggested the lan- guage of our Lord in reference to the heavenly temple, " In my Father's house arc many mansions" (Greek, monai, abiding places,) — " I go to prepare a place for you." 9 In the eastern front was a lofty doorway opening into a vestibule or " porch." 10 Over this doorway 1 Mark 12: 41. 2 Jos. War, vi. 5, 3. » Acts 3: 1-10. * Luke lS: 10-14. B Barclay p. 2S5. "Smith's Bib. Die. Vol. III. p. 1463. 7 Jos. War, v. 5, 3. »Comparc Rev. 21: 16. *John 14: 2. 10 Ezek.8. 16 ; Joel 2: 17. JEKUSALEM IN HER GRANDEUR. 21 was wreathed a colossal golden vine, from which hung clusters of grapes as tall as a man. 1 This was designed as a symbol of the Hebrew na- tion, the vine brought out of Egypt. 2 The first room entered from the porch was the " Holy Place," 30 feet wide and high and 60 feet long, having on the north side the table of shew- brcad, on the west the altar of incense, and on the south the golden candlestick Beyond this, and separated from it by the richly embroidered curtain called the "veil of the temple," was the " Most Holy Place," an apartment 30 feet in di- mensions each way. In the temple of Solomon the sacred ark and its contents were deposited here, but these having been lost at the captiv- ity were never replaced, and the room thereafter remained empty. Into this apartment the high priest entered once a year to make atonement for the people. 3 The whole building was pro- fusely ornamented with gold, and the roof thickly set with golden spikes, to prevent the birds from lighting upon it and defiling it. 4 It was to these ornaments that the proverb of the Jews referred, which Christ so severely con- demned : " Whosoever shall swear by the tem- ple, it is nothing ; but whosoever shall swear by the gold of the temple, he is a debtor." 5 33. The Pastophoria ; a lofty watch- tower, from which a priest with a trumpet an- nounced the exact moment when the Sabbath began and ended. 34. The Gate Shallecheth, opening from the bridge into the royal cloister. 7 35. The Tyropoeon Bridge. From the time of Solomon there appears to have been a passage way at this point across the valley, leading from Mount Zion to the temple. In the recent excavations made here by Capt. Warren, he discovered, at a depth of 70 feet beneath the present surface, a water chan- nel 12 feet deep, cut in the rock, running north and south, upon which rested the remains of a bridge, one of whose massive stones had, in falling, broken through the arch of the channel. This he believes to have been the work of Solo- mon, affording a passage from Zion to the great staircase already mentioned (See D), as- cending to the temple and palace of that mon- arch. This bridge having been destroyed, probably at the Babylonian captivity, the ruins were covered and the valley gradually filled up with rubbish to the hight of 23 feet. Here, 48 feet below the present surface, a pavement was discovered running up and down the valley, be- 1 Jos. War, v. 5, 4. 2 Ps. So: 8; Jer. 2 : 21. 'Ex. 30 : 10 J Ilcb. 9:7.* Jos. War, v. 5. 6. E Matt. 23 : 16. 8 Jos. War, iv. 9.12. '1 Chron. 26: 16. longing probably to the ancient Xystus, ( No. 48) also the foundations of a massive pier, at a dis- tance of 41J feet from the temple wall, with the voussoirs or wedge-like stones of an arch still lying on the pavement beneath. Dr. Robinson had already, in 1838, observed the remains of this arch in the temple wall opposite, consisting of two or three courses of large stones pro- jecting from the face of the wall, and suggested that they belonged to the bridge so often men- tioned by Joscphus as existing in the time of Herod, 1 a suggestion amply confirmed by the discoveries of Capt. Warren. Other arches, extending from the pier westward to the slope of Zion, doubtless completed the bridge ; but no traces of these are now discernible. This passage between the temple and the Upper City was of great military importance, it being often broken down in the sieges to which the latter was subject, to prevent the access of an enemy to the stronghold above. It has not probably, been rebuilt since the destruction of the city by Titus. ■UA 4 °| Discoveries in the Tyropoeon Valley. We take pleasure in introducing a sketch of these discoveries from the original drawing of Capt. War- ren, furnished through the kindness of Prof. Mitchell of Chicago. — 1. The Sanctuary Wall. — z. Water channel in the ancient bed of the valley. — 3. A stone from Solomon's bridge, broken through the arch of the channel. — 4. Pavement of the time of Herod. — 5. Fallen voussoirs of the later bridge, lying upon the pavement. — 6. Pier of the bridge. — 7. Shaft and sloping gallery excavated by Capt. Warren. — S. 8. Present surface of the ground in the valley. — 9. Re- mains of the arch in the Sanctuary wall. — 10. Level of the temple area. 1 Jos. Ant. adv. 4: 2; War, i. 7,2; vi. 6. a. 22 JERUSALEM. E. Ophel. That part of Mount Moriah which lay south of the temple, descending in a steep rocky point to the junction of the Kidron and Tyropceon Valleys. It was specially distinguished by the strong walls and towers built upon it by kings Jotham and Manasseh, 1 the massive foundations of which, deeply buried beneath the ground, have been discovered in the recent excavations. 2 36. Tho Horse Gate. Here the cruel and impious queen Athaliah was slain. 3 37. The Royal Stables.* 38. Gate of the Sun, or East Gate. 5 Barclay suggests that it gave exit to Hinnom or Tophet, where the brazen idol of Moloch or Baal was worshiped, from which, perhaps, it was called " Sun-Gate," after Baal, the god of the sun. c 39. The Tower of Ophel, built by King Manasseh." 40. The Water Gate, leading down to the Pool of Siloam. (No. I2) s 41. House of the King's Chamber- lain, near which were kept the horses which had been dedicated to the honor of Baal. 9 42. The House of Asuppim. The word signifies "gatherings," and is believed to designate the store house of the tithes collected for the support of the Levites. 10 In Neh. 12 : 25, it is translated "thresholds." 43. Dwellings of the Nethinim. 11 These were the menial servants allotted to the use of the temple and its services. They were the descendants of the Gibeonites, who for their treachery were doomed by Joshua to be " hew- ers of wood and drawers of water forever." 12 44. The " Gate between two Walls," viz., that of Ophel on the east and that of Zion on the west, in the bed of the Tyropceon Val- ley. Through this gate king Zedekiah and his soldiers attempted to escape at the capture of the city by Nebuchadnezzar, but were pursued and overtaken in the plain of Jericho. 13 F. Mount Zion. The word Zion, according to Gesenius, signi- fies a "sunny place," and was doubtless design- ed to describe the elevated and open situation 1 2 Chron . 27 : 3 ; 33 : 14. 1 Recov. of Jer. pp. 223-232 »;s Kin-s 11 : 16; 3 Chron. 23 : 15. « 2 Chron. 9: 25; Jos. Ant. ix: 7. 3. See also above D. *Jer. 19: 2. 'Barclay p. 159. 7 2 Chron. 33 : 14. • Neh. 3 =26; 12:37. B 3 Kings 23: 11. 10 j Chron. 26: 15,17. "Neh. 11:21. "Josh 9 127. " 3 Kings 25 : 4, 5. of this highest of the hills constituting the site of Jerusalem. Its shape is nearly that of an oblong parallelogram, with the surface gently sloping to the east. Its sides are more precipi- tous than those of any other portion, fitting it naturally for a fortress, or military stronghold, which it has been from the earliest times. The name Zion is not used by Josephus, who desig- nates it the " City of David," the " Upper City," and the "Upper Market Place." Ferguson and some others believe that the ancient Zion was the modern Akra, comprising the entire hill lying north and east of the present Zion, — " the hill on which the temple, the City of David, Baris, Akra, and Antonia stood," 1 but the weight of authority is in favor of the more common view which we have given. 2 45. The Armory, or House of the Forest Of Lebanon, built by Solomon, 3 " at the turning of the wall " 4 1. e. at the north- east corner of Zion, where the wall along its northern brow turned southward by the side of the Tyropceon, opposite the temple. It seems to have been the arsenal where arms were stored. 5 Possibly it may have been the build- ing called in Sol. Song 4:4, " the tower of David builded for an armory, whereon there hang a thousand bucklers all shields of mighty men," to which Solomon likens his bride, adorned with a circlet of golden coins around her neck, as is practiced among oriental ladies to this day. 6 46. Great Mound or Causeway, upon which the aqueduct of Solomon was car- ried across the Tyropceon Valley to the tem- ple, also a street leading to one of the tem- ple gates. The late explorations show that it was built over a double row of arches, of which the largest is now called from the discoverer, " Wilson's Arch." At the present time the street of David, leading down from the Jaffa, or ancient "Valley Gate" (No. 65) runs along the causeway, and beneath the street is a secret subterranean passage, probably once con- necting the temple with the citadel of Zion. 7 It is possible that this fortified mound may have been a part of the extensive works which Solomon constructed in this quarter, under the name of " Millo." 8 The significa- tion of the word is " a filling," and it is gen- erally taken to denote an embankment, serving, perhaps, the double purpose of affording a transit across the deep valley and of strength- 1 Smith's Bib. Die. Vol. I. p. 1025. * See a full discussion of this subject by Dr. Robinson in Bib. Sac. Vol. III. pp. 417-43S. * 1 Kings 10: 17. * Neh. 3: 19. B Isa. 22 :S. ° Barclay 164. * Recov. Jer. p. 69. * 3 Sam. 5: 9; 1 Kings 9: 15, 24; 11 : 27. JERUSALEM IN HEK GRANDEUR. 23 ening the defenses of the Upper City. The whole subject is, however, very obscure. 1 47. Palace of the Maccabean Kings, and afterward of Herod Agrippa. " King Agrippa built himself a very large dining-room in the royal palace at Jerusalem, near the portico. Now this palace had been erected of old by the children of Asa- monaeus, and was situated upon an elevation, and afforded a most delightful prospect to those that had a mind to take a view of the city, which prospect was desired by the king, and there he could lie down and eat, and thence observe what was done in the temple ; which thing when the chief men of Jerusalem saw, they were very much displeased at it ; for it was not agreeable to the institutions of our country or law that what was done in the tem- ple should be viewed by others, especially what belonged to the sacrifices. They therefore erected a wall upon the uppermost building which belonged to the inner court of the tem- ple toward the west, which wall, when it was built, did not only intercept the prospect of the dining-room in the palace, but also of the west- ern cloisters that belonged to the outer court of the temple, where it was that the Romans kept guards for the temple at the festivals. At these things both king Agrippa, and principally Festus, the procurator, were much displeased ; and Festus ordered them to pull the wall down again." The Jews refused, and the dispute was referred to the Emperor Nero, who at the intercession of his wife Poppaea decided in their favor, and permitted the wall to remain. 2 48. The XystUS, a covered colonnade constructed in the time of Antiochus Epiph- anes, by the dissolute high priest Jason, for the purpose of establishing a gymnasium for athletic exercises and sports, after the manner of the Greeks. 3 In the time of Christ it was the customary place of public gatherings among the Jews. Here, probably, the multitude ran together on the day of pentecost, when Peter addressed to them his discourse, and three thousand were converted. 4 Here King Agrippa in an elaborate and eloquent oration dissuaded the Jews from making war against the Romans, while his sister Berenice appeared at a window in the palace above. 5 Here Titus made his last appeal to them to surrender, standing on the western cloister of the temple. The recent discoveries of Capt. Warren make it probable that the location of the Xystus was nearer the Sanctuary wall, in the Tyropceon Valley, ex- i Smith's Die. Vol. II. p. 366. 2 Jos. Ant. xx. 8. 4. 8 3 Mace. 4:9-12. *Acts. 2. B Jos.War, ii. 16. 3. 6 Ibid vi. 6. 3. tending from the great mound southward to the bridge. 1 49. The Gate Miphkad, at the western entrance to the bridge. 2 It is probably identi- cal with the " High Gate of Benjamin, which was by the house of the Lord," where the prophet Jeremiah was put in the stocks for prophesying the approaching captivity of the city. 3 The adjacent tower on the north may have been " the king's high house," used as a prison, 4 in the court before which Jeremiah was confined during the siege of Nebuchad- nezzar. 5 50. The House of the Mighty, sup- posed to be the head-quarters of the Chereth- ites, Pelethites, and others, composing the king's body guard. 6 51.. Gate of the Fountain, with stairs leading from Zion down to Siloam. 7 52. The Tower of Siloam, which once fell and killed 18 persons. 8 53. The Great Aqueduct of Solo- mon. It is seen also on the opposite side of the valley, passing westward and northward along the hillside, and having crossed the val- ley returning along the brow of Zion, and en- tering the city at this point, from whence it passes northward beyond the palace of Agrippa, and crosses upon the great mound (No. 46) to the temple area. This was one of the chief sources of supply for water to Jerusalem, con- necting with Solomon's Pools, about eight miles south of the city, between Bethlehem and Hebron. These pools are vast reservoirs ex- cavated on the side of the valley, and lined with solid masonry. They are three in number, varying from 400 to 600 feet in length, from 160 to 250 feet in breadth, and from 25 to 50 feet in depth. The principal fountain is a narrow well, in which at a depth of 12 feet are vaulted rooms, where the waters are col- lected, and carried thence by a subterranean passage to the pools. Numerous gardens flourish in the valley. It is believed that these are the pools and gardens described by Solo- mon in Eccl. 2 : 5, 6, and referred to in the beautiful simile applied to his bride in Cant. 4 : 12 ; the fountain still bearing the name of fons inclusus, or " sealed fountain." Joscphus 9 says that Solomon was in the habit of riding thither in the morning, sitting on high in his chariot, clad in a white robe, and surrounded by his guards of young men on horseback, in splendid armor. The aqueduct is of stone, or in many 1 Rec. of Jer. p. 77. *Nch. 3: 31. sj e r.2o:2. *Neh. 3:25. e Jer. 32: 2, 12 ; 37: 21. «Neh. 3:16; 2Chion. 12: 10, 11; 2 Kings 11: 19. 7 Neh.3:i5. •Luke 13:4. 9 Ant. viii. 7. 3. 24 JERUSALEM. places, earthern pipes inclosed in stone, and though now in ruins near Jerusalem, still brings water to Bethlehem, and with little labor and expense might easily be made to supply the city as of old. 1 This aqueduct was repaired by Pilate the Roman governor, who appropriated for the purpose a portion of the sacred treasure called " corban," 2 which caused great discon- tent among the people, and but for his summary repression would have ripened into open re- volt. 3 54. The Gate of the Essenes. 4 This may have been the same with the dung-gate mentioned in Neh. 3 : 14. 55. Theater and Baths of the Upper City. (See No. 83) 56. House of Annas, the high priest, the ancient residence of the high priests from the time of Eliashib at the return from the captivity. 5 57. The Upper Market. 6 58. Palace of Caiaphas, the high priest. 7 Here Jesus was brought, bound, be- fore the great council, who were assembled late at night for a preliminary investigation of his case, and from thence was taken to the formal session of the same body in the morning. 8 It was during this preliminary trial that Peter thrice denied his Lord. The site of the palace is wholly traditional, and the building now shown as such is an Armenian convent. 9 The column to which Christ was bound when scourged was formerly exhibited here, but is now removed to the church of the sepulcher. 59. The Tomb of David, so called, esteemed by the Mohammedans as the most sacred place in Jerusalem. David and his royal successors were buried on Mount Zion ; and his sepulcher was still existing in the time of the Apostles. 10 Vast treasures were said to have been buried with him, which were in part plundered by Hyrcanus. Herod attempted to do the same, but a fire bursting out of the cav- ern drove him back, and in his terror he built a beautiful monument of marble as a propitiation for the sacrilege. 11 The upper portion of the building now connected with the tomb is said to contain the " Ccenaculum " or '• upper room " where Christ instituted the Holy Supper, and where the disciples were met for prayer on the morning of the pentecost. 1 - 60. The Palace of Herod. Josephus gives the following description of this palace : " It was so very curious as to want no cost nor 1 Robinson's Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 347. » Markyin. •Jos. War. ii. 9. 4. « Jos. War, v. 4. 2. s Nch. 3:21. • Barclay p. 175. 'Luke 22:54. "Matt. 27: 1. "Bib. Res. Vol. I. 265. ,0 Acts 2: 29. " Jos. Ant. xvi.. 7.1. " Mark 4: 15; Acts 1 : 13. snill in its construction, but was entirely walled about to the hight of thirty cubits, and was adorned with towers at equal distances and with large bed chambers that would contain beds for a hundred guests apiece, in which the variety of stones is not to be expressed ; for a large quantity of those that were rare of that kind was collected together. Their roofs also were wonderful, both for the length of their beams and the splendor of their ornaments. The number of the rooms was also very great, and the variety of the figures that were about them was prodigious ; their furniture was com- plete, and the greatest part of the vessels that were put in them was of silver and gold. There, were, besides, many porticos, one be- yond another, round about, and in each of these porticos curious pillars; yet were all the courts that were exposed to the air every where green. There were, moreover, several groves of trees, and long walks through them, with deep canals and cisterns, that in several parts were filled with brazen statues, through which the water ran out. There were, withal, many dove-cotes of tame pigeons about the canals. But, indeed, it is not possible to give a complete description of these palaces, and the very re- membrance is a torment to one, as putting in mind what vastly rich buildings that fire which was kindled by the robbers hath qonsumed." 1 Herod died the very year of Christ's birth, one of his last acts having been the murder of the children of Bethlehem, with the intent of slaying Jesus. It was his son, Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, 2 to whom our Saviour was sent, by Pilate, just before the crucifixion. At that time he was present at Jerusalem, probably at the palace of his father. By him Jesus was mocked and set at naught, and afterward sent back to Pilate. 3 61. 62. 63. The Towers of Hippi- cus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne. " These were for largeness, beauty, and strength, beyond all that were in the habitable earth. For be- sides the magnanimity of his nature, and his magnificence toward the city on other occasions, Herod built these after such an extraordinary manner to gratify his own private affections, and dedicated these towers to the memory of those three persons who had been dearest to him, and from whom he had named them. They were his brother, his friend, and his wife. This wife he had slain out of his love and jeal- ousy ; the other two he had lost in war as they were courageously fighting. IlippicusCNo. 61), so named from his friend, was square ; its length and breadth were each 25 cubits, and its hight 1 War, v.4. 4. 'Luke 3:1. » Luke 23 : 7-11. JERUSALEM IN HER GRANDEUR. 25 30 ; and it had no vacuity in it Over this solid foundation, which was composed of great stones united together, there was a cistern 20 cubits deep, over which there was a house of two sto- ries, whose hight was 25 cubits, and divided into several parts, over which were battlements of two cubits, and turrets all around of three cubits hight, insomuch that the entire hight added together amounted to fourscore cubits. " The second tower, which he named from his brother Phascelus (No 62), had its breadth and hight equal, each of them 40 cubits ; over which was its solid hight of 40 cubits ; over which a cloister went round about whose hight was 10 cubits, and it was covered from enemies by breastworks and bulwarks. There was also built over that cloister another tower, parted into magnificent rooms, and a place for bathing, so that this tower wanted nothing that might make it appear to be a royal palace. It was also adorned with battlements and turrets more than was the foregoing, and its entire altitude was about 90 cubits. "The third tower was Mariamne (No. 63), for that was his queen's name. It was solid as high as 20 cubits ; its breadth and its length were 20 cubits, and were equal to each other. Its upper buildings were more magnificent and had greater variety than the other towers had, for the king thought it most proper for him to adorn that which was denominated from his wife better than those denominated from men, as those were built stronger than this that bore his wife's name. The entire hight of this tower was 50 cubits." 1 These three towers alone, of all the buildings of the city, were spared by Titus after the siege " in order to demonstrate to posterity what kind of city it was, and how well fortified, which the Roman valor had subdued." 2 64. The Gate Gennath, or the "Gar- den Gate " in the wall of Zion, leading from Herod's palace, probably without the city. 3 The second wall of the city began at this gate. 4 G. Akra, and the Lower City. The name Akra was doubtless derived from the citadel which stood on a summit over against the temple (Sec No. 87) at the southern extremity of the low, broad hill, which comes down from the northwest, dividing the sources of the two valleys, Hinnom and Kidron. With- in the city it is separated from Mount Zion by the Tyropceon Valley, leading from the Jaffa Gate (No. 65) and from Bezetha on the north- 1 Jos. War, v. 4. 3. *Ib.vii. 1. 1. s Bib. Res. Vol. III. p. 213. *Jos. War, v. 4.2. east, by the shallow depression descending from the modern gate of Damascus, the ancient " Old Gate" (No. 73). Akra was not so high as Zion, and hence the appellation of the " Lower City " applied to it by Josephus. 1 65. The Valley Gate, probably near the site of the present Jaffa gate, leading out to the Valley of Gihon, on the west side of the city. 2 Here Nehemiah began his tour of exploration by night. 3 A little without this gate was the Upper Pool of Gihon, called the " Dragon-well," and in the valley adjacent Solomon was pro- claimed king. 4 66. Monument of John Hyrcanus. This was one of the most illustrious of the Maccabean kings, and also a high priest, who finally freed Judaea from the yoke of the Syrian dynasty, and established its independence, which continued till iis subjugation by the Romans, B. C. 63. At this monument Titus began his attack upon Jerusalem, " for there it was that the first fortification was lower, and the second was not joined to it, the builders neglecting to build the wall strong where the new city," i. e. (the suburb) was not much inhabited ; here also was an easy passage to the third wall, through which he thought to take the Upper City." 5 67. The Pool of Hezekiah, 6 called the Amygdalon or "Almond Pool," by Josephus. Its dimensions are about 240 by 144 feet. It is supplied with water by an aqueduct or drain from the Upper Pool in the valley of Gihon. 68. Golgotha or Calvary; the alleged place of our Lord's crucifixion. 7 Both names signify "the Skull-place," probably from the resemblance of the small knob of limestone rock to the shape of the human head. It is one of the most disputed questions pertaining to ancient Jerusalem whether this is the true locality of that most memorable event. 69. The Holy Sepulcher. " Now in the place where he was crucified there was a gar- den, and in the garden a new sepulcher." 3 70. The Gate of Judgment, " Porta Judiciaria," so called from the belief that Christ was led out by it to execution. 9 The name of the gate and even its existence rest only on the monkish traditions of the middle ages. 10 71. The Common Prison. 11 72. The Corner Gate, at the N. W. an- gle of the city. 12 1 War, v. 4.1 : v. 6. 1. * 2 Chron. 26 : 9. s Neh. 2: 13,15. * 1 Kings 1 : 33, 3S. s Jos. War, v. 6. 2. 6 a Ki. 20 : 20. 7 Matt. 27 : 33 ; Luke 23 : 33. 8 John 19 : 41 . » Williams's Memoir, p. Si . 10 Bib. Res. Vol. III. pp. 170, 171. "Acts 5 : iS, 19; 12: 4, 5,7. "2Cbxon. 26: 9. Jer. 31 : 3S; Zech. 14: 16 26 JERUSALEM. 73. The Old Gate, now the Gate of Da- mascus. Between this and the Corner Gate was the " Gate of Ephraim," and the " broad wall," probably a restoration of the portion broken down by King Joash. 1 74. The House Of Records, the Re- pository of the Archives, where evidences of debts were kept. One of the first acts of the seditious, at the beginning of the war which led to the destruction of the city, was to burn this building, " in order to gain the multitude of those who had been debtors, and tha. they might persuade the poorer sort to join in their insurrection with safety against the more wealthy." 2 75. Hospital of Hyrcanus. 3 76. Sepulchral Monuments in mem- ory of the Maccabean princes. 4 77. The Council House, a building sit- ated near the junction of the Zion wall with the temple, perhaps on the site of the modern Mek- herseh or chamber of the Turkish Divan. 5 This must have been the session-house of the smaller Sanhedrim, one of the two inferior courts of jus- tice held in Jerusalem, which sat at the entrance to the Temple Mount. The Great Sanhedrim held their meetings in the room Gazith (No. 25) or " Hall of Squares," so called from its tessellated pavement, in the temple itself, built for them by Simon ben Shetach (B. C. 110-65), until the year A. D. 30, when they removed to the " Hall of Purchase," on the east side of the temple. 7 78. The Timber Market. 8 79. The Market Place. Here Pilate attempted to force the Jews to tolerate the pres- ence in the city of the Roman standards which bore the images of the Emperor. 9 80. The Mint." 81. The Via Dolorosa, or " Street of Sorrows," along which it is said our Saviour was led to execution. The name dates only from the 14th century. 11 82. The College, or School of the Prophets. In the time of Samuel companies of young men were associated to receive from him instruction in the national religion, institu- tions, and laws; These were called " Schools of the Prophets," and were continued down to the captivity. From among these, for the most 1 2 Kin-s 14: 13; Neh.,j:S. J Jos. War, ii. 17.6. •Barclay p. 177. « Kitto's Anc. Jcr. p. 175; Barciay, p. 176. c Jos. War, v. 4.2. Kitto's Bib. Cycl.Vol. III. p. 75S. 1 lb. Vol. III. p. 7 65. "Jos. War, ii. 19. 4. "Jos. Ant. xviii. 3. 1; War, ii. 9. 3. "Barclay, p. 173. " Rob. Bib. Res. Vol. III. p. 170. part, God chose his inspired messengers to the people. Compare Amos 7 : 14, 15. These pu- pils lived together in a manner somewhat re- sembling a modern Theological Seminary, the place of which is in our authorized version call- ed "the college." 1 83. Theater of Herod and Race Course. " Herod built a theater at Jerusalem, also a very great amphitheater (No. 100), in the plain. Both of them were indeed costly works, but opposite to the Jewish customs ; for we have had no such shows delivered down to us as fit to be used and exhibited by us ; yet did he celebrate these games every five years in the most solemn and splendid manner. He also made proclamation to the neighboring countries, and called men together out of every nation. The wrestlers, also, and the rest of those that strove for the prizes in such games were invited out of every land. There were very great re- wards for victory proposed not only to those who performed their exercises naked, but to those who played as musicians also, and were called ihymelici. He also proposed no small rewards to those who ran for the prizes in chariot races, when they were drawn by two, or three, or four pair of horses. 2 He also made a great preparation of wild beasts, and of liens themselves in great abundance, and of such other beasts as were either of uncommon strength or of such a sort as were rarely seen. These were prepared either to fight with one an- other or that men who were condemned to death were to fight wjth them." 3 These heathen games and sports gave great offense to the Jews, and led to conspiracies against Herod's life. 84. Herod's Granary. In the 13th year of his reign a severe famine occurred through- out Judasa, and Herod, failing to receive the usual revenues, gave a portion of his furniture and plate to procure corn from Egypt. This he sold or gave away to the needy, and thereby recovered to a good degree the popularity which his tyranny had destroyed. 4 85. The Gate of Benjamin. 5 86. The Baris. See No. 87. 87. The Castle of Antonia. The term Akra, which gave name to this part of the city, was originally applied to a crescent-shaped hill, west of the northern cloister of the tem- ple, whose summit was about at the site of the building styled the "Mint" (No. 80). Upon this eminence Antiochus Epiphanes built a for- tress (B. C. 168) which overlooked and com- 1 2 Kinyr- 22: 14; 2 Chron. 34: 22. * In the Hippo- drome, No. 95. 'Jos. Ant. xv. S: 1. *Ib. xv. 9. a. B Jer.37= '3- JERUSALEM IN" HER GRANDEUR. 27 manded the temple area, and established in it a garrison of Macedonian soldiers. This he made his stronghold, from which he issued his im- pious orders for the desecration of the temple, and for many years domineered over the Jewish people in the manner which has made his name infamous. 1 To ^oppose this fortress, Simon, brother of Judas Maccabceus, built a fortifica- tion at the northwest comer of the temple, which was called "Baris." 2 Between the two fortresses ran the valley separating Akra from Bezetha, and which, just below, joined the Ty- ropceon Valley, coming down from the " Valley Gate," the modern Jaffa (N0..65). Judas after- ward greatly enlarged and strengthened the Baris, and made it his residence. At length, about B. C. 140, the fortress on Akra was cap- tured, and the Syrian power finally expelled from Jerusalem. So much suffering had been caused by it to Jerusalem, that Simon now de- termined to raze it to the ground and even to dig away the hill of Akra itself. To accomplish this the Jews labored clay and night, incessantly, for three years, the materials being thrown into the intervening valley, which henceforth bore the name of the Asamonasan Valley. 3 The Baris was successively taken by Pom- pey (B. C. 63) and Herod, who had been ap- pointed king by the Romans, in place of Anti- gonus, his Maccabaean rival (B. C. 37) in each case followed by the possession of the temple and the city. Subsequently Herod built, on the rock adjacent to the Baris, north of the temple, a lofty castle, which he named Antonia, after his patron, Mark Antony. It was joined to the Baris, and through it to the temple by two con- necting cloisters 4 to which there was an ascent by steps from the temple court. The fortress included also extensive barracks and courts, covering probably the whole breadth of the temple area on the north. " The inner parts;" says Josephus, 5 " had the largeness and form of a palace, it being parted into all kinds of rooms and other conveniences, such as courts, and places for bathing, and broad spaces for camps ; insomuch that by having all conveniences that cities wanted, it might seem to be composed of several cities, but by its magnificence it seemed a palace : and as the entire structure resembled that of a tower, it contained also four other distinct tow- ers at its four corners, whereof the others were but fifty cubits high, whereas that which lay upon the southeast corner was seventy cubits high, that from hence the whole temple might be viewed. But on the corner where it joined 1 Jcs. Ant. xii. 5. 4. - 1 Mace. 13 : 52. 3 Jos. War, v. 4:1. 'War, vi.a. 9; Lewin's Siege of Jer. p. 234. ♦War, v. 5.S. to the two cloisters of the temple, it had passa- ges to them both, through which the guards (for there always lay in this town a Roman legion) went several ways among the cloisters, with their arms, on the Jewish festivals, in order to watch the people, that they might not there attempt to make any insurrection ; for the tem- ple was a fortress that guarded the city, as was the tower of Antonia a guard to the temple, and in that tower were the guards of those three." A f the time of Christ it is believed that the Antonia was the residence of Pilate, the Roman Governor. The word praetorium, translated "judgment hall," 1 originally designated the gen- eral's tent in the field, and from this came to be applied to his residence wherever it might be. Ordinarily the abode of the Roman governor in Palestine was at Cassarea, on the sea-coast, but at the time of the Jewish festivals he went up to Jerusalem to preserve order there. Some suppose that his headquarters were in Herod's palace on Zion, but the weight of opinion is in favor of the Antonia. Here Jesus was con- demned to crucifixion by the governor, and from thence led away to Calvary. It was on the stairs leading down from the castle into the temple cloister, that Paul addressed the people when rescued by the chief captain. 2 88. Strato's Tower, an appendage to the Antonia, through which was a secret subterra- nean entrance to the fortress. 3 89. The Fish Gate, so called from being adjacent to the Fish Pool, " piscina." 4 90. Pool Of Bethesda, where the lame man was healed. 5 Recent explorations render it probable that the true site of the ancient pool was further within the city. 6 91. The Tower of Hananeel. r 92. The Tower of Meah. 8 93. The Sheep Gate. 9 94. The Sheep Market. 10 H. Bezetha and the Suburbs. The word Bezetha means the New City, and was applied to the elevated ground north of the temple, outside the city wall, where in the time of Herod a considerable suburban settlement had been made. This, with the suburbs on the northwest was, about A. D. 40, inclosed by what was called the third, or outer wall. It is not 1 John iS :2S. s Acts 21 : 40. 3 Jos. Ant. xiii. 11. 3; War, i. 3. 4. 4 2 Chron. 33: 14; Neh. 3 : 3. 6 John 5: 2. ° Rec. of Jer. p. 154. 7 Jer. 31: 3S. 8 Neh. 3: I. 9 Neh. 3 : 1,32, J" John 5: 2. 28 JERUSALEM. shown in the painting, since its date was subse- quent to that here assumed. 1 95. Herod's Hippodrome, for chariot races. See No. 83. 96. The Fuller's Monument, at the extreme northeastern corner of the city, where the outer wall came down to the valley of the Kidron. 2 97. Scopus, a portion of the Mount of Olives sweeping round toward the northwest, from the summit of which is a fine view of the city. Here Titus first encamped at the com- mencement of the siege. 98. Tombs of the Kings. A remarka- ble subterranean sepulcher excavated in the rock, and generally believed to have been the burial place of Herod the Great. Dr. Robin- son regards it rather as the tomb of Helena, Queen of Adiabene in Assyria. 3 99. Mizpeh, now called Ncby Samwil, or the Prophet Samuel, where that prophet offered 1 Smith's Die. of Geog. Vol. II. p. 21. 2 Jos. War, v. 4. 2. 3 Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 361. sacrifice and judged the people, and Saul was chosen king. 1 The word signifies a watch- tower, or place of lookout. On the summit is a dilapidated mosk, covering the alleged tomb of Samuel. This eminence was named by the Crusaders " Montjoye," it being the spot from which they first saw Jerusalem. 2 100. Herod's Amphitheater. See No. 83. 101. The Camp of the Assyrians, mentioned by Josephus as the spot where the army of Sennacherib were miraculously des- troyed in a single night. 3 This was the place where Titus pitched his camp, after he had broken through the outer wall. 4 102. The Tower Psephinus, at the northwestern angle of the third or outer wall.' 103. The Hill Gareb, supposed to have been the place to which lepers were sent out- side the city. 104. The Plain of Bephaim, or the Giants. 7 It was the site of several battles be- tween David and the Philistines. 8 105. The Hill of Evil Council, so called from the bargain of Judas with the priests for the betrayal of Jesus, which tradition says was made at the country villa of Caiaphas on this hill. 9 1 1 Sam. 7: 5-16; 10: 17. * Rob. Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 457. s Isa. 37 • 36. * Jos. War, v. 7. 3. « Jos. War, v. 4. 2. a Jer. 31: 39. 7 Josh. 15: 8. • 2 Sam 5 : iS : 22; 23 • 13. » Luke 22 : 3-6. " It is difficult to raise up to the mind's eye, from the ruins of the present Jerusalem, the mag- nificent sight which, in the times both of the Davidic and the Herodian monarchy, must have pre- sented itself to any spectator. Other residences of regal luxury arose elsewhere ; but Jerusalem only was a city of palaces. Compared with the other villages and towns of Palestine, contrasted with the mountain wilderness of its own immediate neighborhood, it is always spoken of as a splen- did and dazzling spectacle. — After its adornment by Herod the Great, it is probable that no city of the East except Antioch, no city of the West except Rome, equaled the external splendor of Jerusalem." — Stanley, Sinai and Palestine, pp. 182, 183. CLOSING SCENES. 29 IV. THE CLOSING SCENES. IN THE LIFE OF OUR LORD, AND THE LOCALITIES CONNECTED WITH THEM. The triumphal procession shown in the foreground of the picture took place on Monday morning, the next day after Christ's arrival' at Bethany. 1 It was during this journey, and probably just at the spot here indicated, that he " beheld the city and wept over it," declaring that the days should come when its enemies should cast a trench about it, and lay it even with the ground, and not leave in it one stone upon another. 2 The procession moved on down the hill-side, and probably crossed the valley by the Red Heifer Bridge (No. 16) entering, the temple by the Shushan Gate (No. 15), in commemoration of which the Golden Gate, supposed to be in the same place, used to be opened on Palm Sunday, and a company of monks bearing palms went out from it to the Mount, as if to meet the Lord. That day was devoted by Jesus to an observation of the condition of things in the temple, 3 and healing the blind and the lame, 4 and at night he returned again to Bethany, doubtless to the house of his friends, Mar- tha, and Mary, and Lazarus. Next day (Tuesday) he went again to the city ; on the way, probably, near Bethphage, which signifies the " house of figs," pronouncing the curse upon the barren fig-tree. Entering into the temple, he again drove out the money- changers and the dove-sellers from the stalls occupied by them in the outer cwrt (No. 21), as he had done three years before at the beginning of his ministry. 5 The rest of the day he spent in teaching the people, 6 after which he returned, as usual at night, to Bethany. Wednesday was a very busy day. The proceedings of the last two days had caused the utmost excitement among all classes. No sooner had Jesus again reached the temple than he was accosted by the members of the San- hedrim, demanding to know his authority for what he had said and done. He answered them in a succession of parables, unmasking their hypocrisy and predicting the speedy overthrow of their nation. 7 Next the Pharisees and Herodians came with the dangerous question about paying tribute to Caesar, 8 the Sadducees inquiring about the resurrection, 9 and the lawyers about the 1 John 12:1. 2 Luke 19: 44. 3 Mark n : n. *Matt. 21:14. B John2:i3. ° Mark 11 : iS; Luke 21 : 37. 7 Matt. 21 : 23 — 22: 14. 8 Matt. 22: 15-22. ° Luke 20: 27-40. 30 JERUSALEM. great commandment j 1 after which he turned upon them with his unan- swerable question as to the Messiah being the son of David ; 2 following it with a terrific series of warnings and woes, and ending with the renewed prediction of the speedy vengeance of God upon that wicked generation. 3 It was on this day, while in the court of the women (No. 26), that he per- ceived the poor widow casting her two mites into the treasury. 4 On his way out of the temple he uttered the solemn announcement of the ap- proaching destruction of the temple, and after reaching the Mount of Olives, at the request of his disciples for an explanation, delivered that impressive discourse of the signs of his coming, the doom of the temple and city, and the final judgment of the world. 5 On returning to Bethany that same evening, he found that his friends had made him a supper at the house of Simon, during which Mary anointed his feet with the precious ointment, which, being complained of as a waste by Judas, brought upon him a rebuke, to revenge which he went away that night to make his bargain with the chief priests for the betrayal of his Master. 6 On Thursday, Jesus seems to have lingered at Bethany till toward evening, as if aware that when he left it would be for the last time, and being loth to part with the friends whose affection and tender ministrations had been so grateful to him. In the morning, however, he sent Peter and John into the city to prepare the passover supper. 7 We know not the route by which they went, but assuming that the tradition which places the supper-room at the Ccenaculum (59) on Zion is correct, they probably entered by the Shushan Gate (No. 15) and crossing the bridge (No. 35) met the man bearing his pitcher of water near its western extremity, either coming up from Siloam (No. 12) by the Foun- tain Gate (51) or from one of the wells in the Tyropceon near the Xystus (48), 8 or possibly from some fountain connected with Solomon's aqueduct (53). The unusual sight of a man performing a menial service almost universally allotted to women, would sufficiently designate the person intended, and following him over to the dwelling of his master, they delivered their mes- sage and were shown the "upper room furnished" 9 where they made ready the passover. In the latter part of the day Jesus repaired thither with the twelve, and the evening was spent in the performance of the paschal rites, the institution of the New Supper, and the delivery of that most tender discourse, followed by his prayer, recorded in the 14th — 17th chapters of John. After that they retired to Gethsemane (No 8) by the way of the 1 Mark 12 : 2S-34. * Matt. 22 : 41-46. 3 Matt. 23 : 15-39. * Mark 12 : 41-44. c Matt. 14 and 25. • Mark 14: 3-11. ' Luke 22: 7-13. " Barclay p. 528. "Luke 22: 12. CLOSING SCENES. 31 bridge and the temple, or if the gates of the latter were shut at night, descend- ed perhaps by the Fountain Gate (51), and passing around the southern point of Ophel, went up along the vale of Kidron to the sacred garden. Friday. Meanwhile, Judas, having left the supper-room early, had receiv- ed from the priests his band of men from among the officers and servants of the temple, and conducted them out to Gethsemane. 1 It was now, doubt- less, considerably after midnight, and the mysterious agony and prayers of the Lord were already past. Jesus was apprehended and bound, and after the brief resistance offered by Peter, and the healing of the servant's ear which he had cut off, 2 the band returned with their prisoner, entering, proba- bly, through the Sheep Gate, (93) into the precincts of Antonia. Thence he was led, perhaps, through the Fish Gate, (89) and down the street west of the temple to the palace of " Annas first" (56), 3 where their stay seems to have been short, and from thence to the abode of Caiaphas (58). Here were already assembled the greater part of the Sanhedrim, waiting the re- sult of their bargain with Judas. 4 An informal examination of our Lord now took place, resulting in a determination to put him to death, during which time Peter and John, who had followed to the palace, remained in the open court, where the three denials of his Master by the former took place. It was now the dawn of the morning of Friday, and the priests adjourned to their regular session room in the temple, where the formal meeting of the Sanhedrim had been summoned. It is not certain whether this was in the room " Gazith " or an apartment on the eastern side of the court, the Talmud stating that the removal of their place of meeting to the latter was made that very year. 5 Their trial here was brief, for the case had already been predetermined, and their victim was condemned to death for blasphe- my. But the Sanhedrim had been deprived by the Romans of the power of inflicting capital punishment, so that in order to execute their sentence it was necessary for them to secure the approval of Pilate, the Roman gover- nor. Jesus is therefore taken around to Antonia (No. 87) the governor's resi- dence. 7 It being now the passover week, the priests who had carefully puri- fied themselves could not enter an unclean Gentile's abode ; so Pilate conde- scendingly comes down from the castle to meet them. 8 Abandoning now the charge of blasphemy for which they had condemned him, of which as a Roman officer Pilate could take no cognizance, they accuse him of sedition and treason against the Emperor in claiming to be king of the Jews. 9 In a brief examination of his prisoner, Pilate soon perceives the falsity of this iJohmS^. 2 JohniS:io. sjohniSirj. « Matt. 26:57. * Kitto's Bib. Cyd. Vol. III. p.776. 6 Matt. 26 : 65, 66. 7 Matt. 27 : 2. » John iS : 29. » Luke 23 : 2. 32 JERUSALEM. charge, and incidentally learning that Jesus was a resident of Galilee, and remembering that Herod, the ruler of Galilee, was then at Jerusalem, deter- mined to refer the matter to the latter, and so get rid of it. Herod was probably staying at the splendid palace built by his father on Zion (No. 60). Jesus was, accordingly, sent thither ; but Herod after vainly endeavoring to get his prisoner, of whom he had heard so much, to work a miracle to gratify his curiosity, grown disgusted and angry, gives him up to the derision of the courtiers and soldiers, and at last throwing upon him an old military cloak, as a royal robe, sends him back to Pilate. The governor, overcome at last by the importunities of the Jews, and afraid of the threat they did not hesitate to utter, that if he refused they would accuse him to the emperor of abetting treason, 1 at last consented to the execution, first, however, exhibiting him, scourged and bleeding and bearing his crown of thorns, according to tradition, at the arch " Ecce Homo," in the vain hope of exciting their compassion. 2 Jesus was then led away, as the monks say, through the Via Dolorosa the " Street of Sorrows" (No. 81), along which are shown numerous sites of events said to have occurred at that time, as the place where he fainted under the cross, where Simon the Cyrenian was met, where St. Veronica wiped his face with her handkerchief etc. Passing without the walls (No. 70) they arrived at Golgotha (68) where he was crucified at the third hour 3 — 9 oclock in the morning, and died at the ninth hour, — 3 oclock in the afternoon. 4 The burial in Joseph's new tomb (69) took place before sunset the same afternoon. 5 'John 19: 12. *Johnio:5. s Mark 15:25. * Mark 15: 33, 37. s John 19:43. Saviour ! God's love, God's holiness In one large language uttered now Of suffering ; thou thy head dost bow In death, with words that calm and bless. Oh may I henceforth live to thee Since thou, my Life, didst die for me ' THE SIEGE. 33 V. THE SIEGE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE CITY UNDER TITUS. WITH REFERENCES TO THE LOCALITIES. No possible prediction could have seemed to human view more unlikely of fulfillment than that which our Lord uttered just before his crucifixion, as to the speedy overthrow of Jerusalem. As he looked down upon it from the hights of Olivet, he beheld, perhaps, the most splendid city of the world, with its massive walls, its sumptuous palaces, the darkly frowning fortress of Antonia, and the glorious temple Mount, with its porches and courts and sanctuary, reflecting from their marble and gold the afternoon rays of the sun too bright for the eye to bear. This was the sacred city of David, for a thousand years the capital of the nation which God had chosen for his own. The temple was his own dwelling place, where once he had manifested his presence in the visible Shechinah, and which was the symbol of all that was holiest and most venerable on earth. We may well imagine, then, the wondering consternation of the disciples when they heard from the lips of their Master those fearful words : " See ye not all these things ? Verily I say unto you, there shall, not be left here one stone upon another that shall not be thrown down. — This generation shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled." The revolt of the Jews against Rome was occasioned by the intolerable cruelty of the Roman governors, which in turn was greatly inflamed and increased by the fierce turbulence of the Jews themselves. The first dis- turbances took place at Caesarea (A. D. 65), where was a quarrel between the Syrians and Jews, as to which should have the supremacy in that city ; a quarrel ultimately referred to the Emperor Nero, who decided in favor of the former. These in their triumph grossly insulted the Jews, for which the latter sought redress from Florus, the governor, who was second in succession from Felix, the governor in Paul's time. Florus not only disre- garded their appeal, but sent up to Jerusalem demanding seventeen talents in money from the temple as a gift to the Emperor, and followed the mes- sage with a troop of soldiers to enforce it. The Jews refused to comply, and were ridden down and massacred without mercy ; and a desperate fight 34 JERUSALEM. ensued for the possession of Antonia, in which Florus was worsted. Both parties now appealed to Cestius Gallus, the prefect of the province, and the Jews even proposed to send messengers to Nero to complain of the gover- nor, but were dissuaded from this by Agrippa, and urged to submit to Flo- rus until he should be removed. The better disposed of the Jews consented, but a portion of the more turbulent refused, and even stoned Agrippa till he was compelled to desist from opposing them. The revolt now began in earnest. The leaders of it surprised the Roman fortress of Masada, by the Dead Sea, and massacred the entire garrison. The high priest in the temple offered open insult to the emperor by refusing longer to receive the gifts and sacrifices which had been customarily made in his name. The public archives (No. 74) were burned to obliterate all evi- dences of debt, and thus destroy the power of the wealthy and conservative classes; and at last the Roman garrison in Antonia were taken and murdered. Then Cestius Gallus felt it to be time to interfere. He marched from An- tioch with 20,000 men, and laid siege to Jerusalem ; took and burned Beze- tha, and made a desperate assault upon the temple, when, suddenly, he ceased his proceedings, and, as Josephus says, " retired from the city with- out any reason in the world." l The Jews followed, and assailed him in the rear; the retreat became a flight, and the army was nearly destroyed. This unaccountable abandonment of the siege was regarded by the Chris- tians in Jerusalem as the signal foretold by Christ for* their own escape. " When ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the destruction thereof is nigh. Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains," 2 etc. Accordingly they seized the favorable moment and fled to the city of Pella, across the Jordan, where they remained in entire safety till after the war. This was in Nov. A. D. 66. The Emperor Nero was highly incensed at the defeat of Cestius, and at once appointed his general Vespasian, who had just returned from his vic- tories over the Britons and Germans, prefect of Syria, and commanded him to march against Jerusalem. He began his campaign in Galilee, and after the most desperate resistance, took its cities one after another and laid waste the whole province. In the campaigns of A. D. 68 and 69 he was equally successful in Perasa and Idumea, and having taken all the strong places which covered Jerusalem, prepared to attack that city. Just then Ne- ro died, and Vespasian was proclaimed emperor, whereupon he devolved the command of his army upon his son Titus, and hastened himself to Rome. 1 War, ii. 19. 7. 'Luke 31:21. THE SIEGE. 35 Titus was now in his twenty-ninth year. He was a brave and skillful soldier, an accomplished scholar, amiable in disposition, polished in manners, and for the times, comparatively pure in his morals. His army, consisting of four legions and a large body of auxiliaries, numbered 60,000 men. He set forth from Caesarea in April, A. D. 70, and arrived at Scopus (No. 97) about the middle of the month. Advancing with his body-guard to reconnoiter the walls, he was suddenly attacked by a sortie from the Da- mascus gate (No. 73), and but for his personal valor in cutting his way through his assailants, would have been taken prisoner. The city at this time was rent with faction ; three fierce and bloody chiefs were arrayed in deadly strife with each other. Simon, at the head of perhaps the most respectable party, held possession of Zion. John the leader of the " Zealots," a band of desperate robbers, occupied the temple and Antonia, and Eleazar, a renegade priest, led a cabal, who had fortified themselves in the inner cloisters of the temple (No. 29). The masses of the people adhered to neither, and were in turn plundered, tortured, and massacred by all. It was now the passover sea- son, and vast multitudes from the country had come to Jerusalem to attend that festival, whose presence added to the confusion, and consumed the provisions of the city. Titus had sent one of his legions to encamp on the Mount of Olives, but before it could complete its intrenchments it was attacked by John and Eleazar from the Shushan Gate (No. 1 5), and by Simon from the Sheep Gate (No. 93), and but for the arrival of Titus himself with reinforcements, would have been entirely destroyed. The Jews were at last driven back into Ki- dron (B) with fearful slaughter, and compelled to take refuge within the city. The general now saw that he must make regular approaches to the walls, and proceeded to level all the obstructions on the north and west, the only vulnerable sides of the city. Houses were demolished, gardens destroyed, trees cut down, and the ground laid waste. He then removed two of his legions to an eminence a little north of the tower Psephinus (No. 102), and another opposite the present Jaffa Gate (No. 65). Having completed his work he rode around the wall, accompanied by the historian Josephus, and called on the Jews to surrender, offering them terms of peace. His pro- posal was met only by a discharge of arrows, wounding one of his staff. The attack was commenced upon the outer wall, near the monument of Hyrcanus (No. 66). Three huge banks were erected, a battering ram placed on each, and after fifteen days of desperate fighting, a breach was effected, and the Romans rushing through, obtained possession of the entire New 36 JEKUSALEM. City or Bezetha (H). Titus at once removed his camp within the wall, at the place called the camp of the Assyrians (No. 101), his troops extending the entire distance to the valley of Kidron. This gave him access on the east to the northern cloisters of Antonia and the temple, and on the west to the tower of Hippicus (No. 61), both of which were outside the extremities of the second wall, which is the outside wall as shown in the picture, the third or outside wall in the time of Titus having been built subsequently to the date of the picture. These he attacked at the same time, but after several days' fighting he was obliged to confess them both impregnable, and to direct his assault upon the second wall which lay between. In five days a breach was made in this wall, and the lower town, Akra, was taken. Titus entered the breach with iooo men, and gave orders to spare all the unarmed people and their houses. Just then Simon made a fierce double attack upon him from Zion, one party issuing from Hippicus, outside the second wall, to shut them in at the breach through which they had entered, and the other assailing them in Akra itself. The Romans were now in the greatest danger, entangled in the narrow streets, and unable to escape through the opening in the wall ; and it was only by the most heroic valor, aided by a strong body of archers sent by Titus to cover their retreat, that they finally fought their way out. The Jews at once retook possession of the wall and breach, and held it three days against the whole force of the Roman army, but were finally driven back into the upper city, the wall was again taken and demolished, and Titus remained master of the lower city. After four days' rest allowed his troops, and an ostentatious review in sight of their enemies, Titus renewed his double attack on Antonia and Hippicus, erecting banks against both. The latter were assailed by Simon, the engines burned, and the Romans driven back to their camp. The former were completed in iy days, when, just as the huge rams begun to play upon the castle wall, the whole mound upon which they stood sunk into the ground, having been undermined by John from within, and from the cavities flames burst forth which consumed every thing combustible. This was a heavy blow to the Romans, and Titus resolved to call in the aid of famine, to subdue the desperate defenders. Accordingly he employed his whole army in building a wall of circumvallation about the city, five miles in circuit, a work completed in the incredibly short space of three days. This precluded any supplies from being brought in, and the famine which had already carried off thousands, raged with redoubled violence. " The THE SIEGE. 37 besieged now staggered about from weakness, like drunken men, and their senses being unhinged and their memory gone, they would break into the same house two or three times the same day in search of food, unconscious that they had paid the like visit before. In the extremity of their distress they gnawed the hides from their shields and the leather of their belts and shoes, and even a wisp of hay or straw was found a relief from the pangs of hunger. But one horrible deed eclipses all the rest. A lady of rank and fortune, Mary the daughter of Eleazar, had been obliged to fly from Pe'raea beyond Jordan to take refuge in Jerusalem. The insurgents had stripped her house of every article of food, and left her and her infant child to starve. As the armed brigands passed her door they inhaled the fumes of the kitchen, and rushed into the house and threatened instant death unless the savory viands were disclosed. She led them aside and showed them, to their horror, the remains of her child. Maddened by the cravings of nature, she had murdered the infant at her breast, and cooked it for food ! " 1 New banks were now erected against Antonia, two on the west side and two on the north, and at length the wall of the fortress fell. The Jews, however, had already built a new wall within, in anticipation of that disaster, but the ruins of the former gave the means of an escalade, and after two days' fighting the Romans forced a passage over the piles of stone and mor- tar and the stronghold was their own. Still the cloisters connecting Antonia with the temple remained, as also the temple wall. To prepare the way for his approaches to the latter, the castle, excepting its lofty south-eastern tower was wholly demolished, and the very rock on which it had stood leveled to the ground. Just at this time, July 14th, the daily sacrifice, which from the return of the captives from Babylon had been offered without cessation, failed, either from want of victims or proper ministers, an event which greatly disheartened the Jews. Titus taking advantage of this, again renewed his offers to spare both the temple and the people if they would surrender, and many of the higher classes accepted his offer, but the fierce chieftains and soldiers haughtily rejected it. An unsuccessful attempt was then made to carry the temple wall and cloisters by assault, and nothing was left but for Titus to resort again to his banks and his rams. Before however these were finished, a second attempt to scale the cloisters was more successful, but as the Romans reached the roof, the Jews set it on fire, having prepared it beforehand with pitch and bitumen, and the whole western cloister as far as the bridge (No. 35) was consumed. Next day the 1 Lewin's Siege, pp. 73, 74. Compare the prediction of this very event in Deut. 2S : 56, 57. 38 JERUSALEM. Romans managed to burn the northern cloister, and through this to break into the outer court of the temple, driving the Jews within the inner court. This was deemed by them impregnable, the massive walls and heavy gates being too strong to be taken by any human power. Titus ordered his engines to be brought, and for six days battered the walls in vain. At last he built fires against the gates, which, melting off the plates of silver with which they had been covered, communicated to the woodwork within and to the inner cloisters, the Jews as if paralyzed by consternation, making no effort to extinguish the flames. The Sanctuary itself was still untouched, and Titus called a council of six of his chief officers to decide what should be done with it. The conclusion was to spare it, and orders were given accordingly, but the Jews suddenly recovering their courage made another desperate charge upon the besiegers. Just then a Roman soldier, without orders, snatched a brand from the burning cloisters, and mounting on the back of a comrade, hurled it through the window of one of the side chambers. The inflammable cedar heated under an August sun at once burst into flames. Titus hearing it, rushed forward with his guards for its rescue. He commanded, and even implored his soldiers to spare the sacred edifice, but they were too much exasperated to heed him. Presently the whole building was on fire, and amid the vic- torious shouts of the Romans, and the shrieks of despair and rage from the Jews, the " holy and beautiful house," the once inviolable sanctuary of Jeho- vah sank to rise no more. The scene that followed beggars all description. John and Simon with their bands fled across the bridge (No. 35) into Zion, leaving the multitudes of unarmed persons, priests, women, and children, to the fierce passions of the victors. They were all murdered in cold blood. Six hundred priests who had taken refuge upon the roof of the cloisters were put to death, with the unfeeling remark that the temple being destroyed, there was no longer any use for them. Six thousand of the populace took refuge upon the royal cloister on the south (No. 20) ; this the Romans set fire to, and not a soul escaped. Then the remaining walls were demolished, and the blood-stained victors, planting their ensigns by the Beautiful Corinthian Gate, offered sac- rifices of triumph and saluted their general as Imperator. The last act of this awful tragedy was as brief as it was bloody. The upper city on Mount Zion still remained in the hands of Simon and John. But famine and desertion had greatly reduced their strength, and these indomi- table spirits were forced to ask a parley. The interview between them and THE SIEGE. 39 the Roman commander was held at the bridge, they occupying the western end, and Titus with an interpreter the eastern. He began by expostulating with them for their obstinacy, which had compelled him to destroy their temple and the greater part of their city, and ended by offering them their lives if they would surrender. They haughtily replied that they were un- der oath never to surrender, but they would retire into the wilderness and leave the city to him. This proposal in persons so situated he deemed an insult, and answered sternly that thereafter he would receive no terms and no deserters, and bade them prepare for the worst. Immediately he began the erection of his banks, — two in the Tyropceon, in the rear of the temple, and two against the western wall opposite the palace of Herod. After eighteen days hard labor, the latter were completed, and the engines began to play. The defenders offered but little resistance ; some fled into the three great towers, Hippicus, Phasaelus, and Mariamne, some hid under ground, and those who stood to their post were too weak from hunger and despair to fight with their accustomed vigor. Soon a breach was made, and the Romans came pouring in. At this moment Simon and John abandoned the towers and made a last desperate rush to Siloam (No. 1 2), and across the valley of Hinnom (C), against the circum- vallation on the southern hill, but were beaten back with dreadful slaughter. The remnant fled and secreted themselves in the caves and vaults as they best could. Meanwhile the Romans had taken the towers, and rushing thence through the city, slew all they met, sparing neither sex nor age. The houses were robbed and set on fire. Next day Titus ordered that only armed persons should be slain ; all others were reserved as slaves. The caves were searched, and thousands who had flad thither murdered or made captives. Then Titus gave orders to raze the whole city to the ground, sparing only the western wall of Herod's palace, to serve as a protection to the troops he proposed to leave there, and Herod's three great towers, to show, as he said, to the world what had been the strength of that city which only Roman valor could subdue. Thus ended a siege in which, according to Josephus, one million one hun- dred thousand Jews perished, and ninety seven thousand were made prison- ers. Of the latter, some, including Simon and John, were reserved to grace the victor's triumph at Rome ; a large number were distributed among the theaters to fight as gladiators or with wild beasts ; many were condemned for life to labor on the public works in Egypt ; and the rest sold as slaves. So were fulfilled the words of the Lord : " These be the days of vengeance, 40 JERUSALEM. that all things which are written may be fulfilled. For there shall be great distress in the land and wrath upon this people. And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations, and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled." Luke 21 :22-24. Medal of Vespasian, commemorating the capture of Jerusalem. MODERN HISTORY. 41 VI. MODERN HISTORY OF JERUSALEM. The destruction of the Sacred City by Titus was not total. The western wall and the three great towers attached to Herod's palace were left stand- ing, the former for the protection of the troops stationed there after the catastrophe, and the latter as monuments of the invincible valor of the Ro- man armies. We have no evidence that either Jews or Christians were then forbidden to return to the city and make for themselves habitations among the ruins. Jerome expressly says that " remains of the city existed for fifty years, until the reign of Hadrian." x Nor was the turbulent spirit, of the Jews extinguished by the terrible chastisement they had received. Many who had been left in Palestine, or had returned thither from their first exile, were for their seditious conduct banished by the emperor Hadrian to various distant colonies, and as a final means of holding the nation in check he undertook the rebuilding of Jeru- salem itself as a Roman fortress. This kindled the fiercest resentment of the Jews, who could not bear that foreigners should dwell in their city, or that strange gods should be worshiped there. Suddenly a bold and artful leader appeared, calling himself Bar-Cochbas, the " Son of a Star, "and claim- ing to be the Messiah, the " Star out of Jacob," predicted by # Balaam. 2 He raised the signal of revolt ; every where both in Judaea and in more distant provinces the Jews sprang to arms, and speedily the pretended prophet found himself at the head of 200,000 men. Jerusalem was wrested from the Romans, and nearly all the fortified cities and villages in the land recovered. Hadrian was obliged to put forth the entire strength of the empire to sub- due the revolt. For cruelty and bloodshed the war was scarcely inferior to that carried on by Titus. Jerusalem was again retaken ; the insurgents shut up in Bether, a place whose site is unknown, but not far distant ; and after a most bloody siege were captured and massacred, A. D. 135. Not less than 580,000 men were slain in this war, besides all that perished by famine and disease. Vast numbers were carried off to Egypt as slaves, and by an im- perial decree the Jews were forbidden ever again dwelling in, or even ap- proaching their holy city. The emperor's purpose in regard to the latter was now carried out. A temple to Jupiter was built on the site of the ancient sanctuary, and another to Venus upon the reputed sepulcher of Christ. 1 Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 366. * Num. 24 : 17. 42 JERUSALEM. A Roman colony was established there, and the very name of the city changed to Colonia ALlia Capitolina, in honor both of the emperor whose praenomen was yElius, and of the god Jupiter Capitolinus who was made the presiding deity of the place. For the next two centuries till the time of Constantine the Great (A. D. 306-337) little is known of Jerusalem. The Christians, who seem not to have shared in the sentence of banishment imposed upon the Jews, returned, it is said, from Pella, whither they had fled before the siege of Titus. Twenty-three of their bishops are enumerated, of whom one founded a library in Jerusalem ; but of most, little besides their names is known. In the latter part of this period the practice of making pilgrimages to the Holy Land had sprung up, among the most memorable of which was that of Helena, the mother of Constantine (A. D. 326), under whose auspices were built the churches of the Holy Sepulcher, of the Nativity at Bethlehem, of the Ascen- sion on Mount Olivet, and according to tradition many others. 1 In A. D. 360, the emperor Julian, who had been educated as a Christian but subsequently relapsed into Paganism, came to the throne. His hatred of the religion he had abandoned was equal to the zeal of Constantine in its behalf. He wrote against it, and for the purpose of falsifying the predictions of our Lord, undertook to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem, and restore the ancient worship. The Jews, at his invitation, flocked to the city from every land, and contributed freely of their wealth to aid the undertaking. Scarcely, however, had the ancient foundations been uncovered when the work was supernaturally interrupted. Flames of fire, it is said, burst forth from the ground with loud explosions, and attacked the laborers as often as they at- tempted to renew their work, compelling them to desist, and at length to aban- don the rash undertaking altogether. Shortly afterward the emperor was himself slain in a war with the Persians, and the brief period of prosperity and hope which the Jews had enjoyed was suddenly extinguished. 2 Justinian, who became emperor in A. D. 527, was a stanch supporter of Christianity. He built numerous churches in all parts of the empire, of which one of the most celebrated was that in honor of the Virgin on the ancient site of Solomon's Palace, — now the Mohammedan mosk of El-Aksa. 3 Tenor eleven monasteries were also founded by him in and around Jerusalem and Jericho, with several hospices, or places of entertainment for pilgrims during their visits to the holy city. This was the golden age of pilgrimages and relics Monks abounded ; " in every cave was a hermit, on every mountain 1 Bib. Res. Vol. I. p. 372-375. See No. 45 in the description of localities in the Modern City. ' Gibbon's Decline and Fall, chaps, xxii.-xxiv. 3 Modern Jcr. No. 16. MODERN HISTORY. 43 side the desolate dwelling of some recluse ; and the air was heavy with the groans of those who tortured the flesh in order to save the soul." 1 In A. D. 614 the Persians who had long carried on a war against the declining empire of Rome invaded Syria, and, joined b.y the Jews of Galilee, took Jerusalem by storm, murdered thousands of the clergy and the monks, and demolished or burned the churches ; among them, that of the Holy Sepulcher. 2 Their possession of the city, however, was brief ; the emperor Heraclius a few years afterward put their monarch to flight, and drove them back to the East. Scarcely had Jerusalem recovered from this invasion when it was sub- jected to another still more disastrous. In A. D. 636 it was besieged by the Kalif Omar, with a victorious army of Mohammedans which had al- ready overrun Arabia, Egypt, and Syria, and after a long and bloody con- flict was compelled to surrender, only, however, on condition that the in- habitants should be secured as to their lives, their families, their property, and their churches. Yet, notwithstanding this remarkable clemency, Jeru- salem was at once made a Mohammedan city. The mosk which bears the name of the Kalif was built on the site of the ancient temple, and from that day to the present, with brief exceptions under the Crusaders, the crescent has dominated over the cross, and only by sufferance has Jew or Christian dwelt or even set foot in the place endeared to both by the holiest memo- ries of their faith. In A. D. 1096 began those remarkable expeditions which for two centu- ries engaged the efforts of the Christian world, known as the crusades. Peter the Hermit having returned from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, pro- claimed throughout western Europe the story of the barbarities inflicted upon Christians by the Mohammedans. At that time the Saracens in Pal- estine had been supplanted by a wild race of Turks, who, lacking the superior cultivation and more humane sentiments of the former, plundered and oppressed their Christian subjects, and even the pilgrims who flocked thither from distant lands. Enforced by the impassioned eloquence and the reputed sanctity of Peter, the tale of the wrongs inflicted on their brethren thrilled in the ears of all Europe. The Greek emperor, Alexis Comnenus, sent letters to the princes of the West imploring their aid. The Pope es- poused the cause *and issued his bull calling upon all good Christians to join in the holy work of expelling the infidels from Palestine. Accord- ingly, in the spring of 1096 an immense army or rather rabble of soldiers, 1 City of Herod and Saladin, p. 62. » Modern Jerusalem, No. 45. 44 JERUSALEM. priests, peasants, women, and children, set forth in four great divisions for the Holy Land. Such an array had never been seen before. Assured of the certain protection of heaven, and a full pardon for all their sins in this world and the world to come, they took care that the debt should in nowise fall short of the grace. The wildest excesses were indulged ; plunder, license, and murder, marked their path. Led sometimes by an " inspired " goat, and sometimes by a goose, they wandered over the plains of Hungary and Bulgaria, committing such crimes and follies that the land could not endure their presence. The king of Hungary attacked and massacred them with- out mercy, the very course of the Danube being choked with the dead bodies of the slain. The remnant of this host that finally reached Asia Minor were fallen upon by the Turks, and all but 3000, who had shut them- selves into a fortress on the seacoast, perished. 1 Meanwhile, another expedition was in preparation more worthy of the purpose in view. Armies were gathered of disciplined soldiers and knights, under the lead of the renowned chieftains, Godfrey de Bouillon and his brothers, Eustace and Baldwin, Robert of Normandy, Hugh Vermandois, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond, and Tancred. They began their march in August 1096, and passed by the way of Constantinople into Asia Minor ; and after innumerable battles and sieges, and the most terrible sufferings from famine and disease, a heroic remnant of the mighty host reached and laid siege to Jerusalem in June, 1099. Both the attack and defense were conducted with the most sanguinary valor, but the Crusaders, being rein- forced by a Genoese fleet which opportunely arrived at Joppa bringing not only provisions, but artificers and carpenters and the materials for con- structing military engines, were enabled to take the city by storm on the 15 th of July. The capture was followed by a general massacre. The Jews who had fled to their synagogues were burned alive with those buildings. The Mohammedans were put to the sword, the chroniclers boasting that in the sacred temple area the knights rode in blood up to the knees of their horses. "The true cross, which had been hidden by the Christians during the siege, was brought forth again, and carried in joyful procession round the city, and for ten days the soldiers gave themselves up to murder, plun- der, and — prayers ! " 2 The Christian kingdom cf Jerusalem, instituted immediately after the capture of the city, continued eighty-eight years, when Jerusalem was re- taken by the Saracens under the celebrated Saladin, in 1187. That catas- 1 City of llcrod and Saiadin. pp. 141-154. * Ibid, p. 1S9. MODEEN" HISTORY. 45 trophe roused all Europe again, and a third great army led by King Richard the Lion-hearted, of England, and Philip of France, set forth for the Holy Land. But neither this, nor the next which followed, succeeded in recov- ering the prize which had been lost. Innumerable battles were fought, both by land and sea ; perpetually recurring quarrels broke out among the Crusa- ders themselves ; the noblest achievements of chivalry, and the darkest crimes of barbarism, alternated in the bloody annals of those times. In 1 2 12 occurred that most astonishing event in that astonishing age, the " Children's Crusade." A mad priest named Nicolas went about France and Germany, calling upon the children to do what their fathers had failed to perform. He promised that the sea should divide to afford them a pas- sage, that the infidels should flee in terror before them, and that God would grant to them what he had denied to others whose lives had been stained with impurity, to recover for Christ his cross and sepulcher. The infection caught, and many thousands of boys and girls enlisted. The ridicule of wiser persons, the opposition and entreaties of their parents, prevailed noth- ing. Without provisions or money, they set forth singing hymns and waving branches as if already victors. One division from Germany crossed the Alps to Genoa, subsisting on the charity of the towns through which they passed, multitudes perishing by the way through sickness or fatigue. But the sea did not open for them ; they wandered along the shores several days, and at last, despairing and disheartened, a remnant, barefooted and in rags, returned home. The French division went to Marseilles, where two kidnappers engaged in furnishing Christian slaves for the Alexandrian mar- ket, with a great show of generosity and love of religion, undertook to give them a free passage to the Holy Land. Seven ship-loads of the happy lit- tle enthusiasts set forth ; two of them were lost at sea ; the remainder reached Alexandria, where the children were sold in the public market, the Sultan of Cairo buying forty of the boys. Little notice seems to have been taken of this strange affair in Europe, and slight mention is made of it in history. 1 The Fifth Crusade (i 2 17-1237), was led in part by Andrew, king of Hun- . gary, and in part by Frederic II. emperor of Germany. The former ac- complished nothing worthy of note. The latter was not only an accom- plished soldier, but a scholar, also, and poet, and artist. Instead of fighting the Saracens he invited them to his camp and court ; entertained their learned men with questions of science ; and actually won the hearts of the 1 City of Herod and Saladin, pp. 447-450. 46 JERUSALEM. Moslem chieftains, so that they entered into a treaty with him for a joint occupancy of Jerusalem by Monammedans and Christians. The former were to retain the Mosk of Omar, with the right to maintain their worship there ; the latter to have the Holy Sepulcher, and the churches, and both parties to be under their own government and laws. But the Pope, jealous of the courtly monarch, who had won by mildness and address what the fanatical warriors who had preceded him had failed to achieve, repudiated the treaty, disowned the possession of the city, forbade the rites of Chris- tian worship there, and even excommunicated the emperor and all who ad- hered to him. At the expiration of the treaty, which by its terms was limited to ten years, hostilities were resumed, and continued through a half century further, during which period a sixth, seventh, and eighth crusade followed, with the same dreary succession of valor and cowardice, heroism and crime, victory and defeat, inflicting untold miseries both on Europe and Asia, till the year 1291, when the stronghold of Acre, the last Christian possession in Palestine, was taken by the Saracens, and the wars of the crusades were ended. Of the occupation of Jerusalem by the Crusaders there are few existing traces. Numerous churches and convents were built by them, but the latter have wholly disappeared, and of the former, save the Church of the Sep- ulcher, only some ruins remain. The site once occupied by the spacious hospital, or palace of the knights of St. John, is an open field in the heart of the city, known as the " Muristan." 1 Only a few foundation stones and broken arches now exist to testify to its former solidity and splendor. A portion of the Church of St. Mary (now the mosk El-Aksa, No. 16), was assigned by King Baldwin II. to a new order of knights, who from their residence on the temple area took the appellation of " Knights Templars," and who became so famous in the mediaeval history of Europe. Since the crusades Jerusalem has been almost literally without a history. In 15 17 it fell under the sway of the Ottoman power, with Syria and Egypt, and has shared the fortunes in general of that empire. The Sultan Sulei- man rebuilt its walls in 1542, as they remain at this day. In 1832 it be- came subject to the Pasha ofEgypt, but reverted again to the Sultan eight years afterward. The present population of the city is estimated at about 16,000; but this number is considerably larger at Easter, at the time of the annual visit of the pilgrims. Of the resident inhabitants some 6000 are Mo- 1 Ordnance Survey. MODERN HISTORY. 47 hammedans, 5000 Christians of various sects, Latin, Greek, Armenian, Syrian, Coptic, etc., and 4000 Jews. Each of these classes occupies for the most part its own separate quarter ; the Jews the eastern slope of Zion, the Armenians the western, the Latin and Greek Christians Akra, and the Mo- hammedans Bezetha. The streets of the city are narrow and crooked, often mere lanes roofed over, and in the night dark and dangerous. The only places of traffic are in the bazars, which are situated upon the Damascus Street, and a few narrow lanes adjacent. The accompanying cut presents a very curious plan of Jerusalem, made during the crusades in the 12th century. It will be seen that the tradi- tional localities are much the same as at present, except that the Gate of Damascus was then called St. Stephen's Gate, and the one now bearing this name was called the Gate of the Valley of Jehoshaphat. A street is also shown as separating the " templum " from the " claustrum," i. e. the palace of Solomon. Plan of Jerusalem iu the 12th Century. \ Hi O ■iW- *n \7 J iBI m im REFER ENCES. 49 REFERENCES TO KEY-PLATE, NO. II. I. The Mount of Olives. 36. 2. The Valley of Kidron. 37- 3- The Garden of Gethsemane. 38. 4 Place of the Stoning of Stephen. 39- 5- Tomb of Absalom. 40. 6. Fountain of the Virgin. 41. 7- Mohammedan Burying Place. 42. 8. Ophel. 43- 9- The Haram Walls. 44. 10. The Golden Gate. 45- ii. The Triple Gate. 46. 12. The Double or Huldah Gate. 47- 13- The Cradle of Jesus. 48. 14. The Mobk of Omar. 49- IS- Dome of the Chain. 50. 16. Mosk El-Aksa. 5i- 17- The Temple Area. 52- 18. Pool of Siloam. 53- 19. Valley of the Tyropoeon. 54 20. Gate of the Mugrabins. 55- 21. Robinson's Arch. 56. 22 Jews' Wailing Place. 57- 23- Shambles. 58. 24. Dwellings of the lepers. 59- 25 Greek Nunnery of St. George. 60. 26. Zion's Gate. 61. 27. House of Caiaphas. 62. 28. Tomb of David, and Ccenaculum. 63- 29. St. Peter's Cave. 64. 3°- Armenian Convent. 65. 3i- Barracks for Soldiers. 66. 32, 33- > Jewish Synagogues. 67. 68. 34 The English Church. 69. 35 English Hospital and Dispensary. 70. Syrian Church of St. James. Citadel and Tower of David. The Jaffa Gate. Street of David. Peter's Prison. Bathsheba's Pool. Coptic Convent. Palace of the Hospitalers. Castle of Goliath. Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Greek Nunnery. Latin Convent. Via Dolorosa. Hospital of Helena. House of Dives. Tower of Psephinus. Khan for Pilgrims from India. College for Blind Dervishes. Residence of the Pasha. Damascus Gate. Arch of Ecce Homo. The Serai Chapel of the Crown of Thorns. Mosk of Dervishes. Convent, Schools, Cells College of Blind Dervishes. Minaret Ben Israel. Ruined Church. Pool of Bethesda. St. Stephen's Gate. Church of St. Anne. Gate of Herod. Tombs of the Kings. Scopus. Neby Samwil. 50 JERUSALEM. VII. MODERN JERUSALEM. DESCRIPTION OF LOCALITIES, WITH REFERENCES TO KEY PLATE, NO. II. The figures at the right of the names refer to those numbers on the Plate (No. I), of Ancient Jerusalem, where will be found fuller descriptions. 1. The Mount of Olives. (A). The point of view is nearly the same as in the other picture, except that it is much nearer and lower down the mount. In the foreground are groups of travelers encamped, and of natives, resting, bargaining, etc. The costumes of the latter are particularly worthy of note. 2. The Valley of Kidron, or Je- hoshaphat, (B). 3. The Garden of Gethsemane. (8.) 4. The alleged place of the stoning Of Stephen, the first Christian martyr. 1 5. The Tomb of Absalom, a mon- ument of ancient date, popularly regarded as the pillar erected by the undutiful son of David in the King's Dale. 2 Sam. 18 : 18. It is about 24 feet square, cut out of the solid rock, surmounted by a conical summit of ma- sonry, the whole reaching about 50 feet in hight All good Jews, Moslems, and Christians, make it a rule to throw a stone at this monument when they pass it, to testify their abhorrence of Absalom's crimes. There are three other re- markable ':ombs near by, ascribed respectively to Zacharias, Jehoshaphat, and St. James. In- deed, the whole eastern side of the valley is honeycombed with ancient rock-cut sepulchers. The Jews in all ages have sought to make their last resting place in this sacred ground, believ- ing that here they shall meet their Messiah in the day of judgment. 6. Fountain of tho Virgin. (11.) 7. 7. Mohammedan Burying Place. The western side of the valley adjacent to the Sanctuary Wall is the favorite burying place of the Moslems, who desire to lie near their prophet when he shall appear here at the judgment day. See No. 9. 8. Ophel. (E). 1 Acts 7 : 58. 9. The Haram Walls. (D). The pres- ent walls of Jerusalem, as appears from various inscriptions upon them, were built by Sultan Suleiman in 1542. They had been several times thrown down and rebuilt during the suc- cessive invasions of the city by the Romans, the Saracens, the Crusaders, and the Turks, and are now in general in good condition, though little adapted to resist modern artillery. The walls upholding the ancient temple area are ap- parently older than the others, in many places, indeed, showing the massive stones as they were laid by Herod and Solomon. Most of the latter, however, are buried below the present surface of the ground, which has accumulated around them to the depth of from fifty to a hundred feet, in some places even more. The hight at the south-eastern corner, is now seventy-seven feet, rising twelve or fifteen above the level of the area within. About 100 yards north of this corner, is an ancient pillar, built crosswise into the wall, one end of which, projecting a few feet near the top, is regarded by the Mussulmans with the utmost veneration, as the judgment seat upon which Mohammed will sit at the last day to judge the world, who will be assembled in the valley below. They believe, also, that there is a bridge of a single thread of silk so fine as to be invisi- ble to mortal eyes, reaching from this judgment seat to the summit of Olivet, over which the souls of the faithful pass safely to Paradise. 10. The Golden Gate, regarded by some as the same with the Shushan Gate of the ancient temple (Plate I. No. 15), and by others as probably opening into the court of the Antonia (No. 87). In its present structure it is evidently of Roman origin, and may have belonged to the temple of Jupiter, built by Hadrian about A. D. 136. Its name dates from the time of the crusades, and was probably given it from its MODERN JERUSALEM. 51 supposed connection with one of the temple gates which was covered with gold. It has long been walled up, the Mohammedans believing that a king will one day enter by it to seize the city and become Lord of the whole earth. 1 11. The Triple Gate (18), now closed. 12. The Double or Huldah Gate (19), closed. Against the middle of it abuts the city wall coming up from the south, in which also is an old gate, adjacent to the Double Gate, which is likewise walled up. 13. The Cradle of Jesus. Two small domes in the south-eastern angle of the area cover a subterranean apartment, containing a marble trough resembling a sarcophagus, which bears this name. From this room there is an entrance to the vaults underneath known as " Solomon's Stables." Mosk of Omar. 14. The Mosk of Omar, so called, but properly the Kubbet es Sakhara, or " Dome of the Rock." In A. D. 637, Jerusalem was captured by the Mohammedan Arabs under the famous Kalif Omar. He inquired of the Christian patriarch where was the "Sakhara," the sacred rock from which, according to the Koran, Moham- med had ascended to heaven. ' He was shown the rock now called by that name, which was then covered with filth, thrown there by the Christians to spite the Jews. He pronounced it the very spot of the prophet's ascent, and 1 Bib. Res. Vol. I, p. 323. proceeded to erect over it a dome worthy of the place. His successor, Abd-el-Melik replaced this by the existing noble structure, A. D. 688. It is octagonal in form, 170 feet in diameter, the sides half way up incased with variegated mar- bles, and above these with porcelain tiles, sur- mounted by a copper-sheathed dome pf graceful proportions, and a huge bronze crescent. Im- mediately beneath the dome is the sacred rock, venerated by the Jews as that which Jacob made his pillow, and named Bethel, the " house of God ; " as the spot where Abraham built 52 JERUSALEM. the altar to sacrifice his son Isaac ; as the thresh- ing floor of Araunah, the Jebusite, and as the site of the Holy of Holies of the temple ; and by the Mohammedans as the rock from which their prophet went to Paradise, which, indeed, would have followed him had not Gabriel held it down by force, and which they believe is still suspended in the air without any support It is- an irregularly shaped stone, rising about five feet above the floor of the mosk, sixty feet long by fifty-five wide. Underneath is a small room about eight feet high and fifteen on each side, having an oval-shaped hole overhead, and an- other covered by a slab in the floor, opening, it is said, into the Bir Arruah, or " Well of Souls," the entrance to Hades. The whole edifice stands upon a marble platform, measuring 550 by 450 feet, and averaging ten feet high, to which ascent is made through eight elegant Saracenic gates. 15. The Dome of the Chain, or Little Sakhara. A miniature model of the preceding, built by the Kalif as a pattern by which to con- struct it, and used by him, it is said, as a treas- ury for the safe keeping of the moneys con- tributed by the faithfal to defray the expense. 16. Mosk El-Aksa, a large building 280 feet in length, and 183 in breadth, originally the church of St Mary, built by the Emperor Jus- tinian about A. D. 540. The term El-Aksa signifies " the Remote," because of its distance from Mecca. It is considered, however, not inferior in holiness to the shrine in that city, and is believed to be in the exact center of the earth. In the time of the Crusades, the building was enlarged by the addition of a dor- mitory and infirmary, and in A. D. 11 19, King Baldwin II. assigned it as the residence of the knights, who from that circumstance were named the Knights Templars of Jerusalem. Adjacent to El-Aksa on the west is a mosk without a dome, named Abu Bekr, and still further west, near the corner, a third called the Mosk of the Mugrabins or West African ne- groes. 17. The Temple area, called the Ha- ram Esh Sherif, or " Noble Sanctuary," (D). The surface is nearly level, slightly de- clining to the south and east. It is lowest at the Golden Gate (No. 10), and highest at the north-western corner, where appears the native rock. Trees of various kinds, the aloe, acacia, and cypress adorn the grounds, some of the roots of which even penetrate into the vaults beneath. Along the northern and western sides is a colonnade, containing apartments for relig- ious and educational purposes, and dormitories for dervishes, the black eunuchs who guard the Haram, etc On the east side, midway between the Golden Gate and the north-eastern corner is shown the throne of Solomon. Until re- cently none but good Mussulmans were per- mitted to set foot in this sacred enclosure, but now the privilege may be obtained on the pay- ment of a handsome fee. 18. The Pool of Siloam. (12). 19. Valley of the Tyropoeon. 20. Gate of the Mugrabins, a name given to the African Mohammedans who reside in this quarter. The gate is now generally closed. 21. Eobinson's Arch. (35). This in- teresting fragment of the ancient Tyropoeon bridge is in the western wall of the Sanctuary area, 39 feet distant from the south-western corner. A fine view of it, and of the wall itself L> given in our frontispiece, also of Capt. War- ren's operations in exploring this valley. See the description in the localities of ancient Jeru- salem, No. 35. 1 22. The Jews' Wailing Place. This, also, is in the western wall,- 300-420 feet from the south-western angle. Here the huge stones of which the ancient wall was constructed are visible, and are visited by the Jewish residents and pilgrims every Friday, to bewail the deso- lation of the city and temple, and pray for their restoration. 23. Shambles in the Jewish quar- ter. A very filthy locality. 24. Dwellings of the lepers. 25. Greek Nunnery of St. George. 26. Zion Gate, leading out to the southern portion of Zion, which is now outside the walL 27. The traditional house of Caia- phas. (58). 28. The Tomb of David, and Coena- culum. (59). 29. St. Peter's Cave, said to be the place where he "went out and wept bitterly." 3 30. The Armenian Convent of St. James, a large building occupying, with its grounds, several acres, and capable of enter- taining 8000 pilgrims. 31. Barracks for Soldiers. 32. 33. Jewish Synagogues. 34. The English Church, situated con- spicuously on the grounds of the palace of Herod (60). Attached to it are various offices, gardens, etc, of the London Jews' Society. » Page ai. * Barclay, p. 493. 'Matt. 26:75. MODERN JERUSALEM. ' 58 The Jews' Wailing- Place. 35. The English Hospital and Dis- pensary, large, well-managed, and liberally endowed. 36. The Syrian Church of St. James ; an ancient church now in ruins. 37. The Citadel and Tower of Da- vid. The citadel is a fortress dating far back in the middle ages, and was the last to surren- der at the taking of the city by the Crusaders, in A. D. 1099. It is surrounded by a wall, and is protected on the west by a deep fosse. In its north-eastern corner stands the ancient tower bearing the name of David, but undoubtedly the remains of one of the three great towers of Herod's palace (Plate I, No. 61). Dr. Rob- inson 1 thinks it was Hippicus, but its dimen- sions better agree with those of Phasaelus. Its sides measure 70 by 56^ feet. The lower part, 50 feet in hight, is solid and is built of large beveled stones similar to those in the temple walls. The upper portion is more modern, and has an entrance leading to the summit, from which, it is said, a portion of the Dead Sea is visible. 38. The Jaffa Gate. (65). The princi- pal entrance to the city for travelers from the west. Near it on the outside is the custom house. 39. The Street of David, running down from the Jaffa Gate to the Haram. 40. Peter's Prison. (71)- 41. Bathsheba's Pool, the supposed site of the house of Uriah. 2 *Bib. Res. Vol. I, p. 30S. *2 Sam. 11 : 2. 42. Coptic Convent. 43. Palace of the Hospitalers or Knights of St. John, 1 now in ruins. This, with the square on which it stands, was a few years ago presented by the Sultan to Louis Napoleon. 2 44. Castle Of Goliath, so called, per- haps the remains of the Tqwer of Psephinus. 3 45. The Church of the Holy Sep- Ulcher. In the year A. D. 326, Helena, the mother of the Emperor Constantine, who had in her old age been converted to Christianity, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. During her visit, it is related that she sought to discover the site of Calvary and the sepulcher of our Lord, which had been covered with earth by the enemies of Christianity. With the aid of a special revelation her search was successful ; the sacred sepulcher was found and near by it the three crosses with the inscription placed over the head of Jesus by Pilate. The true cross on which he had suffered was distin- guished from those of the thieves by its. power to heal an incurable disease. Upon the spot thus pointed out, she caused a splendid chapel or oratory to be built, called the " Church of the Anastasis " or Resurrection, having a large open court representing the garden in which the sepulcher had stood. On the east of this court was built also a second grand church or basilica, named the Martyrion, which in its turn, had before it another court, together with 1 See Mod. Hist, of Jer. p. 46. 449. 3 Lewin, p. 168. * Barclay, p. 54 JERUSALEM. a splendid propylaa or vestibmle. These vari- ous edifices, called collectively the " Temple," were completed and dedicated by Constantine, in the year A. D. 335. 1 In 614, under the Persian monarch Chosroes II., they were burned by a mixed army of Persians and Jews, but were rebuilt a few years afterward. Again, in A. D. 969, the city having fallen into the hands of the Arabs, the church ol the Holy Sepulcher was burned with its patriarch John, and in A. D. 1010, the building was razed to its foundations, and much labor expended to deface and destroy the sepulcher itself; which, however, the monks say, was miraculously rendered invulnerable. The church was again rebuilt in 1043, and enlarged and beautified by the Crusaders, after their conquest of the city in 1099. Lastly, in 1S0S, the greater part of the building was consumed, its lamps and chandeliers melted, its ornamental hang- ings scorched ; but as before, wonderful to relate, the sacred sepulcher itself, though del- uged with the molten lead from the roof, and surrounded with the flames, received not the slightest injury ! 2 The present church is a spacious and elegant structure with two domes, and a large brick tower, of which the upper portion is gone, the Moslems compelling its removal because they could not endure that the cross should overtop the crescent. The possession of the interior is divided by the authority of the Sultan, be- tween the Roman, Greek, and Armenian churches, with a small chapel or two allotcd to the Syrians and Copts, while other portions are permitted to be used by all in common. The Holy Sepulcher is in the great rotunda, under the western dome, the Greek chapel, within which is the exact "center of the world," is under the eastern dome, and Mt. Calvary in the south-eastern corner. East of the main building is the chapel of St. Helena, and in a grotto at the extreme south-cast, the chapel of the cross, marking the place, where, it is said, the three crosses were found. The Latin chapel is adjacent to the rotunda on the north. A great number of " sacred places " are gath- ered within the precincts of this church the Stone of Unction, where our Lord was washed and anointed for burial, the place where Mary stood while this was being done, the Pillar of Flagellation where he was scourged, the spot where he appeared to Mary Magdalene, the Rock of Calvary, the holes where the crosses were erected, the cleft in the rock made by the earthquake, etc. 8 »Bib. Res. Vol. I, pp. 373-377. Barclay, p. 230. ' Barclay, p. 333. * Ibid. pp. 233-338. "The whole pile of edifices connected to- gether is 350 feet long, from ' Joseph's Sepul- cher ' within the aisle on the west of the rotun- da, down to the extremity of the ' Chapel of the Invention ' on the east ; and it is not less than 2S0 feet from the south wall of 'St. James's Chapel' to the north side of the apartments belonging to the Latins. Within this vast inclosure there seems to be no end to aisles, windows, stairways, vaults, tombs, dark recesses, chapels, oratories, altars, concealed relics, and other holy 'inventions.' Verily, nothing is too hard for stout-hearted Credulity. She not only removed mountains, but wrought im- possibilities of transposition and aggregation. At her bidding rocks and caves and distant localities gathered from all quarters into this temple, as the wild beasts came to the ark; and having got therein, it is very difficult to get them safely out, however offensive their pres- ence may be to the eye of modern research." 1 46. Greek Nunnery and Alms- house of St. Basil. 2 47. Latin Convent of St. John, in the north-western corner of the city, conspicu- ously erected on high ground. 3 48. The Via Dolorosa (81). 49. Hospital of Helena. A huge pile of ruined buildings, containing a series of cham- bers richly ornamented in the Saracenic style of architecture. It is now used as a soup es- tablishment for the poor. 4 50. Traditionary House of Dives. 51. Site of tho Tower of Psephi- nus. This was an octagonal tower 105 feet high; situated at the north-western corner of the city, in the angle of the third or outer wall. Remains of the foundations are visible at the present day. 5 52. Khan for Pilgrims from India. 6 53. College for Blind Dervishes. 7 54. Residence of the Pasha. 55. The Damascus Gate (73)- Prob- ably the same as the ancient Old Gate. In the Middle Ages it bore the name of St. Stephen's Gate, and the place of that martyr's death was shown near to it, but the name and locality were in the fifteenth century transferred to the eastern side of the city, as they are found at the present day. 8 56. Arch of the Ecce Homo; the alleged place where Pilate brought forth Jesus 'Thomson's Land and Book, p. 67S. Enj. Ed. 'Barclay, p. 447. 3 Tbid . p. 449. * Ibid. p. 453. "Rob. Bib. Res., Vol. I, p. 309. ° Barclay, p. 453. 7 Ibid. 8 Bib. Res. Vol. I, pp. 330, ,ai. MODERN JERUSALEM. scourged and wearing the crown of thorns, and said, " Behold the man ! " It U a lofty gate- way spanning the Via Dolorosa, with a narrow gallery or chamber on the top. The arch is comparatively modern, but the piers have the appearance of antiquity. Dr. Robinson sug- gests that it is a remnant of the ancient second wall of the city, running from the Damascus Gate along the western brow of Bezetha to An- tonia. 1 57. The Serai; formerly the residence of the Turkish governor, now used as a barrack. A fine view of the Haram is had from its roof, and until recently this was the only one per- mitted to foreigners. 58. Chapel of the Crown of Thorns. 59. Mosk of Dervishes. 60. Convent, Schools, and Cells. 61. College of Blind Dervishes. 62. Minaret Ben Israel. 63. Ruined Church. The traditionary site of the house of Simon the Pharisee, 2 where the penitent Mary anointed the feet of Christ. 64. The Pool of Bethesda, (90), now called Birket Israil. This is a reservoir, 360 feet in length, 130 in breadth, and 75 in depth, exclusive of the rubbish at the bottom, which has been accumulating for centuries. At the western end two large arched vaults extend side by side, about 130 feet, under the adjacent 'Bib. Res. Vol. Ill, pp. 172, 191. 2 Luke 7 : 37-5°- houses. The sides and bottom are lined with plaster and concrete, showing that it has been used as a tank for water, but in the opinion of Dr: Robinson, " there is not the slightest evi- dence that can identify it with the Bethesda of the New Testament." 1 The prevalent be- lief of the best authorities is that it was a fosse constructed as a defense of Antonia and the temple on the north. 65. St. Stephen's Gate, called also by the native Christians Bab Sitti M/rmm, "Gate of my Lady Mary," probably with reference to the church and tomb of the Virgin in the Kidron be- low. In the Middle Ages it was called the " Gate of Jehoshaphat." The roads to the Mount of Olives, Bethany, and Jericho, lead from it. It must be near the site of the ancient Sheep Gate (Plate I, No. 93) though not identical with it, as the modern wall at this place was not then in existence. 66. Church of St. Anne; originally built by the Crusaders, but afterward turned into a mosk. It is said to be now the property of the ex-emperor, Louis Napoleon. 67. Gate of Herod, now closed. It probably corresponds nearly to the ancient Gate of Benjamin (85). 68. Tombs of the Kings (98). 69. Scopus (97)- 70. Neby Samwil (99)- iBib. Res. Vol. III. p. 330. 56 JERUSALEM, VIII. RECENT EXPLORATIONS IN JERUSALEM " Allusion having frequently been made in the preceding pages to the discoveries effected at Jerusalem in connection with recent explorations, it may interest our readers to be fur- nished a brief account of those explorations, and some of the results to which they have led. The original purpose for which they were undertaken was to improve the sanitary condition of the city. From having anciently been distinguished for the salubrity as well as beauty of its position, Jerusalem had become in modern times one of the most unhealthy cities in the world. The cause of this change was believed to be the impurity of the water, and the great masses of rubbish which had for centuries been accu- mulating, together with insufficient and obstructed sewerage. ■ To remedy these evils, at least so far as the water supply was concerned, it was proposed to repair the ancient aqueducts, pools, and cisterns, adding new ones so far as might be found necessary. To aid in the preliminary surveys, a donation cf ^500 was made by the distinguished philanthropist, Miss ^^^^ ^^$^^^^>;V>s . RECENT EXPLORATIONS. 57 Burdett Coutts ; and a party of engineers from the British Ordnance De- partment were detached for that service under the command of Capt. C. W. Wilson. In the prosecution of this work, commenced in 1864, Capt. W. made many- discoveries which awakened a deep interest in the minds of the scholars and antiquaries of Great Britain, and led to the organization of a society under the presidency of the Archbishop of York, called the " Palestine Explora- tion Fund," "for the accurate and systematic investigation of the archaeology, topography, and physical geography, natural history, manners and customs of the Holy Land, for Biblical illustration." In 1867 a second expedition was sent out under the command of Capt. Charles Warren, R. E., which continued the explorations begun by Capt. Wilson, and made many others within and around Jerusalem, the results of which have been published in the handsome octavo volume so frequently referred to, entitled " The Re- covery cf Jerusalem." Many obstacles impeded the work. One was the opposition made to it by the Turkish authorities. Although the requisite " firmans " had been obtained from the sultan, at Constantinople, the pasha still found pretexts for objecting to the researches, especially at the places of deepest interest, as the sanctuary wall and area. Similar hindrances were offered by the owners of houses or gardens, near which it was desired to dig, the object in most cases being to extort " buckshish " from the explorers. It was dif- ficult to find men who were willing and competent to do the requisite labor, or to retain them when once engaged. But the ingenuity and perseverance of Capt. Warren, in most cases, overcame these difficulties, and though the work was incomplete, a large amount of valuable information was ob- tained relative to the antiquities of the city. The explorations were carried forward mostly by shafts and mines sunk in the vast accumulations of rubbish which overlie the site of the city. These were lined by plank sheathing to prevent the loose materials from falling in, making passages from two to four feet square. Through these the earth and stones were drawn out in baskets by means of a rope and pulley as seen in the engraving on the last page. This, in many cases, was exceedingly dangerous work. " We were," says Capt. W., " frequently subject to being blown up by the loose shingle (i. e. fragments of stone, or stone chippings) which in an instant would destroy our galleries ; to being smashed by the large pieces of masonry which lay huddled together above us, loosely lying one over the other, and ready to collapse at the slightest 58 JERUSALEM. movement beneath them ; or else to having our skulls stove in by the stones and iron bars which the fellahin (native laborers), in their anxiety to be smart, occasionally, allowed to fall back on us from the mouth of the shafts." Often, too, the explorations led into ancient sewers, cisterns, and cess-pools full of the most filthy substances, in which they were obliged to work sometimes for hours. The dark subterranean passages were lighted by burning magnesium wire ; and a forge bellows and zinc pipes supplied them with fresh air when necessary. Gunpowder was used in some cases, but for the most part it was unsafe. The results of these investigations, which were continued with great zeal and heroism for three years, have in part been mentioned in the preceding descriptions of localities in the ancient and modern city. A more summary view of them is given here. i. One of the most important is the fact of the great amount of superin- cumbent rubbish covering all parts of the city. No other city in the world has suffered so many calamities as this. It has been besieged, captured, and devastated more than twenty times. Its palaces of marble and cedar have been burned, and their calcined walls and ashes strewn over the sites they once adorned. The depth of the rubbish around the temple walls is nearly ioo feet. On the summit of Zion it is 40 feet, along the Via Dolo- rosa from 1 5 to 30. This fact is important in its bearing upon the genuine- ness of many of the " holy places." It is obvious that buildings, walls, and streets now on the surface of the ground cannot with any certainty be identified with those which two thousand years ago occupied sites now buried many feet below the surface. 2. The statements of Josephus have been verified, respecting the hight of the temple walls. " If any one," said he, " looked down from the top of the battlements he would be giddy, while his sight could not reach to such an immense depth." 1 This had been regarded as a great exaggeration, prompted by national vanity. But the excavations which reveal the vast accumulations of rubbish at the foot of the walls have shown this impres- sion to be incorrect. They are in fact at this day, including the buried portions, not less than 157 feet above their foundations, and nearly 300 above the ancient bed of the Kidron. We are entirely unable to conceive of the magnificence of the sacred edifice, its cloisters like the naves of Gothic cathedrals, surmounting these lofty walls making a quadrangle 1 Ant. xv. 11.5. RECENT EXPLORATIONS . 59 almost iooo feet square, and inclosing the courts rising terrace upon terrace to the holy house itself, which rose resplendent in marble and gold from 200 to 300 feet higher than the walls. 3. The Bible statement as to the employment of Phoenician workmen, in the building of the temple, has been amply substantiated. The marks of those workmen have been preserved on the stones themselves in Phoe- nician characters. The red paint with which they were made is nearly as fresh as when put there 3000 years ago, with trickling drops still visible as they fell from the brush, only they are above the letters, showing that when they were put there the stones lay bottom upward, 4. The location of Solomon's palace, and of the " ascent by which he went up into the house of the Lord," has been probably ascertained. See the .plan of the temple area, D., page 18. The courses of stones in the ancient walls are continuous on the east and south of the Sanctuary area, up to the Double Gate (No. 19, underneath the Mosk El-Aksa), from there to the south-western corner 300 feet, and the same distance on the western side, the stones are in different courses, and finished with a style of beveling unlike the others. Capt. Warren's inference is that the latter are less ancient than the former. He assigns them to the time of Herod, who he believes filled out this corner of the area, ^300 feet square — and built upon it his Royal Porch extending across the whole southern border of the area, from the Tyropceon to the Kidron. 5. In like manner, the disputed question as to the exact location of the temple itself on the plateau seems to have been settled. It has been main- tained by Mr. Fergusson, the distinguished architect, and many others, that the temple occupied a square of 600 feet in the extreme south-western angle of the area ; that Antonia was near the central part where now is the Mosk of Omar, and that a strip 300 feet wide along the eastern border, was outside the temple wall. All these positions are shown to be errone- ous. The temple stood in the center, on a site nearly identical with the present mosk ; its courts covering the whole width of the area to the Ki- dron wall. 6. The conjecture of Dr. Robinson as to the location of the celebrated Tyropceon Bridge has been fully verified ; the piers and fallen voussoirs or arch-stones of the bridge discovered, a pavement worn by the feet which passed over it in our Lord's time disclosed, and under all this the remains of a still more ancient roadway and bridge dating back, undoubtedly, to the days of Solomon and constituting a part of the splendid passage be- 60 JERUSALEM. tween the temple and palace of David on Mt. Zion. The discoveries in this part of the Tyropceon Valley are of the highest interest as confirming the statements both of Josephus and the Bible. 7. The system of water supply for the city and temple has been investi- gated, although, through the jealously of the Turkish officials, some points relating to the cisterns under the Sanctuary area remain still undetermined. The whole of the Temple-mount has been found to be honeycombed with reservoirs capable of containing a supply of ten million gallons. The great aqueduct of Solomon has been explored, and subterranean passages, proba- bly of the time of Hezekiah, discovered, leading to the pools which were " stopped " by him at the time of Sennacherib's invasion. For the abun- dance and purity of its waters, no city of ancient times surpassed Jerusalem ; a distinction which might be easily again realized under a liberal and enter- prising government. 8. Something has been done toward settling the disputed question as to the genuineness of the alleged sites of Calvary and the Holy Sepulcher. The real sites we know were without the city walls, while those which now bear the name are far within them. The outer wall, as described by Jose- phus, began at the gate " Gennath " in the northern wall of Zion, and making a circuit around Akra joined Antonia on the east. The position of this gate, therefore, is an important element in determining the location and course of the wall. Those who object to the present sites place Gennath in the extreme west of the city, near the modern Castle of David, probably the ancient Hippicus, in which case the wall must necessarily have passed out- side of the supposed site of the sepulcher. Those on the contrary who de- fend the present sites, locate Gennath farther eastward, nearly midway between the Jaffa Gate and the temple. Here an ancient gate-way still exists which has been claimed to be the one in question ; while some pillars and foundation stones lying north of it have been taken to be the remains of the wall itself. Capt. Warren's investigations did not confirm either of these assumptions, and the inferences drawn from them, on the whole, seem unfavorable to the theory that the sites are genuine. Such are some of the particular results which have been reached by these very interesting explorations, in addition to which is a large amount of evi- dence confirming in a general way the Scripture narrative and illustrating the topography and archaeology of Jerusalem. TESTIMONIALS. SELOUS' TWO GREAT PICTURES OF JERUSALEM. I. In her Grandeur. II. In her Decay. These magnificent paintings have attracted universal commendation, wherever they have heen exhibited. They are grand and beautiful, and invaluable in conveying a correct impression of the Holy City to all both old and young. NOTICES OF THE PRESS. From the Boston Globe. In "Jerusalem in her Grandeur," the spec- tator is supposed to be looking down on the Holy City from the western side of the Mount of Olives. The beautiful city lies spread out under a bright and clear sky, the temple form- ing the central and principal feature of the pic- ture, and rising like a fairy palace above the surrounding edifices. Though a restoration of the temple, there is authority for every thing introduced here. It is extraordinary in ITS GRACE, ITS BEAUTY AND ITS GORGEOUS- ness. It stands there in a glow of light, the realization of a dream of wonder-land. The grouping of the figures is artistic and animated, the coloring is brilliant, and the handling extremely vigorous. In fact, the de- tails of the whole picture are worked out with marvelous patience and clearness. The draw- ing is admirable, and the broad masses of light and shade arc finely distributed. The picture is full of suggestiveness, and both tempts and repays the most earnest study. In the second picture, "Jerusalem in her fall," every street, every pathway, almost every stone of the city is rendered with the minutest faithfulness. The whole work bears upon it the impress of unswerving fidelity. Travelers, who have seen this painting, are unstinting in the praise they bestow upon it for its truth. As in the other picture, though the canvas is crowded with buildings, every house, arch and tower is depicted with the most ex- treme care. Notwithstanding, the effect is broad, grand, harmonious and artistic in the highest de- gree. As works of art they are entitled to the high- est praise, and suggesting as they do the glory and decadence of a great race, and the thoughts of a past when God spake to man and dwelt with his people, it is impossible to stand before them unmoved by a far stronger feeling than curiosity, and a holier sentiment than admira- tion. From the New York Evening Post. Both pictures are remarkable in two ways — they combine the highest realism with the grandest general effect. Before seeing them one anticipates with pain their topographical accuracy, and their minute perfection of detail, a view of the pictures dis- pels all this, one sees two paintings, which, while possessing great mechanical excellence, hint at something more and higher. The picture of the Jerusalem of to-day is not simply a portrayal ot its fractured walls, its houses, and its public buildings ; but a gl miring account of the doom which has come upon the Holy City. — It is a dead town, rich with glo- rious memories, like a mummy wrapped in the (c) finest cloths. The companion picture tells a different story. Those compact walls, the crowds of people, and above all the golden roof of the Temple, speak of prosperity and influence and dominion. It is the great city, haughty and insolent, which contemned Christ and fell a prey to its own wilfulness — looking at it one gets some idea of its glory and pride, and proper place in history. Each canvas is full of an inarticulate eloquence which must be heard before one can become acquainted with their highest merits. From the New York Tribune. The view of Jerusalem in her pristine grand- eur — at least as she appeared in the time of our Saviour — is not a mere effort of artistic imagination, but is based upon conscien- tious STUDY OF ALL THE AUTHORITIES that could be consulted on the subject, from Jose- phus to the present day. The presentation of the great Temple and its surroundings is a georgeous and masterly piece of fainting, and would have seemed extravagant and impossible were it not for the recent explorations, which cause us to be cautious in denying any thing which may be asserted of the glories of Jerusa- lem. So scholarly and cautious a judge as Dr. Bellows calls it exact and truth-seeming as well as impressive and fascinating. The second picture represents the Jerusalem of to-day in that desolate beauty which comes only with age and ruin — It is a remarkably striking and faithful view of a great city in decay. — You can see with perfect distinctness the huddled Hebrew houses on Mt. Zion ; the Latin and Armenian convents ; the domes and minarets of the great Mosks ; the crest of Mt. Moriah, and the winding and tangled foot- paths on its slope ; and the long line of the walls, with their picturesque gates. The gnarled and twisted oaks on Mt. Olivet are old acquaintances of all who have visited the East — while the local color and air are preserved in the hot bare rocks and sand of the foreground, and the golden flood of warm light with which the canvas is literally drenched. From the New York Times. Mr. Selous has represented the ancient city and its surroundiugs in exact accordance wilh the descriptions left by the best historical au- thorities, and there can be no doubt that the design is, in the main, correct, and that a task which might have deterred any artist from at- tempting it, has been most satisfactorily per- formed. It is a grand conception of what Jerusalem might have been in her palmy days and does infinite credit to Mr. Selous' taste and imagination. TESTIMONIALS. From Prof. E. A. Park, of Andover Theo- logical Seminary. My Dear Sir : — I have examined Selous' two pictures of Jerusalem, and have been highly delighted -with them. The teachers and pupils in our Sabbath Schools and Bible Classes may derive much instruction, as well as pleasure, from the examination of them. The pictures can be studied with profit by the most learned clergymen, as well as by the members of our schools. I am quite surprised at the definiteness with which the picture of modern Jerusalem recalls the general aspect of the city as it ap- peared to me in 1869. In its general effect it seems to be admirable as a work of art, but still more admirable when it is examined in its details. As a work of art the picture will improve the taste of the community ; as an aid to the study of the Scriptures it will be a power- ful auxiliary of the preacher. Our pastors will render an important service to their parishioners by encour- aging them to visit and to study this representation of the most interesting city in the world. Very Respectfully Yours, Edwards A. Park. Andover Theological Seminary, Oct. 10, 1872. From Rev. John O. Means, D. D., Pastor of the Vine St. Church, Boston. Gentlemen : — I wish to thank you for afford- ing the Christian community an opportunity of seeing the great paintings of ancient and modern Jerusalem. The former appears to be faithful in the main to the historical memoran- da, and leaves a more definite impression OF THE GLORY OF THE ANCIENT ClTY than any amount of reading can give. The repre- sentation of the city as the traveler now sees it is accurate even to the slightest details. Very truly yours, John O. Means. Vine-street Church, May 22, 1872. From Rev. Zachary Eddy, D. D., Pastor of the Central Church, Chelsea, Mass. Dear Sir: — I wish to express to you the Unalloyed Satisfaction with which I wit- nessed in my church your exhibition of Selous' paintings of ancient and Modern Jerusalem. The paintings were not new to me. I had stud- ied them somewhat carefully in New York, and 'afterward in your rooms in Tremont Street. / had ascertained by reference to the best extant au- thorities their extraordinary accuracy, not only in the general outline, but in the minutest details. No " plan of Jerusalem" which I have ever seen gave me so vivid an idea of the grandeur of the Ancient Temple and city, or of the appearance of the Modern City anclMosk, as these' wonder- ful pictures. The city itself, including the walls, the buildings, and especially the temple in the Ancient Jerusalem, is a master-piece of architec- tural painting. I thank you most sincerely for the entertain- ment, and I hope that it may at some future time be repeated. Yours very truly, Zachary Eddy. Chelsea, Mass., Oct. 20, 1872. (B) From Rev. Edward L. Clark, Pastor of the Nortli Church, New Haven. The paintings of Selous are most interesting and valuable. In general effect they are wonderfully truthful. The ancient Jerusalem is open to some difference of opin- ion regarding disputed points, but no one can fail to enjoy the spirit of the handling, or to feel the atmosphere which surrounds it. The modern city is by far the most satis- factory yet painted. Every detail is cop- ied with fidelity, fresh from the scene which suggests the days of David and Christ. It is sad, touching, full of quiet suggestion and deep feeling. Olivet reaches away from your feet. The sunset lingers over Zion. The beautiful mosk of Omar seems to protect the sacred rock. The shadows fall over that unknown Calvary somewhere within the view. You go away satisfied that at last you have actually " stood within her gates." The very word Jerusalem comes nearer your apprehen- sion. It is no longer a sound but the sugges- tion of a reality. The heart rests quite satis- fied. Edward L. Clark. Boston, July 10, 1872. From Rev. William Everett, Pastor of the Church of the Nativity, New York. Every one who has had the privilege of visiting Jerusalem will recognize at once the great fidelity of the painting of Mr. Selous. Having lived two months in the Holy City in daily and close examination of every thing to be seen within and around the walls, I find the painting an admirable representation. It bears minute study, and its correctness becomes plainer as the examination is more extended and complete. William Everett. New York, March n, 1872. From Rev. D. T. Furber, Pastor of the First Congregational Church, A T ewion, Mass.. Gentlemen : — We were delighted with the exhi- bition of Selous' pictures of Jerusalem in our church a short time since. To see the pictures is almost like making a journey to the Holy City ; and to hear them so well described, is to have the advantage of one of the best of guides. The" picture of Ancient Jerusalem expresses most admirably the grandeur and glory of the city in the time of Christ ; while that of modern Jerusalem is a perfect representation of the city as I saw it from the same point of view in 1870. D. L. Furber. Newton Center, Oct. 30, 1872. From Rev. and Mrs. W. A. Benton, Mis- sionaries cf the A. B. C. F' M. to Syria for over twenty years. We find the pictures of Jerusalem very ac- curate and beautiful, as wc have ourselves seen the city from the Mount of Olives. It is almost equal to an actual visit there to survey that of Modern Jerusalem. And wc cordially recom- mend to all, especially to Sabbath school teachers and scholars, to visit and study these beautiful views of the city of the Great King. William A. Benton. Mrs. W. A. Benton. Boston, June 26, 1872. TESTIMONIALS. From. Rev. Gilbert Haven, D. D., Bishop of the M. E. Church. I have taken especial pleasure in visiting Se- lous' Pictures of Jerusalem, the Ancient and the Modern. The former is ideal in a degree, though as it strictly follows the lay of the land and the historic monuments, it holds closely to the topography and history of the city. It LOCATES THE CHIEF SITES CORRECTLY AND APPROACHES IN CONCEPTION THE ORIGINAL MAGNIFICENCE. The modern Jerusalem is faithfully rendered in all its desolation, looking the more desolate by the side of its splendid forerunner. Their exhibition is accompanied with historic lectures illustrating the buildings and localities which are delivered by competent scholars. Sunday schools and congregations will find these paintings a great help to the better un- derstanding of the Book of God. Gilbert Haven. Boston, July Sth, 1872. From Rev. S. F. Upham, Pastor of Winthrop St. M. E. Church, Boston. I have seen several ti:r.es Selous' paintings of Ancient and Modern Jerusalem. My interest in them has increased with every visit. The pictures are finely executed and give the Bible student a better idea of what the Holy City was in the time when our Saviour walked its streets and was crucified just outside its gates, than can possibly be gained from description. All Bible students should certainly attend the exhibitions. S. F. Upham. Boston, Oct. 19, 1872. From Rev. James B. Dunn, Pastor of the Beach St. Presbyterian Church, Boston. Gentlemen : — As to the fidelity with which the artist, in placing on canvas "Jerusalem in her grandeur," has adhered to sacred and pro- fane history, we leave Bible students and arch- aeologists to judge. WE ARE SATISFIED. Still more are we with "Jerusalem in her fall." On the Continent and in Gt. Britain we saw several representations of the city as it now is ; but never one so perfect in its whole character, and so faithful in minute particulars, as this most admirable work of Selous. It is just such a picture as those who have been there would like to see and those who have not ought to see, and the engraving, taken from it, is like unto it, and happy is he, who can adorn the walls of his home with a copy ; still happier he who can afford the " pair." Yours, James B. Dunn. Boston, July 26, 1872. From Chas. S. Robinson, lately Pastor of the Church of the American Chapel in Paris. The wonderful accuracy in coloring snd de- tail of the picture of modern Jerusalem arrests me much. The white paths, the remembered buildings, the very stones in the wall, the trees and tombs, are put in with the fidelity of the sun in a photograph ; while the tone of the whole is only what an artist could add with his pencil. The picture of ancient Jerusalem was even more absorbingly interesting to me than the other. As a presentation on canvas of the traditional theory of locality in Jerusalem, it is unrivaled. And as to the beauty and power of the artistic result, there can be but one opinion : it is masterly. Yours very truly, Chas. S. Robinson. From Henry W. Bellows, New York. Dear Sir : — The inexhaustible interest of the subject must draw every intelligent Chris- tian to the exhibition of these pictures, and it is fortunate that those who behold them will not be wasting their time on inartistic daubs, or careless and inexact delineations. Of "Jerusalem in its Grandeur," it is plain that the artist has guessed or imagined as little as possible, and consulted all the best author- ities. His picture considered only from an architectural point of view, presents a more exact and truth-seeming portrait of the Temple and the great buildings, than any I have seen. It is a very gorgeous and impressive paint- ing, and fascinates the eye and piques the imagination. But of "Jerusalem in its Fall," I feel some right to speak, having within a few years stood upon the felicitous point of view from which the picture was drawn. It seems to me nobody familiar with the spot can fail to feel the scru- pulous fidelity of the portrait. It is Jerusalem herself, in every stone and line, and almost every house ! It is hardly too much to say, that frequent visits to this picture, (descriptive pamphlet in hand), would give most visitors a better idea of the actual scene than most persons running up from Jaffa and spending a day or two only in and about the city, are able to bring away. Respectfully yours, Henry W. Bellows. New York, Feb. 20, 1872. From Rev. J. D. Fulton, D. D., Pastor of the Fremont Temple Church, Boston. Gentlemen : — Permit me to express the thanks of my church for the pleasure and in- struction, derived from the Exhibition of Selous' pictures of Jerusalem in Tremont Temple. We. obtained our first definite and distinct impression of the Jerusalem Christ wept over, and of the Jerusalem in which he died, when we gaze upon this wondrous scene. I have visited the pic- tures bo;h in New York and Boston, and have studied them by the hour. They are all your pamphlet describes them, and should be seen by every lover of God^s word in the world. Your friend and brother, Justin D. Fulton. Boston, Oct. 28, 1S72. TESTIMONIALS FROM ENGLISH SOURCES. TVo/*.- — These great pictures, when in England From Edward Atkinson, Esq., of Leeds, Enyland. Late Surgeon for four years to the English Hospital for Js in Jerusalem. I have been greatly delighted with Mr. Selous' fine picture of Modern Jerusalem, and as I have had the advantage of four years' resi- dence in the " Holy City," I may claim to have an opinion as to its faithfulness. Among the many representations I have seen of the subject, none have so thoroughly satisfied me as this. Not only is the general effect most true, but after a careful scrutiny of the details, I have not succeeded in finding a fauU. There is no exaggeration of the principal buildings, nor other salient points ; no slurring over, or hap-hazard filling in of the less conspicuous parts of the picture. I recognize numbers of private houses in all quarters of the city, as old friends ; the net-work of foot-paths on the slope of Mount Moriah — the very sheep-tracks re- mind me of many an incident in recent years ; even the stones in the wall, particularly those at the south-eastern angle, are individual pictures ! Nor has the artist been drawn into the too commDn error of seeking to enhance the effect of his picture, at the expense of truth, by intro- ducing verdure where it does not exist. The sprinkling of trees on the descent of Olivet and in the Valley of Jehoshaphat, is no more than one sees now-a-days. The extensive olive groves on the north of the city present at a dis- tance fully as much the appearance of well- wooded country as is conveyed in the painting — while the dazzling limestone rocks in the foreground, and the arid sides of Zion and Ophel, give as truthful an idea of the present barren aspect of the soil in the neighborhood of the Fallen City as the severest critic could desire. Edward Atkinson. Extracts from the English Press. As pictures the works are perfect. — English Churchman. Productions that we may never possibly see equaled. — Era. An epitome of all the learning and research on the subject at the present time. — Morning Herald. Master-pieces of art. They have a most imposing effect on the beholder. — Glasgow Morning Journal. Showing perfection in almost every touch. . . The balance of all the parts is perfect. — Man- chester Review. An air of rich luxuriance pervades the whole scene. The figures are most artistically grouped. — Morning Chronicle. On these pictures Mr. Selous has lavished all his artistic ability. The coloring is rich and magnificent in effect. — Glasgow Citizen. A historical study of surpassing interest. Of Mr. Selous' great ability to deal with these in- teresting themes there can be no question. — Art Journal. The work of Mr. Selous, an artist of remark- able skill in the arrangement of effects consist- ently with general truth to nature. — Daily Telegraph. , were visited by upwards of 500,000 persons. The groups of figures in the foreground are rendered with a striking reality of effect, and the tone and general treatment altogether, ad- mirable. — Birmingham Journal. The result of an infinite amount of research and labor. The aerial effects are certainly ad- mirable, and the charming transparency of the shadows deserving all praise. — Christian Ob- server. A gorgeous array of architectural beauties. . . . The figures are finely grouped, and as finely sketched. The lights and shadows are introduced with the power and truthfulness of a true artistic feeling. — Afanchester Daily Ex- aminer. It is impossible to do any thing like justice to the extraordinary merits of the pictures by mere description. No higher tribute could be of- fered to Mr. Selous than the feeling of reality with which the spectator is impressed on view- ing these magnificent works. — North British Daily Mail. In gazing at Mr. Selous' conception of An- cient Jerusalem, the mind is filled with the mysterious glory which hovered over the Holy City as described in the Bible ; while, to con- template her in her present condition, the change begets almost a feeling of awe in the spectator, so amazingly truthful are both repre- sentations. — London Globe. They will not dissappoint the critical visitor, for their artistic merits are very high ; and they are full of interest to the student of Bible topography, for the one has been carefully elaborated from every reliable authority, and the other is by recent travelers guaranteed to be an accurate representation of all that remains of the city to this day. — Edinburgh Witness. If standing upon their artistic mer- its ALONE, THESE PAINTINGS WOULD MAKH THE FAME OF ANY ARTIST, WHILE IN POINT OF HISTORIC VALUE THEY ARE PERHAPS UNRIVALED IN THE WORLD OF ART. TO THE STUDENT OF BlBLICAL HISTORY THEY ARE WORTH A WHOLE VOLUME OF PRINTED DESCRIPTION. — London Times. Great in historic and sacred interest, pictorial effect, and artistic skill. The figures are ad- mirably drawn and minutely finished, almost like actual portraits. They stand out with stereoseopic distinctness and solidity. The pure strong light which floods the pictures is admirably managed, as arc also the atmospheric effects throughout the works. . . . The whole effect is strikingly rich and beautiful. — Man- chester Guardian. Remarkable pictures of large dimensions by the eminent historical painter, Mr. Selous The grouping and drawing of the figures, which impart so life-like an interest, exhibit great study The parts arc every where subordi- nated to the whole, and, notwithstanding, the evident elaboration of the work, the research and ingenuity expended on every building, and the painstaking care with each pillar and but- tress is depicted, the general effect is broad, consistent and harmonious, and free from that patchy mosaic appearance commsnly resulting from minute labor exhibited on so large a surface. — Birmingham Daily Post.