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LECTURES 
 
 O N 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Confining of 
 
 RULES 
 
 Founded upon 
 
 Harmonick and Arithmetical 
 
 Proportions in Building. 
 
 DESIGN’D 
 
 As an Agreeable Entertainment for 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 AND 
 
 More Particularly TJfeful to all who 
 make Architecture, or the 
 Polite Arts , their Study. 
 
 Read to a Society Eitabliihd for the Improve- 
 ment of Arts and Sciences, and Explain’d 
 by Examples on Copper Plates j with the Propor- 
 tions apply’d to Practice. 
 
 By Robert Morris. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for J. Brindley, at the King s-Arms in 
 New-Bond-flreet. M.DCC.XXXIV. 
 
To the Honourable 
 
 Sir Michael Newton, Bart. 
 
 Knight of the Bath. 
 
 Honoured Sir , 
 
 Herever Harmony re- 
 sides, either in Numbers , 
 or Nature y it immedi- 
 ately ftrikes the Imaginationy by 
 fome Attractive or Sympathizing 
 
 a 
 
 There- 
 
, DEDICATION. 
 
 Therefore as thefe Lectures, 
 particularly defcribe the Ari- 
 thmetical and Harmqnioch Pro- 
 portions applied to Building, 
 I am naturally led to addrefs 
 them to your Honour, in 
 whom Harmony is fo apparently 
 center’d. 
 
 Your JuJl Tajle of the Po- 
 lite Arts, diftinguifhes in You 
 
 v ■> ' t ' 
 
 a Noble and Peculiar Genius , and 
 as all Ages of the World, af- 
 ford many Inftances of the kind 
 Reception and Patronage of Arts 
 and Sciences, by the moft Emi- 
 nent in TVifdom and Power ; So 
 Your Honour in T hi s, more 
 
 remar-* 
 
D.E DICATION. 
 
 remarkably appears a True Judge, 
 as wellas Protector, of that 
 P leafing and Extenfive Art, Ar-> 
 
 CHITECTURE. 
 
 The Analogy of the An- 
 cients, in Building, is a Secret, 
 which hath been preferved from 
 the Early Ages of Time, even 
 from the Infant State of Archi- 
 t e c t o-i e, and as I have at- 
 tempted to Explain that Ana- 
 logy in thefe Lecture s } 
 they want nothing more, than 
 Your Honour’s Name prefix’d 
 to them, to give them SanElion , 
 and render them Useful to 
 the World in the PraElice, as 
 well as Theory of Building; 
 
 which 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 which will be the Means to Im- 
 prove that Noble and XJfeful Sci- 
 ence, and add to Favours re- 
 ceived by 
 
 Your Ho nour’s 
 
 Mojl Obedient, 
 AND 
 
 Mojl Humble Servant , 
 
 i ; ' - 
 
 t - \ ■, V •• i j' ‘ 1 * # „ /, \ | \ / j .m. ' 1 ' £ jp.l. ! , vimt 
 f V - • * ' 
 
 ROBERT MORRIS* 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 T is about three Tears and 
 half Jince I propos’d the 
 ejlablifhing aSociett 
 for the Improvement of 
 Knowledge wArts and Scien- 
 ces, which being confented to by 
 thofe Friends to whom I communi- 
 cated my Thoughts , we were foon 
 fettled into the Form of a Society i 
 Architecture was the fa- 
 vourite Branch of my Study, and as 
 a Bajis to my Tiejign , I read the fol- 
 lowing Lectures, as you will 
 find them dated. 
 
 A % 
 
 TH 
 
P R E F A. C E. 
 
 In thefe Ledtures are contain'd, 
 the Ufe aw^Neceffity of Societies, 
 the Advantage of Learning, the 
 Antiquity of Architecture, of 
 the Orders in General, their Appli- 
 cation to Use, a proper Choice for 
 Situation 5 Arithmetick andW&t- 
 monick ‘Proportions applied to Prac- 
 tice, and exemplified in Copper Plates, 
 with necejfary Remarks and Olfer - 
 nations, to explain the Subjell treat- 
 ed on. 
 
 It is not difficult to difcern the 
 fame Tradt of Thought run through 
 the whole Performance, and the fa- 
 vourite Principle of the Harmonick 
 Proportions flill prefer® d and ad- 
 her’d to in the Performance of each 
 Scheme laid down. It is very eafy 
 to difcover the Works of a P l a g i- 
 a R y , his Stile is unconftant and 
 variable, his Subject inconjiftent in 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 its Parts, diverging into improper 
 Channels , and Jojing Sight of the 
 Mark ainid at at jirft fetting out : 
 This is the Cafe , where the c Perfon 
 has , for want of Judgment , chofe a 
 Theme cut of the Ken of his Under- 
 
 I have not Vanity enough to fay 
 the following Lectures conjijl oj no- 
 thing hut what is ENTIRELY 
 new.' But there are fuch Parts in 
 it , and, indeed, the Chiefest, 
 that flow’d wholly from my own 
 private Sentiments . 
 
 Since my delivering thefe Lec- 
 tures to the Printer , I have read 
 the Critical Review of the Pub lick 
 Buildings, &c. His Obfervations, 
 it mujl be acknowledged, are juft in 
 fome Places, in others more ludi- 
 crous, and fometimes fo remote from 
 real Criticijm, that a florid Expref- 
 
 fion. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 jion , a rhetorical Sentence , or a par* 
 tial Cenfure , jfor the De- 
 
 ficiency of his Judgment in the ‘Prin- 
 ciples of Architecture. 
 
 As, I prefume, the Dejign or At- 
 tempt of his Review of the Puhlick 
 Buildings , is to point out the Beau- 
 ties, or to inform the World of their 
 Blemifhes, that they might embrace 
 the one, and endeavour to avoid the 
 other , in the Execution of future 
 Buildings, it would have been ne- 
 ceffary to ajfign Reafons for his Dif- 
 tajle, and to fhew where the Errors 
 lay. But it is only his own Opi- 
 nion, which he would force upon his 
 Reader : And as I had made an 
 Obfervation upon Grofvenor-Square 
 before he attempted it, I propofe to 
 fhew that Author all the real ‘De- 
 fects of the triple Houfe on the 
 North Side , which may be a Speci- 
 men 
 
 3 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 men for him to follow in future Cn- 
 ticifms. 
 
 If the Attick Windows had keen 
 fquare, all rang’d upon the fame 
 Level, and remov’d fo far lower 
 from the under 'Part of the Great- 
 Entablature, as to make the Mar gent, 
 or Difance, equal to thofe of one Win- 
 dow from another , that a kind of Fret 
 might have keen preferv’d through 
 the whole Range of the Dejign , and 
 if the Drefs of the principal Win- 
 dows of the Center Houfe , which 
 are of P Wafers of the Compojite 
 Order , were not ruficated or klcck'd, 
 and the Entablatures without Key- 
 Stones : I fay , except thofe little Im- 
 pediments to Harmony , there is no 
 Pefehl in the whole Deftgn : It 
 has a Grandeur and Proportion in 
 the Compofure , the Parts are Ma- 
 jeftick and of an ample Relievo , and 
 the Tafe is as elegant as the mof 
 agreeable 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 agreeable Pdefigns of thofe who loajl 
 of being exa£l Copiers of Palladio or 
 Inigo Jones. 
 
 As to Situation , it was, perhaps , 
 impojfble to place it in the Center 
 of that Side , the Ground not being 
 his ‘Property ; and the fame Archi- 
 teffi did compofe a regular Range for 
 that whole Side , in which he has 
 fhewn a Noblenefs of Invention , and 
 the Spirit and Keeping of the ‘De- 
 sign is not unworthy of the greatef 
 Britifh Architect ; but the unpolite 
 Pajle of fever al Proprietors of that 
 Ground prevented fo beautiful a 
 Performance from being the Orna- 
 inent of that Side of the Square. 
 
 It mujl be obfervd . , that a regu- 
 lar and harmonious ‘Dejign, plac’d 
 among ether Buildings , or indepen- 
 dent of any , will confequently be fill 
 
 pleafmg 5 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 pleajing 5 'it will he in itfelf Ele- 
 gant, and , at a proper SDijtance to 
 view it, will always affeCi the ju- 
 dicious Eye i 1 he intended Satire , 
 of faying the Dejigner had a View 
 oj taking in fome young Heir , is 
 falfe Criticifm 5 it is rather a Ea- 
 negyrick upon his Judgment 5 it 
 Jhews a 'Tajle in the Architect ca- 
 pable of pleajing , for it is only 
 Proportion and Beauty that can af- 
 feCi the Eye of the Judicious or the 
 Ignorant r fo as to pleafe ; it muji 
 therefore he aEolitenefs of Fancy in 
 the Architect , to compofe and blend 
 together the Beauties of Drefs and 
 \ Decoration , and make a Cbefign 
 capable to give Satisfaction to the 
 Beholder. • 
 
 What I have here faid, may he a 
 i Defence of the Eajl Side , where he 
 cannot deny a Regularity and Ele- 
 a game 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 game of Tajle, but yet his Talent 
 of Satire 'will be predominant. Had 
 the Architect expanded the Pedi- 
 ment of that Houfe in the Center of 
 the bine to a Proportion of the 
 'whole Range, I fhould be glad to 
 know why, and what Part of the 
 Whole it mujl have neceffarily af- 
 ftgnd to it ? The Middle Houfe 
 breaks forwards, is of another Spe- 
 cies than thofe adjoining, then con- 
 fequently is independant of any Pro- 
 portions belonging to them : It is a 
 Defign of itfelf, and not fuppos’d 
 to reprefent the Range as one Houfe, 
 only to preferve a Regularity in the 
 Difpofition of the fever al Build- 
 ings which compofe the Line. 
 
 But he may farther obferve, that 
 the Windows of the two extream 
 Houfes and the Center, are not of 
 the fame Magnitude or Level with 
 
 the 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 the ref, fo that the Floors cannot 
 he fuppos’d to range on a horizontal 
 Line with each other , and confe- 
 quently the Intent of the tDefgn 
 was to fuppofe each Houfe f par ate 
 and independant of another 5 and 
 as the Drefs and Ornaments vary, 
 and have not an Affinity , they can- 
 not he condemnable , the Tejign be- 
 ing only to fhew how far the Jhift- 
 ing and changing of different Mo- 
 dus's and Proportions, when regu- 
 larly difposd , will affect the Eye. 
 In fhort , to diflike every thing we 
 fee , feems to favour of Ill-nature 
 and Self- opinion , which are Imper- 
 fections in our Conduit ; and fuch 
 little Blemifloes are as unpardonable , 
 as an over Fondnefs of Novelty , or 
 an AffeCtation to Praife . 
 
 a i There 
 
 \ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 * 
 
 [ There is one Thing, however, 
 which defer ves our Notice and Ap- 
 plaufe, and that is, that the Au- 
 thor of the Critical Review has the 
 Happinejs of frf attempting to 
 refine the Tape of our Modern Ar- 
 chitects, hy floewing them Examples 
 of publick Pdefigns which have 
 been efieem d the mofi noble and re- 
 gular ‘Productions of the prefent 
 Age , as well as preceding ones — 
 And if thefe Lectures fioould, 
 in any meafure, contribute to the 
 Advancement of improving the Ge<- 
 nius of yGung Students in Archi- 
 tecture, / may at leafl claim the 
 fecond Place, fince I have laid down 
 Rules whereby we may dijitn - 
 guifh what is Proportion and true 
 Harmony, and have apply d thofe 
 Rules to Practice by fundry 
 Examples , which may be faid to be 
 the 
 
P R E F A C E. 
 
 the firfl Attempt in 'which the Beau 
 Ideal has been publickly explain’d. 
 
 Since I have mention’d the Beau 
 Ideal, which was wrote by Her- 
 xnanfon Ten Kate in French, and 
 tranflated by M. Le Blon, Anno 
 1 7] 2, I mitjl acknowlege the JirJi 
 Hint I receiv’d of the Harmonick 
 ‘Proportions, came from that Inge- 
 nious Gentleman. In the Preface to 
 the Beau Ideal, he mentions the 
 Grecian Analogy , and to whom the 
 Secret was communicated ; but it 
 is to be wip'd , fmce Ten Kate’s 
 Relations have not publip d it, that 
 M. Le Blon would oblige the 
 World with fo valuable a Piece, by 
 making fuch ufeful Remarks which 
 he can fo well apply to Architecture 
 as well as Painting ; in which the 
 whole Myjlery of Proportion would 
 be unravelled , and a Secret preferv’d 
 
 P 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 fo many Ages , might hy him he 
 made puhlick, for the univerfal 
 Good of Mankind , and the perfect- 
 ing of Arts and Sciences, fo far as 
 to have every Branch of them per- 
 form’d hy Kwerwzg Rules $ a Secret 
 < which was hy the Antients found 
 out , and hut hy a few Moderns 
 known and practis’d . 
 
 If the Reader can receive Benefit 
 or Pleafure in the Perufal of thefe 
 Lectures, I have fatisfy’d myfelf in 
 what I at fir ft propos’d in puhlifloing 
 them , which is a Pdefive to he In- 
 ftruraental to the Improvement of 
 Arts and Sciences, and fo employing 
 my Time, that no Part of it may he 
 faid to he ufelefs. 
 
 Man is naturally deflgn’d for a 
 Social Being, and made for noble 
 or ufeful Purpofes in the Creation 3 
 
 and 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 and if it is not in his Power to im- 
 prove others in Knowledge, it is 
 an incumbent Duty in him to en- 
 deavour to refine his own Under- 
 ftanding, whereby he may be faid 
 to anfwer the End of his Exiftence, 
 in fome meafure, and in which 
 Senfe I wifii to be underftood. Now 
 I Jubferibe myfelf. 
 
 Tour humble. Servant. 
 
 R. Morris. 
 
 I * ' - r : 
 
 1 ; o 3 • ! ... ■' ( ; J i C ' c ; 
 
 T V I 
 
 1 / 1 X ' f : • - 
 
 > 
 
Proportion 3. 
 
 T H E Reader is defied to correft the 
 following Errata. . 
 
 The Table before the 6th Lefture fhould 
 bavfc been plac'd at the End of it ; and for 
 the Proportion 6, 5 and 4, Page 79, place 
 the following Proportion mark'd F. Plate zd*, 
 
 P.75. 
 
 Rooms. 
 
 , A ). XJ * J 
 
 -f orb ■; > ;v 
 
 Chimnies. 
 
 * ■ j 3 
 
 Length. 
 
 [ Breadth. 
 
 I v " 1 
 
 1 Height. 
 
 / 
 
 ' j £ ' 
 
 4-1 
 
 -O 
 
 ctf 
 
 <D 
 
 £ 
 
 I Height. j 
 
 . 
 
 Depth. 
 
 Square of Funnel. 
 
 1 ... J 
 
 30 20 10 
 
 3 io| 
 
 3 2 | 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 3 f 
 
 36 24 12 
 
 4 3 
 
 3 5 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 42 28 14 
 
 k 7 l 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 &k 
 
 
 1 
 
LECTURES 
 
 O N 
 
 Architecture. 
 
 Lecture I. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 T is with Pleafure I fee fb 
 many of you met here with 
 an unanimous Confent to 
 propagate Knowledge, with- 
 out fordid Views of Gain, 
 or any byafsd Intereft 5 and this mutual 
 communicating of fuch ufeful Branches 
 of Learning to each other, will render 
 
 B this 
 
z Lectures on 
 
 this a Society which even Envy itfelf 
 can no way diffolve : And as you have 
 done me the Honour to chufc me your 
 \ 'Prefidenty I fhall endeavour to dif- 
 charge that Truft with the utmoft Af- 
 fiduity and Care ; communicating to 
 you fuch Parts of Architecture 
 which have not been fully explain'd, or 
 tranfmitted to us, by thofe who have 
 treated on that Sub) eft. I fhall be as con- 
 cife in my Language as the Subjeft* will 
 permit, endeavouring to fay nothing but 
 what I think will be Neceffary ; ftill 
 aiming at the Defign for which this So- 
 ciety is propos'd to be inftituted. 
 
 As we are now forming ourfelves in- 
 to a kind of little Republick, for the 
 mutual Afliftance of each other, I fhall 
 in this Lefture fhew you the abfolute 
 Neceffity and Advantages of Societies in 
 general, as they relate to the publick or 
 private Welfare of the Individuals 5 both 
 in refpeft to the Prefervation of Rights 
 and Properties, and Improvement of the 
 Intellefts of the Miad. 
 
 Man is a Being, by his very Make 
 and Conhitution, incapable of fubfifting 
 alone, more things being wanting to 
 
 fupport 
 
Architecture. 3 
 
 fupport him, than it is pollible he can 
 provide for himfelf. Food and Rai- 
 ment are abfolutely requifite, and if he 
 alone were to provide them for him- 
 felf in time of Health or Youth, and 
 live upon fuch Fruits which the Earth 
 lpontaneoufly produceth, or that Roots 
 and Herbs were capable of continuing 
 Life in that Health and Vigour of Age ; 
 yet which way muft he be provided for 
 when he comes to the Verge of Old 
 Age ? Or fuppofe Sicknefs fhould feize 
 him, and he could not be able to ftir from 
 his Cave or Retirement, how would 
 Nature languilh, and what Anxieties 
 would he have in that melancholy Con- 
 dition > 
 
 But fuppofe Nature prompted him 
 to feek only the Help of the other Sex, 
 yet by that Means the Wants would un- 
 doubtedly encreafe : Nature would require 
 fomething more than Raiment and Food 5 
 the Inftinft of propagating the Species 
 would commence, and then more Re- 
 lief, and the greater neceffity of Society 
 will be requir'd. 
 
 If it were pollible to overcome thefe 
 Inconveniencies, and that the little Fa- 
 B 2 mily 
 
4 L E C T U R E s on 
 
 mily was grown up to Maturity* capa- 
 ble of providing for themfelves what 
 was neceffary to fuftain Life, by culti- 
 vating the Ground near them, for the 
 produce of Corn, or Plants and Vege- 
 tables, and Food for Cattle, which are 
 neceffary for conveying the Fruits of 
 the Earth, ploughing, <&c. I fay, fuppofe 
 thefe Difficulties furmounted, yet in 
 time they would form themfelves natu- 
 rally into a kind of Society : It would 
 be almoft impoffible, but feme amongft 
 them would be more lazy or covetous 
 than the reft ; and the more induftrious 
 part of the Family would be for fencing 
 and fecuring his Property, which by 
 his Labour he had acquir'd : Then Traf- 
 fick would be neceffary, in exchanging 
 Inch Things which they abounded in 
 moft, for fuch they flood in more need 
 
 of. I 
 
 Besides, this Gardening, thjs Agri- 
 culture, cW*. muff fuppofe Trades to fup- 
 ply Tools neceffary for the Performance 
 of the feveral Parts 5 thefe could not be 
 done without Arts and Sciences, or at 
 lcaft as much as is requifite to inftrud 
 them in the Nature and Qualities of 
 Metals, Wood, Stones, &c. to make and 
 
 provide 
 
Architecture. 5 
 
 provide for the Purpofes requir'd ; and 
 in this Men would find fo much of their 
 Time fpent, that little would remain to 
 the manuring of thofe Plots which pro- 
 duc'd their Pood 5 and even the Care of 
 that would take off much of the Im- 
 provement which it is poffible he might 
 make in the Progrefs of the Art which 
 he moftly inclin'd to follow. 
 
 It may be farther obferv'd, that as 
 the Increafe of the Families would oc- 
 cafion the little Plots they poffefs’d to 
 be enlarg'd or multiply'd, by degrees 
 they would find themielves under many 
 Difficulties 5 and there would foon be a 
 clafhing of Interefts, in which Difputes 
 and Quarrels would naturally follow : 
 Many things would likewife occafion 
 Envy, according to the different Inte- 
 refts of the Individuals 5 and likewife 
 fome Men are naturally troublefome, 
 more rapacious, and ungovernable than 
 others 5 fome theivifh, vicious, who 
 would continually be encroaching upon 
 the Properties of his Neighbour 5 and 
 the Ambition and Covetouinefs of others 
 might prompt them, if they had any Ad- 
 vantage, to make* themielves greater or 
 ftronger, by taking away the Properties 
 
 of 
 
6 Lectures on 
 
 of others, and by repeated Inftances of 
 their Tyranny, Men would find them- 
 felves under a Neceflity of affociating 
 themfelves, for the better guarding and 
 fecuring their feveral Plots, which 
 by their Induftry, or Patrimony, they 
 might have acquir'd. 
 
 In Time, Necefiity would induce Fa- 
 milies to friendly Engagements, for Com- 
 fort and Defence; and as theReafon of 
 it increas'd by Ties of Friendfhip, or 
 Blood, or thofe ftrongcr Motives of 
 Self-prefervation, People would mix and 
 unite; the Weak and Innocent would 
 be glad to place themfelves under the 
 Protection of the more Able, and natu 
 rally giving Way for them to have the 
 Pic-eminence, the feveral Sorts would 
 fettle in time in their proper Places, ac- 
 cording to their feveral Capacities, with 
 refped: to the Common Concern ; from 
 all which fome Form of Society muft 
 fpring ; Mankind could not otherwife 
 lubfift. 
 
 A Society thus form'd, for the 
 common Good and Welfare of the Peo- 
 ple affociated, muft naturally frame fome 
 Rules, or Laws, by which they agree to 
 
 be 
 
Architecture. 7 
 
 be govern'd ; for in fuch an irregular 
 Multitude, where the Caprice, or Judg- 
 ment, or Humour of every private Per- 
 lon is to be obferv’d, there would be a 
 Jargon of Inconfiftencies, and each Opi- 
 nion would interfere with one another, 
 and from fuch an indigefted Chaos of 
 diflfenting Parts, mud fpring Confulion, 
 and would foon damnify and deftroy 
 each other, fpringing from the feveral 
 Turns of their Minds, from their Edu- 
 cation, way of Living, and other Cir- 
 cumftances. We muft fuppofe thofe 
 Laws to be under a Subordination of 
 Powers, to execute them for the Inte- 
 rred: of the Individuals : Some Govern- 
 ment muft arife in the forming thofe 
 Laws, and in all (those) whofe For- 
 tune or Knowlege was predominant, 
 would naturally fubftde. 
 
 Men being thus led from their Caves 
 and Retirements by Neceffity to affoci- 
 ate together, for the better accommo- 
 dating themfelves with the Convenien- 
 ces of Life, when the Wants of increa- 
 fing Families fet them to the Exercife of 
 their Reasonable Faculties j for the At- 
 tainment of Knowlege and Support, 
 their Idea.s muft be confequently vari- 
 ous, 
 
8 Lectures on 
 
 ous, and lead them to various ways of 
 Thinking, according to the feveral Paf- 
 fions, Inclinations, or Opportunities 
 which Nature or Fortune afforded them $ 
 fome applied to Tillage, fome to Handi- 
 craft Employments, others to Mathema- 
 tical, fuch as Buildings, <&c. as the feve- 
 ral Wants and Necellities of the Com- 
 munity requir'd. 
 
 As none can deny the Neceftity and 
 Advantage of Society, fo it muft be 
 equally allow'd, fuch Societies could not 
 well fubftft, without thofe uJeful&wA. 
 convenient Buildings which keep in juft: 
 Oeconomy and Order, every Man's pe- 
 culiar Property. Befides, Cold and Heat 
 in their Extreams, could not well be en- 
 dur'd under the bare Canopy of Hea- 
 ven 3 nor could fuch Societies be capa- 
 ble to fecure themfelves from the Infults 
 of Enemies, the Injuries of the extream 
 Seafons, the Pillage of Theives and Rob- 
 bers, which would frequently attack 
 them, if they were not fecur’d by a De- 
 fence, wherein they muft manifeftly break 
 through all Reftriclions of Laws, in at- 
 tempting to deprive them of their Rights 
 or Repofe. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
Architecture. 9 
 
 Gentlemen, Societies thus 
 Modell'd and regulated , under the Pro- 
 tection of ufeful Laws, even thofe Laws 
 themfelves, or Form of Government, ab- 
 folutely require ufeful and convenient 
 Buildings to be EreCted ; for as thofe 
 Laws are made by the Direction and Ma- 
 nagement of Perfons fuperior in Learn - 
 ing , JVifdom , or §)uality> to the Bulk 
 of the Society, they mult have more 
 ample Pofteffions to diftinguifh them 
 from the inferior Part of the Species, 
 to create an awful Refped in them $ 
 and in fuch Buildings, convenient Apart- 
 ments will be wanting, to confult the 
 Benefit and Advantages of the Society, for 
 the Reception of Attendants, &c. And 
 as in all fuch Cafes, great will be the 
 Wants, fo much Judgment will be re- 
 quir’d, to form a juft Difpofition of Ma- 
 terials, to make an ufeful and commodi- 
 ous Building. 
 
 If the End of Societies thus confifts, 
 or rather could not be kept together, in 
 juft Oeconomy and Order, unlefs fecufd 
 and provided for in Building $ if we 
 could not be certain of our Rights, but 
 continually attack’d by the Infults of 
 C Enemies, 
 
 1 
 
i o Lectures on 
 
 Enemies, the Injuries of Weather, the 
 Storms and Tempefts of extream Sea- 
 fons, the Rapine and Pillage of Thieves, 
 &c. fo it is abfoiutely convenient that 
 fuch Societies fhould, as near as poflible, 
 affemble together for the Advantage of 
 
 Commerce and Converfation. Man 
 
 would be but a dull and melancholy 
 Being, if alone 5 his Wants would daily 
 Increafe, which are now reliev’d, ac- 
 cording to the feveral ways in which his 
 Neceffities confift, and correfpondent to 
 his feveral Defires - 9 he is now furnifh’d 
 in Cities and Towns , which could not 
 be accommodated, were Mankind to fe- 
 parate from Society, and whofe Habita- 
 tions were fituated as every one’s Fancy 
 led. 
 
 I could have made ufe of many 
 reafonable Arguments, to prove the Ne- 
 ceflity of Buildings in general, and the 
 Knowledge which every Individual of a 
 Society ought to have of this Science j 
 for his own private Ufe and Interefts x 
 for the better fecuring their Properties 
 to themfelves and Pofterity ; but as a 
 Digreffion of this kind would lead me 
 from the Defign I propos’d by this Lec- 
 ture, 1 {hall only fay, that a Knowledge 
 
 of 
 
 4 
 
Architecture, n 
 
 of Building may, in fome meafure, be 
 ufeful to Mankind through all the ©eco- 
 nomy of Life. 
 
 The Shell, the Cortex, of the Man, 
 thus provided for, let me point out the 
 Advantage of Society in the Improve- 
 ment of his Intellects, the Mind 5 in 
 which the Benefit is more confpicuous, 
 more extenfive, and neceffary : For by 
 an Improvement of the Intelleftual Fa- 
 culties, Laws were firft diftributed, Arts 
 and Sciences were improv'd, and all 
 thofe extended Progrelfes made in Aftro- 
 nomy, Geography, Navigation, Painting, 
 Mufick, Architecture , &c. are owing to 
 the Aflbciation of Men of the fame Ge- 
 nius and Capacity, from Men of the 
 fame Turns of Mind, of the fame com- 
 municative Temper, whole End of Study 
 was the publick and univerfal Good of 
 the Society . 
 
 W e may fuppofe in the Infancy of 
 all Arts, they were crude and indigefted, 
 and, perhaps, found out by Accidents. 
 The Search after one Branch of Lite- 
 rature, might produce the Difcovery of 
 fomething of more Moment, or foreign 
 to that which was enquir'd after : But 
 C 2 then 
 
ii Lectures o« 
 
 then the cultivating, the improving and 
 refining thofe Arts, are owing to Society. 
 Men in a State of Nature, without Books 
 or Inftruftions in any Science , might, 
 perhaps, be their whole Life in endea- 
 vouring to prove, that the Square of the 
 Hypotheneufe of a Right-angled Tri- 
 angle, is equal to the Square of the 
 Sides added together : And if Men had 
 not communicated, in Society or by 
 Writing, fuch Knowledge which they 
 had acquir'd, we fhould ftill be fetting 
 out in dark Uncertainties, and the Refi- 
 due of our Time might be employ’d in 
 folving fuch Things which now appear 
 familiar and demonftrative to every com- 
 mon Underftanding. Thofe things which 
 noware eafy to be underftood, if we had 
 not been taught, but by mere Nature were 
 forc'd to fcek, would appear abftrufe and 
 difficult, and the Search after it might 
 require an uncommon Affiduity, and, 
 perhaps, when our ftri&eft Application 
 had been made, much Time employ'd, 
 and weary 'd ourfely.es in the Purfuit of 
 it, we might have gain'd juft as much 
 Knowledge as we had at our firft fetting 
 out. 
 
 All 
 
Architecture. 12 
 
 \ 
 
 All Countries and Ages of the 
 World have experienc'd the Advantage 
 of this one important Truth, That So- 
 ciety is the Bajis of all Knowledge, the 
 Spring and Source of Arts and Sciences > 
 which have been propagated, improv'd, 
 and handed down to us by fucceeding 
 Ages. Greece and Egypt had their pub- 
 lick Schools, which taught the fine Prin- 
 ciples of Philofophy : ‘Pythagoras , Pla- 
 to , and others, laid the Foundations of 
 them 5 and Seneca , Cicero , and the Ro- 
 man Philofophers, built their Studies up- 
 on them. Later Times have produc'd 
 innumerable Inftances of the Succefs and 
 Progrefs of Learning in the feveral Se- 
 minaries of Literature. The Royal Aca- 
 demy at Paris , the Royal Society of 
 London , which by the Encouragement 
 of Princely Favour have carried it to its 
 moft extended Length. 
 
 The Univerfities of Great Britain^ 
 of Holland , Germany , France , &c. have 
 all produc’d great and noble Genius’s. 
 Sir Ifaac Newton , Mr. Leibnitz , Mr. 
 Whijton , Mr. Boyle> and infinite Num- 
 bers of this prefent Age, whofe exten- 
 five Knowledge has inform’d Mankind 
 
 in 
 
14 Lectures w 
 
 in many difficult and abftrufe Points, 
 who have led Men to Truth, and are 
 Patterns to future Ages 5 owe the Seeds 
 of their Learning to fuch Education 
 which they receiv'd from publick Schools 
 and Societies to which they belong'd. 
 
 T h e r e is undoubtedly a fympathizing 
 and attra&ive Principle in the Souls of 
 the fame Genius's : Men whofe Ideas 
 are nearly alike, are Byafs'd by forne 
 hidden Secret in Nature to affociate 
 with each other. A philofophick Mind 
 would be illy entertain'd with a Defcrip- 
 tion of a Bear-baiting 5 and a Porter, or 
 a Carman, would be little edify 'd by a 
 Le&ure on Aftronomy or Phyficks 5 u ri- 
 le fs by Nature they had fuch internal 
 Ideas capable of retaining or receiving 
 an Impreffion from it : And you may 
 fee how fuch Men generally herd toge- 
 ther, and are, perhaps, diverted as much 
 with aflociating with each other, as the 
 Philofopher, the Mathematician, the 
 Architect, can be with Men whofe Ge- 
 nius's fquare and tally with theirs. 
 
 From hence it muft be inferr'd, that 
 this Society confifteth of Men of the 
 fame Turn of Thought. There muft be 
 
 an 
 
 3 
 
Architecture, 15 
 
 an Affinity in the Ideas, becaufe no Self- 
 in terefted Views, I think, can arife from 
 our prefent Affociation ; unlefs it be the 
 one common Concern, the Improve- 
 ment of each other in ufeful Know- 
 ledge. The Bafts of it is on a firm 
 Foundation, a friendly and amicable 
 Communication of Thoughts without 
 Referve : And as I have had the Plea- 
 sure of propofing it, feconded by your 
 ready joining with me in my Opinion 
 of itsUfefulnefs, I fhall never be want- 
 ing to (hew you how much I am obli- 
 ged to efteem you for it, and for your 
 favourable and ready Acceptance of the 
 Offer I made in reading fome Le&ures 
 on the Principles of Archite&ure. 
 
 I have propos’d to divide them into 
 fuch Claffes that they fhall be eafily coi- 
 lefted together ; and when I have com- 
 pleated the general Proportions, &c. 
 with your Approbation, I intend to pub- 
 lifh them, for the Service of fuch whofe 
 Genius leads them to the Study of Archi- 
 tecture, or fuch Branches which have an 
 Affinity to that Science 5 and I fhall in- 
 terweave fuch Remarks v/ith it, as fhall 
 make it an entertaining Amufement to 
 you in your more private Retirements. 
 
 I HAVE 
 
i <5 Lectures o» 
 
 I have but one thing more to add 
 at prefent, that is, if any of this Society 
 thinks it an Advantage, that they would 
 impartially remark the little Failures 
 which may poffibly happen in my Dif- 
 courfe, and point out in what Places I 
 am deficient, that I may rectify and en- 
 deavour to amend, or vindicate fuch 
 Overfights, as they may appear by the 
 different Lights in which they are view'd ; 
 and likewife join with me in ardently 
 wifhing an univerfal Succefs and En- 
 couragement to the Progrefs of Arts and 
 Sciences > and a kind Reception from 
 thofe capable of fupporting and encou- 
 raging fuch who are Profeflors of them 5 
 which will fatisfy the Wifhes of. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tour Humble Servant. 
 
 Read to the Society October 22, 1730. 
 
 Lecture 
 
Architecture. 17 
 
 Lecture II. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 T the firft Meeting of this So- 
 ciety, I endeavour’d to fhew 
 you the abfolute Neceffity and 
 Advantage of Societies in gene- 
 ral, as they relate to the publick or pri- 
 vate Welfare of the Individuals, both in 
 refped to the Prefervation of Rights and 
 Properties, a Defence from Infults of 
 Enemies, &c. and as it related to the 
 Improvement of the Intelledls of the 
 Mind. But as Time would not permit 
 to (hew you the Neceflity and Ufeful- 
 nefs of Learning, and the Obligations 
 we lie under to endeavour to cultivate 
 and improve the Natural Genius, as far 
 as Opportunity or Abilities will permit; 
 I (hall make it now the Subject of my 
 Difcourfe. 
 
 Learning, in all its Branches, may 
 properly be faid to diftinguifh us from 
 
 D one 
 
1 8 Lectures « 
 
 one another, as well as from the reft of 
 the Animal Creation, more diftin&ly 
 than Speech. Birds acquire the Faculty 
 of Speaking, but it is for the moft Part 
 mifplac d 5 it is only the retaining of fuch 
 Words and Accents, which they have by 
 frequent Repetition learnd, but not 
 knowing how to apply 5 like an Engine 
 performing its Rotation, but infenfible 
 of its own Ufe. 
 
 As to Learning in general, I fhall at 
 prelent confine it to three great Branches, 
 that is. Natural, Acquir'd, and Superfi- 
 cial j and, as far as they appear ufeful 
 to my prefent Intention, 1 fhall define 
 in their Turns. 
 
 Natural Knowledge, or what may 
 be call'd a Natural Genius, are Seeds of 
 Learning fown in the Mind at our firft 
 Formation in the Womb. Mr. Lock 
 terms them Innate Ideas, fuch which 
 Nature has implanted in us. Though 
 lbmc difpute, at the Conception of fome 
 new Idea, whether that Idea be not eter- 
 nally in the Mind, though our Faculty 
 of diftinguifhing it has been dormant. 
 But as this Speculation is too curious, 
 and foreign to my Defign, I fhall obferve, 
 
 as 
 
Architecture, ip 
 
 as to the Natural Genius, that many 
 lively Inftanees of it have appear'd in the 
 Hiftoryof all Ages. The Man in whom 
 the Seeds of Knowledge are fown, in 
 fpite of all the Obftacles of Fortune, 
 will be (till the fame j the Ideas which 
 Nature originally (lamps on the Mind 
 cannot be worn out. Poverty, Obfcu- 
 rity, want of Education, want of Oppor- 
 tunities of Improvement by Inftruftion, 
 Books, Societies, &c. I fay, in fpite of 
 all thefe Impediments, the bright Ideas 
 will fhine, they will appear beautiful 
 through all the little Clouds of Fortune, 
 and, like the Sun on the Surface of the 
 Water, they will refleft their benevolent 
 Beams on the Mind of thofe capable of 
 receiving them. How unhappy is the 
 Fate of that Man, whom Nature, in 
 fpite of all ObftruCtions, has fupplied 
 with a fine Genius, and yet wants the 
 nice Correction and Care of Art to cul- 
 tivate and improve, to draw by de- 
 grees from the Errors of ill-digeftcd 
 Opinions imbib’d in Minority, perhaps 
 through the Ignorance of thofe under 
 whofe Tuition he was plac’d, and by 
 fctting out in an improper Path, renders 
 him for ever incapable of making any 
 great Progrefs in any Art, without by fome 
 D i skilful 
 
20 
 
 Lectures on 
 
 skilful Mind he is inftrufted in a more 
 perfect Way, and taught the firfl; Princi- 
 ples by which the Knowledge of it is to 
 be attain'd. 
 
 Acquir'd Knowledge flows from 
 the improving and refining the Natural 
 Genius. The Seeds of Learning, when 
 fown firfl, are a minute Embryo 5 but by 
 proper Methods made ufe of in the cul- 
 tivating of them, they gradually arrive 
 to Maturity. They muft have fuitablc 
 Principles inftill'd, fuch which have an 
 Affinity to the Nature of the Genius 
 which is to be improv'd. Thofe Princi- 
 ples take Root, dilate and fpread them- 
 lelves ilowly into Form, which, like a 
 young Fruit-Tree, by pruning and regu- 
 larly difpofing, keeps from fhooting into 
 fuperfluous Branches. As Thorns do not 
 produce Thirties, fo it is impoffible for 
 the Man who has by Nature the Seeds of 
 the Mathcmaticks born with him, to be 
 otherwife 5 and the great Painter, the 
 great Architect, the fine Genius's, are fo 
 by Nature as well as Art ; and I do not 
 doubt, but there are many great Men 
 now buried in Oblivion, who, if thev 
 had the Happinefs of Education, and the 
 Fortune of Encouragement, might be- 
 come 
 
Architect u r e. i i 
 
 come equal to the Great Sir Ifaac New- 
 ton in Philofophy, to Raphael in Paint- 
 ing, to Ralladio, or Inigo Jones, in Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Superficial Learning is the Shell, 
 the Excrcfcencies of both : It is a gay, 
 gaudy Outfide, without Value; a Multi- 
 plicity of Ideas, without Order; a Sha- 
 dow only, which the Pofleffor grafps at, 
 imagining it a Subftance. Mr. Rope has 
 very juftly deferib'd the Chara&er of fuch 
 a one in his Eflay on Criticifm, where 
 he fays. 
 
 The bookful Blockhead , ignorantly read , 
 
 With Loads of learned Lumber in his Head , See. 
 
 And in another Part of the fame Effay 
 juftly concludes. 
 
 One Science only , will one Genius fit , 
 
 So vaft is Art , fa narrow human Wit. 
 
 Such a one who has only the fupcrflcial 
 Learning, may be eafily known by his 
 dwelling upon the Surface of Contro- 
 verfy, or Arts, not daring to fink into the 
 Principles or Spring of Things, or not 
 4 having Abilities ; they are generally fuch 
 
 whom 
 
n Lectures on 
 
 whom Education has been illy applied 
 to, not having a Genius to receive it. 
 
 I h av e thus far ventur'd to give you 
 my Opinion of natural, acquir'd, and 
 fuperficial Learning; I propofe now to 
 fhew you the Ufes of it, as far as it re- 
 lates to Mankind in general, and Socie- 
 ties in particular. 
 
 Learning in general, is fubfervi- 
 ent to all, in all the Stages and Stations 
 of Life : Our walking, fitting, lying down, 
 rifing, &c. are perform’d by Mechanick 
 Powers ; and though every one cannot 
 difcern it, or if it is not conceiv'd by the 
 unthinking Part of Mankind, yet every 
 Mathematician can demonftratc it : Every 
 A&ion is perform'd by the Laws of Me- 
 chanifm; the Motion and fudden Velo- 
 city of our Bodies, are the Effects of a 
 Mathematical Power, and the Know- 
 ledge or Contemplation of it, elevates us 
 a Degree above the reft of our Species, 
 and diftinguifhes in a more eminent Man- 
 ner from Brutes. 
 
 It is ncceffary for the Direction of 
 Affairs in Societies, in making Laws, 
 diftributing Juftice, &c. It is neceffary in 
 
 Trade, 
 
 i 
 
Architecture. 25 
 
 Trade, Traffick, and Commerce; in dif- 
 cerning the Motion of the Heavenly Bo- 
 dies; in Weights, Meafures, Travel; in 
 fhort, in every Thing which concerns So- 
 cieties to be acquainted with. 
 
 W 1 th Reafon, and Wifdom, Men firft 
 afiociated together, and form'd them- 
 felves into Societies ; and by it they firft 
 fram'd and modell'd the Laws by which 
 they propos'd to be govern'd : And with- 
 out Knowledge in Navigation, Traffick 
 and Commerce with diftant Countries 
 could not be had ; nor could we judge 
 of, or defcribe the Motion or Diftance of 
 the Planets, or the Time of their Revo- 
 lution ; by Geometry, Weights, Meafures, 
 and the Power of Bodies, are known > 
 and indeed we find one Branch of Learn- 
 ing or another, ufeful in the whole Oeco- 
 nomy of Human Nature. 
 
 Besides all this, the Pleafures which 
 the thinking Mind takes, in a Purfuit 
 after Knowledge, are inexprellible. The 
 Afironomer can foar from one Planet to 
 another, and from one Region to ano- 
 ther, till the Mind is loft in infinite 
 Space ; the Geographer can travel from 
 one Country to another, through vari- 
 ous 
 
 < 
 
14 Lectures o» 
 
 ous Climates, over Sea and Land* and 
 encompafs the whole Earth in his Imagi- 
 nation, and yet be only retir'd to his 
 Clofei, or contemplating in the Field j 
 the Painter can fee Groupes of Figures 
 and lively Landskips, fome (hocking Pre- 
 cipice, or filent Glade, to divert his Ideas ; 
 the Architect raifes in his Idea, Numbers 
 of pleafing Stru&ures, beautiful and pro- 
 portion'd, with a regular Symmetry and 
 a juftExaftnefs ; the ’Poet reprefents to 
 himfelf beautiful Hills and Lawns, plea- 
 ling Vales and circling Rivulets, the pur- 
 ling Streams glidingthrough fome gloomy 
 Shade, the Harmony of Numbers and Na- 
 ture- 
 
 The Mechanick ideally fees Multi- 
 tudes of various Machines for Convey- 
 ance of Timber, Stone, Water <&c. all 
 perfect and pleafing to his Imagination : 
 The Mathematician has his Globes, Prifms, 
 Quadrants, Triangles, &c. his Lines ge- 
 nerated by the Parabola, Hyperbola, the 
 Cathenarian, and others. All thefe, by 
 a little Expanfion of the Mind, are feen 
 as natural as the Statuary , who ideally 
 views in a Block of Marble a beautiful 
 Statue, which only requires the Care and 
 Skill of his nice Hand, to take away the 
 
 grofs 
 
 3 
 
Architecture. 15 
 
 grofs Particles of Matter which enclofe 
 it, whereby others may view it with equal 
 Pleafure as himfelf. 
 
 Learning is a Topick which leads 
 us from one Labyrinth of Pleafure to 
 another 5 it is as extenfive as the Uni- 
 verfe ,• it confifteth of infinite Divilions, 
 which difperfe themfelves into innumer- 
 able Branches ; and if we trace it from 
 one Chain to another, it never lofes its 
 Luftre 5 its Beauties are always apparent, 
 and whatever Shape you view it in, it 
 (till charms you : It is a Jewel of ineftima- 
 ble Value, and he who poffefieth it en- 
 - joys every Thing definable. The Goods 
 of Fortune, by multitude of Cafualties, 
 perifh, and are deftroyed : Earthquakes, 
 Inundations and Tempefts, impoverilh 
 and ruin many Countries 5 but no Mis- 
 fortunes can fhock the Mind of the Phi- 
 lofopher : In Profperity or Adverfity, he 
 is the fame : His Wiidom, by making 
 Excurfions into the Channels of Fortune, 
 makes every Stage of Life equal. Know- 
 ledge is acquir’d by Study and Afliduity, 
 and by cultivating thofe Natural Facul- 
 ties which are planted in us. 
 
 E 
 
 We 
 
i 6 Lectures on 
 
 W e fhould endeavour to difcover 
 which way Nature has directed the Chan- 
 nel of our Genius. If to the Mathema- 
 ticks, futh Branches of Learning which 
 lead to thofe Arts, fhould be carefully 
 learnt, and not ftop the Current of that 
 Rivulet by throwing in Lumber of Law, 
 Hiftory, <&c. which are contrary to Na- 
 ture's Delign. Nor muft he who defigns 
 to be an Archited, load his Mind with 
 Politicks 3 he will find Matter enough in 
 the feveral Branches of that alone, to em- 
 ploy his whole Study to become Mafter 
 of : No Art is fo narrow r and confin'd, 
 but it will take up much Time to be ac- 
 quainted with 5 and it is better to know 
 one Thing per fed, than fuperficially to 
 know many. There are many Branches 
 of Learning in every Art, and thofe Paths 
 which lead to them fhould be carefully 
 trod : Circumfpedion and Diligence are 
 requir'd to compleat the Performance, 
 and a clofe Application fhould be ob- 
 fervkl in the purfuit of our Studies. • 
 
 Architecture is certainly not on- 
 ly a plealing, but extenfive Science 5 for 
 by varying and changing the Modus, there 
 will always fpring new Ideas, new Scenes, 
 
 for 
 
Architecture. 27 
 
 for the Imagination to work upon 5 the 
 Fancy of theDefigner may be always en- 
 tertain d, and the different Branches of 
 Architecture will furnilh him with fome- 
 thing of an Amufement , which gratifies 
 the Eye as well as the Underftanding. 
 
 I t will be neceffary for the Architect 
 to know as much of Geometry ■> as will en- 
 able him to delineate regular or irregular 
 Plans, &c. to furnifh him with Reafons 
 for the Capacity of fupporting Weights* 
 which will often require Geometrical 
 Conftrudions to explain 5 to defcribe the 
 external Part of a Fabrick by Perfpedive 
 Elevations, or the internal by Sedions, 
 <&c. all which are founded on the Prin- 
 ciples of Geometry. 
 
 The Architect ihould be acquainted 
 with Arithmetic k, to be able to make an 
 Eftimate of the Expence of the Building 5 
 to meafure and fettle the feveral Works 
 of the Artificers s to make up the Quan- 
 tities of Monies expended, and the bal- 
 lancing the Accompts between the Work- 
 men and the Perfon who employs them. 
 Likewife Arithmetick furnifhes him with 
 Proportions of Numbers, in harmonick 
 and arithmetical Progreffions, to regu- 
 
 E 2 late 
 
j8 Lectures ob 
 
 late the external and internal Parts of the 
 Fabrick, which I fhall delineate in the 
 Courfe of thefe Lc&ures. 
 
 H e muft have fuch an Idea of Mujick > 
 as will conduce to judge the Nature of 
 Sounds, their Accords and Difcords, their 
 Affinity with Proportion, in ere&ing 
 Rooms of Entertainment, in Theatres, 
 Churches, &c. in which Places Sound is 
 more immediately concern'd. 
 
 Opticks will be requifite to be un- 
 derftood, as far as they relate to Propor- 
 tion of Light in large or fmall Rooms, 
 or as the Situation is to the four Cardi- 
 nal Points, in which the adapting the in- 
 ternal Apartments, as the Hall, Salloon, 
 Parlours, Withdrawing- Room, Dining- 
 Room, Library, &c. are to have pro- 
 portional Lights, according to their 
 Magnitude and Situation ,• or in Town 
 Houles, where Room is wanting, and 
 Light more difficult to attain, there will 
 more Knowledge of Opticks be requir'd. 
 
 History will be neceffary to inform 
 him of the State of Architecture in 
 Greece or Rome, in its Infancy : The 
 Manner of their publick and private 
 
 Buildings $ 
 
Architecture. 29 
 
 Buildings ; their Magnitude, Beauty, 
 which have been handed down to us by 
 undoubted Records, and by which he 
 may regulate and difpofe the Apartments 
 in publick Buildings for the Convenience, 
 &c. which they require. 
 
 A little Thilofophy will not be 
 amifs, to inform the Architeft of the 
 Nature of Materials 5 the Qualities of 
 Wood, Stones, Earth, Minerals, &c. 
 Even in the Choice of Situation, the 
 Temperature of the Air, the Nature of 
 Waters, Plants, Vegetables, &c. which 
 Nature produceth in different Situations. 
 
 These are the Ingredients of Learn- 
 ing, which are to be blended together 
 for the Ufe of an Architect. It is not 
 requir'd that he be a compleat Matter of 
 each, but only to know as much of them 
 as he can explain for the foregoing Pur- 
 pofes. There are few who have a Ge- 
 nius to take in more than thefe Branches 
 for any Science, therefore a skilful De- 
 figner mutt confequently have taken 
 much Pains to become Matter of Archi - 
 teEture , including thofe Divifions of 
 Learning which are to be by him thus 
 underftood. 
 
 As 
 
3<d Lectures 
 
 As to a Knowledge of the Five Or- 
 ders of ArchiteEiure , indeed they are 
 commendable, but it is only the En- 
 trance, the firfl Branches of the Art ; the 
 great and valuable Parts of it confift in 
 Defigning well, to appropriate the fe- 
 veral Parts to Ufe, and make them have 
 an Affinity with the whole : But this only 
 is the Gift of Nature, no Art can teach a 
 Man the way to attain it, unlels Nature 
 has laid the Foundation ; and thofe which 
 I have mention d, may be faid to be only 
 Affiftants in cultivating and improving 
 the natural Genius. 
 
 Before I proceed to the Application 
 of Buildings, to different Situations, or 
 the Ufes of the Orders themfelves, I 
 fhall trace ArchiteEiure to its Fountain, 
 and conlider it in its infant State, and 
 by what Steps it has been handed to dif- 
 ferent Countries, and its Arrival to Per- 
 fection : But as that will take up too 
 much of your prefent Time, I fhall make 
 it the Subject of another Le&ure. 
 
 I shall only add, that I could wifh 
 to fee Emulation rife among us, ftriving 
 who fhould excell in doing good Offices 
 
 to 
 
Architecture. 31 
 
 to each other 5 to be inftrufted by, and 
 affiftant to each other, in every Science , 
 as far as your Abilities will extend ; to 
 fee the Mathematicks and Architecture , 
 and the feveral dependent Branches of 
 Literature , become the Pleafure of your 
 Difcourfe, the Delight of your Studies. 
 This, in the End, would be ufeful and 
 entertaining to yourfelves, and an Exam- 
 ple worthy of Imitation to others 5 and in 
 this we fhould raife a Monument which 
 neither Time nor Envy could deface j 
 and, perhaps, in future Years, it may be 
 faid, you laid the Foundation to a So- 
 ciety chiefly inftituted for propaga- 
 ting Knowledge without felf-interefted 
 Views. The Memory of fuch an Un- 
 dertaking, to be tranfmitted to diftant 
 Time, will redound much to your Praife* 
 and is the fincere Wifhes of 
 
 Tour Humble Servant. 
 
 Read to the Society October £ 9 , 1730. 
 
 Lecture 
 
Lecture III. 
 
 N my laft LeCiure , I propos'd 
 to give you a Defcription of 
 the Rife, Progrefs, and Extent 
 of Architecture? which I intend 
 the Subject of this Difcourfe, having for 
 that Purpofe perus'd thofe Authors who 
 have tranfmitted to Pofterity the Labours 
 of the Antients. Building, in its Mino- 
 rity, was, doubtlefs, not only plain, but 
 irregular, Men ftudying the Ules of the 
 feveral Parts of the Fabrick, more than 
 Beauty, till Societies began to increafe 
 in Wealth and Number, by Traffickand 
 Commerce, then they rofe in their Idea 
 to the Knowledge of fome fort of Re- 
 gularity and Proportion in the difpofing 
 the feveral Parts of their Building; but 
 even this Proportion may be fuppofed 
 to be known long before the Orders 
 were inftituted* 
 
 When 
 
Architecture. 33 
 
 When Arts and Learning became 
 famous in Egypt , we may fuppofe with 
 them Architecture flourifli d ; for we 
 find Works very Elaborate mention d 
 even among the great Defigners Contem- 
 porary with Noah. In the Year of the 
 World 2038, the Walls of Babylon are 
 reported to be built by Semiramis very 
 magnificent, and efteem’d one of the 
 Seven Wonders of the World 5 and the 
 Tower ofj Babel is a remarkable Inftance 
 of the early Knowledge of Building: 
 thofe two famous Pillars, the one of 
 Brick, the other Stone, ereCted foon 
 after the Flood by the Sons of Noah , 
 on which were recorded the remarkable 
 Pafiages from the Creation down to the 
 Flood : I fay thefe are Teftimonies of 
 an early Progrels in the Mathematical 
 and Architectural Arts. 
 
 But the cultivating and improvement 
 of Architecture is reported to be owing 
 to the Egyptians , from their famous 
 Labyrinth adorn’d with Columns of Bor- 
 phyry. The Grecians raised an everlafting 
 Monument to their Genius’s in the La- 
 byrinth at Crete built by CDedalus. To 
 Egypt the firft Grecian Architects were 
 
 F ufed 
 
34 Lectures on 
 
 ufed to travel, as our Modern Archite&s 
 do to Rome , to refine and improve their 
 Genius’s, and to apply their Studies to 
 the Rules of their Art. Perhaps the 
 Egyptians , in building their Labyrinth, 
 imitated Nature 5 for as Mazes are form'd 
 by various Turnings and Windings, cut 
 through the luxuriant Bullies growing 
 wildly among Woods or Trees, and by 
 forming a kind of natural Arch , to fhade 
 and make the Paths more folemn and 
 fecret, fo the fupport of thofe Arches 
 might be fome more eminent Trees, 
 which when pruned of their fuperfluous 
 Branches, reprefented fo many Columns, 
 and by a little more pleafmg Form, as to 
 Difpofition and Shape, undoubtedly their 
 Labyrinth was delineated and erefted, 
 and even the Orders themfelves muft 
 have had their Rife and Inftitution from 
 fuch Imitation of Nature . 
 
 CAT)MUS, the Grandfon to Agenor 
 King of Tyre , 562 Years after the Walls 
 of Babylon were built, brought the Arts 
 Into Greece from the Phoenicians , and 
 built Thebes } call'd fo from the famous 
 Thebes in Egypt : And we find that 
 about 300 Years after the Foundation of 
 Rome was laid, xhzxBhidias^w Athenian, 
 
 built 
 
Architecture. 35 
 
 built a Temple of the c Dorick Order, 
 whofe Height was 68 Feet to the Roof: 
 The Antients never made ufe of but one 
 Order in the Height of their Buildings, 
 after the Manner of St. Martins Church 
 built by Mr. Gibbs : Now let us fuppofe 
 the Bafe, Shaft, and Capital, of the 'Do* 
 rick Order, to be eight Diameters in 
 Height, and the Entablature two Diame- 
 ters, we find that the Diameter of thofe 
 Columns was fix Feet nine Inches and half, 
 which I only mention to (hew in what 
 Perfedion Architecture was at that Time, 
 and in fuch Efteem that the mod fiacred 
 and magnificent Strudures were not per- 
 form'd without an exad Regularity and 
 Proportion. 
 
 GREECE was furniflfd with no- 
 ble Monuments of Building, which were 
 ' brought to Rome by Marcellas. The 
 Temple of Jupiter Olympus , the Tem- 
 ple of Cizciusy which Rimy reports was 
 fo rich and curioufly wrought, that in 
 all the Joints of the Stone, Threads of 
 Gold were inlaid to feparate them : The 
 Temple of Trallius, of 'Diana, of C P al- 
 ias, of Minerva at Athens , of Apollo , 
 &c. all fo teftify the Noblenefs, Ufe, and 
 Beauty of Architecture before it was 
 E 2 brought 
 
Lectures on 
 
 brought to Rome , that the foremention' d 
 Author relates, that Cecrops , the firft 
 King of Athens , 200 Years before the 
 Deftrudion of Troy , founded a School 
 for the Inftrudion and Encouragement 
 of Architects 3 and it would only weary 
 your Attention, to repeat morelnftances 
 of its Beauty and Perfedion, in the early 
 Ages of the World. 
 
 If we refled on the beautiful Gran- 
 deur, and inexprelhble Magnificence, of 
 many of thofe never-dying Works of 
 antient Greece 3 if we think on thofe 
 lively Ideas which many worthy and im- 
 mortal Genius's have given us of its State, 
 and alfo refled on the Felicity, the Hap- 
 pinefs we enjoy, in having the Art fo 
 carefully preferv’d, when all her ftately 
 Cities and Temples are deftroyed, and 
 their Names, perhaps, buried in their 
 Ruins : I fay, if we weigh this, we can- 
 not value or efteem Architecture too 
 much 5 its Beauties, in fpite of devour- 
 ing Time, will ftill charm us ; the gay, 
 the glittering Image, fhines with gleam- 
 ing Rays of Light on the feveral Pa£ 
 fions of the Mind ; according to the 
 Symmetry andDifpofition of their Works, 
 we behold them with Admiration, and 
 
 they 
 
Architecture. 37 
 
 they foften us into unutterable Plea- 
 fure. 
 
 GREECE happily perfected the 
 Arts', but Rome , rais'd by Ambition, 
 Rrometheus like, (tole Architecture from 
 her, and laid defolate its Glory. The 
 Emperors pull'd down their (lately Edi- 
 fices and Temples , and tranfported to 
 Rome , and there confin'd, the Art and 
 Materials, to raife a Name to immor- 
 talize themfelves and Pofterity. 
 
 ROME, pofiefs'd of a Prize fo glo- 
 rious, and of fo ineftimable Value, and 
 at the fame Time Miftrefs of lb many 
 populous Kingdoms, feleCted together 
 the greateft Artifts of thofe Times, and, 
 by an unwearied Purfuit, trac'd the 
 Paths and Footfteps of the worthy Greci- 
 ans , both in Learning and Government. 
 ATHENS furnifh'd them with exem- 
 plary Rules 5 and, being naturally afpir- 
 ing, they endeavour'd to (hew the excel- 
 lent Perfection of Architecture , in the 
 feveral noble Structures and Temples 
 which they erefted to the Honour of their 
 Emperors, and the victorious Conquefls 
 they made, whofe Remains continue even 
 to this Day, in the Works of thofe great 
 
 Genius's 
 
38 Lectures 
 
 Genius ”s who flourilh'd in the 14th and 
 15 th Centuries. 
 
 MARCE LLUS, happy in Victory 
 as well as a fine Genius, brought from 
 Greece one of the mod beautiful and 
 regular Pieces of Architecture extant, 
 which is in the Theatre call'd after his 
 Name. And Rompey the great though 
 unfortunate Hero, is reported by Ta- 
 citus to have built the firft Amphi- 
 theatre at Rome . The Baths of TDio- 
 clejian , the Palace of Nero, the Rotunda , 
 the Theatres, and upwards of 50 Tem- 
 ples dedicated to their Deities, .their Tri- 
 umphal Arches , -&c. give us a vaft Idea 
 of the Perfection of Architecture at 
 Rome y in its flourifhing State under the 
 Confuls and Emperors : They were fo 
 much given to building, that they endea- 
 vour'd to excel each other in Pomp and 
 Magnificence in the publick Edifices they 
 ereCted for the Ornament and Ufe of the 
 City. 
 
 It was a happy Time, when diftant 
 Ages, which long fince has roll'd away, 
 fnould have fo juft a Tafte of the excel- 
 lent Perfection of Architecture . The 
 
 Richnefs and Expence of lb many mag - * 
 
Architecture. 39 
 
 nijicent Structures in Times of Peace, 
 exercis'd the bufy-minded, and kept their 
 Government in a quiet and regular Man- 
 ner: But when Architecture declin'd, 
 Infurredions and domeftick Wars chang'd 
 their manner of Government, and un- 
 happily fell a Vidim with it, after it had 
 been in a flourifhing State at Rome up- 
 wards of 700 Years. 
 
 W e have feen Architecture in its 
 beautiful State, in its meridian Luftre 
 
 and higheft Perfedion. Extreams in all 
 
 Things muft fuifer Change. Architec- 
 
 ture flood long the Glory of Rome , but 
 Fate fuffers it to be buried in Oblivion 
 
 near 800 Years fucceffive Ages of Ruin 
 
 and Defolation ! Nothing but Fragments 
 are left ; and where famous Cities and 
 noble and magnificent Strudures once 
 rear'd their lofty Heads, now are nothing 
 but a wild uncultivated Scene of Defo- 
 lation. 
 
 ALARICUS , King of the Goths, 
 about the Year of Redemption 41 2, took 
 Rome ; and after that Oadoacer ; And 
 Genfericus King of the Vandals , brought 
 300,000 Men out of Africa, and made it 
 wafte and alrnoft defolate, in the Year 45 6 . 
 
 In 
 
40 Lectures 
 
 In fhort, Ignorance and Brutality had fa 
 infatuated that Age, that they confpir'd to 
 ruin and deftroy all the ftately Structures 
 which the Romans had built for the En- 
 couragement of Arts $ for which Pur- 
 pofe the Vifigoths in Spain , the French 
 in Gaul , and the Vandals in Africa , una- 
 nimoufiy agree to compleat the Deftruc- 
 tion 5 and in the Year 596, the Saracens 
 dcftroy'd and laid in Afhes a fine City 
 named MeJfina-> not far from which was 
 the beautiful City of Cuma , whereof is 
 the Remains of a fine Arch call'd Arco 
 feliciy an antient Performance 5 and at Na- 
 ples remains the Gate of Caftor and Pol- 
 lux , whofe Meafures are tranfmitted to 
 us by Palladio . 
 
 I have pafs'd over a Scene fo fhock- 
 ing with as much Brevity as poffible, to 
 fhew you that though Architecture lay 
 buried in Heaps of Ruins 800 Years, 
 though nothing was pra&is'd but in the 
 rud z Got hick Manner, yet the 14th Cen- 
 tury produc'd Genius's who brought 
 Architecture from its Tomb, and rais'd 
 it, like the Phoenix* to new Life from 
 its Afhes 5 which was by fettling an Aca- 
 demy at Florence in the Year 1400, in 
 which were many great and noble Ge- 
 nius's 
 
 $ 
 
Architecture* 41 
 
 nius’s and Students, who by infpe&ing 
 into the Ruins, (if it be not improperly 
 fpeaking) once more perfeded the Art. 
 
 In this Academy was Lawrence Ghi- 
 bertOy a Goldfmith by Profeillon, who 
 built the Church of St. Mary delli fiori 
 at Florence , which> among the Judges 
 of the Beauties of Architecture , is had 
 in equal Efteem with the Productions of 
 the celebrated TalladtOi 
 
 It would be endlefs to mention the 
 great Genius's of which the Academy 
 was compos'd, or who flourifh'd in the 
 14th and 15 th Centuries> fince their 
 Works fufficiently teftify their Care and 
 Affiduity, to preferve the Beauties of the 
 Antients in Building, and of which our 
 young Students in Architecture have the 
 Pleafure of many of them tranflated in- 
 to English for their Inftrudion ; efpeci- 
 ally thofe of Falladioy which, by the 
 Care of Mr. Leoni and Mr. Cole , who 
 in a more particular Manner have made 
 the Works of that great Matter ufeful 
 to all that make the Study of Architecture 
 their Delight. 
 
 But 
 
 e 
 
 G 
 
4i Lectures on 
 
 But the greateft Happinefs to us, is 
 the having Architecture in as much Per- 
 fection as ever it fhone in at Rome , and 
 even pradisd by a few Perfons, whofe 
 excellent Tafte of the Art leads them 
 to follow thefe Paths. But this is chiefly 
 owing to Inigo Jones , whofe Qualifica- 
 tions, join'd with a felicitous Opportu- 
 nity of travelling to Rome and other 
 contiguous Countries, gave him fo fen- 
 fible and ftrong Ideas of the Beauties of 
 the Ancients in Architecture-, that he 
 met with a deferv'd Encouragement in 
 the Pra&ice of the Art ; which may be 
 feen in the many beautiful and regular 
 Buildings which he defign'd or ereCted, 
 and by the Care of the Right Honoura- 
 ble the Earl of Burlington , are collected 
 together in Miniature. 
 
 The Manner of the antient Architec- 
 ture is Grand and Auguft ; there is fome- 
 thing Solemn and Awful in it : It confifts 
 of large and ample Divifions, a bold Re- 
 lievo , and regularly proportion'd : The 
 Parts were analogous to the Whole, and 
 perform'd with fo exad Adherence toHar- 
 monick Rules, that their Buildings, as well 
 
 Internal 
 
A R Crfl TE'CTU R E, 43 
 
 Internal as External, fo charm'd the Mind 
 of the Beholder, that the Architeds 
 were often, by the Vulgar, thought to 
 be infpir'd, when, in Fad, the Beauty 
 and the Pleafure their Works gave, we*re 
 only the Effeds of a well-chofen Sym- 
 metry, conneded together according to 
 the Harmonick Laws of Proportion 5 
 which of Neceffity produce that Effed 
 upon the Mind through the Eye, as the 
 Chords or Difchords of Mufick affed it 
 through the Ear. 
 
 Their Decorum was always juft in 
 every Reprefentation, whether ferious, 
 jovial, or charming : For this End they 
 eftablifh'd a certain Modus to be obferv'd 
 in the Ufe and Application of the fc- 
 veral Orders 5 and by thefe Rules they 
 always kept pace with Nature, and {till, 
 by a Arid Obfervance of them, they pro- 
 duc'd the various Effeds for which they 
 were intended. The Dorick Order was 
 to grave andfolemn Ufes, and call'd the 
 "Dorian Modus : The lonick Order to 
 Riant Ufes, and call'd the Ionian Mo- 
 dus : The Corinthian Order was us'd in 
 Palaces, &c. and call'd the Lydian Mo- 
 dus. 
 
 G 2 
 
 T HI 
 
44 Lectures on 
 
 The Ufc, Application, and Propor- 
 tion of thefe Orders , I intend the Suh- 
 jeft of enfuing Left tires ; in the mean 
 while remain, 
 
 Tours, See. 
 
 Read to the Society, Nov. 12,173©, 
 
 Lecture 
 
Architecture. 45 
 
 Lecture IV. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Subject fo beaten and ex- 
 haufted as that of Architec- 
 ture, will undoubtedly require 
 a better Genius to engage your 
 Patience, to fome few Remarks and Ob- 
 servations, which, for my own private 
 Amufement, I have made fince our laft 
 Night's Meeting ; and, perhaps, they may 
 be fo illy digefted, and irregularly plac'd, 
 as not to merit your Notice. How- 
 ever, as my chief End and Deftgn is rather 
 a Divertifement to fome few Friends, 
 by whofe Importunity I have been pre- 
 vail'd on to renew fome former Lec- 
 tures, I fhall, without farther Apology, 
 beg your Attention, 
 
 M y laft LeEture confifted chiefly in an 
 hiftorical Defcription of Architecture in 
 general, confin'd to fuch particular ftated 
 
 Periods 
 
4 6 Lectures on 
 
 Periods of Time, as have been handed 
 down to us by Hiftory or Tradition ; and 
 I think I endeavour'd to make it appa- 
 rent, what Changes, and Viciffitudes of 
 Fate it has undergone, fmce it receiv'd 
 that Perfeftion and Beauty from the Gre- 
 cians, even from Pericles to Marcellus > 
 and fo progreffively to Inigo Jones, and 
 that great Genius Sir Chriflopher Wren. 
 I now propofe to (hew the Difference 
 between the Antient, the Gothick, and 
 our Modern Architect, without Preju- 
 dice or Partiality, confining myfelf to 
 fuch particular Obfervations only, which 
 are neceflary to inflil the firft Principles 
 of Defigning into the Minds of young 
 Students in Architecture . 
 
 It may not be amifs, for the better 
 underftanding my Defign in this Lec- 
 ture, to fhew what is the chief Care of 
 an Architect to obferve $ which is Re- 
 gularity and ‘Proportion: thofe are the 
 moft effential Parts to be confider’d in 
 the Art of Defigning . That the An- 
 tients had thisHappinefs of Thought in 
 View in their Performances, is undenia- 
 ble 5 and in many Particulars I fhall make 
 it apparent, when I draw a Parallel be- 
 tween the Antients and Moderns •> and, 
 
 perhaps. 
 
Architecture. 47 
 
 perhaps, in fo obvious a Manner, that 
 none of you can miftake what that Dif- 
 ference confifteth in, and by what Me- 
 thods an adequate Knowledge of the An- 
 tients may be attain'd. 
 
 In my laft LeCture I obferv'd to you, 
 that the Gothick Archite&ure prevail'd 
 in Italy? and throughout the reft of 
 Europe , after the Defolation made by 
 the Vandals and Saracens , about 930 
 Years, and fo continu'd till the Year 
 1400, in which an Academy was fettled 
 at Florence , which reviv'd the antient 
 Architecture in many of thofe Buildings 
 now remaining, which were by them 
 then perfected. 
 
 Regularity and Proportion are 
 the fine Parts of Architecture , and thefe 
 are perform'd by ftated Rules, handed 
 down to us by the Care and Vigilance 
 of preceding Ages, to whom we owe 
 all our Knowledge, as well Hiftorical as 
 Architectural. I lay Buildings are to be 
 perform'd by ftated Rules, as the feveral 
 Parts of Mufick in Concert are^ in 
 which, if one lnftrument is illy tuned, 
 or in a different Key, it immediately 
 creates a jarring and Difcord, which is 
 
 not 
 
 v 
 
48 Lectures o» 
 
 not to be remedied without fetting afide 
 that Inftrument, or putting it in a pro* 
 per Key with the reft : The fame Rules 
 perfed Architecture? and are effentialiy 
 necefiary in its Performances which I 
 fhall fhew by and by. 
 
 The Goths and Vandals were a rude, 
 barbarous, and unpolifh'd People 5 and, 
 perhaps, that Architecture which is call'd 
 the Gothick ? deriv'd its Name only from 
 its rude and ill digefted Form, not much 
 differing from that unrefin'd Part of Man- 
 kind s having in their Afped and Deport- 
 ment, a Rufticity and Wildnefs not to 
 be imitated ; and as they ravag'd Eu- 
 rope? and fpread themfelves over moft 
 Part of Chriftendom, it might become a 
 Proverb amongft Men, to term every 
 thing Gothick which was irregular, dif- 
 proportion'd, or deform'd. 
 
 The Art of c De(igning was undoubt- 
 edly loft in thofe dark Ages, when Men 
 were led blindfold to Learning, through 
 the Caprice and Humour of a Set of Men 
 who endeavour’d to engrofs that refin'd 
 Part of our Species to themfelves,* and 
 their Care of fomething lefs material 
 might prevent them from fpeculative En- 
 quiries 
 
Archite-ctur e. 49 
 
 quiries about Arts and Sciences, content- 
 ing thcmfelves with the vulgar Gout and 
 Opinion, efteeming the fevereDifcipline 
 of Study, either too difficult, or un- 
 worthy of their Notice 5 fo Errors, by 
 Degrees, were introduc'd, cherifh'd, and 
 pradis'd, without Regard or Enquiry into 
 the Reafonablenefs or Unreafonablenefs 
 of its Performance. 
 
 If we look upon that great expensive 
 Building of Weftminjier-Abbey , ereded 
 by Edward the Conf effort about the Year 
 1060, take in all its Parts, its Propor- 
 tions, or Symmetry, it appears only a 
 heavy, lumpilh, unrefin d Mafs of Mate- 
 rials jumbled together without Defigri, 
 Regularity, or Order; the Middle Ifle is 
 too long and too high for its Breadth : 
 The Symmetry of the External Part has 
 no Analogy to the Internal ; the Multi- 
 tudes of little Pillars have no Proportion 
 to the Parts to which they are connec- 
 ted , the Windows are perform'd with- 
 out Rule, without Beauty, or Defign ; 
 and if they happen to ftart into a kind of 
 Proportion, it is only blind Chance 
 which inadvertently leads them to it. If 
 we take a Survey of all our antient Cathe- 
 drals, fuch as Salisbury , fo much won* 
 
 H der'd 
 
5© Lectures on 
 
 der'd at, there is nothing worthy our 
 Notice, but the Height of the Spire, and 
 prodigious Expence Men have been at to 
 perpetuate their Folly to future Times, 
 The Riches which have been exhauft- 
 ed from the Natives of this, as well as 
 other Countries, to ereft Abbies, Monat 
 teries, Nunneries, Churches, &c. and the 
 large Endowments left to fupport them* 
 need not give Men much Trouble to 
 think why fo much Pains have been taken 
 to render them as beautiful as their Ge- 
 nius's would reach to make them. 
 
 If the profufe Millions of Money ex- 
 pended in forming fo many Gothick 
 Buildings in this Kingdom, had only been 
 appropriated to creating Seminaries of 
 ufeful Learning, and in fo beautiful a 
 Form as even fome of our Moderns have 
 a Tafte of, with what Elegance and 
 Splendour would this Ifland fhine, and 
 become more than Competitor with 
 Rome in all its Glory. Compare old St. 
 Giles's , or old St. Martins in the Fields * 
 Churches, with their new, and every 
 one will undoubtedly fee what that Sym- 
 metry is which gives fuch Pleafure to the 
 Eye of the Beholder. I do* not fay thefe 
 arc without Faults, but they are fo few* 
 
 com- 
 
Architecture. 51 
 
 compar'd with any Gothick Edifice, that 
 they feem not to be j and I believe the 
 Expence of the old trebly exceeded either 
 of the new, in Proportion to the Value 
 of Money when each was built $ we fee 
 partly an Inftance of this in the Repairs 
 of the Gothick Works 5 what Time, what 
 Wade of Materials, do thofe Re* 
 parations make. 
 
 What I have faid is to fiiew not their 
 Want of Encouragement, but Tafte and 
 Genius, at the Times when that rude, ir- 
 regular way of Building prevail'd through- 
 out Europe 5 while the noble Structures 
 of antient Rome, the Baths, Triumphal 
 Arches, Temples, &c. lay demolifh'd by 
 envious Time, and fcarce any thing re- 
 main'd of pure Architecture but its Ruins 
 and Name. 
 
 A s ‘Palladio, if not the firft, was the 
 chiefeft Reftorer of Antiquity, and by 
 whom our Moderns are principally guid- 
 ed j 1 Ihall endeavour to fhew you his 
 Blemifhes as well as Perfections, whereby 
 you will be render'd capable of avoiding 
 the one, and embracing the other. As 
 Buildings, by Time, were beautified and 
 regulated under certain Proportions allot- 
 H 2 ted 
 
5i Lectures o» 
 
 ted by the Antients, fo they were adapt- 
 ed to the Strength requir'd in the. Edi- 
 fice to be ereded $ and under the Diffe- 
 rence of thefe Proportions of Heights 
 and Diftances which the Antients made 
 ufe of to each Order , are ftill preferv'd 
 all the Beauties contain'd in Architec- 
 ture^ and are to be varied as extenfively 
 as the Mind can invent, differing only 
 in the Form or Modus j as the Multi- 
 tudes of Tunes are perform'd by only the 
 feven Notes in Mufick. 
 
 .Under thefe Proportions may be 
 confider'd the Orders diftindly, either 
 with, or without their Tedeftals , thofe 
 being contriv'd only to raife the Column 
 or'TillaJler to fuch a Height which was 
 requifite to perform its Office, without 
 having the Affiftance of another Order 
 over it, which is repugnant to all the 
 Rules of Architecture? and the Pradice, 
 in particular, of the Antients. 
 
 c PALLA c DIO juftly obferves, that 
 there is an abfolute Neceffity of a Arid 
 Adherence to thePradice of thofe Rules 
 and Proportions of the Antients which 
 thofe Perfons who meafur'd the Ruins 
 of Antiquity laid down from the Build- 
 
 ing$ 
 
A r chitectu r e. 55 
 
 ings themfelves, which they colletted in 
 Fragments, and tranfmitted to ns by par- 
 ticular Meafures* though, perhaps, he 
 fometimes follows the Caprice or Hu- 
 mour of the Perfon for whom he built, 
 or the Cuftom which mod prevail'd in 
 Italy at that Time 5 for he fometimes 
 deviates from that Noblenefs and Gran* 
 deur which appears in thofe Buildings 
 erefted with one Order , which may be 
 eafily difcern'd by comparing Plate 2d, 
 54th and 55th, with the 15th, 3 5th, 
 47th and 60th of the fecond Book 5 the 
 two firft of which being of the Ionicky 
 and the other two of the Corinthian Or- 
 der, with proper Intercolumniations, on- 
 ly one Order in the Height of the Build- 
 ing. 
 
 The Antients never exceeded three 
 Diameters Intercolumniation, except in 
 the Tufcan Order 5 but then they never 
 made them lefs than one Diameter and 
 half, generally approving the Mean be- 
 tween three Diameters and one and a half, 
 which is that Proportion call'd Eufiylos-, of 
 two Diameters and one fourth, appropria- 
 ting it as a mean Proportion to the lonick 
 Order, the Hiafiylos to the T)orick , and 
 the Syftylos to the Corinthian , which in 
 
 all 
 
 / 
 
54 Lectures o# 
 
 all their Temples and Edifices they fidd- 
 ly obferv'd ; as may be eafily prov'd by 
 the Temples of Vitruvius , and the Ro- 
 man Antiquities colleded by Serlto , 2 W- 
 ladiOy DefgodetZj Montfaucon } and others, 
 who meafurd exadly the Remains which 
 Time had left. 
 
 The Reafons which induc'd the An- 
 tients and their Imitators to follow thofe 
 due Proportions in Intercolumniations, 
 were, that if fmall Columns are made 
 with large Intercolumniations, it will 
 very much diminifh their Beauty $ for the 
 too great Quantity of Air or Vacuity be- 
 tween, will lefien their Thicknefs in Ap- 
 pearance to the Eye 5 and large Co- 
 lumns, fuch as thofe at the Admiralty, 
 by having fmall Intercolumniations, makes 
 them appear heavy, thick, and difagree- 
 able $ more efpecially as the Sides of the 
 Building, inftead of falling from the 
 Front, advance, and contrad the cir- 
 cumambient Space which fhould add to 
 the Proportion of fo large Columns. 
 
 The Antients taught us, that if the 
 Biftance or Intercolumniation be three 
 Biameters, the Column fhould be feven 
 andone half 5 or eight Diameters high, as the 
 
 ‘ Dorick , 
 
Architecture. 55 
 
 1 Doricky having the 'Diuftylos $ if two 
 and one fourth, the Columns ftiouid be 
 nine Diameters high, as the lonick , or 
 Proportion Euftylos 5 and if of two only, 
 the Columns fliould be nine Diameters 
 and one half high, asth z Corinthian, with 
 the Proportion Syftylos 5 in which the 
 Ufes may ferve for that Variety of Ex- 
 amples of Intercolumniations which Vi - 
 truvius makes Mention of in thefecond 
 Chapter of his third Book. 
 
 If the Antients, and their Imitators in 
 Architecture*, have been thus curious and 
 obfervant of the different Intercolumnia- 
 tions, they ought as clofely to be follow'd 
 as any Proportions of Architecture in 
 General and Particular 5 and if to the Co- 
 rinthian Order I give fix Diameters Inter- 
 columniation, I may as well make its 
 Height twelve, and let the Capital be 
 two Diameters, the Monftroufnefs of filch 
 Proportions would foon difeover the 
 \Veaknefs and Singularity of thePerfon 
 who fhould fo far deviate from the efta- 
 blififd Rules of Antiquity ^Therefore I 
 fhall from hence make it appear, that 
 two Orders ere&ed one over the other 
 in the fame Range of Building, is con- 
 trary to all the ftated Rules of Architec- 
 ture, 
 
5 6 Lectures on 
 
 ture , and renders aDefign fo perform'd, 
 difagreeable to the Eye, and contrary to 
 the Mathematical Principles of Architec- 
 ture. 
 
 First, It is contrary to all the ftated 
 Rules of Architecture. If the Ionick 
 Order has been by the Antients allow'd 
 to have only two Diameters and one 
 fourth Intercolumniation, and on that 
 you ered the Corinthian Order, whofe 
 Diameter at Bottom fhall be equal to 
 the Top of the Diameter of the Ionick 
 Column underneath, then the Interco- 
 lumniation of the upper or Corinthian^ 
 Order, inftead of being the Proportion 
 Syflylos for the Corinthian Order, will 
 increafe to more than the Proportion 
 \ Dyajiylos or three Diameters allow'd 
 only to the CDorick : Therefore it is the 
 reverfing the Rules of Architecture , to 
 give fuch Intercolumniations to one Or- 
 der, which have, perhaps, never been 
 extended to another more capable of 
 difcharging the Weight, which both Art 
 and Nature is fuppos’d to have Place there 
 to fupport. 
 
 Secondly, It renders a Deftgn fo 
 perform'd, difagreeable to the Eye, and 
 
 contrary 
 
Architecture. 57 
 
 contrary to the Principles of Architec- 
 ture. For Inftance, the ‘Dorick Order is 
 more robuft and mafiy, and by its Pro- 
 portions render'd more capable of fup- 
 porting any Weight, than the Ionick, 
 for which Reafon it has a greater Inter- 
 columniation given to it 5 if therefore 
 to the Ionick Order I allow the Interco- 
 lumniation of the ‘Dorick, I confequent- 
 ly revert the Rated Rules of the Antients, 
 and lay on it a heavier Burthen than Art 
 and Nature intended for it : And if on 
 the Dorick and Ionick I place the Co- 
 rinthian Order, I give five Diameters or 
 more Intercolumniation, which even the 
 Tufcan is not allow'd, unlels in Arcades 5 
 therefore they muft be contrary to the 
 Mathematical Principles of Architecture . 
 How can a light, effeminate, tender Or- 
 der , fupport at fuch prodigious Diftan- 
 ces, a Burden which the more robuft and 
 ftrong have been, by repeated Pra&ices, 
 prov'd incapable of fuftaining ? 
 
 Thirdly, The introducing more than 
 one Order in the Elevation of a Building, 
 if not a modern, is a capricious Invention, 
 Obferve the Temples and publick Edifices 
 of the Greeks and Romans j they have 
 but one Order, becaufe the Orders can- 
 
 I not 
 
58 Lectures o» 
 
 not be fuppos'd to fupport a Floor if they 
 are Infular ; and being attach'd to a Build- 
 ing, the Walls difcharge the Weight of 
 the Floors, the Duty of the Columns be- 
 ing only to fupport the Entablature and 
 its dependant Weight. Like wife the 
 Beauty and Grandeur of thofe Deligns 
 of one Order only, may be feen in the 
 Temples, <&c. I before mention d 5 efpe- 
 cially if you compare them with the 54th 
 and 55 th Defign of ‘Palladio’s fecond 
 Book of Architecture- 
 
 When I mention thofe two Deftgns 
 of Palladio , I am to obferve, that he 
 fo far difowns them for Examples of Prac^ 
 tice, that he fays they were made while 
 he was young, and calls them in his De- 
 fcription. New Inventions of his own, 
 and had not been executed j and if Palla- 
 dio feems fometimes inconfiftent with 
 himfelf, our great Moderns have fallen 
 into as unpardonable Errors. Even the 
 immortal Mr. Gibbs , in that beautiful 
 and noble Building of St. Martins 
 Church, has fo far outdone that Defign 
 of St Mary in the Strand , that the Ge- 
 nius of the fame Author is no way vifi- 
 ble; and they feem as different in the 
 Defign, as if it were one of Inigo 
 
 Jones, 
 
Architecture. 59 
 
 Jones , and the other of Sir John Van- 
 brugh's. 
 
 I cannot help making Ufe of that 
 fine Diftich of Mr. Tope in his EJJay on 
 Criticifm , when he fpeaks of Men dif- 
 fering from themfelves at different Times, 
 he fays. 
 
 As when the Wit oj fome great Genius Jhall 
 So overflow , that is, be none at all . 
 
 Therefore at that Time Talladio might 
 have a Superfluity or Overflowing of Ge- 
 nius. 
 
 But to return to the Practice of the 
 Antients in raiftng Buildings to a requir'd 
 Height : They either ercded the Orders 
 on a Pedeftal, or on a Ruftick Bafement 5 
 or if that prov'd infufficient for its Mag- 
 nitude, they plac'd an Attick over the 
 Order : This has among the Antients 
 been frequently pradis'd, efpecially in 
 their Triumphal Arches, which our Mo- 
 derns may be faid to have juftly imi- 
 tated. 
 
 That which I now principally aim 
 at, is to have every one of you judge in 
 I 2 this 
 
) 
 
 60 Lectures on 
 
 this nice Crifis of Defigning for him- 
 felf i for which Purpofe I propofe, for 
 your Speculation, two of the greateft, 
 the nobleft, and moft noted Buildings in 
 the Worlds both ereded in different 
 Countries, both dedicated to the fame 
 Ufe, and both the Glory and Ornaments 
 of the greateft and tnoft renown d Cities 
 in the Univerfe : I fay, thofe two Build- 
 ings St. Refers ztRome, and St. Paul's, 
 London , I place before you, as Patterns, 
 to engage your Notice and decifive Judg- 
 ment. St. Refer s at Rome had its firft 
 Defign from Bramante , a famous Archi- 
 ted, who flourifh’d in Italy about 250 
 Years fince 5 and receiv’d its laft Model 
 from the great Michael Angelo , about 
 20 Years after theDeceafe of Bramante ; 
 and both defign d it, as it is now ereded, 
 with only one Order . 
 
 St. BAZJL’s was the Defign of our 
 own Countryman and great Archited Sir 
 Chrijlopher Wren , a Genius, for the Prin- 
 ciples of the Mathematicks and Archi- 
 tecture, univerfaily dieem’d $ but, 1 think, 
 has fo far deviated from the Paths of his 
 Pattern, St, Refers , that he has thought 
 proper to omit the Attick above the Or- 
 der which is in St. Refers , and has made 
 
 two 
 
Architecture. 6 1 
 
 two Orders one over another. The Si- 
 militude of the reft of the Parts, when 
 you compare them, will, perhaps, give 
 you a fmgular Pleafure, beyond what I 
 can defcribe, without delineating the Ob- 
 jeds themfelves, and placing them in that 
 juft View which of yourfelves you will 
 undoubtedly take. 
 
 From this Point I might defcend to 
 many general Obfervations of Form, 
 Magnitude, and Proportion, and from 
 thence to Situations, Materials, and Or- 
 ders in particular ; but as this LeBure 
 has already intruded on your Patience, 
 I fhall refer it to, perhaps, fome enfuing, 
 when Time and Opportunity offers, and 
 that it may be thought worthy your No- 
 tice. 
 
 Gentlemen, in a Defcription of 
 this Kind, it is impoffible to make ufe 
 of thofe florid Expreffions, thofe elo- 
 quent Defcriptions and rhetorical Sen- 
 tences, which might have been expeded 
 from me, in a Difcourfe of another Na- 
 ture : Therefore the Defeds in my Lan- 
 guage, muft not be imputed to my want of 
 Abilities in this Particular. 1 have only 
 confulted the Genius of my Friends, the 
 
 Truth 
 
6 t Lectures 
 
 Truth of my Affertions, and the Since- 
 rity of my Defires, in being acceflary to 
 every good Office which may procure 
 Knowledge ; and if I mifs in my Defign, 
 I hope the want of fuch Succefs will not 
 be imputed to the want of Judgment, in 
 one that at leaft meant well ; who is like- 
 wife. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tour mofi Humble Servant. 
 
 ■ Ml a- ' : ’ r? 1 t 
 
 Kead to the Society, *Dec. 3 1, 17 32. 
 
 Lecture 
 
I 
 
 Architecture. 6 5 
 
 Lecture V. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 T the Conclulion of my laft 
 Letture y (which was a De- 
 fcription of the Antient, the 
 Gothicky and our Modern Ar- 
 chitecture) 1 propos'd to fhew you what 
 kind of Situations fuit with the different 
 Orders, and what kind of Proportions 
 are to be ufed, for preferving a ftrift Re- 
 gularity and Harmony •> with fome ufe- 
 ful Reflections on Examples of publick 
 and private Buildings $ in which the Ap- 
 plication of the OrderSy and Choice of 
 Situation, are, or have not been confi- 
 der'd by the Builder 5 which I now pro- 
 pofe to make the Subject of this Lec- 
 ture. 
 
 When I fpeak of Situation, it muft 
 not be fupposd that I mean proper 
 Choice of it in Towns or Cities, where 
 
 every 
 
64 Lectures on ' 
 
 every Order is promifcuoully perform'd, 
 and, perhaps, in the fame Pile of Build- 
 ing 5 but I would be underftood, fuch 
 Situations which are the proper Choice 
 of Retirements, where a Samenefs fhould 
 be preferv d between Art and Nature . 
 
 Convenience is certainly thefirft 
 Thing to be confider d in Choice of Si- 
 tuation ; what Supplies of Water, of Pro- 
 vifion, of Carriage, &c. can eafily and 
 fpeedily be attain'd : For without thefe 
 principal and neceflary Conveniencies, 
 for the Support of little Commonwealths 
 of Families, a Structure would foon be 
 deferted, and left a Refidence only for 
 the Fowls of the Air to retire to, from 
 the Inclemencies of the Seafons, and a 
 Place of Repofe. 
 
 But it is at the fame time to be ob- 
 ferv'd, fuch Situations which produce 
 fuch Supplies, are not difficult to be 
 found : And, perhaps, with the Addi- 
 tions of a healthy and fertile Soil, un- 
 interupted Villas and Avenues, an agree- 
 able River, or fome opening Lawn, or 
 at leaft a diftant Groupe of Hills and Vales 
 diminifhing from the Eye by a plealing 
 Gradation : I fay fuch an agreeable Spot 
 
 of 
 
Architecture. 6 <$ 
 
 Of Ground, where Nature wantons in 
 Luxuriancy, is the firft Care of a Builder 5 
 and by a proper Defign compos'd to 
 blend Art and Nature together, muft con- 
 fequently render it the Delight of the 
 Inhabitant, and give an unfpeakable Plea- 
 fure to the Eye of every Beholden 
 
 A Person who builds on fuch a ufe~ 
 ful and delightful Glebe, muft doubtlefs 
 iiot only agreeably improve that Fortune 
 which Providence has fupplied him with,* 
 but like wife perpetuate his Judgment to 
 his Pofterity 5 it muft render nis Off-fpring 
 a Happinefs and Pleafure, which gives a 
 trueRelilh to Life. But he who, on the 
 Contrary, lays the Foundation of his Fa- 
 brick on a barren or unpleafant Soil, or 
 on a bleak Wild which Nature feems to‘ 
 have deferted, is, confequently, only per- 
 petuating his Folly to future Ages. 
 
 But it is to be obferv'd, that every 
 one that builds has not an equal Felicity 
 in the Opportunity of chufing a fine Situ- 
 ation 5 therefore Tome muft fall into lit- 
 tle Errors and Inconveniencies : But it 
 Were better to have an ill-fhap'd Hand 
 or Leg, than to have none. Therefore 
 Conveniency muft be preferred to Beauty ; 
 
 K and 
 
66 Lectures on 
 
 and the fine Prolped, the opening Lawns,’ 
 the diftant Views, mu ft give way to a 
 more healthy, a more temperate, or more 
 convenient Soil* 
 
 I might here defeend to fhew you 
 by what Methods you muft proceed to 
 diftinguifh a healthy Soil, fuch as by the 
 Complexion of the inhabitants, the Health 
 of Cattle, and even by the Soundnefs 
 of Stones and Trees , are known 5 and in 
 the choice of Water , concerning its 
 Goodnefs, by being in running Streams, 
 not ftagnated, muddy, or leaving any 
 Sediment in theVeflel, its Remotenefs 
 from Lakes or Ponds of Water, &c. 
 But as this would divert your Thoughts 
 from the Application of Buildings, to a 
 proper Situation j 1 fhall refer it to ano- 
 ther LeEUtre , or to Alberti , or Andrea 
 Talladio , who has faid what is necefiary 
 on this Subjed, in his firft and fecond 
 Books of ArchiteElure. 
 
 As Nature requires aSamenefs, when 
 Art is made ufe of to add Luftre to her 
 Beauty $ fo Art never more agreeably 
 pleafes us, than wjien fhe has a Rcfem- 
 blance of Nature : Therefore, by a kind 
 of Sympathy and Attraction, when both 
 
 are 
 
Architecture. 6 y 
 
 are blended or mingled together, fo as 
 to be preferv’d without flatting into Ex- 
 treams, they muft neceflarily give that 
 Pleafure to the Senies, which alone can 
 flow from the nice Hand and Skill of 
 the Deflgner. 
 
 In this, I think, our Modern way of 
 planning Gardens is far preferable to 
 what was us'd 20 Years ago, where, in 
 large Parterres, you might fee Men, 
 Birds, and Dogs, cut in Trees j or, per- 
 haps, fomething like the Shape of a Man 
 
 on Horfeback (pardon this Digref- 
 
 fion.) In Architecture Men have fell 
 
 into Methods equally abfurd. In fome 
 Places, may be feen little Boys fupporting 
 a Burthen of a Monument that had been 
 the Labour of 10 or i2Perfons to place 
 there 5 or a Corinthian Column fet in a 
 Eilh-pond, and a Tufcan at the Entrance 
 of a Summer-houfe. I fay fuch Incon- 
 fiftencies in Nature always hurt the Ima- 
 gination, and we view fuch Objeds with 
 more Pain and Surprize than any Pleafure 
 they can pofllbly give us. 
 
 A Champaign open Country, re- 
 quires a noble and plain Building, which 
 it? always belt fupplied by the TOorick 
 K 2 Order, 
 
i68 L e c t u r e s on 
 
 Order, or fomething analogous to its 
 Simplicity. If it have a long extended 
 View, it were belt to range the Offices 
 in a Line with the Building 5 for at dis- 
 tant Views it fills the Eye with a ma~ 
 jeftick Pleafure. A Situation near the 
 Sea requires the fame, or rather a Ruf- 
 ticity and Lownefs : The Vapours of the 
 $£a, by its faline Qualities, expand 
 themfelves feme Diftance, and always are 
 a decaying Principle 5 and with the boif* 
 terous Winds which blow from it, muft, 
 confequently, require a Power forcible 
 enough to withftand its corrofive Quality. 
 
 The chearful Vale requires more De- 
 coration and Drefs s and if the View be 
 long, or fome adjacent River runs near 
 it 5 the lonick Order is the moft proper * 
 where Nature feems to wanton in Drefs, 
 and is gay in Verdure , fhe requireth Art 
 to affift and embellifh her, and the Live- 
 linefs of the lonick Order can deck and 
 garnifh the Glebe. If the Spot be an 
 Afccnt, and fome diftant Hills or Wood 
 environ the back Part, (in which I fup-i 
 pofe the Front a South Afped,) then a 
 few Ornaments may be fcatterd in pro- 
 per Parts, to give it an enlivening Va- 
 riety j but Care muft be had not tq 
 
 ufe 
 
Architecture, 69 
 
 ufe Superfluity. If it be on an Emi- 
 nence, and furrounded with Woods, 
 the principal Avenues Ihould be fpaci- 
 pus : Torticos , give a grateful Pleafure to 
 us in the View, and more fo, if the Front 
 is not contraded by the Avenue, nor 
 continue too near it, to take off the 
 proper Shades and keeping of Defign. 
 
 The Ionick Order is of the three 
 Greek Orders the mod applicable to Si- 
 tuations of various Kinds ; and if I fay 
 her Meafures and Proportions more 
 pleafingly attrad the Eye, it is not with- 
 out Reafon : The Parts are analogous to 
 Nature, in which fhe has been fo nicely 
 pois’d between the Rufticity of the Do- 
 rick and the Luxuriancy of the Corin- 
 thian^ that I am more apt to believe 
 the Ionick Order was invented as a 
 Mean between the IDorick and the Co- 
 rinthian, than that the Ionick was in fo 
 beautiful Proportion before the Corin- 
 thian Order was invented. 
 
 The filent Streams , the gay, the wan- 
 ton Scene , requires the Corinthian Order y 
 where Nature is gilded with lively Land- 
 skips, where the Verdure is blended with 
 flowers, which fhe decks herfelf with, 
 
 and 
 
70 Lectures ob 
 
 and where the party-coloured Painting 
 of feme opening Lawn garnifhes her in 
 all her Pride ; then the Architect mu ft 
 have Kecourfe to Fancy, muft mingle his 
 Flowers with Nature, his Feftoons of 
 Fruits, &c. muft deck the Fabrick, and 
 be Nature in every thing but Lavifh- 
 nefs, the fame Chain of Similitude 
 fhould run through the Defign, rifing 
 from one Degree of Drels to another, 
 ft ill preferving the Confiftency of the 
 Parts with the Whole, and keeping that 
 Mediocrity in Ornament which the Na- 
 ture of the Defign requires. 
 
 If this proper Application of the Or* 
 ders feem neceffary in Seats for Retire- 
 ment, I would beg leave to obferve, 
 that Cities and Towns require a juft and 
 nice Confiftency in Things. The Prof- 
 peel, it is true, cannot be had, but the 
 Expences of erefting many irregular 
 Buildings might be appropriated to bet- 
 ter Tafte and Fancy ; publick Buildings 
 in particular : A gay and lively Defign 
 of the Corinthian Order, is illy appro- 
 priated to an Hofpital, and a Palace would 
 be worfc with the Tufcan • 
 
 A SPACIOUS 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 7 1 
 
 A spacious Square, or fuch art 
 open Place as Lincoln s-Inn-Fields, might 
 give room for Elegance and Defign ; but 
 where a proper Diftance is wanting to 
 view a Building at, it makes an uncouth 
 Figure. If you would fee the Propor- 
 tion of a Man, you muft be fo far dif- 
 tant as to take the whole of him in the 
 Eye at once, and Buildings require the 
 fame Optical Rules. 
 
 GREEKWICH-HOSFITAL 
 
 has certainly a Noblenefs and Grandeur 
 in the Defign ; but I could wifh that it 
 flood a Mile from the River, or that it 
 had been erefted with the lonick Order : 
 And, I think, in this too, the Defign 
 is not juftly appropriated, becaufe two 
 Orders finifh the fame Range, the Co- 
 rinthian is next the River, and the Do- 
 rick continueth through the Colinade to 
 the South Courts. I muft fay, Fork Stairs 
 have the jufteft Application of any thing 
 I ever faw yet attempted, in relation to 
 a proper Adaption of Defign. 
 
 If we retreat to a Rural Situation, 
 Hampton-Court furnifhes us with a pro- 
 per Scene, and Sir Chriftopher JVren 
 
 has 
 
yr Lectures on 
 
 has juftly appropriated his Decoration, 
 not running into the Extreams of Plain- 
 nefs or Luxuriancy . The fame Propriety 
 of Invention has attended that Defign of 
 Lord Caftlemaln , in which Colen Camp- 
 bell was Architect* As that Situation 
 has a Mixture of Opennefs and Gaity,- 
 he has blended Solidity and Airinefs ex- 
 treamly agreeable* 
 
 KENSINGTON PALACES 
 
 fords a long Trad of Defign, and the 
 Invention of an ArchiteH need not be 
 rack'd to fuit a Front analogous to the 
 Situation : The Avenues are fpacious, 
 and afford all the Propriety and Delicacies 
 of a Corinthian Profile, which is now 
 funk into the moft irregular and difpro- 
 portion'd Simplicity that has been any 
 where perform'd. 
 
 This ill Application of Fancy in the 
 Defigner, has led many into unpardona- 
 ble Errors 5 and that Situation of Sir 
 Gregory "Pages, was not worthy of fo 
 regular a Pile 5 the Glebe is unfertile, nor 
 does any diftant Profped, worthy Notice 
 invite the Eye, and the principal Front 
 is to a barren Wild, where no Rivulet 
 glides by, no Pidutefque Landskip nor 
 
 pleafing 
 
Architecture. 73 
 
 plcafmg Shades ; every thing finks into 
 Lownefs and an uncultivated Scene. 
 
 Gentlemen, This ftiort Sketch of 
 Situation and Choice of Delign, will, I 
 hope, give you a juft Idea of what fort 
 of Buildings are requir'd by various 
 Scenes of Profpeft 5 for the Defigner is 
 to adapt his Building to the Situation, it 
 being, perhaps, impracticable to attain 
 one luitable to his Defign 5 and it often 
 happens, fuch Impropriety makes a Mo- 
 dern Building look either like an old an- 
 tiquated Caftle, or elfe it dwindles into 
 a luxuriant Folly. 
 
 But this proper Choice of Situation 
 is not the only Care of an Architect 5 
 Proportion likewife requires our niceft 
 Application to attain. To fee on a 
 confiderable Eminence, the Length of a 
 Front little, and the Height difpropor- 
 tiond, would appear as abfurd.as to be- 
 hold a Front in a Vale long and extend- 
 ed, and elevated only one Story. And 
 this Choice muft likewife be dependant 
 upon Rules; for as the jarring of In- 
 ftruments by blind Chance cannot pof 
 fibiy pleafe the Ear, fo the Difpropor- 
 tion of the Parts of any QbjeCt muft na* 
 L turally 
 
74 L E C T U R E s on 
 
 turally fhock the Eye * and in both, un- 
 erring Rules muft fo proportion the 
 Sounds, and difpofe the Parts, that the 
 whole may be compleat Harmony. 
 
 Nature has taught Mankind in 
 Mufick certain Rules for Proportion of 
 Sounds, fo Architecture has its Rules 
 dependant on thofe Proportions, or at 
 leaft fuch Proportions which are Arith- 
 metical Harmony 5 and thofe I take to 
 be dependant on Nature. The Square 
 in Geometry , the Unifon or Circle in 
 Muficky and the Cube in Building , have 
 all an infeparable Proportion ; the Parts 
 being equal, and the Sides, and Angles, 
 &c. give the Eye and Ear an agreeable 
 Pleafure 5 from hence may likewife be 
 deduc'd the Cube and half, the Double 
 Cube 5 the Diapafon, and Diapente, be- 
 ing founded on the fame Principles in 
 Mufick. 
 
 From hence may be confider'd like- 
 wife the Subduplc Proportions of 2, 3, 
 and 4, and their Duplicates, and 3? 4 , 
 and 5, likewife of 3,4, and 6 ; all which 
 I propofe to explain, and apply their 
 Ufes to the external Part of Building ; 
 and it may be obferv'd, that as thefe Pro- 
 portions 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 s; . 
 
 
 
 
75 
 
 ( 7&/rerf//j 7/for nj </e/esi . 
 
 Sfomj Jot//? 
 
Architecture. 75 
 
 portions have never been publish'd with 
 regard to Building, I hope this Appli- 
 cation of Numbers will be an agreeable 
 Speculation for your future Enquiries. 
 
 But I am to obferve, that even a 
 Building of 1000 Foot long may have 
 the fame Proportions, by breaking for- 
 ward for the Cube, and finking to the 
 Diapafon, and changing the fame Line 
 to a Diapente, which Mixture of pro- 
 portion'd Parts will make the whole 
 agreeable. 
 
 If any of the following Proportions 
 be to be perform'd, it muft be obferv'd, 
 that the Cube fhould never exceed 50 
 Foot, the Cube and half never exceed 
 60 Foot Front, and the Double Cube 
 never Ihould be more than 80 Foot. 
 
 If the Cube be 50 Foot Front con- 
 fequently the Depth and Height will 
 be the fame. See Fig. C. 
 
 The Cube and half, if the Front be 
 60 Foot, as Fig. D. the Depth will be 
 40, and Height 40. 
 
 L 2 
 
 The 
 
y 6 Lectures on 
 
 The Double Cube of 60 Foot Front, 
 will be 30 Foot deep, and 30 Foot 
 high; This, which is call'd a Double 
 Cube in Building, is only the placing of 
 two Cubes together in Plano 3 as may 
 befeen by Fig. E. 
 
 The Arithmetical Proportions flow 
 in the fame progreflive Channel, and 
 are to be made Ufe of as Neceflity re- 
 quires. 4. 3 and 2, with their Dupli- 
 cates, make an agreeable Front. If the 
 Front be 60 Feet, the Depth is 45, and 
 Height 30 j as is fhewn Fig. G. by di- 
 viding it into 4, the Depth is *3, 
 Height 23 or if it be 80 Foot Front, 
 the Depth will by the fame Rule be 60 
 Foot, and Height 40. 
 
 The Arithmetical Proportion of 5, 4 
 and 3, if the Front be 60 Foot, the 
 Depth will be 48 Feet, and the Height 
 36. See Fig. H. Or if the Front be 
 80 Foot, will produce 60 Foot deep, 
 and 48 Foot high 5 divide the Front into 
 5 Parts, the Depth is 4, and Height 3 . 
 
 The Arithmetical Proportion of < 5 , 4 
 and 3 } will, if the Front be 60 Foot, 
 
 produce 
 
Architecture. 77 
 
 produce the Depth 40, and Height 30 
 Foot ; as the Fig. I. Or if the Front be 
 90 Foot, the Depth will be 60, and 
 Height 4J. 
 
 ’ / 
 
 I should now proceed to fhew the 
 Ufes of them, in their Application to 
 Situations and Orders 5 but as I have, 
 perhaps, already intruded on your Pa- 
 tience, muft beg leave to make it the 
 Subjeft of my next Le&ure, and am in 
 the mean time, 
 
 « 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tour moft Humble Servant . 
 
 Read to the Society, Jan- 21, 1734. 
 
 A Ta- 
 
7 8 Lectures o» 
 
 ^ X able of Ha rmonick and A rit h- 
 Rooms and Chimnies by 
 
 Rooms. Chimnies. 
 
 The U fe of the Table. 
 
 Let the given Height of the Room be 1 2 Foot to the 
 of the Room 12 Foot, the Length 18, in the fame Line 
 2 Foot 8 f Height, 1 y ^ the Depth of the Chimney, 
 ib of the Proportion of any Chimney to the given Mag- 
 
Architecture. 79 
 
 metical Proportions, for Magnitudes of 
 Universal Rules. 
 
 Rooms. Chimnies. 
 
 1 
 
 Length. j 
 
 f - 
 
 I £ 
 
 S bJQ 
 
 a a 
 
 ca tE 
 
 |Breadth. j 
 
 ^Height. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 *8 
 
 c 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 tu 
 
 u_< 
 
 0 
 
 w 
 
 ■ 
 
 3 
 c r 
 
 CO 
 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 3 S r 
 
 2 iof 
 
 1 7 
 
 I 2 i 
 
 r\ 
 
 *5* 
 
 20 
 
 
 3 iof 
 
 3 1 i 
 
 1 9 
 
 I 3 4 
 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 4 3 t 
 
 3 S f 
 
 1 
 
 I $• 
 
 
 IS 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 47 i 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 1 T 
 
 I 6 f 
 
 
 40 
 
 3 2 
 
 24 
 
 4 11 
 
 4 0 
 
 2 3 X 
 
 1 8 
 
 0 
 
 4 f 
 
 36 
 
 27 
 
 S 2 i 
 
 4 5 
 
 2 4 5 - 
 
 1 9 4 
 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 3 7 
 
 3 ° X 
 
 1 7 4 
 
 1 1 
 
 O 
 
 3 ° 
 
 20 
 
 
 4 0 2 
 
 3 4 f 
 
 1 10 
 
 I 4 4 
 
 
 3 * 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 4 * , 
 
 3 8 X 
 
 2 0 4 
 
 I 6 
 
 
 42 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 49 r 
 
 3 nf 
 
 * * * 
 
 * 7 I 
 
 0 
 
 48 
 
 3 * 
 
 24 
 
 S 1 
 
 4 2 f 
 
 1 3 4 
 
 1 9 
 
 
 J 4 
 
 36 
 
 2 7 
 
 $■ r 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 S r 
 
 2 nf 
 
 i *n 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 3 9 T 
 
 3 4 
 
 * 9 4 
 
 1 ? i 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 2y 
 
 20 
 
 4 4 
 
 3 8 , 
 
 2 0 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 4 9 
 
 4 0 * 
 
 2 2 i 
 
 1 7 4 
 
 'O 
 
 42 
 
 35 * 
 
 18 
 
 S 3 
 
 4 4 i 
 
 2 y 
 
 1 9 s 
 
 
 48 
 
 40 
 
 3 2 
 
 5 * 6 
 
 4 8 * 
 
 2 6 f 
 
 I I0 4 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 * 3 0 
 
 3 0 
 
 1 8 
 
 s i i 
 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 "33 
 
 2 8 f 
 
 1 5 * 4 
 
 1 1 f; 
 
 
 > 14 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 1 3 S 2 
 
 3 0 
 
 1 7 i 
 
 1 2 i 
 
 
 . 24 
 
 l8 
 
 12 
 
 1 3 8 i 
 
 3 ° r 
 
 I 8 
 
 1 3 
 
 0- 
 
 V 2.0 
 
 1 6 
 
 12 
 
 1 3 5 * f 
 
 2 iof 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 2 t 
 
 >o 
 
 24 
 
 1 6 
 
 12 
 
 1 3 7 
 
 3 ° X 
 
 1 74 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 . 20 
 
 I 5 ‘ 
 
 13 
 
 1 3 5 - 
 
 2 Ilf 
 
 ■ 1 1 7 4 
 
 1 1 i 
 
 Cube and f , the 2d Proportion ; you will find the Breadth 
 is the Proportion of the Chimney 3 Foot, 3 the Breadth, 
 and 1 1 f the Side of the Square of the Funnel: And 
 nitude by the preceding Rules. 
 
 Lecture 
 
8o Lectures on 
 
 Lecture VI. 
 
 N my laft LeEture I defcrib’d the 
 Beauties of a Rural Situation, 
 and a proper Choice of the 
 Orders to be erected in fuch 
 Situations j adapting them in their De- 
 coration and Drefs fimilar to the Beau- 
 ties fuch retir’d Villa’s require 5 pointing 
 out like wife, where Nature feem’d to 
 wanton in Luxuriancy, how to blend 
 Art fo agreeably with her, to give a 
 Pleafure to the Eye of the Beholder 5 and 
 compleating the fame with certain un- 
 erring Proportions to be made ufe of in 
 Buildings of various Magnitudes, fo as 
 to render thofe Proportions ufeful by 
 univcrfal Rules. 
 
 I/nt Defcriptions of this kind, Gentle- 
 meriy it will be almoft impoffible to ex- 
 plain every Term in Art, or make my 
 felf fo intelligible, as by an ocular View 
 of the Dcfigns thcmfelvcs : I muft there- 
 fore 
 
I 
 
 Architecture. St 
 
 fore content myfelf with making only 
 fuch Remarks as are uleful, in forming 
 a juft Idea of the general or particular 
 Extent of Architecture , as it relates to 
 Beauty and Convenience 5 in which I 
 fhall fo endeavour to explain myfelf, as 
 to give you all the Satisfa&ion that can 
 be expefted from a bare Defcription, in 
 which Words only can convey the Ob- 
 ject to your Minds. 
 
 Beauty, in all Obje&s, fpring from 
 the fame unerring Law in Nature, which, 
 in Architecture , I would call Propor- 
 tion. The joint Union and Concor- 
 dance of the Parts, in an exaft Symmetry, 
 forms the whole a compleat Harmony, 
 which admits of no Medium 5 it is agree- 
 ably blended through the whole, and 
 diffufes itfelf to the Imagination by fome 
 fympathifing Secret to the Soul, which 
 is all Union, all Harmony, and Propor- 
 tion. 
 
 Convenience is the juft fupply- 
 ing of Wants 5 it is the Handmaid to Na- 
 ture, affifting us to what is neceflary in 
 Life $ without being incommoded by it, 
 we receive our Meat in due Seafon, our 
 Sleep without Difturbances our Eafe, 
 M our 
 
8i Lectures ob 
 
 eurPleafure, is centred inconvenienced 
 Our Choice of Situation may delight 
 the Eye, but I obferv’d in my laft Lec- 
 ture, that Beauty, or what I now call 
 Proportion, mult give way to this more 
 important one. Convenience. With 
 thefe two the Architect is to endeavour 
 to become not only acquainted, but like- 
 wife Mailer of, before he attempts to 
 launch into the Field of Defigning : But 
 when thofe are attain’d, all the Difficul- 
 ties in Architecture vanifh, and he can 
 delineate his Ideas from the Cottage to 
 the Palace, fo as to render them worthy 
 of the nobleft Encouragement and Imi- 
 tation. 
 
 There is this great Difadvantage 
 arifes in Buildings which are, or are to 
 be erected in Cities or Towns, that nei- 
 ther Proportion or Convenience can be 
 had. The Irregularity or Littlenefs of 
 the Spot, prevent the Architect from 
 fhewing his Skill in Defigning : But it 
 is to be obferv’d, that even that Irregu- 
 larity or Smallnefs requires his Judgment 
 to difpofe of in the molt advantageous 
 Manner - y and fometimes Noblenefs it 
 felf may be feen in Miniature, when de- 
 lineated by a skilful Hand. But, per- 
 haps. 
 
Architecture. 83 
 
 haps, the fame Spot, deflgifd by another, 
 would appear dilproportion'd and incon- 
 venient. When I (peak of Defigns in 
 general, I would not be underftood to 
 mean thofe little Buildings for Shops, 
 or fmall Tenements 5 but thofe of a 
 higher Clafs, whole Inhabitants may be 
 fuch to whom Fortune has been propi- 
 tious enough to make happy under her 
 Prote&ion ; though fometimes thofe of 
 a lower Degree require the Direftion of 
 the Architect and his Skill to perform. 
 
 In Towns and Cities, where Trading, 
 and Bufmefs of other Natures, require the 
 Attendance of Perfons of fuperior Rank, 
 various Parts of it are wanted for their 
 Convenience : The Merchant requires 
 the City for hisRefidence,- Pleafure here 
 gives way for Bufinefs, and Proportion is 
 fet afide for Convenience of Warehoufes 
 for Stowage of Goods and Merchandize, 
 which are the Produce of various Coun- 
 tries ; the Wine-Merchant for Cellars, 
 the Cotton-Merchant for dryer Store- 
 Rooms, &c. in all which the ArchiteEi 
 is to be acquainted with Convenience. 
 
 O N the other Hand, the Courtier re- 
 fides in the more retir'd Parts of the 
 M 2 Town, 
 
84 Lectures on 
 
 Town, where Spacioufnefs and Gran-* 
 deur are the Object of the Defigncr : 
 Here, indeed, he finds generally the mod 
 Regularity in his Spot of Ground, and 
 more Space for his Fancy to move in : 
 But as their Refidence in Town is only a 
 fmall Part of the Year, and where the 
 Grandeur and Magnificence equal to 
 their Quality, is not fo much requir'd 
 as in their Country Seats, fuch Noble- 
 mens Houfes are to be confider'd only 
 as an Accommodation for themfelves du- 
 ring a fhort Attendance on Court or Par- 
 liament 5 like the Merchant's Houfe, the 
 Architect is only to confider the Con- 
 venience, fuitable to the Dignity of the 
 Perfon, as far as the Spot will admit, re- 
 ferving fuch Apartments for Grandeur 
 as may be lead liable to be incommoded. 
 
 From what I have faid of Proportion 
 and Convenience, as they relate to Town 
 Houfes, there is one unfortunate Excep- 
 tion to both, in which, even by the Re- 
 port of all Travellers, Rome itfelf might 
 have been out- done, both in Magnificence 
 and Proportion, in Delicacy and Con- 
 venience : Space is not wanting, an ex- 
 cellent Foundation, the moft healthy 
 Part of this Noble City, and the Verge 
 
 of 
 
Architecture. 85 
 
 of Retirement to the Country, near the 
 Court, the Center of Bufinefs, lupplied 
 by Water, and all other Provifions, even 
 to Profufenefs $ and yet that nice Appli- 
 cation of D efign is wanting. There is a 
 Field for Fancy, the World cannot (hew 
 a Spot of Ground built on fo Noble, and 
 fo capable of producing four magnificent 
 regular Sides: If every Builder had agreed 
 as to the external Part, to have made each 
 Range as regular as the Eaft Side, or with 
 that Grandeur of Efqr; Shepherd’s on the 
 North, I may affirm, future Ages might 
 boaft, that the greateft and moft regular 
 Buildings on one Spot of Ground, was 
 erefted near the City of London , call'd 
 Grofvenor- Square. 
 
 Let us now retreat into the Country, 
 and view the Advantages of a Rural Situ- 
 ation, where no Impediments lie in the 
 way to Proportion and Convenience, in 
 which the Care and Skill of the Archi- 
 tect is under no Restraint 5 where there 
 is room for Drefs and Decoration, for 
 Grandeur and Ufefulnefs, appropriating 
 the Defign to Purpofes requir'd by the 
 Perfon who is to be the Inhabitant. A 
 Gentleman who delights in mixing Profit 
 with his Pleafurcs, by keeping fome Part 
 
 of 
 
86 Lectures e» 
 
 of his Eftate in his own Hands, and 
 making the moft Advantage of the Pro- 
 duce of his Ground, the Center of it is 
 the moft proper 5 for then, by a moderate 
 Fatigue, he may view the whole himfelf 
 whenever he thinks fit, and make Im- 
 provements round about its but if pof- 
 ftble it can be built near a River, it will 
 be vaftly advantageous, and greatly con- 
 duce to its Beauty and Convenience, for 
 by that Means, Carriage of Things in the 
 Produce of the Eftate is render'd lefs ex- 
 penfive, the Profpeft will be more agree- 
 able, it will refrefh the Air, and ferve 
 the Purpofes of the Houfe, and, if re- 
 quir’d, in the watering the Meadows, or 
 PaftureLand, Gardens,^. in all which 
 Convenience muft have the Prehemi- 
 nence. 
 
 If the Situation cannot be had near 
 fome navigable River, at leaft, if pollible, 
 near fome Brook or running Water, and 
 as diftant from dead and ftagnant Waters 
 as conveniently can be, becaufe thofe 
 impregnate the groffeft and moft unwhole- 
 fome Air, which by building in elevated 
 or more open Places, may be avoided ; 
 for where the Air is free, and in a perpe- 
 tual Motion, and the Earth, through its 
 
 Declivity, 
 
Architecture. 87 
 
 Declivity, purg'd from Damps and Va- 
 pours, it generally renders the Inhabi- 
 tants healthful, gay, and very well com- 
 plexion d 5 but due Care ought to be had 
 that the Houfe be fituated near fuch Wa- 
 ter that has no particular or offenfive 
 Tafte, that it be clear and light, its Bed 
 on Sand or Gravel, without Mud or 
 Slime to create a Sediment. 
 
 There is one principal Obje&ion to 
 Situation in general, which is carefully 
 to be obferv'd, that is, not to build in 
 Vallies that are enclos'd by Mountains or 
 Hills 5 becaufe Houfes which lie conceal'd 
 in fuch Obfcurity, beftdes the Difadvan- 
 tage of their being depriv’d of Profped, 
 are prejudicial to Health 5 the Earth be- 
 ing impregnated with Rains which 
 fettle there, will fend forth contagious 
 Vapours, and the Provifions carried into 
 fuch Magazines and Granaries, are cor- 
 rupted with Moifture j if, on the other 
 hand, the Sun can. penetrate into thofe 
 Vallies, the Reflexion of its Rays will 
 create exceflive Heats 5 if not, then a 
 perpetual Shade will render the Inhabi- 
 tants dull and indolent 5 when the Winds 
 blow into them, they are keen and boif- 
 terous, becaufe of the narrow Paflag’e 
 
 through 
 
88 Lectures 
 
 through which they muft pafs, and when 
 they ceafe to blow there, the Air will 
 become grofs and fickly through its Stag- 
 nation. Thefe Cautions obferv'd, I fhall 
 now pafs to Remarks on Seats built only 
 for Pleafure or Retirement, where the 
 command of an ample Fortune puts the 
 Inhabitant above the Fatigues attendant 
 on Rural Employment, in which they 
 partake the Pleafure without mixing with 
 it the Labour. 
 
 Noblemens Seats, befides Gran« 
 deur, are erefted for a Retirement, or as 
 a Retreat from Publick Cares, perhaps in 
 fome ftlent unfrequented Glade, where 
 Nature feems to be lull'd into a kind of 
 pleafing Repofe, and confpires to loften 
 Mankind into folid and awful Contem- 
 plations, efpecially a curious and Ipecu- 
 lative Genius, who in fuch diftant and 
 remote Reccffes, are free from the Noife 
 and Interruptions of Vifitors or Bufinefs, 
 or the Tumult of the Populace, which 
 are continually diverting the Ideas into 
 different Channels : Here Proportion, 
 Regularity, and Convenience, are to be 
 aim'd at in the Performance of the Fa- 
 brick, which fhould be ere&ed with the 
 utmoft Symmetry and Exaftnefs. 
 
 The 
 
Architecture- 8$> 
 
 The firft Care in refped to Decora- 
 tion, is the juftly appropriating the Defign 
 to the Situation, purfuant to the Rules I 
 laid down in my laft Letture , fo blend- 
 ing Art and Nature together as to ren- 
 der it convenient. As thefe Seats are 
 molt ufed in the warmeft Seafons of the 
 Year, Shade is chiefly wanted $ and 
 V ista s through the Defign each W ay, 
 befides the Pleafures of fome diftant Pro- 
 lped, are Inlets to the refrefhing Breezes, 
 which enliven the Spirits, and, by cool- 
 ing the Rooms, make the Seafons more 
 agreeable : The Entrances fhould be 
 Grand, the Rooms Noble and Spacious, 
 and fhould be contiguous to each other, 
 without the Interruption of Paflages of 
 Stair-cafes, which fhould be fo plac'd, 
 that each Room might have a Commu- 
 nication to them without incommoding 
 another. 
 
 The South Afpefl: is moft preferable 
 for the principal Front, if it can be con- 
 veniently had, in which fhould be the 
 Rooms of State and Grandeur. The Eaft 
 is the moft proper for a Library, becaufe 
 the Morning Sun gives an enlivening 
 Warmth to Nature, and then the Spirits 
 
 N are 
 
po Lectures on 
 
 are more open, more adive and free in 
 the Choice of beautiful Ideas, to furnifh 
 the Fancy of thofe whofe Genius leads 
 them to the Study of the Curiofities of 
 Art or Nature. 
 
 The principal Floor fhould be elevated 
 above the Level of the Ground at lead 
 two Foot, becaufe it gives you the more 
 extended Profped, by being rais'd above 
 Objeds which may be an impediment in 
 the View 5 it likewife is more advanta- 
 geous in having proper Lights to the lower 
 Offices 5 in Noblenefs of Afped : In 
 fhort, the Magnificence of a Building is 
 dependant on the elevating it fo far above 
 the Eye, as to invite the Beholder to con- 
 fider the taking in of the whole Scene at 
 one View, where Diftance can be had s 
 and which fhould be at fuch an Angle 
 that the whole may be feen without 
 moving the Eye, which is by making the 
 Pointof Diftance from the Center of the 
 Building equal to half the Length and 
 Height of the Building added together, 
 Suppofing a Front 100 Foot and the 
 Height 40, thofe added together, half that 
 Length, which is 70 Foot, is the proper 
 Point of Sight where to view the whole 
 Fabrick diftindly, without breaking 
 
 through 
 
Architecture. 91 
 
 through the Rules of Opticks, in lofty 
 Buildings. 
 
 In low Buildings which are of an ex- 
 tended Length, another Point of Dif- 
 tance may be ufed, which is by making 
 the Diftance or Point of Sight from the 
 Houfe equal to the Length of the Front > 
 that is, if the Building be low and ioo 
 Foot Front, the Point of Diftance will 
 be 100 Foot : And fome Mathematicians 
 have to this preferd another Rule, which 
 is by making the Point of Diftance an 
 Equiangled Triangle 5 that is, if the Front 
 be 1 00 Foot, the Point of Diftance fhall 
 be 100 Foot from the Extremity of the 
 Building, and not from the Center, as 
 is propos'd in the preceding Method. 
 
 In Hunting-Seats, which are proper 
 for an open Champaign Country, one 
 Story in Height is fufficient ; for as the 
 Seafons for Hunting are in that Part of 
 the Year which is generally cold, and 
 require a temperate Warmth, to keep 
 equal to that created by the Exercife ; 
 it muft be the Care of the Architect to 
 preferve the Lodgings as warm as can be, 
 by making as few Doors and Windows 
 into thofe Rooms as Conveniency will 
 N 2 permit, 
 
pz Lectures ob 
 
 permit, for as they are fo many Inlets 
 of Air, they muft confequently render the 
 Rooms more Cold, and uncomfortable 
 for Lodging. All Winter Houfes fhould 
 be fo contriv’d, while thofe for the Sum- 
 mer fhould be more open, to cool and 
 make the Dwellings pleafant and agree- 
 able, 
 
 If the Soil be dry, and the principal 
 floor be level with a beautiful Garden 
 on a Terras, with fome remarkable Pro- 
 fpe£t, it were beft to place the lower Of- 
 fices in a Foffee, in which thefe Advan- 
 tages will arife 5 an eafy Accefs to the 
 Apartments, and Pleafure of Retirement 
 into the Garden, without being over- 
 look’d by Servants from the lower Of- 
 fices 5 and by the Foflee a clear open Air 
 is communicated to the Offices, and a 
 Light equal to that of the principal Floor, 
 and this Convenience, that all the Ground 
 (which in other Buildings not fo plac’d) 
 that iieth againft the lower Part, and con- 
 tinually damps and renders it unhealthy, 
 is this wav remov’d, and the lower Of- 
 fices become dry enough for Lodgings, if 
 requir’d. As to the Distribution of the 
 Apartments .of the lower Offices, they 
 are always to be confider’d with the 
 
 Wants 
 
 / 
 
Architecture. 95 
 
 Wants and Conveniencies requir'd by 
 the Difference: of Families, Fortune, or 
 Ufes; where the Ar chit eft is toconfult 
 the general Defign of the Building, and 
 fo adapt his Proportion and Conveni* 
 ence. In the principal Apartment, Pro- 
 portion is to be chiefly confider'd, and 
 join'd with Convenience 5 where I am 
 to obferve fuch Proportions as are to be 
 perform'd by Rules. As in my laft Lec- 
 ture I propos’d Proportions for Buildings 
 themfelves, as to the Magnitude of the 
 external Part, by the fame Proportions I 
 intend now to defcribe the internal Apart- 
 ments, fb that each Room may bear an 
 Analogy and Connexion to each other; 
 and if in fome Places I am conftrain'd to 
 fall in with the Opinion of others, in 
 this Part 1 have Recourfe only to my own 
 Fancy : I love to ftrike out of a beaten 
 Path fometimes, only to walk the more 
 eafy, or at lead to prevent Difturbance 
 from the bufy Multitude; and then I 
 have more Room for the Imagination to 
 work upon, and, perhaps, not a little 
 Pleafure in communicating my Senti- 
 ments to Friends without endangering 
 their Cenfure. 
 
 As 
 
 3 
 
94 Lectures ow 
 
 As I confider the Affinity between 
 Architecture and Mujick , fo I have pro- 
 duc'd thofe Proportions from the fame 
 Rules : In Mujick are only feven diftinft 
 Notes, in Architecture likewife are only 
 feven diftinft Proportions, which pro- 
 duce all the different Buildings in the 
 Univerfe, viz. 
 
 The Cube, — —the Cube and half, 
 
 the Double Cube, the Duplicates of 
 
 3, 2, and j, of 4, 3, and 2, — -of 5>4> 
 
 and 3 , and of 6, 4, and 3, produce all 
 
 the Harmonick Proportions of Rooms. 
 
 Let me, for Example, propofe a 
 Building whofe principal Floor is 12 
 Foot high, how to proportion thofe 
 Rooms which are to be in the internal 
 Part by the preceding Rules. 
 
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 96 Lectures 
 
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Architecture. 97 
 
 This fingular way of Thinking, led 
 iiie to another new Thought, in pro- 
 portioning the Magnitude of the Open- 
 ing of Chimnies to thofe Rooms by an 
 univerfai Rule, Which will likewife ferve 
 for all Manner of Rooms whatever. By 
 thefe Rules the Breadth of the Chim- 
 ney, its Height, Depth* and Square of 
 the Funnel for Conveyance of Smoke, 
 are demonftrated, and in fo eafy a Man- 
 ner, that none of you can miftake their 
 Application and Ufe* 
 
 Rule I. To find the Height of the 
 Opening of the Chimney from any given 
 Magnitude of a Room, add the Length 
 and Height of the Room together, and 
 extraft the Square Root of that Sum, and 
 half that Root will be the Height of the 
 Chimney* 
 
 Rule II. To find the Breadth of a 
 Chimney from any given Magnitude of 
 a Room, add the Length, Breadth and 
 Height of the Room together, and ex- 
 trad the Square Root of that Sum, and 
 half that Root will be the Height of your 
 Chimney. 
 
 O 
 
 Rule 
 
98 Lectures 0^ 
 
 Rule III. To find the Depth of a 
 Chimney from any given Magnitude, 
 including the Breadth and Height of the 
 fame, add the Breadth and Height of the 
 Chimney together, take one fourth of 
 that Sum, and it is the Depth of the 
 Chimney. 
 
 Rule IV. To find the Side of the 
 Square of a Funnel proportion'd to clear 
 the Smoke, from any given Depth of the 
 Chimney, take three fourths of the gi- 
 ven Depth, and that Sum is the Side of 
 
 the Square of the Funnel. Obferve 
 
 only, that in Cube Rooms the Height is 
 equal to the Breadth, and the foregoing 
 Rules are univerfal. 
 
 To prove the Rule univerfally ufc- 
 ful, I have a Table of all the foregoing 
 Proportions calculated in the preceding 
 Manner, from which I fhall fhew you 
 an Example of the Proportions of the 
 fame, as is before defcrib'd, and in the 
 following Manner, 
 
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4 
 
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too Lectures on 
 
 Thus, Gentlemen, I have not omit- 
 ted any Obfervation that might prove 
 lifeful to you, efpecially in the ftrid Ad- 
 herence to Proportions, perform'd by 
 Rules. My next LeEture will contain 
 fome ufeful Obfervations on Light fuf- 
 ficient to illuminate Rooms of any Mag- 
 nitude, by an infallible Method; and 
 fome general Reflections, which will 
 prove of lingular Ufe to you, if obferv'd, 
 in the Performance of any Branch of 
 Architecture. 
 
 Give me Leave, in the meantime, 
 to affine you I am with due Refpeft, 
 
 Tours , &c. 
 
 Lecture 
 
Architecture, ioi 
 
 Lecture VII. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Y fifth and fixth LeEiures con- 
 fitted chiefly of the general Pro- 
 portions which are requir’d to 
 be made ufe of in the exter- 
 nal and internal Parts of Building : When 
 I confider Proportions, their Efficacy and 
 Ufe, I am led into a Profundity of 
 Thought 5 each Part of the Creation, 
 confiderd diftindly, or the amazing 
 Structure of the Whole, or the Animal 
 and Vegetable World, fills us with noble 
 Ideas of the Power which fuch Propor- 
 tions have on the Mind $ I mean thofe 
 that are made conformable to the un- 
 erring Laws of Nature. 
 
 If we immerfe our Ideas into the in- 
 finite Trad of unbounded Space, and 
 with the Imagination paint out the num- 
 berlefs Multitudes of Planets, or little 
 
 Worlds, 
 
ioi Lectures on 
 
 Worlds, regularly revolving round their 
 dcftin'd Orbs ; if we confider with what 
 wondrous Skill and Exattriefs they per- 
 form their Revolutions, and how har- 
 monioufly they are whirl'd by their Ec- 
 centrick and Contentrick Motions, into 
 their proper Trafts of Revolution 5 if we 
 imagine the exaft Proportion, Diftance, 
 orUfe of every one of them, we muft 
 feel Emanations of the Harmony of Na- 
 ture diffus’d in us ; and muft immediate- 
 ly acknowledge the Neceflity of Propor- 
 tion in the Prefervation of the whole 
 Oeconomy of theUniverfe. Were the 
 Planets to move irregularly, without 
 ftated Laws or Order, ail things would 
 foon jumble together into original Chaos. 
 
 If we fink lower into the Animal 
 Creation, we fhall find the fame Propor- 
 tions and Order preferv’d through the 
 whole Race of Beings ; and even the 
 Vegetative Tribe, in their feveral Clafles, 
 fpring from the fame uniform and exaft 
 Rules 5 and their Proportions infenfibly 
 ftnke the Imagination by fomcTympa- 
 thizing Secret, which, perhaps, Futurity 
 only can unravel. 
 
 M e k 3 
 
Architecture. 103 
 
 Men, from the repeated Inftances of 
 Order in Nature, undoubtedly, firft found 
 the Neceflity of performing every thing 
 by Rated Rules 5 there being the greater 
 Certainty of the Exa&nefs of their Per- 
 formance, than if blind Chance were to 
 direct them to the Choice of thofe Pro- 
 portions : From hence the Study of Arts 
 and Sciences necefiarily fprung 3 more 
 particularly, thofe Branches which are 
 dependant on the Mathematicks , fuch 
 as Mujick , Sculpture , ‘Painting > Archi- 
 tecture , and the like 3 all being depen- 
 dant on fuch Rules and Proportions 
 which are the Dictates of Nature, and 
 infallibly pleafe the Imagination 5 efpe- 
 cially in Architecture 3 the Ancients fo 
 beautifully perform'd their Works they 
 always gave a Pleafure to the Beholder. 
 
 These Obfervations will beufeful to 
 you in the Choice of Deftgns, or in the 
 Direftions of the Performance of them : 
 Firft, that the internal Parts may be pro- 
 portion'd to the external $ that is, a fmall 
 Building fhould have little Rooms ; in a 
 larger, the Rooms muft be more fpacious, 
 having an Analogy to the Magnitude of 
 the Fabrick 5 and their Heights muft 
 
 have 
 
i©4 Lectures on 
 
 have a Proportion, regulated by Tome of 
 the preceding Rules. Talladio has ob- 
 ferv'd, that there are feven beautiful Pro- 
 portions, and has likewife pointed them 
 out, <viz>. A Circle, or a Square, or the 
 Diagonal of a Square, or a Square and 
 one third, or a Square and half, a Square 
 and two thirds, or laftly, two Squares $ 
 and has given a Seftion of each of thofe 
 Proportions, which, though different 
 from the Rules I have laid down, are 
 agreeing in the Number Seven, and that 
 the Length of no Room exceed a Double 
 Cube, or what he there terms two 
 Squares $ and, with one Obfervation 
 worthy your Notice, that the nearer a 
 Room (in particular a Hall) is to a 
 Square, the more uniform and commo- 
 dious they will be : Though he, perhaps, 
 conceals the Reafon why fuch Propor- 
 tions affed the Eye and Imagination, 
 which are only becaufe they are fuch 
 which Nature herfelf didates, Unifon 
 being always Harmony. 
 
 I t will beneceffary in Country Seats, 
 to have each Side of the Entrance or 
 Middle of the Building alike * not only 
 to prefer ve a Harmony in the fever al 
 Parts, but as the Walls are anfwerable 
 
 to 
 
A R OKI TEGTURE, roy 
 
 to each other, they will be equally prefs'd 
 by the Roof $ and if the Building is fo 
 difpos'd, that more Walls are on one 
 Side than the other, or of different Mag- 
 nitudes, then the Roof prefling, or be- 
 ing not fo eafily fupported by the weak eft 
 Side, there will be Gaps ancLChafms, oc- 
 cafion'd by greater Settlements, which 
 will render the Building unfirm and in- 
 commodious. 
 
 ! rjuool yn; Inn V *rjJnI 
 
 I n each Room likewife the Piers on 
 one Side fhould anfwer, and be equal to 
 the other Side of the Middle of it, thofe 
 on one Side the Chimney fhould be the 
 fame Magnitude as thofe on the other, 
 and on the Window Side the fame Uni- 
 formity fhould be obferv’d y the Doors 
 fhould anfwer one another, either by. 
 real or falfe ; and a Vifta through the 
 Middle of the Building fhould be always 
 had, and, if pollible, to each Front > 
 and the Doors of one Room, in a Range 
 of Rooms, fhould be difpos'd to anfwer 
 each other in a Line, to preferve a Gran- 
 deur proportion'd to the Magnitude of the 
 Building. 
 
 . • , ; > ■ * : i { // ; c . • * s .. . ? < 1 ■ l ? ‘ t .* : • * * 
 
 In a fpacious Building, as fome prin- 
 cipal Rooms will be wanting, fmalier 
 
 P will 
 
\ c 6 Lectures on 
 
 will doubtlefs occur* but thefe muft lie 
 contiguous to each other, not interrupt- 
 ing the State and Magnificence of the 
 others ; and by making Mezonina’s or 
 half Stories, will render thofe little 
 Rooms of an elegant Proportion, which 
 by placing near the Back- Stairs, or more 
 convenient Paffage, become Lodging- 
 Rooms, which are much warmer than 
 thofe (lately (pacious Rooms, having lefe 
 Inlets of Air, and are fooner heated by 
 Jewel. There are Rules likewife for 
 proportioning of Light, according to the 
 Magnitude of the Room, by which any 
 Room may be illuminated more or lets, 
 according to the Ufes of them, and at the 
 fame time preferve an external Regula-. 
 rity * which, as it is on an uncommon 
 Bails, I ihall explain it to you as well as I 
 conveniently can- 
 
 Lex the Magnitude of the Room be 
 given, and one of thofe Proportions I 
 have propos’d to be made ufe of, or any 
 other ; multiply the Length and Breadth 
 of the Room together, and that Pro- 
 duct multiply by the Height, and the 
 Square Root of that Sum will be the Area 
 or fuperficial Content in Pee?, &c. of 
 Light requir’d. 
 
 Sxampie. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »\ \ \v. . \W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Architecture. 107 
 
 Example. Suppofe a Room (mark'd 
 A.) whofe Magnitude is the Arithmetic 
 cal Proportion of 5,4, and 3, and is 20 
 Foot long, 1 6 Foot broad, and 1 2 Foot 
 high, the Cube or Produft of its Length, 
 Breadth, and Height, multiplied together, 
 is 3 840, the Square Root of which Sum 
 is 62 Foot, if the Height of the Story 
 is 12 Foot, as is before mention'd, di- 
 vide that 61 Foot into three Windows, 
 each Window will contain 20 Foot 8 
 Inches of fuperficial Light, and thofe 
 will be found to be 3 Foot 2 Inches and 
 one half broad, and 6 Foot 5 Inches 
 high, which are Windows of two Dia- 
 meters. 
 
 Let us now fuppofe another Room 
 (mark'd B) on the lame Range, whofe 
 Height is 1 2 Foot, as the preceding Ex- 
 ample is, and its Proportion lhall be^ the 
 Cube, the Produft of that Cube is 1728, 
 and its Root is 41 Foot 4 Inches, or 
 thereabouts 5 divide that 41 Foot 4 In- 
 ches in two Parts for two Windows, and 
 each will be 20 Foot 8 Inches of fuper- 
 ficial Light, and thofe will be two Dia- 
 meters in Height, and the Magnitude the 
 fame as the preceding Room. 
 
 P 2 
 
 For 
 
jo8 Lectures on 
 
 For Example fake I will only fup~ 
 pofe one more Room (mark'd C.) upon 
 the fame Range, and 1 2 Foot in Height, 
 whofe Proportion fhall be the Arithme- 
 tical of 3,2, and 1, that is, its Height 
 being 1 2 Foot, the Breadth will be 24, 
 and Length 3 6 Foot, the Produft of 
 thofe Numbers multiplied together will 
 be 10368, and its Root 101 Foot 8Tn- 
 ches, or thereabouts ; divide this Room 
 into five Windows, each Window will 
 have 20 Foot four Inches fuperficial Light, 
 and the Magnitude will be near or equal 
 to the others,; and if the Proportion be 6, 
 4, and 3 > and cov'd, the Light is the fame. 
 
 There is but one Objcftion to this 
 Rule to make it univerfal for all kinds of 
 proportion'd Rooms on the fame Floor, 
 and that is, the Square Root doth not al- 
 ways happen to be exaft enough for to 
 make them alike; but as the Variation 
 will be fofmall, it may be made ufe of; 
 and if the Area fomething exceeds the 
 Standard of the principal Rooms, that 
 Room may be converted to a Ufe which 
 requires more than Standard Light, and 
 the Neceflities of Families forhetimes 
 require it.——* But however, the Rule 
 
 will 
 
Architectu re. top 
 
 will fervc for the Purpofe near enough 
 for any Pra&ice. 
 
 If you extend the Rule to larger 
 Rooms, the fame Methods will be pre- 
 ferv’d, even if their Height be continued 
 through two Stories, if the upper Win- 
 dows be made Square, and to have two 
 Tire of Windows. Let us fuppofe the 
 Room (mark’d D.) with two Tire of 
 Windows in Height, to be 50 Foot long, 
 40 Foot wide, and 30 Foot high, the 
 Arithmetical Proportion of 5, 4, and 3, 
 the Produd of thofe Numbers mul- 
 tiplied together will be 60000, the 
 Square Root of which Sum is 245 fuper- 
 ficial Feet 5 divide that Sum for the Tire 
 of Windows into three Parts, or take 
 one third of it, and that makes the At- 
 tick or Square Window 81 Foot 8 Inches 
 fuperficial Light, divide this into five 
 Windows, and they are four Foot and 
 half an Inch Square, and the five lower 
 Windows confiding of 163 Foot 4 In- 
 ches fuperficial Light, being what re* 
 mains out of the 245 Foot the Root, each 
 of thefe Windows is 4 Foot half an Inch 
 by 8 Foot 1 Inch, or two Diameters, 
 which 245 Foot, the whole Sum of the 
 
 Square 
 
i to Lectu re s on 
 
 Square Root of the Room, will fufRd- 
 ently illuminate the fame, 
 
 t have been the more prolix in this 
 Defcription, becaufc the giving a proper 
 Light to a Room by a Rule, has been, 
 perhaps, the leaft thought of in the Dii- 
 polition of the internal Part of a Build- 
 ing * and as I efteem it a neceffary Part 
 to be underftood, I thought it incum- 
 bent on me to form fome Rule, where- 
 by the Knowledge of it might be at- 
 tain’d. 
 
 Stair-cases are the next Part of 
 internal Dcfigning, and require Judg- 
 ment in the Difpofal ; they muft be fo 
 plac'd as to be well illuminated, conti- 
 guous to the Center of the Building, or 
 elfe more than one in Number 5 and fo 
 plac’d, that each Room may be near 
 them, and have an eafy Accefs to them, 
 without incommoding any of the reft of 
 the Rooms : Their G^/>/^fhould be large, 
 the Tread broad, and the Rife eafy for 
 principal Stairs ; for Back Stairs, lefs of 
 .each is requir’d, being more for fervile 
 Ufes than Grandeur 5 and they fhould be 
 fo plac’d as to be more remote from the 
 Eye, and in the more common Apart- 
 ments 
 
A R C B I T £ C T Ul'E. Cl t 
 
 nients of the Building;, either as they 
 lead to Servants Lodging-Rooms, or arc 
 the Accds to the ufeful Apartments in 
 the lower Offices of the Building. 
 
 K or^:.. v .,.’i ;o Inu. 
 
 Their Form is various, as Rooms 
 are; but one Obfervation is necefiary, 
 Which is, that the Flights be not too 
 long, and to have no Winders in prin- 
 cipal Stair-cafes : The firft give an Un- 
 eafinefs, and foon weary the Afcender, 
 for want of half-Paces to reft on ; and 
 the latter is very incommodious, if by 
 Chance two Perfons meet on a Stair-cale 
 with Winders, and the Going is not 
 more than ordinarily large, their Paffage 
 is incommoded, and often proves ill-con- 
 venienti * 
 
 Buildings in Town require Con- 
 trivance more for Convenience than 
 Grandeur * the Rooms cannot be fo fpa- 
 cious asthofe in the Country, but how- 
 ever Regularity is to be obierv’d; the 
 Chambers or Lodging- Rooms, require 
 to be as far from the Noife and Tumult 
 of the Street as conveniently can be 
 plac'd, and fo near a Stair-cafe, that if 
 any Accident by Fire (which too fre- 
 quently) happens, an eafy Accefs may be 
 
 had 
 
in * Lectures on 
 
 had to it ; for which Purpofc all Back 
 Stair-cafes in Town-Houfes, as they ge- 
 nerally are carried from the lower Of- 
 fices to the Roof, fhould be of Stone, 
 and the Walls of them Stucco, that no 
 Danger might prevent the Safety of get- 
 ting down them, to avoid the Fury of 
 the Flames; and fuch which are plac’d 
 about the Middle of the Building and il- 
 luminated by a Sky-light, are by far the 
 moft convenient. 
 
 As in Town-Houfes, fo in the Coun- 
 try, the Kitchen fhould be remote from 
 the Houfe; the Steams arifing from 
 thence are offenfive, and the extream 
 Heat of it often renders the Apartment 
 over it very irkfome to bear : The fer- 
 vile Offices are belt always to be fome 
 Diftartce from the main Building, the 
 Houfe will be lefs troubled with Noife, 
 and lefs incumber’d with fuch Things 
 which are requir’d to ferve the Purpofes 
 of a Family. 
 
 Offices to Buildings are varioufly 
 fituated : Some are continu’d in a Range 
 with the Front of the Fabrick, fome join 
 them by a circular Colinade, and others 
 are environ’d to the principal Front : As 
 Burlington- 
 
Architecture. 115 
 
 Burlington- Houfe , and Mont ague- Hottfe 
 in Great- RuJJel-ftreet. A Pattern of a 
 circular Colinade is Buckingham- Houfe y 
 and that which the late unhappy Con- 
 flagration deftroyed of the Duke of TDe - 
 <vonfhires. Thefe, indeed, are under 
 fome Reftriftion for want of Room 5 but 
 I think it not advifeable to contraft or 
 enclofe a regular Front, but rather leave 
 the Opening fpacious and clear 5 an In- 
 convenience attends it likewife, that is, 
 the Smoke of thofe environing Offices 
 often proves offenfive to the Houfe. 
 
 In the Country, where Room is to be 
 had, the Architect has Scope for Fancy, 
 and the Offices fhould be fomething ana- 
 logous to the Front of the Houfe, al- 
 ways obfervjmg to make them plainer $ 
 and where Decoration and Drels adorn 
 a Front, in the Offices it fhould be ufed 
 very fparingly. 
 
 If the Offices are continued long in 
 a Range with the Front, they fhould fail 
 gradually away, by Breakings, and ter- 
 minate, as it were in a Point. 1 can 
 bed defcribe this beautiful Manner of 
 Defigning, by a Building erefted near the 
 Town, and is (I think) the Defign of 
 Q Inigo 
 
ti4 Lectures on 
 
 Inigo Jones , and that is Chelfea-College ; 
 to the North Front there you find that 
 eafy declining of the Range, like a beau- 
 tiful Landskip diminishing from the Eye 
 by a gradual Shade ; perhaps here and 
 there a little Hill arifing, from thence 
 finking into a Lawn, which by alternate 
 Changes are extreamly pleafing : There 
 is nothing wanting to make that a perfeft 
 Defign, but to have made the middle 
 Part a Portico. K> be brought out as far as 
 the Steps. 
 
 Portico’s, or Torches , undoubted- 
 ly give a Grace and Noblenefs to a De- 
 fign ; fomething Majeftick ftrikes the 
 Imagination, if they are duly propor- 
 tion’d. It is to be obferv’d, that they 
 fhou'ld never be lefs than four Columns, 
 nor more than eight to them $ except 
 at the Angle of it aPilafter and Column 
 are join’d at their Plinths, and the Inter- 
 columniation be of the Corinthian or 
 
 Proportion Syftyios , and always are 
 
 fupposd to fupport the Roof, as in the 
 Manner of the Ancients, fo juftly imi- 
 tated in the Front of Covent-Garden 
 Church, the Defign of Inigo Jones . 
 
 P E D I- 
 
Architecture. 115 
 
 Pediments are generally, and in- 
 deed the moft beautiful Manner of co- 
 vering a Portico j as St. Martins Church, 
 and St. Georges Hanover- Square : And, 
 indeed, moft of the antient Temples of 
 Greece had their Entrances in the fame 
 Manner 5 and many Noble Palaces ftill 
 are adorn'd with them. The Propor- 
 tions are fo well known, I lhall not 
 trouble you now with a Repetition of 
 them. 
 
 When we conftder the Drefs of a 
 Fabrick, either in the internal or exter- 
 nal Part, it is there the Architect is to 
 fhew his Skill 5 he is to adapt that to 
 the Magnitude, or Situation of the Build- 
 ing, always rather below Profufenefs, 
 than to attempt it. Drefs is the moft 
 expenfive Part, either within Side or 
 without 5 but where-ever Enrichments are 
 applied, they fhould be few, and more 
 particularly without Side. If Carving is 
 to be introduc'd to Ornaments, it fhould 
 be in fuch Places as are defended from 
 the Weather, as in Cornices, &c. for 
 where Snow or Rain can lodge in it, 
 they are of a decaying Principle, and 
 Time will loon wafte away thole ten- 
 Q^2 der 
 
it 6 Lectures o/? 
 
 der Parts, the Beauty of it will fade foon ; 
 for the Parts where the Rain lodges will 
 receive Dull, and when it overflows, that 
 will ftain and fully it ; which Inconveni- 
 encies would be prevented, were the 
 Members entirely plain. 
 
 Stone will endure long, but among 
 thofe we have, Portland is the moft 
 beautiful as well as durable; and if a 
 Front is not wholly of Stone, the Drefs 
 to Windows, Strings, Fafcia’s, Cornices, 
 &c. will be very agreeable ; but of all 
 things Stucco, or Finifhing, to external 
 Ufes, are to be avoided ; a few Years 
 deftroys it, and its Colour foon fades > 
 if it be painted, it will prove a continual 
 Expence, and the Incidents of the Sca- 
 fons will even then deftroy it in a little 
 time. 
 
 In Buildings of Brickwork, a Plinth 
 of Stone isrequifitc, though no Drefs is 
 applied to the other Parts. Stone is 
 not only more durable, but as they are 
 in large Pieces for the Foundation, they 
 will be a better Tie, and not l'o eafily 
 cruftfd by the Weight above, to occa- 
 fion a Settlement. The Rains which 
 fall near a Foundation from a Cornice, 
 often penetrate into the Joints of 
 
 Brick- 
 
Architecture, i 17 
 
 Brickwork, and by that Means weaken 
 it, and if requir’d to be clean’d, cannot 
 be fo well done as Stone $ but then it 
 may be obferv’d, that where-ever it be 
 ufed, it will be an Enlargement of Ex- 
 pence. 
 
 An Architect has, undoubtedly, many 
 Difficulties to meet with in the ere&ing 
 a Building 5 want of Materials, of pro- 
 per Workmen, and too often of Sub- 
 (lance > whereby his Skill in the Execu- 
 tion is requir’d to fupply fuch Defe£t> 
 by adapting Things needfary in the 
 Room of thofe which would be un- 
 doubtedly more ufeful : But then the 
 greateft Part of his Judgment will yet 
 appear, and that is in the Order, Regu- 
 larity, and Convenience of the Fabrick ; 
 and if a skilful Defign be perform’d with 
 Brick inftead of Marble, it will have the 
 fame Beauty, the Proportion mud infal- 
 libly pleafe, 
 
 A plain regular Front, without 
 Drefs or Ornament, if juftly proporti- 
 on’d, will better fatisfy the Tafte of the 
 Judicious, and more immediately (trike 
 the Eye, than all the gay Drefs and De- 
 coration of an ill- proportion’d Defign : 
 
 There 
 
1 1 8 Lectures on 
 
 There is a kind of fympathizing Plea* 
 firre from Nature, when a juft Propor- 
 tion is obferv'd in the Performance of a 
 Building* 
 
 Internal and external Drefs re- 
 quire Rules to be applied to them, and 
 even the minuteft Parts require a cer- 
 tain Proportion; there is a Way which 
 both Art and Nature have pav'd for us, 
 and when we deviate from that Path, 
 we wander in Uncertainties. If we ap- 
 ply our Reafon to things, we (hall foon 
 find it true, that every thing requires to 
 be perform'd by infallible Rules : This 
 is what I have all along aim'd at in thefe 
 Lectures as to Generals, and if in Par- 
 ticular things it be attempted, the fame 
 univerfal Law of Nature holds good ; I 
 fhall therefore in my next LeEiure treat 
 more particularly of Decoration and 
 Drefs, internal and external. 
 
 It is impoftible by Words to explain 
 things to your entire Satisfaction ; but 
 as far as the Nature of fuch Definitions 
 will extend by verbal Explanation, I 
 fhall endeavour at; hoping you will con- 
 fider how defective fuch Defcriptions 
 are, compar'd to a Deftgn delineated on 
 
 Paper ^ 
 
Architecture, up 
 
 Paper 5 and when you are pleas'd to 
 give Allowance for fuch Defed, I (hall 
 efteem it a Favour, and fhall communi- 
 cate any thing to you worthy your No- 
 tice : In the mean time 1 am. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tours. 
 
 Read to the Society, March 1 1 , 17$f . 
 
\ ■ $ 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
Architecture. 121 
 
 Lecture VIII. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Y preceding Ledtures confifteth 
 .chiefly of a Defcription of Pro- 
 portions to be ufed in Build- 
 ings, in which the external 
 Part as well as the internal, are con- 
 fined to ftated Rules. I have endeavour- 
 ed fo to explain thofe Rules, to make 
 them ufeful in the Practice as well as 
 Theory of all kinds of Building, and 
 with as much Brevity as fuch Defini- 
 tions would admit. There remains 
 now to compleat my Defign, only a 
 proper difpofition and proportion of 
 Ornaments, to be apply’d to deck the 
 Fabrick; and indeed, this is the moft 
 difficult part of Architecture , fo to dif- 
 pofe of Ornaments as to fill up ufelefs 
 Vacuities, and to give a proper Allevi- 
 ation to the Eye as it pafies from 
 Space to Space, preferving an Analogy 
 through the keeping of the whole De- 
 fign, and fo filling and decorating the 
 R Vacancies^ 
 
122 Lectures 0// 
 Vacancies, as not to crowd and in- 
 cumber the Parts with fuperfluous Drefs 
 or Ornament. 
 
 Beauty and Proportion are infepa- 
 rable, for which Reafon Beauty is al- 
 ways center’d in Proportion, and Pro- 
 portion is ever beautiful ; therefore, in 
 Nature there are Rated Laws, whereby 
 they are form’d : But when we deviate 
 from Nature, the farther we recede, 
 the more remote we are from Elegance, 
 becaufe Nature is conftant and invari- 
 able in her Production, and admits of 
 nothing to make her pleafing or beau- 
 tiful but Proportion and Harmony . 
 
 I n Architecture, therefore Rules are 
 to be made ufe of, which when ob- 
 ferved by an Architect , his Fancy, or 
 Genius, will give a proper Contraft to 
 a Defign. A Statue may have an ele- 
 gant Proportion without Drefs, and be 
 in Nature juft, yet Nudities are not fo 
 pleafing to the Eye, as a Statue in 
 Cloathing, after the antique drefs of 
 Drapery, and even in Drefs, the fine 
 Proportion of the Statue may be pre- 
 ferved ; the tender Softnefs of a Venus , 
 or the muftular Robuftnefs of a Mars 
 
 or 
 
Architecture. 123 
 
 or a Hercules , may be fhewn through 
 the Drapery in proper Parts ; but then 
 a fine proportion’d Statue may have k 
 iuperfluity of Drefs, or be illy plac’d, 
 or want Elegance in Defign, which de- 
 ftroys even the Beauty of the Statue ; 
 fo in Buildings, a plain juft proportion’d 
 Defign will always pleafe the judicious 
 Eye, but a proper Difpofition of pro- 
 portioned Ornaments adds to it a pleafing 
 Gracefulnefs, and renders it abundantly 
 more agreeable, where the Parts which 
 deck the Fabrick, are only juft what 
 are neceiTary, without Superfluity or 
 Want . 
 
 Our modern Architects have made 
 Ornament or Drefs, the principal Part 
 of their Performance, and have given 
 Decoration to ill-proportion’d Fabricks, 
 and indeed, Superfluity is generally the 
 thing to attract the Eye ; they garnifh 
 the in-elegant Defign, to at tone for the 
 Difproportion of the Parts, and croud 
 and fill the Spaces by fome gay Drefs, 
 to conceal the want of Proportion ; 
 which is only a kind of un-meaning 
 Attempt at Elegance, which our greateft 
 Architects are not exempt from, tho’ 
 in other Places have fhevtn a refin’d 
 
 elegance 
 
124 Lectures 
 
 elegance of Tafte worthy Imitation. 
 Examples of the former Clafs are too 
 numerous, and the latter are more en- 
 vied, perhaps, than admired ; which 
 makes fuch Examples lefs known by 
 young Students in Architecture, to at- 
 tract their Attention. 
 
 That the Rules which I have laid 
 down may be of ufe to apply to Build- 
 ings, I have chofe a Defign whofe Pro- 
 portions are the fame which I have 
 made ufe of in the internal Parts of a 
 Building, as is (hewn in the Sections 
 Plate the lid, p.107 in which is thefquare 
 and arithmetical Proportion 5, 4 & 3, 
 which I have chofe for the Plan and 
 Profile before us, Plate the Illd. The 
 Plan is 50 Feet Front, 40 Feet deep, 
 and the Height of the Building is 30 
 Feet from the furface of the Ground, 
 to the top of the Blocking Courfe. 
 
 As the Defign is fmall, I have di- 
 vided the internal Parts in proportion 
 to the Magnitude of the Defign, as 
 may be feen by the Plan which is of 
 the principal Floor. I propofe the 
 Houfe to ftand in a FoJJee , and fuch 
 Offices for the ui« of the Houfe to 
 
 be 
 
I fflyrru tm/ et e/e/u? . 
 
 
 fz 
 
Architecture. 125 
 be below the Plinth, as fhewn in the 
 Profile above it the Entrance to thofe 
 Offices being propos’d at the End, 
 
 mark’d G * by the Stair-cafe : As 
 
 thole Offices are principally for Ser- 
 vants, I have omitted the Plan. On 
 the principal Floor are four Rooms, 
 three of which have the Proportion 
 Sefquialter, or the Cube and half, pro- 
 pofing all that Floor to be 12 Feet 
 high in the Clear, in which the Rooms 
 mark’d C, D, E, are 18 Feet long, 
 12 Feet wide, and 12 Feet high, which 
 is the Cube and half. 
 
 The principal Room mark’d B, I 
 have given the Proportion of 4, 3, and 
 2, it being 24 Feet long, 18 Feet wide, 
 and 12 Feet high. The Front Walls 
 are two Bricks thick, or one Foot fix 
 Inches each ; which makes 
 
 F. I 
 
 The two Walls 3 o 
 
 The Room mark’d A, is 24 o Length, 
 The Partition is thick 1 o 
 The Room C, is width 12 o 
 
 Makes Feet 40, o which is 
 the Depth of the Building. 
 
 T h e 
 
 ( 
 
126 Lectures on 
 
 The Front being 50 Feet, I pro-, 
 pofe the end Walls one Foot ten each, 
 which is two Bricks and half j 
 
 F. 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 Both making 
 The Room B, is 
 The Wall next Paflage A, 
 The PaiTage mark’d A, is? 
 
 in the Clear t 
 
 The middle Wall next the 
 Stairs, and Rooms mar 
 ked C, D, and E, is 
 The Rooms mark’d E, D, 18 
 
 '"I 
 
 1 
 
 I. 
 
 8 
 
 I 2 
 
 I 2 
 
 Breadth 
 
 Thick 
 
 8 o Wide 
 
 Thick 
 
 Long 
 
 Makes 50 o Feet the 
 Front of the Building. 
 
 I n the Plan I have endeavour'd to 
 preferve a ftridt Uniformity and Con- 
 venience ; each Room I have illumi- 
 nated with a proper Light, without 
 changing the Regularity of the Front; 
 and at the End G, I have made a Ve - 
 netian Window the whole opening of the 
 Stairs, which will be an Illumination to 
 the PafTage mark'd A. At the Land- 
 ing-place F, I have made a Screen of 
 Columns to the Stairs, which will form 
 
 a Gal- 
 
Architecture. 127 
 
 a Gallery in the AttickStory ; and each 
 Chamber be convenient and private, by 
 making Clofets over the Paffage. The 
 Attick Story will be the fame Plan, 
 without altering the Proportion of the 
 Rooms ; and as they are intended for 
 Lodgings, will be fufficiently lighted. 
 
 I t may be further obferved, * that 
 each Room has a Communication to 
 to the Stairs , and to each other, with- 
 out incommoding any, and renders 
 them private, as well as regularly pro- 
 portioned. I would propofe as to in- 
 ternal 'finifhing, to have the lower Of- 
 fices, except one Room, all plaifler’d, 
 or done with Stucco, and thofe Rooms 
 pav’d with Tile or Stone, as can be 
 moft conveniently had in the Country, 
 for which this is defigned. The Stairs 
 likewife I would have of Stone for 
 the fafety of the Inhabitant in cafe of 
 Fire. The Walls of the principal Floor 
 fhould be wainfcoted with Deal, and 
 the Cornices plaifter’d and enrich’d in 
 proportion to the external drefs of the 
 Defign ; boarding the Floors with the 
 beft fort of Deal, and enriching the 
 Ceilings, efpecially in the Room mark’d 
 B, in which the Chimney-piece, the 
 
 Drefs, 
 
128 Lectures 0// 
 
 Drefs, and Ornaments to the Doors 
 and Windows, being all to be fuited 
 to the Elegance of the external Part, 
 which is to be the Guide to finifh the 
 internal. 
 
 The Profile mark’d A, I have di- 
 vided into fuch proportion’d Windows 
 and Piers, that gives an equal Margint 
 round like the running of a Frett, which 
 always give a Beauty to the mofl 
 plain and fimple Defigns ; and it is 
 this, when rightly applied, that makes 
 Drefs and Decoration pleafing, where 
 it is ufed to preferve an equal Space 
 from Vacuity to Vacuity. To contract 
 a large plain Space, or to alleviate the 
 Eye in pafiing from one part of the 
 Defign to the other, which by break- 
 ing into various Parts anfwers the End 
 of enriching a Building. As the Pro- 
 file before us is compofed of the mofl 
 natural Numbers, to give Pleafure to 
 the Eye, you may fee Harmony even 
 in its plainefs. But if the Situation, or 
 the Inhabitant or Owner require more 
 Vivacity and Gaiety , the front B Plate 
 the 4th, will be a proper finifhing ; 
 and here, the Windows, Piers, Heights, 
 and every thing are the fame as that 
 
 mark’d 
 

 • • ~ •• 
 
 
 
 
 
 •J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-»**’•* V 
 
Architecture. 129 
 
 mark’d A, only fuppofing the Orna- 
 ments lain on it without altering any 
 part of the Difpofition or Magnitude - 9 
 yet the Margints or Spaces are pre- 
 ferved, and a proper keeping to the 
 Defign. 
 
 . ; 1 t 
 
 I f the moft elegant Drefs is requir- 
 ed, let the Profile C, be fuppofed to 
 be the fome with A in Magnitude, &c, 
 as is before obferved ; only laying on 
 the Enrichments to adorn the Fabric 
 the Spaces are preferved by breaking 
 the Diftances with Feftoons dr Drape- 
 ry, &c. which give a Gracefulnefs and 
 well proportion’d Symmetry to the 
 whole. It is eafy to fee the fame 
 Graces in the beautiful Statue orna- 
 mented with proper Drapery ; and 
 you may trace the plain Profile through 
 all the Elegancy of Architecture, where 
 a juft Proportion has been us’d in the 
 Parts which compofe the Defign } and 
 as in a Statue the Mufcles, Nerves, &c . 
 have a juft proportion to the Magni- 
 tude of the whole ; fo, in a well pro- 
 portion'd Buildingy every Part ftiould 
 be confider’d, as it relates to the corn- 
 pleating the Defign, to make it Jlrong> 
 beautifuly and convenient . 
 
 The minuter Ornaments made ufe 
 of to adorn Doors* Windows, have 
 
 S fuch 
 
Lectures 
 
 fuch Proportions already affign’d them* 
 that no Addition can be made to beau- 
 tify them ; only it muft be remembred 
 the fewer Divifions they confift of, the 
 more elegant they will appear ; and 
 when Mouldings are uled at any con- 
 liderable diftance from the Eye, they 
 Ihould be few in Number and of an 
 ample Releivo ; for where they are 
 fmall, a redundancy of Parts fcatters 
 the angles of Sight into a Multitude of 
 Rays crowded together, and renders the 
 Objedt we view a perfedt Confiilion. 
 
 It has been the juft Obfervation of 
 an ingenious Friend, that in Drefs and 
 Decoration the Ornaments which deck 
 the Defign fhould be natural, and all 
 the Parts fhould have an Analogy One 
 to the other : As fuppofe in particu- 
 
 lar, the ornamenting a ceiling of a 
 Room, the Beams which are enrich'd 
 fhould be lain over Piers , the Pannels 
 anfwer Doors or Windows, and the 
 Margints be preferved the lame as the 
 Sides of the Room ; for in {landing 
 on one Side of a Room, the Ceiling 
 of the oppolite Side fhould anfwer the 
 divifion of the Walls, that they might 
 appear in one Line. Few Perfons have 
 ftridtly obferv'd this Method ; but as 
 a Proof of its Beauty when perform'd* 
 
 obferve 
 
Architecture. 131 
 
 obferve the Ceiling of the Banqueting- 
 houfe at Whitehall , where it is ftrift- 
 ly executed ; and compare it with the 
 Ceiling of the new Building of St. 
 Bartholomew's Hofpital, and you will 
 your felves readily judge the neceflity 
 of obferving thofe Methods in divid- 
 ing the Compartiments of a Deftgn, 
 and what Effedt they have where 
 Fancy only has directed the Defigner 
 in his Choice of Decoration. 
 
 Gentlemen, It has been my chief 
 Defign in thefe Ledtures to lay down 
 Rules for moft of th z principal Branches 
 of Architecture y and if I have any where 
 deviated from the common Path, your 
 own Judgments will guide you to the 
 propereft Choice. I do not lay them 
 down for abfolute, but if they zvq prac- 
 ticable they may be ufefuL Our Judg- 
 ments vary much in the moft com-, 
 mon Opinions; and if there fhould be 
 different Sentiments about the improve- 
 ment and refining fo noble and exten- 
 sive an Art as Architecture , yet it is 
 certain, where Rules are the Guide to 
 our Judgment, fuch Opinions are built 
 upon the moft folid and lafting Foun- 
 dation. 
 
 W h e h 
 
132 Lectures on 
 
 When I confider Architecture inks 
 utmoft Extent, and how many diffe- 
 rent Defigns may be compos’d from 
 thofe few Rules which I have laid 
 down for the general Proportions, it 
 always gives me an agreeable Pleafure 
 in the Refledtion, to fee from one final! 
 Fabrick new Embellifhments, and riling 
 to noble Buildings and. Palaces ; and 
 all performed by the fame Rules, the 
 fame analogus Proportions, muff be a 
 pleafing Theme to employ the Thoughts 
 of a fpeculative Genius. When I con- 
 fider how many fucceffive ages of Time 
 have roll’d away fince the Art was 
 perfected, and how the noble Adtions 
 of eminent Perfons have been tranf- 
 mitted to us by publick Buildings and 
 monumental Ornameiits , and how fu- 
 ture Ages may view the Works of our 
 prefen t Worthies in their Palaces and 
 Seats of Retirement : When I am led 
 to fuch Contemplations, it always gives 
 me an unfpeakable Satisfadlioii. 
 
 To acquire a juft Tafte of Defign- 
 ing, muft be to be well acquainted 
 with ithe Defigns of the Ancients, 
 to traverfe the antique Buildings of 
 Greece and Rome y and compare them 
 with the Works of Serlio y Palladio , 
 
 and 
 
Architecture. 133 
 
 and others ; and fee which is moft 
 agreeable to Rule, or moft afFeCts our 
 Paflions in the Review $ where Nature 
 is moft apparent, there undoubtedly 
 Harmony refides, whether the Defign 
 be plain and confift of but few Parts, 
 or whether it be enrich’d with Orna- 
 ment or Decoration ; if Rules or Na- 
 ture have been applied, thofe are the 
 Examples worthy our Choice. 
 
 Compare the Portico of St. Mar- 
 tins Church with fome of the ancient 
 Temples of Greece , in the Works of 
 Vitruvius , or the Pantheon at Rome y 
 and there you will difcover true ele- 
 gance of Defign, and a happy refine- 
 ment of Tafte. To fee Buildings of 
 more than 2000 Years diftance in Date 
 be thought worthy of Imitation, fhews 
 not only the excellency of Architecture 
 in thofe Times, but the Genius of this 
 prefent Age, who can diveft themfelves 
 of modern Error, to trace the Paths of 
 Antiquity. The Ancients were gene- 
 rally grave and foletnn in the decora- 
 tion of their Temples, but their the- 
 atres and Palaces had gaiety and drefs 
 to enliven the Defign, and were never 
 fparing in Ornament, fo it did not 
 border upon Projujenejs . 
 
 Ornamenes> 
 
134 Lectures on 
 
 Ornaments certainly give a noble 
 Contrail to a Defign, where they are ap- 
 propriated to the Purpofes of the Build- 
 ing ; but it muft be confiderid, Fef- 
 toons of Fruits and Flowers would 
 illy become Entrance of a Prifon, 
 or frofted ruflick Work the Approach 
 of a Palace : Propriety in Ornaments 
 is therefore a grand part of Defin- 
 ing, and where it is juftly introduc'd 
 with elegance of Tafte in Dijpo/ition 
 and Proportion , Ihews an Accomplifh- 
 ment in judgment, which is requiiite for 
 a compleat Architect, 
 
 As I have now compleated the ge- 
 neral Proportions, it may be expected 
 that I fhould proceed to treat of the 
 particular Magnitude and Form of 
 Ornaments, which deck and embellifh 
 the Fabrick ; but as that will be as 
 extenfive in Defcription, as what I have 
 hitherto defcrib’d to you in my Seven 
 preceeding Difcourfes, I fhall make the 
 Orders and Ornaments of Architect- 
 ure the Subject of future Ledltires, 
 when Opportunity gives me leave to 
 trace a Subject fo agreeable, and of fo 
 univerfal extent as Architecture. 
 
 In the mean time I remain 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tours, &c* 
 
LECTURES 
 
 O N 
 
 AR C H IT ECTU RE. 
 
 Confiding of 
 
 RULES 
 
 Founded upon 
 
 Harmonick and Arithmetical 
 Proportions in Building, appli- 
 cable to various Situations. 
 
 DESIGN’D 
 
 As an agreeable Entertainment for 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 / BUT 
 
 More Particularly UJ’eful , to all who 
 make Architecture, or the 
 Polite Arts their Study. 
 
 Part the Second. 
 
 Read to a Society eftablifhed for the Im- 
 provement of Arts and Sciences, and 
 Explain’d byExamples 01113 Copper- plates, 
 with the Proportions apply’d to Practice 
 
 By Robert Morris. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for the AUTHOR, 1736. and Sold by 
 J. Brindley , in New Bond-Street j J, Wilcox y 
 againd the New Church in the Strand ; and 
 J. Millan , near the Admiralty Office. 
 
 (Price ditch’d, 3 s.) 
 
T O 
 
 ROGER MORRIS, E% 
 
 Architect, &c. 
 
 F our Affinity or Friendship 
 are Motives to induce me to 
 addrefs this Second Part of 
 my Lectures to You, I am 
 more immediately obliged to it, from 
 the Erudition I have received in your 
 Service. From thence arofe the Ideasof 
 the following Defigns, which I have in- 
 terfperfed in this abftra&ed Effay •> — — — » 
 If I have anywhere produced fomething 
 that may be free from severe Ccnfure, 
 they are fuch Parts only, where I have 
 taken the mofi pains to imitate Your 
 Manner of Defigning, in the Practice 
 as well as Theory of the Art. Where 
 the Imperfections and Blemifoes of Taste 
 are more vifible, those are owing to 
 Negligence, the want of juftly adhering 
 
 to 
 
 a z 
 
IV 
 
 Dedication. 
 
 to Tours , or, perhaps, a Angularity of 
 Opinion, a Fault which I find a Dif- 
 ficulty to furmount. 
 
 Where Architecure, among other 
 Topicks engrofs the Converfation of the 
 Beau-Monde , Your Productions muft 
 fome times be thtTheme ; therefore, that thefe 
 petit Sallies of my Imagination may be 
 known by the generality of Mankind, from 
 thofe nobler Patterns You have produced, 
 I (helter myfelf under the Sanction of 
 Your Name; Comparifon will foon di- 
 dinguifh the great Difference between 
 Effays in Theory, and Practical Demon- 
 fixations. 
 
 Be pleas’d, Sir, to receive this Amufe- 
 ment of a few vacant Hours, as an Ac- 
 knowledgment of the fincere Duty and 
 Obligation I lie under to You. I fhall 
 ft ill efteem myfelf happy in the Con- 
 tinuance of Your FriendfJ:ip, and in fub- 
 fcribing mylelf, with all due Refpect, 
 
 Tour Loving Kinfman, 
 
 and FLumble Servant, 
 
 Robert Morris. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Think it neceffary to fay fome - 
 thing of this Second Part of 
 my Lectures, as they confjl chief y 
 of Demonflrations to the Firf ; 
 thofe are the Bafs on which the fever a l 
 Defgns of thefe are ereCled. It may be 
 obferv d, I have by Examples prov'd the 
 Rules practicable both by internal and ex- 
 ternal Magnitudes . Verbal Explanations 
 
 of the minute Parts of Building I think 
 unnecejfary , J'uppofing the Reader qualified 
 to comprehend the Proportions of the Orders , 
 and the fever al Parts of the Orthography 
 and Ichnography of the Building. 
 
 Situation has been my ■ next Care , 
 and in this 1 have been vigilant to ap- 
 propriate my Defgn to the imaginary 
 Spot . If I have been poetick in Defcrip- 
 tion> the Remarks are only fro?n fuch 
 Situations which I have frequently taken 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 from Nature it felf , and 1 efieem Situa- 
 tion fo extenfive a Branch of Architecture., 
 that no Building Jhould be defigrfd to be 
 ereCted , without fir ft confi dering the Extent 
 c/Trofpedt, Hills, Vales, Scc.which expand 
 or encircle it , its Avenues, Paftures and 
 W ater s ; all which furnijh the A rchitect 
 with proper Ideas , and the Modus rnujl 
 be Jhifted from one Scene to another , as 
 Necejjity requires . 
 
 These Lectures , therefore , are rather 
 a brief Explanation of the Art of De- 
 igning, and may, perhaps , contain Jome 
 Hints not unufful to our greateft Ar - 
 tifts , few have fo extenfively dejerib' d Si- 
 tuation , and a proper Application of De- 
 figns to it , as may be found in this ab fir ac- 
 ted Effay, in which I have attempted to lay 
 a Foundation to an Art which muft infal- 
 libly be ufefuly being eft ab lift? d on fofifm 
 a Bafts as Rules and Proportion. I have 
 been an Eye-wit fiefs of fuch an infinite Num- 
 ber of ill- appropriated , as well as dif- 
 proportion d Defigns\ Rufticity in the room 
 
 Elegance, and Gaiety where Plainnefs 
 and Simplicity would have been far more 
 p leafthg. I fay , fuch frequent Errata^ 
 led me to confider jome Jure unerring Rules 
 for appropriating Buildings to the Spot , 
 which the Hints of theje Examples may 
 prove the Necejjity of As I believe few 
 
PREFACE. vu 
 
 Situations can be , but what will come un^ 
 der fome of the Rules 1 have laid down , fo 
 there are few Situations but what I have 
 in fome meafure touch'd upon . 
 
 In Situation I have not carried my 
 Defcription fo far as Shakefpear, in that 
 beautiful one tf/'Dover-Cliff, in the fourth 
 Act of the Tragedy of King Lear, becaufe 
 I imagine fuch a Spot improper to build 
 on 5 but if any Attempt of this kind is re- 
 quired, to erect a Fabrick on fo uncouth 
 a Scene , it Jhould be the Proportion 3, 2, 
 and 1, without Decoration or Drefs, and 
 its Finijhing the mojl plain and majfy that 
 could be invented . Such Profpects generally 
 fill the Eye \ but with Wonder and Surprize 
 we furvey the difia?it Scene , it only leaves a 
 kind of mingled dread upon the Mind , and 
 that pleafing Horror foon vanifheth . Such an 
 extended Ocean is ftill one continued Image ; 
 the Seas are only varied from a Storm to a 
 Calm , and fo vice verfa to a Storm again . 
 Whereas the Land affords a vafi Variety 
 of Hills, Woods, Shades, Rivers, Corn, 
 Fruits and Pa (lures. The Seafons change 
 dll thefe $ the Spring decks it with a va- 
 ried Verdure, a particolour' d Painting 
 of Flowers and Bloffoms. The Summer 
 fhifts the Scene to ripening Fruits ; the 
 Meads and Paftures wear another Face . 
 
 In 
 
Tin PREFACE. 
 
 In Autumn the fpacious Fields are gilded 
 with a Yellow Hew t — 
 
 Bedeckt with Beauties in a fwift Decline, 
 
 For hoary Winter lops the loaded Bough, 
 Swells up the Surface of the gliding Stream , 
 Pours out its Rain, or whitens all the Hills, 
 Makes Nature naked till the Spring returns, 
 Then, round the fame Variety again j 
 Revolving Beauties ev’ry where appear. 
 
 And lafl refembled this fucceeding Year. 
 
 I have oft been deceived by a pompous 
 Title to a Book , and which has fcarce 
 touch'd upon thofe Farts which in the Title 
 feem' d mojl fonorous, therefore I hope the 
 Reader will give himfelf the trouble of a 
 fair perufal before he pafs Judgment in 
 Favour or Diflike to this ; and when he 
 candidly declares his Opinion , he may pro- 
 bably fay some Things have pleas'd him. 
 This has been one Aim of my Writing, 
 and whatever is the Fate of it , I am 
 content to be cenfur'd \ fince , as Cato ok - 
 ferves , The Best may Err. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
( *35 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The Ninth. 
 
 PART the Second. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 H E Reception which the firft 
 Part of my LeCtures on Archi- 
 tecture hath found fince their 
 Publication, hath in fome mea- 
 fure incourag’d me to continue ’em. Hav- 
 ing always propos’d those only to be a 
 preparatory Introduction to the more im- 
 portant Branches of that noble and use- 
 ful Art, I intend not to omit any 
 thing that can be conducive to the 
 Improvement of it, and which I fhall at- 
 tempt in the following LeCtures, which I 
 have prepar’d for the enfuing Seafon for 
 your Entertainment. 
 
 T True 
 
 i 
 
136 Lectures on 
 
 True Architecture is a Science 
 almoft univerfally talk’d of, and even 
 attempted to be pradifed, but it is not 
 fp well underftood 3 the fuperficial Part 
 of it is known by many, but fomething 
 more than that is wanting. The judi- 
 cious Architect hath many Difficulties to 
 meet, many Obftacles to encounter in the 
 Art of Defigning ; and even Proportion it felf 
 is not all ; there is the Application, the Af- 
 femblage of thof '^Proportions requir’d to be 
 juftly appropriated to the Ufes of the in- 
 tended Fabrich The Orders of Archi- 
 tecture are only the Drefs and Garnifh 
 of Building ; Proportion is the principal 
 Bafis y and the applying thofe Proportions 
 to proper Situations, is the moft noble, 
 the moft extenfive, and difficult Branch 
 of the Art. Embellifhments require Skill 
 in their Difpofition and Arrangement, 
 and a nice Genius fo to life them, 
 that they may be faid to have neither 
 Superfluity, nor Want ; the firft betrays a 
 Lavijlmefs of Fancy, the latter a Mean - 
 nefs of Tafte. But it is to be obferved, 
 that Situation is in fome meafure to di- 
 red: the Archited how to apply his Or- 
 naments *, making Art, as it were, an 
 Handmaid to Nature, by appropriating 
 them to the Spot on which the Fabrick 
 is to be ereded. 
 
 As 
 
Architecture. 137 
 
 A s in my 5th Ledure, Page the 63 th 
 and 69th, I have {hewn what kind of 
 Drefs different Situations require, and how 
 to appropriate the Decorations of the De- 
 fign, that they may be analagous to the 
 Spot : I propofe in thefe enfuing Lec- 
 
 tures to affign fome certain Situations, 
 and apply one of each of my Propor- 
 tions to them, fo changing them to an- 
 fwer the Purpofes of Defigning ; ufing 
 Ornament or Drefs as a neceflary Branch 
 of the Art, not as if it was intended 
 for Profufion, but as a ufeful Embellifh- 
 ment ; and in the fame manner fo to dif- 
 pofe the internal Parts of Building, ac- 
 cording to the Proportions I have already 
 affign’d, Page the 75th, that no Part of 
 the Structure may be faid to be undefcri- 
 bed, or unintelligible, as far as a Deli- 
 neation or Draught is capable to exprefs. 
 This is the Bafis upon which I propofe 
 to continue this Second Part of my Lec- 
 tures, which will render this Undertaking, 
 though a kind of abftraded Syftem of 
 Building, ufeful to all who are imme- 
 diately concerned in the Pradice of Ar- 
 chitecture. 
 
 The grand Branches of the Art are 
 unlimited in Extent, they are nor con- 
 fin’d in Space, or circumfcribed by 
 T 2 pounds ; 
 
138 Lectures on 
 
 Bounds ; for by changing the Modus ? 
 or Style of Dehgning, the fame Analogy 
 may be preferved through the mofl mag- 
 nificent Pile that can be invented ; and 
 even thofe Proportions may be differently 
 modified, and differently embellifli’d, with- 
 out changing the General Proportions, 
 thofe being only the Ground-work for 
 an Architect to entertain his Genius. The 
 Cube may be divided into more or lefs 
 Parts; it may be only 20 Feet, or ex- 
 tended to 50, &c. The fame Proportion 
 in both will have equal Graces ; and even 
 in a Room in Miniature, just Propor- 
 tions will have their Charms . 
 
 1 n delineating the Plan or Elevation 
 of a Building, the Out-line is to be firfl 
 form’d, as in the Plan and Profile be- 
 fore us, which are compofed of 3 Cubes, 
 as reprefented by the circumfcribing Cir- 
 cles. It is from thence the internal Parts, 
 as well as the ornamenting and dijpojing 
 the proper Voids, and Decoration of the 
 Front, are to be regulated ; and thofe in- 
 ternal Parts are proportion'd by firfl de- 
 termining the Height of the principal 
 Story, as may be feen at the End of the 
 Profile ; each Story being figur’d 1 o Feet 
 in the Clear, this, as a Standard to the 
 whole, gives the Length and Breadth of 
 each Room by fome of thofe Propor- 
 tions : 
 
Architecture. 139 
 
 lions: So that bydividing the Height of the 
 Room which you intend to allot by fome 
 of the Proportions , into a certain Num- 
 ber of equal Parts, the fame Parrs are the 
 Standard by which you affign fome al- 
 lotted Parts for the Length and Breadth 
 of the fa id Room. To make my feif 
 more clearly underftood, I will call a 
 Room the Arithmetical Pr oportion of 
 4, and 3 } that Room may be 12 Feet 
 high, 1 £ Feet wide, and 20 Feet long : 
 Or that Proportion may be extended to 
 18 Feet high, 24 Feet wide, and 30 Feet 
 long, which are the fame Divilions, and 
 in each of which Feet and Inches are 
 not confider’d as the Divilions by which 
 they are regulated ; but I only ufe the 
 Term Feet and Inches as they are more 
 univerfally praCtifed and known, and to 
 fhew what harmonick Numbers fpring 
 from fuch Arithmetical Proportions . 
 
 It may perhaps appear an Innova- 
 tion, as well as Novelty, to introduce 
 in Architecture a Method fo different 
 from the common Ideas People have 
 conceiv'd of Building, and which has 
 been an eftablifhed Pvule fo long prac- 
 tifed ; but if Men would impartially di- 
 ved themfelves of fuch miftaken Prin- 
 ciples, which may have milled their 
 Genius, I cannot fee what Objection 
 T 3 cant 
 
140 Lectures o?i 
 
 can be made to this Method, that is , 
 to prevent its being pra£tifed. Sup- 
 pofe in the Plan before us, that the 
 Room marked A is the Proportion 4, 
 
 3 and 2 ; the Height is divided into 
 2 equal Parts, each in Your Terms is 
 called 5 feet ; the Breadth is 3 of thefe 
 Parts, call’d 15 feet, and the Length 
 
 4 of thofe Parts equal to 20 feet, 
 all which amounts only to Proportion 
 
 4 > 3 > 2 - 
 
 Suppose the Rooms which I have 
 made in the fame Plan, &c. are 
 marked B, C, E, F, and G , to be the 
 Cube and half ; that is, the Height be- 
 ing 10 feet, the Breadth is 10, and the 
 Length 15 feet; that is, the Cube and 
 half exprefs’d by the Denomination of 
 feet : the Height I divide into 2 equal 
 Parts, the Breadth into 2, and the 
 Length into 3, without Numbers. This 
 Proportion I have in fome Places called 
 the Sefquialter. 
 
 The Room marked H is the Propor- 
 tion 5, 4, and 3, which is form’d by di- 
 viding the Height into 3 equal Parts ; 
 each is 3 feet 4 ; the Breadth contain- 
 ing 4 fuch Parts, is equal to 13 feet 
 4 inches ; and the Length being 5 of 
 thofe Parts, is 16 feet 8 inches. 
 
 The 
 
Architecture. 141 
 
 The Room marked D, is the fame 
 Proportion as that marked A; but it 
 muft be obferved, that Room is 12 feet 
 high, which makes it 2 feet higher „ 
 than the lower Apartment ; and in 
 the Chamber Story, the Room over it 
 becomes 2 feet lower than the other 
 Rooms of that Floor. There may be 
 a Palfage and Communication to the 
 Stair-cafes over the Place marked D, 
 reprefented by the dotted Line. The 
 Magnitude of this Room is form'd by 
 dividing the Height (12 feet) into 2 
 equal Parts ; each contains 6 feet ; the 
 Breadth (being 3 of thofe Parts) is e- 
 qual to 18 feet, and the Length (4 of 
 thofe Parts) is equal to 24 feet* or 
 Proportion 4, 3, and 2. 
 
 The Room N is continued through 
 the Chamber-ftory and forms the Cube 
 25 Feet. 
 
 Thus I have endeavour’d to demon- 
 flrate the Poffibility of Pradlifing the 
 harmonick Proportions by this Me- 
 thod ; and I hope you will receive fuch 
 an Idea of the Neceffity of Proportions 
 to be ufed in Building , that their Ufe- 
 fulnefs will become your Care to im- 
 prove in and preferve. The Method is 
 T 4 to 
 
142 Lectures 0# 
 
 fo concife, and the Proportions are fo 
 eafily retain’d in the Memory , that they 
 will prove an important Bafts for a 
 young Architect to build his Study on : 
 Rules fo eafily digefled, fo extenfive, 
 and fitted fo exa&ly to tally with me- 
 chanick Numbers, mufl undoubtedly 
 meet with a Reception equal to their 
 Merit. I (hall more particularly (hew, 
 n the Courfe of my Ledtures, an Ex- 
 ample of a Plan and Profile of each 
 Proportion, whereby you may be con- 
 vinc’d of the Veracity and Extent of thofe 
 Proportions, which I have laid down 
 and eftablifh’d as an univerfal Rule to 
 by. 
 
 The Situation of the Defign be- 
 fore us, I propofe on an Eminence a- 
 bout half a Mile diftant from fome pub- 
 lick Road, or fmali Heath, to which I 
 would have only a Fojfee to feparate an 
 Avenue leading from thence to the 
 Building ; each fide of that Avenue I 
 would plant thick with Under-wood, 
 and always kept fo Low, that they 
 might not prevent a Profpedt from the 
 Houfe to remote Qbjedts. About the 
 middle I would propofe a Canal, or 
 large Fountain, to crofs the Avenue; 
 and from thence to the Building, I 
 would have it by a gradual, eafy Af- 
 
 cent, 
 
 proceed 
 
Architectu re. 143 
 
 cent, end in a femicircular, ampitheatri- 
 cal Verdure of Ever-greens, in which 
 fhould be Openings to verdunt Walks, 
 terminated by fome diflanc Landfcape, 
 a beautiful Profped to a fruitful Vale, 
 or fome remarkable Objedt. 
 
 The Avenue I would propofe a Ver- 
 dure, therefore the Approach to the Houle 
 fhould be through the Wood on one 
 fide that Avenue; thofe Woods to be 
 cut through with Serpentine Walks, 
 either regularly prun’d, or luxuriantly 
 Shooting their Branches in a wild Dif- 
 order ; the Paths ftrew’d with Sand, to 
 render them more eafy to walk on. 
 From thefe agreable Retreats, fome more 
 open Walks fhould invite the penfive 
 Wanderer to roam, in which little 
 Temples, or Seats for Eafe, Repalt, 
 or Retirement fhould be placed to ter- 
 minate the View. The Offices fhould 
 be extended in a right Line from the 
 Building Northwards (propofing the 
 Front a South Afpedl) join’d only by 
 a Corridore, and fo low builr, that the 
 Villa’s from the Chamber Windows 
 might not be prevented being feen at 
 the Ends of the Houfe. 
 
 The Back or North Front fhould 
 have on opening to fome Villa, be- 
 tween 
 
144 Lectures on 
 
 tween which and the Houfe Ihould 
 be an Ampitheater 160 Feet fquare, 
 and environ’d with lofty Groves on 
 each fide, to keep off the Keennefs of 
 the North Winds. I would have few 
 Villa’s cut in them ; for the Winds 
 palling through, would render the Back 
 Front lefs pleafant to refide in. I 
 would in fome Places, at certain Dif- 
 tances, eredt fome Statue, or little 
 Building, to retire to in the Summer’s 
 Heat, or in the Coolnefs of an Even- 
 ing’s pleafing Shade, when all Nature is 
 calm, and undillurb’d, and the Mind un- 
 bent from Cares or Fatigue. Such Re- 
 treats would give unfpeakable Raptures 
 to a Soul capable to purfue a Trail of 
 Thought in Infinity of Space, or con- 
 templating upon the immenfe Won- 
 ders of the Univerfe. 
 
 The Dillance from any Town I 
 would have at leaft a Mile, and, if pof- 
 fible, one Villa to it from the Venetian 
 Window in the Room marked N, 
 making that the chief Reception for 
 Company; and by having your Win- 
 dows to the South and Eaft Fronts, you 
 would render that Room lefs cold in 
 the Winter. The Kitchen I would 
 place at the Eajl End of the Houfe, and 
 to be built low in a Fofiee. The Ac- 
 
 cefs 
 
Architecture. 145 
 
 cefs to the Houfe, for common Ufes, 
 fhould be under the Level of the 
 Ground, and by the Stair-cafes marked 
 L ; fo the Ground-door of the Houfe 
 would be no way incommoded by Ser- 
 vants, but wholly appropriated to the 
 Ufes of the Mafter, or Principal of the 
 Family. 
 
 If the Situation would admit, I fhould 
 choofe fome Verdant Hill to the North 
 Front, at about a Mile Diftance, to fhel- 
 ter the Grove on that fide the Houfe, 
 lying as it were one third of a Circle 
 round, that would render the Refidence 
 there in the Winter more tolerable ; 
 the South Front being all open, and 
 the Profpedt no way interrupted, joyn’d 
 with the little Walks and Avenues cut 
 through the Woods, would be always 
 agreeable. 
 
 Thus far with refpedt to the Si- 
 tuation it felf. The Building which 
 I would eredt on that Spot, is the Plan 
 and Profile before us, compos'd of 3 
 Cubes ; the middle one is forty-two 
 feet, and the contiguous ones 28 feet 
 6 inches each. As the Offices are not 
 join'd to the Houfe, but by a Corri- 
 dore about 30 feet in length, to render 
 the Building independant of them, l 
 
 would 
 
146 Lectures on 
 
 would propofe Vaults under the Stables, 
 which fhould be Groyn’d, and placed to the 
 Weft Side the Houfe. On the Eaft fhould 
 be the Kitchen, below the Surface of the 
 Ground, and a Laundry over it, level with 
 the Ground, theUfeof the Corridore being 
 only to make a Fence from the Garden on 
 the North Front, and the common Ap- 
 proach to the Houfe. The applying Rooms 
 to proper Ufes, is beft done by thofe 
 who confider the Wants for which 
 Families require them, according to the 
 Number or Quality of the Inhabitants ; 
 therefore I fhall fhew only the Form, 
 and Magnitude, and Manner of com- 
 pleating thofe Rooms, leaving their 
 Ufes to thofe who belt can apply 
 them according to the Neceffities which 
 are mo ft requifite. 
 
 Before I proceed to more particu- 
 lar Obfervations, it may not be impro- 
 per to explain how the Proportions affedt 
 the Imagination. The External Parts 
 of a Building, at a proper Diftance, are 
 circumfcribed by the Retina of the Eye ; 
 the Internal Parts terminate the Rays 
 of Sight, which fir ike on the Retina , and 
 circumlcribc them within the Focus or 
 Point of Sight, by a Reverberation of 
 P^ays. So that all external Objedts are 
 more diftindtly and more intelligibly 
 
 view’d 
 
Architecture. 147 
 
 view’d and confider’d, by having a pro- 
 per Diftance affign’d for the Point of 
 Sight. Whereas, the internal Parts be- 
 ing fo near the Eye, it muft roll or 
 travel from Place to Place, and the Ideas 
 of the Objedts only can affedt the Senfes. 
 This General Observation will be of life 
 to fhew, that the Idea of an external 
 Cube, being ftrongly feated in the Imagi- 
 nation, by only viewing two Sides of 
 an internal one, the fame Idea will ren- 
 der fuch Proportion equally agreeable. It 
 is to be further underftood, that all 
 Cube Rooms, exceeding 28 or 30 Feet, 
 requiring the Parts to be proportion’d to 
 it felf, muft render them difficult to be 
 comprehended at one view ; therefore 
 an 18 Feet Cube for Rooms is preferable 
 to one of 40 Feet. And all internal Parts 
 do not fo immediately ftrike the Idea as 
 an external one, where a proper Diftance 
 can be had to take in all its Parts at 
 one View ; but if a Cube be view’d 
 in Profile, not having any Depth to be 
 conceiv’d at the lame Inftant, an inter- 
 nal Cube may equally affedb the Eye, 
 fince at the entrance into a Room, the 
 one Side and Height may be compre- 
 hended the fame as a Building thus view’d 
 in Profile , which is only then confider’d 
 as a Square or Unifon. 
 
 It 
 
148 Lectures on 
 
 It is in a great meafure Cujlom which 
 familiarizes us to Proportion . A double 
 Square for Doors or Windows, or any 
 other Proportion with which we are 
 more immediately acquainted, have fo 
 ftrong a Propenfion in the Mind, that 
 any Parallelhgram , a little different from 
 it more or lefs, may eafily be difeern’d. 
 For the truth of this Affertion, I appeal 
 to yourfelves, whether the Eye is not 
 capable cf fo nice a Diftindion. I men- 
 tion this only to fhew, that the jirjl 
 Principles of the Art being firmly feated 
 in the Mind, it will be difficult to im- 
 pofe a Proportion on you, that is different 
 from fuch which have been familiar to 
 you in the Theory^ or Practice of the 
 art. I hope I need no Apology for 
 this Digreffion, becaufe it feems of fome 
 Importance to fettle Proportion , which is 
 the firft Principle of Architecture. 
 
 The Plan of the Ground-floor and 
 Profile before us confifts of 3 connedted 
 Cubes, which extend 99 Feet. The 
 Building I propofe to be of Bricks, ex- 
 cept the Strings , Cornice , and Blocking- 
 Courfe round the Building , and the mid- 
 dle Part, which is rujlicatedy the Pedefial 
 of the Order , the Pilafiers and Columns 
 of the Portico , the Entablature , and the 
 
 BaU 
 
Architecture. 149 
 
 Ballujirades round the Houfe, thefe, and 
 the Fejioom of Fruit, &c. I propofe of 
 Stone. The Feftoons I introduc’d to 
 keep an equal Margin round the Win- 
 dows, which are fo placed, that they 
 are capable of receiving an elegant Drejs: 
 and by continuing the String round the 
 Building , the breadth of the Impojl , or 
 Cornice of the Pedestal to the Columns, 
 &c. of the Portico , it becomes a proper 
 Bearing for the Architraves to ftand on. 
 The Drels I purpofely omitted, that at 
 your leifure Hours you might fee what 
 Effed a proper Decoration of Ornaments 
 to thofe Windows would have, and what 
 Elegance it would introduce by being re- 
 gularly applied. 
 
 The Internal part I would finifh in 
 the Modern Tajle ; the Entrance or 
 Room A, and that marked D, to be 
 done with Stucco , or finilhing, on the 
 Walls, as likewife thofe Rooms marked 
 E, and *F ; all the reft of the Rooms of 
 that Floor to be boarded ; the Cornice of 
 all the Rooms done in Plafler y and en- 
 rich'd. The Room D, to have an Enta- 
 blature of the Ionick Order, and the 
 Cieling ornamented with Pannels, divi- 
 ded by a fmall Moulding ; and the Cen- 
 ter fome trite Orname?it of Mofaick Work, 
 &c. The Doors and Windows to have a 
 
 proper 
 
150 Lectures on 
 
 proper Drefs in Wood, and fuch Rooms 
 as are Wainfcotted, to have Marble 
 Chimney-pieces, and Ornaments over 
 them, and the other Portland or other 
 Stone, intending a plain Dado or Pedef- 
 tal Part to continue round each Room, 
 the Height to the Bottom of the Win- 
 dow-Sills. 
 
 The Room N, I propofe to be 
 Cov'd, and half thofe upper Windows 
 being ftopt up, as is (hewn by the 
 dotted Line crofs the Window in the 
 Profile, that Teer will become Attick 
 or fquare Windows under the Cornice, 
 which continues round the Bottom of 
 the Cove, which I would enrich with 
 Octogon Panneh , and Flowers in them, 
 and a Frame embellish’d with Ornaments 
 at the top of the Cove next the Ceil- 
 ing. This Room I would wainfeot to 
 the Under-fide of the Cornice. The Vene- 
 tian Window, I propofe to be of the 
 lonick Order , to be fet on the Pe~ 
 deftal , which goeth round the Room ; 
 the Pillafters of the Window to be 1 1 
 Inches Diameter, the middle Openings 
 to be 5 Feet, the fmall ones 2 Feet 6, 
 each ; fo that the middle Window will 
 be 2 Diameters high to the Cornice, 
 and, with the Ssmi-circle above it, will 
 be 2 Diameters and a half. The out- 
 
 fide 
 
Architecture. 151 
 
 fide Pilasters to be of Stone, the infide 
 of Wood, The Piers between the Win- 
 dows, and thofe between the Doors, and 
 on each fide the Venetian Window, I 
 would elegantly decorate. The Chim- 
 ney-piece of Statuary Marble ; and over 
 the Doors and lower Windows, Feftoons 
 of Fruit, to preferve a Keeping in 
 the Defign. 
 
 The two Stair-cafes marked .L, are 
 defigned to be of Stone, and to be con- 
 tinued from the lower Offices to the At- 
 tick Story. That marked I, to be of 
 Wood, and to go no higher than the 
 Chambers over the Rooms marked G, 
 H, K. On the Ground-floor I would 
 have a Communication to the Rooms 
 marked C, and G, in the thicknefs of 
 the Walls at the Paflage M, which may 
 be had under the Stairs adjoining to thole 
 leading to the lower Offices. 
 
 The Chamber-floor to be wainfcoted 
 throughout to receive Hangings, The 
 Floors laid with clean Deals; the Cor- 
 nices of Plaifter, and the Chimney-pieces 
 of Marble, decorated with few Orna- 
 ments. The Cielings all plain, and only 
 an Ovolo y or Architrave , with Cornice 
 and Frieze, &c. over the Doors, and an 
 Architrave round the Windows. 
 
 S 
 
 The 
 
152 Lectures on 
 
 The Attick Story of the middle Cube, 
 1 propofe to be wainfcoted throughout 
 in a plain manner ; common boarded 
 Flooring ; and the Chimney-pieces to be 
 of Stone, fuitable to the Plainnefs of the 
 Rooms. The reft of the internal Fi- 
 niihing will naturally occur to the Me- 
 mory of the ingenious Theoriji , fo to ap- 
 ply to make it analagous to the whole 
 Defign. I fhould obferve, that over the Hall 
 at A, and over D, will be Partitions, 
 whereby that Room will become a Paf- 
 lage to the Portico, as may be better 
 conceiv’d by the dotted Lines reprefendng 
 thofe Partitions on the Chamber-floor ; 
 the reft may more intelligibly be explain’d 
 by the Plan and Profile , thofe requiring 
 no other Defer! ption than what a De- 
 lineation or Draught can exprefs. 
 
 A s Objedtions may a rife to the Uni- 
 
 verfality of the Proportion of the Cube, 
 
 when it is extended bevond certain Li- 
 
 * 
 
 mits, both to external and internal Parts 
 of Building, and like wife to the Pro- 
 portion 3, 2, and 1, when it is not cir- 
 cumfcrib’d within fome allotted Extent 3 
 1 intend, in my 12th LeSlure , in deferi- 
 bing the Analogy of that Proportion , to 
 explain their Limits and Ufes. There are 
 many noble Defigns which may be form’d 
 
 from 
 
Architecture. 153 
 
 from both, to refcue thofe from Cenfure, 
 which I (hall demonftrate in fome other 
 Ledture. 
 
 The Task I have undertaken, may have 
 underwent fevere Criticifms from Men 
 fway’d by their own Productions ; but 
 if I can gain a favourable Opinion from 
 the few whofe lafte and Genius diftin- 
 guifh Things without Partiality, I efteem 
 my felf happy . I have purpofely ftarted 
 out of the common Road , not only as 
 an Amufement to my felf, but to exer- 
 cife the Pens of abler Artifts 5 or at leaft 
 to fet them to the Practice of fomething 
 which may bear theTeft of Examination. 
 If all Arts and Sciences are confin’d by 
 JiatedRules , Architecture is one of 
 the Number ; and if not the nobleft , may 
 be efteem’d one of the moft extenfive in 
 Fancy and Defign : It requires a nice Judg- 
 ment, to compofe the Parts of which it 
 confiftsinto a regular Symetry. Design- 
 ing requires a noble andymV/^/lmagina- 
 tion, a true lafle of Beauty , a Fertility of 
 Invention , a Delicacy of Fancy , to diversi- 
 fy and preferve the Analogy of the De- 
 fign within that Mediocrity, that ren- 
 ders Proportion always the Delight and 
 Pleafure of the Eye, either in its plain, na- 
 tural Simplicity, or when it is more ele- 
 gantly deck’d with Ornaments. 
 
 S 2 
 
 If 
 
154 Lectures, &*c. 
 
 I f I fall infinitely fhort of that nice 
 Tafte, I fhall, however, attempt fome- 
 thing which Rules will produce, and 
 where I have erred, fhall efteem it a Fa- 
 vour to be guided by fome better Genius . 
 I might perhaps (with AJffiance) refcue 
 Architecture from that Oblivion in 
 which it has long continued ; and thofe 
 Impediments and Difficulties which are 
 to be met with in Defigning, may be 
 compriz’d in a few plain and eafy Rules , 
 fitted to every Capacity. To attain the 
 knowledge of fo noble and ujejul an Art, 
 are the fincere Wifhesof, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Your humble Servant, &c. 
 
 Read to the Society 
 
 Sept. 30. 1734. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
( i55 ) 
 
 The Tenth. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 N my la ft Lefture, it may be 
 remembred, that 1 propos’d to 
 divide the external and ititernal 
 Parts of a Building by harmo- 
 nick Proportions, not ufing Feet and 
 Inches for the Divisions; but t)yThe r ana- 
 lagous Principles contain’d in my firft 
 Part, for which I have compos’d diffe- 
 rent Defigns of each Proportion. This 
 before us being one appropriated to the 
 Cube and half \ its Height is 34 feet, 
 Breadth or Depth 34 feet, and the Length 
 or Front 5 1 feet. 
 
 I think it neceffary, the better to 
 explain the Ufes of fuch harmonick Di- 
 vi/ic 72 s y to (hew how the fame Divifions 
 of the fame Defign may be enlarg'd or 
 contracted) and ftill prelerve all the Pro- 
 S 3 portions 
 
156 Lectures on 
 
 portions in the Plan , as well as the Pro - 
 file of the Defign, fo that each (hall 
 have all its Parts analogous to it felf. 
 I (hall therefore fuppofen Building robe 
 60 feet Front, and to be the Proportion 
 Cube and half \ and the Plan and Profile 
 the fame as this Defign before us. If 
 the Front be 60 feet, and to be the Cube 
 and halfy the Depth will confequencly 
 be 40 feet, and the Height 40. This 
 is found harmonically, by dividing the 
 Front into 3 equal Parts, and allow 2 
 of them to the Depth of the Building, 
 and 2 to the Height. Or by Arithme- 
 tical Proportions, if 51 feet give 34, 
 the Depth, &c . what will 60 feet give 
 for a fuppofed Depth, &c. which Ope- 
 ration is dated by the common Rule of 
 Three, thus : 
 
 ft. ft. ft. 
 
 If 51 : 34 : 60 
 
 5 1)2040(40 the Depth requir’d. 
 204 
 
 o 
 
 IF 
 
Architecture. 157 
 
 If the fame Defign is required to be con- 
 traded, the Front to be 45 feet, the fame 
 Rules will produce 30 feet, the Depth 
 and Height of the Building. 
 
 ft. ft. ft. 
 
 For if 51 : 34 : 45 
 
 34 
 
 180 
 
 135 
 
 ft. 
 
 5 i )i53°(3° the Depth, &c. 
 153 (requir’d. 
 
 o 
 
 Thus far with relation to the increaf- 
 ing and decreafing the Proportions both 
 external and internal , by Harmonick and 
 Arithmetical Proportions. I fhall now 
 fhew the Analogy of all the Parts to the 
 Whole. And firft for the Proportion of 
 Rooms. — -In the Profile before us, at the 
 End mark'd 8 : 12 : 11, you find the 
 principal Floor 12 ft. high. Therefore, 
 if 51 ft. require 12 ft. for the Height of 
 the Story, 60 ft. will require 14 ft. 1 
 Inch and a half, which is the Height of 
 the fuppofed Story, found by the prece- 
 ding Rules. The Height of the Seory be- 
 
 S 4 ing 
 
158 Lectures on^ See. 
 
 ing thus augmented, the Length and 
 Breadth of each Room will be propor- 
 tionally enlarg’d. Therefore I (hall fup- 
 pofe the fame Defign, both enlarg'd and 
 contraEled , and each Front and Rooms, 
 &c. will appear thus explain’d. 
 
 ft. long. f(. high. f.deep 
 If the Standard Front be 51 and 34 and 34 
 The fuppofed Front 60 will be 40 and 40 
 
 And the fuppofed Front 45 will be 30 and 30 
 
 So the internal Parts, to the 5 1 ft. Front, if the Height 
 of the Story be 1 2 ft. ft. inch. 
 
 To the 60 ft. Front, the Height will be 14 : iL 
 
 To the 45 ft. Front, the Height will be 10 : 7 
 
 In the Rooms A and B in the Plan. 
 
 ft. ft long. ft. broad. ft. high. 
 
 If the 51 Front be 18 : o and 12:0 and 12:0 
 The 60 f. Front is 2t : 2 and 14 : 14 and 14: 1-* 
 The 45 f. Front is 15 : ic-^ and 10 : 7 and 10:7 
 
 Again, in the Rooms D and C in the Front of the Plan. 
 
 ft. ft. long. ft. ft high. 
 
 If the 5 1 Front be 20 : o & breadth 16:0 & 1 2 : o 
 
 The 60 ft. Front is 23 : 6 ^ & breadth 18:10 & 14 : 1 
 The 45 ft. Front is 17:8 & breadth 14 : i\ & 10 : 7 
 
 The Harmonick Terms for the Pro- 
 portion of thefe Rooms, are A and B, 
 the Cube and half ; and thofe marked C 
 and D, are the Proportion 5, 4, and 3. 
 The fame Rules are univerfal for the 
 tncreafing or dimintjhing all the other Pro- 
 portions. 
 
 This 
 
 * 4 * 
 
Architecture. 159 
 
 This little Villa is defign’d for a 
 fmall Family, or one of moderate For- 
 tune, where only Retirement it fe If is 
 wanted by the Inhabitant 5 therefore I 
 would choofe to have it fituate on the 
 Afcentof a Hill, in a fruitful and open 
 Country, with the Defcent either to the 
 Eaft or South, the Back-part environ’d 
 with Hills to the North. Some of the 
 Lands below I would have cultivated, 
 others wild and woody : nor Ihould it 
 be far from fome River , and the better 
 if it were navigable. The Champain ly- 
 ing low to the Front, I would difpofe 
 into Grounds for Pafture and Tillage. 
 Some of the neighbouring Hills I would 
 have naked , and without Trees, that 
 they might ferve for Corn only, which 
 grows in a Soil moderately dry and rich, 
 better than in fleep or low Grounds. 
 Some of the other Hills Ihould be planted 
 with Timber Trees neceffarv for Build- 
 ings, or Utenfils for Agriculture. And 
 if pofiible, ta render the Situation ftill 
 more agreeable, I would wifh for con- 
 ftant Rivulets of Water, to defcend from 
 thofe Hills upon the Meadows ; or to be 
 convey’d by Aquedu&s to the Service 
 and beautifying the Garden, by Foun- 
 tains or Cafcades, ©V.Thefe fhoul i be the 
 Decorations and Ornaments of the Villa . 
 
 The 
 
1 6o Lectures on 
 
 The Water would fervc for the Ufe 
 of Cattle , grazing in the Fields or thick- 
 ets , and a thoufand other Conveniences 
 which Families require. As there are a 
 multitude of Domeftick Wants in a Coun- 
 try Seat, therefore as much Judgment, 
 or more, is required in the Choice of a 
 Situation for a Villa, than a Houfe for 
 a City, and more Knowledge of Nature 
 is neceffary in the Application for the Ser. 
 vices of a Villa. 
 
 Buildings in Cities, erected for pub- 
 lick Convenience, Religion , or Diverfions, 
 are more magnificent, and require the 
 knowledge of feme particular things not 
 neceffary to the Country Architect; yet the 
 latter , in the Care he is obliged to take 
 in providing for all things dependant upon 
 Agriculture, for the Convenience and 
 Ufes of fuch little Common-wealths , whofe 
 Provifions are to be fupply’d within its 
 own Territories, not furnifh’d perhaps 
 by Markets, or Neighbours, as in Cities ; 
 I lay, the Country Architect has as 
 many different things to meet with, and 
 furmount, that are not needful to be 
 known by the Architect who is wholly 
 employ’d in Buildings in the City ; and 
 few Architects, perhaps, have a nice and 
 diftinguilhing Judgment for both. 
 
As the Defign before us is fmall, the 
 little Garden I would plant fliould be 
 proportion'd, and Care fliould be taken 
 fo to lay put and difpofe of the feverai 
 Parts, that the neighbouring Hills, the 
 Rivulets , the Woods and little Buildings 
 interfpers'd in various Avenues, &c. tp 
 give the more agreeable and entertaining 
 Views, fliould render the Spot a kind of a - 
 greeable Dijorder , or artful Confufion ; fo 
 that by (hifting from Scene to Scene, and 
 by ferpentine or windingPaths, one fliould, 
 as it were, accidentally fall upon fome re- 
 markably beautiful Profpecft, or other 
 pleafing Objedt. 
 
 The Offices which I propofe for Sta- 
 bling and Agriculture, &c. fliould be re- 
 mote from the Houfe, which I would, 
 as it were, furround with the Garden, ex- 
 cept at one End ; there I would pro- 
 pofe the publick or common Accefs un- 
 der the Room mark'd D, vhich fliould 
 lead by a Paflage to Stairs at the Weft 
 End of the Building. Thefe lower Offi- 
 fices I would propofe for the Ufe of Ser- 
 vants ; the Kitchen, and other Apart- 
 ments for the Ufe of the Houfe, fliould 
 be placed between the Stables and Houfe 
 at the Weft End, nor joining to either. 
 The Offices under Ground fliould be 
 
 pav'd 
 
*62 Lectures w 
 
 pav’d with Stone, and appropriated to 
 fuch Ufes which fhould be thought molt 
 proper by the Inhabitant. 
 
 The principal Floor being elevated 
 about 6 Feet from the Surface of the 
 Garden, will make the Apartment to 
 the South and Eaft Parts extreamly plea- 
 fa nt ; as it is on the Afcent of a Hill ; 
 and the Garden difpofed in the manner 
 I defcribed, would render it a kind of 
 little Paradise. The Room marked C, 
 
 I propofe to be the Entrance of the South 
 Front, divided by a Screen of Columns, 
 at F. This Room I propofe to be done 
 with Stucco , the Cornice plaifter’d, and 
 Ceiling enrich’d with Ornaments 3 the 
 Walls decorated with Feftoons of Fruit 
 and Flowers, and the Windows and 
 Doors drefied with proper Ornaments, 
 and all the Mouldings, where neceflary, 
 to be carved. The Rooms marked D, 
 B, and A, to be finifh’d with Wainfcot 
 to the Walls, the Cornices enrich’d with 
 Plainer, and fuch neceflary Ornaments 
 introduc’dj as (hall be appropriated to the 
 Services to which thofe Rooms (hall be 
 defign’d. All the Floors to be of cleatt 
 Deal ; the Chimney-pieces to be orna- 
 mented in proportion to the manner of 
 finilhing the "Rooms ; and the Stair-cafe 
 
Architecture. 163 
 
 to be of Stone from the lower Offices to 
 the Attick Story. 
 
 The Attick , or Chamber Story, I pro- 
 pofe to be wainfcoted throughout with 
 plain Wainfcot, or prepar’d for Hang- 
 ings ; the Cornices of Wood, and the 
 Cieiings plain 5 the Floors to be of 
 fecond clean Deals, and the Chimney- 
 pieces plain, or ornamented only with 
 a few Enrichments. There will be a 
 convenient Beauty in the difpofmg the 
 Room over C, either by placing an Al- 
 cove over the Screen of Columns, or by 
 putting it at the other End of the Room, 
 that that over B might become a Dref- 
 fing Room to it. And if the Wants of 
 the Family requir’d it, Lodging Rooms 
 for Servants might be made in the Roof, 
 and a proper Illumination might be had 
 to them by little Sky-lights, or fecondary 
 Lights from the Stairs ; obferving only, 
 that the Floors of thefe Garrets ffiould 
 be laid with Plaifter, for a Reafon I have 
 elfewhere affign’d. 
 
 The external Part I propofe all of 
 Stone, if the Country near would pro- 
 duce it ; or, as I propos’d it, near fome 
 navigable River, to render Land Carriage 
 lefs expenlive, it might, perhaps, be ea- 
 fily attain’d. If fo, I would propofe the 
 Bafement Story, in the Dado Part of the 
 Pedeftal , between the Plinth and String , , 
 
 to 
 
164 Lectures on 
 
 to be rajlicated all round. This would 
 give a Grandeur and Airinefs to the 
 principal Front, and rehder the back 
 Front likewife very agreeable, which be- 
 ing to the North, I would have it en- 
 tirely plain, without Drefs or Ornament 
 to the Doors or Windows. 
 
 I f Stone could not be fo conveniently 
 had, I would have only the Columns, 
 and the Steps and external Drefs of it, 
 and the other Paris of fuch Bricks as 
 were the Produce of the Country ; if 
 Red, the better, becaufe the blank Parts 
 are fmall, and few in number ; and that 
 would be the means of adding a parti- 
 cular Beauty to fuch Parts as are Stone. 
 The Reafon which I affign, that I omit 
 the Drefs of the Windows in the Portico, 
 is, that the Parts are lefs crowded, and 
 it gives an Awfulnefs and Solemnity to 
 the Spot or Situation. If you would give 
 you riel ves the trouble to perufe the 68 th 
 and 69th Pages of my firft Part, yourfelves 
 will difcover how I have appropriated 
 my Defign to that Defcription. 
 
 It may be obferv’d, that the fame 
 analogous Proportions are prefer v’d in the 
 Margins, or Spaces round the Windows, 
 and by adding thofe Feftoons, the fame 
 is preferv’d through the whole Front, and 
 
 the 
 
Architecture. 165 
 
 the Windows of the back Front are fo 
 placed, that the fame keeping of Defign 
 is continued through all the Farts of 
 which it is compofed. At the Ends I 
 have added Windows for the fake of the 
 Profped ; but in the Room over C, if 
 your Alcove is placed there, a Blank muft 
 be made where the Vacuity now is, each 
 Room having fufficient Light without ’em. 
 
 This Plan, if required, might be al- 
 ter’d on the principal Floor, by making 
 at the Eaft End only one Room, which 
 fhould be from the North to the South 
 Front; and would be 30 feet long, and 
 20 feet wide, by making it range with 
 the Screen of Columns, and placing a Ve- 
 netian Window in the middle of the Eaft 
 End ; but then that Room muft be 15 
 ft. high, which Proportion would be 6, 4, 
 and 3, and the Attick Story from being 1 1 
 ft. would be only 8 ft. high over thatRoom; 
 but two Lodging Rooms the fame Length 
 and Breadth, as thofe now are, might 
 be had with this Alteration. 
 
 If by thus altering the Plan, that 
 Room might be had on the principal 
 Floor, it might be objedted, that fuch 
 a Room would be too large for the 
 Magnitude of the Building ; and if the 
 Quality of the Inhabitant fometimes 
 
 required 
 
1 66 L e c t u res on 
 
 required fo fpacious a Place for Enter- 
 tainment, then conlequently Conveni- 
 ency on that Floor would be wanted; 
 and inllead of fupplying thofe wants 
 with more Rooms, one of thofe which 
 now are, would be omitted. It is cer- 
 tain, for a Family fuch Alteration is 
 not preferable to the Plan before us ; 
 but for a lingle Perfon, not over-fond 
 of Company, one ftudious, and who 
 prefer’d a contemplative, ru?~al Life y 
 with few Attendants, to one Generally 
 efteem’d faJJ:ionable and gay, by con- 
 verting that Room to a Library, in 
 which, perhaps, might be his chief 
 Refidence; to fuch a Perfon, that Al- 
 teration would be more ufeful, and 
 the other 2 Rooms of this Floor might 
 be fufficient for his Ufe or Conveni- 
 ence. I would then propofe to make 
 the 2 North Windows of that Room 
 Blanks , that in Winter it might be 
 Warmer ; the back Parlour, markt 
 A, being proper for a Summer Eat- 
 ing-room, in which the Vista would 
 be continued the fame as it now is. 
 
 There are doubtlefs many things 
 may have efcap’d my Notice, which 
 had been more needful for me to 
 Explain ; but as things occur to my 
 Memory, which I think of fome Im- 
 
 portance. 
 
Architecture. 167 
 
 portancc, you will, I hope, excufe Pro- 
 lixity ; too much cannot be faid, if it 
 tends only to render an Undertaking 
 intelligible and univerfally ufeful ; and 
 there are fome branches in many Arts 
 that require extenfive Demonftrations to 
 be comprehended. However, if I have 
 not wearied your Attention, I am care- 
 ful of being too tedious : Therefore 
 
 till another, or a more favourable Op- 
 portunity offers, I beg leave at prefent 
 to efteem my felf. 
 
 Tour humble Servant , &c. 
 
 Read to the Society 
 O&ob, 14. 1734. 
 
 T 
 
 LECTURE 
 
( 1 68 ) 
 
 The Eleventh. 
 
 N Two preceding Ledtures I 
 have endeavour’d, in a par- 
 ticular manner, to defcribe 
 the Beauties of two diffe- 
 rent Situations. Tlie Defign be- 
 fore its affords a Delicacy of Tafte 
 and Invention to appropriate a Spot ana- 
 logous to its Decoration. It is of the 
 Corinthian Order , drefs’d with fuch 
 Ornaments and Garnifhing as are 
 neceffary to perfedt the Compofitibn. 
 Here the Architect muff: be fup- 
 ply’d by an artificial Scene to entertain 
 his Fancy : He muff, by agreeable 
 
 Images of rural Beauties, furniffi him- 
 felf with what is ujeful , and adapted 
 to the defign, fo joining Art and Na- 
 ture together to render the Scene the 
 more delightful. 
 
 The 
 

4 
 
 ^7 n J 
 
2 3 ?£ tO fg 2 [° JC' 
 
 
Architecture. 169 
 
 The firft thing to be confider’d, is« 
 the Ufe to which this Defign is pro- 
 pofs’d to be apply ’d, it being intended 
 for Pleafure as well as a Retirement in fome 
 Garden, or agreeable decorated Spot. 
 Few Conveniencies are wanting, there- 
 fore I fuppofe it only as a Summer- 
 houfe a little remote from fome no- 
 ble Villa y and the Building I would 
 place in fome Avenue leading thereto. 
 It is here in the cooler Hours of Re- 
 flection, a Man might retire, to con- 
 template the important Themes of Hu - 
 man Life ; reclufe from gay Fancies, he 
 might fecrete himfelf, not envying the 
 more External Grandeur of Power, or 
 defpifing the humbler, or lower Clafs 
 of Beings, to whom Providence or For- 
 tune hath been lefs aufpicious. In the 
 filenc Recedes of Life, are more noble 
 and felicitous Ideas, and which more 
 immediately concern our Attention. 
 
 / 
 
 A Man, whofe Genius leads him to 
 Rudy Architecture, may fee in the 
 Viciffitudes and Changes it has under- 
 gone, what Revolutions of oppofing 
 Fates have been in the World ; how 
 the Materials , which have been apply ’d 
 to Erect noble and magnificent Build - 
 ings , Palaces , &c. to immortalize the 
 Name of the Founder, are now crumb- 
 T 2 ling 
 
170 Lectures 0# 
 
 ling into Duft, and perhaps a few Years 
 more may totally annihilate them : 
 How many populous Cities, which once 
 were the Nurfery of Learning , and the 
 Refidence of fiicceeding Kings, are now 
 no more, and even their Names fcarce 
 tranfmitted to us. By fuch Refledlions 
 as thefe he may be led to confider, 
 that thofe innumerable flourifhing and 
 populous Cities, now celebrated through- 
 out the World, may undergo the fame 
 Change, He may alfo confider him- 
 felf as the Offspring of Parents which he 
 can trace but a few Generations back ; 
 and in which no remarkable Tranfa&ion 
 performed by them, worthy of notice, 
 has been tranfmitted to him, to render 
 their Exiftence here of any particularMo- 
 ment or Regard. He may contemplate 
 the Numbers of fucceeding Parents, be- 
 tween himfelf and the firft Being of 
 Human Species from whom he fprung, 
 and look forward, and confider the infi- 
 nite Numbers which may derive their 
 Being from himfelf, and all to undergo 
 the fame Change. I fay, fuch Refledtions 
 as thefe, are always a noble and pleafing 
 Theme for a fpeculative Mind. 
 
 If 
 
ARCHITECTURE. 171 
 
 If from Arts and Sciences , fuch en- 
 tertaining Thoughts may fpring, let the 
 Geographer trace the various Beau- 
 ties of this Terrene Sphere ; let his Ima- 
 gination roll from Pole to Pole , and 
 view ail the diverfifying Scenes of llills } 
 Vallies , Rivers y Woods , Defarts , Moun- 
 tains , and Seas, that he can meet with 
 in Travelling from place to place ; let 
 him confider the UJes, Beauty, and De- 
 fign of fuch a Multiplicity of different 
 Scenes t for Warmth , Shade, Heat , and 
 Gold* in the feveral Climates ; let him 
 trace the Vejligies of once-venerable Ci- 
 ties, the Foundations of Troy and Car- 
 thage, or tjie fam’d Hellice and Burice, 
 memorable Cities on the HelleJpo?it, 
 whofe Foot-fteps are no more, or no 
 where to be found ; let him fearch for 
 the Places of many Iflands, once the 
 Refidence of innumerable Inhabitants, 
 either long fince funk in th z fatho?nle/s 
 Ocean, or chang’d their Stations ; let 
 him trace the pathlefs Face of the 
 Deep , which hath tempted Millions to 
 feek their Fate at the Bottom of the 
 Unmeafurable Abyfs. I fay, let the Geo- 
 grapher expand his Ideas from one 
 Chain of Thought to another, and he 
 will find what Pleafures are attendant 
 upon a Calm undifturb’d Retirement ; 
 
 T 3 what 
 
172 Lectures on ' 
 
 what Tranquillity and Sereneriefs of Tem- 
 per he may poiTefs, thus fecreted in 
 thefe filent Retreats of Solitude. 
 
 If the Earth with its Beauties , fo 
 familiar to us, are capable of fueh no- 
 ble and improving Thoughts, let the 
 AJlronomer expand his Ideas into the 
 endlefs and unknown Tracks of infi- 
 nite Space ; what Wifdom and Harmony 
 appears in the Contrivance, and how 
 wonderful fuch Multitudes of Planets 
 perform their Revolutions at their ap- 
 pointed Periods round their alloted Orbs ; 
 how the Earth’s Eliptick- Motion fur- 
 prizingly diverfifies the Seafons of the 
 Year, by its Diurnal and Annual Re- 
 volutions, and how each Part, in fome 
 meafure, at certain Seafons, from Pole 
 to Pole , enjoys the Sun’s benevolent Beams 
 of Light and Warmth j how each Pla- 
 net performs its alloted Courfe at 
 injlantaneous Periods, and to the feveral 
 purpofes for which Providence design’d 
 them ; and all fubfervient to fome no- 
 ble Ends, of JVifdom , and Omnipotency . 
 When he purfues this Thought ftill 
 farther, and conceives Millions of un- 
 feen Worlds, which may be difperfed 
 through this endlefs Scene of Space ; 
 when he can ftill rufh forward, and 
 fuppofe each of thole Worlds capa- 
 
Architecture. 173 
 
 ble of Inhabitants, and all ferying for 
 the fame wife and providential Ends, 
 with Amazement he can no longer pur- 
 fue the tradtlefs Thought, only have 
 frelh Reafons to adore that Being who 
 firft form’d them, and is pleas’d to 
 make our Exiftence here of fome Mo- 
 ment or Concern with the reft of the 
 Creation. 
 
 Reflections of this kind, are the 
 Growth of Retirement to a contempla- 
 tive Genius ; and the Defign before us, 
 decorated with thofe Embellifhments, re- 
 quires a Situation capable of railing 
 fuch elevated Ideas . I fhall therefore 
 fuppofe it eredted in the Center of a 
 Wood y and each Front to have an' Open- 
 ing or Vijla only the breadth bf the 
 Building. If it were on a little Afcent 
 it would be better, and more advantage- 
 ous for Prolpedt. Not far remote from 
 the back Front I would choofe a Ri- 
 vulet or Canal . The Wocds I would 
 plant with low Trees or BuJkeSy with 
 little Viflas and private Walks ; and 
 thofe left wild and unprun’d, that at 
 Noon-day they fhould receive only Light 
 enough to diftinguilh the Blaze of Day 
 from Evening Shadey there the Chorus 
 of the Birds would afford new Flea- 
 fures, and by difperling Seats, &c. a- 
 T 4 mong 
 
174 Lectures on 
 
 mong the Walks , would greatly add to 
 its Beauty. 
 
 Without the Woods I would have 
 Meadows ftrew'd with various Flowers, 
 which being difpers’d among thofe of 
 the Earth's natural Produce, would ren- 
 der the Glebe more delightful to behold. 
 If the River ran through it, and was 
 difpof d into multitudes of little Streams, 
 ’twouldfdll add to its Beauty, and make 
 the Ground more fertile ; ’twould diver- 
 iify the Scene, and by a Chain of riling 
 Hills beyond, to terminate the View, 
 would make a beautiful Landfcape. In 
 one part of the Wood I propofe a Grotto y 
 and in it a Bath . This fhould be placed 
 in the moft unfrequented Part, fur- 
 rounded with Ever-greens , and the Ac- 
 cefs to it by a declining fpiral Walk, to 
 terminate in a circular Theatre, about 10 
 ft. below the Surface of the Garden. 
 This, by fubterranean Aquedudts, might 
 be fupply'd by the Rivulet, and artifi- 
 cially difpers’d among craggy , mo[[y Rocks , 
 form'd by a skilful Hand, which would be 
 a pleafing Scene to gratify the curious Eye 
 and Ear. The little murmuring Rills of 
 Water, trickling down in diforder’d 
 Streams, would create a kind of melan - 
 chotly mufical lone , not altogether unplea- 
 fant. 
 
Architecture, i 75 
 
 Still to render the Retirement com- 
 pleat, the Walks (hould be a continued 
 Verdure , and fo planted, that fome of 
 them fhould always afford perpetual 
 Shade. The timorous Hare Ihould be 
 protected from the Artifice of enfnaring 
 Men ; and the Birds poffefs perpetual 
 Freedom without Annoyance . Here a 
 
 Mind innocently employ’d by its Starts 
 and Sallies , and its Excurfions into phi - 
 lofophic Depths , by a Propenfity to So- 
 litude, always meets with Entertainment. 
 Every Sprig of Grafs may afford a mul- 
 titude of fine Thoughts, to employ the 
 Imagination 5 and by a Genius turn’d to mi - 
 crofcopical Speculations, a Way is open’d 
 to entertain the Fancy with unbounded 
 Reflections. 
 
 The Proportion of the Defign before 
 us is the Double Cube j a Proportion whole 
 Graces pleafe in Profile, but when a 
 Depth is luppofed to it, is not always 
 fo agreeable. However, the Parts of 
 which rhis is compofed , , difclofes to us a 
 Neatnefs and Simplicity in its Decora- 
 tion, and are diverfify’d in a certain 
 Analogy peculiar to themfelves ; and the 
 Drefs prelerves fuch a Chain of Simi- 
 litude, as renders it plealing and va- 
 rious. 
 
 The 
 
176 Lectures m 
 
 The Front is 70 ft. Length, audits 
 Height as well as Depth is 35 ft. The 
 Great Order extends in Breadth 35 ft. 
 or one half of the Front, which is com- 
 pofedof 4 Columns, and z extream in- 
 fulate Pillafters at the Angle of the Por- 
 tico, 2 ft. Diameter 3 of the Corinthian 
 Order* The remaining 3^ ft. or half 
 Front, is left to the 2 Sides next the 
 Portico. So that the Height being 35 ft. 
 each of the Sides are 17 ft. 6 Inches, or 
 a double Square. The Parts being re- 
 prefented by dotted Circles, require no 
 farther Demonjlration . 
 
 The Portico I have placedonaPedeftal, 
 whofe Height is one fourth of the whole 
 Order, placing at the End a double Pe- 
 deftal for the infulate Pillafier and Co- 
 lumn. This Pedeftal is brought forward 
 from the Range of Columns to the Range 
 of the Steps, after the Antique manner ; 
 and, by placing a Statue on each, they 
 would give a noble Contraft to the De- 
 lign. The Drefs between the Columns 
 I have been very fparing in, not ufing 
 any Ornament round the Windows, be- 
 caufe that will fill the intermediate Spa- 
 ces between the Columns too much ; and 
 to preferve the generalKeeping, I have ad- 
 ded a Feftoon of Fruit, to keep the Mar- 
 
Architecture. 177 
 
 gins or Spaces round the Windows, in 
 the Intercolumniation, as equal as Con- 
 yeniency would permit. 
 
 As fome have raifed the following 
 Objedtions, I propofe to anfwer them, 
 to (hew that thofe little Teeming Er- 
 rors are difcover’d by my felf, and 
 thought no way material to amend. 
 
 Objection the ift. In the Cor- 
 nice of the 2 prec ceding Deftgns, I have 
 not drawn Modillions , nor in this Pro- 
 file of the Corinthian Order . 
 
 ■ • ■ . f 1 -f 
 
 Answer’d. In fuch minute Draw- 
 ings, as the particular Form of the 
 Members cannot be prefer v’d, fo the 
 introducing Dentils , or Modillions , 
 would confufe the Parts in which 
 they are plac’d, and remain unintelli- 
 gible. It is fufficient that the General 
 Proportions are juft, and the minuter 
 may be conceiv’d in the Mind. I am 
 not about teaching a Knowledge of the 
 five Orders of Architecture, fuppofing 
 thofe to be well- underftood by you; 
 Aut it is the Art of Deftgning, which 
 I am endeavouring to cultivate and 
 improve. I am not curious whether 
 a Cornice of the lonick Order, or the 
 Corinthian , be grac’d with Dentils or 
 
 Af> 
 
178 Lectures on 
 
 Modillions , for external Ufes ; thofe 
 things being not effentially necefiary 
 in the Art of Defigning, the Harmony 
 of the whole being the Care of the 
 Architeil to preferve. 
 
 Objection the 2d. 7 he Defigns 
 
 themfelves are finally and internal Con- 
 leniencies have been my leaf care to in- 
 troduce. 
 
 Answered. As to the Magnitude of 
 the Defigns themfelves, I am to obferve 
 they may be extended to what Length 
 your felves would propofe, by chang- 
 ing the Proportion with Breaks, after 
 the manner of my Defign, Lecture the 
 13 th ; where you fee the Proportion 
 I have laid down clofely follow’d, the 
 Parts are analogous to its felf, and 
 renders that Range truly Harmonick, 
 as may be obferv’d in my Defcription 
 of it. And if a large extended Defign 
 was to be introduc’d, in fo fmall a 
 Volume as this Work is compriz’d, 
 the feveral Parts of a magnificent Build- 
 ing would remain unintelligible. 
 
 Objection the 3d. In the Propor- 
 tions which I have laid down as abjo - 
 lute , I have forgot the Conveniencies of 
 Dejigning , and have facriff d Ufe to Pro- 
 portion , 
 
Architecture. 179 
 
 portion , becaufe I would have all the in- 
 ternal parts , as well as external , tally 
 with my Rules . 
 
 Answer’d. The Ufes of a Building 
 which is defign’d only for an Amulement, 
 are uncertain, therefore cannot be properly- 
 appropriated to every Want, or hit every 
 Tafte : It is fufficient that they are com- 
 modious, and ferve fuch Purpofes as I 
 intend them. Thofe who are pleafed to 
 give themfelves the trouble of examin- 
 ing, will find they may be converted 
 to more Ufes than one, and ferve many 
 Purpofes, which would be too tedious 
 for me to defcribe. As to what relates to 
 the Proportions which I have limited, 
 and fince their Publication have been ob- 
 jedted to, I here beg the favour of fuch 
 Objedtor to read ferioufly the 131ft Page 
 of the firft Part of my Ledtures, which 
 I think a fatisfadlory Anfwer to all Ob- 
 jedtions of this kind, as well as thofe I 
 have now endeavour’d to clear, for the 
 better removing fuch Impediments which 
 may prevent young Students in Archi- 
 tecture from having recourfe to Rules 
 in the Performance of Defigning. But 
 to return. 
 
 The 
 
i8o Lectures## 
 
 The other three Fronts I would only 
 drefs the Windows of with an Archi- 
 trave, Freeze and Cornice ; and in the 
 North or back Front have Pediments 
 over the Windows of the principal Floor., 
 opening the Pedeftal which is above the 
 Cornice that goeth round the Building, 
 for Ballufters over the Windows, as in 
 the Front. The Materials I propofe all 
 of Stone y the Covering of the Roof, of 
 Lead , intending it flat on the Top, and 
 the Stairs to lead to the fame for the 
 advantage of a remote Profpedt 
 
 The Plan confifis of five Rooms on 
 the principal Floor, the Entrance being 
 through the Portico at A. The common 
 Entrance to the lower Apartments being 
 under the half Pace of the Portico. The 
 Room markt B is a double Cube, being 
 34 ft. long, 17 ft. wide, ly ft. high, the 
 reft of the Story being only 15 ft. the 
 Floor of the Attick Story over this Room 
 becomes two ft. higher, making thofe 
 Rooms only 6 ft. high, as a Metzanino , 
 or half Story, the reft of the Attick be- 
 ing 8 ft. in the Clear. The Rooms 
 markt C and G, are Cubes of 15 ft 
 The Room D, a double Cube of 30 
 ft. long, 15 ft. wide, and 15 ft. high. The 
 Room marked FI, a Cube of 12- ft. to the 
 
 top 
 
Architecture. 
 
 181 
 
 top of the Cornice, above which I propofe 
 a Cove one fourth of that Height ; which 
 3 ft. makes that Room the fame height 
 as the other. The Paffage markt E, t 
 propofe 7 fr. wide, and to be Groyn'd. 
 The Stair- cafe markt F, 12 ft. fqr. of 
 Stone or Marble, and to lead from the 
 lower Offices to the Attick Story. 
 
 The lower Offices have Light fuffici- 
 ent for any Ufes ; and lying but a fmali 
 part below the Surface of the Ground, 
 the Floors may be boarded, and Walls 
 wainfcoted in fuch Rooms as may be 
 thought neceffary ; and thofe Rooms 
 under B and D, may, if required, be 
 each of them divided into two, and 
 illuminated at the End and North Front, 
 &c. 
 
 The principal Floor to be embelliffi’d 
 with Ornaments in the moft beautiful 
 manner ; propofing the Room B to have 
 an Entablature of the Corinthian Order, 
 fully enrich'd ; the Opening to the 
 Paffage of the North Front to have a 
 Venetian Arch, confifting of detach'd 
 Columns and Pillafters in Couplets, as in 
 the Portico, 10 Inches Diameter, to fup- 
 port an enrich'd Arch, the fame Periphery 
 as the Groyns ; the other Doors drefs’d 
 with proper Ornaments; the Chimney- 
 
1 82 Lectures m 
 
 pieces appropriated to the fame man- 
 ner of Finifhing; all the Mouldings, where 
 necefiary, to be carv'd ; the Ceiling di- 
 vided into Pannels, with Ornaments, &c. 
 anfwerable to the reft of the Room. 
 
 The Room marked D, being at the 
 Eaft End, I propofe to be a Library. 
 The Cornice as the Room B, of the 
 Corinthian Order. 1 propofe the fame 
 Pedeftals which fupport the Pillafters 
 of the Venetian Window, to continue 
 round the Room ; the remaining Height 
 to the Cornice to be filled up with 
 Shelves for Books, ornamenting the Doors 
 and Windows as in the Room B. The 
 Ceiling deck'd with Ornaments of 
 Fruit and Flowers, and the Chimney- 
 piece fuited to the manner of finiftnng 
 a Room appropriated to that Ufe. The 
 circular Part, or Head of the Venetian 
 Window, to be a Blank, otherwife the 
 Cornice of the Room would be bro- 
 ken or interrupted from continuing 
 round. 
 
 The Attick Story intended for Lodg- 
 ing Rooms, to what Purpofes may be 
 thought moft ufeful, I would propofe 
 to finifh in a plain manner throughout : 
 The Chimney-pieces, and Ornaments to 
 Doors and Windows, few, and appro- 
 priated 
 
Architecture. 183 
 
 priated more to Ufe than Decoration : 
 Or fuch Rooms which are mod conve- 
 nient, might be prepared for Hangings 
 with Tapedry, or other Funiture. The 
 Stairs leading to the Flat on the Houfe 
 fhould be over the Paffage marked E* 
 
 From an Eminence thus fituate many 
 agreeable Views might be had to diftanc 
 Objedls, which would afford an amufing 
 Entertainment in the Serenenefs of a 
 declining Sun and calm Air, when Na- 
 ture feems lull’d into a kind of plea- 
 fing Reverie. As this Profile before us 
 is to terminate a Walk in a Garden, 
 
 I propofe, in the Courfe of thefe 
 Leisures, to delineate fome little Tem- 
 ple or Building, with its Plan, fuited 
 to this purpofe. The ancient Romans 
 planted their Plots in this rural manner ; 
 and their Temples , dedicated to their pe- 
 culiar Gods, were difperfed among the 
 Groves and Woods , which Art or Na- 
 ture had made, with Vijlas to them, 
 or fome more fecret Approach, to which, 
 for the mod part, Devotion or Luxury led 
 theMader of the Villa to retire to. In fuch 
 Retreats the Roman Senators were wont 
 to tafte the Pleafures of Retirement, to 
 unbend their Minds from the more 
 weighty Concerns of their Common- 
 wealth; till, perhaps, fatiated with too 
 U great 
 
184 Lectures 0# 
 
 great an Excefs of Indolence, and enner - 
 v cited by Luxury, fucceeding Tyrants 
 claim’d a Superiority over them, and 
 by degrees they loft their Liberty. — 
 Then their noble Palace s, their magni- 
 ficent and beautiful Villa's, their deli- 
 cious Situations were wrefted from them, 
 and at length the whole Empire became 
 a Seat of wild Defolation . 
 
 Yet ftill their Arts furvive, and we 
 may boaft of many noble Genius’s with 
 fuitable Fortunes, who are Copiers of 
 thofe fam’d Romans * Cato and Pliny, 
 Varro and Columella , with their Villa’s 
 decorated in as beautiful, rural, or mag- 
 nificent a manner as thofe of the An- 
 cients. But choice of different Situa- 
 
 tions muft much diverfify the intended 
 Pile. 
 
 — ¥ 0 fame , perhaps, the pie afang filent Vale, 
 Where filver Streams in Eddies glide along : 
 Or elfe the vernal Bloom, or ripening Glebe, 
 Or fertile Fields, with yellow Harvefas crown’d , 
 Seems moft engaging to the wand’ ring Eye . 
 
 — Others delight in long extended Views , 
 
 A noble Profpeft to fame Champain Plain ; 
 
Architecture. 185 
 
 A rifing Summit, or declining Vale, 
 
 Half fcatter' d o'er with Flocks of fleecy Sheep. 
 Others , perhaps , a rude and barren Heath . 
 
 —The Gloom of Woods , andfolemnlofty Groves , 
 The calm Recejfes of a penfive Mind y 
 May be the happy Choice of one whofe Thoughts 
 No empty Glares of Pageantry pojfefs ; 
 
 Or falfe , fugacious Vanities allure . 
 
 Another's Eye the craggy Cliff may pleafe , 
 Vfe* Jhocking Precipice, or uncouth Wild ; 
 Where Nature no prolific Seed hath fhed , 
 Beyond the Art of Man to cultivate , 
 
 -rf 0/ pleafing, dreadful, rugged Scene. 
 
 The boifProus Billows of tempeftuous Seas , 
 May more invite another’s changing Mind y 
 To trace the rolling VefTel in its Courfe y 
 Rais’d on the Summit of the foaming Surge, 
 Now mounting on a Wave, whofe tow' ringH eight 
 Another Wave fucceeding , finks as low. 
 Alternate Scenes , like thefe y hath Nature made y 
 And different Sentiments do each poffefs : 
 
 What one delights, maybe another’ s Pain. 
 
 All thefe the Arch i ted mu ft ftudy well % 
 
 Be well inform'd , what Nature moft requires 
 To fit and tally Art in all thefe Scenes ; 
 
 To give a Greatnefs to the opening Lawn, 
 
 U 2 And 
 
186 Lectures on , &c. 
 
 And pleafing Softnefs to the rural Glade. 
 
 This is the Art’s Perfe&ion well to know ; 
 And he who traceth be ft the different Climes , 
 And mo ft refembles Nature, in his Choice 
 Of Juft Proportion, Garnifhing, and Drefs, 
 Appropriates Art moft nobly to its Ufe. 
 
 A Genius born to penetrate fo far , 
 
 To trace the intricate Labyrinths of Art y 
 And teach Mankind ? improve the glorious 
 L bought , 
 
 Let ez fry Artift celebrate his Fame ; 
 
 His Practice be Example to us All, 
 
 And He doth beft y that beft can Imitate. 
 
 Gentlemen, I hope you willexcufe 
 this Digreffion, when you confider, that 
 Art and Science in general is the End 
 for which this Society was eftablifh’d 
 to improve in. But particularly, as it 
 is Architecture, when I refled: on 
 the Beauty of its Rules , I am led into 
 a kind of poetick Rhapfody ; the conti- 
 nuance of which, as Time and Oppor- 
 tunity offers, will be a Pleafure to me 
 to communicate. Till then, I fhall con- 
 tinue with due Refped, 
 
 Your devoted Servant^ See, 
 
 Read to the Society 
 
 Nov. ii. 1734. 
 
( i8 7 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The T.W ELF TH. 
 
 Y Three preceding Defigns, 
 of this fecond part of my 
 Lettures, have been difpos’d 
 chiefly to a Rural and Plea- 
 fant Soil, I propofe in this to change 
 the Scene for one more Robujl and 
 Ruftick, a Defign capable of fuftaining 
 the Storms and tempeftuous Inclemen- 
 cy of the Elements; it being plain, and 
 the Plan fitted by. its Strength and 
 Contrivance to withftand the Injuries of 
 Winds and Weather ; and its Propor- 
 tion apt to apply to fuch durable 
 Ufes, being the Proportion 3, 2, and 1 ; 
 the Length is 90 feet, the Depth 60 
 feet, and Height 30 feet. 
 
 U 3 
 
 This 
 
1 88 Lectures on 
 
 This Defign I would propofe to 
 place on the Summit of a Hill, a 
 long-extended Vale to the principal 
 Front ; and not far remote from the de- 
 clining Verge of the Hill, I would 
 have a navigable River: Windsor, or 
 Greenwich, or Richmond, orSHooT- 
 er’s-h ill, afford a Scene fomething like 
 this ; and the Profile before us being in- 
 tended for the chief Front, I would pro- 
 pofe it for a South Afpeft to the Vale 
 below, bounded only by the declining 
 Horifon. 
 
 With the Variety of Woods and 
 Meadows, and different Views of the 
 River, I would wifh to have fome beau- 
 tifully lituated Villa's , interfperfed with 
 little Villages and Towns ; in the Scene 
 fome Views (hould be to Paftures 
 cover’d with Flocks of Sheep, from 
 thence to Fields of Corn, in which the 
 ripening Harvefts would afford Delight 
 to the Eye. 
 
 Another Spot, a verdant gradual Rife 
 To Orchards laden with delicious Fruits, 
 
 At once to gratify the Eye and Tafte . — 
 Another Scene , to Groups of lofty Pines, 
 
 The Entrance to fome pleajing , folemn Grove, 
 
 IVhere 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
/lape.jSQ. 
 
 /’riyurr.3. sr hj. 
 
 ...jo- o 
 
 .... S.o..... \ J2. O 
 
I 
 
Architecture. 189 
 
 Where Demi-Deities are feign'd to dwell : 
 Such as the Bard, who fung Achilles* Fame , 
 Defcrib'd : Or Ma ro, of Anchifes* Race \ 
 Or fweet-tongu* d Ovid, in a fofter Strain . 
 Such Groves , whofe lofty Tops afpiring rife , 
 And Jhade in folemn Form the winding Paths \ 
 Thofe ftill Retreats, that footh the penfive Mind > 
 Retir'd fecretely in an Evening Shade > 
 
 Or when the Rays of Light refrejh the Morn , 
 
 Another View the circling River /hews , 
 
 On which the Vejfels , with their fwelling Sails > 
 Among the Woods and Gardens feem to move> 
 Now in a Line diredl, obliquely now. 
 
 Or Line Eliptick, as the Streams , or Wind % 
 Or rolling Tide directs 'em in their Courfe. 
 
 Such a Variety of rural Scenes , 
 
 Mingled with little Villages and Towns, 
 
 Would fill the Eye with Wonder and Delight . 
 
 I would have no Garden laid out by 
 Art, but fuch only as Nature it felf pro- 
 duc'd ; the Vale below would afford all 
 the Pleafures of a diftant View. I would 
 have a little Spot fufficient to ferve the 
 Houfe with Fruits and Herbage. 
 
 Nature would there require no large Parterre , 
 No fwelling Terrace , nor the T dip Bed ; 
 
 U 4 
 
 No 
 
190 Lectures on 
 No Grove to ramble in, in Summer's Shade , 
 Nor Spot luxuriant, deck'd with lavijh Art . 
 Northward I'd choofe a wild , or barren Heath ; 
 Or elfe a Profpeff to fome diftant Sea 
 Or elfe a Group of vafl and ffeepy Hills, 
 JVhofe craggy Summits, with their diftant Views , 
 Alternate liftings, and their diff'rent Shades, 
 Shifting in various Forms from Hill to Hill, 
 
 A wild, romantick Profpett would create . 
 
 When Summer's verdant Fields do grace the 
 Plain 
 
 With wanton Flocks of Sheep , within the Meads, 
 In fporiive Motions, kind of my hie Dance, 
 
 And other rural Scenes to fill the Eye, 
 
 There centers all the Pleafures of the Vale. 
 
 Net fc, when Winter' s Storms the North invade 
 When the wild Waters dajh refifting Rocks, 
 And bear the tatter’d Vefiels to the Shore : 
 
 Nor Rigging, Tackle, Sails, or Mali you fee ; 
 The Winds refiftlefs Force have torn away. 
 
 And drove the fhiver’d Wreck upon the Beach, 
 Mu ft be a moving , fympathizdng Scene . 
 
 m 
 
 If to the jhocking Precipice you look , 
 
 And view the hideous Landfcape, or the Cliffs 
 Where barrenWildnef reigns — No pie aft ng Path 
 T' invite- the wand' ring Traveller to attempt 
 A Place unknown, or an untrodden Wild, 
 
 No 
 
Architecture, 191 
 
 No Cultivation to allure the Eye , 
 
 No verdant Spot, nor azure Violet Beds , 
 
 But Wilds, where Birds of Prey delight to dwell , 
 The rav’nous Vulture, or the tow’ring Eagle : 
 Or Refidence , perhaps , of favage Beafts y 
 Only to propagate and breed their Young 
 Within the Caverns of their craggy Sides, 
 Where the moft Hardy would not be allur'd 
 By Profit , orby Nature's Choice to climb ; 
 
 Such Scenes are Derby- Peak, or Dover’s- 
 Cliff. 
 
 From one end of a Building, thus 
 form’d in Plan , and a Situation, a 
 View half rural, the other half a rocky 
 Wild , or open to the Sea, would af- 
 ford a delightful Variety, a pleafant 
 Landfcape. And from each Front, fo 
 many different Views might be had, in 
 every Seafon of the Year, as would 
 render the Spot always agreeable ; and 
 if Bufinefs required a Refidence in fome 
 populous Town or City , half that Plea- 
 sure might be there enjoy’d, by having 
 feveral Views of thole Landfcapes at 
 different Seafons, taken by a skilful 
 Hand, at the Villa it felf. This would 
 renew the Felicity, to fee a beautiful 
 Vale with all the finenefs of a rural Scene 
 from one Front, and a Building capable 
 
 of 
 
192 Lectures on 
 
 of being erefted at fuch a Point of Sight \ 
 and to the other, the well-defigned Pidture 
 would difclofe to View, all the Horrors 
 of romantick Precipices , or the Incle- 
 mency of the Elements in a fempejl* 
 
 There may be an Objection ftarted 
 to this Defign, that is, Making the Front 
 of the Ionick Order , and a Portico to it> 
 and placing it on an Eminence . I anfwer. 
 That the Front being to the Souths or 
 South- Eajl, and to fo agreeable a Vale 
 below, I thought it more proper than the 
 Dorick Order. And to the Back-frcnt I 
 propofe no Portico ; the whole Building 
 likewife being as plain as it is poffible 
 to compofe one of this Order, or even 
 the Dorick. But then, to add to its Beauty 
 5 n the Vale, the Portico will afford a ma- 
 jeftick Appearance, and render the Build- 
 ing nobler in Afpect, than if it was o- 
 mitted. 
 
 And as I have in the 69th Page of 
 the firft Part obferv’d, that the Ionick 
 Order is the mo ft applicable to Situa- 
 tions of various Kinds, I hope I have 
 not deviated from thofe Rules which I 
 have all along fo ftrenuoufly endeavour’d 
 to propagate in the Application of Pro- 
 portions as well as Defigns , analagous 
 
 to 
 
Architecture. 193 
 
 €0 certain Situations for which a Fabrick 
 is propos'd to be appropriated. 
 
 TmsBuilding is defign'd to be ereCted 
 with Stone 5 which it is not unlikely fuch 
 a Spot may produce ; and if it was pre- 
 par'd from a Qyarry fome time before 
 it be us'd, that it might harden in the 
 Air, the Building would be lefs liable 
 to FraCtures, efpecially at the Quoins or 
 Angles in carrying up, than when Stone 
 is ufed green, juft railed from the Quar- 
 ries. The Venetian Windows, at the 
 Ends, I propofe entirely plain ; and each 
 Front will preferve a regular Affinity, 
 and the . internal Parts have thofe Pro- 
 portions which my preceding Rules have 
 render’d practicable. The Ufes mu ft be 
 fubmitted to fuch whofejudgment, Wants, 
 or Conveniencies more immediately re- 
 quire them, referring the internal Fi- 
 nifhing to the Pleafure of the more 
 judicious Artift. 
 
 It may be objected, That the Dome 
 had been better placed in the Center of 
 the Building from North to South. I 
 anfwer. Its Situation does not require it, 
 having no Approach to the Houfe at 
 either End; and viewing it only in Pro- 
 file from the two Fronts, cannot be dis- 
 cern’d how the Center of it is fituate in 
 
 Depth : 
 
194 Lectures on 
 
 Depth : Befides, one more prevalent 
 
 Reafon, which requires no Demonftra- 
 tion. 
 
 The Entrance at the South Front 
 through the Portico leads to the Room A, 
 whofe Proportion is 6, 4, and 3, the 
 Length being 30 ft. the Breadth 20 ft. 
 and Height 15. The reft of the Rooms 
 of this Story being only 12 ft. high, I 
 have made the Back- flairs mark’d N, 
 the Way to the Room over it, which 
 becomes a Metzanino of 7 ft. high, and 
 the reft of the Rooms of that Story 10 
 ft. high in the Clear. The Rooms of 
 the Ground-floor mark’d B, C, D, E, are 
 Proportion 4, 3, and 2 ; the Length 24 
 ft. Breadth 18 ft. and Height 12 ft. The 
 Room mark’d F, is 22 ft. Diameter, and 
 44 ft. high ; and the Rooms G and H 
 Cubes of 12 ft. The two Stair-cafes 
 marked R and M, propos’d to lead to the 
 Attick Story ; intending that marked R, 
 to go to the lower Offices, and apply ’d 
 to the moft common Ufes, and to be 
 of Stone , the other of Wood. 
 
 The Place marked P, is intended for 
 a Stool-Room, in which excellent Pro- 
 vifion may be made for Conveyance 
 of the Effiuvias of the Soil, to prevent 
 Offence. At the circular dotted Line in the 
 
 Room 
 
Architecture. 195 
 
 Room F, on the Chamber-floor, I pro- 
 pofe a Gallery fupported by Brackets, 
 as are reprefented there, to have a Com- 
 munication from each Stair-cafe to all 
 the Apartments of that Story, intending 
 the Plan of that Floor the fame as 
 the Principal. 
 
 The Front conlifts of 3 Parts equal- 
 ly divided for the Length, and one of 
 thofe 3 Parts make the Height ; they 
 are reprefented by the dotted Circles 
 in the Profile, in which it may be o fi- 
 fe rv’d the Portico is circumfcribed by 
 one of them ; and the 2 fides being equal 
 to the Portico, makes the whole three 
 equal Squares. The Roof is intended to 
 be fram’d with a Vally round the Dome, 
 in order to give Light to the Room 
 markt F in the Plan, the Windows be- 
 ing plac’d at A A in the Profile, and 
 to have 4 of them in Number, this 
 Room having no other Vacuity where- 
 by it may be Illuminated. The 2 fmall 
 dotted Circles which meet in the Freeze 
 of the Entablature of the Portico, cir- 
 cumfcrib’d within the internal Height 
 of the Dome, are only to reprefent the 
 Height of that Room of two Diameters. 
 The reft of the Profile explains it felf, 
 
 or 
 
196 Lectures 0/z 
 
 or may be better comprehended by exa~ 
 mining the Plan. 
 
 It may be remembred, that i h my 
 Ninth Lecture I propos’d to affign fome 
 allotted Proportion , not to be exceeded in 
 the Application, to ufe either external 
 or internal , and this Proportion 3, 2, 
 and i, as far as they relate to Building. 
 The Reafons which induce me to ad- 
 here to fuch reftridted Proportions, are 
 founded on the following Obfervations. 
 An Object who ^Proportions Bulk , or Mag- 
 nitude cannot be ftrictly circumfcrib cl by 
 the Eye at one View, the whole of that 
 Object cannot be comprehended in the 
 Idea ; nor are the Parts fo eafily retain’d 
 in the Memory, when the Chain of Pro- 
 portion is broke by introducing a new 
 Idea, which it mull receive when the 
 Eye is forced to travel from Objedt to 
 Objedt, to circumfcribe all its Parts. 
 Therefore the Point of Sight, or pro- 
 per Center to view all Buildings in Ge- 
 neral, is, where the Eye can at one 
 View fee the Extent of Length and 
 Height, which is to be circumfcrib’d by 
 the Eye in the Focus , or Point of Con-* 
 mergence ; then the feparate Parts. As, 
 fuppofe a Portico , or other diftinft Break- 
 ing, , which compofeth the general 
 
 Keeping of the Defign, thefe are to 
 
Architecture. 197 
 
 be view’d at a nearer Approach, and at 
 fuch a Point only where the Eye can 
 take in fuch Parts as are to be view'd, 
 according to the General Building, in pro- 
 portion to the Altitude or Extent of the 
 Objedt. But, to examine the CorreBnefs 
 of the Particular Members, the Neatnefs , 
 Beauty and Spirit of its Ornaments, the 
 Eye muft ftill advance nearer to fuch a 
 Point where the Rays are not reverbera- 
 ted on the Retina of the Eye, but unite 
 in one Point of Convergence, like the 
 Rays of Light in the Focus of a Burning- 
 Glafs, which unite at a Point determina- 
 ble by its Radius . 
 
 It will not be improper to obferve 
 here, that the fame Diftance required 
 to view the Profile of a Cube, or any 
 other Proportion affign’d, will be the 
 Point of View to a Square in a com- 
 pound Profile. Here Note , That a 
 Building by it felf, independent of other 
 Proportions, fuch as the Cube, the 
 Cube and half, the Double Cube, &c. has 
 alfa the Depth to be confider’d in its 
 Compofition ; and that is depend nc on 
 the Proportion of its Length. Bat in a 
 compound Profile, where the Face of the 
 Building is extended to 5 or 600 ft. the 
 Depth is not to be fuppofed as a ne- 
 ceffary Proportion to that General De- 
 
198 Lectures on 
 
 jGgn; therefore the Cube is then call'd a 
 Square , the Cube and half is call'd the 
 Square and half, and the Double Cube 
 is only fuppofs'd a Double Square in- 
 dependent of Depth. 
 
 Suppose, Jor Example , that a Building 
 is 700 ft. Length, its Proportions are then 
 to be compounded of fuch Parts as 
 will introduce a Noblenefs and Variety in 
 its Compolition ; which, by Breakings . 
 into the Square , the Square and half , 
 Double Square , &c. to preferve fuch Ge- 
 neral Proportions, and by changing the 
 Drefs , or Modus of the Delign, renders 
 that Gracefulnefs requir'd to form a 
 Delign of fuch Extent. And no Build- 
 ing, exceeding 140 ft. in Length, with- 
 out Breaking for the preferving fuch 
 Proportion, can ever appear beautiful , 
 and each Part muft have an Affinity to 
 the whole, and yet be independently a- 
 
 greeable. And note , all fuch Proportions 
 
 are to be view'd for their own particular 
 Graces at a proper Point of Sight, de- 
 terminable by its own Rules, which you 
 may fee by the Delign in my next Ledfure. 
 But when they are conlider’d as a Part 
 of the whole Compolition, they are then 
 fuppos’d only proper Parts of the whole 
 Range, in which each is to be fuppos'd 
 dependent upon the Point of View, where 
 
 the 
 
Architecture, igg 
 
 the Focus, or Retina of the Eye can 
 circumfcribe an Objed 700 ft. Length, 
 which is fometimes fuppos’d at a Pome 
 where the Length makes the Extream 
 Rays tb the Eye an equilateral Triangle, 
 each Angle then becoming Acute, and of 
 60 Degrees. 
 
 Gentlemen, I have extended this 
 Difcourfe farther than at firft I propofed, 
 that I might better inculcate the Idea 
 of Proportion, a Thing fo eflentially 
 neceflary intheArtofDefigning, as well as 
 the Balls of Arts and Sciences, that with- 
 out it nothing can be perform’d to give 
 Plealure to the E^e. And I muft at 
 the fame time obferve, that all Propor- 
 tions are founded upon Rules y and all 
 Rules are dependent on Nature ; and if 
 in Nature there happen fome Deviation, 
 fome Luxuriance or Want, even thofe 
 Ph jenomen A may be moftly accounted 
 for. The wanton Vine may be directed 
 bv Art not to (hoot into fhperfluous 
 Branches, and the more fturdy Oak may, 
 by Rules, be directed in its Growth. 
 Both flow from Caufes- in Nature, and 
 both are to he guided by the skilful Hand 
 of the Artift, 
 
 X 
 
 This 
 
200 Lectures^, &c. 
 
 This Chain of Thought opens to the 
 Mind a vaft Field to entertain the 
 Tongue or Pen of a Philofopher 5 to 
 plunge into the deep Recedes of Nature. 
 
 To trace the Maz.es of this myjlick World , 
 The Form> the Motion ef this terrene Sphere ; 
 The fecret Springs which guide it in its Courfe y 
 And all the vegetative T ribes preferve ; 
 
 The more amazing Structure of our [elves ; 
 
 Or the celeftial Orbs which move above : 
 
 There let the great Imagination dwell , 
 
 And , with the Planets, roll through endlefs Space. 
 
 Pardon this Deviation from my Sub- 
 ject, I muft defer that till another Op- 
 portunity. I am, during the Interval, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tour mojl humble Servant . 
 
 Read to the Society 
 Nov. 25. 1734. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
( 201 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The Thirteenth. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 HAT I might better illuftrate 
 by Example the Subject of my 
 la it Ledture, I have here con- 
 nected together the Profile of 
 a Building compos’d of different Pro- 
 portions, which might be extended to 
 a far greater length by continuing the 
 Range in Breaks after the fame man- 
 ner, this being only 540 ft. 
 
 The Center is compos’d of a double 
 Square, extending 120 ft. breaking forward 
 7 feet, and is mark’d under the Profile 
 with a B ; the Height is 60 ft. the 
 Break mark’d A, is half the Length B, 
 that is, 60 ft. and being equal in Height, 
 is compos’d of a Square ; the dotted 
 “Circles in the Profile are a fiifficient 
 Explanation: The Break mark’d C, 
 
 X 2 falling 
 
202 Lectures on 
 
 falling back from the Break B, be- 
 comes a new Proportion independent of 
 the other two, and is the Square and 
 half, being 78 ft. long and 52 ft. 
 high, and like the middle Part is far- 
 ther defcrib’d by the doited Circles . 
 The next Part mark’d D, is the Square 
 of 60 ft. and a Proportion not attach’d 
 to the Part mark’d C, but breaks for- 
 ward five feet ; its Decorations are ana- 
 lagous to the Center. The remaining 
 part of the Range mark’d E, is a dou- 
 ble Square, its Length 72 ft. and Height 
 36, and falls back from D nine feet ; 
 the Circles explain its Analogy , and its 
 Decorations have an Affinity to the 
 whole. 
 
 This Range might be dill continued, 
 by joining the Proportion F, or three 
 and one, confiding of three Squares, the 
 Length 120 ft. and the Height 40 ft. 
 and, to terminate the whole Range at 
 each End, I would place a Square of 
 36 ft. with a fmall Tower, fupported by 
 Columns of the Corinthian Order, with 
 a Dome on the Top 5 the whole would 
 then make an elegant and magnificent 
 Defign, its Length would then be 852 fr. 
 I at fird propos’d to delineate the whole 
 Range, and to have added a General 
 Plan of the principal Floor ; but the 
 
 minutenefs 
 
Architecture. 203 
 
 minutenefs of this Volume, the Trouble 
 and Inconvenience of folding Plates, pre- 
 vented that taking Place 5 befides , the 
 omitting this Part, will doubtlefs engage 
 fome of you to try what Effedt that 
 Addition will have to the whole Range, 
 and what Beauty fuch Proportions con- 
 nected together will produce. To ana- 
 logize and terminate the Range, the 
 Cupola on the Center mark’d F, is 22 ft. 
 Diameter, circumfcrib’d by a Circle, 
 and is the Proportion Unifon , or a 
 Square. 
 
 The Drefs and Decoration of this 
 Profile have been fparingly applied, 
 and have been my lead: Care to pre- 
 ferve, becaufe the Parts being fo minute, 
 cannot reprefen t the Form of the Mem- 
 bers 5 therefore I would have the I72- 
 genious Theorift take any of thefe Pro- 
 portions alone, and draw ’em to a large 
 Scale , prefer ve the fame general Mag- 
 nitudes, then decorate the Parts in the 
 mod: profufe and luxuriant manner, and 
 fee what Effedt Ornament has upon an 
 elegant well-proportioned Defign. To 
 carry this ftill further, let him take each 
 Part drawn to one Scale , embellifh them 
 with Ornaments even to LavifhtiefSy 
 and differently, then place them toge- 
 ther in the fame Order as they are here 
 X 3 done. 
 
204 Lectures on 
 
 done, view them join'd in one Range, 
 examine them feparate, tranfpofe them 
 to different Places, and in whatever View 
 you place them join'd or feparate, I be- 
 lieve every Part will be found to have 
 their peculiar Graces : Nay, even void 
 of Decoration or Drefs, Proportion 
 muff infallibly give Pleafure to the Eye. 
 
 If you turn back to the 75th Page 
 of my firft Part, Ledture the Fifth, you 
 will find the Cube, the Cube and half , and 
 the double Cube, (Sc. confin'd within cer- 
 tain Limits. I am here to obferve , as they 
 are not confidered as Cubes when join'd 
 with other Proportions to conftitute a 
 R.ange, therefore thofe Proportions are 
 not under fuch Reftrictions as they are 
 when only confidered as the Square , the 
 Square and half, and the double Square, 
 (sc. hut eac h of thefe are under limi- 
 ted Magnitudes : The Square in Pro- 
 
 file lb ould never exceed yo ft. the Square 
 and half 100 ft. Length, nor the double 
 Square 140, the Proportion three and 
 one fhould not exceed 180 ft. Length, 
 (Sc. Thefe are to be obferved when 
 any of them are ufed as Squares, (Sc. 
 in a Range to form a long Extent of 
 Defign. 
 
 Thus 
 
Architecture. 20$ 
 
 Thus I have endeavoured to explain 
 what I intended in my lafi Leffure ; 
 and by thus joining the Proportions, 
 and comparing the fame fingle, you 
 may eafily difcern the neceffity of 
 ufing them in the Cornpofition of any 
 Dcfign. 
 
 The whole Building I would propofe 
 to be of Stone , if the Spot I intend it 
 to be eredted on would with Conveni- 
 ence permit; to the Front fliould be 
 a large Canal or River, about half a 
 Mile diftant; and on the eafy Afcent 
 of a little riling Ground fhould be placed 
 the Profile before us; a Terrace or large 
 Parterre to be the opening of the whole 
 Front, and with a Declivity to the Verge 
 of the Water. 
 
 From a Building thus fit u ate , 
 
 Noble Cafcades and Fountains might be form'd , 
 Rais'd from the Silver Surface of the Stream , 
 
 In wanton Eddies flowing , circling round 
 The verdant Softnefs of its rifing Side — 
 
 Mark , in the Stream , the harmlefs finny 
 
 Prey , 
 
 Sportive , and fearlejs of th 9 alluring Bait , 
 
 With filent Motion cut the yeilding Flood , 
 
 X 4 And 
 
2 o6 Lectures on 
 
 And heedlefs glide along the Jh allow Shore , 
 Untaught by Guile to fear the barbed Hgok, 
 Securely happy in their Element — — 
 
 This Front, thus open to the fruitful Vale , 
 
 The Ends by Woods and Gardens circumfcriVd, 
 Thro 5 which the Vi ft a* s, or more private Walks , 
 Form'd by the skillful Artift in Defign, 
 
 And well- dif pos'd more diftant Views to take ; 
 Or winding Labyrinths, or fecret Paths , 
 Where fcatter'd Temples ft and obfcurely plac' d 
 Within the Limits of fame folemn Grove, 
 
 Or Seats to terminate a Jhady Walk. 
 
 — Here the foft Mufick of the feather'd 
 Brood, 
 
 Whofe warbling Sonnets echo thro ' the Woods, 
 In Strains melodious chant from Spray to Spray j 
 Some nicely binding up the tender Roots 
 In circling Forms , to hold their feeble Young ; 
 Others fit filent, with uncotnmon Care , 
 
 To hatch the fhapelefs Embryo in the Shell ; 
 Another's Care the callow Young to feed , 
 
 Or by Example lead them on the Wing , 
 
 Teach them thro ' tra£Uefs Air to Jhape the 
 Way, 
 
 And Jhun the Dangers common to lhe?n all , 
 
 — Here 
 
Architecture. 207 
 
 Here Nature likewife lavifhly Jhould reign y 
 
 Sport in the Azure, or the verdant Bloom , 
 
 Or blended with the Rofe, or Tulip gay* 
 
 Or more obfcure , within the Violet Bed , 
 
 Wofe Borders Nature varioujly adorns : 
 
 Or mark the yellow Glebe, or ripening Fruity 
 fhe blufhing Peach, or Neutral deeper dfd , 
 
 — -All thefe has Nature made for Ufe of 
 Man y 
 
 His Eye to pleafe , or nicely hit his Tafte 5 
 To mingle Pleafure with his common Cares , 
 
 And make the Toil of Life glide fmoother on . 
 ^Providence fo wifely has ordain 9 d 
 The humbler Clafs of Beings to preferve y 
 To cherijh all the Vegetative Tribe , 
 
 And lead the Animal by Inftindl on 9 
 And all to ferve that nobler Being Man ; 
 What Pleafures may from fuch Retirement flow* 
 Where mingled Charms and Contemplation dwell ? 
 
 Ev 9 n thofe who 9 re born to govern Human 
 kind 9 
 
 Might here feel Blifs to captivate the Mind . 
 
 A s fome Walks would be more fpa- 
 cious, and Vifla’s of large Extent, I 
 
 would 
 
2o 8 Lectures on 
 
 would propofc in fome Avenue to place 
 the other Defign before us, as a little 
 Retirement for Repaft or Eafe, fo that 
 from each Front in the Portico's mark'd 
 A or B, a Shelter might be had, and 
 the Profpedi not interrupted. The De- 
 fign is the Proportion 4, 3, and 2 ; 
 the Front 60 ft. the Depth 45 ft. and 
 Height 30 ft. Th zPortico is circumfcrib’d 
 by a Circle of 30 ft. Diameter 5 the re- 
 maining Parts on each fide the Portico 
 confift of 15 ft. each, and are 30 ft. 
 high, fo that each of thefe becomes a 
 double Square^ the Columns and Pillajlers 
 are two ft. Diameter, the Sub-plinth is 
 one ft. Diameter, which continues round 
 the Building ; the Columns with their 
 Bafe and Capitals are 10 Diameters high, 
 the Entablature two Diameters, and the 
 Bailuftrade one fifth of the height of 
 the Column. The Fronts A and B are 
 alike; the Height of the firft Story is 
 1 2 ft. and the upper Rooms 10 ft ; the 
 Entrance is through the Portico to the 
 Room mark’d C, which is a Cube of 
 30 ft. and to the Room D on the left, 
 and F on the right of the Portico, 
 mark’d A. 
 
 The Room mark’d E, faceth a little 
 Walk, which 1 propofe fttuate South; 
 the Portico A to the Weft, and the 
 
 other 
 

 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 ’ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
Tlirfart/ir /foms e/u/: • 
 
 Toms y'cuty . 
 
Architecture. 209 
 
 other Portico to the Eaft. From hence 
 it may be obferved, that if the Front 
 of the Villa be a South Afpedt, this 
 Avenue I propofe at the Eaft end of 
 it, then the Portico A faceth the Par- 
 terre before the Houfe, which by giving 
 that Walk an ealy Defcent to the P ar- 
 tery e> it would command 
 
 — The more remoter Objects to its View : 
 Perhaps , the diftant Group of woody Hills , 
 Or the more humble Verdure of theN ale; 
 
 The flow'ry Meadows , or the purling Stream , 
 And all the Beauties of a rural Scene . 
 
 The Room C, I propofe to cove one 
 fifth of its Height, then the circular 
 Windows in the Portico come under the 
 Cornice , which fhould continue round 
 the Room at the Foot of the Cove, and 
 be of the Corinthian Order. The Rooms 
 mark’d E and D are the Cube and half, 
 and thoie mark’d F and G Cubes of 
 12 ft. The two Stair cafes lead to the 
 Attick Story, and the Top of the Build- 
 ing. The finiftiing of the internal Part I 
 would propofe to be in an elegant 
 manner ; the Rooms being regular, 
 would admit of Drefs and Decoration 
 more advantageoufly than where that 
 Nicenefs of Symmetry is not regarded by 
 the Architect. The external Part I pro- 
 pofe 
 
210 Lectures on 
 
 pofe to be of Stone, and the cover-* 
 ing of the Roof of fuch Materials as 
 would moflly contribute to add Beauty 
 to the Defign. The Ufes of little Fa- 
 bricks ereded in the Gardens of fome 
 noble Patron of Arts are many, as 
 well as the additional Beauty it gives 
 to a Spot of Ground difpos’d in a re- 
 gular and well compacted manner: 
 where Water can be had eafily, and 
 by Aqueducts convey it from place to 
 place, from one Fountain to another, 
 and lerve the Purpofes which Gardens 
 require for XJfe as well as Beauty , muft 
 render a Villa an endlefs Delight to 
 the Inhabitants, a Pleajure and Felicity 
 which a contemplative Genius can be 
 laid truly to poffefs. 
 
 Temples, Se^ts, Grotto’s, &c. 
 the Embellijhment and Decoration of 
 Gardens , ffiould have a nice Affinity 
 with Nature. 
 
 The filent Groves require a little Pile , 
 
 Not deck'd with Lavijhnefs , nor yet too grave , 
 The middle Path's the fafeft way to pleafe. 
 
 Not Jo the Op’ning to fome dijlant View, 
 
 The Villa, or the Pleafure-Gardens grace ; 
 There let the Drefs Profufenefs border on. 
 
 Be wanton like the Spot , with Flowers or Fruit, 
 
 To 
 
Architecture. 211 
 To fill and decorate the proper Voids , 
 
 And fympathize with Nature and the Glebe. 
 
 The murm’ring Streams , which Grotto’s 
 moftly grace , 
 
 The Mofs, the Shells, the Sea’s productive Store , 
 The calcin’d Mafs rude Variety , 
 
 Require a Samenefs to th ’ external Part : 
 
 The Dorick Pillar’s maffy Strength fupply. 
 
 Its well robufted Form , Rufticks 
 
 Cut by the skilful Artift i»/o Shape . 
 
 27?* frozen Hides refembled , /orm, 
 
 The Sea-greenWeed, /&oPlain or Scallop’d Shell. 
 
 — Thus ev’ry Spot a various Shape affumes 7 
 To garnifh or diverfify /&<? Sco/zo. 
 
 27><? /zw/y This, in That the folemn grave, 
 iVb/ much unlike the various Scenes of Fife : 
 The Gaiety of Yourh’j the lively Glebe , 
 
 The graver Spot’s the Verge of Age and Death « 
 
 My Friends , — could Cuftom be foook off 
 that Yoke of Art, 
 
 Where blinded Fancy guides the fickly Eye, 
 Rules and directs the vain , the weakly Mind , 
 And leads the wandring Thought from Maze to 
 Maze *, 
 
 Could greater Genius’s affert the Right, 
 
 The Beauty, Ufe, Extent, of Na tu rz ’sLaws, 
 
 T race 
 
212 Lectures on, &c. 
 
 "Trace well the unerring Rules which Jhe directs ^ 
 And glory falfer Cuftom to difdain ; 
 
 Then might we hope the my (lick Art to 
 find , 
 
 And joy in being Patterns to Mankind . 
 
 As I am convinced that fomeof 
 You have well conlidered the Neeeffity 
 of adhering to Rules ; I am at the 
 fame time perfuaded, many who have 
 defpifed them will find an unerring 
 Truth diffus’d through all its Glare 
 of Beauty, and will (I doubt not) be as 
 ftrenuous to aflert the Pleafures which 
 are the Refult of practifing them, as I do, 
 who am, with all due Refpect, 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 Tours , &c. 
 
 Read to the Society, 
 Dec. 1 6, 1734. 
 
 LECTURE 
 
( 213 ) 
 
 LECTURE 
 
 The Fourteenth. 
 
 Y Five preceding Leisures of this 
 Second Part , have been on Ex- 
 amples of the Proportion^ which 
 I have laid down in the Firft ; 
 in this I have delineated a Plan and 
 Profile of each. They confift of the 
 Cube, page the 139 j the Cube and half. 
 Page the 155; the Double Cube, Page 
 the 169; the Proportion 3, 2, and 1, Page 
 the 188, the Proportion 4, 3, and 2, Page 
 the 208. The Proportion 5, 4, and 3, is in 
 the firft Part, pag. 124. There remains 
 now only the Example before us, which 
 is Fig. I. which is the Proportion 6, 4, 
 and 3, to compleat the Title I at firft 
 affixed to thefe Lectures, of which I have 
 been fo ftrictly obfervant, that your jc- 
 rions perufal of them will convince you 
 what Care I have taken topreferve the 
 Rules I have all along recommended to 
 
 you 
 
2 14 L E C T U E R S ^ 
 
 you for your Choice in the Compofitiori 
 of Dejigning i whether acceptable to the 
 World, I am uncertain. However it be, 
 if there are no more Blemifhes than the 
 Novelty of thofe Rules to prevent their 
 progrefs, I have happily fucceeded in 
 the Task I had voluntarily undertaken 
 for your Amufement. Situation has 
 likewife been confider’d as a neceffary 
 Branch of Architecture, for the skilful 
 Defigner to appropriate thofe Propor- 
 tions to fuitable and proper Ufes. The 
 laft Defign was fitted to a Sempervernal 
 Spot, this before us is more aptly deco- 
 rated to fuftain the corroding Quality of 
 the Elements. The Length of the Front 
 is 80 ft. the Depth 53 ft. 4 Inches, and 
 the Height 40 fr. equal to the Propor- 
 tion 6* 4, and 3. 
 
 The Length of the Front I have di- 
 vided into four equal Parts ; the Height 
 into two of thofe 4 Parts. The middle 
 Part breaks forward to receive the Or- 
 der above, and confifts of two of thofe 
 four Parts in Breadth, and being equal 
 in Height, becomes a Square, which is 
 reprefented by the dotted Circle that is 
 infcrib’d within the Square ; and the two 
 Sides, confifting of one of thofe Parts 
 in Breadth, and two in Height, forms 
 each a double Square ; thcfe are like- 
 wife 
 
- ob 'wwy** 
 
 
J 
 
Architecture. 215 
 
 wife explain’d by the two infcribed 
 Circles on the Profile ; the reft of the 
 Parts in ay be more particularly exa- 
 min’d by the Scale thereto annexed. 
 The Spot for Situation I propofe — - — 
 
 By Severn, Trent, or Thames*.? ouzy Side , 
 Where gliding Floods in circling Eddies play 
 'thro' flow'ry Meads, whofe verdant Banks 
 enfold 
 
 \ The Silver Surface of the limpid Stream \ 
 the Artift there the firm Foundation lays , 
 Graces and decorates the proper Parts , 
 
 And nicely garnifheth the opening Voids : 
 the Ruftick Center rifeth to fupport \ 
 the gayer Beauties of the Dorian Mode . 
 
 to mingle Art with Nature’s fole?nn 
 Form y 
 
 Not far remote a fteepy Rock Jhould rife , 
 Plac'd in the Center of a large Canal. 
 
 Around its Bafe and craggy Sides fhould grow , 
 In wild Di forder, various Ever- greens ; 
 Blended with thefe , befp angled Shells Jhould Jhine , 
 Refledting Rays to chear the weaken'd Eye> 
 By Beams alternate from the fluid Wave. 
 
 By nicer Art, upon the Summit's top , 
 
 A little Ruftick, well- proportion’d Pile , 
 
 Y By 
 
2 i 6 Lectures on 
 
 By painful Steps the Curious Jhould afcend ; 
 
 Fh' Approach lefs Iteep, lefs craggy than the 
 reft. 
 
 Here , open to the Stream on ev'ry Side , 
 
 An Engine’^ Force Jhould raife the flowing 
 Wave , 
 
 And round the Pile in thoufand Caverns play ; 
 By fecret Pipes , diffus'd from Shell to Shell, 
 A Reservoir collects them as they fall : 
 
 J hence , in one Torrent, Cat abacus defcend 
 With rapid Force , rebounding as they run 
 From Cliff to Cliffy to the difordeP d Stream \ 
 From thence— -in bubbling Murmurs die away. 
 
 Besides thefe Embellilhments of 
 Art to Situation , Nature might find 
 many Beauties to grace the Spot ; fome 
 diftant Hills , or Woods on riling Grounds, 
 or elfe a more open Profpect to the 
 contiguous Country. As Seats thus fi- 
 tuate have the Advantage of being ea- 
 fily fupplied with Provifwn , and ren- 
 dred lefs Expenfive by the Reafonable- 
 nefs of their Conveyance, with generally 
 a clear temperate Air, provided the Build- 
 ing be a little from the River> and on a 
 rifing Ground ; this, by a large Amphi- 
 theatre, and eafy Slopes of continued Ver- 
 dure to the Edge of the River, would 
 
 make 
 
Architecture. 217 
 
 make it extreamly pleafant for a Sum- 
 mer Retreat ; for which purpofe I would 
 choofe to have it as far from a Town 
 as I could conveniently, or at leaft from 
 a populous one. Here might be enjoy’d 
 all thofe Pleafures that rural Retreats can 
 afford to the penfive ftudious Mind ; and 
 few others can be faid truly to poflefs 
 that inward Happinefs and Tranquillity. 
 
 The Plan is of a Magnitude capa- 
 cious for a middling Family’s Refidence, 
 intending the Offices to lie on the back- 
 part, and the common Entrance from 
 thence to be at the Room marked H ; 
 the principal Entrance being defign’d to be 
 at the Garden Front, at the Room marked 
 A. I have propofed the Height of the 
 Ground and Chamber-Stories each to be 
 12 ft. therefore, by dividing the Hall, or 
 Entrance A, by a Screen of Columns, 
 it is form’d into the Proportion of 5, 
 4, and 3, being 20 ft. long, 16 ft. broad, 
 and 12 ft. high. The Room marked B 
 is likewife the fame Proportion. The 
 Rooms marked C, D, E, F, are the Pro- 
 portion 6, 4, and 3, the fame as the 
 external Part of the Building f the Length 
 24 feet, Breadth 16 feet, and Height 12 
 feet. 
 
 Y 2 
 
 The 
 
218 Lectures on 
 
 The Room marked G, is a Circle 
 12 feet Diameter, and its Height 12 
 feet. And the Room marked H is 
 a double Cube, being 24 ft. long, 12 
 ft. wide, and 12 ft. high 5 through which 
 from the back Front to the Paflage M, 
 leads to two Stair-cafes which lie conti- 
 guous to each Apartment, and are 16 
 feet Diameter ; they are feparated below 
 by a Screen of Columns to that mark’d I, 
 and by a Wall to that mark’d K, which 
 I propofe for common Ufe. On the 
 Chamber Floor the Plan is continued 
 after the fame manner, the Stairs being 
 open to a Gallery as a Communication 
 to the Apartments and Back-ftairs ; they 
 may finilli in an Off agon, or Circle , and 
 be illuminated at the Top by an 
 gular or circular Sky-light ; the Stairs 
 being with an open Newel 7 ft. 6 Inches 
 in the Clear, for the more advantageous 
 Reception of Light. 
 
 The Chamber-floor iliould be the 
 Principal ; and over the Rooms mark’d 
 A, B, I propofe to difcontinue the Wall, 
 and make one Room the Length of the 
 Break, which is 40 ft. long ; and by 
 continuing it through the Attick Story, 
 it will be 20 ft. high. The Wall be- 
 tween 
 
Architecture. 219 
 
 tween that and the Stair-cafes is to go 
 through the Attick Story ; fo that Room 
 will be, as - below, 20 feet wide, which 
 makes it a Double Cube, having no 
 Room over it. In the Attick Story, over 
 the Crofs-walls of the four principal 
 Rooms, might Alcoves be made to each 
 Room for the placing Beds, and a Com- 
 munication from the Stair-cafes ; and 
 if required, on the Side oppofite the 
 Entrance, a private Way might be made 
 to all the other Apartments, without 
 paffing the Stair-cafes, and they have a 
 Paffage each by a Door-way to the 
 Stairs. On the Ground-floor a Situation 
 like this might make the Place mark’d 
 L, always free from being oflfenfive to 
 the Houfe, if converted to a Water- 
 clofet by Vents, &c. convey’d in the 
 Spandrils of the Stair-cafe. 
 
 The Building I propofe all of Stone 5 
 at leaft, all th cRuJlicks, Columns, Entabla- 
 ture, Strings, Drefs, and other Orna- 
 ments, and the Parts to confift of few 
 Members, the fewer are lefs liable to 
 Injuries, which Cafualty or Time may 
 produce ; the more plain and Ample 
 they are, be ft fuit the Dorick Order : 
 There is fomething grave and folemn in 
 this Order, with a majejlick mafculine 
 
 Y 3 Afpedf, 
 
220 Lectures on 
 
 Afpect, that renders it pleafing and aw- 
 ful I have chofe to omit Drefs to the 
 middle Part, to give the Columns a bolder 
 Relievo, and to preferve that Afifem- 
 blage of Drefs and Proportion which 
 grace the Defign. 
 
 I have now by Examples ftiewn, 
 that Proportion is abfolutely necef- 
 fary in the performance of every De- 
 fign, and Beauty is founded on it, and 
 both are dependent upon the unerring 
 Laws of Nature. Drefs and Decoration 
 are the next EJfentials to Harmony, and 
 they are dependent upon Situation , and 
 the joint Union and Concordance of the 
 Whole aflembled together artfully , is 
 the Care of the judicious Architect: 
 His proper Choice and juft Compofure 
 makes every Defign pleafing to the Eye; 
 and if the Energy of DeJ'cription , join’d 
 with thofe little Buildings in Miniature \ 
 are capable of giving you a juft Idea 
 of what Importance this Law of Nature, 
 Proportion, is of, to grace and 
 beautify the different Scenes of Situation, 
 I imagine I have nobly aim’d : There 
 the utmoft of my Wifhes extend, to do 
 fomething, that may not only be thought 
 worthy notice, but likewife endeavour- 
 ing to render thofe few and secret 
 
 Rules, 
 
Architecture. 211 
 
 Rules, which were the Care of the An- 
 cients to preferve, even now practicable, 
 and worthy Imitation. 
 
 From this manner of Defigning flow 
 all the Beauties of Architecture. The 
 Modus may be (hifted, extended, va- 
 ried, decorated, difpofed, and methodically 
 ranged into any Form . Thefe Propor- 
 tions may be embellifh’d, garnifh’d, and 
 beautified with Enrichments to Projufe - 
 nefs y or more difcreetly tranfpofed by 
 Rules, juft as the Tafte and Genius of 
 the Architect is directed ; all arifing from 
 that one unerring Rule Proportion. 
 The fine Features , the well-turn’d Arm 
 alone , did not compofe the fine Venus; 
 it was the joint Concurrence of the fcpa- 
 rate Parts, whofe juft Proportions fi- 
 nifh’d the inimitable Piece. 
 
 Proportion! when I name that pleafing 
 Wordy 
 
 In filent contemplative Raptures lofty 
 
 All Nature feems to ft arty and fayy ’Tis here. 
 
 The humbleft Shrub our Admiration craves , 
 
 Its Form and Growth proportion’d toitsStrengtb. 
 Th'afpiring Cedar, or the fturdy Oak, 
 
 By juft Proportions rifeng in their Growthy 
 Held by proportion’d Fibres in the Earthy 
 To bind, fuftain, and nourifh as they Jhcot. 
 
 The 
 
222 Lectures on 
 
 The crawling Ant's proportion’d to its Ufe ; 
 The Legs and Parts are fitted to fuftain , 
 
 Hired y and guide it , when it fieeks for Food , 
 And Power proportion’d to convey it home. 
 The Dog, the Horie, the Elephant, have all 
 Their Parts proportion’d, ea'ch to proper Ufe : 
 The finny Element, the feather’d Brood, 
 
 In thoufand different Forms and Shapes appear 
 Proportion’d, as their different Magnitudes 
 For Ufe , or different Nutriment , as each 
 Provide , receive , or well digeft their Food . 
 
 Laft made in the Creation , finifh’d Piece ! 
 That juft proportion’d, noble Being, Man! 
 How apt each Part is fitted to its End , 
 
 All nicely ferving each to proper Ufe , 
 
 In beauteous Form, and in Proportion juft! 
 
 Mark how the Orbits, equal pois'd above , 
 
 In juft Proportion ftarted at a fFord, 
 
 Keep ftill their Courfe in their alloted Sphere , 
 Nor fly diverging from their proper Orbs y 
 But fwiftly move in their amazing Paths , 
 
 By Powers attractive or expulfive held y 
 Self-balanc’d by P roportion’d MagnitudeSi 
 (Tremendous Thought ! ) their long eter- 
 nal Round . 
 
 The 
 
Architecture. 223 
 
 The ancient Grecian Deities derive 
 From human Fajfions all their boafted Fame . 
 From Strength (Vain Power!) that Hero 
 Mars was na?n'd ; 
 
 And Beauty* Venus’ j Deity proclaim'd ; 
 
 27t Strength and Beauty fade and die away , 
 While just Proportion never can decay,. 
 This greater Power will endleis Ages run , 
 For ever blooming, dnd for ever young. 
 
 Gentlemen, As the Subjedt of thefe 
 LeHures have been a Defcription and 
 Recommendation of Rules to be applied 
 to the Pra&ice of Architedture, and that 
 all Rules are founded on natural and 
 harmonick Principles, Proportion has 
 been that one neccffary Branch on which 
 thofe Rules are eftablifhed; and what 
 I have faid already on that Head, as 
 ail Inducement to your acceptance for 
 pradtife, is fufficient. 
 
 Situation, however fidlitious or ro- 
 mantick I may have defcribed it, falls 
 immediately among the firjl Clafs of 
 the innocent and felicitous Enjoyments 
 of human Life : What a vaft Infight is 
 it capable of giving to a fpeculative 
 Mind, in the Contrivance and Wifdom 
 
 Z of 
 
224 Lectures on 
 
 of Providence! What innumerable 
 Subjects for Meditation, are different 
 Scenes capable of furnifhing the Imagi- 
 nation with ! Companion and Humanity 
 are rais’d by the Calmnefs and Tranquil- 
 lity of the Spot; and the more turbu- 
 lent Paffions of the Soul, which the Ri- 
 gours of the Elements excite , are foftned 
 into a Serenity inexpreffible. 
 
 Architecture is that great exten - 
 live Art that is capable of furnifhing the 
 Mind with a multitude of pleafing 
 "Themes : It is not confin’d in a narrow 
 Orb, nor limited to one fpot of the 
 Earth ; the frigid or torrid Zone may 
 have the fame general Rules appropri- 
 ated to each ; the Glebe in the greateft 
 Prof upon and Luxuriancy y in its full 
 Verdure and Fragrancy y has fet Limits 
 to the Fancy of the Architect, as well 
 as the moil wild and irregular ; the 
 wanton Streams, which form themfelves 
 into a thoufand little Meanders, have 
 the fame Proportions to direft the Ar- 
 chitect in his choice of Defign, as the 
 diforderd Borders of the Ocean, or near 
 the Rocks and Precipices of hideous un- 
 paffabie Cliffs. 
 
 The 
 
Architecture. 225 
 
 The few who have treated on this 
 Subjed have wholly conceal’d this Branch 
 of the Art, Situation , how to apply, 
 decorate, or proportion the Defignj 
 their Aim has been more to perplex 
 the Undemanding of the Reader with 
 difficult and intricate Rules for the far 
 lefs important parts of Architecture* by 
 different Divifions of Parts and Members 
 of no Signification in the grand Branch 
 of that Art, Designing; fo that the 
 great and valuable Parts of it are neg- 
 leded to be fearch’d into, and by fuch 
 Intricacies they meet with in the En- 
 trance, are hinder’d in the further pur- 
 fuit of their Studies. 
 
 I have now gone through fuch Re- 
 marks and Obfervations as I thought 
 might be ufeful in the Courfe of thefe 
 Lectures, omitting nothing which might 
 be conducive to the Inftrudion of others, 
 as well as the Revival of an Art , the 
 Name only much the prefent Efteem 
 of the Age. I fliall therefore conclude 
 with an Obfervation I have met with to 
 this Purpofe. The Author tells you, “ the 
 <c Egyptians in their Hieroglyphicks , ex- 
 “ prefs’d a Man that confin’d his Know- 
 tC ledge or Difcoveries altogether with* 
 Z 2 in 
 
226 Lectures fe, &c. 
 
 <c in himfelf, by the Figure of a Dark - 
 Lanthorn enclofed round, which, tho* 
 “ illuminated within, afforded no Ad- 
 <c vantage of Light to thofe about it/* 
 For my part, as I fhall communicate to 
 the Publick whatever Difcoveries I tnay 
 hereajter further happen to make, I 
 fhould much rather be compar’d to an 
 ordinary Lamp , that waftes and confutiies 
 itfelf for every Paffenger’s Ufe. I remain 
 in the mean time, with due Refpect* 
 
 Gentlemen* 
 
 Tour humble Servant * 
 
 Read to the Society 
 
 Jan. 13. 1734,5- 
 
 FINIS . 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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