P»V4, 
 
A SERIES OF DESIGNS 
 
 FOR AN 
 
 IMPROVED CLASS OF DWELLINGS 
 
 AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS. 
 
 BY JOHN VINCENT, 
 
 ARCHITECT. 
 
 “ EUSTICUS l'llIM.EVAS ARTES EXERCENS 
 VERDS ATLAS ORBEM SUSTINET . 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 ROBERT LIARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY. 
 
 1861. 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 jVos. Estimated Cost. 
 
 1. Double Cottage (brick) with two Bed-rooms .£250 
 
 2. Single Cottage (brick) with two Bed-rooms . 125 
 
 { 265 
 130 
 
 3. Single Cottage (stone) with three Bed-rooms, suitable for a Lodge, or Gamekeeper’s 
 
 RESIDENCE. 130 
 
 4. Double Cottage (stone) with three Bed-rooms. 250 
 
 5. Ditto (stone) with the same accommodation, but varied in arrangement . 250 
 
 6. Group of three Cottages (brick), each having three Bed-rooms . 400 
 
 7. Group of four Cottages (stone), suitable for a Village Street, and a superior class 
 
 of Tenants. 550 
 
 8. Sections of Designs, Nos. 1, 2, 3, & 4. 
 
 9. Sections of Designs, Nos. 5, 6, & 7. 
 
 10. Details of Window (No. 1), and Porch (No. 2). 
 
 11. Details of Finial and Bargeboard, Dormer and other Windows (No. 6). 
 
 12. Details of Window and Lean-to over Doorway (No. 3), and of Porch Doorway, &c. (No. 5). 
 
 13. Details of Dormer Window (No. 7), and of Living-room and Bed-room Windows (No. 5). 
 
 14. Sketches of Chimneys to Designs Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6. 
 
 15. Perspective Views of Designs Nos. 1 & 2. 
 
 16. Ditto ... ditto ... No. 3. 
 
 17. Ditto ... ditto ... No. 4. 
 
 18. Ditto ... ditto ... No. 5. 
 
 19. Ditto ... ditto ... No. 6. 
 
 20. Ditto ... ditto ... No. 7. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 T HE praise, so very generally bestowed in reviews, and tile demand for another Edition, are 
 gratifying proofs of the success of this Work. In re-publisliing it, I am induced to notice 
 some remarks made by one writer, in the course of which he alludes to the cost of the designs 
 here given, and says:— 
 
 “As for the structures which the author is willing—for a consideration*—to erect for the comfort of humble 
 workmen, they are well enough, and deserve the attention of country gentlemen with ample purses and benevolent 
 intentions. The speculator seeking for an investment, or the less opulent proprietor, who, though willing to do well by 
 his dependents, cannot afford to lay out money without a prospect of a modest but clear three per cent, interest, will, 
 however, find veiy little that is suited to their views.” 
 
 Personally, I should be exceedingly indisposed to assist, even in the most indirect manner, 
 a cottage “■ speculator seeking for an investment.” It would be hard to imagine a worse mis¬ 
 fortune, or one more destructive of the relations between a proprietor and the peasantry on his 
 lands, than the intrusion of a stranger, whose sole aim would be—not to advance their interests 
 pr to increase their comforts, but—to screw an exorbitant rent out of the poor, toiling labourers. 
 If there is one point of view, from which we may regard with complacency the laws which 
 impede the sale and transfer of land, it is that they keep off a horde of speculating minor 
 builders, akin to those whose lease-begotten abortions cumber our Agar, Kentish, and Camden 
 Towns. Without these difficulties and those arising from the dubious character of the investment, 
 wherever there was a piece of ground, independent of the principal landowner, there would 
 start up a row of ugly tenements, of the flimsiest construction and most defective accommodation, 
 built without the slightest reference to the wants of the district; and, as might very well 
 happen, placed in immediate contiguity to mansion, or lodge, with that daring defiance habitual 
 to persons who consult nobody’s feelings or interests but their own. 
 
 As to the less opulent proprietor, no man is expected to rush into bricks and mortar beyond 
 what his means conveniently allow, even under the specious plea of benevolence; or to erect 
 more cottages than are required for the proper working of the farms on liis estate. It is suffi¬ 
 cient to see that those already built are made decent and habitable; and with less than this no 
 landlord should be content. 
 
 I should be justified in repudiating the altogether gratuitous assumption that my designs 
 must be carried out only in low-waged districts. The cost of them would not be extravagant in 
 comities, in which the husbandman earns 12.s. or 13s. a week. If I have erred on the side of 
 picturesqueness of outline, or of detail, surely the offence, in a work intended for general circu¬ 
 lation, is one not without excuse.f I advocate good, not cheap cottages; and, therefore, show 
 
 * Playful Reviewer! Of course, he received no “consideration” 
 for the article—almost a column—which he wrote. It was, doubtless, 
 a little pleasant amusement for him, and, in no way, part of his 
 occupation. 
 
 t I hope that, in saying this, I may not even appear to con¬ 
 
 travene the necessity of giving the first place in consideration to the 
 interior. If a question should arise between increasing the size of 
 a sleeping, or living room, and putting some external ornament, I 
 cannot but see that the decision should be in favour of the former 
 and against the latter. 
 
PREFACE TO TILE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 iv 
 
 such plan and arrangement as are most desirable; but it is evident that these might be modified 
 to suit a particular site, or to meet a particular set of requirements with a limited sum of money. 
 Indeed, allusions to a reduction of expense will be found in a foot-note to page 14; and, on pages 
 17 and 18, in the description of designs Nos. 1 and G. 
 
 The cost of a good, plain cottage, if built substantially and with the utmost saving of 
 material, but with the accommodation demanded by our present advanced views, is seldom less 
 than 100?., and, more often, beyond that sum. Under favourable conditions—such, for 
 instance, as bricks being cheap, or a quarry on the property; labour abundant; a slackness in 
 building-operations; a site conveniently lying on a line of railway and near a station, with lime 
 and sand easily accessible; and several cottages being built at the same time —under such condi¬ 
 tions, the cost of each would, probably, be somewhat under 100?. But these are propitious 
 circumstances which do not ordinarily occur; although the want of cottage accommodation is 
 constant and continuous. 
 
 I am not wrong in supposing—for there is ocular proof of the fact—that many cottage¬ 
 building landowners are not insensible to the advantage of spending something (and it is, really, 
 but a little) beyond the strict necessity of the case, in order to produce pleasing objects in villages, 
 which are their own property. To some minds there is as much pleasure in outlay in this 
 direction, as in the embellishment of their own mansions and grounds: and some there are who 
 look upon the good gifts of Providence as benefits to be shared with others, simple cottagers 
 though they be, in the effort to make their corner of the land a brighter and a better place. 
 But your utilitarian, whose organization contains no part so sensitive as his pocket, scouts these 
 ideas, and regards them as little better than the drivellings of insanity. 
 
 There are, perhaps, landowners among the number of persons who wish to get a character 
 for benevolence, without the real possession of that quality—who strive, in fact, to play “ the 
 Samaritan without the oil and the twopence'.” If the rich complain of the expense attendant on 
 increasing the home-comforts of the poor, they must be very little in earnest when they profess 
 to wish to attain that object. The claim, which the agricultural labourer has on the compassion of 
 the landowner, has been in some conspicuous instances nobly recognized. At the same time, 
 the impossibility of making cottage-building remunerative “ under existing circumstances,” is a 
 known fact, and indicates the necessity for an attempt, at least., to change those circumstances. 
 In two ways only could this be done; either, by building hovels down to the level of wages, 
 or, by bringing about a rise in -wages, so as to afford the chance of a fair return for the outlay 
 on a better class of dwellings. There can be no doubt as to which is the more humane method, 
 or the one more probable, in an age that boasts of its enlightenment; in a country which stands 
 in the van of civilization; and at a time when it is, even, the fashion to study how to improve 
 the condition of the working man socially, and politically. 
 
 The difficulty (without positive inhumanity) of building down to the level of wages having 
 been proved, over and over again, by actual experiment, there remains the alternative of looking 
 for a better return from an increase of wages; and this result is more hopeful than would at 
 first sight appear. It is impossible to struggle against the conviction—and, happily for him, 
 the growing conviction—that, somehow or other, the farm labourer has received less than his 
 due share of the profit, derived from the improved cultivation of land and the advance made in 
 agricultural science. By tending to equalize wages throughout the country, a free circulation of 
 labour would, inevitably, raise the price of it from its now lowest rates. Those, who do me 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 the honour of reading the introductory chapter, will see that I take wages to be the best test 
 of a man’s condition, and that I make the increase of them the hinge on which the hope of 
 improvement turns. How can the position of a labouring man be improved otherwise; for his 
 earnings should allow a margin for sickness, and a provision for old age, as well as what suffices 
 for the decent support of a family ? Scarcely any one is sanguine enough to expect that farmers 
 will, of themselves, raise wages. These will still be regulated by the laws of supply and 
 demand; although it may be well worth while to pay a little more for the services of a strong, 
 able-bodied man, than for those of the half-fed spectre that scares one in certain counties, and 
 stands (or stoops) a living proof of the artificial restrictions imposed by the Law of Settlement. 
 
 The evils of overcrowding in cottages, though, in part, a bequest of the reckless improvi¬ 
 dence engendered by the vicious administration of the Old Poor Law, are, in a great measure, 
 owing to the scantiness of a labourer’s pay, by reason of which he is tempted to take in a 
 lodger, whenever he can get a chance. He is, naturally, eager to resort to any means, whereby 
 he may eke out his wretched pittance. This lodging-letting is objectionable on many grounds; 
 the most obvious being, that a number of persons herd together in a manner most destructive 
 to health and morals. Do what we will for the peasant, co-operation on his part is absolutely 
 necessary. When we have done all in our power to remove obstacles, it rests entirely with him 
 whether he will avail himself of the advantages, which accrue to him from an ameliorated condition. 
 Experience suggests a re-assuring answer to any doubts on this head; for, even at present, there 
 is a point below which the English labourer will not descend. Extended knowledge and increasing 
 facilities of intercommunication will do away with the reproach that “ a man is, of all sorts of 
 luggage, the most difficult to be transported.” Machinery will release the peasant from some of 
 the lowest forms of drudgery. The crass ignorance, which now afflicts him and which shows a 
 mind but little raised above the clods over which he shambles, will be pierced and enlightened. 
 He will learn that, with but little effort on his part and a day’s journey at most, he may improve 
 his condition most materially. It is all very well to counsel submission and contentment with 
 his lot, but the laudable desire to raise himself, implanted in the breast of every man, should be 
 encouraged; or, we must accept the reverse of the proposition and say, that it is the whole duty 
 of the husbandman to earn nine shillings a week, and to be thankful that his eyes did not open 
 in a county in which the wages are higher. 
 
 There have been enough, and to spare, of pseans sung over the British labourer; but no 
 one, who sees him and knows him as he is, and not as he is too often painted, can pretend to 
 deny that much, very much yet remains to be done, before he can take a place in the scale of 
 intelligent beings. There is far too much disposition to compare the state of an Englishman 
 with that of a foreigner, and to plume ourselves on the contrast. It would be about as useful 
 to compare a man, who had lost but one leg, with another who had lost both his legs. Small 
 comfort would the former find in knowing that there were others more sorely deprived than 
 himself. The true test would be to set him alongside a man with his nether limbs complete. 
 
 I did not undertake the task of getting information as to the wages of labourers, and of 
 apptyiHg to the returns the teachings of political economy without, at the same time, making 
 up my mind to meet with some hostile criticism, accompanied by “ smiles ” at a statement of 
 facts, otherwise unanswerable. I still venture to think that there is an intimate connection 
 between “ the propagation of the human species and the best means of housing the poor;” and 
 that the two subjects, so far from being distinct, are inseparably bound up, one with the other. 
 
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 vi 
 
 In avowing myself a believer in the dogma of Malthus (and dictate of common sense)—that a 
 man ought not to marry until he has a reasonable prospect of supporting the average number 
 of children born to a marriage—I expect dissent, if not denunciation, on the part of some 
 persons. Sentimentalism, unfortunately, has more than its lawful sway over this question of 
 marriage; and a man, who would narrowly scrutinize the means of a suitor for his own daughter’s 
 hand, sees no harm (especially, if he is a public writer) in Giles or Hodge hoping that his 
 labour will support his future quota of family without any preparation made, or store laid up. 
 Then, there are others who talk as if immorality had but one form, and that confined to the 
 single state; and as if the marriage-rite served, in some sort, as a passport for Heaven. 
 
 Whatever panacea is devised for the ills that affect the condition of the working classes 
 (including that quack remedy, the franchise), the ‘ principle of population ’ is too important to 
 be pushed out of sight; and, however statesmen or economists may differ, this is the ultimate 
 barrier to all their theories. Until man can live without food, the proportion between food and 
 the consumers can never be an unimportant matter. A study of the principle of population 
 shows, too, how, for the most part, independent of government is the condition of our labouring 
 class. With security to life and property and the freedom enjoyed under our mixed constitution, 
 the hewers of wood and drawers of water have far less to fear from defective laws than from 
 their own improvidence ; and, thus, they have, to a very great extent, their happiness, or misery, 
 in their own hands. But, though this be the case, it is not a whit less the duty of the ruling 
 classes to devise such laws and promote such remedial measures, as shall make a life of 
 constant and severe labour as tolerable as possible. 
 
 J. V. 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 T HE interest, taken by tlie wealthier members of society in the condition of the labouring 
 class, is a marked characteristic of the day. Time was when it was necessary to dilate 
 on the duties which the rich owe to the poor; but now these duties are generally acknowledged, 
 and by none more clearly than by the great landowners, who are ever careful to provide decent 
 and comfortable dwellings for the peasantry on their estates. 
 
 To aid in some measure the work of cottage-improvement is the object, with which this 
 volume is published. In the designs given, parsimony is not studied so much as the just 
 balance between end and means, which is the true purpose of ‘ economy.’ 
 
 In venturing to make some remarks beyond the strict limits of a professional work, the 
 author has, perhaps, laid himself open to the charge of having sinned in the face of the caution, 
 Ne sutor ultra crepidam. His plea is, that it is impossible to dissociate political economy from 
 the question of improving the homes of the labouring people, and that his own experience by 
 no means bore out the jubilant tone, frequently assumed in speaking of the condition of 
 agricultural labourers. It was difficult to understand that, as a class, they had benefited by 
 the extended resources of the country, because of the tendency to a rapid increase in their 
 numbers, by which the supply of labour is kept on a level with, if not beyond, the demand. 
 An inquiry —slight and imperfect, it must be owned, but, so far as it went, conclusive — 
 into their earnings established the fact, that these had really been very little (and, in some 
 places, not at all) augmented; consequently, their position can have sustained but very partial 
 improvement within the period popularly selected for comparison, viz. since the introduction of 
 free trade. 
 
 The connection between food and population is evident. If there are more persons than 
 food, some must die to make room for the others, and the due proportion between the two 
 terms must be reimposed. So of the relation between labour and the supply. If the number of 
 labourers be above the proportion of work, some must be without employment, or the whole 
 body must be content with reduced wages. 
 
 The proportion between population and food, and that between the supply and demand 
 for labour, have a most important bearing on the condition of the people. The famous work 
 of Malthus clearly demonstrated the value of understanding the principle of population. The 
 tendency to increase beyond the means of subsistence is ever in operation, with more or 
 less force; and its pressure is severely felt among the lower orders. Of the fact, that these 
 marry the earliest and have the largest families of children, there can be no doubt. No one, 
 acquamted with agricultural counties, can have failed to notice this, and few can have avoided 
 giving utterance to a very sincere wish that, either the earnings were greater, or the families 
 smaller. 
 
 While prosecuting his elaborate researches into the checks to population, arising from vice 
 and misery, in various countries throughout the world, Mr. Malthus discovered the existence 
 
 d 
 
I'llKF ACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 viii 
 
 of a ‘prudential’ check — one, placed by the people themselves on their undue increase, through 
 the medium of provident habits. The efficacy of the last-named check is advocated in the 
 following pages. 
 
 Some statistics are given from the Report of the Registrar-General, which show the 
 comparative frequency of marriage in different classes. From these it will appear, that the 
 educated class are guilty of the inconsistency of practising that which they (affect to) deny; 
 for, let a man confess himself a ‘ Malthusian,’ and he instantly plucks down on his head no 
 small amount of obloquy. The poorer classes are supposed to be always able to find work. 
 They may marry early, and without any provision made for the future, trusting implicitly to 
 enjoy a state of health which shall fit them for labour. But, with the c respectable ’ classes, a 
 totally different system is necessary. They must think how they are to maintain a household, 
 and how they can clothe and educate their children. 
 
 The more favoured classes may be — not altogether unjustly — thought to betray ignorance 
 of the real state of the country by their belief in the existence of c work,’ which possesses the 
 mysterious property of being called forth, whenever required. Yet it happens that, in this 
 highly civilized and wealthy nation, this ‘ work ’ is sometimes not to be had, that some persons 
 die of actual starvation, while others are doomed to a toil, of which the actual, bodily evidence 
 would rouse the strongest feelings of pity and consternation. 
 
 Prudential restraint is a cure for these evils ; and, could it but obtain in the ratio extant 
 in the upper and middle classes, it would benefit the labouring people to a degree, as yet without 
 precedent. To say, that the consequences of prudential restraint would be mischievous, is for 
 the educated classes to condemn themselves. 
 
 The most violent opponents of the preventive check are compelled to search for some other, 
 or to admit that the evils, resulting from over-population, are irremediable. Mr. Doubleday, 
 the most doughty antagonist of the Malthusian theory, in his “ True Law of Population,” 
 brings forward a plethoric check. He has collected facts from ancient and modern history, on 
 which he founds the general proposition that, as luxury and easy living increase, so population 
 decreases. The remedy for correcting the excess of a people is a liberal and generous diet. 
 But this writer has omitted to show how an increase of food is to take place, so as greatly to 
 outstrip the power of increase in the population. He trusts to “ an enlightened national 
 morality, which shall preclude luxury on one hand, and oppression and destitution on the other; 
 which, on one side, shall prevent undue accumulation, and on the other secure to men the 
 fruits of their labour, always sufficient.” It seems more probable that, in the same age and 
 among the same people, who are subject to the same laws and acted on by the same outward 
 circumstances, a greater amount of knowledge would produce, throughout all ranks, results 
 similar to those already found among the grades, superior in culture and position. 
 
 90, Great Russell Street, March 20 th , 1860. 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS’ EARNINGS AND CONDITION. 
 
 S IXTEEN years have passed since the incendiary fires of Suffolk and Norfolk laid bare the 
 deplorable condition of the peasantry in those counties. In the series of letters published in the 
 Times, from its special correspondent, those lamentable outrages were shown to be chiefly the 
 result of low wages, but also of other circumstances, arising partly out of the altered custom 
 of engaging agricultural labourers by the day, instead of, as formerly, by the year; and partly 
 produced by the effect of the Poor Law on their employment, as well as by the enclosure of 
 common and vacant lands. 
 
 The reduction in the price of agricultural produce, occasioned by the alterations in the 
 Corn Laws, had depressed the farmers so greatly that, in order to meet their rents, they 
 were compelled to save in the item of labour. Wages generally were reduced; and the absence 
 of employment, caused by the drought of 1844, brought labourers to the utmost destitution. 
 
 Since that period, and consequent on the introduction of Free Trade, the imports and exports 
 of the country have more than doubled, and the fund for the employment of labour has vastly 
 increased. All classes of labourers ought, then, to have benefited; but, although the wages 
 of artisans and others have been raised considerably, it cannot be said that the rural population 
 have received a jDroportionate share of the national prosperity. The southern counties still 
 retain an unenviable pre-eminence for high poor’s-rates and low wages, showing the truth of 
 the doctrine, that an increase of national wealth does not necessarily ensure the comfort of the 
 people, unless accompanied by the restraint of prudence on their habits. 
 
 The application of chemical manures to the land, the use of steam-power and machinery, 
 improved methods of drainage and cultivation, and the enterprise created by rivalry between 
 men of capital, all these have increased the weight of crops in a remarkable manner. Rents 
 have advanced; and yet, whenever a farm is to be let, a keen contest ensues between proposing 
 tenants. 
 
 IN otwithstanding the increased profits derived from the soil, a rapid growth of population tends 
 to check improvement in the husbandman’s condition. In many counties he is still existing on 
 
 B 
 
2 
 
 (UU X T H \ COTTAGES. 
 
 the debateable ground between poverty and pauperism, oscillating between dependence on parish 
 relief and self-dependence, purchased by ill-requited toil, with no prospect in his old age but 
 the inevitable Workhouse, unless death release him from an alternative so distasteful and 
 repugnant to his feelings, and so degrading in the estimation of his particular section of 
 society. 
 
 Mr. Thornton, in his valuable work on “ Over-population,” 1 gives the following account of 
 the condition of the labourers:— 
 
 “No other part of England seems to have a better right than Lincolnshire to be entitled 
 the labourer’s paradise. * * * * If taskwork be taken into account, a man’s average 
 earnings are from 13$. to 16$. 6(7. a week, to which his wife may, at certain seasons, add 
 10c7. or 1$. a day by field labour.” The practice of allotting to him a portion of land of half 
 an acre in extent adds to his resources. The produce of this may be taken at an average of 
 ten pounds ; and, by allowing a pig to be kept, the average annual value is estimated as high 
 as eleven pounds, or “a fraction less than 4$. 3(7. a week, which, added to 14$. of wages, will 
 make a weekly income of 18$. 3(7. altogether. 
 
 “ About Kelstern, agricultural labourers can afford to eat meat every day; and throughout 
 Lincolnshire they seem to be able to do so pretty frequently. At other times they have bacon 
 (for they almost always eat their pig themselves) ; but their principal diet is wheaten, and 
 sometimes barley bread, dumplings, and potatoes, with cheese, onions, and other vegetables, 
 and tea. 
 
 “ This account of Lincolnshire requires little alteration to adapt it to the neighbouring 
 county of Rutland.” 
 
 In Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, the food of these people “ consists of 
 oatmeal porridge, bread made of barley and pea-meal mixed, potatoes, milk, and, occasionally, 
 bacon.” 
 
 In Dorsetshire, “ bread and potatoes do really form the staple of their food. As for meat, 
 most of them would not know its taste, if, once or twice in the course of their lives—on the 
 Squire’s having a son and heir born to him, or, on the young gentleman’s coming of age,— 
 they were not regaled with a dinner of what the newspapers call ‘ old English fare. Some of 
 them contrive to have a little bacon, in the proportion, it seems, of half a pound a week to a 
 dozen persons, but they more commonly use fat to give the potatoes a relish; and, as one of 
 them told Mr. Austin, ‘they don’t always.go without cheese.’ 
 
 “ In Wiltshire, the labourer’s diet consists, as in Dorsetshire, chiefly of potatoes and bread, 
 but the proportion of the latter article is smaller, and potatoes with salt are sometimes the 
 only food.” In Somersetshire, also, “ potatoes and bread form the chief sustenance of the 
 cottager.” In Norfolk and Suffolk, “ even when employment was abundant, and while wages 
 remained at the old rate of 10$. a week, the peasantry seldom tasted anything better than 
 dry bread.” 
 
 It may be objected that these details belong to a period long past. The actual wages, that 
 are now paid to the labourer, will convince the most sceptical that the account above given holds 
 true in all essential points of the present year. Lincolnshire will be seen to hold a high place; 
 while the eastern, southern, and south-western counties are very slightly improved. In Norfolk 
 
 1 “ Over-population, and its Remedy.” By William Thomas Thornton. 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 3 
 
 and Suffolk tlie weekly wages are nine (and occasionally eiglit) skillings. In Wiltshire, Dorset, 
 Somerset, and Berkshire, they are, in some places, as low as 8s. a week. 
 
 The very interesting letters of the Times correspondent furnish data, on which to calculate 
 how these rates of wages can be applied to the support of a family. In the Times of June 1 1th, 
 1844, we read:—■ 
 
 “ The lowest amount of bread which a peasant requires for his family is estimated at half a 
 stone of flour a head per week, on an average. This is the common consumption, unless the 
 children are grown, when it is more. * * * The families usually are seven or eight children, 
 
 often more, rarely so few as three or four, unless in the case of a very young couple. Let us 
 take the case of a family of five children as a medium; that, with the man and his wife, will 
 be seven persons, who will require three stones and a half of flour per week, at half a stone 
 per head. In these villages the flour costs 2s. 2d. per stone; 2 a family of this kind would, 
 therefore, require to spend 7s. Id. in flour alone. For the purchase of cheese, the next staple 
 article of food, and shop-goods, at least 6$ per head per week is required, to be at all sufficient; 
 that will be 3s. 6d. } which, added to 7s. 7d., makes 11s. Id. per week. But the man’s wages 
 are only 9s. a week; here is, therefore, an expenditure of 2s. Id. a week necessary more than 
 his wages amount to, 'without an atom of animal food. But with his earnings at harvest and 
 seed-times, and cottage allotment, he earns about £9 additional; of this sum, £5. 8s. 4 d. will 
 be consumed in meeting the 2s. Id. per week required over and above his wages, leaving a 
 balance of £3. 11s. 8 d. Now, the rents of the cottages here vary from £3 to £5 a year; take 
 the medium of £4, and the remaining £3. 11s. 8d. will not meet the rent. But where are the 
 clothes, and the shoes, or any little additional comforts, to come from, leaving alone animal 
 food or, as they call it here, c a crumb of pork,’—and leaving entirely out of calculation the 
 chances of illness, or being out of work ? Clearly, shoes and clothing must come from stinting 
 themselves of the necessary quantity of food; and if they indulge in the luxury of c a crumb 
 of pork,’ it must be at the expense of a larger quantity of bread. 
 
 Now, this is where people are said to be ‘well off’; and these are examples of peasants 
 in regular employment, and the best I could find. These, with much pinching and con¬ 
 trivance, with steady labour from day to day, and never spending a farthing wastefully, manage 
 to live.” 
 
 But to come down to more recent times. At the beginning of 1859, a rather glowing 
 account of the labourer’s condition drew forth some letters, giving the reverse of the picture. A 
 resident in a Berkshire village writes :— 
 
 “ The wages of our carters, shepherds, ox and nag men, as well as the labourers in winter, 
 never exceed 9s. a week, and are more frequently down to 8s. per week. The wives earn 
 8tZ. a day, and boys and girls, of the ages of from 10 to 14 years, get 2s. 6d. and 3s. a week. 
 In the harvest the wages average 12s. a week. No farmer in the village will draw coals for 
 the poor, and the plots of land in the allotments are paid for by each occupant. This, with 
 bread and rent, varying from Is. to 2s. 3 d. a week, nearly consumes the poor man’s wages. 
 
 3 It may be remarked here, that the year 1844 is assigned (20th Annual Report) to a group 
 ot wheat per quarter in that year being 51s. 3 d. During the last six years wheat sold as follows 
 
 a group of five years of intermediate prices, the price 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 1S56 
 
 1857 
 
 185S 
 
 1859 
 
 s. d. 
 56 5 
 44 3 
 43 10 
 
 74 8 
 69 2 
 
4 
 
 COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 Most of our people have large young families, and out of a population of four hundred, only 
 nine families are rich enough to keep a pig. Where the people find money for clothes, shoes, 
 candles, soap, &c., is a mystery to me. We have had a great deal of low fever in the village 
 since December, and I heard accidentally that a family were suffering much from it. I went 
 to see them, and found the husband ill and home from his work, and three of their seven 
 children (all under nine years of age) bad with the fever; and the wife, who daily expects to 
 be confined, told me, upon my asking her, that she had nothing in the house but 4 lbs. of 
 bread, and that their master stopped William’s wages while he was at home ill.” 
 
 A clergyman, writing from Wiltshire, says,— 
 
 “ The extent of the parish in which I live is nearly 5,000 acres, without a single butcher 
 in any of the villages — and half a dozen other parishes in the neighbourhood are similarly 
 situated,—for the simple reason that the labourers in those parishes are unable either to feed 
 pigs or patronize the butcher, in consequence of the low rates of wages they receive from 
 the farmers. I reside in a parish (which ought not to be the poorest in the county, inasmuch 
 as it is justly celebrated for the finest cattle-breeders in England, as well as for skilful and 
 wealthy agriculturists) where the regular labourers are receiving only 7s. a week. When the 
 father of a family has to maintain a wife and three or four children, all unable to work, paying 
 Is. weekly for house rent, and Is. 4(7. per cwt. for coal, ho lias no spare money to buy either 
 bacon, mutton, or beef; and as the wages are the same in the parishes referred to, the butcher 
 is seldom seen, unless ‘ at the Parsonage or the Squire’s.’ ” 
 
 The following Table gives the farm-labourers’ earnings in several counties of England. The 
 current rates show more than is actually received, from the universal practice of making deductions 
 —even to a quarter of a day—during rainy or bad weather. It may be imagined, how great 
 must have been the loss on this account during the extraordinarily rainy season through which 
 we have lately passed. 
 
 It may be stated, that the information was obtained from persons resident in the several 
 parishes mentioned, and was brought down to the end of January (1860). This is given in 
 an abstract form, under the head of “ Remarks,” from which the Average Wages arc deduced 
 in the next column. 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 ®aMt of labourers’ Stages in ®totg-nine (Snjlisjj Counties. 
 
 PARISH. 
 
 1 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 BERKSHIRE: 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Lambourne . 
 
 Ss. per week. 
 
 8 0 
 
 Padworth . 
 
 All the farmers pay 10s. (with 
 one exception : he pays 9s.). 
 
 10 0 
 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE: 
 
 
 Bcaconsticld. 
 
 Some 9s. M. and from that to 
 11s. per week. The average 
 is very near 10s. There arc 
 generally a good number out 
 of regular employment at this 
 time of the year [January], 
 who are put to work on the 
 roads, by the parish officers, 
 and get from 5s. 6(Z. to 8s. per 
 week. 
 
 10 0 
 
 Waddesdon . 
 
 From 10s. to 11s. per week.... 
 
 10 6 
 
 (near Aylesbury) 
 
 CAMBRIDGESHIRE: 
 
 
 Chatteris . 
 
 9s. per week. A great many are 
 at the present time out of 
 employ. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Cottenbara. 
 
 10s. per week. 
 
 10 0 
 
 Melbourne. 
 
 From 10s. to 12s. per week.... 
 
 11 0 
 
 DERBYSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Biggin (by Newhavcn).. 
 
 In winter 12s., or 6s. to 7s. and 
 rations. In summer, i. e. 
 during harvest, 14s. to 16s. 
 
 13 0 
 
 Brampton . 
 
 The average rat e of wages paid 
 to ordinary farm-labourers is 
 13s. 6(/., they, of course, main¬ 
 taining themselves. In har¬ 
 vest-time their masters usu¬ 
 ally let to them the shearing 
 and the mowing by the acre, 
 by which the men can earn 
 something more during those 
 periods. 
 
 13 G 
 
 Chclmerton . 
 
 12s. to ISs. per week. The 
 average about 15s. a week. 
 
 15 0 
 
 DEVONSHIRE: 
 
 
 Ashburton. 
 
 In the field, or on the farms, 10s. 
 per week, and 3 pints of cider 
 a day. Day’s work 12 hours. 
 The labourers are all well 
 employed. 
 
 10 0 
 
 Crediton (N. Devon) .. 
 
 The usual wages in this parish, 
 9s. per week. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Exeter (immediate neigli- 
 bourhood of) 
 
 Waggoners, Is. 8'/. per day, 
 with 2 quarts of cider. 
 Labourers, Is. 6 d. per day, with 
 2 quarts of cider. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Torringtou (N. Devon) 
 
 From Ss. to 9s. per week. 
 
 8 6 
 
 DORSETSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Bore Regis. 
 
 8s., 9s., and 10s. per week, but 
 most lv Ss. and 9s. 
 
 S 6 
 
 Buckland Newton. 
 
 Ordinary farm-labourers, some 
 Ss. per week, with house and 
 fuel; others 9s. per week, 
 finding their own house, &c. 
 Carters and Shepherds, 9s. 
 per week, with house, &c. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Compton Abbas . 
 
 From 9s. to 10s. 
 
 9 6 
 
 ESSEX: 
 
 
 
 Barnston . 
 
 From Ss. to 9s. 
 
 S 6 
 
 (near Chelmsford) 
 
 
 
 Chipping Ongar . 
 
 There are few farm-labourers in 
 this small parish. In this 
 place and neighbourhood 
 wages vary from Ss. to 10s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 East Hanningfield. 
 
 Average in this aud adjoining 
 parishes, 10s. 
 
 10 0 
 
 *#* The following particulars are given by the editor of 
 “ The People’s History of Essex.” 
 
 Centre of the County .. 
 
 General labourers, 10s. Horse¬ 
 men, 12s. 
 
 10 0 
 
 PARISH. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 ESSEX —{con tin tied.) 
 
 Labourers, 9s. to 10s. Plough¬ 
 men, 10s. to 1 Is. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Rochford Hundred .... 
 
 9 6 
 
 Northern Parishes .... 
 
 General labourers as low as Ss. 
 
 8 0 
 
 Hinchford Hundred -... 
 
 Common husbandmen, 9s. 
 Ploughmen, 10s. 6 d. to 11s. 
 and 12s.—(the last sum of 
 rare occurrence.) In addit ion 
 to these, they usually make 
 from 51. to 6/. 10s. in harvest. 
 
 9 0 
 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Edgeworth. 
 
 Day labourers, Ss. 6 d. to 9s. 
 Carters and shepherds, 10s. 
 to 11s. Women, 7d. to S'/, 
 per day. Boys, Is. 6'/. to 0s. 
 per week. 
 
 8 9 
 
 Stan wav ■ • . 
 
 Labourers, 9s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 (near Winchcombe) 
 Wick war . 
 
 
 Average price for able-bodied 
 men, 12s. 
 
 12 0 
 
 |: HAMPSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Bentworth. 
 
 In and around this parish, 9s.. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Petersfield. 
 
 Average in this neighbourhood, 
 10s. 
 
 10 0 
 
 HEREFORDSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Bodcnham .. 
 
 (near Leominster) 
 
 Ss. per week, with an allowance 
 of 3 quarts of cider per day. 
 
 S 0 
 
 Kilpcck . 
 
 Taking the year round, 12s. .. 
 
 12 0 
 
 Pembridge. 
 
 Ss. to 10s., with an allowance ot 
 2 quarts of cider per day. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Whitchurch (near Ross) 
 
 Labourers, Ss. to 9s. (A very 
 few get 10s.) Old men, 6s. 
 t.o 7s. 
 
 8 0 
 
 HERTFORDSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 BnMnok 
 
 9s aud 10s . 
 
 9 6 
 
 Thorlev . 
 
 Labourers, 9s. Ploughmen, 10s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 (Sawbridgeworth) 
 
 11 0 
 
 Welwyn. 
 
 Average earnings per week, 11s. 
 
 KENT: 
 
 
 
 Bridge (near Canterbury) 
 
 Able-bodied labourers, 12s. 
 
 12 0 
 
 llawkhurst. 
 
 12s. 
 
 12 0 
 
 Mouks-Horton. 
 
 Ordinary men, about 12s. [01 
 the farm-servants who board 
 in the house-.—Waggoners, 
 yearly, 10 /. and 12/. Waggon¬ 
 ers’ mates, yearly, 51. to 8/.] 
 
 12 0 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE: 
 
 
 Coleorlon . 
 
 From 12s. to 13s. 
 
 12 6 
 
 Lutterworth. 
 
 First-class labourers (such as 
 look after Stock), 13s. or 14s. 
 2nd class „ 10s. or 11s. 
 
 3rd class „ Ss. or 9s. 
 
 Old men „ 5s. or 6s. 
 
 [The wages are rather higher 
 in harvest.] 
 
 12 0 
 
 Markfield . 
 
 Day labourers, 12s. 
 
 12 0 
 
 LINCOLNSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Denton (near Grantham) 
 
 At present, ordinary labourers, 
 12s. 
 
 12 0 
 
 South Elkingfon . 
 
 12s., but a great many labour¬ 
 ers cannot get work. 
 
 12 0 
 
 Ivnaith (Gainsborough) 
 
 Two shillings a day. 
 
 12 0 
 
 Raithby (near Spilsby) 
 
 2s. a day, or 12s. a week, if the 
 weather permits them to get 
 a whole week.—There are 
 many men out of employ at 
 this time [January], and only 
 the best labourers find work. 
 Most probably wages will re¬ 
 main as they are at present 
 till grass-mowing time, and 
 then it is likely they will ad¬ 
 vance 6(/. a day. 
 
 12 0 
 
 Sempringham- . 
 
 (cum Pointou) 
 
 Farm-labourers obtain here ac¬ 
 cording to their ability: some 
 12s. weekly, others 10s., and 
 others 9s. Boys earn from 
 6 d. to S</. a dav. 
 
 10 6 
 
 l> 
 
CO IN TRY COTTAGES. 
 
 PARISH. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 NORFOLK: 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Diss. 
 
 From 8,v. to Os. are the wages 
 
 9 0 
 
 Massingham. 
 
 given, with only one excep¬ 
 tion. The Rector gives 10s 
 9s. appears to be the average 
 wages. 
 
 | 9s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Merton . 
 
 Ordinary farm-labourers, 9s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 
 Yardmen, 10s. 
 
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE: 
 
 
 Braybrooke . 
 
 Labourers, 10s. Housekeepers 
 
 10 0 
 
 Bid wick. 
 
 and shepherds rather more. 
 
 11 0 
 
 10 G 
 
 15 0 
 
 Wilby. 
 
 Lads from 10 to 15 years, 4s. 
 to 7s. Shepherds, 12s. to 15s. 
 
 Somo 1 ().s‘ mill n! Iippq 1 lv 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND: 
 
 Average wages in this parish. 
 
 Bolam. 
 
 15s. M en hired by t ho month 
 have 17s. per week for eight 
 months, and 13s. for the oilier 
 four. Men hired by the year, 
 from 14s. to 16s. 
 
 
 NOTTINGHAMSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Bingham. 
 
 Labourers, 12s. Women, 5s. 
 
 12 0 
 
 Cuckney (near Mansfield) 
 
 or Os. Roys, 3s. or 4s. 
 
 During harvest the wages are 
 higher.] 
 
 Best labourers, 2s. 3//. per day, 
 
 12 9 
 
 OXFORDSHIRE: 
 
 Bloxhain. 
 
 f3s 6'/. Next class, 2s. per 
 day. 
 
 9 0 
 
 9 0 
 
 9 6 
 
 Stand lake . 
 
 
 Woodstook . 
 
 10s., but some only 9s.. 
 
 RUTLANDSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Whit well . 
 
 Labourers, 12s. Managers of 
 
 12 0 
 
 SHROPSHIRE: 
 
 Broughton. 
 
 stock, and Waggoners, 14s. 
 
 From 10s. to Us. 
 
 10 6 
 
 Norfon-in-Ilales . 
 
 10s. 
 
 10 0 
 
 (Market Drayton) 
 
 SOMERSETSI1I RE: 
 
 
 ( heddar. 
 
 Yearly average, 10s. per week, 
 with 2 quarts of eider per day. 
 Able labourers, Ss. to 10s. Do. 
 
 10 0 
 
 Felton (near Bristol) .. 
 
 1 
 
 9 0 
 
 South Pcthertou . 
 
 in harvest, 12s. Aged la¬ 
 bourers, 7s. 
 
 Ss. per week, with eider, and 9s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 
 without. Almost all have 
 cider with their wages. 
 
 
 SUFFOLK; 
 
 
 Aldringham . 
 
 Ordinary farming-men in this 
 
 9 0 
 
 Boxted . 
 
 and every oilier parish round 
 for miles, 9s. 
 
 The best labourers get onlv 8s. 
 
 8 0 
 
 Laxfield. 
 
 Labourers, 9s. Horse-drivers. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Mcndlesham (Stonham) 
 
 10s. 
 
 Labourers. 9s. Horsemen, 10s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Mel ford. 
 
 to 10s. tv/. 
 
 Labourers, 9s. Horsemen, 10s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Rati lesden. 
 
 Some, Ss.; and some, 9s. 
 
 8 0 
 
 (near Stowinarket) 
 
 SURREY: 
 
 
 Great, Book ham. 
 
 )rdinarv farm-labourers, 12s... 
 
 12 0 
 
 Leigh (near Reigate) .. 
 
 12s. to 15s. 
 
 13 6 
 
 SUSSEX: 
 
 
 
 Mayfield. 
 
 Most farmers pav 12?., now and 
 
 12 0 
 
 j 
 
 Tillington . 
 
 _ then one will pay only 1 Is. 
 
 The work is often put out to 
 be done by the piece.] 
 
 10 0 
 
 Uckfield. 
 
 Yverage wages, 12s.. 
 
 12 0 
 
 WESTMORELAND: 
 
 
 
 Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 ’arm-servants hired by the rear. 
 
 16 6 
 
 
 20 /. to 22/. Labourers, from 
 2s. C>(/. to 3s. per day. 
 
 
 PARISH. 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 WAGES 
 
 WILTSHIRE: 
 
 ■ ■ --— 
 
 s. ff. 
 
 Great Bcdwvn . 
 
 Average Ss. 
 
 S (l 
 
 (near Marlborough) 
 
 
 Maiden Bradley (Frame' 
 
 Ordinary labourers, 9s. Carters, 
 shepherds, and all extra ser¬ 
 vants, 1 Is. to 14s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 Westbury . 
 
 Ordinary labourers, 9s. (All 
 round this parish they have 
 only Ss.) Jobbing labourers, 
 10s. Carters and shepherds 
 a little more. 
 
 9 o 
 
 WORCESTERSHIRE: 
 
 
 
 Hampton Lovett. 
 
 (and other Parishes 
 
 Labourers’ wages range from 
 9s. to 10s. 
 
 9 6 
 
 round Droitwieh) 
 
 
 
 Severn Stoke. 
 
 From Ss. to 10s. 
 
 9 0 
 
 YORKSHIRE [N. Riding. 
 
 
 
 Askrigg. 
 
 Agricultural labourers are not 
 (as a rule) paid weekly. The 
 average (when they are so 
 paid) is about 2s. 4'/. per day 
 during the summer, ami 2s. 
 in the winter months. 
 
 13 0 
 
 Egton. 
 
 Ordinary farm-labourers in this 
 township receive Ss. 6ff. per 
 week, and “ diet.” On a very- 
 few days (not above twenty) 
 during the year, they have to 
 find their own “ diet,” in 
 which ease they receive from 
 14s. to 16s. 
 
 15 0 
 
 Guisborough. 
 
 15s. [Coal district.] . 
 
 15 0 
 
 Sessay (near Thirsk) .. 
 
 Ss. a week and food. When 
 they maintain themselves, 12s. 
 in winter, and about 14s. in 
 summer. 
 
 13 0 
 
 Stokcslev . 
 
 From 12s. to 16s. 
 
 14 0 
 
 Y’ORKSHIRF[W. Riding.] 
 
 
 Aberford (near Leeds).. 
 
 Ordinary labourers on the Gas¬ 
 coigne estate, from 10s. to 12s. 
 When employed on farms, 12s. 
 to 14s. During winter, 12s. 
 [Collierv district.] 
 
 13 0 
 
 Bingley (between Leeds 
 and Bradford) 
 
 2s. 6'/. per day, with beer twice 
 a day. On what are called 
 “ dry wages,” 2s. 9ff. 
 
 [These items apply to the pro¬ 
 perties of Mr. 15. Fei rand and 
 Mr. Stans! 
 
 16 6 
 
 riompton . 
 
 (near Knarcsbomugh) 
 
 The yeai ly v, a jes here are 3/., 
 5/., V., 10/., 15/., and as high 
 as 25/., wil h meat and lodging. 
 Women, Is. a day in summer, 
 and luff, in winter. Men. 
 from Ss. to 10s., 12s., and 15s. 
 per week, according to the 
 nature of I he employment. 
 
 13 U 
 
 YORKSHIRE [E. Riding. 
 
 
 
 Sout h Dali on. 
 
 (near Beverley) 
 
 From 13s. to 15s. “ On an ave¬ 
 rage,! he wages arc considered 
 to be 1 Is. per week.” 
 
 14 0 
 
 Evringham. 
 
 (near Market Weighton) 
 
 12s. to 1 fs. per week, without 
 victuals; and 7?. to 9s. with 
 victuals, according to their 
 ability. 
 
 13 0 
 
 Huntington (near York) 
 
 Farm-labourers in this parish 
 are engaged by the week, with 
 their “ meat. 5 ’ Their wages 
 run from 7s. to 9s. per week, 
 for constant work. Others, 
 working “ the short days,” 
 and finding their own “meat,” 
 from 10s. to 12s. and 15s. a 
 week. The nearest calcula¬ 
 tion, on an average, for this 
 parish, is 13s. 
 
 13 0 
 
 I hough incomplete, this Table will suffice to show the existing remuneration of agricultural 
 labour, It more parishes had been added under each county, the list would have been lengthened, 
 without establishing any material difference. 3 The disproportion between the wages of one 
 
 3 This may be readily sccu by the instances of Norfolk and Suffolk, in which counties any number of places would prove the universal rale to 
 be now, as it was in 1814, 9s., or less. 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 county and those of another is apparent; and, as low wages are a convertible term for redundant 
 supply, there would appear to be nothing more simple than to transfer the surplus labour of one 
 district to another, in which that labour would be made available, and so to equalize the general 
 earnings. The prime obstacle to this is the law of settlement, which interferes with the free 
 action of the husbandman, and prevents him from offering his labour in the market in which 
 the best price is paid for it. 4 Minor obstacles are a natural indisposition on his part to leave 
 his birthplace and neighbours ; and, after having been bred to husbandry, a degree of 
 unfitness for, or dislike to, occupations requiring close confinement. Notwithstanding these 
 impediments, a migration of labourers to towns and manufactures does take place; but not in 
 sufficient numbers to relieve the ratepayers, and, by relieving them of their poor’s rates, to add 
 to the fund for the employment of the independent labour left at home. 
 
 All tilings considered, twelve shillings, as weekly wages, would probably supply a man with 
 tolerable comfort for himself and family; the rather, if he be allowed taskwork and have a 
 garden, or allotment, 5 to grow vegetables, &c. for his own use. It is seen from the data, supplied 
 by the Times correspondent (p. 3), that when a labourer earns only nine shillings, and there is 
 ‘ a medium family of five children,’ he can do no more than just provide bread (even with flour 
 at Is. 8 d. per stone) and potatoes, with shop-goods, and sometimes bacon, making it a mystery 
 whence, after the rent is paid, comes the money to buy clothing and fuel. There is no question 
 of paying a penny per week for a child’s schooling, and he has no chance of indulging in beer. 
 As a noble lord once remarked in Parliament, “ beer is a luxury in which the poor toiling 
 labourer cannot hope to indulge.” 
 
 From the tirades constantly directed against their drunkenness, one would imagine that 
 these people were constantly at the beer-shop. Indeed, any one who speaks about the labourer 
 must recommend a garden, in order to keep him from the ale-house , as if he felt irresistibly 
 drawn that way. It is your small farmer, your ‘ navvy,’ and your artisan, who go there, as 
 they can afford the luxury. 
 
 Among the lads and young men in villages, doubtless there are some who frequent the 
 ale-house, but they do so from the sheer impossibility of going anywhere else, and from the 
 absence of anything like amusement or recreation. They know not how to spend the evening— 
 perhaps, when they are at home, they find themselves in the way of the people with whom they 
 lodge. There seems, indeed, to be a design against the rural bachelor; for the custom (still 
 retained in the North) of allowing the young labourers to live in the farm-house being abandoned, 
 the single man is made as miserable as possible; and, if not speedily married, is constrained to 
 turn poacher, or to enlist, or to emigrate. 
 
 Perhaps a man might as well be drinking beer 6 as lolling about with his hands in his 
 pockets, or sitting on the parapet of a bridge, engaged in bald chat with his fellows. Who 
 has not felt the tedium of a wet day in the country ? Yet to the unhappy rustic that same 
 rain is a harder matter; for, in keeping him from his work, it mulcts him of his pay. To him 
 
 4 It makes all the difference in tlie world to every man, pauper or in¬ 
 dependent, whether he is to be held tied to a parish in Wiltshire, where 
 he is now and then, when he is employed, worth 6s. or 7s. a week, and his 
 family commonly less than nothing:; or whether he is allowed to reside, 
 say in the West Riding of Yorkshire, where lie would be permanently 
 worth 1 Is. or more, and his family perhaps as much again. —Supplement to 
 Mr. Cootie's Report on the Law of Settlement and Removal. Session 1S51-. 
 
 4 It must be admitted (as stated by a writer in the Edinburgh 
 Review, No. 161) that the tendency of an allotment is to enable the 
 labourer to live on lower wages. “ Every shilling which it bestows its a 
 supplement to wages, it subtracts from the wages themselves.” 
 
 6 The writer can scarcely be misunderstood as in any—the slightest 
 —degree, palliating so hideous a vice as intemperance. 
 
a COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 vacant, listless idleness is the only recreation, after the day’s toil is ended. Let him have an 
 evening school, or a reading-room—anywhere, so that he be warmed and lighted—in the 
 short days; and a piece of ground to tend during the summer months. If these were provided, 
 few, very few, would be found to take pleasure in swallowing such wretched beverage as forms 
 the staplo drink of the lower orders (when they can get it). 
 
 However public writers may denounce the doctrines of the late Mr. Malthus, it is most 
 certain that those doctrines are (it may be, unconsciously) acted upon by the upper and middle 
 classes. One may appeal to public opinion in confirmation of this fact. How common is it to 
 hear that the young men of the present day are “ coldly calculating ”—that there is a “ false 
 commercial estimate of marriage” only too prevalent among the well-to-do members of society! 
 
 Every reader of general history is acquainted with the fact, that patrician orders invariably 
 decay; and England furnishes no exception to the rule. The upper class, failing to keep up 
 their numbers, are continually recruited from below. The middle ranks give off some portion to 
 replenish the void in the higher order; and themselves, in their turn, receive constant accessions 
 from the working class. The operation of this law is within the knowledge of every one, and 
 leads to the belief that the middle class increase but slowly, and, perhaps, remain nearly 
 stationary, from the difficulty felt in obtaining a living in occupations into which those below 
 eagerly press; and that the enormous addition, made yearly to the population, must be almost 
 entirely obtained from the working classes. 
 
 The unhealthiness of towns and manufactures creates a necessity for supplies drawn from 
 the rural districts; for, although a great number of births take place in towns, but a small 
 proportion of the children reach maturity, despite the sanitary improvements that have taken 
 place. Notwithstanding this absorption of a part of the redundant population of agricultural 
 counties, and in spite of emigration, there is ever going on a morbid increase of rural labourers, 
 which keeps them always in the same depressed state. 
 
 The only way in which the peasantry can be really benefited, is by raising altogether their 
 standard of living, and by advocating a greater degree of personal prudence; but, more especially, 
 in the matter of contracting marriage. The first step in the elevation of the labourer is univer¬ 
 sally admitted to be to improve his dwelling. Provision must be made for the decencies of life, 
 and in course of time a taste for comfort will be fostered. Children, reared in a well-regulated 
 home, are unwilling to forfeit, by marriage, conveniences, to which long use has habituated them. 
 This effect, as already observed, is produced in the upper classes, who are, naturally, reluctant 
 to descend in the social scale, and therefore put off marriage, until they feel able to maintain the 
 position in which they have been educated. 
 
 Marriages take place more than five times as often in the working classes as they do in those 
 above them. Taking the average of 17 years, ending 1857, to 100,000 persons living, there 
 were 2,086 marriages of the labouring classes, and only 392 of the higher and middle classes.' 
 To avow that early and improvident marriages are at the root of much of the misery of the 
 lower orders is Malthusianism—rank and undisguised. Mr. Malthus says, that a man ought not 
 to marry until he has a fair prospect of being able to support the probable issue of a marriage, 
 and that statement is impregnable. It is astonishing that so much abuse should have been 
 lavished on a proposition so clear and undeniable. No one dares to affirm the direct contrary and 
 
 7 Twentieth Annual Report [1859] of the Registrar-General, Table III. a. page vi. 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 9 
 
 say, that as soon as puberty is reached, marriage ought to take place. This question has, after 
 all, been decided in practice by the intelligent classes of the community. The habitual violators 
 of the obvious rule of making some provision for the wants of a family are only the most 
 ignorant persons. The Registrar-General remarks, 8 “ that the general law evidently is, that, in 
 the counties where the women are the most ignorant, they marry in the largest proportions under 
 21 years of age, and lose the largest numbers of their children .” 
 
 The instances of Bedfordshire and London may be cited by way of contrast. In the former, 
 of 1,000 men married, 427; of 1,000 women married, 492 could not write their names; in the 
 latter, the men are 115, and the women 192, who signed the register by marks. Taking the 
 same two, let us see the comparative proportion of minors. In Bedfordshire, of 10,000 men 
 married, 1,175; of 10,000 women married, 2,537 were not of full age; whereas in London, 
 the numbers are respectively, 274 and 1,211. 
 
 This general want of even the most elementary education is conspicuous from the fact, that 
 throughout England, 28 in 100 of the men, and 39 in 100 of the women, could not write 
 sufficiently to sign their names. Some persons are disposed to attribute the use of marks to 
 nervousness on such an interesting occasion, but there is not much foundation for the idea. 
 c Nerves ’ belong to a higher rank. It seems far more probable that no man, or woman, who 
 could sign his or her name, would miss the opportunity of doing so; for any one, acquainted 
 with the peculiar feelings of the lower class, knows well how anxious each is to pass for a 
 scliolard an epithet applied to the possession of the mere acquirements of reading and 
 writing. How the traditions of the Middle Ages linger ! The being able to read was made the 
 ground of acquittal of a prisoner so lately as the reign of Elizabeth; and, in the feeling above 
 alluded to, is traced the idea of the value set on such an ability, handed down to the present 
 day. 
 
 The spread of education, and, springing therefrom, clearer notions of the duties and responsi¬ 
 bilities of marriage, cannot fail to have effect. It will be found not enough that two persons 
 shall have reached a marriageable age, but they will further consider the fair probability of 
 bringing up their children without leaning on public or private charity. It is not pretended 
 that this end will be attained without difficulty; for to postpone present gratification to future 
 good is a trial to human nature in whatever rank of life. 
 
 If young labourers would put by a portion of their earnings, beginning at 18 or 20, and 
 continuing up to 27, or 28 years of age, they would have a little fund to start with on their 
 marriage, besides that they would acquire experience, and learn practically the lessons of 
 patience and self-denial. A similar delay would also benefit the other sex. As domestic 
 servants, when treated with that kindness which is but their due, they would not hastily quit 
 a home m which their food and lodging are superior to what they can expect in a cottage. 
 These could also, by their savings, add to the joint fund; and marriage, undertaken under such 
 auspices, could not but have a far better prospect of happiness than if contracted at a boy-and- 
 girl age. The children of these deferred unions would be more carefully taught; and, with the 
 examples of prudence and forethought set them by their parents, they would be likely to imitate 
 those virtues in their own lives. To give the sober, steady, industrious labourer a fair chance, 
 there must be an end to the scheme of coercing him into marriage, by making the position of a 
 
 6 Twentieth Annual Report [1S59] of the Registrar-General, page vii. 
 1 ’ 
 
Ill 
 
 COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 single man as intolerable as possible. Any plan of cottage-improvement will be imperfect which 
 docs not include a provision for the unmarried husbandman, as well as for the older and more 
 established Poor Law pet, the married man with seven or eight children. 
 
 Since mechanical inventions have so greatly superseded manual labour, there is the greater 
 need for inculcating this branch of prudence. A labourer, with a young family rising around 
 him, is as much c bound to the soil ’ as any Villain of feudal times : he has forged his owu 
 chain, and must work at the oar for life. It would not be difficult to distort these remarks 
 into opposition to marriage at all for working men until they are advanced in years. This has 
 not been said, or implied. Let agricultural labourers marry at 20, if their earnings allow them 
 to maintain, by their own exertions, a wife and family of the ordinary average number of 
 children. All that is objected to, is their bringing helpless, hapless beings into existence, the 
 burden of whose support is thrust on the shoulders of other people. To some minds, those 
 unthinking parents, who have neglected these considerations and are, therefore, suffering from their 
 imprudence, will appear to be martyrs, weighed down by misfortunes, which are attributable to 
 indirect taxation, to having no voice in the election of representatives, to something—anything 
 but the real cause. 
 
 The power to acquire property has great effect on the character in supplying an aim to the 
 practice of frugality; but, in the case of the agricultural labourer, the cost of transferring land 
 is an insuperable barrier to the purchase of a plot of ground on which he could gain an 
 independent living. No hope can be held out to the peasant of raising himself to a position 
 other than that of added comfort afforded by his savings, 9 which, seeing the price paid for his 
 labour, can never be considerable. 
 
 The influence of education in raising the habits of the working class is strongly urged by 
 political economists. It must embrace something more than reading and writing. At present, 
 having conveyed even these very partially, its results are scarcely discernible. Education should 
 enable a man to think and act for himself, and to weigh methods of conduct against their 
 consequences. The knowledge of a few plain and practical truths would render him less liable 
 to fall a prey to the fluent eloquence of a c people’s friend.’ He would learn how very 
 slightly his condition -would be affected by any share of political power, and how almost 
 entirely on himself, on his own exertions—his own industry, frugality, and prudence—does his 
 fortune depend; how no taxation, direct or indirect, can affect him half so much as the tax 
 which he may voluntarily lay on himself by intemperance, or any other of the forms of 
 multiform improvidence. 
 
 Dr. Chalmers has ably pointed out, that in the elevation of the people the clergy may play 
 a conspicuous and an honourable part. While setting forth those transcendent interests which 
 relate to a future life, they may direct the attention of their flocks to “ secondary and subordinate 
 blessings.” The discipline enjoined by Christianity, the looking to distant consequences, and 
 the refinement of taste, caught from its precepts, form “ the best guarantees against that 
 
 impetuous appetency, which first leads to early marriages, and afterwards lands in squalid 
 
 destitution, the teeming families that spring from them.” 10 
 
 It is most important that every effort, made by the labourer himself, and by those who wish 
 
 9 In the 16,000 parishes of England and Wales there are only 621 savings-banks; and, out of this number, 33S arc open only one day in. each 
 ireek for one or two hours. 10 On Political Economy, page 421. 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 11 
 
 to ameliorate his condition, should have for its end his independence. It is impossible to 
 exaggerate the good produced by the rich taking a personal interest in the poor, a feature so 
 active and prominent in the social character of the age. Still, admitting this, and to the 
 greatest extent, it may be owned that it is not quite satisfactory to find that the rental of a 
 cottage is looked upon more as a favour to the occupant, than as a fair exchange between him 
 and the proprietor. That is not an equitable bargain, which makes one take less than his due 
 in order to benefit the other; as there is implied in it a sense of dependence. It would be better 
 that the landowner should receive for his outlay a fair return, which the labourer should be able 
 to pay out of his earnings. As the case stands, the cottager can live on lower wages, because 
 the landowner pays part of his rent. 
 
 The interest of the resident population, no less than that of the proprietor, dictates that 
 no cottages should be added to those already built in a parish, in which the numbers are in 
 excess of profitable employment; as any surplus, however small, must inevitably depress the 
 whole community, and reduce them to a low level of wages. It not unfrequently happens that 
 in one county there is ample and remunerative employment for the whole class of labourers, 
 while in an adjoining county (and even sometimes in a neighbouring parish) the lowest rate of 
 wages is paid. And this state of things continues, when a free circulation of labour would 
 benefit all parties. Every independent labourer moved away would make room for a pauper; 
 the hands that are wanted for the extension of commerce and manufactures would be supplied; 
 the ratepayers would be relieved, and pauperism restricted to the tender in years, the enfeebled 
 by age, and those incapacitated by mental or bodily infirmity. 
 
 That wages are regulated entirely by the proportion between the number of workmen and 
 the work to be done, and that they have no dependence on the price of food, is plain from the 
 fact, that, whenever farming is brought into contact w r ith mines and manufactures, the earnings 
 of labourers are increased, although the cost of necessaries is alike throughout the country. 
 
 The theory of Malthus shows that no improvement can take place in the condition of the 
 people, apart from their general intelligence, which leads to the formation of provident habits. 
 That -writer has proved, that if the labouring class—and they alone have the power—adjust the 
 supply of the article in -which they deal to the demand, they must obtain high wages, which 
 will place within their reach the conveniences and some of the luxuries of life. If, on the other 
 hand, they, or the great majority of them, abjure habits of prudential restraint; if they marry 
 early, have large families, and thus add to their now excessive numbers, no development of the 
 resources of the country and no increase of wealth can permanently benefit them. 
 
 The tendency of population to increase faster than the means of subsistence, is known and 
 admitted. Therefore, while doing all in our power to raise the absolute quantity of provisions, 
 we must endeavour at the same time to keep population somewhat behind, for in this way and 
 no other, can the comforts of the classes, dependent on their labour, be effectually secured. 
 
 Q 
 
P E A C TI C A L B E M A B K S. 
 
 O BVIOUSLY, cottages should be erected, where required—on, or near to farms. It can 
 scarcely be necessary to say that pure air and good water are the first essentials in every 
 dwelling. In all ages of the world these two points have been regarded. It has been reserved 
 for our own day to select sites of buildings for human habitation, in which little, or no attention 
 is paid to one, or the other. 
 
 A great desideratum is, that cottages should adjoin a public road, both for the convenience 
 and the cheerfulness of the occupants. Besides, next to churches they form the feature of 
 English country scenery. Mansions are usually removed to some distance from the high road 
 for the sake of retirement and seclusion, and thus rarely form more than distant objects in the 
 landscape. Cottages, on the other hand, occur most frequently and agreeably in the immediate 
 foreground; and therefore, though simple, they should exhibit picturesqueness of outline. 
 
 There is positive pain felt on seeing a row of cottages built in, what has been aptly 
 •' • ■ the ‘pigeon-hole style,’ with six or eight feet of garden-ground in front, 
 
 hemmed in by a neat railing. Economy is pleaded in favour of these chill-striking buildings; 
 but it may be doubted, in many cases, whether even this has been realized. There is something 
 of the character of compulsory charity about them, instead of the hearty, spontaneous goodwill 
 which the proprietor should feel towards his more lowly-placed countrymen. 
 
 Putting out of sight the general question of not offending public taste (a duty incumbent 
 on all who build), it is surely desirable to give even a humble peasant something pleasing to 
 ‘ look on,’ as he returns home after his day’s labour. The dictum of Lord Bacon, that “ houses 
 are built to live in and not to look on,” is quoted, in support of his own cold views, by 
 many a utilitarian who ignores the context, “ therefore let use be preferred before uniformity, 
 except where both may be had.” 
 
 Assuming that no one will expect human beings to live without pure air and good water, 
 we may go on to notice that all the rainfall should be received, filtered, and duly preserved for 
 use. Any of the cottages in this book would receive on the roof sufficient rain to afford an 
 ample supply for daily consumption, even without the subsidiary aid of well-water, which is to 
 be considered absolutely necessary. The rain-water may flow into a tank beneath the ground, 
 or into a cistern. 
 
 A cottage should be placed (when practicable) on the ridge of a gentle slope, in order to 
 ding dry by having a fall for the surface-water each way. The immediate neigh¬ 
 bourhood of large and lofty trees should be avoided, but these at a little distance on the north 
 and north-west form a screen from wind and storms. The aspect should be such as to obtain 
 
 11 The salient points of the subject arc here alone 
 fatigue, without instructing the non-professional reader. 
 
 touched upon, and the endeavour is made to avoid, as far as possible, technicalities, which 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 13 
 
 for tlie living-room the whole of the afternoon light, as this economizes candle, especially when 
 the days are short. When there are windows on two sides of the room, they should face, 
 respectively, south and west. If there be only one window, it should face south-west. In 
 double cottages it is evident that a compromise must be effected, and as near an approach as 
 possible made to the arrangement mentioned. 
 
 The foundation is an all-important item for consideration. If the soil be not gravelly, or 
 stony, an artificial substratum must be formed with concrete, about a foot thick, and six inches 
 wider on each side than the lowest footing-course. The main object being to prevent partial, 
 or unequal settlements, the depth of the footings will vary according to the nature of the soil; 
 but two feet, or two feet six inches, are usual. The ground enclosed by the walls underneath 
 the floor should be cleared to a depth of not less than a foot below the underside of the joists. 
 Iron gratings in the walls will allow a circulation of air and preserve the timber from decay. 
 One or two courses of slate, to keep the damp from rising, must be laid entirely through the 
 walls at the floor-level. 
 
 The material for the walls would naturally be that to be found in the locality. There 
 seems no necessity, in these days of easy intercommunication, to resort to building cottages of 
 mud, or clay. However a Devonshire man may be disposed to sing the praises of cob houses, 
 it can scarcely be maintained, that the time consumed in their erection, and the unsatisfactory 
 character of the material, are not arguments against the employment of cob. 
 
 When walls are built of hollow bride , warmth and comfort are obtained by effectually 
 excluding the damp. Ordinary bricks may be used in several ways to obtain hollow walls. One 
 method is by placing them on edge, alternately lengthwise and endwise, or stretcher and header. 
 Another is, a course of stretchers on edge, inside and out, leaving a space of three inches, and 
 this course is covered by one of headers, laid in the ordinary way, and so on alternately. 
 Mr. Roberts, in his “ Dwellings for the Labouring Classes,” mentions a plan of using hollow 
 bricks made wedge-shaped, and bonded longitudinally over each other, so that cavities run 
 parallel through every course of bricks, giving a double security against moisture, as the joints 
 are all broken, and there are no headers to pass through the wall. The rise of these bricks is 
 three courses to the foot; they are twelve inches long, and the joints are consequently diminished 
 in number. Again, common bricks may be employed by building walls eleven inches thick, the 
 stretchers leaving a hollow of two inches, the headers being backed in each course with closers. 
 
 Flint walls, bonded and lined with brick, are common in some districts; and, when built 
 m good mortar, they become very hard and durable. Where an intractable limestone is the 
 only material, and this is laid in rubble-walling, rourjh cast may be used to coat the exterior, or 
 it may be covered with slates. 13 
 
 Of all materials, stone is undoubtedly the best. Walls built of stone should be eighteen 
 inches thick on the ground floor, and not less than sixteen inches in the chamber story. Bricks 
 may be employed very conveniently below for the inner partitions in order to economize space, 
 and wood quarter partitions to inclose and divide the bedrooms. 
 
 The entrance-door should have a step of eight (or, not less than six) inches above the 
 
 Some houses in the old part of Plymouth have on the walls courses of slate with the under edge cut in various forms, each variety 
 occupying five or six courses. A similar kind of ornamentation is met with in Switzerland. The chalets are lined on the outside with thin 
 boards, engrailed on the lower edge. 
 
 II 
 
11 
 
 CO U N TK t UUTTAU ES. 
 
 ground, and in every case should open into a lobby, or porch, and not into the general living 
 room. 13 Doors, as a rule, should be hung so as to screen any one sitting at the fireplace. In 
 the corner of a room the door should be hung at the angle, so as to open against the wall. 
 
 It is, doubtless, desirable to make a staircase fire-proof, u but this is done only at increased 
 expense. The system not being adopted for the better class of houses, it is hopeless to look for 
 it in cottages. 
 
 The floors of the living-room and bedrooms should be of wood. The porch, scullery, 
 passage, &c. may be paved with brick on edge, or tiles. If the cottagers were themselves 
 consulted, they would probably be found to prefer a brick, or tiled floor to one of wood, from 
 its being more readily cleansed. An objection to wood-floors is, that they retain the damp so 
 long after washing. It sounds very like mockery to suggest that a labourer might cover the 
 middle of the tiled floor with matting or drugget, as to purchase either would be beyond his 
 scanty means. If tiles are used, glazed tiles, carefully laid on sand with a deep layer of coarse 
 gravel, or stone, are to be preferred. 
 
 Other kinds of flooring are sometimes used. Lime-ash floors, compounded of two-thirds 
 sand and one-third lime ashes, are common in Devonshire and Somersetshire. Unless very well 
 laid and allowed a fortnight, or more, to consolidate, they are liable to crumble with constant 
 treading, or the moving of heavy articles. Asphalte is recommended by some on account of its 
 cheapness; but, as the object of improving the dwellings of the peasantry is to raise their ideas 
 of comfort, these floors are not desirable. They partake more or less of a hut-like character, 
 and serve to keep up an ugly comparison between the attention given to our horses and dogs 
 and the consideration shown to our fellow-creatures. 
 
 Roof-coverings should be of tile, or slate, following the use of the neighbourhood. Thatch 
 is more picturesque and warmer than either, but is now usually abandoned on account of its 
 being so combustible. When thatch is adopted, the roof should have a steep pitch, and the 
 valleys should be carefully joined; as rain is apt to work its way into the thatch, which, 
 however thick or well laid, is not always proof against it. Plain tiles 10 look better than slate, 
 but are expensive, as they require stronger rafters to support them. Slates are usually chosen 
 on account of their lightness, and because they save cost in the roof-timbers. Care should be 
 taken that they lap one over the other three inches, or not less than two inches and a half. 
 Slate ridges are made, and may therefore supersede lead. It is important to select slates of a 
 good colour. They should not be too blue, as they then form too strong a contrast in colour 
 with the walls. Westmoreland slates may be recommended. 
 
 It is desirable (when the means allow) to use lead for flashing the chimney stacks, where 
 they abut on the roof. In common buildings, pointing with mortar is the usual method. This 
 requires constant repair, as the continued action of rain causes the mortar to peal off and 
 washes an unsightly limestreak down the roof. 
 
 Cast-iron semicircular eaves-gutters, five inches diameter, are sufficient for the roofs. They 
 may be laid nearly (or quite) level, if the heads of the rainwater pipes are kept clear of birds’ 
 nests and dead leaves. _ 
 
 13 Space is saved by partitioning off for the entrance a square in one to look upon such disasters as accidents, or visitations of Providence, 
 corner of the living-room. This has an unsightly appearance, and is, whereas they are due alone to our stupid carelessness, 
 therefore, not adopted in the present plans. 15 Pantiles are hideous for houses. They are less offensive as cover- 
 
 M Fires can only happen through the grossest negligence. It is iug for sheds and outbuildings, 
 enough that people use ordinary precaution. We are all far too ready 
 
COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 15 
 
 Gutters between roofs, or at the back of chimneys, must be formed in lead, and the latter 
 turned well up under the slates—usually eight inches—to prevent wet from driving in. 
 
 In the designs given no plaster ceilings are proposed throughout the ground story. The 
 bedroom floor joists are to be planed and stained, or planed only. 16 These have a far better 
 appearance than a flat whitened ceiling, and are more suitable to this class of building. In the 
 bedrooms the rafters are lathed and plastered, and the roof-collars also. The latter determine 
 the height of the room. 
 
 Windows should have lead quarry lights, one or two in each window being made as 
 casements to open outwards. The sill of the lower windows should be placed at a height 
 above the floor, that would allow a person sitting in the room to see out. An ironing-table 
 may be fixed beneath the living-room window, hinged so as to let down at pleasure. (See Plate 12.) 
 
 Ventilation must be provided independently of the windows, which are to admit light. 
 The breathed-out air should have an escape made for it in every room. It is now known how 
 injurious it is to the health to exist in a breath-tainted atmosphere. From the forced smallness 
 of the rooms (by reason of expense) in cottages, it is more necessary in them than in any 
 building to attend to ventilation. The chief requirement is simplicity. Draught would be 
 avoided by providing the fireplace with a distinct air-flue. The fire would then draw a supply 
 direct from the outer air, instead of collecting it from the chinks of doors and windows. 
 
 Fresh air should be admitted, not at the floor-level, but at a height of five feet, the openings 
 being placed where they would cause the least inconvenience to the inmates. The return of 
 the chimney-breast to the wall may be suggested. The vitiated ah* should escape at the ceiling 
 line, 17 either into the open air, or (a better plan) into a separate flue, formed in the chimney- 
 stack. Instead of the latter, a zinc tube would suffice, which might run up one angle of the 
 bedroom chimney-flue. Ev&nj bedroom should have an opening in the ceiling, communicating 
 with the roof, and thence with the outer atmosphere. The vitiated air would pass at once 
 from the sleeping occupants, a fresh supply being obtained from the staircase over the door-heads. 
 
 The common earthenware pan and trap, fitted with a tap and service-pipe from the cistern, 
 should be provided for the water-closets. It is better to place these near to the cottage, or 
 within the wall of the main building, if without direct communication with the interior. No 
 device of surrounding these outbuildings with shrubbery ever conceals their real use. Exist 
 they must somewhere, and the main point is to make them inoffensive. As we have not to deal 
 with the barbarians of modern Italy, but with teachable persons of cleanly habits, a great 
 advance may be made on the usual cottage arrangements; for, as inward morality is in all cases 
 to be the end, so outward decency is an active means to secure it. The refuse water from the 
 scullery-sink may be conducted into the soil-pan. The soil should be taken by oval drainpipes, 
 six inches deep, to a manure-tank, at as great a distance from the house as possible, avoiding 
 altogether the use of ordinary cesspools. 
 
 Cottage grates should be small and narrow from back to front, for the sake of saving fuel. 
 Half the modern grates are simple nuisances, and admirably contrived to burn a maximum of 
 coal and give out a minimum of heat. 
 
 16 A common practice in Yorkshire, even in farmhouses. 
 
 17 An objection may as well be anticipated. It might be said, that 
 by doing away with a plaster ceiling, the joists would form troughs to 
 receive the foul air, hold it and then allow it, when cooled, to drop j 
 
 down again into the room. This is prevented by cutting the top of the 
 joists at intervals of, say three feet; or, by having at the end of each 
 joist a longitudinal (the joists being transverse) communication with 
 the air-duct. 
 
10 
 
 COUNTRY COTTAGES. 
 
 The kitchen (or scullery) should be fitted with a boiler. There should be also a sink, 
 dished out, and provided with inch supply and waste pipe. The tap for the former should be 
 placed high enough to admit of a pail being set underneath. The waste pipe should be 
 trapped, and all drains, so as to exclude foul air from the interior of the house. 
 
 Bedrooms might have fittings for washing fixed in each room. Very generally, ablutions 
 are made on the sinkstone in wooden bowls by males and females. Better habits should, on 
 every account, be encouraged. 
 
 Closets (cupboards) are absolutely required in every room. They allow miscellaneous 
 articles to be put out of the way, and are conducive to tidiness. 
 
 The living-room should have a chair-rail, two feet eight inches from the floor to the under 
 side, and three inches deep (see Details). The wall above should be papered with a diaper 
 pattern, and not ugly, unmeaning festoons of natural and unnatural foliage. 18 Beneath the 
 rail, the wall may be painted a brownish red. 19 Then muddy boots, sacks, wet clothes, &c. 
 will not play that havoc which these articles do with a whitewashed wall. The skirtings should 
 be of cement and the angles rounded so as to allow the scrubbing-brush to search out the corners. 
 When wood skirtings are used, no wood should pass across the breasts of chimneys. The poor 
 
 man, it is true, can have but one fire alight at a time, and there is little risk; still sound 
 
 building requires that accidents should be avoided. 
 
 It seems quite superfluous to advise circular flues, formed of pottery. The venerable 
 fourteen by nine inches flue has too firm a hold on the building mind to be done away with. 
 In stone the corresponding (though rather larger) size is a foot square. Bedroom flues may 
 be nine inches square. 
 
 Much as they are insisted on, it cannot be necessary that every cottage should have three 
 
 sleeping-rooms. Of course, where there are children of both sexes, three are indispensable. 
 
 To oblige two newly-married persons to occupy as much space as another couple with eight or 
 nine children, is a method not unworthy of the famed Procrustes. A cottage with two bedrooms 
 would furnish ample (prospective)' accommodation for some years for a recently-wedded pair. 
 Again, an aged couple may have a grown-up son, or daughter at home; or, the parents of 
 husband, or wife, may continue under the same roof—at least for a time. These contingencies, 
 and others that might be readily imagined, point to the advisability of building some cottages 
 with two bedrooms. There are two such instances given (Nos. 1 and 2); but, having due 
 respect for the popular feeling, the author has thought it necessary to give in a subsequent 
 plate (A) plans for providing each of the abovenamed with three bedrooms, retaining the general 
 character of the elevations. 
 
 Though not coming exactly within the scope of the present subject, it may be hinted, in 
 conclusion that, as the aim ever to be kept in view is to raise the labourer in his own and 
 public estimation, his domestic privacy must be respected. Well-meaning persons appear to think 
 that these lower classes are to be broken in upon at any moment—lectured, preached to, and 
 advised. We may be quite sure that on many, if not most occasions, our { room is preferred to 
 our company. 5 Let us gain respect by respecting them, and win, rather than coerce, these 
 humble people. 
 
 18 Happily, those wretched productions have of late given place to de.'iii/as, made by Mr. Owen Jones, so that any one who chooses may have 
 walls prepared, without feeling depressed and annoyed, when he looks round the room. 
 
 18 Say, such a colour as the Gallery of Antiquities at the British Museum. 
 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLATES, 
 
 No. 1.—A double cottage in brick with two 
 bedrooms. It lias been thought desirable (as 
 already explained) to give designs for cottages 
 with two sleeping-rooms, as being suited to many 
 contingencies likely to occur, and which need not 
 be repeated. Here all the necessary offices are 
 contained under one roof. The dimensions of the 
 several rooms are :—■ 
 
 ft. ins. ft. ins. 
 
 Living-room - - -.12 6 x 10 6 
 
 Scullery - -.80x 7 6 
 
 2 Bedrooms, each.10 0 x 7 0 
 
 A building of a single story is more conve¬ 
 nient for young children, or old people, than one 
 in which stairs are to be mounted. Some saving 
 might have been effected by omitting the pas¬ 
 sage. To have done so would have been to incur 
 the inconvenience of entering one room through 
 another. A detail of the living-room window is 
 to be found in Plate No. 10. 
 
 Estimated cost .£250.* 
 
 No. 2.—A single cottage in brick. This, like 
 the preceding, contains the offices under the same 
 roof and has but two bedrooms. These are placed 
 in an upper floor, approached by stairs from the 
 living-room. 
 
 ft. ins. ft. ins. 
 
 Living-room.13 0x110 
 
 Scullery. S6xS0 
 
 Bedroom. 14 6 x 8 4* 
 
 Ditto.12 3 x 11 41 
 
 Height from floor to floor - - - - 8 9 
 
 „ of Bedrooms.8 6 
 
 Estimated cost - - - - - - £125. 
 
 By carrying up the porch (given in detail, 
 Plate No. 10) to meet the main roof, and taking 
 the same line for the eaves, a window might be 
 
 obtained, and thus opportunity afforded for 
 dividing the larger bedroom by a partition into 
 two rooms, each, 11' 4^"x6' 0", exclusive of the 
 recess, in which is the (supposed) window over 
 the porch doorway. These two rooms might be 
 used for the parents and the girls; the boys occu¬ 
 pying the remaining room. 
 
 Plate A.—Alternative plans for designs Nos. 1 
 and 2. In this plate are shown two plans, by 
 which each of the previously-given designs may 
 have three bedrooms. 
 
 No. 1.—A slight variation is made by intro¬ 
 ducing a porch, the roof of which would be a 
 lean-to against that side containing the bedrooms. 
 As a greater number of persons are accommo¬ 
 dated, the rooms are increased in size, thus:— 
 
 ft. ins. ft. ins. 
 
 Living-room . 
 
 - - - 13 
 
 6 
 
 X 12 
 
 6 
 
 Scullery . 
 
 ... 9 
 
 0 
 
 x 6 
 
 0 
 
 2 Bedrooms, each - - - 
 
 ... 11 
 
 0 
 
 x 7 
 
 6 
 
 Third Bedroom - - - - 
 
 ... 9 
 
 0 
 
 x 7 
 
 0 
 
 Estimated ' cost. - .- 
 
 . . 
 
 - 
 
 £265. 
 
 No. 2.—The principal difference consists in 
 allowing a little more space to the living-room. 
 The stairs, under which is a closet, are placed in 
 the corner near the fireplace and land for the first 
 bedroom at a lower level than that of the others. 
 In the last-named are fireplaces, the flues of which, 
 gathered over in the centre to a chimney, necessi¬ 
 tate a gable, instead of the roof being hipped, as 
 in the former design. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 Liviug-room. 
 
 . . . 14 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 12 9 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 - - - 9 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 9 1* 
 
 Bedroom. 
 
 . . . M 
 
 9 
 
 X 
 
 9 4£ 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 - - - 12 
 
 7h 
 
 X 
 
 6 6 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 - - - 9 
 
 6 
 
 * 
 
 8 0 
 
 Estimated cost - - 
 
 
 
 
 £130 
 
 * The designs were placed for estimates in the hands of a person in the country, thoroughly conversant with this class of building. The 
 expense would vary somewhat according to the locality and the cost of carriage and labour. The prices include all necessary fittings, with the 
 exception of cisterns and pumps. 
 
 K 
 
is GENERAL DESC 1U 
 
 No. 3.—Single cottage in stone. This building, 
 intended for a lodge, or gamekeeper’s residence, 
 is made more ornamental than the two preceding. 
 The staircase is kept distinct from the rooms, and 
 the offices are within the main roof. The scullery 
 has a fireplace, as well as a boiler, for each of 
 which a separate flue is provided. 
 
 
 n. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 - - - 14 
 
 0 x 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 Scullery. 
 
 - - - 8 
 
 6 x 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 Bedroom. 
 
 - - - 14 
 
 0 x 
 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 - - - 10 
 
 9 x 
 
 
 G 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 - - - 9 
 
 0 x 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 Height from floor to floor - 
 
 - - - 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 „ of Bedrooms - - - 
 
 - - - 8 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 Estimated cost - 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 €1 
 
 30. 
 
 No. 4.—Double cottage in stone. There is ne¬ 
 cessarily no great variety in plans of buildings, 
 requiring exactly the same number of rooms. The 
 plan usually takes the form of L or T, the 
 projecting arm making an entrance, &c. below, 
 and a bedroom above. These two cottages are 
 alike, except that one has a staircase apart. In 
 the other, the stairs communicate with the kitchen ; 
 an arrangement which saves some expense, but is, 
 in other respects, not desirable. The accommo¬ 
 dation (with the exception just named) is the same 
 in each building. 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 - 14 
 
 0 
 
 X 11 
 
 0 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 
 0 
 
 • 9 
 
 0 
 
 Bedroom. 
 
 - 14 
 
 G 
 
 X 11 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 
 0 
 
 x 9 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 0 
 
 Height from floor to floor - - - 
 
 - 9 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 „ of Bedrooms. 
 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 Estimated cost - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 £2 
 
 50. 
 
 o .— Double cottage in 
 
 stone. 
 
 There are 
 
 undoubted advantages in a plan, which (as here) 
 gets all the fireplaces in inside walls. A pictu¬ 
 resque feature is obtained by the double gable. 
 I he rain-water pipe is a sad necessity. Almost 
 universally pipes disfigure a building. In stone 
 houses (like the present) there is nothing for it 
 but to paint them drab, or grey, in order to make 
 them as little conspicuous as possible. We may 
 covet the Mediaeval gurgoyle, or leaden spout; 
 but, as the rainwater is not to be wasted, pipes 
 
 PTION UP PLATES. 
 
 there must be. Some expense is entailed by a 
 | gutter between the two roofs, as lead is a costly 
 metal; and, to get the requisite fall and drips, 
 the gutter must be wide at the starting point. 
 The outbuildings, placed back to back, may be 
 covered with one roof, and above the coal-place 
 may be a cistern to supply the kitchens of both 
 houses with soft water. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 Living-room . 
 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 11 
 
 0 
 
 Kitchen . 
 
 - - - u 
 
 9 
 
 y 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 Store-closet . 
 
 - - - 9 
 
 0 
 
 x 
 
 6 
 
 G 
 
 Bedroom. 
 
 - - - 13 
 
 0 
 
 x 
 
 11 
 
 G* 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 - - - 11 
 
 9 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto . 
 
 - - - 10 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 9 
 
 0* 
 
 Height from floor to floor - 
 
 - - - 9 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 „ of Bedrooms - - - • 
 
 ■ - - 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Estimated cost - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 £2 
 
 50. 
 
 ** From the reduced thickness of the walls 
 (16"), these rooms would be 4 inches longer than 
 the sizes given. 
 
 No. 6.- Group of three cottages in brick. The 
 two outer cottages resemble in plan those shown 
 in Plate No. 4. The bargeboards and dormers are 
 introduced to give some character to the design. 
 In other points the buildings are very simple. The 
 walls are 14" below and 9" above. If procurable, 
 stone should be substituted for brick in the 
 sills of the windows. If bricks are used, they 
 should be set in cement. The upper story may 
 have hollow walls by using common bricks to a 
 thickness of 11 inches, as elsewhere described. It 
 is evident that some expense could be saved by 
 doing away with the bargeboards, and showing 
 the plain rafters, which they cover. The dormers 
 might also be simplified. 
 
 Two outer Cottages 
 
 ft 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 - - - 14 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 12 
 
 0 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 - - - 12 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 s 
 
 0 
 
 Bedroom. 
 
 ■ - - 14 
 
 9 
 
 X 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 - - - 12 
 
 9 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 - - - 10 
 
 9 
 
 X 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 Centre Building: - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Living-room. 
 
 • - - 11 
 
 6 
 
 
 13 
 
 G 
 
 Kitchen. 
 
 ■ - - 11 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 Bedroom. 
 
 • - - 11 
 
 6 
 
 X 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 - - - 11 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 Ditto., 
 
 - - 11 
 
 0 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 Ileight from floor to floor - ■ 
 
 . - - 9 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 „ of Bedrooms - - - ■ 
 
 . - - 8 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 
 Estimated cost - 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 £400. 
 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OE PLATES. 
 
 No. 7.—Row of four cottages in a village street. 
 These buildings might be continued to any even 
 number, if the centre gable be retained ; or, with¬ 
 out it, to any number, odd or even, by repeating a 
 series of gables with the dormer window between 
 them, as seen on the right and left of the ‘ eleva¬ 
 tion.’ There is one line of facade, with a slight 
 recess, in which is the entrance doorway, screened 
 by a small lean-to roof. A low kerb with a railing 
 preserves the line of front. The space thus en¬ 
 closed might be appropriated to flowering plants 
 in pots. 
 
 ft. ins. ft. ins. 
 
 Living-room.14 0 x 12 0 
 
 Kitchen.12 0 x SO 
 
 Pantry.5 6x49 
 
 Bedroom.12 0 x 11 0* 
 
 Ditto.12 0 x 7 6 
 
 Ditto. 10 6 x 8 6 
 
 Height from floor to floor - - - - 0 3 
 
 „ of Bedrooms.8 0 
 
 „ to plate in Bedrooms - - - 6 0 
 
 Estimated cost - - - - - - £550. 
 
 * By canting the angle (as shown in the 
 extreme house to right and left on ‘ chamber 
 plan ’), the space, marked ‘ closet ’ may be thrown 
 into the bedroom, making it the same size as the 
 room below, 14' 0"xl2' 0". 
 
 Nos. 8 and 9. — Sections of the foregoing 
 designs. These constructional drawings, though 
 necessary to the builder, are very uninteresting 
 even to professional persons. They serve to give 
 some idea of the internal finishings, and, the 
 heights of the rooms being figured, explain the 
 elevations. 
 
 19 
 
 Nos. 10,11,12, and 13.—In these plates various 
 details of windows, &c. are given to an intelligible 
 scale. They are carefully drawn and accurately 
 figured, and will assist a country builder in carry¬ 
 ing out the several designs. They are available 
 also for adding, or making alterations, to old 
 cottages. Take, for instance, the porch in No. 10. 
 This may be employed for any existing building, 
 and so of the window on the same plate. 
 
 No. 14.—Sketches of chimneys. The remark, 
 above made, applies also to this plate. Though 
 actually sketches of the chimneys occurring in the 
 foregoing designs, they are applicable to any 
 others, and may be counterchanged in any of these 
 cottages, but observing the different characters of 
 brick and stone buildings. To represent them as 
 they would appear in execution, they are drawn in 
 perspective. Plans of some of the stacks are given. 
 It has been already stated that circular flues are 
 much better than quadrangular ones. For the 
 larger size, 10 or 12 inches diameter would be 
 ample; for the smaller, 8 or 9 inches diameter. 
 
 Nos. 15, 1G, 17, 18, 19, and 20.—These six 
 plates are views of the designs Nos. 1 to 7, and 
 demand no particular notice. In the view of 
 No. 3 (Plate 16), the artist, with a pardonable 
 leaning to the picturesque, has omitted to have 
 the palings mended. Near a gentleman’s resi¬ 
 dence these matters are better ordered. Every 
 care has been taken with the views that, while 
 they are exact representations of the buildings, 
 they shall be no less truthful pictures of country 
 scenery. 
 
 COX AND WYMAN, HUNTERS, GREAT QUEEN STREET LINCOLN’S-INN FIELDS, LONDON. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 » * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 • 
 
 * r • » JL * p ^ • - 
 
 r. ' , *W ’ ♦ - m * ' # 
 
 .• •. i *,r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ELEVATION 
 
 PLAN 
 
 1C 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 Scale of Feet 
 
 
 John Vmrent Arch 1 
 
 C F ChefTms &. Son 
 
 LONDON 
 
 ROBERT rlARDWlCKE I 92. P I C C A D I LLY 
 
PL N° 2. 
 
 C- F ChefT'ms Son 
 
 _ 
 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 _ 
 
 BE D ROOM 
 
 _ 
 
 FRONT ELEVATION 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
 w s o 
 
 1 I I 1 I 1 I I I I I 
 
 Scale of Feet 
 
 END ELEVATION 
 
 CHAMBER PLAN 
 
 LONDON ROBERT HAROWICKE I 92 . P I C C A D I LLY 
 
PLATE 
 
 A 
 
 DESIGN N° I 
 
 ALTERNATIVE PLAN 
 
 «ith 3 BEDROOMS 
 
 
 
 DESIGN N° 2 with 3 BEDROOMS 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
 CHAMBER PLAN 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 J I I 1 I L x 
 
 Scale of Feet 
 
 John Vincent Arch* 
 
 LONDON 
 
 ROBERT HARDWICKE. 102. PICCADILLY 
 
 P Cheffins ft Soni 
 
PL.N? 3. 
 
 FRONT ELEVATION 
 
 END ELEVATION 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
 CHAMBER PLAN 
 
 't 
 
 J-1_1 L 
 
 i ■ ■ f 
 
 JO 
 
 J_ 
 
 Scale of Feel. 
 
 John Vincent Arch 1 
 
 C F Cheflms & Son 
 
 LONDON ROBERT MARDWICKE I 0 2 .. P I CC A D I LLY 
 
Thist 
 
 LI VI NG-ROOM 
 
 C r Cheffms &, Son 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
 
 
 CHAMBER PLAM 
 
 r,, 
 
 , , l-T , 
 
 , \° \ /0 P 
 
 1-3 C Jbrf 
 
 C, ■ ■ 
 
 ,.t ■ 
 
 Scale to Plans. 
 
 J!_ r 
 
 \?cTeet. 
 
 Scale Lo Elevation. 
 
 LIVING-ROOM y 
 14.0 X //. O 
 
 ENTRANCE 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 iio> .<> o 
 
 ENTRANCE 
 
 BEDROOM 
 // 0 A ft • C 
 
 BEDROOM 
 J't .C V JJ.O 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 1 rrn ' 
 
 LONDON ROBERT HARDWICKE. 192. PICCADILLY. 
 
PL.N? 5. 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 PORCH 
 
 PORCH 
 
 LIVING-ROOM 
 
 LI VI NG-ROOM 
 
 . . .. —. 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 sass 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 
 BEDROOM 
 /S.o * U.G 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
 CHAMBER PLAN 
 
 I I I ■ ■ ■ \° _] *S_ _Iff_AV 
 
 Scale to Plans 
 
 
 w 
 
 \2oFt*t. 
 
 Scale to hllevatioii 
 
 — 
 
 John Vincent .-h* 
 
 imnins &. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 ROBCRT MAPDWICKE 192. PlCC*OlLtr 
 
 sons 
 
 
r 
 
 KIT CHEN 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 Coal'. 
 
 ENTRANCE 
 
 ENTRANCE 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 LIVING - ROOM 
 
 LIVING P.OOM 
 
 LIVING - ROOM 
 
 L- 1 - 
 
 -J- 
 
 BEOROOM 
 
 tl ft’■ 3 .1 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 f • m * y (•' 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 BEDROOM 
 .o' i #;• a 
 
 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 »i ? a 
 
 John ’v iiverit Arch*' 
 
 LONDON SOBER! MARCVVICHE <92 PICC*DILLr 
 
 PL N° 6. 
 
 C f Cheffina ft. Sons 
 
 CHAMBER PLAN 
 
 GROUND PLAN 
 
 Scale l" Plans 
 
 •in J'c't 
 
 Ijr’ Feet 
 
 J 
 
 Scale to Elevation 
 
 BEDROOM 
 .V • r o 
 
 
 ■A- i\ 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 f? .*1 * ft li 
 
 BEDROOM 
 b, j11?' a 
 
——-- 
 
 Coals 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 n « i.t 
 
 KITC.MEN 
 
 a t : . t.r 
 
 KITCHEN 
 
 •2 o • * 6 
 
 Kitchen 
 
 rs i >' 
 
 -A-- 
 
 LIVING-ROOM 
 
 L'VING-ROOM 
 
 UVlNG-ROOM 
 
 Li vi NG-ROOM 
 
 ^ » -:ia 
 
 
 QEOnOOM 
 
 n o', 7. t; 
 
 BEDROOM 
 12 0 i 7 ti 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 
 . 
 
 — 
 
 Closet 
 
 BEOROQM 
 
 td.d / n.d 
 
 BEDROOM 
 /•dm t? 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 a- ^. S £ 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 n 6 iti i? 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 *• € , g d 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 tO. 6 1 » 6 
 
 BEDROOM 
 
 
 
 i K ChtflTiua is Son 
 
 John Vincent Arch 
 
 .ONOON ROBERT MAfiOWICKE. 'J2. PICCADILLY 
 
 c fat 
 
 Scalp to Plans 
 
 Feet 
 
 Scale to Elevation 
 
PL N° 8. 
 
 LIVING-ROOM 
 
 PASSAGE 
 
 A O A C M 
 
 C F CheiTins &. Son 
 
 John Vincent Arch 
 
 ENTRANCE 
 
 Coals 
 
 Scale of Feet 
 
 LIVING-ROOM 
 
 LONDON ROBERT HAROWICKE 19 2, PI C C A O I LLY 
 

 C F Cheftins &, Son. 
 
 PL. N° 9 
 
 «' /'rrf 
 
 N° 6 
 
 tO.Ftrl 
 
 W Fret 
 
 ENTRANCE 
 
 LONDON ROBERT MARDWICKC. I 9 2 , P I C C A D I LLY 
 
DET AILS - BRICK and WOOD 
 
 PL N° 1C 
 
 WINDOW of 
 
 LIVING-ROOM 
 
 
 KSEii.Ri 
 
 Ventilate! 
 
 Springing 
 
 ' It would he bettei to 
 use stone for the Cill 
 
 EXTERIOR 
 
 SECTION 
 
 INTERIOR 
 
 
 Wall 
 
 _ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 IrrOUTld 
 
 LONGITUDINAL SECTION 
 
 Pavement of’ Tiles, or 
 Bricks laid on edge 
 
 /•'• 12 6 0 
 II ill111 ill 
 
 HALF TRANSVERSE SECTION 
 
 Scale of Feet 
 
 John Vincent Arch 
 
 L F Chemns &. Son 
 
 LONOON ROBERT HARDa-CRE 1 B *1 PICCADILLY 
 
 -v 
 
*-*■ ■ 
 
 
 ,hloor of 
 Livinfe - Room 
 
 'round 
 
 
 EXTlRIOR 
 
 Scale 111 1 1: It 1 11 1 
 
 eel. 
 
 John vincent. Arvh 1 
 
 x Chefhns & Son 
 
 LONDON ROBERT HARDWICK E I 92 . P I C C A D I LLY 
 
 DETAILS - BRICK and WOOD 
 
 PL N° 
 
 [ PL N°6] 
 
 Ridge 
 s • r 
 
 TPTJ y IT TU' 
 
 AND 
 
 Scale -ft inch to a l-'oot 
 
 Ladie: 
 
 Celling 
 
 DORMER 
 
 WINDOW 
 
 Tuab&j’ framing 
 filled in wjlh hridt 
 and plastered, inside 
 (5indies finished 
 
D ET A 
 
 ST 0 N E 
 
 P L N° 12 
 
 I LS - 
 
 John Vm.-enl Aivli 1 
 
 F Hieflms S; 
 
 PLAN of ANGLE at 0 
 
 SECTION 
 
 WINDOW OF 
 
 * Opening' :oi VentiUu. »n 
 
 floor 
 
 -• - 
 
 Joist 7 x Zi 
 
 name 
 
 
 LIVING- ROOM 
 
 % 
 
 
 EXTERIOR 
 
 VNV> V» h>' 
 
 SECTION 
 
 •JFlc or 
 
 INTERIOR 
 
 LEAN -TO OVER 
 DOORWAY 
 
 (PL N° 3] 
 
 Inn: or 4 2 3 * S i> 7 
 
 L-il.LiLjJi.il_I_ _!_._ 1 _ -J_1_I 
 
 F«r ;ile of Feet 
 
 PORCH DOORWAY 
 
 SECTION 
 
 Hall .-.hewing Support 
 
 turned atfunst Wall 
 
 Hall rthewitik' li\ 
 
 Table let dowi 
 
 EL EVAT I ON 
 
 FRONT of COPING 
 
 LONDON ROBCRT hARDWICKE 192 PICCADILLY 
 
D ET A I LS 
 
 STONE 
 
 PL N° 13 
 
 C F Chaffins &. Son 
 
 [PL N°7] 
 
 DORMER 
 
 WIN DOW 
 
 Bedroom 
 
 n 
 
 J Feet 
 
 [PL N° 5] 
 
 WINDOWS 
 
 Floor 
 
 W' 
 
 EXTERIOR 
 
 INTERIOR 
 
 Floor 
 living - 
 
 of 
 
 Room 
 
 LONDON ROBERT MNROWICKE 10? P.CCAOtLLV 
 
^(- 6 > 
 -27 o5 f 
 
 THE GETTY CENTER 
 LIBRARY 
 
V 
 
 i 
 
 ■ I 
 
 w 
 
 Si 
 
 % 4 
 
 A' V 
 
 
 
 i